CIHM 
Microfiche 


(Monographs) 


ICIVIH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microraproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


D 
D 

D 

D 
D 

D 
D 
D 

n 
n 


^ 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommag^ 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  pellicula 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
Reli^  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serrte  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
int^rieure. 

Blank  leaves  addeckiuring  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  Use  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajout^es  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  ^tait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  6\6  film^s. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
6\6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-6tre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  m^tho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 

[     I  Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I I   Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommag6es 

n   Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaur^s  et/ou  pellicul^es 

0   Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  d^olor^es,  tachet^es  ou  piques 

r        Pages  detached  /  Pages  d^tach^es 

L/j   Showthrough  /  Transparence 

□   Quality  of  print  varies  / 
Qualit^  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplemental  re 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to  ens^<re  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  6\6  film^s  k  nouveau  de  fa^on  ^ 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film^es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


D 
D 


D 


Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


Pagination  is  as  folloNs:   [i]-xx1i1,  [l303]-2639  p. 


This  Ham  it  fllmad  at  tha  radiictlon  ratio  chackad  balow  / 

Ca  documant  aat  film*  au  taux  da  rMuction  IndiqiM  ci-daaaous. 


lOx 


14X 


18x 


22x 


26x 


30x 


7 


12x 


16x 


20x 


24x 


28x 


32x 


The  copy  filmad  h«r«  has  b««n  raproductd  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Law  Library, 
McCill  University, 
Montreal 

Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  iagibility 
of  ti  >  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacif icationa. 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  i  la 
ginArosit*  da: 

Law  Library, 
McCill   University, 
Montreal  . 

Las  imagas  suivantss  ont  ttt  raproduitas  svac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattatA  da  l'axamplaira  film*,  at  an 
eonformit*  avac  laa  conditions  du  contrat  da 
fiimaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  eevars  ara  fllmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
sion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impraa- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  Kiuatratad  imprasaion. 


Laa  axamplairas  eriginaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  ast  imprimia  sont  filmte  an  commandant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darniira  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainte 
d'imprasslon  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  tacond 
plat,  saion  la  cas.  Tous  las  autras  axamplairas 
originaux  sont  filmis  an  commandant  par  la 
pramlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darniira  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 


Tha  iaat  racardad  frama  on  aach  microfieha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  «^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED ").  or  tha  symbol  ▼  (moaning  "END"), 
whiehavar  applias. 


Un  daa  symbolas  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniAra  imaga  da  chaqua  microfieha.  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbols  -^  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  la 
symbols  ▼  signifia  "FIN  ". 


Mapa.  platas.  charts,  ate.  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  includad  in  ona  axpoaura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  cornar.  laft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framas  as 
raquirad.  Tha  following  diagrama  illustrata  tha 
mathod: 


Las  cartas,  planchas.  tablaaux.  ate.  pauvant  Atra 
filmis  i  das  taux  da  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsqua  la  documant  ast  trop  grand  pour  ttra 
raproduit  an  un  saul  clich*.  il  ast  film*  i  partir 
da  I'angla  supiriaur  gaucha.  da  gaucha  i  droita, 
at  da  haut  an  bas.  an  pranant  la  nombra 
d'imagas  nicassaira.  Las  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrant  la  mithoda. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MICROCOTY   RfSOlUTION   TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2) 


/APPLIED  IN/MGE 


1653    Eost    Matn    Street 

Rochestef,    New  York         14609       USA 

(?'6)   *82  -  0300  -  Phof>e 

(716)    288  -  5989  -  Fa» 


(jomm::ntaki  lis 


LAW  OF  MASTER  AND  SERVANT 


BY 


0.    B.    LAB  ATT,    B.  A.  <(;ant.b.) 


Jn  llbttt  Volumta 


TOLB.    I.    AND   II. —employer's  LIABILITY. 
VOL.    ill  —RELATION,    BIRINO   AND   DISCIIAUOB,    COMPKN!'\TION,    gTRIKBB,    BTC. 


VOL    II. 


CANADIAN  EDITION. 


LAWVBKS'  CO-OPKKATIVR  PUnLISHINO  CO..  K0CHE8TF.U,  N.  T. 
OANAD.^  LAW  nOOK  CO.,  TORONTO.  CANADA. 


Kntered  iirrordiiie  t<    Act  at  Cntii-rpn,  la  the  Year  ninrtwn  bundred  four,  tif 

THK  I.  VWTRIIS'  ro-01'KII\TIVR  Pt'llLiaHINO   CO., 

In  'ho  Dllli-p  (if  the  Llbruriar'  of  Uunirren,  at  Woabliiirton,  D.  C. 


r 


I 


CONTPJNTS. 


« ■ 


VOLUME  I r. 

(FOR  CONTENTS  OP  VOM  MES  1.   AND  MI.   SEE  THOSE    VOLUMES) 


CIIAPTKR    XX Vr. 

i  OMMON  E.\f  PLOniENT  AS  A  DEFENSK.     I XTRODUCTORy  CHAPTER. 

470.  Itortrine  o(  corninon  employ inoiit  stalcil j.jo4 

471.  Evolution  of  the  doctrine 130V 

472.  Itntionale  of  the  doctrine .-«- 

473.  Same  subject  continuod .3. 1 

474.  Judicial  criticisms  of  (he  doctrine 13in 

473.  General  discussion  of  the  doctrine 130) 

478.  Do'-trine  not  applicable,  where,  at  the  time  of  the  nroiiio.it  the 

servant  was  nit  acting  as  such .....j 

477.  Doctrine  not  a  niatPriul  factor,  unless  negligence  causing  the  in- 
jury is   entabliahcd ^^„^ 

475.  To  what  classes  of  acts  the  doctrine  is  applicable! 1309 

470.  Defense  not  available  where  the  dangerous  conditions  oau-..,i  I. 

the  fellow  servant's  negligence  were  known  to  the  ninstor         '    1330 

480.  —nor  where  negligence  in  selecting  the  coservant  is  shown       "   1331 

481.  -  nor  where  the  wife  of  a  servant  is  injured  by  the  m^ligonoe  of 

his  coaervants 

482.  R„l,.   where  a  stranger  is  being  sued  for  an  injury  partia'liv 

oai.«e.I  by  the  injured  servant's  coemployees "  1333 

48;».  Dofrnse  available  against  a  servant  beginning  work  after  the 

-  of  the  negligent  act J33^ 

*TuA  ot  inferred  from  retention  of  negligent  sorvant.' '. '. '.  1334 

""'•  "'  the  doctrine  in  the  case  of  seamen  1^,- 

485.  ■       1'  '■'•'•' 

480.  •  jns  pcrforniin;?  forood  labor ' ■!,-'. 

487.  —of  employees  of  public  bodi.-»...    .  ''' 

488.  —of  minors "^'' 

a.  Generally .!!..!!....  . ''^" 

6.  In  actions  by  a  parent  for  loss  of  services' .'.'.' ]lll 

489.  Afaster  not  liable  to  his  .,rvant  for  injuries  caused  by  iheneKlV- 

gonce  of  servants  of  a  stranger 

490.  Common  emplo.vment  not  a  defense  to  an  action  against  a  third       '"' 

.«,    J"'"'"'  *°  ^'"'°^"  '°'  •>'»  neTv^nfs  negligence. .....  ,„„ 

491.  Discussion  of  this  rule "^ 

491..  Rule  where  an  independent  contractor  is' suing  the  contract^e' .'   m: 


w 


toNTKNTrt. 
CIIAI'TKH    XXVII 


IlKH  \«<i;  OK  1"»»M.\|UN    K\l|'|.<  VMKNT  IN   (   XNKS  NOT  IN\(>l\l\(i  THK 
Ql't,.-^;  :it\  VVHKTIIKII    IIIK  >K<;M(;i  NT  SlItVAXT  WAS  A   \  UK  I'llIN 
CII'AI. 


.     iMIIODI't'lllIlt      

41'2.  Sro|n'  of  i'liii|iti'i  ,  . 

493.  Ueiii'i.il  aluti-iiH'iit  of  wliiit  (iiifatitiiti'ii  oimiiihiii  •■inploviuriit    ..  .  . 
40t.   I'roviiK'i'K  uf  coiiit  am)  jury  in  ilili-riiiitiini;  wlii'tliir  llirri'  wim  ii 
rnminoti  i'in|ilin  iiu'iit  

TllKOIIV   THAT  IIOMMIMIY   oK   KMIM.IiYMI' N  r   DKI'KXOrt     •OI.KI.Y  ON   WIICTIIKn 
TllK   Or.I.INgl'K.VT  SKBVA.NT'h    NHil.K.KSCr.  WAS  A    illMK   CONTKM- 
l-LATMl  IIY  TllK   IN.ICBKI)  HKHVAXT 

•t!»."i.  O.Tn'ri!!;- 

4!i(».  DivcrHity  of  dutir..  nr  tl('|i.iiiinontii  \.  >\  miltlcicnf  to  «'\dude  de- 

fpilH'  of  ''niiiiiimi  en  ,ili'Jinrnt 

4!t".  Conti^uit}  II  iiiutcriiil,  I  iii>iii.'li  not  ili'ii-ivi',  'jrior 

4I1H.   Illiistriitlvc  i-aw*  of  roiiimon  eiiiployiiK'iil 

•lilO.  DiHiniiiiiTtion   of  ilulii'*,   wicn  no  great  nx  to  nr|;ntivf>   linplii-d 

acn  |iliiiici'  ol  111!'  rink  of  a  hllow  •tiTviiiit'M  nr^jliifoncc. 

TllEOIIY    THAT    rOMMON     KMrl.OVMK.NT    1)1  I'KMlH    ON     llil.NTITV    OK    IIKl'ART- 

MKN  TM  OK  WOIIK  Oil  fONSOCIATKJ  \    OK  Uf  Tli:." 

">00.   Idontily  of  dopart incut  as  n  test,  ;;ri:rrall.v 

.'lOI.  ('oiisoriation  of  dutiiH,  uh  a  tvst  of  coiiimon  ^niploymi'iit    .... 

"lOla.  Slime   hiiIi ji'ot  poiitiniu-d 

.")0i.  Relation  belwern  the  tiRorie*  of  noniiHsipiinble  dutim  and  conso- 
ciation   of  duties ... 

Dilferenci-  or  identity  ol   depiirtini-nt  not  neci'UHarlly  conclusive 

under  tlie  eonwicintion  doctrine 

C'onHocintioM  primarily  a  question  .^f  fact  for  the  jury 

.'.05.  General  discuHxiun  of  the  doctrine  of  consoeiation 

uOO.  Illuntrative  ca.i"' 


l:UM 
i:i.-.t» 


I35;< 


13.-|S 
1350 
1300 

137S 

138:1 
138.1 
138tl 
1.100 

130-. 


,Mt.! 


.•.04. 


1.  "il 
1400 
1401 
1405 


(CHAPTER  XXVI II. 

Vlt  K  PRlNCIPAliSmi'  AS  l!KI"KI!KKI)  TO  I  ilK  TKST  Ol'  .SI  I'KltK  tUITV  OK 

KANK. 

A.  iMiiomcToKY 1417 

.■)(17.  General  statement 1417 

."1II8.  Represent  at  ive  clinracter  of  servant  uepeiids  on  the  aciiial  fune 

tions  diseliarKcd  by  liini 1418 

.'>0!t.  Temporary  vice  principals 1420 

510.  Sulliciency  of  a  complaint  based  upon  the  viec  principalship  of 

tlip  negligent  servant 14i'2 

.MI.  Functions  of  eouit  and  jury  in  determining  whether  the  ne^li 

gent  employi-e  was  a  vice  principal 142:t 

."<12.  Burden  of  proof 1425 

.'lis.  Scope  of  following  subtitles 1425 


CONTKNTS.  V 

n.  Mrnit  inrgiAi.iTY  nr  rank,  hh.nii  icai^ck  or. 1420 

614.   r«U4ll>  lii'lil  not  to  wiiiriiiil  liifiTrnpe  tlmt  Ihi-  »ii|»Ti(ir  wrvanl 

l«   n  viiM'   prini'i|iiil I  UK 

r.    DiMTIlINK  TltAT   VIIK   I'lIlNt  ll'.'.IXIIP   IH    NOT  UKlll  l  1111  K    MKllKI.Y    »IUIM    TIIK 

■■<l»HKM«lll.\  Of    A  rciWKH  or  (■(iMTIMll    OVKII  TIIK  I.NJIMUJ)  HKJIVANT.  IIJK 

Sl.'i.  npiicral  Hliitfimiit  of  tin-  iliu'lritii'                     142m 

Alt),  liatior  il.' of  tlu    loi'ttiiii- Htl 

617.  (Jiiiililinilion  of   lln'  iloclrinc  in   mm*   wliiTc  un  or.i.  i    i.ikf*   u 

Hi'r»mit  oiiltiilc  till'  oiiKimil  mf>[>i>  of  hi*  ciiiMliiyiiipnt  U:il 

f'l  ..  I'oHor  of  liiriiiK  iiikI  <li-cliuri{in)»  piiiliorrliimti'x.  ylttiilloiinpc  oi  141.1 
.511'.  Application  of  tlir  .lootriric  to  Hie  vurioiM  ({tailfH  of  mipprviitlnK 

emplojw* ■ ,^.„j 

620.   IlluMtrativfi   paws I  ^^Q 

D.    1)()CTIII.'«IG  THAT  All.  HrrKHIOR  HH«VANTM  AHC  Vlt  K  PKINnrAI.H  AH  IHtlAIIDM 

TIIKIII    Snil)lMIINATl:.>l 1^3,1 


.lil.  Oi'm-ral  shitmirnt. 


• U.'iB 

eaia.  Iti'lalion  of  Ih.'  superior  norvaiil  <ln.  iiiiir  to  tli<>  iJiHtriiif  Ihal  tlip 

head  of  a  ili^pntinrnt  i«  n  vice  principul 14.-,H 

622.  Ralionali'  ■.!   tin'  .liictrinf I4-,., 

II.  rni>i|ii;il  knowl.iL'c  .if  MopiTior  and  Kiilioiilinnt" 1400 

li    Inaliilil.v  of  niii^i.i   or  hupcrinr  hl'iiiIs  Io  Mipi-iAisc  all  dc 

liiilh  01  IJM'  work I  >,.■ 

r.  ni.ljjriiiicn  of  i.iTvnii(  ti   olicy  liii  ^upirior  11,11 

(/.    Duly  to  n-^r  c.irc  In  yivjir.-  orilrr*  rryiirdrd  ux  i.ji..  „f  ||„.  „„„. 

.M-i'.'iiiil.li'  iliilii-  of  til.-  piiiutiT      ]4,(l 

r.  Siiiiiiiurv  ,  .  

52in.  Wliiit  .■oii.iilulis  Ih..  (Nrrci--..  ,.f  ...mlrol  «ill,in  tin-  nicTnins  of 

111.'  il.ii'Irin.'.  .  

.-rjn.   lAi-t,.nc..  or  hI.-...?i.m.  of  a  p.mir  to  hir.'  an.l  disriiari;.-  soil.ordi- 

n:ili';  sij;nilF('.inci>  nt' 

.'■21.  llhiMlralivc  cis.'- 

E.  liKI.ATrOM  OK  A  (IKVKUAI.  MWMilXtl  AOKNT  TO  1118  SlIIORDINATES 14S| 

52').  lutroihiflory .  ,„ 

.120.  Doctrine  tiiat  n  '..ncnil  mana-j.-r  is  a  vice  principal.     Knj;lisli, 

Scotcli,  and  colonial  cases "  lu, 

no,  ,  H^( 

oJ7.  —  .\nicrican  cases .  ,„. 

628.  Rationale  of  tlie  doctrine ,„- 

620.  Doctrine  that  a  ffinurnl  nmnafjer  is  not  .-i  vi,,.  piincipal.     V.ng 

lisli  and  colonial  cases ,.„„ 

.-»  ,         .  loOO 

.>.«).  — American   cases,  ...  ..„. 

531.  Opposing  theories  re\  I. 

F.  RtlATfON  OF  A  DEPAHTMKNTAL  AOKU  TO   Ml.-i   SI  liOltl.IXATK.S .  .  ..     ' 

r)!2.  Oeneral  gtatement 


Hi;: 

I  Hi!) 

U70 
1474 


l.-)0<5 

i:il3 

I5i:t 


1517 


6Xi.  Rationale  of  the  master's  liability  for  the  ii(-liij,.npp  (,f  a  di'part- 

montal  manager 

6;;4.  Limits  of  the  doctrine  of  depaitincntal  control . '  ^    |,-,i7 

535.  Supervising  employees  held  to  be  heads  of  .!..p.ir<ments.    .....        ij^i 

63G.  Sup... vising  employees  held  not  to  be  heads  of  departmer.U     .        m'> 


lONTKNTtt 


rn.\ni';i{  xxi\'. 

fOK  WHAT  ACTS  Or  M'J'KKIOU  .SKKVANTS  A  MAJ^TEH  IS  RKSPONSIBLK. 

■''"'•'•  •"*' -">  "'  |'ro»i..K  that  thP  act  o.  onii..ion  wliidi  euii«il  th« 

injury   Hii»   ni-ulitfint ,j^, 

ft  IT.  No  r.-|>oii.il,iliiy  a.  to  „u,n,,»  Inyon.!  lit.  i.o<.|n-  of  tli.  autlior. 

Uy  of  <Ih'  piuprriof  i.,.rvaii»    |j.„, 

t>"».  l)i-.Un.ti..„   lMtw...n  olll.'hil  una  nonolTleial  art.  of  im[».rvi«inii 

pinploj...;  ^imrally 1.41 

■V '1.  ni.Unction    cm.lU.rH    with    relation    to    th.    doctrin.    that 

111.  nntur.-  of  thr  mRli^cnt  act  It  the  tent  of  liability  ij^i 

i«'.  nr..«il,  of  non  .I.I..Kal.l,.  dutiei  hy  any  nupirior  ..rvant.  maater 

"■'l'le'"r ,j^. 

fill.  l«i.iiiiiiwof  oracradwiiiril  to  baan  olliWal  act....         u^^, 

842.  Kalliir..  to  prot.rt  -.iLordinat...  from  tran«ilory  duiigora  UcMticd 

to  Im-  ollicial   ni'h'li^ctirf p.  , 

.'.1.1.  Theory  thai  a  vice  prin.  ipal  d.M ■«  not  rfprcwnt  Hip  ma«t.T  except 

in  «o  far  aH  he  In  diH<.|,ar«iii«  »oin..  non  di'li  s,m1,Io  duty  13-,-. 

8U.  Theory  that  a  vir..  p.in.ipal  d<«.,  .u,,   a,.t  „»  1 mster'a  rep- 

ri'^nitativ..  when  he  rnn„n,.*  in  maiiuul  Inhor     1557 

M.'>.  yiialilicaliona  of  this  theory j^. 

5-1(1.  Tlicory  that  u  vice  prhicipal  repre,.„i,  the  nm.ter  even  when  he 

participate*  in  niunuul  labor j,,,., 

617    I)i,c„.slnn  of  the  doctrine  of  the  du  ,1  capacity  of  vice  princlpuU.   15.1, 
a    With  reference  to  the  standpoint  of  the  court*  which  reject 

the  superior  -vr\„,a  doctrine ,5^^ 

».  With  reference  to  tl...  gup,.rior  nervunt  .lottrine, ........'   i:,7i 


CHAPTER    XXX. 

SUmrARY  OF  DECISIONS  UY  THE  VARIOUS  COURTS  WITH  REGARD  TO 
THE  RELATION  OK  SUPERIOR  SERVANTS  TO  THEIR  SUBORXMNATES 


348.  Introductory  statement 

849.  Decision!  in  Meh  jurisdiction. 


1575 


CHAPTER   XXXI. 

VRE   PRINCJPAri3HIP   AS    DETERMINED   WITH   REFKRENCP   TO 
CHARACTER  OP  THE  ACT  WHICH  CAUSED  THE  INJURY. 

850.  Introductory 

A.   MaBTM  LIAULE  IQR  ANY  NMIIOKNCE  Wllllll  I.NVOI.VES  THE  nilEACII  OF  ONB 
or  HIS  PERSONAL  DUTIKO 

651.  Generally 

652.  Variou,  forms  In  which  tlie  nm v».p„n»ihility  is  stated        ' 

6d.1.  Subsidiary  connequence,  deduced  from  the  general  principle 
6..4.  Rationale  of  the  dm-trine  of  nondelegable  duties. 


THE 

IfiU 

1014 
1(114 
1615 
1621 
1022 


tii.  MiikIit  »oiiipliriif<  Imlili   lii>ili  »ii  .m-iMiiil  ol  tli<   rlhii.irli-r  ul  lln' 


*ll 


iir|{li;;iiit  nrl  ali<l  tlif  olliii.il  |ii»ili>M>  ..(  tl.<    lirull-.  iil  wrvaiit 
.^.'id.  I»..flriiii-  of  MOM  ilil(({,il,li.  li.itj.,,  ii|,,iU,.i|,|,.  lo  iiiiiini.il  |i4.r-iin. 
5 17.  SiT>.iiil«    ii(  r.iiitr.i(lor«.   »I»'M    |iii'i'lii.|i'i|    froin   iit.iiliMi;    IIimh 

«il\t-<  nf  III!'  iliii'iriMr  in  iicli(iM»  iiy.iiriil  lliiir  iii.i»li'r« 
:>M.  IK'li'Ciilion  ii(  (nr-riiiil  i|iilii>  In  im  iiiiIi'|.i'Mc1i  nl  i'<iiiii;ii'liir   rll.,! 

of 

S.Mi.  N^inir  »iilij'  ft  oiinllMiii.l.     ()|i|iii.iii^  limtrine*  )li»i'U'v  ij 

Mil).  .MiKKiirtiii-i  IlK   iliH'triiii'  

301.  ^iTviiiil*  Miiiv  iifl  in  tt  till  il  i.i(  .!■  iiy 

6li2.   I'l.Ni.lin^     , ' ".'.'.'.'.'.'.. 

5():i.  liiirili-n  of  primf  

S04.  I'roprii'ty  of   inxIriiHionH 

ftOlii.  Kiint'tioM)!  of  roiiM  iiml  jury . . 

What  luiiin  auk  nefMKH  to  hi.  >o\  im  i  <;  mmi-       

SO.'i.    Diltii't  iMi|M  nfil  liy  "liituti*.     . 

a.  Qilalily  of  il'iiv  uHrliunKfil  Uy  shiliilc   |(j|7 

6.  Qiialily  of  ilulv  iiltiri'it.  .  Iil|i| 

MO.  Duly   to  «4>c  that   tlie  inort;nnir  inxtrurm  iilalitirn  of  tlii'   work 

art-  ri'.iicitinlily  miri':   Knirral   riilp  Htalcil.  kj^o 

607.  Duty  to  dfc  that  tin-  inorK»Mic  initrunicMlalilicH  of  uuik.  ux  or- 

ipinally  ■iip|iliril.  natiify  tlie  lij-.il  .UndnrJ  of  iiafi'ty IrtM 

o.   KnKli!!)!.  Sroicli,  ami  culonial  ''      fine in.vj 


IlLM 
MUM 

liljit 

lillO 

1(1  in 

10.17 

lilt.l 
lilCI 

ini.t 

liilT 
1047 


b.  .Vincriran  ilnrlrino  . 


\a^^ 


808.  Duty  to  »»t  that  tin-  iiior»;nnic  in«lru ntaiilicn  are  MialMfaiiii'il 

in  II  '  lilal.l.   ,c.Militi<jii  f'lr  tlir  woik  to  Im'  tUmv  Ixhl  to  !..•  non- 

•*'•''  '-•^'''''' 10(14 

601>.  SaiMo  duty  hi'hl  to  he  ilrliKable    j,17;i 

670.  Duly  to  n'c  that  worn  out  or  otlH'rwNc  ili-firtivo  pnrtu  ■<{  iii..tru 

nu'iiliiliticK  an-  loiilacfd  hy  miitiihlp  siilwijtutcs 1074 

571.  Duty   to  furiiMi   pro|i.r  medical   tri'atiii,ii(   to  nidi  or   injured 

fervantu m^jj 

67'.'.  Duty  to  hire  "iiilahle  M-rviinta lyjjj 

67:i.  Duty  to  employ  wrvants  »u(Ilclent   in  iiuinher  for  the  work  in 

liaiid 

874.  Duty   lo   frame   rules  and   rcgtili  tioni   for   the  conduet  of  the 

lllHlllehs 

67.'i.  Duty  to  hrini,'  rule*   and    reifiil  itionn   to   the   kiiowleilge  of  em- 
ployee   

670.  Duty  to  o.iny  out  re;.'ulationii,  how  far  absolute;  frenerally. 
677.  Duty  to  carry  out  re^'ulutiong  with  respect  to  the  movements  o.' 
trains  


lli7U 
1080 

li.s:! 


n.  Doc'tiinp  that  train  deftpatchcr*  are  vice  pr' 
erallv 


.()S7 


h.  Train  deApatchers  represent  the  company  as  to  special  orders 

HUsipcMdinR  regular  tiinetahlen jcgfj 

c.  Doctrine  that  train  despatchcrs  are  not  vice  principals I(i!i:l 

d.  Liability  of  railway  companies  for  the  nefjligence  of  gerv 
»nt8  who  transmit  the  orders  or  see  that  they  are  carried 


out . 


1G».1 


»ai  itiNTKNlS. 

878.  Duty  to  itiipnil  iiifoiinal  i'ln  as  to  permanent  dangers  nornmlly 

incident  to  the  work  ut  the  time  it  is  entered  upon 16!'4 

671'.  r>iily  to  impart  iiiformnlion  ns  to  permanent  dangers  superadded 

to  tlie  enviroiuiient  after  the  work  has  begun 1699 

580.  Duty  to  warn  ns  to  daiijiers  of  the  transitory  class,  occasionally 

supervening  during  the  progress  of  the  work 170:1 

6S1.  Duty  to  inspect  instrumentalities;  generally 1704 

582.  Duty   to   inspect    in.'-lrunicntalities   at   the   time   they   are    tirst 

brought  into  use 17(i.') 

583.  Duty  to  inspect  instrumentalities  during  the  time  they  arc  kept 

in  use 170fl 

684.   Duty  to  inspect  inslr,;menlalities  belonging  to  another  person, 

but  temporarily  used  by  the  master 1712 


CHAPTER   XXXII. 

.2:<1ENT  OK  .\X  EMPLOVKR'S  LIAHILITV  KOll  NEfiLIGENCE  IN  REOARD 
TO  THE  DETAILS  OK  THE  WORK. 

A.  Ge.ner.\li.v 1715 

585.  Didieulty  of  defining  boundary  line  between  the  domains  of  lia- 
bility and   nonliability ITl.i 

680.  Siipervisio-i  of  details,  not  a  master's  duty 1719 

587.  Merely  transitory  perils,  inr:  ter  not  bound  to  protect  the  servant 

against 1721 

588.  Dangers  caused  by  the  progress  of  the  work,  master  not  bound  to 

protect  servant  against 1722 

53!(.  Preiiaration  or  care  of  instrumentalities,  master  not  responsible 

for,  where  these  functions  are  a  part  of  the  work  to  be  done. .  .  172."J 
6!)0.   N'egligont  use  of  .safe  appliances  by  fellow  servant,  master  not 

responsible  for 1725 

691.  Rationale  of  doctrine  e-xenipting  master  from  liability  for  negli- 

gence in  carrying  out  the  details  of  the  work 1727 

692.  Pleading 1729 

a.  Declaration 1729 

&.  Pica 1730 

693.  Tnstrnctions 1730 

594.  Kunctions  of  court  and  jury  in  passing  upon  the  evidence 1731 

595.  Explanation  of  the  classification  of  the  cases  cited  in  the  ensuing 

seetions 173.1 

B.  NeCMOK.NCK   ok   COSERVAMS   involving    MEIIELY  THE   USE  OF  TUE  INSTBU- 

MKNTAI.ITIES,  MASTER  NOT  RESI'0.NHI»LE  FOR 1733 

690.  Orders  respecting  the  use  of  the  instrumentalities n,":? 

a.  Generally 1731 

b.  Order  accompanied  by  an  assurance  of  cafety 1733 

697.  (.'hoiee  nf  particular  methoils  of  work 1735 

598.  Disposition  of  the  force  of  employees  available  for  the  work  in 

band 17.3fi 

,'i99.  .\ssigninp  servants  to  work  for  which  they  are  unfitted 1730 

I. Oil.  Ni'gligeiiee  in  semliiig  seiwints  into  abnurniully  dangerou.i)  places 

wilhnut   warning 1737 


CONTKNTS.  Ijj 

601.  Failing  to  warn  servants  as  to  dangers  ari-in-  from  tlie  oxccu 

tion  of  tlie  details  of  tlio  work 1-4,^ 

«02.  Abu-nce  from  the  post  of  duty ' jl^., 

>m.  Selecting  an  imperfect  appliance  from  tlie  stock  availal.lo,  .  ....    17  u 
«<M.  Failing  to  use  the  instrumentalities  furnished  by  the  master  174 ", 

OO.i.  Negligence  in  failing  to  discard  a  detective  for  a  suitable  instni 

mentality ,. 

«0B.  Using  instrumentalities  in  a  manner  not  contemplated  or  auilior 

ized  by  the  master ,  - , , 

607.  Giving  of  signals . '    ' 

fi08.  Negligence  in  carrying  out  the  express  orders  or  regulations  of 

the  master . . 

(509.  Failure  to  give  instruction ..-, 

«10.  Manipulation  of  the  instrumentalities  during  the  progress  of  the 

work 

611.  Negligence  in  the  transmission  of  the  master's  orders  to  other 

servants . 

<;.  XEGLfOENCE  OF  COSERVANTS  IK  KKSl-ECT  TO  THE  PREPARATION  Oli  SI  RIC- 
TURAI,  MOOIFICATION  OF  I.N.STUfMENTALITIES  OR  TllKIK  PAIM.S 
WHEN  NOT  IMPUreu  TO  THE  MASTER I'm 

612.  Introductory '    '^ 

612a.  Negligence  which  pro-iuces  structural  unsafely  of  a  tem|...rarv 

character '  '      

613.  Negligence  in  failing  to  -..Ijust  or  secure  instrum,.nta;iti..s  „r 

their  parts  while  in  use ,-.., 

614.  Negligence  in  the  preparation  of  temporary  structures  or  other 

mstrumentalities  as  a  part  of  the  work;  rreneral  rule.  .  1777 

615.  Rationale  and  limits  of  a  master's  exemption  from  liability  for 

the  adjustment  or  preparation  of  instrumentalities.  '  j-so 

616.  Special  circumstances  not  affecting  the  extent  of  the  masters 

liability i-i. 

o.  Superior  rank  of  the  delinquent  employee i-g,', 

6.  Similarity  or  dissimilarity  of  the  work  in  which  the  delin- 
quent and  injured  servants  were  engaged 17;,q 

o.  Completion  of  appliance  before  plnintitT  entered  the  employ- 
ment    • 

617.  When  the  delinquency  is  deemed  not  to  be  in  respect  to  the  de- 

tails of  the  work 

D.  Negligence  of  coservan-ts  whose  d.;ty  it  is  to  keep  the  instru      '  "^ 

MENTALllIE.^   IN  PROPER  CONDITIO.V,  WHEN  NOT  IMPUTED  TO  THF 
master '      _ 

618.  Theory  that  a  master  is  never  liable  for  negligence  in  regard  to   ''"' 

mspeetion  niid  repairs 

619.  Theory  that  t  i.e  liability  of  the  master  depends  on  the  suhieot .      ' "" 

matter  of  the  inspection  or  repairs  neglected  |(,ni 

620.  Master  liable  where  the  delinquent  servant  was  engaged  in  a  .lif- 

ferent  class  of  work 

621.  Negligence  in  failing  to  replace  an  unsound  by  a  sound  apnlianre 

when  master  not  liable  for '   IHir 

622.  All  employees  engaged  in  repairing  regarded  as  coservants  of 

each  other 

1817 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  XXXTII. 

LIABILITY  OF  THE  MASTER  CUNSIDKREI)  WITH  REFERKNT  E  TO  THK 
yUESTION  VVHB:THER  the  injured  person  was  a  SKRVANT  in  Rlv 
SPECT  TO  THE  WORK  IN  HAND. 

023.  Intrwluctory 181!^ 

A.  I.IAHILITY  as  nEPENDEXT  UPON  THE  TEMPORAKV  SIISPKNSION   OH   I.NTKIIMIS- 

SION  OF  THE  REI-.VTION  OF  MASTEK  AND  SliUV  A.\T 182:: 

024.  Servants  carriod  on  veiiiclps  belonging  to  their  enipln.ver 182:; 

a.  Sirviints   traveling   in   the   performance   of   tin   r    contract 

assume  known  risks 1824 

6.  Negligence  of  coservants  operating  the  veliieles,  wlien  deemed 

to  he  a  risk  asi-umed 1824 

c.   Rationale  of  these  cases 1827 

(/.  Assumption  of  the  risk  of  the  negligem-e  of  si  rvants  not 

operating  trains ISIil 

c.   When    servants   traveling   on   their   employers'    vehicles   are 

deemed  to  !ie  passengers 18.12 

f.  master's  obligdtions  inure  to  benefit  of  servant  traveling  in 

course  of  Iiis  employment 1835 

625.  Servants  in  various  other  situations 1835 

0201.  Temporary  intermission  of  relation  of  master  and  s('rvant  never 

produced  by  the  servant's  neglect  of  his  duties ISH!) 

B.  LlAnll.lTV    AS    DEPENDENT    Ul'OX    THE    gTKSTlO.X    WlIFmiElt    THE    ACT    FKOM 

WHICH  THE  IN.IUKV  HESULTED  WAS  OR  WAS  .NOT  AUTHORIZED.  .  184U 

620.  Presence  of  servant  at  the  place  where  the  accident  oi'curred   .  .      1840 
«.  Circumstances  under  which  recovery  has  been  allowed ...  .    1810 

6.  Cireurnstanees  under  which  recovery  has  been  denied I84.'> 

c.  Right  of  recovery  considered  with  reference  to  the  culpable 

or  noneulpable  quality  of  the  servant's  conduct 184!> 

027.  Servant's   use  of  the  given   instrumentality 1850 

028.  Servant's  use  of  the  given  instrumentality  in  a  certain  manner.  .  ia.')l 
(i2!).  Servant's  unauthorized  performance  of  certair  work:  generally.  1851 
030.  Right  of  action  where  the  injured  person  was  not  in  the  service 

of  the  defendant  for  any  purpose 1852 

0:11.  Volunteers  subject  to  same  burdens  as  servants 1854 

0:i2.  Persons  not  deemed  to  be  subject  to  the  disabilities  of  volunteers  1860 

0:;:).  Right  of  action  where  servants  undertake  new  duties   1803 

0:'4.  Same  subject  continued 1864 

O.f.").   Perloiiiiauce  of  unauthorized  duties,  consid<~'-ed  as  being  indica- 
tive ot  negligence 18B!> 

0:l(i.  Minority  as  an  element 187 1 

CHAPTER   XXXIV. 

EFFEi  T  OF  OENERAI.  STATUTES  UPON  THE  EXTENT  OF  A  MASTERS 

LIABILITY. 

637.  When  employees  aie  within  the  purview  of  such  statutes  1S7:! 

63S.  EfTrei.  of  sueli  stiitutes  considered  with  relation  to  the  doctrine  of 

common  employment 1 874 


CONTENTS. 


li 


CIIAPTEIJ    XXXV. 

ST.VTl'TES   ENACTED   EXPHICSSI.V   FOi:   Till;   IIKNEFIT  OF   SERVANTS 
INTItODlXTOltV  fllAl'TKK. 

A.  CONSTRIX'TION  AMI  EFFECT  OF  SUCH   STATUTES 1SS7 

039.  On  wliiit  footin<f  these  statutes  nif  cDnstrued issj 

•140.  Eriipldjcr   not    responsible    for    unauthorized   acta   of   statutory 

vice  principal "    j^^u 

6-tl.  When  the  statutory  ri^lit  of  action  accrues  and  is  terminated.  .    ISSS 
U42.  Necessity  of  provinj;  knowledge  on  the  defendant's  part ISS'J 

B.  C0N.sTnUT10NALITV jj^,,(j 

fi4.3.  Statute..^  entirely  abrofj;atins  the  doctrine  of  common  employment 

with  respect  to  all  employers "  j^oo 

044.  Statutes  modifying  the  doctrine  of  comm.   i  employment  in  re- 
gard to  all  private  corporations j(^nft 

C45.  .Statutes  abrogating  or  modifying  the  dutirine  of  common  em- 
ployment with  respect  to  all  the  servants  of  railroad  com- 
panies   

a.  (ieorgia 

b.  .Missouri 

c.  North  I'aroli'!  ■ 

(/.  Ohio     "'    ' 

e.  'J'cMi., 

/.  Itah   ■■■■■■...'.'.'.......[[. 

g,  Wisconsin 

646.   Statutes  abro;,Mting  the  doctrine  of  common   employniriil    wilb 
respect  to  railway  servants  engaged  in  operation  ol"  tl.e  road. 
Statutes    imposing    speei.il    duties    upon    various   cla.-ses   of   em 

,P'°J"« ism; 

a.  Street  car  coiupunics   

6.  Operators  of  mines    

Statutes  restricting  the  defenses  ojicn  to  iMnploy,  i^ 

DkI'I-ASES   AVAIL.\I!LE  in  ACTIOX.S   r.NDKli    <JT>TrTT-^ 

04!).  Generally 

050.  Assumption  of  risks 

a.  Ordinary  risks  assumed 

6.   Possibility  of  future  mgligeiicc  on  the  part  of  statutory  Vice 

principal,  not  a  risk  assumed 

c.  KMraordinary   risks;    how   far  ussumcl.  in   the  absence  of 

cypress  provisions  on  the  subject IDO, 

d.  Kllect  of  express  provisions  with   regard  to  assumntion  of 

i-.\traordinary  risks jjiy, 

851.  Contributory  negligence ,'  ,. 

_-,  ,,  19U.> 

a.  denerally 

b.  Availability  of  the  defense,  as  .1.  pendent  on  the  provi.sions  of 
the  statute  sued  upon    ■,.,,- 

Availability  of  defense  inferred  from  language  of  statute       VMr, 
Knowledge  of  risk,  how  far  m^liijenee  i«  inferalde  from....    100!» 


047 


648. 


1S!I1 
ISIIl 

18it2 

18:>-J 

1S!IJ 
18!li 

I8n:t 

18!)3 

is!a 


1,S!M» 
IS'M 
1890 
1899 
180!) 
I!IIM) 
1!)UI» 

1!I01 


c. 


«H  CONTENTS. 

682.  Limits  of  tlie  doctrinn  i1ii;t  rontril»utor.v  neslijjcnpp  U  a  bar  to  an 

action IDD 

052*.  Volenti  non  fit  iniunu 1912 


!     I 


CIIAPTEP.    XXXVT. 

STATliTES  DKCL.AKATOHY  OF  COMMON'  LAW  Ooi   IIMN'FS. 

A.  Minnesota 1917 

•>.'>2b.  Text  of  Btatule 19J7 

t!53.  Effpct  of  this  .'<tntiiti'   10)7 

B.  CAI  IFORMA  A.ND  DAKI/T.V ]!tl« 

fiMi.  Text  of  statntea 191s 

6.'<3i.  Efftct  of  tlii'sp  stiitiit.'s lOlH 

C.  GfaikGIA 192 1 


rn AP'I'ER    XXX VTI. 

ENGLISH  EMrLOM':i{S'   IJ.VUILITV  ACT  Oi'   ISSO  AXO  THE  AMERICAN, 
CANADIAN,  AND  AlSTRAl.tAN  STATl  TIN  .MODKLKI)  THEREON. 

65.'?ii.  Introductory \.\>\ 

A.  Tkxt  of  tiif.  .'^ i'ATi-res l<cj.-, 

fi.'i  t.  England 19-.'.") 

tir>.'i.  Alalmnia l!):?il 

t!."i().  MaaHar1lll^ '  !  i  -^ ]9,'{  I 

t>.")7.  Colorado l():!."i 

li.^S.  Indiana Jfl.'iii 

B.")!'.  Now  York lii.'!^ 

(iOO.  Ontario  and  i>tlier  (';in.'  liiiii  provliici  •    I9,'?!i 

HCidii.  Australian  staluto- i;»4.-, 

B.  EKKKcr  OF  THE  STATUTE.-^    AS   A    WIIOT.K Km; 

Ctil.  OpiU'vally 194(j 

(ii;_'.  Modilicil  operation  of  tlipsp  :iots  in  tlic  casp  of  servant's  of  munici- 

p:il  corporationa 11147 

'^111.  Eniplinors'  llahility  acts:  wliitlur  strictly  or  lilicrallv  construed  In4s 
litil.  ('(incuvront  rijriils  of  aitiim  niiilcr  the  Btalutcs  and  at   romriion 

law I'M!! 

<;r,.5.  Liability  of  infants  under  the  statuteR |nr)il 

C.  LlA!'lLlTY  FOR  DKfKCT.S   IN    'MK   WAY.S.  K.TC l<>,")il 

I  lifi.  EtI'ect  of  the  statutory  piovisions  as  to  dei.ils:  ffeueialK 1!(.")I 

ii'17.   MasliT  not   liable   unless  the  defi'et  alleged   was   the   pro\itTLi(e 

cause  of  the  in  jury in,")l 

tiflS,  What  instrumpntalitics  arp  covpred  by  tiip  terms  "ways,"  pie.  l'3'yl 

o.  Two  or  more  descriptive  ternis  u^'d  in  eomliinalion in.'ij 

6.  "Ways" I!.;,;! 

c.  "Works" l(.;-.4 

d.  ■■Maehii:i  rv" ]'^'t^ 

t.  "Plant" l!i:,.-, 


I   -a 


CONTENTS.  xlll 

160.  Significnnce  of  the  quiilifying  phrase,  "connected  with  or  used  in 

the  business  of"  the  employer 1965 

a.  Instrumentaliiie.s  teniponirily  used  by  the  dcfcnilant's  serv- 

ants in  the  transaction  of  liis  business 1053 

b.  Structures,  etc.,  in  course  of  erection  or  demolition 1961 

c.  Instrumentalities  not  yet  brou^lit  into  use,  or  disused 1062 

•70.  What  constitutes  a  defect    1<)(J3 

871.  Specilic  examples  of  defects 19(j7 

a.  Defects  in  the  condition  of  the  ways 10C7 

6.  Defects  in  the  condition  of  the  works. 1!|(J7 

c.  Di'fects  in  the  condition  of  the  niacliiiiery mos 

d.  Defects  in  the  condition  of  the  plant   lOiiS 

072.  Conditions  not  amounting  to  defects jnC!) 

673.  Defective  system :  employer  liable  for I974 

674.  "Not  discovered  or  remedied,  owini,'  to  the  mfilipiin-."  rir I973 

a.  Generally I975 

6.  "Not  discovered'' _  l!)70 

c.  "Not  remedied" I9-7 

d.  "Person  intrusted  with  the  duty,"  etc 1978 

875.  Abnormal  conditions  resulting  from  tlie  use  of  the  niac.iines; 

how  far  regarded  as  defects I97J 

670.  Defects   in   temporary   appliances   constructed   by   the   servants 

themselves  not  deemed  to  be  chargeable  to  the  employer 1982 

677.  Duty  of  servant  to  report  defects jOgj 

a.  Statutory  and  common-law  doctrines  compared 1083 

6.  Position  of  a  servant  who  fails  to  report  a  defect 1086 

c.  Position  of  a  servant  who  has  reported  a  defect 1987 

LlABIUTT   FOR   TIIK   NEQLIGE.NCB  OF   EMPLOYEIiS   EXKRCISINQ    HI  I'l  111  NTKNU- 

^"^^ 1989 

678.  Introductory J9gg 

679.  Conditions  precedent  to  recovery;  generally 1990 

680.  What  employees  are  superii.tendents   under  the  English,  New 

York,  Massachusetts,  and  Colorado  acts 1900 

a.  General  remarks 29gn 

6.  Employees  held  to  be  vice  principals I99O 

c.  Employees  for  whose  negligence  the  master  is  nol  Ihil.h- 1093 

681.  —  under  the  Alabama  act jO^jj 

682.  —  uii  ler  the  Canadian  and  Australian  acts 1999 

683.  Emplovecs  controlling  machinery;  status  of 1995 

»)84.  Master  liable  though  injured  servant  was  not  under  the  control 

of  the  negligent  employee I997 

685.  Deputy  superintendents;  liability  for  negligence  of 1008 

08  i.  Necessity  of  proving  that  the  injurious  act  was  negligent 1009 

687.  Acts  constituting  negligence  in  the  e.xercise  of  superintendence.  .  2002 

688.  Acts  done  by  superintendents  while  participating  =n  the  work; 

liability  of  master  for 2007 

LlABIUTT    FOB    INJURIES   CAUSED    BY    THE    .NEGLIGENCE    OF    A    PERSON    TO 

WHOSE  ORDERS  THE  INJURED  SERVANT  WAS  BOUND  TO  CONFORM.  .    2013 

689.  Introductoiy 2013 

690.  Conditions  precedent  to  recovery  2013 


«•»  C0NTENI8. 

091.  To  wlint  Biiporior  sprvnnts  tlie  subsection  is  applicable 2014 

(102.  Tcnipoiiiry  sulistitiitp.s  lor  re;.'uliir  forenien,  status  of 201K 

003.  To  wliat  orders  a  servant  is  bound  to  conform 2017 

«!I4.  When  a  servant  is  deemed  to  have  oclej  under  orders iiom 

C"Jj.  Necessity  of  establisliinj;  a  unusul  conncelion  between  the  order 

and  the  injury 2010 

6110.  Necessity   of   showiu';   negligence  on   the   p:iit    of   the   superior 

spfvunt 2024 

F.   LlAllll.lTY    KOlt   1.NJIUIE.S  CAUSED  UY  ACTS  OB  0.\HsatONS  DONE  OB  MADE  IN 

OnKIIIEME  TO  RULES oflj; 

098.  Introductory 2027 

COO.  Necssity  of  proving  negligence  in  respect  to  the  rules,  etc.,  or  to 

particular  instructions 2027 

700.  "In  obedience  to  the  rules" 202S 

701.  "nelepated  with  the  authority  of  the  employer" 2020 

G.   LlAllll.lTY    FOR    NEGLICE.N'CE   OP   CERTAIN    SI>ECtFl£ll    ItAlLWAV    EMPI.OYEF^..    2020 

7li2.  Generally 20'0 

70.!.  Per.sons  having  "the  charge  or  control  of  sin-nal  points'" 2030 

7U4.  Person  in  "clinrgc  or  control  of  a  locomotive  engine" 2032 

a.  What  is  an  engine  under  the  statute 2032 

6.  What  employees  are  deemed  to  be  in  "charge  or  control"  of 

engines 203* 

705.  Person  having  "charge  or  control  of  a  train' 203 » 

a.  Wiint  constitutes  n  tnin,  generally 2034 

5.  How  many  cars  constitute  a  train 203.'> 

c.  \\  liat  employees  are  deemed  to  have  "charge  or  control"  of  a 

train ;  conductors 203t! 

d.  Employees  other  than  conductors 2037 

708.  Person  having  "charge  or  control  of  a  car" 2040 

700a.  Person  having  "charge  of  a  signal" 2040 

707.  On  a  "railway"  or  "railroad" 2040 

H.    Sr.KVICE  OK  NOTICE  ON   THE  EMI  LOYtR 204' 

708.  Notice  a  condition   precedent  to  the  maintenance  of  an  action 

under  the  statute 2042 

709.  Notice  not  essential  to  recovery  if  facts  constitute  a  cause  of 

action  at  common   law    2043 

710.  Notice  must  be  given  in  writing 2043 

711.  Service  of  the  notice 2044 

B.  J^erviee  on  corporation?- 2044 

5.  Service  through  the  postofliee 2045 

c.  Service  in  case  of  de.ith   2045 

d.  Kseusi's  for  failing  to  serve  the  notice 2045 

712.  .SnIIUIcney  of  the  particulars  contained  in  the  notice 2047 

a.  (ienerally     2047 

b.  Inaccuracies  w  ..ieh  do  not  invalidate  a  notice 2048 

I.  Death  of  Eiii'LovEu  on  in.iiued  e.mplovee;  how  the  right  of  action  la 

AEl'KC TED  BY 2050 

713.  Scope  of  this  subtitle 2050 

714.  Death  of  employer ;  effect  of 2050 

715.  Dtath  of  phiinlin";  pending  action  abated  by 2050 

718.  Suits  by  executors  or  administrators  2050 


(M)NTKNT!9. 

•I.    PKR^(l^■ti   KMrri.KIl  TO  SI  K   IMlH!    I  Ml.  ACTS 

717.  (Ji'iiciiil  rf!iiiirk'» 

',  18.  Scivunls  tfMi|ioririly  iiiidi  i-  tln'  oiiitiol  of  the  defendant 

7  111.  Volunteers 

7J0.   Person!,  who  linvc  ]ierir.:inentl.v  or  t<'iiiporiiril,v   peH.seil  to  be  in 

the  employuifnt  of  the  ili^feiidiint 

721.  Indepi  ndent  eontraotors 

7'.ilii.  Servnnt'i  of   indepemh'nt    enntriiclor-    

7-2.   Uailwii.v  servant 

7-:i.  W'orlonen 

a.   Dnm.'Hfic  or  iiieniiil  Hervaiit 

').   Laborer 

i\  .Servant  in  hii^liaiiiliy  .     

d.  .lonrneyman 

e.  Artificer 

/.   Ilandieraft^iiian 

II.   Miner 

h.   Persons  "otherwise  enira^'ed  in  niaiinal  labor' 

i.  "Workinsj  unch-r  a  coniraei  with  an  einplojer" 

724.  S.-anion 

725.  .Servunls  working  in  government  depanmMii- 

K.    llAMAOKS  RECOVEIUnLE 

720.  Damages  reeoverable  where  the  injured  Nervant  is  himself  the 

plaintiir 

727.     Damage>.  reeoverable  by  the  personal   repiix  iilali\e-  of  an   in 

jured  servant  

li.    IlliAl,  I'HACTUK 

72H.  Scope  of  subtitle    

72!).  \Vilhin  wliat   peiiod  the  action  must  be  brouj^ht   

7.'50.  Service  of  summon.s:   waiver  of  irnu'ularit y  in 

7.11.  Joinder   of  employer   and   nesjlifrent   coeniployee   as   parties   de- 

fendant   

7.12.  ln>titution  of  distinct  suits  at  connnon  law  and  undi^r  lliese  acts 
7:.;i.  .loinder  of  causes   of  action   under   the  ditl'erent   provisions   of 

these  acts 

7.:4.  , loinder  of  causes  of  action  under  these  acts  and  at  common  law 
7-!4a.  .loinder  of  causes  of  action  under  (hcsc  acts  and  other  statutes.  . 

~,-\h.  Khxtiou    between   ditferi  iit    counts 

7:'(l.  l-'ormer  recovery  in  action  under  another  statute  or  at  common 

hi«  

7M7.  Complaint  ....      .    

o.    Ill  lation  of  enipl(>\er  a]id  employed 

6.  Neeessity   i>f  allc-iii;.'  Hiat   negliirence  was  conniiitteil   by  a 

statutory  vice  principal  

c.  --;.;'d  by  such  a  vice  prinri|..il  while  actin}»  in  the  line  of 

..is  duly 

(/.  Sulliciency  of  the  allegation  of  ne!ilii,'enee 

e.  Notice  of  injury 

f.  Xeces.-ily  of  alleging  absence  of  contributory  nefjli^jcnce. 
738.   Siiiiiiiipiey    of  ilu'  pica    


XT 

20.->3 
2053 
20.):l 
20.54 


205* 

2(t.')4 
20.->4 
2ll."i3 
2lt.V! 
20.-)7 
20.'iS 
20:>S 
2((.)!> 
20.")!t 
205!) 
20ri!t 
2<>lilt 
2(Mi:l 
2tl(i.-i 
20t)li 
20lir. 

20»i« 

2(h;7 
2nr.8 

20li.S 

2(ji;s 

20(!!l 

2()(il» 
20ii'.) 


20G!t 
2070 
2070 
2o71 

2071 
2071 
2072 

2072 


2072 
207:1 
2077 
2077 
2078 


«»'  CONTKNT8. 

739.  Initriictionii  to  jury 2078 

740.  Provinces  of  court  and  jury 2078 

741.  Itoinovul  of  notions  to  liij^licr  courla 207t» 

74  la.  .Appointment  of  asucssorn 207l» 

"42.  Quest  iuns  which  may  be  reviewed  on  appciil   2080 


C'lI.APTER   XXXVIIT. 

ST.STl  TK.S  OF   .AHKANSAS.    MISSIS.SIPPI.   MlSSOCni.    NfONTAXA,   OHIO. 
SOUTH  CAROLINA.  TICXAS,  ITAII. 

74.'?.  Scope  of  rlinptor 2081 

A.  .Arkansas 20R2 

74.1a.  Tevt  of  stntute.   »    1 '  20S2 

741.   Kiri'cl  of  t\\\*  section   208'' 

744;t,  Text  of  sliitnte.  «  2 20S.'J 

74,').   KtTeet  of  tliis  seelion 2083 

V.  Mississippi 2081 

74.'ni.  Text  of  ConRlitufion  nnd  stntiites 2084 

74.">Ii.   Provisions  eonstrned '085 

n.  Superior  servfinla 208."> 

6.  Servants  in  difTercnt  department:* 208.1 

C.  MlRROfl!! 2080 

740.  Text  of  statute,  j)  1 2080 

74.'5.  KITeet  of  thia  sertion   208!) 

740!ii>.  Text  of  statute.  S5  2-4 [[],,  208(1 

D.  JtONTANA 2087 

74%.  Text  of  statute 2087 

747.  EITect  of  this  stiitute   2087 

^-    """> 2oas 

747n.  Text  of  statute,  ii   1.  2 2088 

7471).  KITeet   of  these   sections 208!) 

747e.  Text  of  stntute.  5  3 OQan 

748.  KITeet  of  this  section OOS!) 

F.  SiinTii  Carolina  ...   <>0(,i 

74Sa.  Text  of  Constitution  oooi 

748b.  KfTeot  of  this  provision 900'' 

G.  Tkxas 2002 

740.  Statutes  as  to  railway  service 2002 

74nii.  Construction  of  this  provision ofld 

74nb.  Text  of  statutes  a«  to  vice  principals 2001 

7.")0.  What  employees  are  vice  principals  under  this  section   20!14 

T.^fl^i.  Text  of  statutes  as  to  common  service 20!m 

7.t1.  Who  are  fellow  servants  under  this  section 2000 

751a.  Other  provisions  of  Texas  statute 2104 

"•  ^f-*" ....'.'.'.'.'.'.   2104 

7.51b.  Text  of  statute 2104 

752.  Construction  of  this  provision 2105 


CONTENTS. 


nu 


CHAPTER  XX XIX. 

STATUTES    OF    rOLOKAUU.    CKdfKJIA,     IOWA,    KAXSAS,     MINNESOTA, 
XOIiill  CAUflLIN'A,  WISCONSIN.  WVOMINU. 

TriS.  Scope  of  tli.ipicr 'iJIiiti 

A.  COLOIIADO 2l'(»7 

'S'Ja.  Text  of  tin-  Mtaliito       iJlOT 

754.  Klfect  of  tnis  :<liitutr 'iloj 

li.  Florida 2107 

754ii.  Text  of  tlu'  stilt  111  I- J 107 

75").  EtTcct  of  tlii-  SCI  I  ion MOa 

t  '.  (jKOIWI A •.•108 

7.i<l.  Statute  IIS  to  riiilwiiy  xcrvioe 'J108 

757.  KilVcl  oi  llii'Ho  si'ctionH.  .  lJll(( 

"5S.  Provihion  iJeeli.iatorv  of  tin   iluitiiiif  of  I'liiiiin.iri  iiiiiilo,  meiit .  ,  .  lilU 

I).    lo'.'A  .  .  .  . 2112 

(■5Sn.  ■Statutory  |u■(lvi^ioll^ 2112 

750.  What  injiiiicH  mi'  uitliin  tlic  purview  of  tlie  statute      2U;i 

K.  Kansas  ....  JU9 

75!ia.  .Statutory  provisions 21  ill 

7t>0.  Wlmt  iiijurivb  are  within  tlio  .scope  of  the  statute Jl  l!l 

1'.    .MiNNKSOTA 2 1;J1 

7tJtta.  Statutory  provinioiis .  '.il'il 

701.  What  injuries  are  within  the  purview  of  the  stiitul>>     212:1 


<J.     NollTII    C.VKDI.INA •! 


124 


7<>la.  Statutory  proviNions 2124 

7tilaa.  Burden  of  proof 2125 

7<>2.  ElTect  of  statntp 2125 

1 1.  Wl.SfONSl.N 2 12ti 

703.  Statutory  provisions 2120 

7G4.  Effect  of  these  statiites    2127 

7*i4a.  Later  legislation 2I2!> 

705.  Effect  of  this  piovisi.iii 2120 

'•  VVyoMiNc; ._,,.2f, 

705a.  Statutory  provisions 212!> 


CII.M'TEIJ    XL. 
ENGLISH  WOKKMKXS  CO.MI'KNS.VIION  ATT   l'<;i7. 
760.  Purpose  and  effect  of  tlie  act ;  aeiiciiilly 2132 

.\.    '"'iRCr.MSTAKCE.S  UNllEH  WHICH   COMI'I  NSATION    I.S  RKCOVl  1! AIII.K 213:1 

70lia.  Text  of  section   1 213,"$ 

707.  "Acii'.Ieiit"    (sec.  1,  subs.  1 ) 2135 

70S.  "Out  of,  anil  in  tlie  course  of.  the  eiii|iIo\ meiit"   i  sec.   1.  subs.  1)  •;i:t.5 

709.  Period  of  disablement    (sec.   I,  sutjs.  2,  ti) 2138 

770.  Alternative  remedies  open  to  workmen    (sec.    1,  subs.  2,  6)  .    .  2138 

771.  "Serious  and  wilful  mi.sconduct"   (sic   1,  sub-.  ■>.  r) 2138 

772.  .Arbitration   (sec.  1,  subs.  3) 2139 

M.  AND  S,  Vol.  II.— li. 


(«lli 


tONTKNTS. 


773.  RiToviry  in  o.i<o«  wlicrr  iioiili.tl.ility  npnrt  from  llif  .i,  t  |.  rUiili 

Ii-llC(l      (m'C      1,    Hill).,     i)   , 

174.  Api.licalion  of  lim-M  itii|><m<'(l  on  utluT  pn.c liii-^   i -v    |    ,„|,. 

r>) 

774a.  'IVvi   of  gtM'tion  2.  .    . 
77."i.   Niilicc  of  tlic  accidiiit   (.-co.  J,  kuIh.  I)  .  . 
n.  "I'rorooiliiifrs"  .   . 
A.  "<liiiiiT   for  coiiipiiiHiitiiiii'    , 
r.  IXctisis  for  not  serving  iniiiiv  in  tiim 
77."m.    Icvt   of  iii>i?tioMH  :t  und   1.. 
77ti.  IJiiliilily  to  Hprvants  of  oonlrattor»i  we.    li 

II.  <)inrr:illy 

b.  "I'lnlirtnkcru" 

<•.    -Woik  iniTcly  iinriltarv  or  iii.'iilitii.il  l.i" 

77(!ii.  T>-\i    of   Hcrtion   5 

777.   P'     iidinKs  iiikIoi   tliU  jtcolion    

777ii.  Ti  \t  of  Mcfion  fl.  .    . 
77S.  l'ro<'i(  iliiiu^   under   srctinn   ti .>|i- 

n.    I:mi  I.OYMr..NT,S    TO    Wlllcn    Tllr    AI-T   is    AITMrVl'.I  K .^  |  ,.-, 

778ii.  Tt'xt    of  M-c'iiiin»   7-10 '>\i; 

770.  Scope  and  ••tr<>ot  of  tlir-o  provisions:   f,'rncT»lly  2Mr. 
7S0.  Mrnninj;  of  tlio  plira-  "on  or  in  or  nl-Mit."  uhrn   iH.d   in  •:.„ 

ncclioii  with  varicniK  l;indH  of  conceri"< ^|4,i 

7«1.  "On  or  in  or  ulioiii  u  Imildiiifr"  uliiWi  ,.\ee.>ds  .iO  f,.,  t  in  Iii^ifjlit  ••14s 

a.  Mvifihl  of  liiiiMinp .>.•»; 

h.  'Itcinj,'   coiiHtrneti'd   or    repaired"' .jn;, 

c.  Wliat  i<  u    SenlVipMiii'.'" 

T.S2.  "On   or  in   or  alioiit    a    huildiii;;;   in    wliieli   niaeliiiieiy    dri\en   l.> 

steam."   ele 

7S;!.   Meanii;'/  of  "railway" 

7.s3a.  —  of  "laelory" 

n.  "Doik.   wliarf.  i|iia\"  .   . 

b.  "I'reniiso  wlieiein  si, .am,  water,  or  oilier  iiieoliaiiieal  poue. 


2140 

■iUO 
'2\in 
2141 
2141 
2141 
-'141 
211 J 
214:1 

J  HI 

214.1 

211.; 

214  f 
2141 

J  141 


2I.-.M 

21. 12 
21.'.2 
2 1  ■,-' 
21.-).. 


is  nseil" 
c.  ".Mai  liinery  or  plain 
rf.  "Pre!     i|.s  wlienin 


2I.-..-. 

2I.-..-1 


2I.-.1; 
21.-)ii 
21.-|ii 


any  manual  labor  is  e\ere!>, 
.    .    .     for  purposes  lit  i;;iin" 
c.   "Maeliine-.y  Used   in  tin-  pvoer.s  of  loading  or  unluadiii-' 

f.      :  'eaeliiiiL'    or    dyeiiii;    works" 

f/.  ".'sliipliuildiii^'   yard" .,,- 

2!;;: 

21a7 

2lesl 

21.''.s 

h.   In  tlie  ease  of  en;;inei  rinfr  work    .,|-i| 

787.  —  of  Workman" .itco 

«.  foiilraetors .Jiio 

').  S(  amen ■>]('  I 

787a.  —  of  "dependents"  ...  .,,„. 

II    In   Knn;land   and   Ireland .i|(jj 


734.  — of  "en-iiiK  evin^'  uork" 

"S").  — of  "mine" , 

7St).  — of  "nmlertakers''   ... 

n.   In  tlie  ease  of  a  faclorv. 


(ONIKiNTt*. 


*.  1(1  Sc'itliind  ...  

7M.  "Sliiphiiilcllii^'  ynrd"    (wp.   7.   -nl.-     ii    

C.  ( (iMr>:N.>*A   .11-,   iiM  ii\i  miii.K  imiku  tiik  .\«i         

~88u.  'I'l'xt   f(  f.t;iliii>iry  pruNNiuriM 

78H.   .Xiii.'iiiil  ii.-.iMi-.ilil,.  ill  niM-of  il..itl'  l,y  [mix,        mIm.II*  cI>'|h'ii, 

<iri  wiirkniiiii'i'  I'liriiiti^N   (piir.   I.ii.  ii 

;!»«.  —lij-   iMTBorH  purtiiilly  il<  p<  ii.|<  iii    i.?i  llir  uniKiii.i.i'.  i-iiiiiiii| 
7iH.  — in  c'iiM.  of  icfnf  or  piitinl  iniiipK  iiy    'p:ii     I    l>> 
7!'2.  Avfiii}.'!'  wi'ikly  i:iiriiii;ri. 

a.  tii'Mcrall} 

*.   rnioil  iif  I'liipliiMiii'iil   n<>ri«^:iry  to  fmn         :•,    i-    ;.  i    , 
piit.-idon  or  HMrnyi-  wnkly  liiinin..'-' 

0.  Triidi-  iini!  rultrnlar  wi'i'k'    .. 

d.  roiitiniiily  of  tlii'  I'lnploviTinit 

*.    Didiictiors 

7!!!.   Miiliiiil  PMiiiiitmtion  ntlcr  .HTiilinI    ion.  :!  ■ 

"I".   I'.iyinc  it  to  i)(  [H'lidi'rit-   ip:ir.  4) 

7''.'i.   I{i»ic\v  of  wi'fkly  payniciits    i  p:ir.    I_'i 

D.  .\lll;l  MIATfCIN     . 

7"'ii.  Tf\t  I'l  ftatiitory  prmi-ic  n- 
''«•.  Kirrci   of  tlx'sf  pr(>Uiiiii-:   '_;.iiri    Ml 

K.   A«  I   cil    IIMIO 

7!'7.   I'.llcit   of  this  st.itiit.v 


Uiu 


2  It!: 

2  HI.' 
■.Mit.l 

•J  HI.-! 

-Mii.-. 

•-'Hi: 

il(I7 

;iiis 
■ni'i 

-'171 
■Ji;i 
-•17  • 
JI7; 
-•17.1 
J  17:1 
■.•I7-. 
1'  1 7ii 
.JI7ti 


i:i!s. 

2177 

■Jl,-*.) 

L'IS7 
2I.S7 


C'FI.M'TKi;     Xf.l. 

>TATI  VCS    IMPO.siNG    V.MIlOl  S   ^I'KCinc  Ot  TII.S   f  |«ON    i:\n'l.(|\ 

711^1.  SiTvnntV  ri^rht  to  fiw  for  injurirs  pjnisnl  liy  a  1,1,.,,  h  of  :i  ^|:,| 

utory  diitv;  gpiuT.illy  . 
SCO.  Sami'  sid.jcct  conlinucd .-   provi.-ioii  of  spci-iiii   rcim-dy   fm    \  iol;i 

tioii  of  diity:  pITcct  of 

SOI.  Kmployor  not  rcndorrd  iin  in-iiriT  of  Ids  servant's  >;if,.tv  liy  ilii' 

iiiiponitioi,  of  n  spocido  diitv 
h02.  (\.iis|  Milt  ion  of  stiitiit(>s  irnio^JMir  spicifi,.  .iutio!.  on  .■inpl.niT*.  . 

riF.M'TKR    XTJI. 

(■AIS.\Tlt)\. 

sn2ii.  Introductory 

\.  Ol.XK,ll.>J,   I'ltlNCICl  KS 

S0.3.  Necessity  vi  provir..','  that  the  ne^'lii^encc  alloppd  was  the  caii.so 
of  the  ill 

S04.  — nnii  nisi       le  proximate  cause  of  the  injury o^lO 

HO.").  I'rovinces  .,1  e.iiirt  nnd  jury '  ,>.,.,, 

E.    iNTKRVKMMi   CAI  SI-.S ")~in 

806.  Cenernlly '      .7'.",, 

*07.  Opt-ralion   of  nonnsponsi'.ile  «j.M-iiciea ._>...»- 

808.  Nonculpablr  acts  of  responsible  actors 2227 


22n.-. 
220.S 

220s 


I 


ai 


<'oNTKM8. 


•  <•    H    pl'l)\i 


Ifii* 


•W.    CuIp.l.I.    ,rt.    of    ,.,,K.„-i.,l..    U..|...,,     ,M„li„.,,.«    „,    ,,      .,,,„„t, 

HO.  K.,,...  .,,,j  .,  „„,tin>u..i:  n.Kli«.M..  .,(  inju...!  ,..,va„,  hl„,«lf 

•  II.  Jlu.l.r  .iul,|..  •(,..,..  hi,  ,.«n  n..«liK.i.n.  hit.rv 

nmti-  iMii,-.  Ui„,.,.n   u   .l.llmiii.  .it   .»,.iv„„r 
III"'  Injury 

•  IJ.  -  or  li.l«,...n  till.  mKli«.n«.  ul  thx  pInintliV  hli.M.lf j 

jf-y  ....  

C.  Cuxt  riiriKKT  CAi  nr.B 

Ml.l.   (Ji'tuTillly   .  

•  U.  Wu^l.T  li,.l,|,.  «l,..r..  I,U  »«„  niit..,.(..„t  „..M|,y,,,„...  ,„„i '. ,' V„'li,..' 

qu.„t  ,|..|i,„|„..n..>   ..r  H  ci,^.t»..i,t  ur..  li<.tl,  ..ili.-Mit  I..U...* 

o(  llif  iiijiii  V 

•.  (i)'tiprally  .....    

h.  lltuKtrative  rj.i',  ... 

•  IS.  Mii.tiT  liabli-  Hlicic  1,,.  ,,|   i,i,  4j, , 

i>i  till-  work   


»21» 

2J.M 


I'lih.  i|.,il  i|ir.,t,.,j  tlio  .IctaiU 


-'.'IL' 


•ZS  I.S 

•iJ..:> 


326.1 


C'H.XPTKK    XMIl. 

KVIDKNCK. 
SIrt.  TntriHlih'Inry  ... 

ADMl^.slIIII.Il'k    I  h    KMtlt.'.NO 

817.    i;..|i.v..ij<.y   to  lli|.  plnailiii-        

!■<.  .Mutcriiility 

8m.    C'oni|H.(|.|ICy;    •tllKtuWy 

»;!ii.  Comliti.,.!  of  tl..'  «iv..n  in-tiiiinrntullty  before  the  acridwit 

a.  Condition:  f^ctifrully 

b.  Nonoccurrince  of  urriclHitH 
<•.  Ocoin  rciice  of  ncriilpnts  .    . 

B21.  Condition  of  tlio  ^iven  instrunH-m.ilil v  ^ift..r  th.- H.ri.l.-nt 

822.  Condition  of  tl...  ^fivn  instrunHntality  l,otl,  t^for,.  and  uft-.r  tl.^ 
acoidi'iit    ... 

«2:i.  Condition  of  partH  of  the  plant  other  than  that  which  ..aus.d 
injury  

c.  (■cncrally 

ft.   Nonocurrcnri'  of  arriihntN  .  . 

c  (»ei  iiircncp  of  nwidrnls 

824.  .\It..r..tions  in  tlie  plant  or  Hy.tcn,  afl-r  ti...  .,c<id..ni ;  ev.d.nliul 

inipHit  iif 

825.  Habitu.il  courite  of  condurt 


2264 
2204 
2264 

•i-MH 
2208 
2271 
2271 
2272 
2274 
2275 

2270 

2270 
2270 
2278 
2278 


278 
2280 


S2(i.  Kniploy.r's  inaurins  himself  apainH  injuries,  to  s.rv.w.i* '>"sn 

S27.   .Models  and  photographs "" 

K2S.   Best  and  aeconilnry  evidence 

H2!».  Statements,  adnii,.?'<ion8,  and  declarati.m- 

a.  By  other  employees 

6.  By   the  injured  servant  hinmelf 

c.  By  the  employer 

8.10.  Opinions   ».    evidence 

a.  Not  admis.oihie 


6.  .\dmis.5ihle 


2281 
2281 
2281 
228] 
228.1 
2284 
2284 
2284 
2286 


!  i 


;iL' 


COMKMH. 

It.'tl.  JudirMl  nolii*  

B.  Hi  liix  \  or  I'lMwr  wnii  ntwpn  r  th  tiik  kuimoykh'ii  Nriii.HiKxct; 
^    .'    Murd<^  of  pro\iiii;  nc^'liu"  iii't'  rr^u  on  lln'  oirv:!!)! 
■»:l.i.   Nffflifipnci'  not  infciuMe  (ruin  I  In-  iii.ic  iM-iiirri'tid'  »l  mi  iir.  l,|,til 
N.'ll.  !(•»  ipia  Ivquiliir 
K'l.'i.  .\ction  not   iniuMiiin.ihlr    .  Ii^ri-  nu  •|M>ciNe  (•vkii'Iiuh  u<   i.uiit   i« 

oir«'ri'il  . 
8:lil    lliir<l''n  of  pio\iii|{  timt  llii-  injury  wiii.  c.iiiwd  by  tlii'  iiiii-i.-i '» 

n<'f(liK>'»ce  rvktii  on  flic  nrrviiiit. 
h:17    No  iirtion  ninintHiniilili'  wlierf  ciiii"^  of  iiri-idrnt  i»  mt-rely  con- 

jt-cturnl 

S.H.  Shifting  of   thr   Imrdrn   of  proof 

HI''.   Biirdi'n  of  prcMif,  n^  iiilrrtftl  liy  pxprf^s.  sfntiiuny  pro\i«iuiiR.  .  . 

n.  Stnliid'h.  mil    pvcliisivply  appliciiMi'  In  ■•ni|ili>,vi'i'« 

b.   Stiili|li>  >li;n(i  .|  lApri-Kly  for  the  bi-nclii   of  eilipl.iyiT* 

C.    I'.ir.l  \    111     I'UiHlK    Willi    111  -n  II     lO   HKI-INHKli 

s4ii.  I Jimrully  .  

^ll.    liiinli  II  of  priml  will,  n-prct  lo  tin- ii..»iiMi|itiiiii  iif  tli,.  ri<k 

a.  Ordimiry  ri^k- 

6.   Kxl  i:iiii'!iiiiir\    ,  i-k^ 

H4-'.   Kunlcii  111  pniof  ,i.-.  ii>  «injnt"ti  cnnlrihulory  iii-iili'ji  iin- 

B4'..  Siinif  -iilijrrl  oonliniii'il ;  ai'lioni  iiiulir  ■.tiiinni 

a.  Sliitiilpii   whicli   -iiiil>ly  PxtfiiU  the  iniiiiimn  law   linhility  of 

I  111'  mio-U'r  . 

b.  Sliitiiti".  in   "hii-li   till    nylii   of  nction   i»  iniiil«  coiiditiiiniil 

ii|iiiii   till'   ■>i'i\riiir>   iniiliini    from   ni'jjl i;;i'nce 


lit 

.•.•:':l 
■  Jim 

J  iiij 


Jilil 

J.'f.'O 
■2M\ 
iilJl 

2.123 

'.':t2:« 

•.•:i:U 
■J.iJll 


J.!.MI 


rilAI'IKIi:    XI. IV. 


PAi;rii:s  in   \(tii»ns  loi:  inji:iiiks  rkckivkd  hv  si;h\  ants. 

S4 1.   I'liiint  itfn ■yx^^ 

"il.'i.  Di'friidiints ;  iiemTiUIy 2:t.1rt 

"»«.  Liiiliilily  of  flip  .•liitf  to  itii  employop^ 'j;i:in 

•■17.  Munioipul  cnr|>orii| ionH -J'.M 

■*'"    "ercivor.s;   common   law    actionH .j.l^n 

H48«.     ■oprivcri-:   iirti.i'i.  nnilrr  sUiluto  I'T  llio  lirinlit   nt   railway  rtr 

P'<'>"<'" '.VUI 

S4!i.   Ki'lliiw   ^I'rvant!- 2.(48 

H40ii.  .loimlir  ,if  rcpli^ont  iiHiiiployiTs  and  nia^-lcr  a»  p.irtics  iiiii'iiil 


234" 


'II.VI'IKIJ      .\'I.V. 


I*l,i;\i)IN«;  .\M)  I'UAiTlt'E. 


A.  Kkm.h.ai.ly 


i.-.n 


*».'iO   .furisdictinn ■'.'i.'iO 

850a.  Nons'iit.  taken  after  iPviTsal — law  of  tlic  mse '.!.1.\! 

8.51.  .Mnltcru  not  "pi-n  for  arKUmcnt  by  counsel 2.1.')2 

.S.52.  (/iii'Mlions  not  npcn  for  cnnKideration  on  appeal 2.1."i2 


CONTKNTS. 


U.   I'LFAJlNu 2353 

8j;I.  Scope  of  subtitle 2:133 

854.  Coiiiplaiiil  ;   siilli<'ii'iu'v.  ;.'iiii'rall , 2:153 

855.  Siillificiicy  coii-idi  nd  will]    rcliitidii  to  the  doctrine  of  ussiiiiiii 

t'lin  of  iisk> 23;"i."i 

8.");");!.   —  with  rcliitinii   to  tlic  ilool  line  of  co^irvioe 23.'iri 

snii,  Av.iiiiciii  (if  III,-  niit^iiis  kiiov.  liil;;,.  „f  till"  iliiMifproiLS  conditions  2:;.'i7 

<(.  (ii'Mcrallv 2:i.>7 

6.   DiHiiini'  tlial  kiio\vlr<li,'i'  mint  In'  ■■vjii.'.ssly  cliarj,'i'd 2358 

c.   DiKtiiric  tliut  uii  expicss  iillcL;Mtii.ii  of  knowlcdije  is  not  ncc- 

'■■•-•I'y 2:!5!l 

857.   .AMiiiicnt  (if  the  .leiviint's  igiioram f  the  Janf^roiia  conditions  'SMi2 


•I.  lieneralh 


•SMZ 


h.   Duel  line  that  u  complaint  not  ri>i,i  lininif  an  iiveriiient  of  ig- 

Tioiaiioe   is   bad 2:i(i;i 

c.  Dnctilne  that  a  complaint  not  ciiiiLiiiiiii;,'  an  averniont  of  ig 

ii'iraiiiM'  is  •rood  .  .  2.'ili4 

d.  i:ilVot  of  an  avenia'iil    that   (he  servant  was  not  ncRlitjent..    23i;5 

85S.  Av<rmciit  cjf  \\\,-  -.nvaiifs  fr lom  fioni  rrmitribulory  Me;,'li;;<iiee  2:ltis 

85!».  Xeecs-ar.v  cone-i.nnijciirc  lu'twren   tin-  .i//r,..|i„   and  pnilwhi  ■Z:\{V.\ 

8(i0.   l!e(liiiidaii,->    .,.j-Q 

8U1.   I>iip!i.ilv .'^jj-., 

8li2.    l!..piiuMaiu-\    ....!.'.'. 

8C:i.   l>('lini(i'iM'«> 

804.   I'lea:  p'niTaliy 

C.  Ki;.\ci  hiNs  OF  (.oiin  .wn  .\\k\   

8(15.  <,iiifstinn--  of   law   and    l.id 

'/.   Siilliciencv  of  evidciiLV  li.  .■^I.ilili-li  a   i.,'    ii,'    i-.-i;,. 

//.    l-'acts  or   eoiiclii-ions   tl.iifticiiii    diiin;M..i.- 

<•.    I'.irls  and   conclusions   11..1    ■!!.;. ui.ii.i.- 

8()l!.    lll^llllrlilllls 

807.   Verdicts 


'J:i7:i 
2.!  7  2 

2.!  7  5 
2:!7t; 
2.i7ii 
2:i7i; 


2:!S(| 
2:!S  1 
23.Sf 


cii.M'TKi;   xi.vr. 

(•(».\|.|,i(  r  OK  i,\u.s, 

A.  WllKliK    I  llh.  11  1  l:(  1   01     \   Sl.Ml  11.   Is    \ol    ISMIHI  11 

H(iS.   I  .iiillici  of  hiHs,  as  between  the  eoinis  ..I  two  states 

>S(il».  — as    between    I'ederal    and    stati'   eoiiu- 

B.  WlllKK  Tin;   1:1  IKT  OK  A  STATlri;  I.s    INVdI.VKIl 

870.  (oiiliiel    (if    laws    us    bclween    the   conils   of    two   of    ll'.-    Iiiited 

Staler  

(I.    InjiiiT  received  ill  another  st.iie 

b.    Injmy  received   in  slate  where  ailim;    1-     irMit;hi 

871.  —as  between  Federal  and  stale  eeiirN 

872.  -as  li(lwcen    I'Vdcral  and   f(ireii;ii   ciiiii, 

87:i.   I.r.t  fori   coiitrolliiifr.   where   slaliiie  allr(^<.    ■,   'ely    ilie   rei Iiul 

procedure  

87t.    !'i-eMi;upfiii;i^   a^   to  fhe   !:,.i.    |,,..i  „  ,i,,,^    \..    .„|„.r   .itate-, 


2403 
24i):i 
LM115 

210(1 

.Mm; 

24111; 

24  lU 
2410 
21  !2 

2413 
2414 


?"%' 


tONTEIiTS. 


rF[APTj-;ij  xi.vir. 

KMIM.oVi:U-,s     I.IAlilLITV     1X01:1!    TIIK     (1\IL     LAW      AM)     SVS 
I'Ol.NDKI)  Tlli:i!KOV. 


S75.  Scope  of  chapter  

A.    IJI  riKS   OK   K.Ml'l.l)YKlt.S   TO    i  111,11!    SKUVAMS 

S7(i.  Generally 

S77.  Uiily  of  employer  aa  to  appliiinces  and  pl;ie.>  .it  «..ii. 

>»TW.  — a.s  to  iiielliods  of  work 

•■*'!'•  — iiH  to  rules  and  re^'ulaliims 

SS().  —  a«  to  the  eniployiiieiil  of  competent  s(  rviiiii- 

SNi.  — as  to  instruction  and   warnin;; 

HHJ.  J)uty  to  save  life  of  impi  riled  servani    

88.').  Assurance  of  safety    

8.S4.  IJaliility  to  servants  working  oui^ide  the  scopi'  .ii  ilieir  emplij\ 
ineiit 

88.'i.  (.tlili;,'ations  of  an  employer  not  owed  to  v.ilm.le.ir. 

SSli.  Causation 

li.    I)K1  K.\SK,>,   AVAU.AULi;    To    t.Ml'l  ()^  I  :.-,    

887.  Assumption  of  risks 

888.  ]'vli'iili    tiun  fit    iiijiiriu 

8811.  (,'ontiil)Utory  iie^'lij;eiiee 

b'.ili.  Common  employiiieiil 

II.  .SeotlamI 

6.  France 

(;.   Italy  and   Swil/,  rhind 

d.  Germany  and    Au-iria    

e.  l^iiebec 


PKMS 

2110 
2417 
2417 
2418 
2421 
2121 
2421 
2  21 
2122 
2122 


2l2:i 
2I2,< 
2423 
2423 
2423 
2423 
2424 
24  2G 


242 


Tor  Table  of  Ci.-e-  Cited,  se,-  end  of   il.i-  \  . 


(For  Contents  of  Volumes  J.  and  lil.  sec  t!iu-e  V^diimcs.) 


MASTEJl  AND  SERVANT. 

ruAPTKR  xxvr. 

COMMON   I-.MPLOVMKNT  AS  A   I ) K K K N .s K.     IMUuDLCTORY  CILVrXKU. 


i 


470.  Doi'liinc  of  coiMiiioii  riiipliiviin'iil  stated. 

471.  KviihiLidii  lit  I  lie  iliiiLriiit'. 

472.  Hatioiialc  lit  llir  diH-trine. 
47.i.  Siiiiic  sMlijcct   I'oiit  iniii'il. 

474.  .Iiiilicial  i  rili(i-iii>  nf  llic  iloctriiiP. 
47">.  (li'iiiial  ili»(iis-iiiii  nf  tlic  (inctiiiio. 

47l>.  UocUiiU'  nut   a|i]ili(aljli'.   h  licic,  al    tlic  time  of  tlio  aopidrnt   the  son'- 

anl    W.I.--  not  aclin;.:  :is  >ncli. 
477.   Ddclrinc  nit  a  niati'jial  facto!',  unless  iii'f.'lipMUi' caiisinj;  tlif  injury  Is 
c-tali'islicil. 

475.  To  wl'.a:     lassi'~  of  acts  llie  ilocl.iini'  is  applicaliln. 

47!t.   Dilin^f  nol    availalilc   wiicit!  t.iic  (laii;;enins  c-onditions  causod   by  the 

fellow    servant's   n(  jxliiienei-  weie  known  to  tile  master. 
4S;i.   —  nor  where  Me;;li,;:erire  in  seleelin^  the  eoseivant    is  shown. 

451.  —  nor  uheie  the  wife  of  a  servant  is  inJMred  liy  the  nefrliiroilce  of  hi.^ 

eo-er\aMts. 

452.  r.nle   where  a    stranger   is   Kcinj;  sned   fin-  an   injury   partially  eause.l 

liy   the   injured   servant's   eoeni|i!oyee~. 
4S:i.   I)ef(  n-e  a\,iilali!e  a;;aiM^l   a   -irv.iiil.  Iie^dnnin^r  work  after  tlu!  conuiil.s- 

sion  ot  the  ne;^li;:i  nl,  aet. 
4S:!a.   P.atilical  ion  ni»t   infiMicd  In.ni   rchiiiion  of  neyli;.'i>iit.  scrviint. 
4iS4.     -Xjiplieat  ion   of   the  doetrini'   in   the  e:i~e  of  seamen. 
4S.-).  —  of  ].ilo|s. 

4Hli.  —  ol    persons   performin;;    forred   l.ilior. 
4'<7.  —  ol  emplovies  of  pnhlio  liodies. 
4sS.  —  of   III! s, 

(/.  (oiurally. 

/).    Ill  arlinris  hy  a,  parent  for  lo^s  of  serviei'^. 
4811.    .Master   iiol    li.ihl,'   |<>  hi-    -■•n.iiil    lor  injuries  eailsed   hy   the   nefili^onw 

of  "el  \  Mill-  1:1   a   >t  r.;  wj^ri. 
4M0,   (  ..ii"iiop  eiii]ilo\  iiiriil   nni   .1  .i,  I.  I  -r  to  Mil  Mi-tjon  a;.'aiiist  a  third  person 

to    leri.il     111     hi-    -er\allt,-    lleL: !  iL'elh  e. 

■l!>la.    Hide  ulii  !(■  Mn  ind;  peiidenl   contractor  is  ■-uinG'  the  eontraotoe. 

As  to  ihc  di^c'ritir'  .'iili.ptcd  in  c  i!!!i!i:e--.  oilifv  ♦Inn  tho=c  in  wliich 

■■■■  V'.'Al  .il   !;.  '.    M     '.iliis.  -ri'  clKlJilcr  Xl.\!l..  pi'sl. 
Ved,  IT,  ?!    ,',  <--l.  i;!0:i 


1304 


AU.Sl  Kt!  WO  SKUVANT. 


fCHAP.    XXVI. 


As  to  ,l„.  ,H.r.onal  liabiliO'  "f  n..,«li«ont  cson-ant.,  soc  tho  chanter 

;:;^;;:;:':r:::i:t^«;!i-,:;:i:^;x --.»..„,.= 

enun<.,afra  u.  its  ,m,.s,  ,.Ien.,.ntarv  fun..  ..  foll.,ws-  • 

A  master  ,s  not  boun.l  to  in,lo...r.itV  „.,..  s....va,.t  for  m\nn..  ,.a„.od 
by  the  ne,d.,..nce  of  another  ..-vant  i..  the  sa,,,.  c..„.  ,..„  "iJ. 
-nt^|^^h....selt,  u..Ies.  th.  „..,H,,„,  ,,.,,„,  ,,^,,  „,^  ^,,^^^^^^.^  j;^^ 

Sine«  the  exfa..rdinary  diversity  „f  views  which  this  doctrine  has 
produced  m  .ts  p.-actical  application  a.-ises  .si,.,plv  fro„.  the  ,1  J 
culty  of  at.aeh.n,  a  p.-eeise  a,..I  definite  signification  to  the  phr      ! 
con.,non  en,pl„y...e„t,"  and  "rep,vs..ntative  of  ,he  master,"  ar    in^ 

ZT  rr''  ^'r  ''"■"^ '"'  *'"  ""'^""■•■'  ''■"••■■•i^.^-  "n^-  this  . 

pect  vmnally  ..esoives„s,.lf  into  an  in.p.i,,-  into  the  p....por  mea, - 

2e1  h    Tt  •"      •       '  '"^  ••'"-'''-"■-  •'*■  tl-  decisions  wh.Vh  .s  s„ l 
gested  by  th.s  cuvn.nstance  will  be  ad<,pted  in  the  following  chap- 

tempt   to   take   not,,   of  all   t h.  <r      mK       ,m   L.    .   "■     "'"    "    ''"    ''"""^'■''    *"    ■' 
tinns,  inasn.neh  as  (l,ov  a  o        „m      ,   .^.       ,        ?,     ''"■^"'"««.  "'"   ^"<"-  I'"!   "iHiont 

xro;t,:\:;;L/';:!-;;tr,:^;;;-  ^;^ '--'  ^'^ol^^,;',;^,:;-;; 
J'e  foiwi,.:'::;;!;,.;;^.  '^T,f  :;;;;:;!„::;  ,7!:^'''  '^  r  "f  -  *- -^ 

qmaations  „ill   serve  as  a   smU  c  ,  ,„            /..'•'■^""•"^   f'o-n    .1,,.    ,„...|i 

lustration   of   the   ph,as..o!o.;   w   i"  ,   U  >  "        ■.'.TuJT'l  :"'"''^'  "'  ""' 

conunonly    fend     in    the    o,,i"io..s    o  •  ,,..:,t      c       "    „       ,       V  ■"' '"  I"   "'"' 

judjjos.                                            '  .-     ,   '^"    '^    ln'iloniicil    in    the    ea- 

-With   respeet   to  servant,  in   a   eom-    /W)  .'fl^s/Mt^o  1,1;'';^  1''   ''"'   ''"•  '■ 
mon  employ,  the  n,a,ter  cannot  he  made        "The   e  nt,l   ^,  ,    L        ,    r\  ,       r 
answerahle  for  an   injnrv  eansed  to  one    inri  e     k  ,  ..       ""^    '"'''■    '"•     '"■ 

.ervant  by  the  ,,e„i,e,.e  of  anothe/!^  u;::,.,: ';;!:;';:;,.,!;^::::;;:;:i;:;^;- .-''■;^. 


.•!(14, 


2  llnrUl.  4   \.   7-2s.  4  .lur.   N.  S. 
27  [..  J.  K\eh.  V.  S.  2in. 

''Where  si.v.ral  |i.i,oin  are  eaiphnnd 
in  the  same  jreirrral  servire,  and  one  is 
injnred  fiom  the  eaii-le<~ness  of  aii.iii|,.r 
the  eniployr  iv  not  i.-piMi-jIdi' V  A  .,„" 
V.  Ciimbcrtanil  \'iillri,  j{  t'o  fl^'ii  '■■ 
Pa.  ,?St.  

".\n  emjiloyer  is  not  liabh  to  om  .,f 
his  a'jeni-  ,,r  servants  for  tli.  !.,  •/|i..r,i,-c 
of  aiioiher  of  hi.<  a-rat-  tn-  ■•  r\  irU  en- 
•M'-'ed  ill  the  -am..  ,',.n,.ral  hii-iii,  sa" 
'  o„»  V  .V,,,-,,.,..:,  a  (.  A'.  r„.  ,is.-U)  5 
N     ^.    H>2    .  is  ill,    li   l;.,rl,.  IVA. 

A   iM:i-!cr  "i-   not    liable  u,  une  a-n -t 


emphn't 


of    the    saini' 


ma>l,i. 


en,lM.^,..l    III    the    ~all|..   jr,,,„.,al    hi -m,.,,  ■' 
r..i„  „l.„.    ,1     I.    r.     /,-      ,.„.     V       In,,,/,/ 

'   ''•"■''<    •■"     l'"l      I"  I.   -I!l     \,„.    n,.p     ,;]-, 

Ihe  ,.m|,l,,,,.,    ,>   |;.,i,i,.  I,,  (I,,,  ^„, ,.■,,„, 
1..,    .HiiJi.:,.,,,,,.  ,„   ,,    ,„|,„,,    ...,.,.„,f   ,,;,.. 

*'   ""I     '"'■     'eipl.iyr-r-     .,,■  ii      ni-,,|i-,-,:. 

•  ■■':i|  li'Oli-  1,.  III,.  i|.|,|r-,  .  or  .'  Iici"  <!„ 
■"  ;,  !     -iiAanI    ,>.  eiipi.-    miiIi    a    lelilior. 

'  "'■."'l'""l  l'^'i'>  or  lo  hi.  ,.„,,,|„v. 
"""'■  '"  '!"■  •'■'■'■'■'  -1  '.vhi,-li  hi.  iiij,,,.. 
u^'-  r,..,ix,,|.  a-,  lo  m:,U„  ,1i,.  ii.-li..,,,,,:,. 
"I  -;i'l,  ...■ivaiit  111,  I,,...!:...., a,  ,,1  ,]„, 
rm|il,.\,  r."      II  ,,  I,.,.   ;       .      ,,,^      ^.       ,^ 

:-;:  ;,''r'-'v'-;;if-  >•  o5;u;;'L:'ca; 

•■  ■!'.  1'    -up.  ( t.  Ki.p.  :;;):. 


i  I  *n] 


CUM.MOX  i;.\!l'I.Oi.\li;.\T  AS  A  UKKKNSE. 


130o 

i  ters      But  it  is  prnposed,  in  the  fir-t  pL.-o.  to  give  a  brief  account 
I  of  tl.o  early  ev„lut.on  of  tl.e  doCrine,  to  explain  and  discuss  its 

of  ^^l.d.  Ks  not  attocted  by  tl.e  particular  theory  which  happens  to 
bo  -M.tervn.mMl  wit!.  regard  to  its  limits  and  qunliiicatious. 

4  1.  Evolution  of  the  doctrine.-IJigh  j„,li,.i.l  authority  may  be 
r.-luced  for  the  view  that  (he  dcx-trine  of  con.n.on  e.nplovment  has 
=.luay.s  b,...„  an  mfgral  par,  of  the  common  law.>  This  th'eory,  how- 
over,  ,s  p„,...|y  conjectural^  and  basc<l  n.ainly,  it  would  see.n.  on 
the  unsahstacloay  gronnd  il,at,  if  this  defense  ha.l  not  been  generally 
understood  to  be  open  to  ,he  master.  ,he  ]„H,ks  w.mld  have  recorded 
nnn.erous  dee.s.ons  turning  upon  his  liabilitv  for  the  ne.di-.ence  of 
a  f-n^orvant.  One  objection  to  the  theory  is  thus  stated  by  sIr  Fred- 
onek  l'ollo..k:  "The  argun,ent  fron.  novelty  is  altoevth/r  a  dan^r- 
ous  one.  It  a  duty  has  been  but  recentlv  affirmed  bv  .lecided  cases 
It  >s  ,.asy  to  say  that  it  was  never  before  disputed;  it  i.  still  rasier 

i;  Tti  T    'f -^ "  '""■  ^'"  ''■''  "•""  ^"-"-"^  j--'j-  to 

"'■  ":  ";';/;'""f  "^  '"""^-"f'-n  ti,at  such  claims  were  p.vviouslv 
.  ;^"ard  of ^'  Another  objection  is  suggested  by  the  con^iderat^ 
.In.,  even  ,f  ,he  doctr.ne  itself  was  so  axiomatic  as  to  be  bevond  in,- 
F-b.  .  Mt.  as  a  n.le  of  law,  it  is  im.on,.eivnble  that  there  sho.d.l  not 
•^  Ica.t  have  I,..,,,  some  d.senssion  with  reg.u-d  to  the  effect  of  evi- 
<l^n,.e  winch  ren.lered  it  a  disputable  point  .iKtber  the  proKin,nte 
--..  ot  ,1,0  n,urv  was  the  negligenee  of  the  n.aster  or  ot  a  e, Z!^ 
I"..  Sup,.os,ng  the  doetrine  to  have  been  really  reco.^u.cd  prio. 
:j  "  ";-  when  .t  h,sr  en.e.^es  a^  a  practieal  element  in  detc^^dn- 
•ng  the  habahty  ot  en.ployors.  it  seen,s  scarcely  possible  to  account 

^.";'u'.^ir"t'^::;;.,:-;:T;  .,;•';;,-;:;:  ti:;::J:i'^-''-';'r  "•  •"■■  -"-^ 

■ '  ■"  111-  <■:<-■  Of  l'ri,.fl.„  V    Fo,     r    ,1,  "     J   '''',"'''  "    "'*""»    "^'^ 

'IN.17I    :t  .\l,.,.s.  &   w.   1     A|,,„i,     V  ,r      '  ''■'■"Y;'-.v  f..,-  tl„.  „..,.li^.,.,„.,.  of  a 

f  no,    s„.h  notions  ,vo„M  l„vo  b,vn  of      ,  i.  ^  ; s    .'  ,',,,    'i   O     n  H      r •"'•.  •"'    •'"'■ 

•rmiu'lit     l„'fl>,.>     ,1„,     .Irri     on     of        ,,  l''■';"^^l^^>■M,^  tl,r.,l,„.t,.i, ,  .„„„ 

l^-.'*'    2   ll,„ls'    &    V    7^/  -^7     i  ';-;"'■  V  of  .,„..,.  ,o, no  </,•.„„',  v    rl,,,.. 

'nn!u/(',r'"' '  '"'■■  ^■■^•'^•'-*- p-  '^'^'  ''"■  ^"'"  ''  ■ ' 

-il.'t  an  rniplovrr  mmiot  he  madr  ro-    1l,  l!   'tl,?'  'i"'  7"'^"'^'^''  '"  »'''-^  com.,-,.. ion 

■A    .i^nill.-an,     co„,nM.n;„v    o,,      the       ^' E-- ,;^  '    "  •" '    ^"^  ^\^-  'OO,  ^i,px. 
iutcmcm,  q„otrd  in   tl,c  l.,:;t    note    i^  ^^-''^^  on  J""»pr.  p.  U5. 


l.'JUCi 


A! AM  HI!  AND  SKUV.'.NT.  [cap.  xxvi. 

lur  Ihp  tufi.l  nl.s,.nc.-  in  th-  iv|H,i-t.  ..f  anv  ,hh:>U:  „|,„n  this  qno.- 
Ii-n.  cxc.j.i  l.v  ,v>ur,i,,c  ...  il„.  wl.cllv  i„M.i.,n>Ml,l,.  hvputlu-is  fh,,. 

"'"   '"''^"■'■^   """li"l >    l-r   Ills  uw„   iH.oliovn,.,.   was   , ,,-,l<.d   a, 

univscm..iK-  a.s  liis  n.mliai.iliiv  f„r  ij,,.  „ct  „(  a  cscrvant 

Almn.lnnii.i:  (l,is  vn    nn-atisfa.|..rv   ti..|.l  „f  n,„,V,.tnr...  wo  fin,i 

llu.t  tho  l,r,-t  ca.r  ,„  ul,i,.|,  ,|„.  ,|.,..,ri„,.  ..f  c... „  ,.,..|.luv,„rnt  wa, 

n|.|.  i.M  was  I'n.sil;,  V.  /■•,.„■/,  .,'  ,|,...i,|,.,l  i„  ,s...7.  y,,,,,,:  ,|„,  ,.^^ 
I'll  lin.i  s„s,a,n,.,l  an  in.inrv  ii,n.M..|,  tl...  .|..r..n,lanfs  uv<.rlua,iino.  .,|' 
a  van  in  wln.-l.  |„.  wa-  (ravrlinn  l.v  tl,..  .Ii,v,.ti„n  ..f  ti>..  .l,.f..n.?ani 

m  'Ih'  .iiM^lniPi;,.  ..f  his  ..nimarv  .iu.i....      Tl.,,  ^i>t  of  tia- |arati..n 

"a.^  that  ■■..  h.va.M,-  li,..  .lui.v  „f  ,i„.  ,i,.f..n,h,nt,  .,n  that  .„.,.asi,.n  (.,f 
iIh-  J.M.nu.v  u.  ,|n<.^,i.,n).  ,.,  „>.■  ,ln..  an.j  ,„•.,,„.,•  .-an.  that  tho  sai.i 
van  slM.nM  h,.  n,  a  ,, ,•.,,,..,•  >,ar..  ..f  .-..pair,  tliat  i-  sh.,nhl  n..t  !.,>  „v,m- 
l"^"l<"l.  and  iLu  th..  i.lain.ilV  .h..nhl  h,.  salVIv  an.l  s.^nivlv  c-arri..,| 
;'.''',•'■•,  :  •  •  '"  '•""-'■'!'"■"<•''  "f  th..  n,.,«l,...t  ..f  ail  and  ..adi  ,.i 
"■'"•■';  ''"""-  '.'"■  ^•""  ^"^•"  "•":•  "...i  hr..i«.  .I,.w„.  an.l  tho  ..iaintitl' 
was  thn.wn  with  vi,,!,.,,.-,.  ...  the  f:r..nn.l.  et.-."'     Aftc-  a  vor'liol  f.,- 

"""  ••';"';"'^'  ''••' '"   '■•■'"''■'•'■''•  '•"■  .i'"l^-Mo,it   was  arrosto.i  ,.„  th." 

Jiivnn.j  thai  ilic     •..■hii-ati..n  was  n-.r  Mili;..i,.nl. 

Ti...  v,.,.v  j;..n..ral  -n.nnds  .vli,.!  „,,.,„  |,v  ,i„.  j,„,„,,^  .^^^  ^^^j^^^^, 
l'"l..u-  (S  4.:;.  n.,i..  1,  /./.„).  A.  ,.,v.,.nt  it  will  h,.  ,,,.,„„l,  ,„  ;,„ 
"U<  that  >n..i,  a  .h.-laration  w.,ul,l  ,.i,.arly  h,.  o.,„„l  ,t  ,|k>  i.n.s,.nt  dav 
'"  '!'<•  I  mf'i  Sfat..s  at  all  ovut.,  as  it  all,..vs  a  hn.a.-h  ..f  th,.  dnu' 
''■  I'-v.d,.  sal.,  applinn.rs  an.l  k,.,.p  th.n.  in  ^n.,,,]  r..paif;  an.)  i> 
Hn>  !„.,.a,.h  was  nur  ..f  tl:,.  ,.|li..i,.,„  ,.,ns..s  .,f  tho  a.vi.h.nt.  tho  n.a.i,.r 

V""'''  '■  "■^"•'>  •""  '"'^■"  I '  "'-Iv '.v  tho  fa,.r  that  it  was  partia.iv 

''""  '•*  " v'Tluadini;-  ..f  tli,.  van  l.v  a  tVlh.w  s-Tvant. 

In  IMl  tho  snpiv.no  ,.,„nf  of  Sonth  Car-.lina  adopt,,]  tho  samo 
<l'^<'>nn-  a-  th,.  Knolish  ,.„„rt  .,f  ..x..l„.p,o,-,  an,l  h,.r,l  that  a  lir,.,na„ 
'•'"'M  "ol  .v,.„v..,.  against  a  lailwav  ,.„n,pany  1,.,-  iMiun,.s  ..an.,.,!  l.v 
'IM-  n,rliu,.,Mv  „1  an  ..n.in,.,.,-.-'  it  I.  w„rthv  ..f  noti..o  that  s.,  f.,',. 
a^  th,.  n.port  -li„w..  il,..  ,1,.,.:.!,,,.  in  rnr./lr,,\  (W.r  was  not  hron-hf 
'."  '•"'  a:t"iiMMn  .,f  tl„.  jnd.u,.s.  an.l  that  th,.  two  ,],.,.i.i,.„.  „„,.  ,,,;,,. 
toro.  1.0, ■,..., ..l-.d  as  n.tl,.Hin,  ,1„.  iMd,.p,.„d,.nt  ..pinh.ns  of '.ho  pn.- 
t,^^-l„^  ,n  l-.niiland  a.,d  .!„.  fnit.d  St:,„.s.  IJut  tho  ov.ra.-t.  f,'o,„ 
tin.  opinions  ,m-,.„  ,„  :;  IT  J.  n.n„.  -how  that  tho  roasor,,,,^  p,.o,.oo,l,.,l 
npon  lino-  ^nuu■'^■h:lt  .lilirnnt    fioni   timso  foll.wod   m   tho  En-di^i 


I 


«  47 

1  111, .11 
t  aii,l 

;  Stat 

.  ,'\,.r 
'1" 

1 

fa\(i 

th,.  1 

ail  , 

\va-, 
■If  11. 

4.    ,          i. 
ill. 11, 

■1 

ori.-i 

'i 

lint-. 

oih,'! 

liav,. 

to  w 

ail  ,  1 

ill  a 
I'll,. 

I,a>,., 

doMll 

ri.|l>l 

ican 

-% 

th,.  t 

.  ho  , 
I, '11.1, 

1 

'rial 

1 

iiili. 

-s 

irii,,> 

1 

rilii.t 

oaso 


In  the  same  voar  Chh.f  .Tn>M.P  Shav  -hHv,,-..]  hi.  f.nnon,  jnd- 


til  ■   :isr.  :  I..  ,t.  i; 


''','■:;•'<    \  ir.    :i.  ,     1     ,  isi)  I    1    \f, 


fM.iII.    L.    .-JS, 


)■   "I.   Am.    n, 


''y  V.     ,y,juili    f- 


^      475 

i      Ml 
;i    l.nniil 

'i  s.  s.  ; 

in  th,. 
■  III' 

1   !-'i'lli'l':l 
f    iil..  IIKI 

I     '•■'■    '' 
*i    ini-ni^ 
llct;u'lji 


I 


^ 


if  47J] 


itt.M.MoN  K.ii'i.o,  mi;m  a-^  a  i.i;i  i;n-.k. 


l.KiT 


llicllf    ill    Fiinii'll   V.    Jii.sioii   d-    W.    II.    I'oiji.    f  1'^|L')."      'riij.   iMiiiiiinlls 

1111(1  sficiititic  .lis.|iiisifi., 11  Im- ever  >iiiic  I n  niianlcil  in  ih..  I'liitcil 

Still. •»  as  t\w  |.i-iiici|);il  fcMiniiiiii  ,,i  ih,.  law  ,,f  Hii-  -nliicct,  mid  lia* 
cAciviscd  11  c.insi.li'i'iiMc  iiilliiciM'f  n|iMii  judiriiil  opinion  in  l-'.imlaiid.' 
The  ,sill)sc,|ii.'iil  dcvciopnirni  of  il„.  law  ha.  Imvii  dividrdlv  less 
favoriil.lc  to  the  scrvaiii  in  Kniilaiid  tliaii  in  the  i'liii,,!  Siat.-i.  In 
ihc  tonnci- coiiiitrv  tlic  doclrinr  ihui  a  nia<i..i'  niav  I.;.  Ii,.|d  liaMc  f..r 
Mil  rin|ilo,v(.,.  occiipvinu  the  |M,.ifioi,  nf  nlirr  v,jn  ,,r  vie.,  priiicii.al 
wa-,  after  mncli  (•oMtrov.T>v,  tin  illv  ivj.clr.j  liv  tlir  II ('  Lonis" 

■M   least    In     tlie    .-Meni     of     dcnvillo     i|,al     it     wa^  appli^rM,.     to     act< 

''"lie  ill  condiielin.i;  a  Imsin,..,.  a>  ira>ird  wiili   iho-c  done  in  the 

ori.iiiiial   fiinii>hiiiy  ..f  the  iii>tniiiieiitalit  ies  f,,r  the  ii-e  .,f  the  serv- 

"UN.    See  SS   ."'1".».  .Vli.  :.(;;.  snhd.  „.  j>usl.     |n  the  hlMereoniltrv,  on  the 

■■'lier  hand,  the  eoiiris  hav.-  nniv.ervedlv  ...M-epted  ijiis  dneirine.  and 
iiave  deeiiiK.d  to  ditiereiiliale  helweeii  the  |;:.-ition-^  of  an  .•inplove,. 
!■-  whom  is  del<-aied  ili,.  ,intv  of  Mipplvin-  in^tninieiiialiiie,  and'  uf 
:mi  (Miployee  who  is  iiitniM.d  uiih  the  fiiuetion  of  inaiiitaiiiini;-  them 
III  a  proper  conditiun.  The  other  important  exception  to  the  i;eiieral 
rile  re.-ardini;-  injuries  inllieied  l,v  ,.o>,.r\  ants,— //j.,  fhaf  which  is 
lia>c,|  on  tho  fact  that  the  ne^liuent  and  the  injnre.l  persons  weiv 
•leMi-  diflereiil  kinds  of  Work.— has  also  Keen  miu'h  mure  liherallv 
-MMriied  in  tho  rnited  Slates  than  in  Ijii^land.  <om,.  of  the  Aiiiei-- 
iraii  conns  haviii-  imshed  it  to  an  .■xii'.  in.,  whi.-h  virtnallv  i-n..res 
ill.,  trii..  fonndati..n  of  ih..  nile  it^-lf.  S,v  .■haplcr  xxvii..  ('( ' )',  i,„sl. 
'  lie  c-]ii..f  inlluemv  whi.-ii  has  ,,p..rai..<l  in  pr,,diicin-  this  m..re  liherai 
i.M.ien.-v  of  jn.licial  ..pinion  has  pn.J.al.lv  Iutii  th..  fact  that  in.lu,- 
'nal  enterprises  have  in   m.,.|.rn   tina-  l,....|i   fallin-  ni..re  ami   nioiv 

int.>  the  hands  of  .•.,rp.,rate  ho.lies.      The  harsher  a-piM'ts  ,,f  tii,.  .1 

nihe  of  common  emp|,.viiieiit  liavo  natiirallv  heen  hr.ni-lit  int..  clearer 
ivli.'t  liv  this  ocoii..iiii('  situation." 
472.  Rationale  of  the  doctrine.-S.v.ral    .lilleivnt   oxpiaiiati.ms  of 

I  lie    inii\.isiil    :i|i|pli,:itiiiM   cif    tlii.    rnli-' 


'-t  Mot.  -I!).  38  Am.  Wr.  :VM\ 
■  ll    was 


■  II    was    n„.nti„n.-a    s,iil,    ,„a.k,.,I    ap-  iili,.   ml,,   in    ivi ml     t,.    f..ll,m'.„.,vi..    1 

P.nval  ,„  ,Un-,o,rs,im  r„„/  r„.  v.  Il.i,,    vt„.„  ,,M,!t ;;  lunMn,      ,   U,    :        ,! 

V  :;  -,0  ^'"';'|;  "■  ,''■  •  '^-  -'■"'■,••  •'"•■■  -\'--''ii.,.iy.  ,i„.  ,.,,,1,,,,.  ,„■  ,1,.  n   ,: 

V  s.  ,,,n.  an,l  has  l„...„  t,-,., nly  .i, ,„„!,.,„  a,Ml„„iti,.,  ,,|,,„,,Vs  ,„  l„.  i,    ,  ,' 

in  tir  I  Ml-  ,.,s  of  s,„.„.|y.  ami  llin  .■ir...MMMa.aTs.   a    ,lii,.   ami    i,„t    sin,-,,   of 

; -■    .1   s,.l,.,„„„on  of   i,|„al   a,„I   invisi-  ,1„.  ,Vs,,„„.,|,ili,y  of  ,1,..     iv^'     ,„       i„h! 

.  i.M..if.  ,.„.-,  ,,f  fo,.„„.r  tmi.  -.  m  tin'  v.  Il.,„„ll„il  ,(■  si    .1    /,-  >■,;    ,  is.ii  ,    ni., 

'"niisct  ..orp,. rations  ,.n;;a;r..,lin  vari..,i.  M...  .-t.l^,  ;!li:     18  L    li    A    s.l->     lo  v    \v 

''-■>^"1»'!.     ...1,1     wi,U.s|,n.a.l     ..|».iati„nV.  11|.J.       '     •""*•-■  '^  ^-  "'J-  l!'  ^.  W  ■ 


!■- 


■     it  h.is  been   s«.en   and   felt   tliiit 


>;.\sTi:l{  AM)  v|:i;v  Wl. 


>""*'  ."  v-ii'.ii  .\M>  ^i.i:\  \\r.  iiiiAi'.  Nwi. 

th.-  jnridi.-iil  l,M^i<  ,.f  ||>|.  (|,,.-iriiic  .,1  c.imimmi,  ..|M|.|oM,iri.i  U-.nr  \h;-u 
ln-i'l'  'iiiiilcil  l(_v  ilic  CLnri^. 

Oil.'  lli.M.ry  i->  lli.ii  ||„'  ■.iini.liinl  „f  nnliiiiirv  ciiro  wl,!  ii.  fixes  the 
limits  .,f  III,.  iniiMcr's  ..hlij-iitiuns  (scr  ;>  ir,,  r;;/^•)  is  full;  Miti^li.-il  by 
the  cinployiiiciit  i>t  cuiiiiicK  ill  scrvimls.' 

Anoilicr  Mii;p.,i,.,|  |,iHi,  fur  ||„.  ,|,„iriiic  isi  fliaf  wliicli  win  iKiupicI 
by  Lonl  rairii>  in  an  ..It-ciir.!  ,.;,„..  ,  /:..  that  tlic  master  is  liable  t.. 
bis  siTvanls  .,nly  for  bis  failmv  t,,  ,|,,  wjiat  !,..  has  .•nniracte,]  to  d, 
uiid  liiat  li.   .].,(•>  n..i  cminici  to  cmcinci  bis  business  in  iiers,.ii.= 

Tbo  by|.ai|„.sis  nil  wbicli  lb..  ( •!  .e,  iiis  r..  ai-ne  in  an.itber  oas,. 

is  that  file  i)nncii.le  wbiel,  deehiir-  that  a  servant  wlu.  eni,.|s  an  ein- 
ploynieiit  ini].lie<|]_v  un.leiiak.-  t..  perf.-mi  bis  duties  carefully  in- 
yohvs  tbo  cornllary  'iial  li..  al-iie  is  liable  to  a  fellow  servant"  wlio 
is  injimd  by  a  breaeb  of  ibat  iii]<leital<In:;v' 

4.,'v",f  (;!/:':,•  ^'•••"■;  >■".';    '■"•  'l^''"'    ^t^.n.lin;.  of  fho  p,,rtl,^  in   n,nl<inp  tho 

wlKlliei    a  uoik.iiiiri  is   iiijinv.l   ilin.i.-li  mnl.-  in  lliisr,^,.,     s,.,-„.-\t  s<dion 

limdoijimcy  1)1   iihii'liinciy.  or  ciliii-  aids  Ml  i/v.,/,   v.    I/,,,-,/    ilSCSl    \     P     l'  II 

or    means   finiii>li,-.l    liy    liis    ina-lti.   or  I,.  S...    \,,,,    c,^    ••iij    |i,   |     ■i-''\''i^    qq' 

Ihron-I,  i.K.„M,|«.ti.n.-v  or  .aivl,-,.,,.-..  „f   (  „ •,,  the  siat.-nirat'  in"  I/;,7,/,,'„;,  V/ 

fellow     workmen     Ins    ri-lit    < ;  ion  A',  m.   v.   t„-,th,„    (IS.li)    lo   \Iiel,     103 

against   Ins  emplo.ver  stands    n|>on    tlie  that   tlie  reason  „f  the  rule  istliat  "ttiP 

H..meKioMnd:   thai   l.el  ween  master  and  master    or   emplovr    lor    «ho>e    honefit 

seryantthennphedeonirael  .sihat  -h  work   is   u,uU.,l,U,.„  cannot   he  re-a    1 

nin'" ,""',""•■  ^'"•■.'""""'""^^i;-'-    ;'^ '.^-nn^'  for  anything  mor.':    Im 

tiinin};  to  the   servant.    .,.,.>„-.:    that  his  ow.,  pergonal  rare  an,l  .hliL-enoe  " 

If   a   master   .xerei^es   .n.hni.ry   ear.,   in  -.\fier   the   workmen   havp   l.een' om- 

hirin-  and  lelain.n-  in   hi,  e,u|,loynMnt  |.hy..d.  |.rovi,l,.d   with  t,v,I>  and  materi- 

aoompetentenKilleer,  and  jnl.nyin^rand  at,,   and    the  work    is    aetnallv    entered 

eont.nmnj;  to  use  a  smtalde  e„,,ne.  the  npon.  eaeh  workman  is  honnd  i,v  tie     a 

master  .should   no  more   he    hahle    to    a  tare  ami  tenn,  of  s.,  viee  to  evieise  r "•  ■ 

hrakeman.  if  the  ,ni;ineer  shonld   prove  sonalde  .,n;:  diliu'enee.  and   skill   in  tie 

to   he   ,ne,,mpete,.t,   or,    hein;r    Keneially  performanee  of  th,.   work   he   has      nder 

c.mpet,..,      sh.aild   on   son,e  oeeasion   he  taken.      He  is  al-o  ho„nd  to  eoiwlderand 

sn.Il  .r:,;      i'"  n   ""',""-'"'",•   "IM;nivntly  eo-ope-ale  with  his  felh.w  workmen  with 

ter  has    )erform<.d  his  contrael   «itli  the  ,liwi,...  nr  iind,,,  f.,l-i.,„  :        ■  •  u  1. 

hrakeman    .o  far  as  it  relates  to  the  on-  ,,•    ",,,  ,        ,^'  u  *•        "'".'•V'''"-''."" 

pine  ami  en^iiavr.  when  he  has  done  all  !     ,  ,  ' 7   "    V     V  .        T-  .""T''     """"'   '" 

that  ordinarv  care  repuivs  him  1.,  do  to  •^'■'''  'r'-'  <l"\'l"t.y  whieh  the  law  cast* 

•            ■    '     •  111'""  I'll".  .IS  IS  Ins  eniplo\,.r.     His  fail 


secure  an  pn^nne  and  eiif;ini'er  reasonaldy 
snitahle  for  the  Inisiness.  If  thi.  owner 
of  a  railroad,  hein^'  a  person  of  ordinary 
care,  should  select  his  servants  wilh  n  a- 
scniablp  cireui.ispc.e:  ion.  and  ride  upon 
tlie  road  liim^-elf.  he  would  taki'  as  much 
care  of  his  lii,ikem;iii  as  of  liim-elf.  so 
far  as  their  safety  depemied  upon  the 
otiier  .servants:  aii.l  the  lirakem.iii  who 
would  eliarye  the  owner  with  f.ieati.r  ol 


lire  to  do  what  he  is  thus  hound  to  do. 
IS  a  hioach  of  duty  towards  liis  iniployer 
and  Ills  fellow  workmen,  for  which  he  is 
l<...Mlly  liahh..  lor  this  reason,  the 
courts  hav,.  uniformly  lield  that  a  work- 
man who  has  heeii  injured  liy  the  act  or 
n..;rlij;enie  of  hi»  fellow  workman  must 
look  tor  his  compensation  to  him  who 
was   the  author   of   the   wronp,   and   not 


li^'atioiis  slioiild  estalilish  his  ehiiin  upon    to    tlieir    common    empioyc'r."     /{uss    v 
-l;ot:u'  and  s:iti-f.irt;i;y  j;ro;inds  ..I    lea-     ii. ,,'/,,,     (IdUU;    loU  I'a.  4:i    [il  All.  157 


I 


■on.   iustiee,  puldie  |jcilic-y.  or  proliahilii  \     l.VJ. 
as  to  the  actual   ii.'eiition    and     under- 


^ 


8  4:21 

In  til 


COMMON  ivMn.in  \i!:m  as  a  kkiksmc 


1300 


iirlicst  ot    llic 


Um-riiMii 


in   tin'  siilijfi't.  1)111'  <>|    ilu' 


ilui-   l'"ik   llir   ]l>l^iliun    iliiii    il.dc   i-,   on   lli'^   pnrt  of  tli<'   scvi 


;i':i  111-  Wllo  1 

piiiiv.  "11  jtii 

iiiwr   1)1    lli- 


lljiil   ill 


IV  iiii;  I'n  ilii'  hn-iiii --  "t  ;i  niilwav  Cuni 


nt  iinilt'iMiikiiii;.  in  wliicli  <'iicli  -lipulnii-  t'nr  llic  pt'rt'orin 


*     I 


iinv  fill'  flic  i''in 
*tl 


III   I 
inct 


1:1  rl 


lliMt   •"tlii'V  iiri'  n 


nut   liiililc  to  lliP  coin 


•li  .111 


liir  the  niiscuniiiii' 


iiiiiiihcr. 


ni)f  if<  tlh'  cDniiiiinv  linlilo  t<> 


Jy  nnoflicr  jnil::<'  wlm  ilclivorrd  n  ccincniTiim  i)|iiniiiii  in  the  saint' 
case,   it    u:i>  ciiii-i.lcivd    lliiit    tli"    ilKiKilitv   nt    tlic   [il:iilili!l    In   rccnvcr 


was  doilncililc  I 


ji.ni   iv.ii  coiii'i'iil-.   uiiifli 


trciii- 


iiiii:::  inlcrijo 


I" 


ili'iii. 


llial    a    iiin-itr  ilm-   ni.t    miilciiakc   I"  an-wcr   tu  carli 


•i-vant    (or  tlir   ilili'z<'tn'i'   and    skill   <>\'   ll ilin-s.   and    that,   as  tli^ 


risk  of  injiifv   tl 


irnimli 


llic  IK  i;li::<ii- 


)-('l'VaT!t    IS    nlic    ( 

I   -(' 


if  t!i- 


porils  incident   Id  an  i'iii|i|ii\  iiiiiil    in   which   -r\i  ral   sci'vani,  hit  co 
opcratiiifr,  it  is  pir^nnialily  accc|il 


i\      c;|f||     lit     llirlll. 


'    t/»/»il/(     V.      Sdlllh        r,nullll'l       It       ''".      IMI.     ^III'I     llll'     l'lT<l)ll-<    OMIpll 


(1S41I    1    McMiill.    I- 


■.W   All). 


I),' 


llV     tlll'Ill 

Tile  liatiilin,  if  .\ny  \\\ 


JiiH. 


il.i 


Icilils    up    to    tilis 


rpiiiK  lit   111    I'.v.iiH 


■l..»liif 


I     t;ii-!i,.>     lull 


III. 


■II  lull'    nil-. 


Hit     III 


l-hl~ 


t^lilll.     1"     11- 


till        II 


W  lull    »:i-   till'   (•iintrii''l    lii'UM'cii 


IllWS 


•||     is     :llllllilli'l     III 


1  nr-i'    jiill  I  If 


rill-  |iliiiiitilV.  ill 


ill 


Hiiiil  I    tiiki-    ii|i'iii    hiiii-i'lf    I'll     iiiili     ir.itiiiM    lli.il    tlii'  ilrfi-mLiiits   wniilil   |My 


i-k-, 

i\tiaoiilinnij 
lii-.    ciillllili'l- 


IllM     \'l 


KMliiiii  :   «  in    mil   t  iir 


iliM    -11   11 


iicli    iiiiiiirv. 


iilirt.ink    tl 


I" 


Niillii'i  iii'i'  wiiliiii    fi'iiii  till'  si'i'v  ii'i'  of  tliriiian  oil  tlii'  train. 


Ill    I 


can    si'i'    no   na 


till'   a 
ami  a 


liliii;;    llii-.    to    tlw    airra 


Iv    U 


~oii     This 
Ul 


ill   tli.it    i«  i'V|iiis«<.il.      N  tlui 


miu  II    aiiyt  Ihiil'  iiiiHr  iiii| 


ili.'il! 


iliil'iiil    lial'ilitv  iif  a   i.,ii  lirr.    tlii'    iiijnrv   ili'ii 


I'    wa-i    ill 


A-siiiiiiii(.'  tliat 
if 


iii-.|.|iili.|i 


witliiiiit    a    aiiiiili'   '•■ 


pii 


il.'iit     10    till 


jli 


nf    till 


I" 
I'li^liiii'i'i .   till'   ili'- 


II'  I'li^'iiioiT  no  iiioir  irprr-    fcmlaiil-  wmilil  not  lit'  li.ililr,  iiiili'~^  tlirv 


^laiii  it.     Tl 

till'  ooniiniiiv     tliaii    tlio    pl'.iiniii'.    iiiiiliitiink 


i-\V(.|    for     I' 


ilili: 


lis      lIlllL'llll.i 


I'.arli,   in    liis   si'vcial   (li'paitiiii'iil    iipn 
»i.m^  llir.  pi; 


1     -kill.      I-     tliat 


ncipa 


I.     Tlio  ii'.'ular  imiv 


not. 


11 


ll  of  till'  tiaiii  of  oars  to  it-,  ili'stina-    lion  in  11 


\\\    iii'vi'i    iiiipli 
ion  to  a 


I     tliiiik 

-1    iilill-a 

iiiatii'i'  alioiit   uliii'li 


lion 


is   tl 


11'    rr^iiit    of   till'   onliiiai.v 


foiniami'  liv  carli  of  ln~ 


ll    iliitii' 


pi'i      I  111.  I 


1 1 1  ii.>  air.  or  iiiaN .  vxil  !i  pi  ii| 


ilili 


III 


ir   iiiiiallv     infoinn 


If  till'  llrrinin   m 


Avr\.    Ii: 


lit  tl 


10    I'll-      will     I'VI 


I'  111 


ll.      Ni 


ll  III  unilirtaki'  fi 


t;im' 


slamU  >till    f. 


tl: 


I'  I'liuiiirrr 


niLrlii'l-  h 


it    of  ^tl•!llll ;    if    tliat    wliirl 
k 


I    a    roniiiioii 


oliM'rvi'r    woulil 


I'vorvonr  runs    at  oin-i'  ki.ou    wa^  M'iI     liiii 


Till 


to  riot   ami  ili-a>ti.r. 


In  /.. 


ill,- 


•1  till    \\i 


lit  V    of    till 


lunil 


.1    /..    /,'. 

.-..■.!l,    frllc 

"a;;i.nt>   lor  rarli  otlior. 

ill 


V.    t'lirriis  I  l8T.'t)  0    liiisli.    ni'^>  of  a    lior-r.   iiotiiriiiii»ly  liliml.  may 


w    ..i.ivants  an 


also  saiil  to  1h.    lir   put    in     illii~tiatii 


Tiir     warrantv 


iln 


II'  »anii.  iiira  riiiri  l;i-  m  a  i"a-i'  where    lyi 


not    i'\li'ml    to    till-    ;;oiiillli.- 


)f  till 


ill 


till 


111'  court   ii'lir^  to 


■till 


iilf    lliat     one    niijrlit    lia\ 


pill  I'll. i^rr 


k 


nt   i>  ii.-.pi 


iisilili.  for  till,  ni'i'liiri'iii'i'    that      tin 


iif   lli,   fl'lln 


/,'. 


\.     \fliiitllr  ,(■   I',    plainlili'   km 


/,'.  (■-,.    (  ISTili   r,-i  Mo.   111. 
■■'■•rill,    fonnilatiiin    of   nil    Ir-al     lialiil 


(Ini'i   tin    train  air 


loun.     will)     propi'r    cart", 
•ri'     ili'fi'i't  ivo.     Now     tlio 
tliat    111'   was  not    to  con- 
III'  know  tliat   111' 


ilin>iiii.     •■i~     tlio    I  lio  oimiiiooi 


ill  t  lianoollor 
1  to  ill)  soiiio 
111-,   tlio  (•iiiiinii~-i'.in   of   soiiio  not     ilioi-.  ami  tliat   ils-iio 


•  o   111'    plaood    iimloi    tlio   oontrol    of 


111'  kii 


it    wliioli   tlip  law    nii'iit  in   wliioli  li 


tliat  till'  onipl 


o  was  on 


LMJIOll 

was  il 


■.vas  poi 


opoiiilon 


lont 


wliiili  tlio  liw   proliiliit  -.  or  tlio  violalio 1  llio  i iiiioa  oll'orts  of  all  tlio  liami-. 

Ill  -iiiiio  ooiitiaot    liy  wliiolT  tlio  party  is    nml  wuli  piopor  ililijioiioo  ami  prinloiioo. 


iiijiiroil.     Til, 


la 


roll 


ilivo  diilios  ( 


till 


ro;.'iilatinj.' till'    lio  ii!i'.;lit    lia\o  lioon  a~   woll.  iinil   it   ili 


ot  a  :-li'ani    1  1 


follow    tliat   lio  iiii;:lit    not   li 


no  lioon 


:   ! 


1310 


M.W     I!  .v.Si^  H.i;\  \\r. 


[CIIAP.    XXVI. 

Tl...  f.-nnor  of  tl •  ,u,.  ..,„...„,„,  ,.„  „,  ,,,     .,„,,„.^  ;„  „  f..„. 

otl..r  c.a...s    Mu.lu.hn,  rho  .\I,..-s...|„.,.n,  .I....;,!,.,/..;,.,.,   ,•„  „.,.  ,„.. 

ceding  «.,.„o„...      Th..h.„...-n.nn,„..,,, ..hn-...,!  „,,.,.  i,.  J,,,, 

<  <-Mo„.  an.    turnisl....!  ,1...  I.a.i,  ..,   ,|,„  „,,|i..M    Kn.li-I,  .,,-,.  „l,i..l, 
•l-l-^   with   tins   l,n.n,-h   „(   l.uv       I,    i,   ,.,,.„,    „n-    f,,,,,;,,.   ,|,„    „... 

|'"«^NTs  ..x,,n,,„„„  fn.n,  lial.iliu   i,  „  |V.,,„..m,Iv  ..x,,la |     'Ji,,, 

'H  t..  M.V,  tl...  ,|u,.trin..  .,{  rnuuunu  .  t,,,,!. ,v „H  ., I  i.  rr^nvAvd  :„  ,v.tin.' 
"'"•"  ■■""  ""':':••'  '""l"'''^'l<i",  I..V  , .,van,  ,„  L,u-  ,1...  ri,!..  ari-i,.:": 

^Mlli  due  care  liv  liis  iiia-lfr."" 


Ixll.T.    inforinrcl    ilinn    i|,,.    .|,.r,i„l,iMis 

"'"""  ""■  (llm~H  1111,1  «, ,iiv  of  nil  II, r 

'i|>|".lMti,H>Mt,  i.„„,ic.(nl  ^^il|;  tli.'  Ir,u,i 
II  I".  Wa:,  11,11,  it  «,i,  |,is  „„„  „„„,  „, 
|>ni,l>.|,c«-.   i,)r  ulii-'h  tli,.  .nf.  ml  ml.  ,iit 

not    r,.s,„„wil,l,..     If  |„.   „,,..   viii   |„. 

pKsiuiH.d  t..  Imvo  Mii,|,.ii„k,t.  .,.  in,.,» 
nil  111..  (Miil,  iiiri,l,.|it    i„    ||„.    ,.|„,,|„v. 

"111  on..  |.iirt  of  hi,  „,,||,i,„|  i„  f,,,.. 
I" II  V,  H„sl(,n  d  11.  /,'.  «•„,,,.  ,  is^M  4 
M..t.  4!t.  .-IS  .\m.  I),.,.,  .t.l!..  (■|,i,.f  ,l,„,i,.,. 
.'Miaw  n.iimik,.,!  ( |..  ti.li:  -li,,,  i„,|,ii,.,| 
roiitia.t  ,>|  111,.  ,„;„,,,,.  ,1,,,,,  „,„  ,.^',,.,,,, 
•  o  iihlniiiiifv  til.,  vrvaiil  afrniriM  Iho 
n..fc'liy.ii....   of   „„v„i,..    |,„t    liiiii-,.|f;    ,1.1,1 

li«-   i«    not    liaMo    in    tort    for   1 1„.    , Ij. 

>;<.M<..  of  liiH  M.rvant.  l.,-,-iiis,.  t|„.  p,.,',,,, 
'i|ill..|iii(;  ,K.,.s  not  slaii.l  to»ai,K  liin,  in 
the   r..|,ilion   .,f  a   ,tiaii-,.r,   l„ii     i,    ,„ie 
wlio>..  ri-hts  „,,.  n.f-,,1,,1,.,1  hv  ..onlran 
i'X|)r..s»  or  iiiiplicl." 

In  a    lVnn>ylvaiiia  oa>o  ,l,.,i,h.„   ,„„io 

Vr." ■■*  I  "■    ""'    '"'"^     r..,isoii,.,|     tliii-: 

Ihcluty  iii-.i-l,.,|  iipon  i>  siilisl,iiiti:illv 

on.,  of   protect  i.iii,   uhicli    ,.;,niiot     ..yist 

"'"""."  "'ipl.vin..'  tl orivlaliv..  on.,  of 

«l<.|)..n...  i,(.,.  or  siil)j,.,.tion.     Tli..  i. .la lions 
of  hiishanil   an, I   wif,..   ,,„r,nl    an, I   ,1,11,1, 
ai..   Ill    law    relations   .,f   |,rot,.fti.,n    and 
.h.|a.n<l..n<-.. :   ami   ll,..r..  aiv  111,,,,.   wliich 
ar<.  so  111   la, 't,  as  Hh..r..  a   wak  niin,|,.,| 
person   snhniils  hinis,.|f  to  the  .liiv.ii,,,, 
of  another;  and  hiiv  the  law  int.rf..ies 
to  (iroteet   a-ain.st   an  iin.liie  everei>,.  „f 
inlii..n,.e    an, I     |,ow,.r.     .\nd     th,.|..    „ro 
.'tilers,  as.  tli,.  Siin,lny  laws  a„,|  th,.  hnvs 
reKulatin^'  the  li.airs  „f  h,l„,r  in  parti,.!,. 
lar  oreiipali,>ns.  wli,.|-..hv    tl,,.    1,^     pro 
toots   ni..n   afialnM     the',laii-,.r     ari'in" 
from  iin.lii,.  <-onip..titi,)n  :  hut  Ih,.  stri,^ 
n.-..s  us,.d  in  ,l..|inin«  this  ivlati,,,,   ash,.. 
oiiKing  to  Hp..eial  oas,.s.  iinpli,.s  that   it 
ins  no  wider  .-xistonoo.     Th,,..  is  no  re- 
lation of  piot..otion  an.l  .l.pen.l,.,,,-,.  l,„ 


twe.-n  iita.sl..r  ami  servant. 


or  of 


uo  »poak  not  o|  „M,|,.r  an,l  ;,ppronti(V. 
'.''".-'•'*•""  '-  "o  i:,.inan  ,li,Mt  ,,i  leii,lal 
villein.  «ilh  a  loi.l  I..  prot,...|  him  lloil, 
ii>'  ';>|i'al  l..l,ii,.  th,.  hi -.v.  ami  .on.i.h.r,..! 
"jiiill.v  (•omp,|,.„i  to  tak..  ..ar,.  ,.f  tl,..,,,. 
^rUf-:  .in,l  (,iv  ,,ft,.n  ||„.  „.,,.,, It   is  the 

'■'■    "ll'lli....,.!    „f    11...    ,„„.      .|,„,    „        ,. 

"'""  ll'.il  tl".  law  in,pli..s  „  vvarrantv 
I  '•'•  .ai..  servant  sh„||  „„t  I,,,  injiir..,!  hV 
llie  <.||.l,.,.n,.,.  „,  ,|„,,il„r.  i,  ,,nlv  aii 
oilier  ^^,,.^  of  s|„iin;;  th..  prop„;iiion 
that  the  hn  imp,,,,.,  ,h,,  ,|,„^.  „,■  ,,,,. 
Hon:   ami   it   inii,t   l„.  set   a,'i,|,.    |,v    th,. 

1.''/'.!/  /.'.  Co.  (lS,-,4)   2:t  I'a    .-^4 

,  '''":"''',"  \-  '•'""■''■'■  <lH.i:i  :i  .\i...... 

&   U,   1.  Miirph.  A   II.  ;tO.-.,   I  .liir    i»s7    7 
I-  .1.   Ia.Ii,   \.  .S.  42. 

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,";'  I;  T:  '^,-  ■''  '•'■  •"••"'•'•  "'•  '■'••.  <ii  I.,  .r.' 

l.oril   \\a|,on    i  p..  .tsji.  ' 

A^    illii-lialive  of   this   point    „f   vi.-w 

'  "■  f"!,!""'".;;  <.\lia.ls  fr tl pini.nis 

"I    van, .lis    |ii,|-,.,  niav  l„.  ,piot,.,|- 

"Wlieii     s,.v,ial     w.,Vkm,.|i    ,.n.M.-,.    t,, 

,-'■"•'  •'   »';,-t,.r  in  a   , ,:i,,ii  work?tliev 

kiiou.  ,a  ,,iioht  to  knou.  tl„.  ,isks  to 
whi<;l.  ih..y  ,,,.  ,.vpo,j,|^,  ih,.nis,.lv,.s.  in- 
'■lii.liiirlheri-k,  of,.,,,,.h.„n..ss.  „;j„i„,, 
"liieh  th,.,,-  .„,p|„.v,r  ,.ann,.t  s,.,-.,re 
I"'"'- i"Ml  th,.y  must  he  snpp,w...|  to  oon- 

Ira.       »,th     n.f.i,. to     ,,,,.1,     risks." 

Il'irl.i.isul  r„„l  r„.  V.  /,',,,/  (IS.-,H|  I! 
■Ma.',|.  M.  L.  Cms  -IM.  |  .M,,-.  \  s  7(17 
I'lT   (  ra!iH,)itli,   I,,   c. 

"Tlh.priiaipl,.  is.  |i,-,(  ,,  „.,v;inl.  wh..n 
";  '■"?-'•'-''■'  <"  -'i^e  a  iriM,t,.r.  nn.h.r- 
I  iK.-,.  as  lM.|w,.,.n  him  ami  his  m..--l..r.  to 
<■""  :i  I  llie  onlinaiN  ri,ksof  ,|„.  „.,vi,.,.. 
■n.,1  th,,  n„l,M,.,  Ih,.  ri-k  of  m-li;;,.„,... 
"II  'lio  pan  of  „  f,.||o„  „.rvant.  uh,.,, 
ev.r  h,.  is.,e|,n-i„  ,li,<liai-e  of  his  diitv 
as  .s..rva.il  of  hini  who  is  the  ,.om„ion 
in.isti.r  of  lio' 


■lice  in  the  institution  of  the  rolat 


ooiiii-  ,1-  /;.  //.  r. 


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ilwai'  (as.  .".HO. 


<    'Ml  (llMMll.N    r:A;c|..),  MINI     \.s    y    1)1 .1  l,\,s|,.  ,3,, 

473.  Same  lubjcct  continued. -■!  I,.,  ..tl.,.,  ..f  ,|„ „i,„.t  ,|„h  in.- 

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n-ul:ii,-,|    M.v    .-..1111.1,..    ,K|,i,  .,    „r    |„,     ,■„!,,   j,   ,|,.,i  u.  11..1111. 


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ill     III.'     ccntiact      fni-      111,1, imiitv 


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lor  I..  Iialil..  for  Im  o«  ii  .I,fMiill.|.  tluM        '  Tli..    f.llM»i„,.    «,„„„  ;        i   ,x.      , 
li'V.  ami   liail   i|.  ,„U;i„  i„   Hir  i,l,,i   that    Vi-i,..^     i„    /        /  '.•'"""      "'      •'"'•'l 

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'  l^.il  I    11    Imva,  -1-21  en    'iV  i- 

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\MS 


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"-  v-"y  tn  i„  ,,„i„„  „„:i„,:„,;:„;  ,j;:;. ':;;;„;;';,;";';  "^  ""■'""'-  >•"■■■>„  i„ 


''"'i!'-i|'l>'.    Ili'.r,  |-,„-, 
■  -..I    h,    -I,,. 

'•:  •  I'  .1  iiij-i 

i'i^    ^ilvaiir, 

'"  a  ilciM.iii.i   1111,1 

i"     "-p.cl     „t     ,., 

''"''--'"—   '^1    .1    tV||,.«    „,, 

'I'V.lLTll      ill     ;, 

"  I'llc    n,r-,,|,     I,,,-    I 
llll'     lilM-Ifl 


111       IIIC 


'ip        \'-llli,,i,l,  ri,      i; 


-"IVilMl 


•^ "  II insitn   V 
'  l'*"'^!     I..    I!.    .•?' 


-i;  i-nl.i,i"    ^Zu'o"    to  tli?  n..;^:!'";:"^"'"  "''"l-n'-'-tinn  «s 


'II   «"rk. 


to  til,-  rp,i-.,,ii,    |,|.|i 
I  jviiwii.   will. II    |.iii|,c 


"Hi    |„,li,.y    ,,f   ,.x- 

I'liii     liiiliiliu- 

-  ""'■  i- tiu,  I,.  ui„,,,,i,Vf„",rn;,.'I:;''.""'":"""i'''"" 


''""^  "";.-"'":'';v  fi'"";iiai;iii,yi„ 

II 

i 


"I    l'<-    -.■n:llll,,    II     i,    ,,..,„,„.,|,|,.    ,,,    ,„.„  ,'"•     '""'—    •!"■    '■M'lll|.llnli     is  i|,.|i,Ml„|,.,| 

-'HI.  ,..,.1,    „,,,,„                      „    '          ',   ,        y^:  ■>    !'-^':"-'   .l.Hl.-.l-M    ,H,li,.y.    it  .,„"^ 

"I   limits.   ,0   1m.    iiii.^i, ,,,,,,-.     /.„,/,"  '       ''."'■.':'•.  <l«.-i    .-i  .^iMvv,  -i;i7.   l-v,) 

».   /.'■'•    //.  (■,,.    I  |s7()|   :;(   V.  ,(     I      i-"|  ;■   ■^"-   '•'''"•.  IXT   Hilly,. r.  .t. 


,  ,.     ""■.'I'^li'i'-li n    »iii,.||    ilii,    ,„,,. 

"I    1.1"    1-    t,.iiii,|,.,|    i.   III,   , 
MM, I    jii~t    ,, 

1.1       -I'lMlli 

|ll".\  lll(.|lt.     is 

^Isslllii,.       t 

tll,.l,.' 

uilll      |.|||,.|,       1,,.     ,,,,,    ,1  ; 

,..,,.,.1,,     ,         •     '"      "    '^'     i^>i"»     "li.H     Ihc 
1 .11, 1,.-.-!!,.,,  „r   ni."li 

1,11,. 

jury  U,  l,iiM-,.|f.    ,\,i,m;.:i.i,„.  ,1 


;;"'• '";'' ;'  "^'^  '"''i  '|"wm  timt  tu,- 
;'';'""''"/."'''"■""■  '■!"  'I'liv  iif  IIP 


'""■"    I-   .Ml   ,.i„lii,nilv    ui.,.  , .!,,,!   ,■„'.,            ■,'"/"' ",r  ,..i„  „iily  lif  „,, 

"      nsks     ii,„,„.,||y     i,„,|,|,.,„  ,.;,,, I.     ',-,.,.'"'■  •'''•      llMsis.  h.m- 

f  I"-  1-  lowi.ik  ,1,  ,.„„|,„„.|i„„  ,,,,„,,'    I. '•    '■■.'■'■"'!'"-•    as   tl„.   nilo   U 

.is.     „.    ..,,,.,    1...  ._     .              "  ""i-i.iiitlv   111, nil,.,     ,,,    ,!,„  „.,.,.   _.    ____ 


|,|ili,.,l    ill    tlifi  ,.,,se    of   p.,j'. 

:'!;:". :';';^;"",v"'^>  i- iii.,i.„..iv...:f  i,r  i,is"vl!i,i!!"..':"i:';'^!'':  '■"""'-<•*  "ifi, 


i-ii,.. 


"f  <>i f  his 


Hi; 


:i'mI.   :i. 


lir,.|i||;r     hj 


ll-<.    "Ii.lt      Mill  V-    ,.:, 


<iii"ii   is   Hint    1„.   will 


li^-lit 


<"li-lli,.|l.     lull     III, It     h,.     „'il| 


lilllKvllhlll     ,,f    ,,||| 

Hot  ,'uurii 


lis,'  onli- 


IIT 


5  47:!] 


r(»\:.\I(iN  KMi'l.(i\Mi;.\T  as  a  DKIiAM:. 


1315 


(•i.ii-i(lci'iiti<'u  is  (Miliivly  iii;iuc(|ll:itc  :is  ;i  (ii  llViviit  iai  ilij^  filctur  Wlls, 
li(i\vc\cr,  sliiiVMi  Idiii;  ai;.«  li\-  an  cininciil    l''.iiuli-li   jiuluc;.'' 

A  tlicnrv  uiMic  yviicrailv  favdrcd  is  thai  a  cniitract  In  nf'cc|)t  tlio 
i-i.sks  of  ii  fellow  servant's  nej:iiL'ence  may  |ir..|i,.rly  lie  ini|ilieii  on  tlic 
f;r<Mincl  of  expedieney  am!  imMic  |M,licy."      As  the  Mlualion  lias  l.een 

|4M  tlipir  Ciircfulni'ss.  nnil  if  lie  use  siicli  Ir^v  IImv  mic  .Ii.h-imM,.  u\:'<u  the  niN- 
(ioc,  .iui\.  I)y  llu!  iii'j:lii;,.|ici.  <,f  ,,n.'  ,,i  iniiiliiii '  i,i'  mi^iii^iiii,-  ,,f  tin-  i-iiiipli.vcr. 
iImiit.  .iiKillin  (if  till-Ill  i>  iiijiircil.  llic  •j'lii-  i-  ii,i-,\  w.W  ,,nlrl  l.iw.  nlivii'ms- 
(■ih|il(>ycr  is  nut   lialilc.  tlic  cdiiimioii  rule    ly.   t     ■njli.    -inh    :i    iiilc    j,   i„,t    aiipliia 

111    tints.    Iliilt    till-   net   of    tlic    M-lAMllt     is     l';  ■    ,:      -I,,.   ■■,,|,l|.;lliV    Aud    lllu-v    not 

llic   net    <if   till'    lll.l-tl'r.    Ill-ill;.'    >lls|M'llili-(l     i        iU    vlu\  ■■'\'  ;.  :-t   "       l^,^,7,      ,(-     .)/.     /,•. 

as    til   that    casi-   liy    tlii.    i iiail.      lUit    >  u.  v.  Si:u!.'    ,  1  >■ ,  :  i    :,'.]    \|;,.  :>4,-, 

if  a  IliinI  iM-i-oii,  „,,t  a  party  to  tin  -.:..•  ,|,,i  i  in,-  ,-,,  its'  fo'iinilaiini,  in 
inntiai't  iictwi-i'ii  til,'  iiia-t.T  and  sitv-  mi-  ,  •,■  a'l.i  v.M  .  Tli,.  oidiiiarv  i  i,ks 
ant.  IS  injiiii'il  l.y  tlif  fault  i.f  tin-  si-iv-  .  ;  i-  ,,;.;...  i  \\!ii,li  ,,iir  ;.  i'ii.-a.'i-,l 
ant.  Iii-^  li-ht  nf  ai-timi  a;rain-l  the  mas-    ..r  ■  ,,-,,..::.     jn   lad.  .■ni.M.lin-'.l   inViiak 

tiT    (lor.    nut    (li-|H-ii(|    ii| anil    i,    ni.t    iiiL'    tin-   ,i-a-j.  ,,„  nt    ami    a.lin-lin"    t  In- 

liiiiiti-,1  l.y.  tliat  ciinliai-t.  Tin-  si-rvaiit  u,,-!--.  Aial  ll.i-  may.  with  •■riMt'"  iiru- 
has  a^'iM.l  tn  hear,  ami  is  paid  f,,r  h.-ai-  pi  i,-ty.  In-  li,-I,l  1,.  I.,-  'aluav-  m.  in  Ic-mI 
in^'.  till-  ri-.l<~  ini-i'hiil  tn  tin-  s.-rvicr;  i-uiiti-inpl  .i  i,,ii."  rl,,,,ni.,  ',(-  r,'.  /;.  0.' 
Iho  stiaiiLiiT  has  nut  ni.iili-  -in-li  an  Cn.  \.  Ihiinn/  (lsi;7,'  2S  hid  .•[iV  ;i-' 
a;;rii'iiii-nt.  and    i>   not    paid    lnr  lii-arin;;    Am.   I)ii-.  -Js:;.' 

>ni-h  riskv"     n/irhl  v.  \„,lh,ni  If.  di.        "■  ••  Tlic   [,~i    i^    not    Hh,-lli,-i-   tin-   paitv 

(ISilOl    4-i  X.  11.  2J.-..  icinplaiiiiii^     i,     paid     li.    iiiidi-italo-  Ihr 

••-Sinii'   minds    lind    it    iliiru-nlt    In    nn     ri-!;.      .\    iiiii-t    i,    in    il„.   ,-,iui-    noMtiim 

iliT-^tand    why  an   i-mph,yiT.— a    railii.ad    as  a   .-irvant.   Ii.<-aii^i'  In-  In-  ih,.   m.-aiis 

i-iaiipany.     fur     in-l.ui,-,-. h,,iiM    „,,t    hn    nf  induin-  ,  f  l  In-  ,  l,.,i-.,,t,.|-  ,,f  tin-  |i..n-c 

ri-jKiii-ildc  to  lliiwr  ill  it-  ciiiplnyi.ii-nt  in  uhiih  I,.-  i-.  'I  la-  ,pi. -i  i.m  is  uliclh- 
fiir  ai-iidi-nts  lii-fallin- ihiiii.  in  till- -.ainii  it.  kimw  ia-  tin-  li-k.  tin-  paitv  imiiis 
i.i>i->  and  111  till-  saiiii-  i-\t(  lit.  as  ti.  till!  it.  \i.liinl.i  ril\ ."  I'l.lli.rl;.  c.  '  |!..  hi 
piTMiiis  not  in  its  si-rvii-,-.  Th.-  ddlc-r-  Mnilutn,  v.  i;.ii,r.!.U  ilsiliii  .",  Mi'irM 
•  ■lit  ri-laliims  iif  tin-  paith-  ti.uaid  ,-:i.  h  &  N.  U-'t.  (!  .lnr.  \.  S.  .-,:(.  S  \\,-,k.  i!i-p 
olhi-r  ail-   nut    ki-pt    in    \ii-u.      I  In-   ,  i;,-    isi.   I    I..  'I'.   \.  s.  :;,;ii. 

tiuiu-rs  of  a  railruail  and  llic  piildii-  im In  cn-idci  IulM  In-  li-ht-    ind  nhlii/a- 

Mlioiii  the  n.inpany  acts  a-  earlier  nf  linn-  aiiMn^'  mil  .d'  pa  i  Uvular  idatinii- 
|KT-jins  and  pi.-pcily.  pay  it  In  pc-rfnnii  it  i-  .-ni,!,,.  irni  lnr  c.-iiru  ,  i  m-iirc  li'. 
such  -crvicc-,  l,,i-  tliciii.  Its  i-mplny,-,-.  1,-aid  ciai-idciat  i.  n-  nf  iM.licv  ami  "i-n- 
nn  the  i-nnlrary.  arc  p.ild  l,.\  lh,-,-,,iii  i  ral  i-oiiv,.iii..ii,.,..  and  In  draw 'linni  tfi. m 
p.iiiy  fnr  tin-  cxcrtinn  i.f  Ih.  ir  -kill  and  -ni-li  riih-  a-  «  ill.  in  th.-ir  pra.ti.-al  ap 
ililiLM-nic  in  it-  hclialf  f.ir  th.-  very  piir  plicatinn.  h, -t  pr-act.-  Ih,-  -al'.-ty  an. I 
ix.-c  nf  making,'  repair-;,  i-nnipl.-i  in.,-  -cciirily  nf  all  paili.-  cii. ,  i  m-d.'  'Ihi- 
i.|iiipnirnt.  pr,-vi-nt iiiL,'  ai-.-i.l.-nl-.  aid  i<.  in  liiilli.  il,,-  lia-is  nn  uhi.h  iinj.li.il 
.iial.liiiL.'  it,  safely  and  cllii-iently  tn  fill  pi, .mi-,--  ar,-  r,ii-(.|.  h.-jn^r  ,|uii,  -  |,-.:;| 
III  its  cii._:.ii;,-iii,-iits.  Th,-  ne,.,|'  ,,f  thi-  ly  iiil,-ri,-,l  fr,, in  a  . -.111-1,1,-^11  i.-n  nf  whit 
-kill  ami  .lili-,-mi-  iiiipli.--  inip.rl'.-.-tinn  is  l„-l  a,la|ilcd  tn  pminnlc  th.-  h.-n.-lil 
wilhnii!    11i(-iii.   ill   llic  wnrk   ii|>nii   whii-li.    nf     ill    |)i-i-,,iis    i-nin-.-rii.-.l.    iiiahr    uiv.-n 

nr  Ih,-  -i-rvi,-c   fnr  which,  tin-  i-nipl.iyi-i-s    cireiiiii-lam-,--. I'll,-    ei-nera!    rule,    re 

arc  i-n^rap-il.  and  they  arc  p.iiil  ae.-,a-,l-  -iilliiiL.'  fi,.ni  .-..n -i.h-i  irinii-  a-  w.l'l  nf 
mm;   In  Ihc    naiiiip  an.l    cni.I  i,,i,-   nf   |  he     |ii-li.,-    i-  nf   p,.li.v,    i-  ih.u    he   uh,,   ,i, 

-.  ivicr.     Cem-rally.  al-n.   ihirc   inii-t    ho    i-    j.-  in  tl i,,pl.,.  ,,,.'iit   ni   ai»,lliir   f..r 

rii.:peratinn  with  Ih.-ni  nn  the  part  of  I  la-  pri  f.-nn  .|i,-.-  .!  -p.,iii,.,l  .Inti.-  aid 
cahir  --niplnyci-;  nf  the  rnmpaiiy  in  tlic  -.-rvi. .-  f.-i  .  .-iiiprn-.n  i..iL  I  ikc-  iipmi 
v,.ak  to  he  pcrfi.i'i'e.l.  f.,i  Ih,-,-  ri-:i-  him-, -If  ih.-  |.,iiii:,l  and  nr.limiry  ri-k- 
-niis  It  hi-  hi-cM  nfl.-ii  inl,-,l.  that,  a-  am!  |  mI.  im  ,  I,,.||  in  ||,,.  prf-.i  manor 
h.-twci-n  Ihcir  cmpl..y.  r  an.l  lh,-m-,lv.--.  nf  -ml,  .v|,,,..  e.i,|  in  1- -a!  pn-iiinp- 
.iiiphnecs  t.ikc  tlK-  ri-k  .-f  any  ilim.-i.m-  ti,,n  ih<>  ..■.imi.,-..- it  inn  is  ailjn-t,d  ac- 
Ihey  may  sii-tain  fn m  th,-  p,iil-  imi.  ,-cnl|,|.  p-.  \|„l  „„  i,-,.  nnl  awan-  of 
,,.-ital  t-  tV  -,.,vi,-,-  in  wiiiri;  i';,v  .  n-  ,  l,v  |.,,,..  i,  I,-  wl,„!,  -i„,iil,l  ,.s,„.,,i  the 
,!'.:-:.-d.  inchidin.L>  thn^c  ari-ii;-  fr..i,i  t'lo  p,  .-il  .ri-h-j  imm  th,-  c  irelc^-m-s  and 
iH-;,'li;-encc  of  ntliirs  ciiiawd  thi-n.-in.  nn-    m  ■jll-.a-n,  c  yl  tii..>t  v,  ho  are  in  ill-  ■  iinc 


I.'llo 


[<  IIAI'. 


XXVJ. 


•M  \Mi:i;  .\\i)  si:i;\  sm^ 


^  iirinlls   cicilH 


F.ni',1    Al, 


I'f'  in  dealing 
'•''  was  pliifcd  bv 


-•iMhis..p,.,.,,;,;:;':;;;;::i;,:''^''''''''''^''^- ''--'- 


li"''":-,"""!-.    ■'■'"■:'■   ^"•'.    ,„mN    .„i,.l, 


III. 
iiirii 

;.'ll;llil,    :|-i 
rtlrr.lrlil 

1 ^  ,li 


";'.;-  -  lii-ly  ..,  I.,,,,..  „„        ^vt.  s  v'v    .-•-  V'-'""    /?■    r..r,, 
^  tl„.  „u-f,T.     TliMV  .,,,,   ,„,,,|;    |„.  „,,,',  ■'f'"'-'    n-.|,„„.il,iliiv    lu, 

":  "■;■  -ni.-,  .■„„!  „i,i,.i',  ''„ ,/;:;;  :'"'-'"'-v'""'"""- '"■'■-/ 

,    '""■lly    l"i.r.M    .'.ml    i.nni,!...!    i  .,1  i;         .•  '"'"    •'""-'ili'iMl  ions    „f 

.yv    p.m.     «l„.l,   n,„,,i„.  ,„  ,„,        ,,,.,,      '  '.^."'   f'    >>■  ^-  SKI.  .ir  An,.  Ttq,.  .-,21 

.•"•  -""  i-n ^:  i„.t.  ui„.,i.,.    |-.    .    ,',;"■' -V"  "•'■"-"M.'-t.T.,s,„i|,v 

•-pon-,1, 1,     ,„     ,,     ,„,,i,„|,,   ,.,,,,.    ^,                  "■    -v^l'-  m,.    „f   1,1,    s..,v.-,„,.    I,,;, 
»".u'lo  n,..|  ,|,.,t  (l„,v  ,„.o.  lor  s„„„:  ,      .   .    ,:''    '::-7  * ';■''  •■"<  ""  '"-^  own  s.t  - 

'   ''■//■".-./ /.     ■      •         '■    ^    •'"'•    """■    ,    ^i-i'7  '•"■-■..,,.  .„lv..Hin.,o,W,|if 

'f     "'•   .'•.■  n„   .:„!    ,„,„       „,.   i,      ;\,„„      ..'■.,;-4"',''"l'.''"";'l"l-"MP'-pn-.',.,.  lo 

^:p{'';:;.'•t;:i,.;v;;l:^'.;:;,,%^:;  :  "•  v'^ 

' --v;  Lc..!!: '-  -  "'■""■ '"^  '.^  "iii  i::-.::;;:i'Tn:!;'::;i •";:: 

'  '■  'i^--'  If  M  -„  I,,..;,,  ,„  ,  ::'  '■'■,':"  ""■  ^'i'ii,.i „f  i,i, ,,,,. 


!■■  'V  II  N    i:.  77    / 


V      /.■. 


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f-  ,    'I...  n.-.'li 


-n.inl.   l„.   Is   r,.,,„,„.,i,|p 
■■'','"■'■  ''f  lii-  '■'-.ohniakoi 


i''l'     "!■■*;    Mrli.n,.,/' y    I;',','  .,    r    ,'"      ■'"  ''^"■'"■"'^■"' ''■•  r.  "r  hi- ,.,-„.i„„;,n  '•,  I" 

; '^  ■■": ;;-.  A'o  n.:  rA;.'.,.; :, ;, 'ij. ';:  ■  :;--• "-;-.. .,.,.  ,m,.s  ,,;'!;:;;;,  ||;: 

'".  y.    U, .,,:., 'a    (t,s7M.    o:;    III    ..o-.     ',        ■"'■"''■'   '''"^ -"i  :ifl  i-n   ,..;,!, im  his 


(IS,;;,)    ;:|    y    ,|     ,      .,,,.,  ' 

''■■■"    •''-"     ■'!  ■     I'.  II.  »i:'     .,■,  I.s 
.''■111  .1    r,i:'il    ,^|    ill, 


■M    !!,..     1 


fh.- 
1/i.li. 


Ill    llic    c,   .■   ol    ,1 


,■  >— li'-i ,1   ,!„.  ,.,,,.|,,„.,k,.,  ,:, 

;,;;■•:,/,'.■■;::.:,'", 'I-;/"-  — -i".fi-.„: 

'I    II, I'  liaii:    ,-inak.  1-    ,r 
--     II  "l-.i,    ,.|-    want     ,,f 

--'■»'^N:-:.M'iir;;'.;,'';£^ 


I'll 


§  i:.i] 


(oMMiix  i:.Mi'i.(iv\ii:.\r  as  a  ukkkn^k. 


i;ii; 


In  ..iIkt  cn.03  sliv-,  l.as  I.oon  lai.l  up„n  '-iho  iniii-iir-n  of  ,.,:„,- 
polhii-  ciHpK.vi.rs  to  iuiMnr  for  that  wliidi  their  own  .-aiv  .•Mnii..r 
pivv.nr.  to  tlio^c  who.f,  o|)p..rtiinilios  lor  ^clf-protwtioii  are  a^  -nal. 
and  u>nallv  ii  iicli  .uivairr."'-' 

Op<'asionally  ^u^  lin.l  if  »«orto<]  that  anv  f1,.parturo  fro,,,  tlir-  ,1,.- 
tnne  is  (Jaii^vrous  to  tlio  pr  jnTity  of  industrial  enterprises  rc.|:iir- 
ing  tho  sorvK'os  of  a  iariic  niinihor  of  jxTsons.'" 

Tn  one  insianco  uc  lin,|  the  ar-n.n.'ni  a.lvanco.i  that  tho  ini|.,,<ilinn 
of  a  liahility  n„on  \hv  nm-trr  wonhl  ),.>  o,„.n  to  the  <anio  ol,,',.,-!  i,,ns 

!     tlio  s,H-ioioi.ists  uf  a  certain  school  see  in  ail  so-caih^,!  patermil  I - 

isiation.'*  "^ 


tn  mnny  n|]if>rs.     Tlio  tiin*|,.r.  f.ir  pxam-    Co.    ftSl'li     inoAto     3(i-'     IS    T      r      \ 
pic.  woiiM   1,0   liiiM.  t.i  til,.   „.n:int    for    HO-2.    \'.i    <     \\      mn'      uf.',,.,.'     ,'      ,'   .     ; 

|."H,Mj;  Inn,    into  ,,   ,i.n.,|,  1„.,1  :    f,„.  ,|,;,t    l.,.,.,|   ,„   ,„..    ('„    .„„.,„„.,..   „,i,.      '..-n, 

r.;z>  l,..Kl..n,l    wluT..I,.vh,.u,,,,,,.,l,.t,,    ,.,.„v,.„i,.,„.,.    ,|„.    |,„.    „'j||    j,    I,,     ■     ,;,' 
t.il    .Imvn,  wl„l,.  ,,.1,.,.,,.  ;„„|  ,„j„,,.  !,j,„.    ,,„,.,  „„  „„.  ,,^„.,  ^,,.  ,1^^,  ,,,„„,„[.,:,.  ,„      , ;, 

not   pn,,,..rly  clo.n,n.,'  th..  ,.o,,p,.r  v,..-..N  ,„.,li,„.„t    a.l.  „f   hi,   c..,.,„p  ,  u- L       •      , 

u-,.l    ,„  .1,,.  k„.l„.„:   „f  ,1,,.  I,,,,,.,,,.,.,   i.,  ,.,.-,:„.    for  tl,..   rul.   '„-     '  'u  ,Vn.    ■,    - 

-Mp„yM„.    tl„.    faM„ly    will,    m.at.    of    a  -  .1  |"T-o„,  .„•  ..,„p1..v,..lin  tl„.  ,  „„|„  ^t 

,UMh,y    „„„.■,..„,   to   tl„.   l„.altl,:    of  tl f   ,„.,.   ,.o,:„„o„   ..„t  .,■,„)-,.  o,-   ,„   I      '    I 

nnl,  .T.  for  a  ,I..f,..t  „,  tl,,.  fo„n,latio„  of  i,„,  m,„I  tl,..  .af,.|v  of'  a.-h  ,1   p     ,  ,    ti    a 

l»'   ImuM..   «„.,-,.l,y    ,t    f,.|l.  and   inj,„v,l    ,.„..,  ,.x,..,„.  „„  „„.,,, |',U|,\  ,, 

iH.lli  the  .„a,t..r  and  th,.  MTvant  l,y  tl,,,.  «l,i<.|,    ,..„1,    shall     p:.,fo,i„     hi;     ,.,.'. 

1,..  in.;,,m,a,„.,„-,..  not  to  -ay  th.  ah-  , I,:,.,    ..f  ,| ,,„,.  ,„,  ,_,i,,.  ,„„;,,  ,. 

-'  ^'.'"•^V      ' '■  ""'-'ll"-"-.-.  .Ulonl,  a  any  n,i-,  ....Inot  i„  .ainntv  o.  „,...l,  ,.•   ., 

-nil„„.nl    ai-ninrnt   anain-t   i\^  ,nppli,.a-  ,:,„y.   ,,n,l    !,;,»,.   Ih,.   :,.nu-,.  if  ,1^,.  ,    ,., 

tion    of    ,l„.     p,-„,r.,pl,.    to    t,,..     p„....nt  „.,„,    ,.,„|,h,u.r    uill    no,     ,.,k„    „„,|,    ,,,' 

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I-.  .1.    l-..\,-l,.   N.   S.   42.   ,M-r   Lord        '>,.,.    \,.,..   nusl,,,,;,!,    r,,,',/  .|.   ,■     -• 


.M.illvrl 

'   ilifln, 1,1,1    r.   A".   Co,    V.    /..„/.,  ,,    I  IStiJ 

10  Mi,-i,.  m.i. 

"''I nanl    ha-,    c.  iiiiniailv  .    hi^tl, 

•  ppoiiniiii  j,.-   th.in   11, ,.  i,,a-l,.|-  '.if   1,  ;,||, 
ill'.;  Ih,.  in.-ii,,ip;  tcnoy  or  ciich --,,,.-  of 


/'''mm,, -I    (lS!i:i,     |:lii    |i,,l.   ;;;,s,  ;;.■,    \.' 

(he    si'i\anl-    w  lio    ,Io    this    uork 
i-Mlt,-i\ -Ix     \(,i,.    ,in,h.|    II,,    ,,|,|j. 

1o     ,.,X,-     ,.;.,ll      olh,l'-      lil,.,.      ;,,|,| 

'  low    all    Ilic    ii,K,   iif  i!;,.j, 


.-follow   -,.,.va„t    .n   t„.   -„„,.   ,,npl„y-  „,„.,„  ,.,„,,,„,  ,|„„„    „,„,„   , .„„:  ,,;      ;^ 

/ ,  ;„ .  '-n' ,„'■.. ■•.,./' m',,;:-  - -i.i-  .i,..n,.  an  m,.-,. „,.„ i.,„..,.. 

■<•'         (,,,     ,    "   ;.  \n,     n.,.  |,,,.„_     „„,,],     ,,.,,1,,,,.    „,„|     ..„,|,|,,^      ,,,„ 

;r;.-,      i    ,  ^[["■\,''     1  ;,'  -">'■■'-"'■'   I'"""""", l..r,.|   ,i„.„  u,.,, 1,1 

,-  .  I    ;'■-  i\"  , 'i-^','"^"  '  "  I- -ii"Hiv  ,,i,,,i,.,i-  ..■,/,„„,,,  ,/,„. 

■,','',".         ',    ■  ,'■      '     '-'^     ^     ^     '^'-  -'"•'    ■•     N'      '     /•     '••..     (I>'.1,     10,,    M 

.■      n,     -;,p|,,>-,..    that    th..    r..l:.t,rn         •■■■|,    wo,;hl    M.^lal,^   a    1,,.    of    „a, 

,':      '        '■     '    ;|'  /■'"P''-.-    -,Ma,M    ,o  i,    i.    ,;.   ,,     ,|„.   i„    ^„   „,„„„i.,,,„,    ,„ 

'  '^"'"  "'•'■'-lli-i;  !.,l-  •„   ,,,,     ,,.■     , •..,!.,   I   th,-  ,,,lin;Mv  .1  ,,■■...,■■, 


'"  "I    a.'lil,  .,        ■!■   1|     fl     1;-    ;,,|,1    ,,,.,.|. 


1-in,  --.    ind    it    >\oiild   1,,-  ii',--,t- 


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in   furki.r    v.    nu,i,uuat    d    fe7.    J.    R, 


■tiimtHtiJKi 


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'  ■'To  Mllinr  tl,i^  ,,,,(   ,,f 


V.-lil     Weill, I     I,,    nil    .•■      nlli,,..,.,,.,  „l     I,,    ll,..      f,     I  ,  , 

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fi<..  1.11  ih,.  i„ii,,if .,,-  ,,j^ ,, 


f.vt  I 

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'I   'n-  iii.i  I,-,-,  t„  |„,..    ,|.   II.  /..  Co.    ,  IS, 17 


iMi;ii.L'i'n,-,.  .if  ,||,,.|,   uli,.  -,  n,.  hill,    .,,,,1    ,,,..     i ■  "'' ''r'  .nc  m:,v 

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K\,-Il.      V.     S        IJ  •  .■      -       1..     .1.  ,1,,-,     ,,|     ,.,!,/,   11-     :l:j!i|;.|      ,,|,,,ti„.,.  I,      j, 

.:;" ';::,^:,r;;vr, ::;;-"-;:;;:::;-:;' ;':-.V:;,;:r;::.:- 

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I      !ifr.     I.y     ili,|i,,-i|,._, 

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<Mini..|l«,     „„,1     ,,::,,i,v     ,,„,|,      ,.,,,,„  J'.,  ""''   '.""■'"''■-   ""■  '-li'inW    ,,f„||   l.llsj. 

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l;i'-';i|-,!ii;,j   il    ill  |!|i. 

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tl,,'   iiiiir-  ■    ,,1    1,1 


,       ,  ' '''Il       111!'     iMI.l.lill 

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i''il.  II   i-  I  III 

"""I'-'    "I  i".jn!-y  i,i  uii'-,;,'  ,!  ,,..,,  ,,  II,  ,,  ,1 ,  ,  ,  ;•'■,', 

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II'    !i>  1.1   II' 


S  474) 


COMMON  KAri'l.ON.MKNT  AS  A  DKKKNSE. 


1319 


474.  Judicial  criticisms  Of  the  doctrine.— Murli  iidvciso  priiici-^ni 
liiis  been  IfVclcil  l.y  various  jiuli:c>  at  tUc  il<iciriiic  of  cditiihuh  ,.nii)l..\- 
iiKiit  aiul  the  ari,^umoiits  In   wliicli  it  lins  Ihmii  sii.-iuinnil. 

Ono  court  ha:,  expressed  the  npinidn  tliat  "the  liniit.itii  ti  ha-  n.i 
luumhitioii  ill  abstract  or  natural  justice,  and  all  attciiipi-  |m  plac,. 
it  upon  ain-  other  founihilioii  liiaii  that  of  pnlilie  pulicv  will  prove 
iiiHatisfaetorv,   wjien  brougiii   to  the  test  of  careuil  and   h.-ical  an 

:in(I   tli.it   the   »iTv:itits    wouM    I,,.   hcttiT    <.'l\i>s.  Ii^m  siTVMtits  wli.wc  iliili..  r.Miiip.. 
I.rotirtccl     if    Ihoy    wcro    i.l,li;;r,l     1,.     rely     111,    clin-    .■.\rr|,l  in-    rhiil     cilcli     -lull     I,.,, I, 
ii|)on  tlifir  own  cmii'  ;niil  \  iirilMiicc  rntlii-r    In  liii  nun  ,:ti.  i\ ,"    \,  „■  I'illsinn.ih  Cunl 
lliiin    tliciso    of    tli(.    nia-tcr.       Hence,    (o    cf-    C.    <v<.    v.    r<hiiii,ii     ilsicii     l.jii    |„,| 
infill- !  tlie  sup|i(i»ri|  pnlilic  pdlicy.  a   (ic     .'i!IS,  :!.>  X.   |:.  7. 

tion  lias  Irt'i'ii  invi-iitc(I  by  wli'icli  the  •  Tlu'  iiitdal  rll'i'ct  of  ili'voKiii"  flic-.' 
servant  i.i  s.iiil  to  a-^-iiiiiie  all  tlio  ri-l<-  ri-ks  upon  tin-  .■mplnyo.'s  tli,nivl\r.. 
of  Ihe  ■ioiviic  in  wliifli  li(M>nj;.i^(<,  «liii-li  uonM  lie  lo  imliire  a.  {jloalcr  i|c..|i,.  <,f 
iniliiile  tlie  ri>ks  of  injiirns  ciiusoil  liy  cMnijon.  pnicl.iicc.  ami  fiilditv"  llian 
Ihe  ncf.'li,(?'nce  of  ccKcrvants  oii^'af.'oil  in  uoiilil  in  all  pri.l.aliililv  In-  olIiiTHi,).  ,'.\; 
III.- -.11110  common  oinploynii'iit."  Crisj^in  -ic-i-.,!  I,v  tloiu."  s'llliinii  v  l/,\,s-i,v- 
V.  Il.ihhilt  (1S8I))  81  X.  Y.  510.  37  .\in.  m/V"  <C-  Y/.  A',  fo.  (IsCd)  11  l,i«:,.  |21. 
'"'I'-  "'r'-  "'li''  i"l''  lliii-  <|iialillcil  or  lii.iiii.,|'iJ 

■■It    IS    eonsiilr-ml    that    pulilic    p,,li,.y    too    well   e-laMishcl.    I.oth    upon    n-a-on 
ir->|niri-<  tli.it  servants  eir.-a^'nl  in  a  com-    ami  aiillioriiy,  lo  lie  now  ilepaileil  hom 

'■'<" ployment    slioiilii     not    have    an    It  lest.s  not  I'mlv  iipi>ii  the  inipiir.l  a.'ri'- 

action  n^'iin-t  their  piimipal  for  in  nient  to  assume  all  Ihe  li-ks  cnse.nienl 
juries   resulting  from    the   ne^;lii..,-nce   of    U|.on   the  neu'li^vnoo  of   fellow   -,r\anN 

one  or  more  of  ':\ich   servants;    1 ause    hut.    in    ihe    ease   of    railway    cniplnvees 

Ihe  temlency  of  such  a  iloclrine  is  to  particularly,  it  is  snpp,.rte('l  liv  eon-^hl. 
make  tlieni  anxious  and  watchful,  and  eiati.m- of'a  ju-t  and  true  puhl'ic  poiicv 
iiitcrestiKl  for  the  faithful  conduct  of  The  safely  of  ihe  tra\elin"  puldic  N 
each  other,  and  careful  to  induce  it;  lar;.'ely  di'pemleiit  U|Kin  tlie  care  and 
while  111.?  opposite  doctrine   would  tend    skill  with  which   railway  employees  ilis- 

in  a  dillerent  directiim.     The  safely  and    cliar-e    their    re-ix.iisild,.    |  'perilous 

welfare  of  the  puldic,  therefore,  demand  duties.  The  fact  thai  -meli  f.dlou  s,.rv- 
the  estahlislni!i-nt  of  the  liability  prin  anls  must,  as  beluifii  tlii-niselves  -.v  1 
ciple  on  Ihe  part  of  the  employer  in  the  ccmpinv.  lake  iipiui  t liemsehi-s 'tlii' 
such  cases:  while,  when  established,  it  re-=iills  of  'the  carelis„ness  and  neeli- 
can  work  no  injury  to  the  seiv.mt.  be-  ^'enee  of  a  f.-ilow  servant,  tends  "to 
cause  his  entcriiiir  upon  the  service  is  quicken  the  zeal  and  .iroiis,.' the  aitivi- 
volunlary.  is  with  a  knowleibji-  of  its  ties  of  each  eniplo\ee  a^'.-iiiist  siirh  nc" 
hazards  and  with  a  power  and  riirhl-  to  liycie-e.  The  jtiiblJc  weal  demands  th7t 
demand    such    wa^'es    as    he    shall    deem    no  yiiarantv   which   lends    1,,   euird   the 

ceinpens-ilory."     Ma,li^„,i  i(-  I.  1{.  Co.  v.    public    a'jai'nst    the    1 Ii..ence'"  of    serv 

Uucm  (lS,-,.-,i   C,  Ind.  -'!).-,.  ants  ^'uidim:  the  poweiful  ai.pliam-es  „f 

"Ihe  servants  oue  to  the  master  a  the  modern  railwjv  shall  be  broVeii 
dilijient  and  watchful  care  over  his  btisi-  ilown;  and  we  can  but  rcard  the  rule 
tiess,  and  they  owe  to  each  othiT  a  vi;;i-  as  qualifl-,'d  bv  the  cnui|s~,,f  ihi,  ,1  ,,0 
lance  and  caution  for  their  own  safety,  as  well  calculated  to  stimiilati'  e,i<li 
■  .  .  The  rule  which  deprives  them  servant  to  his  utmost  exertions  to  i.n- 
of  compensation  for  injuries  .-tistained  vent  nei;lij;i'nco  in  others  "  I  i,.iis,ill.  .' 
from  the  neplect  each  of  the  other  in-  .V.  /.',  I'o.  v.  ImIu-  (ISS?)  Sli  Tenn  •■;-. 
s|'iies  that  care  and  diliiienc-i'  in  the  His-    6  S.  W.  (il!;). 

eliHij;e  of  their  duties,  both  to  thi>  master  '■The  doctrine  was  ori-'inallv  adoiite.l 
and  to  themselves,  which  is  essential  to  liocause  it  fixed  the  liar,ilit  v' \(  here  it 
Ihe  \u-lfare  of  the  master  and  the  safely  could  best  be  l.orne.  It  wa's  intended 
"f   each    other.      When    the    rule    is    de-    by   plaeinj;  this   res|)onsibilit v   uihui   the 

-lnn,.,l.   Its   inducement   to   .-are  is  ^'one.    i-mplov.-c's,     tr     inlr.iduce     a"s|f, .|r,l 

■0"l    O,,.    mast.-r.    if    n.-;t     liable    for    the    1-,  ,„-i;.'-i.,!    alike    to    the   ..-n.nl     ..Mii,,- 


t\ 


^^-^  MASTKIJ   \NI>  SKitVAXT.  [chap,  xxvi 

al.vsis."  '  But  cv.'!!  piil.li,.  pnlir-v  is  (IcoiMPd  l,v  iiiiinv  of  flio  ,nitli,,r 
itirs  to  bo  an  iiiiHlcquato  coiisiiliTiition  upon  which  to  base  tho  d.K- 
III.!  self  iMt,.n.sl„f  Iho  Pniployees  («  sre   iIir  laborers  ar.,  oo  equals,  and  enKiiL-r..! 

ili,ni;,M  th<-  .!,n,rs  „f  his  |.o,itioM,  while   saiiiQ  railroad  train  or  in  any  otlier  eni 
iin,K,Mn^|  u,,o,i   the   nm.ter   tiie   ,l„t.v   of    ployment.     that     eaeh     should     exereise 
eaie  .in.l   (  isiietion   in   the   selwlion  of   |.r<>i)er  care  in  the  oonduct  of  the  hu^i 

!/,n  :"'.  i"  ■  ■  •  ■  '  ".''J"''  ''•  ™  "'^'''  •■'"'*  '°"'^'  ♦"  't  ♦hat  his  co-lahorer 
.-..u^-ht  IS  a  plain  rule  refe-ulali.if;  and  .I.k-h  the  sanio  thing;  and  when  he  is 
...ntrollinK  >'<.»"•.  at  l™,t.  of  the  more  tohl  that  this  onre  and  prud,  .ue  is  his 
important  relations  betw.vn  railway  .,nly  remedy  afrainst  dai.-er  from  the 
comiMMi.^  and  their  employees.  They  nef;li(;<'nee  of  those  emph.yisl  with  him, 
..re  interested  in  the  solution  of  this  it  not  only  makers  him  the  more  ean^ful 
prol.leiii,  the  em  ploy  „.s.  as  a  .lass,—  hut  stimulates  him  to  se..  that  others  ex- 
ana  n.pt.  merely  those  who  have  Ix-en  or  ereise  the  same  caution."  Umisvill,-  C 
may  he  iniur.^l,— the  e..iployer.  and  the  .(  A.  U.  Co.  v.  Cavena  (1873)  9  Bush' 
pulihe.     liiat  the  particular  rule  is,  in  505. 

Its  application,   always   invoked   by   the        In    Itinnell   v.    Hudson    Hirer   R    Co 

.-uiphiyvr  to  def.>at   the  demands   of  the  (IS'iS)     17   \.   Y.    134,   the   court  refers 


(.TiMt.   but   the   proportion   they   bear  to   sup.'Tior  vigilance." 

the   whole  number  of  em;.l<iy..,«s  is  very        IjH'e,  (o  the  siiiiie  elleot.  fit    ^.oui.^    A 
'■  t"e  rule,  while  o|Kr;;lins  to  c«   T.   H.   Co^  v.   Welch    (18SS)    72  Tex 

830, 


small. 


the  disadvantajje  of  the  injured  few,  pro-  208.  2  L.  R.  A.  830,  10  S  \V  .5'"l- 
mote.s  the  safely  of  the  far  jfreiiter  nuni-  flinuol  v.  Mohile  .f  .I/.'ff.  To  (1880*)"ii7 
ber  of  tliose  who  su:-tain  no  injuries,  by  Ala.  13,  refuirlii;;  to  Coolev,  Torts  541  • 
lntroducln^'  a  salutar>-  sufierint.'iidence  \,w  Orleans,  J.  d  O  V  ft  Co  v' 
ov.r  each  other  amcmg  the  servants  of  lhiijhe.i  (1873)  4'J  Jliss.  258.  See  als.i 
the  company,  (hen  the  rule,  while  bene-  the  cases  cited  in  the  discussion  of  the 
ticial  to  the  iiiiployer.  is  not  leas  so  to  eonsociation  doctrine,  §9  501  et  sea. 
thi'  employi'e,    for  that  which   piomiites    post. 

immunity  from  danger  is  more  to  1k^  de-        '  Crispin  v.   Babbitt    (1880)   81   X.  Y. 
siiisi    than   the    ])e(uiiiary   wimpensation    51(i.  37  Am.  Rep.  521. 
for  the  injur.-  could  be,  and,  being  pro-        In   the  early  Scotch   case  of  ^ixon  v 
motive  also  of  tlie  elliciency  of  the  serv-    Ituiiken     (1852)    14   Sc.    Sess     Cas     'd 
loe    IS   obviously    in   the  interest   of  the   series,  420,  1   Am.  R.  Y.  Cas.'sGO,  Lord 
public.     It  IS  to  b.'  conslilered.  also,  in   ('.,<kburn.  in  referring  to  the  contention 
cmiuction    with    ether    rules   applicable    of    counsel    that    the   d.Ktrine    ought    to 
t<>   the    relation   of   master  and   servant,   be  iKloptcl  on  account  of  its  own  inhcrciu 
J  he  duty  IS  im|H.sed  U|)on  the  master  to   justice  said:   "This  last  rccomnicndation 
e.vercise   caution    and    discretion    in    the   fai's  with   me.  because  1  think  th.-it  the 
selection  of  the  servant-s   who  are  t,)  be   justice  of  the  thing  is  exactly  in  the  on- 
•f'^llows      and    mutually    responsible    to   posite    direct icn.       I    have    rarely    conic 
each   other,  and   he   must    not   n^tain    in    upon  any  principb'  that  seems  less  r-c 
his   servici>  any.nc   found  to  be  untitled    oncilable"  to  legal  reason.     I  can  conceive 
to  discharge  the  duties  assigned  to  him.   some  reasonings   for  exempting  the  em- 
In  the  due  perfi.rmance  of  this  duty  by    ployer  from  liability  altogether,  but  not 
the   niaster.   the   employees,   as   a    cla.ss,   one  for  exempting  iiini  only  when  those 
an.I   the  public  at   large,   are  deeply   in-    who    act    for   him    injure   one   of   them 
t crested,  and  the  elTcct  of  the  rule  is  to   selves.     It  rather  seems  to  me  that  these 
make  it  to  the  interest  of  the  employees   are    the    very     persons    who    have    the 
to  keep  the  employer  advised  as  to  the   strongest  claim  upon  him  for  reparation, 
habits,   character,    and   (jualificalions   of   because   tliev   incur   danger   on     his    ac 
the  fell.iw  servants."     Norfolk  rf   W.  R    count,  and  certainlv  are  not  understood. 
To.    v.    .\,icKols    (1805)    ni    Va.    103,   21    by  our  law,  to  coii'ie  under  any  i-ngigc- 

'^    '."    ■?f-"'        ..  ""'"t.  to  take  these  risks  on  themselves." 

"E'ublic    policy    requires    that    where 


i  474] 


fOMMdN   K.MI'f.OVMlAT  AS  A  DKKKNSK. 


1321 


irino.*  Snuw  luivo  iiiii.i>t,'iic.l  tlic  |".siti(,n  iluif.  if,  |.n.inr.f<-  tiio  snfotv 
of  tlio  servants  tlicmsclvos.^  Others  liavo  nttiickcd  tl,,-  tluory  tliiii 
it  is  udvaii.iiucniis  to  llic  tiiciiiImts  of  ili..  pnlilic  wlm  ina.v  !..•  ..mli  ii- 
yi'i-oJ  by  tli<-  iicj;lif;.-ii('i-  iif  [icrsoiis  in  flic  |.(.siti(,ii  of  scrvmits.'  ()flici> 
have  intimated  that  flicv  are  iiniddc  to  perceive  in  what  rc-|iecf  the 
grounds  of  piiblie  jM-licy  invidvcd  in  ca-cs  wlicre  a  senant  is  suiiin 


'The  enrlicst  cxiiri^Nidii  of  jinliriiil 
(liswitisfiietiiin  in  Kiinhinil  in  foiiiid  in 
llip  rcinaik  of  .lii-\i>,  (  .  ,1.,  tliiit  "tliiMe 
iiiav  Im'  a  (loiilit  as  fii  tlii'  p<ilirv  (if  (lie 
law."  Tiuriiiil  v,  W  i  h'u  (  Is.")!!)  25  L. 
,1.  C.  P.  \.  S.  Jlil,  IS  C.  li.  7!l7. 

'In  reply  to  tlir  ai;riiiiiiiit  tliat  it 
would  lead  to  caiclciMicss  on  tlic  part 
of    soivaiils,    if    (liiy     knew     that    tlicv 


conld  ricrivcr  fur  any  darna}.'r  thcv  nii}.'lit 
rcciiii',  tlic   siipriMiii'  court   of  Ohio  cil) 
s<tvimI:     "Fn   arswcr  to  tlii>   it   Miay   hr 
n-iiiarlii'd  that  it  is  cnly  where  the  per- 
son   has   heeri    earefiil    liirn>elt    that    anv 
rijrht  of  action  ai-enies  in  any  case.   [!(■ 
sides.  wi»  do  nut  think  it  likely  that  |Kr 
<ons  wonhl  he  e.iieless  of  their  lives  and 
|>cr-ons  or  preperty  inendy  heeaii«'  ihev 
inijllit  have  a  riu'hl   of  action  to  lecover 
for  what  dania^je  they  niiuht    |inpve  lhe\ 
had  snMained.      If  men  are  inllMeiierd  hy 
BMcli  remote  con^idcral  ions  to  In.  earele-s 
of  what  they  are  likely  to  lie  inoM   care 
ful  ationt.  if   has  never  come  under  oiii- 
oh-ervation.     \Vc   think     the     poli.y     is 
clearly  on  the  other  side.      It   is  a  mat 
ter  of  universal  ohs<.rv.ition  that  in  any 
extensive   hn-iness   ■vhero   many   pei -on', 
are  employed,  the  care  and   prudence  of 
the    employer    is    ihc    surest    u'uaianly 
ayainst    misniana^'enient     of    any    kinij. 
The  employer  would,  we  think,  lie  mope 
likely   to  he  careless  of   the   |i<'r-(ins   of 
those  in  his  employ,  since  his  ow  n  siifety 
is  not  endangered  hy  any  aceidenf,  whcii 
he   would   iiiKh.rstaiid    that   he-    was   not 
pccnniarily   lialjle    for  the   careless   con- 
duct of   his   ajrcnt-."      I.itlh     Minmi    A". 
Co.  V.  Stcrcm   i  I.S.",1  )   -.in  Ohio.  4.!-i. 

"It   may  he  doiihted    wliethi'r   the  ex 
eniption  liai,  the  elfect  thus  claimed  for 
it.     Uc  have  never  known   fiarlies  more 
willing  to  siihicet  ihemselvcs  to  dangers 
of  life  or  limh  I.eeiiise.  if  h.sin^-  the  one. 
or  snllerinj,'  in  the  other,  dam.iffes  could 
111'  recovered   hy  their  representatives  or 
llieniselves  for  the  loss    T  ininry.     The 
dread    of    personal     injury    has  '  always 
prined    Millicient    to   liririfi    into   exercise 
the  vipilanee   and   aclivitv   of   the   serv- 
ant.'    Chirii,,,,.    M.    ,(•   ,S7;    /'.    If,    Co     V 
AVm-   (ISS4I    112   r.   8.   377,  28   L.  cd 
'8(,  5  Sup.  ft.  Rep.  184. 


"It  has  also  heen  douhted  whether  flip 
law  as  it  stands  .il  [.re—nt  is  not  iniuri- 
oiis,  and  is  not  eileulateil  to  induce  care- 
lessness j„  |„,t),  i|.|.|,,,,  ,,,,,1  servants. 
The  niiis|,.r  doe,  not  care  to  know  what 
careh'ss  :,(■:,  are  dom^  hy  his  s4-rvants. 
and  the  servants  ilo  not  caic  if  the  mas- 
ter does  iiai.  When  an  accident  ha|,pcnii 
MO  on.,  is  li:,lde  and  nol.ody  cares  except 
the  iinforl'inate  man  who  is  injured." 
Whittaker's  .Smith,  Svj.   |:!8. 

The  fcdlowiii;-  laiisijc  r.'mnrk  in  a 
w;dl  known  text  Imok  is  as  seiisihlc  as 
it  is  Hitly:  ••The  thecuy  that  puhlic 
policy  ri'c|Mires  th.it  seiVanIs  -honld 
have    no    |-emc^dy    a'.'ain-t    Ih.ir    ma-ters 

Ml  such  cases.  1 .hisc  the  ahscnce  of  any 

remiMly  will  mike  them  more  e.i  refill  of 
Iheir  own  safety  than  Ihey  would  other- 
wis.^  I,e,  iviiiinds  us  of  nothiiii:  so  much 
as  the  opinion  of  Chief  .liislj<.e  Uiillln. 
in  the  days  of  shneiy.  that  the  law  de- 
nied any  remedy  for  any  amount  of  tor- 
lure  to  a  s|-,ve.  short  of  imniediate  niic- 
der.  out  of  liiini  wie  re;;ard  to  the  ln.s| 
intelvsts  of  the  slaves  themselves."  1 
Shearm.  A    l!c,lf.  \,.;r|.  4th  ed 

'"Thi.   .hlelisc   of 

has  little  of  reason  or  principle  to  sup. 
poll  it.  ,ind  t!ie  tendency  in  nearly  all 
Jiiii-diiliinis  is  to  limit  rather  Ihaii  cn- 
laiL;e  its  ran;.'c.  It  must  he  ecnieeded 
ihat  it  cannot  rest  on  reasons  drawn 
ironi  consi<leratioiis  of  justice  or  pulilic 
l"''iy-  .  •  ■  N"  consideration  of  pull 
lie    policy    will    sn-lain    this   defense,  hi- 

eaiisethe  piildic  an t  at  all  interested 

in  the  ijiii'stion.  as  Ihey  arc  in  cpiestimis 
coiieeriiinj;  innkeepers  anil  coninion  car- 
riers." /;,.//,,■  V.  Itiiiibiini  it  .V.  H  f'o 
'  IsS.Ti    -)2  fo'in.  .-,43. 

'With  n^spect  to  considerations  of 
policy  it  is  hy  no  means  certain  that 
the  puhlic  interest  would  not  he  host 
siihseived  hy  holding  the  superior,  with 
his  higlirT  intelligeiiee.  li*s  surer  means 
of  infonnatiou,  and  his  power  of  selcct- 
itiL.'.  direetiii!.'.  and  dischargiiifr  siihordi- 
iiales.  to  the  strictest  accoiintaliility  for 
Iheir  iiiiseiiniliict  in  his  service,  whnpver 
may  he  the  sulVeier  from  it."  BuiKc  v 
\ in, rich  if  »'.  R.  Co.  (1867)  34  Conn, 
474. 


p.  -.m. 

immon  eniployment 


MASTKH  AND  vKitVA.VT. 


(CHAP.  xnvi. 


his  master  nro  fssontiall.v  dilTi'ivnt  fn.in  iIiosp  involvo.l  in  nsos  wliciv 
a  strnn-or  J.,  tlio  plainlilT.'  OiIkts  h-.nc  altiick.'.l  tlio  thourv  of  nn 
iinplifMl  infract  in  ian;:ii:iiM.  ul.icl,,  w|,ilo  it  is  tlir.vf.Ml  priiiiarilv 
URuinst  the  propriety  of  pr.  .licatinp  tii<-  exist.. nco  of  such  a  .'iintrnet 
with  rofrard  to  tlio  ri.,ks  of  a  follow  sorvaiit's  noirlifroncp,  roall.v  cuts 
n.ncli  (l..oppr.  and  anioiiiiis  to  nn  arnii-imiont  of  tlio  rationale  of  th 
whole  doetrino  nnder  wlileh  the  servntit's  kiiowledi-e  of  nny  dcscrip 
tion  of  ri.-ik  renders  him  ehar-j;eaiilo  with  its  acceptanee.' 

•"Xow,  it.  boinjr  con<V(loil,  aa  it  niiiat 
be,  thnt  the  in.wtir  U  linljlo  to  tliinl 
person*  for  (lie  nc^'litri'iit  iii'tt  (if  )ii>« 
wrviints,  it  is  (lillinilt  to  sec  how  piiMic 
policy  lia.i  niiicli  to  do  witli  tin-  question 
as  to  «lio  sliall  li..  dicMicd  fellow  serv- 
ants within  the  rule  of  p\eniption.  The 
liahilily  beinj;  admitted  in  oas<.  a  third 
porMon  is  injured,  hut  dcMiid  in  case  a 
.Hcrvant  is  injureil  by  another  servant, 
the  denial  in  the  latter  case  must  stand 
on  some  peculiar  relation  between  mas- 
ter and  servant.  This  pc'culiar  relation 
cannot  be  simply  the  fact  that  the  serv- 
ants are  in  a  position  wliere  one  may  be 
injure<l  by  the  nef.'!i;,'enci'  of  another, 
for  third  per-ions  often  occupy  the  .sjiine 
position:  as  where  they  heeonie  passen- 
jrers."  I'dil.ir  v.  Ilntwihal  A  .S'(.  ./.  R 
Co.  (18'JI)  109  Mo.  409,  18  L.  R.  A 
«02.   19  S.  \V.    1119. 

""However  plausilile  may  be  the  the- 
ory, it  is  very  doubtfid  whether.  In  fact, 
a  spinner  in  a  factory  or  a  llreman  on 
a  railroad  ever  made  an  exiiniination 
into  the  condition  of  the  machinery,  the 
mode  of  condnetiii};  the  business,  or  the 
eharaeter  and  habits  of  the  operative-i, 
for  the  purpose  of  aseertainln<;  the  ex- 
tent of  his  risk  as  an  element  in  calcu- 
latlns  the  proper  amount  of  hi»  wasjes. 
.\  p:i>senf.'er  in  a  railniad  ear  may  well 
lie  presumed  to  liave  a  vivid  conscious- 
ness of  his  risk.  Iiut  it  has  uiver  been 
understood  tliat  he  eontraet-t  with  ref- 
erence to  it   wlien   lie  buys  lils  ticket,  so 

as  to  be  his  own  insurer.     Af,'ain.  a  prin- 
cipal   is    responsible  to  an   employee   for 

his  m.ii  ne^'li^ence, — why  should  he  not 

be    liable    for    that    of    jiis    airent.    over 

whom  the  employee  has  no  control,  and 

of  whom    he  may   have   no  knowled^'e?" 

ff"i7,e  V.  Xoncich  £  IF.  R.  Co.    (I8(i7) 

.14  Conn.  474. 

"I  nm  free  to  admit  that   I  think  the 

explanation  piven  of  this  limitation  is  a 

very  un.si\tisfaetor>'  and  artificial  one — 

a  supposi'd  cnntvaet  !i,if,v.-.-.ii  lii.r-'fi   and 

servant  that  the  latter  shall    not    claim 

damages  in  such  a  case.     Can  anytliing 


be  more  aitilicial?  I  should  snv  von 
miaht  just  as  well  presume  that  impiiid 
eoiitrael  in  the  ci«e  of  a  contractor  a- 
In  the  CIS,,  of  a  fellow  servant,  strictiv 
so  callcMl."  (Iirrion/  v.  Hill  (  lSti9)  8  Se 
S'ss.  Cas.  •■Id  s,.ries,  282,  per  Urd  Hen 
holme. 

"This  exception  lias  been  defended  on 
\arioiis  grounds;  sometimes  it   has  Ikmmi 
-aid  that  the  limitation  of  the  master's 
liability     is     the    consideration     of     the 
wa'.'es  ;;iven.  sometimes  that  the  servant 
knows  of  his  risk,  and  must  lie  held  to 
t:ike  it   by  his  contract.     These  are  rot 
leu'al     principles,    but     lepil     inferences, 
the    wa;;es    form    the    consideration    for 
I  lie    stipulated     service,    Hhat.'ver   that 
inay    lie:    ami    the    fact    that    a    person 
knows   of   the   ri.sk   and   voluntarily  en 
counters  it  may  or  may  not  lea<l  to  the 
inference  that    lie  undertakes  it,  accord- 
in;,'  to  the  nature  of  his  relation  to  the 
wron^rdoer    or    his    master."      Wo'iilhon! 
V.  Haiiiirni    I/ih.  Co.    (1877)    4  Sc.  Sess. 
Cas.  4th  series,  4(i0,  per  Lord  .Moncrielf. 
"ff  the  question  were  open,  it  mi};ht. 
perhaps,   be   doiibtid    whether   any   s'licli 
condition  can  be  diMluced  from  the  con 
tract    of   service,   and    wlii'ther   the   sup. 
posed  oliliiration  does  not  partake  moie 
of    the    nature    of    a    le-il    fiction    than 
that  of  a  sound  and  just  inference.     The 
duty  of  a  man  to  protect  thos<.  whom  he 
induces    to    enter    his    service    is    to    tlin 
full  as  ;rieat  as  any  he  owes  to  the  pub- 
lic."      iililiiin  v.   alillfloir  <(■  ,«,   If.   R.   Vo. 
(  1S7.5)  ;i  Sc.  .Sess.  Cas.  4tli  series,  S  21."i. 
"We  confess  that  the  reasonlnjr  upon 
which  tlie  rule  has  been  adopted  is  not 
very  satisfactory.     It  is  said  that  when 
the   servant   accepts   the  employment  of 
llie    master,    he    impliedly    assumes    the 
risk  of  the  iiet;II;rence  of  his  fellow  serv- 
ants.    The  ai-jfumeiit  seems  illogical.     It 
amounts  to  saying  that  the  law  is  that 
he  cannot   recover  because  he  takes  the 
risk,  and  that  he  takes  the  risk  because 
the  law  is  .-,,).     By  a   panlv  of  reasoniie' 
we  iiii;:)it  assume  that  he 'takes  the  risk 
of  his  master's  own  personal  negligence. 


f 


I  475] 


(tiMMoX  i;MI>I,()VMr.NT  AS  A  DKIKNSi;. 


132.1 


475.  General  discusiion  of  the  doctrine.— A  pcnisiil  <,f  tlio  ju<liciiil 

argiiiucntsi  Im-  tind  :i^:iiii.-.t  tlic  duftriiu'  of  c imon  fiii|)lt»viiiciit  would 

Hciii  to  wurniiit  thf  iiitVrcinT'  tliiit,  ns  a  iiiatti^r  of  nltiiiiato  analysis, 
it  is  taken  for  •fi'.iiitcd  hy  tiio  great  majority  boili  of  its  assailants 
and  its  vindieators  iliat  it  is  a  necessary  dediietioii  from  iho  general 
•licory  which  eharf;es  a  senant  with  the  assnmj)tion  of  all  tho  ordi- 
nary risks  whicli  are  ohvioiisly  incident  to  tho  work  undertaken  bv 
liini.  U  is  souieuhat  sin^i'ilar  that  the  iinwarrantidile  character  of 
liiis  h.  pothe.  is  has  ne\er  lieen  allu.jed  to  in  any  of  ilie  nunuM'ous 
dis(|ni-itious  on  the  suhjcct.  Vri  it  nee.ls  Very  little  rellectiojn  t<j 
see  iJKit,  whether  the  risk  of  injury  from  a  coservanl's  ne^difjenee  is 
or  is  not  i)ro|)erly  ehissed  aiuoiij;  tho>e  which  are  descrihed  as  "ordi- 
nary." tile  eleiuenls  to  he  dealt  with  i  leierniiniuii'  whether  tlie  ro- 
-|io,isiliiliiy  for  sucii  a  risk  shall  he  -a  i  the  master  or  the  injured 
I'crsnu  are.  in  one  very  important  re;|.  .  dilferent  fn.m  those  which 
liave  to  be  taken  into  account  wiiere  ihe  (piestion  to  be  settled  is  tho 
c.Mcnt  of  the  rifrht  of  recovery  in  relation  to  onlinarv  li-ks  wli^ch 
'■xist  independently  of  the  acts  or  omi>-ions  of  co-er\Mnis. 

In  considerinir  ''  n  uro])riety  of  im])Utinij  to  a  servant  an  assniup- 
lion  of  an  ordi,  .sk  of  the  latter  class,  the  essence  of  the  sitn- 

iiiioii  is  that  the  fact  of  the  injury's  havinfr  re<ullcd  fnun  sucli  a 
risk  imports,  c.v  ri  lenniiii,  that  the  nui^ler  was  free  from  nej;li<icnce 
ill  the  jiremises.  As  none  of  tln'  special  iriouiids  on  which,  in  cer- 
tain instanc(>s.  a  liability  wliich  iijipn. aches  more  or  less  uearlv  to 
that  of  an  insurer  is  imp.scd  by  the  policy  of  :1ie  law  are  ]iresent 
in  the  casrs  where  a  servant  is  elaimiuff  damap's  for  injuries  ]\>- 
ceived  in  the  eours(>  of  his  employment,  there  is  no  dilliciiltv  in  ar- 
riviuir  at  the  conclusion  that  the  master  oiidil  not  to  be  reipiired  lo 
indemnity  the  servant  under  such  ciivumstances.      it  niav  be  readilv 

Miiiltliiit  til. ■rcfoic  tlif  iii:i-tcr  woiihl  tint.  IcHct  wiitton   l.v    \.in,\   Ciiiiw   mil    Ion.- 

Ill'   liiilili'  to   ,1    scivMiil    tor  siK'ti    ii<.j;li-  iifiiTWiii.N    to  'tlic     l.oii.ioii     ■|iiiii.~    is 

:j;:iop"      Si.    I.niiis.     I.    .(•    7'.    If.    Co.    \.  .|ii,,l.a.      Tli.'  follouiii-  cMnict   is  inter- 

\\'l,l,    (ISfis.    ;-J  TiA.   2')S,  2  I..    I!.   .\.  .-M,         «!„.„   it    i,  ,■,. ,„l„.n..|   tlmt    tliP 

■'",•   "   >•  \\-  •■>-"'■  unt.i    liail,  :is  l.oi,|   clKuin.llor.  .•oiwiir- 

In    tins   coiiiicrtion    icfc-fonoo    niiv   l.o  iv,l  in  tlic  t\mioiis  jiKlirinciit   i,'ii.|,-n.,l  in 

iiiacli-  to  p.  47  of  Mi>l"airs  riiiii|ililrt  on  U/7.s.,i)   v.    ]h,iii    llSiiSi    I..  11.    1    ||     J,. 

I-iiil)Ioy(>is'    T,ial)ility.    wlicro    lie    .|not(-i  Sr.    .\|)|i.    C;\  .   :i-2i\.    111    h.   TVS     :«)' 

-o,m.  stronj;   ci  ii ici-nis   ,„n,Io  l,y    |!,am-  uliiHi    applici    tlic' .loct rino   of  coinnioii 

"HI.  !,_.(..  and  liri'tt.  .!..  upon  llir  dor-  iiii|dovi.,(.rit    in    iw    -1.   cxtrnnp   form 

'iiMi   of  Ml  iMiplird  coiilrict.  when  tliry  u,.,.  §   -,2l\  p,:xl)  :     -  Tliorc  oaniint   oon- 

■uio  iiii,!,...-  oxainiiKilion  licfoiv  tin'  par-  liniii.  lo  U-  an  iniplli'.l  torin  In  contracts 

lianifiilnry  ooniinitU'o.  I,y  „l,i,.li  t),,.  ,„!,.  uli,.|c  one  of  tlio  parlies  to  llic  contract 

Jilt  of  ..niploycrs'  lialiilily  was  iiivi-iti-  (li>lin<tlv    rppiidiatcs    tlio    cNlsicn....    of 

^'al,.d    Iw.foro    l!>,.    l-nj;!i,),    a.-t    ,.f    ts-4„  -n.y  -o-h   U-nu.     Tl.at,   i:.   now  the'   l,om- 

"a>   pii«^,.,|.      Allcniion    ..lionld    al-o   1„.  tiun  of  tliu  woikniolu" 
tlHun  to  pa^'i'  107,  wlifre  a  portion  of  a 


1324 


MANIKII  AM)  SKIIV.WT. 


llllVP.    XXVI 


K       .    .      In     a,.,     1...  n..,.i  ,• „,  „i  ,|,„   ,.;,    n,,,  ^,^,„„,,^ 

-       ar.nthat.n...,i.,„.     S.  d.a,,,..,.  ....,  ,,„,     liu,  it  is  ni.I 

M    lat   ..v..n  nn.ln-  ,  ...  n.u.M  li,„.,,,|  „ .,  „,,,..„„,, 

1  ">.  tu  .1...  ,K.nn.sMl,|.,  lnniN..f.j,„|i,.i,,  lau-,Makin.^  ,1...  .-/al.ii  I 

;::v::^;;;v;:t;\:;r;:;:::::;:::::;r;'' '■'•-■- 

;»3:;3':;rr;;;:i::™':;:^^ 

.Mts  ol  ,lu.  ,nj,„v.|   ,„,s.,„  ..|.,|i  bo  .l,.,,.,„n„o,l  with  vrtW,„-^o  ,„ 

^u m  tiu   j.l MM..   Lrs,,oH,lrnl  suprnor.     Sin..,,  th,.  noc,.ssifv  .,'• 
•<-k...nn,.  wuh  rla.  la,u...  of  ,l...so  o.-n-eption.  i„„ „....«;;;,.' 

•au^o  of  tl.e  prop,....,,.  ..f  ,1..,.,  i,,,,  a  ri^l.t  of  action  t„..  ininnVs" u,.  : 

II.0  esM.nriai  ditVr wl.i.  1.  is  tl.ns  shown  to  ovist  botwoon  th,- 

jnn.i,..al  Ws  involv...|  in  ...-.lina,.,  .-isl^s  u.,,i..h  cb      .   d  ^X 
rKsks  wb,..h  .].,  not.   rosnl,   1V,„..   ,1,,.  p,..ibi,i,v  ,.,■  ...,;,;,;: 
iifpl.-cnt   niav    ivas,,nablv    !»■    «.,;,1    ,      •         •  »•    "\ant.s  Iwin^^ 

..         I      J.-    ,'     '•'""•"">    '"'    '''•Kl    to    iinpaii-   wi-v   niatcriallv   tl.,. 
^•.vn.th  of  tb.  a,.„u„..nu  i,abitnailv  a.bln.Ul  in  .,n,p,  ;   „f      j    I 
;.'•■-  ot   ...n.non     n.p,,,,,..,„.      That   tbo.o  a,.,,,,;:,    J  .^^     :  t: 
"••'.>rv,  wbon  analvz,..!  fn>n.  anotl.,.,.  .standpoint,  n.av  a]J\ve  tW  k 
!«•  .lon.on.«t.at..d  wi.bont  anv  ditficnlfv  '  '  ^' 

.infnlv''  boon  stated  in  §  4T.-5.  sapra.  \ho  position  takon  bv  the  court. 
Mn.piv  amonnt.  to  th,s:-Tbat  on  ,bo  ^ronnd  .,f  pnbli,'  J^^^ 
.innos  r,.,,ln,^  fron.  a  cos..rvant's  no^li^onco  .bonbl.  as '  t^;,  1 
n.le,  and  ,n  tho  ab^on-o  of  somo  .po..ial  reason  t..  tb     eontr^        b 

""-"^-'•"-^'- ''^'.<-L...to:al\r;;'Xi;::;;: 


I  4;:.i 


tOMMU.N   l;.\ll'10^  .MUM   AS  A  III      IA«^i:. 


inj;  uiii:!,!  \iiniiill\  licvunil  tlio  voiuU  ><(  cnnin  i'>v.  Iliii  i;  i-  \,i,\ 
cii'V  Id  ii'liiiii  iliiii  llii'  fciii^idi-riiliciiiH  iii'iiMllN  iiivMljil  -ii'i-lv  ilii. 
Iiiijll    >liillil:ni|.        I  lie   rcinn-,    rt'l\     U[ii>ii    |\vu    llicnric,,    llic  •IKH!   oi 

wliicli  iiiii\   1h'  >uiimnil  ill  iIk-c  tvvii  |)ri.|iii»iiiipiis' 

(1)     'lllill    llli-    :ilirD;;iiliiill   nt'    lllc   i|..clril I'   i'i>|lllll<  ill    ilii|p|i  ivmrlil 

Uiilllil  li  l\C  a  il('i-iili(|  f(||(|,'rii'_V  In  ICIiiliT  nrl-Mllll^  li>^  I'.llllinll^ 
iiiul  ftliciclit  ill  llic  |)irriiiiii:iiii  ■■  c>t'  llicir  ililtic-,  a  r<>ii-ri|iiriicc  prr 
judicial  Mill  iiiilv  In  tlic  MT\aiiis  ilicin-rKc-.  ami  tlii'ir  ciiiiiliiMr^. 
lull  also,  ill  iiu  ..mail  di'ircr,  in  ihal  |iiiiliiiii  nt'  llic  |iMl>iic  wliiili  i- 
(lircctiv  atltrlcd  liy  liir  iiiaiiiiir  in  uliicli  llic  I^M>illl■^.^  uliicli  llic 
MTvaiils  :i!iil  llicir  ciii|i|n\crs  ai'c  ciij;a;;ci|  in  i^  cniiductcd. 

( -' )    'i'liat,    it'  scrvanl-   wen    allnucd    tn   inaiiiiain   aclnnis   fnr   in 

juries  caused   liv  the  iic^ilip'ni t'  llicii-  t'eilnw  -■■rvaiiN.   llic  inve-i 

incut  iif  cajiilal  in  indiwlrial  ciiici|ii  i.c-  wmild  lie  emiailcd  in  sneii 
ail  cxiciil  as  In  intliff  scrimis  daiiia;iic  Ujinii  the  eniuiimiiils. 

'I'liesc   |>rn|>i»itinns   have   hccii   ciiuiiciaicd    in    lani;uai;c    which    in 

ilicatcs  thai   Mie  cnuils  dcci I  ihciii  to  lie  aximiialic.      At  all  c\ciil-, 

llicv  ha\c  never,  sn  far  a.s  tiie  writer  lia^  tiiind,  hccu  >u>iaiiic.|  li\ 
any  detinitc  ar;;iilnciils  deduced  I'loni  -ciciilitic  aiiali>;;ic-,  or  tioiii  th' 
Icachiiifis  of  <'\|)cricnc( .  It  would  a|i|iear,  liicrcforc.  that  the  doc 
trine  of  (V)iuuiou  eiMployiuent  >iaui|s  in  |jii<  sin^^ular  iircdicaiiicni, 
— that  it  rests  verv  lari;ciy,  it'  iioi  culircly,  upon  a  liasis  nf  >ui:ye.tcd 
tact>  wliich  we  arc  askcil  in  acc-c[i|  u|ioii  the  lucre  ipsi'  ili.iil  nf  a  ccr 
tain  iiiii|ilier  of  liciitlciucii  whn  ha\.'  attained  f;rcalcr  or  less  dis- 
tinction in  a  prnt'ossinn  which,  to  say  ihe  very  lea.-t.  docs  not  spc 
cially  ([ualify  them  to  fonii  a  reliahio  opinion  in  respect  to  the  suh 
jcct-uiatter. 

lliis  situation,  which  would,  in  any  e\('ut.  lie  oxti-eii.ely  luisatis- 
factnry.  is  reduced  to  souiclhiii!;;  like  an  alisurdity  hy  the  fact  thai 
tlio  judicial  tlieorv  as  to  the  supposed  incvitahlc  cnii-cipicnces  of 
allowiiifr  servaiits  to  recover  for  the  neirliiiciice  of  their  cocuiplovce- 
lias  loni.'  since  been  exploded  by  the  lo^ic  of  actual  occurrences,  the 
.eiimificancp  of  wiiicli  is  uiiinistakahlo.  Tu  Kn^land  and  lier  colonies, 
as  well  as  in  AuuM'ica.  statutes  liavo  been  pa-sed  wliich  have  ;.ri-(.afl\ 
restricted  the  operation  of  the  doctrino  of  comuion  eniplovnn'iit.  Sec 
cha|)tprs  xxxvii.-xi,.,  prtt.  No  ono  wiuild  have  the  liardihood  to 
maintain,  in  the  absence  of  any  specific  ovidouco  pointinir  to  that 
cniiclusion,  tliat.  as  a  result  of  the  lepislatinu.  scr\auts  liavc  bccnnic 
in  a  marked  drrrrop  less  careful  and  efficient,  or  that  industrial  dc 
Viiupnii'iif  lias  been  cripjiled  and  retardeil  to  an  af>preciable  extent. 
The  practical  inforciice  is  manifest.      If,  in  cmintrics  where  the  doc- 


I  .'i'li 

-  \'*ii;i!  \si»  M.in.wr.  i,,,^ . 

Ir,.„.,|.  •       ^  '"''  "  '''^'"«"'  '"   "'"  lau    .;,„   ,.,nv  bt.  d- 

'"   '■Niiiiiiiiiiii;    tlic  i.|Ii',.i,.v  ,.(  .1  •!  . 

M.id,lviM,,„„    „■    ,       I      •         ,    -"I'i-'.o„.  Hum  ,vll,.,l  ,.,,   ;, 

in,, ,/i,,,),,,,    ','"■';''''.' ••"—.•'•  P.M.. ,.,,1 , 

.■'. 'n.i,;\!::::  .;;i;::'v:'''^ '":""^"^"' ■" 

=  ''"v;r;::::;^;:;;::  ;;-::- 

/^■.;l-l^',::■';  "^;;';;':,  '''ivvi'r''..  •!,;,•;• ;'"  *'';"  ""•"- "' ""- ""'"''  '■'-..>  m,,,. 

Mt    i  ... 


■     '■'.•■■.    -f    n<   :,...,.,„.    ;,.„    i,„|,,,.„|    i,  '   ;     '•  "'•  "!'■■>  •-  ..mIuI;;,.,!  tl.af  tl,...v 

W-Mil.l   II   ,1,,  to  vn     In,    ,.>.,M,,I.      ,        i  •       ,"    .    ■'    '"•■""■'i  of  this  ..iitcriiii-,.    ■!■, 

--tI.:U    .    M,,„,ini,.M.|..n.    of    ,l„.    ,,,  „  ,'  °1"    '''V"'''V'''';'' '>'• ''''''<<'  "^'iv,.  t!,,. 

";.'ML'<..    .M  n.|Min,„.  .1,..  M«,!  „„v    „;   ;  f'"  ,    'f  <•'"■''  '-^l'"'-.  "1...I    will  o„„sti. 

"".'  v.    ♦"  tl,..    i„i,„.v   of    ,|„.|,.    I,,!,,      ,  ,./"""-■      '^"■■^  "   ■"■i-  f>"m  tl,..  i,„i 

"r.  it  ll,f.  o:„s  „,,,.      .  ,,^  ,„,    .,t  ,ii   I.'  ";"':"","■'•.'■'■"  "f  til-  lmn,U?     Th.-n    I 

"''•■"'»"  »■",'■•'  ""•  ' I  nnci  ,  ,        ;  :t  ,     "      ;  »"•■','   ^'^'■!"-'"'  "f  n,,o,.i,„io„.  i. 


i:.-.| 


t'M|\MV  l,\in.i(\  Ml. NT    \s  ,\  DKnA^K.  jjj; 

-udi  ..   t.-f   i.  M,||„.i,.utlv  .I..|n.,n.lni(..,l   l.v   .!„•   iv, hMo  ,.„n(li,.i 

"t     jll'll'IMl     n|,|lll,.n      Uili,     |V-|„.,-f     f,,    th,.     liu.il.     ,,t'     tlM>    rllHS  of    fill- 
\<\i.yrs   Vvllc.  iilV   liilii.'.l    viir    |ifi|iri|):i|.^.        S.'r   itiii  |,l,|> 


M,V/, 


>  WMl.-XX.N., 


Silir,.     if      i,     ,„,t      nillTM-n„;,M,.     (,.     riU.ll-.l     ll„.     Ml-tr.|..,|     ..nn-i,!...-!.- 

■i..n-  ol'   |,,.l,li,.   ,„,|i,.v   ,„   !„ivin-   I,,.,. II   .li-,  r,,|iir,|    l,v   il„ „rs,.  of 

MMi-.  .Ml. I  ilin^  .iiiiiiiiiii,.,!  from  di.-  ti.1,1  .,f  ,...iitf,.v..|sv.  it  ivmnitH 
■•  iiM|iiiiv  uli.dirr  ilirro  i.  ■•inv  pniviv  jiiri-iir  ,•],■ n't   uliirl,   «ill 

:ii'l   li-  in  <l'l,.|'lilil,ili;.   Ulirlllir  ll„.  |||;,-I,.,\  |i„l,iiit\    -liuiii.!  1,,.  i;,iii..,.,l 

l.v  III..  .I.M.iri,,,.  ,,f  i:..,„„„l..,l  su/.rr,,,,:  uv  l,v  ill,.  cl.K-t , •;„..'  uf ^an 
M-inn|..i,„i  of  ri-L-.  S.wl.  iiii  fl-UH.iit  immv.  in  tl,.-  opinion  of  tli- 
|.r.-ri,i  untri-,  1„.  f,,|„„|  in  tl„.  |,nn,'ip!..  ul,i,.|i  |,;h  l„-,.n  s„iMin..l 
lip   in   till'  in.iNini.   (hi:   .-mlil  ru„n„u,i„,„   .v.„^,v  ,/, /„      ,1  unii.s.       \\ 

"""'''  •':'  ""'" '"'"-'  '"  '!'  -    i-i'i/"  i"  ivL'anl  to  „  niadt.f  in  wlii.^h  it 

I-  pr:irii,Ml|v   imp,, .,11, 1,.  ,,,  ,,|,,,|[,|  .,„  ,,„ii,,,lv  (,,,11,1  |,,,.i.    ,•„.  .,  ,1,,,.. 

niiiiil  siipii-ini.-inn.:   Imii    v.v   iliini<   tlnif   tiuf,.   is.   af  till   ..wni-,   a 

-'■•■■"  '''■•''  '"  '"■  -"'i'l  I'"'-  til.'  vi.'u-  ilial  t! liai-M.-tcrl-tic  ••a.lvanla-,.- 

'•"iit.MiipI.iic.i  |,v  iliis  niiislni  mav.  •!..,  impr,.p,.|-|y,  1,,.  Iirj.l.  in  "lli.. 
'M-col  an  «'nipl...vniini  ivi|iiirini;  i!,,.  r-o-op.. ration  of  M.wral  sen-ants, 
'■'  !"•  ctijov,,!  ratli,.r  I'v  lii,.  m;i-t,r  titan  tiic  imlivi.jnal  pcrvants! 
Wiilionf  -urj,  <.o.,p,.,a!i,,„  ,1,„  „,,rk  wiii-li  tiio  niaMrr  i<  ,n|.posorl  to 
li:ivr  tin.|rrial«.n  \v,,iii,|.  .■..•  Inip,,!/,,,.: ,  have  hccn  impo,Ml,l,..       |t  m„_v 

'"'  '■'" ''"'  """  '' -n-aiil^  il-rm-.-lv.-  also  miiM   piotir  !>v  llic  ar- 

iMiiL'ciiwnls  in  ipi.'^tion.  iMa-iini,-l.  a^  ihoir  a.lmissi,,,,  to  work  in  tlio 
"■i"''ni  carri...!  on  l.v  tl,r  ma-i..r  U  a  .-oK.lition  procMiont  to  their 
.iijovinir  til,.  ,,ppori,inlt,v   ,,f  iitili/in-   ijicir  ninnnal   or  intolJi.'tnal 

'■;'I'-"''''''"'      "'II   'li-  lialaiir,-  ,.\   til,.  I„.|„iil>  I ,.iv,.,|  <„.,.ms  t,.  I,,.  ,1,- 

'•i'l.MJly  in   fav.,r  ,.f  il„.  ma-t,  r.       If  il,i<   is  a  c.nvrt  ar uni   ,,f  tl.o 

Miiialioii.  if  i.  ,.|,,,,.  thai  i|„.  nia^h  I.  .m.l  not  tl,,.  -rrvanfs.  s||,,nld 
'"■"•  'i"  I'l"  I'lml.-h-  ijiai   may  1„.  , •,■,■;,!, ■.!  !,■    mi.'Ii  o,.,.nrivn,-,..;  as  aro 

'""'.'"■''b'  '"'■i'l'i'i    to  III,.  , p,.n,i|,,n  .,r  i!,,.  -,.|-v:int-   in   fli,.  nml..r 

'^ikiiiir.      Thai    i-  v,oiil,|    |„.    iiinva al.l.'    t,>  ,-.x..|ii,|,.    fn.m  ili.>   clas, 

•  '■  o.viinvii,.,-  thus  ,!,>,Til„.,i  thp  ,„.,.a-io,,al  ,',-is  ,,f  n,.:.lio-,.n,.,.  l,v 
ulil,-h  srrvant>  iiilli.-t  injury  iip.m  oa,-li  ..llirr.MM  MMn^'ly  1„.  ,l,.nic,i. 
"i'l''''l.  fiiis  is  vlrliially  ,-on,-,,l,.,l  l,y  f],,.  o,„irt.^  whi.'li  hav,>  a,|,.pt,.,I 
'ii"  plira-  •N.nllnary   ri-k^"  a^  a  <l,-i-i.atioii  of  th,^  ha/.anls  w!,i,-h 

n-iili    Inii,  Ih,.  (.vci-pivM.nl   r,.miii..;,-n,.y  that  mi,-|i  a,.'^  may  1 oni- 

ii'i'!'  1-  'Hk'  final  <u-i>  ill  tho  aru-iiniciit  may  n-.f  I„.  ,piii,.  so  olcar: 
''III  tli.T,.  is  ,.,.rtaiiily  no  nianif,.st  improprictv  in  talcln<r  th,.  posi- 
'i"ii  tii^it  this  ,-ontini.;,.n,-y  sli,,|il,j  ho  tivai,.,l  as  on,.  ,,f  iho  ,lrawha,-l<.s 
"1   the  hiivi!ii'.-.s,  whieh  sh,ml,l  he  h,.nio  hy  the  ma-lrr,  as  th,.  parfv 


1328 


MAsrci!  AM)  SKUVAXT. 


fcilAP.   XXVI. 


to  wl.o.n  nccrn,.  iho  lar.rst  ,mrf  ,.f  tho  ..,.lvan.n,^o  d.-rivnl  frcu  tl.. 
arran^..nu.nts  u  |,i,.l,  n.,..!..,-  tl...  c-,m,in«,.n..v  i.os.'il.lo  » 

If  tla-s..  v„.u.  are  eorroet,  it  i.  Hoar  fha,  not  n„lv  ,I..o,,  the  cI.h- 

n  .    .M,.  ,   opor  ...nof  e.n,.l..vnu.n,s._a  ,ropor,io„  suffidontlv  lar„. 

',  ;'M'';;''-I>1.;  lu.r„.on....s    so   ,.l..s..ly    with    th..   ......li!.,.,,, 

M  ,  .na.l..  ....  ,.n,.ro  o,^anu.,  worl.l  that  i,  n.av,  without  i.npr,, 

pno.x     I,.,  sanl   ,o  oxpr...  ,„  no  or.iinarv  sons.,  a  co„..,.ptio„  bZ..,! 
on  natural  .p.sn.-..      Its  u-.i^ht,  .l.n.for...  i„  rosp.-t  to  tUo  pros.,, 
••ontrov.M-sv  ,„av  w,.ll  1„.  .veanlci  as  ,i,...isivo  ' 

476  Doctrine  not  applicable,  where,  at  the  time  of  the  accident,  the 
rvant  was  not  acting  as  such.-J..  .„  ,,,,  ,,,,.  ,  ^^.^.^  ,,.,  J^^^j' 
tl.at  a  ,..ast..r  ,«  no.  ,..x..n,pt  U;,n  r,.sp.,nsil,ili,v  ,o  hi.s  s.Tvant  tor  .,, 
...jury  c....as,o,„.i  ,o  hin,  hy  tho  net  of  ano.hor  sorvant.  uh.Mv  ,1., 
.er^•ant  ,„j„r...l  was  no,,  at  th.  ,inu.  of  ,h,>  injury.  aHi,..  in  th.  s.n 
wo  of  h.s  mast.r;  an-l  tha,.  in  -u..h  a  .-aso.  th.  sorvanr  infur.,]  i. 
J.U  ,s,a„t,alb-  a  ^trang.r.  and  .n,i,l..l  to  all  th.  pHvih....  h.  wo„|,l 
.  w.  ha.1  :f  h.  ha.  not  h.en  a  s.rvanf  '  Th.  .in.u.Ms,an..s  un,!... 
M  tl„s  pr.n..pl.  has  h..n  fr.,u,  apphV.l  hy  ,h,.  curls  ar. 

consi.l.r..!  in  diapl.r  xxxiii..  /w.s/. 

If  th.  .h.limp,.,,,  s,.rvan.  was  ,h.  ,>.rsou  who.  in  r.sp..f  to  ,ho  n..- 

th.r.  «m  h.  no  nvovory.  for  th.  sau,.  r.asons  that  pr.v.n,  th.  ,naini,  ' 

..a.u-o  ot  an  a.„o„  u.„l.r  sin.ihir  .ir..un.s.an..s  hv  a  s,r; -.r      S., 

volume  „i.      In  su.h  a  .a.,  th.  .nas,.,-  is  .x.,„pr.,l  fron,  liai:iii;.-  on  . 
^^■ound  wh.eh  r.n.h.rs  if  .nn..,.sary  ,o  take  into  ae.onnt  ,h.  .hi.,,.,,,, 
or  common  .iiiplovm.n  .* 
477.  Doctrine  not  a  material  factor,  unless  negligence  causing  the 

injury  IS  established.- ((. ,,,,..  ^  ,,,,,  ^,,^.^,  ,  _,,   .^  ^^.^_,,  ^^ 

.liat  a  ™n,  .annot  nvov.r  for  injuries  .aus..!  hy  th.  noneulpai,!,. 
act  of  a  fellow  s,.rvant.'      This  inahili.y  has  he.n  r;.f.rr.,l.  i„  s.ver',1 

S.r  lnMl,.n.k   |-„ll.,,.k  on  ..n,|.I„y..,s'  lia      (is.-...,    .-,   f,,.),     , -V    V,   ,     'r   ':  ^, 

fairly    ....   .,i,l    ,„    ,.o„.L.„^    \t' ulZ       n  ms    ^'"h  ;■,,:•  ^  ''"•  . 

wat.-i-   mark   of   tlic   attcinnt-.  to   oMm.m    li  ,r        f  "■'.'•'"■il  ;;  i"  .■'>ni|.,iny  is 

of  .■oM„m,M..n,pl.u, „..,,(.    ll,.ttlu.l,.„rn..l    -.,   ,u:U^     y  .    tutZ     l"  ^"'^'"r 

.a>1|,.ular  as,,..,,   „f  „ „..,,i„„   „.l,l..h    /.■„/„'. 'issssp         n    IV,     "■ 

lius  been  .liscii^sf,!  in  tl,,.  |,.xt.  .  ti,,,  V    if  — '•  "   ^"• 

''"    '^'"^  "f  .rrors  iiml  nii-iakoi 


C'l. 


not 


V  . 

'S!l 
l,y 


5  478] 


ro.MMO.V  KMriOVMIONT  AS  A  UKKKXSE. 


1.120 


of  the  rases  in  wliicli  it  is  rci'iijinizcd,  to  tlic  (Mdiccplioii  tljiil  tlio  liuz- 
ard  of  su(5li  an  act  is  unc  wiiicli  is  likclv  to  liapiicn  in  tlic  (irdiiiarv 
courso  of  tlio  business.-  lint  it  is  n:iinif('si  tiiat  a  niDiij  simple 
irnmnd  ujion  uiiieli  to  predicate  the  nimliability  of  tlio  niaste: 
under  such  oircunistanccs  is  to  bo  found  in  tbe  consideration  tliat,  if 
the  act  which  caused  the  injury  was  not  a  noylii^enl  one,  the  essential 
and  primary  condition  precedent  to  tlie  niiiiiileiiancf  oH  tiic  action  is 
not  satisfied.*  If  the  evidence  negatives  culpal)ility,  there  is  ol>- 
viously  no  occasion  to  proceed  to  tlie  second  staiic  of  tlie  invest ipi- 
tion,  whicli  is  concerned  witii  tlie  (pie^tion  whetiier  tiie  case  is  con- 
trolled by  the  general  doctrine  of  conimor  eiiiploynient,  or  by  one 
of  its  limitations.  This  obvious  fact  is  l  letiines  lost  sight  of  by 
trial  courts.* 

478.  To  what  classes  of  acts  the  doctrine  is  aiiplicable. — The  gen- 
eral rule  which  is  applicable  to  all  cases  except  those  in  Avhicli  the 
dilferentiating  element  is  the  fact  that  the  negligent  and  injured 
servants  were  or  were  not  engaged  in  diflFerent  lines  of  work  is  that 
the  defense  of  common  eni|)loyiiient  is  available  whenever  the  negli- 
gent servant  did  the  act  c/iniplaineil  of  in  his  ca])acity  of  a  sonant, 
and  not  in  his  capacity  of  a  ropn'sentative  of  the  master.  Prima 
facie,  every  act  ilone  by  a  servant  who  is  not  a  vice  principal  by  vir- 
tue of  his  official  position  alone  is  regarded  as  being  the  act  of  a  co- 
servant.*     Any  attempt,  therefore,  which  is  made  to  subject  the  nias- 

(•nsorv.Tiits  in  the   pcrforinanoc   of  tlicir  niix  v.   Voqt  if   Itinf!.    Mfq.  Cn.    (180.1)    5 

(liilips  is  no  less  one  of   tliosi.  assiinicil  Misc.  .l:i(l,  2r<  N.  Y.  Siipp.  fMh 
lliiin    tli(-    rislv    of    cs^cntiullv    iic;;li^'i'nt        "  dm  iiinil,!  v.    Mriniinllr.  II.  ,(■  O.   R. 

iict<.      Cnh    V.    Uoiiir.    II.   rf    O.    It.   Co.  Co.   (IHS'i)   40  Midi.  107,  1.1  X.  \V.  .IM, 

( 1SI1.1)  72  Hiin.  4li7.  2.T  X.  Y.  Siipp.  27(".  is  an   example  of   .a   caM'   in    wliicli   tin' 

'  I'liiKch    V.    (Iroi-l-iiiiirr    (ISOO)     102  ri;;lit  of  a   liiiikmiaii   to   iccomt   for  an 

Pa.   74.   41   Atl.   10S    (injiin-   caii-fil   liy  injury   oanscd   liy    tlio   act   of   :.   fircniaii 

tlic  niaiiMcf — not  allr^icil  to  he  ni'u'li^'i'iit  was  put  upon  this  ;rr<".;ii(i. 
—  ill    wliicli    a    fcUinv    s<'ivaiil     il-iil    liis        'Sec.    for   csanipli.,    Vmi-lxiilr  Caul   f'n. 

(idwiiar).     hil'iiiiiliiiiKil  A-  <!.  V.  /,'.  (■>,.  v.  Turk   (ISOl)   4l»  111.  .\pp.  22.  lioldinu' 

V.  Tnrnr    flSSS)    72  Tex,  .KW,   11   ,S.  \V.  Iliat,    wlicre    llie    evidence    is    I'oiilliel  in;; 

lll):l     (scrliiiii    liniid    injiireil    while    iin-  as  to  wliethor  the  superior  servant    was 

liiiulins  rails,  by  act  of  fellow  servant  I  ;  friiilty  of  an.v  iief,'li^'ciiee  (•ciiitriluiliiitr  to 

iUnirr  V,   hniinas  City  Unit  if   Vi/^  Cn.  the   injiirv',   it    is   error   to   instruct    the 

(IHOO)    l.-,:i  Mo.  127.  .')-)  S.  \V,  HS   (scrv-  jury   tliat',   if   the   phiintilV   received    his 

ant   iiiiiiri'd  hy  stuiiihlinfr  afrainst  a  nm-  in jiirj- while  einleavorin^j  to  comply  with 

iliine  wliieli  the  operator,  whom  he  was  the   superior   servant's   order,   he   is  en- 

!i^-istin^.   had   started    just  ii   couple  of  titleil  to  recover. 
sicoiids  hefore  the  ncclilent).  '  rnlcs.s  a  superior  .senant  is  for  ROn- 

\   minor   of   snllicient    aye   and    intel-  era!   purposes,  a  vice  principal,  the  con- 

liirence  to  appreciate  it   a,ssunies  a   risk  sequence    of    his    neu'li'.'cnt    oi.l.rs    is    a 

-■"  iiiseparalile   from   the  work   of  erect-  ri-k    as   much   a-'suiiied    as   tlio-e   of   his 

itic:    a     lart.1'    huildin;;    as     that    which  nefrliireiit  acts.      (,„//.  C.  ,f  .v.   /'.    I{.  Co. 

Mii-i-  from  the  iiossildlity  that  some  of  v.  llluUu    (ISSO)    7,1  'lex.  i;:i7.    I   I..   I!.  A. 

ilie  oiliir  workmen  on  the  Imildiiij;  m.iy  7til.    11    S.    \V.   H(i7.      See  iil-n   ■;  S   ."il.")  <t 

.I'li'li  iitally.    or    e\en    earch's.sly.    drop  sii/..  post. 
-oiiie  oUjifi   fiiim  the  upjier  lloora.     i:r-        .\moii;;    the    deliMiin-nfics    u!:ie!i    arc 


.JiOL-i 

■ 

ipi 

<>^mii^B 

m 

^ 

m 


1330 


MASllon  AND  SKllVANT. 


[chap.   XXVI. 


ter  to  lial.ilitv  for  tl.o  (IcfMult.  of  a  sonant  ontsi.l.'  tl.o  ci.t.-oryof 
vice  prindrals  thus  iipli.atod  nu.st  tako  tlu-  lorm  of  u  confntinn 
that,  at  the  tin.o  tl,-  injur.v  was  inflicto.l.  sm-h  s.Tvant  was  du.uf,' 
soinothini,^  which  was  ii.-i,l..nr  to  tho  porfornKUUT  of  one  of  those 
duties  of' the  luaslor  whi.-h  arc  d.-muHl  to  he  p.Tsoual  and  ...jnass.gn- 
ahlo.     Soo  chapters  XXXI.. -Nxxii.. /m.s/.  ^       ,„ 

Since  the  theorv  of  an  a-s,nnp.i.,n  of  the  risl<s  of  a  fellow  serv- 
ant's negligence  covers  all  kinds  of  acts,  provided  th.^y  w..r<.  ol  the 
kind  indicated  at  the  hejiiunin::  of  this  s.rtion.  it  is  n.anitest  that  this 
defense  is  none  the  less  avaihd.le  l.c-anso  the  act  in  .pu'stion  was  the 
direct  n^sult  of  the  a.'tor's  uuUn.->  tor  his  i.os.t.on,  and  this  un- 
fitness M-as  not  kiK.wn  to  the  injured  servant.*  ^    ^ 

The  operation  of  tho  doctrino  of  conn. .011  eniploynient  is  in  no  way 
affected  bv  the  circunistanc..  that  the  act  ot  ne.iil.gence  con.nutted  by 
the  fellow  servant  was  one  prohibited  by  law/'  nor  by  the  circnni- 
stance  that,  at  the  time  tho  acci.lent  o.-.urred.  both  the  mjured  and 
the  nes-lisent  servants  were  infriiii-in.i:-  the  Sunday  law."* 

As  it  is  the  failure  of  a  fellow  st>n-ant  to  exercise  reasonable  rare, 
and  not  his  knowle<lse  of  a  si-ecitic  danger,  that  absolves  the  master 
from  liability  to  a  coemployee  for  injuries  caused  theirby,  an  _in- 
.truetion  is  ^-oneons  whi.-h  makes  the  a,>plicnbility  of  the  doctrine 
of  common  emplovment  turn  upon  the  f.>!low  servant  s  kn..wledg-  ot 
the  conditions  which  bccam.'  active  for  mischief  as  a  r.>suU  of  what 
ho  did.  and  not  upon  his  failure  lo  exercise  reasonable  care.' 

479.  Defense  not  available  where  the  dangerous  conditions  caused  by 
the  fellow  servant's  negligence  were  known  to  the  master. -In  some 

in,t..pon.lont  of  tho  particular  functions  yl'-'wis.     «-''|-7;,  -   '^-^^'"^^"^ 
„f  tl'fl  servant.  nn,l  ul.id,  may  l.e  com-    (  o     (Isl.n    1...    1  ...  -1.  -.    At  .  4UU 

to    ohov    tho  ^pocilic    iliivction^    of    the  (ISIM)    11   (  .  (  .  A.  2hO.  .4   L.  ^.  App. 

a.tor-a,   to   i^ccautions   calcula.o.l   to  in:!,    CIl    l.',.!.    407,    ^^■\n■u-    >t    ^vas   hoU 

"o  nrc   tho   -ifotv    of    hi-    sol.cnlinat,-.  .  rn.r   to   rotu-..   an    n.-tn.otnm    that     if 

,    ,,../  v'    ..v,7    (1SS7)    1...-,    N.    Y.  11.    Phm.l.tr  was  inenod  o.thor  hy  tho 

5.  1      ■'  V     •:    .-XU   (trap  (h".r  hit  open),  oanl—nc-s  or  nn.k.ltulnos.  of  the  de- 

n  o'n.".  ca.o  it  was  sai.l  that  a  maMor  lin,|nont   .rrvant    the  company   was  .mt 

i.  "not   liaMo  for  tho  vilful  n,i-.on.luct  Hahlo.   if   it  ha,l   use.     duo   caro    .n   om- 

,^-  a    olll;;;  levant  in  makin^  tho  plaoo  ph,yi„,-  tho  latter.     An  ':-''•;-<-".    '■'-l 

of  work  unsafe."     llraln,  v.   Vr.r  Yorl,;  on   tho  ^lonn,     that   tlto  .n.t.uotnm   as^ 

V    II     t    I    n    Co    ils'lt)   ■>(»  K    I.   i:i(i.  >nino,l    that    tho    phontilT    kn.'W    of    the 

ilf    Ml    f.7(i                               "  oo'^orvanfs  want   of  -kill  before  the  ac- 

"Thofao't  that  his  work  wa.,lan...vr,.n-  ci.l.M.t   was  ovrrulod 

,l,„.s  not  entitle  an  ..otIovoo  to  rocvor  7.',""';/^"^^  .  v.    /'-'"  /i    ^"'  ,'    ^-    C«- 

for  injuries  -luo  to  tlu-  no.di.onoo  of  oo-  (1S«.;.   ...,  M-n-u  HS,     .,,    ^;  ^\-   l'^«, 

emplov,.os,     Crarcn  v.  .V„(.(;i    (1S!.4)   80  '  Ihwyfov    <(■    T.J.    U.    Co.    ^.    Uidcr 

''Vi.e"ul.^a>^o  o;.or;;oo  is  applicahle       >  A- .0.    v.   s^-,./.^-?  OH  Co.    (,899) 
,vhoro  anv  mUUxko  i^  mado  In-  „   fellow    (U  N.  J.  L.  t<.t.  41  Atl.  84.. 
servant,  whether  through   ne^li^onoe  or 


ll 


i  480] 


COMMON  K.Mri.OVMENT  AS  A  DKKKNSE. 


i:i3l 


cases  in  wliicii  the  doctrine  was  ilocLin'd  to  be  a  bar  to  tlio  action, 
the  fact  is  advcfted  to  that  the  master  iiad  no  knowledge  of  the  risks 
"-oated  by  tiio  coscrvant's  negligcncf;'  and  it  is  evident  that  this  iir 
noranco,  wliethor  explicitly  n:ontioncd  or  not,  is  always  an  implied 
condition  precedent  to  the  availability  of  the  defense.  See  chapter 
X.,  ante.  On  the  olher  band,  the  omission  of  the  master  to  reniodv 
the  abnormal  conditions  or  see  that  the  servant  was  not.  wilhor.t  his 
knowh'dge,  exposed  to  them,  cunstitiifes  an  independent  breach  of 
duty  on  his  part  which,  upon  <zi  uin-.\\  principles,  renders  biiii  person- 
ally liable,  qnife  irrespective  of  the  fact  that  the  original  cruise  of  th- 
dangerous  conditions  was  the  act  of  a  coservant.  See,  generally,  the 
chapters  of  the  previous  volume,  in  w'  'ch  the  duties  of  employers  are 
discussed. 

480.  —  nor  where  negligence  in  selecting  the  coservant  is  shown. — 
The  doctrine  that  a  servant  cannot  maintain  an  action  for  injuries 
caused  by  the  negligence  of  a  coservant  has  always  boon  conceded  to 
be  subject  to  an  exception  in  cases  where  neglig(>ncc  on  the  master's 
part  in  employing  or  retaining  in  bis  employ  the  delinquent  coservant 
is  shown.* 

It  follows,  therefore,  that  a  declaration  is  not  demurrable  which 
allc  that  the  plaintiff  was  injured  by  an  incompetent  and  careless 
cc  nt,  whom  the  defendant  then  knew  to  be  incompetent  and  care- 

If  .  .lat  a  plea  to  tb^  effect  that  the  S(>rvants  wliose  negligence 
I  the  injury  were  fit  and  compet(>nt  persons  to  jierfonn  the  du- 

ties ..I  qui-stion  is  good  against  a  special  demurrer,  based  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  merely  an  argumontativ(>  denial  of  the  causes  of 
action  alleged;''  and  that  an  instruction  which  states,  without  quali- 
fication, that  a  servant  assumes  the  risk  of  being  injureil  by  the  man- 

'Cuniiinijhnm    v.     Wnshinnlnn     Milh  ercd.    and    li:if<    hooii    poiiiinnnicatpd    to 

Co.  (ISOI:    Muss.)  2(i   X.   K.   2:V,:    Ihnnl  liiiii."     (Jidnvn  Mi„.  Co.  v.  KUts  (18711) 

V.  .1/is.s/.sM/,/<i'  C.  R.  Co.   (1S74)   .-)()  Miss.  42  .Midi.   ;i4, ';(  X.  \V.  -.Ml). 

I'H:  Srliniih  \.  Ilaniiiliiil  d-  St.-I.  h'.Co.  '  .Iriisoii     v.    (lirat    .VoiV/irni    R     Co 

(isni)    1(1(1  .Mo.  74,  It)  S.  W.  !124   (cars  (ISnS)   72  .Minn.  17.",.  75  X.  \V.  3. 

tonipoiaiily    left    on    a    sido    track,    not  "  II iitclii,ixon  v.   Yoil:.  \.  d-  li.  R.  Co. 

such    an    oli-tniction    as    the    coiiipany  ( l,s.-i(M    5    K\cli.    ,34.1.    0    Uiilway   (as. 

would   be   pitsiiiiicd   to  know  of).  oSti.   10  Tj.  ,1.  K\cli.  X.  S.  290,  "A  mas- 

'This  (nialiticatinn  of  the  ductriiio  tcr."  s;iicl  .Mdcison,  B.,  "is  not  in  pen- 
was  rcco^jni/cd  in  litulonnhill  Coal  To.  <'ral  r(>|H)iisililc  to  one  servant  for  an 
V.  Riid  (  lS.->8)  3  Macq.  II.  L.  Cas.  2(iti,  injury  occasioned  to  him  by  the  npgli- 
4  .Iiir.  X.  S.  7()0.  It  has  often  boon  ^'cnci-  of  a  fcllow-sorvant  while  thev  are 
recognized  in  later  decisions.  See  §  178,  actiii'r  in  one  common  Fcrvice.  yet"  this 
<"''<■•  nuist    be    taken    with    the    qualification 

"All  that  can  be  rciiuired  of  tlie  mas-  that   the   master  shall   liave   taken   due 

ter  in   that   reu'ard  is   tliat  Iiis  servants  care  not  to  expose  bis  servant  to  unrea- 

sh.ill  be  priKh'ntly  eliosen.  and  tliat  tiny  sonable    risks.      The    servant,    when    he 

shall  !>ot  bo  r.'hiiiie,!  in  !,U  ^-vvjro  afu'r  ep^'iij,'.~-s  te   nin   the  rivU-,-  of  his  service, 

unlitnuss  or  nejjlijjcnce  has  liccii  discov-  including  tlio.se  arising  from  the  ncgli- 


1332 


JIAMKU  AND  SKi:VANT. 


[chap.  XXVI. 


ncr  in  which  a  pvon  np,.li.u.-c  n.i.ht  be  «so.l  b,  ho  ---    '    J^^ 
ing  it,  is  erroneous,  for  tho  r.«a.on  that  it  w.th.lraws  Inm.  tl  o  J«.> 
Z  .pu^tion  u-hotl>er  thr  mast.-r  ,na.y  not  have  W.u  no^hgont  as  re- 
cards  tlie  cnmlovnicnt  of  tho  servant.*  j    v„  xv,    „,-u. 
*^  4S1   -nor  where  the  wife  of  a   servant  i»  injured  by  the   neRh- 
gence  of  his  coservants.-  Wh.ro  a  inarrh..!  wo.nan    n-t  .n  tho  o.u- 
ph.vn.ont  of  hor  hushan.rs  u..U-r,  is  injun.!  ,hn,n,h  tho  nc^.^n.- 
of  hi.s  foUow  servant.,  an  anion  hv  hm.  for    l.o  ..onseMUonUal  .an 
Tge.  cancel  to  him  by  the  injnry  i.  not  barred  by  t'-;'',-  '■■"!,;\:  ; 
Jrvicc'      Still  h'ss  will  it  bar  tho  ac-tion  ot  tho  marru-d  woman  hei 
self  when  .4ie  is  sniiii;  for  lior  own  l.enotif.=  ,  .  ,     ,      ,   . 
i;  wmlld  soom  that  tho  analogy  of  tho  cas..  in  wh.eh  tho  defense 


ponce  of  fellow-MTvants.  has  a  "f!  .t  to 
undorstand   that    tho  .na>t..r    has   take 
reas.,naldo    care    to    prntrct    Inn.    t  u 
such  risks  hv  associating'  Inni  onlj   will 
™h  of  ordinan-  skill  and  care:  and 

the  object  of  the  l-lea   in  tins  eas.-  is  to 
show  that  tho  defendants  had  di-cha.-. 
this    .luty.    the    oniissi.m    to    .li-'l'-"!- 
which    ini^'ht   have   made   thein    i.'sp.m- 
Bible  to  tho  dec,.as..d." 

•ifv-iH    V.    Vhicujo    A    y.    »■    If     'o. 
(1870)   tiO  HI.   171,  14  Am.  RPP-  ^-^ 

■In     diiiinn,,     v.     llousnK'r'-    K.    (<> 
(1873)    112  Mass.  2S4,  17   A..    Rep.  82. 
Colt,.!..  «"■!=     ■•Wearoie..     .edtono 
case  where  the  rule  which   ex   -npts  the 
master    from    liahility    for    injunes    re- 
ceived throu-h   the  neRhsonce  of  a     el- 
low-servant   has  boon  hel.l  to  defei.t    the 
plaintitl'.s  ripht  to  recover  con-...,u:.ntial 
damajies  for  an  injury  to  hts  wile.       n 
the  opinion  of  the  court  the  rule  is  not 
to   be'  «o    extended.      The    implied    eon- 
tract    on    tho    part    of    the    -eivan      1 
which  he  assuni.s  tho  n-k  of  the  m-li- 
conce   of   others   has  reference  to   those 
direct   injuries   to    which    he    is   eVH,-e,l 
in  tho  course  of  his  employment.     I  hose 
iniuries  which   are   incident^  to  the   'm_ 
tvu-e  of  his  employment  he  is  pi    ■  imeil 
to  have    contempl        ..   ai,d    with    iel,r 
cnce   t.,   his   expos,.ro    to   them    to   ha|. 
fixed   the   compensation   afrrecl   on.      m 
other   respects   his   relali^ms   to   his  ,.m- 
plover   remain   unehan-;ed.      Me  '"■'>'"_; 
si<"    on    the    performance    of    all    other 
duties,    whether    they    are    such    as    are 
iniiiosed  hv   him.  or  such  as  arise  from 
in.lependoAt    contracts,    express    or    iiii- 
pliod.     It  -s  said  that  the  ;...n.n,l   rule 
which  exempts  the  ma-ter  from  1h1m1iI> 
to  his  servant  has  a  tendency  to  iiiMiie 
the   safetv    of    the  puMh-    by    i    ■ivi.-m- 
his  care  and  lidelity,  and  thai  the  public 


nolicv  of  the  rule  is  equally  apidicabl.. 
iieie'  r.ut  if  it  be  conceded  that  this  is 
the  tiue  foundation  of  tho  rule,  its  bear- 
in.'  is  too  reiKot/  to  inllueiice  t|ie  result 
t.rwiiich  we  come  in  this  case-" 

■'  In  Vamph'll  v.  //arris   I  18!W)  4  Tex. 
Civ     \pp.  I':hl.  2;}  S.  \V.   .1.-..  where  the 
plaint  ill's  wife  was  injured  while  on  one 
of   the  def.'ndanfs  cars,  by   its   permis- 
sion and  at  the  su-^'cslion  of  its  afjent . 
under     vhose    orders    the    husband    was 
woikiug,  the  court  sustained  the  action, 
savin":     "To  deny  the  wife  the  rifiht  to 
rcTO-.T   damages   for    injuries   resultin,:,' 
from    tho    ne^li^'inco    of    hor   husbaml  s 
fellow  s.rvant    is  to  bind  her  by  a  eon 
tract  to  which  sbe  is  not  a  party.      J  lie 
wife  is  not  boniul  bv  the  husbands  con 
tract  to  assume  all  the  risks  of  injuiy 
to  his  persim   resulting  from   the  nenli- 
•renee  of  his  f.llow  ser\ants.     The  exist 
ence  of  tho  wife   is  not.  with   us,  as  at 
common  law.  mevj.'ed  in  that  of  her  hus- 
band.   She  has  ri','lits.  and  can  inaint.iin 
suit   for   their    protection:    an.l   she   can 
recover   damages    for    wronps   done   her, 
and     the     monev     recovered     for     sticli 
wrongs   is   not.  as   at    common    law,   the 
exclusive  propertv  of  the  husband.     Ami 
while  it  is  true  that  the  wife  must  pn 
oriillv  sue  in  the  name  of  hor  husband, 
he  who  has  wronfred  her  cannot  justify 
under    a    contract    made    with    hor    hus- 
band, to  which  she  i-  in  no  wise  a  party. 
The  hiisban.l.  it   is  true,  can  by  his  eoii- 
tiiict  convev  the  interest  of  the  wife  in 
the  conuiiiinitv   estate,  but    we  know  of 
no  law  which   would  autliori/o  the  hus- 
band to  make  a   contract    bindinf,'  upon 
the  wife,  which  would  ex.lu.le  her  from 
the  ri.dil  to  KTovcr  for  injuries  to  her 
,„.rsnn,  ii:r:rle.l  by  t be   wio:-  or  ne;:  I- 
uvnce  of  another.     Tlic  motion  must  be 
denied." 


I  4821 


COMMON  KM1'U)VMKNT  AS  A  DKKKNSE. 


1333 


has  born  lid. 1  to  pm-ludo  a  fatlicr  1'n.in  rocovoritic  f..r  iiijurios  ro- 
coivod  liy  a  iiiiiu.r  cliil'l  in  the  sonii-o  of  the  <lctcn<Iunt  (see  §  4SS. 
i),fia),  justifios  tlu-  infcroncc  tliat  a  suit  by  the  husbaiul  cannot  bo 
sustained,  where  the  injured  wife  was  herself  a  fellow  employee  of 
the  person  by  whose  nepli^cnee  she  was  injured.  But  this  point  docs 
not  seem  to  iiave  been  detcnnine.l  by  speeitic  judicial  authority. 

482.  Rule  whers  a  stranger  is  being  sued  for  an  injury  partially 
caused  by  the  injured  servant's  coemployees.—  The  ris;ht  of  action  in 
cases  where  the  action  is  brouj-ht  a-ainst  a  stran.uer,  and  the  defense 
is  tliat  the  injury  was  partly  caused  l.y  the  u.-lijience  of  the  plaintiff'- 
own  fellow  scnants,  is  usually  discussed  with  reference  to  the  doc- 
trine of  imputed  iieuliuence.  the  accepted  theory  of  late  years  beinj; 
that  the  defense  in  <iueMi..n  is  not  a  bar  to  the  action,  for  the  reas-.n 
that  the  uei-liafnt  MTvant  is  not  the  acent  of  the  inj\ired  servant  in 
such  a  sense  that  the  latter  can  be  made  responsible  for  the  defaidts 
of  the  former."  Hut  a  similar  result  has  also  been  arrived  at  by  rea- 
soninfi  which  is  (put."  similar  to  that  empl..ye.l  in  cases  in  which  the 
availability  of  the  defense  of  comni.m  employment  is  discussed.'' 

The  existence  of  a  rii:ht  of  action  un.ler  tln>se  circumstances  may 
also  be  deduc<>d  from  the  consi.h'raii.  m  that  such  cases  come  within 


^  Ailnmn  y.  (llasfioir  ,f  S.  H'.  P-  f""- 
(187.))  3  Sp.  Si's^.  ('as.  M  scries.  S  21."): 
Chiaiqo,  St.  /'.  d-  K.  C.  R.  Co.  v.  (7i(im- 
hcrs  dS!».-,)  1.-.  r.  C.  .\.  .127.  :t2  V.  S. 
App.  2.-).f.  t)8  ImmI.  14S:  .ibhitt  v.  /.oAe 
Erie  d  \V.  It.  Co.  (IS!).");  Iiul.)  40  N.  K. 
40;  Poor  v.  Scnis  (1891)  154  Mass.  j.W, 
28  N.  E.   104tt. 

•In  I'rrry  v.  Lansing  (1870)  17  Hnn. 
34,  wticre  tlio  pilot  of  a  stcannT.  wlio 
was  injured  by  it»  coniinj.'  into  collision 
with  anotlicr  steamer,  owiiis?  to  tlie  neg- 
ligence of  both  crews,  was  alloweil  to 
recover  ajrainst  the  proprietor  of  tlie 
second  stemner,  we  liml  tlie  court  say- 
ing: "The  rule  applicable.  '.etweeii 
s«'rvant  and  master,  is  well  ''lie 

servant  cannot  recover  of  ..  a> 
injuries  occasioned  by  a  coserva.  in 
the  sa.ne  general  employ  leiit.  That 
risk  he  nss\imcs  when  he  enters  into 
the  employment.  Hut  has  this  principle 
any  application  to  an  action  for  injuries 
against  a  third  person  not  the  master? 
Though  the  servant  may  not  maintain 
an  action  against  his  nuister  for  an  in- 
jury arising  from  the  negligeni'e  of  a 
fellow  servant,  does  it  follow  that  he 
may  not  have  an  action  against  a  third 
person  for  an  injury  occasioned  by  such 
third  person's  iicgiigciice.  bccaux'  >iiinc 
CO  servant  has  been  guilty  of  negligence 


contributing  to  the  injury?  Xo  such 
rule  can  be  found  so  far  as  I  have  been 
able  to  discover,  lletween  the  master 
and  servant  there  in  an  intplied  contract 
that  the  servant  shall  assume  the  risks 
of  the  employment.  For  this  reasDn  the 
liability  does  not  exist.  But  there  is  no 
such  relation  between  the  servant  and  a 
suanger.  .\s  iM'twcen  them,  the  servant 
has  not  waived  his  remetly  if  a  poserv- 
ant  has  been  guilty  of  contributory  neg- 
ligence. The  proximate  cause  of  the 
iirjurv  is  the  act  of  the  stranger.  Why 
should  he  be  shielded  from  damages  be- 
cause some  pcison,  no  way  related  to 
him,  has  failed  to  exercisw  the  requisite 
care  to  pnvent   plaintilT's  injury';" 

In  a  Texas  case  it  was  held  that  the 
servant  of  a  lessee  railway  company 
could  not  recover  damages  from  the  les- 
sor company  for  injuries  caused  by  the 
negligeni'e  of  his  own  cosen-ants.  he- 
cause  ( 1 )  ho  took  the  risk  of  their  negli- 
gent, anil  (2)  biiMuse  the  lessor  was 
not  liable  for  the  negligiM.ce  of  the 
lessii»'s  siTvants. 

See  also  ffrlimlrlt  v.  fitrinu-ay  rf  U. 
P.  R.  Co.  (IHOO)  .V)  Hun.  40f..  8  X.  Y. 
Supp.  (WU.  0  \.  V.  Supp.  n:iO  (evidence 
lliat  the  negligent  servant  was  in  the 
eiiiphniiiciit  of  Ibe  plaintifT's  master, 
held  to  b>    imuiateriai ) . 


! 


J  y 


1334 


MA8TKU  AND  SKUVANT. 


[tllAl'.    XXVI. 


ill  I 


the  purvifw  of  tli.'  rulo  tliiit  n  person  whoso  lu-liuviico  Uan  olliciont 
cause  of  the  injurv  coiui.lium-a  of  is  not  cxciiscl  l.y  the  fact  tliat  the 
injtiry  was  pavtiv  ciuised  by  tlie  iio::liireiico  of  a  tliinl  parfy-^* 

483.  Defense  available  against  a  servant  beginning  work  after  the 
commission  of  the  negligent  act.— That  the  oiK'iatiun  of  the  doetrin.^ 
is  independent  of  the  fact  that  the  injured  servant  was  imt  in  the  de- 
fendant's employ  when  the  n< -ligc^iiL'c  of  the;  fellow  servant  was  coiii- 
niitted,  provided  that  n(-lii;.'nce  was  still  a  ix.tential  source  of  injurx 
at  the  time  of  the  accident,  is  clear  both  on  principle  and  authority.' 

The  m  w  sen-ant,  that  is  to  say,  takes  the  risk  of  any  existin-  ne.i;- 
lijrpnce  of  his  fellow  servants,  as  well  as  that  which  may  thereafter 

occur.''  .  ,.       X 

483a.  Eatification  not  inferred  from  retention  of  negligent  serv- 
ant.—The  fact  that  a  master  rctain.s  a  servant  in  his  employment 
after  an  injury  to  a  coservant  by  the  former's  negligence  is  not  a  rat- 


•Sop  Punch  V.  liiiffnlo  Cirrk  R.  Co. 
ISS.J)  29  Hun.  112;  Ft.  \yoith  &  D.  C. 
I;.  Co.  V.  IScIl  (189S)  .)  Tix.  Civ.  App. 
'>S  2S  S.  W.  022;  Cliiracjo  if  .1.  R-  Co. 
V  ' llnninqto,,  (1901)  "' '  HI-  ».  •'!  ^'• 
K.  f.22,  AlUiining  (1900)  90  HI.  App. 
»i:i8. 

•  In    a    leading    Enplisli    case    it    w.i^ 
hold  to  he  error  to  direct  a  jur>'  tliiit 
an  oniiddvce  in  a  mine,  whose  duty   it 
waa  to   see  that   it  \va.s   proi>erly   venti- 
lated, and  anotlier  employee  woikiufr  m 
the  mine,  could  not  lie  fellow  worknum 
if   the   imperfect   system   of   ventilation 
which  caused  the  death  of  the  latter  had 
hoen    completed    before    he    was    hired. 
IVi/sott  V.  Ucrrv   (isr.8)   L.  R.   1  H.  I... 
So.   App.   Ca.i.   32C,   19   L.  T.   X.   S.   .TO. 
Lord    Chelmsford    slid:      "There    w    a 
little    want    of    acctimcy    here    in    the 
learned  Judge's  language.     If  the  negli- 
gence imputed  to  Neish  is  to  hi"  taken 
to  have  oceuned  at  the  time  of  the  com- 
pletion of  the  system  of  ventilation,  the 
deceased    could  "not    have   then   stood   in 
the  relation  of  a  fellow  workman,  for  he 
was  not  a  workman  at  all.     I   su(i]iose 
the  learned  Judge  meant  to  tell  the  jury 
that   if  the  negligence  which  occasioned 
the  accident  was  linished  and  completed 
liefore  the  deceased  entered  the  service, 
the  question  of  fellow  workman  did  not 
arise.     Rut,  assuming  this  to  have  been 
the  direction,  it  was  open  to  exception. 
If  the  platform   in  the  Pyotshaw   seam 
was  originally  of  improper  construction 
for  the  purpose  of  ventilation,  there  was 
undoulilcdiy    a    complete    act    of    m.li 
gence  on  tiie  part  of  Xeiali  at  the  mo- 


ment of   its   erection.     Hut   ns   he   was 
1- nnid  to  take  care  that  sullicient  venti- 
lation was  maintained  during  the  whole 
time    of    the    workings,    as    long    as    he 
omitted  to  do  so  he  was  guilty  of  ne>^ii 
•'»>nce,    whieli     continued     down     to    the 
time  of  the  occurrence  of  the  accident. 
It  was  therefore  incorrect  on  the  part  of 
the  learned  Judge  to  conllne  the  act  of 
negligence  to  the  one  jieriod  of  the  con'- 
ph'tion  of  the  system  of  ventilation,  ai.d 
thereby   to  coni'.ude  the  (piestion  as  to 
Xeish"  and    the    deceased    being    fi'llow 
workmen  when  the  aceidi'nt   hajipcned." 
In  another  cas<'  where  the  defense  of 
coscrxiee    was   sustained,   the   fact    th-t 
the   d.ite   of   employment   of  an    injnri-d 
enipli>\ee   was  a   day  or  two  subsiipi'Ut 
to  that  of  tile  employment  of  other  mei- 
was   held    not    to   all'ect   the   question   of 
the   employer's   liability   for   the   impir- 
fret    manner   in   wbietra]iparatus  to  be 
used   by   the   employees    was   erected   by 
themselves.       ItiiruK    v.    Ktnnctt     (1893) 
99  Cal.   .Ili.'l,  33   Pac.  910. 

In  .inother.  it  was  biid  down  that  the 
rule  that  an  employee  assumes  the  risk 
from  the  ni'gligence  of  coemployees  in 
construiting  a  sealTold  applies  even  if 
the  negligent  net  was  done  before  his 
empliivuiPiit.  where  he  knew,  or  by  rea- 
son of  his  experience  was  eha'geable 
with  know lei'ge,  that  the  scafTolding  was 
elected  by  sueh  coeniplovees.  ()\x<»  V. 
Si.ma  (ism)  (H  X.  J.  h-  fi'l.  lO  Atl. 
G94. 

'Hiilhr  v.  TnirimnKt  (1891)  126  N. 
V.  10r>,  2(5  N.  K.   101". 


§1  484-4StiJ  toMMUN  i;.\ll'l>jV.Mi:N'r  AS  A  DKI-KN'Si:.  1333 

ification.  The  d'n'trinc  of  ralifioation,  if  ap|>lioablc  at  all  as  between 
a  master  and  servant,  is  ai)|)liciil>le  only  when  a  wilful  injury  is  in- 
ilii'ted  by  ike  servant  upon  a  e"-iTvant.*  Manifestly,  however,  if  the 
act  whieli  caused  the  injury  was  one  which  sliowed  the  delinciuent  to 
be  incompetent  for  his  position,  the  fact  of  his  being  retained  is  iu- 
dieative  of  culjialiility  oTi  the  master's  part. 

484.  Application  of  the  doctrine  in  the  case  of  seamen. — In  oni- 
case  it  was  arjrued  tliat,  as  llie  i)lainlitf  was  a  seaman,  bound  to  obey 
tlie  C'lers  of  liis  superior  ollieers  and  liable  to  ])nnishment  by  law  if 
he  H'fused  obedience,  he  was  removed  from  the  (»pi  ration  of  the  doc- 
trine of  connnon  employment.  This  contention  did  not  prevail, 
iliongh  the  court  sugi;vsted  that  the  peculiar  relationn  of  the  oonunon 
seaman  to  his  sup<'rior  oflicers  rnisht  relieve  him  from  beinf?  charjred 
with  contributory  n(\irligence  in  obeyinjj  an  order  which  exposed  him 
to  peril.'     See  §  302,  subd.  c,  §  .Tlo,  ante. 

This  rule  also  prevails  in  admiralty  suits  in  rem;  but  under  such 
circumstances  the  injured  servant  is  entitled  by  the  maritime  law  to 
be  eared  for  at  the  exiH'Use  of  the  ship,  and  to  be  paid  his  wages  to 
the  end  of  the  voyage.^ 

485.  — of  pilots. — The  En:;li-li  merchant  shipiiinir  act  (17  & 
18  Vict.)  cha(>.  H'l,  subjects  a  pilot  to  a  penalty  if  he  refuses  to  take 
charge  of  a  ship,  requires  the  nuister  under  a  penalty  to  employ  the 
pilot,  prescribes  that  the  rate  of  remunerati(»n  is  to  be  neither  more 
nor  less  than  the  fixed  rate,  although  lnoth  parties  should  so  agree, 
and  declai-es  that  the  ship  owner  is  not  U>  be  liable  to  the  pilot  as  his 
servant.  It  has  been  In  Id  that  a  jiilot  hired  under  these  provisions 
does  not  take  uixm  himself  the  risk  of  injury  from  the  negligeiu-e  of 
the  shipowner's  servants,  the  reason  assigned  being  that  ho  must  c<m- 
duet  the  ship  on  the  terms  fixed  by  the  statute,  and  is  therefore  not  in 
the  position  of  an  ordinary  servant  who  has,  theoretically,  "the  power 
of  choosing  whether  he  will  enter  into  the  employment  of  a  person 
who  does  not  agree  to  act  personally  in  the  management  of  his  busi- 
ness, or.  as  an  alternative,  to  be  responsible  for  the  negligence  of  those 
he  employs.'" 

486. — of  persons  performing  forced  labor. — Tie  fore  t' <^  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  United  States  it  was  held  by  two  courts  that  the 

^  flinith  V.  fUblru  Mffl-  Co.    (1890)    85  rmploypps  worn  coscn-ants   in   tho  tprli- 

0:1.  33;t.  11  S.  K.  tilfi.  nii'iil  srn^cof  tlio  (lootiinc,  aro  inipliidly 

'  O/soii  V.  dnilr   (isstl   .T2  Ilun.  425.  aiitliiiritiis  to  tlip  same  point. 
Tlio  pa=cs  ritod  in  S  .'):i(t,      it<'  1.  shImI.  q.        'Tin-   Ctlii    of   Ahjuiiilria    (  18S3)     17 

jiD.^I.  in  w'nicli  llic  onlv  ipii-tion  ar'_nio<l  I'cil.   3!M). 
w.ns   n-iu'Hicr   tlu-   iu-^!'i,:;i-::l   and  injured        'Smith  v.  Steele    ( 1.^75)    I,.   R.    10  Q. 

Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 3. 


l.'l.lli 


M.\NTi;il  AND  .SKUVA.vr. 


1! 


[chap.  XXVI. 

doctrine  wns  nut  nppIiciiMo  wIhio  tlic  owni^r  of  a  slave  was  suing  for 
injuries  rircivccl  ilininjili  llic  iic^^iipciu-P  ot'  niioilicr  pcrH.n  omplovcj 

by  the  man  to  \vl i  the  services  ot"  lli(<  slave  IuhI  l)een  rentei,  the  tlo- 

c'ision  beiii^  based  <>ii  the  tact  lliat  tiie  ei.ii.litiifiis  of  siieli  a  service 
were  so  eiiiirelv  dill'erent  I'mm  tli.isc  miiler  wliieh  a  free  eiii|iloyee  ia 
|ire>iiiiM'(l  In  eoiilraci,  ilial  tlic  reasmis  enminiinly  jriven  for  tlie  nilo 
WiTc  lint  apiilicalile.'  |!y  aiiolher  eoinl  liie  defense  was  sustaine<l  in 
un  action  l>y  a  master  for  injiirics  ti>  bis  slinc- 

Tbe  only  cases  wbicb.  under  modei-n  soci;il  conditions,  bear  any 
nnaloiiy  to  tiiose  in  wbicb  a  slave  was  tbe  injured  [wrson  are  tbo.><<'  in 
wiiicii  an  accident  occui's  to  a  convict  wbose  services  bavo  been  hired 
from  tbe  stale.  In  one  -ii<li  ca>e  it  lias  been  held  that  a  clmin-pang 
Imiss  is  not  a  tellow  s(>rvant  of  a  cbain->iianf;;  prisoner,  ao  a.-*  to  relievo 
tbe  employer  of  siicli  j^atii.'  of  responsibility  for  tbe  death  of  the  latter 
caused  by  tbe  nei;lii;cnce  or  wrouiifid  act  of  the  former.* 

487.  —of  employees  of  public  bodies. — 'I'bo  doctrine  of  common  em- 
ployment is  a  l>ar  to  tlie  action  of  a  servant  of  the  state/  or  of  a  mu- 
nici|)al  corporation. - 

Such  a  servant  is  also  entitled,  under  appropriate  circumstances,  to 
the  benefit  of  tbe  various  limitations  to  which  tiiat  doctrine  is  subject 
in  the  jurisdiction  where  the  accident  occurred.      Tlius,  recovers-  is 

B.    12").  44   I/.  .T.  Q.   B.   \.   S.  (iO.  .12  L.  master,   iniplimlly   contracts   to   nssume 

T.    \.    S.    l!l."i,    23   Week.    Itcp.   ."188,    por  llii'  rislc  of  such  ncpl i^iciicc.  ii^  one  of  ttic 

Bliukliurii.  .1.  risks   iiiciili'iit    to   tin-  service,  ami   ttiat 

'Wliil,'  V.  Smith    (IH(iO)    12   nirh.  h.  liis  < peiisation  is  lixeil  with  reference 

.W.5    (hireil   slave   iiijineil   liy    free  eoeni-  to  this:   and  clearly  this  reason  cannot 

ployee)  :  Srinhln    \.   Wiiiiilhiiditr   (lH4ti)  apply  in  the  case  of  one  not  voluntarily 

I  <;a.  107.     In  a  (ieor;.'ia  lase  the  latter  in    \\ir    xTNiie.    Iiul    nieri'ly    a    prisimer 

(leeisiiin    was    stiiil    to    have    lieen    based  servin;,'  ont  his  si'iiteiice  for  a   violation 

n|>on  the  theory  that    slaves,  from   Dii'ir  oi    the   law.        Indeed,    it    e.in    hardly    bo 

status,     wiTe     ineapahle    of     intlni'iicinj:  seriously    contended    that    a    chain^jans 

Iheir  associate  eniployi>es  in  the  common  'hoss'  is  in  any  sense  a  fellow  servant  of 

husine^s.      Coiipiry.    MiilUns   (I8(>0)    .'iO  a    prisoner    workiiif.'    un<ler    him.      The 

Ua.   1  Hi,  7(i  Am.   Dec.  ti:is.  'hoss.'   while  actiiif;  in  that  capacity,  i« 

'  I'liiititn   v.    Wiliiiihiildii   rf    ir.    I{.   Co.  the  iilnr  ,  i/t,  of    Ills  tniployer.   and  the 

(IS.'iH)    .51    \.    ('.     i*i    .Lines    I.,.)    ■24.'i,  l.itter   is    i. -pon^ihle   for   any    wnm^ful 

■lofiix  V.   alitss    i  I    l:t    Ir.   Hep,   .td.'),  or    ne'.'li^eni    acts   on    the    piirt    of    such 

was    <listin;.'ni«hed    on    the   {.nunnd    tliat  employee  hy  which  u  prisoner  is  deprived 

the     overseer     whose     nifilijreni  e     ean-eil  of  his   life." 

the  injury  was  the  representativi'  of  his        '  l.iiiiijhiiii  v.  Stnli)   (1887)    105  N.  Y. 

master,    who    was.    tiuiefore,    liahle    for  l.')!l.   ]\    S.   E.  :i'\. 
his  acts  in   re-peel    to  Ihi'  ch.ittel  h.iiled.        '  IIiiiiihi    v.    tiriiiiiirr    (lsn4)     18    R.    I. 

'Hnsiiill   v.    Iloniliiirl    (ISil,-)i    (Ml   Cn.  .")(l7,    _'8    Ail.    tl.")!t     (conceded):    Hiihe    v. 

.•>21.    2.1    S.     K.    414.      The    e..iii(     slid:  l.,iiishi„     iisnii     S:t    Me     211.    22    Atl. 

■'The    ground    upon    whieli    ,i    muster    is  1 12  ( applynif;  the  rule  (liat  a  mere  forc- 

rclicvcd  from    lialiilily   to  a    -iivani    for  in. in   is   not    n    \  ice   principal), 
injuries    rcsultiuL'    from    the    nepli^eicc        Many    other   ca^es    m   v  hicli    this  rule 

uf  a  fellow  sirvunt  i-   that   the  s,r\,iiit  i-    hikeii   for   u'ranted    uill   bo   found   in 

when  he  enters  the  employment  of  the  I  he  following  chapters. 


J    4SS) 


(uMMnN  ii.ii'i.d'i  Ml  SI  AS  \  iii;i-i:\m;. 


i;i:i: 


iilliiwcil  ill  1  ;iM'^  wlii'i'c  ilic  iii'uliiic  III  mill  injured  MTViiiiis  wcro  in 
(lilVi'i'i'iit  iii'|iiirliiii'iii>. ' 

Sic.  liiliciiillv,  liS    I'.il'    .Mlli.  /"■-'. 

488.  —  of  minors.— ,r.     <i,,iuilli/.--\t    is    wril    ^i.nlr.I    iliul    tli' 

llli'ic  tlict  111  ii  -cis.inr.  liiili(i|'il\  line-  |iiit  of  iNrir  |iri'i-li|iir  iii»  IIM^- 
liT   trulll    rclvilii;  nil    llic  ilctcli-f  i,\'  i nioii   rl|i|ilMVIiiclil.'         In    iilliir 

WDfils  ii  iiiii-icr  ilcii-^  iiiii  ill-nil'  ii  mini  r  -.ii'\;int  :ij;;iin-i  llir  c.iii-i- 
<|llclircs  i<(  ii  tVil..u  -cl'Minrs  nr::li;^inci'.-  liill  the  iilll!i(il'ilir-  -cit!! 
Ici  IcilVc  it   ill  Millie  ildiilil.  wiielliiT  (he  :i\ii  i  !:;lii  lil  \    i>(  llie  ileleii-;.   is  ii 

i-i,::iil  iiresimipiiMii  ••(  luu.  n^  in  llie  r;i-e  ni  iiiliili-.  or  inereiv  n  pre- 
."•iimption  of  fiii'l.  >iilijeci   to  relmiiiil  iiv  eviilcnee  -liowin.ir  tliiit   tlio 

servilllt  (lid  not  (•oinpl'elielli!  llie  ri»k  lo  uliii-li  he  Uii<  e.\|)osei|,  miller 
tllf' eircnillr^ljinres,  Iiv  llie  pos-iltilit  V  ot  ;|  eii-ir\  mil'-  n"L;li;:eiiee. 

In  sonic  ileei-iions  the  liiniiniiue  n-eij  i-  -iieli  ilmi   il   i^  ilillicnlt  to 

iivoiii  file  eoni-lii-ioll  lliilt  llie  I'orn.'T  of  llie-c  llieoiii-  Wii-  liie  one 
iidopteij.'      In  ollieis  iin  iiccephinee  oi'  llie  liiiier  tlicury  i-  iiinre  or  le-.-i 

'III  Tiiinri   V.  liiili'iiiiiiiiilis  (IHHti   <M!  of  in  i-trr  nnil  -in;iiit   ilid   iml   rvi-t   \io- 

liiil.  .'il.  wjini'  M  MiMii  111):;  I'ji'il  in  ilrii  in^'  Ivvifii  llie  city  iiiiil  tlii'  iMiipIiiyii-  nf  llio 

till'   I'liiiinciT   iif   ,\    )iri>   ili'iiaiiini'iit    was    liii'   ili'|uirt nt.   anil    lli.il    tl iifrinctT 

injiircil   liy   a   ili  Inliir  >lrn'l.  tin'  ciiiirt  was  i  Inrciioi'  iiiii'  of  llir  ^.'iiii'ial   |iiililie. 

-aiil;      "If  tlif   Mile   in   any    ri-r  can    lii'  so    far  .is   lii-    ii;rlil    of   act  ion    was   ooii- 

inaili-    ii|i|ili('alili'     to     sin'li     oHirois     am)  rriiir.l. 

ayciits     (I.     .-..     of     iniiiiii-i|ial     rorpoia-  '  Tliis  ili  il  i  ini'  is  takiii  t.  r  iriantnl  in 

lion- I.  it  raiinot  lie  niaili'  lo  a;i{>ly  wlicn  nil  tin-  niiiin  imi-  la-c-  in   wliiili  niiiiurs 

tlii'V  nil'  aotiii;:  in  I'lilin'ly  ililVinnt   ilt--  Ikim'   \hvu    Iu'IiI    iiiialili'    lo    niimr.    ami 

|iaitliii'iil-  of  the  niiinici|ial  iJoM'rniiii'lit.  Iia-    linn    i'\|iii--ly    alliiiiiii!    in    I'isl:    v. 

We  cannot   sec  wlicrciii  tlicrc  i-  any  co-  I'mlnil  I'.  It.  Co.   (I«S7i    72  Cat.  .'IH.   1.1 

service    to    111'    |ii'i'fonii)'i1    hitwiiii    iiirin-  Pac.   IJt. 

Ill  r- of  till'  lire  ili'iiaiiiiicnl  anil  niiinlicis*  • //()»v/.,,i    ,f    i;.    V.    //.    rn.    v.    \lilhr 

of  the   street    (lepartininl .   to   wliicli    llie  I|s7iii    .">|     \f\.   i>7ii. 

rule  coiilil   he  a|i|ilieil   to  tile  c.i-c   miller  ■  In    wliat     i-    a|i|i.iii  iilly    tlii>   eailie-t 

eoiisi.leiation.     .\  iiienilier  of  tlie  lire  ile  iliei^ioii    lieiriiiM   in   the   -iihjiii.    il    was 

|iaitiTieiil     lias    no    servitinle    coniieclio'i  liiil  ihiwii  lliil   I  he  fact   thai   Ih,'  iiijiiieil 

whiitever     with     the     rep  lirin;;    of     the  -irxaiil     ua-    a     I'liior    iliil     not     al     all 

>tri'ets.   or    the   removal    of   nli-tnict  ions  allect    his   h;;al    iii;hl-.      Aim./  \.   lUisluii 

therefiiim,  iind    we  ilo  not    think   h Ml  «t-   11'.   A',  f"///.    i  |s:,|  i   0  (ii-h.   IIJ, 

ill  any  sense  he  call.il  a  oo-*ervaiit    with  In    annllur    ii  .■.    in    whic'i    a    Ihiv    of 

the    street    eoiiiinis-ioiier    or    any    oilier  e!.  veil   wa-  tliiewii   elf  a    li.n-,.  altacheil 

olliier  or  Mirenl   of  the  city  having  charj;e  to    a    corn  culler,    it    u.i-    li.M    iiior    lo 

of  ll.e  -Irei't-,     'I'licy  are.  to  each  ot  liei .  j;i\e  an   iii-l  iiicl  ion  fnnii  which  tic  jury 

ill  so  tar  as  servitinle  is  coneerneil.  en-  wiaihl    infer    that    a    recoverv    ini'jhl    Ic 

lire  -tranj/ers.  ami  a   lireinan.  in  a—iiiii     hail  i\cn  tl jli  the  iii|iiry  w.i-  the  sole 

MIL'    the    ilnties    of    his    po-ition.    takes  renlt   of  a  i  m  inplovee'-  iiei;lii;ciici'.  ami 

upon  liiniself  mi  risks  ari-in;:  out  of  the   aimtlier  in-tiiici  imi  'to  11 il'eit  tint  iTie 

iic;jli;.'ence    of    those    in     ehar;.'c    of    the  jiiiy   were  to  ditcnu'iie  whether  1  he  ac- 

-trect-.  '  eiilflll     ua-    lall-eil    liy    the    lieL'lillince    nf 

A   siniilnr   ileci-ion   a-   nyanls  n   sini  a    li  llovv    -ei\aiil.  hut   that    llti-  ipii-l  ion 

liar   acriilriil     \\  a  -    rendereil    in    fnolK    \  ,\\,\    tcl    aii-e.    i|    it    w;i-    feuinl    that    the 

IhtroiJ    (ISS'li    7r,    Mich     r,2S.    •.    1.     I!,  work  ua-  .h'n^iiiiai-.  ami  that  the  plain- 

A.  :>l."i.   I.?  X.  \V    17.     The  point  of  view,  tilT     iliil     not     coni;irehi ml     the     .l.iniier. 

in  the  juilamcnt  of   .Mor-e,  .1..  -ei  in     to  Crit,,.  y,  Smitl'    '  Isni  i   Sli  W  i      Uo'ul 

III    the  -iiiR.  as  that  in  the  Tmli  iiia  la-c  X.  \\  .  "17, 


jtc  t  cited.     Chanipliii,  .f..  hi 
fhibion  on  the  ground  that  the 


-a  Ik 


1    anolher. 


will 


elation    turiilii) 


vitdii 


I    hoy    ( !j'ja"rd    in 
ill    a    mine    w.i:s    rua 


13M 


AIA.sT|.:nAXUM.;HVANT.  I.  „a,.  xxv,. 

Mrnn^ly  i„.|i....,  .|  |.,  „...  pl.,.,M...|..,-v  ..f  ,1...  ..pini.,„..      h.  ,„..or»  ,1... 


whcilifr  thi.H  .•iivmii-t:iiicr  w 
I'lii'tor,  (In.  iiIm 
fain  th..  iicliMii. 


*■     .         .       ,  "■*  '"•"'•'>l.^'  vicwr.l  US  a  (lifrciviifiatinir 

,":;:;':,":';.;"■:;: ""-■' '■' '-  ■■ i.-,i  .i„.  „.,,.„„ ,:';;;;:;;:: 


ov.T  oui,,;,  to  tl...  iMfN'SM,,..*.  Of  rn.prv 
iilitH  III  „|M.ni(iii;;  a  .Ml.  II,,.  ,.,„„.t  .l-iii,,l 
rvi-uu.,y,  H„_vi„^,  ,|„„    j,    ,,(,,   j^^^^ii^ 

(IHIUI  (I,  Alii.  isi.  i:i  Sm    io;i 

A   ■.imilar   point   „f   ,j,.„    j,  ■,„ , 

•li-.rrmhl,.  ,n  Z/.,;,,,,,  v.  .\,„il,'n,  /<  // 
ro.  (1H!)1)  4r,  Mil,,,.  471  ,^  v^-  ^  •  [': 
I11111.S  V.  I'liilliiis  il>s.>i  ;ti|  \,k  '  17' 
4;!  Am  |{..,,.  ...,1,.  /.,„.,,„,„,,,  ,.  ,|.  _^,,' 
/..  A.  Co.  V.  \,l.,ms  (IHS.-,,  1,,.-,  1,1,1.  |,-,| 
•>  .N.  K.  IS7;  „,„|  th,-  ,.,„-H  ril.d  in 
notcH   1   „i„|  a,  ,w(//n(. 

In  tw„  Illinois  ,,,.,.,  it  1,,,^  ,„,.„  ,.,j,| 
<_l"»ii  in  iin<|,Mlili,.,l  l,ii,i«ili,t  ,;„  i„|„nt 
iMs.il.in.t  to  tl,..  nil,.  ,v,L,Mnli„;,r  ,.„„.,,  i,.,. 

"1   '"!'-;  "'   '"•  •il'-tnl„»    ir v,.,,.i,i„„ 

liH    n-l,t    to    av,.i,l    tl,..    n.,,,ar!     „f    ,.,„" 

|il..yim.nl.  (1„iII„h,I  y.  ■/„/,,/„.  n  .f. 
11.  A.  Co  (is;.!,  ,17  111.  4!.S:  \,.,th 
<  lnr,lf,o  lf:lh,uj  1/,//.,  f'o.  V.  /f.  „v.yn 
(ls!t.-,)    18   III.  A|,|,.    I!M. 

In    (I,..   fitniiiT    la.,.    the    ,.„„,t    <,.,i,i. 
'II    H   not   ,l,.ni,.,l   tl,at  nn  ,.ni,i,„   .om- 
lra,l   n,a,l,.  will,  a   n,in<ir  is  valid  at   his 
"I'lion.     It  is  not  voi,l,  l„it  vui.laM.... nu- 
ll"   oN|.n.,s    ,.,„,|,a,.t,   by    tl„.    „ii„,„.    i„' 
n,,,. 'as.,  was  to  H,.iv,.  hu  oniplov..,-  on 
j.  railroa.l.     So  Io„^,  „s  i„.  ,|i,,  „„{  „,.„ij 
lh„t,  ront,.„.t,  l,nl    nniain..!   ,„   il„.  ,.,„. 
pl<.yni.-i,t    of   th,.   rail,,.a,l    ,„„,|,anv,    ho 
was     of     n.T.-.sity     »„l,j,.,.t     to     all     tho 
hiizanU  nll,.ii,|in-  thai   kind  of  on,i,Iov- 
ni.iit,   ,,„,.  of  whi.h   was  tl,,.  n..j;lii.„;.e 
of  his   f,.I|,:w  soivanlH  in  th,.  .■.,„„■  line 
fil  "liily.    Th..  Miinoi.  by  so  i.nl,i  i„;r  i„to 
fhi.s   emi.lovnu'nt.   oaiii,.    umhT    th,.    .r.-n- 
rral    nil.,    (.n-vailin^-.    not    onlv    in   This 
••onrl,   I,„i    in   almost   all   fhoVon.is   of 
h,.  -,.v,Tal  slaf.rs  „„,]  in   Kn-lanil.   and 
look  upon  hinisplf  tl,..  natinaj  an.l  ..r.li- 
iiiiry    risks   nml    porils    inri,|i„t    l.>   tl,o 

=rrv„...     in     which     I n^.a.„i.     „,„„„„ 

"hi.h  was  tho  car..I,-M,.-.s  of  his  f.ih.u 
-rvan  s.  Soo,  howovor,  tho  lllin.iis 
l■il^<.  citod  in  notn  4,  i»/,yi. 

'h,./n,irs  V.  I'linmr  l//,,.  f„.  nssil, 
fiB  Uis.  _'(;^.  r.7  Am.  I!,.,,.  ■>v,'.\  's  V 
W.  207.  tho  o<aiil.  nf.rii,,-  |„  ||,..  ,.„„. 
l.-ntion  of  roiins,.]  that  inlancv  an.l  in- 
f;M»i-„-„ro  ,lo  not  n,o,lify  th,.  r„|,.  as  to 
f.ll.iH  x.fvants.  said  that  this  sta  lont 
only    hohia   g'^'^'l    »hr-n    it    appeal        l,at 


s.  I,    ..n.j.o.v.o    |,.n,    |„.„„    p,.,,,.,,|v    |„. 

-ln,.l,.,l   l,y  1,1,  ,.„,p|„y..,.  a,  lo  t|„.  dan 

r.-i>  .f  h„  .mph.w,„.„t.  „r  has  a.-,,,ii,,.d 

'■"">•  i"l^<'   .if   «n.-h   ,|.-,„ir.-rs   fn.ni   .il,..r 

■"'.■■■    ,':'"■'■-    li"w<-».i.    the    Wisconsin 

•  ■:i-.'   .It. si    in    not,.  ;(_  .,„y,,„ 

/..  *','■"', ',L':'if  *  ^"''  »'"'•  '•-  rf  //.  /.'. 

ff.  lo.    (IS7,:    7.1  \.  V.    I-..-,,  tho  ,.o„,t 

';•"-.",""''""■'"''•  "'^"""'i'lorassn , 

!'■   iKksofa  f.lh.w,..|-vanfs,   ;,di^r,.n,.p 
'■,";   """"■'•'■;1  ll.al,  if  a  ,.hiM  of  nnsnit. 

; ;'-'■     ,-'"'"'''     '"•    <"'l'l".vo-l     in     u 

li.i'ii. h.ns    l,„,„„>,.   or   ov|M..,.d    to   i,n 

■■nilaM..  risks.  „  diir,r.nt,|„.Mi.,n  n,i;,ht 

lie    pi .  ~.nl...|.  '^ 

,■  J,", II '".:':''"   \     "•"•"^''""■v/,„    (ISdO) 

l-ll       111.       ,l.,!t.      .S       I,.        |(.         \  ,,„,        .,^       ^  y 

ii'i  «i,..io  a  i„,y  of  ,„,.|v,.  „,„  j„|,;,.,;, 

"h,l,.  .h.anin;;;  nia.hin..ry  in  motion,  th.- 
'".""  I»M  ,t  ,.rr,.r  to  .har-o  tho  jnrv. 
"ill,. -Ill    .|ii,lili,.all..„,    ihat.    if   th.-v    l,"c 

i.-v.-.l   In.m  thociid.. ihal    th,.  plain 

tiir  wa.  iniur.sl  hy  f.,||o«i„:,  ,)„.  '.n,.,,,.. 
lion.  ,,r  Ihi-onyh  tho  c,i,.|.-m,.—  of  t|„. 
f.-Uow  -irvant  nani.sl  h<.  i-.iihl  not  ro 
"•vr.  ami   sai.l:      ••Th..  r.-a-,  n   «hv  th.. 

'. "■""'  '"••~l.-r  Is  h.-ld   liahl,.  |„r  a'n   in 

.piry  ,-aiis,.,|  |,y  t|„.  n.-li^.,-!,.-,.  ,,f  a  f,.l|.,w 
•-.•nan.    is  that  it    i~  o,„.  .,f  th..  o,-di„ai-v 

iisks    of    th.-    .-mph  \ 1,1.       |;,|,    jf    ,|;,. 

lM,Mir...l  omph.y.s.  is  a  .-hild.  iii,-ap,ld,.  .f 
.■..mpr..|„.ndi,i^.  that  risk.  th<>  rul,.  oii.d,i 
not  III  apply."  " 

In   l/ii,i,ilt,,i,  V.  diilrrnl'iti.  II    rf  .<f     I 

It.  r.,.  ,issi,  .-.,  T..,.  ,-,-„j.  „,;.  f„,|„;^.; 
'■'-  '^"ii.,!.,...  w,,s  „-„|.    .-n ,    1,,^. 

111(111  ,,f  a  l,oy  only  till..,ii  v.'ars  of  .-,."... 
Ill  111.,  hazai-,1.,,1,  position  of  l,rak,.ina'i 
11  \Mth.,iil  t|„.  ,.,nsonl  of  his  n,.,th, 
anil  only  pa  1,. 1,1.  was  a  wron-  .hm,.  ,, 
Ihiit  nioth.r.  and  nnl...s  tl„.  |,ov  ha. I 
-mil. -lent  .li-,-i,.|ion  to  ,-onii.r,-h.„'.l  and 
ytiaid  a;;ainst  tho  danj...rs  „f  |!„.  ,.,„,,l„v. 
im-iit.  wh,.,,  fully  ,.xp|ai,„.d  |„  i,i„',.  .■„ 
th.'.v  .«honl.l  hav,.  I..s„  hy  tho  oin.d.iv.  r 
sii.-h  a  copfra.-l  «o„|d  „;,t  ,,i,„„  ,'„■„;  j,; 
lli.-l-'-'I'iin  of  a„,.n,;.!My.....  „r  p,-ccI,„Io 
a  r„-..vcry  for  ini„ii,.,  „ill,-,,.,|  fr,„n 
tlio  no   ,ii.',-i,.-..  ,d  a  .-.,.-„,pl..v,...." 

fiiinni  V.  Mrrrlifinl.'i'  \lfa  Cn 
'  HSI)  1.10  Alass.  ;,7,.  m.  .\m.  I!.'p  A'": 
I  hoy  f.„,-|,.,.n  v,.ars  ol.l.  wh.,  ha,i  4>-ui.-,! 
Mi:Mhim.ry   two  y.-.irs   and   a   half   in   u 


{I  4H1I.  4U0J  COMMON   i;.\ll'IX»\  \l  l,M    \>«  A  IHIKI.N.SK. 


133!i 


Tlic  tlicurv  wliiili  wuiilil  |ii unit  ii  iniimr  .icpviiiit  t(»  nc/ivor  in  nii\ 
rii>r  will  fi-  it  i.s  not  tm  inlcii'iiri!  in  |.,,in<  of  law  t'roin  flu-  i<"siiinon\ 
lliiit  he  llnll«■|•^<lll<Ml  ili(>  ri-k-  to  \\li;i'li  III'  wii- t'.\po-.d  in  lln-frivcn  vui 
l.li.uiii  111,  II-  a  ivMili  o|  III,  bciii;:  i<(|iiiir.l  to  work  in  c<(Ui|mii.v  witl. 
otlicr  ciiijdc.vcc.  M(  111,  to  Im-  till'  inoi-o  coiitoi-ni-lile  to  tlic  p'licfal 
|.i-iiiiMiili'  rxjiliiincl  in  S  -'Ul,  niilr.  'rimi  tlu'  ili'tciwc  <>(  coiiitnoi, 
I  iii,i|oMiiciit  is  not  a  Idir  to  ilic  ai-ii..ii  if  th..  minor  was  injuiiMl  in 
(•oii,,..|in'iicc  of  iiis  (•"iii|iliiiii<'i'  with  ihr  onliT  of  u  ^ii|((Tior  to  iiuiliT 
take  new  diitic,  is  wi  II  sciilcij.     Sec  ;i   It;;,.  „,//<. 

b.       hi  (ICliohS  I,. I  ,1   l;lf  III   jl,r  ll,S.S  of  Si  I  I  lir.s,--\\„.  ,|,.f,.n!M'  of  CttlU- 

nioii  <'iii])lnvnn  lit  i-  availaldc  as  a  liar  to  an  act  ion  l.v  a  minor's  pai'i'iii 
for  loss  of  services  irMllliiii;  from  an  injiirv  caused  l>y  the  nej.di>M'lli''' 
of  a  fellow  sei\ant  of  tlio  minor." 

489.  Master  not  liable  to  his  servant  for  injuries  caused  by  the  neg- 
ligence of  servants  of  a  stranger.—  In  iw..  case.s  ii  has  heen  hcl,!  tlui! 
the  .servant  of  a  railway  coni|iaiiy  as-nme-.  ns  one  of  the  onlinarv 
perils  of  his  employment,  thr  risk  of  injury  fliri.n;.'h  the  iie-liuinci 
ot  the  servants  of  aiioiliei'  coinpany  which  is  opcratinf;  trains  ii|Min  tlie 
-iiiMc  line  under  a  le:i>e.'  lint  it  is  not  apparent  why  the  doctrine  of 
:i-suniplion  of  risk~  should  have  heen  invoked  at  all  under  such  cir 
•■iinisianees.  The  fact  tliiit  llie  defen<hinl  did  not  eontnd,  and  had  no 
power  to  dischariie  the  neulip'nf  persons,  was  of  itself  a  siiHicieii 
f;r<'iind  for  dechiriiii:  the  acliiHi  to  he  not  maintainahle.' 

490.  Common  employment  not  a  defense  to  an  action  against  a  third 


mill,  wii-  injiiri'il  liy  a  fellow  mtvihI'- 
iMUJi-.-ly  ,|:irtint'  I  lie  IimcliiniTv  while 
111' \v;i<  cliaiiiii!;  it  ) .  (irninnihl  y.  Uai 
'III- lit'.  II.  ,(■  n.  If.  In.  I  ISHlM  4!i  Miili, 
I!i7.  i;i  X.  W.  .-.1.1  (l.niki'iniin,  only 
-I'vi-nti'i'ti  yi'iirs  olil.  Inil  i'\|M'rii'iiriiI  iinil 
r  •iiiiM'li'iit.  wii-  run  nxirl:  llnijl  i  ('. 
('mil  Cii.  \.  Clin  (|.smi  !1S  [nil.  ^S2 
(minor  of  nini'lirii  injiiiiil  liy  lull  nf 
iiii|.ni|i|iiil  ii«)f  of  Iminil):  Hniiixrilh- 
if  /.'.  It.  f'o.  V.  Ill, 1,1,  mm  (lS!i:t)  I.Tt 
Inil.  i;m.  XI  \.  V:  UI2I  (minor  of  nini' 
tivn  killi'il  owinir  to  Iniin  lioiiiu  '"'i  ■'< 
i'\i'i'-.ivi'  '*|Hi'iU  :  llilfii;n  v.  \i;lh,  rn 
I'.  /,'.  fo.  (  ISdl  )  4.-.  Minn.  471.  4S  V.  W. 
1  (siili'M'l  ii~i'il  fi  I  iiitlini.'  r,iil.i  Iniil 
tuconic  SI.  iialti'ii'il  Hull  frMf.'1111'nt-  wcri' 
■  tivioiisly  liiilili'  lo  llv  ofT  when  it  h;i- 
-tiiii'k). 

"<llii„    ,0     \l.    f!.    r,  .    V.    nn:!',yyh  ; 
('■^liTl    '.'S    Inil.   .■571:    SI,!,  1,1.1   v.    )-o,i,., 
'i"*'"'!)     1.'.   (lii.    ;t4!).    (iO    .\iii,    Di'p     f.PV 
\ii,iii>,l,i    hiflnrii  V.    H,ii,i,-<    (ISS4)    72 
('■■■'    -M7.  .":!  .\in.  !;,•[,.  .S:iS. 

''7(1(7.    V.    Cliiiuiin,    It.    ,(    y.   R.   Co. 


i|S7!l,    '.VI   111.   4.1,   followiil   In  Ih.mr  v 

SI.  i.„„i.:.  I.  \i.  ,f  .s'.  It,  m.  (iss.-,i  4t; 

.\ik.    IJSS 

=  In  oil.-  1  f  till.  I'iirlior  S,ot<li  i-hhi"*  it 
WHS  lii'M  ilnit.  if  a  railway  ioin|.ai,\ 
li'n\i'<  to  llii'  ,1'rvants  of  aiiotliiT  mni 
ji.iny  ifin;;  llii'  sami'  -l.ilion  tlir  .jtilv  of 
.'ariyiiij.'iiii.l  pLirini;  art  iili-- on  tlial  i.art 

of  till-  plalfi'im  oi'iii|iir,l   \,\    till'  for r 

(■oni|>.iny.  .iinl  looks  no  moi'i'  afd  r  ilio-i. 
iirliili-i.  till-  foriiii'r  loinpiiny  niakps 
llio>i'  pi'ison,  its  -irvanls.  and'  is  li.iMi' 
for  tlii'ii  ni';:lii.'i'iin'  ransiii;.'  ininn  In 
ono  of  it,  own  iiii|iloyiis.  /////  v  (Vi/c- 
ili.iniii,  I'.  r,i.  (  IS.'i.'ii  17  Sc.  Si'-,.  Cns. 
2d  si'rii's.  ."iiiit.  It  wonlil  „  rn,  tlnit  llii' 
ponrt  ri'L'.iiiliil  llir  -irvanls  of  tlic  si'ioml 
i-ompam  a,  ili,ili.ii yins  wluit  woiiM  now 
l>o  firiiiiil  an  ali,i'liiti>  or  non-il('li';.'al>li' 
'liity.  I'.iit  on  till'  facts  it  is  cli-ar  that 
111"  liiiiiiy  woiilil.  iiiioriliii};  to  tin-  niorf 
•rocli'rn  tliory.  Iio  Inati-.j  as  oni'  i-ausiHl 
iiy  nr}.>li;.;i'iui'  in  ciiryiM^'  out  thi'  ilitails 
of  thi'  vv.  rk.  S,v  i-iiapiiT  XXXII..  /i,,.',! 
The     dcoision      ijoiilidi.,,      ri'lliits     ili 


Il" 


IJtO 


ilAMKIC  AM)  M;av.\.\r. 


IcilAI-.   XXM. 


peMon  to  recover  for  hi.  wrvanf.  ueKl.f-ence—  |„  ,,,„.s  u|,.,v  a  rliinl 

|M.|„,n  ,,  mi.mI   Inr  ihjnri.M  ra.iM.I  :,.     1...  iM-liu,.!,, f  l,i.  «.tv.,  .(-. 

.1   i«  .•..nM.|,.,v,|  that  tl...  liiri  „i  tli.M   I   ,viii^  l.,.,.|i.  ill  ||„.  ,i ,.t  tl.." 

•"•'•I'l'iif.cn^iii-r.l  i.,  ll,rsaiii.i;''ii''r.tl..|).iiniMi,  -.t*  ll...  in  |„r<'.|  .rrvanf, 
i>  n..:  a  M.Hi.-i,.Mt  -r.MiM.l  f.-r  (uttir         „>  ii|>..n  ii  f..,ii„f;  .litlm-nt 


trniii  tiint   ii|i<>ii   wliicii   iiiiv  .,(l,.r  ..ti.     •.•. 
ii;;iiiii-t  liic  -anil'  ilitVn.laiit   I',,,-  iiijiu,   - 
lii^  s.Tvaiii.H.      'I'lial  i-  |<>  sii\,  .Id  tli(.  nii.i 
>-iTVitiii-  cf  a  [(CIS,. II  will,  wliMiii  a  >•   ,    ... 
Ilii-  tniiisiiiioii  ,,|  (.\rr\.hiv  lilV       m     ,   i 

riiii-i.lcrc.l  i(.  involve  tin uHaiv  >1.  ,    ■.. 

Ilatinli.    s.i   fill'    nil,,    i^    ,11. W    Well    S('    I,    I, 
Kiif;liiiitl.  tiiat  "mil,  —  tl,,.  |„.isoii   ;.  .  jiu  i 
iii'uli^ii'iico  of  liis  ■.iivaiii  imii  «Iii>\\  i,,   •  »'. 
liiiii  liiiiili-  WH.H  liiiiKclf  in  liis  >i.rvi(  ■■.    ' 
iiu'iif  is  nut  o|),.ii  to  hiiii."'      Ill  iiri. '■       .   . 

iiu'iii   •'iipiilics  (ink  \\|i,.,-r  liii-  act -i  !, 

servant  .-r  agent  against  th,.  |iriiici|)ai    -v  \vlir,,i 
self  oiii])l,.ye(l."* 


U'.iiM  stiiinl  in  nil  m-tion 
•eij   l.v   till    ni'i;lipiii.e  of 
leral  knnuleil;:,.  i|,;,i   il,,. 
lii-uii-lii   iiitu  ,-,,iiiac|  in 
'ip'iitl'    liiis  never  lM.<-n 
'ted  tlie  risks  ..!'  the  sit- 
in   this  |.<iiiiitrv  ami   in 
■  retiiKni'  lialile  fur  the 
till  s((    <.eking  I.,  iiitiko 
'    '  "I         II  .  iiipldv 

'I'.  •  illiliiiiii  eiiipiiiv-- 
"I  iiti  injiirv  to  a 
1  .-('rvaiit  was  hiui- 


I 


onjimal     vi.-w.     of     tl,o     Srotrh     rn„r»«  II,..sp  «t)n  nrr  -rn.    '„•  tlHir  .„„»,.«  tn 

"";;''"■•• "''•--".„..„  ..,n,,i,,v t.  i..,.  tl,..  „„rk,„..„  .„  ,,.,,,u,  ■',■;,, 

n      f             V;       ,      V-     ^        '■             ■'■     '       *'**•  ""?■'''>■"■»<•'•    "I    •!"■    s.Tl.,,lU   „f    ll„.   „„l„.r 

Vn-     J     •   •'      ^,         "'    "'  "'"■'^    ""I'  "'    •'"■    •n^.'l,i„..,v.       lll„,.kl,„M      .1        , 

mi.    T!..v,.rs,„„.    ,|sh;i,    |..    i;     ■.:i   ,,     |,.  s„..'h   v.  .S7,,/,.    lis:.-,,    |            „,     .' 

\\,..k.  i!..p.  ii..     Th..  ,i,...i,i.,„  i„  ,v„  V.  s.  in:,.  2.1  \v.,.k.  h...    ...ss    '"  ''  ^ 

I..  .1.  Kx.ii,  \.  .s.  iHH.  2  .1,1,    N.  s.  :,:,:,.  is.mm   hi  \.  y.  12:    7.^,   »,„    tv.,.   ■m-. 

«„s    ,I„;,p|„„v,.,|    i„    „,    f.,r    „.    i,    „,j„|„  ,„.,   s..l,|,.„     .1                                                           '• 

t..n,i..,n„  r..s,  „,..,„  ,1,..  ,.n„„„i  ,i,,„  ,i,„  i,.„ii„„  ,„ f  /,„„.,„ ;  ,;„  „,  ",f  V' 

...ntnjl  ..x..r,,-„l   l.y   t  ,..  ,l..f,.„,lM„t   .,vo.  /.'.  ror,..    ,1H.-J,    |  .\|..,    4!),  .1H    \    ,    ,)" ' 

ho    ,.h,,„t,ll    „;„    -„..,    ,,   ,..   „,,k„  „,..  :i.-|!,.    ,|,.,„.|,    „.„    „,,.|i,i,|v    n.l..|    ,.  -,, 

l..tt..r   Ins   ^.,v;,„         11  ,„„/;„,„/   V    f,-,,,/  v^i,,,...    th..n     it     l.^.s    UV   ,,„„„,..,  ',r 


411 


I    scni.s.    40(1    (s...   iiiit,.    1. 


"Iii.-h     it     1,1,(1     I 
11,1 


infill  I.     ill        f 


M.I'M    ...iti'ifLiiiMllv    hold 


II 


iirlv   ^,11    111,.-. 


>|iii~tii 
llv    I 


"f    •■•■iriniiiii    ,.|i,|,l,,y 1,1     III..   r,.l:iti..ii   ..f   Mi:i.|i.r  ii,i.| 


ii|i<iii    hIiii'Ii 
irii    is  «l,|.||i.r 


iiiiil.'r  ililV.'ii.iit    ,iiii-ti.rs 

iM-Mipt    fill,,,    liiliiliiv    fur    injur 


llii't..<l  II 


tirs   Iiv   till 


|>i.M   tl,. 


ikii 


ii-i;li 


Il   mil -tor  i- 
jiiriisi    ill 
i.f  iitliir  niii- 


iiijittiT  itf  (.\  iitf 


.•iVMiil    ,li,|. 


|.\ist    Ih-iv 


l.,n 


Dvoi  riili..l. 


iif    h 


l.l.iiiitiil   ;,nil  till.  . I.. fill, I. ,1,1. 
Ill  thi.  ili.fiii,|.,„i  j„,|  ii„ 


••Il 


si.riMiits,    ^,.,,1    -,.,»;,„|.    tl,..v    will    III 


I  iittrrnian 


On 


.lll'lv     III 


'l><i:"i.    1..  It.   1     l,.|,js 


il   ill  till'  I'll 


iii-yli 
ii|>[ini|>ri- 


<■.   V.  274.  rt.".   I.,  .r.  (      I'    \.   s     IH4.    1-2 


«ith     ti,:,t     i|ll|.~tiill.         Si...    viil 


Mllil'll 


X.   S.   4:i2,    III,     I 


W.'i'k,    Hep.   .-.Sii.    I    II 

:l!-.->    y-^-f-n    -:tl.!    1"    i;  ' 

liftween    tho    i.«iii.| 


V    S     I.St.   I 
■■.   \    1!.   .'l.i.  has    rh. 

.i.  .  i.i,  .1   ii..u. 


ill    In 


III  th 


I  imp 


!••  pri'«.'i,t   I'linn.'iti.in  it 
I..H  iiig: 


siilliiii'iif    tl.  I'll.,  th,.   full 

'.  SI.  n.  rf  h    f.  /,'.  r, 


iliiiiiTv    ami     \pp.  :i.-..l.  tW  Ki'il.   US:  f/ir. /. 


V.  Chn 
.12    t 


'"'',  c.  c. 


»■♦'*'*  1  <"M\|(>\  |.  \M>i,ov\ll.\r    \^    \  1)11  I  vsi.;.  J34I 

'I'll..  IMI...|llll.'  .>t    tlii,  rul<'  i'.  tllllf  i.  .1.1,  ,,-.■  wl.i.  h.  ,H  ilIlVil.lv  sliowii 

(SS  ilJ.  J  7.!. '/(./.).    .Imv..,l  ii|H.ii  ihf  lt\|».il„..i.H  iliMt,  lis  ii,T.-,M..rv  t« 

'•"'' "■"'■'  "I  I'ifiiij-'.  ili.i.    i-  iiii|.|jr.|  .,1,  il„.  „.rviii.f'-  |,iiri  iin  iij;ir<- 

iiu'iH  to  »HH\\u\r  III.-  ri^k  ,.(  hw^  iiijmi'.l  by  iti.-  n.-li-.'ii.-.'  ..f  liU  tfn 
•■m|.|.,\, .(.,<.  .■iiriii.it  |ir..|..  il.v  1...  invkcl.  wiicr.  I,,,  js  ..nii,:;  a  j„Ts..n 
»■.  itii  wIkuii  lie  hiis  no  <'.Fiiir;ii  tiial  riliiti.  lis. ' 


if  SI  I     I,',  fii.  V    h'  ivivhini    I  IS".; I   M 

"I'i"  ~^l       :i"l.    I.'.    \,     I      .Vll  :     /■„,,,    V, 

>'""^  i|sr|.     |.-,|    M;,    ,    .■,;i.|     JH    \.    K. 

I04t*.;  Mi'Xi'iii     V.     s     ilh     (I"*!'-'!!      Iftil 

Mm--..  r<7ii.  .tr.  \.  i:.   ini;  /,•,,.,/„„  v. 

'•ri»(i/  (IHitli  |(ir»  MiiM.  ;i74,  .•m  \.  K. 
'><*:  Si'ii-.ii  \.  \iliiiilii  Villi  S.  S.  r„. 
i\<i\  ,'iT  \.  V.  IIW;  (,■(./..,,/  V.  Ulll 
(  Iv.ittl  H  Si,  S...  (  1-..  .ill  -.lii^M  •.NJ; 
Hiriiiiimn.  V.  Xiirlhh'iixli  III  /,".  Co 
I  IHTSi  I..  I!  :t  CmIi.  Div.  .Ill,  17  r..  .1. 
Kv.li.  \'  s.  :\:.i.  :iH  I..  T.  N.  s.  uni.  -.'li 
Wi'.-k.  K.  |..  4l;t:  I'liihrr  v  Ihiiiiiilinl  rf 
.S7.  ./.  /.'.  1'n.    (ISMli    Kill  \l,..  .Iiij.   IH  I,. 

It   A.  80i.  I!)  s.  w.  II  III;  r„,„„  /•.  n. 

<    .      V.    Itillrlit     ||S!I(I|     -.'S    \,.|,,    4.>,>,    41 

N'  \V,  4s:i:  v.. 7/../,,  /'.  /,'.  m.  v.  «',-..7r 
il8!i."ii  !ii  ('.  I  .  ,\.  IT.'i,  'ill  I'.  S.  .\|.|i. 
f!S:.  ()..t  1-Vil.  \H:  /.riiiUr  v.  /<„„;,„,,,  ,(. 
V.  A",  f'o.  llss:.!  rrj  C.  Till.  .".l:l:  Sfiin:,l 
V.  Ihiiiiinl  ralhiir  I  Isciii  I^J  All.'li.  .">H ; 
Kii  /i«rii«  V.  illiiiilir  Mini  s.  S.  I'll.  IS7I  I 
I  .li.m-s  A  s.  277.  .MliiiiM'.l  in  (|S7))  .'.7 
\.     V.      IIH;      hn^ll     \.      ll,.'.„v/,      /,'.     r... 

I  I.SII7I  114  Miih,  .Vl.  :■•  N  \V,  ;>S:  Vam/ 
V.  \...  ).,./..  n,  ,(  II,  /,'.  »'».  iiMHO)  liii 
V.  V.  (■-.  I!.  ti:m,  .(  \.  V,  si,(.|.   I.-.:!. 

liy    nil    .iMl-.i;;lit.    c.iT"    if    this    ly|H' 
li.ivt'  "iiiiicliini'r.  Iiccn  il.M  iilcii   ii|h<ii   ptiii 
rijili'H  wliiili  art!  ii  nl.v.inf    iinlil    it    Ilis 
I.I1-II  i||.<i.l.il  Unit  II  r.iiiiiiii'ii  i'in|>l..j mrnt 
i\i-l-  H  illiiii  till'  iniMiiiii;:  ..f  llii>  il.Hlriti.' 
-I.iliil   ill    the  tfxt.       Tliii-.    in    M-uIni    v. 
1.11111.11  illi    i(     v.    R.    Cn.    (ls:>|,    !).•>    Ky. 
lil-.'.  -ir,  S     A     SOI.  tlif  ^.ri.iili.fs  on  wliii'l, 
it  «:i<  lii'lil  tliiil  llip  I'li^jiiii  ir  of  ii  tniin 
l..'l..ii;;iii;.'  Ii.  ..|..-  iijiii|..iii\    «..«  iii.l  a   fi-l 
li.w    -I'lViiiil     uitli    ii    liriik.iii  .11    ii|M<n    ii 
I  lain    .if   aiii'lli.r    iiiiii|.;ii'y.    iiijurtil    l.y 
tin-    fiirni.iV    iii't'lit:i:.ic     \\iii.    ili    that 
Ilii'V    wiTf    in    ililli-i.nt    ;.).iili..    of    tli.' 
^.Tii.c.  and    (Jt    tlwit  tlicj    vwn-  mi   .|il' 
f.ri-iil    liiiiii"..     .Xs  tlir  cum'    was   pi. i inly 
lonrlii.li'il  ill  till-  [il.iinliir's  favor  l>y  tlio 
fait  tli.it  he  ami  ih     iii-;;liyi-nt  iMiiphiyi^" 
vuTc  not  riHitnillol  l>y  the  simc  ma^trr, 
lhi>    ooii-iili  i.il  ion    of    the     points     In-rc 
i.ia.lc  «as  «iip.  rlliioii-  .mil  ci  lhhimis. 

Ill  a  riM'i'iit  N.'M-  X.irk  on-i-  it  was  at- 
ti'iiipliil  to  liolil  111.'  1.1  niT  of  a  liiiililini; 
i.-|..iii>ililc  fur  injurii-^  rrciivcil  hy  a 
serviint  of  om-  of  the  ctmtractors  t'njpijied 


In  r.i.ikint'  rcpiiir-  ami  oMilion*.  ow  inj/ 
to  ih.'  ii.-liiiiii,,.  of  III,.  ...mint,  of  ,,n- 
■  illi'T   of   llo-   .•oiitr.irt.irs    in   -..   plaiinu 

till'  illKT  of  a    v.llllt    ll.fliii'  its  .•.illipl.-tioll, 

111. It  it  w.i.  li^ilil,.  to  fall  iliivMi  ii|H,n  liiiii. 
Ujiiiilii,  \,  \li,„„„  (iSlis,  •js  \p|,  |,iv 
47-.'.   -M    N.   V.   Siipp     Imj.      itnt    it    was 

li.li.        lit    wliatiMT    r.'i Iv   the    injiii.'.l 

|Mr-.in   iiiivht    hue  niii.|  In-  sought   fr.  in 

'' Iliplovrr    of    the    lli-;;|i;;,.nl      |i.Tslins, 

•iiiil  lli.ii  till-  ri-k  ill  .|ih-iion  wa»  nnr 
iiiaiiifi->ily   iiiiiil^^nt   to  tin.   work 

rill'  I-  •ii.'iish  ,  ll|p|o^,  I,'  lialiilitv  act 
if  Issd  ,,K.  ihaj/.r  X\  Mil.,  f,i,sl'\.  Im"- 
iiiK  intiiiiliMl  nidi'ly  to  r.-.nove  a  ilrfi'ii-M> 
whirli  is  l.as.'il  nn  tlio  ai-uniplion  that 
till,  ii'lation  of  ina.i.r  ami  -.-rvant  rxi-ls 
li.lw.iii  111.,  plaintiif  ami  .l.tcmlant.  has 

no  appliiallmi  to  ; ,,•  wli. n-  that   ri'la 

lion   ihi.s  n.t   fvi-t,    is  \iH\\.     n  the  cm 

jil.iM'r    of    a    nintrartor    ainl     tlii.     mn 

li  iiloi'<  sirv.ints.     Ifiibirlsuri  v.  //i(«vi7{ 

iss.-ii   \i  V      Si-ss.  Cas.  4th  s.r)."s.  ii:tt. 

'In  N(.i(,,iv.,i,  V.  \orlh-Kii.Hlirn   If    Co, 

I  H7Hi    I,.  I!.  .1  Kxrh.  Div.  .im,  47   I,    .T 

ImIi.   V.  S.  ;!72.  ;ts   r..  T    .\.  S,  201,  211 

U.k.    |;,.p.    11.).    i,„r,|    ll|,|,|,„,.l|    saiil: 

"Wo   niii-t    co'isiilrr   wh.it   olili;;ations   n 

-i-rvant  tikis  upon  liiin-olf.     It  is  soiiif 

liiniM    saiil    thiit    In-    ii.iil  nuts    to    take 

upon    hiiiisilf  thi.   ri-k-   of   his   siTvin-: 

but   till'  pioiK.-ition   may  also  l..>  statpil 

as  foll.iw«.  mim.ly.  that  hr  hiis  not  slip- 

iilatnl   for  a   rif;lit  of  action  a;.Minst  his 

ma-tor  if  In-  si|..tains  ijaiiia^M.  from   the 

iH-li;;rnn>  of  a  fi  How   srnant.     The  two 

f.'lins  of  ||,|.  pio|-  -ition   -ivlli  to  me  sllli- 

-laiilially  llie  -a-   ..;   in  eilln-r  v.isi-  it   in 

"' '"'.v    I"    pi.i\.'  that    a    i.Iation    has 

' II  "-I  il.li-hril  li|.twii!i  thr  pir-uii  who 

eoiiipl.iins  .iriil  ihi    niii»lir  of  the  person 
wh.>  ilois  ilie  injiii V." 

This  pa«sa;n'  was  referreil  to  with 
approval  hy  |.,iril  ller-.hell  in  .IuUii.suh 
V.  l.niiUnii  IIH'il!  .\.  (.  :;7i.  (i.-,  |..  p. 
V.  S.  !»7.  ,-,,-.  .(.  I'  (',4  1,  lil  1,.  .1,  Q.  Ii. 
\.  S.  'HI.  -;o  Ui  ..  I!,. p.  40,-,,  ,vhose 
point  .if  VI, ■\v  is  fiiiiher  inilii-ileil  by  the 
lollo\mi'.'  .Airait  from  his  opinion: 
"It  is  "hvioiis  that,  if  t!i(.  ,.-,.. -..-j.ti,-^ 
[i.  ...  ihaf  rn^ateil  l.y  tin.  iloitrir  of 
conn, ion  employmiiitj  results,  U8  it  doe^ 


1 

'5 

'  if 


"i  i 


1M2 


MASIEI!  AND  SICIIV ANT. 


i'l 


!  'It 


:i' 


[I'llAI-.    XXVI. 

For  tlio  pui'j)n.-os  of  tlio  ruin  a  workiiian  who,  nt  llic  linic  of  tlio  a<-- 
cident,  did  uot  know  that  lie  liad  toiiiiiorarily  jjasM'.!  into  tlic  st-rvicr 


according  to  the  a\ithoritips  I  )i:ivo  citcil, 
from  till!  injured  |ht-i'Ii  Inn  in;,'  iindi-r- 
taken,  as  betWH'ii  liini--ilf  ami  tlii'  |m  ixm 
ln'  sues,  to  bear  tlic  risk-  of  his  fi  Ihuv 
siTvants'  nofili^'iMU'o.  it  tan  nivrr  Ih'  a|>- 
|i!iciil)l('  wln-n  tlicrt'  is  no  nlalion  In'- 
twcon  the  parties  from  which  sHeh  an 
iindortakini;  lan  be  iin|i!ieil.  Tliere  are 
other  ei'nsideralicms  whieli  |Niinl  in  the 
same  direction.  It  must  be  renienilicii'd 
that  whilst  u  servant  rniiliMcl-  with  hi- 
master  to  U'ar  the  ri-k-  of  the  luu'li 
{.vnce  of  his  fellow  .servants,  there  is. 
Uii  has  been  more  than  onie  laiil  ilcjwn. 
a  corri-spondin,!;  duty  on  the  part  of  the 
employer  to  take  due  I'.ire  tci  sel.i't  com- 
petent servants.  .\nd  it  would  Ik-  mo-t 
unreasonable  to  lold  that  he  is  ex<  iiipt 
from  liability  for  his  servant's  ne^li 
jronoe  in  any  case  whore  he  is  not  under 
this  obli;;alion.  lint  I  do  not  see  how 
such  an  oblipilion  can  arise  otherui-i' 
than  from  some  c(mtractual  relation. 
The  o'difialion  and  the  exemption  appnir 
to  me  to  be  correlative,  and  to  be  im|>Ui'il 
from  the  relation  of  master  and  servant 
crcatcil  Ix'twcen  the  partii-s." 

In  the  same  case  ]>ord  Watson  stated 
his  views  as  follows:  "I  am  also  uiiable 
to  assent  to  the  Ie;pil  do<"trine  whiih 
found  favor  with  the  divisional,  court, 
and  was  pressed  upon  us  in  the  ar^ru- 
ment  *or  the  res|Kindents.  I  do  not 
apree  with  llaron  I'olloek.  that  the  rule 
which  exeinpt.s  a  master  from  lUhility 
to  his  senant  for  injurii's  nejjiiyenlly 
occasione<l  by  a  fellow  servant  in  the 
course  of  their  common  employment 
rcst-s  ui>on  the  absence  of  an  implied  con- 
tract by  the  master  to  recoup  such  dam- 
a;;e.  The  master's  res|He>ihility  for 
his  stTvant''  acts  has  its  ori^rin  in  the 
maxim.  (Jui  /ucit  pi  r  iiliiiiii  [mil  pir  sc, 
which  has  been  construeil  as  infcrrin;,' 
his  liability  for  what  is  neiili^nntly 
done  by  the  servant  actinj;  within  the 
scope  of  fiis  cmi>loyment.  The  immunity 
extended  to  a  master  in  the  case  of  in- 
juries cause<l  to  each  other  by  his  scrv- 
Hnt.s  whilst  they  are  workiri;;  for  him  to 
n  common  end  is  an  exception  from  the 
j.'einral  rule,  ami  rests  ii|M!n  an  impli-d 
undertaking'  by  the  serv.inl  to  hiar  he 
risks  arisin;.'  fnun  the  |H)ssilili>  nrv;ii- 
{jence  of  u  fellow  servant  who  ha-  hiin 
scK'cIcmI  with  due  care  by  his  master." 

Till'  fidlowiiiK  pa-s;t;:e-  Irom  the  dis- 
sent in;;  opinion  in  the  Scotch  case  of 
WuoJhaid  V.  (iailiiiss  Min.  Co.   (1S77) 


t  Sc.  Sess.  Cns.  4th  series,  4(10,  are  also 
worthy  of  notice,  since,  as  already  men- 
flolied  in  note  I,  siipni.  the  jud;.'n"iiiit  ol 
the  majority  of  thi'  court  was  overruleil 
by   the   House  of   Lords:      "When   serv- 
ants w<irk  under  the  same  master,  they 
are  workin;;  in  one  interest,  and  for  the 
benetil    of    the    same    m;in.       They     are 
appcanled   and    paid   by   the   same'  man, 
iind    the    s:nne    man    is    responsible    for 
llieni.     1  take  it  that   this  element    in  a 
common   contract   of   service   lies  at   the 
root  of  the  exception   baseil  on   it.     The 
same  [mm-ou   is   res|K«n-ible  lor  the  con- 
duct of  tla'  servants  towards  third  par- 
ties,  ami    he    is   also   respnusilile  to   his 
owii  serv.ints  that   each   shall  Ih?  chosen 
with  reasonable  care.      In  common  serv- 
ice   each    servant    rcpri-scnts    the    same 
masU'r.      Hut   when    two   |KMs<>ng    enter 
into    a    contract    for    the    execution    of 
woi'i  to  be  done  either  by  the  servants 
of  lM>th  or  by  the  servants    of  one.  there 
is   no  such    i<lentity   of   relations   or  in- 
terest,     liach    parly   to   tlu"   contrjiot   is 
liable  for   his   own   servants,   but   he   is 
n<  I    liable  for  the  servants  of  the  other. 
The  servants  of  each  work  for  the  inter- 
isi    of  their  own  master,  and  represent 
him  only.      .\s  neither   selects  the  serv- 
:ints  of  the  other,  neither  can  have  any 
rcs|H»nsit)ility  as  to  their  qualifications. 
And   thus  it  is   fixed,  f  rst,  that  neither 
is  li;ihli-  for  the  ne^'hs  •   of  the  servant 
of  the  other  party  to  the  contract,  and. 
secondly,    that    each     is    liable    for    the 
ne;'l>vt  of  his  own  servant  if  the  servant 
of  the  other  is  thereby  injured.     .     .     , 
\Vhen  two  ix-r-ons  enter  into  a  mutual 
indeiKiident    enna};eiiicnt    that  a   certain 
operation   shall   be  iierformed  either  by 
both  jointly,  or  by  one  on  the  premises 
of  the  other,   and   that   for   a   valuable 
consideration,      neither      can      complain 
a;.'.iinst  the  other  of  the  accidental  con- 
si  i|uences  of  the  act,  for  they  have  both 
:i;.'reeil  that  it    sli.ill   be  done"     Hut  each 
is   bound  to  the  other  that  his  part  of 
the  contract  shall  he  carefully  and  skil- 
fully performed,  and  is,  of  course,  liable 
f.ir  nc^;lipent  and  unskilful  performance; 
and  this  liability  is  incurred  to  everyone 
who   is   lawfull\    (n^'a^'d    in    the  execu- 
tion of  the  contiact  for  the  behoof  of  the 
■  itlier  party  to  it.     The  ne^li;.'ence  of  one 
of  the  p.uiies  to  the  controt   in  its  exe- 
cution is  not  an  incident  of  the  contract, 
but    a    breacli    of    it.      The    law    ou    this 
head  is  clearly  seUhsl." 


1 


f  ^'M] 


CD.MMo.v  i:.\ii>i.ov\ii;\T  as  a  diokkn'sk 


1.14.1 


The  Aniprioiin  Cii.ses  are  to  the  saiiic 
ofTcH-t. 

"Thn  srimnd  of  pxpinption  of  the  in:ii<- 
ter  in  iill  tlioso  oiiscs  ( i.  »■..  wIhtc  i1i<. 
scrviiiit  is  suiii;.'  his  own  i)iii~tii  i  i>  the 
privity  of  the  conlnut  li  lui'ii  him  ami 
the  jHTMin  iiijim-il.  ficiiii  uliidi  tlic  ).i\v 
|>r('siiiiii's  iiii  a;.'i('i'iiiciil  li(l«crii  iIkiii, 
for  ii  ('"inpi'iisalion  tviinil  1<i  fli.-  ri-l-  iir 
piril  of  till?  siTviro.  If.  tlniiforir.  thu 
pKiiiiliir  in  this  oasr  was  not.  in  any 
I.-;.'al  sciisi',  the  servant  or  tinploycc  of 
t'l..  ilcfcndants.  Ivnt  was  the  sirvant  or 
i-inployo-  of  anothir.  anil  tliori-  was  no 
privily  licl»icn  liiiii  and  llif  (Icfoiahints, 
Ihi-  ilccisions  rcfirnd  to  do  not  apply, 
and  the  ilrfrnd.-ints  must  lii'  lialdo.  upon 
lli(r  ;;cncral  rule,  to  the  plaiTitilf.  the 
~inip  as  to  any  other  slrai!i;er.  The  dp- 
li'iiihints  can  <  laim  no  liemlil  or  exenip 
tioM  from  a  eontraet  lUach.  Iietween  tlii> 
plaiTitiir  and  another  party,  whatever 
risks  he  may  have  as«uniiKl.  as  l)etween 
liiniself  and  liis  emph>ver."  Viiiimi  v. 
\nr  York  C.  11.  Co.  (185!))  30  liarb. 
■1^'.>. 

"Tlie  i'enerai  riih-  is  res|M)nsihility  hy 
the  master  for  the  ne^rli^'eni-e  of  his  sir\ 
iint  in  llie  |M'rformanee  of  liis  work 
fioni  wliieh  injiiiy  results  to  another. 
This  liahility  does  not  arisi-  from  eon 
Had.  ImiI  springs  from  a  liriaeli  of  that 
iliiiy  uliich  eaeh  me'.nlier  of  tlie  eoni- 
iiimiity  owi-s  to  each  otlier  meml>er.  It 
may,  it  is  true,  be  limited  l)y  eonlrait; 
iiid  wheiv  one  enters  into  tlie  servi.i' 
of  anotlier  the  contraot  of  serviee  is 
!:iKl  to  imply  a  release,  iinder  certain 
I  ireunistanem,  of  responsildlity  hy  the 
master  for  the  ne^'lijienee  of  fellow  .si-rv- 
;ints.  But  wliat  room  is  there  for  the 
applied  ion  of  tliis  rule  as  between  par- 
lies who  do  not  stand  in  any  eimtraetual 
relation?  Or  why  should  a  fanciful  and 
iiiiai'Miary  contract  he  made  and  sup 
pliisl  hy  the  courts  to  relieve  fr-ni  lia 
hility?  That  an  occupation  is  dan^'erons 
does  not  make  it  unlawful:  nor  is  ne;.'li 
j'eiiee  lawful  lici'ause  oeenniii'j  in  a  ilau 
^'erons  enterprise.  If  my  hu-iiie^s  calls 
nie  to  cro>s  a  danirerously  crowded 
street,  the  circumstances  under  which  I 
am  placed  demand  a  /.niMter  care  and 
the  exercise  of  frrealcr  w:itehfuliiess  to 
avoid  (lanfier.  failiuf;  in  which  I  may  he 
denies!  an  action  af:t\in-t  another  who 
has  also  l>een  Kuilty  of  the  same  neu'li 
pnee.  lint  suppose  I  do  exercise  all 
the  prudence  which  my  situation  re 
quires?  Shall  1  then,  who  am  innixi'iil. 
be  ridden  down  by  one  who  is  neL'li<.'ent. 
and  when  appealing'  to  tlu"  law  for  re- 
drt^s    be    answeri'd     that     f    took     tlu' 


chances  of  injury?     And   if  1  may  re- 

<"\er  a;;jin-l  the  |».r-on  liy  whom  the 
injury  is  jnllietcd.  v]\y  may  I  not  bold 
to  a  like  responsildlity  him  who-e  serv 
ant  inllieled  it?  It  >lev(dves  u|Mm  tho.i' 
who  advance  this  vh-w  to  show  souh-  rub' 
of  law  which  relieves  the  master  of  the 
re:;lij;ent  ser\.int.  and  if  any  -neh  i  ule 
e\i-ts  it  has  not  lieen  iKunli.l  out  in  a 
-iuL'le  lase  to  which  Wi-  bavi.  been  n 
ferred.      We   unibr-tand   the    law   to   !«• 

that    c'.u'   who    enuraiires    in    a    danirer 

enteiprise  assumes   the  ri-k  of  -ueh    in 
juries  as  he  may   receive   provided   lley 
are    not    caused    by    the    ne^di^'enl.    .ml 
thereton' unlaw  ful,  act  of  another.     I'.mi 
daiiL'erons  occujiat  ions  dejnand  a  correla 
tivi'ly    ^re.itir   c.-ire   on    the   [lart    of   all 
p.  i-ons  eii'^  i;.'e(l  in  tbcni.  and  one  •juilty 
of  a  want  of  that  care  which  the  law  im- 
poses  on   hini.    and   result ini;   in    injury 
to  an  innoeent  per-on.  cannot  esea|>e  the 
oldiL'aliou  of   making  reparation   to  the 
innoei.nl   by  showing  that  the  service  in 
which  he  was  i"i:.Mc;e(I  was  in  itself  of  a 
danvero'.is    character,    for    nait    runsliit 
that   the   jnjuiy  would   have  resulteil   in 
the  danyerinis   servin'    if   the   defendant 
himself   had    u-ed    that    care   whicdi    the 
\ery    danger    recpiired    him    to    observe. 
l!ul   it   is  s;iid.  by  enu'.ij.'in;r  in  a  common 
work  th(^  ser\aots  of  (he  employer  and 
those  of  an    indi-piinlent   contractor,   or 
the    serv.ints    of    two    indepenilent    con- 
til  tors,  beeoiiie   fellow  servants.      This 
is  a   pure,   siiisple.  and   arbitrary  ass<.r- 
tion;    a    fanciful    doctrine,    invi  nted    to 
subserve  some  sn;       sed  pulilic  pcdicy  or 
to   limit    the  opei    lion   of   a    well  reco";- 
nized  rule  which   jud;_;es  have  thou;;ht  in 
particular  cases  It  would  result  in  son' 
hardship  to  e?iforce.     Suppose  the  plain 
till',  t^onroy.  had  jrone  to  the  defendant 
company  and  slid  to  it:     'Your  en^'ini'<>r 
i^.   a   cirrhss   and  nei'li^ent   man:    I   am 
unwilling:  to  serve  with  him.  and  I  ask 
yon   to  disehar.y;!'  him?'     Would  not  the 
leply  have  lie<'i,  'We  have  nothin;:  to  do 
wilji      (.11;    we   did   n<  t    enj.'ij;e  you;    we 
lannol  dise|iarL;e  you:  you  are  not  liable 
under   anv   eoiiirael    to   us;    wi^   are    not 
re-poiisili|e    for   you   nor   to  you?"     The 
plaintill'    would    llien    have    jrone   to    Me 
lloiiill.    who    had    eni|>loyiHl    him.    and 
made    the    same    complaint.      McDonabI 
would    have    replied,   ami    )>ro|HTly.       'I 
have  nolliiiiL;  to  do  with  the  eii};inei'r;    I 
dill    no*   sell  el    him;    I    cannot   discharge 
him:    I   do   not    cintrcd   him:    I   am   not 
responsible  for   liiin."      The   relationship 
seems   to   bejiiu    in~l    where   the   masti'i 
invokes   it    for   hi-    prole<tion,   and   ends 
ii'.-t  where  the  ~er\ant  invokes  it  for  hi". 


•      •     , 


1344 


M.\>IK.R  AM)  sl.l!\  ANT. 


[CIIAP.    XXVI. 


ili 


i! 


of  tho  pnrtv  fr..TU  wl.n.n  l.c  i^  scckin-  ni.  in.lcninily.  is  puf  upon  the 
san.o  fuotiiif-  iis  unr  win.  lia.l  iilwa.vs  .-..liiMincl  onwi-lo  tl.at  s.tvk-o. 

491.  Discussion  of  this  rule.— The  ])riiicii>!<'  «-!ilMl^!M•ll  l.y  tlic  vixavh 
.•itcd  in  the  last  sc.-ti..„  i.iav  fairly  hv  .IcscriluMl  as  an  arUiirary  liini- 
lation  np.m  a  rulo  vvlu.-l.  is  itself  l-ascl  un  n.-thin-r  n.o.o  suLsiantunl 
,l,an  a    pnivlv  tirtiticus    inipli^-ali-n.     ('nnsi,lcnM-  tlu-    n.t..l..ral.l.- 
..nount  of  injustice  pr-huv,!  l.y  tho  .lofcns.  ..f  n„nn...n  en.plnyn.ont. 
it  is  far  fn.ni  Winji  a  sul.jo.-t  of  n^n't  that  tlw  courts  sl.onl.l  havo 
restricted  that  deft-nso  to  cases  where  tho  noi:lif.vnt  and  the  nijuro.l 
servants  are  hired  bv  tho  same  master.     But  it  is  i.nposs.l.le  to  deny 
that  the  situation  would  lo^i.-ally  be  far  more  satisfactory  it  the  ox- 
.rption  thus  infn-afte.1  on  the  main  doctrine  had  boon  referre.l  immo- 
diatolv  to  what  seems  to  1h>.  in  tho  last  resort,  the  only  solid  founda- 
tion which  can  be  sujipestod  for  tho  doctrine  itself,  viz.,  public  policy 
See  ?  473,  supra.     Kvon   supposin-   that  tho   theory  of  an   implied 
airreement  is  inapplicable,  simply  and  solely  because  the  action  is  one 
between  a  plaintitf  and  a  defendant  b.-twoon  whom  there  is  no  pnvi^v 
of  contract,  there  are  no  api.aront  reasons,  apart  trom  such  as  may  be 
dclucod   from   public   p.dicy,   why    tho   principle   oxpn'ssed    in    the 
maxim.  Volenti  rwn  fit  injuria,  shoul.l  not  bo  allowed,  under  appro- 
j.riato  circumstances,  to  coustituto  a  valid  defense.      It  is  a  manitesf 
inconsistency  to  allow  that  principle  to  operaf  as  a  bar  in  such  cases 
as  \Voo,llr,,'y.  }frfropolHau  IM.  li.  (V..'.  and  to  deny  it  that  eft..ct 
where  the  "risk  is  as  obvious  as  it  was  in  -John.^o,,  v.  Lindsr,,!  \  1h!>l  | 

\  ('.  3T1,  «;5  L.  T.  X.  S.  07,  .55  J.  P.  64-1.  <il  I-  -T.  Q.  B.  X.  S.  0(», 

ni^.f';;:5"c-.,:n.^;f:.i:.^i'w '■..:::: i;"- : ..,...,...>,....  — ant  t,,,,, 

,vill    sustain    tins    -M--- .",;--;      ^    !,^  ,""r  .  »^:.  n     "t  ".   :^"  hrin.s,, 
r)\il)lic  arc  not    at   nil    intcrc>t<'(l    m   in<     -I'.t.      i<>   i"<  ,  ,ann\    ill  111    •>-,; 

i;;:osuon  as  n,..y  are  in .,.;;;;';;- ;-;  ™-  '^: :,  ';':^;;,:r;;{".n!.f  '";,::;;;■ 

he  ha,!  nn  o,,i«>rt-,mly  !■■  -lo  so    an.|  .m    ...0    X.V   l-    ["'• 

o,,,.,r.nnity  ...  p.anl  a,a,ns,  th-  ...nse-         ns.  ^1      .        '-;;•'.;,,  „„,,.,. 

.lueiicts  of  his  m'glig.-nce.  •'•  '■^'"-  ->■•••        v 


8  -»!)!] 


COMMON'  KMIM.OVMKNT  AS  A  nKI'KNSK. 


1343 


40  WccJv.  IJop.  405,  IJovci^iiif;  [  IBM) J  L.  U.  2:5  Q.  Ti.  Div.  508,  nS 
L.  J.  Q.  15.  >;.  S.  r)>sl,  ;!s  Wick.  Ucp.  11!)  (.■<cc  last  section,  iioto  1), 
and  in  similar  casi-s.  In  I'act  it  seems  to  l)0  nut  an  unreasnnal)lo  sup- 
IMjsilion  I  hat  tli(!  princi|il(!  nmv  un<ler  discnssinn  eimld  liardly  have 
lieen  adopted  in  its  pre-ent  I'urm,  as  a  ])eremi)tor_v  ride  of  law,  if  due 
account  had  lieen  taken  hv  the  courts  of  the  effect  of  the  maxim, 
VoUnli  iKiit  I'li  iiijiiiiii.  The  narrow  ground  taken  is  that,  to  lot  in 
the  defense  of  common  em])!o_vnient,  there  must  he,  not  oidy  a  common 
en  ,)K)vment,  hut  a  cipuimon  master,  and  tiie  lani;nai;e  of  the  judges 
siiows  (piite  clearly  thai  it  has  resniieil  fnun  dealini;-  with  the  assump- 
tion of  risks,  .solely  from  tiie  stand|)oint  of  an  implii  d  contract,  and 
ijfnoring  the  possihle  applicaiiility  of  the  maxim  which  is  ohviously 
sufrjicsied  hy  most  cases  of  this  type,  inasmuch  as  the  sen-ant,  when- 
ever he  is  expo,-.ed  t<>  danger  from  this  source,  can  s<'arcelv  ever  be  un- 
aware of  the  fact.  Jlere  there  is  no  ditliculty  in  concedina:  that  no 
implied  umlertakiii'i  to  learn  th(>  risks  arisiufr  from  the  nef;lii;-eiicp  of 
the  servants  of  the  person  can  he  ini])ule(l  to  an  emplov(>c  whose  only 
contractmd  relations  are  witii  another  person,  lint  unless  the  perti- 
nence of  the  maxim  in  such  cases  is  to  Im;  wiiolly  denied, — and  there 
is  no  apparent  reason  why  it  should  he, — the  consideration  relied 
upon  is  not  necessarily  conclusive.  As  lony  as  cases  like  W'c  ullry  v. 
Mflroiiolilan  Disl.  /,'.  Co.-  where  the  wider  rule  endiodieu  in  the 
maxim  was  permitted  to  defeat  the  action  of  a  contractor's  servant 
who  claimed  damai;es  from  the  contractru-'s  principal,  the  reason  as- 
-ijiued  heinjr  that  the  plaintiff  continued  to  work  \  ith  a  full  knowl- 
( (Ige  of  the  dauucrs  to  which  li(>  was  exposeil,  are  not  explicitly  <lisa])- 
proved,  the  law  stands  in  this  ( .irious  position — ihat,  where  a  ser\-ant 
is  injured  hy  the  nefjliucnce  of  mo  who,  tliouj;h  a  straufjer,  stands  in 
i^uch  a  relation  to  the  servant's  master  that  his  ue;ili<rence  will  not  im- 
prohai>Iy  aumnent  the  risks  of  tiie  eiii|)loynient,  tlr  ilefeiidant  is  at 
least  entitled  to  fjo  to  the  jury  on  tlie  issue  wliethr  the  plaintilf' s  ac- 
tion is  harreil  for  the  reason  that  he  fully  appreciated  the  perils  to 
which  the  ]>ossiliility  of  such  iiei;lii;ciice  exjioscd  him;  while,  on  the 
iitlier  hand,  it  is  a  rijiid  rule  that  tlie  most  com]ilete  appreciation  of 
liic  daiificr  to  which  he  is  exposed  hy  ilie  iiei;li<jence  of  l!'.e  employees 
iif  that  sfraniii'r  will  not  dehar  him  from  recoverimx  damaires  for  in- 
juries caused  hy  the  iie^lij;ence  of  one  of  them.  IIow  little  there 
really  is  to  choose.  u]vin  juirely  li>f'-ical  crrounds.  between  the  acee])ted 
and  rejected  doctrines  is  shown  in  u  very  striking  manner  from  the 

•  nSTTj  I,,  r.  2  Exch.  Div.  384,  40  L. 
J.  Exch.  N.  S.  621. 


■  r; 


MASTKi;  AND  SKliVANT. 


[CIIAP.   XXVL 


'!       I 


i34« 

Mil.joinc.l  .•stra.'ls  from  il,.'  ..i.ini<.ii-  ui  euiinont  Kniilish  iind  Scotch 
ju.l'i;vs.^ 
•Ill  Juiiiisiiii  V.  ].u'hni,  (issm  I..  \\. 

23  (.t.  U.  Div.  .".IIS.  ,">;>.  "iS  I..  .1.  IJ.  1!.  N- 
S.   fiSl.   .iS    Wn'U.    I\,..    11"     l"rv.  1..  .1., 
«!n.~c   viru>  ilill'cr.il    liiMH   111"-''  <'f  ''"' 
(.lluT    iiiPinlifr-   ol    III.'.   <<iiii'    <'l'    iM'l"':''- 
liiit   were-   tlic-i'     vliieli    iirii  iiilnl    in    tin' 
llimse  (if  l.onU    (hco  ubovi-i.  [iniiHuiiul- 
lU  the  qvif^li'in.     What  i-*  llw  iluty  of  a 
inastor  who  (I<m-s  not  |)iis.>iially  oxcoutc 
the  Avork  towar.ls  a  worUinan  not  in  his 
nnploy.  hut  who,  as  the  sdvaiil  of  an- 
other master,  i-i  to  tako  pari   in  lh«'  com- 
mon eiili-rpri-o'!"— ami   pi.H  .•••(htl  thus: 
"!  know  of  no  anihoiily  wliii'h  answers 
that  qm-tion.     I'.nl    I  liml  that  in   It  i/. 
■son  V.    1/crn/   (ISliS)    1..   K.   1   II.  L.  Sc. 
\pp    Ca-.  3'2fi.  3;i-i.   lit   I..  T.   N.  S.  30, 
i.,r,l   Cairns   has   indicaled    a    .lilTerence 
lielween  the  duty  of  a  ma«ler  to  tlie  f."en- 
eral   pnlilio   and   to   a   s<Tvant.     In   the 
case   of   tlie   workman   there    is   the  ele- 
ment  of   free   will;    in  the   puhlic  there 
is  not.     Ix)r(l  Cairns  says    (at  p.  3:!21  : 
'At  all  events  .a  servant   may  rlr"-e  for 
him-elf   between    serving  a    ma-tir   who 
does,   and   one  who  dm^s   not,   attend   in 
1  ,r-on  to  his  lm-im">s.'     S).  a  man  may 
eh.M  se  hi'tween  taking  part  in  an  enter- 
prise in  whiih  there  is  the  eooptiation 
of  masters  who  employ  servants,  and  not 
taking  part   in  sueh   enterprise.       If  he 
do  voluntarily  take  part  in  sueh  an  en- 
terprise he  cannot  complain  of  the  mas- 
ter   who   does    all    he   can.    who   ehooses 
coniiM'tent   servants,   and    sujjplies   them 
with    tilting    materials    and    appliances, 
"'his  view  would  have  presented  it-elf  to 
me  if  there  had  heen  no  decisions  l.cfore 
me  but  WiUon  v.    Won/.     H'lt  it  is.  so 
far  as  I  know,  to  hi-  found   in  no  other 
authority,    and    it    is    obvious    that    to 
adoiit    it    would    have    far-veachiiig   con- 
sequences, and  would,   1   think,  overrule 
some   old    cases,   such   a.s    lihuol   v,    A'os^s 
(ISOO)     11    M'xue.    V.   C.    C.    21(1.    l.nsh. 
2:!1.      I  do  not,  Iheref.ue,  feel  at  libeity 
to  adopt    it." 

In  fi/reori/  V.  nUl  (ISfin)  S  Pc.  S.^ss 
Cas.  3d  series.  2S2.  it  was  ar;;uc(!  that 
tlie  defense  bas.-l  on  common  emidoy- 
ment  should,  on  principle,  be  applied 
to  .  ircunistaneea  where,  though  the  par- 
lie  .re  not  fdhm-  servants,  their  work 
is  such  that  risk  from  injury  to  <ine 
from  the  negligence  of  the  other  -..s  a 
natural  and  necessary  .'ons,  quenee  of  the 
cni-.!ovment.  This  contention  did  not 
pre  ail,  as  the  court  fell  itself  iM.ai..i 
by  the  authorities,  and  therefore  not  in 


a  po-ilion  to  -etile  the  question  on  pure- 
h   -ciciitilic  ground-.      Hut  X\u-  lidlowins 
e.MiacI    froni  the  opinion  of   Lord  Men- 
ciiir  indicates  chMrly  the  trend  of  ju- 
dicial th.ai'jlit    in  Scotland  at  that  time. 
"Ill   this   ease,   t  hi-   pliM    of  the  dcli'lldiT 
el!tircl\  .cpudiates  theiileaof  c(.nl  tact  lie- 
I » evil  'master  ami  servant,  as  the  ground 
ot    immunity.     He    says    that    the    rule 
docs  not  rest   I'U  an  impliiMl  eontracl  on 
the  part  of  the  servant,  but  on  a  wider 
piiiuiplc.  whiih  render*  the  master  in  a 
imi.li    larger    da-s    of    cases    only    liable 
for    his   own   acts,  and   the   selection   «l' 
iirop,  r  jicrsons  to  do  the  work.     What- 
ever I  niav  think  of  the  ground  on  which 
the  iiile  has  been  re-teil,  or  however  will 
iiig  1   niiuht  be  to  se<>  the  exemption  of 
the    master    placed    on    a    more    general 
fooling.   I  can  tind  no  authority  which 
has    hTid    down    any    such    ruh'    for   (Uir 
guiilince.     It    might    have  bei'ii   soundei 
?o    measure   the   liabiii'y    of    the'  master 
bv  the  i)ri'|>er  N".'al  imidint     of  his  own 
p'lsitieai  ratiier  than  by  an  arliticial  and 
i.i'hi'r    fancil'ul    implication    of   a    taiit 
ee.iiti.ect,    which   hardly   alfords   a    s.diel 
foua.lalion  for  the  result  dMuccd  from 
it.     That     a    workman     umh>rtakes    tlie^ 
risks  of  the  emplovment  is  only  true  in 
the  see-,    in  which' it  is  true  that  every- 
one  wliei   cemtrails   takes    the   ordinary 
risks    incide'ut    to  the   fulfilment  of    his 
contract,     lie   ehu-s    n.et    thereby   en  gag.- 
to  liberate  others  from  then  legal  lialul 
ity  to  him.     Tie  does  not  engage  to  fre^.' 
tlie  ma-ter  from  the  coiisi.pnnccs  of  his 
..wn   nei^lcct.  ne.r  is  it  easy  to  see  why 
he  -hould   be  supposed  to  intend  to  lili- 
erale'  him  from  the  eons.que'iice^  of  acts 
whieh  the  law  assumes  to  be  his.     It  is 
true  alse>  of  the  master  in  his  eemtraet 
with  his  workmen;  anel  he  whei  .Miiploys 
twentv   wiirkmen  may  be  justly    -aiel   to 
km.vv'and  take.  111.-  risk  of  his  liability 
f.ir  the  negli;"  !'"■  of  each  .if  them.     Ihat 
is  irulv  an  orelinarv  ri-k  of  the  employ 
n;eiit    of    labe.r.rs,  "  But    timh-r   color   eef 
the-  phrase  an  "orelinary  risk     there  has 
besii  spelt  out   of  the  (ortra.l   of  service^ 
a  sp  eial  contract  of  liberal ieai  or  indenr 
nilv   uneler  which   the   workman   is  held 
,.„(■   so  iriiii-h   to  undertake  a  risk  as  t-> 
free     fre.ni     ii-poiisibility     tlio-e     whom 
otherwise  the  law  weiulel  have  made  lia- 
bl..  to  him.     liiil  til"  more  artificial  the 
rule    the   more   nec.-ssary    it   is  that    we 
.he.ul.i   .stri.-!lv   aell,.'..'  1"  it;   anel   if   "ej 
were  once   to   decide   that   this   impln'.! 


ii  401:1]  (OMMO.N  I"MI'f.O\\li:NT  AS  A  DKKKNSB.  1347 

491a.  Huie  where  an  independent  contractor  is  suing  the  con- 
tractee. —  In  out'  ftilmiiiil  ca-c  it  lias  been  held  that  the  t'ai-t  oi  a  wuvk- 
iiian's  iM'iiin;  an  inilciiciiilniit  t'<  in  tractor  docs  !iot  make  liiiii  any  tlic 
loss  a  cdscrviint,  in  the  technical  sense,  of  iliosc^  who  are  wnrkini;-  fur 


rontract  was  imt  tin-  foiinilatioii  of  tlii" 
rule,  I  do  iKit  ^n-  lliat  \w  ciml<l  stiip 
short  o{  what  h.iiIiI  lie  a  more  siiiMililie 
rule,  liliiTil  ill;.'  tlic  ma-tcr  in  nil  <a~i's 
in  which  he  had  Ik'ih  ^.'iiilly  of  no  per- 
sonal iic^ih'it." 

Kifiht  yi'ar-i  latci-  rami-  W'ikiiIIiihiI  v. 
dailnrss'  Mill.  C<i.  (1S77|  4  Sc.  Scss. 
Cas.  4th  siiii'~.  Mill,  nvcniili'il  hy  -liihn- 
mil  V,  l.iiiil^iiii  Ijs'.ill  A.  ('.  ;i7l.  <1.)  L. 
T.  N.  S.  !IT.  ■..■)  .1.  I',  lilt,  til  1..  •!.  <).  n. 
\.  S.  DO.  4"  \\<,k.  \U]i.  10.-.  (S  l!i(t. 
note  1.  niiiirii).  and  in  tlii'  interval  lln^ 
iMil;.'es  had  ;.'athered  -iilHeii-nt  eiiiira;;e  to 
.li-re;;ard  tlie  aiilhmiliis  and  treat  tho 
i|n('>tion  n|M>n  wlial  llic^y  ilei  iiied  a  ra- 
tional liasis.  Thft  ((in-ideraliiins  which 
111!  the  eo'irt  to  thi'  ctiiM'hi-ioii  that,  in 
oaspswhert'  the  servant- of  dilTcri'nt  mas- 
ters arc  00  (iperaliiii;  in  tlie  exeeiilion 
•  if  the  same  work,  eaeli  nia~ter  is  i\empt 
from  re-]>onsiliility  for  injuries  inlliet- 
I'd  i'.|Kin  the  seivani-  of  otiier  iiiiisters 
liy  the  iie;.di;;cnee  of  hi-  servants,  will  he 
apparent  from  the  fidlowinj;  oxtraets 
ironi  tho  opinions; 

■As  a  resnlt  of  the  whole  of  the  an 
Ihorities."  said  l.ord  In^'les.  "it  apiH'ars 
to  me  that  one  of  the  conditions  -nhji'i't 
to  whieh  every  man  nin-l  hecome  a  mem 
Kit  of  one  of  the-e  u'real  or;;ani/ations 
iferminioL'  or  maniifa  liirin'_'  piir|Hi-<'s) 
is  that  he  «h  II  take  on  him-i  If  all  the 
perils  nafitr.illy  inoident  to  the  wok  he 
niidortakes  without  looking'  to  anyone 
I'lso  'o  guaraiiliM'  him  a;;,  ins|  or  imlem- 
nify  him  for  iniury  sustained  from  the 
ec'onrrenee  of  -urii  ]>eril.  This  dciis  not 
interfere  with  the  prineiple  of  !■<  r-onal 
lialiilily  f(ir  the  eonse<pieni'es  of  pei-onal 
urons  or  ne;;lii^"nee.  hut  it  e\i  lude-  all 
iiiiti.ins  of  ulial,  for  the  saki>  of  di-line 
iirii.  1  -hall  call  si'cundary  re-pon-ihil 
ity.  ...  If  two  minias  an-  em- 
ployed ami  paid  by  the  same  master. 
in.i.  while  th.'y  aic  Inwin;;  at  one  work 
in:.'  face,  the  one  liy  nenU^'cnc-e  injuri's 
I'll'  other.  thi>  masti-i  is  not  an-ucrahle 
li.c;ni-e  it  is  ..liil  they  are  enoa.ixed  in  a 
ii'iiiMinn  I  mploymciil  that  is  to  say, 
liny  ari'  i  niraoed  in  the  -ame  work  a* 
servants  of  tho  same  tna-ler.  Hut  if 
the  lejral  principle  were  applicaldi'  to 
tills  ea.so  only,  it  would  cea-i-  to  he  a 
■•rineiple.  an>I  de^f*' '■'''"  ''■'■' '^  "  ''"'''' 
»rlificial  and  arbitrary  rule.     It   is  not 


hi'cause  the  wron;;iloer  is  in  a  te<hnieal 
sense  the  servant  of  the  -ame  ma-ler 
Ih.it  the  ma-ti'r  is  not  an-wi'rahle.  It  is 
of  no  momi'nf  to  the  iniuicMl  workman 
whether  his  injury  he  cau-ed  hy  a  serv- 
ant of  the  -ame  master  or  hy  one  who 
has  uiidirl.iken  -onii'  function  in  the 
mine  upon  what  is  called  an  independ- 
ent eontr.iit.  The  injury  in  either  ease 
is  the  saiee.  The  personal  liability  of 
the  wron;;do<>r  is  the  same.  Kut  the 
mine  owner  is  ficei'  from  respim-ihility. 
not  becati-e  the  iniurid  ami  injincr  are 
both  his  own  hind  and  paid  servants, 
but  hi'cau-e  he  is  not  |i<'r-onally  in  fault 
and  has  not  warranteil  tin-  injuriHl  work- 
man a^jaiiist  the  j>erils  of  (lie  work, 
.  .  The  whole  per-ons  eULM^'ed  in  a 
mine  form  one  or;.'anization  of  labor  for 
one  common  ernl  I  however  dillerent  their 
functions  may  he),  and  are  all  subject 
to  one  ^reneral  eontnd,  ixerci-i  d  by  the 
mine  owner  or  tho-e  to  whom  his  au- 
thority is  dele;.'aled.  .  .  .  To  such  a 
conununity  a.s  this,  and  to  its  imlividual 
uu-ndiers.  the  mine  owin  r  is  under  ci  r 
tain  well-defined  ohli^'at  i(  us.  but  to  hold 
that  his  (ildiu-ation-  and  liabilit  ies  to  the 
individual  workmen  de|Mnd  on  whether 
they  are  technically  hi-  -ervants  cm- 
ployed  by  a  contractor  for  piece  work  in 
-ome  limited  portion  of  tho  mini',  while 
it  wiiuhl  be  incon-islent  with  h-;.'al  prin- 
ciple, would  also.  1  think,  inlnnliu'e 
^ireat  e<infu-ion  when-  it  is  desirable 
that  evervlhinL'  should  bo  as  clear  as 
possihie."' 

if  a  committee  of  the  l!riti-h  Asso- 
I'iation."  s.iid  Lord  Moniiiill'  in  the 
s.inie  ca-e.  "choose  to  :;o  down  a  mine, 
they  nui.st  taki-  the  -afejiuanls  of  the 
mini-  as  they  find  them.  It  would  be 
an  entirely  ilill'erent  thin;.'  if  the  owner 
had  eULMued,  for  ordin.ny  professional 
rcnumeration.  the  servicis  of  a  me<li<'al 
mill  to  visit  tlic  pit  periodically,  the 
distinction  manifestly  lies  in  the  eleincnt 
of  contract  and  valuable  con-ideralion. 
I  ilo  not  -ay.  ami  the  revcr-e  ha-  been 
held,  that  the  moral  obliL'ition  implied 
in  invitalion  or  encoura;.'ement  may  not 
amount  in  sjK'cial  .ases  to  lei:al  oblif.'a- 
tion.  Hut  that  iiipiires  some  element 
equivalent  to  a  direct  underlaki'i";.  It 
ja  appari'ut  that  the  principle  of  pre- 
sumed acceptance  of  the  risk  which  ob 


l^tS 


MASTKIi  .WD  SKItVANT. 


[chap.  xx\i 


wiitr.'s    imdor   tlio    same    inuslor.'      Hut    tlic    .l.'ci-i..n    is    csscnlialh. 


ilioii^rl,  not  in  terms,  iiu-onsistciil  wifii  tli 


>se  cited  in  <!  VMK  siinrn.      If 


iliere  is  ni>  common  employment  us  iK-tween  tlie  senants  of  an  in<l( 
Iieiident  contractor  and  the  servants  of  tiie  cnMtract<>e.  it  is  clear  that 


there 


l» 


no  common  em|Moyment 


■Iween  the  latter  .s<>n'anl 


md  the  independent  cdniraetor  himself. 


i   '  i 


l;iiii«  ill  the  ciisc  irf  fellow  «riviiiits  liiiH    a  risk  is  iKit  ii-..|iii-t<'(l  in  its  iipnliiMt 
11   iiiiich    wiiliT  ii|)|)|-    ■■■   -        '■- -     '    •  -     -•  .... 


11(1  jihici-  ill  iiisfs  of  (iticioiis  idiilriicl, 
I'lli*  ijili-ii  11   WHS   followed    ill    \l  i;i(/(;/<' 


i!iit    it    has    to  tlic  (MS 


if    fellow    seiviillts.    Iiilt    i- 
ini'iv   ill  llic  cii-e  of  i\   niciiil" 


l>:ir  t( 

of   II    llinslel's    flMllilv. 


V.   l/<,///,/((,i(/  /)•„»  f'„.i  ISS4I  12  Sc.  S'ss.    may    1m-    ilriviii'.'    with    1 


Cns.  41  h  s,.|i,.s.  111.  .,vli< 


cic  ail  a|i|irciitie('    |>ersoii    «|,o    pla 


■f    I    fliellcl 


mil,    or    ( 


of  a  (inn  of  iiiiiiiii)>cin;iiiiMis  w.is  injured    or  othi 
■>y  ai!  explosion  due  to  tlic 


li 


elf    llV 


iniilrac' 


L'li 


iif    latioM    to    tl 


rw  isc  mliiiitarily.    in   smli   a    ri- 


11    servant    of    llic    mine   (mner:    and    in    lield     to    li; 


ic    master   that    lie    must    I . 


Miii/iiin-   V.   1,'iissill    (ISS.-. )     IJ   Se.   Sess.     risks   incidental 


tal^: 


:l|.. 


h 


elf     tl, 


( 


H9.    4th    series.    1(171.   overruled    liv   the 


I  lolls 


[)f    !,( 


in   ■liiliiiKiii)    V.    I.imlsin)     (  IHIi: 


In     1/i'/,; 


/,• 


I'O-ltloll. 


wliere    a    wo 


10     Mieli.     l!!.!.    the 


(«    4!I0.    note    1  I. 

the  employ   of   one  who   had   eonliaeted    llic  servant  of  a  eontrae't 


rkiiian    in    e(pially  divided  on  the  ipiestioii  whetlic 


to  do  the  piniiiliiii;.'  work  of  a  Imihlinj.'.    risk  of  the 


wns  h(>Id   tolM' eii;:a';ed  in  thcsame   work,    the    e(pntiaelor"s 
and    tnerefnre    to    lie    the    fidlow    senaiil     the   ayclits  of  II 


.'liyenee  ef  the  s( 


employer. 


■<1  th  ■ 
ervants  <  f 


Mill     there 


of  a    workman    hired    hv 


le  eoinpaiiy 


kne 


a    firm   to    lay    eonditions  which  thicatined  t 


iif  tli< 


the  oomcnt    flnoriii;;   in   the  same   Iniilil-     jury,    and    the  oontraeti 


ing. 


In  ttie   former  of  these  two  onses    not. 


o  eaiise  in 
r's    servant    did 


the    eoiiit    t(n>k    llie    liicad    "i nd    that 


/'. 


On  II 


the  rule  as  to  au  implied  iussuniption  of   land  L.  R,  1  Sup.  Ct.  0 


I  lHH:t)     Xcw    Ze 


iP 


?  i! 


.  II 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

DEFENSE  OF  COAmON  KMPU)VMKNT  IN  CASKS  NOT  IX^-OTA'IN'O  TUT 
QUESTION  WilETULU  THE  NEULIUKNX  bEltNANT  WAS  A  VICE  I'KIN- 
CIPAL. 

A.  iNTBOnUCTORT. 

402.  Scope  of  chapter. 

4ft.'J.  General  Ktatcnicnt  of  wliat  constitutes  cnmnion  oniployment. 
4!)4.  Prorinces  of  court  and  jury  in  ilolcriiiiiiini;  wlicllu'r  there  wa-i  a  com- 
ninii  ernpluyiiient. 

B.  THEOBY   that   COMMLMTy    OK   EMVI.OYMENT   DKI'KXOM   80LKI.Y   O.N    WIIKTHEB   TIIF 

DELIXQIINT   SKIIVANT'S  NKULIOE.NCE  WAS  A.  RISK  CO.NTEMl'LATEU   IIY 
TlfE  IXJIUEU  SKItVA.NT. 

495.  Generiilly. 

496.  Diversity  of  duties  or  departments  not  suirieicnt  to  exclude  defen.sc  of 

common  em|ik>yment. 

497.  Contifjiiity  a  mjiterial.  thon<»li  not  decisive,  factor. 

498.  Illustrative  eases  of  common  employment. 

499.  Disconnection  of  duties,  wlieii  so  gn-itt  as  to  nepitive  implied  accept- 

ance of  the  risk  of  a  fellow  servant's  ne;rli}riMice. 

C.  ThEOBY  that  COMMO.N    E.MIM.OVMEXT  11EPE.ND8  ON   lUEXTlTV  OK  UEPAnTMENTS  OF 

WOKK  OK  CO.NSOCIATIOX   OK  UlTIKS. 

600.  Identity  of  department  as  a  test,  p-nerally. 
501.  Consociation  of  duties,  as  a  tost  of  common  employment. 
601a.  Same  suliject  eontined. 

602.  Relation  hetween  the  theories  of  nonassijjnahle  duties  and  consociation 

of  duties. 

603.  Difference  or  identity  of  departmnirt  not  nee<^sarily  conclusive  under 

the  consociation  doctrine. 
504.  Consociation  primaiily  a  ()uestion  of  fact  for  the  jury. 
SO.'i.  (ieneral  discussion  of  the  doctrine  of  ooiiMociation. 
606.  lllu;itrative  caiies. 

A.  Introductory. 


492.  Scope  of  chapter. —  In  all  ea^ps  wliprp  thp  flpfpnse  of  cospn-icp 
I?  relipd  upon,  thp  pritnarv  quostinn  to  bp  dptpmiinpd  is  wliptlipr  tli( 
rolativp  position?  of  thp  npnligpnt  and  injurpd  servants  wpro  sncii 
iliat  there  was,  in  thp  literal  spn?p  of  tlip  word,  a  "common  employ- 
ii!-"nt."  If  tliiil  iiiicolion  ir  .fMlcd  ji;  [he  ma.^trro  favor,  the  scrvani 
is  dcbarrpd  from  recovery,  tmlcss  hp  can  show  that,  althouch  there  wa? 

1340 


1350 


MASTKH   VXD  SKRVAN T. 


[chap,  xxtii. 


i:    I 


such  cnimiion  (Miiplnviinnt.  tlio  iic;:Ii;r<'nt  ^-orvniit  wns  tlio  roprrsontn- 
tive  or  vi.-c  principal  of  ili<'  iiiiistcr.'  The  i-ascs  (iciilijiir  witli  the  for- 
iiior  of  these  (|iiesii(iris  will  he  ri  viewed  in  tlip  onsnina;  cliiipfor. 

493.  General  itatement  of  what  constitutes  common  employment.— 
Thoro  is  a  coniplcte  iiMiiniinitv  as  to  ilie  puint  that  in  onh'r  to  Ifit  in 
tho  dofensi'  of  (•oiiniioii  einplov  nient,  it  must  appear  that,  at  the  tiiiM 
of  the  aeeitlent  in  suit,  ilie  Mei;li<;ent  anil  injured  servants  were  umi 
only  under  the  control  o|  the  same  master  (see  §  4J)(>,  anir),  hut  weiv 
also  eni;apM|  in  the  dis<Ii;iri;c  <>(  duties  which  niav  bo  said,  in  a  hm 
sonahle  sen-e.  to  have  been  directed  to  the  attainment  of  tho  saiiK 
end.'  The  principle  is.  howover,  too  va_i,nie  to  ho  of  much  assistanci 
in  liti<rafion,-'  and  it  has  heen  attempted  to  impart  groator  dofinitone- 

'  It  mast  tji'  n'liiiittcd  that,  ns  a  more  oxplninol  by  wilxiiliary  prinoiplo«  nnd 
niiittcr  of  ti'iiiiiii(il()),'y.  till'  ilistiiidioii  ooiHtrucd  with  rcfcri'iiri'  to  speoilli' 
Inkcn  ill  tlic  text  is  ncil  sii^taimd  l>y  the    K'uiips   iif    diets,    the   cxticMicly   pcnciiil 


phraTiihi'.y  whicli  is  ompliiyi'il  tiy  jiicIl'i- 
casts  viTv  little  lijrht  upon  the  Hiibjiit 
"The  two  serviiiits  iiiast  lie  men  in  tlir 
same  poniiiiiiii  eniployiiient.  and  enfrnu'id 
in   tlie   same   riiiiiiiiiiii    work    under   tlint 


'Coeniployees  in  tlie  same  eomniiMi 
iiii|ili)Viiieiit."  Ciiiiilx  riniid  <f  /».  II.  i:, 
V.  .s7./^e    (187.-))    4t   Md.  2S;i. 

"Kii'.';iL;ed  ill  the  .iaiiie  ecMiiiiion  Work. 
and  prrfnrmiii;;  duties  pertaining  to  tlif 
same  •.'eiieial  hiisiiie-...."  Ilfilli more  t'.l- 
iv.ilur  !■>,.  V.  yeal  (ISS(i)  (!.->  Md.  4.'is, 
•■.  .\t!.  .1,1S. 

■■Kii;.M'je(l  in  a  rommim  Imsinoss  whidi 


authorities,    the    phrase    ■■eomiimii    em 

ploynient"  heinp  fref)iiently  ii~eil   to  de 

note  the  situation  wliieli  is  the  antillie 

>is  of  that  which  exists  wheri'  the  nei'li 

pent   servant   is  a    vice   priiieipil.     See 

for  example.  CHrhii  v.   Iloff    ilSOlM    il2    eonmioti   emplovment."  Bartonnliill  r-.if 

X.  .1.  L.  7.-.S,   t2  .\tl.  ;;il.     This  speeial-    t'n.   v.   MvUulr'r    (Isr.S)    3  Macq.   H.  L. 

ised    and    not    very    preeise    ii^e    of    the    Tas.   .1(ii|.   p,.r    f.ord    ISroupha 

words,    whieli    is   ex[ilipahle    hi-loiieally        '"  '  ■       .. 

by  the  fart  that  the  general  ediieipliciii 

of  common  employment,  as  ooiistitutiii;,' 

an  exception  to  the  doctrine  i>f  ri-.i/wnd- 

rat   •iH/iciior.   antedates  the   partial   res- 
toration   of    that   doctrine   liy    means   of 

the  theory  of  vice  priiieipaUhip,  cannot 

be  avoided  until  some  term  •     iiropriate 

to    express    the    reiiuiied    comiact    has 

lieen    devised.      For    the    purposes   of    a    their    joint    eti'orts   arc    reipiired    to   ai 

lofrical     classification,     however,     it     is    compli,h."     Cmili it  v.  Clini Union  (IS(IS) 

cK-arly     iicce--^iiy     to    di-eriminatp    be-    I.l    IJich,    L.    201. 

tween    the    two   questions    iiieiitioned    in        "KiiL'afied  in  a  connion  work."     Rln, 

the  text,  and  in  the  prc-ent  chapter  the    Ikiii  v.  I'lnx.icr  (ISll.h   ;-).■>  Mo.  .\pp.  .-)(;!i. 

term  "common  employment"  will  he  eon-        "Kiiirau'cil     in    coiimion     work"    or    in 

ceived    of.   as    hcariiif:    the   sii^nification   'the  ,iiiic  jrcncral  utulertakiii-;."    floiiili 

which    presents   the   first  of   these  quea-    /'hiriiln  /.'.  Cn.  v.  IVccsc    (ISI)3)    .32  Kla. 

tions  only.  212,   i:i  So.    i:i(i. 

'"Where  another  sen-ant  has  In  en  Kn^rasriKl  in  the  "same  treneral  under- 
employed for  a  purpos<'  entirely  other  takiii'.'."  11  'Vsoii  v.  ilnilisoii,  etc.,  R. 
and  dilTerent.  it  may  be  well  said  that  <'o.  (1S(;2)  l.S  Ind.  220. 
they  are  not  fellow  Her\-ants  of  one  mas-  "Kiifia^red  in  the  same  pcneral  hii*l 
ter.  Each  is  but  a  sonant  for  the  piir-  iicss."  II  (,>/./,  r  v.  Unlliinoir  d  O.  R. 
pose  for  which  he  is  employed,  and  as  f'o.  ()S70)  :i2  >t''.  41 1 .  3  Am.  Hep.  11.1: 
to  any  other  duties  or  dan;;ers.  not  re-  Qiiinr,,  \/i„,  ('c  ■■.  Kitts  (1879)  -12 
sultinp  from  such  empliiMiient,  he  is  not  Miili.  ;i4.  H  V,  V\'.  210;  Houston  rf  T. 
a  servant,  and.  therefore,  for  injiiriis  ''.  /,*.  ro.  v.  A'lf.'cr  (ISS4)  ('i2  'ii  ;.  2(17. 
sustained,  may  hold  the  master  re~pon-  KnL'aired  in  the  common  "service  of 
sible.  upon  the  same  proiinJ  that  he  tlie  same  inas|,.r  i«  condiictinjr  and  cm 
would  any  stransrer."  Oliin  if  1/.  R.  fo.  ryin?  on  the  same  general  biisine--." 
V.    Hniiimvr.ilr,,    (lSli7l    2S    Ind.   .^71.  -inrkviit  v.  \nrfoII.-  it  If.  /?.  fn.    (IS07I 

=  TIie     suhjoiniil      tabic     oi      evtr.uK    ».!  W  .  \a.  .'iSO,  4ti  L.  R.  A.  .•?.i7,  31  S,  K. 
shows  that,  except  so  far  as  i,    ;iiay  be    2.-|S.   27   S.    K.   27S. 


K 


I  m] 


COMMON-  KMI'l.oVMKM-(OXriNl  KD. 


13nt 


V.      Ti'irr     llillllr    it 

•*    liiil     77,    41  Am. 


to  tlifi  <'uiic(.|.tiiiii  of  nil  iilcnfit.v  of  object  li.v  fupumliitinir  oorfain  ox 
pliinatorv  tlicoriis.      As  tlioso  thcirii-s.  wliirli  mny.  tor  iiincticiil  pur- 
poses. 1k>  redneed  to  two,  reprv-eni  riiiKhiriieiitnl  (lifTen'iiees  of  opinion 
Its  to  the  nitionalo  of  the  defense  ,,f  eoimnon  ciiipluvnieiit,  und  have 

••Kii>.'ii;.'i'il    in    n    ciiiiiitioti    pntripriM'  lOS    I'u.    \\>_   -,■>   j^.   R.   A.  ft.'!.').   47   At  I 

uilli  HcviTiil  iliiti<-!4  (liii't'li'd  to  till'  Hiniir  875. 

;'"'     i^r','.','"i","  .'•    ""•:'""''/"  •*    "•   "•  -I-:"*.""!:-"!  in  |.r.,nu.tinir  tl...  san...  a-'"- 

'"  J.'^,''!"    '•    '""»•    '-.•■  .'ml  ol,|,.,.|."     m.l.rv.   Mi h,  r    II 

•\\iiikin)f    to     iii-i'iini|iliHli     till-     siiinc  fo.    (|Mi!ii    ||    Mj,,,,    .■((;(,    (jji    .,-- 

'..   (ISIM.   :,.    M„,„.  ;t.i.-..  50   v.  W.  .•U-.    ...a .„.,,.•      h„.,l,fl.,    y.   „n,„."  si"", 

l.,.,.,vi.v   saiil    to  .M-t.   "if   till'   MTV  /,,/„    .(.  I  .    \.  //.  rv    (iHHIi    21   (,,•     l;(,i 

I.-  of  ciiPli   |«Tvniit|   in  his  imiticiilar  J7    Par.  HI                                                '          ' 

■I''""'  ".r  «1<M>"" •'•  ill..  .Iin..-l...l  to  III.-  Doinj.  «„ik  liawnj;  the  'Na crnrrnl 

Hioiii|ilislini.'iil     ot     Oil'    ^«Mn<■    Kcn.Tal  ol.jrci."     I{„l,<ils              ~ 

iit.l."     CohiiiiliiiH  ,f  I.   r.   It.  Co.  V.   .if-  I.   It.  I'l,     ilSMIi 

..-/-/   (ISlilt)    .11    In.l.    174.  on   Am.   IX-e.  l;.|..   5.Vi. 

''':!;.             ,.            .-     ,          .                ..  ■■i:"'l'l".V"'l  for  til.'  vonr  trciii.ral  pur- 

lo,.|„.ation.  aHivrlyaml  |M.r,onall.v  po,..  I.y   tl,..   ,aM„.   -i..,,  ;,„|    „,.rkinK 

■"" '    •"    <,•»■    '"•< M'l'»ll"l''"l    of    OIK.  to    |„,„||„,.    ,l„.    ,„,„..    ,,.,,,1,   ■■       .,.,„           *' 

"">"»  <''"'•        /.".</'■""'    V.    l/o/,i7,    A  n.  fill, ml   (|.S!(4i    llic    (■     \    T.«    II  !•    h' 

,',•    („.    (I.SOOi    117    .\!i,,.   502.  7   So.   4.T.'  .\|.p.    .VI7.    .!■'    r,.,|     ■.•I.' 

l.l,.a.,.nM.,l  a.  toall  -..nanl«.i.n>!aM..,l  "W.^kin^    t..     a.rr„,r|,lis|,     tl.o     «„nP 

IN  111,.  ojH.ran.n  of  trains).  ;,'..n,.ial   ,,nr|H,„.."    s„,„'rry     1  ,„/„    1/", 

■  ■•.n.|'"o.\''<l     •     .     .     in      the     "cmm  .(■  .s„o //,».,  (V,.   ( Isoi  )   2  l.lal.o.  771    2»i 

pli-'iiiii.nt    of    th..    »aiiii.    ..oiiiiiion    ..iit..r  I'ar.    |.>7                                             .  n  i,  -o 

I" '"•;■/' I"'   !'i" "■'■"   ';'..*•'"'''    '"•'"«  •^^'•'^'"H  in   flu-   san..>  place  to  mih- 

.h„..|..,l    to    th..    ■->-,..    ..iM."      r.u..     V.  M.,v..tl,...a,n,.int..|..,,,.-     <•/,„■„,„ /i. 

\i,'".;'V                                 '        *  *'^  "••''"■  '■■  ""'■''''■"  "**'"'  ■■•■'  111.  :i;i'i. 

'!■  "''i  ■               1           .          .          ■  '""    ix'r^ons    siil>|...l     1.)   ...piiliol    and 

l..„|,loy....s    wliose    '•S..1  v,c..s    have    an  .lir....fion  l,.v  th,.  san,..  f.'..M,.,al  master     n 

.iMm.d.at..  ^"'"""on  ol>|..,.t         Itnn.lall  v.  til.,  snin.-  comnmn  .,l,j...t.  a,..  f..|lo«.  «.'.,■'. 

1,S,2,     ..  ,.,1.  KMM.  .1  s,,,,,  (  t.  R,.p.  .122:  10(10)     1 10  {.„.    1.  :t5  S     F    '"»7    Kvll-i 

J    I      p      A      ,-.>     ,',w    '..■■''    •^••'<-   ■<'"■  Pr'--'l     til,.    .,pi„i.,n     that     th..     „i„„er 

\         ^    ,^-.^''];   },\^-    "      '""'^     '"" I  of,lill..V..i,tiatioii   i,  to"l„kat 

Mn„y.  inwn  J'.  It.  Cn.  ,  ISS.S,  .-.5  F...I.  th..  ...,n,ni,„i  ol,j......  a.,,1  not  at  tl lo  oo. 


40 

"KM;.'a;:...l  in  the  sain..  ...iniiiiiin  ol, 
j,.>l."  Witllrr  V.  .V(,i///i  Hiishiii  It  r„ 
I  Isii.l)  2  lliirlsf.  i  C.  |(,.j  :[■>  1,  ,1 
l.-.ih.  .\.  S.  _ 
i.   T    \.  S.  .TJ.-,.    11    \V...k.   K..p.  7;il. 

"It,._.  ,i..i.,l     in     ..II..    .1,11,111.111    .■lijii!  ' 

.l./.l(„\     V.      1,11,1      t'liffs     (. 

•Ml,),.  271,  44  N,  \V   270. 

■■KM!.'av..i|  in  promoting  on"  rommon 
N'MH.-  nliin  it  M  It.  rn.  V.  Hum,.,,;;, 
I"i   II.SI17I    28    [ml     .■!7l 

I  0  oii.ratiiif.'  lo  tl,p  smno  Piil."  Mr- 
A".'/  V.  Htiffiiln  liiU'i  Willi  \\<it  Co 
■^•^'M-.)  17  Mi-^.  (H)l,  40  \.  V,  SupD 
002,  '  ■ 


Inr.    .\     S     .'•,01.   8    l;..p.    111.   .-,    I!,, 


J         ■      "'      1  III-    v.rill- 

^11", M  iniiii...liate  .iliji.ct."  I'l.jloik.  C.  F5., 
ill  \h,i,t„n  V.  !.//,■  ,,/  \,.,n,  It  r,,' 
I  l>^<i'>»  I-.  l:.  I  (,l.  li.  140  .!.-,  I,  .1  (/ 
I!.  N.  S.  2:i.  I.!  h.  T.  N.  S.  ,-,,14,  14  \V....k: 


A    S. 


<  .'il'i 


This  t,~t 


in.iy     .,11   I'll      |„.      ,1S,.|||1      ;m     ;,      ^,„j,|,.      j,|      ,|,,|||,,    . 

fill   '.i-.'s.  1,111    tl,..  ili.tii„ii,,ii   «ii....,..|,.,l 
(ISSO,     ,8    i,„.i,.|y  sliilt„  Ih,.  .liiji.iiliv  liiitl,,.,   Lack 
l.'v<...pt     n,    illiHtrat...!     hv     >p,..illi.     i,, 
staiii..<.  th."  r\pan,l(..|  phr'a-e  is  n<,  m.,i.' 
|,|-.<is..   Ihaii    till-   111. ire  (.'..iiiTal   oi,i>. 

A  similar  olii..ti.,n  applii-s  )o  n  s(alp- 

inii,!   of  tl,,.  i,ili.  in  this  f.iiin. — that,  to 

.''"is'il.it..  cu-,iviri.  on  the  frroiin,!  that 

the  sfTvanls   m,i,.  enuawl   in  tli,-  san,,. 

imiion    w.iik.   it   is   not    ni-..|--,iy  that 

IC 


^■r'"' r-."";.-'"- -"-^"in^r or  ihirx:^;; ,.;. "..r. :;:;i:;-r"t'th, 
;r5:;r- .o"-:;:."- ''"''  "^^"•'  !""■■  "^•"'■  "''"'■>•.'" <■- -- i.''rti!!: 


I  la,  5.l.->,  22   So,  7;i2. 
■".  ifii.ii,,,.^,  i|,.tir,  f,,r  (hp  ,.T|„p  „pn- 

'vY^t^'^  ;''■'',""'/•  ^"O'J"  ii»"i> 

Vol.  II.  M.  4  S.— 4 


'     •    u,„k.       .V,„-    )•,;./..    /,.    /.;     ,f.'    n/    jf 

'■>.  V.  Itall  (18S0)    112  Pa.  400,  4  Atl. 
50. 


i 


n.i2 


MASTIiR  AM)  SKKV  AM'. 


[t  MAP.    XXVII. 


Ilii' 


1 


!|i 


iiJ 


f 


prndiiiMil  iw.i  .li-iiiiit  linos  ot"  dt'cisiuii-.  it  will  1)0  ncMo-1117  to  review 
ilif'in  »('|mriiii'ly. 

494.  Provincei  of  court  and  jury  in  determining  whether  there  wa» 
a  common   employment.-  ^^Sr  uls..  ^jj  .'.ol.  infni,  .Ml,  .">1H,  /hw/.) — 

Wluit   Mrviiiits  lire   in  a  i \'>u   cmiil-'X  im  iit    '{»   not  n  iiiir-tinn  of 

fiict  oxclii-ivciv,  nor  !■■  it  -nldv  a  ipir-iion  <>i  law.      It  ilci>ciicls  for  so 
Intion  upon  l>otli  Ijiw  ami  fact,      lint  wIh-m  iIk   nifi-isarv  farts  for  .|c- 
Ifrniiiiin^r  tlif  ipi'-'i""  !>'"<'  iin<li'l'i"i'l.  i'  '•■  ''"'i  ^'niiily  a  (|iir-iion  ot 
law.'      Tlic  court,  tlicn'forc.  may  uon-iiit  lli.'  iilainlitV.  or  may  ilirc-t 
a  vprdict  for  the  (li'f.n.lant.  or  ^<'t  it  .i-i<li'  if  romlrr.il  for  the  plain 
tifT.  where  the  t>nly  mrliu'iH-o  in  ovidrnci'  i*  tlmf  of  11  fellow  servini; 
iietinir  in  the  performanee  of  lii^  dniie-,  an  n  srrvant,*      This  courM 
inav  1m'  taken  where  tliire  is  siillieieni  evidence  In  -liow  that  the  injury 
was  sueli  that  it  nlu^t  iiave  l«en  caii-cd  hy  one  of  several  coservants, 
altliouirh  it  does  not  apjiear  which  of  tiiem  was  the  actual  delincpient;^ 
or  whore  the  only   reasouahle  theory   fmni   the  evidence   is  that  the 
nofrlip'nco  which  caused  the  injury  nin>l  have  been  either  that  of  the 

'  MrHuirnii    v.    Sf.    /."rev   ,f    /.    I/.    H.    I  111'    .>i  riclrnt    wiim   .mii«-.1    Iiv    IIh'    iirfli 

f'o     (IHTlJi    til    Ml).  .I'JS;    \,iil  V.    V.)///i-    ■.Mill f  a  cii-iTVaiil    in  nranl  I"  ii  I'cr 

•  III    1:   It.  Co.    (lSi»4)    :>!    Minn.   :ill.'>.  •'>!»    Iiiiii     ml.    Itii'     (iliiintilV    immiI.I     not    ii- 

v^     W     •)).>  i-iiM  r  I    Srh.nih    V.    Iliiiiiiiliill   if    SI.   ./.    H. 

.\.'   ni.r,t    of  thi-   ciisi.s   ritiil    in   -ul.     «„.    i  IMH  I     lOli    Mo.    74.    HI   S,    W.  iVH 

litlf    It.    infra,  n— iiiiii-     Ilii>     to    '"■    <!•'•    i.li^liii^'Mi,liin«  thr  en f  ii   cir  tciii 

I  nil'  mil',  it  win  lir  "iilliririit  to  iiii'ii-  iioiiiiilv  lilt  on  ii  Ni'lin;;  (loin  one  in 
lion  a  fi'VT  pirliiiiiit  il.ii-.iiiii« :  yfc.'nc  \vliiil>  ilii'  oliHtiuctioii  is  a  |Mriiiancnt 
,v    S.  <••,.  V.    Minliiiiil    ilHIMti    1.l:l   I  .  S.    ^tniiliiri'l. 

ilT,").  .'CI  I-.  I'll,  li.'ili.  10  Suit.  C't.  I!i'|i.  :!'.'7:         .\ii    iii-li  url  ion   in   an   iiC.oii    lor   for- 
ro./,i.     V.    /  »ioii    /'.    R.    Vii.    ilHHUi     l:t:l    >onal    iniiirits  to   an  .  mi|.1  .vit     -I.;!    iv 
I  .  S.  :tTO.  Xi  I,.  o<l.  (i,")l.  in  Sii|i.  I't.  Ki'p.    iomtv  I'aiinot  !»•  Iiad  it  i  lir  iiiji  m\    wrif 
:|Sl':     '/.Ills    if     /'.     I(.     Cii.     V.     /'""'</(    line   lo   tl"'   iirf,'liKi'iii'i'  of   oi;,.     .,       \\;i- 
(1H!U)    0  ('.  ('.   A.   4S7.  211  IT.   S.    .\|i|).    rliarly  .i    frllou    siiianl    «ilti   -.ipii   «mi 
:t|fl,    I'll     FmJ.    2."i!t     inrriili'lit    caiix'il    liy    |il.iyrc,    slu.iilil    tio    ^jivcii    iipoM    iim|1|i.~I. 
Ilir    f.iitiirf   of   II    oo^crvatit    to   i.  poit   a    fh-ii   'k'"    ».    I{(  .iiiiahh    (isiiiii    iA  C.    C. 
ilffnll  ;    Whilwntr    V.    Iti.slnii    .(     1/.    ft.    A.    H!ti.  •"!:!  V.  S.  .\|>|>.  llHii.  77    IVd.  274. 
r<,    (  Is'Mli    1.-.0  Ma«s.  477.  2:t  N.  K.  220;         '  h,  „!<.,■  ,,,■     \.      \l,u,l„illii„      It.     f.,. 
Srar.r   v.    Ho.s/o,.    rf    1/.    /.'.   <■„.    ( ISdO)     (ISlMi    SI    Hun.  4 14.  :tl    N.  V.  Sii|.i..  S2 
\4  Cr.xy.  AiW    ('oiiiii, IS  \.  Il"l'l' II   (IS'.il)     i  io!li-ion    ciii-.'d    li.V    nr;;li^'iii(r    ot    oin' 
1.52    MiKH.    .'iMS.   '2li    N'.    W.    l.'!7     liniuiy    ol   tin-  iiiin  >tat  ioinil  on   llif  track  in  a 
ri.c..i\.il    in    taivin;.'    ilown    a    tmililiii'.-i  :    fof;  to  pa-^  -it.'iials  aloii;:) . 
IliissrII  V.   Ihiils,,,,   Itirii    It.   Co.    ll^.Vi)  I'lii'  i|iii-lioi!  wlictlirr  or  not  llio  facts 

17  N.  V.  l:H:  /{(oAv  V.  Siiiam.ir,  I!,  rf  loiinil  liv  a  jniv  in  a  npi^cial  vr-rilnt 
V.   V.  II.  Co.    (lH!i;tl    (if)  linn.  21.  2'!  N.    'Impw  tliat  l«o  persons  \\,^u•  fellow  wrv- 

>'     Siipn     4.'>a     (fellow    servant     o|Miieil    aiiK  is  a  (pi,-t  ion  for  tlir  ( rt.     Kilhr 

s«itili  iMi.ler  a  inistaUeii  iinpiv-ion  tliat  v,  i;„~.l.ill  (IS'.IM)  20  |m,I.  App.  .WJ.  .V> 
it     was    sot     wroiitf )  ;     i:iiiill    \.    IhitLn-    S.    V..    -W^. 

,lH!i4i  Sil  Me.  4Iii.  SO  All.  Ill:  Cniiilr  ii  A  special  fimlinR  vvliich  sliows  that, 
V.  Hill'itllr  SIniK  I'n.  (IHlif.i  ."ill  N.  .1.  tlie  iiiiiii.v  was  c.iiiseil  liv  till'  iii;:li;;eiMO 
I..  22iT.  :if'  \tl  I7:i;  lii</<i-.v"ii  V.  fi'oil,  of  n  lillou-  sc  naiil  will  uariaiii  a  com'. 
ri,~~ii,.,  Cn.  itSSTi  :{T  Minn.  :>:V.K  :i.5  in  setliey  a-iile  a  veiiiral  Miilict  for 
\.  \\  .  :1SJ;  Ihniii'l  V.  nlohr  i;,ilii,liil  llie  pl.lilll  ill .  Clilriiq,,,  II.  ,f  <,(  ft.  Cn. 
In.  (lsii7i  11?  Mirli.  'ilti.  71  N.  W.  l.Mi  \  lhr"iil  (ISIt.-.)  4.J  Nell.  .■)70,  (i3  .V. 
u-rior  to  refuse  an   instruciion  that   if    \'\  .  8ii. 


I  403] 


CdMMON  KMl'l,OV.\IK.\r— COM  I N I  KU. 


lua 


plaintiff  liiin  ..If  or  of  a  follow  wnunt  ;•  ..r  \vli.r<>  it  is  n|i|.iiront  flmi 

'  flliciriif  catL-o  of  tlio  injury  was  ciilirr  ii.vi.lont  ..r  ih,-  ii'>flij,'..| 

.if  a  co^civaiil  ;■•  or  wliert;  the  cvidrnfc  inili.-ittcs  tliiif  the  in jiirv  was 
dun  to  til.'  fon<  iirrciil  ii.gligvnio  of  the  i»iainli(I  Iumim'H  ami  of  his 
iVIlow  s'-r'anis." 

In  far  t'lc  larj;.«f  niimltrr  of  instance^*  tliix  ]i.»wi>r  of  tlio  court  U 
fxcrciscd  in  favor. .f  tlio  eniploNos,  Imt  if  liin  tin.liniv  .>f  a  jurv  >ii..ul.l 
liH|i|..n  to  be  i\iii\\\\A  the  ].laiiititr,  llic  vcr.lici  will  U'  s..f  ',i,i,'i..  if  tl,,. 
.vi.l.iice  .-I1..W.  iliiit  tiio  injurs  was  Jul-  to  the  negligence  of  uno  wh- 
wa.-.  not  a  CAiserviint.^ 


II.  'i'llK.IIIY  THAT  COMMrNtTY  OF  KMIMOYMKXT  r>KI'l  \0«  SOI  ELY  ON 
WIIKTIIKU  Tin;  DKI.I.N.ill  .\r  M.ltSA.\T"s  .M..,1.I01..NLL  WA..  A  Ulf^K 
CO.NTK.Ntl'I.ATKlJ  UV   Till:   I.V.Il  lilli  SI  l(\A.\T. 


495.  Generally.—  'I'l,,.  iheorv  n. 
a  ilirect  (h'.liietion  from  the  hare 
iiieiif  .111  the  part  ..f  a  s.>rvant  to  a 
iiffrlijrenee  of  hi^  fellow  workmen 

'llirlick  V.  {shhinil  Siiliihili:  rf  /'ifc.r 
Co.  (ismi)  !i:l  WJH.  4:!7.  tl7  \.  \V.  1\1: 
\\'iiiln:ori:  V.  Itiislon  ,(•  M .  I{.  Co.  I  |S!MI) 
l."(0  MiiMH.  477,  2.t  \.  K.  2J0;  '/'../is  v. 
RulJnl,,  Criik  It.  (■(,.  (iH'Ct)  70  lliin. 
K4.  i:i  X.  Y.  Sii|.|..  1112;  A'//,/  v.  /), . 
hull  liiiiltiv  Wuihs  (lN77)  17  Kan. 
.■|."iS:  IhiiiniKiiid  V.  VliiciKiii  d  II.  T.  It. 
'■-..  I  IsiiO)  S.l  Mi.li.  :i:t4. '47  N.  \V.  IHm: 
fliirni,,,,  II.  ,1-  (J.  It.  (•„.  V.  .I/i  <./,,« 
il^sHi  ;i,;  111.  Apji.  1!).-.:  Tn,„n,  v.  Ilos- 
Im,  .t  .1.  H.  Co.  118721  (i2  liarli.  218 
(inis|i|,i(.i..i  Huitclil:  ]\hiliiioii'  V.  Ho.s- 
I""  .1  .)/.  It.  <■<,.  (18!t(()  l.-iO  .Mass.  477, 
'-■\  .\.  10.  221)  (car  iM»|i.clin-,— iiijiiry 
iliif  litlici  til  liis  m'Klif,"'"''''  '"  ^''liiij; 
inli)  11  sjijci-  liitwe.'ti  (!ar-<  witlirmt  sit- 
in;;  tliat  tlipv  wrre  |.roprily  ;;iiiii.li>il.  or 
til  till'  iir;;lij;i.|ici'  iif  a  cuiiiliiotor  in  pn-li- 
iiit'  lip  a  (Ml-  wliili-  h..  vva-  tlii'io)  ;  /'//k  c 
\.  <',i;il,iia  Iniii  I'll,   lis     1,   78  .Mil.  24!», 

•-'7   All.  !t:i!»    iplaiiiliir  .iii,| iiiplovii., 

tail..!   to   plan,  a    li>;lit   in  a  ciir   wiiicli 

«;w  lu'lii};  mil Ii'il,  and   In   juit    a    liiiil 

' Ill   ill    piKilioM    lo  fariiilalr  the  pas 

m;;i'  friini  tli.-  rar  to  Hi.,  phil  Innii  I  ; 
'iiiri'i,  V.  ACir  Jot*-  rf  C.  Miiil  R  ft 
'0.  (UnS)  20  App.  \)n  4Jii.  .,0  V.  V. 
•"^iipji  77  (ffllow  servant  hihIiIi  nly 
i-Liiti-l  I  iiiai'liiiM'  whilo  plaiiililV  was 
If.  ^  '!  "ii;i  ...lis  p.i..iliHnl  :  SI.  I.mi'x.  I. 
i'  1'  ^  /.'.  I'n.  \_  /•.  ;„,)v,-.,i  ilsiiiSi  .;-, 
A.k.    Ijii,    4^    ,s.    U.    112.1    (,.rvanl    at- 


il.>|it.Ml  hy  ..lie  sehool  of  tlioiiuht,  is 

lepil  prill. -iiile  l.y  whi.'h  an  ajrree- 

<~iime  ilie  risks  of  injiirv  fnnii  the 

is  implii'.l   for  tli.-  rea.s.m  that  he 

|i  iiipl.'il  1(1  JNKiiil  a  pay  ear  «hil.>  uiMin 
a  iiii>\in;.'  liiiTilaM.-.  .unl  was  pii-li|.i|  off 
liy  a  IVllow  .■iiipliiWT  who  wax  nlij,'ht- 
ill!.' I. 

'  Yiiiirr  V  Mliinlir.  M.  ,f  ().  /f.  Cn. 
11HS2)  4  llii;.'lii-..  1!)2:  Siiil.  I  mun  V. 
A<»i/)  (1S!I.-|,  14.'>  \.  N.  427.  40  X.  K. 
212.  IJ.'Vri -iii^'  70  llilii,  44!l,  24  X.  Y. 
."-iipji.    411I. 

'  Ai//s  V.  I'riinsi/lriinia  Cn.  riSSrt: 
i'l.)  I  (■  lit.  K..p.  .Sll.l,  ;i  At  I.  ]-,:  llrniin 
\.  Uiuiiill  (1S44|  II  illll,  .-,!I2.  41  Am. 
I>ii'.  771;  .t/i>,vi.i/ri  /'.  It.  Cn.  v.  Tisaa  d 
I'.  H.  tV  (lss7i  :!1  I'Vil.  .-.27;  Ufii-.i  r. 
Chi.>iii,<iil:,  a-  ().  It.  Co.  (1S!I41  li!)  \V. 
Va.  4(i,  Ht  .S.  K.  .'iSii  (l.rak.'iiian  ami  M- 
I'lw  Mrv;tnU  fnil.'il  to  ii.itic'  si^inal 
-'H'uiii!;  thai  n  pas-iii)r  (rain  was  to  lie 
l'iillii«..||  hy  aiiiith.'r  section  I;  h'llrh  V. 
illrii  IS.JSI  !IS  .Mass.  ,i72  (injury 
laii-iil  hy  I  lunlilf's  follinvin;;  thi'  I|?I- 
.iMtliDri/cil  >ii;.'i.'i'^tiiin  .if  a  cnscrvant  to 
iiM'  .in  .hvaliir.  not  IIiimi  in  >iifi'  cnn- 
ililiiin.  fill  thr  piiipii-*'  of  till'  raisini;  of 
iiialiiials  ficin  tlii'  lia~iMiiciit  to  (hi-  at- 
til'  iif  a  f.irliiry):  KlijilKii  v.  Slinnx 
I  IS'i.i)  III  \.  V.  S.  R.  8.-,0.  21  X.  V. 
.'"iipp.  721  (plaitilill  put  his  Imiiil  close 
li'  a  rirriilar  >.iw  at  the  .linilion  of  a 
f.lliiiv    WMikniaii  I . 

'■T'iniii     V.     Itii-htnoii-l    ,{      I.     H,    Co. 
I  H87)  .HI  Va.  102,  4  .S.  F,   ,(;«. 


(, 


I  a* 


*M  wnu  A.NOnKKV  AM". 


[i  ll«l'.    kXVII. 


'f 


inimt  U'  tiiki*n  tn  Imm'  i'iriiiciii|(ljit('i|  midi  ri-k-'  »■*  nup  of  flm  or'liriiirv 
iiH'iili-nts  i>l"  liin  \Miik.  1 1  tin'  eimi'c|iii<>ii  mult  rl\  iii;r  tliist  |tritici[v!' . 
flint  tlic  iiui-tiT  i.i  n'liiMil  of  nM|>.iii^iliilit_v  liri'ini'i-  tho  dm-jor  ■ 
bfirig  thus  iiijiin-il  Im  kii-iMi  liv  tlic  -civimt  to  Iw  a  iiatnnil  r<>u-< 
(jiii'iu'o  of  IiIm  ('iiii'iiiifr  flu-  iiii|tl(.viii«'iit,'  is  fiilliiwcil  uiit  to  itf*  |m-)'imI 
CHiii'lii^iiiiit,  mill  iici  iiriiiMiii  in  tiiki'ii  i)(  iinv  til"  tlu'  cxlranci'ii*  fai-toi-i 
wliicli,  fiiiiii  (itliiT  jMiiiilH  tit'  vii'W,  may  In-  rmiccivcd  to  hnvr  n  Iwiir 
iiijx  n|n(ii  the  (|iti'<iiiiiii  (»!■(•  !i ;;  '>{){)  tl  »/ </.  infui),  we  aro  niaiiifc-iin 
CKiiiliicii'd  to  the  i>i>tirlii~i<>ii  that,  in  fjctri  iiiiiiiiip;  wiii'tlicr  or  ip' 
liii'iv  wan  II  coiiiiiiiin  •■iri|>liiyiiMiit,  a^  It  iwii'ii  iwo  «i  r\iiiits,  the  nocc^ 
>arv,  and  tin-  onlv  i"mi|)it.  i|iii'-'tiiiii  to  a>k  i.s  wlictlicr  or  not  tlicir  dii- 
lii'.s  wcro  so  ri'liifcd  flint  ciiili  of  ilu  m  nniHt  liavc  known  liiniMcIf  to  lie 
«'\po-ipd  to  tlio  ri!»k  of  iM'ini;  iiijnnMl,  in  tin*  (>vciit  of  tlio  othf-r'n  coin- 
iiiitiiiij;  a  TK'irlipiil  net :  and  that  tlii-t  ristk  wiw  so  normal,  and  .«> 
likclv  to  ov<>ntiiat(>  in  iu'ln.d  flisaster,  that  it  \va^  i>rt'snniahly  pon-iid- 
fr«'d  l»y  oach  of  them  in  tixini:  tlio  amount  of  ihc  coinpcuHation  whirli 
tlifv  were  williii!:  to  n-ccivc  \'i>r  their  services.* 


'  "Whi'n    tln'    «i'r\ ir<>    to    In-    ninli'icil 
rff|iili«'«  for  it"  |i<i(.iriniitK'('  llii'  t'iii|'loy 

lllcllt     of    Ml'VCI'lll     |ic'lsnlH,  tlllTP 

JH  iicioK.irily   iiiciilcni   to  tlu'  wrvict-  of 

I'lirli    till'   risk   (liat    mlii'i-  miy   f.iil  in 

ttip    \  i^'iliiiici-   iiikI    OLniliKri    i-xriitinl  to 

liii«   *:ilflv."      Cfiiitni,,.    1/.    <(    SI.    I'.  It. 

Co.  V.  Wojm  (issti    \\i  y.  s.  :i7:.  js 

I/,  ml.  7»:.  .'»  Siiji.  (  t.  Ki[i.  1S4. 

'  In    till'    li'iiiliii^'    r,iii>    of     Mitrqnn    v. 
\,ilr  i,f    \,„lli    It.  r„.    (ISiili    .->    Host   & 

s.  .-i7ii.  lo  .iiir.  .N.  s    1(174.  ;!:i  I..  .1.  g. 

It  \.  S.  'JtiO.  1-2  Wri'k.  I!i'|i.  lli.TJ.  winro 
till'  point  inmli'  was  tlint  jiliilnliir.  wlin 
H.i>i  riii|iloyi'il  to  ilo  CiiriH'iiti'i 'i  Hoik  on 
till-  -itiitioii.  iinil  was  injiinil  llinniyli  mi 
I'liyiiii'-i  striking  llii'  soiill'olil  on  hIiIiIi 
lie  «:!'»  was  not  rllll)liiy(>il  in  till"  saiili' 
'Milk  a-i  tlio  J'  u  liii  vm'H'  i'iii|iloyi'i|  in 
woikin;:  tlii'  railway  liiiirK<:  ti nil  it  was 
i-oiiti'ialiil  tliat  it  tta-  ('^.-riitial  that  tlic 
-crvaiit-*  -lioiiM  Ih'  in  a  poniiiion  I'lniiloy- 
mint  nml  working  for  a  poniiiion  nliji'rt. 
Blackliiirn.  ■!..  siiil;  "I  ipiiti'  a-jni' 
ttiat  it  is  nr(r<-ian  tliat  tlip  I'Miiiloyi'iiiit 
must  hp  roiiiinon  in  lliis  s.'nsf'.-  tli  if  tlir 
.■if(!\  'if  '111  oni'  -iiiiiiil  must,  in  thi 
onlinaiy  mil  iiifiiral  <iiiii-i'  of  tliiii'_"< 
<lc|H-n<l  on  t!i.'  care  in<l  skill  of  tlir 
others  Tltis  infliiilr-  ilinost  if  not 
pvory.  case  in  Mliirli  t'n  -.rvants  .ht 
I'mjiioypil  to  'In  joint  'voik,  liiit  I  ilo 
not  lliiiik  it  is  liinili  I  !>  "ifli  <"a<i'. 
Tlicre  arc  tninv  oasi-s  wliric  tho  imnio- 
'liat"  otiiict  .111  svlinli  tlir  :'i  i  .  •  .  ■)  i, 
;  iiililoytd  is   vtrj    (lissimil  ir   from   vli.ii 


on  wliioli  t!io  otlicr  U  wnployi'il. 
anil  vi't  tlio  risk  of  injury  frniii 
till'  iii'j.'li'.'i'mi'  of  till-  ono  is  sii  null  li 
a  n. It  Ural  uinl  iin'i'ssary  riinsoiiuoinv 
of  till'  oiiijiloyniont  wliirh  tlu  otiior  iir 
ii'l>ls  lliat  it  must  lif  ini'liiili'il  in  thi' 
risks  wlilrli  all'  to  111'  ron'iiili'ioil  in  lii* 
wau'i's.  I  think  that.  whiiioMT  tho  iiii 
|i|oyuii'nf  is  Hiich  as  ni'ri's^arily  to  liriii;' 
tho  |iorsiin  aori'ptin;;  it  into  lontiiol  wild 
llio  Irallic  of  tho  line  of  railway,  ri-k  .u 

injury    fioni    tho    oarolossnoss    of    il 

iiiaiia^'iii}:  that  trallio  is  ono  of  tho  li-k* 
nooo— aiily  anil  naturally  iiioiilont  li' 
siioli  an  oinploynu'iit.  iinil  within  th. 
nilo."  Aftor  roforiiii','  to  tin-  \  low  nf 
l-iillock.  ('.  H..  in  W'lilli  r  v.  .s'oi/(/i/.'«^' 
,111  It  Co.  ilHi;:li  .Tj  I,,  .f.  K\eh.  N  S 
.'ll.l.  'J!  Fliulsl.  \  C.  ]iii.  !t  .liir  N.  S 
.-.III.  S  I,.  '1.  .V.  s.  :i'.'.-,  II  Woik  I!.|. 
T.ll,  that  ill  iloiiiliii'j  .i  oaso  tho  jinli.'' 
sl'oulil  "I'oiisiilor  what  arc  tho  dan}.'iis 
which  any  servant  ontfasos  to  encounter. 
111(1  Itiiik  al  tho  prolialilo  ilan^'ers  at 
ii'Mil'iit  upon  ontirin^  tho  oiiLMffonient 
lit  ■|iiisiiiin."  the  opiniou  proeeeds  thus: 
■  .\pplyiiiy  the  -iiii"  pri  iciplc  lo  t!',^ 
luisint  ease,  I  think  that  no  outiht  t.> 
liolil  that  the  ph'.infiti'  in  aoei'ptin'j  :i.', 
'•niploymcnt  to  work  in  the  statin- 
vliil-t  the  traffie  wa-  hiiri'.'  earriiil  on 
.iiiil  which  must  hate  l.io'i'hi  him  close 
to  the  trallio.  aeeopti-ii  on-  which  nerrs- 
-arily    must    hii"   ivmo.I    Ihm    to  ilm- 

"i-r     fr  'til    the    r  •  '  ■  ' :    nf    *!    »s.'    rc'l. 

.liictirij  llic  tr.'lVe,  ..iii]   m  is,    .■■■  t.ik.-'i, 


I  m\ 


*(i\IM  i\    I  Ml'I.H^  \tl.N  r     "  MS  I  IM  I  II 


IS.V. 


Il  \*  iiii|ii>rliitH  I.I  hull'  III.. I,  |.,r  ill..  |nii-|i...i  -  ,,(  this  iiili.,  il.r  n.iitii. 
iii'i|mtiou  ut  lln'  >.'r\.iiii   i-  tuiitcriiil  niilv   iii  >i>  far  ii^  if  mnv    U'  ri'- 

I.  uiwifH   hiiiiM'li'  iiik!   |ii<  i'iii|i|.i\«r«,  111   lifin'  lia|i|u'iii.<|   wliili'  lif  SMI4  nodiiir 
..  hiHi    •nkiii    ii|..>ii   liiin-.lf   tli;il    ii-i>."  In    tin-    (li^.  Ii;!!;;.'    ..I    lti>    .lull.-    t.i    IIh- 

(hill     111. dr.'   I  iii'kl.iliti    1I...U/I1I    Hull  ilifrn.liiiil-    .i«    liU    mii-tii      iinil    1   .   liiivf 

III.'   jiliiiii'iir  iiii.l   till'   iii';.U^iiit    -4'M.int4  lici'ii    lilt'    ii'>iill    III'    (Mil  I.  ..||,..«    .111    III,. 

»<ri'    II..I      'lill.nv    hll I,    .tl;;l;;.i|     III    n  (Mil        ol       linr       (ir        Mini,        llthl'l         -IMV 

.Dniniiiii   f.tk."   I.iit    fi'lt   "l.lit'i.l   lo  do  iiiit     nr    ■•iTviiiiN     ..|     lln>    miiii.-     iii.i*- 

liT  III   ill.-   iiiilli.irily    iif    (/.('. //i.K.m    T.  t.T      wliil.'      fii^..  iirr.l      in      lluir      -.  1  \ 

JiilA.    V      if    II.    /.'.    '".<.     (IM.-ill.     .-,    i:\ili  in:      ,111,1      tvllrtlli'l      Ihr     il.illll      |.-llllnl 

:;i:t.  l!i  1^  .1    I-a.-Ii,    \.  S.  ■J!h;    H  .Im  11..111    tli,.    iiii-iiiiiini'.'.'ii..'.ii    nr    il..'    imm. 

»:IT.  iIIhI    WiiIIii    v.   SmllliU'IMh  ■        l{    f...  Il.lill    ..l    nl    tll.'    nlllil       .1     iif    Imlli.    .I.ich 

|Mi:l.    i    II. 111. I.   f.    I-.    Ill-,    ;!j    I,.   .1,  II.. I   111!,,  I    III,    piiiu  ii.l.-j   in  iiii\    .n-.'  it 

F'v.li    N.  S.  '-'(I'.,  tt  .liir.   \     •<    ."«i>l.  8  I..  III. .HI-     fi,.iii     I  ii,|,-..iii».     01      viiini      i.f 

T    N.   S.   .'U.-i.    II    W.ik     I     |,     ;.l|.      Ky    .(kill.  Ill,'  ii-k  ..I  wlii.li  llie.l. i,,.||,.iil. 

111.-   is.liiMjiiiT     .Ii.iiiiIht        I        I!.      1     (/  lis   Ih'U.    T.i    liini„lf  mill   Ihi-  .Irl,  tii|aiit», 

II.  lift    :.   Ili-I  A    S.  7.111     1:.  I.    .1    •).  H.  iiyniil  lo  run." 

X.  S.  .'.1.  1.1   l>.  T.   N.  s     .lU.   14  U..k  (  <.iii|vii,.  thi.   Liiii:"   -.■   ii««.il   In     l.oril 

Kfp    144).  (Ill-  ill:    iiiiciil    ■•!    Mlickl.  nil.  • 'iiin»..rlli    in    ll<trh,. skill    t'mt>    lit.    v. 

.r.,  «iH  nilfijili'il  a^  11   will.!,      I'olliM'k.  ('  A*.  I,/    ils.isi    :!   Miu,|     ||.  |,.  Cn,.  21111.  4 

ll„  iTiiT.'ly  ii.l.llii;;:      "|i   ii|i|Hiir-  lo  111,  '  ir.  \.  S    Ti.r    II.  c|ii..ti'.|  in  t   \'M\    infrit. 

llwll    ttl'   .ll.llllll   Ih.    Ii.lliri;;   in    :,    )|,„„|    ,,f  1,1    rii„,l,s    V.    Tnifh'i-    (I><7mi     1       It.   3 

iiii^Mtliin.  wiTi-  wr  t"   . I, 'Pill,    111,    prf-  (      V.   J)iv.    t!ii.  .18  1.    T    s    s.   ; .  :i.  27 

..it  ca-*f  in  fiivor  <if  tli.-  |.liiiii   ilT.     Km-.  W.ik.    H>\>    '■>!.  thi-  r.     il    hil,l   |iii.   ilc 

Il    n    iiirpi'tili'iV    i'iii|>|.'Vnii'iil     ,.    lo    lo.  frii«.'  i.l   .•...•■r\  Kt.   to  li,    .i|i|.iii  :|l.|i'   in   u 

ili.4ini;iii.lii'il    finiii    tliul    of    llic    jiiiilir.  lii-r   «li.ii'  h     .  1  viint  .11   ..  li'      .r.  uIh.m. 

.iii|'l.i\i.l     ..V   till'  Biiiiii'  i'..iiipiiii\ .   it    will  .Inly      il      «ii       to     ii>>»i..l      n      n  iln  i.lin;/ 

!•,■  -.oiiclit    1,1  ■.plil    lip  11 iiip|,.\,,'.   ill  l.ii;:....  Wits  irjiiicil  l.y  ilic  in  ■!:.    ikv  ,if 

.Miy   liir;!.'  r.li.l.li-liiiirii'    iiit.i  .lill.'i.'t  ii    .|.rviiii(    win.   wii.   i»liifliii/   ii   iioU   Jn 

,l.-|iiirtili'iil-     111'     si'i  \  ir...     :illli..iiyli     Ih  I  lie    liicwi'iy    itself.    iin,l    m!i,>    Ii.i.I     fi.. 

..iMiin.iii     i.l.jict      (if     lliiii      ,  iii|iti.yiiii.|ii  .|ii.iitly  lurii  ill   till'  sanip  '.|>'.l  w'lorf  1 1i.> 

li,.«,'\i'r  ililV,ii'iit.  i»  l.ut  III,' fiirilii'iiiii,',.  ImiirK   mri'   lii'iiid   ihovihI.      (  ,1     ..i     I,. 

.'1    tlir   I. mini'.'*    of    tli.'    iiilIit;    Vit     II  1.,    -li,!         "In    111.'    riwc    liffiiic       -    ( li, 

tiii;:lil  1.1'  -uiiil.  »illi  triiili.  thiit   no  two  j.liiintiir   was  I'liipl'iycl   in   tin.   I.n.iit,',. 

'1,1   II    .•oiiiiiioii    iliiiiii'.li.il.-   olij,',  I."  of    III,.   liii'WciN.    aii.l    it    lini.t    lir    I  ik,  "i 

III    lliiUliiii\im    V.     )  ..   A ,     \      ,1     /;.    /,'.  iliat   till'  (Itfi'iiiliiiit..  at  niii.t,'i«.  poiiii,' ■ 

'■„.    (IH.MIi    5   KmIi.   P.J.I.    l!i   I.    .1.    I'Aili.  liiit    'liil    llii'V   woiihl   .'ii^'ii:;.    .illicr    „  1  ■, 

\,  S.  'Jill).   11  .hir.  s:i7.  il    «a.  . '.iili'ii,l,',|  anl-     wUn-v   hcN.   a-.   I.,.|u,',n   lln'iil   an,| 

ihat.    pv.n     niliiiittiiig     flii'     .1.      ii'liiiit.  ilii'  |i!.iinliil.   witi'  not    to  Ih-  I'oii.iili'ii'il 

"..iilil  not   111'   li,i'  li>  for  liny    n.  l'I.i'I    ..n  1-  tlic  .Irf.iiilant.'.       Tli,-  plainlill'  kiii'>\ 

III,'   |ini    of    tli»~i'    who    wiTi'    niiiii.iciii;.'  lliat    ollui     pci      m~    woiiM    lu'   impli.M'il 

ill,'    train    in    onr    of    tlip    carri-.L'''*    of  in  (■ariyiiiL'  on  llu'  liii.in.'^-  of  tli.'  Ln-w- 

.iliicli    till"    plainliir    wii*   travclini;     vi'l  ,1  \  ;    liarr.U  arr   ii-^'.l    for   tli,.   piiip.isi's 

ill. '11'  I'.iiil  I    Ih-   no    priiii'ipli'    .'Viiiip;  in;;  .if    Ini-vviiif     iiii.l    iln-   .|.r\.iMi    l.y    wIiohc 

iliiiii  friiiii  lialiility  for  tin'  ai't-i  of  tlio.4'  ni'i:li:.'i'Mi'i'  'he  injury   wat  milii'tiMl   wii-. 

uli,i.  Ilioii^'li.  i',|iially   willi   liiiii.  ^I'riiiliN  at    111.'  tiiin-   of  tlir   aiiiil.iil.  i'ii;;.ii;i  ,1   in 

•  <i  till'  ilifrniliiiitH.  wiri'  not,  at   I  In'  tim.  I  lir   work   of  tlii'  linwiiy.      .Nii-oriliny  t,i 

'I  Ilii'  .uciili'iit.  I'li^'ii'.',',!   Ill  ,iiiy  ciiiiii'Hiii  til,'  aiilli.iiitii'.,   in  onli'i    to  I'vi'iiijil    llu- 

.1.1  iif  x'rvict'  witli  liiiii.     Itiil     \Mi'r~<'ii.  iiia-tcr  fmiii   lialiility,   il    i«  iiiiin  r.'..»ary 

li..  «iii.l:      "\\f   do   not    tliink    tlni.'    i.  Unit    tlii'  i-iiipli.ynii'iit    hIioiiIiI    lie   of   tlii' 

iiiv    ri'iil    ilistinction    liilui'.ii    Ilir    two  -  inii-   natiiii'.   if  tln'ii'   i.  a   coniiiioii   oli 

'  i..-..     Til.'  priii.iplr   i.  Unit    a    ..ivaiit.  i.-cl ,   anil    if    it    iiiii.l    Ik'   lak.ii    that    for 

>lirn  111'  i'n;.'iil.'i'  to  >rrn    il   'ii.i-l.  r.   lin  lli.'   piirpo-,'   of  ill,  rtiii;.'  that    ,il,|,'<'t    tlii' 

''■■rlaki"^.  :is  lirtwi'i'M  liiin   .iinl    lii..  iini-.  iiiii-tir    iiiii^t     I'lnjilny    other    .,1  Miiit^." 

Nl,  to  run  all  111.'  or.liiiiry  li.ks  of  tin.  llri'tt.   I..  .1.,   .ni.l:      "I   sliall   now    I'iniii 

-'■rvioi',    ami    tlii^    inrlinlo    111,'    ii~k    of  liatc  oiii'  pi  iinipli'  ri'lal  in^'  to  tlir  ,|U("-- 

■L''iu'.  111.'  on  till'  part   of  a   lillow    :»i'rv  tion:    1    ilo    not    >a\    tlii'ii'    may    not    i.i' 

I' .'vlii'iovi'r  lie  i'*  aotinc  in  ili«'liaiKi'  niori'.     It  i«  tliis:      U'licii   tin.  two  srrv- 

"f  !i!«  duty  It's  »i'r\iint    r.f   lim    whn  \h  m}.;   nxf   i«>rvi>iit-<   ..f   tin-   -inn-    niM^lir. 

.•■iiiiniiin  iii.i^ti'i'  of  lioili.      rill-  ili'iitli  ,inil  wlii'ir  tlir  ■.crvic.'  of  r  icli  will  lirin;; 

uf  ilutt'liiii.oM  appi'art  on  the  jilcadings  llii'in  so  far  to  work   in  llio  siu;,.  jilai''^ 


1320 


-MASTII!  AM)  si;i;\  \\r. 


[cHAf, 


solved  int..  ,11,  ov„s;,IiI<.  in,-M|,j..ii,v  f„  i„r,,-iist  tl.o  pmLaMlitv  of  i„ 
juiy  iroiii  til.-  pMiii.'iiliir  scrviiiii  wli,.  wiis  i;nillv  of  tlic  lu-liV,  i,l  : 


lii 


in    qucsli.,n.      Tli.'  ui.t..  fa.-l    il,;ii  tlu-    ii.-li.;..nt  act    its..|f  was   ,..„ 


and  at  tlir  saiiio  tiiiir  ilml  {)„•  iii').'li;;i 

of  one  III  ttliiit  III'  is  iloiii;:  a<  (lart  ol 
tlip  work  wliiili  III-  i<  liiiiiiiil  to  il,>  in;iv 
Injiiro  III.'  .)|li,T  wliilni   i|,,i,i;r  till-  wiiik 

wliicli   lu'  IK  I ml  to  do.  the  iiniNtrr  U 

nut    liiili|i>    lo    tl sirvant     for    tlio 


lo  woik  at   the  same  pl.,,v  at  tin-  snni. 

liiiir,  «o  that    till'   ii.i.'ll:.'.iiri'  of  tl ri. 

ill  doiii;.'  liU  work  niav  injur.'  tlii'  .)tliii 
in  doiii:;  lii>,  work.  Tlii'lr  wimrati'  imtx 
i.'i".  IiaM-  .111  iiiiiiii'iliat.'  coiiiiMon  ohjcii 
-III.'    inovlii);    of    tlic    traiiH        N'citli. 


n..;:ii«..n.'..of  ,i..'..t,i.'r.  Tiii,  i,  a  for  w-.u  ^iau.^,:;,;,: ;;;,,,,;;;'  ^ 

uiiila.  though  not   lli,    i.nK   on,'.      |.,.t   n,.-    otli.r  -  Kiiiioioriii, 

a|i|il.v    tlii..    foiiiiiila    to   till'    fail-*   lirforo 
iw;    till'    Mrvipc   of    tlir    plaint  ill    would 

o.)iii|M'l    lilin   to    work    al    tli.-   >; tiiiii< 

and  in  tli.-  '*iniii'  plari'  as  tlir  -..rvaiit  t-n 
gaj.'.'d  in  inovinj,'  tli.'  liaiicU,  ,„  ilmt  d,,. 
n.'fili:,'.'!!.'.'  of  till'  lalli'i  iii  nii.\iiii.r  tlic 
dpfi'iiilanls'    l)arri>U    iiii;;lii     injiiii'     tli.' 

plaii.tiir  «l,iUi  ..u-.ij:..il  in  .inloa.li,,^.  ili.-    |oi,k",a„   lor  tl any  ni-li.'i'm'e  in  tl 

l>ar>.'.':    tli.'  n.'f;lif;in<v  of  tli,.  one  in    hi  -  ■•        -"'•""•«  "'  ^ 


In  \i„H„rn  P.  It.  Co.  v.  Ilnmhl,, 
il>^l'li  l.-,t  IT.  S.  r,7.  .IS  T-.  od.  lOl.i 
H  >-n|i.  Ct.  1}|.|,.  iis.),  til.'  .■,.1111  >ai.l: 
"As  a  ialMir.'r  ii|Min  a  railroail  tia.k. 
.■illi.'i  in  -rtitiliiiMj  trains  or  ri|iairini.' 
III.'  tiaik.  is  .'.instaiilly  .'VilisciI  to  t  Ih 
Ian;;,!    of  passing   trains,  ami  li,iiiii,i   i,, 


work    niiylil    .aiis.-    iiijurv    ti 
W'liilst  .inplovi'd    in    lii- 


till- 


luana-.niint    of    sui'li    trains    is    a    risk 


oth.-r  wliii'li    uinv   or    should    I.,'   ,r,nl,'niplnt,-,l 

,h„,     ,,„   ■     ■,  •    ,.     •  \\  •     '"'"   '"  ••"•'■ri'i^'  upon   th,-  s,rvi, f 

ht^t      .opis      f       was    r,j:ht     in    holdin;:    ,  hi- ,„n,pan, .     Thisis'pi ihlv  the  n»J 

thut   till'  ,1, 1,..,,  ants,   who  „,.„'  th.'  ,'.11  -..tisfa.lorv  tist    of   liji.ilitv"    '"^  """ 

pK.'rs    o,    hoth    th.'    pi titr    and    th.'  c.i.np,,,;    ,|,.'    Ian;;,  '..        s.',,    in    V,„ 

«ervai,t    who    was   piiilty    of    n.'f,di«,'nr,..  fM  .('„.   ,...  Co.  v.    V,;,/.„/:;     is";^*'   I 

were  not   l.ahh'  for  th,'  a,T nl  ;  it   was  Va.    l!.:!.   21    S.    K     :t4'     is   „iio  e  lin 

not    n.'e..s-<.,y,    in    ..rd,..    to   ,.v the  l-.S.  not.'   I.  huI>.1     (d )" ;  /,  ,             ' 


to    ,'\,'ni|)      

.lef<>n.larits.  that  the  two  servants  should 

Ik'  eii;,'ai;i'il    in   the    -..i.ii'   kimi   of   wnrk." 

In    l.iiirll   V.    Ildiiill    ilSTii)    1,.    i;.    I 


111  another  easi'  th.'  w.-rvants  were  ,!■■ 
s.'rihi'd     as    hiinj;     ■'eii}ra>r.''l     in    .lutii-< 

e.  V.  uu.  i.ii.  4;;  I..  .1:  (•.'•  R  ;;!;t  '"""^'"  ""■"■  *"  ^""'^  ■• 


V.     S.     ;tsT.     .'u     L.     T.     \.     s.     l-<:i. 

24  W'e.'k.   i!i|i.  (iT2.  n vii y   was  dinii'd 

on  n  Mini.'what  similar  shm. 


iMi.'  pli.i'.  at  the  sain.'  time,  nndir 
irciimslan.'.'s  in  wliiih  tli.'  .'ar,'Iei>n,-s 
f  "' 'i^'lil    Ik'   fatal   to  th,'   safi'tv  ,.l 


on  n  M.niewhat  si ar  s|,in.  „,;;  ot  la.ls.  , i„.  .,,|„.,.."     v„„/„r  v.  V,,r  y,„l:  C  if  // 

the  ,'.uirt   ,l,.,larin-  that    t! ;,|i   i,    was  ,{.   /...  ,.„.    (Isssi    :t.1  I'V.      SI  I 

no    part    of    the    plainmls    .|,„y    to    as  ,„  another  they   we  e  said     o   he  ",.„. 

Hist  ,„  the  ,.|.n.'.al  work  of  a   v.ai  ehoiisi.  ,.|..,.,    ,„„,,,„.,,.   ,-,    „„.   ,„„  „'     ,,,;   j,   ' 

-««    f,,r..Na,uph'..n.li,.r,is.,,,..,r|,,w  work    tha       re.pii, eo„p,.|    ,  .  ,         „ 


hut    that    his  ,liity    was   ,'iinlin,',l    to  Ih 

oare  and  inana^jem.'nt   of  th.'  eraft  com 

in;;  to   th.'   ;.r.'misis.     ye! 

faet   was  that  it    was  also  a   part   .if  lii- 

iliity   t.)  K'l  to  th.'  olliic  for  onh'rs.  ami 

that  in  th.' eiiiirse  of  this  duly   h,'  woiiM 

hav,'  to  pass  lliroii^'li  Ih.    Maieli-nisi.  and    ill,.    n,"ii.'..n,'.,.    ,lf  "•i,i,,ii,„,    i.    .-    i    .i 

.ni.  into  the  str,.',  I,y  th.'  door  a,  wliieh    ,|,|.  I^'^y  U.l'S^ri^.j;:;,: 

the  p,.,,M'ss  of  I,,,,,;;  the  saiks  from  the    inilihnt   to  th,.  s..|  >  iee  .ii„lert  ike     '  "  „  I 

::r!!..^r  ;;:;:';"•;', "•i:.";':'7':.'^; «""':'  "''t "  «-••"..■  t,. instil!;  a  1;;;;: ,::;' 


int,i   fr,.,pi,.i.|    ,.,,nta,.t    with   .-a.-li   .itli.'r 
.    ,    "'"•    V.    ./r/r-,.v„„,.//.-.     )/,    rf    /,    If.    Cn 
til.,  .'ssi'iitial    i|S!)2l    \-\i    In.l.   T.S.   .'ll    V.    K.  471. 

In  nnothi'r  th,.  ,.,iurl.  in  laying  it 
lown  that  th,'  t,'st  of  a  niast,'i"s  liahil 
il.N    for  injury  to  oni'  savant   eans,.,|  |,v 


jarily    have   to    ,'iu.,iiiiil.'r    Ih,'    n  k    ii   th.'v  ImH 


.)f   injury    Iroin    iii.i.di;.',.ni'i.  of  oi  h,.|  s    ii 


tl 


1.'    sarin'   i-iii 


plat, ..I    ri-k>  ,,f   tl 


rd    th, 


ml, '111     III,'  hiisiii 


that    the   ,1,. 


tl 


11'  ..vid,.|i 


.,1 


In    A-. 


1,.      s,.|  ,  I,.,.. 


if 


in  til, 
'',.d    ir 


hI'iII 


I  I'll  I  i 


IHH.'tl     lllit  I',  S.    IT 
ip.    '1.    H,.p. 


till 


<f  <).  /.'.  r, 
27  K.  ..,1.   1(1.1.1. 
eoiirt.    in    siiiii 


'111  track,  an, I  was  ii 


ri.paiiiny   ears  on  a   Tr 


villi  111, 


ilo 


1  no  «ay  eonnieli-.l 
iniiiii;;  ,if  ears,  and  ha, I  noth 
.'ith  111, 


'irs  In 


niiii^'   up  lis  r.'a s   fiu    nfusiu;.  i, 


wi-  not   a  filhi 


III! 


n,.ar.  I  In 


I.I 


ant.' 


th..    I'laiiilill    tl 


■d 


rvaiil  of  th, 


hi 


id    th. 


n.,-in,.r.    said    u  ill,    i  i,.)     f],,,!     p 


111   rum, 111;; 


ears,   s; 


ii,l:      Tl.. 


■■Jhe  ,liili,.s  .if  Ih, 


Ih, 


il.'il  uilh  th. 


i.iwii    w.'is    in    n.i 


111, 


ni'iniM;..  of  I'ais. 


iiM-  to  ,lu  «itli   III,.  I  irs  I 


1.1   li.nl 


Hill;,'  near, 


» J»)J 


COMMHN  i:\ll'l.()^  MINI      (  ().\  UNI  KU. 


1367 


or  til  it  lie  Wiis  ciiiiii^iil  in  a  -.I'linniU' lie  ili  rti  Uiii);.   or    IIkw    wlio-if   ciiipliiviiiriil 

liiirliiii'iil    fiiiii.  Iliiil   III'  lliiMc  iMi^/iiyiil  ill  i^  ^iicli  ihiii.  hy  tlii'ir  iiif.'li;;('mc  in  tlii' 

iiiii\in;,'  till'  r.ii~.  .•.Iiiiiilil  nut  ciiiiliiil  llir  ii-iwl    liiii'  nf  ilicii    iliilj.  Iii'  iiil;,'lit  rt'ii 

ollirr    f:irt«.     1 1:..     Iliiil     I  lie    liiick     mi  ><>ii  ilily  i>\|H'i't  to  In- i'nil:in<.i'ri-<l.  or  tliosp 

v\lilili    lie   was   III    wiiik.   ami    tl.i-   liark-  wlm-r    iii'L'liyiiirc-    iiii;ilil     lie    iindiTstniHl 

on    uliicli    till'    <liitii'<.    Ill    Ihi'   ^.1  ilrliiiiaii  In  lie  im  jiji'iit   tn  liit  ii'r\in."     li/nlil  \. 

aihl    iii^iiii'iT    \Mir    iMini;    |ii'i  Im  niiul    al  Suillnni    It.    I'n     ilsiloi     IJ    \.    II.   '21't. 

III!'  -line  lliiic.   v\rrc  in  iIum-   |iri>\iinil\  I  niiiniiiii     i'iii|>l'>\  mini      i-    scivjoc    of 

III    iMi'li    iillicr,    rii'i\ri;;in;j     witli     lliclr  siicli   kiiiil  thai,  in   tlir  ixiiriM'  of  onli 

■ittitrlii's  Iirar  llir  ■>ainc'  {".inl .  >o  t  li.il  llir  naiA    ~;i;;iril\.  all  \\  Im  rn^"a;;i'  in  it   iiiny 

lii-;4li;;rini' or  iiia.jvii  liiii f  llir  -«  il  I'li     In-    alili-    to    f -if.    «  Inn    ai  r.pl  int;    it. 

man  in  o|iiiiiliii;.'  III.'  -i\ililir»  anil  iiiiiv-  thai.    lliroin;li    llir    iic;;li;.Trni'    of    Ji'llow 

in;.'   till'   tr.iin.-    wa^    lialilr    to   iiiilaiiKi'r  -n'rvants.    il    iiia,\    |iriilialilv   i'\|io-«'   |Im>iii 

hiiii.     SI.  /,<)i(i.s.    1.  «(•  7'.  It.  I'll.  \.  Trill  lo  iiijiirv.     Mr  iinln  ,i  s  \\  Hunts  (ISTli) 

1,11    llsitli    .-i4    Aik.    -IS'l.    II     I,.    I!.    A.  .■Ill    N.    .i.    I..    117;    /.•„.,„    v.    I.iii,iii„ull 

--,:\.  I.")  s.  \v.  s:!i.  Hi  .s.  \v.  2nii.  I  IKS.-,)  j;  \.  .i.  i..  m^.  -,4  .\in.  Ki-ii. 

Ill  a  later  iliri-.iiin  liy  till-  roint    ii   i:.    lis. 
slali'il   as  a    t;ioiinil    for   |iiiilii- it  iri^   rii  I  hr  fnllin,  in^'  in-l  i  ml  ion  lias  lioon  np- 

M'r>iri'.  tliat  tin-  li-k  «as  "naliir.H  ami  imniil:  ".V  fi'llow  -i'r\aiit  i>  iiih'  fii 
iionnal."  SI.  I.niiis  S.  11.  /•'.  I'n.  v.  liaiiiil  uitli  anotlii'r  iinilor  a  roniniun 
lliii.\iiii  (ISD.'ii  I'll  .\rk.  Mi.  '.11  S.  U .  nia.-lir.  anil  in  tlif  saiiii'  I'oiiinion  cni 
1071).  |iliiyii'i'iit,  so   tliat    t lii'V   ale  liroiit'lit    in 

111  liolilin;;  lliat  a  foiiinlir  in  a  lila-t  conlail  with  I'lili  oilier,  notwitlistand 
fiiniaee.  in  eliai;;e  of  Hie  in-iile  umk  of  in;;  1  ln\  are  -iilijeel  In  tlie  ordeis.  anil 
«ll(ll  llirniee.  a-'-llllles  llie  li~k  of  llie  lllnlel  llle  evelllsive  eonllol.  of  separate 
in;;licjent  nnin.i-iineiit  of  loeoinoi  i\e>  lio--e.  or  foremen,  ami  in  ililfi  rent  work 
iiwil  liv  the  same  eompany  in  ini'vin;.'  in  tin  -anie  vrxiie.  "  I'ainili  v.  I'lii.sii- 
I'.Ms  over  erossiM;.'s  on  il->  premi-e«.  his  < «/i(  i(  1.  /.'.  Co.  (  18U1 )  )iH  Kla.  :J.jl, 
iliilv    re'iniriML'   liini    to   iise   lliii»e  eniss-    !t   So.   li."!*!. 

in;;-,  to  a  eoii-i.li  riMe  e\li'nt.  the  einirt  In  (  f,.i/oi  v.  I'l  nrli  xlun  (  IHIi.S  i  16 
expressly  rejeeleil  the  eonleiilion  "Iliat  liieli.  I,.  Jill  i  see  {)  4!l!t.  note  1,  siiliil. 
there  tt.is  nolhiiiy  in  the  niliire  of  his  lal.  iiilfii  the  einiit  approved  of  the 
ciiiploimem  to  snlijrel  him  lo  siieli  a  test  piopoiiniled  hy  lilaekhlirn.  .1.,  in 
risk.'  Ailiiiiis  V.  Imii  I'lilja  Co.  (  ISSII)  Miniiiin  v.  iiili  of  \iiilli  U.  Co.  (IHll.')) 
7h  .\lieli.  271.  44  \.  U.  -^70.  :i   P. -I    A    S.  7.tli.   L.    I!.    1   g,   H.   14!t,  :!5 

Oilier  p.is:,a(r,.,  illiisi  rating'  tlie  sanie  I,.  .1.  (,i  II.  N.  S.  Z.X.  i:t  L.  T.  \.  S.  .-)li4. 
riniii'ptiiiii  as  the  aliovo  dei  l-ii.ii-  are  14  Uei'k.  l!i|>.  141.  and  held  that  an  in 
these:     "Servants  .     are  en;.'.ieed    striielion     was     unduly     restrictive     liv 

in  a  einnnion  employiiient.  whin  eaeh  of  wliieh  the  jury  Were  told  that  the  de 
llieiii  is  oeeiipied  in  wrviee  of  siieli  a  tense  ot  eonimon  eniployiiieiil  is  avail- 
kind  that  all  the  others,  in  the  evereise  aide  only  where  the  two  servants  are 
of  ordinary  Hajiaeily.  oii;;ht  to  he  aide  eiiKa;;ed  in  a  eoi'inioii  liiisiness  wliieh 
to  foresee,  when  aieeplini;  their  em  their  joint  elloits  are  reijilired  to  BC- 
|dnyiiient.  that  it  may  pioliahly  e\pose  etinipli-li. 
Iheiii    to   the    risk    of    injury    in    e.is.-   he        J'l  ior  lo  the  delinitive  adoption  of  the 

is   ni^li;;ent."       Itiiiiil    V.    I'lllil    (  IH72)     '•eciisiM'iation"   •luelrine    i siilititleC, 

7il  I'a.  477.  Cimipiire  Miilliiii  V.  I'liila  infim  a  similar  theory  uf  eominon  em 
ihl/ilud  if  .V.  l/.n7  N.  .S'.  It.  Co.  (  lS7o)  plovimnl  was  sonielliiie-<  propounded  in 
7«  I'.i.  J.->.  2\    Am.   I!ep    i.  Illinois. 

A   »er\aiil    a--iiiiies  i he   ri-k   of  a   fel  In    \  nlh  :  v.  Oftio  .f  .1/.  It.  Co.  (1877) 

luH- servant-  iii;;liL;.ii(e.  even  thiiiiyli  the    S,">    III.   ."iiiil.   it    was  said   that    M    proper 

l.iller    is   •in    a    po-itimi    of   H:ie.itei    re     test  of  il„'  e\i-l.i of  Ihi-  rei.iiion   (of 

s||"ii-ihilily  or  a  dillerent  line  of  em  fellow  sei\iint-|  may  lie  lo  iiii|iiire 
pliiunent.    -o    liin^'    as    holh    ..le    in    the    « liel  her    the    iiet;li;;enee    of    the    one    i- 

s- ;;eniial   Inisinis-,   mi   |h;it    the   lie;;     likelx     to    inlliet    injury    on    the   other. 

liiiii of    one    n;  ly    eonliiliiile    to    Ihe        When    the    ordinary   duties  and    oocil 

ilaiiLir  of  the  iiilur."  IJiimcif  \li,i.  ('.,.  palion-  of  the  serv.inl-  of  a  eonimon 
V.  huh  |1S7!I|  \'  Mieh.  :t4,  3  N.  \V.  iiiasln  are  -iieh  Hi. it  one  i>)  neee-sarily 
■JIO.   per  Coohy.  .1.  e\po-,.d  to  lia/a.d  li.\    the  ea reles-neH.s  o'f 

Hie  -ervaiit'^  remedy  is  ■•leslrieted  l.v  anolh.r,  they  niii-t  he  siippo-id  to  linvc 
tti.'  i-.inliael  only  as  to  the  ne;.'li;;enee  Miliinlii  il>  I'akeii  the  ri-ks  o|  -iieli  pos 
el   fellow  s.T\anl-  eiiya'.'eil    in   I  lie  same    sjlili.  e.uel,  — ne--  \\li,n   ihev  entered  the 

;;eliiT;ll  serviee.  or  Iho-e  enipl'.M'il  in  the    sil\  lee.    .ll.il    ,|    lie    li-ja|iled   ,is    fellow 

I'liiidiiet  of  one  eoiiinion  eiilerp|i-e  or  nil     stTvanl-  wilhin  Ihe  'iieaiiiii;,'  of  tlii-  iiile. 


i  *  • 

III 


P    I    fl* 


iiSS 


AlASTEli  AM)  >Ki;,  ANT. 


[CHAP.  XXVII. 
whifl.  ...„ld  not  hav,.  I„...„  r.....su„al.lv  tur,.,.,,.  .Lk-s  „ot  tako  the  eas,. 

"Ut  tit  ilic  u|.«.rati.,ii  i.f  tlir  froricral  rule  ■ 

496.  Diversity  of  duties  or  departments  not  sufficient  to  exclude  de- 
fense of  common  employment.- T.„.  pHM..!,,!..  hm|  .l.,wn  in  tl.,-  ,.,v 
•••■'i'M-  s,.r(.un  1..  a.v..|.t..d  MS  tl...  ,„s,  ,.,•  ,.,.„n.,..n  ...nplov„„.nt  bv  a 
iary..    ,na.,...-.tv  of  fl,.  courts.      S,.,.  illus.nuiv..   .......  §    498,    infra. 

'  "•■  ot  II-  ....rnllar.,..  is  ti.at  ti,.-  plainiitf  h  prcriudod  from  nvoverN 

".'"■'•"^"':  ""■  In.H-tions  wl,i..|.  i„.  and  il„.  „..;.|ip.ut  eoon.plov..,.  won. 
•I's.•lKM■^.n^^  altlnm;;!.  not  id..nfi..al,  ,.r  ..v.n  similar,  i„  .■i,aract,.r 
••^'■iv  vet  sn-.j,  il.a.  ti„.  two  servants  uvr..  •'.■..ntributinK  'lir<'etlv  to  thr 
'•';"."'"■"  ••lM«-t  "i  th.-ir  ..ommon  ,.M.pl,.v,.r"  in  tl.at  onfrpn-so  for 
"■  M,- .  tlu-.r  sorviers  uvr.  ..nj:a...d.'      Or  .  to  ..mpioy  a  tenninolo.v 

wl..,-l,  ,s  ln.(,nc.n,lv  fonml  in  ti„.  I ks,  tl,..  injured  sen-anfs  ri-wit 

";  ivover  does  not  .|.>pen,l  np-n  the  faet  that  I.,,  mav  have  bo..n  in  . 
clitierent  department  ol  il„.  ..-rviee  from  the  de]in(iuent.» 

•II..   I  II...'.  Irifnrd  ,(    A.    /.',   f'„     (IsnS)    8  Ir    P    I 

i.i  I!  I  ;is  17  ;,i"-i"'-^'  '■"  '""'•'  '^T •■*'••  I'--  '-f'oy. ('. .t '  ^"  ^  '' 

'  H,„l„„sh'i/I  Coal  Co    v    K.id  i  |t*-.H>     .!.„     "   ■'"'  •■\^'""'''  'f'-'^tion  is  «li..tl,r. 


■oiii|iiirc  also   til,.   l;Miyii:i;;e   Sliiher    (  10(11  1    54    I.. 


I  Mutt  and  of  Cotton  U  ,1.?.,  in V 


'/■.,„/ 


'hurl, 


R.    A.    (!!M>.    4H 


'  c.   A.   14ft.   ins    Fed.  n.i4,   h 


,'■    t'^'."' .  U- ''     i!   <'•    ''•    '^'»--    <i'">«'l    102   K-l.  4 


I!I2.  .is   I,.  T.  .V.  S 


■.t,  27  Wcrk.   I{ 


ii-  c|iiol,.il  in  i  4!l.'-..  note  t. 


■Til. 


|ii..«tion  aris<.H.   Wlio  aro  feil,.w    Xiirkols    i  ls!l 


of  tills  form  of  pxpi'cssid 
iipra        :,ro    lo.,n,l    i„    SorfoW  rf    H'.    «.    To 


K\jiiip|( 


soi\:iMfs   in   rontrniiilatiim   of   law'     To    .ij-' ■    r,.-...ii 

ronsti.nto    M,ol..    ,l,;.y    , d    no,    V,    ,],o    (Isii       4   Vm'  ^r'^^  f 


'.I    01    V 
lion  I, 


a.    lU.-i,   21    .S.    K. 


1  d   »r.   K.  Con 


time  1«.  oiisrn^pd  in  tl 


vvoik.     It 


|.ni|iluynicnt  of  tl 


Is  Hiillicicnl   if  thcv  ai 


sonc  |>ai'liriilar    A"i 


>"»/.    cf    A'.    ^.    ff.    Co 


m.    Di'C.    .3;iO: 


«■  in  tho    (  ISil.i)  ;-,  {'.  (..  A.  4(ii,  ,i  \\  s 


in   till'  sanio  ronin 
iliitii  *  and  srrvi 


ln' sani..  II  istiT.  en«a}.'rd   .5t>  K..,!.   |SS;   i|  „„,y, 


|>lll'|K 


for  til.. 


ik.   t 


IMTliiini    If.  f'( 


Itnlli 


t.rhmli    ]'<///./(   c,,,,!  ( 


s.iiii(.  ;.'..|i..ral     14;i:  «/W 


(1S70I   ;«  Md.  411.  .1  A 


V.     Ilyil, 

Al>p.  443, 

'\miirr  <f  f). 


II  r 


m.  R. 


V.  roHrt/  Falls  Co.  { 1880 


."'s    (1878)    8li    I'a.    4.-!0;    R..|Mal..d   in     (ISOC.)    irM.fll 


V.    Iti  K.  I.  44H.  17  Atl.  ;-,4;  CoUan  v.  H 


nil 


I. 

All.  .->I4. 


Sci/Vr/   ns87)    116  Pa.  fi28,  11    fr„d 


Hull  I 


."iO.r  45  Pac.  1017:   I 
<•  A  O.   R.  Co.    (1800  1 


"W  hill  thcr.'  is 


•Tl    \V.    Va.    2110.    12   S.    K.   ,il2;'.V.fl/ 


allainii!;;  »lii,.li  «  spnant   i 
ii>k.   if  III'  i^,  ii 


on.'  ;;cii..ral  ol)j(>ot.  in    .'ttiri.  TiO  \.  \\ .  ;(|2"  '/,>',,;, 


IS     .>\|ll 


I   to    \fiillirni     I'.    If.    C, 


'',v  V.  (7/ 


n-atfn. 


of    an.itli.T 


,)nii.il  l.y  the  n.>'.'li^'..ni-p    SI.  /■.    )/,  ,(: 


(l^iOt)    ,57    Mil' 


.  rf  I).  If.  Co.    (ISH.T)    3.1  Mini 


fiiillii 


I'Mtilli.cl   to  SUP  th 


sprvant    «liiis(    pn^-a;;,.,!    in    218,  22  \.  \V,  .ISO :   AV,s7 

<  I8II0  1     II    Mi 


i.'iin^'    tlip    siiiiip    (ilij.rf.    h.'    i 


'■I    iiiiittcr  that    llii'V 


I.'  nia-l.T.  am!  it  diM'r 


lot    ( ■,    /,' 


;  V.   If 


iiiiiimihi 


nn. 


in    tli 


wi.rp   not 


li..    -anil'   Kin.l    of   wiirk. 


/.'.  r 


Am.  l!i.|).  207 


(is7;i 


on^Myi'i 
Hhil, 


I     If.    Cn.    i  1  S(|..> 


f.iiiiftlil   V.    Tiiliil,,.     I.     I.  rf    \ 


;iiio.  (;ii 


I    O.'l   .Miili.   4o.|    .-,:t   y    w 


I    70   M...   (iO.   3.-,    //„„;, 


i.  »    ltil,„„s.  ./.  ,(   I!,   V.  i{    f.; 


'"■.    I  l.s;:ii    4!t    Mi 


W 


i.li 


<al 


pnilil.i>iii..nt     np.>:i     Hip    ion    l,|,|     4., 


ill-.  1:.  d  .v/.  /,.  I/,  I 


.".8;     H,„,„,.l 


to  l..|   ill  111..  .Ipfe 
sutlicii.nt  if  tlipre 


is   not    n.'i 


'n.    (  I8M|. 


insp  ot  pos<.r\ 
genera 


la  "a 


.-sary    Sun  In 
it   is   Pap.   I 


Siiil'lii-   V.    lio/fi    .1/1,1.   rf 


'  ".     (1801)    2    l.lal 
•f  /'.  If  <: 


771.   2ii 
Ihi 


.miou-   foil  (1SH4)  (12  Tex.  607;  rroiify  d  S. 


rtuni 


R, 


4 


1 


5  4'j:] 


(-OMMON  K.\II•|J)^  MINI— CONTIM  KU. 


MS'J 


If  we  have  regard  to  the  u.sual  «rnn,fr,.,„,.nt,  whir!,,  in  the  case  of 
a  ,i.(f..r.-.,ce  of  .i..,,artn,..nts,  wuul.l  j.lac,.  the  ..rvant.  ia  each  under 
the  control  ot  diff.Mvnt  aj,..„(.s  ,.f  the  master,  the  al.ovo  rule  is  usually 
Miscptibh-  ol  being  also  e.x,„v..s...l  iu  the  fonn  that  the  fact  of  the 
lun  servant.-:  receiving  their  orders  from  different  .ii|„  riors  is  in- 
eltectual  to  exclude  the  defen...  ,.f  cuservice,  in  any  case  in  which  the 
other  elements  ot  that  delense  are  piiseiit.^ 
4»7.  Contiguity,  a  material,   though   not  decisive  factor.- In  nu- 
.     n.er......  i.istan.-es  a  .servant's  CMntomplation  and  inlVn-ntial  acceptance 

of  the  risk  nt  his  fell..u-  .servant's  negligence  aiv  snu::ested  bv  tl...  fact 
that  then-  dnt.e.s  although  divers,-  in  ki.ul,  were  ..l.viuuslv  "such  that 
they  migiit  at  any  time  l,e  l,r„„gi,t  into  dose  pro.ximi'tv  to  each 
othrr;  an.!  the  auil,„riti..s  .sh„\v  that  fi,is  circum.stanee  is  almost  d.- 
.•isive  against  the  plaintifT.  Hut  tiie  e.ssence  of  his  disability  to  rn- 
rover  being  liis  imputed  eumpivben-j.,,,  „f  the  likelihood  of  injury-  it 
IS  evi.l..,t  that  the  remoteness  „f  ,1„.  place  where  th,.  negligent  ser- 
vant habit.iu.iiy  works  is  not  necessarily  a  ciivumstancc  which  nega- 
tives an  assumpiion  of  f]ie  risk  of  his  ni>gligence.» 

I!HII)  .14  I,.  R.  A.  (I'm;.  48  (  .  C.  A.  14!>,    v.  7«v  or  (    S7S  !{  ^?r 't    n       ^^ 

H;s  K0.I.  u:u,  R..vv,si„«  ,  l-mO)  102  Fc..:    38  L.^t:  X    s"7?:.i/2;\^.,.V  "i'p    l'' 

-.^n  instruCinn  that  whoro  porsnn,  are  l^'i^^'HT^'l'v  'r^^'lnH^T 

i.(.'.j;.'c,l    ,„    tlio    s«,„..    ,I,|Mrl.,„.„t     of  .T.  (\1V  N.  s:.1S7.  34  r/T   \   s    isVai 

«n.k.  nml  on,.  ,s  injur..!  ••,«  tl.o  result  \Vo,.k.  Rop.  .17-  Xo.lh.rn  I'    R   Co    y 

"la  f,.||.nv  servant  .s  n.-li;:,.,,,.,..  l.o  o„n-  llambi,;    '|H04>     154    U    S     117     1«'  T 

n.,t  rooovor  ,f  It  l.s  don.  i„  th,-  nr.linary  o.l.  l<U:l.  U  S„,,.  Ct    ttp  Vl     ff^.L/i 

■  M,,.l.,yn,o„t,    ,s    not    pr..  ,i.|iri,.l    to    .1..-  y.  Ilnllinnn   ,t\>    /?    ^o^lsS^.    lOOTT 

..r  .njuru-s.  a,  I.nnt.nR  tho  d.„.t.i,„.  „f   ;(->;  Xa„hr  v.  .\V„-  y„l  r  ' f  //    »T 

li.-sa,i„.  <l..p;,rtnirnt  of  H.,rl<.     //„•/,■.,  v.    s,m,Ulr.   1/    rf  /    «   Co      1 S  W ,    1 -lo  I.TV 

•m   Am.    K..p,   r,27    (MM.    «    4!.S,    „,„„    l     2.!.i-    \W,oM    j   w'  ff    rvi    "v     Y     «  T' 
</.,,,,,,,,  .f.  .1.  ff.  ,v,.  V.  Mu,,,h„   (1870)    28  Kl:..  2.-,l,  fl  So   (HO  ' 

'W'.ui  21  Or  i.vrol  p,v  0,  I.  r-  V"",,. "; '"7. ""- "'  '■''"■"'"  '•• «"»"'" 

,    ,  ..   ,,      <■'".-'     lac.    ill.      It    lA    ,f    M.    A".    Corn.    (8(2)    4    \fpt     4'l     IS 

H.M.    of     ,.,,  1  ?,h"''r    /'""'■'";,"     "'■"    ';'  '"-'•"^'i"*-'  <l..-  contortion  of  ooun^l' 
''''"    a/  f'v"     ■•';;„    rr.  ..,./»,/,,,,-    tha,   .1...  ,l.,o,ri,„.  of  co.orvi..o.  ^vl.a.P^T 


i:i. 


I     -:      I 


'•""•  AI.\Mi;i!AM)SKl:\.\NT.  UUA,..  xxN.. 

498.  Illustrative  cases  of  common  employment— In  ;|„.  ,|,.,.i,i,,„, 
;•'■';•;'  l"''""  'l"  l-nn,.,,,!..,  ,|,.v..i„|„..l  ,•„  ,|„.  ,„v.-,.,li„f;'s,.Hi.,ns  w,.,v 
hvld  u,  .v,|,nr..  ih,.  .•.„M-lii>in„  ,|u„  ,h,,v  wu.  ,. „„..„  ,.,n,,l.,vnH,n 

'!'<•  .I.MMMUM,  i„T  iin.lllU...|  UMclrr  lM,..|il,-.  ;i,i;l|Hr,l  u.  facilitate  a 
<■...., i.ari.-.,.,  with  tia-  rMlii,:;^  (^  .".(..I.  infra)  uudov  tiio  .l-rM-in..  „f 
co..sn,.|ai...l  .Imics  to  U-  .iiMM.ss.  .1  l,ol„w.      Manv  „tl,or  Ci.scs  in  wl.i.-i, 


flint,  altlii>u;;li  tilis  mijjlit  \tc  .o  wlicrc 
l«()  or  niorc  sfiviuits  ,iri'  (.iii|il(ivi(I 
in  till'  !..iiii(.  d<'|i.irtiiH'iit  oi  di'itv, 
»liiTc     ciich      enM     i'\cit      MIMIC     iiillii- 

'•" ivrr     l)li>     coikIiicI      (if     tile     otlliT. 

arul  tliiH  to  some  oxtnit  |irinirlc 
lor  lii^  c,\.  11  Mciiiitv.  Vet  Ihiit  it  could 
not  i|i|ilv  hIi.'ic  two  or  more  iirc  pnv 
IllnVliI  III  (litlilcllt  ill|i.irtlllilll<  of  duly. 
Ill  a  di-l:iii(i'  from  cacli  otlirr.  ami  ulifii. 
one  oaii  ill  no  dijii.c  cuntrol  or  iniliiMiici- 
tli<-  roiiiliici  of  iiiiotlur.  lint  wo  lliiiik 
tlii-*  is  foiindi-.l  upon  a  ~iiri|.fi.,il  di- 
lii'i-lion,  on  wliiili  it  would  In.  iNticiiiilv 


prarlic  il 


ri 


dilliiiilt  to  p^talilisli 
W  lii-n  till'  olijict  to  111'  a'icoiii|ili  li,.d  is 
•  iiu'  and  tlic  siiiic.  wlion  tlic  iniploMrs 
an-  till'  ^11111..  and  tlif  scviral  pciMim 
iniployiil  derive  llieir  ailtliority  and 
llieir  eoiiipensiilion  from  llie  -une 
sinner.  It  would  he  e\treiiiel\  <lillini|t 
to  disliiiifiiisli  what  conslitiit,-  one  de 
pailineiu  and  wliai  a  distinel  ilepart- 
nieni  of  duty.  It  would  vary  «itli  tlie 
eiriiiiu-iaiiees  of  pvery  ea>e.  'if  i|  were 
inade    to    depend    upon    I  lie    nearness   or 

'I'^taii if  the  person,  from  e.oli  other, 

the  ipie-*tion  would  iinnieilialely  arise, 
How  near  or  how  distanl  niii-t  they  lie, 
to  he  ill  the  same  or  diUVienl  dep  irt- 
nient-*?  In  a  hl.H'ksinitirs  sh.ip.  pei^ons 
working  in  the  same  hiiililin;:.  at  iliiler- 
pnt  tires,  may  lip  quite  iiidi  pendent  of 
earh  other.  thoiii;li  ordy  a  few  feel  dis- 
tant. In  a  ropewalk.  sVvoral  may  he  at 
work  on  tin'  same  piei^e  of  eord'a-re  at 
the  same  lime,  at  iniiiy  hiiinlred  feet 
distant  from  each  othei.aiid  luyond  the 
reach  of  si^riit  and  \<iice  and  .\cl  acliiif; 
lou'ciher.  Itesidcs.  it  appiNus'to  us  that 
the  ar^Miniciit  rests  upon  an  as^umcl 
principle  of  rcspoiisihiliiv  uhich  does 
not  exist.  The  ma-ter.  in  the  cise  »iip- 
posed,  i,  not  exempt  from  lialiiljlv  lie- 
caiise  tile  ,er-,aal  has  hellei  meaii,  of 
providing'  lor  his  safety.  Hhcn  he  is 
emphiyed    ill   iim lhit(.  coiiiiectiiai   with 


those    fi 
siilFcr.  hut  I 


om    will 


if    Ih, 


lecailse 


.'li-.l 


let 


h. 


nil; 


niiister    di 


implied   cut 


fht 


of  his  sinant,  lieeaiise  the  person  siif 
tenner  does  not  stand  towards  him  in 
the.  relation  of  ii  straneer.  hut  is  one 
«ho.e  rights  arc  ref;ulal..<l  hv  eontra.l. 
express  or  implied.  The  exemption  ot 
the  master,  therefore,  from  lialiilitv  for 
li.c  ne._'l!u'encc  of  a  fellow  servant  "doe- 
not  h'peiid  e\clii,ively  upon  the  eoiisid 
'■ration  that  the  servant  has  hettci 
means  to  provide  tor  his  own  safely,  hiil 
upon  other  •.•rounds.  Ilcnce.  the  -epara 
lion  of  th,.  eiiiploynieni  into  dill'erent 
depaitments  cannot'  create  that  lialiilitv, 

wlieii   it   doi's  not  arise  fr express  or 

implii'd  colli  rail,  or  from  a  rcsponsihH 
ily  iiealed  h\    law  to  third   pci-ons.  and 
-trailers,   for   I  he   IK  u'li^-ciice  of  a   wrv 
ant." 

In  Tilt  I',  I.;  I  |IS!i;i|  p.  .IJa.  ,Ieunc  I' 
lyieed  with  (  hief  .riistiee  Shaw  thai 
physical  coiiti;:iiity  dues  not  alVord  a 
'Il  linilion  on  which  a  practical  rule  ran 
lie  e-laldislied.  and  saiil:  -In  all  cases 
I  hi'  immedi.ite  instiument  of  physical  in 
,|ury   must    he  eonti^uoii-4  to  tlie   pers<iii 

iiijiiri'il,    and    in    most   cases   the   pir 

who  causes  physical  iiijinv  is  not  far 
li'iiii  tlie  person  to  whoiii  it  results 
r.iil  I  suppose  that  the  si;.Mialninn  at 
one  end  of  a  rillc  ranjf  is  clearly  in 
'■oinmoii  employment  with  tin.  marker  at 
the  other,  when  the  two  iiinc  a  common 
master;  and.  to  ;rive  a  siroiiKer  in- 
stall'.-, a  servant  who  unskilfiillv  packs 
ilyiiamile  in  a  factory,  and  anotlier  who 
in  iinpaikiii;.'  it  at  n  <lislant  warehouse 
Is  injiiieil  l,y  its  explosion,  are  clearly 
in  common  empl. , Mucin  .  On  the  olhii 
hand,  mere  conliyiiity.  if  umisiial  or  ai- 
fiih'iital.  would  iioi  he  consistent  with 
'■'imiiion    eniphiyiiii'iit." 

I  he  doitrine  of  '•ommon  oinploviiiiil 
is  not  liiiiitiil  to  those  ca.ses  in  'which 
■ihere  is  a  coiuic-ction  hetween  the  dit 
lirc'iil  ^riMdes  of  emphiyiiiciit.  hriii!:iiiL' 
He  ser\aiits  into  '•on'tact  with  nicli 
iilhi'r."      lull  I  iiiiliiiiinl    ,f    i;,     \.    /,>     c, 


A 


'Ipinnifv   till 
af 


•s    not    cxtcnil    to    ill'     the 


i.i''l     2\».      This  i|. 


iiiiii    I  I  Kit  I  I   s:;  Tex. 


."iti.'i,  is  s.  \\ 


crsanl    afiainsl    the   ne<rli      the    sai 


edi'ct     of     Ih, 


ilsioii    SCllll- 


carlie 


to  over 
divlu 


p'UCe  of  anyiiiie  hut    himself; 


not  liahle  in  lort,  as  for  tl 


kI  h 


111'    leant    that,    if    puldi< 


II'    Mc'd 


I'  IS    is  to  lie  taken  as  the  tin 


thn 


poli.V 


ipnce    rule    Mhouhi    he    cuiiliiied    to    tli 


c  t'riiiiiid.    'I  Im 


/I 


■IliSj 


tUMMoN   l:MIM.()^  MINT— ((iNTINI  i:|). 


1.1).l 


ilic  rchiiioii  ,,f  :■  .■i.scrvifc  Uiis  ukni  fur  t;i;iiiiiM|,  ntnl  in  wliicli  tip.' 
■^IMcitic  fniilr..vci>v  was  wLdli.^i-  die  iic.i:li:;iii,-..  ullr-.d  ccii-iiiuicil  n 
iirciicli  of  ii  iifii-<lcl('i;iiii|.-  liiiiv,  lire  ciii  il  in  i'li;i|itci-  wxii.,  iiust,* 

,.rils   wli.w,.  (Illtir.   I.ril,-   liirlll    illlu   sllrli     |.lailllil1    ill  111,.   «,.|U   il,   ulii,.|,  Im.IIi   «,.|i. 

,ii\l.i|i,i-ili..M   tliiil   i,i„-  »,,.||,|  1 „il,|,.,|    ,  I, -.,._.,., I.       ||„.(     ^^,.|.,,    |„„||    f,.||,m    ^.,.j 

iiioliHTv.- tlir  ii,.;.'li^'iMicv  Mllii-  f.ll.m-..-    ,iitt,    Hilliiii    tii..    nil,-;    :,,    i„ii,.|,    m,    „, 

SI.    Imiiis,     I.    ,(     r.    It.    I',.    V.     ir,7,/i     llii.y    »<>iil.|    liiiv,.    Imcii    if    111.,    -hili,,,; 

isssi    7J  T,-x.  2iW.  2   I,.    I!.   A.  8:!!),   10    »}.'.■„<   Im.I  ha.l  n..  ,.tl:,.,  ,|tilv  lo  p.Tfi.iiM 

^-    '*}■   •'•-•'•  I'll'   '"  -'■!•  tiMl  111.,  iiiiiiii  liM.k  rtiiH  k.Pl 

"Il   a  siMMiiil    (Miiiii.l    I, ink   lo  liis  .III      iiii,i|i-ii  ii('i,.ii   f.,r  (his  train   .\.i    2li  " 
;.l.,y,.r     I'.ir     iii.l.-.nnil.N      >vl„.i..,     i,,-.t«iili  A   M    l  i,„i  a;;riil    is  a   f.^lliw  s.'.iranl  of 

~i  ii"""V  '• \(  I'M-i    ipt  ilii,-  ,-11 hi,    an   ..in:iii..i.r.      «,„,,■„    \.     l/ni„,  „,„,/,,,    ,,- 

:.;iil.   II.-  is   iiijiii,'<l    i>    ih,'   .■ai..lc~,ii..,s    .■<l.   I..   /,'.  m.    ilssii    :il    Mi,,,,    .-,.-,:j    \h 

•  1    a    I'l'll.nv    s.Tvaiil     I ir.^    i!,.ai-    him     \.   \\  .   s:;|    (par-   ii,-li'     m  Iv   l.'fl    -I'lii,! 

■'I  ""•  "■I'l"'  P-i' ''■!'  'ii'i'lnviihMil.  why    in;;  al  a   jila.v  whiT,'  I  li.-  iiaiii  on  whii-li 

-h.iiil.l   lie  l».  iM.|iiiilt..l    1,1  ,1,,   „,   «li..|i.    |p|aiii;iil    Ha-  ,-iifcMn,..r   ran   iiilo  lli,-iiii: 

>i''i  'I.''  "i 'in'  "II  III-  I'art.  h,'  -iif      /./..v  \.  .■<t',,it    ilssT)    Hd  |'a    ii"s    11 

11-  iniiiiy  l>.v  tin-  ii,-;.'li';,ii,-..  .,f  aii,>ili,r  Ml.  .-,11  i  ,,,ii,-,.,h.,|  i .  A  hay^'ajr..  n"a-l.-r 
-rvaiil  in  Ih,'  -iiii,'  •j,.|i,Ta:  l.ii-ini  — .  i,  a  ...-.iNanl  of  .•iit^in,  ,is''aii,l  hrak,' 
i  ill  at  till'  tiiii,'  .■ii-;i;;.-,l  .M|iiall\  II. Ml'  III, '11.  hiniirlhi  V.  Hull i,iii,rr  ,(•  ((  /,' 
'i.in.   ill  (Will..  ilifViriil    ,liity?      If   pii.x     f,,.    ils|i.-,i    Hai   I'a.  Co.  .in    \tl     KH  i 

ii"i'>    '"■    ■■"■I I'l'-'    "f    li"^ilinii    i-    I,,         111  Ihr  l,.ll.,Hii;-  ,-a.,- a  slali.iii  a-.-iit 

.n.'  inlliicn.',..  » li.'i,'  is  tli.-  lin,'?     Aii.l    I'a-  I ii  hild  t,i  I..'  tli.'  l,'ll,„\   -.ixairt  of 

uhat    siilistaiiliil   .lill.'r.'iic'   is  tli.Te  I..'     .i    ti.iiiiii.aii.    Init    tin-    point    lak.ii    wa- 

vMiii   ,1  I'll-,'  of   injury   from   th.'  ii.';.'li     that    ih..    f„r r    was    a    \\r,-    primiiial 

-  II,-,' of  a  si'rvanl   with  siip,.ri,,r  a'ltli.ir     'kiI    tliiit    In-    was  in   »   .liir.-r.'nt    ,1,  part 
|1>.   am!   one    li.iiii    lik,'    ii.';.'lii.'   im-.-   of   :<     iiaiil  :       /.,  ;,  i\  v.  N,  i/'.  /  /    i|SS7i    III)   I'a 
-.ivaiit   of  .-.iiial  authority,  .•iiiph.y,-,!   al     ii_'S.    ||    .\|1.   .-,lt:    /;,„„„   v.    \li.,;, ,.  ,„.l,'>. 
■   ,|i-t;iii(',-  friiiii   aii'l    without    Ih,-   iiinn,'     .(   ,s'(.  /,.  I{.  m.   (ISSII    :tl    \|iini    .'iXt     IS 
'lati-    iiillii.'iic.'    of    the    parly    injiir.'.l-r    \     \\ .    s.(l:    i;„lir.l,i„.    II.   <t   K.     I.    /,'. 
ll"w     coiihl     till'     laltiT     h.'lt.-r     '-'Maiil    '■'•     \.    Itii,ii<r    ilss!ii    7:?   Tex     H.l     11 
.U'aiiisl   til.'  injiiiy  in   Ih,.  case  la-t   iiiiii      >-;.   W.    l.Mi:    ll,„l,,,  v.   I'hihnl,  li,],i„  ,'f   /f 
i.iii,',!  than  in  tli.'  forni.-r  on.-y     If  ,li-      /,'.  C,,.    ilssi);    p,,   ,    .-{  (  ,,„(     (.,..,    i  pj    4 
Ian,','    is   to   liaM'   .'ir.i-l.    wli't    shall    Ih.       \ll.   17(t:   /),i.i,(  v.    \ ,  ,/•    )„,/.   <•.  ,f.  //"/,» 
li-l  111,-,'  h.'?     It  i^  niiinil,-l   that  no  .li-      /,'.  Co.    1  ism  1    -2.-{   ||ii,i.   47:i:    ltiirii.\  \. 
Mia-iiiiii  or  i'\i'iiipii,iii   as  to  liahility  oi     \iiv    Vorl:.    I,.    /;.   ,1    U'.    /,'.   1;,     (Ih.H'I) 
lii'   niiiiripal.   r,--liii^'  on   tin-  aliility  ,it     ll.T  \.  V.  2."il.   I   L.  R.  .\.   j.'il.  ■>1    \    K 
I'll-  iiijiir."!   parly  to  pniti.-t   hinis.-if  in    .-,ii:  Unlrx  v,  fhir<u„.,   M.  J  Sf.  f-    U    Co 
111.-  liailiciilar  .'as...  ronhl  |„.  nia.lc  with      ■  1S!I-_M    2   S.    1).   422.    15   \.   \\  .   !Ml7. 
"11     pra.-tically    aliri.;.'aliiij,'    Ih,.    ,-iitir.-         In  -,,ni,    .-a-cs  it   ha-  h.i'ii  h.-lil  .-..n.-r- 
Milo."      SItiii.iiiii    V.    Ifnihr^tiT    ,(    .v.    It.    allv  that   il  l,.|,.;;ra).li  ..p..|ator  at  a'wav 
'...   (1S.->S|    17   \.   V.    1.-).!.  -i,|,.   staii.m    i-  a    iVIhiw   -,'rvant    of   th.. 

II.'  iiio-t  slrikiiij;  illii-lrations  of  tin-  iii,-ii  ,.p,-iii  iii-j  train-.  /',,.-.  x  Ihhml 
l"ilriii.-  in  th.'  t,-\t  ar.'  I  h..  ,'as.-s  j.r  '.  Il.d  \l.lf.Co.  ilsull  1  I.",  f.  S  ll.-.l 
"liirh    t.-l.-^rraph    opi-ralois    havi-    Ih-,-ii    :;ii    I,.    ..,|.    ki:),    12    Sop.    ft.    i;,.p.    .is(i 

'" M  lo  hi.  ill  a  .-oiiiiiioM  ..iiiplLMiM-iil   «i|h     1:1.     iii,l'..|ii,  nt  :    ,h'i-i-i.iii    alliiiii,',!    hv 

H.lllllll.'n.      S....    S     IIIH.    i„/V,i.  .,      ,|jij,|,..|      ,.,,,,111.       Sl,il-r      \.      .htr.il 

'la  I  Siii'iiils  in.rl.inii  in  Ih,  nqir,  ilssli  s.".  V.  \'.  lil.  :!!•  \mi  l!,.p  .;•>; 
ih  i.,iil,„t,ils  ,ii„l  „i„i,itnui  /,,M„,v.  .\  M,p,.i,,i„i-  taih.l  t.i  .-.iiiipK  «itli  rii'le 
-talhin  a^i-iil  i-  a  f.-ll.,u  -.Tv.iiit  of  ,-,  I  l.al  or,h-r-  1  ,-.•  1  nlin^r  |  niii,:  „  |,i,-li  w.-r.- 
I'ra..,.|i,an.  'Inn,,-  v.  riiiniw,.  I/.  ,f  si  l..'liiii,|  tim,.  -|„,iihl  I,.,  coiiiiiiiinh-ali-.l  to 
y-.  «.  Co.   nsS7)    lilt  Wis.   ISS.  :tl    .v.  W.    ...imIh,,,,,-    aii.l    ,-iii;i,i,.,.vs    in    Ih.-    pi,- 

101.   n:i   X.    \\.    -i.-;.-t.       11 ,1,1    sai.l:    ,111-,    of  ,M<>ii   oihiii.      Th iirt    sai,l : 

■IImv  w.r..  IhiIIi  fi-itaiiily  in  tli<.  .-in  Ivioh  ,,f  ih,,.,.  a_.iiil-.  in  iloiii"  th.-ir 
ploy  „f  th.-  .-oMipaiiy.  and  vM-n-l.olli  m  ..|,lii;aiy  work  f,ir  lln-  il,.|,-ii,|,iii7.  w.-i.. 
^;ii;.',l.    ill    a    si-ii-..-,     ill    ,.p,-iatin?    train     lillou    -.rv.iiii-   of   ih,.   in!  i-i.i  i,..    i,,    th.- 

N".  2il,     Trill-.  Ih..  station  at;, -111    »a-  r,       -aiii..    coiiiii iii|i!..MiirMi .       Th,.    con 

'liiiii-il  t'l  ki-.-p  th..  main  Ira. k  fi,-,-  fi,i.,i     Iim-i.h-    w.i-    ,ii:j, Ii,.    1  h,.    pari i, -ill  ir 

■ill  .ili-liii,-lio..-  f,,r  all  iiaiiis  a-  «..l|  .-.ork  in  wlii.li  Ih..  i,.:,..i  ii,.  «.,-.  11,!,. 
^'-  No.  211:  hill  llj.  fa.-l  ,li,l  n,,)  i,.ii,l,|'  .,f  iii,>\  inu'  train-.  111.-  t,-i..  •  .plar  »  1 - 
liini  any  th,.  l,.ss  a  f,.||,.H   s,.ivant  olih,-    rii;;a^.-,l     in    u     »,.ik    ,l,.s,h     ,„iiii,.,-:,'  ' 


I, 


III 


r 


\-M\i 


M  \>ii;i:  AM)  si:i;\  \\r. 


lli.rruilli.  tinii  of  i..,ri\iiiy  jii.l  ■•i\iii" 
iiiloiiiiiil  11.11  I.I  ihi'  «lMi,iil...iir,  ,~\ 
liiiiii^.     .iihl     .■oriiMiiiiiiiMliii;;     ..iilii-.     Ill 

Ilio^c    .•..lllrolllll^.    ihiiM,     lul     >ln|,|.i,.M    ,„ 

nxiuii  nil.  'I'lii,  „,,,  „  1,1,11,, I,  ,,|'(|„, 
Kriiir.il  Im^ijii ■■.-,  1,1  ||„-  iliii  11,1,1111.  I- 
■^cntiiil  to  III,.  >ii„ii.i|i  KM. I  .11, 1, ..-fill 
iiM.vi.|Mi.Mt  nf  III,.  ,\|,„|,..  that  liiaiioli  „f 
il  ill  wliiili  till'  illl|.»lalr  Mils  rll;,':ip.||  ||^< 
niiirli  111.  iiin  ollin.  X|,t.  iii^.||i„,t„i  |„ 
sll.llllu  tlli.  pi.Mlii.li  (,.  ,.,.  Il,,,,  ,1,,.,.,, 
w:i.-«   MO  0(1.11  \ in. I    ciinslMts.    ji,    piiit.   in 

1111    I'llllll     to   hIioW    tlllll    I  111.    (lll|i,.s    (if'tll,. 

oi'irator  wito  in  no  rcs|,,.(.t  like  u.  those 
of  the  intpstiite.  Tlicv  wi'ii-  i,oi  liki'. 
but  tlii'jr  (ended  to  tin"  saiiie  end— tliat 
of  tile  speedy,  etileieiit,  .mil  .iic,>,.s„ful 
eiirriiijie  of  pasMoiiKirs  aii.l  fiei.^lit  over 
the  railway.  There  uiv  iiiaiiv  kinds  of 
wrvaiiis  of  a  great  railway"  coinpaiiy. 
Their  duties  are  not  in  all  laws  the 
same,  nor  alway»  like,  yet  tliev  are  all 
done  to  briii«  one  n-sult.  and  li  is  their 
conjoint,  sinuiltaneoiis,  ond  liannoniuii. 
("•rfoniiaiioe  that  do.s  effect  the  lin.ility, 

soiij;ht    throii^'h    tlir.    whole   i i|il|.\   or- 

LMiiisni.      If  il   lie  so  that  this  o|ieiator 
...imtiines    rieeived    and    sent    nie..saK..s 
that    had    naii),dit   to  do  therewith,  slTll. 
on  this  oeea.iiiii,  the  act  rcqiiiied  of  him 
had   diieil    loiinection    with   the  acts  of 
those  eii'_':i;;ed  in  nioviiifj  the  two  tiaiim. 
The  |«i.iii..ii  that  the  opeinlor  was  liiie.l 
and    ili.chaivl    l.y    one    .upeiioi    a^'eiil, 
iiiid   the  ii.l.-.iii,.  |,y  another,  ami  That, 
Ihiri'lon,  tl,,-\    nei,.'  nol   fellow  .ruiinls, 
1.  lint    .1.111. .1.      Ill,,  ^rineial   aiilhorilv   lo 
Iiin  and  to  linn  away  wa.  in  tin-  il.fiiiil- 
aiil.      It    did    iMiliale   from    him    Ihroiifjli 
iliirerent    .hi.f.    ,.f    drparlment    in    his 
;.'eiieial    work.      Hi.,     however,    was    the 
ultimate   pi.«,i.      'Ill,,   heads  of  liiireails 
>vere    not    iii<h.pi.ii<li.iii    ii.ntiaetors,    do 
inj.'  a  liranili  of  hi.  wmk  on  tlieir  own 
re.pi.ii.il.ility,   ami    fiie    from    his    iiil.i 
feiiiiie      \iilli      their     .iiliiiidiiiales       lie 
had  the  rijilit  to  slep  into  their  spli.ie. 
of  duty  and  act  for  liiiii.<.M'." 

In  other  cas...  |i  1,,,,  been  coiiee,|..d 
that  the  tele^'rapli  ,,,i|.ri>li)r  was  in  .i 
eomnion  em|ilo\  m,  .,i  ajiI,  trainineii.  and 
the  (.'round  on  w!.i.-l.  it  wa.  sonojn  „,,. 
siiecessfiilly  to  hold  the  iii.i.ter  ie.|.i.ii.i 
l.le  was  that  the  operaior  wa.  a  \  ioe 
principal.  Iliilli,i,<,,,  ,(  o.  /,'.  (■„,  y 
('aiii/i  ns<l.">l  I.)  C.  (  ,  A.  ^.i.)  ;()  (•  s 
App.  21.%  ti,l  IVil.  il.VJ  I.,.,,  s  lill.  no,,. 
I.  po.-il)  ;  On, 'On  Sill,,  I  l.iiir  ,t  I  .  V.  A'. 
Co.  V.  l-rosi  I  iMMii  Jl  (  .  r.  .\.  IS(i.  41 
r.  S.  App.  tllMi.  74  j.Vil.  .1,;,-,.  ri„r,„,i„i,. 
v.  O.  rf  r.  I'.  It.  f„.  ^.  (■/„,/,  I  IS!!.!  I  li 
f.  C.  A.  2m,  Hi  I  .  S.  .V|,p.  17.  .-,7  IVil. 
125:  ft/..vv.»,/  V  SI.  1,1,1,,.:,  A.  (\  ,(.  \  n 
Co.    (\aiii)    77   Mo.   41U;    M(„,iiijl,a„    v. 


h'lMP.   XXVlf. 


}■'•  I..'/,  r.  .0  //.  I!.  It  <■„.  (1H87I  45 
lliiii.  li:;;  /»,„/,„  ,.  /•„,/,.,/,/,,/,,„  ,,.  i{ 
It.  fi,  I  issii:  I'a.)  .1  (  ,  ,,f.  |;,.|,.  \\.>  4 
Ml.  ITii:  Ml  hi,,„  \.  \, ,,,/,,  ,„  I'  /,-  ,.„ 
I  I  >■■'!•  I     IJ    Ird.    L'SS:     V, „/„//,    .t    ir.    II. 

'■"•  *•  II' IVKi    7!l    dil.  2.VI,  2.-,  1. 

I!.   A.   71(1.  2!l    Ml.  Dill-    It.,,,-  V.  /•,„„ 

sill, 11111,1  r,,.  (iMrji    i.vj  I'.i.  :i!i,  2.'>   \il 

ir.'..       Ill   Khiil,,,,,    V.     \,,,     )  ,„/,    ('.   ,(.    // 

a;.  It.  (■„.  il.ss:ii  111  N.  V,  xi-2  in-jtuUi 
lions  h.'ld  iii.iii!iii,iit  I.  and  Siill,,,l,i,ul 
\.  Tii,f/  ,(  //.  It  1;,.  I  I  Sill  I  12.-.  \.  V'. 
";t7.  20  N.  K.  i;ii.|  (in.-.,iii|M.|,.ii,y  al 
h';;ed|,  the  same  doctrine  was  as.i'inied. 
Imt  the  cases  went  oir  on  the  poinl. 
notej. 

In  the  latest   and  most    aiithoritaliM. 
rulin;,'M   n    disliii,>tion    is   taken    hetwieii 
train    despatchn .    and    telr;.,raph    opei 
ators,  the  foriini   only  l.i.ii,;.-  reji.inleil  as 
vice  principalK.     Un'is  \.  Sufvit   (1S,S7) 
llti   I'a.   ii2S.    II    All.   :,U.     Il„„h„,s     V. 
\'"     J(J)7,,    L.    1:.    ,C    W.    R,    Co.    (IS'M) 
142  X.  V.  41ti.  2.-.  I..  R.  A.  .-mii.  37  X.  K. 
4ti(l.     .See  iS  577.  /„..s/.      But  in  an  early 
Now  Vork  case  liotli  these  functionncles 
seiiii    to   l.e   pl.ieed   on    the   .«inie   footin..' 
as  111(1,.    f.Ilow   senants,   the   later  dis" 
tincli'iii.    not    l.-iii;;   advcrle.l    to.  C'/in/, 
I'KiH  V.  l-U-ii-  It,  Co,    (18741    .15  X.  V.  .-,7'l 
ica.e   really   turned   on    illi-yalion  of   in 
competency  1.     .So.      nn     employee      who 
seems  from  the  report  to  have  iieeii  a  di 
visional   train  dcsp.iielier   has  lieen   liel.l 
to  he  a   lelli.w  .en.iiil  of  a  l.i  .ikcmiiii.  Hi.- 
tlieoiy    of    vice    principal. hip    not    hein;; 
r.l.iiid  (o:   aiiil  nonlialiilily  was  pri.,|i'" 
cated    simply    on    the   ;,'ioiliid    that    lli.ir 
duties   relalcil    to  the   same   ^-iieral   ,,l> 
jeet..     Itiihirl.s,,,,     \,     Ttrrr     II, ml,    ,1-    / 
W.  Co.    (18S1)    7.S   Ind.  77,  41    .\m.  l{ep 

See  also  Sull,r;„  v.  T,,liiln,   \V.  ,f   H. 
A'.  r„.    Ils77i    r,H    lii.l     21;.   which   s..eni.. 
l.y  implicit  ion.  lo  uphold  the  .aine  do( 
trine. 

So.  ill  an  action  for  the  death  of  the 
plaiiitill's  iiite-tate  while  actiii;;  as  a 
lirciiiaii.  which  occiirrcl  in  a  collision 
Ihidiitih    the    iie;.'lij;ence   of     the    defend 

.lilt".  Ir.iiii  dc.paleher  chai^'sl  with  ih,- 

duty   of   ■■direcljny"   the     moveiiieiits    ii 

•i^ii'i-.  the  < I    h,  Id  that   the  train  ,1,. 

.p.ililiii    was   the   tellow    servant    of   Ih,. 

inle.lale.       l/.//v,//,v   v.    Lniiix,  ill,-,    \.   o. 

.(    7'.  A'.  Co,    (  ISill  1   liii  .Miss.  42.1,  II  Si. 

li'Mi. 

Ill  \i,i(„n-  .f  n.  R,  Co.  V.   ii„o,,, 

>  isilli  7!t  .Mil.  25.i,  25  I>.  15.  A.  710,  21i 
.\tl.  0!H,  thi'  court,  in  holdinu'  that  an 
.iiyiiiier  coiihl  not  ri(..v(.|  for  ininrii- 
(■aiiMil  l.y  III..  ni';.di!.'iiici.  of  a  divi.ioiial 
liaiii  d.'.p.it.lier.  -.ii,l;  -I'lhy  v,-r,- 
Ix.lh  •.,'nya;^rd  in  the  sime  ei 11011  work, 


1 

i 

.1 

en 

1 

nil 

1 

p.. 

1 

Ill' 
till 

1 

til. 

s 

Sf!  1 

sill 

i 

of 

I  I'WI 


<<i\|\|nN  KMI'I.O\  MINT- (  dMIM  KI). 


l:iil:t 


<'iii|.l".voi|  Iiv  llu-  ^iiim-  .■.•:.iil  .if  llir  cciii  A  nindii.ti.r  jinl  an  .iiiii'  \,r  liin'il  lo 
niiin  liM^ici,  mill  «irr  iiirfnnniinr  dm  ir-*    i|„  Mny  nml  nil  kimU  of  hili.n.  '  iihIii.I- 

pirlllihinj;     In    lllr     «illll.-      ;.',li|.|.i|      |,||,i  ill;;    r,,ri|.|ill;r.       Il'/.>..i.    V.       l/.(./i.|i,)i     i  It: 
111— i:    and    iiiili--    llir    wlmlr   ciiinnt    of    A'.  I'n.    |lsi;.:i    |M   Iml.  2:ii!. 
Ihr  M.irvliind  .Icci-i.iiiH  is  111  Iw  ri'ViTrtod,        Sii-  iiUi   llir  la-is  ril.d    niidrr  -iiliil. 

liny  wvif  fi'll.nv  .-..ri.iiit-".'  (,1).   ,„/,,i,  nil,!   Ihi.-r  oil.d    in   llir   m-M 
III)   Sinniil.s  iiiifiil"!  ill  hinulliii;)  thr    <'lin|ilir,    in    wliirli    llic    rililimi     of    en 
siiiiir  lnii:i.'\n  llic  iili-rncc  of  i<  idin..-    -.ni.r.    n-   lirlH.i-ii    llu-    minliii'lnr    nml 

slumiiiK  vii'i-  |irini'i|iiil-lii|..  nil   wi\iiiil»    tl lin-  .•iii|ili.yii-   un  Ids  linin.  in  ns- 

iif  a  ('iiiniiiiin  niiisi,i  iiii|i|.,yc<l  in  run-  siiiiiid  to  cxisi."  and  llii'  i|in~liiiii  dis- 
iiini;,  i>|iiialiii;.'.  and  rriidit  inu'  s,.nji'i'  iii^si  d  is  iiiitcIv  mIicIIht  lie  is  a  vici- 
rtilh  u  train  of  cats,  lire  fi'lliuv  «<'i\aiils.    |irinci|.;il.       Jii '."iJO.    nuii.    |,    Mil.d.    (li), 

Itlrxsiiig  V.  .S7.   I.I, HIS,  h.  I'.  »(   A.  It.  Co.  .".-Jl,  iml..  1.  siiLd.   (ci.  /.'.s/. 

iHsij)    77    Mil.   4111;    .l/.(,o»rn,     v.     Nf.  Knuiiinr    ami     lirikiiiian.      Urll'in.iht 

l.iiin.s  <f  /.    M.    It.   Co.    (lH7t))     ii\     Mo.  V.   SmfulU  rf   U'.   A'.   fV    i|S!l7i    il.",  Va. 

■'-'*■  (tM.   ■-'7   S.    !■:.  SJI:    Cinhnl    liiisl   (•„.   v. 

Ihc'si-  (<ni|ili>yiM>-<  aip   |iliiiii|y  iMi-jajrcil  A.'-is^   'I'liiii's.ifr.   V.  it  0.  It.  Co.    (ISH.'i) 

in  siiviics  iiiTissaiy   In  llir  : i.iii|di.sli-  t;n  |'«.(|.  :!,-,7:  sliiriinni  v.  Iturlii.ilir  if  .S'. 

mini    iif   a   sinj;!."     |mii|i,)v.     ih,.     nnno-  If.  Co.   i  is.i.li    1.-,  jiail,.  .-,74.  .Mlinmii  in 

iiiiiil  of  trains.      I'ill.ihiinili,  ('.  C.  ,i-  St.  il  "i.^iM     17    \.    \.    l.-i:i;    /,'iis7    7'. /i.k  «m  ,■, 

/,.  A'.  Co.  V.  Hiiiiiiiii  I  issji   ;17  iiliio  SI.  1  .  .t  a.  It.  (■„.  V,  ,v„,,//,   ,  isinn   sii  Tinn! 

''''•"'•  lU.    14   S.    W.    |ii77:    .v..ii/;i    lli.n.l.i     It. 

lliMRc.    tlic    folliuvin;,'     iiii|i|ii\ris     aw  Co.   v.    I'm;     (Isll.ti    :',■>,    |.'|a.   411.    |  :i   So. 

rosirvanls:  ,■,;)«.    It,„iliiiu,l,l   v.    \i,illiiiintii„   It.  Ci,. 

.\  rondliclor  and  ll riyiii.-.i.      Hil.lr.s  (IHHIii    25    s!    C.    IJS;    lliuimi    v     »•,;;«. 

V.  Smfiilk  .(■    11.   A'.  r„.    ilS'.nii    (111  Va.  l-i,ii   ,1   Y.   Vnlhii  It.  Co.    ijsiloi    liH!  S. 

no.  2.5  .*».   K.  .">l.".:    Unliiiriii  l\  It.  i'^i.  v.  C.  ."..•i7.   11    S.   K.  .■.'Ml    i  cMini.lainl   dcmiii- 

IMiiii    ilS7r)l    :I2   .Mi.'li.    .-ilo:    hiUuii    V.  rail!.'  wliiili  alli-j.d   llial   al    llir  linii'  of 

/■;ii«H  i:  R.  Co.  (1S74)   .-1  Dill.  :tl!l.  F.il.    111.-  injiiiv  the  I niinliv..  was  linipma- 

Cas.  N'n.   ri.iUti.  lily    aliaildoni'd  liy  lhiiTi;;iniir  in<liai;.'i«, 

A  pondiicliir  and   a    fin in.     .Iiiil.i,,s  and    willi    his  niii-iiil    and   liv    lii-  (line 

\:  Itirh  1111,11,1  i(  h.  It.  Co.  ilS!i:>,)   :;!!  s,  c.  ii„n  »as  niovid  am!  ii|Mr,ili'd   liv  a   \n,v 

.ill7,   IS  .S.   K.    IS2    I  nci.di'.'i'nci'  in  si;;nal-  nf  ini'Vprrii'iKr  and  imiiIi-s  li.iliil-.  « li'o 

ii:;.'!  ■    /.'./.'..I   V.    \iiiit,ll.-   ,(•    11'.    It.    Co.  was  in<-iini|Hliiit.   rickli-s.  rairli-ss.  and 

(ISiMli    <lt>   Vh.   Ii!l.   x:,  S.    Iv    .-.(.■.:    Sinii  n<'i.'1i,'-'<nl .     «liiili      «as     llir     |irn\iiii.ii,. 

iiirrhnim  v.    hiii.yiis  I'.   It.  c,.     i|s7.-,  i    2  <aii-r  of  tlio   |ilaiiilills   injmvi;    I:i>i;h 

Colo.   4H4.  V.  Cl:ii.,',rrl,iin    (ISil.ti    40  .S.'c.    lii|.   |s 

A  coiidncKir  ami  II   liiakriM.iii.      /'..(-,  s.     K.     Jl.-i:     Mos.l,.,     v,     Cl„i„il,.rl,n,i 

V.   Chilli  If,   vi     V.    \V.    It.    Co.    iissli    111  (ISdli    IS   Wis.   7im    lOvirriilin;;  Cfi„,„. 

Wis.     IC.'!,    2ll    N.     W  .      !IIIH       Itlalll      HU^  hillililiv.    ]l  iln  iivl.ir  d    W.   A'.  < ''7.  |  I  Slid  | 

slarliil    whilo   iirakrnian    was     iimlrr    h  1 1  \\  is,  23!»  !)V  :,  nia  ji.riiv  hM  mi  ind-rs 

(-irl;     llonirr    V.     It,  i  ih     C,;;l.-    It.    Co.  I.i  <iii.- 1  :   /'i7/.v/,i/, .//,;  i  ■.  ll   ,\^     A     A'    Co 

il"i.ll    l.'if  I'll.  .1112.  ill  Atl.  .115   nic^'li-  v.    Itm,,,,,,    (lsS2i     :i7     Oliio     S|,     iKl.-,; 

'- i'l  sivr|iMliii;_r|  :  Sh,  rill, III  \.  It, ■-Ins  l/.,,.,ii    \.    V.  »•    York  C.  ,t   //.    A".    A'    Co". 

'•'    if   N.    A".    Co.    |lS.-|.li     I.-.    Uaili.    .■>74.  IIS7li   (17   llaih.  !l(i:    Wnllisy.    \l,,i  ,i,ii,-s 

Mliiinrd  In    (IS.-,H(    17   .\.   ^.   I.Mi    nriin  /,.  .(    V.    A'    .1    .v.    .s'.   Co.    ilssili    :is    \m. 

illourd    to   altaiii    a    d  .  m.:..!  ,,iis    ,|, h.  .\,|,|.    |,-„,;   //,„,,,,    v.  //,,,/,  r,,,/,    It    Co 

l.ii  fiiii,    V.  ci,,i:„i,,  ,1    i:.   r.    It.    Co.  ilsii:!,    |.-,i  I'a.  .;,_'.  2i!  All    :;i.i    .•<,,iiih 

'  Ml4)    fill   .\lirli.  212.  .-,S    \.  W.  i:\)   (car  HoiiiIii   It.  Co.  v.    11.  .v.     (IS'.i.ti    .(J    I'l.i. 

jil.irrd   so  that  H    loiii;   jilank    had   lo  l.e  212.    I.I  .So    4.!(1:    Cli,i,l,li,-l    v.     I.i-nls.ii, 

"-•■.1  for  n  ^.'aiigway.  and  this  hiok-  iiii-  Ils!i7l    r,  Okla.  illtl     v.i   i'ao    !Mii     /i.<(i- 

d.i     Itir    Hri^dil     of    the    hr.ny     |.iir,.|s  „„„     II    ,f    ir     A'     C,     i     /(.,./,„    ,|ssr.i 

nliiili   llir  riniilnolor    rnjiiirr-j    the  sorv  I  in  Ind    7.->.   Ill  .N     I"    li'll      .■<„.„ ...i  i.„„^ 

til    to   raiivl:    It'  I,'..,.,.    .      II,, 1,-1, o,    ,t  ■■      h„  ...,,  l>    If    f\,     ,|s--,,    _>  (  ,,|,,     (si, 

■    ".  ft.  Co.    'l^"?'    !■;    T  ^     Ml,   ir.iilor-     •■  m-    -ii-tn'  \\|C t  ■,  m^'l.iIi  ,  r,,i,  i,  r 

I'-:  hrakiinan   to   ml     i    ;i:.in    wliili-   in  '■.   r'l.  ..,,,,  J   \     \\     A"    Co     :!SSP    i,| 

» oni  ;  .Vo»/>.M- a    II     A',  "o.  V.  //o,/r/i-  •Vi-.    l.-.o.   21    .\.   W.    lit    ili.iin    \.,i.   nm 

'      i|sn7)  y.->  \'a.  -(!IN    •■•(/,    ,„   1.  .\„.,,.ll  i::,u-i    'na'.rtr  in  ,  :     ih-l,.,,„       ,(     1       /,-. 

■•■   .1.  A'.  Co.  V.  Num.  .      !i.   1.    I{,  A.  S.->!l  C„.     v.      W.JI,,-     (1S72)     4S      \la       l.VI  • 

-.'-  '^.  !•;.  .ITS;    lloo.;.  ,.   r     II,  ,'   ,„   _V.    y  II,. Ill,  V     /.,/,.,■  y'„„      ,(.     t^.    ,v,     ff     ,.„' 

>'    /'.   It    C.    (|s<i.-,      11"    ,V    V    .MK     12  n^'i-:,    I'.  \i:,.|,.   i!i-,,  |,!  V    W.  S32  icn^ 

\.';    I'l'i.    It'Wi    i-/_,lhV.;,     J    .Ui^M...    ■/\i !i   .        I  '.  I    .t-nil-' 

•■■■.  Jj  N.  \.  Supp.  Ii77.  Kiisinur  .uid   lircnian.     Uobbs  v.  St- 


i.in4 

liiDiir  rf  .V.  r  It.  r 

I.  «  I..  I{.  A.  s.ls.  IL'  S.'  K.   L'l 


M.\Mi:i!    \\U  SKI!\  .\.\T. 


o.   (iHlioi    In:   \.  ( 


Mull.   I.,  ,|s.-., 

a  N.  /.  w.  f^ 


1/^ 


|iiilii 


III  \i 


II.'. 


''.'/ 


IS  II  I    I    Me     I 


.Irill 


111(1    cii^iiiri'.  r. 


nil 


ICIIAP.    XXVIl. 
«"Ilyil^T.I      HI 


\.  Iiinlui  ( i«s!i)   v:i  I 


'■"'/.  '•.    ( ls!i; 


111;.'  nirn  in  j   i;iilnmi|  yanl,  un-  f.'l 
V.  h'lifitit 


""  Miiiiiii- 


'  'iiih'i 


I  I!,  r, 


•>a^  4  1,.  U.  A.  Till.    II   S.  w 
■Ills,))  d  \.  >■.  /,•   r. 

1  <-'.  C.  A.  4l'S.   I    I  . 


)< 


l-!i 


.•\.    4»!t.  NL*   Kf.l.   174 
mill,  liiv  ,.r  til,.  Ml 


«'.  (  .  A.   Id,-,,  r.l    l'.  S.  A|i| 


So   llllil   it.iwil   nil   tlic 

|ii.iiii.  ( (iiin  ( I  iH!i."() 


I     I'M'  I      S.  .'.-.!•.  40  I,.  ,.,|.  4 IS.   Hi  S 


.-'.l;    H 


'«"/    \.    /.<(/,.    fill 


\p|>.  !Mi    l'l  r..,|.    |;,.|,,  ...iiii,     ,„  „|, 


.(   I/. 


N.i-J  : 

I  ls!i;ii 

V.    /'. 


(I.H)lJi       III      M„.|,,     4.,;,         I;,      >^ 


lii'ii'ij  f.ii  III! 


'"•      I  Inn, 1,1     II, 

riii   Hi.  I. -I  So. 


TIm 


lii'li   iIh'  ea-n-  li.nl  I 
i>|>iiiii>ii. 


i|i.  t  t. 


Wl,  »  .s„.  r,: 


"""/"  il    1    /.'.  i', 


li:lS  :    /', 


/'. 


ili;;ili.Mr  nf  ii    I iiinliv 


l-^'ll 


■v// 


ill     xhiftiii;;.    mimI 


•'  t'liviiK'''' 


i    -'M   V\. 


s,,„ni  fii,i„i,t  If.  c, 


.Hull; 
(  IH!I7 


I  IX!M|    .-L-    |.|,,.   21  J.    |;i   s,>.   4;i 


I.    ''o.    (  IHIMh    2   I 
V.    tij'.t. 


•"I'll    V.    Ill/ 


"111-    of     till-     ■.liiltln;; 


iiiKJInii   ,{■    .V.    /.' 


iiill.    (IVI.)    ;ilO,    |:|   All. 


!!•     .\|. 


I/. 


Ill, I, III     I 


\ii  i'liKiii.-  .Iii\.r  iiikI  h    |ai 


l'l'll:lt    tllc   .•ll^.'llic  |4 


I. -I.-. 


17     V 


It.    J'li.     l.Mt;ril     ill     llTll'>lll|iliM).' 


!'.">.    I.iiililh 


tiniii    Hill,!,,, I    Miak.- 


riliiiiinu' u  illiiMil  any    las.     ||li    S.t 


Oil  I 


I'xir.T    en 
Ifiihi  itson  V. 


n.    {  I  Ml  I  1    Is   Sc. 


Sp,, 


II 


IIH   iti'.laiii-. 


ll„lli 


lui   ililli'iriH'i-   ill    wltli.mt 


•iinili    (  IMl.li     1  IK    I       s.    .•)! 


'   "■   '''■_''"■    «'iii!i  |>laiiitiir 


I.t  .vi 


p.  ( (   u.'|).  -n  1. 


h.   .17    I,     lau    ,li. 


Ii'ft.  \21\  (.•ii;;lii..  <lii\|.|i. 
Wiiiiiiii;.'.  a^iaiii^l  cai,  iM'tH,.,-!, 
liiitiir  wa-.      A.lidii  at  comiiiiiiii 


misMi'cl ;   i,,ii,.  alli.w.d  iind,. 


li.'iiiaii  ami  hnikiiii 


.V.   It.  (', 


2(;o. 


hill 


I.I 


.'4    I 


.'/     (  I  Hill  1     I  1    (  .    ( 


ill,   d 


|iI".mt'-i  lialiililv  iicl 


1 1)  .s'l  mill  I X 


uri.: 


■  N.   .\|>|i.    lo:t.  ti:!   K 

//.  a-  N.   1.  It.  i-ii. 


A.    h'lins — III   an   (Mily    Kri'.'li-^li 


<l     on      diffirnil 


l'l. I 


<lilh  ,  til, 

(  iMN.-.i    li.'i    r.-x.  .'UJ:   aI 

a  I /I.  Nr.  ,/.  .(.  c.  ft.   It. 

Ml).  ■M,2:  tin,  ninihl  v.    )/„ 


/•■»'„ 


I  iss-; 


l'"k.    r.    It..    <-\|.n„,,|    a    .l.nilii.    „/„/, 

"lll'lllcr     till-     llliMT-     .,f     11,0     ..Ilfji,,.-.     „f 

iliiinviil    trains   ai.'   .ii^a-.,!    in   ii  c 


il    iii.in   .piii..-i.      ]\„ii, 


1 1-    V.    .V.  ,i//(    HitHliri 


<>.  It.  Co.    (  1SS2I    4.1    Mi,.l|     |;,7      l;(    J^     \y        , 


//.  if   /.*.    r„.    I  iHii.ii    J    lliiil.t.   .,    c.    10 


51.) 


[ISICIi 


s,.iiiii   ri,,i„i„    It,  c, 


r.  \.  S.  .-.ril.  .-liJ  I..  ,1.  Hv.li.  \. 


'I'n.i  lii.ik.'i 


■'•■1    ria.  4li.    l;i 


II     Wivk.    I 


•:ii.  s  I.,   r. 


s.  ■zor. 


11. Ml.         )  I 


.t  /'.  /;.  ( 


II  .  ./   I 


I'-ut     lliis    iliMilit     ha,    1.1 


112.  24  S.   K.  Iil.-i:   r„l. 


".    I  iH'llii    42  W.  \' 


.lx.-.|    a-. 


in-l    III. 


O.   It.  ( 


V.    It 'I 


U  .  rf 


1.    mm    Hitli..|  th.ii 


I  r..nil. 


"iiii.'   I II 

nu\    Il    i~ 


'</.   (l.><!l.ii    72  lliin.  4(i7.  2.'.  \.  V 


ml 


p|i.  2,ii   (in  till'  ii.'ifMiiii^ 


iliit 


l.'S  I  ;    //.I 


if  tl 


/'.  ( isjiii  .-f  (11,1,,  'J70  ,||, 


liKcnt     liiak 
ill lot 


II.. v/, 

11'  III. 


i.'ir   If, 


Mf-'i-l    .in    dillViinl 

null. 


liMimih'ii.  alilimiyli  oil 


llrhl 


i  M!i7 


I  l'l  111-,    a 


tVII. 


Ho 


or  I  :   ri, 


I'liiaii     H.i,     art  ill': 


It.     \„if,,ll.-  ,t    II  .    /'. 
•'l-'i'i.  2s  s.   1; 


.yiili    ti,,iii. 


S72. 
I 


icidJ    (  IS!I, 


I'lflD. 


Ii-    .1    '.'.     I! 


^i"   <'.>ii-  ir.  ,f  r.  It. 


">i  4.-.  X.li. 


5.11.  r.-i  \.  W.    I  If!, 


:!!»;    r 


\.  It'll,' 

Uiilii 


Hi  L. 

.■|7S  ;    I'lllnliiinili.  l'l. 


is:  I  I    .-IS    1 ,1,1. 

I   ISlilll     .'10    (J 


r.iinnii'ii    an.l    ony 


citi'.l   Im'Idw 


Ii    Am.     I).',-.    (i:is.    an.l    Ih.. 


(7.1 


iti.rv      i:„,il,l        Till 


\Vi,.  M{\.  .li:  \.  \\  .   I 


•f    V.    11      //.   (•„,    I  is.ss)    7(1    ,|,„., 


i,«iiiii|ili..n    of   tlio    ri-k< 


<f     1/.    /.•.    t\ 


S/i,  iinr  V.  (Hii 


ly.i-iHi-  I,  jir.dii'.il,.,!  „„  (1,, 


N.   !•;.  ill 


Isii'Ji     l.tii    In-I.    isl.   :>■(    .!,: 


■ii-i    (.'i.iiiii.l    lliat     til. 


Km 


»   <i'ii.:,'iiii'  ii.'ylitr.'ntl\    .•<iiirt.-.|  I.    t| 


iiMiiv  olliir  11 


am-   iiiii-it 


iiM'i'r  an.l   lii 


'iiiaii  ,111.1  Ml. II 


\\a>li.    i:s.  ;!i    I' 


ll.i(/.«     V.     // 


-l;ik       /■/. 


ic    siiiii.'    tra.k    a-.    Iliiir 


la-*-  ..M'l- 


'I'.vii    train. 


IK-.     t-J 


I  ho 
Inii 


I'aiiiiiii'ii    an.l    i'\ 


Inp  l.i  .1. 


link 


ml     (  |S!i:li     7 
I.  771. 
—111. Ill    liii.'.l    f.,r 


'(     V.     I'llliliil     i  ISIUi      II,    ,'      ,■       \ 


a  I 


I  ho 


\|.li. 


'12    K...I. 


Wi 


\hl',,i„k. 


■man.      t'li, 


ill    ll„i,,ii,l    V.    /(. 


•Miail     friHii    ||„. 


s.    42.-. 
(I  Sill!  I     II     \\ 


.(•    I/.   K    r. 


II-    I  ISsi; 


.f    It. 


iij.iiiii.ii 


I  I'l'ii    tho    so. 


Iiolii 


inlitl.'.l  til  n 


2)S.    th 


I'liil    ajip.al,    i.f 


1   2ii   l'".'.l.  s:|7,  iiif, 
I-  nilo  ha-  h.vM  appli,..!  i,,  (h.. 


iilii.'l 


p    -on. I  lit 


i.r  .if 


OIK'    1 1-;,  ill     in. I     III, 


iiiv.r.  t! 


'•oniinon    I'mplnviinnt    lii'iio. 
Hut  tho  hnv  in"\\  i-( 


.loctl 


v.i.s    jil.'v.'.s     cm     an.illiir.      Oiil.i 


is;>7i  iii.i  r 


.■!i;; 


raiiio  whni    it 


.•nil-Ill     llliT,\  ,i|- 


i.|.ii.|ial.'.l.    Sup     CI.    I'o,,     .li.-v      \|| 


first  appoal.  ih,.  1. 


«a«  il.'.'l.. ii..| 


■I-  I 


II    1..  <■.!    7l(i.   1: 
i'lirllii 


<■■  1.. 


inc  hfiii  r.'iti-i  II,  | 


p.Mi 


"11  1  ho    11:1 


111..    Ii.n       II,, III 


r„.  V     i;.(.,r   I  is'it)    1 1  0.  C     \ 

'■     S.      \,i,,     2.'IS.    tl.!    Kod,     III. 


h-rl,i 


1-1. |.     I- 


(  /.., 


\'- 


A  condiioti 


I.    1 

pin     '|.|.;i|l- 


•f   "    It 

1:  I     I;    \    1 


III    III 


\ll. 


.Ml      |. 


4  ii»/>-'  .( .i 
\    i;.:i.. 


yi.  1:  I!.  I 


V.  /. 


that 


IH.-., 


/'.  A 


hull. 
I'n. 
,1  Sii 
.SI.   It 
A.  H 


/•/.. 


lUill. 

1,1  III  n 


Ihilii 
II.  I 
lllil. 


U.  It. 


j;t  c 

r„ii  ,i 

Miih 

-..n  il 

Till 

train 

.1  iiiir 

aiailli 
Ik'.'II 
11  nd  ) 


IIII2    ( 


»'.  /,'. 


lironii 


11  /.,  II 


i;iin  1 1 
II. 'in) 


and 


V.   /.'.  • 


<i>\i\i.(\  l:\ll•|.ll^  \ii;\ r   (umimkh. 


fix-^il  II-.'  r.  s. 


-N   I. 


■<l      //..(/. 


7S7,  .■>  Slip.  (1.   |;.|i.   ISl.  on  tin-  vripiiinl    r,  , 

Hint     llli-    lilllkrillllll     Wll-    liitl     •l|li|iM  I     III      \i„\    |„ 


ISHT 


\    n.  a  II.  It. 


till*  iiiitliiii'ilv  iif  till- 


llrtT 


>r  iii( 


iitiii 


IT    I  Mill 


-.(./".  /'.  <t   .»■'.  /..  W.  C. 
IH.'i,   l.iiiiiliiii;  i'liiiinin 


I'hii  l< 
;    A.Wi 
I  H:iJi    .Vl   IVil. 
I/.    .( 


I     Ir.ili'  I  tl 


I    -JO   I!.    I.    I.lil.   ,i:     Ml 
III   M    liri'iiiiiii 


I  ill 


>l'  till 


ll'    I'll'.-llli'l  T    III 


f  a   livM 


.t  It.  tl.  i; 


iin  . 


//., 


( it«i; 


rii.  V.  ItuKH  (ismi   iij  1  ,  s,  ;i77.  js  i,.    n 


•'»■'     ''•    "  III     llir     liiHt     (.«-.•     Ilii 


«l. 


/•.  ff.  »■...  V.  /•- 


;il|>.    Ct.     I!l  |1       lil;      \„illli 


.T.. 


w.K   n<    fiillii 


(  IHM.-.)    I.-,  C.  (■ 


III    II     III'    >,li<|    \'.t:\\     \\\ 


,-)l'.  21)  C.  S.  .\|i|i.  .-iS.I.  ii7   hil    l;,  ,,.  Hsi 
KiilliiwIllK  li'iiiiiliill  V.    Iliilliniiiii    ,(■   f>    //. 

f'o.  (  |sh;|)  iii'i  |-.  s,  17S.  ■.'7  I..  I'll.  loo;il 

3  Sup.  Ct.  Itip  :l-.':;;  SI.  I.nm.s.  I  \l.  if 
S.  II.  rn.  V.  \iiilhiiw  (ISIMi  L'.'i  I,  I! 
A.  8X1.  II  ('.  f.  .\.  .-1(1.  •_'7  r.  S.  \pp. 
■J27,  IJ.'I  IVil.  1117  (-.wllih  Mirli:."'iill.v  lifl 
■  •|»ii  ill  Im-iiili  of  iiili-il  :  lliil.ir  \.  II, il 
liMuri  A  n.  It.  rn.  (iHli.ti  ."i7  Kill  |>(S; 
I'lnisiiiils  V.  I'liliiijU  it-  t.  \i,  l.iiii  It. 
I'll.  I  IS!l7l  lil  X.  C.  |!I2.  2K  S.  K.  ^117; 
ItiiUimnii-  Tiimt  if  i'liiiiiiiiihi  <'■!,  \,  \l 
liliilil  Tiiirliiiii  Co.  (|H!I."||  liji  |-'i,|.  .'i.-iS 
III  diM'  iif  llir  ori'M-  lit  Iwci  ilillVii'iil 
-IrccI,  niril;  Miihnnin  I'.  It.  In.  \. 
Iliihiii    (1S7.->I    :t>  .\lirli.  510;   rillsl.vinli. 

II.  II.  rf  r.  It.  ro.  V.  itiihi)  (is7li  .'W 

liiil.  Z'.H  (mil-  coiui'iIimI  -<:i«|.  uitihillv 
llirilnl  nil  lli'^'liui-nri-  III  mill  jn  i.^iiii 
iiiy  llii' (•oiiiiiii  Inn  :  Ihiiinin.  SI.  I.    ,i    \ 

II.  It.  In.  V.  ihniir  (iHSiMoo  Mi",  n::- 

liiiinrit  It.  11.  It.  I'll.  V.  iSi/H'.s  I  HIiti) 
■S.i  Colo.  '21li.  47  I'iic.  L'S7;  f.iiru.hl  v. 
7V./.«/i..  I.  1.  ,f  \.  U.  /,'.  Co.  (IS'i',  !i.l 
Mi.h.  4(l!».  .Vl   N.   W.  f,;l(l    (injur  ,1   |.i 

>nll    ill    t|li4  l-.XM'    \VII.«    tlu!  POll.lllitlil)  . 

Till-  Ihii.ry  t'nit  the  ooinlin-lor  of  i  nc 
train  -.limilil  Im*  rr;.'a rilril  a<  l)i!oii,.iii;.'  lo 
.1  iliiriTi'iit  ilcpaiiiih  111  (mni  tin  niiii  on 
iii.olInT  train  (  tc  snlitillc  C.  i'///n/ 1  has 
I'nn  oNplicitly  if|Miilialc(|  in  \ii;riiiiii 
ami  .Mi>«i<^.|ppi.  \ni(„ll;  ,f  11,  /,'.  r„.  v. 
hiimirUji  IISIIJ)  .HH  V,i.  S.'i.l.  It  "*•.  K. 
ii!i2  (nii<i'oii«lnic(l  lifjlit  irf  u.iy  <irilii 
iiimil  rolli«iinii;  l/rl/.iv/.  ,•  v  '///-„„,« 
'•.  A'.  r,i.   (|.S,S7|   ti.'i  .\lis-.  Jlit.  4  So.  .-,:i. 

Cosciviw  lia-<  al<o  liccii  lirM  to  i\i-l 
'"■iMoi'ii  a  liraki'iiian  on  oim'  train  atnl  a 
liri-iiiiin  on  aiioilicr.  ItiiiiiluU  v.  Ilnlli 
■"■re  <f  It.   It.  I'll.    (IHS;!i    III!)   I'.   S.    i7S. 

.'7  I..  I'll.  inn:i.  :i  sup.  (  i  i;i.p.  wz'  ,,.„. 
iiiT  ran  •■iii;iiii'  loo  fast,  ami  i;a\r  no 
'•■;.f  of  its  approai'li  at  a  swiiijii; 
^\lfilliil  V.  I'liiliiililjiliin,  11.  ,(.  /{.  /,•. 
'■•'  I  l«!U)  I  Marv.  iDil.i  :!(l.-,.  :(o  All 
I'liO  (tnakiiii.'n  iliil  iiol  -i;.'iial  lli.-  oiIht 
ir;iin).  .\nil  In-Mmih  |„n  i.|i;;ini.ir, 
I 'I"  .4r.ri/  V.  /  i/ii,»  /'.  //.  ro.  (IS.SHi 
la  F.mI  t(»;  l-hiin,,,..  SI.  I  rf  V.  O.  It. 
'■'V  V.  /)„„;.  ilss;i,  1,11  \||,,  <i77.  All. I 
l-rt«wn  ihi  onninr.T  oi  ,i  •  .,  il,|  i.ni.|ni'" 
and     a     brakt>inan     on     another     train 


I'l     .Hill 
ll 


ll    V.     /(.  II 

Kill.  s;i7. 

■■  'liny    of 

•NMlli.T 

I  ll '.Ii'iil 


Mi-ri-  .■iiu'ii'.;.il  ill  II  ililliiiiii  ila..  of 
\M'iK.  Iti.ili  wiri' i'niplo\ii|  ill  il,i.  niiivi>- 
mini  •  I  iraiii-.  — (hi.  ,:iiiii.  |..i,|,|  „f  ,,.,■,. 
ill'.       I'liii'.  liny  "111    on  iliirniiiil  tiaiin, 

I""'    I'   III'-  till f  till'  a.iiiliiil    hnil   no 

opi- iiiniii\  oi  iii,iiii,i._,  ||||.  ,.,„„|,„.|  ,,f 
i-aili  .11  ;■  iiTilil  Inn  hilr  |i,  pivirnl  fhi' 
riilii-ii'ii  lliil.  Iii'in^  rML:a'_:iil  in  ihf 
-aiiin  Kiiiil  nf  si'ivlii.  ,iml  mi  tin'  -anii' 
ili\i<h.ii.  tliny  nin^i   iialiii.ill\    li.m.  o||,.|, 

' 'I  lliioHii  into  I'l  111. lit  .,,,,1  hinl  iinip:<> 

np|"irtiiiiili,.,(     for    miiliial     <iipir\  i«inti. 

In  ■.tll'.jn  ill,.  Iii.ynn.l  I  hn  il:i,»  nf  .i'r\  il-i', 
iiitu  thr  plan  (if  umk.  H,,,ih|  i.,,,,.,  I  hi' 
i-M'i  ptinii  Imyollil  Will  ritii;;lli/:iil  liliiil.'). 
It  woiilil  iiill.n  llii.  I|'.iiiiiii|.||  ,,|,  i,t,|.  |i„ii, 
lint  I'l'lliiH  si'ivatili  Willi  ihi'-.!'  on  iin 
nllii-r:  till'  i-arpiiilirs  ami  iiiailiihi.l^  in 
mil'  innni  slr.inyirr.  in  «ir\iii'  to  Ihn-n 
nf  annlliiT:  oiii-  iranir  of  -iitimi  mmi  imi 
i-iH  tiiplnyi^'^  Willi  aiinlhi'r.  iinl  all  Im 
niil-i-.  at    llin  liiiii'.  Hii'ir   (.laii-.  of  wink 

tliipi"- I  In  111-  ilillii.-iil.      In  liiirinh;  \. 

KiiiLsiis  ritii.  SI.  ./.  ,t  r.  It.  It  /'., 
ilsx.-.i    ■>:>   i'lil.  -J.-.s.  .Mr.  .Iii-ti.i.   Millir 

lainfllllv  liiiln.  till.  i-,iiij,|i-|,.  -,  |i,ir.i|,,  n 
ill  till-  il.i>»  nf  MTviic  if  till'  Iwii  I  Ml 
plnut-..   whilf    in    Itmrl'ill    \.    Itnli:,,   ,,r 

.1  o.  /,'.  (■„.  ii.ssri)  lo'i  I  .  >;.  )7s.  •_'7  I, 

r.l  KMI.i.  .-)  S,,,,.  Ct.  l;.  p.  .;.'■_•.  to  111-  n.  II 
si'lnll'd      hi-lv.lfliT.      Ihi'      ^I.Ti-llin      Cnlirl 

tri'ati'il  (ill'  fait  that  Hi.'  in.pln  ,.,.,  ,uti' 
wnrkiiii.'  on  ilill'iriiit  tnilii^  a-  miliri'ly 
iiniiiati'iial.  lie  who  ih'jim,..!  |„  i,,,;',, 
-i-r\  icn  knows  that  otlnr  train-  Im-iili'^ 
hi-i  will  Ik>  running',  aih!  may  fairly  Im 
I'nii-i'linil  ii8  (niitrailin;;  to  tako  thr 
ri'k  of  thp  ni'L'li'jimi'  n|'  lhi>  riiii.|nMi..i 
nintia;:iii;;  sii.li  traiiii.  Iin  mii-l 'I'x'iHit 
to  111'  I'liiplnyi'il  now  on  oni-  train  anil 
mm   on  aimlhir.  In  Ik.  tliii-  thrown  into 

tiuilail   with  ll ihir  ••mplnyi'.',  in  thai 

Tixici'.  to  know,  him-ilf.  what  i-  proper 
i-are  in  '.iirh  work,  ami  to  he  al,],.  |i,  ,|,. 

ti'<t    any  eviilenee  of  eaiele..t in   the 

p.irt  of  thn-e  in  like-erviic  ['.M-ry  o»in 
-ill' ration  whieli  I'veiiipl-  the  iiia-ler 
liiMi     liihility    for    Hie    m  L.'liL'eMee    nf    i, 

inelliplnMi'    -n,  ||l-<    to    liimi     Hi..,,     jn     the 

-aiiie  ela—  of  -ervinr  tn;;i.Hii.r  .i-  IcUnw 
1  r\.iTit-  " 

.--.■'■  al-o  r,')fii;,/  7m.,./,    /.'    (.1    \     r-,,,„ 

w;i.;/.<    (1,'<.S;2)    lliii   I'.   .*     7iin.  27  L.  ed 


IS' 


l.-itxi 


M  \>>IH;   \M>  '<KK\  w  r. 


(iMM-     XWII 


'"'       ■* '<        hiiinil^mi  „,.l,,„liii  'iMlil,     11    •»|,,,     11       It..,,     ,„ji.     „   ,,, 

"■ "'"' "" /'' ' ."  '*,. ,.,'  ,, ./  ,',.a ','  /  r, '",s.rH  ■  iH  V ; 

l-lllt     nl    »i,.,      II,.. .,,:.I|K  „IV     in    .1     li.l.l    I. ..^•H.IIlN 

:: ' ""I'l;'>'-.t>«    I»'.:m,...  tl,..,v    Mf        T.a.L  ,..,,. .im lM-..,n„M.n  p.M,.r„l 


.illi.r  n..-  |,|||    ii.    -il,,.  ,,„i,Ml..|i   pm|......     \V.    li'tS: 

"'  ""'  -i'i'»i'i'  i-  H i\  H   ■  iif  triiiii>."    trr   (  Iss' 


'.'    ''".  V.    ir.i.;, 
t  )>i'fiii'li  of  rnlf 


MHHiMj  i)„k  :,-.i ;.  i.  ,;  X.  :,h;..  ,i  ,„//,,  v  ,;„;„;;-;,,    /; '    ,  h;; 

N.   \\....0.       UrIlM.v  »rr   ■Vlli.MJ.'J   il.   Ill-  t.'.lrl,.,!     1     I..    C,    |.     .|      ,,       ,',|,.,  ,|1„„.,„', 

v;";";."'-',.  '■'■  ':"    ,""';"  v'   '""  '■'"•* "• "'" t„„,  ,,„,,lili.:„„I 
„  r. .""■".';■.; '■'•''■ '"""'  ""•  •■ ' ""•  '•""'' '"».  .«^.v 

"   "■',"'    -'I-  ""■  -"I'l.-i. iirl    |H.int.'.l  ,■,■!    .Im|.i.i    \r.\ii     i,„w 

..m  il,.,t  th..  ;...,■■,!  ,.l,j,...|    M,.|  l,„,,M.-,  of        r..,,,!,,,,,,,.,      ,„„|      ,n,..|,      r..,K,i„,. 

tl,..  .-...niwrnv    «.„!..  •■|,a„.|M„t    ,,.,-..„  \,„//„,       /'.    /,'.    r.,     v.    //-m/./,/  '(  |H!,| , 

;.rrs   nn,     fr.-.-l,t        ,,,.1    ,„....,., I,, I   ,!,„-:  l.-it    I  .   -<    .11!..  .'IS    :      ,..|.    |,.„„     M   S„  , 


'To  fi.rilitiiti>  I  hi-.  I 


1.1(1   to  ri'ii     Cl.    !;,■(.    !is;i    (Oi-^.    Ktill.  r     (I..  .1., 


IiT  Ihi-  rciiil  .m|mI.1..  .if  |«ii,„ii,i,i;;  ||„.    Ki,.l,|     iin.l     llaih.ii.     .1.1 


ucll  ns  l)v  III 


|m;..,|   ,,f    it    |,y    t|„.    |.||l,||,.   iiH       !/,./,, 


/    ,t  s.  t.  It. 


Uiirhii     \ 
l!H!t7)    \M 


ir   .iit.-i.-1-i  .,f  IIm-  .|.Hkli..M      C,    S     .liiK,    41    |„   ,,|     |,,,-,|      i;    ^  , 


ITS,    n    ;;|(.at     lihlllV     ilill.TiIlt 


"iirkii.cii  an- 


!.;;<•..)■<  mill    l;i|..  lio.l.    Mliiiiiinj:    |/<7i, 


III 


K-M!    n7-p    ii  —  i'.iiiij    \.,ii 


i-Sillily    ...jl|iliiMi||.        r.i     /.'.    Co,    V.     1/ 


'"(.  7'.  rf  s.  r 


-niiip  an-  a  —  iL'iiiil  tin-  il.itv  i,i' 


iliilii" 


i(r/iii    (  |Hli:li    7   X.   M.    |.-,s. 


llip  ti 
iii^'  tl.i' 


i.(k  of  III.,  i.iaij.  t.i  nil 


•  I 


111-  II 


lo    .it  I'l.c,  .•..Hi;   Witlhr  V.  Si,iiHi  Hasterii  I! 
\aiiijniii^>    (•„.    ilsii.li    <»  .liir.    \.    S.    .•|i)|.  32    I..   ,| 


Imm-|i     KmIi     \.   S    Jd,-,,    II    \\,.,\     I 


ill 


.1.    ii|ia.r:    ■mii.h-  ,irc  ,.|i;;i.     I,.  T.  .\   S.  .■|.';..  J  lli.iM.  A   c    lo^;   ( 


II.  S 


lii.il. 


ihiH. 


nii'i. ;  Ml... I*  ai'i*  .•mi-    v.  Sin 


J  I      It 


nil 


i*      Mill     -.il.l.'    -U.li  ll..l..M;     lull     tlll'.V      -.'.'il.      VllillMi'll      (|S.-||| 


I  ISIMI   Ii   Kuril 


'.ii.v   ...III    ii.ili- 


ilil.. 


if..\llii.'  iilil    the  |i.  .111.1.  V   .ili|..|.  Il 


iir    hill 


III 


I/.    .1 


\    ^     (il:! 
.S7.    /■ 


H 


•11  f.. 


Ill 


-ilv     ti- 


»ll.       (  ISS'll     .-,    ||„|.      .■,^:|.   :l    I.     |.       \     ;„;.,     ^1     ^ 


|ii--.ii^rci«    ami    fi..ii..|it 
Tliry  aro  all  i-ii:;a;;i,|  In  . 


iiii'|iiiilali....    iif    \\  .  7.-,s.       \ 
ii\i  r    III.'    mail,    aiil    .,f 


'I  nan  is  a  fi'llii«  si.|\ 


I'l 


I  isi'.n  »  I-    \ll 


IIIIIIIllMl     l.lli    I  |l|'|.|. 


Iron 


.|    .  IH,-.| 


•     Til 


l»l         liliTI      III' 
ll 


ii.lii'tiir  iiniliT   villi 
I'liL-apil    i 


ll  I. 
lis  ill.     -I  iii.ii...,    ll III,.   (|.,,|,,   .1,1,1   (III 


I.    ri'iiio\ii 


ilin'i' 
an   oil 


1    i.'iti    I    |ii.iiit  of  \ii.-,-.    till,  .a 


|':iiM     i~    iii.t     lialil,     f. 


it-iilt    fi.llmi*    1 1 
■I'lullic!    i.f 

-     I'-  ,  V   of    I  I'l 


'111.    f.iil    th.it    ■■tl 


1110 


ir    inj.ir.i's    to   .hm 


.0    Hii  ii'jl. 


■a-ii'ii.  .|  liv  till.  nc:;lji,.inr>i'  of  Ihc  otlu 


it   SI.  l:  A",  rn.   (HyO)   .-,  DtI;    ,-, 


iiil.v    all.it-    Hit    that  tli. 
'".'/",    tile    pa- 


i:ii:, 


V.    th 


111-    of    |1| 

I" '  ion  IM< 


provuli. 
II  sliall  always  as-i 


'iiip.iny 


iif   liaiiis    .mil,   in   <ns 


I.f 


I.,  n.  .\  :w. 


■11  .\.  w. 


iiii'ii  till 


."iiV     Til  It 


•lili  lit   or  ili'l.iy,  iiliry  the  onliT  .  of  tli" 


!l..ir 


■it-%  1  'i..x    ,ni'.     'liv   till' 


ill  ililVi  ri'iil  ,h  (nil      r, 


1-   to    ronilllitrr.       Sill 


V.    \orlh<  r, 


(IS'lt)   .1^  C.  <;,  ,\.  |,-,I.  .,;  i.'p,i    ..,- 


VI  ry  n.iiif  nf        Cii'iilnctor  ami  a   Vih, 


L'iiijiU.^i. ;,iit,  liruUgliL  iiilu  rii,|ii,.|,i    I-,  im.vu     Miow     jiiU     ollitT 


i"r  I'lnploynl 


ob^lruitioiui 


iiiii 


!   <"M  toMMOV  KMIM.oVMKVT     CMMIM  I'D  IM^ 

frtirn  llir  Irjii-k.  iiiirl  iiiiiltr  till- iiiMiM-illiilr    \.r^,/A  .f   11.  H.  r„    »     Vp.,-/,.,N   (1«05i 

i-iiiiii"!   iif  II    riMihiiii.ti'i       A'fii/'""'"    V.  !t|    \ii,    l'i;t.   j|    s.    K    .lij;    hnihlhi    \ 

iiiihiil  I'.   II.  lu.   ilsN!))    T't  (  .,1    !i;,  ;i  i>,.,,4„i  sh;,i  I  ,<„  ,(  <     \  "/'■  r,,    (  is'ii  , 

I..  II,  A.  HJI.  21    I'll,..    1,17.  ,|i„    |>„|..,  •..)   !>,.    |.„|    .,-    |.„.    „|    ,,,„.  ,:|  ,   ,,^^, 

""";  ',■  ,  '!"•  -"lion  iiiMii  »,i.  Hiirkiiiv  iim.Ut  Hi.- 

Ilrikiiiiiiii  mill  tiiirk  r.|.,iii,T«.     fi>;i     .lii.iiii.n  .f  ||„.  r.>ii,|iihi.|,r  ",i.  ,  xi.n- 

„.U,I     v.       \li>„„,ll,.,li,      /.„«(,,, I      l{       r„      l\    hrl.l  l„  ,„„U.-  II..  ilJiriT. l{nhl..,.L 

I  !■<•<:,    ;i>t    Mj,i„.    so.    ;i.-.    \.    \v     :,->J:    ,     /•.(,,/„    u.   «  .,     (|mii<i,     i;    \|.,     ih; 

h„',,.,i,r   »      /.„/,,    Sh,„,    .f    I/.   .V.    /.'.   r.,.     iiv,il.il.,|,    .„     r.,,     „,     Mi Ml     i.    .-..ii' 

,lM!i.-.i     nil    Mi.  I,    HO.   ilj    \.    W      l:i7;    ..ni.'.l.  I.v  .v»//,i..H  *     M.sh,,,,,,!-   u   r„ 

Xhlll.n,    V.    Tolrilo  d    U.    /.'.    <■..     tltlitl  IHSS)     llT    M.,.    ||:i.    10    s.    \\.    s:,-i. 

-•''"''    *'•             ,  Ktiuin.vr  ..I  ii  Iruiii  nii.l  ||,i,k  i,,'..,!. 

llinkiiniiM     mill     <..-itiiiit     iiiiikmu     "•     .r  liin.j  I..  |»i..  .,»,.r  i 'ii,,ii  ,,|  n  i,k 

|.jir«  In  II   |>tl    l.i.|«....|i  III.-  Ii„ik..      ^il  III  fri.Mt  of  Hi.it   (rain.     Sulln.i.,  ,      U,,. 

I.<,l   V.   iKlilii.,,.    ,1    11.   r„„.,l  l„.    ilHINM  MS,/,,;,,    ,f     1/      //.    r„,     (ISIitI)      II     I,.,*;, 

iL'i  s   V.  jci;.  -.'.i  V.  i:   not  ipii  hii«  i\>\ 

'""  '       '* ''  '""'  lii'il-'iiii'ii  I. 11  iiil.  Kii^iiii..  r  .111.1    l.riilvf   f.,i.iii,.ii   „r    In. 

I'l    ,  ■iimii    ninl    MiMiMl    .'iii|>|iiu.|    (,,    -iii.di.liii.iti.,.      SI.    I.nii,,.    s.    II      /,'     (  ,, 

l.lil     nil      111.'      l,li,iy.-«.      Ii.    ii.U      il|..'lllH-.l      V      //.  ,iv,.„      I  iHII.'i)   111     .\|V    ;iO_',    .(••  S    \\ 

«illi  till-  niiiiiUr  lliiT.M.f.      [„,i,,i  .1    \.    lOTlMlniiii  iM.iiiiif.Ml  l,v.'ti..iiii"'r  i.lti  iiil.i 
II. /.'.  Co.  V. /i,.,^^„  (isiiii  .;  ivv.  Civ.   ii„.  ,.,,,.  i„  „|,j,.|,  ,|„;  f„r,.„i;,„  Ii,,.,;,. 

\|,|.    li.-.0,  U   S.   U.   .|:n.  h,hn,.,h..„„l    .(     ,1.     \.    I!,    f...    ,.     //,„„; 

Kiii;iii.i'i>   iiihl    \r.irk    i.piir.i.       Iliii  i  Isill  ,    SJ   IVx.  .•>ll,"i.  jHS    W    •'|>|  i,>ii„f 

,■11   \.Ji.f„,H    ,|MiO|     |:il    |',i     .-.j;.    Ml  a.,i,l.i,i  ;i,  in  l,i,t  .it..!  .M*,.!  :  .v/    /,„„,., 

All.   (I,.S    I II... mil. 'il    ill    il.'i  i-i,  111  :    r„„  |    ,(   '/,  /,'.»•„.  v.   Wihh   (IssSi   7>  Tex 

inllll     V.       l/l»,„.l,,„/,v      /.■,(,/,,„      /,'.      (■„.      J'l.S,    ■_•    I..    I!.     \      s;l.|      III    s     \\       -,•>," 

^iMHTi     ;w    .Minn.    SO.    .l.",    .\.    w.    :,HJ .         S.-.l  i..n  l.anil    iiml    llivi,,;,,,.      U.nn 

\,<,v;.,i„  /■.  /,'.  r„.  V.  iifimhh,   (iH'14)    \.   h.h,„i.  I..  ,(■    V.  /,'.  r„    iis'm.    -■! 
I.il  I     s    .Mil.  :i,s   I..  ,.,|.   |nii!i.   It  ^ii|.     \li.li.    toil.  7    I,.    I!     \     ti>.l    -ti    \     \\ 
It.    I!.|..    Iis:i;    Wall:,,    V.    //„v/„,     .(.     !/      Ki.ll:    I.,,,,,,,,,,,-   v.    /,»/.,    Si,,',,,    ,1     U     S 

U.  I',,.  ,  IS7IM    \1H  Mii«.  H  I  r.,i,|iii.i,i,i  /,'    i;..    i  isfi.-|i    lot   Mi.li    .so    !!•'   v    \\ 

iiii«pl.i,,,l    II     .Hililii;     \;„    lli.U.     X  l:i7:    ll7i-i„/,i„  v,    l/„<M.'n.  »■',(   /     /■    /,' 

\l„„l,.i(l„„    II.   <•„.    ilSHni    32   K.-.I     27.S.  »'o.     (lH.-,Si     S    (»lii„    St.    L'l'l     (tii.-ii.M 

J)   llliit.lit.    i:ti.    i.-iimIii,.   «„,  11, „  |,t   ,.x  wlii".  |(ii,.iiiu  VUI..I   fri.i..  tlir  li-mlri      il 

,"i\i-    -|K.-,I.    ini.l    injiiii'il    tiM.lsiiiuiO  ;  In«.',l    n     .tick    to    full    luui    sli  ik.- "  111.' 

■  l,ni,r,l    V.    1)1,1    r„l„„,,    It.    (•„.     ,  Issii)  triukiiiiiMi. 
Ill  M^i«.  .Mil.  11  \    I-   7.-.I  ;    \.„.'/„,„  /•.        .\  viinlniiin  vn«nm-'\  in  M»,(i,in-  -ii.™ 

/.    <).  V.  *•„.„/,  ,.v  (..-,»    1112  r.  S.  ;i.-,!i,  from    tlir   friik-.   nn.l    m   ..|i"ii r   nn.l 

m  I..  ihI.  <i!il>.   1(1  Sii|,.  CI.  |!,.|,.  SIS   ,,i|.  I,iiik..|iiiiii.     »■,„■,,,,•„„    V.     \.»"l,„/.      \ 

|,i..;i(li  of  ti'iiiM  not  .liiK  si^Mi   l.'.l  l.y  m  //.  ,f  //.  It.  r„.  (  |Hii!i|    111  \,,,,    Mi,     'ol 

.:iM,vn.    I!,.v.rsi„^r    ,  isiiiM    ■.'   C.    C.    A,  til   V.  V.  Sii,,,,.  (17-J  ( ,.„r,  ki.k.Ml  « i.li^.iit 

•>«1.     ,      I   .     S.     .\|i|i.     .-i.-.O.     .'il      K,..|.     :,t\>;     Will  II  in;;!. 

11/,,/,    V.   A,,,,,,,,,    (issih    s:t  (;„.  .11:1.  !i       A  n.Mliiia.t.Tiiii.l  nri'iniin.     ir,///.,,v 

^>.    I'..    inSi;     1/  /;„,,„    V.    11.,/.,/,,,,/   ,f.    A',     ltnsl„il    a     If.    /,'.    (•„.    |IS7!I|     I'S    M  ,.^     S 

It.  i„.   (ls.-,Si   ,s  Ir.  f.  I..  I!.|..  .11.-,   (,!..  (roii.l  i,„i.|,.r  n,i,i,l 1^^1,10 

miirr.T    .n.ti.lm.h:     II„,Iu,„h    v.     1/„„  .\     niio'liini-t     i.iii|.l,.v.d    I,.    k,,|.    ||... 

',i„.i  f  „i„„  /.'.  <■„.   ilHillli    IS  Mont.  .t!);l.  |.iini|...   Ii.nk-.   «rlU.  .'.I,'..   „f  „    ,niK,i,v 

!•>    1 1...    illt    Itiiiin    not     -i.,|,|hmI    mh,\\  .■onipiinv  in  j.'.n..I  woi  kinL.' ..i-.I.t.  iii„|  h,,. 

.i-nyli   to  ;iv.,i,l    ninniii;:  ,,v.i    »    luLoi  .•n^'imiT  of  n  tniin  on  »lii.li  I...  «i,.  I„. 

.11  :    \.„-  (^/,„„v.  ./.   .(    <;.    \.   /,'.   Co.   »  ii.K   .-oiivv.'.!    ill    III,,    i-oiir,..   .,f   ,.,„,, I,,,- 

ll,„,U,H    (IH,:i)    tn   .Mi.,    •.'.-.H:    Ihnris,,,,  ,n,.„t.      l..,i,i..,,ll,    ,(    V    A'    r„    v    .s7„/„  ,■ 

',.'"'""'•  '••  *   ^    "■  '""    'I*""   ''■>   iiiMiit  .14  I..  1:.  .\.  iiiiii.  ts  (•  r   \   ||,| 

,,';■.       .','"!■    '     '.-     "•    -^     "-•'•     "     '^"      "       I'W   ri-l.!'.ll.  l!,.v..|M,i;;  (1-100 1    ln:.>l.V,l 
nut:    I/./,    V.  Il,l„,,;m    ,(    //.  r„„„l  C.     I'l 

Mp|>     (,.W:     l,n,,i„t.,„    V.    /(,,„•,  r    />,/„,  ..,iilniniii;;ii  l.ii.lt'o  lHiil,|..r  iin.l  r.M.iiirr. 

/  /,„'„r  (•„.    (lS.|;il    m  r.ii.  5.1.   H)  S.   K.  nill,  l.iH  i,.,i.ti,nts  nn.l  tlwi,   I,.  I-I  i.  ,il 

-I    rill.-    Noik   of  Im.Ui.   vvIi.mi    r.-uliiih  l.i,!,,.,!     for     Hi,.     piiiiH. f   <■,  nv,.i  In" 

''"'■"■'' ""•'■"""'"'•i"-""  <1"'  •'< pli-li  tlirm   to  fl.,^  |,li„.,.  «!„.,,.  tl„.ir   „.„k    i^ 

,","'"'    "'    " "miiion    ol.j.'.l    f.,r    ulii.li  t„   1„.  ,|,„„..    :,r..    f..|l,,„    „.,VMMt.<   of   ili.- 

'  "V   »..i.- ,.nj.M;r..,l  l,\  III,. ipiiiiv.  i-i:  .  i,„.n    .0    -■.invrv.-.l.     7„,„/,„,„„    v     f/,, 

"     ii.in-!«illiilion    of    it.    .Hii    III,,.    ,|,.  ,„,,„,  /{    ,(.  ,^    /,.    ,„.    ils<i!li    .'is  C    P     ^ 

'"   \'"I  "I'l    Vi' ''',''''■'     "'"'      I'""'"'!-"':  US.  !I7   red.  J.-.L'   itriiin  l.rok..  .i|«irl  i 


MICROCOPY   RESOIUTION   TBT  CHART 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


APPLIED  IIVHGE 


1653  EosI  Main   Street 

/ifi"!"!!'.;  ""   I'O""         '♦609       USA 
(716)   482 -0300- PBone 
(716)   288-  5989  -Tax 


lMi» 


MASTI-.l!  AND  SKl;\-,\.\T. 


[CIIAP. 


'I  ! 


It 


Kiri'iiMii  iind  cniplnvt'c  liavin;;  duty  t" 
klip  swiiclii's  ill  (irilcr.  himi  v.  ItuHlnn 
rf   \1  .  /.'.  rr,,;,.   (  IH.-il  1   It  Cii-li.  112. 

'I'liick  rr]>iiiiTr  iiml  servants  w)nis(' 
iliity  it  is  to  liiiht  the  licMrllifrlit-i.  Col- 
liii.s  \.  St.  I'diil  if  N.  r.  /,'.  (■',.  llHHi) 
30  Minn.  ;!7,  14  X.  \V.  fiO  itinck  iv- 
jiiiiriT  injiin'(l). 

Tnickiiii'ii  .mil  sw  itclinii-n.  Mi<lii<itni 
r.  H.  '•.(.  \.  Aiislii,  I  IS7!)|  40  Midi.  ■'47 
(.s\viti'liiii;in  tlirown  olT  <if  tlic  iMiyinc  liv 
jdlt  on  uneven  tniek):  Ciiifiiiniiti.  V. 
O.  rf  T.  /'.  /.'.  r<,.  V.  Mr, iln-  (IS'.liil  I 
C.  ('.  A.  O.'W.  (!  r.  S.  Ai)((.  S(i.  .-.0  IVd. 
Rep.  725  (switeliniiin  stiiniliU'cl  on  ii 
pieee  of  eoiil  whicli  the  siH'tion  niun 
slioiild  Ikivi>  removed  ) . 

.\   lr:iek   walker  en^'aped   in  travelint; 
on  a  railroad  veloei]«-de  for  the  purpose 
of   .siiiuMioninK  a   scetion   orew   to  a>si«t 
in  elearin;!  away  a   wreck,  and  an  enj-i 
ne(>r    in    eli.ir<;e   of    an    en;;ine    traveliiij; 
over  tlie  same  road,   in  the  same  diree 
tion.    for    tlie    purpose   of    rearhinfi    tlip 
nearest   turntatile,  so  as  to  turn  his  en- 
pine  and   return  to  assist   at  the  wreek. 
Sti/ihiini  V.   Sniilhrni    I'.   To.    (IS'.Ht)    1(1 
rtah,      IfHi.   r)7    I'ae.   :(4.     This  deeision 
seems  to   mark   the  ahandonment   of  the 
eonsoeiation  doelrine  which,  as  is  shown 
liv  till-  cases  cited  in  S  ■'>•'".  /'"•''.  had  ]>re 
viously  prevailed  in  I'tah.       Its  liasis  wa- 
tliat   hoth    the  servants  were  enpa^'cil   in 
a    service  having  the   same  coinnioii  ol> 
jcct.  ii:..  that  cf  clearing  the  track,  and 
in  departiiicnt- not  "so  far  removed  from 
each    other    hut    that    the    iKissihility    cd 
cominjr    in    contact    and    incnrrinf;    dan 
per   to   each    other   from    their  neplipeni 
acts    must    liave   lieeii    in    contemplation 
of  the  plaintilT  when  he  entered  the  di 
findint's  scr\  ice," 

Motorman  on  street  ear  and  track  re 
pairer.  /{illriihoiisc  v.  W'iliiiiiiiil'ni 
Slirrt  />'.  Co.  (1H!17)  120  X.  ('.  .544.  2li 
S.  K.  922  (hiyinp  down  rule  with  a  viiw 
to  new  trial);  l.iinihiiiixl  v.  Ihthilh 
Strrrt  It.  Co.  (ISnti)  (i5  Minn.  .•!S7.  07 
X.   \V.    lOOC. 

Where  m  stntion  foreman  is  injureil  liy 
the  nepliL'cnce  of  the  cii'W  of  a  t'rrii.dil 
train  and  a  station  apent  in  loadinp  ii 
car  so  oandcssly  that  a  piece  of  timhci 
projects  outsiile  the  track,  it  is  error  to 
suhmit  the  case  to  the  jury  on  the  theory 
that  the  neplipi'nt  I'lnployees  were  not 
fellow  servants  of  the  injured  one.  I/i7 
ler  V.  Michiiian  ('.  It.  Co.  (UIOO)  12:! 
.Mich.  374,  si  X.  \V.  .->«. 

In    Unldl    v.     \V/c     York    C.    It.    r„. 
ll8r>S)    IS  X.   V.   4.32.   it  was  held  to  li- 
immatorial.  so  far  as  reiiards  tlie  appll 
cation   of  the   principle   coiitrollinp    ili 


alwive  cases,  whether  a  laliorcr  was  v.cirk 
iiip  on   a    new   track    laid    parallel   to  an 
cxistiiip   one.    or    mi    the    ohl    one     The 
court    said:       'If  the    pl.iinlill'   had   hccii 
cnpapi'd   in   rep.iiriiii;  the  old  track,  and 
the    injury    had    oniirnd    to    him    while 
dippinp  pravel   f(rr  that    purpose,  on  the 
site  of  the  new  track,  hy  the  ears  iniiip 
thrown  fnnn  the  track  and  fallinp  upon 
him,    his    case   could    not,    in    principle, 
have  hei'ii   (list  iiipiiis|ii.(|  from   that  of  a 
switch  tender  or  other  |M'rson  employed 
in  the  company's  .cr\  ice  alwiiit  the  track, 
and  iiijnri'cl  in  sm  h  service       Xi-  can   1 
conceive  that  a  dill'cicnt  principle  would 
apply  III  case  the  same  accident  occurred 
while  the    injured    person   was   employed 
in  preparinp  a   new  track  on  the  site  of 
the  pravel  pit,  instead  of  dippinp  prave! 
to    repair   the   old    track.      In    each    case 
the    liahility    to    injury    would    In-    inci 
dent    lo   the  employment       In   acceptinp 
service  on  -udi  a  new  tr.ok,  in  the  case 
supposed,    he    must     he    taken    to    have 
kiiovMi  that   his  cmi>loyers  were  enpaped 
ill    riinninp  cars   on    the  old    track,   and 
that  he  was  thiMcfore  to  incur  siuli  haz 
ard  as  iiiipht  he  occasioned  hy  the  nepli 
pen(c'of  their  employees.       So,  in  I  he  ease 
.it    har,    he   iiillst    he  taken   to   have   con 
traded  with  reference  to  the  possihility 
<if    cars    lieinp    run    on    the    new    track, 
s\  hencver    it    liecame   so    nearly    tinishecl 
:  s  to  n-nder  sudi   runninp  practicaldi>." 
In  one    Federal  case  it    was   held  that 
nackmen    are   not    fellow   servants    with 
liainmen  on  the  same  road.      Ildiiiinl  v. 
Ihl'iiriirr   it-    II.    fiiiiiil   Co.    (IHS!))    ti   T.. 
It.  A.  75.  40  Ked.  I'l.-i.     'Ihe  deeision  was 
put    on    the    i;round    that    the    trainmen 
"acted  for  the  defendant   in  the  exereisi 
•f  the  control  piven  them  over  the  move- 
iiieiits  of  the  train."     Whoder.  .1.,  con 
sidered  that   the  dleet   of  Ihe  /,'o.v.x  ro,v, 
(see   S    532,    /lo.sM    was   that    a    railroad 
company  is  liaMe  to  the  trainmen  of  one 
train    for  the  ncplipcnce  td    those  whom 
it   has  pl.iced  in  charge  of  aiiotlier  train. 
If    the    company,"     said     the     leamH 
■ndpe,    "is    responsilile    to    trainmen    foi 
'he  ncplijicnce  (rf  those  in  charpe  of  tl." 
track,  that   it   sliould  he  held   rcs|)oiisildc 
lo  trackmen   for  llie  iiej'lipence  of  tlio-e 
in   charpe   of    its   trains   woiilil    seem    to 
direct  ly     follow,"      The     present     writer 
ventures  to  think   th.it   the  etl'cct   of  the 
/'o,"!,?  Caxr  is  misstated,  and  that,  even  it 
it    were  correctly  slated,  there  is  a  dis 
tinct   mm    f«<iinliir    in    the    further   eon 
•  lusion  drawn.     The  doctrine  that  a  con 
iliictor   is    not    :■.    ccsenaut    of    his    suh 
rdinates  on   the  train   .Iocs  not   hy   an\ 
cans  invcdve  the  corollary  that   either 


I 


■4!)S] 


COMMON  KMl'lvOVMKXr  -(((NTIM  Kl). 


13C9 


li(>  or  the  iiltior  tnijnnicn  ri'picsont  the 
miiipiiny  iiH  t(i  nniillicr  rliiss  (if  servants 
■  HIT  wlidiii  tlifV  liiivi-  :i(>  control. 

(el  Srriinls  hdiiilliiifi  irnrk  tniiiis. 
inirl  yiriaiils  rm  iitiijiiil  on  llir  pi  r  wan  i  til 
mil/  ill  cuiiiirrliiin  iiilh  .inch  Iniiiis. — 
riicro  is  a  i-onmion  crnployincnt  licturcii 
llir  men  pni,Mf,'cil  nixm  a  railroiiil  «(>rk 
trail)  and  siKtion  lianils  mjiajird  ii|h>ii  a 
hand  oar,  in  keciiinf;  thf-  iDadlii'd  in  or- 
dor.  although  thi-  two  bodies  of  eni 
|diiyc)-s  are  under  separate  foremen. 
7/iow  V.  I'ithint  (1S!)4)  10  C.  C.  A. 
:!.")■.».  rd  I'i'd.  r.i'.  S  r.  S.  App.  ,ji)7  ("em- 
|doycd  for  the  same  •jeneral  purpose  by 
the  same  mailer,  and  working;  to  prodiiw 
I  he  -ami'  rc-ult"l.  .And  het»c'«>n  a  see 
tion  master,  a  trackman,  ami  a  train- 
man, where  all  tlin-e  are  enf;,ij.MMl  in  look- 
in;;  after  and  I'cnmvin;.'  <iU~lructi<ins 
u|>on  a  railri'ad  iliie  to  a  storm.  Hi //- 
iiiiiii  V.  Oiii/dti  Shnrlf.ine  li  f\  .V.  H 
Co.   (IS!t2|   21  Or.  .ViO,  2S  Pae.  r,i:y. 

.1  fiirtiiiii.  where  a  train  under  the 
(laitrol  of  a  single  snperintendini;  of- 
li(cr  is  used  tin-  the  purpose  of  facilital 
111^'  the  rep.iir  or  const iiicl ion  of  a  rail- 
way track,  hrid^'es.  etc..  the  servants 
cperatin^i  the  train  are  rejiarded  as  lie- 
ini;  in  the  same  eeneral  ser\  ice  with  the 
siivants  who  act n  illy  do  the  work  of 
npair  or  const  mil  ion,  and  the  master 
i-  not  li.il.le  for  injuries  received  hy 
tlip  latter  class  of  employees  owinf;  to 
I  he  ne;;liircnce  of  the  former. 

This  principle  hars  the  action   of  Ihr 
-I  rvant.  hoth   when   he  was  actively  en- 
■2:>;:oil.  at  the  time  of  the  injury,  in  the 
ixrforniance  of  hi.s  work    ( IJrii'n.iilUr  rf 
/.'.  /,'.  Co.  v.  Ihintmnn    [ISil.il    V.U   Ind. 
'■■■M;.  in  X.   K.   1021    (laborer   injured   by 
I  derailment  while  he  was  throwinjr  lies 
lioni  a  movin}!  train];   SI.  Liiiiiis.  I.   M. 
<(    S.    It.    Co.    V.    SlHirl.dfnrd    flMH.'i)    42 
Ark.   417    [train   started    v.ithout    warn- 
in?  while   plaintit)'   was   shifting'  a    rail 
tmni   one   oar    to    another];    Curuim    v. 
Il'tir,,,!,,,,,    It,    rf    s.    A.     II.    Co.     [18!)l; 
IVv.l    17  S.  W.  3S4   [laborer  injured  by 
"iiii-sion  of  conductiM-  of  work   train   to 
piiitccl  it  by  a  lla^  while  the  men  were 
It  wink  on  the  track)  :  IIoiikIoii  cf  T.  C. 
I!     Co.  V.    i;i,Ur    [IS84]     02    Tex.    207 
i-cclion  hand  was  in  a  (hit  car,  station- 
iiy  en  a  sidin;;.  when  it  was  run  into  by 
'  cdn-trnction  train   in  connection   with 
"liiih     he    was    workinyj;     I'nnixh     v. 
I''_.i»i<iil(i  rf    .1.    If.    Cn.    [ISnij    2S    Fla. 
-  il,  I)  So.  0!tO  [enirineer  put  an  unskilful 
'iian   in  elnu'.'e  of  the  enpne.  and  a 
■ler   was    injured    in    consequence — 
haeki'd    against    ear    which    plain- 
ii'i  rtaa  unloadin;,']),  and  when  he  was 


one 
pro- 
a  ml 
mas- 
cited 
;jcn 
^erv- 


iH'ine     -imply     tran-portiil      fro-ii 
point     on     the     line     to     another, 
vidcil      be      was      still      on      dutv 
-ulijcct      to     the     control     of     the 
ti  r'-      r.'preserOalive.      Sc<'     cases 
in  cliapler  x.\.\iii..  //o.s/.  when-  Ihi 
eral    ipiestion    of    the    pi,  :;ion    i  f 
ants  on  duty   but   not   en;.Mf;ed   in  active 
"oik   is  discu-.-ed. 

(f)  S'l-riiiils  iiiiiii'iril  in  hniiillinri 
tniiiis  mill  ill  ;iuiiiii  .liimnh. — .\  brake- 
man  and  a  Madman  are  coservants. 
Coi,/,rr  \.  Mihnnil.ir  tf-  /',  dii  Ch.  K.  Co 
llSOOi  ■2,t  Wis  OOH.  So  are  a  tia-nnan 
and  a  -witch  tender  S>iii,m',,i  v,  \ric 
Voii:  it  //.  /,'.  Co.  (1S7.">)  (12  V.  V.  2.')1 
(misphiced  switch  allowed  train  to  run 
over  IhiLnnan). 

(^'1  Siri-diitH  hiloiifilrr  lo  rcriular 
Idiiii  CI' ii-.v,  iiiiJ  sdilrliiiiiii. — ThiVe  U 
common  cmph.yment  betwwn  switchmen 
and  trainmen.  Sc  l/i7/cr  v.  Soulhcrn 
I'.  Co.  ||S!I2)  20  Or.  2S.-),  20  I'ae.  70 
(ne!:li;;cnce  coniplaineil  of  was  that  of 
a  switchiiian.  or  of  the  cmplii\-ces  \ipon 
another  train  charijed  with  the  duty  of 
switchmen,  in  failing;  properlv  to  close 
a  switch  after  the  passai.'e  of'the  latter 
train,  or  to  discover  .iiid  report  that  the 
-witch   was  out   of  repair). 

Co-ervice  exists  iM'twcin  a  switchman 
and  an  engineer.  Snlliili/  v.  Moninii 
(lHS:n  :),-,  |,a,  Ann,  1100:  fonnll  v, 
llo.iloii  <(•  U'.  /.'.  Coiji.  {  1842)  4  .Met.  49 
.'is  .\m.  Dec.  S:!!l:  I/,,,,/,*,,,  rf  c.  I{.  C<,'. 
V.  TlKiinns  (187.-,)  .".l  .Mis-.  (i,'i7 ;  .Vov/or 
V.  Am-  )-|iW,-  C.  rf  //.  /,'.  /,•.  Co.  (1S88| 
■■?■■(  Fed.  801  (switch  left  open)  ;  lliilf, 
C.  rf  N.  /'.  A'.  Co.  V.  Wiinirr  (ISilO;  Tex' 
Civ.  App.i  ,10  S.  W.  118:  SI.  I.oiii.i.  .1. 
<f-  r.  If.  Co.  V.  Tiiiilrti  (1801)  .54  \rk 
-'SI',  11  I.,  n.  A,  77.).  1,5  S,  W,  8,'?l',  10 
S.  W.  200:  i:,i.it  7'i)/iii.v.src.  V.  rf  f?.  If 
Co.  V.  Hurl,  I,  (lS8.t)  12  I.ea.  40  (eom- 
ir  in  i.bjiit  -aid  to  be  that  "of  keeping 
the  train  on  the  main  track  and  brimT 
inj;  it  to  its  •♦lestiualion")  ;  linrlonsliiil 
Colli  Co.  V,  It,  id  {\h:>H)  .■)  Macq.  H  1. 
Tas,  2ii0,  4  .lur.  X.  S.  707,  per  Lord' 
rolons.iy,  ariiiirn<io. 

.\  switchman  is  a  fellow  servant  of  a 
liieman.  Iliiil.mii  v.  Chinhxioii.  C.  rf  f", 
/.'.  Co.  (lSO;t)  ,5,-,  Kisl.  248  (in  char^'e  to 
jury)  :  I'mkrr  v.  Am  Jn//,  rf  V  E  If 
Co.  (ISlCi  18  I!.  1.  77;(.  ,•50  .\tl,  840 
(switch   lift   open). 

.\  switchniiin  and  a  conductor  are  co- 
servants.  Iliiiirii  v.  A"cir  York  C.  rf  //, 
H.  If.  Co.  (  1800)  ,12  X.  Y,  8,  R.  817,  10 
X,  Y.  Supp.  04.->   (conductor  injureil). 

A  switchman  is  a  'ellow  servant  of  a 
brakem.in.  I'otiloii  v.  Wilmiiifiloti  rf  W 
R.   Co.    (1858)    61    X,   C,    (6  Jones  L.)" 


1370 


MASTl'l!  AND  Si;i;\  ANT. 


[(  IIM'.    XXVII. 


H, 


•M-.;  Shitirn,  V.  Toh'lo  rf  IV.  /.'.<'< 
(1H(14)  2;'.  "  Iiid.  HI.  quoting'  fiom 
Un./M  V.  \r,r  lor/,' f.  K.  (V  llSr,2)-2.-. 
X  V  .-.i;-2.  And  of  a  hn'^'^^'A''  mn^iri. 
'l{nhr',tH^.rhi><,.,o,Kt.  V.    1/..M*.  It.rn. 

(  IHS.-,)  VA  .Minn.  21S.  22  N.  W.  :W!t  (^o 
„l„,Mti.,n  .'f  ii  -witrlini^in  m'r(-;-iiiy  lo 
the   »u<vfssf.il    nianagenirat  of   liain-i). 

\nil    of    a    lior-.Tiir  driver     Ihmii.lhi 

;    \v,r  >■-•;,  .(■  w.  R.  i'"-   I  >**'■"■' I  .•' 

\pi..  Div.  40H,  38  N.  Y.  Supp.  7I)!»  1  \»\- 
i,l,,'..-d   >«itrl.   I'au-.'.l  car   lo  tnni   M.d 
ilcnly,    and    driv.r    was    tlirown    oil): 
UuJlvn,  V.  C.nn<.l  Trunk  U.  To.   (ISnn- 
du.-lH'O    1    L.   0.   L.   J.    ISr.    (mispiacMl 
switch),  adopting  rule  of  Kn;;li^li    la«. 
\   *\Ml<linian   and   a    fironian    art-  n. 
-.rvants  in  svoh  a  s,.n<c  ihat  the  l.att.'V 
oannot  recover  for  llie  nc'.'H^enc.-  of     le 
former   in   usin-  a   defective  link.     II"- 
eoi-rt    deelirc<i   to   a.rept  tl.o  contentmn 
tliat  the  witelunan  was  a  vice  piiiicil>al 
„,en-lv    because    the    inspect  i.m    of    t^lie 
ai.plianee   was    incidental    to    Ins    duly. 
St    f.oins,  I.  ^f.  rf  8.  R.  Co.  v.  lirown 
(1800)    117   Ark.  20r..  .')4  S.  \V.  S(i.). 

In  \,ishrill>;  r.  .(■  iit.  L.  If-  Co.  v. 
/•Vf/rr  (1S82)  10  l.ea,  351.  the  cause  <.t 
action  bavins  arisen  in  Alabama,  the 
ennrt  betd  that  a  car  inspei'tor  and  a 
brake  repairer  were  fellow  s.-rvants  of  a 
brak.-.nan,  citins  TlmmaK  v.  "''•'"'<,'* 
O.  A'.  Co.  (1868)  42  Ala.  672.  l;or  t ho 
Te  inessee     doctrine,     see     subtitle     <-, 

,,i'rn.  J 

(h)  Srrrantu  hiiniUing  oirs  mid  srrv- 
<ints  iusperlinri  or  rr/«(iruijr  thriii.—T\\»t 
the  <lefens«-  of  common  employment  19 
available  when  car  ins]K-ctor8  or  car  re- 
pairers are  ininre<l  by  the  nej;li^'enee  of 
servants  opeialinR  trains  is  well  settled. 
Ihey  are  held  to  be  fellow  servants  o. 
a  o-mductor.  Wliilmorc  v.  Uo.'<t<m  d  ^l. 
/.'  Co  (IHOO)  UO  Mass.  477.  23  N.  K. 
220  (cars  -kicked"  back  after  car  in- 
spiH'tor  bad  notified  conductor  to  lea'e 
a    si>aee    open    between    the   cars)  :    St. 

i.Jh.  I.  ^^.d  «.  n.  Co.  v.  uht  iishhi 

.-,1   Ark.  4r.7,  4  L.  R.  A.  173,  U  S.  W. 

•'00.  ,  .      , 

Of  a  varil  master  and  head  brakeman 
emplove'd  in  movin,!;  cars  to  and  fro  in 
the  va'iils  for  the  p\iri>ose  of  having  them 
repaireil.  Itr^'l  v.  .Vr,c  Yorl:  C.  &  II. 
/,-.  I{.  Co.  (1H77)  70X.  Y.  171  (•'en^;a^'ed 
in  the  same  eominen  work  and  for  the 
s;iiiie  common  imrpose")  ;  diilf,  C.  rf  .S. 
/■.  .,>.  fo.  v.  Kivziiih  (1803)  8ii  'IVv.  81. 
23  S.  \V.  578  (failure  to  set  brakes  on 
,':irs  which  ndled  against  one  wliieli 
plaintilT  was  repairing)  :  Caiiiiilirll  v. 
;',„,,.v,//n.»i.(  /.'.  '■"■  (1880;  ra.)  2  Cent. 
r.cp.   16,  2  -At!.  4«0, 


Of  a  v.ird  or  -uildi  i-ii'.;iii'    r.    Cnlrul 
V.   I!,illhnurr  .(■  O.   /,'.  Co.    I  IHIKM    3t   W  . 

V I  ■'i;o  i-'  s  K.  :>\2;  xi.  i.oiii^.  .1.  iC  ' 

u'ro    \.   Trinhit    (ISOl)    r.l    Aik.  2'<'.i. 
:W4.   11    1-.   !!•  A.  773.   U,  S.   W.  H31.   M 
S    W    2(il'i:  Chirann  it    I.  />'.  ''"■  v.    I/"/ 
„),„   (ls7(lt   .".3   111.  33li,  5  Am.  Kep.  4-<; 
Vnlli:   V.   tthio  .1-    I/.   /'■   ''o.    1  IS.,  1    s-p 
111     .■)00    (car    repairer   braind    to    kii.A 
lh:il    be  might   be  c.iUed  on   to  make   n 
pairs  on  a  track,  and  thus  be  e\pi-c,l  tn 
the    risks   of   the   act-   of   engine  dru.i- 
and  others  whose  Im-incss  called  thcin  t.. 
the    same    track.      In     Illinois    the    tw.. 
cases   jiHt   cited   seem  to  U-  -till   \.\\\   ;i- 
rcard's   switch  engineers,  bnt   not   a-  tn 
en^im^Ts  of  onlinary  trains.     See  J  :^0'\. 
note  I.  subil.   (f)   iii(r<i.     In  a  ca-i'  ^^lic^.■ 
a  ear  reiiairiT  was  injnnMl  owing  to  tin' 
fae*  that   a  brakenian  dropped  a   lar;;-i 
train  of  cars  than  he  could  control  mii,, 
the  iiiclini-l  track   where  the  car  mi^l.  1 
repair  wa-  standing  rcc.iveiy  \<as  i\vxw.\ 
on   the  mound  that    plaintilT   was   fnlly 
eo-ni/aiit  of  the  danger  lo  which  he  vvm-^ 
expos.'d.    from    negligently  dropping    m 
cars  on   the  tracks   where  he  was   11.1  1 
time  to  time  at  work,  and  the  pr.'c.m 
tions   which   were  tak.'n   to   avert    -iich 
dan-i'r.      lie  knew    that    his    safety  de 
pciiileil   on  the  care  that  was  exerci-l 
l,v    his    fellow   employc-es.     Ciiiiipb-ll    v. 
l\;nixillnimii  II.  Co.   (1886;  I'a.l.  2  Atl. 
480        Vnd  of  a  switcbmaii.    ('(irvuraii  v. 
l)cl,nn,r,:l..dM\ll.Co.  (1801)   I2i;  X. 


Y.  673.  27  X.   K.   1022   (car  allow. d  to 
run  against  one  under  repair). 

The  cases  in  which  tie-  didin.|iiciit 
servant.s  were  the  inspectors  or  repni 
ers,  and  in  which,  conceding'  tlw  I'M-t 
cure  of  common  employment.  tbi>  ipu'* 
tion  arises  whetb.T  they  were  di-eharg- 
in.'  a  nonassij;nable  duly  of  tb.'  ma-l.T-. 
are  disciisscl  in  chapter  xxxi..  /i..vV. 

(i)  Scrraiils  hiiii(lliii;i  living  ami 
.irriunts  surfoniiiyin  misrHhiiirini^  ihi- 
/,,■,«  1,1  ,/«n/.s'.— t'os.>rviee  has  been  hcl^i 
to  exist  between  the  following  clas-e-<  .it 
employees:  , 

The  general  yard  master  and  a  y^irrt 
foreman.  Ciii<iniwti,  .\.  O.  if-  7'.  /'  ''."■ 
Co  v.  <lia„.  50  L.  P.  A.  47.  41  (.  (.  A. 
535.  101  I'cd.  023  (mgligence  was  in  re 
.raid  to  directing  op.ratii.n  of  train). 
"^  The  emiineer  of  any  l.>comotiv.>  ii'cl 
on  the  road  .ind  one  whose  duties  ai.'  l" 
tak.'  the  number  of  each  ear  cmmg  nil.) 
I  -tat ion.  lUiihrinl  v.  r/o.s.i/H<i/,-.  <(■  ". 
A'  <-o.  (1802)  37  W.  Va.  MVl.  16  S.  b. 
437.  "There  was."  said  the  court,  a 
natural  and  n.M-ess;,ry  e..nn.'ctn>n  '"■. 
tw.Mii  the  idasse-  of  the  -.■rviee  tjny  rcn- 
derc.l,   bringing  them   into  contact  witn 


4USj 


(. OMMUN  EAll'LOVMKM— CONTl.N  LED. 


1371 


nil  ntlicr  in  the  -ianu'  plaic,  in  tlie  rxi- 
iliciii  of  tlio  Miii>lir's  liu^iin-.s;  .  .  . 
Ill  it  is  nil  nmtUr  tliat  tin;  work  wiis 
-■ -iniiliii-." 

Till!  I'n^'iiic'iM-  of  a  Irrijilil  iiuin.  and  a 
nil  clerk  cii;;  ij'cil  iti  lii^  iliily  of  tak- 
ii;  a   rc'ionl  of  tlic  ^tais  ul  the  oars  in 

II  yar.l.  Vi»;  )(,//.■  ,(•  .V.  £,'.  K.  Co.  v. 
m/c  (181)3)  u(i  Iril.  188  ( injury  caused 

liackinjj  of  train  i . 

An  cnj;iiu'i'r  and  an  <ii;,'ini!  wipor 
,iiiii  f'lfiiiiii  If.  C(i.  V.  «(.  s,(  isii.'i)  :i2 

la.  212.  l.'t  So.  4.'i(i  (cn^inctT  wan  ncjili- 

III  ill  -liilliii-  the  trains  in  tlio  yard). 
.\  liiakiinan  and  tin-  .servant  whose 
ily  it  was  111  till  till!  sandliox  on  the 
ijiiie.  l.iiiiUiilli .  .v.  ().  ,(■  T.  U.  Co.  V. 
'till  (I8s(i)  ti7  .Miss.  255,  7  So.  351 
•:iiiiI-Ihi\   iiisii.Iirirlll  ly   lilled). 

.\n   eiuiiicir  and    an   I'liiidiiycc    whosi; 
iliis  partly  <onsist  in  cDiiidiiii,'  and  un- 
iiiplin^'  cars.      Wilsan  v.  .]la<iisuii,  tie. 
.  fu.   (  lS(i2)    18  Ind.  22(i. 
.\ny  workman  employed  in  an  en^rine 
nil.  and  an   in;.'iiieer.     'l'i.rii.-<  d-   /'.   A'. 
J.  V.  lUiiriiiijIdK    (  1884)   02  Te.\.  5!J7. 
(j)    Strviiiiln    iiii/iifinl.    sulilji     iii    tin 
•iislrtiction  or  niuiiili  nniuv  of  the  pir- 
ihniit    iriii/    (iiiil    itx    iiiiiiiiiloxuicrti. — 
III-   following;   classes   of  s<'rvant.s    have 
ell   held   to  111!  in   a   coinnion  cniplov 
iMit : 

.\  traeklayer  and  a  servant  ene;af.'eil 
1  liallasliiiji;  the  nwid.  I.oiciirun 
LiiHili.ii,  '  I!,  d  S.  C.  R.  Co. 
ISii4l  1(>  ('.  15.  X.  S.  (iii'.l.  10  Jur. 
.  S.  87!t,  33  I.,  d.  C.  P.  X.  S.  32i),  12 
ink.  I!cp.  !IS8,  1(1  I,.  T.  X.  S.  718  (non 
lit  a]iiiro\ed  in  e.i«e  of  aeiideiil  caused 
I'  the  insulliiieiuv  of  the  number  of 
■f|iers  laid).  "It  is  clear,"  said  Kile. 
Ii.  [.,  "that  till!  platelayer  whose  iieeli 
•i;rv  caiisi.!!  it  (the  ilaiiiiij;e|  was  a  fid- 
'  workman  if  the  plaiiuill'.  and  that 
I'l  I  Mere  enfjaiied  in  one  cuninion  oi'cu 
Uiiiii.  The  Ihiii^'  to  be  done  was  to 
'iiviy  the  ballast  from  the  pit  to  the 
'iii|miiv's  line,  and  the  en  operatifm  of 
111!  plalehi vers  and  the  laliorers  was  ncc 
-■;ny  111  liriii;.'  iilioiit  that  result."  This 
eels  reported  with  'IdlUiqhcr  v.  I'ljur. 
I'l  C.  1!.  X.  S.  lilill.  33  L.  j.  C.  P.  X.  S. 
."I.  iiivolvini;  the  same  facts. 
Two  seotioii  hands.  Intiiiiiilionnl  <C- 
■.  .V.  /.'.  r„.  V.  T<t,-nr  (1888'  72  Tex. 
"S.  11   S.  W.    1043. 

.\  tnii-kwalker  and  a  la'  emovin;.' 

now.  laiiiDiilis  V.  C'ciil,,,  J'.  ]{.  Co. 
18Si))  ::i  CaJ.  97,  3  L.  R.  A.  824,  21 
'ac  437. 
.V  nieiiilier  of  one  section  ^'anu'  and  the 
"(liim  hiw^  of  another  traiij;.  eiiiployeil 
')  llic  -;'.!iie    i.iilwav    eoiiiiiaiiv       Ch't.l, 


V.  I'liiiiniilvunia  Co.  (18112)  132  Ind. 
lull,  17  I,;  K.  A.  811,  31  X.  K.  H08  ("en- 
^'ayi'd  in  the  same  j,'encrul  .service  and 
the  same  line  of  duty") . 

A  labiiier  blast  ill};  rock  to  obtain  ma- 
terials for  riprappiiiK  and  a  tcle};raph 
lineman  repairini;  |>ole  broken  down  liy 
the  (rafrments  detuched  by  the  sliot.s. 
\(((/  V.  Xiilhmi  i:  It.  Co  (I"?-*)  67 
.Minn.  3ii5,  5!)  N.  \V.  312. 

A  .stone  masun  and  a  carpenter  em- 
ployifl  at  the  ciiiiimon  task  of  construct- 
in;.'  a  bridge,  thouyli  they  are  under  dif- 
ferent fiireiiien.  Hitr  v.  Jilfirxonritle, 
\l.  .(  /.  /,■.  Co.  (;8!)2)  132  Ind.  78.  31 
X.  K.  471. 

The  nicmhers  of  a  gani^  of  laborers 
loa^liii;;  rails  on  a  car.  Coiinc  v.  I'liivn 
I'.  I,',  ro.  (18S9)  1,33  U.  S.  370,  33  L. 
I'll.  ti.-)l.  10  Suj).  Ct.  Uep.  .382. 

Seetien  men  working.'  on  a  railroad 
track  and  other  ein])loyees  of  the  same 
iiimpiiiiy  employed  on  brid^re  work.  Uni- 
II,  II  V.  .^iiilhrni  P.  Co.  (18!)!))  34  Or. 
2.ili.  5li  I'ac.   12!l. 

.\ll  the  wiirknien  on  a  tirade,  eonsist- 
iii;;  of  team  drivers  draw  in;;  dump  cars, 
men  wovkin;;  in  a  cut  fillin;;  the  ears, 
and  men  iinluadiii;;  them,  and  the  fore- 
man assistin;;  the  man  injured  to  work 
on  a  trestle  (lie  fall  of  which  injured 
him. — are  fellow  servants.  I.iiiili<ill  v. 
Wnod-i  (188!))  41  Minn.  212.  4  L.  1{.  A. 
7113.  42  X.  W.  1020  (see  S  520.  note  1, 
subd.  (fl.  post,  as  to  this  case  in  the 
Tcderal  courts).  The  court  said:  "The 
work  which  the  defendants  were  en;;a;;ed 
in  was  yradinK  a  railroad,  and  they  eni- 
plnyeil  various  servants  in  different  de- 
partments of  labor  on  that  work,  but  all 
liable  to  be  called,  upon  the  orders  of 
I'le  foreman,  from  one  department  to 
another.  .Ml  those  en;;a;;eil  in  these  dif- 
ferent dep,irtm"nls  bore  to  each  other 
the  relation  of  fellow  servants.  They 
were  all  serviii;;  the  same  master,  tinder 
the  same  control.  ,ind  all  eii;;a;;ed  in  the 
same  ;;eiier,il  work.  The  thin;;  to  be 
ilone  was  the  buildini;  of  the  road,  and 
the  coiipeiation  ot  all  the  employees  in 
each  department  of  the  work  was"  neces- 
sary to  brinp  about   that  result." 

(k)  Scrniiils  loiiiliiiij  curs  ami  xcrv- 
lints  liiiiidliiiil  till  III.  —  These  were 
held  to  Ik'  fellow  servants  in  linihii 
V.  Dclaiiare  d-  U.  Ciniiil  Co.  (18!18)  27 
.\l>p.  Div.  305.  30  X.  V.  Stipp.  87.  The 
court  said:  "The  car  is  furnished  for 
the  express  purjiosc  of  Indn;;  loaded  and 
run  over  the  road,  and  the  brakeman  is 
one  of  the  employees,  and  the  man  who 
Iliads  and  iiispeils  tjio  loadiii;;  is  an- 
other, «hi>s(>  duty  it  is  to  eariy  out  liiuL 


j     4 


^,.Jl 


1372 


MAyiLK  AM)  -^KIIVA.N'T. 


[ciiAr.  XXVII. 


\' 


Hi 


if 


\i 


purpoKc.  EiH'li  ii-i'-i.  williin  his  own 
KpliiTi!,  till!  car  lunii-liiil  by  tin-  iiia-lrr. 
and  liotli  all'  ciijiaycd  in  r  iiij  iii«  oiii  llit 
I)ur|>o-.f  fur  wliicli   il    i-  fiiriii^licil." 

ill  an  i«iiy  llliimis  iM»r.  wlirri'  a  loii 
.railiir  «a»  lo  iIcIimt  v.imkI  to  a  railmail 
coinpaiiy,  tlic  loinpany  to  fiiini»li  tin' 
»|uipiiii'iit  to  iiiiivc  it.  an  I  tin-  inrn  on 
the  train  to  1m'  -iilijcit  to  tlic  ilirfitioii 
un<l  control  of  tin-  contraHor,  ulio  <oulil 
ctop  tlicni  at  any  tiini'.  om-  of  tlic  M'r\ 
unt»  cinployi'd  Ipy  liini  to  load  \\i«>\  ii|kiii 
tlic  car  was  tlnowii  oil'  and  killed.  It 
wa.s  licid  that  no  recovery  could  lie  hail 
by  the  adiiiiiislralrix  for  hi-  death,  as 
the  parties  were  all  servants  of  the  coin- 
pauv.  llliiioiH  (.'.  It.  Cii.  V.  Cot  {\Hr*) 
21  "ill.  20.  71  Am.  Dec.  2i>S.  II  ^v 
doiihtlcss  proper  to  ali»olve  the  railway 
cuiiipuiiy  under  such  circuinslaiices.  but 
not  on  the  ({round  staled.  If  anyone 
was  liabli-,  it  was  the  contractor,  who-e 
servants,  for  the  time  heint;.  •'"  ''""  I""' 
ties  clearly  were,  upon  the  facts  as  stal- 
ed. The  ciiiilractor.  under  the  lalir  Illi- 
nois doctrine  as  to  convi,  tion  l§  50<i. 
note  1,  siilid.  (i).  iiifiii].  would  not  have 
been  protected  by  ihc  defense  of  common 
employment-  but  apart  ficnii  that  doc- 
trine, there  could  be  no  recovery,  a.-  the 
New  York  case  last  cited  shows. 

(1)  S(ri(i)ils  iiiiiiniiil  ill  loiidimj 
fiJiK,  and  trarUmin. —  In  one  ca.se,  on 
the  spt'cilic  tjriaind  that  distinction  of 
dcpartnient.s  will  not  prevent  exonera- 
tion of  the  master,  riKoviM-y  has  In^en  de 
nicd  where  the  plaintilT  was  cn^ia^ed  in 
repairin;;  a  track,  and  the  injury  wa- 
caused  by  the  nof;lif.'ence  of  another  serv 
ant  of  the  I'omiiany.  in  so  piling  wiMid 
upon  a  tender  and  in  so  riinnin);  the 
train  that  a  stick  of  wood  was  thrown 
from  the  tender,  strikin;;  the  plaintilV. 
Foxier  v.  ,I/ihii.so(u  V.  II.  Co.  (  1  «<>!>)  H 
Minn.  :i(l(».  (iil.  277. 

In  another  oa.se  iiividviri;:  similar 
facts,  the  distinction  of  departments  was 
not  referre.'  to.  and,  merely  on  the 
ground  that  the  servants  were  in  the 
aanie  prade  of  employment,  it  wa.s  held 
that  coal  heavers,  or  liremen  who  load 
coal  upon  tenders,  arc  fellow  servants 
of  a  trackwalker.  .Sr/iiz/f;  v.  CUicuijo 
d  .Y.  ^\  .  II.  Co.  (1887)  07  \Yi.s.  (ilti.  58 
Am.  Rep.  881.  31  N.  \Y.  321. 

(m)  Sirraiii'  cmplui/i'il  iii  Ihr  iia- 
chaiiical  dcpnrtinciils  of  railuans. — The 
foUowinj;  employees  li  ive  been  held  to  be 
coservant.s : 

A  workman  in  the  repair  shop  ami 
another  workman  cmplovcd  to  brin^' 
materials  to  the  shop.  \r,r  V'.,-/,-,  /,. 
/;.  it-  \1'.  It.  Co.  V.  //(//  (18S(ii  112  Pa. 
WO,  4  All.   50. 


A  man  employed  as  a  swce])er  in  a 
ii.iiiidhouse  ir.d  other  employii-s  work 
in;;  tlnn'in.  Miiiiiiinil  v.  Iliiiliiiylon.  C. 
It.  d  \.  /.'.  Co.  (188*1  04  lowu.  240.  20 
N.   W.    Ili!». 

Two  car  repairers,  <liilj,  C.  it  N.  /■'. 
/.'.  Co.  V.  m-:iiih  (I8!l.tl  80  Tex.  81. 
23  S.  U  .  .')78  (failure  to  set  brake  on 
a  car  iMii-ed  it  to  roll  a;;ainst  one  which 
plaintilV    was   repairing). 

I'oreiuan  of  Han^'s  in  railroad  ilepurt 
'iient    ships,  and    ihosi'   ninniii;:  cars    in 
and    out    of    the    shops    to    take    in    sup 
plies.       V,  ,r    Yuri:.   I..   K.  it   U.  It.  Co.  V. 
II  n    (  IHHii)    112  I'a.  too,  4  Atl.  .")0. 

A  founder  in  a  bliLst  fiirnai'e  in 
char^'c  of  the  inside  wink  of  such  fur 
iiaci-  is  a  fellow  servant  of  an  engineer 
of  a  locomotive  used  in  moving;  cars  on 
the  premises  of  the  company,  althou^ih 
siicli  founder's  department  anil  the  de 
liartment  in  wliicli  the  eii),'in>'«'r  works 
are  .sepai  ite  and  niidcr  the  thurfie  of 
dilleient  foremen.  .\diiiHs  v.  Iron  Cliffx 
Co.  (1880)  78  .Mich.  271,  44  N.  \Y.  270 
iplaintitl  injured  by  obstruction  of 
crossing'  and  sudden  starting  of  car- 
vvitlioiit    Idottin;;    whistle). 

In  an  early  case  it  was  hidd  that  an 
engine  driver  and  an  engineer  who--e 
duty  il  is  t!>  keep  locomotives  in  repair 
are'fellow  si'rsaiils.  Iliilii/li  v.  Yrir  <)i 
liniiH  it  C.  It.  Co.  (1S.-|1)  0  La.  Ann. 
lOti.  54  Am.  Dec.  .')(!.">.  liut  under  the 
ihoderii  dix'trine  as  to  the  noiiftssigna 
bility  of  certain  of  the  master's  duties 
(not  lieie  referred  to),  the  master  would 
now  be  held  liable  under  these  circuin- 
st ancles.     See   $   508.  jm.s/. 

(n)  Sirnint.t  of  municipal  corpora- 
lions. — \\  hether  a  stwpleman  in  the  em- 
ploy of  a  lity  courcil  was  a  fellow  serv- 
ant of  a  cuipcnttr  engaged  to  do  repairs 
in  the  steeple  was  left  undecided  in  ('o« 
lin  V.  Chai'uslon  (1808)  15  Rich.  I.. 
201  (cariH'ntcr  left  trap  diKir  open.— 
the  case,  in  tl.s  iKirticiilar  point  of 
view,  ludng  made  t»  turn  upon  the  cor 
rcctness  of  the  instruction  given  to  the 
iiiry). 

(o)  HiTriinLs  in  .•<torrii. —  (See  also 
siibd.  (b).  .SH/dd.)  Porters  ei'iploycd 
in  a  stor'  are  fidlow  servants.  IScjiir 
V.  Victor  (181l.!i  51  .\.  Y.  S.  K.  83.  22 
\.  Y.  Supp.  302. 

(p)  Hrrcuiil.t  working  on  stai/r 
iiMchea.—'l'he  driver  and  gu;.rd  of  a 
stage  coach  are  ooservants.  IfartonshiU 
Coal  Co.  V.  Iteid  |1854)  3  Macq.  II.  I>. 
fas.  200,  4  Jur.  N.  S.  707,  per  Lord  Ccd 
onsay.  nrijiivinlo. 

(ip  SrnantK  in  mills,  faclorict,  anil 
..,iii:iliii-  f.vM/'i/i'.s'.'ii.'i  "'>■■  —  -\  Hoodcllltil 
and  a    locomotive  engineer  in  charge  of 


%  4!'H| 


(  u\IM(»N   KMIM.dSMKN!— ((tNTI.M  i:|) 


1873 


It  triiin  ii-cmI  lor  the  |>iii|m..c  „i  11:1111111;; 
tiiiilH-r  tci  II  -..iwimMI.  mill  <it  lnin>|K>i  liii;.' 
rni|llliv<'l  >    fii    tlli'ir    lr-|Krli\c    plmr^    of 

work,  niv  t'lllnw  »iiv:iiil-.  limh  u  V. 
Iliirhiitl    iKMllii     Mi   (la.    JSS.   .17    s.    K. 

An  i-ii;;iiic  11  ill  11  '■nwiiiill  ami  I  III' 
lii;'lil  watcliiiian  tlirniii  mi'  cu-  rv.iiil-. 
.!/<■« •<,«/.,       V,    llilh„i    .(     h.    I. mill.,  r    r„. 

( I'.iooi    III)  (ja.  :ijs.  ;i.-,  s.  k.  uiin. 

.\li  cnjiinriT  in  a  -uuiiiill  i<  a  I'rllnw 
HiMitit  (if  ail  <Mii|>lii,V)'r  «liii>c  iliilv  it 
i:*,  (lili'iii^j  till-  iiiiiii  liiiiii'.  til  ;;ii  iliitMi 
into     till'    liii\    i)f    till-     IdwiT   liaiiil  ^aw 

wl 1.  anil  iliMii  (lilt   the  «avvilii-t.    Unii- 

xhnw    V.   Slii/ihs    lISMOl    H2    .Mi.li,    (I'lt. 
4ti    X.    W.     l(i:).')     (iiiyiiii'cr    <tarlcil    inn 
cliiiK'iy   while  tin-  (illicr  ■xrvaiit   was   in 
till-  box ) . 

TliH  head  <ai'|Miilri  at  a  mill,  ill 
tlioii^lli  fii;.'a;;iil  ill  iiiakiii;!  n|>iiis  «>n 
his  iiiastir'^  vc«<i-l.  whiili  is  clo-c  liy,  i* 
still  a  fellow  M'i\aiil  willi  a  mill  liaiiil. 
at  least  while  the  ear|H'Mlei'  i«  eii:;a;jeil 
in  the  mill  sawiiiy  liiiiiliei  for  smh  re 
pairs.  Siiiiininl  v.  r.//7.v(,»  (  IS'KM  1 
Wash.  2!t.  ■>:',   Pae.  S:if». 

Kiii|>lo.vees  in  inil  aliout  a  lloiniii'.; 
mill,  eii;;a'je(l  in  piiiisely  (he  same  Im-i 
liess  liy  I  he  same  .iiiiiloye:-  for  tlii'  ae 
(om|ili-.limeiit  of  a  <-eiiiiiion  ohjeet.  none 
of  whom  lia\"e  any  eontml  or  anliimilx 
over  the  others,  are  <i.  rivaiils.  Silnuiill 
V.  Liislil.oii-  (ISH'.M  (i  Dak.  ;i.Sii.  i:i  N. 
\V.   8iO. 

Kmployees  in  oliar;;e  of  Ihair  rolling; 
mills  are  fellow  servants  with  another 
PinpToyc)'  en;;ajieil  in  o|Mratiii;.'  a  feeii 
mill  on  the  same  H(«ir;  anil  (his  rela 
tion  poiitiniies  when  the  employi  es  in 
iliarpe  of  (he  (loiiriiif;  mill  are  detaileil 
(o  exi'lian^'e  (he  rollers  in  the  feeil  niill 
for  those  that  are  sliarjier.  /'/vck  v. 
Slott  (ISIlil:  Mieh.).  (i  l)et.  1-.  N.  .\>r,. 
T!l  N.   W.  8!Hi. 

.\n  eii^riiieer  in  a  nillin^rniill  is  11  co- 
servant  of  an  o|>erative  enu'a):;<il  in  heat 
in;;  nail  irini.  ('iildnill  v.  /{/•«»■»(  ISlKi) 
o.T  Pa.  4.").'t  (explosion).  .Xinl  of  a  worU- 
niiin  en;;a;;e(l  on  the  rollers.  I'liiliidrl- 
jihia  I  mil  ((■  S.  Co.  v.  /;.//iv  (ISS(i)  111 
Pa.  .5!t7.  .5t)  Am.  P.i-p.  ;10.">.  4  Atl.  r,\:i 
(en;;iiieer  eontinnpil  to  work  with  fly 
wheel  whieh  he  knfiw  to  he  in  a  danger- 
ous rnnilitiim — plaintiff  was  strnek  by  a 
fra;.niient  of  one  of  the  elaiiips  whieh 
hroke). 

.\  eheniisf  pniployerl  in  a  pajxT  mill, 
withi'it  authority  or  rontrol  over  the 
emplc.  i-os  or  niaehinerv,  and  himself 
under  the  authority  of  a  ;;eneral  sii|)er- 
intendetit,  is  a  fillow  servant  with  an 
employee  onL'n;:ei!  ii.  workin;;  at  the  m:i- 
I'hinerv.      1117.1.;)/    v.    Iltiilsnii    Rim    Wa- 


it 1  rmni  i(  /•<//..,  I'll.  (lS(i:i)  71  lliii:. 
\iM.  -14  \.  V.  Siipp.  1(172  Mater  aates 
opeliiil    liy    ehellli-(  I  . 

.\  seeoiiil  li.;i'd  or  scconil  foi. man  1111 
del  (he  ie;:iilar  I'oleinan  of  (he  iiiaehliie 
-hop  de|>ai(ni<'iil  of  a  eofton  faetoiy. 
«liii  (ak  -  hi-  orders  from  his  imnieili 
ale  foreman  or  (he  ;;eiiiial  siipei  inleiid- 
ei,  i-.  MJiilo  eiiipli',,  ij  al"  III  his  woik 
ill  llle  maeliilie  -hop.  and  ullile  pas-iti;: 
aeio-s  a  yard  on  (lie  ground,  a  fellow 
servanl  uilh  (he  oveisn  1  of  (he  sla«li- 
in;;  and  dies.iny  room,  in  the  upper 
par(  of  (he  faeforv.  Itimli  iir  v.  I  i(//<  1, 
fiilh  I'd.  ,  ismii  "ic,  I!.  I  44«.  17  .\(i. 
")4  linjiiiy  laiised  hy  (hrowiii;;  down  of 
eiiiply   liariid). 

.\n  eiiyraM'r  and  prin(er  is  -,.  fellow 
servaiif  of  an  eii;;ine<'r  in  eliarye  of  an 
en;;iiie  fiirnisliiii;;  heat  and  power  (o  the 
same  eslaldi-hniiiil.  I'luilimi  v.  //o.v- 
iiiir.  (  ISIMti  V.Vl  |"a.  t;i7,  HI  \(l.  :il)l 
(injury  sii>laiiiet.  hy  falliii;;  (hroii^jli  a 
trap  door  earile-sly  left  iinfasl,  ned  hy 
(he  engineer,  to  wlioin  i(  served  as  a 
reimihii  nieaiis  of  aeee--.  (o  I  lie  eii;;iiie 
loom  ) . 

.\n  eiiLiiiieei   and  an  einployiii  direed'd 
(o      (leal.       (he      ell'jine      are      e.i-elvallts. 
Siiiiiiir  v.  Dhii,  ,1    I/.  /,'.  r,,.    (ls:ij)    l.to 
Ind.   ISI.  V.I  \.  ]■:.  !M.".  (maehinry  s|ar( 
eil    widiniM    wainin;;!. 

'I'll!'  man  who  draws  the  red  hot  iron 
from  llie  foi;;e,  and  (he  oik-  who  ham 
niers  it  into  shape,  are  eosei\aii(-. 
Itiirlunnliill  liiiil  Cii.  V.  Krid  (IS.'ill  .■} 
.M  leil.  II.  I..  Cas.  2(il!.  4  .liir.  X.  S.  7ti7, 
|ier    (.on,    Colonsay,   iiiiiurniln. 

Kmployees  enea;;el  in  eleanint;  out  a 
yearin;;  pi(  in  a  faefory  are  fellow  ser\ 
ants  ef  an  employe(  eii;;;i!.'ed  in  feedin;; 
a  niaeliiiie  on  (he  -anie  tliMir.  Hiiii.r  v. 
Xiiliiiiiiil  liiiliii  Ifiililiii-  Cii,  (IHil7i  21  I!. 
I.  44(i.  44  .\(l.  :in7  (plaiiK  ill's  cond-ii 
(ion  was  (hat  (he  didinipunS  were  not 
en;;a;;ed  in  the  ordinarv  wink  of  the  fae 
tory ) . 

.\  niaehinisl  plaeiuL'  shaftin;;  in  a 
shop  and  a  wiirkinan  operalin;;  one  of 
the    maehines   are   coservanfs.      Ticl.d    v. 

liiiiiiiifihni.  c.  If   if  .V.  A*,  fii.   (isnn) 

iOO   Iowa.  20.->,   (in  N.  \V.  422. 

The  memliers  of  a  jran;;  en;;a'_'ed  in 
niovina  a  lar;;e  primUtone  wei-e  held  to 
he  eoservants  in  Siillinm  v.  Xiilinlmjii 
rile  Co.  (lilOO)  21  R.  I.  540,  4,'i  Atl. 
.".49. 

Two  eni|)loyees  eiisa;;ed  in  oixratin;; 
a  paper  winder  in  a  paiMT  mill  are  co- 
ser\ants  while  the  i>a|>er  is  hein;;  wound. 
Kniilir  v.  ll'i.v(<///.si/i  h'inr  I'lr  i-  i(- 
I'lilp  Co.   (lltOl)    110  Wis.  (i4.i.  80  .      W. 

r,n-2. 

(r)    F.rnplnyron    in     himhrr    ynt     — A 


ml 


IW4 


MAS'll.l!    \M)  SKKVAST 


[(  II.M'.   xxvil. 


i4...J' 


I  9f 


per«>ii  i-iii|>l<iv<'i1  to  |iilc  IiiiiiIh'i  in  « 
.vuril   is  II    lilliiw   MTViint   of  mu'   «li(i-.r 

dutil->  ;llr  In  J>^(irl  iiml  »ialr  -.llcll  lllMl 
Imt,  wIii'Ii'  Ihc  (liitii-i  lit'  Kiilli  nil'  lull 
Kti-|i4  ill  |iii'|iai  iiiu'  till'  liiiiiliir  tni'  -ilr. 
I'nisir  V.  Will  Itiiir  l.iiiiiln  i  r«.  (ISltl) 
45  .Minn,  ^.i.-.,  47   \.   W.   Th.", 

'I'lie  ti'ii'iiiiiii  of  11  liiMilii'i  Viiiil  mill  II 
Ii'l):iiriT  of  till'  tliiik>  iiic  i'miIIi  f.llnw 
-oniiiit-.  of  n  lalioriT  who  i.s  iiijiiii'd 
wliiic  Ill-ill;.'  roiivi'Vi'il  fioiii  oni'  |»iil  of 
till-    yaiil     111     iiiiiitliiT.         MiFmliiiii    v. 

uiiiii'iiii    ( issn  :>  (Int.  Ki'|i.  :iif2. 

(.s)  Si  fiiitilyi  iinflnnij  in  iiuitirifH.— 
Two  riiiiilii_\i'('s  i-iimh;:im1  in  lilii-tin^ 
ail'  lo-i'i  vaiil«.  Ili.v/.ic  V.  Mniilillii 
tlniiiih  ri,.  {  IlKII  I  III  Wis.  44;i.  .s;  N. 
\\  .  4t!l  (lilast  iiii|irir|K'ily  |iri-|.iii'il) .  A 
»ri\ant  rliL'apil  ill  hiasliii;.'  rock-  is  it 
ti  lliiH     »,  r\;Ult    of   olli'    lialllili;;    I  llr    lork. 

itiiiiiiiii  V.  /.iiiiiKiiiir,  /;.  ii-  HI.  Ij.  I!,  fit. 
I  Is.si)   100  hill.  till. 

it  I  Sirriitits  inifhiitff  in  ur  nlnmt 
niiiiin,  mill  siniil'ir  iriirl:.  (St  also 
-iiliil.  (z)  infim. —  ('ci-i'i\  iiT  lia>  liiH'ii 
lull!  to  i'\i~t  in  till'  lolliiwin^'  ta»i"«; 
Hull  \.  Iiiliiisiin  (1SII.">|  ;t  lliiilst. 
&  C.  ."iHO.  11  Ji'i.  N.  S.  I.so.  .'tt 
L.  J.  i;\.li.  N.  S.  lli.  1.1  Wii'k.  I!i'i>. 
411,  11  I..  T.  N.  S.  77!l  riiiidirlooki'r" 
wliosi'  duly  il  was  In  >i'i'  llial  roof  wiis 
|ii(i|>lK'il  and  till'  iiiiiirrsi:  liiilliii  v. 
Ilihlir,  Silnr  Miii.  «„,  (IS7.-H  :t  Sawy. 
."lOO.  Ki'il.  Ca--.  No.  7,701  (siTvanIs 
liii'akini;  do\Mi  llir  on-  willi  |iifk«  and 
liy  Ida-tin^.  In  lil  In  ho.  co^iivaiits  of 
i.tliiTs.  at  till'  same  tiiiir  loadiii<;  and 
Mlii'i'liii;.'  mil  till'  oil'  so  luokcn  ilown- — 
i-iij.'a;;i'd  in  dilli'ii'iit  '  a<S's  of  tlie  sanii! 
work  of  ri'iiioviny  ore  from  tlif  iniiicl  ; 
Trinuihiiir  v.  I.oirir  Ifiii  Vonl  Co. 
(issiti  (i:J  Iowa,  57<i,  17  N.  W.  775 
'roadman  i«  a  follow  sonant  with  n 
minor).  Book.  J.,  dissontod.  but  i'K'II'- 
ly  on  till'  ^[riiiind  that  tlio  ovidi'iioo  jus- 
tiliod  tlio  jury  in  finding'  thai  tho  in 
jury  was  caused  liy  tlir  iiojili^ioiiic  of 
the  su|K  rintondont).  Vunl  frirl:  I/in. 
rii,  V.  Dm-is  (ISOl)  00  Tonn.  711.  18 
S.  W.  387  I  in^iiiiii'i  of  mine  oii^'ino,  and 
t  iidor  of  vontilatin;.'  fiirnaoci:  (Jiiiiini 
\lin.  To.  V  Kiltx  (1S70)  42  Miih.  .14. 
:!  X.  W.  240  (limlM  iinan  rliaifri'd  with 
duty  of  lookini.'  nfliT  a  lirid^c  ovor  a 
iha.sni.  anil  a  minor)  :  Sinidrr  v.  Vinlii 
l/in.  .f  .*>'.  Co.  (1S!I1)  2  Idaho.  771.  2(5 
Par.  127  ( Id  nk-niith  oiii|.liiyod  on  tho 
-urfaoo  to  «liar|«n  tools  for  minors  and 
I  hi!  minors  iindor  v'''<"i'"ll;  <V/)-i7/ov 
Coal  C".  V.  Ili.yinnil  1 1807*  0  N.  M. 
in,  4!)  Pao.  807  (minor  jiaid  aoonrdiiij; 
to  tho  quant  ily  of  ooal  niinod  by  him  is 
a  fellow  sorvant  with  nu-n  oniployod  hy 


tho  (lorator  of  tho  niino  to  assist  in 
^'oll  in;;  out  ooal  wilhoiil  aotii.illy  drill- 
in;.'  Iioli's  or  aidin;:  in  Ida^tiii;,'  with 
(Hiwdi'r.  iiHim  full  of  liro  diini|i  on 
torod  with  iiakod  l,iiii|il:  llmiinr  V. 
I\in,l  llillllll  40  C.  f  .\.  .'il.l,  100  Foil, 
."iiil  I  hi'l|iir  of  o|ioraliir  of  drillin;;  nin- 
ihiiio  injiiiod  by  failuro  of  nno  of  tho 
ilrillinj;  i  row  to  -oaioh  for  "iiiissoir' 
^I'ots,. 

Ill)  Sinitnts  I  nifiiifiil  in  liuilitinif  nf 
M/i(i/./ii/iy  xhijis.  Uirkmofi  oni|doyod  to 
fix  shoot.,  of  iiiital  on  tho  hull  of  a  vi'>«ol 
and  worknion  oni|iloyoil  to  oaiilk  tho 
so.iiiis  tlioroin  are  follow  sirvinl-.  Unt- 
il r  V.  Tinrnsinil  (ISIII)  12(1  \.  V.  10."l. 
2(i  v.  K.  1017.  Itivoi-in;.'  .12  X.  V.  S.  K. 
lo.-i.'i,  10  \.  V.  Su|i|>.  HOn.  Tho  oourt 
said:  ".\s-umin;.'.  Ilioii.  that  tho  luni|i' 
ors  woro  scivaiits  uf  tin'  dofondant,  ait 
iny  iindor  tho  diroilion  and  orilor*  of 
llioir  foroman,  thoy  woro  aUo  tho  fol- 
low s('i\ant^  of  tho  oaiilkors.  Untli 
woro  woikiiiff  at  tho  saiiio  linn-  iindor 
a  oiiiiimon  niastor,  ii|ii>ii  tlio  -amo  vos- 
sol  and  i'lii;a;.'od  in  tin  saiiio  ;;iiiiral  oni 
|doyiiiont.  That  to  some  oMoiit  thoii 
Irailos  Moio  ditloiont.  and  ono  mi;;lit  not 
ho  skilled  in  I  ho  work  of  tho  ollior.  is 
immatorial  wlioro  all  woro  workiii;.'  on 
tho  hull  of  the  vo-si'l,  for  ono  f.'onoral 
|)iir|iiiso.  to  aoooni|plish  one  oominon  re- 
sult, and  nndor  ono  oontrol.  Svoison 
V.  Mliinlii-  Mail  >'.  .S'.  <  o.  (1874)  .57  X. 
Y.  108.  Their  hilior  was  moro  closely 
and  clearly  rolaloil  to  the  ;.'oneral  |>ur- 
|)Os;'  than  that  of  a  oar  ropairi'r.  a  head 
liraki'maii,  ,ind  a  yard  masli'r.  who  were 
hold  in  a  ;.'ivon  instance  to  have  hifu 
follow  servants.  Ilixrl  v.  .Yfio  York  V. 
d  U.  Ii.  a.  Co.  (1877)   70  N.  Y.  171." 

A   sralFold    hiiildor   ami    a    rii;;.'or   eni- 

filoyod  on  a    stoainSi.at    in  port    arc    fol 
ow  servants.      I'iil.i  ft  v.  .illiis  H.  8.  Co. 

(1881)  12  Daly.  441. 

The  carponlor  who  prepares  a  .scaf- 
fold for  the  Hoikmoii  on;;a;.'i'd  in  con- 
striiotin;.'  a  shi|i  and  tho  workmen  am 
follow  sorvants.  Itii.\lrii  v,  /■'.  11'. 
Whrilir  i(  Co.  (18<i4)  l6:j  Mich,  inti, 
27   I..   I!.  A.  200.  (il    X.  W  .  (i.-i8. 

(v)  Cii  irs  of  sliipn  mill  lti}iit.i. — .-Ml  tho 
nietnhers  of  a  sliip's  oiow,  iiioliidin;;  of- 
fioors.  are  oosorvants.  Tlif  Qnnn 
(18«»)  40  Kod.  fi!l4:  Thf  Itarnisilnle 
(1S04)      fi.1     Fed.     024:      Thr     Vlrloiiit 

(1882)  l:i  Fed,  43;  Tlir  Snrhrm  (1800) 
42  Fed.  OCi;  SItirni.  v.  Snn  I'riinriyro  <(- 
V.  /'.  It.  Co.  !1S!).!)  100  Cal.  iVa.  .Ti 
Pao.  lri.">  (oii'jiiioor  and  firoman  of  forry- 
hoal )  :  CriinxUit  v.  Ilnnlins  (1S!)1)  40 
Fed.  400  (cook  and  oii^'inoor)  :  Tlif 
Cilij  of  Alrsninlrin    (188.'! 


ii88:i!  17  Fed.  .inn 


^  WH] 


COM.Mi  IN  KMl'hOVMKNr-  (  ONTINl  KD. 


1375 


(ilowiiri!  mill  rliirf  ci-ik  of  stiMnirr)  ; 
//((/  Itiiir  l.ini  V.  Cluiilhinii  (I.S!I4)  0 
C.  t  .  A.  IJ«,  •i-.i  I'.  S.  \|.|..  111.  CO  r,.,i. 
.'ilT  idi-ck  li:iiii|  mill  iiiMii  titidipi;.'  tlii' 
I. ill  (if  llic  landinK^I'i^'i'l  ;   ifmliii-  S.  S. 

Co.  V.  Ml  II liii, it  (issui  i:i:'t  1  .  s.  :i7"). 
.IM  I,,  oil.  li.^fi.  in  Sup.  (  t.  I!i'|i.  .'HIT  (por 
li'i  mill  <Mi|«-iilif  ipf  a  «lc,ini-hi|>  hclil 
)n  111-  co-.'n  mil  of  Ilii-  >tc\\aii|i-s) .  Ill 
till-  liHt  i-.\'f  till-  ciHiit  said:  ".X^  the 
1' TtiT  WHS  niifoscdl.v  in  thr-  xiiiiiu  de- 
pMiliiiciit  Willi  tlic  -l«-\\iiiilc-s.  Iiis  neg- 
ii'.'iiHi'  Hii-i  that  of  ii  fi'lliiw  scrvimt. 
'Ihc  roiilciitioii  of  111!'  phiiiitiir  is  tliat. 
11-  till'  fMi|Hinti'r  WHS  in  llir  ilnk  depart 
iiioiit  anil  flic  sti'wai'di'ss  in  flic  slcw- 
iinl's  dip.irlnicnl,  tliosc  wiic  dillcicnt 
(li'|>ai'tiiicMts  in  such  a  s<>n-c  lliat  the 
'•iiipcntcr  was  nut  a  fcllnw  scivant  with 
tlic  .tcwardi>ss.  Hut  wc  think  that,  on 
till-  i\iiliiicc.  both  tlic  porter  and  tlip 
ciiipciilcr  were  fellow  si.i\ants  with  the 
plaintiir.  The  eaipeiiler  had  no  aiitlior 
ity  over  (ho  plaint  ill.  nor  had  the  por 
ti'r.  They  and  tin-  plaiiiliir  had  all 
-iiineil  the  shippinpr  artich-;  and  the  di 
\i>ion  into  departineiits  was  one  evi 
(li'lill.v  for  the  convcnieiiec  of  adriiinis- 
tration  on  the  vessel,  and  did  not  have 
tile  eirect  of  eausine  the  porter  and  the 
rarjicnter  not  to  1m>  fellow  servants  with 
tlic   stettardess." 

The  owners  of  a  pilot  boat  are  not  li- 
alilc  for  the  death  of  nie"  in  a  yawl 
uliicli  has  been  lowered  to  take  a  pilot 
frnin  an  oiitjioiny  ves7.el.  and  which  is 
struck  by  the  vcssid.  where  the  accident 
Wiis  caused  by  the  fiiiliire  of  the  man  in 
flinrjie  of  the  stern  painti'r  of  the  yawl 
to  .swing  the  yawl  around  b.v  it  so  as 
til  enable  it  to  bo  rowed  awav,  and  by 
the  iiesli}»onee  of  anoxier  soHnian  in 
|iiciii;iliircly  yiviiiL'  'be  ri'|><irt  that  the 
ya'.vl  was  pone,  since  se  h  men  are  fd- 
low  servants  of  tho: 
«oii  v.  Vnilril  \i'n 
I'il'ils  Afno.    (  18!l!l> 

l\v)  Sci'tdtits  I'll 
iniliiiiiHiig  sAi//.<j.  — 
fillinv    servant     of    i. 

hnj;   tlie    ljooiIs    which    ..  _    

III  or  unloaded  by  the  noi-tiufi  ma 
f'liiiiirv  under  his  control.  Thr  f'lii- 
iu.siil,i'r  (18117)  7!t  Ki'd.  !t7-2  (tub  fell 
en  man  in  hohll  :  77ic  «„;;,;„  (ISit:?) 
•il'  I-'cil.  (126  (box  aliowc'il  to  descend  so 
qiiiikly  that  it  bounded  olV  the  deck  and 
fill  into  the  hold)  :  (Iiirn  i  v.  \rir  Yniic 
i!  C.  Mini  S.  S.  Co.  (18!»S)  2(!  .\pp.  Div. 
J-'li.  'lO  N.  Y.  Supp.  77  (assumed  in 
(•<<cl  :  77ir  ftiniiiis  (18(1:^)  2  C.  C.  A. 
102.  8  V.  S.  Ajip.  40,  51  Fed.  91,  Re- 
versini;  •■  1   ill )   49  (Vd.  303. 


<-ii,l- 
TJiinl 


I'nifl  mill 
an    is    a 
.man    hand- 
are    bein?    load- 


.\n  eiiyii r  and  a  y'l.v  ti-ndor  n- 

low  seivaiils  of  a  lon^'-hiireiiian  Woi  ^ 
ill  the  hold,  rill  Sin  la  (ISOl)  44  ted. 
0  »:i. 

.\  i-r-on  placnl  to  attend  the  hatch- 
way of  a  vi  --1  I.  and  to  :,'ivo  waminy  to 
tho»e  heluH,  I  iiiploycd  (i>  a-sist  in  load- 
ing the  vesnel.  is  a  coeiiijuuye*'  with  thu 
laller,     lliiiiii      S.    S  y.     Chnney 

(  1  Slid  I    Hii  (ia.  278,   12  S.   K.   .'l.jl, 

.\  labiirer  loadiiie  cargo  in  the  hold  of 
a  ve-«il.  and  another  laboiTr  above,  are 
fcllnw  senanls.  hiiiuii  v.  i'lnmrd  K. 
S.  Co.  {|88,'i!  20  .lone.  A  S.  4.14  ( lalior- 
er  abeve  caielesslv  handled  load,  Ml 
that   it    f(dl). 

Kmployees  loading  a  ves.el  with  conl, 

and  1  boi.tor.  are  co..>rv,int,s.     The 

lxii,,iln   I  ISSlii    2H  Ted.  478. 

<iiie  eiiiployed  b.v  the  owner  of  a  ship- 
yard in  o|N'rating  a  -team  winch  sup- 
plying pin\er  with  which  to  unload  lum- 
ber from  a  ship  by  means  of  a  ro|K>  and 
tackle  running  from  (he  wharf  to  the 
ship,  and  a  workman  also  cmployisl  by 
the  owner  of  (he  yard  in  pilin,'  the  lum- 
ber as  it  is  unloaded,  are  I  How  serv- 
.inls.  Ohen  v.  Sliiiin,  4U  .\|i..  Div.  422, 
liO  X.  Y.  Supp.  l.U. 

I  .\ )  Sin  lints  iiiijitiiiiril  mi  iiurhs  of 
I'liislriiclio:.. — .\  mason  eii_: aged  in  con- 
-t meting  the  brick  work  of  a  struc- 
ture and  a  cariienter  engaged  in 
constructing  the  wooden  part  of  the 
same  struct  hit  are  fellow  servants. 
h'lith  V.  Wiill.ir  Iron  <f-  Conl  Co.  (1888) 
81  V,a.  40,  7  S.  K.  lllli.  lirick  masons 
and  carriers  of  brick  and  mortar  on  the 
same  building  are  fellow  servants.  Hla- 
•Jii.tki  v.  I'crkiii.t  (1800)  77  Wis.  9,  4S 
\.  W.  047. 

.\  mason  and  a  hod-carrier  are  co- 
-civants.  Ilniiiioii  v.  Sinuli  n  (ISOii)  68 
111.  .\pp.  Kit:  Miihirv.  Mitlnilh  (1806) 
.".8  X.  .r.  T..  4(!0.  ,"„■?  Atl.  040  (masons 
con-triictcd   a  defective  scafTold). 

.\  painter  upon  a  new  bouse,  who  uses 
a  scalVolil  erected  by  carpenters  in  build- 
ing the  liiiu-e,  is  a  fellow  servant  of  the 
earpeiiteis.  Ilunr  \.  Mrrrill  (188i;)  62 
Miili.  .'!S6.  20  X.  \V.  lr>  (cariienters 
here,  not  inde|«'nilent  contractors — "all 
employed  in  a  common  pursuit,  in  car- 
rviiig   out    a    coiiimon    eiilerprise"  i . 

.\  servant  in  charge  of  a  derrick  and 
a  servant  )ios(ed  on  a  building  are  fel- 
low servants.  I'ox  v.  Biiiulforil  (18.')fi) 
4  Snccd,  ,36.  67  .\ni.  Dec.  .")87  (plainfifT 
s(nick  by  timbers  hoisted  by  the  der- 
rick,  and   thrown   (o  the  ground). 

.\  common  lnlx>rer  employed  in  build- 
ing a  bridge  and  an  engieeer  o|)erating 
the  hoi-ting  mnohiiierv  fi-r  it?  eoiistnic 


l:i;i) 


MAMI.lt  AM)  ^KllVWr 


(CIIAH.    XXVII 


tion  urn  fclliiw  -onatit'^  hIuti'  IhiIIi  Im- 

lollj;    In    llll-    »;IMir     (line     llllllir     llll'    »II1IH' 

li'ii'iiMii't     onlir".      It'iiiiii      V.      UH'iillii 
ll.s!il(    li.-t  M.I.  ii;i(i.  27  S,   W.  .Via. 

.\  uoikiimn  •iiyiit.i'ii  in  riiriviiiy 
pirc'i  H  of  IuiiiIh'I  ill  a  Imilillli;:.  iiml  ;iii 
iiiyiiifcr  ill  itinn;i'  of  iiti  niyiii.-  hy 
ttliiili  xiuli  IiiiiiIh'I    i»  Ikm-IimI.  nri-  |iriiiiii 

flll'il'    fl'lliiW     «i|\:llll-.       SItiilulil    V.    I'niK 

«</•    (  lH!i.,i    .V)   M,>.    \|i|i.  .-|(i>i 

.\  wiiikiii.iii  i'iii|il)  Mil  ill  llll'  liiiililiii^ 
iif  It  liMii-i  .  h.niii^'  kiiiw  Icilyc  th.il  I'i'l- 
Inw  ■*♦'!  \iuii>  :iir  ('h'iiriiiy:  ;i\xii\"  nilitii^li 
<  II  llic  ii|>|M  r  lliHir.  ii— iiiMi's  llll-  ri~k  in 
riili'iil  to  lii*  ••iii|ilii\  iiii'iil.  Sdiiii  r  v. 
llanisiiH  ilHST;  Pa.iH  C-iil.  I!i-|i.  I.'lll. 
S    .Ml     7!i!i. 

A  Piir|iiiilir  <'iiy;i'jiil  in  Ihr  I'dii-lrnc 
linn  <if  II  liiiililin^'  riniinl  nruvcr 
ii;.Miii«l  liii  riii|>iiiy<T  tin  injiiiii'-  ro 
•  civiil  liv  iH'in;;  -it  rink  In  niMii-li 
lliiiiMii  Iroiii  ;iti  ii|i|H-r  lliKi  liv  u  l:iliiiii'r 
rMi{ilii\  <'>l  liy  llii'ir  riMiiiriiii  iiui^ttT  In  n*- 
niiivr  -.iiili  inlilii-li.  Sjiillaiii  V.  Hii.\l 
niniis  I'll.  (Iimoi  .13  Mi-c  |ii:i.  (j;  N.  V. 
Su|>ii.  SliT.  l!i.MT-iin«  I  nilllM  A-'  Mi-.-. 
2a.).  (!."i  X.   V.  Sii|i|>.  lillH. 

.\  InirkliiyiT  )'n;!ii;;i'<l  in  liiiililin^'  ,i 
RcwiT  iinil  t!io  wiii'Uiiii'n  wlin  imimmIo 
nm\  ilirallii"  Itic  ticncli  iin-  frllnw  •  'i\ 
mil-.  r,i,l'\i  V.  Huff  (isiiiii  lij  N.  .1. 
I..  7."iS.  Al  .Ml.  7ai.  (Citiii-;  I.i.iiiiIiHii 
V.  Slillr  IISK71  l"">  N.  V.  l.-i!i.  II  N.  K. 
:i;i  ;  Wilsijii  \.  Mr, HI  |ISI1,><|  I,.  I!.  I 
U.    I.,   Sr.   A|ip.  Ciis.   .Til!.    Ill   I,.  T.   X.   S. 

Mrnilirrx  nf  diircriMit  ri('\\>  cnira;;!'!! 
in  (■(niHtiiii'tin','  ii  tri-tlc  iin-  rn-iTvanls. 
f'.i//.i/«  V.  Hull  (IHlllii  lia  ChI.  .)!i.I.  4.5 
I'mc.    I(tl7. 

\\'IifiT  11  fori'iimn  h:n\  clijirpi'  nf  inon 
"iirkin;:  <pn  ii  part  of  llii'  work,  iiml  iiNci 
of  an  rriL'ini'cr  on  inollicr  (tail  of  tin' 
novk.  anil  plaint  ill.  who  was  one  of  Ilic 
-ii\aiitn  eiiiployiMl  in  llii'  liist  «oiU,  was 
iniiiivil  vvliili-  licl|iiii^'  In  aiijiist  thi'  rn- 
;,'ini'.  nnilir  oriliTs  of  tin-  fnirnian.  tin- 
fon-nian.  <'ii;.iiii'cr.  and  ptaintitV  wiTi'  fri- 
low  MTVallis.  Hull  II  V.  Ili-uiii  (IHM'.ll 
1.')  App.  Div.  4-2H.  Ii(»  \.  Y.  Siipp.  840. 

(y)  Si  rritiitfi  rni/niit'il  in  fr^niiiinij 
lil'iiil. — Till'  Paul's  a»  Id  SI  rv.iiil-  of  tliis 
■las<  ari'  colliilcil  in  ii  R22.  pnyl.  St 
alno  snhil.    (  ni ) ,   siipin. 

(z)  Siri'iints  I'lirrnfinii  hnistinq  up- 
fmrtilits  mill  tilln,  simiiits  in  Ihr  sitiiir 
rKfiihlishnirnl. —  ( ^ci*  also  snhils.  (s), 
(w).  (x).  .s»/i/ii  »  "Tlio  man  wlio  li-ts 
tile  ininiTs  ilowii  into  tlic  iiiino  in  onliT 
that  tliey  may  work  tin-  rual,  and  aftri 
wards  brink's  ilicni  up.  tiMjiilicr  with  tlip 
poill  wliicli  lluy  liavi'  dii^.  is  ciTlaiiily 
I'ntJBged    in    a    roimniin     work    with    tllG 


iiiint"r<  lluiii-i'Ucs.  Tlii-y  an-  all  nm 
Iriliiitiiiu  iliiiitly  tn  llic  loninion  iilijii  I 
nf    llii'ir    I'oiiinioii    ciniiloyiT    in    lirln^lii;' 

llll-       iNll     to     till-     slllt.l.i      '        llilihiiisliill 

(lull  <•„.  V.  /,'.../  (is,-is.  a  .\lnci|.  II.  I,. 
I  as.  :ii(i.  4  .I'M  N.  s.  7117.  |MT  Lord 
I 'oloiisay  :  Itrniltiuni  \.  tximistmi  t'lmt 
Co.  I  IHlia,  l,-i7  I'.i.  2:11.  27  .\ll.  IIMI  III' 
»rr-4-  lr\iT.  pulled  loo  far.  ran«iil  llii' 
i.iL'i  III  -liiii.l  up  rajiidjyi;  Mitlhrrn  \. 
I.i'',;h  \iilli  II  liHil  ri,.'i\H<.\i)  llil  l>a 
2:11     2'<    .Ml.    IIIS7;    SiniiKi    \  nil,  n   ri,„l 

I  ■'.    \.    I'    •lliul     I  IS!IHl     .'10   C.    C.    .\.     his. 

■^  r.  .><.  App.  .■>7."..  s)i  r,-,!.  4aa;  Tn 

i-iillii,  v.  Iliiiliiniiin  Hill, I  Uiii.  ,1-  Mill 
'■„.  ||S!I2|  Oil  (  .il.  lO.'i.  2H  I'ai'.  .■>71.  .11 
I'.ic.  .'llil:   .Slull  V     Itiilii    Mm.  Co.    lISO'i, 

10  Ilali.  271.  •".;  I'ai'.  20.-1  (donlitfiil 
|Mili.i|>-.  wlii'tlii-r  this  lasi-  was  dpridid 
iiiidii    til'  lhiiir\    now    hi-inj;  illii-lralrl. 

II  iinilii  llial  of  (oiisoi'iation.  lull  lln' 
iisiill   is  Ihr  sanii'  in  I'ithi-r  casi')  ;  Iiml. 

11  II  \.  Ilniilil  a  r.  Sihir  Mill.  r,,.  (  |SH2i 
X  Sawy.  a04.  14  Kid.  NUa.  I  'ii'i'mirt  sal, I 
ill  llll''  lalli'i  I'.isi':  "Wi'  ilo  not  think  ii 
iiiaki's  any  diiriii'iiii'  w  lii't  lirr  hi'  was  1  iin 
iiiiiV  an  I'li^iiir.  or  workin;;  with  a  whi'  I 
iiid  axil'.  .1  piilhy  and  hiicki't.  nr  rarryiii-.' 
llll'  Mialirial  up  and  down  a  laildrr  iipi  11 
his  shoiildi'rs.  Ill-  was  doiiiK  tin-  saii  !■ 
>\i  ik.  hill  doiny  it  liy  dilli'iinl  nii'an- 
K'ciy  man  hi-low  pri  foriiiid  his  piiii  ut 
Ihi'  work  III  sinkin;;  thi'  shaft-  |lii  work 
ill  whiih  thi'V  wi'r<>  all  (•iiyai;nl  Tin  > 
\'iii'  working;  to;!illi<r  in  the  simi'  ih 
I'.irtiiii-nt    in  I'Xcavatin;;  this  sha.i.     I'lir 

■.i\  that  thr  ciiKini'  iiiniii'r  as  In-  i- 
<  illi'd.  w.is  nsiii;>  a  dill'i-nnl  inslriiiniMl 
ill  carryin;;  the  niati-rial  up  and  slip 
pliis  down  inaki's  no  iliUViinn'.  Il  ».i. 
woik  doiif-  in  .1  cnniiiiiin  I'liiployniinl.  In 
11  lomplisli  a  romnion  end — llii-  sinkiiiL; 
c  f  a  shaft.  Oiii'  s<-i\aiil  prrformrd  oiii' 
I'.iit.   anil    anothiT.   anothi'r   part." 

\  nir('h:iiii('  finployid  in  a  fartorx  is 
,1  fcUnw  servant  of  the  servant  iin 
ployed  to  o|M'rale.  and  nf  the  eiiv:inii  r 
ill  ehar^'i-  of.  thi-  hnislini;  inaihini'ry  il 
an  I'ji'vatnr.  II  0/10/^  v.  Sliiilrlinl.ir 
I  I  <S7i    a 4   Fed.    12. 

\  servant  o|K>i'alin^  hoistinj;  inailiiii 
eiy  for  a  tunnel  and  a  workinan  i'ii;.'aL:iil 
ill  I'Mav.itin;.'  the  tininel  are  eoserv.iin-. 
\li  inihrir.s  v.  /(»/ /i\  (187lil  ao  N.  .1. 
I..    117. 

.\ii  eiiirineer  o]M'r.ilin;.'  an  elev.ilor  on 
:  farm  and  a  farm  hind  loineyeil  llieie 
ill  are  loseivan's.  Shiiiiilnii,,  v.  Sim- 
ml      I1SS2I      27      Iliin.      :ili2.      lieveis,.,' 

(ISS.-))  too  N.  ^■.  .-117.  a  N.  V.  .•i7.'i.  I'lil 
nieiily  on  the  (.'round  that  th-re  wa' 
evid'-nie  that  the  im  ehiiiery  wiis  ijefert 


«  4I»H) 


(«.MMn\  i:mi'|.ii\  \ii:m  -ruMiM  i:i). 


i;t:: 


ivf.     Oil  thr  ^,(,11,1    \|i|mm|    iIs<*S|    |||  ih,.   li.rinn,   hIh,   h^i-  -hiriiii-  .1   In I; 

N.  Y.  I«s.  I   I,.  It.  A.  tH:i.  I1  S.  K.  wm.  .1-  i.<  il,i,  v.,.,..  -,■,■  .il„,  j    i!i.-,.  ii,,it<  2. 

II  vciiliii    f(pr  llif   |>laiiilj||    »,i-   iini^iil  v,i;/n(i. 

oil  (In-  t'liiiiii.l  iif  1- r\iii'.     TIh'  iii|iii>  \     iliiimi  n  |-     i*     |irii|H'ilv    -ii-l.iiii.  .1 

ipicmn'il      tlinm^jli      Ibf     (.|r\aliM-    l,.'iii(f  whir.'    •     hlciicr   .|iii\\~    Miij.li  nt    to   liavi- 

-l;iili(l    in   the  H  rimy  (lirdti'ii  n-iilli         rioin     llir    m -li;;fin  c    of    tlir 

Onr    |ll  mil    III    ilmr;;!'   (i(   ;ili    .l|i|<lllill  |l«     lllini-     of     ,1      i;irt      .11,.!     .1      »;ly.i|l     ill      .1 

fur   iiii-iiiy  iiikI    iiiipviny  »lt'ii.-  nut    of  11  fiiiiinlix     wlnii     |i|j|iililt    «ii.    iiiiitliiviil 

•jiiuriy  is  II  fflliiH  «<Tviiiil  "iili    I  i|M.ir  n- .1  liil|iii.     //<.(/.f,i  v.  ri,ii,ril  /'.  U.'i,,, 

rviiiiin  tile     i|iiiiri_v.     r;i.;/i;,i.i,i     v.  lisTti    I'tC^I.    \>i\, 

III  itmili.n  Hilii)  L'.l  i.\\  A.  Iiili.  :i:i  I'.  An  .  h,|.I.Mi.  nf  ,1  liMiiiWiiv  i'..ii.|.iiin 
S.  A|i|>.  (iSil,  77   I'.hI.  It.p.  27».  Iiaviii;.' c  I,  ii-r  iif  1(11.  Ii,,||,.i,  jii  ji,  |„,\v,.| 

A  -"I'lViint  mIio.c  duly  it  i»  to  ii|i|il>  liini-.'  hihI  .1  ti.iiii.l,  r  <iii|.!i.m-.|  1.1  h.iiil 
|M>«-iT  for  ilriiwiiiy  iiiix  Ii.iiIimI  hIIIi  i.M-'k  iinl  !■  -mli  powiT  lion-.  ,iii'  li  ll..\\ 
ii[>  iin  iiiiliiio  til  till-  top  of  ci'iiK  III  -in. 11  <.  rh„i,i  'I  I 'I  III  I', I II  III.  \. 
kilns,  on  nicivinir  11  siyiiil  from  11  co  iflliiin  (  iS'.Hii  HColo.  .\|i|..  74.  It  I'iii*. 
i'iii|iloM'f  (liiirt'i'd    with    till'  iliily  of  iil      7lill. 

tinill.it;  to  the  (hi.viiiL'  up  of  tlio  v,\r  \  foiiiiihr  In  ili;ii;.T  of  llic  jnsid<- 
mill  iliiiiipin;.'  till-  roi  k  iiilo  tjir  kiln-.  i«  work  of  1  l.i.i-l  fiiriian'  is  »  ii.-n  n  ;iiii  of 
.1  ffllow  servant  of  ll,.'  kilt.r  rimk  Ow  ciiyin.ir  o|Mialin«  11  lo.  i.inol  i\i- 
fiiunhi  f'liiiiiil  I'd,  \.  II,/,;'./  ||S!I7(  ii-nl  lo  iimHc  lai-  on  the  pniiii-i- 
III  Inil.  App.  Ii:i0,  4."l  \  K.  ^<I7  (|HIH.T  I'/'/iilv  \.  linn  I'liIlK  I'll.  (|s>,tl|  7K 
applied    hIIIioiiI    proper    -i;;Tiali  Mieli.   l>7I,   44    N.   \V.   -.'70. 

An    eie.'iiiisr    opnatiir.'    lioi-l  iii'.,'  nia  A   l.ilMier  in  .1  yrain  el-valor  i-  a  10 

iliinerv  and  1  man  ten. liny  llie  1  r.iiik  -ervanf  of  the  eaptain  of  a  tiiy  ii-ed  tii 
are  eo-iivaiil-  11  <,.»/  v.  \ ,  ir  llnlfunl  low  '.'riin  ve--il,  to  llie  elevator  pier 
I'iKil  I'll.    (IH7IH     121    .\la-s.   'i:,->.  Hnllniiirr    F.li  inlnr  I'd.    v.    \.<//    llS><r,i 

.\    ear|ii'iiler   ent.M;rec|    in    inelo-iiijr  nn    *i'i  .Md.    I:IH.  .">  .\ll.  .(.is   lyaiiU.  imI   luiiiL' 
eleviitor   shaft    within    a    fv.inie    i«  a   eo     properly  liraeed.  struck  the  huildiiiK  mul 
-ervant  of  an  employee  who  is  o|«'raliiit.'    kiiiilieil  oil'  -ome  slatiiii;). 
the  elevator.    Mniiii   v    ll'Siilliiini    i|M;i!t)  ililil     i.iiiiiliiiini     i,f     shniiiiii  ii    —   .\ 

IJIl  Cal.   til,  M    I'.ie.   :i7.'i.  ualehnian  eiiiployeil  hy  an  ilinerary-hiiH 

Two  persons  employed  liy  the  same  eompatiy  i-  a  fellow  -ervant  of  one  em 
jM'rson.  and  under  Ihe  -ame  •.■enei.il  eon      ployed      'o     mai'  l.iin     diseipliiie    anion;.' 

:r<d.  line   in  the  lailorin;;  depaitnurit   iil    the  employei-   of   II ompaiiy.   ainl    Ihe 

a  ilry-;.'o(ids  store,  the  other  to  iiin  an  eompaiiy  i-  not  li.ihle  for  tlie  de-)iiie 
eleviilia-  set  apart  fiir  I  he  use  of  ihe  em  lion  of  |«irsoii.il  properly  of  the  hitler 
(iloyees  in  yoiin.- to  iiiiil  from  their  »ork.  l>y  the  ne-.d i;.'enee  of  Ihe  former  in  kii'k 
are     fellow    servint-.     S/iirs     V.    IliKiiis    in;.'  over  a    stove  in   a    ear   ii-ed    for  the 

(I'lOli    nm   I'a.   ll-.>,  .V2   I..   It.   A.  Il.l.i    47    ■■'• mmodition     of     the     eiiiphiyi;>.    as. 

At'.  S7.'>  (hoy  allowed  ele\  ator  to  run  while  the  serviee,  dill'erisl  in  liiiid  and 
■inwn  to  haseiiieiit.  Iiolli   diirerel    from   Ihe  -eiviee.  of  oilier 

laal  Sniiiiiln  1  tiiiinii  li  hisiilr  ntiil  mil-  employees,  the;  are  eooperative  li>  th' 
v/(/e  of  iniiihiiiisiH.  fiirti.iiis.  rlr.  —  -ame  end.— Ihe  e.iiiduel  mil  iiiiiiiite 
A  wateriiian  helping  to  moor  and  iih  ii.inee  of  Ihe  di'feiiikinrs  hii-ine-s  hi  and 
iuiH>r  halves  wliieli  hrin;;  oomls  to  a  ahout  wliieh  they  were  part  iiul.irly  em 
"irehouse  is  a  <oservaiit  of  one  en-  ployed.  Mrhn.ii  v.  Itiiffntn  Hill's  Wlhl 
i;.ived  in  liftimr  those  ;;nods  to  the  WikI  I'n.  I  IHdIi)  17  Mi,e.  liOI.  411  N.  V. 
upper   doors.       I.im  II   v.    Iliinill    1  '  Siipp.  ."i!i2. 

I..    I!.    I    r.    P.    Div.    Mil.   4.")   I..   .1.   <  (eel    F.iniiUiiii  1  a    in    rrsliiuyiiiils.—T\u- 

\.  S.  ;)87.  24  Week.  Hep.  (172.  ."5  ...  head  waller  at  a  le-taurant  and  a  hoy 
r.  \.  S  IS.'t  (as  to  this  ease,  see  also  employed  to  do  odd  pihs  were  lii-lil  to  he 
?  4!)."i.  note  2.  siiiiiii. —  iniiiiy  oeenrnHl  eoservants.  Smitlnrhilr  v.  l/oon  lISllS) 
uhile  plaintilV  was  proeeediii;,'  to  the  14  Times  I,.  I!ep.  4i!I  (window  pane 
olliee   in   eiunplianee   with   oidi'rs).  whieh    hoy    was    ordered     to    clean    ;;ave 

A  servant  workin;;  inside  a  liieweiy  way  so  that  his  hand  went  thioui;h  ill. 
is  n  coseivant  of  one  whose  duty  it  is  lo  (<ldi  I'.iiiiiluiiiix  of  lumihi.iu  .  ,/</,(  1/,  / 
unload  harrids  oiit-ide  from  the  har;;i>s  i„  Ihr  fiiinliiiHiiv  of  rli  Iriiihi. — ^.\ii 
"hi(-h  hrins;  them  to  the  l.;-ewei-y.  eiiLrini-er  in  the  power  lioii-e  of  an  eh-i- 
C/ooVcv  V.  Tiii/lor  (l«7.-*l  I.,  n.  .'1  (".  h.  trie  liuht  eoiiipiUiv  i-  .<  co-ci-Mint  of  a 
Div.  102.  ;iS  I,.  T.  N.  S.  77.1.  27  Week.  I  -.iMn.  Iliiish  ri-rinr  l.lnl.l  d  I'mr- 
i!i  p.  .')2  (the  latter  servant  had  :;iine  1,  Cn.  v.  Wills  (IIMO)  110  (;,i.  \<t>,  '.ir, 
ill!.,    tlij.   hiewery    and    was    injun-il    hy    S.    K.  :ilij. 


i 


m.» 


M AMI  i;  \M)m;i;\  wr. 


Vt 


.1 


l«  IIAC     XXVII. 

4&9.  Disconiiectioii  of  duties,  when  so  great  as  to  negative  implied 
accepiante  of  the  risk  of  a  fellow  servant's  Kcgli-cnce.— jl,,    i|„.nrv 

.•Mllt..-i.,l..|    in    S      II'...    v.',/W,    ,.!.,,rlv     .1.,,..    nnl     iMV..lv..    tl...    .u,,-,  .,,1.  lUV 

Iliii'  nil  ill..  .-.  r\iiii,  .,|  ,,!„•  iii;iM.r  ,ir,.  in  ji  ,Mi,n.i iii|.|..,.  imut,  for 

llinv  iii;iy    lie   m    .li-r..iiii(  cti f   .jini,..    ,..   oivii    i],a\    it    wunli!    ]«■ 

wl.c.llv  'iiitv.i-unMl.l,.  t.,  inf,  r  tl.;.f  t!„.  .j-k  ,,|'  rlir  n.i^li.jvnf  ^.rvnni's 
a.'t  nut,  on,.  wliiHi  ilir  injn.  •■!  >,.|\inii  u. mi,!  ;i,  ,|   ;,ii.l  arr,.|,N.,|.' 

^  ^C.Ml-  of    tll«.   IM-c^    nn<ll'l'    this   liiM.I    li|v-,||l    Un   clilliiMlllV.         it    is  oil 

viol  s  forcMiriipl...  lluil  n  .n,.  ,.(  il,,.  iv,..,.ti-  a^-i-nr.l  fui'il,,.  nil-'jii.' 

prt.|..Tly    uppiirnlil,.    u|;rlv    ll,r    niu-t.T    in    .Mrnilli;    (.||    lun    dillrlVlii 

kii..l..<  of  liiisin.'ss  iiii.l  ihc  |ilMliitiir  vvii-i  \voil;ln;:  in  on.>  ,-\    l.li-lmi.rit 
an.!  tl...  ii.'g-lip.nt  ^■w.nn  in  tlic  ..tl„.r.      C.i.ini.M  ..luiilcvnK'nt  is  ii.>i 

nea'M.<iirilv  cv.n.iimtr.l  l.x  i|,r  l:i,i  il,;it  iI,,.  'v,.,,,,, ,l,'j,.,.t"  U  tlnn 

of  ninkinf;  nioiicv-  for  ihc  ma-icr.-      So,  iil-,,.  th,.  cMirls  Iniv..  rcfnM..I 

"'H  Mlo  .•ontni.t    il|,,>|!..,|   ,„l   lll,.    [wrt  cf   lllril    clmir.   I.V  rilll.lnvr.^  of   tl„.  Jlf 

nf  f  .6  *,vM,t   is  l„  l„..,r  th..  ii,k Iv  f.,.Mt    ,l..|«,,i„.,.ni,r       lif   ih.-v    «,.r..  »„ 

of  tl...    ...M.,..-.   „i   wl,„.|.   I,..   .,  ,;r^r^,;].  .,■,„,,  u.,!.   tl,,,,   11, ,,,,,,1    i,'  i,..l   to  1m. 

an.l   i...t    tl„.   ri-kH  of  oili.r  hii-i,.,.,,,  |i,.  .Ii.i.;..!  to  Inn.,  runt ni,i...l  wit!.  i..f,.i..n... 

uoiil.l  ii.;t  h.    |,r-v,.ni,.,|  l.v   l,i,  , tnict  I.,    ii,..    ,i,-..|,. ..,.„(     iHrr,..,,,... ,f     tl..- 

from  niaiiidiiiiinj;  iin  action  i>;;,iii-t   ili.-  .liH  i.  -  .,f  |,i,  i,.|l,,.v  «.r»aiit  in  sii.li  oth.T 

niantiT.   If  1...   w.T..  Iiiiiii..il   l.y   iIm'   mikU  ,!,.|,,it „\.         \,.,[utl:    d    11      It     Co     v 

;f|.noi'  of  aiiolli..r  servant    .if     ili..    H^mi..  \io/,.,/,s-    il.sii.",  i    .)|    v„     jj);i     .t\    ^'  y 

ina*t.r,     ciiira;;.,.!     in    .iIIht     I. ti..ln. -.■.."  .ti:  '      '''   "      '•     ■• 


/iliihl  V.  ,Vo/7A(rii  K.  Co.    (IsiKli    J'J  \'.         (I..;!    tl,, 


».iii  ■.•.   .if   |ti>r«.inH  rn- 


..rr  ;,     ,       ,      .     ,  .,  - '-"'  '"  '"' "  i-o;.,-  i onM.rti.ni 

If  til..  .l..|.;,iliM..nts  „1  til,,  tuo  ,..rv  Hilli  Unit  :,ln,i,i   «;,i,.|,  |1„,  ,,.,,, V  |,i,„„.|f 

"""  '"' '"■  -'["iiiti'.l  fro,,,  ,.„..!,  otli.r    is  l.i  I ,ni,l..M.,|  cmnot  In^  iv'.  ,r,l,d  „, 

lliat    tl,,.    |M,--il>ilil.v    of    cooii,,;,.    i„    ,.„„  ,,„  ,„,lii,„n    ,i,|^   „,|^  |,|^„  ,.,.,.,;,|,j„.,|   j„ 

tn..|,  iin.l  liri ..f  in.iiirin;.' ilaii..'i'i-  from  i;:i^>.,  II  y.   Ih„!.„„   Uivirll    Co     (1H-,S, 

111."  ni!'lii,',.|,l    pii  loiinaiic..  ..f  tl,..  iliili..^  IT   N.  \,  l.n. 

of  sii.li  oil,,.,-  ,1,  |Kiiln:,.i,l.   .■oiil.l   noi    l„.  S...  „l«o  tli,.  .i-.-  eil..,|  in  til.-  f.illow- 

saiil   t.)  li..   williin   II oi,l.'ii,{ih,lion   of  iii;r  iiot.-i. 

III."   iwrsoii    injii,...;.   III,.  .I.Mtiii,,.  of   f,.'  On,     j,,,!^,,    i,,,..  „,,,„.  ,„  ,|.„   |,,„„,,,   ,,, 

loH    M.rvi.-,-  >l,ool,l    not    api.iv."      \,„lh-  .1,  .lai  ii.j.-  |I,mI  ll„.  ,!,.|, ,,  i„„.„|.,l  .l^.trinp 

</.i  /'.  A'.  Co.  V.  Ilamhlii    ils-M)    l.-,t  I!.  .•,.,,„   |„.  niaiiil;,ii,..|   oi,K    |,v  ov,il„r,m-. 

S^Xlfl,  ;«  I..  ,.,l.  10....,   14  Nnp.  (,     I!,.,,,  in,'   f,.    nil,.    II,.,!    il„.   {ni,,li..,|    contract 

".;,.,           .      .    ,           ,     ,             ,  "f     "■'•     '"i-t.^r     .n.U     will,     iii,l,.„ir,itv 

_     llio  l,ni„.||,l,.  ,in<I,.ily,n.;  tl„w,.    ,lcoi     :i-.,ii.,|    1,1-.  own  iic"Ji._.,„,T  I  ,l,„.s  no"t 

sions    wliK'li    I, old    a    iiihsI.t    li^il,)..    lo   a  ,\l,  ,,.1  to  ,li;it   ,ir  ,niiilo\|.,-  ,  i,",,.-,.,!   in 

wivaiit    for   tl„.    n.^'li^'cnt    actn    of     an-  1 1,,.  -;iiii,.  .  iit,.i|.ri>. ."     /'/,  ,.v/,  ,,  v  7'    ir 

otli(.r  s..rvant   in  a  >.|i.ir ,ti'  mil  ili-tinct  117,.,/.  ,,(  Co.   (IS'U)    l(i:i  y\\,.h    I'lil    oj 

.lo|>arliii..nt  of  tlio  srrvi,',-  is  tl,at  a  s,.rv-  I,.  1!.  .\.  -sm,  (il   V.  \V.  (l.-.S    iht  lloi.k.o 

ant  only  as„iM„s  tlip  risk  fr.iii,  III,.  nr,'  .1.      I'.nl    ll,is  Hlat,.ni,.nt   is  too  sa,..|,i„.'' 

lipor,.-    of    tlios,.    so    pl,,„.|y    a-,:. ill..,!  if   ,fs>vtl   l,o   lia,|    to  tli,.   w,i"lit    of  an' 

with    hini   that    h,-   is   piv.in I    to   h;ivi.  thoritv:  for  luiliss  Ih,.  woKls^'srini,.  oii- 

oontractcl   with  i, '(,■!, i,,-,.  to  s,i,.|,  ,i.V;.-  t,r|.ii  i"  aio  hci,.  ii.,,|   in  an  iimiimi,iIIv 

hoiiisiilh  d  .\.  /.'.  Co.  V.  Shil.r,    (l.Min  narrow    s,.ms,.,   tho  ,.-s,i,l  i;il    iinta.'onism 

.'54   L.   R.   A.   (ill.;.   4S   C.   r.    .\.    Il'i.    1(1.^  ihi.      ,,r,..li..at,..l    ,lo,.s    not    ,.visl    ':,s    tli" 

I'Vil.    !):14.     Ri'vpisiii-    (imiO)     III.'     F.mI  ^  '•il,.,ll„.|-..iti,.r  s1„,w  .|iiit,.'rl.„rlv' 

■*-'■,  '■'"    /''''•''    |l'<!i.l|    I'.    .-tJd.    -.Vdr,     iH-r 

Ih..  t.'st   IS.  \\,.ip  tl„.  ,I,>partn.i.|,ls  so  .Ti.niic.    Pr.      I',rs,,i,,    ii„ph.v,M    hv    tlir 

far  sip;ii:ili.il   I'roiii  rjvh  otliiT  as  to  r\--  sani,.    ni.ist,.r.   on.'   a-    a    MastiT   fi'ir   II,.' 

.loll'  Ih"   prol.ihilily  ot   .■oiilact    ;,n,|   ,>f  pnrpos,.     of     r.-iiiovini.'     mrks,    „n,l    ll,r 

,lai,.:ir    tui.i   tl„.   ii,';,'li;.',nt    ii,'rf,irniaiioo  other  »a  woo,l  worUin.ui   in  tli..   foiimht 


I 


I  ^nn) 


foMMOV  KMI'l.dNM    NT     (MM  INI  CD. 


to  aftiii'Ii  I.,  tlir-  pliiM-c  "ciiii 1  iin|i|.i\iii(  lit"  II  incMiiitti.'  ■■>  wiil.    if 

to  l)iir  ilii.  ihiinii,  wli-Tc  OTIC  >..r\:iMt  \vi',  liir.Ml  C-.r  l.n«iti.— <  |)iir|H..(... 

Iliul    till'   ulh.r    to    iMlt'clVIl    <illli.>    Ullicll    llMM'    11 Illlri'lioll    witli    tl,.. 

.K-cii|..ili..ii  l.v  wlii.Ii  i|„.  iiiii.Htd-  milk.  ■»  lii,  liv.lili,H.il;'  iinil  wlim 

of  tlic  s(i\:iiits  «a-  liiivil  for  lioii-cliol,l  .|iii|,.i  mul  tlic  oi'iit  for  work 
I'litirdy  .li.-.H-i;.!.,!  ifMiu  th'  <luiiir,iii' i',,tiiMi-liiiii.|ir,-  .  -,  t||,.  j.iv.,|- 
viitioii  of  jijiiuc* 

iJiit  it  i-  -.(•iirfily  fi'iHiMc,  im  tin-  iiiiilioriiii-t  -tan<l.  to  li\  wiili  a 
satisfiTloiv  .li'Mivi.  „i  |)ri.i-;ioi!  ilm  .livi<liim  lino  Iwiucni  liji.iliiv 
aii<I  iioiiliihiliiy  in  .•ih.-i  wliorf  the  -oi'vaiil-  nro  workinj.'  in  ilic  miih. 
cxtiiltlislmu'iil,  or  f.ir  ijir  furllinaiici.  of  tlif  <iaiiio  iinlii  rial  ciitir- 
prige.  Sonic  of  tlic  earlier  tliiln  and  ninny's  as  to  tho  extent  of  tlm 
scnunt's  ricli,  of  ree<.\,  ly  nn.ler  ,iieli  eircunistancc>i  .^eeiii  to  have 
tfiiileil  in  the  (lireeii  .11  of  a  il.ietiiiie  whii'li,  in  its  praffical  result*, 

woiihl  have  .liU'eie.l  hut   little   \'v that  (liseiis^ed   in  the  following,' 

sulitit!.'.  !!iii  (lie  law  in  the  jiiii-.liriiui,s  fr..!n  which  these  eiua- 
nat"(|  ha»  now  h.'ii  seiilol  on  another  footin<;.' 

M  tho   iiiMt.T.  ;ir<"   not   (.llnu    -.lAMi.t-  im       (»,-,,„   ,|iiv,.n   ajraiiKt.   In.Idcr  on 

ftnni  V.    Mhiiis  f-iinilrii  .(    Miiili.    \V(„l:s  ulii   li  lic.l  r.urin    \vj<— s.tvmiiIs  miiil  to 

llHS,-,i    :.-,  <;„.  :iH,  |„.  ■■,,h|,Imv.m|   iMi.Irr  .liir..r.-Mt   iMimcili..^. 

•If  u  |iii«.iM  r  in  Mil  i.ii  the  iHiiiiMtidii  ni:<l  on  ilillricnl   <l,i-^is  of   work") 

of  ;l    iMlll-ir   .111.1    .1    I.I,   .v.T    ••)  (lillVtVIlt    lo  '111      ll'llhnishlll      i;,ill      Co.       V.       It,,,! 

liililir*,  iiii'l  liis  liill  1  li.i!^  w.m  i \ .  r  ilsriSi    :l   .\|,ici|.   II.   |,.  f-.  .,    jdu    4  .i,,, 

liy  liis  .In.MiMii,  it   Hoiil.l  l„.  stniii^',.  I<>  \    s.  Ti;;.   i.„r,l  CniMwoiil,  ,|",i„i",.,l  „itli 

siiy  tlmt  tli..  two  H.Tc  rmvaiit-.  11 ii-  .|.iovnl  :i   r.'iiiiiil:   ii.olr  l.v    I<,|,|    M,. 

ini.i!     .■mi.loyiiMiit.'      Hntimv..)!,     n..     in  \,.|||   in  (/,,i,  v.   «,,/.,.„.,    i|s.V>i    I -,  so 

11. .//./■  V.  S;„ll,  i:,isl,,„  It.  r„.   (lSil:li  s;,.--.  Ci*.  -.M  „.|i,.s,  I.t.-,.  thi.l  "it  ,1  ..,.„ 

■•  lliiil-t    H.    r.    III.'.    IIJ.  :I2   l„  ,r.   l-.v.l,.    II ;u.--.„n,.|,n,,n  vvrreto.liiv,.  ovrriii^ 

>■  .^.--'.■V  ;'.  •'',"■•  .>'■  ^•-  •"','*'•  "*   '••  '■'■    ^'     ;-'^""'  t>"  I"',  tl...  .ni.«t,.r  woiil j,„|  „, 

S..1.'..      II     U,.,.k.     I!..|,.     ,:n.  |,„I,I,.     M-      it      tlH-     ,.o„.),|„MM      Im.l     .Iliv.M 

\,ltll,r     n     .l,.|.i..-(ll-     vl-MOlt      11. ,1-     :<  ovrr  .•!   -IlMll...,!-."      Siirll  „.HMIltH  MC  not 

o>a.'lii.itii.  ..I  II   iii;uiiila.lnn.|    i,  i.mi.m.;..(I  ,.ni.M-ril  in  ••ih,-  ^,i «„||,    • 

in   a    i'(,niiiion    PTn|.lo.viii..|it    uill,    an   o|,.        •  fii    l!'lh,ir„l.r   v.     l/,/,/,\„„    rf    /     /,• 

iralivc  ill   liis   factory.      A'././,<(    v.    K.m  r<,.   ilH.-,li   .",  |i„l.  .'Cl.t    lil    \ni    \\c    101 

V./.V  CI,!.  Fl.  S.  .f  a.  R.  (•„.  (1H.I2:   \lo.  1  ,1„.  ,.„„,,,  in  l.oMin^-  a   l.i  i,!;;,.' ..arornl... 

.^r  '"";        ....         ,  ""'    '"    '"•    "    '■•"""    -'■'Vi'iit    o^    II „. 

If  on..  .•i.i|.Ii..v...l  to  .Inv,.  tlu-  |.iivat..  ;ri,|,.rr  of  tlir  train  wliicli  «as  ,  lav.  vm,.. 

oania.,',.  of   Jim   iiia-(..i    -li.aiM.     I,.v     liis  him  to  tli.'  pla,...  of  work    ..n |,.,,.iic7. 

raivl,-,    iiianM.r    of    ilnviii!.'.    injili..    nil-  to  tlic  |ilaiiiliir  .sai.I :      -His  In. mm,  ^s    of 

otliiT  KiTvaiit    of  III,,  sain..    niaM.r.    en-  lioiiv  cai  |i.miI,t.  iw  appli,.,!  tr      ,..  ,.|..,.. 

ffa^',.,1   in    -0111,.   iii....|iaiiii.il   ..niplovini'iit.  ti„ii   of  a    r.iili,i..l    ,..i,|.r,.    ,|i.|     „,i    ,>v,.n 

11  nia.v  wHl  1„.  ,loul,l,.<l  vvli,.tli,.|.  tl...  nilo  i,.„„.|..|v  link  liin  ,  \\u.  calcic.,  nnn- 

«.•  arc  con-i.l.iin-  w,ii,l,l  apply.-     Rus-  au'.n...ni    ..f    -liat    pai-i.-iilar    ti,.i„.      He 

v^Vi'u  '  '■''         ''"■    •"*''^'    '"  ''•"'    ""   l'"'i''l'^'ti"n    ill   the  .l.iticM.  th.. 

,'■'.■''        ,  ri, ;.'!., t    of   which   coiitrilnitc.I   to  the   in 

A  .Ire.i    of  a    waL'..M  n-,.,|  l,y  In-  cm  jmy    c,,„iplaincil   of.     ThoiiM,     in     somo 

j.I  .v.i-  1,1  1  he  III,  It  1,11-1,,,.-.  i.  not  a  f..l-  -,.,„e  a  sirvant  of  the  coinpanv,  he  «,,, 

imv  „.,vai,t   Willi  a   h„.l  caiii,.r  cii-il',',!  „„I   a  coservant  of  the  en^'inecr  an.l  con- 

11  III..  ci,.ci.(.ii  of  th,.  ualU  ol  an  n.l.li  ,|,„.t„i-.   within    the   ii„aiiinn.  of   I'niirrtt 

I1..11    to    the    i.iiiploy.rs     pi,.Mii-es.       I/,  V.  Hi>^t„„  .(    1\  .  /,',  ('„.   (ISJ-M  4  Met    4«| 

v'l:""'  '■■./•"".'j'"/;'."" '■','■  "^'""  •■••  '^'  ■■'■'*  \"i  I'"'.  ••!-ii'-  He  ch.aiiv  r„.ioi'i.-,:,i 

■mn','o''orV.'''        '.-■•   ^ '•..*"'.'"'•"'   '"    '"   '"    'listin.t   .1.  p  .it  ,„..„t    of'.li.tv.      .\s 
(iNiMM    28    M.:ie.    12..    ...4    \,    \.    Siipp     tu  the  euM.pan^-,  th,.,.-.,„,e,  on  U.;    par- 


!■■■  -I 


m 


m 


'\\i\ 


nm 


i\l.\sri;i!  AM)  SKUNANT. 


!     I 


[llIAI-.    XXVII. 

Sonic  Federal  court  eji.se.s,  even  if  we  tiike  tlie  ninsl  lilienil  view  of 
tiio  cireninstiiuces  under  wiiieli  a  servant  niav  lie  iieard  to  all<'i;(>  tiiat 


ficiiliir  (Hcasii)n,  (iillciiwiitiT  stmid 
olotlicd  Willi  ill!  till-  lifjlils  of  |);i-,(.|i- 
iriT  and  Hlriiiificr.  .  .  .  If  the  l.riil^'c 
hllildiT    <if    the   €'c)iil|)illl_v    U'    li';;!lldi'd    :i- 

a   ODsiTViinl   iif  tl iijriiiriT.   williiii    tlic 

nii'aiiiii^'  of  the  I'lunllii/  an<l  I'm  mil 
Ciiscs.  till'  |iiiiiii|>lc  liccoiiii's  alike  \i 
(•ions  anil  nli-md,  by  ttii'  vriy  cxlrnl  of 
its  «)i|ilic;itii)n.  Kviiv  |hi~(iii  iii  ilic 
scrvicr  of  lli|.  ciiniiiiiny  is  liioii;;lii  within 
itH  raii;;c.  JMrii  tlic' po-il  ion  of  tin.  li- 
pal  advixT  of  tlic  railroad  i>  included. 
He,  too.  is,  in  sonic  incasiire.  llie  com 
pany's  seivant.      lie  ilcrives  liis  roin|ieii- 

satioii    and    .ml  lioiity    from    llic    >; 

soiiipc    a^^    (lie   enyiiiccr.    conilin  toi .    and 
Ill-id;.'!'  Iinildci'.      Liki'  tlieiii.  tlion^li  in  ,, 
faintcl    dc;;icc.  lie  coiit  i  ilnilc^  lo  llie  ill 
timate  olijects  of  tlie  coiniiany.      Mad  lie 
liecn  on  the  train  hy  the  side  of  liilleii 
water   and    injiiicd    In    the   saiiii'   iic^di 
Keiice.  in  a  snil  a;;aiiist    the  coinpaiiy  he 
would    liave    been    siiniiiiai  ily    (lisiiiissed 
by    the    saine    ar^iiinienl.      lie    vvuiild    be 
told  that   his  action  was  of  nrw   iinpres- 
.sion.    that    he   contraitcil    with    reference 
to  the  risks  of  the  einployinenl    and   ic 
M'r\ed   a    coiii|icnsation    in    fees   with    an 
eye  to  these  ri~ks.      lie  would,  tlieicfoip, 
be   denied    lediess,     because     he     was     a 
quasi  cosi'rvant  of  the  careless  iiij^ineei. 
It  would    he  ililliciilt     to     iiiiiuiiie     upon 
what  principh    .  ciihcr  of  jusiice  or  pub 
lie   policy,    such    ruling;   could    be    siip- 
porttKl.      Kor    the    basis   ot    iinplied    con 
tract   and    increased   lonipeiisiil  i.ni.    with 
referoncc  to  such    ri-k-,   on   the   part   of 
the     c.iipcntcr     and      le;.;al     adviser,      is 
wholly  visionary." 

This  decision  Has  followed  in  Ihinulil 
sun  V.  Misni.\.siiiiii  a-  I/.  /,'.  To.  |  ISli.'n  IS 
Iowa,  2SII.  87  Am.  Dec  :i!)l  ilioldin- 
that  a  lirid^re  hiiildei's  duties  are  so  cii 
tirely  in  another  dcpartinent.  and 
wholly  discoiuK  (led  witii  operaliii:;  the 
road,  that  his  relation  to  the  eiii|iloyccs 
niananinK  a  train  whiih  ran  over  him  is 
not  lli.it  of  a  coservinti.  Itiit.  so  far 
as  Indiana  itself  is  conr'ciiicil.  it  was.  in 
elTcel.  oxerrnled  by  SItilhiii  \.  Tnhiii,  ,(■ 
ir.  H.  Co.  llS(14r-.>;t  Ind.  SI  (hrakeinan 
held  to  be  coservant  of  ^i-clioii  I'oiciiian  i. 
and  later  cases  noted  under  S  I'.IS. 
mtlini :  and  the  above  cvtiact  is  in-eiteil 
chiclly  for  the  piii  piw,.  of  showing.'  I  lie 
dilliciilties  iiiMdved  in  li'-lin;;  llic  c\isl- 
ence  or  absence  of  co.iiiuoii  ciii|i!oyiiienl 
solely  by  the  -en  'iits  supposed  oontcni- 
jilatiou  of  the  risk. 


Aii'ilher  early  reeo;.'nitioii  of  the  con- 
sc(|uenics  of  .1  iliscoiinei'tioii  occurs  in 
I  he  ju.|j;iiiei:t  of  Lord  1  helnisford  in  a 
hailiii;;  case:  ■Where  servants,  there- 
lore,  arc  en;.'a;,'ed  in  dilteieiit  depart 
niciils  of  duty,  an  injury  commiiti'd  bv 
one  scnani  upon  th.'  oilier,  by  careless- 
ness or  nc;4li;;ciice  in  the  coii'isi'  ot  his 
peculiar  work,  is  not  within  the  e\eep- 
■  ion.  and  the  master's  liability  attaches 
in  that  case  in  the  same  manner  as  if 
the  niiured  seivant  stood  in  no  such  ri'- 
lalioii  to  him.''  It.nlunshill  (;„il  r„  v 
Mrllii,,,-  (IS.VH)  ;f  .Mac,|,  ||,  h,  (as,  .iOO. 
I  diir.  X.  S,  77;i.  lie  tlioii-hl  that  the 
Scofeh  case.  Mr\,iii<il,lo,i  v.  ('<ih<lo,n,i„ 
A*.  Co.  I  IS.-)7»  111  Sc.  .S,.ss.  (as,  2<l  series, 
•Jil,  where  the  company  was  held  liable 
lor  the  death  of  a  c.ii  re|>:iirer  caused 
liy  the  iic^jliu,,,!,.,.  Ill  ,,„  ,.„j,j,|,,  iiiiy,,,. 
and  a  switchman.  nil;.dit  hi'  reconciled 
with  the  l';n;rlisli  authorities,  on  the 
^'round  that  the  deeca-cd  and  the  other 
servants  were  eiiva^'cd  in  lolallv  diller- 
eiil  de|iartmciits  of  work.  Itiit  this  sul' 
;;e-'ioii  is  inconsistent  with  the  ^'eiieral 
''  d  of  the  Liter  aiilliorities  in  Kn;:- 
laiio  where  the  •■departmental  doctrinr" 
has  iicen  entirely  lepiiiliated  (see  sub 
litle  C.  in/nn.  (S  4!l.-i.  .v  »/<;■«) .  except, 
perhaps,  in  the  recent  case  of  '/A,  I'.inl. 
'/!/('/,  and  the  .lecisions  cited  in  the  suh 
joined  note.  The  e.ises  where  a  servant 
has  reco\eied  on  the  ;rrouiid  of  a  dis 
eonnection  of  duties  arc  too  few  to  be 
llie  subject  of  ;rinerali/ii|  ions. 

The  master,  olllicrs.  ami  cr,.w  of  a  ves- 
sel sunk  in  ('ollision  with  another  helon;;- 
in;;    to    the    same    owners,    through    the 

lanit  of  the  latter,  ai. titled  to  claim 

.lyainst  the  fund  arisin^j  in  proecedin;;, 
lo  limit   liability,  in  resp,.c|  of  n,,,;,    ^^^^ 

cjircts. y/.c  /',//,■/  I  is!i:i|  I',  :i2(,.  .i,.,„„,. 

I'l.,  s.iid:  •■Til,,  coiisi, I, .ration  that  the 
iisk  of  injury  to  the  one  servant  is  the 
M.I  t  ma  I  and  necessary  conseipii'iicc  of 
misconduct  in  the  other  implies  that  the 
skill  and  care  of  the  one  is  of  special 
importance  to  the  other  by  reason  of  the 
relations  between  their  s"er\ici's,  'rii,.,i 
h,v  this  principle,  can  it  be  said  that  llii' 
safitv  of  the  captain  of  oiii'  ship  of  a 
company  is.  in  tln'  (Uilinaiy  ar  I  natural 
course  of  Ihiiiys.  depcndi'iit  on  'he  skill 
and  care  oi  the  c.iplaiii  of  aiioth.r  ship 
of  the  same  company,  oi  that  Injury  hy 
the  ne^ili'jeiiee  of  one  is  an  ordinaiy 
risk  of  the  ser\  iie  of  the  other?  Ill 
some  caises   it   iiiiL'ht.   [lerhaiis. — for  cs- 


'  ^^^aHn 


8  4!t!»J 


COMMON  K\ll'L»)VMi:.\T     (  ((MINI  KO. 


insi 


the  risk  was  iiot  cipiitciiiiiliitcil,  sccni  imt  \«  he  susiiiiiuildc  lunlcr  tlif 
ilio(H-_y  l)v  wliicli  sui'li  cMiitcinpliitioii  liccoinc's  tlu'  test  of  c<iiiiiiiuii  cni- 


Mrn|ili'.  it  iiii;^lit  if  nil  tlic  »hi|ix  iif  tlio 
(■iiiii|pMii.v  wi'ir  ill  the  lialiit  of  incctiii;;  in 
tlic  •iiiiiic  ilixk  mill  tlif  >;ifi'tv  of  ciicli 
lliiiH  hociiiiif.  ill  the  ordiiiiiiv  coiiix'  of 
lliinj.'-*,  (IcpciKlciit  on  tlir  skill  «illi 
wliicli  tlic  other  ttiis  iiii\ i;.'ntiMl.  liiit  in 
ic;.Mr(l  to  niivijfiilioii  on  llic  liijtli  ^^^ll^ 
111  in  llic  cstiiiiiv  of  till'  'riiiiinc-..  woiilil 
.1  cii|a;iin  ot  one  ship  of  the  (irnii'^l 
Steam  Niivi;,'al  ion  ('onipanv  have  iiioie 
iiiwoii  to  lie  interesteil  in  the  >kill  of  a 
iiiplain  of  allot  lii>i'  ship  of  the  eoiiipany 
Mian  in  thai  of  tlie  masters  of  the  nivr 
inil  other  erafi  ill  \\h0s4'  vieiiiitv  it 
iiiitrlK  happen  to  iiavi;.Mli'?  liy  no' rea- 
Minahle  supposition  ean  it  hi-  Iniafrineil 
that  he  wiinlil.  I  think,  theiefm-e.  that 
tlicM'  two  eaptain-  were  not  in  eoiiiinon 
illiplovinellt."  The  test  sllyyi  sIimI  hv 
lilaeklmrn.  .1..  in  I/om/idi  v.  I  nlf  iif 
\i(tlli  l\.  Co.  §  4!l."i,  note  2.  .111111(1.  was 
approved. 

The  crew  of  one  river  steamer  were 
held  not  to  lie  eoseivants  of  the  crew 
"f  another,  although  the  defendant  was 
a  partner  in  the  hiisiness  of  opei.''iie 
IhiiIi  vessels.  Ciiiiiiotlii  v.  Ihiiiilxuii 
ilMTOi  I")  .Minn.  r.l!).  2  Am.  R,.|..  l.-,4. 
nil.  VIA    (hoiler  hurst  on  one  sleainei). 

The  eonrt  said:  "I'lainliU'  andtho.se 
navi;r,itlii^  the  .John  Riiniscy  eannot  he 
Niiil  eilher  to  he  eii(;a;.'ed  in  the  same 
I  ;iirnon  enterprise,  or  eiiiplovid  to  per- 
hirin  ilnties  and  .si'iviees  leiidiiif;  to  iic- 
ciiinplish  the  same  jieneral  purposes,  as 
llial  lanaiia^re  is  used  in  the  case  of 
Wriiihl  v.  Miliiiiiil.i,  ,(■  .S7.  /'.  A'.  Cu. 
(ISliO)  i:,  Wi.s.  4(i  (relied  on  l.y  defend 
ant),  as  synoiiymons  with  the  same 
^'elieral  hiisiness;'  nor  are  the  examples 
there  ■;iveii  of  maintainiiif;  ami  operat- 
iiii;  a  railroad,  'opeiatin^  a  factory.' 
■welkin^'  a  mine.'  or  'erecting  a  Iniiid- 
ilif;,'  at  all  unaloj;oils  to  I  hi'  ease  at  har. 
If  land  we  think  the  test  a  j^ood  one.  as 
illiistrate<l  hy  the  iMse  of  .{hnilimn  v. 
RniiK.lil.t  llstiO)  5  lliirlst.  &  N.  14:),  t( 
•lui.  X.  S.  ,-.;!.  I  L.  T.  N.  S.  .'{.'id.  ,S  Week. 
Kep.  ISl).  the  (|iiestioii  in  each  ease  is, 
as  the  eonit  of  appeils  stal.  -  that  it  is. 
whither  the  alle^fed  eoeiiiph  yees  are  un- 
der the  H.iine  ;;eiieral  control,  the  rule 
dearly  cannot  he  olaimeil  hy  defendant 
to  apply  h..re.  for  he  swears 'that  he  and 
liinns.y  had  each  the  exclusive  control 
and  niaiiayeinent  of  his  own  hoals  and 
lianils.  Kaih  hoat,  in  fact,  was  doiii;;  a 
Separate  hiisiness  in  every  le-peet. 
(llionilh  of  the  same  sort)   as  much  .so 


as  any  two  indepcnilent  railroads  sepa 
lali'ly  owned  and  mana^'ed.  Imt  run  for 
the  jiinl  prolit  of  the  owners;  in  which 
easily  coneiivalde  easi'.  while  the  owners 
of  the  railroads  ini<,'lit  he  partners  as  to 
third  persoiiN  in  tlie  husim  -s  of  riinMiii<j 
each,  till'  employees  on  each,  thouirh  they 
were  enj;.i';ed  in  the  common  enterprise 
of  inaintainiii;;  and  operatiii;;  that  road 
on  which  they  wi're  respeclively  eiii- 
plnyeil,  and  assumed  the  1  i-ks  linidenl 
to  that  hii»iiiiss.  could  no  more  he  sjiiil 
to  assume  the  i  i«ks  ineideiit  to  the  hii-i- 
iie-s  of  niaintainiiiix  and  operatin;,'  the 
road  upon  which  they  are  not  eniploynl. 
than  in  the  instance  put  in  the  hadiipj 
ease  on  this  sniiject  ic  thi-  eonntrv.  of 
I'm  II I II  v.  Ili:.'<l(in  i(-  '  /,'.  Ciiii,.  (  rs42) 
4  Mel.  411.  .tH  Am.  Ihc.  :!:i!i. 

Tiaiiimeii  and  car  n  pairers  are  not 
ci>ser\ants.  Smjulk  A  11.  It.  Co.  v. 
.\iirl.i,l.s  (ISll.-,)  ill  Va.  I!l,"i.  21  S.  K. 
.'(42    I  see    the   extract    jtiven    in    note    1, 

.s»/i(«  )  . 

The  (loetiine  of  the  ne;;lif;enee  of  co 
employees  was  In  hi  to  not  apply  where 
an  open  well,  into  which  a  servant  hired 
to  assist  in  pulliiif;  up  tele^'raph  poles 
fell  on  a  dark  ni}.'hl.  had  heen  dii;j  h\ 
other  employees  of  tile  same  employer. 
Iiiilidiiii  I'l/ir  I. nil  <l-  Uif.  I'll.  V.  \fus 
Imuiii  (  18!l!l)  21  liid.  App.  .Slil.  .■)2  N.  K. 
471  (ne;flii.'ent  servants  said  to  he  "not 
in  the  same  line  of  work."  lint  this  case 
should  rather  have  lii-en  made  to  turn 
on  the  iioiiassiM^naliilily  of  the  duty  of 
fiirnishiiif;  a   safe  place  of  wcirk). 

The  c>nf;iiieer  and  lireman  of  a  ^'ravel 
train  are  not  fellow  servants  of  a  hoiler 
maker  in  the  repair  shop  of  a  railway 
company.  The  former  have  no  mine 
hiisiness  in  and  ahoiit  the  shop  than  if 
the  shop  liehin^ed  to  some  other  com- 
pany or  inilividnal.  I'l  iiihti/lnniiii  d-  \. 
y.  Ciiiial  A  It.  Co.  V.  Leslie  (IHH.l)  42 
I'hila.   ].vj!.   Int.  2li7. 

A  draftsman  in  locomotive  works  has 
heen  held  not  to  he  in  a  conmiuii  employ 
mi  lit  with  a  man  who  ua^  employed  in 
"johhinj;"  in  any  part  of  the  hiiihiiii}; 
where  In-  miyht  he  needed,  and  w  h'lsc 
necli^'cncc  in  ic^rnd  to  the  excavation 
of  a  cellar  helow  the  olliee  was  the  lan-e 
of  the  accident.  Hniiii  v.  I'rdil  1  1ST2I 
7(1  I'a.  477  (here  there  was  the  addi- 
tional fialure  in  the  plainlill's  favor, 
that  the  injiiiy  was  received  after  he 
had  left  his  work  1 , 

in  one   case   it    has   licen   held    that  11 


'i 


1382 


MASTKU  AND  SKRVAXT. 


[chap.    XXVII. 


(     ! 


i 


pli-yiccnt,  ami  to  rctiiiiro  for  tlioir  sujipnrt  t.lm  tlicory  disciisscd  in 
subtitle  (',  infrn.  Upon  tlio  fiicts,  ihosc  decisions  arc  clearly  in  coii- 
Hict  with  the  decisions  of  the  .Supreme  Court,  cited  in  the  forej^oinL' 
sections.* 


longsliorpitian  emplojod  in  iinloailiiif;  a 
xliip,  and  the  servants  alioard  ship.  )iav- 
inj;  pliargp  of  tlic  sliip's  supplies,  arc  not 
fellow  servants.  Sansul  v.  Cuiiiiiiiijnif 
(Iriiiiiile  'J'n(iis(illiiiiti(ii(i-  (1!MI(M  101 
Fed.  .-iflO.  (Trap  door  left  open  I .  The 
rationale  of  this  deei-^ion  is  nol  indic.ited 
vprj-  clearly  hy  the  l;ui;;uap>  nsed. 

But  it  would  seem  to  represent  an 
adoption  of  the  same  point  of  view  as 
that  exeniplilied  in  a  Pinnsyhania  ease. 
where  a  lahorer  was  iiijurecl  liy  a  defect 
ive  rope,  while  working'  under  the  head 
steveilorc  of  the  defendant  compiiiy.  to 
whose  anihority  he  was  wholly  subject, 
by  whom  he  was  [aid,  and  who  had 
power  to  discharfic  him:  and  the  evi- 
dence went  to  show  t'lat  the  defect  was 
due  to  the  nef.'li<;enee  of  the  mate  of  the 
ship  which  was  being  unloaded.  It  was 
held  error  to  rule,  as  a  matter  of  law. 
that  the  laborer  and  the  mate  were  co- 
s<'rvants.  Whether  that  defense  was 
available  "would  depend  on  what  -should 
be  a-icertained  to  be  their  relalioiw  to 
each  other,  the  extent  to  which  they 
were  broiifjht  into  contact,  and  to  which 
they  were  enf;aged  in  the  conunon  em- 
ployment, and  the  connection  of  the 
dutiiw  of  each  with  the  ottier."  Miillan 
V.  I'hiladrliihia  d  S.  Mail  .<?.  S.  Co. 
(1875)   78  Pa.  25.  21  Am.  Rep.  2. 

In  Sell  V.  Charles  Rirl:  tC-  liro-s.  Lum- 
ber Co.  (1888)  70  Mich.  479,  .38  N.  \V. 
451,  the  court  was  equally  divided  upon 
the  question  whether  the  einploj-ees  o|)er- 
atini;  the  elevator  in  the  warchous<'  of  a 
salt  works  were  fellow  servants  of  a  la- 
borer who  used  to  do  liffht  work  in  the 
mill  yard,  in  loadinp:  blocks  of  siilt.  and 
in  pardeniufi,  but  who  had  never  been 
employed  in  the  warehouse. 

A  conunon  laborer  enijiloyed  in  vari- 
ous kinds  of  work  about  a  mine,  but  not 
himself  a  miner,  was  held  not  to  be  a 
fellow  workman  of  the  miners  in  such 
a  sen.se  that  he  cannot  recover  of  the 
mine  owner  for  injuries  caused  by  the 
mining  opeiations.  .Imncs  v.  Emiiirt 
Min.  Co.  (1884)  55  Mich.  .3.35,  21  N.  W. 
.301.  But  here  the  right  of  action  seems 
to  be  sustained  partly  on  the  ground  of 
an  imperfect  knowledge  of  the  condi- 
tions, as  it  was  said  that  he  was  not 
"bound  to  know  the  condition  or  fully 
understand  the  exigencies  of  the  under- 


ground works.  BO  far  ns  he  was  not  \n 
contact  with  them,  with  means  of  pass 
ing  jmlLriiient   upon   them." 

A  labori  r  enga^ied  in  constructing  ;i 
railway  for  traiispoitation  of  coal  from 
a  mine  is  not  ,  fellow  servant  with  a 
miner  at  work  outside  the  nunc,  haihi 
ling  liinilK-r  to  be  u<ed  in  the  mine  in 
timbering  up.  in  (lie  ab-ence  of  furtlicr- 
facts  showing  them  to  be  engaged  in  .i 
ecimmcn  eiiiplo\  nienr.  Hriiiis  v.  ('iirhnu 
Hill  Criiil  ro.  I'iSSli  47  fed.  437  (o\ir 
ruling  ilemnrrei  ba.s^'d  on  theory  that 
conrplaint  sliowc^l  c(i>erviee). 

(  ummiiii  empliivment  is  not  an  tivail- 
able  defense  whei  c  the  plaintiff  was 
hired  by  the  dcfiMidant  to  carry  wheal 
from  the  lattcr's  mill  to  another  place. 
and  was  injured  by  the  negligence  of  a 
millliand  while  his  cait  was  beiii;; 
load.'d.  «.//;,«  V.  M<i.r/i,t,l  (1S75)  An- 
tralian  .Tur.  Kep.   (Victoria)   35. 

It  seems  impos.sible.  however,  to  lay 
down  any  rigid  rule  regarding  case*  ni 
the  tyiK»  of  the  last  threi'  cited,  for  cviii 
if  the  servant  were  hirisl  merely  for  tin- 
purposes  s|M'eilied,  yet,  if  he  should  ap- 
pear to  have  been  regularly  under  tin- 
immediate  control  of  the  same  superinr 
as  the  other  servants,  uid  habitually 
brought  into  contact  wilic  them,  it  i- 
hard  to  see  how  he  could  be  allowed  to 
mnint.-iin  the  action  merely  on  tin' 
ground  that  the  risk  of  injury  from 
their  negligence  was  not  within  his  cnn- 
templation. 

'(Idiriiliii  V.  Kiiiisns  Cilii.  fit.  .J.  <{-  0. 
B.  K.  Co.  (1885)  25  Fed.  Hep.  258  (em- 
ployee opeiating  an  engine  i-ngaged  in 
other  business  than  that  of  relaying  tlic 
track,  not  a  felbiw  -.ervant  of  labni-ir 
distributing  rail-  alonu-  di,.  track).  IhiW 
V.  fltilr.xloii.  II.  <f-  .v.  1.  /?.  Co.  (lsS!h 
.39  Fed.  iS  (ti'legraph  operator  at  a  way 
station  not  i-oservant  of  brakenian). 

The  foimei  of  the.se  nilings  was  bastd 
on  CUiritiio.  M.  rf-  i<t.  I'.  I{.  Co.  v.  /.'o« 
(1SS4)  112  V.  S.  377,  28  L.  ed.  787.  .5 
Sup.  (t.  Ki'p.  184.  which  is  wholly  ir 
iclevant;  anil,  as  the  latter  ruling  w.i-* 
made  in  an  oral  instruction,  witlmut 
any  citatinn  of  authorities,  it  is  im|"'- 
sible  to  say  what  the  grounds  of  it  n-ally 
were. 

Tn  another  ea>e.  the  principle  that, 
wherever  the  nc^li^'cncc  of  another  cm- 


S  500]  tOM.MOX  K.\II'1X)V.\1I:NT— I  UMINLKD.  1383 

(j.    TlIKOIiY   THAT   CO.M.MO.V    KMl'LoV.M  KM     KKI-KXDS   OS   IDENTITY   OF 
I>KFART.MKMVS  Oi'    \\.)i;ti  OK  CO.Nt-OCIATlO^  OK  UCTIES, 

500.  Identity  of  department  as  a  test,  generally.— The  passiige  quot- 
fJiii  !; -I'JT  supra,  h-oui  tlio  upiniun  in  Fanvrll  v.  B/slon  il-  17.  K. 
Corp.^  t^liowi^  that  tlio  rtij>iiiHe:iiK-t>  ot  an  i<h'iitity  or  difference  of  the 
(l^'PiirtniPnts  of  duty  to  whicli  tlio  neglioeiu  ;ind  injiirod  .-servants  be- 
loii:;ed,  lias,  from  tlio  very  earlie^i  luiiod  in  iho  evolution  of  this 
Iininch  of  law,  been  a  sul.ject  of  discussion.  The  phrase  '-(lepartnient- 
id  doctrine,"  or  some  siniihir  combination  <>t'  words  is  now  not  aa  fre- 
(|itently  met  witli  in  n'|)orfs  and  trealises.^  Tiie  chuicfl  of  this  tormi- 
noloiry,  however,  and  the  prominence  -;iven  to  tiie  c*inception  which  it 
rci)res(>nts,  are  rather  unfortunate.  TIk  conflict  Ix'tween  tlie  cases 
reviewed  in  the  precedinii'  sections  and  those  whicli  now  demand  our 
notice  is  a  clear  proof,  if  any  were  nee.led.  (,{  the  inlierent  impossi- 
bility of  fixing,  upon  grounds  that  will  be  deemed  generally  satisfac- 

ploy,...  of  tlio  s;im,.  miistcr  can  be  con-  thosr  who  lal.or  in  one  <lri)iir(nicnt  of 
sKiiTi'd  MM  i.nlinary  risk.— one  which  ho  liis  l,ii~iiir>s  iof  not  injiind  hv  those  in 
mijihi  r,iis,,nalily  antifipntc  at  the  time  aiii.tlier.  ii  iiiml,.  ,,f  eomi<etiii'.'  the  the- 
of  niakiiiK  his  eontiact.— the  servant  i>i  v  of  nr)nassi^'nMhh.  dnl  ics  an'ri  llie  sep- 
acp,.|ils  llie  iM-iils  lialile  to  happen  aiate  depaitni.nl  theories  whieh  hiU 
tnonirh  such  ne^^li^renee.  has  l.een  not,  so  far  as  the  present  writer  knows, 
tliouu'ht  to  involve,  from  I  he  converse  lieen  siiu'}.'este(l  el-ewhere 
point  of  view,  tlie  e..rolhii.v  that  thos«;  In  \„rtlir,,i  I'.  If.  Co.  v  llninhlu 
ariiy  are  fellow  servants  for  whosi.  nog-  llSiMi  l.')4  I'.  S  .■?40  ;t8  L  eil  100!) 
lisence  the  master  is  not  answerable.  14  Sup.  (t.  Uep.  OS:), 'the  court 's,.enis' 
whn  serve  in  such  capacity  an.l  in  such  in  its  ai-nuient.  ineline.I  to  approve  of 
roli.tion   to  the   master   an.i   each   other    the  eas,.s  which  hoM  that  perx.ns  whose 

'     '"•  "",■'""*  of  the  servants  to   pro-    cluly  it  is  to  keep  railroad  cars  In  .'.wd 

cct  tlicins<.|vcs  are  e.pial  to.  or  jrieater,  onhr  an,l  repair  are  not  en-.i-M.,!  in  a 
tlian  tlios,.  of  tlie  master  to  atVoni  tliem  coiiinion  eniplovment  with  those  who 
pretcction.  lliis  (loetniie  does  not  seem  niii  or  operate  them,  for  the  rea-mi  that 
to  he  materially  dillerent  from  that  of  their  d(  partiiicnts  are  so  far  ilistiiict 
associateil  diitic-^.  as  dev,.Iopcd  i„  sub-  that  ooiitei.ipl.il  ion  of  the  risk  i<  nca- 
tit  i'<  .  n,/-™.  hkllcii  y.  Il,lrlur  Silvn  tived.  tint  tli..  point  was  not  directly 
^.«._r.  (1S7.^)  3Sawy.4;?.;.  Ke,l.(Ms.  ruled  upon,  aad'thc  theorv  niostco,,;. 
N".  ■;''  ■.,»l"'r''  't  was  held,  by  Field.  ,„o,.ly  applied  by  tli,.  Supreme  Court  in 
■I..M.1I  illyer  D.  J.  that  a  coinph.int  micI,  eas<.s  is  that  of  a  nona~-i-n.,l,ilii  v 
«liii'li  alli'iics  that  a  laborer  in  a  mine  of  duties.  See  ij  -,i;n  /,„,/ 
a:i-  iiiiiiic.d  by  the  ne^ilifiencc  of  the  de-  '  i  1S42)  4  Met.  40.  3S  Vni  IVc  Ti'l 
liiiihuit  coiKiratioii  in  failiiij;  to  perform 
il»  iliily  of  notifying,'  him  that  .i  bl.i~t 
«ii>.  .ilioiit  to  be  cxplodcl  l,y  ccitaiii 
'iiiiiir~    at    a     place    H'hich    lie    was    ;ip 

!"■' ''111,1.'     is    not     demunable    on     lli,. 

:;i"iiii'l  that  it  shows  upon  its  face  that 
'III'  injury  wa-  due  to  the  nejiliirence  ot 
^I'lvaiits.  who.  lh.aij.h  in  a  dijterciit 
'■lancli  of  the  -<>r\  ici-,  were  in  a  com 
i''iii  enedoyniciil  with  the  plain' ilV. 
I!i-i  ..i;e  f.r  ti.e  vi'f'ind-.  on  whicli  !!il! 
•■  1-    '•    b,!-el   i.i..  ,\,,-i    i,,,,   ,.v,i.    (1|.,;    ,'  , 

lli.^-te;'..    dntVlO  -e!ir!     hi-       r!"  .'nt-     •    v     - 

!i"!iy  i-;|;iiivs  Inm   al    '„:■  X   to  sco  tlia 
^■tl.  II.  M    i  s.._o 


aNo  several  of  the  cases  cited  under 
5     )!!."..    note    2.    siipiil. 

In      Cliirl.i-      V.       I'l  miniitrniiiii      Cii 
'  H'.'-'i    V.V>    hid     ion.   17    I..    R     A.   SI  I. 
M    X     K     80S.    the   court    speaks   of   the 
leparl mental   'loctrine." 
liie  title  of  eliaptcr  \    of  Mr    MoKin 
•  v's  woik  on   I'ellow  Si.r\ants  is.  ••The 
Dillerent  Department  Limitation.'' 
The    --eparite    d-'partmciit"   (hietrinc 
lel'erred  to  in  .Wi.ifuli:  d-  11  .  A',  fo.  v 
■   'e.tv/.v    (1805)    91   Va.   105,  21    S.   E. 
■•1-2. 


1384 


MASi'KU  ANU  SEKVANT. 


[CI 


i     I 


.J 


tory,  the  iiicariiiig  uliicb,  for  juristic  purposes,  siiould  bo  attached  to 
the  word  "Jcpartna-nt."  While  it  is  ajircod  on  all  hauds  (sec  §  49!i, 
supni),  that,  under  some  (•iivmiistanws,  a  difference  of  department  i^ 
a  irround  for  allowing  reeoverv,  there  is  a  radical  and  irreconoilabln 
divergence  of  opinions  as  to  what  the  circumstances  arc  which  will,  in 
this  j)oint  of  view,  rx<'ludi'  ihc  defence  of  common  employment. 
Xeithor  doctrinal  precision  nor  doctrinal  harmony  are  feasible  when 
the  same  word  may  be  and  is  used  to  describe  predicaments  whicli 
are  in  some  essential  respects  (piite  distinct. 

Utit  the  drawbacks  of  this  terminology  do  not  end  here.  Even  if 
exactness  in  the  definition  of  the  word  "department"  were  attainable. 
— and,  .so  far  as  can  be  seen,  it  is  not  attainable, — there  would  still 
remain  the  objection  that,  as  is  now  declared  in  the  states  which  have 
most  thoroughly  worked  out  the  so-called  "departmental  doctrine" 
(See  the  cases  cited  in  S  -'O.'J,  infra),  neither  a  difference  nor  an 
identity  of  dej)artment  are  necessarily  decisive  of  the  injured  ser- 
vant's ability  or  inability  to  recover;  and,  in  fact,  if  it  is  admitted 
that  the  ultimate  issue  is  whether  the  negligent  and  injured  servants 
were  or  were  not  co-operating  in  the  sen~e  already  explained  (§  49.". 
xupra),  this  theory  as  to  the  nonconclusive  effe<'t  of  proof  that  they 
were  in  different  or  the  same  departments  is,  from  a  logical  stand 
l)i>int,  the  oidy  pos.sible  one.  Only  confusion  can  result  from  the 
use  of  language  which,  so  far  from  indicating  the  elements  on  whicii 
the  solution  of  the  problems  in  this  class  of  cases  actually  depends,  is 
misleading  to  the  extent  of  suggesting  that  difference  or  identity  of 
d(>partment,  instead  of  being  merely  probative  facts  raising  at  tin 
most  a  presumption  for  or  against  the  servant,  may  be  finally  dc 
lerminative  of  the  existence  or  absence  of  a  common  employment. 

The  terminology  critici.sed  is  doubtless  convenient,  as  a  means  of 
idughly  labeling  the  nature  of  the  controver.sy  between  two  schools  of 
opinion.  But  this  is  scarcely  an  adequate  justification  for  its  reteii 
tion  in  discussions  which  purport  to  go  lu'low  the  surface  of  the  sul> 
ject.  In  the  ensuin.",  discussion,  therefore,  the  cases  will  be  revicwcl 
under  a  classification  which  will  take  due  account  of  the  merely  evi- 
dential character  of  the  facts  of  identity  or  difference  of  department. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  illustrative  cases  tabulated  in  S  •>07,  /;((.v/, 
the  so-called  "departmental  doctrine"  has  obtained  ,••  foothold  in  com 
parativcly  few  jurisdictions.  The  decisions  which  McluaJiy  turn 
upon  it  seem  to  be  coiilined  to  Georgia.  Illinois,''  .Aliss  niri.^  Xebnisl<;i. 

"There  is  some  wavcrinr;  nppiiront  in    tlic   nilin';>   iirior  to   ri.irii,/'.  ,f-   \.   W. 
Uic  views  of  tiic  euurtb,  as  Jisclo^U  by    /.'.  i  o.  v.   Mviuiula    (ISTiJ)    !).'i   III.  'Mi, 


."liMIl 


(t».\IMo.\  I.MIM,UV.MKM-  (ONTIM  KU 


IMS 


liuliiiiiii.  Lniii.-iiiiia,  Virginia,  Wiisliiimtdi,^  WV.st  Virjiiiii  i.  Kciituckv. 
L'tiili,  Ari/i  iia.  and  su  !i  Federal  coiiri^  a>  have  avowedly  fnlluwed 
tiie  iiical  rule."  In  Mnue  i>(  tliiv-i'  jiii-isdieiic.ns  if.s  applicatinii  is  modi 
tied  by  tli"  operatinn  d'  doci lines  wliicli  possess  a  merely  local 
force."  In  others  it  lia>  heeii  expiidtly  or  virtually  aluimlonod  in  the 
iiiore  receni  decisions.' 
ilost  of  the  courts  which  apply  the  so-called  "departmental  doc- 

.'14  .\ni.  Rop.  108.  In  that  ilcpisioii  tin-  deci-ioiM.  lis  a  wliolo,  is  siiniinari/.od,  in 
iiirliiT   r.isp!-   were  cNtcnHivcty    rrvicwiMi    S  ."i4!l.  /I'lsl. 

iiliil  colliitcd,  and  the  i>|>iiii(in' is  now  re  Tiiinissri.  —  In  this  state  the  aimlioil- 

t'iirded  as  the  fountain  (if  huv  U|mih  this  tion  of  tlie  dndriiM'  is  re>triited  to  rail- 
sniiject  in  the  state  where  it  was  deliv-  way  e(iiii|.aiiies.  Cmil  Cm  I:  Mill.  Co.  V. 
end.  as  well  as  in  the  others  whieh  liave  Jta'ris  I  IS'.ll  |  !l()  'jinn.  711,  18  S.  \v! 
a(l.i|iled  the  same  doctrine.  It  over-  387.  a  distiiielion  uhlch,  in  view  of  the 
nileil  some  in  wliieh  the  view  was  adopt-  ^reat  diver-ily  of  work  which  results 
cd  that  the  fact  of  oni>  servant's  lieinfi  from  the  enoriiioiis  extent  of  many  niin- 
iie(c-s-anly  exposi'd.  \,y  reason  of  the  na-  inj;  and  nianuliHliirin;;  ceni-crns  at  the 
ti.re  of  his  dntie-..  to  tlie  risk  of  injury  present  day.  it  >ciiiis  quite  imiKHsihle 
llu-onjih  the  iar(des>ne>s  of  another,  jus-    to  sustain  on  rational  firoLnds. 

lilii-d    the    infrei of    er)serviee.      ('hi-         Uhuiiiiu.—TUr   iant;u:i';i-   UM'd    in   the 

'■■i,,,i  <f  .1.  /,'.  Co.  v.  Miiipliy  (1870)  5.3  earlv  ease  in  whiili  the  doctrine  was 
111.  3:!t!.  5  Am.  Hep.  48:  r,,/?,:  V.  0/iio  first  proponn(h-d  (foomr  v.  Miilliiii, 
.t    I/.  A'.  r„.    (1877)    8.-,  111.  .-10.  riS";0|    ••!()   Ca.    I4fi.    7li   .\m.    [lee     (I;i8) 

'In  Corhi'lt  V.  St.  Loiih,  I.  V.  rf  S.  was  thou;;ht  hvthe  same  emirt,  in  A7^„.^ 
n.  I'o.  (188,)  2(!  y\n.  .\pp.  ((21,  it  was  ton  v.  Il,,iiir  Dam  l.iiiiibir  (7o  (ISn.i) 
liiM.  rcjectinj;  the  department  rule,  that  113  Oa.  5:1.  l!l  S.  K.  21,  to  l>e  too  hrinul 
a  track  repairer  and  trainmen  were  There  is  a  decided  tendency  manifented 
•"How  servants.  I  nch'r  that  rule,  these  in  the  latter  case  to  approximate  to  the 
servants  are  certainly  not.  as  matter  of  doctrine  received  hv  the  iiiainritv  of  the 
l.iw.  m  a  eoinmoi.  emjiloyment.  See  §  oourta;  and  the  a<'lual  dccision--that  a 
.)0i!.  note  1,  suhd.  (j).iH^cu.  track    repairer    while   hein;;  tranM,orted 

An  instance  of  such  a  decision  is  to  and  from  his  work  is  a  fellow  servant 
hl.r  V.  Chic'ipu  A  A.  U.  Co.  (18nO)  41  of  the  driver  of  the  enfiine,  the  vehicle 
I'cd.  0;.  (decid<sl  in  a  .Missouri  distrie'  .  not  Inin;;  Used  for  W(,ik  on  the  ner- 
Otlicr  cases  in  which  the  inlluencc  of  the  manent  wav  at  the  lime  the  iijurr  was 
thiniy  is  also  apparent  to  some  extent  reci-ived- cannot,  it  would  seem  he 
iire  those  cited  at  the  end  of  note,  i  41III.  recomiled  with  the  Illinois  doctrine 
■'"'"■"•  S*-""  «  ■'■Ol!.  note  1.  suhds.    (j),   (k).  ;m.s/ 

h r II I II nf.!/.— One  of  the  S[K>eial  fae-  lii(U,i,Hi.~M,i<lisi,ii  ,(  /.  /,'  c,  y 
Inrs  to  he  taken  into  account  in  notiui.'  rtoro/i  (IS.5.t)  fi  Ind.  20."),  seeins  to  he 
llie  results  of  the  deci.sions  in  this  state  no  lonjrer  law.  See  ^luiml,  i,  v  oUi-i  rf- 
is  Die  provisi.  m  in  t!en.  Stat.  chap.  ", .  il.  R.  r„.  (1880)  72  Ind.  HJ.  where  the 
!!  .^.  that  "pmi'tive  damajres  may  lie  i-c  conllict  in  the  earlier  riilinm  is  dis 
covircd  hy  the   widow,  heir,  or  |K'rsoiial    cussed. 

Ki.rcseiitative  of  any  person  or  persons  Vi,;iiin,i.—ln  this  .state  the  do.lrine 
tilled  hy  the  wilful  neplect  of  another  was  at  one  period  accented.  Ti.riiin  v 
|wi-on.  company,  or  corporation,  or  their  l/icliiiinnti  d  t.  f{.  Co  (1887)  84  Vi 
^ii;cnts.-  Another  is  the  e.xtrenie  doc-  102,  4  S.  K.  XV.):  Moon  v.  Itirhmoi,,!  A 
trine  which  the  court  has  adopti-d  re-  .1.  ff.  Co.  (1884)  78  Va,  74.-).  40  \m 
spi-tins  the  (fleet  of  any  inequality  of  Rep.  401  (hoth  holdinR  that  a  ti.uli'  re- 
r;ink  in  excluding  the  defeiis,.  of  ooserv-  pairer  is  not  a  fel'  w  servant  of  a  brake 
ice.  Another  is  the  distinction  drawn  mant:  Uirliinoml  tt  l>.  R.  Co.  v  yonnnil 
tictween  gross  or  wilful  ne^'leet  and  (1887)  84  Va.  107.  4  S.  E.  21.  ("over- 
nr(linar>'  ne^dcet,  =o  that  a  dendiction  hauler  of  cars,"  not  a  fellow  servant  of 
of  the  former  Uiiid  by  a  fellow  servant  a  eondiielor  and  emrineer  of  a  moviii" 
will  sninetinies  render  a  master  respon-  train,  liv  who.s(,  neulif..enre  he  was  in" 
■iilile  where,  if  it  had  been  of  the  latter  jured).  '  Tint  in  Xoriolh  it  W.  If.  Co.  v. 
•imi,  lie  iiiiyht  successfully  h.Tve  pleaded  Dmivlhi  (  IH02)  88  \'a  S.i.T  14  S  F 
cpmmon  employment.    The  effect  of  the   692,  a  decided  disposition  was  shown  to 


IJ8S 


MASTKR  AND  SKli\  ANT. 


[chap.  XXVI r. 


'1 


r 


triiio'"  pi't'cr  it  to  the  cuncciitions  cxidiiiin'd  in  tlio  next  r*cction.  But 
in  sonic  of  the  ciix-s  tiiorc  is  no  foniiul  ml  .plioii  of  tliu  theory  of  eon 
sociation,  and  it  w.mld  sccrii  tlml,  in  at  Irast  a  portion  of  tliiMc,  tin 
decision  is  indrpcndcni  of  that,  llicory,  and  l)ascd  iii»on  the  siinpli 
notion  timt  the  dutii-s  iti  liic  s«ivants  were  -o  related  in  i-cspoct  to 
'•loseness  or  remoteness,  that  it  was  or  was  iiol  pro|)er  to  imptite  i" 
caeli  of  tlieni  an  aceeptanee  of  the  risks  arisiny  from  the  otiier's  tie- 
li{;eiiw.  See  §  -ll>li,  sujint.  Sinee.  however,  the  inferences  drawn 
from  like  gronps  of  facts  are  praclicallv  identical,  wiiicliover  •>i 
those  forms  of  the  "departmental  doctrine"  may  he  applied  to  the 
solntion  of  the  case,  it  is  not  deemed  worth  while  to  attempt  aiiv 
discrimination  hetw.'en  the  two  classes  of  do<?isions.  Indeed  the  line 
of  demai-cation  hetwei  n  lliem  is  so  olis<'nre  that  the  task  of  segregation 
wonld  be  extri mel v  ditlicnli,  if  not  imp'issihle. 

Bnt,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  d<K'trine  antniionistic  to  that  or 
associated  dnties  grew  np,  and  was  steadilv  adhered  to  by  nearlv 
every  conrt,  lonir  after  the  developmeiit  <d'  nuinv  of  the  great  railway 
systems,  it  wonld  seem  thai  no  <ireat  impoitance  can  Ik-  properly  aj- 
tached  to  this  consideration.  The  reasons  of  the  rnlo.  in  this  point  of 
view,  have  not  nnd"ra(>ne  in  '-eccnt  limes  any  snch  maierial  chani;v 
as  ■.\oni(i  justify  a  change  in  the  rule  itself. 

501.  Consociation  of  duties,  as  a  test  of  common  employment. — Tn 
§§  40r»  4!>8,  supra,  are  set  forth  the  results  of  construing,  from  oiir 
stan(ljK)int,  the  general  proposition — as  to  which  there  is  no  disajirei  ■ 
ment  among  the  authorities — that,  as  all  servants  of  the  same  nia-iir 
are  prima  facie  in  a  common  employment,  a  servant  who  is  injiiinl 
by  one  of  his  coemph>yees  is  necessarily  debarred  fi-oni  recovii\ 
against  the  nuister,  unless  this  presumption  is  overcome  by  evideiicr 

revert   to  ttio   <l<i(trino   rpci-ivcl   l)_v   the  ciriiiion    einiilnviHcnt.       In    thU    slutc 

ii.aJDiily   of   till'   ('Hints,   mikI   tli"   ifvcr-  lln'ri-li'ii'.   it   wmilil  seem  IIliI   diiri'iiiii.- 

siiiii   sci'Tiw  fo  Im"  ('(imiik'tcd   in    .Vm/o/A;  of   .li  |i.irtiiii'!:l    i-;   now   iiiiitci  ial  oiih    in 

.f    \y.   It.  Co.   V.    \,irl.„l>:    llSll.-))    !tl    Vii.  <o  f:ir  a^i  it  tciiu-i  to  ii(';.'iit  ivi' coiitcn'ii.hr 

l!t.5.  21   S.  K.  .S42.  wiiicli  virtuiillv  over-  lion  of  the  ii,l<.     Sec    \i,if,,ll:  d-   11.  /,'. 

rnles  the  earlier  (li'iisions,  so  fur  as  1  hey  fo.   v.    VvcAn/v    (ISII.'i)    111    Va.    l!l."i.  l'1 

rest    upon     the    llieoi-y    of    consoeialell  S.    K.    .'?42.    and    compare    §§    4n.'),    t'.tS. 

duties,     (lioiijili.  npon     the     iaels.     tliey  ■-"//xi. 

.ire.  p<'rhaps.  sustainahle  as  appli<  itions         (Unit.--  (lire  Hie  ea-c-  cited   in    5  .'inT, 

el  tile  rule  that  a  ina-l.  r  is  liaMe  v\lii  re  pust.  do  not   seem  to  '    ive  heep  foririalli 

!'i-  own  nejili-enre  eemiirs   >,iih  lliai   of  ovenuli'd .       lint      th    >       ure      eertaiiiU 

.    fi-llcw  s,.|\:i„t       Tile  latest   ease  hear  iireeoiiiilil'le  with  the  iceent  doeisirii  ir 

iny  upon  the  (pie>tiiin  is  Kil.hf  \.  Aor  Siiphn>'     .      Si,iithr'i>     J>     Vo      MS'i'n 

/'.■7.-  if   If.   /?.  Co.    llS'liii   Oli  Va.  il'l.  2.->  111   Itah,    I'M!.    "    I'ar.   :M    (facts  ,st.it.:i 

>'.    E.    .'Jl,'),    hilt    it    -imply    Jccidc  ■     t'lat  in   S    IIW,  -uhd.    i.li.     "/.if?),  i-hicli    li- 

a    fn'i'.'ht    conductor   cannot    remvir   for  "ii'.tiv    cmhodic:     the    tleory    lliat    I!"' 

injuries  due  to  1  he  ac!-    ot  1  lie  en'jiiieer  Mi-\Miit-    umti  iiiplal  ii.n    of  'th,'    ri-k   \t 

or    fireman — a   comhi  ion   «hieh    would  tlic  sole  ttrt  of  toinmoii  cniploviiicnl. 
dearly    lollow    uikUt    ciliiei     iheuiv    of 


(7,; 


.;  3011 


COMaION  KM1'I.()^  \II.M      ((iMIMKI). 


1387 


-liHwiiif;-  tliaf  tlic  n-lation  Itclwccn  ilic  duties  <.f  tlic  injured  aiiil  the 
ilcliii([Ucnt  servants  was  siicii  as  t<i  rcinler  it  iiii|p|i>iii'r  to  intVr  an  iiii- 
|iliod  sfipiilation  i>n  tho  part  .>t'  the  tuiiiicr  to  iiccc|)t  the  risks  of  in- 
jiuy  from  the  ads  of  tlic  lailcr.  Accni'din<;  to  ilir  cases  tliern  cited, 
ilie  propriety  t<r  impropriety  r>f  sucii  an  inference  is  determined 
-olely  l)y  intpiiriiii;  wlietlier,  under  the  circumstances,  the  carelessness 
lif  u  servant  whose  rejiular  functions  were  those  discliarfied  liv  the  de- 
linipu'nt  was  s<>  likely  ti>  he  harmful  to  the  plaintiff  that  the  latter 
must  have  understood  that  the  peril  to  which  he  miiiht  at  any  moment 
lie  px]iosed  hy  such  careles>ness  was  a  natural  and  normal  in<'ident  of 
his  employment.* 


Tndor     this      tliiiny.     it.      uil!     be  lar  l)ii>iiii-<s."     Cliirnfio  <t  A.   f;.  Co.  r. 

(il>  <rvc(l.  tlic  fiict  tliat  tlicrr  wi-  ii  ccr  ll'n/l   ilHsT)   1-J2  III. ';((;!),  ]'>  \.  [.;.  225. 
ta    I  iiitiiiiutc  <'niivriclatiiiii  (if  i|i|iic»  iii:iy        "In    the    >;iini>    line    of   ciiiiiliiyiiKMit." 

b(!   iliilMiitaiit,    net    iis    a    staitiii;,'    |i<iiiit  ('liiiniin.  II.  d  Q.  I{.  Co.  \.  Yuiiiiq  (1SS7) 

firr  an  iiKiiiirv  on  tlic  sanic  lino  .is  that  2'!  III.  A|p|i.  ll.'i. 

in   tlifi  <n<i"<   to   l«"   |iri<i'nlly   (li»iii-<cil.        "In     tlic    same     line    of    ciii|>l(iyiiicnt. 

Iiut.  as  iniliiiitin;;  that  tlic  iic;.'lif.'cnl  -civ  mil  iliicctly  co  opi  rat  inir  in  tlic  |iailieu- 

ant  was  one  of   tliosc   wlm^'   ncj.'li;;cnii'  l;ir  l>ii-inc>-.  tln'ii   in   liaml."     Illiimis  V. 

uai  likely  to  lie  injiiiioii~  to  tlie  |>l.iin  I'.   I'd.  v.  Siii.sliir   (18!»7)    74   111.   App. 

lilt.      Sncli    eon-iicial  lull    is    soni<'linic>  lii). 

iidlid  liy  c(nirl>  uliiili  have  rejected  tlic        Compare    also    Xnrlh    Chliiuin    Slrrct 

■lie  |)aitiiiciital    elect  line."      SI.    I.iniis   S.  If.    C(i.    v.    Ciiiiiniii    (IHilS)    7)!    III.    .\pp. 

If.    /.'.   I'u.    V.    Unison    (18!).">)    (11    .\rk.  1121.    wlicre    a    -.cnant    is   said    to   lie   a 

.'102.  .'12  S.  \V.  107!).     'I'lii-  nc;.'alive  aspect  fellow  seivant  of  oilier  einplovecs  whose 

ipf  this  conception   is  oli-ervahle  in  -iich  labors    '(linMlly    I'o-opcratc"     with     his 

lii-^es  as  \orlhcni  I'.  It.  Co.  '-.   Ilnnilih/  own    in    the   particular   work    in    which 

llS!i4i    1,")4   r.   S.   run.   M  L.   c,1.    lOO'i.  they  arc  eny.|..(,<. 


"Co  ,)|«'iation"     in     the     '•purtieiilar 

liiisine-s    in    haml"    w.is   also  deemed   to 


14  Slip.  C't.   licp.  !I.S.'!,  where  the  ilcpavt 
liii'iils  (if  tlw  two  servant"   were   said  to 

Ik>  so  far  apart   that  the  risk  of  injnry  let     in    the    defense,     in    f',/,,/    y     i:il(ly 

Irmii    each    other's    ne;.di^ciice    was    not  (1804)     12!t   Mo.   ^lO.   .'tti   I,.    K.   .\.   80(1, 

(■(Uileiiiplatcd.      It    will    licconic   olivif.ns.  28  S.   W.  il7!). 

ireriMiver.  if  we  compare  the  spicifie  ml         Of    the    fact    that    the   two    doctrines 

ilia's  referred  to  in  the  followinj;  section-  civer   tlii-   conmion   ;;ri>iiiii|   an    illcnti- 

willi    iliosc    already    reviewed,    that     in  mate   (li.ilectic   use   seems   to   have   In'en 

many  instances   the   plaintitl's   inaliilit.\  made,    wlicre  the  court,   in   what   is   be- 

tii    recover     is     c(|ually     umpicst  ionalile  lieved    to    lie    the   earlicsi    rc|xirte(l    case 

«lictli(>r   his   relation    to   the  delin(|Uci;l  in    which    the    doctrine    of    consociated 

-crvant  is  ilctcriiiined  liy  the  test  of  con  duties  was  adopted,  lays  sires-  njion  the 

ciaticn.  as  explained  hehnv.  or  liy  tin-  fact  that  in   I'liislln/'v.  I'onUr    Il8;i7) 


ti-t  of  contemplation  of  the  risk.  '\'\ 
terms  by  which  the  jMisition  of  servant 
in   a    common   eiiipluymeiil    is    dc-eribcil 


.1  Mws.  A   W.   I.  I    Miirpli.  d   H.  ;!l(.-,. 
•Iiir.   !»S7,   the   plainlitr  and   "his  ro-cr 


in  till 

the   cleitrine   of   consociated   diilie-    .  _ 
in   fact,  often   so  fdicral   as   to   ;.:iv.'    m 
iiitiiiiation  of  the  . 'i.   acleristie  and  di- 
linitivc  conceptions  uiidcrlyiii;,'  ;hat  dm- 
trine,    rnmpaie.  for  example,  (lie  follow 


(.-..   1 

plainlitr  and   "his  ro-crv- 

int.  the  coniliictor  of  th,   van.  were  inti- 


pinions   of   courts    whicli    appl.v    uiately    asxxiated    in    the    hu-incss    in- 

li'u-ti'd  lo  them  by  tln'  cnnimnii  em- 
plo.ver."  i:\lh-iiiiiiUr  \.  Miidisini  <f-  /. 
/,'.  Co.  i|8.-)li  -,  Ind.  -.iV.).  n\  .\m.  Dee. 
101.  'I'lie  r.itionale  of  the  case  cited 
was    \\lioll\     dilVerciit     from    what    this 


^^   phrases   with   tho-c  quoted    in    Si    ."     cinnment   si'ci'is  to  intimate.     It  nuay  be 

Hilled,  miiriover.  that  the  influence  of 
the  doctrine  of  consociated  duties  upon 
liiilicial  l.iiii;(iai;c  and  reasoning'  is 
-lir-.tinii-  tr.ue.il.!:- r\fti  in  l!ic  opinions 
,  -  -if  ciiuits  ill  which  it  ha-  not  heen  form 

"Directly  co-operatinj,'  in  the  particu-   ally    adoptcii    or    e\cn    detinitivelv    re- 


"iifr: 

"Din'cily  CO  iiperatiiiy  with  each  oil 
111     the     same     line     of     employiiicnt.'     |iiilicial      l.iiiiida^i 
lliirnqo  rf    .1.    /•.    Co.    V.    OVfrj'ci)'  /  18!ir> 
l."i."i  111.  (ISO.  40  X    K.  10'3 


I  I8K 


MASTi:i>  ANDSKUVANT. 


[chap.    XXVII 


i!  i 


I    i     H 


If 


.J 


I5nt  I>v  tlir  court*  with  wliov^c  (Ir.isjuns  w..  nrc  rrnw  cniicciiicd,  tlii-^ 
.•«.iii|ir(lirn.si..n  l.y  the  i.lainlifT  ..f  the  likdiluxxl  „f  injiirv  is  not  n- 
-iiidc.i  lis  Lciinrnf  itself  siinicicnt  lo  pivcludc  liiin  from  riiaintiiiiiiii- 
tlif  iictii.ii.  Tlie  (linlrctic  starting  p.. int  of  the  su-.-allcl  '•ilcpart 
iiiciital  (iiN'triiic."  as  cxiilaincl  in  wliat  niav  Ix-  (•onsiilcrci  tlio  loading; 
'■asc  on  i!i(.  sii|.j..<-t.  is  tliat,  as  liic  pi-iii.M|.l..  of  rpsi)oii<lral  sujirnor  "is 
t'liiii.l.'d  on  |||(.  cxp,  di-ncv  of  ;Iir.,uin;r  t]i..  risk  npo-i  tlioso  win. 
i-an  Ix -t  -nard  a^aiiisi  it."=  tiic  .|n.-iinii  jiow  far  that  prin.-iplc  should 
Im'  qualilicd  in  tho  case  nf  injiirirs  caused  \>v  tlic  •ic^'ii^r-MC'c  of  follow 
M'l-vants  '•iriust  turn  u|>i>ii  the  i)ropf'r  considoration.  in  oach  class  of 
'■as(-.  of  what  ruliny  will  in  fact  throw  tlie  risk  upon  those  who  can 
hcst  fiiiard  ajrainst  it, — of  what  is  dnnandcd  to  promote  in  the  hi;;h(v-t 
If'^iiv,.  (ho  woll-lK'inp  of  sociotv."-'    Under  such  a  theory  the  sen-ant's 

jcctcd.    Tn  Mia»i<)!>ip]>i  wttcn-  ttic  dppiirt 

iMriitiil    doclrine   doc-    not    iiifvail    (  I/c- 

^f||sllr  V.   Uliimin  C.    If.   fit.    flSH"!    flR 

Mi-s.    2()4,    4    So.    50K    tlio    court    once 

iciuMrkc<l   (hilt   tlifi  «;ifc(y   of  employees 

it    more   etrcctnnlly   si^ciiied    l.y    mukin).' 

it  (111-  intfifst  nmi  (lie  (lii(y  of  eiicti  nnc 

(o  ol.-crve  thp  enndiict    .f  the  o(hiTs.  so 

:i-  to  lie  :i«socia(e(l  ii«  far  a<<  prafticabl" 

with  the  prudent  and  thi'  CiUldous,     \eir 

fhlraiiH,  J.   a   a.   A'.   R.   Co.   y.   nnghet 

I  l«7;ii    40  iliu.s.  2.'>«. 
When   a   court  speaks  of  servants  in 

scpiratc  depaf(mfnts   not  havin;;  "eon- 

tvacled  to  he  associated  with  each  other 

liy   rc.isnn   of  their  employment."   it   i« 

iippar.ntly  mennt  that  one  did  not  con 

template  the  risk   of  the  other's  nepli 

•.■ciice.     Xiislirillr  if  C.  K.  Co.  v.  Carrull 

MSTl)   t;  Hei-ik.  .StT. 
'  Shaw,  Ch.  .1..  in  Fnrirrll  v.  linstnn  il 

\V.  li.  Corp.   (1841)   4  Met.  49,  3S  \m 
TVe.  .■?:)!>. 

'rhiriiqo  d  .V.  W.  R.  Co.  v.  Miiiiitiiln 

ilSTtl)  9.1111.302.  The  court  said:  "The 
hest  interests  of  society  demand  that  all 
lin-iini"*-  should  at  all  times  he  so  con 
iluctcil  that  the  least  possible  harm  shall 
lie  cnwid  thirebv;  that  all  servants,  an.! 
(-pi'<ially  all  servants  eo>itrollinff  dan 
;;er(His  instrumentalities,  shall  eon 
-tantty  use  du(.  care.  The  jKi-^ition  that 
the  wcllbeinft  of  society  in  early  day- 
deiiianclcd  in  such  eases  the  rule 
rcspiiiiiltal  siipirinr  was  sustained  upon 
the  view  then  t^iken  of  the  u-ual  sul. 
ordination  of  servants  to  the  will  of  the 
Mia-ter.  ami  the  usual  devotion  of  th< 
senant  to  the  interest  of  the  master. 
It  seems  to  have  been  wisely  thought 
that  it  would  in'iuo.^  ffrenter  eatitioti  in 
—rvants   to  avoid    injury   to   others,   it 


•servants    knew    that    the    master    must 
i.nswer  for  such   injury;  and  also  that 
the  responsibility  of  the  master  in  such 
case  wouhl  usually  incite  him  lo  irrealei 
M^'ilance  in  promoting  the  desirisl  con 
-tant   caution  in   his   servants.      \\  here 
senants   are   habituallv   eonsocialtd    in 
Iheir    daily    duti.-s     (as    most    senant- 
wore   at   an   earlier   day    in    Enylan.li 
they  may  well  be  .supposed  to  have    in 
mtluence  over  each  other,  and  a   im.vmt 
to   promote    in   each   other   caution.    I.v 
their  counsel,  exhortation,  and  example 
at  least  ..qual  to  that  of  the  master  and 
l>erhaps  ;;reatpr.     In  such  case  the  well 
iM-ins  <if  swiety  do<.s  not  seem  to  d.^man.! 
that    the    nnister    shi.uld     I>e    made    tn 
answer,  in  cases  where  he  had  done  all 
that  he  ousht  to  do.  and  the  injury  wa* 
to  one  such  servant  and  from  the'ue.di 
^'once  of  another.     The  vifiilance  of  Mn|. 
-••rvants  in  such  ca-e  mav  well  lie  sui. 
|>osed   to   have  a   Rrcater   stimulant   (.. 
constant  exereire  if  each  one  knows  that 
neither  he  nor   his   oommdes  can   hav.. 
any   redress   for   injurv   to   one   bv   tlic 
nejriigcnoe  of  the  other.'    Rut  where"  serv 
mts  of  a  common  niast..r  an-  not  en 
-nciated  in  the  di-char<.'e  of  their  dulie- 
-where  their  i.mph.ynu'nt   does  not    re 
.piire   cooperation,   and   dries   not   hrin- 
ihem    together,    or    into    such    relation" 
'!ia(  (hey  can  exercise  an  in(luenf.e  uiion 
.ach  other  promodve  of  prtij.er  eau(ion. 
in    such    case   (he   reason    of   (he    rule 
'i<iMin<r  the  master  resp<msible  for  dam 
L'es    resulting'    from    the    nefrlijrencc   ,>f 
..ne  of  his  tenants  ^wms  reasonably  to 
apply  with  as  preat  force  as  if  a  stratip'r 
were  the  party  injured.     The  intluciioe 
of  one  servant  upon   anodier  in   the  en 
couragement  of  caution  cannot  be  relieil 


«  Ml] 


(OMMON   K\II'I^)V.\1i:NT     (iiVIIM  |:|). 


138» 


iiipiicitv  fr .r  splf-|ni>irriinn  iicccsx.iril.v  Iwi'iniiis  tiio  nltiiiiiilc  cnn- 
ifidling  CKii-idcniiiiiii  uiicm  wliicli  ilic  -civjiiil's  riylir  t..  iccovcr  tie- 
pi-iuls  niid  flic  <\i«iciir-<'  of  (•(iiiiiii'ni  ciiiiilnvmi'iit  n-uKcs  it-df  info 
ill!,'  iiKjuiry,  whctlicr  fluTc  was  such  a  relafii'ii  Ixtwcpii  flic  iliitii'-  of 


ii|«>n    in   such    ni»i',    fnr   that    can    nnlv 
■  ["•rate  wIiitp  tlicy  arc  <ii  ii|Mialiii;;.  uV 
iif    firnii^;lit     fci;ri'ttM',-     liy     tlicir     ii-iial 
.liilii-*.   (II    ulii'if    tliiTc   ii   linliitiial   cull 
-I'lialioii,     Tlicii.  indciil.  in  ca»c-  win  re 
iIkv  cannot    lie   ^ll|^|>. -cil    to    have    it    in 
lliiir  poHiT  in  ai;v  way  to  ini'molc  call 
ticii     in    cacli     iillii>i     t||c>    «i  II  iMiii;;    i«f 
-"cicty,    if    it    is    to    have   any    ^nili    sc 
iiirily,   must    (h|ic-iicl   cnliiely    n|>oii    the 
ii:;ilaiici'    of    the    nia>*ter    in     |iioMMiliiiy 
(.ii-la  it  caution  in  eaili  i.i  lii,  ■icrvaiits. 
;iihl  I'lmii  the  (ie-ife  of  -in  int>  to  |>iii 
icrt     he   ma<lcr    fioni    liahilily.      Hence 
the   niii«ter    must    in    such    caso  lio    held 
re  |M.nnihl<-  for   tlie  ne;:lcct  of  lii-i  >erv- 
lit.     .     .     .     The      line     of     ar-'unieiit. 
1.1  .My    stat«Ml,     i«    this:         I'lie    aiicieii' 
.  iinion-lnw  nil.^   uhich   Imlil-  a    ina-lir 
'  ■vn   in  iM-ics  Mir.  re  lie  is  LTiiilly  of  no 
fiiilll    ic>|ii.n-ilih-  for  the  ne;.'lc.i  of  hi- 
-.ivaiit     hIu'ic    a    thinl    pir-i.ii    Niidir^ 
.hiiii.iL:!'  from  the  ne..'li^.ence  of  -iich  serv- 
ant rests  entirely  ii|ioii  coii-i.leratioii  of 
it-  practical  eUcet    u|Min   s.ici.  ly,- -ii|H.n 
..'ii-i(l(  rations  of  policy;   ami  tlie-e  eon 
-iil.T.ilioii-  of  pcilicy  rest    ii|M.n  tlii'   iili  a 
ilial    the    -ulioidiiiatioii    uf    the    -irvani 
I.,  li.e  will  of  till-  master  am!   his  .levo 
ll.in  to  the   iiileiesis  of  the  m;isler  ;jivn 
liiiii,  under  that   rule,  ini'enlivcs  to  can 
tmii  he  Wdiihl   not  otherwise  have:    ami 
iip>ai   the   idea    that    the  rule   « ill    ineiti> 
ill.'  iiiast.r   to   fireater   vicrilame    in    the 
-il.ition    of    prudent    servant-     and    to 
L:nai.r  zeal  in  the  cx.reise  of  his  inllii 
■Mcc  (,ver  his  servnnt    to  secure  the  ex- 
'  n  !-.■  of  care   in    all   oases.      When    the 
''  i-in   of  the    rule   o«(sps,   the   applica- 
li.iii  of  the  rule  oufrht  also  to  cease,  and 
-I'c.ially   is  this   true  of  a    rule   which 
I  ~i-.    not    U[ion    its    own    justice,    hut 
-Illy     upon     con-i.lrralions     of     (ndicy. 
Willie  servants  of  th.'  same  inasler  are 
liiictly  co-operatiiif;  with  each  other  in 
I  I'liticular  hiisincss  at  the  lime  of  the 
niiiiry.    or    arc.    hy    their    usual    iluties. 
I  ri'iiffht    into    habitual    eon-oeialion.    it 
may    well    he   sup|K)~ed    that    they    have 
till'    power   (if    illllllelleil.'_'    p.ich    (llher    to 
lli"  evercise  of  con-tant    caution   in   the 
ni.i^ler'3  work  (by  their  e.\aniple,  advice, 
iiiil    encoura^'ement,    and    by    reporting 
!i'liiii|iiencles  to  the  nin.ster)!  in  as  urcat 
::nd    ill   iiKisl    cases    in    a    ^'realer.   drj;.     ■ 
lliin    the  master.      If.    then,    each    such 
■lurvunt  knows  that  neither  lie  nor   his 


fellow  -er\.inl.  if  iiijuri'd  by  the  olher'* 
m.o|iy..|i,.,..  1:111  li.ivc  riilio-  .i^'aiii-l  the 
uiasler.  he  has  such  iiiceiil  ive  to  idn-lent 
care,  and  -mh  ii,ceiitl\c  to  the  .Aeni-e 
of  his  iiiilmncf  ii|hiii  his  fcllnw  to 
incite  him  to  constant  care,  thai  the 
well  Ik  in;;  of  so.  iely  in  «lleh  c.lsc  dues 
not  di-maiid  that  Ihl'  master  be  made  to 
answer  The  sinie  considerations  of 
luiliey  whiih.  to  avoid  injuiiei  lo  third 
pir-o'is.  n-ually  deinand  that  the  masliT 
tie  hild  ri -|«in«ildi\  -ecm  plainly  not  to 
I'em.ind  it  in  the  ca~e  i.f  s\i,  ji  cii.^ervaiits. 
Hut  thniivh  servants  are  cmi  loyed  by 
liie  same  master,  and  are  eiiyayed  in 
doili^'  parts  of  some  ;;reat  work  carried 
on  by  the  muster,  still,  nnle-s  either 
their  dull",  are  -m  h  that  lliey  ii-iially 
hriii;.'  ahoiii  pi'isiuial  as-i.ci.i|  i,,ii  between 
-uch  -er\aiUs,  (ir  iinle-,  ihey  are  actu- 
a!ly  10  op.rai  iiii.'  nt  the  lime  of  the  in- 
jiiiy  ill  1h>  liii-iiiess  in  hand,  or  in  the 
~aii!e  li'ie  of  employment,  they  have  p'n- 
eially  1:0  power  to  incite  e.ich  other  ti/ 
caul  lull  by  counsel.  cNhortation.  or  ex- 
ample, iir  by  repiutinv'  delinquencies  to 
l.lie  ii'i-ler;  and  the  well  beiii^' of  sixiely 
ill  -mil  ( .i«e  must  depend  u|kiii  the  devo- 
tion of  the  servant  to  (he  inlere-ls  (it 
the  master,  and  the  zeal  of  the  ina-ler 
io  prniiKit;'  a  coii»l.itit  cNcrcise  uf  dui^ 
care  by  his  servant;  and  to  liriiiL:  these 
instninieiitalities  inlo  action  it  beeomes 
necis-ary  (as  in  the  case  of  an  in  July 
to  a  -Iran^.'iT)  lo  adhere  to  the  jreneral 
rule  that  the  iiia-!er  must  answer  for 
the  neyhct  of  his  servant,  and  this,  as 
;ilre:iily  sii_'i.'esteil.  because  the  facts  an' 
such  that  society  cannot,  in  such  (ase, 
avail  its,  If  of  the  mutual  piuver  and  in- 
lliie;ice  of  one  s(  rvant  uimmi  aiiolhii  for 
want  of  the  neec-sary  oppm  tiiiiily  for 
its  exercise,  and  hence  must  dcpi  ml  I'm 
iiidiiciiiieiils  to  caution  which  arc  sup- 
posed III  fdlliiw  tlie  j;eiieral  rule  of  tlie 
ma^li'i'-  lial.ilily." 

'J'h.'  ell'cct  of  the  doctrine  cuiiiodied 
in  this  case  is  that  the  master's  liability 
is  tested  with  reference  U>  the  a.'swcr 
to  one  or  other  of  these  two  ipii'stions: 
(1)  Whether  the  servants  jin?  directly 
CO  operatinL'  with  each  other  in  |iarlieu 
lar  business  in  the  same  line  of  employ 
nunt;  or  (2)  whether  their  duties  are 
siicii  as  10  briiiL'  iheiii  inlo  habiiiial 
nssocial  ii'ii.  so  that  they  may  exercise 
a  mutual  iiilliience  iiimn  each  other  pro- 


I.IIK' 


.MA- 1 1 II  \\i)  si:i!\.\sr. 


[l  MAI" 


XXVII. 


it     i 


f 


I  ! 

!    I 


t\w   n.-li-.nf   athl   .|.lii,.|ii,  nt    .s..rMmi>,      mi.-Ii    .•mi ii,ii..i,    i„ul   <•., 

'.|).Tiiti..ii  ill  III,  |...|-fun„:,ii..,.  ,,t'  III,,  work  wl.i.li  wii,  Krino  ,1,,,,,.  „.),„, 
Mm  injury  was  iv.-,.i\,..|.  il,,,!  ,i„.|,  sHl-,,i-ui,...ti,.„  u„-  r.M>..niil.K 
t.'iiMl.l..  I.v  onr.  or  utlKT  ..f  tlir  iiiran..  ii,,t,.,l  i„  tlu,  i..,s,.s  ciinl  in  tin 
folldwiiiM  scc.tinri.' 

501a.  Same  lubject  continued.- An  oxiiminnlion  of  tho  ci.os  hI.ow- 
that  t\ir  c'l..|ii(.iits  ii|M.ii  III,    ...NiMiii.-r  ur  nnii,.xi,i,.n,,.  ,,f  wliirl,  f|„ 
upplifal.ilit.v  ur  nonii|.|.ii.Ml,iliiv  „(  (lie  .jortri,,,.  ,.f  .•..i.so.ialiun  d, 
peuds  arc  tli.iso  iii<licai.cl  l)\  tlir  (ull..\vi>ii.'  imra^'i'iipli*: 

i.   Tlu-  fact  thai  llic  iiijiiici  servant  lui.j  or  lia<l  imt  an  upportunifv 

of  ob.«"n-infr  tiic  ..xtcnt  t.,  wliid.  tli..  nc-li;:cnt  servant  was  , (^.t-ni 

for    lio  pcrfurniancc  u|  |,is  ,liiii,.s  and  ihu  maiincr  in  wiiidi  iu'  lial.ii 
ually  conduclcMJ  Iiim-clf. 

2.  The  fact  that  the  injured  servant  wn.s  or  was  not  al)lo  to  take 
iipprojiriafe  measures  i.>  ward  .df  the  danper  wliich  shoiihl  he  crcatr.j 
by  an  net  alrea.i.v  c/)iiiniitfed  or  on  the  p.diit  of  hcinj;  coniinitted  bv 
the  nefrlijuent  servant,  wliiie  the  work  was  aetiiall.v  in  proyrcs.s. 

8.   Thp  fact  tliat  the  injured  servant  war  or  wa>  not  aide  to  les.sen 

motive  of   i.r..|».r  ™.ilion.      rinr.ir,o  d  In  rin,„r,„  rf  .|.  /,-.  r„.  v.  .s',r„„   (iSMSi 

rno  •/;..'""""'•'." 'I'""  "<»  111.  A,.,,.  I-.;    111.    I-..S.   .VJ    N.    K.   010.   it    ws   lai.l 

«09:  a.„l  thP  ra,..s  ..,|..,l.  ,„/>„.     If  t\w  .l.mn.   in   n  f.r,  ,„■,.   („  fl„.  ,„„  t..,t-.   '.| 

jury   iM-h.-v,-.!   that   tin.   nu'ii    In   am.lhcr  llt<'  m.i.stcr's  lialiilil  v.  « hi.li  arc  lirrc  rr 

jraiiB  wrr  imt  a.lnall.v  ......iH.iatin-  with  f.iicl  to,  that  tli,.  .jualifvin.'  «..r,N    ■•-„ 

tho  ,,ln,„l,ir  and  his  or.w.  ,.r  1l,al   thoir  th.it    thrv  innv  ,a,.,,.U,.  „„  Tnllu..n,r  „„ 

.lutu.s   «,.r,.  i,„t   mirh   as   to  hiin;.'  tl....„  -'a.-h  olhor  pr.'.Mn.li,,.  „f  ,,n,P.r  .•anti,-,,." 

.nt«   lialnt.ial    asM„.,ati.,n.   .-U:.   thr  ,li..  l,av,.  no  »|,,.li,ation  to  th,.    i,st    hut  an. 

junc'tivn   "nor"   slaml.l    ha^,.    l„.,n    ii~,..l.  lii.  llH  ..Mtiirlv  to  th,.  «,M...n'l 

W  ill.  App.   l,0!1.      I.,,r  th,.  ,ani..   n.aMin  passing',   has    aU,,  l„.,.n    in-titi,Ml    l,v   tli.. 

It    IS  t.rr,.r   to    instnict    a    iniy    that,    if  I.n.ad  .•,.iNi,l..iati,.n  -i ili,.,l  in  th,'.  <n\- 

the     stTvant^     ar,.     not      ,lir,.,tly     o„  join.-,!   pas,a-...     -U  li,.n  th,.  law   ,,t  f,-l 

oiH.rnt.ntfW    i  rach  .,th,.r  in  a  parthnlar  loxv  »,.nanls   was  lir,t    a. „..,.,1.  I,„-I 

msmfssui  i.,OHan„.  h. f  ,.iMph,y.n..nt.  n<.ss     ..nt,.ri..is,.s     «,.r..     ,.,„„|,arativ,.|v 

they  are  not  felhm  .,.,vant-.     Ihi,l.  sn.all  an,l  siinplo.     Tho  s,.rva,lt.  of  ,a,;. 

lheonii»-ion  of  th,.  clans,.  In  hrarki.ts  maslo,-  „,.,,.  not  nnna-pai,.     Tln^v  w.r,. 

haab...;    h.l,    ..rr,m..ms  in  tfivint' an  in-  all  ,.nf.M,..,Ml  in  th..  p„i-,iit   of  a  "simiJ,. 

stniction  to  tho  ..tr....t  that  to  ,„n<lit,.tp  and   poninmn   nn,l,.,l!.l<iM.'.     \o»    thin- 

frllow  servants  th..y  must  <itli.. I- <lir,.tlv  havo     .hiny,.,!.      Lai-,.   ,.nt,.rprN,.,    ir,. 

..oo|M.ralp  in  thp  parti..,ih.r  l,n-ln,-«s  [so  oondn.l,,!  hv  iKT.-on.s  or  I.v  p,-ri,„iali,'.n» 

that  Uipy   may  pxpnis,.  an   i.illn,.ii,.p  on  p.Mph.vinff    v.nst    niimb,.rs'   of    s,.rvant> 

pachothpr  pvomotivpol  |,i,.p,.i-,antionl.  ,livi,l,.,|    into    .la-,...    ,.a,h    i.nisnin.'    ,t 

or  thpir  dntips  innst  Ik-  Mi.h  ns  to  hrin^-  ,liir,..Pnt    p„rti,.n  of  thp  w,.rl'.  and  vM-h 

t  lom   into  hahitual   asMK-iation   .so  that  pia,.ti(.allv    in,l..i,pnd<.nt    of    the    .    'mt 

Ihpy  may  pxoroisp  an   inllii,i„p  on  ,.a,h  Thp   old  Vpas,>iis    do    not    ai.plv    to   th.^ 

other     proniolivp     of     pr,i|H.r     pantion.  lu'W    rondith.n-,."      Vninn    I'     If     Co     v 

Pagelsv.  Metur  (ISOU)   H.>*  111.  App.  Itiil.  r.rirlx,,,,    (I.Silt)    41   Ni-h    1    "o  f,    r'   \ 

Mieh    an     in>ln.,lmn     i.liahlp    to    thp  i;t7.  .5!l  \.  W.  .'U:.    Tho  sin.'pio  ohara'clVr 

p.jiistrn.-tion  that,  in  or.hr  to  1,P  fpljow  ,,f    o|HTati,>ns    in    tliP    in.lnltrial    ,.nlpr- 

si-rvants,   it    is  „„|y  n,.<.,.ssiry  Ihat   th.y  pii-,.<  of  earlv  tini..s  is  aUo  n.fprr,.,!  to 

liin.'.     •     p,,  ,>p,ial,.     in     th,.     |iarti,iilar  In    llmnmnrhrrri  \.  t<>.  Pniil  ^  r    I  urn- 

'";  in    haial.    will,.. lit    th,.ir    ,1,1(1,..  hrr  Co.    (18!)!j/    1<J   Wash.   5:17.  M   Vau. 

iHTti  1  .us  10  pioiiiolu  piujKi  caul  inn.  727, 


ii  ouiuj 


Hi.\l.\li»\  IMI'l.UV.MIvM  -ioSIIM  Kl>. 


I»t)l 


the  ri«k  of  injurv.  I,v  ,..v  ivlMny  ii|m.ii  ih..  ...-liL-iit  >...rviint  .,:.   in 
till.-,     .  .••ilciili.i.Hj  to  iMuiiini,.  raiih  ,|,  1,11.1  .lilip.m-f  ..II  til.'  part  „i  tli- 

lllttcT. 

».  Thr  tii.-f  tlini  fli,.  injniv.l  -••.vimt  w  „i-  wii^  not  iiM.'  t,.  pn.i.vt 
li.iiHcIf  n^^ai,,,,  tl...  |,..nl  ..I  Ininr,.  iv|«.|iii„„,  ..f  ,.„„,.  ,„uii,MilMr  act 
ot  iif^fliMvn.....  ,,(•  ,11,  cnii.lnvc,..  U  r..|M.rfin>;  tliiit  n.'f  t..  u  Hi|Mii,,i'  ,.,„- 
|.l..,v.....  iin.l  tlius  iiL-iiriiij:  that  lii,.  .|.'lin.,,i..nr  uill  l„.  ,„.„•,.  .•aivinllv 
-iipcrviscl.  «.i\  in  .'Mr.  mr  rw-i..  iii,cliar;:.i|. 

It  will  l;c  lonn.i  iliai  ili..  uli,,l..  „(  thr^o  ol.Miicnts  nn-  <.'M.„„  a.l- 
v.rt.'.l  t..  in  ai.v  ,i„ul,.  ,.a,...  As  „  fr..M..,'al  I'lil.'  il...  .•..iirfs  .•..„i,.|ii 
ili.'ins..|vf..  will,  a  ivf.ivn.-..  t..  tliat  parii..,  .,n..  ulii.-li  |,app..i,s  t.. 
Im'  sii^M,.sf,.,|  l,v  III,.  <p,.,.i  ,1  „^|„.,.|  ,,t'  til..  .■vi.l,.|,r,.  nnil.T  will,!,  ih,. 
-ax.  has  Imtii  Hil.mittcd.'      I;,,)  in  i|„.  f,,|-nial  ami  i,i.,r,.  Icnirfliv  ,|is- 

'Soillrlillll-'    till'    |ii>...|.,sii>||    .,!•    lurk    of     thr  ■..■r\  llll<  I|,i,l 


h.'  -.TN  iiil<  Ii,i,|  "no  opnortiinilv  to  u»b 

IliMlllioll,    iiy,iill«,     ciU-ll    OtlllTH     lll-ffli- 


All      o|i|H,i1|||ii(y      to      olMcrVl-      Il HMII'      I 

iployir',    roiidiiil     in    iiloiii'    iidvciti'd    to.  piicc 

:.ml   no  iilln-ion    i,   ,,„,,|..  to  II,..   „„.;,iis        Tl ,.,ln,i,.    |,.„    I,,,.,,    sii.l  to    l,„ve 

r!  Mdf  ,,ro  ...lion  «l„.!i   MHl,  „„  o|,,„r  no  ni-pli,.  ,lion   ,vl„.,v  ,|„.,,.  u  no  li-ht 

tanity  .■o.if.r.  on  Ih..  ...n  Mil.     lliu..  h.  oi-   o,,,.,i,,i„i,,    „f   ,     ,.,, „  „„.,-;, 

-'l7V-.^    .'{"7"'  ',*;    '■  .';•/"■    "^1",  "*•''"  '"■  "I'l-'lnnily  |o  .void  ||, .|i. 

.';.:'•  ,'';'■•">,  \"i-  li'T-  *"1    (<'»tiriil.d  K.iil   M.l,  .,f  ,in..llHr.   Hilli.,,il   di^.l.-MJi. 

Ill  Virt'inm.     S,;  J   -.00.  not,.  ,i.  ,„,„■„  l .  .n.,.    to    Hi,.    o,d..|,    „f    hi,    i ,,iii,'. 

iv,ov,.,y    wa.    111    «..d    simply    .,n    Hi.-  «iip.rio:        \o,7/,    f/,,,,,  „.   I{„lli,„,    Uill 

rniiinil  llmt  th,.  i«o  <,.rviintH  "wiT..  not  To.    \.   ./>.l,,,„on    (Iftsr.)     114    |||     ;•    .*,, 

ii'ploy,.(.s,  thrown   toy.llnr   in  ii  ..oin  X.    K.    IS,i  •    .    .   - 

n:..n     Inly,    niid    hivin-   opH.rti.nily   to        If  i..  s.iid  U...  d.Hlii,,,.  "r,.sts  i„H,n  the 

,:]."   ;'."''    J'lii^'.'    "f    til..    hal.|(>    iiiid  ll,....iy  lliMl    III,.  v;,,|   ,.M..„t   of  ijl,.  i,,,,). 

.|H:i  KiiMtions  of  ,.,„.h  othpr."  In  Illinois  i„.,h  of  ,;i,!«„v  ,„,„p;,,ii,.,  |„m  |,.d  |o  fh,. 

I.-*!..!,  N.  W.  ..j.eo-..TVi,.<.  was  ii,.-nliv,d  iinil   ,lislin..t    ,l,paitni,.nts :    that    hv    i..a- 

.1.  Ih,.  ynaind  that  Iho  s,.|v,Mits  "act...!  son    of   this   division    a    s,.,van',    in    ,aie 

in   cliir,.|,.nt   splu.rps,   and   n,.ith..r   coiiM  l.fan.h    or   (l,.p:,rtni,.nf    lias    no    s„i|    of 

'T   was    |-..qiiii..'l    to    know    wlwlhor   thr  a.soriatioi,    or    .■oMn,.<.|ion    will,    on-    in 

Mli.r  was  properly  d.an- his  ,li,ty."   n„t  ;u.olh,.r   .|..parln„-nt ;    that    this    ah...|i,.fl 

It   IS  clonr  that  tho  ulliniato  .■oiMvplion  <.f    a.M.,i;,iio„    j-iv,.,    si„h     s,.rvant     no 

"IikM   was   li,.n>  prcsi-nt    to  Ih,.  mind  of  op|H.rliiriitv   of   nhspivin"   tlio   cliaia.n.r 

II...  court    was   that    th..    lack   of   oppoi  of   a    s,.rv.,nt    in    am.tli.r   .hpartm,.,,!    of 

iMMily  f,,rul)s,.rvation  d,.pnv,..llh,.  s,.rv  lahor     „„d     no     op|„,rtiinit v     to     .mard 

".",  ,"'    "»«■    ""■an',    of    s<.|f.p,-ot,.,.tion  :,.,ai,i,|   tl„.  .H.-li-.-n,,.  of  s,"„.|,  «..rrant  " 

ulii.h    are    indioati^.l    by    th,.    oth.r    pIc  i;,„l  i'n;<;  \li„.  t\,.  y,  />,„■,■.,   ,  ,s,,|  ,    ,,« 

ii.iits    Piiuiii..|alpil    in    thp    t..xt.      Ordi  T,.|in.   711.   IS  S    \V    :m7      This   ,,i>.,'.-,. 

i.n.l.v.  on.,  or  othpr  ,.f  th..»,.  ..lpm,.nts  is  s,.,.|,„     ,„     indicatp     s,.iim.     shiftii'i- '  of 

.xi;l..iiy  i..f..rr,.    to.  j.'r,.,iM,l    wl„.n    il    is    ,.„,iipan.d    with    an 

ISlMil    us    HI.     \pp.    2i4.    Ih,.    ,.xis|,.,H.,.  \„,s/„,7/,    ,(■  C.   If.  Co.  V.  enroll    (IHTIi 

■t  ,n„m.,.n   ,,„|        „„.n|    was   pi,-di,.at,..l  (1    ll,.i,k.   .UT.   wlio,-,-  Ih,.  n.iiit   r..asomd 

M|.on      IP  fapt  I  ,.s  l„.tw,.,.M  thp  sprv  llnis:      -TIip    nil...    wp    hnhl.    ..annot    I... 

..nis.  thpiP  »a-        i„..-,.ssa,y   ,I,.p,.n,i,.npp  h,.l.l  to  apply  as  Im-Iw,,.,,  an  ..niplov.M-  in 

..,   ,.a,l,   ollip,  -    ,.arp  ami    vif:ilanop    for  ,„i..  d,pM,li.„.„l    of   ||„.   ,v„ik   of  a   rail- 

th,.,r  mutual    saf,.ty.  , ,    ,.,„„,„„..    ,..par,.l,..    .lislin,.t.    and 

^r   to.    (18'1S)    m   Wasn.   .,.,..,.!    r„c.    pl„v..p  hy  whom   !i,.   i,  i„j,ir,.d.  who  has 

.Mnn    24   Was,,.   •>>,].   1,4    IV...    174.   ,•„■     „ilh   thp  wca-k   i„   ui,,,!,   li„'.  ,„|,„,.d  ,.|||. 
Mni.P  was  n..gat,vea  on  th,.  j;,„uu,l  that    ploy.^  is  Pnga^-..,!.  fiiiihpr  tha,    Lt-ing  in 


i:it)i 


.M  \    III!    \Mt  >KIU.\.\T, 


IciiAr.  xx«u. 


#' 


«iii|i|ii.nrii  lit  (III  IP  miKii'  I. I.I. I  mill  In 
till'  .,iiii..  niiii|i.iiiv  Mil.  ,,■  II,,.  iiiiiin  i', 
r,iii.i-,|  li_v  III).  Ill  „'li;.'ii"i  III  I  Hill -..'ii.  .. 
or  Willi  i,r  '.Ujlj  .i|  .|„.i|  .iii|,|,,,,.  ,,r 
««•  III   iif  Ihi'  iii.ii|i.iiiy   III  III.'  |ii  I  li  I  iii,iiii'i. 

cf    Itii-    wmls    iif    .iiili    1 |iiri_\,      .     .      . 

Wr  iltl  »l^■  MO  |>|||,ii|;,  ,i|  riilini'i'tidn 
llll«.fn     llll|.l..\ll  .      .1      ilill,  I'.lll      ;.|.|,|,.. 

.itiil  in  iliir.iiiii  il<|,iiiii,,  III.  ,1,1,1  kiiiilx 
vi  liilxir.  «.>|.,ii,,li.  fimii  ,  ,,.||  iiiliii.  ii|i,i|| 
II  I'.lllli-.l.l,  ll|>i,||  wiiiili  llir  lAi'i  |i|  j,.|i  ,..111 
l.lillv  -.1,111,1.  ItiU  e,l-c  \,t\  urll  llIlK 
Iriili-.  the  Mile  «,.  Juivi-  liili|"i|<i«|..  Mjn 
I'lii  \<,i^  ,1  1 1, 1,  km  III  or  'Iwi--..'  im  |ii<  i* 
r.illi.l.  i'iii|,l,,\,-,|  liy  llic  roiii|i,iiiy  in 
kirfiiii;.'  in  oiiliT  iiiiil  ir|iilr  II  Kill  ion  of 
llif  ro.iii.  An  iuili.  Ill'  hill  no  nr  ''-..uy 
coiinri'tinn  or  ii'«>i<«'i,i(iiin  uitli  I  lie  I'oti 
iliiili>r«  ,iiiil  oniployi'i's  who  Hi-ri- i'iiy;i;p'ii 
in  iiiiiiiiii,'  thi-  |>:i-.»i'ii;,M'r  li.iiiii  iiihIit 
tlio  ijiriitinn  o(  tlip  (jnn'iiil  ^iijH'rinli'nil 
I'lit  iif  II.  .i,iii|iiMiy.  'I'lii'v  HiTi-  ti'iuiriili' 
nil. I  ili-liiirt  in  llii'ir  i'Im|pI.imiiiiiI..  imil 
till'  iitii-  li,iil  ill  no  w'n,'  colli riictt'il  In  U' 
a.-iiiiiiti'il  with  till'  otlicr  hy  rtnixoii  of 
llicir  i'iM|ili>_vnirnt." 

In  nn  early  (iforL'ia  tli'ii^inn.  nppar 
"•'(ly  till'  «<'('iMiil  rx|>lirit  rii'iit/niliiin  of 
till'   ijiM'Irini',    tin-   iiii|i«i«'<iliilily   of  tlirir 

oM-rri'-iM^'    II    rorrrctivo    iiilliiiii, vrr 

.•:iili  otliir'*  I'lMiiliKt  \\a><  [lilt  forward, 
n»  llic  jMiiiiii.l  ii|Hin  wliii'li  tin-  riiiirt 
ilciiiril  III"  tii'L:li;;i'nt  ,ini|  injuri'il  sitv 
iiiiN  Id  til'  ill  11  (Tiniiiiiiii  i'iii|ili,viiii'iil. 
f'.',/"  r  V.   Miiifinx    (isiiin    ;)i)  (;,i.   1 1«, 

7li  .\in.  Die.  li.'IS,  wluri'  tin-  roiirl.  re- 
fiiriiia  •'>  '111'  fMililiin  to  tlif  nili-  of 
, ' -/ ,  III/,  ,i(  Sinn  r'mr  cri'iili'il  liv  llio  due 
iTiiii'  of  I'liniiiiim  i>iii|i!n\  III!  111.  -"iiiil: 
">i:i'li  nil  I'M  1 1, 1  inn  li,m  Ihtii  ri'i'oL.'iii/riI 
i"  -oliir  iiiiiilini  r:i-('s.  Iml  wjioii  riiiithiitl 
"iliiiii  tlio  r.'ii^i'ii  on  wliidi  il  i-  fniiiidcl. 
it  rill  liavi'  no  iii>|ilif,itiiin  In  llii<  ciiii-. 
Tliiil  ri'iuon  i<  oiio  of  [iiihlio  jMilicy  fo 
SI',  nil-  to  till'  piililii'  II  iiioro  filiiifiil 
scrvii"'  from  f'm|>|iyi'i's  on  r:iilii>;iiU. 
stc'iiuiliiMN.  .'iiiil  ollii  r  liniiiclii'-.  of  Im.i 
iiC"*  wlii'rrin  tin-  s.it.'ly  iiml  (iri,|i.  rty  nt' 
tile  jmlilir  lire  iiiMdv.d,  liv  niiilvitii;  it 
tlio  inti>rr«l  of  oiicli  (ini'  of  ••iii'li  im 
ployci'.'^  to  look  :tfiir  and  Piii'oiir.i'_;i'  thi' 
caipfulncss  and  li.lilily  of  all  tli.'  rr-t. 
Tlii»  roaMiii  can  lia\i'  no  a|i|>lii'al  Imi  In 
<'niployoo.'<  whose  sitii:iliiiii,  njlnw  lliiiii 
no  eorreetive  iiill'.ii'iii','  over  eacli  other. 
The  exee|ition  oiieratei  ai  a  pi'tially.  and 
to  inipixe  till!  penally  when  theie  i-  no 
oppt>i-tuiiity  o'  I'ViT.i-iii','  thai  sii|ii  r 
visi:);;  cm  wliieh  il  is  intended  tn  en 
foree  is  sheer  oriielly.     .     .  Xor  eaii 

it  1)0  oxteiidi'd   to  other  einployees    who 
from  any  rails, .  are  mil   in  a   sjiiMti,,!!  t"    i:,:,! 
exL'it  such  an  inllueiit'L-  uii  their  tVIInu-.    l.n, 


II    t..ll.\>.    ih,'i,|,,.'.   iliMi   th).   i<,i«,.«  to 

ttliiih    this    I'.Meptiiii    iippllea    a nly 

Mil'-     Mhire    the    xit.inl     n  i    i\  injj    the 
II  iHH    i.  eii'.,,i.'i'i|.    Milh   Ihe   si'r\arit   in 
Ml'    in;.'  il.   Ill  11  I'Miiiiiii'ii  liii-ine.i  ulnn' 
I"      111"     '111     op|w'iliiiiiti      III    I'vi'i'i'i-e     ,1 

priMlili*,.       ,,|,,.       in,  I         jij,        II,  .^.li;.,.!!,',,," 

I  hi-    11.,.    i.    iK'ih.ip.    1  till  nli'il.      he,' 
I" 


".line   I'limepl  lull 


»    'illO.    

Ill  llliiiiiis.  aUii.  Ihe 
I-  the  one  whi.h  i,  oiijiii.iiily  einph,! 
•iz' il  in  the  .liiilir  eiiiimi.ition.  of  the 
diiilriiie.  In  .('Mral  ineiit  ni».n  it  i- 
lail  ilii\ui  that,  ill  Older  III. It  one  -li.ill 
he  the  frlliiw  .er\.iijl  1)1'  aiiill'.'r,  tlnii 
diilieM  iiiii-i  Ih'  ■■.iii'Ii  n.  to  111  in;;  llien. 
into  h.ihilii.ii  a..oi'iiilion,  .u,  ih.it  lhi\ 
may  e.x<  rei.e  i  miitii.il  inllm me  on  eaeli 
oilier,  proiiioli\e  of  |>rii|H-r  runt  inn  ' 
.h,ri,t  Stifl  f„.  V.  Shlrl.lH  (HiMI)  l;)| 
111.  ;.MI!t.  'J.'.  X.  K.  ftllll;  Chirnm  d  I .  /,' 
r„.  V.  !/,le  IIS.SII  HIS  111.  -JS'S;  Chl.iu,., 
•(  r..  I.  K.  r„.  V.  «;.,iri/  (1HS4)  110  III 
'■'<M;  \(irlli  Cliii'iiiii  ll'illimi  Mill  ('„  v 
.I'lli,!"!,!!    (IHM.M     114    111.   57.   20   X.    K 

ISCi;    H.lr'ilil   lliiirx    l.llhlhir  Co.   V.   l.i'llls 

ilsnsi  IT'_'  III.  :i|.-,.  ,-,!i  V  (,;  2-2r,.  .\t 
lirmiii;,'  (Isiiiii  lis  111.  App,  r,\>:i:  f/iir.o/., 
•(  .1.  /,'.  r,,.  V.  Iloiit  I  ISXT,  122  III.  :iii!i 
12  X.  K.  2-''-.;  ./i.li.t  SI,,  I  Co.  V.  Shi,  I,/. 
(  1M!»3)  Itll  111.  (lOM,  a\  X.  K.  IIIH 
rhi,„,io  ,(  I.  /.'  f„.  V.  S'l!)/  (HH'i' 
127  111.  (i:i:.  21   X.   K.  20.1. 

.\    KUpi  I  inleiide'it    ami   a   snhordin.  ;.' 
vvnrKiiiaii  eiiL'ay'd    in   piillin;,'  out   a    lii 

in  their  einpjnyer's  factory  ar it   iel 

lo\\M'r\aii|..  ..I,  lis  to  prcM'iil  llie  -iii, 
ordiiMt,'  from  leeoxeriii^'  of  the  enipli.M  i 
for  injuries  eali-ed  hy  the  neyli;:eii('e'  ,  f 
Die  superinti'iident.  unless  their  relaliim- 
ueie  such  that  the  sulmrdinate  coiil.l 
•exeri  ise  an  infliioncc"  upon  the  su|i<'r 
intendent  "proniolive  of  proper  laulieii." 
Iliihh,,li1  V.  Chinni,,  Sui/ar  Hit  ''•> 
(IH'12,    Ii  III.  App.'41S. 

.\.  iiiolher  case  puts  it.  niere  eo  iipiri 
tion  is  noi  eiioii-h  to  hack  the  -ii\,iiir- 
lelion.  if  tlieie  was  no  opportiinily  In 
es.'ni.e  this  mutual  iiilliience.  Chirint', 
.''  /;.  /.  /.'.  f',>.  V.  Kiiiiiim  (ISOt)  \:,i 
111.    i:.s.    :)!i    X.    K.    :i24.    i.dopi.'d    in 

(•ln,;iil„  »f  .1.  /,'.  To.  V.  Siran  (  I  S!i:  i  70 
111.  .\pp.  .l:il.  holdiiij;  that  a.  I)aj:f;ai',' 
man  and  i  ii;;iiii'<'r  are  ncit.  ns  ninttei  ^.f 
law.  fellow  servanfs  sini|il.v  liocuuse  tliev 
looper.ile  in  the  t ran.|KiVtatioii  of  Ih.- 
Ii.i.-i'iii.'crs  an.l  their  lia;.'f:aj!e. 

Wlien  Ihe  SI  r\aiit  "is  told  fn.at  this 
1,1 1"  and  prmli'iiee  is  his  only  renicily 
a^.iin.t  daiiiii'i  from  tiic  nepli^ience  of 
ih.'-e   oiiiph.yiil    w'th    him,    it    not   only 

le.aL.'i   liitii    tjni 


nil' 


'refill.   1,1,1    -tif:;,l' 

thai  others  exerei-e  I  lie 


.    f 


.Abiu^ 


f  V>\a] 


COMMi»\  KMI't.oVMKNT-rONTIM  Kl>. 


I3i):i 


tin 

ftTtl; 

'•r,. 


cii'MuiK  of  iho  (Wtrinc  f|...  pvi.l.ntinl  «;CT)ifipnnr'o  of  ,A,-h  nri.l  all  r 
tlio  vnrioii-  ♦•I'-mr'tifM  invi.lvcil  \n  duly  n'c..>r|ii/t.(|.^ 

lVr»..nnl    ai-<|niiiiiliiiiio    ImIwciii    |Hr-nn*   riii|.I..vc,i    li.v  tlie  game 
.;.m«  p«.iH,,n."      /.„«„n7J,,   r.  ,t   h.   R.    h.  ...ntrol  \h,  trHnnion  n-f.-.m!  to  The 

In  II  r.i...  «l„.r..   .■»...m „.,,   n-vii  m..„i  m,.y  f.ilrly  1...  ron-M-r.  .1  to  n<\»m» 

iw.  .  it  «H-  ivniarU.I  lh.,i  t n.int-  Ih..  ,i-k,   (,.ni.mv.  ..tl,.  r-l  of  p..„il,lo  in 

li.ul     nocnln.l  „v,.r  llic   .,il,.T  -..■lA^int,;  inn    lr..in   tli..   ii.  ••Ii....i„..  „f   lii,   f,.||„« 

m.   o,.p..r  iitiit...,    of    jihl:-!,,;;    nf    il,..ir  «.,rl,„„n     (n..v,     m     fr.«..,.„tlv    m-n 

•;'  :i'i";'>V   '  "■";•  '• ,/'  '•;■■  \''r"* "•'• »-  "'■•  ••" «"rV  .l/,  ..•  "' " 

N.  \V.  347. 

Sv    nUn    fiirrf    t.    A;./,/„     (Hftl) 

M...  r.io,  :ifi  I,,  n,  A  mill,  js  v;  \\ 

Mii'lilin    V.     I 'h  mil  1,1,1 1,     ,(.     o.     // 
(ISSii)    28    W.    Va.    lilil,    ;,:    All. 
6!tS. 

t'imimon  prnplnvmi'iit  liii«  Uvn  |>i"ili- 
rnticl  friHii  \\w  fiict  tli.it  til.'  ^.•i-.aiil* 
in  qm>»ll<in  witi-  "ihi.'ii'.'i i|  in  it  ii'iiiiiion 
wi'ik.  mill  «cTi-  «.,  .ihi.iiiMl  llhil  lluv 
ri.iilil  i>li«frvc  Ihr  ii>M>liii't  Miiil  ilHiii'iiii'ii 
ciis  of  iMi'li  olliiT  anil  ri'jHirl  tn  ii  r..in. 
nmn  niiiitiT."  Shfihun  v.  Vrusn,  i  (IK'.IS) 
."i.'i  Mo.  A|.[>.  .")ll!i. 

.V   fiiif   in    wliicli    tliii   ii«|«'ct    of   tlin 
vr\iiiit'«  .Mpitcily  to  prut. it  liiMiiilf  will 

n.t,,nill.v  piTviit   il-lf  to  tl...  ..v,l,„i„M    of    nTo...nizMM..    |,ri„,.i „,,.,„     „liioli 

of    IIP  otiii.r,  an-...  »l,..n.  tli-  i,.-o|i,,..„t    ...rviint..  «.  -it„,H..d  ran  l„.  -,ipp„.,.d  to 
iin.      iniiin.il     «rn,,iil-     «..ri.     workin-    liav,,    mntiiallv    ,.-iMn..,l    tli..    risk*    of 

nn.l.;r  iliir    ..n    .iip,.rM.Mi!;  olll,-..r..    Tin,    .•a.h    ntlirr'-    n..:;li^-i, \\„,.|;  „pn    « 

■  MMMlity  of   til..   Iiitt.-i-   ...rvant    tn   pro-    .llst.intly   r..|a.i,|    to   lmI,    otl,i.      in   tho 

.It    hiMiMlf    l.y    roniplaiiiiii;;    of    il,.|in-    inii^t.r'!.   wrvi,,.   a<   tlii.  iiuairv n   nml 

c|aiMi..|..H  .•.„mii.ll..l  U  tlirn  npt  to  ho  thn  train  o,«.,atiM.H  li,./,.  an"-  Jlnrlv 
iml  forward  na  tlio  nioM  prominent  nioro  n.-arlv  alli,.il.  for  MI  praitiral  nur- 
f-.itnn,  in  lie  r-lalion,  lH.t«..,>n  the  pov,  of  nnitiial  olwirvnlion  vi-i  inc.- 
T";'."';;  T':":','"  /"";"  ''■  '■'"'•'""'  ««  '""'  I>'"t<'<-tion.  than  nrfi  tli..  ..-rvants  of 
R't  -;V  rs\v"41>'"-  '•■!.'■. 'V'-  '"""T"'  i-l.-p.-n.l..nt  oon. raptor"  e^' 
riv    r     rn'i,,,  .        ^'-;,"':,""''    "".■■•    "^"■"■''  "n '"n>^'>-""''ran.l„..  of  labor  u,v>n 

l..>.  .1..  arjini  ,L'  t  „„:     "In  tl a...  in    a  ,i,ni,n<m  ..nt,.rpri-o  (tlionj;!,  „,.  ,Io    ,ot 

111.             nia.l..r   liail   «e..,.    fit    to    pla,...    nieai,   to   imply    that    tli-    l.t-al    r,lati„H 
l'''',.,.T, .?";'.'■'■•.■"''''■'  ".'"'  ""•  ♦'•''"•■    '■<:'"..i-ntl„.,nar.. ntiral);     Km v."=- 


CXCIIlp- 

no  jii«t  or  Iii^iiil  nppli 
••II' ion   wli.'r.'  the   >iip|K)«.iI    f.llow   ..tv- 

llllt«      iiri'      KO      Hi, Illy      .«.(,., ,.,|      (,v      ,|,„ 

<liyi«i.in  of  tli*  (.nipl.y.-r's  l>ii-iri,  .«  ili„t 
nii'lirr  ran  hnv.-  .i  riaily  apix.il  to  anv 
niiiliiitll  -iijMTi.r.  ha\ili;;  pimrr  to  n- 
'I'lirr.  an. I.  if  noi'il  Ikv  Io  cnliiii'.  corrirt 
■  nil  iMirriil  ronihirt  on  tin.  p.irt  of  tlip 
otiipr.  .Sirli  m  i.p|M.al  fnrni-liiil  to  the 
"•rvnnt  the  mnin.  to  avirt.  or  at  least 
to  ilinilni-h  the  ihiiii;i.rH  nrisinjf  fnaii  in 
eoiii|„.|,.,i,y  or  e.iieli.  -iiiss  on  tin-  part 
of  his  felh.HS,  lint  Hhen  that  appeal 
U    iiiipi„.il,|e.    I,y     re.i-iin    of    the    total 

"'■^''Ml" f  "ii-ir   tleliN  of  lahn,    ,,„(!   of 

the  eoiilrol  to  whii'li  thev  se\.r,illv  are 
sillijeet.  we  nppreh.>nj  tin' re  is  Ijttl',.  l,.tt 
of 


niiii'  under  sii|>ervisiiin  and  niMiiaj,'enient, 
totally  apart  from  eaeli  other.  They 
Were  not  'aetinir  iiinler  the  sanip  immedi- 
ate direction.'  .1/i.svoHri  /'.  ff.  ro  v 
.l/.i'/,i  V  (ISS7)  127  V.  9..  -JUS  -Xl  r.  ed' 
lOS,  8  Slip.  CI.  lJ,.p.  niil.  Kaeh  looke.l 
to  a  dill'erent  indivi.hial  as  the  master's 
r.presentallv  tor  oi  net  ions  in  hi^  work, 
mill    hail    no    praitiral    rminiitinn    with 


hcl  .' 
ru;^ 


of  the  latter  class  are  universallv 
not  fellow  servants  within  the 
under  disriission." 

'S|H-akinj;  of  the  prior  dpcisioni  in 
Alis-onri.  the  eoiirt  -aid.  in  11,1  .,t  y 
h.iuino  rH,,.  IK  S.  d  (1.  Ii,  Co.  (I8!l>)' 
112  Alo.  8(1,  18  I,.  I!.  A.  817.  20  S.  \V. 
480:  They  "reject  the  rule  of  exemp- 
tile s„,„.,.ior  who  ^„i,i;.d  and  Mi,;:,  w;;^;  !vhoan..;,.M...*{'t""  "'"  "^'"^""t^ 
the  acts   and   eiinilnet    of  the  other.      If  ^  ^         . 


tho  same  master  in 
liun  inp  on  sotne  jrciiernl  enterprise,  rio 
niatler  !iow  difTcrent  and  diseonnoeted 
'he  work  may  he.  'Ihey  as-ert  the  more 
reasi,„:ihle  and  ju-t  rule  that  they  are 
ci.servant.s  hIio  are  so  related  amraaso- 
,.  of  '""ililiiet,  eialed  in  their  work  that  thev  can 
safety?      r..(>,j,l:,i„    verve    ,in.i    ' 


I)i\<.n.  instead  of  being  'illwl.  had 
liieicly  niitie.tl  repeated  nrl.s  of  nej.-Ii- 
^'ciice  by  the  trainmen  in  omiltinL'  to 
siiMinl  its  approach,  what  could  he  have 
iiiaie  to  corri'ct  such  coiir 
am]    injure    tii.i   n*vn 

to  1  i«  f„i-..,„.!«»     'ti       i"    •'  .'■ •""    ~'l"'    ■'""    "•'*'■   ""    inliiienee   over   eaen 

hU  work  "  '"['-""P  ;l^'-""ti"'r    "tlier-s  cood.iet  and  re,..rt  delimnieneie, 

hi.  work  liud  no  power  to  Ui.cl.aiae  ur    to  a  conme.u  corrucaiuL-  power:  u'nd " heC 


ob- 
each 


er;  uud  they 


■*■■  ' 

i  ' 


w 


lIM 


f.tSli 


MA,VH.I!  WD  s|:i;\ we. 


[chap,  xxvir. 


iii.'hlrri-   nof    iic.'f-.;;irv    to   cnMfp   fhc     nlnlinii   ,,f    f,.1!,,\v   scrviiiit^.' 

A'or  (lues  the  lucre  I'mi-I  lliilt  lll(>  !ls>,,ci:il  inn  of  ih,  iiciiliijciil  iili<l  jn. 
iionii't  sci-viiiiN  \\ii-;  hricfiiiMl  i<'iiip,,rinv  .xdii.'  •  the  iiitViviu-o  <if  (•<,- 
sciTic .  |)r<i\  iilc.l  iliiif  iliciv  wiis  ;i  iii'.'("iirv  (li|)ciiilciico  on  oiicl; 
otlicr'f  cnrc  nn<l  flilij;cncf>  for  tlicir  inutiinl  siifcty.*      But  a  ivlafioii 

arr-  not  ,.„s,.nnMts  wlm  art-  on^ra-..!  in  nil<-  i*  („  ,mko  <-a.h  sorvat.t  vi-ilant  i„ 
'lill.-ivnt     and    distinct    drpai  tniciils    „f    ^vin-  llia(    |1„.  ..tl,,..-.  arc  caivfiil    nrn 

In  larl.rv.  Uauiiihtil  d  St.  ./.  /?.  Cn.    tliiir  ,liitv.  and.   if  nut     lliit   it    sliril   l„. 

(1801)    ,0M  M...  n,:2.  18  I     ,!.  .\.  .0^.  ,.,  ,„  „„.ir  int,...,  ,.,  ^^Ll.U^lrM!:. 

>.  \\.   II  i.l.  \vli(i-<'  il  was  lirM.  .)y  a  nia-  th.il   (Mciir."     I'idxhiiiq    II     W     ,(■  t'    U 

lority    of    four    jiidijcs    to    tliicc.    that   a  fo.  v.  l'o,rrrn   (IS74)  '74   |||    ."UI 
Iracknian  iii^-avi'd   in  liallastin-  a  track         In  I)<iiii,ls  v.  r„U„i  /•    ll' C„     (IS'Kti 

was   in  a   niinnion  .■ni|d..ynicnt    will,  tli.-  fi  Itali.  ;t.-,7.  ■>?,  \\n:  -,{\1.  tlio  rulo  is  Iii.l 

moil  liandliii^'tliP  hallisi  train,  tlir  ,-,,mt  down    as   f,dl(pws:      'I,,   or.U-r   to  <or,M. 

said:      "111.,  real  and  only   iH.int   <if  dis  tiili'  servants  of  one  master  iVdIow  s,.rv- 

liiielion    |i.  .-.,  eoMlrasliiio  ||„.ir  |,n-:tioi,  ants.  wiliMii  llie  rule  n-s'/x,,,,/,  „rv»;/' //.„■ 

with  that  of  str,iii;.'ers|.  it    „.,„„      ,  ,is.  il„.y   ii,m.|    I„.  rn;::.-,.,!    i„   ,i„.  ^.,„;,.   |j,„: 

arises  out   of  tlie   fact   tlial   the  -eivants  of  u.mU.  1„.  under  the  .■,,i,liol  of  the  saii,,. 

.are  so  assoeiat.Hl  and   related   in  the  |kt-  fo laii.  he  einid-ved  and  di-ehar-.Ml  In 

forinan<>e   of  their    w.iik    that    they    can  the    sm,u,.    head    of    the    de»arlnient     in 

..hserxe   and    inllueiie..  eaeh   olher-s  eon-  which    they    work:    that    thev    lah.ir    (.. 

duct,    and    rc|,„rt    any    d,din,|n,  n.y   to   a  ;;ether    in  ■such    personal    relations    |h,l 

crreclinj,    ,,o„,,r.      To    say    ;,    clerk    en  1  liey  can  exerci nlhience  iinn,,  e.n  h 

>ra-iMl   111  ..II  odice  making  out    |.ay  r.dls  other  (.roinoliv,.  ,,f  i.roncr  caution  in  iv 

for  a  railroad  (.ini|.aiiy  is  a   fcll,,w  sctv-  s|„.,.(   ,,r  their  -nnliial  safrlv   that   Ih.v 

ant.   within   the   nil,,  of  exein|.lion.   «ilh  shall    he.   at    the  time  ui   the    ininrv     <li 

those    en^:iy<d    in    <.|..-rat in;.'    trains,    is  redly    .ooperalin-    will c|,    oIImt    j,, 

out    of   all    reason.      Cnided    I.y    the   real  the   pai  I  iciilar  l.iisinc.s   in   liaml    or  ihil 

leas.jn    for    th,.    rule    it    scvnis    to    us    it  th.ir    mutual    dnli..s    shall    l.riie'    them 

should    lie   a[>|die<l    and    applie.!    only    in  into   hahilii.il   coii^o.iat  ion.  as  that    thcv 

those    cases    where    the    servant     injiiivd  n.ay     ,.vcrci~e    an     Inllu.-nce     ui»iii     e.oii 

and  the  one  inllictm^'  tli..  injuries  aiv  so  olher  pnnnolive  of  proiier  caution-   aid 

asso,.,ated  and  relal n  their  work  that  to  he  -o  siinal..d  in  their  lal.or.  to's, 

they  can  ohserve  ami    have  an   inllm'nce  extent,  to  supervise  and   watch  th,.  ,.,,n- 

over   .;;     .    nthir's    ,-,.ndnct.   and    can    re-  dmi   ,.f  ,.ach  olln-r  as  to  skill    ilili..,.|i,e 

jmi-t  di.liiiipienci,.s  to  : 1 >n  .•,>ri<.,.t-  ami    car,.fulmss."      S,.,.   also   th,.    .,  h  1  1 

in}.' power  or  h,a, I.     In  short  th<.y  shoiihl  tion    from   tli,.  opinion    in   fl,i,>in„ 

he  f,dl,nv  s,.|vants  in   fa,t.  ami  ii.il   sim  U.    /,'.    fo.    v.     \h,r,iii,l,i    (I.S7'l)'   ■)• 

jdy   111   dial,.,lic  th,.ory.      If   in    s,.parato  '.W^.  .'It   Am.   i;,.p.    ICS.  in   «    11    ,^',^ 
and  ilistinct  ,l,.pailm,.nts.  sothal  III,,  cir-         '  llorW.x      Coliinil.iaii      r  rna'^ilinii     v 

ciim-lam-,.s    ju-l    -tat,.,l   ,lo  nol    ami   .-an  llrll    (ISIIH)    7<i   III.   .\pp    ,-,!l|     I'olh.w  in. 

n,>t  ,  Mst.  Ih,.n  th,.y  aiv  m.l    f,-ll,,w  s,.rv.  Clnn,,,,,  a-  .1.  /,'.  r„.  v.  //.,,//.  .\Hinii,.d  in 

ants  wilhiii  any  just  or  fair  imaninu  ol  .ISS7|    \->2    ||I.  .-iii;).   !•_>   \     |.;    ■>■>;, 
the  riih'."     .\  e,in,l  ,l,.al  of  the  laniinave        '  .\n    ,.n:;in,-er   of    sw'ilcliiii'    criw      il 

use,l     in    this    .a-,.    s,-<.uis    to    ..any    the  tliou..ih    iimh.r  .a    t,.mpoiarv   ,.mpl,,vn„.|il 

<_ourt    very    ,l,.s,.   to   th,-  conlin,.s  of  il„.  is  a  lelhuv  -i-rvant  w  itii  til,- ,n..in,',.r  and' 

<h.,lriiic  cxplaiia'd  in  th,.  pr,.,...,linf:  sul,.  hr.ik.ni.in  of  a  .oa,l  train.  lhroii;;h  wh.,-,- 

''      •  ne;:li;;(.|ic,.   t  h|.    forim.r    is    injure,l    whil 


I     V, 
i    III. 


The  ronsoii  of  th,.   r 


cahle.    is    th 


ille. 


v.hi.n   appli 


th. 


ill. 


each    -I'rvant    i.ii}; 
iitni,ut  of  husjne-s.  f, 


•d    ill    /;.   /.   A' 


lakiny  up  a  Ir,- 


hir 


(1S!MI1    (is    III.   .\ 


i'hifiHln   ,(■ 


I    tl 


.\  vaiil  hand  in  tin 


PI'- 


Ml. 


-afily   of   all.    shall    Ik-    int,.ri-t,.,l    in    ^e  road 

,  urinf;  a   faithful  ami  pi  iidcnl   ,lis,har^..|.  man    1,1   assj^i     n, 

of  ilul.v   hy    his  fellow    s,.rvaiits.  or  that  h \in:;    a     he.iv 

Ihcy  shall   r,.poit   to  the  master  aiiv  de  f 


10  omploy  ot  a   ra 
impaiiN    was  ilir,.,-!,.,!  liv  th,'  fm 


am>l1i,.r  om;d..\. 


in(pi,.|icit.> 


>f  III, 


roiii    an    I'li^jiii,' 


Ih, 


pi,. 


if 


in 

ill, 


th. 


lK.rl,>rmaiice 
i  if    \.    If.    /,• 


I, IS,"  ,.n};a^:,.d    uilh   tln-ni    ,l,.ta,li,.d  hv  if.  wli,ise  1 


of    ,lllt\ 


1! 


taki 


nia,.hiiii'iy 
ivinc_r   ||(.|pm 
lUsiiu'ss  it    was  10 


171,  U  Am.  I; 


.1-.  :t:!. 


(  IS71  I    lid  III. 
lie  oli|i.,-t  ,,f  the 


lies  t,i  pi 


,.s  f,u-  I. 


Ill   r..!no>ii!fj    Ih,.  sai 


pai 


rs.    While 


which   th,.y    wii,.  staniliiifr  linikc.  by 


i 


*0lkii 


5  ■><'•-']  t'OMMDN  |■;^||•|.^^  MK.NT    (ontinikd.  l:iii.-, 

hctwccli  tlic  illilii.s  of  till'  i)(';;lii;ciit  Mild  injured  scrvniits  wliidi 
iMcrcIv  ciuililc^  tlioiii  to  ok-civc  liow  cacli  did  liis  work,  and  iUk-h  not 
fiirnisli  cilliiT  wiili  an  oppornuiitv  of  inlliicncin^'  the  otiicr'.s  condnet, 
Is  mil  (ino  ol  wliicli  cii-crvicc  can  iir  iircdicatcd."' 

502.  Relation  between  the  theories  of  nonassignable  duties  and  con- 
sociation of  duties.—  It  is  obvioti>  llial,  wlicrcvor  tin,'  duiics  of  tlic 
iicf,dig('nt  .-icrvant  relate  to  tlie  providing-  or  niainlaininj,'  of  safe  in- 
sininienialilies,  and  iIhkc  of  tjie  injnred  servant  to  tiie  nse  of  tlios<>  in- 
-ininienlaliiies.  tlie  n'a-ter  mav  nsnally  he  held  liable  cither  on  the 
iiroimd  fit  a  ditl'ereiice  of  department  or  on  the  siroiind  that  ,lie  delin 
i|iient  was  a  vice  principal,  in  the  sense  explained  in  §^  :>t>7,:,C,>, pn.sl.' 

iiii-ioii  iif  ;oi  iiiW( Icfi'ct.  Mi:il  llio  iil;i    wIicm   thus   \Mirkiii<r  tdvfllici    in    siidi   a 

'  liiiiiiy  fi'll  on  A  iiiiil  injiniMl  liiin.  Ilrlil  soivici'.  Iliiiii;;li  ciicli  n,,,-  in  hj,  ,,«„  |,;,r 
ili:il  A  Mild  It  Here  Ic'lldU  scrvjiiln.  tioiiliir  w.iy.  liny  luc  nil.  «illiiii  ih,. 
11,1, iH/n  if  A.  ir.  /.'.  *'((.  V.  Sell  I II 11  III)  iiiciiniiiu'  i:f  tlw  i  iili-,  cii^mi,'(i|  in  :i  coiii- 
i|S7!i;    4    III.  App.  ."i:i  i.  inim     iiripldyimnt.     mil » it  li>t:incliii;,'     in 

I'll.'  t.T(t    tliiil    till'  li.Mil   lil;icl<~iMitli  of    (licir    (ii(liii:iiy    ciiipldyMii-nt     tiny     liiivc 

:\  rnilwny  is  (nily  ii^-iM-iatcii  fur  :i  >,iii^'lc    no  ooti? linn'uitli  i'miMi  dlln-r.  and  cim- 

iljy  wilh  (lir  iiirnilnis  nl'  a  wrcckinj;  spfiiicnlly  wln-ii  so  <.'iit,'aj.'(Ml  an-  not  tVI- 
rnw   will  not   prevent   lii-  liein;;  ri';;iidc>(i     low   seivaiiN," 

;^  lliiir  fellow  ■*iT\anl.  Xbiitd  \ .  Tnrr  Mil  .Vo/7/i  Cliiiitqo  h'olliiiq  Mill  Cn 
H'nilr  A-  I.  i;.  <■„.  (Is'SI)  IH  111.  2(l.t.  v.  .I„hiisi„i  (lss.->r  114  111. '.IT.  -^il  N\ 
."■■!  Am.  I!ep.  (ilH.  The  court  said:  "riic  H.  Isil.  Ilu'  ooiirl.  in  approvin;;  of  lli,. 
iviil.ne.'  sliour,  that  a  wrer-Uin^'  force  is  ri>fii<al  of  thi'  trial  iudjrc  to  lind  lor  the 
^ilrtays  in.ide  up.  in  the  liuiry  of  the  appellant  if  the  duiie..  of  the  in^^lif^c  ii 
iiieineiit.  out  of  the  elnplo.^el■s  and  sen-  and  iiijiired  servants  were  so  reljinl 
lilts  of  the  company  who  happen  to  ho  that  lliey  could  oli>erve  how  each  lii  I 
within  conveiii. Ill  reaeh.  without  re;jard  his  woik.  said:  '■The  j.lea  is  that  I  lie 
lo  tlie  particular  line  of  service  in  which  relations  lietweeii  the  servant-  inii-l  he 
I  hey  arc  employed.  The  removing.'  of  such  that  imi'Ii,  :is  to  the  other.  In  the 
.il.siiiielions  from  the  liacks  in  case  of  e\erei-,.  of  ordinary  caution,  c;iii  eillier 
I  nilli-ion  is.  as  shown  hy  the  proofs  in  previMit  or  remedy  the  neijlifrent  acl  -  of 
ihis  ease,  a  distinct  hi  inch  of  ,ser\icp.  the  other,  or  proieet  hiin-elf  a;^ains|  it, 
l<i  whie'ii  all  the  laliorinu'  force  of  the  conscipn'iices :  nnd.  of  course,  where 
I'.iiiipiiiy  are  liahlo  to  he  called,  without  there  is  no  ri^dil  or  no  oppoitiinity  of 
.my  reference  to  their  oidiiiaiy  callin{»  snpeni-nin.  or  where  there  is  no  i'nde 
eidiiliis:  and  when  a  loive  thus  made  peiid..nt  will.  ;nid  no  rii,'ht  or  oppor 
iiji  f;ncs  .il.oard  the  wreeUInu  train  anil  tiinily  to  lake  measirres  to  avoid  the 
-lam  to  the  scene  of  disaster,  they  are    la -li-i  lit    :i(l  ,    ol    anolh.-r    without    dis- 

ill.   iMilnilin:,.   conductor.   en.L;ineei.    lire-    olu'di'in-,.  to  tl rders  of  his  iiniiH'diale 

i:uii.  and  hrakenian.  jiist  as  ni.i.li   in  u    superior,    the   .loclrinc  can    lia\.'   no  ap 

' '^""1   luanch  of  ser\  ici>  while  on   the    pliealion.        How     can     tin-     lahorer     he 

■lav.  as  they  are  :ifler  their  arrival,  and  prolitcd  hy  a  kliowledtre  of  the  iisual 
ihr  «oik  of  cleiiin'T  the  tracks  h,is  ac-  manner  of  d.iinu'  « oi  U  ill  another  de 
lii:illy  commeiire,|,  M  is  an  error  to  p.iitnHiil.  if  he  is  unalile,  in  any  rea-on 
"ipn-e  Ihal  a  f..|ic  of  men  eannol  he  aide  way,  while  en'.'ii;e,|  in  the  propi.r 
'■''-'-'  '"  •'  common  s.aviec  uiih-.  all  disehare'eof  hisdulics"'.  and  wiHioiit  dis 
^•le  ■'  iimi..ii-l\  woikiiiL'  al  ihe  s.,n„,  oU.'lience  to  his  immediaie  sii|„,,  ,,,r,s.  to 
'"'■"  111.1  ..ii-a:T.|  in  rloini;  picasely  the  inlliieiiee  the  conduct  of  the  l.ihorcrs  in 
'm  kill,!  I.I  wiiik.  It  is  siillicicnt  if  lint  d.^pai  Inieiit  '" 
il!    Ill    :iclii:i|lv    e!ii|.|,.y;,|    hy    the   same        'Such    ci-c      arc    those    in    which    the 

"'"''■'■     '"'I     "i-i<     "i'-    ""rk    of    each,    iiiiur\' was  cau-cd  hv  the  fii  M- nlioncd 

uliaiev.r   It    iiiav  he.   has   for   its   inime-    ol   each   pair  of  emplovcc.-,  mcniioii.d  i„ 
'"■''''  "'•!"'    :'    ' in'oii   c'ld   or   piinoe    th.'  s'loioincd    li  ,1  : 

",!"',''.'''.'•;  ■"''"!'"'''.'■''"''"■""■  ""''"'        ."^ii'-'ids     who     fiirni  h     rolliii"  dock- 

r,'"','     ".'•"'•      ''''      i'li'   "I     '   >  1    I  I  .I'.c;-.  .'iiil  li:o  (    who  :i-c  V.     CI  ,ni,i,,  ,1    V    U' 

I'l.icN-iiiith.  or  o.hir  ineclianic,  i,i;..l.i  he  /,'.  r '„,  v.  ,/•„/.  ,,>„    {\-"i,\   ;,:,  m    .pi'.>    >■ 

»i-'r.\    iiM'lul    11,    rem.,   ill:,'   n    wird,,    and  Am,    Ki'p,    i;i;!  :    I'^tl-',,  ,/     \i     w    ^  ,j 


I  :i!iti 


iMASTKK  AND  SKUVANT. 


[ciiAr.  xxvr 


if 


riic  t'lK-i  tliiit  this  partic'uliir  t vpe  of  cjiscs  iulniils  ..|'  a  (l.iiiMr  sdliiticn 
lias  led  to  souk-  coiilusion  in  tlio  ai-iiiuncnts  ot"  liio  cdiirtH.      This  is  aj. 
l)ariiitl_v  the  earliest  decisiuii  in  Illinois  whirli  is  hascil  distinctly  on 
iIk'  gniund  that  the  servants  were  not  in  the  .-.am.'  lino  of  cniiiiovinfiit 
and  tho  conrt  relics  to  some  extent  (m  the  (hxMrine  of  a  noiiassi^nahil- 
ity  of  duties,  and  sustains  its  eonelnsions  hv   rnliuiis  wliieh  avowedlv 
rest  npim  liiat  doctrine;-andthe  same  leiideiicv  lo  a  waverinji- lietween 
two  theories  is  also  notieeahle  in  some  later  ea.-es.-'      Such  ovcrlapjiiiiv 
of  dfK-trincs  is  not  an  iinconinion  situation  in  jurispruilcm-e.  iind  is  c- 
pecially  fre(|ucnt  in  the  law  relatin*;  to  cmplovcrs'  lial.iiilv.      In  th, 
jiresent  in.-taneo  it  need  not  produce  any  endiarrasMiiciil  if  court  a-ni 
counsel  realize  ade(inalcly  the    disiinclion    IkIwccu    liic    aitcruativ  • 
!lieorics,and  stale  plaiidx  that  it  is  intended  to  rely  upon  oneiu-  oili.'i'. 
or  on  hoth  of  tlieni. 

It  is  scarcely  necess'iry  to  point  ont  that,  if  tlie  second  servant  o| 
the  pairs  enniueraicd  in  n-te  1  of  this  section  were  the  deiiiKpicui. 
there  would  be  no  recovery  except  under  the  doctrines  of  associated 
dutie>. 

503.  Diiference  or  identity  of  department  not  necessarily  conclusive 
under  the  consociation  doctrine.—  I„  some  recent  cases,  full  etfcci  i, 
given  to  the  principh-  that  eoiunitm  employment  is  essentially  a  mai 
ter  which  hinp's  on  the  ([uestion  wlielher  there  was  a  cons(.ciation  ot 
duties,  and  all  that  such  consociation  brin<rs  with  it;  aucl  tjie  con 
elusion  is  a(h)ptcd  ihat,  altiiouiih  Hie  nej^lijieiit  and  injiirc(l  servant- 
may  have  liceu  ( iiipioyed  hy  their  master  to  assist  in  traiisactiii<;'  whai 
arc  und(>nia!)ly  ditlVrcnt  and  <iisiinct  branches  or  deparlmiMits  of  his 
bii.siness,  this  fa<t  will  not  uece~.-arily  ne-rative  the  exi^ldice  of  a  com- 
mon employment.      Under  such  circumstances,  if  their  usmil  duties 
brinjr  them   into  habilii;il   association,  so  that   thev  niav  exercise  a 
mutual  iidlueiicc  uikm,  rach  other,  promotive  t,\'  proper  caution,  sucli 
person.:  tnay  still  be  fellow  servants.* 

/f.    Cn.    V.    Pntrrifi     (ISTI)     74    III.    341  '  Chicmn.   I!.   ,f.  IJ,    /,'.   r,i.  v.   Orrnnni 

{iir,iiir,i,lo)  :  Tol'ilo.  If.  .(    \\\  /,'.  Cn.  v.  (1S7|  i    .-,s   111.  ^T-J.                                      ' 

liifliiili'im    (is:.-,)   77   III.  .•!()!).  -Till,,!,,.    W.    d\v.    R.    Cn.    v.    Mnorr 

\     rar     iiHpccior    lUi.l     ii     enM.jiicl.ir.  (1S7.-,)   77   111.  217:  Tulr.lo,  W.  if  If    /,' 

niiiws  C.  n.  Co.  V.  Ilillun-'l   (iMiili    !t!l  tV*.    V.    /iiiinilniiii     (l,s7.-, )     77    111.    .",(i!i. 

Ky.   list.  .•(7   S.  W.  7.->.  Coiiipiirc  C.itml  Tni^l   Co.  v.    WdhasI,. 

.\  liuilrr  iironifMidii-.'i-  Mud  m   liirniiin.  .S7.  /,.  ((■   /'.  A',  Cn.    i  ISSS)    .'54  Fed    (III; 

Siinlnillr  ,C-  D.   li.  Co.  V.  .//.»,,s-    (1871)  Seo  S  r,2a.  noli'  1.  miImI.    (o)    pout. 

!)    Ilcisk.    27.  '.hilirl     SIrrI    Co.    v.     .^hhlih     (l.^ll.t) 

Tnictc    rcpiirars   .nnd    tniinmcn.      Tor-  I4i!    111.   (lO.'J.    .-U   .\.    K     ItdS     Mriiinin" 

Mil  V.  l{:rli,„o„d  ,(■  .i.  J{.  Co.   (1SS7)   St  (1H<I2)    4,5   111.   App.    I,-.:!    (,listippniviri[- 

Va.  l!t-2.  4  S.  K.  .■!:!!l;^.t/o«»  v.  IHrlnnnnd  iii-truet ion    liiiiitiiijr   ffllow   s{.|v;iiiti   to 

rf    1.  A'.  Co.   (1884)   78  Nil.  745,  41)  Am.  persona    in    tlio    s;oiie    lino    of    aniplov- 

n-r  i"J.  m.nt);  r;-,-,v,yn  ,(  ,(,  n.  Co.  v.  /itii^ 


i 


M 


i  503] 


C(iM.\i(j.\  KMI'lA.>\.\ii:.\r-   CdMlM  KD. 


13!t7 


Tlir  omvorsc  of  lliis  (l.icfino  is  that  scr\;iiits  wirkiiii;'  in  the  sainc 
dciiariiiiciit  iiir  iK.r  1.ll,,u-  scnaiiis  witliin  tlio  rule  as  t„  tlic  inast(>r".s 
lialiiiitv,  unless  tlicv  diivctlv  eo-diHTaK!  wiili  cacii  etlicr  in  tlic 
sanio  lino  oi  riiiphivmfnf,  or  In-  tlicir  usual  iliiiics  ;iiv  lir..ii';lii  inf., 
habitual  nssocnation,  s..  that  thoy  uiay  o\,Tri-o  a  uniinal  inilnciu-c 
ujiun  eaoli  other  promotive  ot  ijrojier  cauli'ii.-      lint  iu  the  ui.iiro  ol' 

(issn)   vi:  III.  a;,  21  \.  e.  •203;  M^vnt  .,f  n,,.  „,:,.(,.,  ;„  oiuo ,f  it     n 

Chnhml.  a.  C.  <t  .V,'.   h.   If.  Co.  V.   M,;-    uw^hl    I,,..    ..,n,l    .1 1 1..,-    ,,n,.n    is'  ||„. 

Lmwhln:    (lS9.n    5(i  111.  .\|.i..  r,;i.  v,~,.  tl,:o    ll„    .Intirs  i„  .li-.inH   ,l,',Mit 

An  uistiiiction  lias  hc-ii  :i|.])mvc(l  to  niciit.  iuc  ,,,  l,|,.|i,|,.,l  as  t'l  niiiko  it  dif 
tlif  .•n.pt  tli;it  a  Kcclioii  foiviiiaii  u  li.i  (ioiilt,  if  not  iiii|ii.s,il,l,.,  to  <lil,Tmiii.-  in 
sM-'Minfil  injiirirs  allrj;,.,!  t..  W  due  to  uliich  tlio  umk  is  ,|oti...  SIiomI,!  tli.' 
the  ii(i;lii;,'iico  of  an  cnfj-incT  in   <i:\ihng  <ni|ilovi(-.  of  a   liri-ht   train  l)|.  «.n"i"r.i 

to   ol,-.ive    a    si-nal    lla^'    placiMl    „n    a    in    a-i-iin-    tia.ki i    in    unloa.lfn.r'  a 

linclfte  ii|ion  wliicli  \w  wa>  woikin;r  is  (Mrlci.l  of  I  i,^  or  rails,  ttic  two  sets  of 
not  a  fillow  sfiv.int  of  siipli  cn^'inciT,  men  coiil.l  not  Init  l..-  n-anlod  as  frllow 
if  thpy  were  ".•niiiloml  in  (!i(Tcr,-rif.  (I(-  servants  in  iv-.|m.,-|  to~tlio  piiticiil  ir 
partincnts"  anil  wru-  •'rtliolly  s!.)ianilr,l  vvoik  in  wliidi  tlirv  :nr  .■n-'a-cii  tlioii-h 
and  disconniTl-d  from  .'arli  ollar  in  tlu-  lli,  ir  ^.'rri.aal  ciriid'ovnMnt  wis  in  diilVr- 
pprformanco  of  llirir  rcsi„.,.tiv,.  ,|.i(l,.^,"  ml  dr|.arti,i,Tits.  ,;,.,l  i„i,|,,r  .lilVrrmt 
l'rni:n.  I).  ,C-   /;.   A'.   ('„.   v.   I!":-    ilSii:!)    sn|i,ainl.iid..nts.    an  I    .lioii.'li    tlic    work 

144   ;il.   227.    .T!    X.    K.  O.'.l.     Tl Uyc     n.a'y   Innv  n  ,li.,...,.,i   1.--, or  hot  I, 

tion  wa.s  mailc  tl  t  till-  instrnH  ion  pi-r-  Tlav  wonld  have  (..pial  o|iT,orlii'iii  •  of 
niittod  a  rctv,-.  ry  Hlirrc  tla'rc  ua.s  oh^crviri-  and  inllih.nciM.r  il„.  ,-,„idncl 
>iin|ily  a  dilloniicc  ot  dopartnimts,  hut  of  cacli  otli.T.  as  tlioii..|i  lliidr  'MTicril 
'htcoiirt  s,ii,ltliat  the  conclnilinf,'  clau.se  work  hron-lit  tliotn  into  liahitnil  -wso- 
.vcntrd   this  ponMriK^tion.  elation.      .      .      .       Vow    if    ..rents    to    me 

Theso  deoiMons  overrule.  /,ro  t.tnto.  perfeetly  elear  tliat  in  tile  art  of  the 
|'.7M»r3  AV  U  .  tC-  C.  «.  Co.  V.  /'o,r,  rs  fireman,  uhi.h  ,,  Milled  in  the  injiMv 
(IS, 4)  .4  IH.  .MI.  where  it  was  dis-  to  plaintilV.  the  two  servants  w..re  c,'. 
tinctly  laid  down  that  the  '•only"'  ei-p  operatiiv.'  t.iLielher.  In  rc^pei't  lo  the 
in  wliicli  tho  defi'iise  of  roninion  employ^  perfoiiiia  rie,.  of  the  act  a  dntv  devohed 
llient  is  available  is  "uliere  they  ;  re  eii-    upon  (•aeli.    One  was  rcpiii  e.l 'to  deliver 

fxaped  in  the  same  Jepartnienl    of   hu-i     :iiid    th<'   oDier   to    re... lie.    the   ire--; ." 

'"'*'*•''  'I'loiiifh    Die  re^pi'di...  d.itie,   nn.-   v..'iv 

In  ford  V.  i:,I,h,   flSO.5)    1211  Mo.  ,510.    -ini|il,..  thai    faet   di.l   not  eh  iie.e  I  he  re 

;!«  L,   1!.  A.  .SOO.  -H  S.  \V.  !l7!r   i„   l„n,r.    lationship  of  those   p..rfonni,e'"  it        \,,i 

Overnilinfr    llSlM)    28    S.    \V.    7.-.:i.    this    only  that,  hut  the  ev m  .•  sh.'.u /it    „-,. 

n^peet  of  the  doetinie  is  tliiis  di-i'iwse.l :  one  of  lh,>  .iidinarv  duties  of  the  -ei\l,T 
■  I'loni   tliese   riih'>.  and   the   •cii-oiis   for   often    pe;  f..i  in,..!.  '   i:,eh    un.lei -;.,.. ,1    hv 

lliem.  it  is  manifest  that    tin re  -en-    siiinals    from    the    other,    what     wa-    le 

ir.il     employment     in     dillcreiit     .hpirt-    ijiiiied   of  him." 

nients  of  ser\iei..  anil  under  diHerent  -  f,'i'<  <(,/..  it  I.  /,».  Co.  v  <,-:,,i, 
ininiediate  heads,  are  not  ahsoliUe  l|.>ts  (ISO.!)  l.-,,-i  111.  (;:iii.  in  y.  ].;  102.'?  \f- 
if  the  nlationdiip  the  si-r-.inls  of  th  ■  firming'  (lS!):ii  ,-,:!  Ill  \pp'  pis  ',  Jee 
■lepnrtnienls  hear  to  oaoli  other  as  it  lion  hand  a'ld  ne'iiiher  of  f.-iiee  .'an" 
aireel-  the  liatiilily  or  exemption  of  the  hidd  m.i  to  he  eos,.|van|s  :,«  niitl.~r  o? 
iiiii-ler.  If  the  servants  weie.  at  the  jiuvl.  The  Ihei.rv  of  plaintin-s  e.i-e  was 
lime  of  th,.  injury,  aetually  oo-operaliiif.'  that,  while  reln'miii'  from  »,,rk  the 
loiMlier  m  the  parlieiilar  husiiie--  in  hand  eir  upon  whieh  he  was  ri.li'"  u  i^ 
ha. .,1.  they  woald  he  fillou-  servants   f,.r    run    down    hv    th..    oilier    eir    ..ii    wh^eh 

tlio    tune    beliiL'.     not  wilhstamliii-    lh,.y    were    the    ni.'.ndiers    of    H H,,.,-    ,r.,„., 

niay  have  been  re-iilarly  employ,.!,  ami  Theie  uas  e\  i.|,.ne,.  tha'  the  f.-iiee '^r  ii.";' 
llieir  ordinary  duties  reipiii,..!  ih.in  t.i  was  .nl.jeet  I,,  the  sup.rv  i<ion  of~lhe 
"ink.  in  dillerent  departments.  Indeed,  seetion  l,o~s  «hi|e  at  work  on  his  .see 
ulule  00  operaliiiR  111  the  same  work  the  lion,  hut  no  proof  that  th,.  two  .'an<'s 
H-rvanls  would  be  enfiafred  in  the  do  of  men  worked  tn-ellnr  or  Ihit'^theTr 
p:ll-arat  in  wb;p!,  the  Wo,!,  was  ,•:  ,!u,i.,  w,i,.  th.-  ^.nie.  i-hero  wa^  also 
quired,  and   under  the  direction   of   the    evidence   lendiiifr  to  show  that  the  two 


\^'^'  'f 


'•'"'8  iMASTKi:  .\.\U  SKltVANT.  [chap,  xxvii. 

the  ciLsc,  tlio  insriinces  in  wliidi  tlic  conditions  of  coiiiinon  oini)lovniout 
would  not  ho  present,  its  l.eiv.een  .-«'niint.s  in  flie  siiinu  de|.ai'tinciit, 
must  be  nitlier  rare;  and  there  are  not  wantin-  Missouri  an.l  Illinois 
cases  in  wliidi  there  is  laid  down  a  durtrine  which  is  practicallv  in- 
distinguishable from  a  rule  wiiich  would  nnike  identity  of  depart- 
ment absolutel.v  cuncln-i\e  against  the  servant.* 

forrc-j.  in  frointr  to  and  rrlurniiiff  from 
tlu'ir  daily  lalior.  wore  1111110  or  less  fn-- 
qiiently    tlirowii    to^rcllicr :    hut    this   <io- 
ctirrod    only    oasiially.    and     rallicr    bv 
accident,    tlian    miosarily    in    tlic    |pfr 
foriiinncp  of  tlii-ir  duljps.      It   was  hidd 
•■too  cdcar  for  aiKmncnt  tliaf  from  tlicw 
facts  the   jury  ini;;lit  innpirly  find  that 
at    the   time   of   the   alle;;ed  'injury   the 
plaintiff  «a«   not   en  opera  tin;:  with   the 
olli(  r  servants,  nnd  that  his  duties  in  ,10 
way  hrnneht   him   into  hiiliitual  associ- 
ati(m  with  tliein  in  such  a  way  tliaT  he 
niifiht   exercise   nn   influence   upon   tlieni 
or  they  upon  him.  promotive  of  |)idper 
caution  for  tlieir  personal  safety."     The 
opinion     tlii'ii     proeeeils    thus:  '  "It    is, 
however,  said  that  Ine  law  of  this  state 
is,  'that  wrvants  workiii^r  in  tlie  s;ime 
department  or  in  the  same  line  of  duty, 
when     no    (piestion     of     vice     piineipal 
arises,  are  fellow  servants.'     The  law  is 
not  so  stated   in  any  of  the  cases  alio  e 
ipferieil   to.  nor   is  our  attention   called 
to  any  to  that  efTect.    Mr.  Justice  Schol- 
(ield,  in  .\orth  Chiaiqo  h'olliiitj  Mill  Co. 
V.  .fohnsoii    (188.-,)    114   III.  57',  2t»  X.  ]•: 
18(),    stated    the    rule    to    lie,    from    ' 
ca.se.s  there  cited,   'that   the  serv;'         o' 
the  .same  nia-sf.or,  to  he  ciicini'       e.s.  so 
as  to  exiMiipt   the  master   fion     Jiahilitv 
on  account   of  injuries  sustained  hy  one 
resulting    from    the    nefrlij,reiice    of    the 
other,  shall  he  directly  coo|)erating  with 
each    other   in    a    |)arl  iculiir    busines.s, — 
i.  e.,  the  same   line  iit  employment. — or 
that  their  usual  duties  shall  bring  them 
into    habitual    association    so   that    they 
may    exeiciso   a    mutual    iiilluoiicc    upon 
each  other  promotive  of  piopir  caution.' 
The    expnssinn.    'the    simi'    line    of    em 
ployment."    is    here    e\pri'-sly    jjivepi    the 
same   meaninp   as   the   pm-ediug   vvnnis. 
in  a   particular  business.'   jn   wlij,  h  the 
servants  must     be   diiectlv   eo  nperatinfr 
with  each  other  '     To  hold,  bioadly.  tha7 
all   'servants   workiiiL'    in    the    same   de- 
partmem'    are     t'clloA     s,.|vaufs     would 
practically  alw.li-h  iIk  lule-.f  tlijscouit. 
as  distinp-uislied    friim   ih;,:    ;,t    conimon 
law  and  licK!  l,y  otlur  c.^n's." 

In  l',ti-l,rr  \.'!l,',:r  ■:.:  ,(  .v     f,  1;   r,,. 
ilSftl)    lO'J  .\|(i    ::wl.   Is   K    |;.  a.  802 


lit  S.  U,  111!).  Thomas,  .T.,  in  comment- 
in;;  on  an  earlier  ease   [Siilliidii  v.    1/iv 
■w"/i   /'.    R.  Co.    (18H8(   <»7   .Mo.    11.3.    jo 
S.  W.  H:y>\  said:     .Sullivan  was  a  track 
Malker.  and  was  killed  by  the  iiegligeiire 
of  the  employees  in  cliar;.'e  of  a   passeii 
.!;('r   train.      It   was   held   they   were   mil 
fellow    sfrvants.       tpou    wli'at    theoiv  ■ 
I  poll    the    theory    alone    that    the    cii" 
"luelor  :iiiil  thosi-  employe<l  with  him   in 
lunnin;;  the  train   represented   the  ma- 
ter and   stood   in   his  stead.      It   is  saiil 
Sullivan's  duty    was   to   keep   the   track 
ehar.  and  hence  he  was  not  performiii;; 
the    same    kind    of    work    the    traiiimeii 
were  perfoniiinj;.     He  and  the  tiainnieii 
were  engaged  in  the  S4ime  general  work, 
that    is.    in   operating   trnllic   on    a    rail 
road.      He    kept    the    track    clear    wliili' 
the  trainmen  ran  the  train  on  the  same 
track.    They  were  all  employeil  ami  paid 
by  the  same  master  to  aid   in   carrying' 
on    commerce    on    the    same    road.    1111. 1. 
hence,  it  is  illogical  to  predicate  a  ri;;!tl 
to  recover  in  such  ca-e  upon  the  grounil 
that  Sullivan  ;ind  the  tiainineii  were  en 
ayed  in  (litVerent  kinds  of  vvoik.      .\miI 
the  learni'd    judge  goes  on   to  point  out 
that  the  true  gruuiid  of  the  deei-inu  wa- 
that  the  servants  were  not  "eonsociatfl" 
in   their  work, 

'In  Missouri  the  fact  that  the  l»o 
employees  wi're  working  together  iiiidii 
one  comnioii  directing  superior  sc,.ms  1.1 
he  {'oiielusive  as  to  common  emplovniem. 
I'ljslrr  V.  .l/;.s.vr,»,i  /',  /,*,  C„.   ils!i':ii   n:. 

Mo,    HI.-,.    ITfi.   •.>!    .S.    \\.   UK;,     Cu,,,] 

Itif'tii    V.    Mrfiilh)    (IS!I4)     |-i;l    Mo     lilW, 

■r,  s.  \v.  .-.:):?. 

Till'  situation   thus  deemed   to  be   .|i 
'isivi-  must   t)bviously  exist  wherever  tlic 
Umi    ^pr\anls    were   'in    the   same   de|ciii 
iiienf.    unless    ii     is    intended    to    emiiii,. 
I  lie    words       dircetiuL'    su|K>riiir"    w'wVwi 
iMiemnly    nnrrov<-   limits       But    the   re 
m.irk^'   in   I  lie  Wliriii,    fair,  commentnl 
'111  in   note  2.   vx;.)-?    show  tliit,   in   llli 
liois,    :it    ,ill    events,   this   inference    wW: 
111    ilrnwn  .iiilr'  where  it  ;ippears  tli,it  ac 
ciilellt      oeiuilid      while     the     I'.nitliiH;    ■ 
.inllMirilv   w'-   ,ici:i  !|'\-   I,,.;:,..   ,.,,.,,  ;  ,,  ; 

'^  '•':••    it     !!lli     ':■-.■    '!l,      l-.;:!;.:M:i,.,,.,     ,,, 

f;!M-,    the    priiieiplc    lint   an    ilnititv   nf 


^ 


Jt 


{  603] 


(.OM.MOX  EMl'LOVMIi.NT-  CONTIM-  tD. 


1391) 

This  doftrinc  as  to  the  non-tviiflusivo  cilcct  t.f  pmof  that  t.he  de- 
partments were  difFeroiit  or  idcntieal  is  a  ncfessjiry  i''.rolhirv  of  the 
theory  that  consociation  is  the  approprialc  tost  of  e«)iiuiion  employ- 
ment. In  courts  which  do  not  refer  (■oimiion  eiuplovmcnt  dircetlv  to 
that  test  (see  §  500,  futpni.  ad  /iwrn),  .^lu-h  ditVeivnee  or  i(h'iititv  is 
naturally  decisive,  as,  when  they  are  once  esiahli-^hcd,  there  is  nofui- 
ther  question  of  fact  to  he  determined.  Only  ,>m  deduction  of  law 
can  be  drawn  from  a  given  predieanieiit,  and  as  the  deductions  in  the 
present  instance  must  be  antithetical  and  coiiii)leiuentary,  it  follows 
that,  as  a  matter  of  law,  a  difTerence  of  department  willnogative  co- 
service,''  and  that  identity  of  depaitment  lets  in  that  defense. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  so  far  as  regards  the  jx.wer  of  the  court  to 
make  a  peremptory  ruling  the  same  situation  arises  wlien  the  evi- 
dence clearly  shows  the  existence  or  absence  (jf  consociation.  See  § 
."104,  infra.     But  the  rnliiii:  is  then  made  with  respect  to  the  further 


ilppartmrnt  bars  tlic  sorv.int's  iioiion.  as 
matter   of   law.   tniirlit   also   hp  (Icciiicd 
ilcdiicililo    from    tlic    larlior    statcniciits 
of  the  same  court ,  that  oinployccs  of  tlio 
sinic   niasler.    to   he    fcUmv   sciviiiit^   ■io 
as  to  PXfinpt  llir   i!i.i-(iT   I'lMin   li.!,;r'\ 
on  accoiint  of  injiiiics  sustained  by  one 
rcMiItin;;    from     ilir    icLiliui. ■■.(■,     i  ,     i    - 
other,  must   he   directly   en  r)|icral  in;;    in 
the   partienlar   bii-iiie<'.i.   or   their   ummI 
duties    must    hriiiy    them    into   habitual 
association,   so    tbat    tliey   may   e\eri-i>c 
a  mutual  influenee  upon  each  other  pro- 
motive  of    projier    caution,      fhiriuin    d- 
.1.  R.  Co.  V.  Iloiit    (1SS7)    122  III.  .iCii, 
12   N.   E.   22'):    .Vor/7t    ChinKio    linlltm, 
Mill  Co.  V.  Joliiisoii    (ISO.-))    il4   III    .-.7 
20  X.  K.   ISC:   Chic<i,i„  d-    V.    U".  A'    C, 
V.  N»;/./,T    (IHSli)    117    111.  .'?7fi,  7   X.   K, 
1)04.    The  direct  cooperation  herespokin 
of  nmst  nowbe  taken  t(inean  sometliirif,' 
distinct    from   cooperation    in   the   same 
department.     That  the  ne;;licrent   ;iiid  in- 
jured servants  were  under  (iilleniii   ••di- 
recting sup<>riors''   will,   of   eour-e.    ,till 
less  e.\elud<>  the  defeuf/'  of  com.     in  em- 
ploynient    than    a    dilTereiiee    of   depart- 
ineid.      Tliat    defense    will    still    prevail 
if  they  were  en;j;aj;i'(l  in  tlie  same  line  of 
einployna'Ut,  sueh   as  neees»;iiilv  l,|-ou;rht 
them    into    fre,|uent    eoutaet     uilli    ..iTeh 
olher  i'l  the  prosi-eution  of  their  work. 
Chiran;  if  .1.  li.  Co.  v.  fnir,i,t„    (  1SS4  i 
l.'i  111.  .\np.  I:!4.  where  the  ipie-tion  was 
whelhi'r  ^'atiys  employed    in   a    car   shop 
and  a  niaehi.ie  shop.  I'dweeii  which  ears 
were   constantly    lirimr    moved,    were    co- 
MTvants.       It     u;!^     'ncld     mis!,.:,diier    t,> 
eliar;;..  tlie  jury  that   men  are  not  fellow 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 7. 


servants,  where  "they  are  not  oo-opornt- 
ing  with   eacli   other   in  any  particular 
business   or   work."   since  ;i    jurv   would 
prohnbly  undcr-tand  these  words  as  re- 
<piirin{;    the    partii's    to    be    ent'a'ied    in 
d(jia;r    exactly    tlie    -ame    work    at     the 
nne  placi-  and  iimli'r  the  same  foreman. 
Sine,'  the  ipir^lioii  whether  or  not  two 
jHTsons  are  fellow    xrvants  must   be  ile- 
termiru'd  from  a  eiuisideration  of  all  the 
I'videuce    ei>iieeinin;r   tlie    re-pi'ctive    ilu- 
ties    performeil    by    tlietli.    and    their    re- 
spective  relation^   to   the   business   ;£en- 
erally    and    toward    each    other    in  "the 
peifornianee   of    their    respective    duties 
{l.ihriifiii    ('full    i(    MiirU.    .l.s-.so.    V.    /<  r- 
/M>/,-  (ISOSI  77  111.  .\pp.  4Sii)  it  i.,  ,.nor 
to  ;;ive  an  instruction  that  to  c<ui-titute 
eoservice.    it    is    essential    that    the   serv- 
ants shall  be.  at  the  tiuie  of  the  injury, 
directly  coop,. rating  with    'aeh  olhi'r  in 
the  partieul.ir  liusim-ss  in  hand. 

'\asliilllc  <t  C.  It.  Co.  V.  Can  nil 
I  IS7U  0  lleisk.  .'!47;  i^lucto  v.  <h- 
l''tiis  A*.  Co.  ilSOSi  .-lO  f,;i.  Ann.  18S. 
23  So.  .'542.  following  McS,i,ir)ltt,i,i  v. 
CdlriUiiiinii  I!.  Co.  (IS.-)7)  10  Sc.  Sess. 
Cas.  2d  siries.  271:  Loiiinvillr  ,f  V.  A". 
Co.  v.  rUhr.n  (ISliO)  fi  Mush,  .574  0!) 
.\in.  I)ee.  (ion.  r„rl  Hill  Slo,ir  <;,.  v. 
Orm  (IHSfii  S(  Ky.  lS:t:  l',,/:  v.  firsa- 
I'rahr  d-  ■'.  !'.  Co.  (ISO.tl  03  Kv. 
ISS.  21  S.  \V.  110;  l.oni.rillc  ,f  V. 
H.  Co.  V.  Itohiiisoi)  ( '  i;>'  >  4  Bush. 
.■i07 :    r.tliiioiixoii    V.    Ktnl,.  C.  R.  Co. 

(Isosi  21)  Ky.  I,.  Kep.  12...,.  49  S.  \V. 
20(1;  l,.,iiisi-,llr.  C.  d  L.  B.  Co.  V.  eavent 
■  H7.T.  9  !!)i-h.  503. 


I 


1400 


MASTKR  AM)  SKIIVANT. 


tniAi'.  xxvii. 


i| 


fact  of  consociation,  as  distiiij;iii.-.licil  I'roin  idnititv  of  dopiirtment. 
504.  Consociation  primarily  a  question  of  fact  for  the  jury. — A 
tlioory  of  coitiuion  Piiipluviiiciil  wliicli  makes  tlu'  iuiiilaliility  of  tlii> 
dofoiiw  tuni  upon  tlio  dcti'iniiiiaticjii  of  I  lie  several  (luesliniis  of  faci 
indiciited  bv  tlii'  statement  at  tlie  liegimiiiij;  .if  tlie  last  sf>etion,  with 
n'gard  to  the  eionuiils  involved,  iiec<ssaril\  entails  llie  ctinse([ueiiei 
t.iuil  tlie  general  question,  wiielher  the  negligent  antl  the  injured  ser\ 
ant  in  anv  given  e.ase  were  eci>ervants.  is  priniarilv  for  the  jurv.' 
lTc.ncp,\vlioii(>veriliiferentdedueti(ins  niiglit  be  reasonably  drawn  frcni 
the  evidence  as  to  either  of  the  alternative  issues  upun  i  hich  this  ulti 
mate  fact  depends,  it  is  error  to  take  tlie  ease  from  the  jurv.-  Ac 
eordii.g  to  the  Illinois  dei-isions  it  would  seem  that  tliere  is  alway- 
deemed  to  be,  within  the  meaning  of  tlii.s  rule,  a  possibility  of  divert 
opinions  in  respect  to  those  issues,  if  the  servants  were  working  in 
what  would  be  styled,  in  popular  parlance,  ditVerent  departments,  and 
the  court  should  not  assume  to  control  or  review  a  verdict,  unless  ir 
would  Ik"  a  clear  abuse  of  terms  to  i)redicate  such  a  difference  tindei' 
the  (Mrcuir  tances.''  On  the  other  hand  the  question  wliether  tin' 

'  Cliirniio  d  .1.  R.  Co.  v.  Siraii   (ISllSi  llipy  coiiM  cxcici'M'  a   inutiiiil   inllucnci' 

176    III.    -124.   7yi    \.   E.   91ii,   Allirniiii};  u,  on    ciicli    otlicr    proiimtivo   of    iinipir 

(1S!17)    70    111.    App.    3;U  :    MnhiU'   rf    O.  ciiution.  .s'y  d.v  lu  miili- Ihiin  vm  niiiliiiins 

It.    f'o.    V.    Mas.1111    (lH!t4)     l.">2    111.    144.  in   the  miitir  linr  of  riiiiiloiiiiniil.  as  i.r- 

.■{8    N.    K.    7H7 :    Liiiiisiillr,    h'..   if    SI.    L.  j)liihiril      in      ili-friiilniil's      iiislnirtimi .'" 

Consul,   li.  Co.  v.   Ilniilhoni    (  IH'.CU    147  (cmliiMlyiii;.'    illli'    laiil    ilowii    ill    curlier 

111.  iili.  :!0  \.  K.  r>:U:  Chimiii,  A    1.  A".  IlliiuiiM    crises).      Tlic    italicised    cl;iii-i' 

(•(..    V.    Iloiisr    (IS'IH)     172    lil.    liOl.    M  wii^  ;iililc.l  fi>  llic  (|iic^ti<)n  by  tlio  cdinl. 

X.    Is     151:    hnki    I'.rii-  if    11'.    H.   Co.   v.  mid  tliis  iiiiMlilicntiiii:  of  t'lc  cpicstioii  In 

MiihUiloii    (18<)2)     142    III.    .').'>(»,    32    N.  tlu-   ooiiil    \va>   complained   of   as   ciinf. 

K.    4.'i;!;    Tolido.    W  .    d    \V.    K.    Co.    v.  It  was  licld  tliat  tlic  defendant  coinpanv 

.Uooic    (IS7o)    77    III.    217:     Wtsliillc  was    not    pri'jiidiced    liy    tliiis    refeniii'.' 

Coal    Co.    V.    Srliirailz    (18!)8)     177    111.  tlie  jiiiy  to  its  own  instinct  ion  pi  eparcl 

272.  ."'2  X.  K.  27t'p.  Alliriniiif;   (I.S!i7l    7.")  by  its  own  counsel,  since  tiny  wen.  net 

111.  .\pp.  4(18:  llliiioi.i  StitI  Co.  v.  Iloii-  rcipiircd  by  the  nioditicitioii  to  pass  ii|i 

Willi    |1S!I8)    78    111.    .\pp.    7'!.    .Mlirined  on  tile  law.  bill   were  merely  told  to  :im 

(IS'.l'tl    in   178  111.  ;!.■)!,  .-i.'t  N.  1",.  107.  swer  tlie  (Plestion  of  f;ict    propounded  to 

.\fler    this    i|iiestion    lias    l)ceii    deliT-  tlieni.   ill  accordance   witli   the  principle- 

mined   by   the   court    of   appe:iU   in    llli  of  law   laid  down   ill  the  instnielidii. 
nnis.  which  is  ilie  lii^liest  one  conipeteiit         -  Cliiiiii/o  if  .1.  A'.  Co.  v.   A'c'/.i/   I  ISSIIi 

to   pass    upon   the   f.icts.   its   decision    is  127  111.  li.i7.  21   .\".   K.  203:   Mohilr  if  o. 

not  subject  to  review.     Cliiragu  if    1.  A".  A'.   Co.    v.    Iloilfirii    (ISD.^l     l."!.")    111.   Ts. 

Co.  V.   Krlln    (188!)  I    127   111.  V,37.  21   N.  .!!•  X.   K.  r,<W. 

K.  203:   liiiliiiiKiiiolis  if  SI.  A.  R.  Co.  v.        '  Loiii.-n  illi-.  /.'.  <f  SI.  I..  Coiixol.  A'.  I'". 

\lonir,i.'<lrni    (1HS3)    103    111.   2U1:    r/ii-  \.  Iliiiillioni    (lS!t3l    147   III.  22(i.  :t.T  N. 

tiKlo  i(  .{.  R.  Co.  \.  O'lliiin    (1S!I.">)    If),")  K.   .■'>34,    .Mliiniinj.'    (1802)    4.i    111.    .\]i]'. 

111.  1130,  40  \.    K.   102."..  Il.".."i:   Cliirnno  if  A'.  /,  A'.  Co.   v.   Kii>hn:' 

\n  Chiriiqo  d-  W   W.  II.  Co.  \.  Siiwhi  (IS!i2i     48    111.    App.    243.     (I,8i)4l     l-i:! 

(1S801    128    111.   (ir).->.  21   X.   i:.   .-.20.   Mie  111.  4.-.8.  ;i!)  N.  K.  .324:  Cliivmio  ,f   V.  11. 

jiiiN    returned  a    iie<;itivc  answer  to  the  A'.    I'o.    v.    Sniiilcr    (18SI1)     117    III.    37ll. 

followinf;    ipiestion:      "At    the    time    of  7  .\.  K.  llOt:  Chinifif:  if   V.  If.  I{.  Ci,.  v. 

llic  aceident  causing  Snyder's  death  did  Muroiiilii     (l;7!M     !)3    111.    .302.    34    Am 

the    usual    duties    of    s;li(l    Snyder    and  Hep.    1(18:    CIrn  luihl.   C.   f.   ,f  SI.   I..   I!. 

Torrciice.      the      seiinipliore      attendant.  Co.    v.     MrLiinohhii    (  |S!I4  I    .")(i    III.    \\<\' 

briiijj  them  habitually  together,  so  that  .'i3;   rhiniiji,  d  /;.  /.  R.  Co.  v.  Slniiiiivn 


S   .Mm] 


COMMON  I  MII,o\MKXT  -(OMINIKD. 


1401 


iTliiiion  ..(■  tVlIow  servants  existed  is,  in  tlie  same  state,  une  ..f  law  fur 
tile  coiirt.   wiiere   tlie  evidence   t'ur  the   plailititf   is  alp«n|,iteiv  e.,i„.|n 
sive,  and  reasonable  minds  would  not  difter  as  to  tiio  projier  inlerenee 
to  he  drawn. ^ 

The  (juestion  whether  servants  arc  iu  a  eoninion  eniploN  nient  lia^ 
also  heen  termed  a  mixed  (piesiion  of  law  and  faei.''  This  niod<'  ol 
desc-ihing:  it  d..es  not,  of  course,  implv  a  relation  hetween  the  c.Miri 
and  jury  at  all  ditferent  from  that  stated  al)ove. 

505.  General  discussion  of  the  doctrine  of  nsociation.— li,,.  view 
iliat  common  empioymeui  ni.iv  de|)eiid  on  mere  contiuuiivdrdisiance. 
nron  a  more  or  h  s-  imimiie  a^sucjaiion  hetween  the  duties  <d'  the  ne-- 
liirent  and  injured  servants  wa>,  a>  we  have  m'cu  (  S  ti,  '»//,'.■  ),diseuss<Ml 
in  the  ieadinj;  case  of  Fartntl  v.  I'.osfun  J-  If.  /,'.  fV^/yy.'  ChioC 
.Justice  Shaw's  ar-ument-,  aj;aiust  this  vh'w,  which  have  Ihmu  re 
stated,  aiul  to  some  extent  expanded,  in  later  opinions,  have  he.'n 
"-•"■'''■•'   '"*  ' J)lelel\-   couvinciu^-,   except   hy   the   few   courts   whose 

W'';v"'1"17'''''ms'u'''-':";^V  \  "■    ^"""^  ""^""'^-  ■""•  f'"   "'•■  i"^v  t,.  .1... 

;..^:»th.!,'nS/ ,v  ^  ,['i.s  ;:;:/;r;:7;;:>::;::t;;\i;::'::;ii  •:: 

In  a  OS,.  «■„.,■..  11,..  pl.MMtiir  lia.l  l„.on  ..vM,.,,,.,.  to  sImhv  tlu-  .■.,„t,;„v      (>7„« 

Icniiionirily  placv,!  iin.lcr  the  control  of  v.    \V„h,ish   11    Co     |  IS'lii     -;>    111      \  „ 

>i   l"r..„,,,n    in   nn..tl...r   .l,.|uitMU.nl.   tlu-  M\:     ,s,„i„„/„l,l'  Iron     r„'.\      ',!,., ll 
.|u,st,„n  wMI,.,-  1„-   [planiUtll   an,l  tlie    (1880,     H    111,   A,.;,.   4.!!.    (n,iK    I,,  t 

wnikmin    t  ,i„M-l>    whoM-   n.-li-,.n<v    !,..  .lans-Tons   position   l.v   plaintilV  an,l   eo 

«iw  injiiicl    w.ic    MIow    servants    «as  s,.,vants)  '     ' 

hcM  to  1.,.  a  .pu.stion  for  tlic  jiiiy.    >»;,-        Tli..  ddinition  of  frilow  scvanis   is  n 

/,/<    V.   .'/"-r    (HtOl)     l!.l    111.    4.W,    01  .paction   of    law:    wl,..tl„.r   a    .-i    .       ..s" 

X.    h     m,    U..v,.rsinK     (18!.H)     80    111,  falls    within    tl,a.    .iHinilion    Ts   a    onrs. 

'i'w    "■        -,      .  '■""  "'"  '■'«'•»•     ('l'i';Hi„  ,(■    1     It    Ci,    V 

,..''!"'   '•'■    f^'""""   >'■    If    ''<'■    l\X'Mt)     SiniH   (ISflSi    17(i  Iir4"4    .V'NK    ')U;  ■ 

NO-'-r^"u'^    '^•.^;,   'j':^"'"-'"^  '<l"<"'l-'l'     ':al    l/o,,    ro  '  M}V;  ]! 
isn.,     (,.,   II  .Apr.   .'5.il:   Clnr,,,,,,  .(.   /;,     ,ls..7)    l.if,  ||1.  .".O.  48  X.   K.   ]!.„.   /.,,,, 

•>-'  N.   K.  !I2I.   l{..v..rsinf;   il.SOT)    To   111.    111.  ."..-.O.  4S   V.   K.  ni.V   Chir,,.,,.  Clu  If 

0.  .  IStt;!,    118  .Mo.  2.i8.  24  S.  W.   140:         In  a  easo  wl.c,,.  ,1,..  s„p    In,.         „' '  'f 
{'l!i<;,  V.   A,»,.v„.v   CI,,,  n.   .V.   .f   ,;,   /..,    \\  is,....,-i„  was  applvia-  (  „■     lli,n,,l,r 

'ns  u''4slf ';;••  /"'• " 'v/-  v V; *'"■'• " "^'^ >-<> 'i'-n^i-t. wi:r ;;!:; 

;       /■    v.-    f":  /"''"■'■    ^■-    ll„,nnh„l    .0    IS  noilispufas  to  tl,..  n.sp.vliv,.  .i„ii,., 

l"     ;,i   e       i         T-    ^   "'■■■•  '"■'■  "•"""•    '"'"■   ""•  'l'"'>tion   xvlwIluT  llirv   a...   f,.l 
•..     m    ISan.lay    J      (ass,.„„„.  „,„,  .,i,.    ,„„.    ,,,,,„„t,    j^    f,,,.    „,„    _.^^^^_,      '    '^ 

M,   ,n^    incljfcs):      .'■n„l,„    v.     /w,».s„,  rarll'.,    v.    Whifm.nb    (1(101,     110    Wis 

l'«l    ■^'-,8                                          "^^''*    ■'■''  "■"'•  **•'*  ^'-  "'•   "''"• 

Tl,e  rulo  that   it   is   for  tl„.  mart   to  (18-m,    40   111.   Ap„    47.1           '"-»'""'' 

State   what  constitutes   the   relation  of  mmi,   4  ilet.  40,  38  Am.  Dec.  33!). 


li 


I 


»l  =  *tfl 


!  (n» 


MASTKl!  AND  SKKV  ANT. 


|c  MAP.    XXMI 


V 


i  1 1 


<l«'cision8  huv(  jii.'^l  bc'i'ii  diacussed.'      Yi't  llicv  mr  mil  iili(ii;fthrr  smi 
isf'atiorv. 

'I'wo  KtimraU'  positioiiri,  it  will  bo  ohscrved,  aro    iiK-n.     Oiio  of 
liiosc  is  that  ili>>  doclriiio  of  a-.-ui-iatcd  duties  is  ''i-corroct  in  prin 


'  In  Uniil'  III-  V.  VaVry  Fiilln  Co. 
(1«H0)  Iti  1!.  r.  448.  IT  All.  .".t,  llii- 
I'imrt,  nflcr  i|iinliiit.'  from  thin  npiiiioTi. 
Kiiid:  "TliP  rrasoiis  liiTc  set  foilli  me 
:l  striill;;  iill^^wiT  lo  till'  position  lilki'tl  ill 
tin-  Illinois  t"isi'H.  Tlii'V  •■lio«  anoli\ioii-< 
iiii|iiM<ti(':iliility  ill  ti-jiiij;  to  j.;mij;t'  tlio 
liuliilitj'  of  an  ompIoytT,  in  a  i'oiiii>lr\ 
Im.sinfss,  by  tlip  inilc|«'iiil<'ncf  of  its  <lif- 
limit  ln-.iiii'lu'H,  or  liy  the  inlrnnmimi 
nidation  of  those  eniploywi.  Nut  only 
woiil'l  it  lie  almost  ''iiipossilile.  in  many 
casi's.  to  separate  tl.c  work  into  ilistim't 
ilepart incuts  and  to  diseern  tlieir  divid- 
ing; lines,  but  iiicid.-ntiil  <liitir-,  eliaiij; 
in;;  the  rehiti(ms  of  ■.vorkineii  to  eaeli 
other,  would  also  vary  the  master's  lia- 
bility. He  would  thus  be  liable  for  the 
ne;;lisence  of  a  servant  at  one  time  or 
place,  and  not  at  another.  Uitlioiit  a 
personal  supervision  of  all  his  help  in 
all  their  work  he  could  not  know  when 
he  was  responsible  and  when  he  was 
not.  Moreo\er,  sueh  a  rule  would  gov- 
ern the  li.ibility  of  a  master  wlieii  the 
;;roiindwoik  upon  wliieb  the  rule  iS 
founded  did  not  exist.  For,  if  the  test 
of  liibilily  be  that  of  the  separate  and 
indepeiideiit  duties  of  the  servants,  they 
luav.  nevertheless,  be  so  near  each  other 
as  "to  be  able  to  exert  a  nuitual  iiillu 
etiee  to  caution:  or,  if  it  be  that  of 
a>-<oeiatioii,  they  may  still  be  in  the 
saiiH'  dip.irtinent,  but  unable,  from  their 
diitic's  or  positions,  to  exert  Mieh  inllu- 
ence.  Itut.  aside  from  these  considera- 
tions, we  <lo  not  think  the  rule  is  mr- 
rect  in  principle.  The  principle  upon 
which  the  determination  of  Fniiull  v. 
Boston  d  W  .  R.  Corp.  (lS4'2l  4  Met. 
49,    .3S    Am.    Dee.   3,"!9,    iiroceded    is   th- 

same  that   has  been   ;;c rally   followed 

in  Kn^land  and  in  this  country. — name- 
ly, that  the  ri^rhts  and  liabililiis  of  both 
master  and  servant  are  those  wliieh 
U'low  nut  of  their  contract  relation.  The 
master  iniplie<lly  a^'iees  to  use  due  care 
lor  the  safely  "of  his  servant,  in  pro- 
vidins  siiitalde  places  and  applianci-s 
for  work;  and.  as  is  univer.sally  con- 
eedci,  the  servant  a;;iee9  to  assume  the 
oriiinary  risks  of  his  einploynient.  The 
most  elimmon  risks  of  .service  spring 
lioni  the  neslisence  of  fellow  servants. 
\\  lull  one  \ve."k.s  with  others,  he  Knows 
that  his  s;ifety  depends  on   the  exeicis.' 


of  care  by  those  .iroiiml   him,  as  their 
safety  depends  ,ilso   upon   hi*  own   can 
lion.     No  man  can  enter  into  an  employ 
ineiit   witJMUit  a  thought  of  this.     .Vi"' 
genee,    therefine.    among    worknier 
bre.ii  li   of  the  (Inly    w  hicli   each 
lln'  others,  and  not  a  breach  of  t 
ter's  iliity.   if  he  has  exercised  the  <Mi 
that    is   reipiired   of   him.      l''or   his  ohh 
iii'^iliyeiice  the  master  must  answer,  imi 
for  that  of  others,  which  is  a  risk  imi 
ileiit    to   eviry   einploynient,    he   has    nni 
agreed    to    he    res|H>iisilde.    but     on    tlie 
(ontrary      the     servant     has     inipliellv 
agreed  to  assume  it  upon  himself.      TIm 
eontiael    lelation,    therefore,    puis   tliini 
outsiije  of  till-  rule  which  makes  a  m:\~ 
ter    liable   to   a    stranger    for    the    negli 
geiiee   of    his   agent,    for    nuiioiiilmt    sii 
liiiiiir    is    basiil    upon    considerations   ei 
public   policy    which    are    not    called    fm 
in     the     relation     between     master    an. I 
scriant." 

See  also  the  following  passage  in 
h'oss  V.  \ru>  York  C.  A  /7.  H.  R.  C. 
(IsT.ll  5  llun,  48S:  '-The  rule  exempt 
iiig  the  master  from  responsibility  t" 
one  servant  for  injiirj'  sustained  by  Mm 
rroni  the  negligence  of  another  servant 
does  not  rest  or  depeial  upon  thi'  in 
tiniaey  of  their  relations  to  each  othir 
in  their  particular  work,  res|>eclivel\ 
It  extends  lo  all  employees  of  a  cnni 
nion  master  engaged  in  carrying  on  am 
general  work  or  enterprise.  It  rcst- 
upon  the  single  ground  above  state"', 
that  the  master  impliedly  contracts  witli 
j.ich  and  evi'iy  (■inployce  to  suKjiit 
them,  respectively,  to  no  iinreasonjM. 
risks  from  the  incompetency  of  any  of 
their  fellow  workmen.  If  «(nkmeii  ;iiv 
employed  togetlier  Ml  any  partii'ulu 
branch  of  labor,  and  thi'ir  knowledge  ef 
each  other,  and  of  the  stile  of  the  nu 
chiner.v  or  implements  furnished  li>r 
llieir  common  use.  is  as  well  kiin'vri  t" 
llieiii  as  to  their  master,  this  fact  may 
furnish  anollier  element  of  excnipiieii 
from  responsibility  on  the  part  (if  tlic 
master,  if  tln-y  consent  lo  continue  t" 
work  with  incompetent  fellow  servant- 
or  Willi  dcficlive  or  insullicient  inipl' 
meiits  or  machinery.  .  .  ,  Tin- 
ea-es  [i.  c,  in  Illinois  and  other  slati- 
Mtii-ro  ;i  -imilar  tl,i..vy  i^  ailoptivll.  it 
seems    to    me.    overlook    or    mistake  the 


i,J 


5  :ii.:^l 


r()\iM(i\  i:\ii'r.n\ miat    ( on riNt  r.n. 


1403 


(•i|ilc,"'  (.!•  liii-cil  (III  ••:m  cn-niiii.iH  tlic.n."*  'I'Ik.  dtlicr  i-  ilp.it  iImto 
Mif  iii-ii|iiT:ili|c  iinii-iical  ililli.'iili  ii-  in  ilir  w.iv  d    icsiin-   ihc  i'\i,i,- 

I  Il<'<'  "I   :i   i'"lH II   rliiipln\  iiicril    li\    till'   iiii|i'|M'M<li'ii<'i'  III'   ihr   .|i  tlVj-clit 

lilMIlciii-.  n|  till'  liii-iiK— .,  ,,|-  liv  till'  illliTc.i||iiilllllic:ili'>ii  i,(  lli,,.r  cm- 
plilVCll. 

A»  rciiiird-  ilic  liiniHT  of  tlic^r  |)ii-iii.iii-.  ii  sccnii-  -iiiliciiiit  to  point 
"lit  lliiit  tliofc  is  a  clfiir  /iihliu  iinin  ijiii  coiiiMiillicl  ulicn  a  foiirt 
i--uii.fs  to  coikIiiiiii.  iift  railicMJly  and  inliiniitiv  intorncf,  onr  nl'  two 
..|i]io>in,C'  tliii.rii-  wliidi.  in  ihi-ir  i.ltiniah'  aiial,\>is,  afc.  it  is  ovidciit, 

i':i-<'d  \\\ iio  nioff  x.liil  t'oiiiidation  than  nicic  po-inlali-.  iin-apaldi- 

■  i|'  dciiion-iraiion,  and  (■\pii--iii:;  -inipiv  the  opinions  ol'  various 
jiidjits  as  to  iiKiitcis  (onciiiiiiii;  wiiicii  a  lawvcr  is  no  nioi-c  likcls'  In 
lic  in  the  riiiiii  ilian  anv  oijin-  person  ot'  iiitijliuvncc  an<l  fro^d  rduiM- 
tion. 

On  the  one  liand  if  is  as-nrrdly  not  Mdt'cx  idini  iliai  -iivani>  aro 
iMiide  more  (Millions  ami  dilii^iiii  U\  licin;;-  d'piivcd  ,,,  tin-  rii;lii  o|' 
ivcovoriii!;  for  injuries  eaii-.d  l.v  tli(>  iiei;li-iiii-e  of  all  !■  i  lllpio^ -es 
lyci'pt  vice  prineipaN. — wliidi    is   praciieally   ihe   j-eMiit   of  ilie   rule 

applied  by  the  majority  of  ihi 'N.''   Still  le--  i-  ii  -elfcvidtnt  tiiat. 

it  I.ilO  rnl(>  doe-  operate  ill  the  nriliner  silppo-ed,  ill,.  i|ierea>e  of  eail- 
!i(>n  and  diliycnee  ilm-  srviin  d  i-  >..  eoiwiderable  that  its  eiituii'eii'ent 
i-  jiHtitiable  on  so  hroail  a  i;reiind  a-  liiat  id'  pnhlie  poliev. 

On  tlio  utiier  hand,  it  is  (Mpially  inipo-.-ilile  to  as-ert  that  tlieiv  is 
iitiylhin^'-  e-^sent.ially  falla<-ions  ami  iiiisonml  in  the  idea  of  the  other 
-clirtol  of  tiioiiyht. — that  it  is  illo.i;ieiil  to  throw  lli(.  re.-poiisil,ilii v  to 
viliich  n  rule  (h'dnced  from  such  preini-es  -iil.jeet<  the  servant  ii|M.n 
any  oinployws  except  thoso  who  posses-;  the  o|iportnnil.v  and  means 
f(<r  that  solf-protoetion  wliieh  if  is  one  of  tlie  primdpal,  if  not  the 
prineipal.  ohjoct  of  thf  rulo  to  seuuro.     Th(>  proposition  that  a  doc- 

triip  prinoiplo  upon  which   tho  iti:i<tprs    R.  Co.    (18!lli    .•>:   Miim.   aiir),  .-)0   \    W 

liiiliilily   ii)    such   o:isc-   icis.      All    tlie    ^\l. 

-■rvaiils   iif   n    oonunoti    mailer   stand    to         '  See  siilililh'  F!.  .'ti/;./<j. 

Iiini  in  tho  ssiiiii'  nlat ion;  they  severally        Kxtieini  ly   e\|iics,ive   in   this   eonneo- 

uiiderlake  to  work  for  the  -siiiie  master,    tion    are   tlie   einiiiiion  si.,ise   remark-   of 

iTi'l  take  ;iii(l  assume  on   their  part   tlip    I'"iel(I,  J.,  in  Chir.niu.  M.  ,f  St.  I'.  /,'.  r„. 

li-k   of  all   (lanijex-s  ordinarily   ineiilent    v.  I'uk.i   llsst)    112  W  S    ;i77    "8   |     e<| 

!"  their   em|ilovment.      The   iiia-ter   im     787,    r,    Sup.    Ct.    liep.     HI.    as'to'  the 

I'lieilly  iiiidertakes  on   his   part    to  e\er-    oxtrenie     (|iiestional.leii, to     ii-e      no 

i-i'  ordinaiy  eare  to  protect  thnii  from  striinj:e  term — of  the  semidness  of  a 
.11  mire.i-(,ii;iM,-  ri-ks  nnd  .lan;;ers  per-  doctrine  which  simpiv  aiiKiiints  to  an 
liuiiinn;  to  such  work,  resultintr  fn.m  the  .i-.-ertion  that  the  in^lincl  of  s,.|f-,,res. 
■  mploynienl  of  incoiiipeieiit  scTvanU  in  eivation  is  not  a  motive  p,,w..r  -iilh- 
other   uepartnients   of  his   work."  eieiit  ly  stronfl  to  mak,'     ervants  as  raie- 

'Ne  the  Miode  Island  Caso  cited  in    fill  as  their  character  and  teuiperameut 
«.ip    l!ist    iiute.  ^vi];   peiiuit. 

•So  expressed  in  Neal  v.  Northern  P. 


iM 


i 


-  ■     Am  j  i    '. 


■!sr*i'i.i 


1104 


AM  I.I!  AM)  >KK\ANr. 


[tllAI-.    XXVll. 


ii 


i 


r^ 


ii'iiH'  wliicli.  wlifii  ifilnriil  h.  ii-  ^iiii|il( -t  tiTin^.  iiu'i'clv   iiinntinr.-t  u> 

till'  ^lllt^  nil  lit   lliiil    llir  t.iu     -IkiiIiI   il|l|.lv  ll  CullI  llll'l   tn  JI  —  UllIC  llic  ^i-k^ 

>>i  II  tclli.u  -icniiiii'-  11  v.li.;!  inc.  lici'iiii-i'  it  i<  csiiciliciii  mi  -n,iiiiiU  ut 
|iiililic  |i.i|l.'v  ( ■(  !•  I,.',  iiiih),  is  ini.riii-iciillv  |i-^  cniTcct  than 
iiiintlicr  iluctriiif,  liic  (•sviicc  (.1"  uliirli  i,  tluii  in  (•criiiln  flii>scs  ui 
iMsi'S  it  udiilil  iw  iiiin;i-Miiii|.|(.  to  iiiiplv  .-ncli  .i  I'l.ritiMct,  <Miiiicit  In 
-ati^tii('lniil\  .■^ial>li-li((i  l)v  a  nicfc  dcpmiia'ic  a.-.(itiuii.  rmlcr  ijii 
lirail.  tliciiliTc,  till  iiiiiiM.^i  tlial  ran  lir  alliniicil  is  tlial  liir  iLicirim 
i<(  a^s<.(•ial^•ll  ilniii>  is  tin  ilm-tiiiif  ..f  tin-  miiiuritv;  and  in  iiidicinl, 
iis  in  Ktlicr  kiinls  uf  Iriiislatiuu.  this  taiM   is.  for  practii-al  inirixpsi-, 

rnnclllsivc. 

The  iitlicr  iih|iTti(.ii>  niaili'  to  tlii>  lllinnis  ilucirinc, — tlic  cxtfciin 
vafiiii'iic-s  lit'  the  tisi  sii|i|iiic.l  hv  tlir  iM.nci'|ition  uf  ass.iciatidii  m 
liissiH'iatioii  uf  (liiiirs.  anil  ihr  iniiiirn-i'  ililliciiltir-  whirh  ihr  ccni 
-lanllv  chan^inu  ii'l.itiuii^  nf  scrvaiil*  voiiM.  in  |.riiri  ice.  ciT.itc. 
afc  liiii|ii(  siiiinaiilv  >cii(in-;  Imt.  iifi>|ii'rly  vifwcd,  tlicv  sccni  In  he  ii..i 
-n  iiuii'h  nlijiciinns  which  afc  fatal  to  the  (Incirinc  itself,  taken  in  tin- 
ahstract,  as  nlijcciiuiis  uliicli  tend  tii  diseivdit  the  diictrinc  in  tiic  fi.nn 
In  whicli  it  is  nciiiallv  apjilicd  l>,v  cnnrts  wliicii  shrink  fi-mn  can\ 
ill;.'  it  ont  til  its  pmjier  ccnehtsiuns.  A  jiidp'  wlm  takes  his  stand  (Ui 
the  hfiiad  ^roiiiid  that  a  servant  is  ni>t  in  a  cniiiiiicin  cin|iliivincnt  with 
aiiv  felli.w  cni|ilii_vcc  iifiainst  wlmse  ne,iili;.M'ni-e  he  is  inca|ial>le  i.f  |)n. 
tectin^  himself  cuniint,  it  is  siihinittcd.  tind  aii.v  luuical  haltiii';  |iiiiri 
-iinrt  nf  a  thcuiv  vvhicli  will  eiiahle  the  injured  servant  tu  recover  in 
I  verv  case  where  tile  particular  act  wlncJi  caused  his  injnrv  was  d>>ii>' 

at  surli  a  distance  that  his  senses  ci.nld  ;L;ivc  liini  mt  intiinati f  tin 

Dcril  wliich  iiieiiaci'd  liini.  or  undop  such  circuiiistanc's  that.  altliou:;li 
he  may  have  been  awaro  of  tiie  peril,  ho  was  unai.'e  to  ward  it  oil  nr 
isca]H- from  it.  The  means  of  sclf-firotect ion  upon  which  the  llliii..i- 
docirine  lav-  most  strcs.s.  ,/:.,  that  associated  servants  can  exeni-r 
an  influence  njion  e^icli  other's  conduct,  and  rejiort  anv  ileliinpieiicii- 
which  they  may  ohserve.  miist  evidently  he.  in  niaiiv  iiistaiii  r-, 
wholly  inadi  (plate  to  secure  tiiem.  If  tiie  theory  tliat  the  capacitv 
tor  self  protcctiirii  is  tlie  final  lest  of  cjimnioii  eniployineiit  is  once  :ic 
ii'l)ted.  there  s^^.ms  no  reason  whatever  why  this  relaxation  of  th. 
-iiieral  rule  >hi,ulil  stop  at  tin  point  at  wliicli  the  .-ourts  of  that  ainl 
other  states  have  clioscn   to  arrest    it."      The  servant   can   receive  tlic 

'Tliin-  in  only  Inn  gooil  ri>iisoii  for  (lie    ciiiisiiciiili.in   li;i^  I n   >,>  |imlitic     "Tlif 

folliiwiii;.'    ciiniiihiitil    of    TliDiiiMs.    ,1.,    ill    (.|iil):irni— nl    lli mts  incr.iinti  r  in 

;i  ciiso  wliicli  is  (iiic  of  tlir  iiio-t  irniiiik-    tlir  illsiii^^inn  of  llic  Im;\   of  fillovi   *in 


ililr    illii>l  rnlioii>    o|     tlu'    ||; 


(listiiR'tioMs    of    wliicli     the    iloci 


lir-Iilittiii;;    i,-r  yiows  out   of  tlic  dilliciiKv   in  :i.!. 


1 

-i 

■f. 


iiiM-    of    in;;  luiil  ;iillici  in;;  to  -on 


c  ;.'cuciiil  |H 


«  .•)('«] 


<f'\i\i(iN  i;Mi'i,<iVMr\T  coNTiM  i:d. 


1406 


lrj:itiiiiiit<'  l«iictit  .it'  thin  j)riiici|ilc  c.iilv  h\  a  tli.clrinr  wliidi  will  prr 
iiiit  his  iictidri  i(.  Ill'  iiiiiiiiiiiinci]  .xccid  in  ,.|i-.»vi  \vlicn>  the  rriiitinii  Iw 
iwcfii  lii.x  iliitics  mill  tli.Hc  of  the  •li'lini|iii'iir  (•.icinplovci'  wen-  .•*iicli 
I  lint  lit'  liiiil  II  iiiiM.niiMc  cliiiiicc  of  ini.ifctin;;-  liiiii^clf  liv  liirt  own  nr- 
-niiiil  ctTorts.'      'I'lic  iloctriiic  ii    its  |ui>ciif  >|iii|ir  i-i  »  nu'ir  iirl)itriu\ 

i|ii-oiii'M'  whii  li  (MM  sciircrlv  1p.    -;iicl  to  liiivc  iinv  lii^^lirp  ju,titieu 

lion  than  its  cffcrt   i>.  .iiiti;:iifinv  the  stvrn iisii|ii(.|ic( -i  of  a  r'llc 

uhicli  so  oftni  o|ic,,ii,..  ill  a  inuiiiicr  rcvoiriii<;k  liar.-li  ami  opprcs- 
-ill'. 

506.  Illustrative    caM«.— Im    the    snl.jninrd    noto  nr.       illc-tcl  tlu- 
cnxs  ill  which  ihc  rij;hls  of  the  parlies  were  ilctcnnim  il   uilii  ppfcr 

''  f"  'Ik'  i'ii'iitit.v  or  iliiTciciicc  of  ilc|(artiiiciils.  or  ihi'  .loctriiif  of 

.MM^.M-iation.  i''or  tlic  piirpoM-  of  farilitaliiifr  coiiiparison.  tlicv  an- 
inKiiiatcil  michr  liia<liii,i;s  similar  to  those  emploveil  in  Ji  J'.is,  sinmi.^ 

.i|.l.'  a|M>ll   wlii.li   III   jii'iM 1.      Uhi'll  lIlP    |il,-..|lt    I lii'clh.ii    ||,:,t    if,  ,iH   i-i   icsrlt 

|.iiriii|,lr  aniiiMiiKTil  in  llir  rjiliir  Cii-rs    ,.|  |,v  il,,.  :iatliin  ilir-i.  tlir  al.-«'n< f  anv 

III  It  all  servant-  nnpluv  "(I  ami  |iahl  Iim,-  (  <]„■  .luHiinr  ..f  n>ninii,n  I'lii- 
l.y  Ihf  ciMiini'^i  nia-li'i-  tn  p.i  reiiii  cimi  |  luMncnt  in  tlir  r.|HMl-  piinr  to  llic  ,||.- 
ii.iTi  -iivicc  Mill'  fellow  xTVanl-  -«.i-  li-l.in  of  finsih'ti  \,  /V. ..;,/■  i  Is.'IT  i  .'I 
,iloii.|(inr.|.  till'  <-.Mirl«  were  I. 'It  ap  M.ts.  i  \\,  1,  j  Miir|,li.  f.  \\.  .•10,-.  |  .|,„' 
p.iiv'itly  with  nil  shimhI  prinriple  liy  !is7.  i-  ilni-  In  llic^  I'.i.i  tliat  it  wa-  nm 
viliiili    I  lay    iiMiM    111.    ;,'iiiil(Ml    anil    i-iin-    -iilrrnl   h.i  inili-pnial.l..  as  id  l,i.  Iicviiml 

ii"ll'''    '"    '■ ■'•■'i-    ••ii'W's.'"      /'.i//,.>     V.    III.,   reach  of  allaik.   this   <iii<[ne-ai<iniiiL' 

lln.n.ih.il    .(    SI.    .1.    It.    r„.     llSltl)     Ilia    ep'arire  niav  ii(i,,il,lv  lie  eMilainedliv 

\|..    :l.;j.   10.1,   IS  1,.  II,   .\,  HO.'.   10  .Si.  W.    i|,e  >,„al|  H|/e„i   , t'of  the  i.alu.lrial 

""'  eiiiieenis    in   eaili    I  line,,    aial    the   ehar 

Ihc-  fiililit.v  III  atlrinptiii-  I.I  l.a-e  a    aitir  of  Ih,.  «,iik  ii-iiallv  ilnne  in  thiw 

Iheiir.v     iif     eiiii-iieiatiun     nil     aii>      nllier    « liieh     Were     larmier    Ihaii     ih"     aieia-e, 

■jn.ariU  lail   thi-  i-  well  linai-lil   ciiit   in    Dwin^'     tn     the     eondii  inns     which     pre 

III!'    I'lllnwinj;   reiiiail.-   nf   llie   r I.    In    \alh.il,    acnleiil-i    inn-l     li.ive    li,'en    iiiile 

\hnn,llr     V.     rhi-.l.in.l     d      r.      K.     r„.    rare  in   »lilrli   Ijie  ,i,.;.|i^r,.„t   anil   i-pi'iiie.l 

ilsiiOi     II    (Ihi.i   St,     117:      "111   t:    -   u ■rvanl,  ,11,1  n. -ciipv .  In  the  ,i|.  .har-e 

1.1    the    tiain    enni Iiil\     aiia.m    nt  I  heir  iliil  ii  >.  ,ii,l,   |,'„.al   r,'lat  In.is  •'.at 

-rui.e,  appjleil  111  the  iiiiphn,,-.  ,if  a  each  eiinlil  pi,,t.'|.|  him-elf  |„  siniie  e\ 
i.iilr.uil  eiinipanv.  in  emalncl  In;;  the  'cut  a;.'alii-,t  i-n|ali,l  aet«  nf  in-f.'llK,-n<i.; 
jiln,'  liiisiia-^  upon  the  i,.i,l.  ^ivaiits  aii,l  tn  th,.  -liirilv.  s,.|f  ri'lianr  \n"l,. 
-,iiiiewhat  ill-,iiiiii,ete,l  in  llii'lr  r,-  Sa\nii  aiil-an  ,ir'  lal.niia-  there  inll-hl 
-piili\,'  iliitlc-  are  Tac'.w-arll.v  iiiclinh'il,    vm'II  haie  -.ei'iii,'.!  nnihlii;.'  MMlair,   1111"!, .r 

I'.iil    this   wani    ,i|    iniiMcliate  eniii ■.Inn    ~iich   cli  ,aiiii-l  iiice^  nf   piTv-l  .al   i-,,nt|.'ii 

ill  their  re-p,cti\e  iliiti.v-  will  I,,,  f,, 1111. 1  ll.\.  In  ,'\p,'.t  Ini:  him  in  a"iinie  the  rT-k 
1.1  i.lilain   e\.ai    if   tlie    use   ,if    th,'    tiani    nl    his    f,l|..u    Hnrker's    ne^'li-,  ii,.,.,      Th.. 

>li"iil.|    1.,'    iv-trict,,l    M)    as    1,1    ,11, In; aIsI,,!,-,.  ,,|-  ,iich  a  feeliii;.'?  ,-niipl,.,l  with 

.inI,N  Ih.'  np,.raliv,-  iipnn  the  s^iiii.'  train.  III.'  .'M  leni.'l.v  nn.levelnpeil  cniiilitinn  of 
111.'   ii'-p.'i'tive   iliilii'-   nf   thus.'   a--ii;ri.'il    th.'    law   .if    ii,"_'|i;:i'nei'.    was.   it    may    lie. 

1.1    .lilleient     pn-itl.iMs     opiin     th,'    train    th,'    reas ,    atti'inpls    wer,'    inai'le    tii 

will  he  fnniiil.  tn  a  ;.'r,'al  ,'\t,'iil.  necis  li,iM  th,'  ,'niplnv,'rs  r<'sp,ins|lile.  If  this 
s;iilly  iiii|i'p,'ii,li'iit  nf  each  nlher:  anil  -iiniiise  U'  u,  I'l.iniiii.lnl.  It  isa|.p.iri'iil 
M't  the  .,ire!i..si,e-s  ,,f  ,iiiy  .me  iiia.\  often  that  tlw  lh,'.ir.\  of  ,is-,.,'iat,',l  .liiti.'s  ina.v 
Iw  fatal  tn  othiT  s,'r\anls  nii  |  h,.  sanie  he  rc^Mnhil  as  r,'pies,'iil  iny  the  result's 
liain.  h.ivin;,'  nn  ,'nntrnl  nviT  th.'  ih-  ,if  .1  t.'ii.l.'ri.'V  tn  rev.Tt  tn  what  inav 
lin.ni.'iit.  nn.l  in  full  .lischai^'e  of  their  have  hiiri  the  ori^rinnl  rule, 
own  .lilt  I. 's,  .\i„|  y,,t  thi.  iiinst  limit. '.I  '  (al  S,  1  touts  riu/.tiicl  i„  off!,;-  ,n,iK- 
iihhlii'Mti,,,,  of  the  rii!,'  iiiiKl  nic— aril.v  ..■;..'  i}>  I..,.,,!;:..,!  l',„i„s.  Thrrr  is  no 
Pinhia,',.  snili  easi's,"  ,'nnimon  eiiiplnyiiii'nt    lietw,','n  , ii,|ac- 

II   is  ,if  soiii,'  Inter.'st   to  n.ite   in   the    On    .inil   ,1   station   iip'iit.      ('Iiir,iii„  ,(■    \. 


ft 


il'  1 


,   il 


/i^S 


MM 


M.ASTKK  AMlNKItV  WT. 


I  i 


J*'! 


\y.  R.  To.  V.  S„ii,l,r  (IHstii   liT  ill    .iTtl 
7  N.  K.  ii4i». 

A  H», III. Ill  ii«i-nl    K  iiol  (III'  f.lli.w  „.r\ 
lint  of  n  liir  ri'iHiiriT  or  in-iMclor  linNini,' 
HiilH-rvi^iuii     1,1     (|„,     ,.,,1 


(•MAP,    XXVIf 


lull       III        ..,, 

Iilllki-.,     lllliiill(,'h    til,.    :.  |h    i,.,|i|i,,.,| 

to   Hit    lllr   linikr-  of    ■  ft    ,it    lii,  ,|;, 

lion.     (7ii('i,,„.  //  .,  r„.  \.  h.ll,,,,,, 

'iW'Ni  r>»  Vrii.  ..     .*  X.  \v,  i:,,  ,„„„| 

illi'il  on  ri'liiiiiiii;;  11,  7c,  \  \\  mj  i,,,, 
iilitnc  rilliiiu  II,, I   l,,ii.  It,  ,|  I 

Till-  i'i>ii,lii,i,,r  of  II  fnljlii  tiiilii.  wliii 
iil«>ii«-i.|H  ill  iHJiiliitiy  ,  .,|,  at  «liilloii-. 
it  not.  :i  iVIIiixt  ..n.iiii  of  II  , I, ill. .11 
iiKi-nl.  /,„»i\m//,  ,(  \.  It,  »•„.  V.  ./,(,/, 
.son  (imi  III  s.  u.  771,  lOil  ■i',.nii. 
VM  (iiyiiit  I, ft  |iiii,'li  liiir  Ml,;;  iin 
till-  Iniik  I. 

Ill  I'iNthilni,  I'l,  \\  .  .(  r.  It.  Cu.  V. 
/'o,/-rN  (  IS7II  74  111.  .in.  it  «,,*  nn- 
-iiiiif,!.  iiniii,  iiilt:.  for  iiiii|io~,-.  of  illiiH 
liiitioii.  that  II  <l..|k  UiH.|,iiiy  Ii,k.|>«  in 
llu-  ollici.  iMn  not  a  coxniiil  i,f  li.iin 
null. 

In     Uilililrii    V.    f'/Mwi/,,  .//,.■  c(.   O.    I,'.    I'll. 

I  IHsili  js  \v.  Vii.  ,i|o,  .-.7  .\ni.  Kop. 
liM.",,  III,.  .aMii-  (.(111,  Ill-ion  wa-.  riMclii^l 
a-.  roffanU  un  o|Kialiir  ami  an  ,ii;.'iii(  ,r. 
"II  till'  two  KroniiiU  tlial  lli,-y  «,  i,  not 
'O    ,<iliial<.il    as    to   iiintinl    or    iiillihii,  ■■ 

iMoli  otlior'n  oonilui't.  ami  lliat  II imt- 

ator  «a-  llic  «ii|ii'iior  -.i.rx.inl. 

In  h'.iiil  TiiiiiiMsrr.  V.  d  (I.  U.  r,,.  v. 
Ii.  .\iiiii„i.l  (1MS7)  Sii  r.^nn.  7.1.  ">  S.  \V. 
tiOO.  a  tiliv;ra|ili  o|i<r,itor  wat  liilil  not 
to  111-  a  I  How  sorvant  of  ii  .onilmtor. 
Iiolli  U'laiiM'  lie  i<i  in  a  sciiar.ili-  ilr|Mii 
mint,  and  aUo  a  vin-  piin(i|>al.  a-  liiin;; 
till!  inoiilli|>j(.c'p  of  th(>  .iUiMiiiit,.ml,.nl. 
'I'll,,  "-iiliii;.'  ill  //,///  V.  Ilnhi  stun.  II  ,f 
.V.  1.  A".  f„.  (ISSO)  ,19  IV,I.  IfS,  II, lit  a 
til,'j,'rii|>li  ,i|i«'rator  wan  not  a  fellow  -,.iv 
ant  of  a  liraUcnian  in  possilily  Im,,,!  ,iii 
tlic  sani,.  |>rjiic'i|ili'  an  tho  ai«iii.  ia„s. 
Hut  a-  it  «.|..  iii.Klf  in  an  oral  i:liaii.'o, 
and  till'  jiiil;.i'  ffivcs  no  rca-ons  and  ,it(s 
no  aiitliorii:  •^.  W*  uriii-c  lalioiiiili'  i< 
doulilful. 

It  is  hild  that  a  lirciiian  and  a  trir 
j;rai)h  opiTiitor  arc  rn;.'a;.'i>d  in  ilillV.rcnt 
dfpartin(.|il^  or  "aliont  a  ditri'ifiit  piren 
of  work."  within  thi-  iiifaniii;.'  of  tlip 
Mississippi  Constitution  of  ISOO,  J  Kll. 
Illinois  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Uuntcr  (ISnj)  70 
Miss.  471,  12  So.  482. 

(b)  Servants  irniKiiifi  on  the  name 
train. — There  is  n  roMiiiioii  I'lnployiiii'nt 
hefwc«n  an  enpimi.r  and  lirakcniaii".  Ill- 
inois C.  R.  Co.  V.  Kcm  (1874)  72  111. 
.512  (pn<;inp  ONplodi.,!)  :  Cliiimiu  ,(■  |.  /,*. 
Co.  V.  Itrnndnu  (IHil."))  t'.".  III.  App.  l.'iO: 
I.uuixriUr  <f  Y  It  Ci),  V.  !/'.'.  tin  i  IH.S'.)! 
87  Temi.  3!)8,  3  L.  R.  .\.  2H2.   10  S.  \\ . 


77.';    Ihiiiirl    V.    hiitiyiii    lilii.    ft,    M.    ^l 
M.  It.  Cii.    {  iNiisi    1).-,  \|,,    s:\.  4tt  s.  w 

"■•'     <""'    'I'-l' I;    tli,,,r.v    of    plaiiiliir 

W.IK    myliyi'M,,.    in    «.|ci.|iiij{    tlip    rnui 

IHITI. 

I!ilw>ii     an     cn^.-iniiT    anil     flrminn 
Ch„,i„„  ,f    t.  It.  f„,  V.  Hiiuiiliiu   (inoni 

•l."«  III.  .\pp.   |-,0  (■•iiyii \p|,.,h.,|). 

Ik'lwii.i,  two  lirakiiniii.  »/,„,(,,„  ,( 
t.  /,'.  I'll.  V.  /.'iiW,  (|s77i  HI  III.  .-,7ii 
Clni.,,,,..     It       .f     y,      /,.      ,.„       V       II,,,,,,,.;, 

I  ls)i,-,i  I.-,  \..|,  .-,71).  ,;:)  X.  \V.  872  (m». 
<'ial  timliii^.  hi  Id  t,...M.|ii,|i.  p.n(.ral  v.T 
•liit    f,.i    III,,  plilnlill  I. 

r.,l\v,.ii    a    ,',, mill,  lor    and    his    iKti'in 
|ilo\,.,.,  ,,n  III,,  train.     Chirnrio  <f    V    11 
It.  Cii.   V.  SninUr   (ISSill    117  III.  .17(1,  7 
N     K.   tinii     \l,i,rr    V.    Ili;„„in   C.    It    C„ 
llxi'in    177   111.  r,n\.  -.2  V.  E.  818, 

I'or  K<-iiliirk,v  IMS,'.  „■,.  ;  ,-||!l.  ,„,.,( 

(•■I    S,  mints  hmiillinq  (liljirrnl 

tniiHM      I  mliT  III,.  i,,,i j.itlon  iliNlrin,' 

III  Illinois  it  i,  a  i,ii\,.ii  ,|u,.,ii,,„  „f  law 
md    fai'l,  wh.tlnr  thi-r  si  rvaiits  are   in 

"   ''"""I Miployiiwnt.  anil   tlii'lr  ri'la 

tions  ,|„,iil,|  il„.|,.f,„.,.  |„.  Mil,niill„|  to 
•  h,.  jiir.v  under  pro|M.r  inst  nut  ions. 
liiKr  l.rir  d  W.  It  Cu.  ..  .Miihlleton 
<  1NII2I    112  III.  .-.,-,0,  .12  \.  K.  4,->.1. 

.\n  en-iniiT  in  iliinye  i.f  an  eni,.iiie  on 
ilie  mam  tiaek  is  not.  as  mutter  of  law. 
a  fillow  si.rvaiil  ,,f  a  lu.iki'imin  at  lite 
rear  c.f  a  train  on  a  side  traek.     Chirniiu 

f,  m  i  ^  '"  *■  '''^""  '"<!•»  I 
.it    III.    .\pp.   ;iS7.    .Mlirm.Hl    (  IHii,-,)     |,-,( 

III.  448,  40  X.  K.  .T12. 

•S,  it  has  lieen  held  to  Ik-  a  niipstion 
for  III,-  jury,  wlielhir  tlin  crews  of  u 
eoal  and  an  extra  fiei^dit  train  were  e,, 
;ervants.  ,|/,,f„«/  v.  Crow  (lltOO)  !tn 
III.  .\|>p.  (V28. 

In  Chiidijo  ,t  A.  p.  r-  V  //.i.,v 
'isnil)  71  111.  App.  in.  ftirmnl  1. 
'18118)  172  Ill.liOl,  ^n  V.  K.  l.r.l  (,„i,„|, 
left  ojN.n).  it  wa-  helil  (hat  a  jurv  w,i.. 
J"-tilied  in  findin;.'  that  the  eoirdmlnr 
of  a  fn'i^rht  train  and  his  snliordinal,'- 
Mere  not  fi-llow  servanis  ,,f  the  erew  ,f 
a  (lassenirer  train. 

The  ciipman  of  one  street   ear  is  not 
as    matter   of    law,    a    fellow    servant   of 
a    eondiirliir  of   anothiT   I'lr    injured   hy 
the  former's  ne^'lifri'iiee.  whev,-  th,.re  me 
alioiit    a    thou-iind    |K'rM,iis   eiiiplovisl    n, 
eondmtors  or  firipinen  on  the  sariie  line 
of  road,  and  there  is  not  neies.saiily  anv 
a.ssooiation    between    th,.    men    eon-"tiliii 
in?   tho   crews   of   two   dilTerent   tniiti-. 
and    the    conductor    injured    had    ne\,r 
workisl    ii|)on    the    same    train    and    wn- 
p.rsonally  unacoiiainted  with  the  neijli 
Lrp„f    jjrjj..„j,,f,         ■hirt!„u    Ciin    It.    Co.   V 
l.iach    (IS!I8)    SO    111.' App.   .154. 


tint 


•  MMMMN  l;\l|•|.(l^^||■NT-   immim  kd 


ill  llij.  .i.ii,.  II  iiii,  „|.,,  |m^.„  fr,, 
i)iii'rill.»  iiiiiil.  .1-  a  iiiiilln  ..f  Ihh.  (hut 
,'iii|ilii\ii'<  mi  iliiriTi'iit  trjiiH  Win-  m 
-i'nMnl«.  I'iiii  iniiiiii,  \.  «).  ,(.  7"  />,  If 
Co.  V.  h'l.hiiix  il'Hiii  j.i  Kv.  I.  Iti.|i 
.'i!4.  «'.'  S.  W  >M\\  ,!„,.  .j|..ih.vi,l 
II  ,.>,.•.*.  Ht.   /,.  .f    /'.   II.  »•„.   V    r.mklim] 

llHSI)      I.-.    III.    Apil.     I,-);;    tlUi.,    .(      I/,    /,. 

»•«.  V,  Itohh  (IK!'  )  .Id  III.  \|,,,  (IJ: 
(two  .■nyiiiirf.l  :  r/.i.A-  v.  ll„/../^A  /,' 
r„,  (IMM.Ii  ,vj  III.  ,\i>,..  ini  (.•..nclu.lor 
iif  oiii.  tr.ilii  an. I  i-iifiiMMr  nf  niiiitlii-r I  : 
\nrili  I  l,ii)i;i„  Slirit  It.  I  V.  I)iiil<ifi,„ 
ilHfMIi    mt    III.    ,\,,,,.    .-,;  ,,^  „f   ,„„ 

-li.i'l  iMi«l:  A.V^i'ii,  .1.  ,t  i:.  If  I,,  y 
Malum  II  llSill)  Dil  III.  .\ii|,.  li|  (f,,,, 
■  rtili-liiii!.'  iriH-i!  7.11.  Iloiil,  ,(  /  /,• 
*•.-.  V.  l.,,p,r  (|H!I-,|  flO  III.  \,,|,,  liil 
uri'UH  of  iHo  >i'i'tiiiii«  (if  ,,   tr.iiii    uliii. 

it    «.l«   ciinll'llilnl.    sliiiiilll    III.   lr;;:irili->l    il- 

•iTvIni;  on  two  ilillVri'iit  triiitii:  riilin:.' 
«iis  l.il^i'.l  nil  Ihf  yrollllil  tliat  "llii.  (Inly 
nf  liidi  rrliitix  to  II  |.>in)  (.|it(.r|iii«i'.  in 
lliii  i.rii|NM  r\. nil  ion  of  mIijcIi  ,-av\,  i- 
iqiiiilly  inlni'Hi,.,!."  „,„|  t],„f  ,1,,,  „.,.^ 
ants  wiTi-  |iiit  lo  roiiHtiiiit  r:ir4.  to  iivoiil 
ii'lli-i.'ii«)  ;  ll,i„i,is  r.  It.  (•/).  V.  N»;.v/i 
./•  (lS!i:)  71  III.  \,,,,  I,;,  \|]lr„|„|  i„ 
(1H!MII    IS2  III.  r..!.-!,  -,.-,  \.  V.    .-,r,.-.  Form 

'T     M'l I     <1S!I.1|     .-,.1     III.     .\,,|,.     411. 

I  IS!..-, I  1)1  III.  .\,,|,.  oil  ,|.niK,.,ihin  of 
:i  lrc'i;;lil  triiiii  stjn.lin;..  ..n  ;i  -.id.'  trinl, 
ini|>r.i(iiil.v  tiiriKil  ..  -uitili,  .^o  ||i„t  „ 
IM-MiiLir  tniJM  lilt  III.-  main  tniok  iinM 
n.lli.jiil  with  til.'  fiii-lit  triiin,  t.-  tl..' 
injiin  at  \\\f  liniKan  on  tlic  <'iii.'liii' 
■Ir.iwiiiff  tlic  |.a~-.ii-,r  Iniin)  ;  A7..~  v. 
r/ii.M./«  if  K.  I.  It.  i'o.  (IS'i.;)  (IS  |||. 
\|>|'.  211  (<Mi;;iiiiiT  of  -Hililiinj.  rr.-w. 
;in(l  I'lij.'iihTi-  iinil  luiiki'inan  of  -.i  i.ia.l 
Ir.in). 

in  WUcon-in  it  lia^  l,..'n  h.'M.  will. 
ni.',.r.l  to  iiii  injiirv  ri'<.'iv(^l  in  lllinoi- 
ili.  I  till'  ronilii.'tor  mill  !i|-,il,.>iii,(ii  .>ii  a 
fi'i-lil  train,  wli..  iii';..|i..;,.Tillv  Icax.-  t\\,- 
ir.iii  -lan.lins  .in  tlic  Ira.k  liilliniit  .li- 
||la.viiiL'  tho  pr..|«iT  si;;naU.  aiT  f.Olou 
vr\aiil^  of  a  fir.Miian  on  anolli.T  train. 
'Uio  i^  iiijiir.'d  In  a  .■..lii-ion  i.-^iiltin;; 
fi-..i.i  Mi.li  n.';..|i-.n(0,  Mdrfiiillni  C 
niulr„„il,  (llMtl)  no  Wi.s.  li;!.  H.-,  \ 
U.  7117. 

In  Mis^url,  cosprvicc  ha.i  Imi'ii  licl.l 
I'll"  ;i  .li'fcnse  wlicrc  a  liraki'iiiaii  fail.ci 
t.)  Ml  liiak(>s  on  car-  lift  on  tin-  main 
liM.k  whilr  otIiiTM  w.t.'  Ii.ins  switrluMl 
"11  to  a  siilih};.  anil  tlir  iiiiMTiiri-ii  car- 
I'i'i  into  motion  ami  i-olli.lod  with  an 
•liii-  train.  killinL'  tli.-  lir.'man  tliorron. 
/.'■.'I'll  V.  ha  limn  Clfii.  I't.  ,<?  ,f  i;  It 
■  Ix"-':  Mo.)  1(1  S.  W.  Illi;.  Amrniiii 
'.-.  l:.i;,i  !  is'w;  lii  M...  .-i.;.  is  |,  |; 
.\      S17.    -in    S.     \V.     ^SO.      Thr     ilivi-i.ii 


lin: 


.•oiirt  .aiil      "In  thi,  Pi,^,  „,p|,  .,.,(,,,,1 

"a,    iin.l.r   III.'   iniiii.'.liali' ..n.l   of 

lil»  own  .'.ihiliirloi  it  M  tin,.;  Imt  tliat 
fai-t  .I.HH  mil  rmi-liliiti.  a  .Ini-ii..  or 
.1  iili..|liii(.  .•ir.iin.-l  .mv.  \|,,,iv  .-a-.-. 
a.:.y  U'  iri,lam-..,|  »  li.r  •  ilill,  r.  i,t  y  in-- 
•f  iiii'li,  .Mill  f.,„i!  iimliT  llif  oiil.r-.  ..f 
il<  own  l.iivm.ii.  ai..  .h.arl,  .o.,.!  >aiit, 
Hilliiii  ft.,,  riili-  of  iMni|,ti,,„  It  ,|,»- 
'|'|>'Mr  ,  ll,i~  ,a«i  that  train  ,V.>  |,  ft 
lliavfr  .111,1  piir-iiiMl  it,  i,i,,  |„„|,.r  ,|„. 
••r.l.r.  of  ll„.  train  .li.|iat,l„.r ;  ami  it 
I-  fair  to  |,i,.,iimo  IIliI  ||,,.  ,,i|„.r  ir,,|,„ 
"|"h-  lli.ir  tri|H  nn.h-r  opI.t-  .inanat 
..'-■  f.o.n  III,,  -anm  -..hit,..  TIi,.  iniii,.,| 
III.     ..ir,.n.linL'   ■'.■rvaiit^    «,.ri.   o|H.|aii,i" 

iniiii-  ov.T  th.. rtion  of  III,,  r I 

llioii...h  Homclimi-  far  apart,  tlir.  win- 
ii.-.-,.».arily  thn  v,n  into  ..h,,,.  r..|;,ti,.n  in 
I'-jM't  l4i  th,.  |M'rf,,rinan.v  i.|  ih.ir 
"■rk  an<l  lh.>y  w,.ri' ..n-a;;nl  jn  th,.  ^am,. 
■l'-|.iitm.ii»,  of  -,.ni,.,..  Tl.ov  »,.ro  in 
"tir  .. pinion.  co^.Tvanls  within  llm  fair 
in-iniiiL'  of  Ih,.  ruh.  of  ,.x,.niplion.  „, 
III;!   .h.f.n.lant   is  not   liaM,.  f„r  jni,„i,.. 

'"'.'"■'''''  ''.V iip,,n  th,.  „th,r"     In  th,. 

"I ""   'I-liv.'i.il    l.y   th..  , rt    in  h 

-tu-*-  wa,  Ini.l  .„,  th..  fa,.|  that  holh' 
-.ryant-  wcr..  nn.l.T  onlrrs  „f  H,,.  -ante 
Ham  ili-patiliiT. 

Co-.ni,,.  ha-  Ihi'ii  ,|,.nl..i|  to  ,.vi-t  !..•- 
'V.I.  th,...n..'im.,.rof  om- or.linaiA  train 
.ml    tlio    hrak.nian    of    ,.m.th..r.      /,„„„. 

;;"',  ''-..V  'v  '■'■■  ^  '■•■■'"ii^i.i,  iH.i.s)  4 

■    lliish.  ...1,  ■   /,„»,,,.//,,  c.  ,f  /     /,.    ,.„    ,. 
ntrrn.     tiH7:\)     !.    |i„-|,.    .-,.-,.,.     1,,,,,,/rl.:, 

svj    •.,•",„:;•    '''■'"'    '"''^"*'    «■   'VV.   I'T.H. 
7  "■.     '    '""  "IM""1"iiilv  to  ..^.r.-i-.. 
^».il<'hfiilm.-    ov,-r    th..    m.t..|i..,.nl     -rN 
'"";      '"   "'■•  l^''»    •""  ,.a-,.-  ih,.  ,1,1, „. 
•'"",'"   ''''-■'  ■■"■■li..lor     .\Mtoth,.  K,.n 
lurky  ihi.iri.M..  -„•  jS  .-,|.|,  ,,„,^ 

In  \y...t   Vir-inia   it  ha.l».,.n  hi'M  that 

'hrro    ,-    „..  .....fw I,..,u,,.„    ,„   ,,„„j 

iiri-r  a-iil  ||„.  ,-,,miu..tor  on  an.ithi.r  lr.,i„ 
/■i,ll,„  V.  r-/i,.v,/ ,„„/,,  ,(•  I).  It  r„ 
> '><•«■•>  --SW.  Va.  tun.  .57  Am.  l;,.p  i;...-.' 
•  ill  S,i-ni„l.i  hi, 11,11 1,111  Iniins  ,i„,l 
^■,itrl,w,,i..-\  ..witrhman  has  \icon  h.hl 
■  I  f.-lh.w  servant  of  Ihr  ni..n  ,.|».|at  in., 
an  onliii.iry  fi.i;..!.!  train.  /.•„//,,/,„  ,' 
l/iv.v-io/ri  /'.  It.  r,i  (IS!i4i  lL>:i  M,,.  p.) 
-t    .*<.    U.     10.-,;)     I  |„    I, ami.    .\fliini...|'in 

M,sn4)  I-)  Mo.  140.  -7  .s.  w  a":  (i,v 

uholo  oiirl   without   ariinmrntK 

And   a    liki.  rnliiiL'   ha-i   I.,.,.,,   ,|,a,|o   in 
-.vera!   Illinois  cim-  wh..ri' a  -«itiliman 

was     injiirfd     hy     lli,>     n....li;;,.ii f    ., 

-witch    ..nj;in,.,.r.      Sl„lf,,r,l    v.    cinnuii, 

II.  .f  ().  /,'.  f...  I  iss.-,i  III  ii;  .,,,  .; 

N.  ;•:.  IS.-,.  //;,.„,,„.  /...  ,  ,,  /.  ,;,  ,,,/^- 

'(■","'  '  '■'-'"  'i  III.  \..p    ijj:  ,v,;,..»,„; 
/. .  /.  a-  /'.  /,'.  (•,,.  V.  ■/■.,„/,,,  iiss7i  I'll 


140H 


MAMI.I!  AM)  si:i;\  ANT. 


I    t    i 


[l  ll.\P.    XXVll. 


111.     App.    !l!l:     \y„,i,n,H,l„,i    V.      I'.7mv.,«,     IIimI     IIm-    lillli.  -    ,.f    tllr'    rll-ilir    (Iriv.T    ill 

r.  ,(  s.  I'.  /,'.  (•„.  (isiin   Hi  \i,..  .\|,[,.  .•.,nii,r!i,,n  vii;,  hi,  1^11,1", .,m„.,i  .n  ,,, 


'•'•'■  I..  I'. ,ri'    Ihi'    11 It     uii-    llir    iii,i..'i'l(ii'- 

.\  tnuir  MvilrllllKllI    i-   :l    lill-u    -nVMIll      .|||1.\      I.,    yn     l||Mi|i      it      |„     l„.-iii     lii^     «,,|K 

"I      iii-|i"c1iMii.       11,,.     ,.,, 1,1-1      >:i|,|.      ••1,1 


i>f    A    liri'i:iiii    ami    iin 


I L'  1  ■ 


IT.     rl, 


I'-'il    atl     itllllll'llci'    I, VI  I     till'   iilluT    |i|. 

nil. live-  i,f  |,ii,|,|.r  |..iiiii,iti.      Ill    the  wiv 

ll.llllll'      of      till'     ill|.i||r~>      cai-ii      »,i~     ,.11 


linul.    r.    r.   .(■    SI.    I..    I!     <■„.    V.    I..,,rl.r  -|..-il 'ml'  imi.  iifli  i-  thrv  iiiv  ihlivi-inl   In 

'"'""»    '■'»    111-    Al'l'-   ••!'■■■  'Ill-   .^al,^   i.ati    h,,v,     Mn    i-..Iali..,i   „r  nm 

III     l.oili^rill,     ,1      \.    A'.    f„.    V.    ,v/,,,/s     i;,...|i,:„     „ith    Ih..    liliiiii f    liailis    at 

iKy.    IH!10)     11    Ky.    I.,    llri..    7sl,    l.-,   s.  ,!i.,,,„t     |,i.i„t,.      .      .      .      IMaintiir    ami 

U.  -JIS.  a  >aril  »,vvilrliiu:i .,   u.t-.  h,  hi   ma     i a..!,,,.   .Iiivii-    u,.,-,.   „„t    ,.|,;.,|..,.,l    in 

to  III-  a    fnlhiw  >i.|\atit   of  .III   i.|i..i,.|...|.  Ill'    ihi.    >; Iiii,iiii.-,    at    all.      It    w..^    ,|i, 

an   onliii  iiv   train,   hut    the  iln  i-iMii   «a-  ii.|,i     m;,|  wlmllv  .liir.'ii.|il.  ,iiiil   hail  raih 

clftriiiiiiii.,l  hy  liitli-ii-iii'.' nf  j.'iai|,-  rathi'i  rnnliniK.il   in  hi'-  fait  iiiihir  Ihi-Iih.,-  f,a- 

than    ilillVri-iicr    iif    clvjiai  1  iiniit .      S'C     5  .,n\    iinhiiiiiti    |..  ii..,l.    i|    i,   h.ii.lly   p,,,;, 

.-)4!).  j«,.vr  :il,i,.   |h,.v    uiaihl   haM.   hi'vii  l>r,,ii..'|i|    ii,l,, 

(CI     Srrniiils     luiiiiltnuj     Iranis:     „i„l  .i,n     ,,.|ali,,ii    «hiii.   niii-   miyht    iiavc  |.\ 
i.lliffSft    Und    hll;ltlll!lr    lll'l*.— -'riir'T    i<    lln 
ri''rf\"i('i'.    a..    m.-iItiT    vi    law.    'ftui'.-n    a 
lia^rnayrltiiiti    ami    an    riifiim  rl .      fliii'iim 

.1-    .1.    /.'.    Ci.    V.    .v,r,i„     ils'.K,     17. i    Ml.  LML-.-l    In.    it    w.is    itnpi.i.-l  irahh.    f,,r  ..i,,. 

V>\.  hi   N.    K.  illil.    .Mlitiiiiii-    (IsiiTi    71)  i„  h  IV..  hail  aiiv  iiilliii-mi- ,.v,t  th.' nthn 

111.   .\|>|>.  :i:il    (i|i..laiatiiiii  alh'-iiiy   fact-  piomiit  jv.-   nf    prnpi-r    laiitii.ti.   <ir   .illi-r 

not    siillici..iil    til    sliiiw    .....siTviiTi.      Nm  «i-|.,     Thi.v     h,.|-,.     ,ti,ii;;..r-     li.     |.ai  h 

hi'tA\<i'ii  -I   lia;;;;a;.'..|ii:iii   anil  a   l.r.ikiMiian  .IhiT.   ami '  iiiiL;lit    Iniw    r,aiiaiiii.il    >ii    for 

.Ihii/'kv"    /.'.i7».   Cii.   v.   Itixl,;!    (ISIISi    77  ,,n    iiih-linit.-   tiiii...    ~i,    far   a^    anvlhiii.. 

111.    .Npi..    47t!.    Alliniinl    in    (ISiMM     l"!'  in    ihi.i,     l„|,iii,.-,    r,.|.iti,,„s    u.aihi    havr 

111.  -J!!."..  .">:i   X.    v..  .-..-.S.  Kri,i|..;lit    thrni  li.-rt  In  r.      It    i-^  tnie  {\„\ 

In   Ciihiil    Tills/    Co.   V.    ]V<il„i^h.   SI.  i„io|,t    havi.   hn-ii    iVIlnw    -..ivaiits   in  tli'r 

L.Al'.H.CiK  lISSS)  .'U  Ki.il.  Cilil.  whciT  -iri.ti-l    ,i.ii.r.   am!    vrt    iImv    iiii..ht    imi 

it    wa.-    li.Oil   that    an   rxpii  —  tiiaii    am!    a  havr   h.-.ii   ..,M,<iaI.  iT  an   liin'ir  hi'tVii..  tin. 

ha-uMyi'iii.in    nf    a    pa^>iai;;.r    train    »,-rr  happ,  nin.j     ,.i     the      iiiiiirv.      What      i- 

not     f.^llovv    servants,    tin-    .■i.iiii     ipioli-  n.caiit    i-.    if   thn    partiis   ,i',til  iniie   to  Iir 

llliiii. is  rases,  l„it   se,.ins  aUo  li.  i-niiMiha  .nL'ai.'in    .n    a    i-i.ninii.ii    s.rviee   ll„.v    uiil 

that    111,-   fiei,u'lit    train   eiii[. lover,    repn-  l  ,.    haiiiliiallv    a,-.-riat,  il.    -o    that'    thr\ 

~i'iitr,l    the   ina-ler   at    tin-  time  of   a   eol      i,,;,,     eM-i-ei^,'     ain      iiilliiiii, v,.r    ,.,,, 'i 

li-ioii    ,-aiiM.,l    hy    niiiiiinv    pa-t    a    ti.iiii.  ,,th'..r      pi,am.1i\,-'    of      .-.iiimiioii      salVtv 

,-oiilrary  to  ri'j;iilati,,i|s.      Th,-  lall<-r  con  That    ii,.\,.|    ciiM    liav..   o.-ciii  r.-il    in    tlii- 

ivplion   is  <l.-arly   cnoi ii-.  ,..,.,,,    ,■„,.   ,|„.  ,|,^|,„|,    ,.,.,,.,,„    ,|„.  ,|„,„. 

If  I     Siniiiils     hiiiiilliji,,     liiinifi.     11,1,1  ,,(■    th,-    ,-:i;;iiic    .liiver    .•.■.i-.-,|    at    or    he 

riir    l,.-i„rl,„s.    >,r    rill-    /■./«/),,  i-,s.-     I  S.t    i',,,,.    |,hi  im  ill ',    «,,ii|,|    I j,,     ,„   (ii,,    j, 

also    S    .-.II-.'.    not,-    1.    ,«»/,/,/. 1       S,-rvaiil-  u,„|h|    he   iii,pov-il,|,.    f,,i    ,,,„.   |,,   ,.\rtr,..- 

opi-talin;.'   Irains   ami   car   r.-painr-   have       m-   iinl,,,.,,,.,.   uh.iln.r  over   ll thn  - 

hivii  ilcnicil  to  h,.  eo-civaiit-  in  /,'.„/■,.,  v.         -i-liis    reasonin"    -cm-   t,,  sii st    tint 

/■ln,;i,i„.  I,'.  I.  .(■  /'.   /,-.  r„.    I  ISS.,1    Sli  Mo.  .h,.,-,,  „,av  he  .1   ,1  i -I  in,  1  ,o„  ju-tween  .liiji 


:il'-i   (train  m-uli-ciil  ly  hack.-.l  l.y  -uil.-li  i.^rv    eiijiiner-    ami    1  In:-..    hIiosc    ,Iiiti,- 

inj.'    crew):     U'liliniunil    .t    /(.    /,'.    f„.    \.  .,  iv  cnlin,.,!   lo  su  il.hiii"     ami   t  \\o  ,-ii  I 

wme,,^  (issTi  Ht  va.  iii7,  IS.  V..  „.,  ,.„„.-  i„  iiii„„i,  ,.,,;;.,.„,,   , ,;„„ 

(H!l.!»    00    Ky.    (Wt.    :!7    S.    W  .    7.-.    (-e.  ,,,r   r.-p,iir,.rs.     f/i,.-,,,,,,   .(      |     /,•    r„    ^ 

S    .".(0.    /"..W.    lor     K<.iiliicky    .loilnnei  :  l/„,y,/,,,    (1,H70)    r.;i   111    .Tin    .-,    \ni    i;,.|. 

Il„,ii,lx    v.    r„ii,ii    /'.    /,-.    (■„.     ilSiiih    li  IS    (ear    n-paiivr   struck    hv    -wit.'h   ,-i, 

I  tall.    .-!.),.    -J.-!    I'ac.    aVl     (Ihi      ca-...    in  ..j,,,,    „.|,ii,.    calkin-    alon-'the    Iraiki- 

whicli    the   car    inspector   was    ih,-   ih-liii  I,,//,;    y.    oiiin   ,1-     )/.    /,'    (•„      (1877)    S'l 

iliieiit.   was   alliriiie.1    in    I  iiinn    /'.    /,'.   <■,,.  |||     ,-,(,(,    (^,,„,,.   fi,.,,, 

V.   />rn-o/.s    ilSO-1)     l.VJ    r.    S.    .iSl.   :iS    I,.  i;,„   i„   11,/,,,  ^     /,,„',.,,.,(.  li    ,;    ,.   ,:, 

eil.    r.07.    It    Slip.   Ct.    l;,.p.    7-Mi.    I r  isoli    7    Itali.  :ii::i.  2ii   I'n,.    <isi     a  ,li 

th.'^roiiinl  ot  tin-  iioiia-i,;;nahility  ol  ih  ,,,.||v  „|,,„,-i,,.  ,  i,.„.   „,,.,  |.,|,,,„    .„;,,  ,|,|^ 

duty   of   insp,.c(  iiiL'  cr-i;    i  l.ini.i.,  d     I  ,,,,.,,,   ^^jn,   ,|„,   /..,.„,,„  ,.,,,sv       Iss",,    si; 

H.   i'l).  V.   Ihnil    lls,S7i    1J2    111.  ;iiiO.    \:'.  \\„    .-jn-j 

\.   K.  22r>. In  Ui-l   Vif;:ii,ia  also  it   h:i-  h,.,-n  hclil 

In  the  ca.s,.  last   ,.|t,..l  1 1,.,  circiini-l.im .  :  i.^t    a    c,iii„.|,t,,    irpaiii,,..   ,-ar-   ;,,.l    ii. 

uhioh      was     r,';,Miiliil      a-     i-omhi-i .  ilv  ,|.jli„.,.r      ;,,,.     ,-,,-, naiits       /„,,„./      ■, 

iifBativing     cuiiinioii     .•mplovim-nl      u  i-  '■„■/^,„„, ,.((;./,■.  c, '(  |si;i)  ,'ii  \\    \i 


:,0(;i 


(■(i\l.\|(i\  KMl'l.dVMKN  r     ((lNTI\li;n. 


1400 


•JIpO.  12  S.  i:.  ."ilJ  I  iiiiurv  cau-icd  liy  mis-  coiiiiriiin  liii-iiii>s  «as  Hiich  Hint  one 
111:111. inrinc-iil    1.1    l,H(i|MMliviO.  ■■,,iilil  ixi'ic  U,.  a  |iii'vriili\i- carr  iivcj-  the 

I  lie   i|iicsliiiii    11^    111   the   iii>;;li;,'cii(i'  of    <.lli'T." 
nil  rn;;incir  in  |>i;(liii;.'  Ilic>  air  brakes  in         Si.,    the    cn-w    of    a    ^ultdiin;;   cnfiinc 
iiiiiticiii    ami    (lii-nliv    laii-ini;   nn    iiijiiiv    iwid    in    maUiii;;    up  Iraiiis   aniTii  iiT;rlil 
10   an    in->|«rii.r    wim    ua^    iiiiclcr   a    car    watclimaii    al     a    slii.t    crossin;;    «liTrc 
slidiild    lie     w  illiiliawii     tiiiiii     llii-     jiiiy.    -iicli    iii'.;iiic    i^    cnnslaiil  Iv    iia-Mnf;    and 
whiTi'  file   in-|>ri-liir   in   lii>   lirarini,'  hail     ri'|pa--in:;    arc   (lii'incij    \, ,'],,;   as    maitcr 
jii-l     lii'fiprc    i\|iri'"i'ii     his    sali-lacliim    of    law,    in    liMKiliial    I'r.iisiKial  ion.    and, 
with  the  workiii;:  of  -mh  iiiai-liiiicr.v,  liul     thcrcfi.n.  fellow   sorvanls.     rhimtio  d  f; 
waiiic-d     liiiii     to     hr     ••can-fill,"     which    /,  A',  r,,,  \,  t;,iini   llSSI)    Ml)  111.  :iS.'t 
Harii'.ii;;    hi-    sii|.|io.,oi|    hail    n-fcri-iii-c    (o         (hi    Sirllrhliui    rn  n.v    in     i/""/v'     'I'lic 
.Ihi-r  ilii(ii-s   of   Ihi-   ins|„.,-lor   al.oin    |!.,         ,11,    .l|i,  ,   an-   in   lonllid    a>   to   Un-  n- 
Iniiii.     i:<l.hi,i,l    \.    Chii„„ii,    SI.    I'      '\     ;,r,-...    -.(j.;  ',    M-r\anl>    n-iil.irlv  atl  ich- 
.1    I).  It.  Co.    IISiiT)    52    Nil..   72!),  7      ■..    i-t  I.,  r...  .,il...,  .,,1   swiu-hii,^.  crews  hold 
W.  22),  (..  -Ill,,  ,    ;;■'   ■    ,11  the  same  vanl, 

.\   swiiihiiiaii    anil    a    car    re|Mirci     ,|,-  In    lliiiol.    it     is    h(-ld    lliat    the    mom- 

lint  ■i.-ervants.  l/c \ .iio/A/o,,  v.  f  :  r.er,  ,.|  i„o  witchin;;  cri-us  workin"  in 
.l;„i„n  U.  r„.  (I.S.->7l  III  Sc.  Sess.  (.  ■  -  :■  .,.  -anl.  and  iM-rformiiiK  ihriies 
L'-l    -rriis,   2.1     (died    with    a|.|.ri.\al    \:\.     almrsi     iii,,ilical     in    char.ider,    are    fcl- 

I'irlii  .r,.  in  r/.ic,/,/.,,    1/,  ,(•  SI.   1:   It.  r<,.     low   serv.iiiN,    as    Her  of   law     fh.iii"h 

X.  /,•..,«  IISSII  112  r,  S,  ;!77.  2S  l..  d.  under  diHi-renl  fni,-,„cii.  rhir/i,,..  .(■  7' 
T.s7,.->Siip,(t.  I!i-|..  1,^4)  ;  /'..<//  \.  Sniilh-  I.  I{.  Cii.  v.  IhlsicnII  ilsllS)  17ii||l  VU) 
■  ni  1:  Cn.  (IHlll)  7  riah,  .-il).!,  211  I'ac.  .V2  \,  K,  021,  llnei-jn:.  (|S!I7)  71)' in' 
i;.-il  ilhe  car  ri-|.aii.r  ill  this  CISC  uMial  .Xjip.  !)l  :  Tir,i„„  \,  Chinui,,  .Imirliun 
\y  uiirki-d  in  Hie  shop,  l.iit  oci-asii.naljy  /.',  To.  (I!ll)|i  "12  III,  .\|,p,  (;:;|.  ciii, ,,,,,, 
iiiailc  small  repairs  in  the  yard,  and  the  d-  .1.  I,',  r,,.  \.  Shilliniis:  iIiiikii  iio  |'|| 
-vviti-hman  was  iindi-r  the  directiun  of  .\pp.  IIIMI:  (fl. 1,1,11  \.  ||  .//../s/i  /,'  t'l, 
the  yard  maslcr.  .\t  all  cm-iiIs.  thi-y  ilS!i:!i  r,2  III.  .\|i|,.  ,-4)  („here  sd-.-.s 
an-  not  ioser\aiils,  as  niattcr  of  law  1  ;  was  laid  ..n  the  fad  tliat  the  two  crew^ 
riiiriiii,,  d-  /•;.  /.'.  Cii.  V,  Kii'iih,!  (I,s;i2)  were  nii.j.-r  the  din-diim  of  the  sam.- 
4S    III,    .\pp,    21:!     (1HIH1     l.-,2    111.    |.-,S,    road    master), 

.1!!  \.  K,  .•121.  Conlr,,.  see  C.rh.il  v.  II  has  Ik-i  n  said  Hiat  (lie  (Tto-s  of 
SI.  l,o.,is.  I.  \l.  d  S.  I!,  r.,.  ilSS7|  •2(i  dillen.iil  switch  en;.'ine..  frennentlv 
\l.>.  .\pp.  r.21.  when-  Hie  ".h-p.-M imenlal  mei-tin.,'  eai-li  other  in  the  dj. change  ,',( 
ilcitriiie"  was  rejciled,  lint  in  view  of  their  d.ilies,  running.'  upon  the  same 
till- iiinri- recent  dcciMi.n-  hy  the  siipiem.-  (r.iok,  and  liroii-ht  into  fn-iiiieiit  -I'sso 
inml  this  ruliii,:;  is,  |M-rliaps,  no  lon-er  ciaiioii.  so  that  "tlii-ir  iMovements  with 
law  In  Missouri.  relation    10  each   other   an-  ^.-overiied    t.v 

,\  oar  n-p,iin-r  is  nol  a  fellow  sonant  11  considrr.itioii  of  (heir  mMliial  safdv 
of  a  niiiti.rman  on  a  -In-ei  (-ar,  Iiy  whose  and  con\enience."  are  fellow  servaiils 
iii-;L'Ii}:(-iice  lie  U  injiNi-d.  si,,,  I.,  v.  ll"Mi;rli  all  or  anv  iiiiml.er  of  their  hours 
Or;..//i,v  ir  f„.   (IHIlS)    M  I.a,   .\iiii,   l.SS,    of   service   arc   iil.t    (he  same,      Eliii,,.  ,/, 

2.!  Sii.  .'112.  .(  /;,  /,'.  r„.  V.   \i, ill, II,  „  iisiiii  .".n  III 

IK:i  S,i,„iiI.>i  Ihi  11,11  i  11,1  tmiiis,  nml  .\pp.  II4  ("i„  ,)iat  service-  (hev  were 
/i-.i^i/iiH./i,      ,\n  eiit;iiicer  is  nol  a  (-oserv      l.ioii;,'lit     into     I'n-ipieiit     asMieiatioti      so 

ant  of  a    watilii at   a   I.rid-e.       I'il.r    that    thev    niiyhl    i-m-i.-Im-    mntu.il    iiillu- 

v,  ri,,<;i,i„  ,0  .4,   /,'.   r«,    (IHIIOi    41    Fed,    dice  upon  each  other  pinnmliv.-  of  iin.p- 
II.).     Ill-re  the  walchiiian   has   nothinixto    .-r    canliiin"), 

ill.  Willi  the  o|M-ration  of  the  Ir.iins,  and  In  \i  l.raska,  aNo,  (he  doctrine  is  that 
till'  ilisi-omiidion  of  duties  i-  olivions,  (ho  foreman  of  one  of  (wo  swilchiii.' 
On  (he  other  hand,  a  watcliiiian  a(  a  cn-ws  in  a  switch  yani,  thoii..li  a  vice 
curve  of  a  cal.le  stiivt  niilroail.  whoso  principal  of  those  I'.f  his  owir  crew  is 
'liity  IS  (o  sij;nal  appnia.-hin-  cars  (o  a  fellow  servaiil  of  (he  memliers  of  "(lie 
-loj.  and  start,  so  (ha(  (hey  will  not  i.dier  rn-w,  when-  liodi  cn-ws  are  under 
iMi-.-i  iipiiii  (lie  (iirve,  is  a  fellow  serv-  (lie  eonlrol  an<l  din-djon  of  (he  s-ime 
lilt  uiih  (he  ^ripnian,  Muir,,,,  v,  .«:/.  yard  niasd-r,  and  the  fon-nian  has'  no 
hj'i'x.  r.  a  U,  /,'.  <■„.  (I.S.SOI  jm  Mo.  e<in(ioI  or  din-elioi,  over  (lu-  nidiihers 
>■-..  •>  T..  I!.  A.  7:i.">.  12  S,  \\,  2.V2,  of  (ho  other  cn-w,  \l!.-,s,,ii,i  /•  f;  r,, 
lliic  hiilh  aro  omploy.-d  in  opi-ni(inf»  v,  /.v.oi.s-  (IHIIS)  fit  Neh.  (;;i:t,  7.-,  v  \\' 
I'll-  i-ar     the   one   from   (he  oar   and    (ho    .31      I  ins(  riii-(  ion    to    oppo-ile    (.(Vi-ct     er- 

ollii-r  fn.ni  the  -n.iind-  ••en.ea;;cil   in  (he    mm ~-    inend.ers  of  ho(h  en-ws  sai,|  to 

same    .lr;urlna-n(     of    work,    .ui.i     llicir    Ik.-    ■Von-ociat.-.l"    jii    (ho    same    dojurt- 


1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

mo 


M  ASIKI!  AND  Si:i!\ANT. 


[(MAP.    XXVIt 


iiii'iil.  tliciiiuli  tlircc  of  (lio  cM-i-  I'ili'il  iiii|>lii\ri--  ;irc  not  fi  llnw  ^I'lvaiil- 
:in'  lihli:iii;i  ilccUinii^.  jrid  lluTrfi.in  llii~  nili'  Iims  iii'cn  aii|plii'il  wlifie  tin- 
cm, mail'  Irmii  a  <iairl  uliifli  lias  ivjrft-  -ii\aiil-i  wliii-c  rclatiuii  In  tlic  trainiiir]i 
nl  the  "roMXM'iat  idii"  ilci'triiK'l .  ^a^    In    c|iii-liciM    were  i'ii:;a;.'c(l    in   trark 

In    llali.   on    llii'  nllicr   liaml.   a   fdrc-  ii|' lii'in;.'.     Siilli'mi    v.    Minsuiiii    I'.    I,' 

man  i>l  uric  i>f  srvcral  swlliliin^'  crews  <'u.  ilssui  !i7  Mm,  IKf.  10  S,  \V,  N.".J 
in   .1   yanl    i«   licM   not   a   fellow    seivani     (no  |iiii|n-i    lookiait   «aske|)t; — tliisca-f 

of  a   nuaiilicr  of  a   crew  other  than   his  seeni»  lo  overrule  Hiilihink  v.  I'aci/if  A', 

own.       \  niisliiHiii    V,    l)ri;i"n    Shorll.iiip  ''",    |IS('ill|    4.'!     .Mo,     IS7,     where  a    con 

i(    r,    v.  /•'.  Co.  '(lHli:i)    8   rtah,  AM,  32  lrai\    decision  as  tn  the  relations  of  the 

I'ae.   Illi:!.  -  le.c   >ir\ants  was  ;,'iveii.  thoii^li    lilack. 

Whether   a    -v^  ilehiiian    worl.iiiL'   -ona'-  ■!..    in    I'ml.t  v   v.    llnniiUnil   <(•    St.   ./.    /.'. 

limes    in    er I    lonr   crews,    ami    soTne-  ''".    |I.S!tll    lOil   Mo.    'MVl.     IS     L.     1!.     A 

tina's    in    am.tlnr,    i-    eon -oiiateil    with  >*0J.    1!)   S,    W,    lllil.   seeks   to  recoiieili- 

>  Iher  mi'iiilier^  of  -neh  crews   is  a   ques-  I  hi-  lwi>  c.iscs  (in  the  ;;ronnil  that    in  the 

lion  of  l,iet.     I'Iniiniii.  II.  if  Q.  I{.  Cti.  V.  earli<'r    ileiisi<jns    thi'    na-n    wcri'   all    ar 

i'il:il(iiilil    ilSliO)    -10   III,  ,\|>|i,  4711.  wipvk    in   the   same  yanl.   and   for  aii'jl  ; 

The    foreman    of    a    cicw    makin;.'    up  that  appeared  wire  under  the  same  fore 

trains    and    a    seiAant    Hhc-e   dntv    it    is  man,      anil      in      constant     assncial  ion  i  : 

til  watch  and  rejiort  \\U  comluel  are  co-  Sihlnlli  v.  Misyuiiri  I'.  I'.  Co.  (  I.Siiij 
-ervants.  )-l,i,,.,i-,  i(  i:.  I.  I!,  r.,,  v.  Il."i  Mo.  S7,  21  S,  \\ .  I  110:  S,i<i,lliii  \ 
Uruni     (IHSli      110     111,    .'iS,-,     (plaintitr     I'lvo"- //',/.*,  Co,    (  ISii;!!    I IH  .Mo.  2C.s 

conlil  not   |.iili;Mn  hi^  duty  withont  con-  24  S.    \\ .    110;    \l,l\' hiki   v.    Missinin   /' 

-lantly    watchin;r   the   train    crews).  H.  Cn.   i  \X[t:t)  r,i  \]„.  .\p|,.  Hil   (as>nnii-il 

Two  .^wilchini!  crews  in  the  emplov  of  miiiii  mlm  :    I'll Ixlnn  ii,    I'l.    11  .    d    r.    /,'. 

dilVerent  railroad  cninpanii-.  tli,Mi,i;h'  w-  <'„.  v.  /'i.» ,  ,-,vi  |,s74i  74  111.  :!tl:  7'i.;../,, 
in^'  tlie  same  track  for  their  trains,  their  II  ,  <t'  H  ,  /*,  ro,  v,  l>'('i,miiir  {  1S7,")I  77 
dnlies  not  lieini:  snih  as  to  Inin^'  1  hem  111,  •'li'I  (hand  car  r\in  intol  :  ('hiiini,,  a 
into  hahitnal  con-miation,  and  -o  cmse     \,   If.  //,  di.  v.    Miiridiihi   i  IS7tt)    ll.'i  111 

them   lo  I'xerei-e  a   mntnal   inlliienie  on  o02.    ;!4    .\m.    I!ep.    MiS     lliackman    in 

each  other  |iron, olive  of  prii|M'r  e.ililion.  jnred   hy  a   lump  of  co.il   which  the  Hie 

are    not    to  lie    rcLiardrd    a~    fellow    serv  man  threw  from  an  oniriia' i  :   ('hiiaiin  ,! 

Mis.      Ti'l-iiiji    V.    fliiiiHiu    .liinrlinii     /,'.  .1.   h'.  Cu.  V.  Cillliii    (|!H)0)    |S7    III.  .'ij:!, 

»■.,.   (lilOl)   !»2  111.  .\pp.  li:!l    (cars  shnnt-  '"H   N.   K.    t.'i.'i.   .XlHrminj,'    ilHIi'.l)    S7    111. 

1.1   »ilhoiit   anyone  on    them).  .\pp.  .■!74   (section  foreman  was  struck  In 

Two  switclMnen  in  the  same  eicw    are  a  dcfietive  car  door  uhiih  the  traimiHn 

fellow    servanN.      Illiiidiit    ('.    I'.    Co.    v.  allewed    lo    swin,u    oiit    while    the    ti.iiii 

Sfiinirf    (HtOl)    2:l   Kv.   L.   Kep.   (;;!7.  ti:i  w.is   mnvinu)  ;    St.   Louis  ,(■   N,   /'.   /,'.  (  ,, 

S.   \V.  T)!)!!.  "  V.    Wii/r.r    llS.Sll)    .1.-i  Kan.    112.   11    I'l. 

(i)    Sirrtiiils      ]i(iiiiUing     /cin/iv     mid  4<lS   (section  foreman  and  trainmen  In  !■! 

Kirnnitx    li)<iili,iii    i-nrs. — .\    lalioi    i     en-  to  ha\e  no  means  of  knowing;  anytliiiii; 

ya;,'ed   in  unloadiuf.'  cars  is  not   a    lellow  of    each    otiier's    qiialille.ition- 1  :    \fi\l> 

-ervant  of  the  enj.'ineer  of  a   locomolivo  lillr   <(■    C.    H.   Co.    v,    Cunull    (l,S71i    il 

which     dri\es     another     train     of     cars  lleisk,    ."547:    Luiiisrilti     i(-    V,    /'.    Ci<.    v. 

:i,;;ainst  the  one  on   which   the  lahorer   is  rHlirni   (IH(iO)   li  Unsh.  .")74.  till  .\m.  I)ii'. 

working'.     Xmlli    Chirmio    Uolliini    Mill  (ilHI :   Th/oji  /'.A',  fo.  v.  /■.'/■/i/,vo,m  |S!i|i 

C,i.   V.   .fi.hnxn,!    (ISS.T)    114    111,   .-.7,   20  41    N'eh,    1,  20     1„  1!,   A,   l.!7.  .W   N".  W 

\.   K.    ISO.  347:  Oiiiiilin  .{•  //.  l-i//.//  A'.  C<i.  v.  A'."- 

.\    switchman   ;\nd   a    servant   cn^'afreil  riilnihl    (1800)    4S    Neh.    r)."i:i.   07   X.   W 

in    loading   freiijht   cars   are   not    coserv-  447:   Chinuiit  if-  A.'.  /.  A'.  Co.  v.  Hhiinvm 

ants.     Cliirnii'i.    It.    I.    t(-    /'.    A'.    Co.    v.  (lSil2i   4:!  111.  App.  .".lO  I  train  was  driv 

llnirii    (]SS()l    7   111.   -\pp.  ;!22.  en  forcihly  liy  s\\  itchin;.' engineer  a'_'airi-i 

(j)       Svntiiitx        liii.iilliiit)        onliii'irif  a    de:ol    car   behind    which    the   track    n 

ttiiin.i  nvtl  .trniitil.'i  iiiiphiiird  in  thr  rr-  pairor    had    stepped    tn    avoid    anollar 

jiiiir   nr   conxlnicliim    nf    thr   prrmav  iil  train  I. 

11111/  mill  i7,s'  tiiipiiiti  iiinifi  -I. —  (This  and        I.ahorors  unloadinf.'  rails,     Pciiiii.  D. 

the  thie<?  fidhiwiiif,'   snhdivisions  should  if  1.'.  A',  Co.  v.  .lolms  (  l,S02t   4:!  111.  .\p|i. 

Iio  ri'ad  in  con -tioii  witli  §  002,  ,«»pi(( ) .  ",1    (enj.'ineer   f:iiled    to   report    defeil   in 

So   far   as    rej;ards   servants   handling  a  en;;inei, 

train  :iTid  servants  enL:aj;ed  in  work  ti|H)n        -\   servant   workini.'  in   a  quarry  o|ier 

the  permanent   way.  which  the  o|>er:it ion  aleil   hy   railroad   and   men   in   cliarire  "f 

of  Ihe  train  does   not   directly   facilitate  passini;      train      are      not      ciis<.r\arls. 

and    fuiilicr,    thp    nile    is    that,    under  C/n.-rr/i    v    ch'.i-.iiin  ,(     1     .','    Co.    ns'.i'n 

,ionnal    cireiimstances,    these    classes   of  110   Mo,   2o:i,  2,!   S,   \\ .    lo.'iil;    Dijim  v. 


5  50ti] 


(CM.MON  l•;.\ll'l.(•^  MKM' -  (  DM  INI  KU. 


1411 


ahiragoitA.  It.  <u.  (ISilli  Kill  Mo. -113.  .-d  mil,  Mil  ctiiplovcc^  <if  uii,.  ..ni|.I,,v,i- 
18  L.  R.  A.  TMii.   lit  S.   W.  41J.  u<imIi|    In-    frilmv    s,-iv;niN    uilhin    liml 

In  KnilMik.v  :iii  i-riyiniMT  aiiil  a  sec-  rule,  wlwiicvcr  it  cdiild  lie  -.Imuii  (li^il 
tiiin  liilH>nT  ti'iii|i(iiMrily  (•ii;.':ij;<'il  iin.lcr  niic  «n.i.  nf  tlic  liiiic  <if  tlii'  iiijiiiT.  iit- 
him  in  iicltiti^'  a  lixiinxitivi'  l)arl<  (in  the  l('Mi|>lin(;  to  prevent  anotlur  from  coin 
track    are    not    fellow     -ervant-i.      I.uiiitt-    initi  in;;  it." 

riUe  rf  .V.  A'.  ''<».  V.  Ciilliiis  (  IH(>.">)  2  In  two  X'irpiiia  eases  tlie  master  wa^ 
l)nv.  114.  H7  Am.  l)i  isil,  but  tlie  ile  lii-lil  liahle  wlieri'  trainmen  were  injnriil 
eision  rests  partl.v  U|-  i  the  sui«'riority  ti.v  the  ne;,'!i;.'eMr'e  of  tr.iiU  rc-painrs 
of  the  eii^ri Heel's  yraih'.  'I'midn  v.  Iiicliiiiijuil  i(-  .1.  A',  f'o.   (IssTi 

A  seetionman  is  no*  a  eoservaiit  of  H4  Va.  102,  4  S.  K.  .'I'I'.l;  .\h/cn  v.  I'icli 
one  em|>lo.\ecl  to  loail  temlers  with  eoal.  iiioml  if  .1.  A'.  Co.  (I8S4)  7S  Va.  Tl.'i.  )!l 
I'liinn  I'.  U.  I'll.  V.  Hriclxiiii  (IsiMi  41  Am.  I!e|..  4(11.  Tin-  same  riiliiiLr  would 
Xel>.  1.  t'^  1..  1!.  A.  l:tT,  r.ll  N.  W.  :i47.  imdoiihtedly  lie  ma.le  in  anv  otlar  state 
A  lcie<jinotive  eiiL'ineer  and  meiiilier  of  uliere  the  •■emi^ocial  ion"  diN'Iririe  pre 
fence  ;.'iiiL'  are  not  fellow  servants,  as  vails.  Imt  it  is  protialile  that  in  Vir;.'iniii 
matter  of  law.  l.tmifirUlr.  /;.  ,(:  si.  I,,  itself  the-e  ea-es  would  now  he -.iistaiiii-d 
I'oii.i'il.  11.  I'll.  v.  Ilnirlhoni  (IS!i;!|  147  only  on  the  yround  that  the  traek  re- 
Ill.  -21).  :i.'i  \.  v..  '>:\\.  Allirmin;,'  (IS'.I.;)  pairers  were  viee  prineipils  a.s  re;,'ards 
4.")  111.  •\pp.  <!•'!.">.  A  lireman  <m  ii  run  keeping;  the  loadhed  in  ,ato  ,  >n(lition. 
niiii;  train  has  heen  hidd  a  fellow  serv-  (k)  Srniiiil.s  liiniilhiiij  imii:  liniiin 
ant  with  a  section  foreman  in  deliviT  iiiiil  n< nniitti  rmiiliiiinl  on  llir  pi'niui.n  nl 
in;;  from  the  train,  as  it  passes,  a  nies  nnii. — So  far  as  these  ~(rvants  are  eon 
saye  for  the  latter  tied  around  a  |iieee  ccriied  it  is  ele;:r  that  the  principle  ap 
iif  coal,  rnril  v.  /,'(/////  (ISIlt)  I'Jit  Mo.  plied  in  the  preeedim;  sulidivi-ion  will 
.')10,  :it)  I..  I!.  A.  SOli.  2S  S.  \\.  !17!l  («ee  ee-itive  <-omiiioii  e-nploynwiit  wh  re  tin- 
an  extract  from  the  opinion  in  this  ease,  track  lalica-ei-^  wen-  not  a  part  of  the 
§  so:).  sH/<m).  fori-e  attached  to  the  work  train. 

A  earpeiitpr  in  a  railway  yard  and  an         this   is   one  ease   whiTe   it   was   ruled 
en^.'ineer  are  not  eoservaiit-.     I'.iiiiuiidi  v,    that  a  secti(jn  hand  is  not  a  fidlow   sei' 
I'.iixl  St.  I.otiin  I'litiiuctiiiij  1'.  Co.  (IS'.iti)    ant    of  men   in  chai;.'e  of  a  eoii-tnict  ion 
lio  111.  .\i>i>.  ■Un.  train.  unl;-s  they  are  lo;;etlier  oo  opeiat- 

.\  memlM'r  of  a  lirid;.i'  crew  and  the  in;;  in  furl  h-i  in;;  a  particular  lui^iiic-- 
employees  operating  ii  train  with  which  of  tin"  coniniiu  uia-ler.  I'liicmiod-  1.  A", 
he  has  not liiii;;  to  do  an-  not  co-eivants.  Co.  v.  liillii  iiSS7)  2S  I)J.  .\pp.  li.'i.'i. 
Firrmiiii  v,  llliiioin  C.  I!.  To.  (  llMll  1 107  Aliirmeil  in  (ISSll)  1-J7  ill.  O;!".  21  N. 
Teiin.  '.UO.  04  S.  \V.  1  ("duties  ami  hi-  K.  2l>;t.  The  unit  laid  it  down  that 
liors  entirely   distinet").  duriii;;    tlie    part    of   tlu'    day    the    philii 

But  U[>oii  lioth  principle  and  author-  till  liad  hren  eii;;a;;cc|  in  unloailin;;  loel^ 
ity,  it  is  apparent  that  in  spite  of  the  from  a  train,  he  was  a  fidlow  servant  if 
prima  facie  disconneetion  of  duties  in  the  trainmen.  Init.  not  hrl'ore  or  after, 
these  cases,  the  master  may  siill  -^caiie  In  I'nil.ir  v.  Iliifiiiilnil  .(■  St.  ./.  /,'.  f,, 
liability  if   lie  can   show   ti  serv-     (  l.s'.il  )     lo;i   Mo.   Ml.    18    I,.    I!.    A.   Sil.' 

ants   were,   as   a   matter  oi  -o      I!)  S.   W.   |l|;i.  wlicre  four  out   of  ^cm  u 

I'i.lted.  jmlyes     were     of     opinion     that     -ci  ticii 

In   Clinhniil.   C.    C.   if    .S7.  Co.    hands    eiiLMucd    in    lialla.stin;;    the    track 

V.  Mcl.iniiililiii  (1S!I4)  rifi  111.  App.  .'i:!,  wcr.-  not  icilow  servants  of  the  men 
it  was  left  to  the  jurv  to  say  whetlier  a  operating  the  material  train  whiidi 
mail  supervisor  and  aii  eii;;ine  driwr  hrou;;ht  the  stone  with  wiiicli  the  track 
uhere  fiUov     -ervants.  was  to  he  halla-ti'd.  the  defendant  sou;;ht 

Uiit  evi  'lice  that  a  railway  section  to  take  the  c.i-e  out  of  the  ;;em'ral  rule 
fiirinian  who  sustaiiieil  injuries  im  a  nn  the  ;;round  that  the  train  was  haul 
hrid^.'p.  alle;;ed  to  he  due  to  the  n<';;li-  in;;  iiiateiial  tor  tlie  -ciiiMumcn  lo  n-c 
[."pnee  of  an  en;;imer  in  failinu'  to  oli-  in  coii-.tructin;;  the  roadlied.  This  con 
-'■rve  a  Ha?  plaecil  on  the  hrid;;e.  had  a  ((iitioii  did  not  prevail.  Thomas.  .1  . 
ri^ht  to  tlai;  the  train,  that  he  wa-  en  smj,!.  p.  41).-,.  lOil  M,,..  p  Shi.  IS  t..  K 
ileavorins  to  do  .so  when  he  was  injiived.  .\.,  and  p.  ll.'l.'i.  I'.i  S.  U  . :  •'I'lie  liiin 
•  Hill   tlmt   it    was  the   en;;ineer's   i'  i«    was.     howrvcr.     !ici:iu     opiiMt.d     on     I  lie 

eliey  the  sin^nal.  does  not  >how  su.  ,1  eo  rctid.  and  I  eitunl  -,  e  why  the  train 
cpciation  as  tends  to  establish  the  re  men's  relation  to  the  -i-rl  ii  iimen  could 
hitinn  of  fellow  servants.  I'roiin.  /).  <f  bo  clian;;i(|.  dimply  by  what  the  f.innri 
y..  II.  Co.  V.  A'icr  lIS'l.T)  144  111.  227.  h.inled.  Such  a  di-t  i'nct  ion  is  ailiitr.iry 
J3  N.  E.  n.ll.     Otherwise,   it  \va<i  point      and   artificial,  and   hence  nnsafisf  lefory 


Ut2 


M.\MI.I!  AM)  SKi;\  AN'I. 


[CIIAI-,    XXVII. 


i  ; 


Wli;it  (li,l  P:irlMr  knnw  alxMit  lli.  ^Uill 
of  till-  i-iiL'inrcr  iir  ('iiiiiliirlur  in  cliiir^'c 
of  tlio  r.iii^lnutiiiii  liniiT:  \\  Ii;i1  ri;;lit 
liiid  lie  III  iiii|iiirc  iiitn  llir  (i|iiimI  imi  nf 
llial  tniin?  Hi'  ami  tl\<p-c  in  I'liar;:!-  nf 
lliiil  train  wcri^  in  no  |i1(i|>it  -<ii-.c  <Min 
s<Miatcil   In  the  iicrfiiniiancc  cif  llicir  ro- 

^p('(■tiV('    <llltil-N." 

Hut  the  iin|iliiynu'nt  of  tlic  |mi>iiii  iii- 
juroil  cMiiiinl  In'  con^iiliTi-il  (li~liiicl.  in 
tin-  sense  i)f  tile  "I'onsociation"  (ioclrinc. 
if  it  is  of  a  cliaractcr  lo  make  liliii  a 
part  of  till'  foree  ('iii[>l('.vei|  ii|Min  tlie 
train. — as,  h  lerc  tin;  en;;iMe<'r  of  a  eon- 
stnielion  train  injured  a  laliorer  eii- 
;,'ai.'i'<l  in  nnl<>ai'iii;r  iron,  liv  start  iny^  *'ie 
tram  uitlioiit  tlie  i|sii;il  ^ivn.il.  r/i.  -omi 
rf  .1.  A'.  r,i.  V.  K'lfr  (ISIlHi  47  Hi.  lilH 
(instriK'tion  tliat  ile|>artnii'nf s  were  ,'.is 
tinet.  lielil  erroneous). 

.\  foreman  of  a  {.mii;;  of  laliorers 
haulin;.'  ilirt  uilh  a  train  of  tlat  ears  is 
not  a  fellow  servant  of  ttie  eoniluetor 
of  tlio  train.  (IoIikoh  v.  \i  ir  Orlciiiis  <f 
^y.  R.  Co.  (IIIIIO)  .V2  f.u.  Ann.  1127.  27 
So.  071)  I  derailment  rauseil  hy  londiietor 
leaviiiL'  tlie  train  in  exelnsive  eliare;e  of 
Hie  eii;.'iii.  IT,  wlio  was  at  tile  rear  end 
of  tlh'  tlMJII  I . 

Se.-  a  No  l/-//rr  v.  Oluo  ,0  M.  /.'.  Co. 
(1SS7)  2»  HI.  Api*.  .T2t;  (faets  similar 
to  those  in  ease  just  cited  I  ;  lliiiiiiiis  v. 
Vi.s-.so»n'  <f  P.  If.  Cn.  (1S!)1  1  104  Mo.  41.'?. 
Hi  S.  \V.  40!)  (deiuurrer  sustaiiieil.  wliere 
Hie  plaintilV  wa<  a  laborer  on  a  train 
.sidot racked  to  let  another  pass,  and  was 
iniiired  liy  the  enL'iiiei'r's  starting.'  it 
without  a  sii.'iial.  "''i'liey  were  work- 
inff."  said  the  court,  "under  the  same 
ronduetor.  ili'iived  their  .iiithorily  and 
compensation  from  the  same  coiiimoii 
source,  and  were  enirajjed  in  the  same 
poiieral  1  ■•  ss,  thrii;.'h  in  a  dilTeient 
grade  of  tlu-  coninion  service"). 

Compare  ,ilso  the  eases  cited  in  chap 
ter  XXXIII..  po.v7,  many  of  which  take 
the  same  diH'trine  for  ^rraiitcd.  tlioii^h 
tho  question  actually  divii--ed  was 
whether  the  iiijuii'd  servants  weie  in 
the  position  of  pas.seii;.'ers  at  the  lime 
of  the  accident. 

Where  each  of  several  laliorers  acts 
as  hrakeman,  when  oecasion  arises,  upon 
triiik  cars  used  for  the  transportation 
of  dirt,  the  lahorer  who  actually  |>er 
forms  that  dut.v  in  any  case  is  a  I'elh  w 
servant  of  tho  rest,  as  he  does  nm  nui.- 
hy  cea.-.e  to  be  in  the  ^anie  fielil  of  labor 
and  in  the  same  j,'radp  of  employment, 
ra.sci/  V.  I.ouisrillc  d  .V.  ff,  Co.  i  ISSCi) 
84  ky.  7n. 

.\  tcamsler  who  hauls  ties  in  the  con 
sli  lirl  i.-ii  iif  a  railroad  is  not  [vn  cri:!! 
ed  uiih  ihe  eii;;ini'erdf  the  con-.trucl  ion 


train.  In  « hose  iH'i;liL'enee  he  .  iniuiiil 
while  bein;.'  coiiveyi'il  to  i'am|  at  diniiii 
time.  Il'ilisnu  \.  \iir  Mi.iii;,  ,(■  .1.  /,'. 
Co.  (HSii;  Ariz.)  II  I'ae.  .->4.-|.  Thi 
conductor  and  enyinei  r  of  a  "wild"  train 
are  not  eo«er\aiils  of  a  lalMirer  on  a 
^'ra\el  train.  S'lirlliirn  I'.  If.  Co.  \ 
(rilririi  (iH.SII)  1  Wash.  r,W.  21  I'ac.  li.' 
(collision  oecurred  while  l.ihori'r  «.i~ 
lieiii;,'  carried  on  the  traini. 

(Il  Sri-riliit.\  i'tlil'tij' il  siiirhf  in  thr 
(■(iiinlnirliDii  or  iiiiiiiilriiiliirr  of  thr  prr- 
iiiaiiciit  iriiii. — There  is.  of  course,  eo 
service  where  the  iie;;li;;eiif  and  injure! 
employee  are  both  mcmbi'is  of  the  same 
w  irk i 111;  torer;,  iie-l'j-  iiie  orders  of  the 
saiiii'  fincinan,— as,  between  a  hiboni 
hcloiiiriny  to  a  hrid^'e  ^'aii),'  and  an  en 
;;iiicer  opciatin<;  the  maehirciy  by  which 
the  timbers  are  hoi^teil.  Ifii'iii  v.  l/i 
Cidlf,    ilSiKi     12:1    Mo.    il.-iii.'   27    S.    W. 

."i:i:i:    1  o/:   V.   ri,,s,ii„,ii.r  ,(•  o.   it.  r.,. 

(lS!i:{|  !!,-,  Ky.  IH.S.  24  S.  W.  11!»  (lie- 
li;;ciil  and  injured  servants  were  in  lli.' 
siime  nans;  of  pile  drivers  1. 

If    they    are    conlrolled    by    the    sjiine 
-iiperior.  that   circuiii..|aMce  1^  apjiareiil 
ly    decisive    in    the    ma-ler's    favor. — a-, 
where    two    forenieii    of    tiak    rep.iircr- 
are  worki'i;;  iinlcpeiiilent  ly  of  each  oilier. 
hut  under  the  same  road  in  ,ster.     .s'/im 
rill  V.  St.  ./o.w/,;i  ,f  St.  I..  If.  fo    (isitii 
10:!    Mo.    :17S.    1,,   S.   \V.   442. 

Conver.-j'ly.  a  si'ctioii  man  i  not.  a- 
niatter  of  law.  a  fellow  -crvant  of  ili. 
members  of  a  fi-iice  ;;im^'  temp.ii  aril.v 
working  on  the  section,  where  they  .|ci 
not  work  to.iicthcr.  and  are  only  ca-u  ill\ 
thrown  tou'ether  in  ^'oiiiL'  to  (U'  retuni 
inj.'  from  their  dailv  duties.  fVi/ic... 
<f  I.  /.'.  Co.  v.  triU'iri,  (IS'.I,-))  1.-,.-,  Ill, 
liSO.   411    N.    K.    11*2:!. 

(nil  Sii-ni,ds  ill  till  III!  rliiiiiirnl  uml 
ill  olliir  ill  lull  I  nil  Ills.  'rilcle  is  no  rn 
service  lietwee'i  the  followiii;.'  cla>-c-  nt 
eniplinees: 

.\  brakemai!  and  tiiose  providiiij;  III.- 
ear.  by  the  di'fects  „i  which  he  siiUck 
injury.  Toliihi.  W.  .(■  \V.  If.  Co.  v.  //i 
t/nilii'iin     (1H7.'>I     77    111.    :!llll. 

'I'raiiimen  and  llioe  who  fiirni-h  roll 
in;;  stock  and  place  it  on  Hie  truck. 
Cliinuio  ,t  .v.  ir.  /?.  Co.  V.  .Iiirl.-.-.,,,! 
(  1870)    .■).".    111.    4!I2. 

.\n  eii),'iiieer  and  servants  ( master 
mechanic  and  master  ear  biiihiiri 
eharfied  with  the  duty  of  building'  aii'l 
kecpiiif;  in  ri'pair  loi'omntive  boihi- 
rolrilii.  W.  ,f   ll'.  A'.  C„.  V.    Monir   lIsT.-n 

77  111.  217. 

.\  tioiler  niaiiuf;iet  urer  and  a  tircitiMii. 
V.  nil  .(■  ll.  If.  Co.  V.  .loiicx  I  l.sTl  I 
<■■    iiti^k.    27. 

.\   laborer   ii:   Ihe  ear  shops  of  a   rail 


8  SOU] 


(i'\i\l.i\   l•;MI■|.ll^  MI.NT-  (ONTIM  Kl). 


nn 


loail    fMr|"iiMticiii    :mnI    till'    fni-i'MiMii    of  ^'c (if    nrii'    -iiTvaiit     in    iLliii-tin"-    ii 

the  swilcliiiM  II  ill  llic  iriiiii  >l<'|i:ii  liii.iit.  rii|n'    >ii|i|iurt  iii'_'    i>iii'    nf    ili,.    -iMilnin-l. 
I'ool  \.  Soiilh'iii   /•.  fo.   I  l,S!i',t|   -^U  I  I. ill,         A  i-iii  j,i  iilir  ulir,  i(,n   ;inri,  :i   ^cmIV.iIiI 

■Jll>.    .')S    1'  :!'Jli.  :ll\il    ii     iii;i-,,ii     ulin     ii„..     It     :,,,.     ,„,|     ,.,, 

A    (•oniiiKi.i    l:il)iyici     in    tbi-   cm  |iriitiT  ~rrv:iv<~    uli,  ii    wmkirir    uikIci    -cpjnitc- 

-liop    Ilf.ir    tile    liiilri.jil    Irncli.    ;iii.l    llir  lur.iiMii.      I'lnmiii,   ,(      1.    /,'.    <•„,    \.     )/„ 

i'nj:iiic('r   in    pIuiil'i'  "f   a    im-siiiir    tniiii.  ,-,,,,,,    ilSiM.i    (17   111.    \|pi..  (IIS.   Alliiiii,,! 

Kwiii  \.  rhiffii/'t  d-   \.  11  .  W.  Co.   lIsTli  III    i|>!i7i     170    III    ."ijii.    IS    N.    K.   <.i:,.\. 

■M  111.   171.  II  .\iii.   I!i|..  :!.'.  1,111     ,,„    ili,^    yiMiiiiil    lliMt    ilic    r,ii'|„  Ml,  r 

Scrvaiil-    will)    |i1:h-,'   ii    '■|ii;iilc:itclicr"  v^m^  .11  .cli.-ii  ;..|iii;  ,i   ti(>iri<-iL:;i;ilili'  ■liin  . 

tno    llCiir    thr    lIMci,    ,ll|.l    H     Ii  |mit|:i  n    ^t k  (  l|  "1  ^i  1 1 .1  ~    i,t    il,\;lli.r    ill    ;l    lillil.lilii;    ill 

by  it.  Vhi,  ifii,.  n.  i(_9.  //.  (•.,.  \.  Hi., I  ih,.  |ii,„v.-  ni  .-..n^l  niclinn  :iu-  ii,,i  "irl 
nil/    (1S71I    ."iS    III.   J,.'.  |,iu    -,■!  v.iiit-,   .villi  II  j.'iii|.;  of  (Mijiciitii-. 

\    ;rri|iiiijii    on    .1    ,mI,1,.    oiii-    iiiul    ih,.    .,1 f  wlhim   is  killc.l   wliilc  ;it   wi.iU  i.\' 

crew  of  11  wrrckiiii;  t'liiii.      W'sl  Cli'f  miK    llic  i- iii-r   wri^rht    nf   || li'vadT  ciin'i 

ainil  It.  f.Vi.  V.  /iii.i/,/  ;  IHill)  57  III.  iiiL'  ,|,,\.ii  on  him.  I.nl.r  v.  I<„ii.iii 
\W-  iW.  (lS!i|;i    (I.S    III.    App.   .-..-iS    i;ippn,,Mij;   ol 

.SiT   iiKo    I'dtshinii.    ri.     11.    ,f    r.    /,'.     iii>li  iirlii.ris   ii.<-iiiiiiiii^'   thi-i. 
Co.  V.  I'oinrs    (lH7t)    7t   111.  .Til,  wliiiv         W  lictlirr   ii    .•nipcnrcr    U(iikiii<;   011    iin 
it  was  :i.^.iiiiii'(|.  uniiirnih',  fur  tlic   pin-    rlrwilm-    >liiilt    in    a    l.iiiMiii;,'    in    r.nii-p 

pn-;i's   i)f   illiisdaf  ion.    tliiit    an   iMiiplnyi f  I'on^t  nn  I  ion.  anil  tlir  Imy  ViiMiiiii;;  t  lie 

in  tlio  car  shop  \<:.>  imt  a  rn^i'ivaiil  of  I'livatoi.  in  lai-iiiL'  ami  lowirinu  work- 
the   tiainnicn.  iiiimi  and  iiiatrrial^  ami   pn-iins  inspect - 

On  tlip  other  liaml  a  licol  lilack^niitli  in;;  rooms  in  tlic  liiiiMJTiL.'.  arc  fcllnv 
i<  a  coscrvant  of  (lie  mniilins  of  a  servants,  is  a  ipii-l  ion  for  the  iiiry. 
wn-ikin;;  erew  a-  Ion;;  as  he  is  asso-  Ihuilus  v.  I'miin  ilS'di  .|(l  .\|(i.  .\p'p. 
li.iteil  Willi  tliem  in  anv  paitieiilir  joli.  :I7  ( noiisiiil  liehl  er'oiieoiis  iimler  the 
|/,i,h/  v.  Tiiri'  liiiKlr  if-  /.  /,'.  Co.  moll'  rei-eiil  ileei-ion-i  in  Missouri: 
)lSS4i  111  111.  •.'"•■!.  .■).■'.  .\iii.  Hep.  (lie.  lliui:;;!,  it  uonlcl  have  lieen  prop<.r  iimli^r 
Sii,  ,1  y.irri  liam'  may  lie  .1  coservant  of  llio<e  pi  ior  to  Coi.;v,v  v.  \  iilriin  him 
,1  nie.-lianie  in  ,  he  lep.iir  -lioji  if  tlie\  \\  ,,i!:s  '|,s7tli  llj  .\lo.  .",."1 1 . 
nro  leijiiireil   hy   their   toieiiiaii   to  eo  op  ipi     .<,  1  1  ,i.il y    iiiiil.iiiii    OH    or    nhmil 

irate  in  the  same  iol..  Clilnnio  ,f-  V.  ■.hi/,-.  .\  liielini?  I,y  t  he  jiiry  that  plain 
11'.  /'.  Co.  V.  S,  Ii,  III  1111/  (IS7i>i  1  111,  ■.i.M.  who  «a>  iiia-ter  of  oiie  of  several 
■\|'|i-  ■">■''■'■  canal    KoiU.    was   a    ••coemployee"    widi 

ml  .•<,,rinil.i  rnqiiiinl  in  ir,iiiiiJ!irii,s,  n  ilie  ciptaiii  of  a  steanilmat  eni|ili.\e,l  to 
•mil  Ihr  iiiiiiiiiii  kUii/ix. — Two  ear  repair-  low  the  eaii.-il  hoati.  iml'iiii- _'  t  lie  one 
(•r>  arc  eo-en,ints.  It,,,/,,,  v.  riiiin,/,,.  of  whieli  plaiiililV  wa-  1111. le..  ami  that 
I/.  I.  it  /'.  /,'.  Co.  (Iss.-.i  S(l  Mo.  :;(i-.>.  plaiiitiir  was  •■;i~„„-iniei|  with"  tlio 
Sii  arc  an  i'iii;lnc  ho-tler  ami  a  helper  -li.nnl.Mi  e.ipinin  ami  eie.M'ji.l  in  Cie 
ill  tlic  lonii.lhoii-e.  who  aUo  has  .I'.iiii-.  .ame  line  of  l.iisiness  ,t\  the  liiiie  of  l!ic 
tn  perform  in  tin-  eire  of  ilic  ■■iiLjiMi -.  ininiy.  in  niakiiiL'  up  the  tow.  does 
c"sir\aiils.  Chi, ,1,1,1  ,(  \1  .  /.  /,'.  r.,.  v.  "iiot  hrinu'  the  pliintill'  am!  the  eai.laln 
l/ii*Mi/    listen    Ml    111.    .\pp.    (KKI.  ot    the    steal, ihoal     inio    the    catcL'ory    of 

Wliellici  ;:ani.'-.  ijiiiplo.v  III  itichr  .liliei-  f,  Ihiw  --cuinl-."  \\,'r-,,i  ,s/„„r  r'o.  v. 
lilt  toieinen  inn  ear  shop  mil  a  m.'icliinc  Wliiih,,  ilSli:!i  ">!  111.  .\|i|,.  ."ill',  on  an 
-lii,p.  hi'l  Ween  which  ears  :ue  eon-tanl  ly  pi.il.  AiVniiie,!  in  ilsnii  |."i|  1||.  )7-j. 
Iiiiii:;  iiiiAeil.  are  f.'llow  -er\ant-  is  ,1  ::s  \.  K.  J  1 1 .  where  it  was  a— iinie.l  1  hat 
i|iic-iion  for  the  Jinx.  I'iii,;i,i,,  ,(■  I.  the  -.ervant-  were  in  a  common  eniplov 
/,'.  Cij.  V.  (riliii'iii  ilSSIl  l.-i  111.  App.  nieiiC  ami  the  case  wa-  made  to  tuin 
'"•I-  on    til,'    master's    knowlc.lu'e    of    the    de- 

li, 1     .^'c/■|lle^s     III,/, I, I' , I     ill     mill,      nil     limpieiit's    inconipelenev. 
hmhliniis     in      ;,i  oci  s.v     of     ,,,,■!  ^nn . —.\  In    ;i    ea-c    where    d.'ifcmlant 's    liimlier 

'Aiirkniaii    employed    to    Iniil.l    a    -imII'oM     \\a-    liiinu'    iinloided    from    a    \es-el    into 
aii.l    iiiii-ons    and     lirieklayers     working'    his  doik.  the  evidence  wa~  thiit  his  yard 
Ihcienii      lire     ■■i-ervaiils.        St,  r,  h-^      v.    men     were     pilin<.'    it     up    after    it     was 
.'/.,rr    flsiliu    2S    \el,.   .",17.    II   N.   \V.  Sl\r,.     p:,.,-.,|    ,,iit    ,,f   t|„.   l„,,it    l,y   another  s<-t    of 
I'aiiilei-i  employed  on   the  same  hiiilil      111,11:   that   jilaintilV.  lic|oii,_riii^r  to  the  lat- 

1111'  to  do  the  siiiie  kind  of  work  ar lei    -"t.  was  iniiired  hv  the  falllmr  of  n 

-irx, lilts.  iiltliijii;r||   they   arc   working   on     |el.'    of    Ininlier.    while    he    was    passini' 
■liir,:,nt    sealVohls.       U„, /,/\    i;,l,i  i,,/,:,,.,     n,,ni    the   vessel       .    tiie   ,|oek :    ami    that 

•   ^      • ,-.i-.     ,1,    in.    .\p|i.     ;;■-     I  .^iHi.-itui:;    -v,:,-,    :,,,     ;,,i-mer    -et    of 

■I'.tl    liiijiiiy  occiincl   lliioii^;li  the  iie-li-    men  cmled  with   pi—iiiL.-  the  liimhcr  over 


1414 


MASTER  AXIJ  SKUVANT. 


[chap.   XXVI  i. 


i'l 


i  ]     ' 


I'i  :- 


]  I 


If' 


i  ' 


tho  vossol's  mil.  It  was  hiOd  tlmt  pm'Ii 
if  dt'fciidaiit  were  tlm  coiiimoti  niii^.l»T 
of  lidtli  >otH  of  iiipii — wliii'li  \\a^.  ilis- 
piitoil — till'  Vfidict  ttiat  [plaint ill'  was  no' 
!i  f.'ilow  servant  of  tliu  yardmen  MoiiUl 
DC'  jiixtilled.  .loliii  Siiri)  Liniilur  Co.  v. 
Dii'ioiin  (IS9!))  1H2  111.  218.  .'54  X,  E. 
1002,  AHinninK  (18!m)  80  111.  .\y\i.  :V.>i. 
(())  y  /r((/i(,v  ciitiiloijcil  ill  conl  jinnta. 
— iSwitehnien  nt  work  in  a  coal  yaril. 
onf;ii;:eil  in  switcliinj;  llie  ears  from 
()laee  to  place,  are  not  in  sneli  dinet 
oo-operalion  with  other  employees  of  the 
r«inie  comi)any  engaged  in  loa<linf»  the 
cars  witli  coal,  as  to  create  tlie  relation 
of  fellow  servant  lietween  them.  W'l  iin- 
iia  Colli  Co.  V.  Uolmquist  (18l.,«)  .51  111. 
App.  507. 

(r)  Siiroiiti  rmploiii'd  in  ii'oii  iii>i!,x. 
— A  servant  employed  hv  a  steel  com- 
pany to  pour  the  molten  sleil  into  mold:* 
to  be  sent  to  the  billet  mill  is  not,  as 
matter  of  law,  a  fellow  s<i\ant  of  an- 
other employee,  not  williin  sjirht  and 
separated  from  him  hy  two  walls,  wlio^c 
duty  it  is  to  chill  the  moliU  on  deliveiy. 
Illinois  S'rcl  Co.  v.  Hhiiiihiii  (ISilSl  78 
111.  App.  7.3,  Afiirmed  ;„  (189!t)  178  111. 
351.  53  N.  E.   107. 

The  formian  of  a  RaTiij  of  men  en- 
Raped  in  repairing  the  tracks  in  the 
work.i  of  a  steel  converting.'  mill,  and 
employees  en;.'aire(l  in  the  mill  in  making 
steel  from  iron,  whoso  duties  never 
bring  them  together  in  their  disehar.L'e, 
ere  not  fellow  servants.  Jolirl  Slrrl 
Co.  V,  (Shields  (1893)  14(1  111.  (i03,  34 
N.  E,  1108. 

Whether  an  employee  in  a  steel  man- 
ufactory enpaped  in  coolinp  and  uncap- 
ping molds  under  the  control  of  a  yard 
foreman  is  a  fellow  servant  of  a  "'ponr- 
er"  em))loye<l  in  the  coiiv<'vlinp  room  un- 
der the  control  of  a  superintendent  is 
a  question  of  fact  for  the  jury,  where 
the  evidence  tends  to  shov;  tli.nt  tlir  t«o 
employees  were  not  stationed  in  the 
same  liiiiMinL'  or  within  siplit  or  hem- 
ing  of  each  other,  and  that  the  usual 
duties  of  their  respeeii\e  eniph^  n^'hls 
did  not  brinp  them  into  ha'iiliial  or  even 
temporary  association.  flliiuix  Slirl 
Co.  v.  Hanmnn  (18091  ITS  111.  :!.-)l.  .-.3 
N.  E.  107.  Affirminp  (1898)  78  111.  App. 
73. 

(s)  Srrrants  (•miilniic/l  in  furlDii'H. 
tir. — The  foreman  in  the  shippinp  de- 
partment of  an  ice  manufactory  is  nut 
a  fellow  ser\ant  of  carpenters  who  re- 
move the  cover  of  a  hot-water  tank  un- 
der the  floor  in  the  factory,  while  plae 
ing  a  guard  around  the  opcninL'.    Muiick 


V.   Jiiruh   Uolil    Piirkinq   Co.    (1894)    .IS 
Mo.  App.  .'122. 

U  here  a  nia<'hinist  in  a  machine  sliop 
was  injureil  liy  the  Imrstinp  of  an  ennTv 
.vheel  which  he  wa.s  usiiip.  and  whii  h 
had  jiist  heen  set  hy  time  of  the  oiili 
nary  wurknnn  in  tlii"  shop.  MU|i<nntenil 
ed  and  assisted  hy  the  foreman,  it  w.i- 
hehl  ericmeiiUH  to  instruct  the  jury  tlini 
"worknu'U  iniployed  to  set  up  maehiiiiiy 
for  Use,  and  woikmen  usini;  tli.'  ni.i 
chinery  so  set  up.  were  ncrt  en;.',i';i'd  in 
a  conuuon  sdvice,"  since  it  was  r  cpn- 
tion  of  tiK't,  and  not  of  law.  whether  tlir 
two  speeii's  of  «er\  iie  fiuined  two  di 
partnunts  or  one.  This  "depi'iids  upnii 
wliethir  the  same  servants  are  emplo;.i..l 
hy  the  master  to  piMform  hoth  liiiis 
of  service."  Ilolton  v.  Dnlif  (1879)  4 
III.  Aiip.  2.-.. 

(tl  Si  iiiiiils  rntinijcd  in  viining  uail: 
— Tlie  enpineer  of  the  hoisting  nia 
."hiiiery  is  a  fellow  .servant  of  a  roaij 
man  and  tra<'klayer.  Kiniil'r  Coal  il 
l/i».  R.  Co.  V.  hronard  (1880)  25  111. 
App.  9.'>  (caL'e  lowered  too  rapidlv- 
AfTirmcd  in  [IS881  120  111.  210.  I'l' X 
K.  291.  on  (he  pround  of  neplipi'ijce  in 
employinp  the  enpineir).  .And  of  a  la 
horer  in  eharpc  of  ijuiles.  and  doinp  pin 
oral  work.  S/ar/ie  v.  Sihlotham:  (ISsili 
21  111.  App.  97  (crushed  while  workin;; 
at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft). 

In  TeuMessec  the  doctrine  of  associaiid 
duties  beinp  applieil  only  in  the  e:i-.' 
of  railway  servants,  the  enpineer  of  ^i 
mine  enpine,  and  tender  of  a  ventilaliim 
eiipine.  were  held  to  be  coservani-. 
tlioUL'h  not  in  the  vime  department 
Ciiiil  Cnfl:  I'/ii.  Co.  v.  Daii.i  (!,S91  i  00 
Tenn.  711,    IS  S.  \V.  387. 

"Pushers"  in  eharpc  of  the  s<'M'|,iI 
shifts  of  men  operating  a  mine  are  fi ' 
low  servants  as  respects  their  duty  "f 
iiotifviTiu'  each  other,  at  the  time  "f 
cliatiLres  of  shifts,  cif  unexplod.'d  li..l.'~ 
in  ihc>  shaft.  A  mli  rxmi  v.  /)((///  ]l!'i. 
r„.    (1S97)     10   I'tah.    28.    .-)0    I'ac.    SM. 

Mmphiyees  in  charpe  of  the  fan  far 
nisliinp  air  for  a  mine  and  pas  te^lirs 
are  fellow  servants  of  miners  at  wuik 
in  the  mine.  Ihifllirs  v  On  qoii  fiiiiunr. 
Co.  (1S9S)  20  Wash.  294,  .■)5  I'ae,  110 
(fan  slopped  durinir  tire). 

An  employee  superintendinp  the  ev 
eavation  of  a  mininp  tunnel  in  tl'i'  -i'li' 
of  il  hill  is  not  a  eoservant  of  a  man 
working  on  another  tunnel  lower  doun 
under  the  directions  of  another  superiii 
lendcnt.  Unii  v.  'lolih-ii  Tiitinrl  Mm. 
Co.    (19on    21   Wash.  201.  04   Pac.   174 

(u)  Hci  rants  cmi:loiicd  in  hotels. — An 


I 


I  snci 


t  (i.MMO.V  l:.MI'l.(l^M|•;\T— roNTiNi  i;i). 


1418 


olpviitiir  liiiv  ;iiiil  iiii  fiii'trioi'-.  nml  cn- 
Kiricci-  (•in|il(iM.,|  in  j,  )i,)t,.|.  Imtli  <if 
whom  II n-  ^iil.jcrt  ti,  tlic  or.l- is  of  tlic 
prpsidi'iit  of  till-  lii.trl  foiii|p,iiiy.  it-i  ;:i'ii 
dill  iiniiiiiyi'i,  .111(1  il,  cliiii  c'liiK.^iii,. 
fellow  -I'l^inl^.  Mrfiiilii  V.  Ititml  llul'l 
Co.    (ISKH)    !  J4   .Mo.  ;i!i7.    Hi  S.  W.    |T_». 

\  ('luiiiilii'niiiiiil  in  a  ImiIcI  i-  ;i  fillmv 
■MTMinl    of    iiii    ili'Val 

llicri'lll.  Oiii  iilill  liiiixl,  t'l,.  V.  Sliiir 
ilS!i7)  17  Tf\.  Civ.  Aiip.  tiii-.i,  41  S  W 
1. 10. 

(V)  SiirniitK  ei,iiilni/,(l  in  mith.—A 
iiilllai'ij,'lit  ciif.'iiKi'il  ill  (•oii-.lniciin^r  an 
nil'lilion  to  a  mill  in  iiol  tlic  fclldw  »|.|\. 
ani  of  one  wiio  (i)HTatc.  a  saw  llnTiin. 
II  ii.imaibrrtf  v.  SI.  Pniil  rf  T.  Limih.r 
I'n.  (1Si»8|  1!)  Wasli.  .-,.17.  .->.•(  I'a,..  7J7 
(inillwrifflit  left  a  cliisd  on  Mic  hraiii 
OUT  the  saw.  anil  it  was  shaken  olV  l,y 
the  viliration  of  the  maohiiierv). 

All  employee  wheeliiif;  out  hot  ciiidert 
Vol.  11.  M.  &  S.  —8. 


Ik 


lie 
I  lit 
III. 


Ml  a  rolling'  mill  i^  M<it  ■,  cn-eivant  of 
wiukman  eiii|ilo\eil   lo  .|iu\('|   the  eiii- 
I-,   when  eohi.   .iilii  a   Imi\   lar.      Hi  >< 
11    Tiilii     Cn.    V.    I'liliihiiisl.i     (liml)    !ll 

\|.|>    1140. 
.\ii   em|iloyer    i>    not    li.iMe   fur  an   in 
jury  to  an   ciiiiiloyee  eaiiscil  liy   Ihc   roll 

iiii;   of  a    loir   II  iM iiiiiiwav   on    whli-h 

nail    emploviil     it    was  liein;;  mo\eil  hy  means  ot  a  dnlK, 
where  the  iiijiiiy  eipiihl  have  heeii  aMiic'l 
ed   hy   hloeUiii';   the   lo;.'.       li/./iir   v.   Sin,- 
l>lr   I  isiisi   Hii  111.  Apji.  4:!7. 

IW)  Siirniita  ciniiloiird  i„  i/iiiiri  ii,. — 
Theie  eiiii  he  ni>  reeoveiy  win  re  a  la 
hotel  in  the  ho|i|iir  house  ovii  a  stone 
enishin^'  mni'hiiii'  is  killed  hy  a  loailed 
I'ai  whii'h  runs  down  the  iiieliiie  f icim 
the  i|iiaiiy.  owiii;;  lo  the  iiej.'li;;e'iei.  ,,f 
one  of  the  hand-  eii;,',i;;ed  ill  loadlii;;  it. 
r<iit  Hill  *7o)it  Co.  V.  Onn  (l^iHti?  84 
Ky.   183. 


Wij 


I  /'■ 


1  \' 

i  . 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

VICE  PRINCIPALSHIP  AS  REFERRED  TO  THK  TEST  OF  SUPERIORITY  OK 

RANK. 

A.  Introductory. 

507.  0«neral  atatpmcnt. 

508.  R4j|ir«<entativf  cliainiltT  of  >«ervant  depeniin  on  the  actual  funotaona 

discharged  \iy  liiiu. 

609.  Tenipoiiiiy  viw  prinoipals. 

610.  Sutlic-ifiii'y  of  a  complaint  based  upon  the  vice  principoJship  of  th*- 

ncHilixciit  si?naiit. 

611.  Functions  of  coui-t  and  jury  in  determining  whether  the  negligvnt  em- 

ployct!  was  u  vice  principal. 

612.  Burden  of  proof. 

813.  Seojie  of  follo\vii]<.'  MulHitles. 

B.  Mere  ixequality  of  rank,  sig.mficaxce  or. 

614.  Usually  held  not  to  wanant  inference  that  the  superior  servant  is  a 

vice  principal. 

C.  Doctrine  that  vice  i-ki.ncipalsiiip  is  not  deuccible  merely  from  the  pos- 

SK.SSION    OF   A   power  OF  CONTROL  OVER  THE  INJURED   SERVANT. 

615.  General  statemtrnt  of  the  doctrine. 

616.  Rjitionale  of  the  doctrine. 

617.  Qualification  of  the  doctrine  in  canes  where  an  order  takes  a  senani 

outside  the  original  scope  of  his  employment. 

518.  Power  of  hiring  and  discharging  siil)ordinat«8.  significance  of. 

519.  Application    of   the   doctrine   to   the    varioujs   grades   of   supervising' 

employees. 
.')20.  llliistrative  ca^es. 

D.  DOCTRINK  THAT  ALL  SUPERIOR  SERVANTS  ARE  VICE  PRINCIPALS  AS  REGARDS  TIIEII! 

SIIIORUINATES. 

521.  (ieneral  statement. 
521a.  Hcliition  of  the  superior  ser\'ant  doctrine  to  the  doctrine  that  the 

head  of  a  depjirtment  is  a.  vice  principal. 
622.  Rationale  of  the  doctrine. 

a.  Unequal  knowledge  of  superior  and  subordinate. 

6.  Inaliility  of  master  or  superior  agents  to  supervise  all  detail^ 

of  the  work. 
C.  Ohiigalion  of  servant  to  obey  his  superior. 

d.  Duty  to  use  care  in  giWng  orders  regarded  as  one  of  the  non 

assignable  duties  of  the  miLsLer. 

e.  Summaiy. 

622a.  What  con>tJtutes  the  exercise  of  control  within  the  meaning  of  th" 
doctrine. 

1416 


I 


ii 


.M 


I  507] 


VUK  PKiN(ir.\i.Niiii'   Ti:sr  or 


RWK. 


t4i; 


623.  Exi«)<Ti(f  or  al 


"iKiiifii'iiice  of. 
624.   IlluxiMtivp  riMc*. 


>»<'nc  of  % 


power  to  liiir  and  diioliurBe  »ubi)r.lim(tc; 


E.    ReI-ATIO.N  ok  a  ..KMlur.  .MANAOIVn   A.^KNT  TO  Mrs  S.-..0,«.l  V  Mf., 
52.).   Intniclui  lory.  '  ' 

520.  I>«.t,i„..  ,l,:.t  a  «.„..,ul  , ,«.r  U  «  vie.  ,„in.i,«.l.     K„.|i,.,,  .S..o,..|, 

uml  colonial  ca.se.,. 
527.  — Arni'i'ionn  cii-iin. 
r.28.  IJiilioihii,.  of  th.'  (I.x-i.,  inc. 
621..  U,„.f;„..  H..t  a  t-, n,l  ..NumKer  is  not  a  vice  principal.     Kn^li,!,  .„,,( 

530.  — Airiciicuii  cnw^. 

531.  Oppusin,,'  tlifoiir-H  ri'vii.\wMl. 

|>r.l.^nl.M^..^IAL  \A(,Kll  TO   HIS  Sl'IIOKni.VATES. 

632.  (iciii'ial  .-iUti'iMeiit. 

533.  Kational..  of  tl...  ....  u;         ..ilitv  fo,  the  n..j;Ii«..nc.,.  of  a  dop.„t,„c„...l 

manajfir. 
634.  Limits  of  l.l„.  ,lo,.tri„p  of  d.>paHincnta.l  .-.,111  nil 

535.  SniHTviM„„  ,.,nplo.vtt..s  l„.|,l  to  U-  heads  oi  d.pai  tni..i,t, 

536.  Su,K.ivi«intr  .-.nploycvs  held  not  to  Ih-  h.,.ds  of  dqM.tn.ents. 

A.    I.NTIfOIK  (    loliY. 

507.  General  Statement.— v,„„.   ,,f    ,1,,.   <.,,,..  »t 

liav..  ap,,l.o,|  ,1„.  .I.H.trino  ..f  .•,„„n,n„  miplnv,,,,.,,,  i„  i,,  must   rio„,- 
..Ms  and  suvopmo  ton,,,  luv..  .•.„„.  ,„  ,|„.  l..„o,l,  „(  ;„„.,.,i„^,  „.at  Tr  i, 
:'l-.lut..|.v   M„.l    ii,v.,-iMl,ly   ..o.irrolli..^    i„   ,1]   tl,,.  .....os  in   wi,i..l,    ■, 

master  is  Iv-irir  <u..,]  f,„-  itiju.-i...  ...n.,!  I.v  ,1,..  „..di«v,„.,.  of  a  tVllou- 

-•vant  oi  tl...  M,j,nv.l  |m.,>„„.      |,  j.  ..„„.,.,|,>,l  ,i.„  ^,  ,„,,„•„„   ^,^  |^..^^j 
■t  those  cus^vs  an.  i;..v,.,.,„.,|  l,v  ,l,o  ,.„1,.  e,Ml,o,li,.,|  i„  ,ho  „,Mxi,„    /.•,.! 
■/--.W  .,,/..., or.'       i:,„  witl,  n-,,,..!  ,„  tl„.  ,„...,.iso  o.xfeni  of  thi,  ,].,. 
-m  wl„el,   is  eoveml   l,v  ..ae!,  of  ,i„.,„  ,„■„  aM(a..,nistIe  p.-L.-iplo. 
■"•'•'■  IS  an  ..Nti-ao....li„.n.v  ,liv..,.sitv  of   jn,],-,.;.,)  „,,i„i.,„.      -pi,..  ri,.,-;,- 

;:V";  "'";"''J''f  <  i'"l-'l.  ■■'y lli,.m,^  ,„  a  ,i,.^,-,.,.  u-l,ieh,  i,  ,„av 

-^'t..  V  1.0  affn-med.  is  witho,,     ,  pai-allel  in  .„v  ,l..pa,.tn„.„t  of  inri- 
I'ni.leneo.      lo  attempt  to  ivmnrilo  these  .le,.i-ions  or  even   to  s,,..- 
^^^r  gronncls  upon  whiel,.  as   .-nli,,.-    .jtl,   ,-,.spee,   „.  s,,e,.ifi.  f„,s 
iH'v  may  he  feeoneiled.  umhi  h.-  lo  attempt  a.,  i,npos.sil,lo  and  nn- 

;:'   '-nn  lK.<n^'  tho  most   frr,|,„.ntlv  o-d.  P'  "*"• 

lie  foilowin}.'  chaptors. 


fffli 

i 


I4» 


.M,\sri;i;  and  nkkvant. 


[chap,  xxmii 


f'niitfiil  li,sk.     TIi»'  uliiiiist  tliul  tl. num.  utiiior  <'iin  aim  ut,  wiili 

unv  hope  of  utiaiiiin^  .Hiiccc»:t,  i.-(  tu  ^niii|)  ilic  iniiliipritics  under  ciii- 
i>ir<(i'ii's  wliicli  will  riDiltli'  ilic  fciiilt  r  111  ('(.iiipnliciiil,  ii!<  nr'iirlv  iw  iimv 
bo,  tlic  cxli'iit  to  uliicli  llic  cipiiri-i  ilivi'i'^c  rium,  nr  ii;;r<'i'  wiili.  on. 
aimtlicr  in  n'^^iini  tn  iln'  viiriniis  -iili-iiliiin  i^r^iifs  iliix>\igli  wliich  iui 
Hnnwcr  to  the  MKiiii  (|iic,-iii'ii  lias  Ik'I'Ii  .-.miplif. 

liroadh'  spcakiiip,  it   will   i>i'  t'nniKl  tlml  llic  ca-ion  witli  wliicli  vw 
have  to  (leal  iiiav  lie  diviili'ij  inio  iw.i  cl.i^-cs :   (  1)    Tlip  nnsfH  in  \vli;cli 
llir  (^•ntcntinn   lia.>  Incn   ilj.ii    tlio  dn.-i  i-im-  nf  CMiiinion  cnipliivrm  nt 
wa.s   not   api>licalilc   liccauM'   tin-   iii'^iiuvnl    .servant   was  of  a   liijrln  r 
grade  than  tlie  injured  servant;  ('2)  Tlic   casK's  wldch  have  turiio'l 
upon  llie  nature  of  the  injuriou.s  act,  as  Ijoinj;  one  wliich  was  or  Wii- 
not  incident  to  tiie  disi'iiar;;e  of  functions  winch  tlio  ina.'<ter  is  ah«. 
hitely  }>ound  to  perform  w  iili  n'asonahle  care,  wlielhcr  lie  undortakr. 
them  personallv  or  .ieputo  them  to  an  emph)_vee.      In  some  instatici- 
tliese  eoiicepiions  lead  to  t.lip  same  results,  as  rofrards  tlio  liahilitv  "i- 
noTilialiilitv  of  tiie  defendant,  and  it  will  he  xen  that,  merely  as  ;i 
nuitter  of  ahsiract  loi;ical  analysis,  nearly  all  the  rnlinjrs  govemod  li\ 
the  fonner  concepiion  aro  su.sccpiiMo  of  l)eini;  hroiii.dit  under  the  lat 
tor  (^onci'ption.  provided  a  certain  sj^niticance  is  attachecl  to  it.      'W 
theories  underl\iiiy:  the  two  classes  of  cases  have,  however,  heen  df 
voloped  along  indei)endeiit  lines,  and.  in  their  practical  applicaiinii 
by  the  cotirts,  are  still  ditTerenliated  to  an  extent  vliich  renders  it  iiii 
po.ssihle  to  ■"cuss  them  ofjiei'wise  tiian  se|)aratoly. 

508.  .?,£'  I  .;ntative  character  of  servant  depends  on  the  ac  lal  func- 
tions discharged  by  him. —  Wheiher  the  employee  whose  negli:;i nc 
eause<i  the  injury  was  or  wai«  not  a  vice  princi]ial  is  detonnined  \>} 
the  nature  of  tlie  functions  which  he  was,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  di- 
oharging  at  the  time  when  tlie  injury  was  receiveil.  and  not  by  tin 
appellation  by  which  he  was  dosigTiated.'      ITis  oflieial  denominaii'ii 

'  "Snprrintondoiits    arc    not    made    by  u  illi  wliat  has  liccii  said  as  to  tho  tonus 

pnlliriK  tlifm  siirh.  l>iit  l>y  tin'  iiatini'  of  'fc  llnw  workman"      and      "oollalioratiiir. 

thf'ir  Pinployniriit.  tlicir  (hitios,  and  tlicir  'riicy  aif  not   cxi'i  issions  well  -iii!>il  I" 

work."     (I'm  iMcriv  V.  CoiiiYd/  (ISHti    l(iO  imlicatr  tlic   rc'alion   on   wliicli   tin    lia 

Pa.   1S.^.  2S  Atl.   (iitJ.  '  Wilily    or    nonlialiility   of    a    inast.r   (1p 

"It   is  the   law.   in   the  absciieo  of  i'\-  |icnd-.   especially    with   reference   to  ilic 

pr(*s,s   contract,   that    cstahlishe.s   the   re-  j.'reat   ^lystcnis  of  organization  that   mm 

lation  of 'iie  parlies,  creating.'  Iiiiii  ap-iit  exist.      And   these  expressions,   if  tikiii 

or  ropresentative  of  the  master  who  |«'r-  in   a    ~triet   or   limited   sense,   are  cilm 

forms  duties  which  the  law    itself  makes  lated  to  misleail.     The  same  may  he  -iil 

it  inciinibent  on  the  master  to  perform."  of  »ti(h  wonls  a- 'foreman'  or  'inai.;i-ir 

Millar  V.  f!oiilhrni  I'.  Co.   I  I8!ll)   20  Dr.  We  must  look  to  the  functions  the  |.,irtv 

28o.  Ifi  Pac.  70.  di-eharu'es,   an<l   his    position    in   id'    "i 

Tn   ^yiUnn   v.    Mrnii    (ISfiR)    L.   P..    1  ;.'ani-m    of   thi'    fore mployeil.    and   "I 

H.    L.  .s^O.  App.  (as.   ^^■^n.   in  L.  T.  X.  S.  which  he  forms  a  eon-liliient   pait.     N'r" 

30,  Lord  Colonsay  remarked:     "I  agree  i^  It   of  any  consequence  that   the  y^- 


I 


I  SOS]  Vl(  K  n;i\(  iivM.^iiii      i  i:m  i»i    i:  wiv.  l4l» 

will  rt.pt.  if  it-,  ir,  .1.1.  iiiiiiio  wJi.'ili.T  ,,r  tint  li.-  u;i-  ii   n.|in.,.ntiitiv(> 
.if  ihc  i:i;i.-I.T.-      .\  .!•  .1...  ,  .1   mil'  tli.'  ,-]],;■[  of  •      ^-h   j,  t..  casi   ui)on 

lii'ii  crrtiiin  riin.'iiciH  iiii.lii-  the  .•ii-.MiiiiMiu -   -|.rriii,.,l  n|...|iii.'  «> 

a-  f..  alter  tlic  |c-riil  ivNirinn,  uiil.'n  u.,iil.l,  upiiri  fr..iii  ili.-  nil.-.  U- 
li.i.l  t..  exist  iMiucon  iiiiii  iiii.l  ilie  ..iliir  .'inplipv..-.-'  .\,,r  i,  i|„,  f,,,., 
lliiit  till'  iiijiind  s.TViiiit  |.i'li..v..,l  ill,,  n.-li-fiii  .■iii|,|.,\,|.  to  I..'  n 
view  i.iiii..i|.!il.  aii.l  \va^  ii..t  inviirc  tliiit  ]>,■  Im.l  Ihmii  .li-.-liaru.Ml  in 
tiiiif  iM|i!icil,\.  ii  sii:lici,.|ir  iiiiiiin.l  f..r  jiliouiiii;  ilii.  ii.-ii.>ii  t..  \>i'  iiiiiiii 
tain.Ml.»  A.. I-  will  the  m.  re  fa.T  that  III.'  ,iii.or,lliiaic  l,..li.\,.,l  in 
pNHl  faitJi  that  lie  lia.l  !m.  n  l.ilil  l.v  Hi.,  .iniihivcp  t..  ..Ix-v  the  .|ii-..c 

li..ri>  of  iiia.llicr  <.iiipli,\..(.  cnalil..  tli..  MilH.r.liiiat..  t..  n v.t  f.,r  llic 

n.'jilipnrc  ..f  iliaf  eiiiplMV,.,.,  if,  as  a  iiialtcr  of  fa.T,  no  -lU'li  iii-truc- 
tiinis  were  f;i\'.'n.' 

Till'  mere  fa.'i  that  a  vice  piincipal  es.rcis..,]  h't*  aiillioiitv  lliroiij;li 
an  iiiteniieiliary  eleark  eaiiitoi  atlVef  tli.'  exli'iit  ..f  tli..  .'tiii. lover's 
rf>|)..iisil.ility.«      N.>r    id    it    iiial.iial,    in    a   case   wli..|v    injiirv    was 

tio.i  he  oonipii's  in   sii<.li   oij;,iiii-.iii   ini  ilmi.  ••{„  r.wp  nil  ..iifin..  N  run  invr  any 

III.:,    villi..    H|„.,.ial    iiiitlidiilv,    .11    .liilv,  |Hiiti.,n   .if   til..   r.M.l.   ii.i.i,T,iMi|Mni..,|    l.v 

'"■  ;l"iiV''-  foi    tliiit   IS  of  ll -111,,.  .,f  ,, |,i,.|,ir.  til.  ...i;rii„..,r  ,„i,,t    |...|f..irii 

Mill,  .iryi.iii/Mti.iiiM."  ,1,..   ,1,1,1,.,   „,„|    n,.,,.,,    ,,„.    ,,,,,,   „,   ,j 

III    V,ii,f,      V.      I  „„,„■„„     /.•,,,.     r„.  c,,,,,!,!,!,,!-.     ill     Mil.liti.m     t,,    hi-    ,,«ii '• 

IsHi)    r,.,   \\,->    4.-.:i.    i:t   W   W.    )7I.   tin.  Sl<  i-lnni   V.   Sniillirn,    f.  C„     (|H!t<)|    l"* 

ii'iiil.  in   sii-l.iiiiiii;r  ,1    ,|,.|iiiin,.|'   ii.  III,.  1  |;|||,    1,11),  ,-,;    i>.„.    ^_^^ 
•  ■.M,|.L,iiil,    saiil;       ■•D.-iy^iiiHiiit-    Cihin         ,\   nil,.  ,.f  n    niili.i;..!  r<iiii|iiiin    ,„„vi,|. 

iis  ii-,.nt    iin.l   niuiiii-.i-   il,i,.>  n.it    .■.iin,..v  in-  lliat  ciii.lii.l,,!- h  ill  I.,.  Ii..|,rt,.,|i,.,i-i. 

am  ,l,lii,ii,.  i.l<.,i  of  tlu-  |„i»..|s  v,-i,.,|  in  lil,.  tor  lli..  |ii,,|i..|  ii,lj,i-ini.nt  .if  -uil.li 

-lull  ni.in.ij:,r  ..r  ii}.'..nl.     Tli..  .•.nut  ,„„-  ,-  i,-,.,|  l,v  tli,ii   tinliM    l.i.-  not   niiik..  a 

ii"l  liipiim..  fr.iip  tliiit  .l.-mii.ilioii  tliiif  .•.,ii,li„t„i    tl...  r,.|ir,,..iitaiiv..  ot  tli..  ...nn- 

li<-   lia'l   all    111..    iHiu.T-   ,,t    t|„.    ,,,iii|.aiiy  paiiv.      U ill,  r  \.  S(,i,lh,  ni  I'    f'o     (IS'lli 

^1".    Mc„,,|   ,n   Its   jila,.,.   for  all   |iih|i,i-,,;  I'O   Or,  JS.",,  ■_'(;  |'a...  70:    Hiilhrir  v.  Smith. 

ami  ,-|.,,ially  iini-t   tliis  li..  so  « li,i,.  H,..  ,,/,    /'.   /,'.  Co.    (IHIH-    o,    i     Mi    l"a,.    7(i 

"""I'laiiit   il-..|f -li,i\v.-  that  ll I\   a,t-         '!//,„    v.    <lnn,hri„     ilsi|->i     <y>     IVn,,' 

111.  ilil  iM.rforiii,  iinil  from  wlii.li  tli..  in-  :!S.-|.  1\    s.  W.  7ri(l.     Tliis  .l.risi.in    how- 

lun    i,.,iili..,|.    wi.io    |i..rforin,.<l    li.v    liini  .(.i.   -,■.  in-  t.i  I...  iii...iii-i-t.-iii    uiili   tli.- 

Ill   '!'•■   Iiii-iiii—   of  til.'   .I,f..ii,laiil    a-    a  ,l,M'liiii,     ilial     |i,.r-,iii-    win,    hav..    ,|..nlt 

'"'"'l''">'''  "'"'   '•"•  pl^iiMllir."  Hilli  a  ;.'..ii..|iil  ii;.'.'nl.  as  -ii.l,    may  Imv- 

Sv  l).<,,l„„.h    V.    Hon,,, lull  ,{   SI.  .1.  fully   pi,.-,iiii,.,   in   tl„.  alis,.,,,,.  „f'i„,ii,.,. 

A.  <<>.    (ISIHii     10.1    Mo.    -,7tl.    I.-i    S.    \V.  of  a    wiilMJia^al   of   hi-  anilioiilv     lint 

■;:'';;''•"',"",'.'"'■    ''"'''"■'    '•'■    '■""'-'■'ll'\  Im-    -till    r,.|ir,-,.iit-    III,,    nrin.'ii.al.'     S,.. 

'    .0  f^L  h.  /,'.  Co.   (ISS.-i)    10.!  in,l.  ;fil.->,  M,,li,.i,i.  .\-,'np.v.  S  JJt. 

-' ,\  ■■"■'■*":  .,       ,  ■  \ '"''"'■,"  V. ■(,•-,'-/,'/.(    I/.  /,„,„/„,  ,f. 

.A   nil.,   of   a    railroa.l   roniiiany    that.  IM,/.    Co.    (IHtlCi)     loo    loua     HI     110    \ 

w!i,.|,.  a  train  or  ..ntriii,.  i-  run  Hitli,iiit  W  .    74:i. 

a    niiMlii,|..r.    tl...   .'ii./ii„.,.r    -hall    1,,'    ,,'-  "Til.,  lialiilitv  of  an  ..in,il,.v,.r  for  in- 

;:ai,l..,la-lh(.  oon,lii,'lor.  ,1,,,'-  not  .'jiaim-,.  jnri..-   t.-i   an    .'iii|il.iv,-,.    tlii,„i'..|i    ,.,.rtain 

111'  i.'.n..ia     nil.,   of   hnv   a-  to   I  h,.    lia-  .lan^r,.,,,,,,    ,.o,i,||tioii,    i,..iiliin-    from    a 

<"<ny   of   th,>    cini|iany    tor    iiijuri,-    to  -■..iniilian..,.    with    th..    ,.x|ii,.-    ,li,..|.tion 

"'    '"i|il<'.v<'.'    raii-,.,1    liy    tho    ,.iij.riii -s  of  t|„.  -ii|„'rint.'nil,.iit    i-  not  air,.,-l..,l  l,v 

J'.L'ii;,'n<',..  so  a-  to  iiiak..  tlip  < i|i-,ny  th.'  fad   that  -ii.-li  .lii-,.,ii,„i,  w.'i..  jrivph 

Mil;  to  a  hr.'inan   for  -ii,.h   n.  i..|i..,.i„.,..  to   Ih-   foi.'iiian    in   ,.|iai-,.  ,if   ||„.  «„rk 

u',   r"Z       "          ''"■  ^''  ""'"'''    "^"•"  ''''"■  •'"•"'•'"   is  t'OI    th.'  .l.'tVn.lant    hiin- 

(l    !■  ,     ..i';''^'   '''    '"   '■'^'    "'"'    '■'    ^"''-  ~''     "'"'-     ""■""'■■''     '"""i"'!     ni.'iiiiiin. 

.,, '.'I'-,     .'.                   ,„         ,  /'"""'"■•    V.  A,<„s„.v  Ci^/  (  ISItii)    l.'fii  .Mo 

III-    il,',i.i,in    was    foMoH,.,!   m   T'lah  (;.'.7.  .'Is  s.  W.  .571. 

With  n.jjic.fi   to  a  rule   wliieli   proviiliMl 


-  1 


•  «l»  AIAMI  it  ANU  M  l:\  AM'.  liiiu-.  xxMii, 

••UUWmI    I(V     t'nll.iW  illiT    till'    (|llllli..tH    of    II    \  ii'C    Illillli|i;||,     tllilt    llC    Jlillj 

xcM'  Uii»  U'liijHiiiirilv  al>-.iii  \\\u'u  lliwM'  iliii  I'lioiin  wvi-v  U'iiig  riirrit'd 
..lit' 

609.  Temporary  vice  principali.— |;,,i||  on  iMin-ipIo  nn<!  nutliority 
it  in  iiiunit'i'Mt  tllilt  tt  iiiiiiitur  n  no  Ic^s  rr-|><>ii-il>l(>  tor  the  ui-ulip>ii<v 
of  uii  fiii|)liivcc  who  i-i  tciiii>oiMiily  lilliinr  thi-  |Mr-iti.iii  ..t'  iin  nlli  r  ,'/... 
than  III'  ]•<  tor  tin  ii(M;ligciau  il  an  iiuiiloveu  who  hohU  that  jKjsitiou 
poniiiitii'iiil\.' 

hi  lie  iiiiuiiiiip,'  tlio  <)iii-ti..n   vhrilior  tlio   rthition   of  tmiporarv 

vice  |)|-ill(i|l:ll-lii|(  cxi-tcl    1hI\u  III    the    ll.-jiycnt  lllld    illjui'c.l   JiiTS.,|i, 

lit  tiii^  tiiiir  ot'  ihc  aii-ii|(  lit.  till'  cs-ciitiMl  cinMimstiinco  to  lio  (■oM>iii|- 
fret]    is  till"   n.'iliirc  of   the   fmu'li.ii.j)  di-i'lmrjicil   hy  tiio  alli;>i'J  vim^ 


pniicijial 


In  Miiiii'  iii-iiiiii'cs  tli(>  exiTci*!*  of  tlio^  t'unrti 


on8  wil 


Tlic  niU  of  II  siTMiiit  dull..  iiMiliT  tlic  'ilO.    'J7    I'lir.    701     It'.n.i.il    fiin'man   of 

inmiiiliiili'   -ii|i.i\i«iiiii  of  n  vin.   jiriiii'i-  I  i^n  fchniis    in    full    I'.iiitinl    of    work    i.l 

pill,  who  tiiltl   liiin   how   to  plnr,.  I  h,'  iip-  roii-li  iiVt  ion    wliiii    Ihi-  giMrnil    nii|i<'iin 

|iliiiliri'  which  I'liii-iil  Ihi'  iiiimv.  iiir    m  trinliiil   w  ix  iiIi-m'TiI  I . 
ii'Kniil.x  iiiiothiT  uh.i  i-  ii»)iiii'<i  In    viirh         A  train  ih-tpali'ln  r  to  whom  a  (»cnirul 

iippliancc.  ihrini'il   to  lie  tlw  ;iit^  of  t  ho  Niip.  riiiliiiiliMit .     while    iil.^.nt.     Jcpiit.., 

viw  prini'i|i;il,      /(,.«„«    v.   Hwn    l/„,i,(-  the    oiHiation    of    tho    tiairw.    ix    a    liiv 

Moi   dolil    Mill.  r,i.    ,:SH(»|    .-i;   ','al.   JO.  |.iiii.ipal  -/-/  /i-ittc  roi»i.      /,./«« i/  v.  Coi 

'In    Mixsoii'i    I'.    II.    «•').    V.    ./.o,m  ,(,/,„„   /'.   l(,  Co.   (ISl)l)   83  Mf'.  4i>l    1' 

(IHSH;  Ti'X.)    HI  S.  \V.  :i:i.>,  an  iiiMnic-  y\tl.  -.Wl . 

lion    to   lhi<   I'lTirt    wii-   appiovnl    in   ii         Ti-iiip.ir  ir>-  ron.lnrton*  nrp  trontcil  n« 

<'a«'  in  whidi  th..  plainliir,  whih'  work-  vir.    piiiipip'tl,  in  any  jin  i^ilirl  ion  whiip 

inj;    liiiih  I     thr    iiisti  net  ions   of    tin.    sec-  a   nrnliir  ronilurlor 'i<  ri'^rardrd  a*  ^tnli 

lion  nia-l.r.  wa..  oi.hn.d  to  do  > .p.-  C.iil.t  v.  Ifirlnninul  ,f  [).  H.  r„.   (Issli 

oinl   work   hy   tlH'  ro.id   iiia-liT.    iml   wa*  Ml  \.  f.  .1o<t.  ;!7  Am.  Urp.  HJtl  iiiiirinur 

injiind    h_\     a    dilViliM.    rail    whiih    the  in  ih.iii:..  of  tr.iiri  hpillv  in  »innr  p..,i 

niiid    ina-tiT    had    pn.mi-fd    to    i..|m.h,..  lion    a.,     i    rondilctor )  :    '/-.'.iv/    7'.i,,(.»-. 

Till'  ohjii'lion   taki'ii    lo   tin.   in>i  i  iu.|  ion  i(    W.  S.  ('.  It.  I'd.  v.  <'iilliii.H   (IHKi'm   s;, 

is   not  stat.-d.  IVnn.    'J2T.    1    S,    VV.    Ss;|     (rnnin.,  r    lii 

'111  thi.   fnllouiMi.'  la-i-  ri'ioMiy  Has  rliai;;i>   of    train    not    fellow    s..r\ant    nf 

allowiMl   on    thi.    ^riMimd    thai     thr    muli  hniLi'inan )  ;   llniiin  \,  frnlinl  I'.  I!.  I't,. 

tirnt    piTMins    wiir    vin-    piiiiripaU    /.,  o  I  Ish:  )   72  (  al.  .'.J.'!.  14    I'ai'.  I:1H:  lhi,u,l 

tiiiiiiiirt  :    lliiiiiniiiii    V.    Itiiitiliii   if    SI.    I,.  \ .  r/i.  vdyii  ((/, ,   A  II.  li.  (ii.   (ISilJ)   :!(;  w 

li.Vi).  (IS'Mii  41  I'ld.  Iiti7   (a  fonnian  of  \a.   ;iti7.    Hi   I.,.   I!.  A.   .tS.'t,   l.*>  .'<.    K.    In.' 
car  ri'paiiiis  put    in  rhar^rr  of  a    ur.,k  li.    l/i,,/./,!/  v.  Smitli    (ist;.">l    lOT    \\ 

inj,'  c'lcwl:   H,iUhii,i   v,   SI.   /..,„;.s.   A.  .(  \.  s.  ;|(;|,  l-j  |,    T.  N.  S.  (i(i.->    I- rlr   (  li 


v.  tr.  H.  Co.  (IssHi  7."i  Iowa.  •_MI7.  .!!• 
X.  W.  ")07  (one  upon  whom  Ihc  m.in.iL'c- 
incnt  of  a  timhcr  yard  devolved  in  Ihc 
absence  of  the  re^oilar  silperinlciidcnl  i  ; 
Hyan  v.  I.us  \iiii,l,n  frr  ,(•  Culil  Sltiiuiu'. 
Co.    (  ISHii)     II J    Cal.    24 ».   ;i2    I,.    U.    A. 


•  I..  ari;ne.<  on  (he  liypothe^ii  that,  if  tin" 
e\ideia'e  had  aeliially  shown  that  the 
iic^li;.'ctil  employee  was  a  ilepntv  i" 
whom  the  regular  re|.re<entHtive  el  tin. 
nia-tcr  hail  dele^'.ited  his  jiowiTn,  .jiir- 
ini;  his  ahsi-nce  from  work,  the  plain- 
.'■L'4,  44  I'ae.  471  (eiijrineci  in  solo  tilf  niiiiht  h.ive  recovered.  Hiil  Iw  (.>n 
ehar^'e  of  a  n  l'ri;,'ciatinLr  m.icliine  when  ^iihrcd  iL.it  the  einplovee  in  ipie-iinn 
thPKoneral  maiia^rer  was  iihsenl.  and  in-  wa-.  not  .shown  to  have  lillcil  any  oilier 
vested  with  eipial  power  to  eonliol  the  position  with  rel.ition  to  tlie  plainlill 
workmen):  .S7ri//.e  v.  Chrislni-hn  A  S.  than  that  of  a  fellow  servant. 
[rrliilrrliiriil  /inn  ,f.  i;,iiii,li  ii  Co,  -A  (ondiietor  (in  jiirisdicl ions  where 
lllUJOl  S.-)  Mo.  .\pp.  1140  (  wdikiiian  hit  he  i.  a  vice  principiili.  althoiejli  h.-  is 
in  ehai!,;..  of  hi,  co^crvanU  uhni  -np.  i  ...iiiiallv  in  a  diircrcnl  departineiil  fmiii 
inteieh-!,!  wa.  ahv.  :,|  ,  ■  I :.!;.. .,.!..  •!..!.  .  i.-.,ny.ui  ut  hlidai:  buiUki\-i,  u  i  \kc 
land  H.  Co.  v.  O'ltiicn    (l-S'Jl;    |r.  I'olo. 


t    \ 


tj 


I  suit] 


Vl(  K  VMM  lI'MMtir     II  >r  OK  HANK. 


Mil 


Imvc  n-i-iiltfil  t'ri>iii  lii-i  (•■.iii|iliiiii.'i'  wiih  the  |tri>vi-tii>ii«  of  »  nili>.  ilio 
.  iTiTt  ot  wliii-li  wii-  ilijit,  ill  II  ^iH'cilicI  i-<ihliimi'iic'\.  Ill'  WM-'  to  r\vr- 
.i-x'  I'crtiiin  |M.\Mr-,  In  siuh  cji-r.  tli.'  i'iii|il.\.  r  inci  •>;  mi  ri-|i>iii 
-iliilitv  iitili--.  lit  till-  tiiii<'  "t'  till'  iici-iili'iii.  till'  -iilHifiliiiiito  liiiil  iicfii- 
:ilh-  pii»-<-.|  iimli'i-  ilir  i-,,iiir,,|  ot'  till-  l<'iiii»>iMrv  vi.i-  priiiciiml.'  N.ir 
will  till'  milHiiiiiii'  III'  i'i.ii-iiIiTc<i|  a  \\vf  |irin<'i|iiil  it'  it  i?.  iiftpiiriiif 
tliiit  he  wiis  iKil  I'MTfisiriji  .;otiio  powiT  >>r  tiiiiciiun  wliich  wn-  im 
I  v-i'iiliiil  iittriliiiti'  i.|  till'  position  Ih'M  jiy  ilii'  I'lnpluMi.  wIi.im'  jiIjii-i' 
lip  Iitiil  tiiki'ti.'* 

prlnripal    nf    lli.it    fun n,    »liil«.    the   tiiiiii,  i*  tluinvn  nil'  jinil  injiui'il.     I.mii^- 

liiniiiaii    l«    tiiiMlii|..r    on    ,1    v\,,ik    tniiii    nlli    ,(     \.   I{.   Vi,.    \.    Mnitin    (  |HM!M    HT 

I'onlroIIi'il    liy   tin'   Iiiil.ir        Suilliiin     I'i'iiii,   :i!IK.  ::  |..   H    .\.  'Jmj,   |o  s.   W.  772 

/•.  n  <;,.  V.  «.  ,li,„  ilS'Mi  l-J  (  .  (',  A.  All  iii-lii  'i.m  \s,\-  .lUnpiiic.  ,■,!  »l,i,.l, 
;o|,  2!t   r.    S.     \|.,      HS.   Ill    K.'.l,    :,K\.         ImI'I    iIh-    ji..y    th.it    tl ..iii|.miv    «.,ii1,| 

An  Ptijiini'i'i   iif  II   .|h.|i  will,  iiwik-  out     I..'    IliIiIc    (nr    lli..    vwj'w r'«    iii';;li;.'rm'" 

ork  fill  (illii'i  i'iii|iliiM.'.,  uiiil.  wli.'ii  ti<  till'  ■.jiiMi'  I'Mi'iit  ii-  if  111'  li.i.l  ai'iTiiillv 
1  IP  iMiipliiyiT,  wliii  iici,  II,  III,  own  sii  iiikrii  iliiiiu'i'  iiikI  l.ii'ii,  at  I  In'  liiiii'  i>f 
I.Tintpiiili'tit,  in  all-Mill,  taki'-t  i'liai;fi'  of  tlii'  ui  iilini.  I'liffa^.,  ,|  in  tin-  i'\iri'j„.  of 
\\\v  uliop.  ii  n  fi'lliiw  »ir\iifil  nf  a  Imv  liU  aiitlini  itv.  I  |«iii  tlii'  ni'iiiiiption 
.Ai'l-  fi.iiitiiii  iiiiiiloMil  III  III"  ,|„,|,,  anil    llinl  li.,ni  tlii.".'i,:;i! rami  tin-  lirnkitiian 

.11  a  vli'i-  piiii.'ipal  till-  hIi..-i'  iii';;Ii-,.| kiii'H   of  tlir  ml.-,   hIiJiIi   wn,.  to  t'u*'!" 

Ill  L'ninv  an  iiiii.'a aMr  nnlii    lli.-  nn     ihrir   I'liiiliiit    .iii,|,  r   tl iicuiiMtaii.i'- 

-liivir  U  ii'Hpoii-llili.,  iilili.Miyli  till'  lilt  It  -1,111,  iiii|„„-|l,|i.  to  sn,taiii  tliU  la-i- 
hi  t.ilil  till-  liiiy  111  ;'ii  111  -Mill  iii-iii,.,.r.  nn  ,iii,i  rat  ii. mil  i.'iiaiii.|  It  is  -iiliMiitliil 
»lio  wiiiilil  ti'll  liiiii  vxlial  111  ilu  Siiili  tli.it,  ill  till'  al.-i'iiii'  of  pionf  to  ||,r  ion- 
1    iliri'i'liun    will    In'   I'lin-i.lni.il    i..    Inn,,    iiary.    tin-    iiiiiiliiatinii    .Jiiail,!    |i,.    tli;,|. 

illation  to  till'  kiiiil  of  Hnik  llii'  liii\   liai    uliiTr  ^M■l\anl1  in  ■iiicli  n  ra-r  pn iil  to 

' "    ai'iii-liiniiil    til    ilii.    ami    ilm-    nut    pi'ifoini    tlini    ilntii.,    priri-fh    us    tlirv 

.nmaiiil   tii  a  ilili'-at jmi  hy  tli|.  .'inpliiM'i     momM   pitfnrin  tlniii  if  tin.  Hiijii^iin   |nn| 

"f     111-.     j;''iiiral      aiillioiily     omt      tlin    fiiiiiially    aiiiiutin I    liis    a— pt  inn    nf 

|ilaiiitill'  tl)  aiiiillii'i.      Uniniini,   \     f,,,,      liis  ni'W    film  I  inn-.  I  lnv  Mil.' act  iiiL'  witli 

.1,7    (IS'Ul     li;ii    fa.    IH-,,   2S    All.    tlfl-.':    rof iiit  m  th,.  riilr  ' 

/lH//>  V.  ()l,rr,-  Hro,.  llRSfM  I:l|  !•«.  A  in  ik.iiian  snit  fonvaii!  Iiy  tli,.  mil 
•Jii.l,    1^    Atl.   H'l    ilnii'iiniii   takin;;  ;;i'ii     ilnitni     nt    a     tram     wliii'li     has    limki'ii 

'lal   inana'.'ii's   ph ,    whrn    hr   «a-.  ali     apait.    tn    -i'..|i..l    thi'    forw.ml    pnilinii 

"""'  ""'  •'  ^'"'  piini'ipal  pii'i'is,.  whirli  nmlir  Ihi'  riih's  of  tin'  railmail 
L'liinnils  of  ilii'ision  not   Ktati.h.  roiupanv   is  iimlri'  ||„.  fniilml  of  || n- 

'In  a  Ti'imi'-si...  ra-r  it  was  inliil  lli.i!  '.'imir.  is  a  ti'Mnw  s,.|vanl  nf  tlir  lattiT, 
:i  l.i.ikiin.in  nil  Ihi'  fniwanl  I'lni  ..I  i  ami  ranmii  ninwr  fmin  tlir  i-nnip.inv 
lii'ii;lil  trim  whicli  is  iini'nn|i!,.,|  nr  fnr  Injinii's  sn-;  ,in,.,|  f,-,,,,,  n,,.  |.,||,.,', 
i.inki'n  III  lun.   Iia\in;r  tin'  inmlmlnr  nn    ni.;;li-iii,  r.    ini    ,11    thi'  tiim-  ,,f  thr  ai'ii 

""■   ""oar   I.   allliniiyli    iimli'i    tlir    nilrs    il-m   h,.  i-  imt  I'mil  rnll.il  hy  I  hi' I'li'im-iT 

i.f  till'  iiinipany  tin'  rij;li(  to  I'liniinamI  \,,r,„„l  \  ,  „  s  ,f  I/.  Viilh',,  f'o.  \' llnirfl 
till  ii'iipiin    ih'Milvi',    iipnii    ihi'    |.|i;rimiT.     ||S<I-J|   :l  ( c.    \.   i>|    ,;  (^-    s     \.,.,    |;.) 

i-i  a    fi'lliiw    .ir\aiil    of   tlir   hittiT.   tmiil    ."i'2    Knil.     Mii.  ' 

Ill'  avails  hiinsrlf  nf  his  rii..ht  to  taki'  •  .\  ,|.,  Ilmi  fm-mian  with  aulhniilv  to 
'■'■""'•     "f     th''     fain,     anil     ihu'-     laki'    liiri    or  ili-.hai-i'  milv  thi'  inrn  .'inplnvi'il 

''''■''-';•  ""''   ■'-■' -   '"  'liii'i't    ami   I     on    hi-    -niinn    i,    not    a    virr    piimiiial 

l>"  tin-  inov,'nn'..ls  of  tlir  lirak.inan:  as  hrin;;  Ihi.  lirail  of  a  ili'partin.'nt  iH 
ami  that  th,'  latti-r  .'anmil  h.-omi'  .Vt-.  ,-,  .«,,..  ,„,„,,.  whil..  ti'iiipmai  ilv 
vlaii'.    ai'tiii^    withniit    iliii'.'lions    fmm    taking    th      pla.i'    of    tlir    mail    inasti'i' 

V "-I"'''''-  I'i't    I"   pi'it'ninunii.  nf  his    anil     siipiriiilinilin;;     th,.     iinloailiii'T    of 

'luty.   uiiili-r  tin.   ,„h'H  of   thi'  oonipaiiy.    ti.'s    imm    a    work    liaiii.    whi'i-,.    I,,.'"  has 

111'  L'lu's  to  ihi.  ii'ar  I'lnl  ol   his  fra-nii'nt    no   aiithnritv    I,,   ili t    wlii'ii    th,.   train 

"I   Hi,'  tram    tn  a,'!    a-   l,-.nkn„t   ami   -iv-    .!,:,!!  !„.  ,„..„I,.  „p  ,,„<I  sen,  nlit.  .„    v»ii..i.. 

«|..Mials   t.i  th,.  ,'nyi, r.   ami   hy   th.'  lal      it     shall    on.    ,.x,.,.|,|     „s    d,.    fnivi's    hi- 

l.rs  ii|.g|i^r,.,„.p  ,„  „|,i,i,,„|j.  j,.,.|^i„j^,  ,,„,    j„^ii„,.,j^,ii^     ji^^i^i      ,,^^      ^^^^j     niu-tiT 


m: 


1422 


MASIKU  AM)  SKUVANT. 


[tllAP.    XXVIII 


i     '  i    1 


Sinc'f  llio  powers  of  a  toirijM.mrv  vicp  principal  can  in  no  caso  l)c 
grca^.M-  lliiin  ilmso  of  tiio  |)tM-nianciit  <»nc,  ilic  niastiT  is  not  rosixin- 
siblf  if  tlidM-  jiowcrs  aro  oxcccdrd  liy  tlic  snlxlitntc.'' 

510.  SuflSciency  of  a  complaint  based  upon  the  vice  principalship  of 
the  negligent  servant.— ((■i,nij)ar(>  g  :,i\-2,  post.)     As  all  <'inplov('('s  ..f 
llic  same  master  arc  prima  facio  cuscrvanls,  a  plaintilT  who  seeks  tn 
recover  im  the  thec.rv  that  a  delinijiient   employee  was  a   represent 
ativo  of  the  master  in  refiar-l  to  tlie  matters  out  of  which  the  injurv 
arose  must   niake  such  allej;atioiis  as  will   take  the  ease  out  of  tin 
i>rilinar\-   nilc      What  aihyations  will  MifKce  for  this  piirpos<^  is  :; 
(|U(>stion  which  depends  upon  the  theory  the  particular  court  when 
the  action  is  brought  has  adopted  as  to  the  functions  from  which  :i 
representative  cai)acity  may  be  inferred.      For  detailed  information 
as  to  the  difTerent  theories  entertained,  the  following  chapters  niusi 
be  consulted. 

In  jurisdictions  where  the  doctrine  that  there  are  no  vice  prin 
cipals  by  virtue  of  their  official  rank,  so  far  as  regards  the  manajiv 
ment  of  a  going  concern  (see  §§  5J1»,  530,  infra),  is  awepted,  evei, 
an  avennent  implying  that  the  delinnuent  was  the  general  tnan 
ager  or  superintendent  is  not  proof  against  a  demurrer.' 


Morrh  v.  Toledo,  S.  d  .1/.  R.  Co.  (1807 
n:)    Midi.    154.   71    N.    \V.   4ti4    (injury 
allt'^'cd  to  luivp  bpeii  caiisi'<l  liy  oxncssive 
s|icc<|  of  triiin  from  wliirli  tlic  ties  were 
•Iroppod). 

Ill  jurisdictions  wlierp  the  pos.s«>ssion 
or  nonpossfsslon  of  a  power  to  employ 
ami  (lisohinfie  siiliorilinates  is  viewed  ii*-» 
.a  crucial  test  of  liis  representative  cliar- 
acter  (see  §  .52.1,  iiifrit),  a  temporary 
foreman  is  not  a  vice  j-Hneipal.  unless 
lie  is  invested  with  'hai  power.  St. 
//OHis,  A.  rf  7'.  R.  Co.  V.  Lcmnn  (1SII2) 
8.T  Tex.  \n.  18  S.  W.  ,3;il;  Mien  v. 
/,o.«7fni  Citjt  (lS!t4)  10  Itjih.  270,  37 
I'ac.  4!Mi.  In  the  latter  ea«e  Hartch.  .1., 
<lissente<l  on  the  ground  that  the  fore- 
man left  in  charfre  had  been  notilie<l  by 
the  \ice  principal  of  special  eircnm- 
stances  which  created  additional  haz- 
ards, and  had  failed  to  notify  the  la- 
IxTer  who  was  injured  liy  the  fnllini; 
of  the  hank.  This  seems  to  he  the  more 
correct  view.  The  duty  to  warn  hcinfi 
aliHolule.  the  rank  anil  powers  of  the 
servant  to  whom  the  duty  was  dele 
^'atcd  ecasinl  to  be  a  material  consider- 
ation. 

"  In  one  case  it  was  held  that  an  en- 
U'incei     L'i^cll    cliarire    of    the    inovenient 


i.i  or  knowledge  of  a  temporary  con 
ductor  acting  in  the  ab.sence  of  the  rei; 
ular  conductor,  has  the  authority  of  ;i 
conductor  in  sivinfr  directions  to  siiImm 
dinate  employees,  and  may  waive  a  <reri 
eral  rule  ami  contract  of  the  company: 
and  a  brakeman  injured  by  goiii-;  be 
tween  the  cars  to  place  a  bent  link  in 
position  for  coii|)linj;  under  the  direr 
tion  of  such  engineer,  and  e-^reisinf;  or 
<linary  care  in  so  doing,  m.  _  recover 
for  the  injuries  sustained,  not  withstand 
ing  a  written  contract  forliidding  him 
to  go  between  the  cars,  and  retpiiriiii! 
him  to  ime  a  stick.  Finli  i/  v.  Richiiimul 
<{  n.  R.  Co.  (18!l:n  !i!)  Kcd.  4I!t.  Thi- 
<lecision  was  reversed  in  (18!t4)  12  •'. 
('.  A.  mr,.  2.-)  V.  S.  App.  l(i.  ti.'l  Ked.  22M. 
on  the  ground  that  evi>n  a  regularly  ap 
pointed  conductor  had  no  power  to  waive 
the  rule. 

'  Convolhf  V.  yoi(»f;".<i  Pnrnfin  £.ii;/i/ 
•f  MifnilOil  Co.  (1804)  22  Sc.  Sc-s. 
('as.  4tli  series,  80  (averment  that  lie 
had  superintendence  intrusted  to  him 
held  not  to  he  enough)  :  Alliro  v.  li/n 
vam  CiinnI  Co.  (IS.'iO)  (i  rush.  7.')  (ac 
tion  dismisse<l  where  injury  alleged  was 
due  to  superintendent). 

Tn   an   early   Mixaouri   ca-ie  n    petition 


.111(1    riiaiiagcnicnt    of   cars,   with    the  as-    wa,s  held  demurrable  which  alleged  that 


511] 


VK  E  riilNl  II'Al.sllli'     IKM  OK  1?  \\K. 


142.1 


la  jurisdiciiuns  wIktc  it  is  JieM  that  vu-o  [.riiicipiilsliip  is  not 
iiifcral.lc  I'nmi  tlic  mciv  fact  tl'at  tiic  n.-ljuvnt  -.,.,.vaiu  was  in  a  p.si- 
tiou  of  sii])crioritv,  n,,  cimsf  of  action  is  stated  i.y  a  complaint  sliuw- 
ing  only  that  in'  was  a  foreman.* 

In  jurisdictions  wIkmv  tlic  ncf;li-onco  of  a  ponoi-al  manair»'r  i?  lidd 
to  bt-  impntal)lo  to  tli«.  master,  a  complaint  wliidi  des.-rihes  the  de- 
linquent ompl..ye..  in  terms  which  bring  him  within  the  scoj.o  of 
iliis  rnlo  is  ^nocL'' 

In  jnriMJictions  win  re  the  suporior  >er\:nit  doctrine  (g§  .'21  ei  f;rq. 
infra)  is  idopted,  it  is  ei-rur  f.-r  a  trial  jnd-e  t..  sustain  a  demurrer 
In  a  complaint  whicii  alle-es  fac,  dicatin-  that  the  neglinvnt  em- 
|(loycp  controlled  tlio  injnicd  plaint..!'.' 

511.  Functions  of  court  and  jury  in  determining  whether  the  negli- 
gent employee  was  a  vice  principal.— (Cum  pa  re  §  4!»4,  rt/,/,..  and  § 
."..•]8,  note  4,  //ov/. )  -In  uuo  •>{  the  earlifir  Eujilisli  cases,  Bvles.  J.. 
rxpiTssed  the  ..pinion  that  it  was  f(,r  the  jury  to  (h-t.-nnine  wliether 
tlip  nefrji'-enl  servant,  the  defendant's  forenlan,  was  a  vice  i.rincipal.' 
The  doctrine  tlius  adopted  would  seem  (o  he  the  same  as  that  wiiich 

llie    [.Inintiir    u„s    i„.j„n..|    l,y    tl...    col  l.uar.l  „f  piit.li,.  ,vn,ks  of  tl...  rilv.  with 

i.|.H.  of  a  l.r.,1;-,.    tiMl   tins  l„i.I-,.  "wns  tl,..  .-.piuoval  of  11„.  oitv  <..„i,„.il.  to  lak.- 

ivr..iv..,l  l,y  llio  chi.l  ..ivin.M.r  or  sup.-r  .1,,,,;:,.  „f  tl„.  wo,k  oii'tl,,.  .tiv,.!.    with 

nitWMl..nl    of     1,..    r,..,.  .      a.,.l    tl.at    -th..  aull.orily  to  ..,„,,lov  a,„l  ,li„- ;.  ■  „„. 

.■..m|,a.,y    r.,n,lm.lnl    tli,.|ns,.h..H   so    n,.-  a.„l   oontiol   aii.l   >lir.<.|    tl...   «o,k    in   it" 

l.;.Ti.t  y  I.y  their  .■ii^-i.i.Tr.  servants,  vie.  (■iitlictv.        Ilnlh„,r,ni     v      /),  s      I/,,/,,,., 

llial.  I.y   reason  ..|    such   ii<-;:li;,r,.n(v    th,.  (ISlhii    n:    Iowa     :i;i;i    Cii   X    \v     |ss 
l.l;..nl.ir     r..,-.iy..<l      Iho     injurl..'!     .-oin-         In  o.ie  \Vis,„„.in  ea's,.  it  was  hi.l,|'|hat 

0.    (18l,ni    .to  .\h,.    1    ;,       lint,  this  ,„.|,  |,|.,y,.,.    was   '•aj:,.nt    and    n.a.L.-T.r-   ,l„es 

""",   V""'/.    ""»•.  '.""'Vl'' b-    '-'•    •"■I'l  iH't  eonv..y  any  .l..n„itc.  i.h.a  ..f  tl„.  now- 

■-.o.«l    in    Mtssonn    .ls..lf.    as    well    a~    i..  .rs    vest..,)    in    hi,,,,    as    the   eoi.rt    rouM 

etl.er  AM,..,>ean  stafs.  with  tl,..  |..,s,il.l..  „,,    ,,,...„„„.  f,,„„  „,;,  a.si.'n      .,„  1 1,  ,t 

l/'/Wr/,/    V.    /•,«„/.    .(■    /-.     I/,,,.    r„,    .,,,,1  ^,,„„|   „,   i         I         f         „  ; 

'Uu-U  alh.^',.,    show,.,     ne-l,^r„„|    .^,na.,t     Wis.  -tr,:!.  u  x.  w.  471.     S,,,!,  a  n.lin- 
to  he  a  '""iv  f.;n.,,,an)  :   (.-,,.„„    v.   Min-    ,.„„M  s,.a.,.ely  1 ,; „,„,,t  ;„  „  „      ."J 

.«..   .tl    \.    U,   .r.l.,    (sa.ne  ;r,„nn,ls  as  nt  the  ol.ler  ruhs  of  ,,l.,a,li„^r.     |,  ,^„„|,, 

-ij:,..I    for   .l,M,„ssinjr    the   a,.t,on).  Jonhth-ss  1«.  hel.l,   in'n.ost   jT,,  is.|i,.,  ,  , 

.\   co,„|.la,„t    of   wl.„.|,    the  ^navan,,.,,  that  s,„.h  an  av..r,„..nt  was' snili    ,.„',; 

>    I,.    ne,M.,..„t  „nl,.r  of  a  snper.o,;  s,.rv  l..t    in   ev n,.e  fn-lintr  to  sh..w   t o 

..Ml    «ho   ,s    not    a    v,ee    prineipal    is   .1..  tnal    posHi.,,,    of   the   ;7tr..„t    in    n„..,ti    ,^ 

m,r..,hle    ,„    ,h..   ahs..ne,.   of   an    all,.,.,  Tl,..  ease  is  „s.,f„|.  howev,.r.":s^s   ...  .!  : 

"r      ,,,1    t!..    ,„,,,„-,.,l    s..,vant     was    s,.nl.    ,l..se,iptio„   to   the  n,..re  „IIi,.|al   ,l,..i..n. 
the   o,,|e,.    ,,nt.„l..    th,.    soo|«.   of    his    tion    of    t! |i„,p,e„t.    hot    of     -v,  .a      ■ 

W.mo    ll'.IOli    2.    |,„|.   App.  4,!t.  01    N.  al.,.v,.elt,.,l   Iowa  cas.^ 

i-pi    '  ,    .  '  \  (J-    V.    Ti.rils    I'.     I{     Co      (IS'tll     «•> 

llie  canplaint    of  an   <.in(.hiv,'e  of  a  i'fx.  47:1.    IS   .^S    \V     -,7|  ■     .    "- 

'■ilv  1-  not    .h'ni.irral.l..   where  it   -ilh.iri.s        '  <;„l!,„:l. ,    \     I'-n'ir      is,'!-    i,-  ,-•    a 

'.'-'  ""•  ;"i"-v  was  ,.ans y  th,-  ne,-  N.  S.  .iti,.'.  x;  ]]  ,,  'i      y  's  *s    'm.    ' 

li^'ii'ir    of    a    person    appoint, kI    I.y    H,,.  "' • 


ill 


1424 


>iasii:r  anu  skhvant. 


[chap.  XXVUl 


is  not  intrcqiicntly  stiilcil  by  Aiiifric;m  judj^cs,  riz..  tlial  this  quo> 
tioii  is  <iiic  partlv  of  l;i\v  iiiid  piiillv  i>t  t'iict."  Tills  dix-trliu!  iiivolvi'- 
the  corollary  thai  it  is  rrror  to  take  tlic  (iiic^tiuii  t'roin  *ho  jury,  whore 
there  is  a  disjinto  as  to  tlic  dcti'riiiinativo  facts,  or  those  facta  arc 
such  tliat  iiioiv  ihati  "tic  inference  may  he  drawn  from  theiri.' 

In  other  words  the  (jiu  stion  whether  the  position  of  the  delinquent 
employee  was  that  of  a  vice  princij)al  is  one  for  the  jury,  whenevei- 
the  nature  of  Lis  relations  to  his  subordinates  is  left  in  doubt  by  th( 
evidence.* 

On  the  other  hand  it  has  frequently  been  explicitly  declared,  ainl 
is  taken  for  granted  in  almost  all  the  cases  cited  in  this  chapter,  that 
it  is  for  the  court  to  say  whether  or  not  the  negligent  employee  wa- 
a  vice  principal,  in  every  ease  in  which  the  facts  are  clearly  e.stali 
lished,  and  show  precisely  what  were  the  respective  duties  of  tin 
plaintiff  and  the  delinquent  eoeniployee,  and  what  relation  they  bore 
to  one  another.'     Under  such  circumstances  it  is  error  to  submit  in 


if 


Tnioi)  I'.  R.  Co.  V.  notik  (1807)  ."iO 
N'ph.  .i.->.-..  70  N'.  W.  4.'?:  Ciiioii  I'.  /?.  Cn. 
V.  i:n(l,s»ii  (1S!)4|  41  Noli.  1.  20  \j.  R. 
A.  l.")7.  .lit  N.  \V.  .147;  Wilson  v.  t'linrlis- 
Inn  <(■  N.  /.'.  Co.  (18!)(i)  51  S.  C.  7i>,  28 
S.  K.  !•!  I  I'ollvi  V.  Chicano,  K.  I.  d  I'. 
It.  Co.  (1877)  46  Iowa.  ,•«)!):  hnkr  Krir 
cl-  ir.  H.  Co.  V.  Midflhtuii  (lHi)2l  142 
III.  .").')(».  ;t2  N.  K.  4.">.3,  and  cases  citeil  in 
the  followiiifj;  notes. 

What  n  M'lvaiit  is  ciiiployccl  to  fin 
is  a  qtipstion  of  fart ;  in  what  capacity 
he  (lid  the  act  complained  of.  whether 
as  vice  principal  or  fellow  s<Tvant,  is 
a  question  of  law.  Jolnisnn  v.  ffoxtnn 
Toir-Hoat  Co.  (188.3)  i:?.>  .Mass.  209.  41! 
Am.  Rep.  458. 

'  l'itt.tbunili  Rriditr  Co.  v.  W'nUi, 
(1807)  70  ill.  App.  55:  Morris  v.  I'frf 
fer   (1808)    77   III.  App.  51(i. 

It  is  ini))roper  to  prant  a  nonsuit 
where  the  evidence  on  behalf  of  the 
plaintllV  fends  to  show  that  the  neprti 
gent  servant  was  a  vice  principal. 
Broim  V.  Snmrit  (1885)  08  Cal.  22.-| 
68  Am.   Rep.  8.  0   Pac.   74. 

'Mullrin  V,  l'hiln<l,li,liin  rf  .v.  I/.e/  N 
N.  Co.  (18751  78  Pa.  25.  21  Am.  Rep.  _• 
(for  facts,  see  S  5S5.  note  1,  solid.  Iki. 
infrn  ;  Coiixolirinlid  Coal  Co.  v.  Criihi  i 
(1000)  01  Ml.  .\pp.  15.  iiidsrment  af 
firmed  in  (1001)  188  111.  584.  50  N.  K. 
254  ( findinp  upheld  that  the  ne;;li<;ent 
employee  was  asMistant  mine  manaf.'er. 
an<l  not  .•\  fellow  servant  of  a  "aho\ 
eler"). 

'//n»  V.  .lohmto,,  (18051  M  HurKt 
A  C.  689,  34  I..  .1.   K.Ncli.   \.   S.  222.   I  1 


.lur.  X.  S.  180,  11  T>.  T.  N.  S.  770.  l:! 
Week.  Rep.  411  (verdict  properly  >li 
recteil  for  the  defendant  where  it  vv.i- 
admitted  that  tlie  ncfrli-ient  servant  um- 
the  underlooker  in  his  nunc,  and  tliat 
the  accideut  occurred  hec.  e  the  niiin- 
was    not    propped    as    it  dd    hiivi' 

lieen)  :    girriiix    v.    Chiiiir  i  I'.'IKI 

51    L.    R.    A.   51.1.  40  f.  421.    luii 

l-'e(l.  .178    (citing  several  lis  of  tli.' 

Supreme    Court);     (lot    •■  Uinl,'' 

(  1808)    .11   f.  r.   A.   30(  S.  App 

587,  87    Fed.   .102;    .V<((/   n  .rlhrn,    I' 

It.  Co.  (18041  57  Minn.  :t05.  50  N.  \V. 
112;  Xorfolk  d  If.  If.  Co.  v.  Iloon, 
I  18041  79  .Md.  251,  25  L.  R.  A.  710,  JM 
All.  994  (citiiif;  1  n/r.v  v,  McCiilluiuik 
tron  Co.  [1888]  M  Md.  .182,  16  All 
280);  ^oi-folk  rf  W.  K.  r„.  v.  \urk„h 
(1805)  01  Va.  101,  21  S.  K.  142;  C.,1 
Inn  v.  Hull  (ISOli)  111  <al.  .V.ll,  45  I'mo. 
1017;  lioiinrllii  V.  Snn  h'ldncisrn  Hrnlii' 
Co.  I1S07)  li7  Cal.  417.  40  Pac.  .'mH: 
Kins  V.  Chiroiio  rf  /v.  /.  ff.  Co.  (Isiltii 
08  111.  .\pp.  244;  Shrrn.s  v.  Chiiiiihtrlin 
I  lOOOi  51  I..  R.  A.  513.  40  C.  C.  A.  421. 
100  Fed.  178  Icitiiip.  as  showing  ilif 
liiactice  of  the  supreme  court.  \i  if  I'ml 
hnifl  It.  Co.  V.  Coiiroit  [1800]  175  1'.  S 
.;21.  44  L.  ed.  181.  20  Sup.  Ct.  1!.|' 
S5)  ;  Central  ft.  Co.  v.  Kntjan  (ISO.'). 
100  U.  S.  2.50.  40  I,,  ed.  418,  16  Sup.  (  t. 
I!ep.  2(10:  \orlliirn  I'.  It.  Co.  V.  I'lhr 
«>,)  (ISOC.l  102  r.  S.  14(1.  40  L.  e<l.  VU. 
16  Sup.  Ct.  Uep.  841:  1/((/7i)i  v.  Afrh, 
.son.  T.  d  S.  F.  R.  Co.  (1807)  1(10  C  S. 
100.  41  l>.  imI.  1051.  17  Sup.  (t.  Ivep. 
ilill,      l/(i.s7.<i    Trrnihiill    Hold    Min.    Co. 


/^ii. 


SS  ^112.  613]  VICE  I'U1NCI1AI.S1II1.  -TK.ST  OK  RANK.  U25 

opl.'.  Ma  ...1  ,n  tl.o  i.,v,.,..lmj;-  s,.,.t,V.„  it  follows  tha,   tl,o  l.unlen  of 
provu.,.  tha,    tho  n..o,i..„.,    ,,low  ...nplov,.   was   vosto.i   witl,   s„..l! 
a  ......HMv  ot  anthuntv,  or  with  such  functi..ns,  as  oon.tituU-d  him 

the  rop,.o.son,at.vo  of  tiu>  .nnstor  n.ts  on  tho  partv  a!]..,,.,  that 
(^•up...  tlu.t  pos.t.on.   nnloss  tJ,e  ^nce  prineipalship  is' a  ^...o.sarv 
ui.pl.ct.on  from  th,-  nalun-  of  his  ajjoncy  or  o...plovnK>„t ' 

.V.  i.^ue  ot  lact  as  to  tho  positi<.,.  of  a  servani  can  pirmorlv  1... 
sau]  to  1,0  ra.so,!  whon  tl.  pI.i.uiflF  brin.^s  forward  no  tostinL.v'  bu. 
h.s  ou„  baro  assortio,,  that  such  servant  is  a  superintendent,  while 
.i.e  uneon.n  ,e,e.l  tes.unon,  of  the  <l,.fendant.  ,vstin.  u,k>„  tangible 
proofs    den.ons„,.„.s  that  this  assertion  is  erroneous.''  ^ 

513    Scope  of  following  subtitles.-I„  the  remaining  subtitles  of 
this  ehapter  only  those  deeisions  wHI  he  reviewcxl  in  which  tl.c  es- 
sentia   question  was  wh..ther  the  ne^Ii^errt  employee  was  a  vice  prin 
eipal  l,v  virtue  of  his  otHe.ial  position,  and  the  nature  and  extx-^t  of 
the  contro    exere.ised  by  him  over  the  fellow  servant  whose  iniurx 
was  caused  by  his  ne-difrenee.     The  suceeedin,^  chapters  will  b,.  .l.'. 
voted  to  a  discussion  of  the  cases  in  which  the  starting  point  of  th.- 
.nyesti,ation  is  the  character  of  the  particular  act  whielf  caused  t    ■ 
>".l"ry,  and  the  master  is  held  liable  or  absolved  a.rording  as  that 


V.   »h,l,in    (1S97)    168  U.  S.  80.  42  L. 
ed.  3(10,   18  .Sup.  rt.  Rep.  40. 

'  Miiislinll  V.  Srhrirkrr  (187t!)  63  Mo. 
3()S:  Wilson  V.  CImi lesion  d  .S.  R  Co 
(ISOti)   51  S.  C.  79,  28  S.  K.  ni. 

Ulicre.  upon  plaintilT's  own  statonu'nt 
0'  tlip  f;ipts.  tlip  delinqnent  piii|ilovcc 
WM«  Ins  fellow  scrvunt.  the  conn  -.jio'iild 
oharsp  the  jiirv  that  the  action  is  Imripd 
oil  thiH  ^rn.un.l.  und  leave  the  cas»<  to  the 
jury  upon  giieh  other  contentions  as  niav 
!"■  raised  l)y  the  .leelaration.  S,ili,„wl 
hihlKi-r  Co.  V.  Gratis  (18!)8)  lo> 
1 1  nil.  Ifi.  40  ,«!.  W.  832. 
'  I'.illon  V.  Wrxtrrn  North  Cdrollnn  R 

Co  (1N87)  n.i  X.  r.  4.5-,.  1  s.  1:.  H.i.r 

Where  there  is  nothing;  to  show  what 
the  diitie.s  of  a  train  dispnteher  are.  it 
Hill  be  presuinwl  (hat  he  was  a  fellow 
Ki'rvant  of  an  engineer.     Hhwslnq  v    St 

•»ll>  (planidtr  rifihtlv  nonsuited  on  the 
j?riiiind  that  it  was  shown  nurelv  that 
the  linin  dispiteher  eont rolled  the'  move- 
ineiits  of  trains).  I„  the  ahsenee  of 
t..!n,u.ny  shuuiri-  what  the  ^n,^^r,  an.i 
"Jiii.s  of  the   eoiidiictor  are,   a    railway 


conipany  will  rot  be  held  re.sponsihle  for 
injuries  result  inft  from  his  ne-li>;eiice  in 
assuring  a    laborer  that  a    piece  of  ai, 
paratiis     was     safe.        Mrfloin,,,     v      St 
r.ouis  d  I.  U.  R.  Co.  (l.S7(i)  fil  Mo.'  528.' 
I  he  eoiirt  said;     "Prima  facie  all  serv- 
ants of  a    common    master  employed   in 
runiiins.  operatiii^r.  ,u„i   rendeiin.V  sp^,. 
ice  with  a  train  of  ears  are  fellow  serv- 
ants.      If    there    are    facts    which    show 
that    this  relation  does   not   reallv  exist 
I'ctween  all  of  such  servants,  the  burden 
of    >|,„winK    such    facts    is   on    him    who 
"X'clcs  to  avail   hiiii-elf  of  the  absence  or 
Mon,.x„tpnce     of     such     relation.       This 
•joiiit  cannot    take   judicial  notice  of  the 
•  liities  reipiiied  uS.  or  p.'iformed  by.  such 
-sonants,  nor  of  the  ileprees  of  s'liprem- 
i'l"!'     »'"    •'"''""'"''"'"•'"1    existinjT    amoiifj 

See  also  fUhnorr  v.  f)j-/orrf  fron  rf 
S'ljl  Co.  (18!>2)  .i.-,  \.  ,1.  L.  ,1!».  2.->  Atl 
.07  Iplaintiir  nonsuited  where' not liiim 
more  is  shown  than  that  the  neiTli.Tent 
s«'rvant    controlle.l    the    iniurrd    oiie> 


A 


P= 


ii«l 


! 

1-4 ' 


r  i 


\ 


1420 


.MASTKK  AM)  Si:i;\  ANl'. 


[CIIAI-.    XXVIII. 


net  did  or  did  not  cuiHiiinK"  n  Kicadi  of  some  snccilic  duty  wliifli 
llio  law  rci;iifd>  as  nun  dclc::alil('.  In  .-Mine  iiisiaiiccs  tlnTc  is  con- 
sidcraMc  ditlicidtv    in   <li--lini;ni>liiny  liic^c  two  classes  of  cases  for 


|Mir])ose.-   (if  (•lii--.ili<'aiiiin 


the 


rks    in 


'.!».    jioxl)  ;    but 


n-iiaily  the  slaMclpirini  nl  liie  cunrl  i>  so  nnniisiaUalile  as  to  oxclmle 
all  iinceilaiiily  willi  repaid  fc«  tlie  rationale  of  the  decision.  Where- 
I'Vei-  any  d(i\ii)l  has  iieen  f(dl  whetiier  a  particular  ease  shoidd  be 
cited  under  this  or  the  fipllnwing  chapter,  it  has  been  referred  to  in 
ImiIIi  of  iheui. 

In  subtitles  B  F  of  the  present  cliaptor,  which  contain  tlie  discus- 
sion of  general  princijiles,  the  writer  has  endeavored  to  sliow,  as  far 
as  possible,  the  real  value  which  the  cases  cited  j)ossess,  as  autlioi- 
ifies,  at  the  present  time.  But  in  order  to  lessen  still  further  the 
danjicr  of  a  niisnnderstandinp  on  this  point,  it  ha.s  been  (h'enied  ad- 
\  isable  to  append  the  siunmary,  in  chapter  xxx.,  /lont,  the  main  ob- 
iect  of  '.vhich  is  to  indicate  the  fluctuations  of  opinion  in  the  differ- 
ent juri;'dictions.  The  i)racfitioner  is  cautioned  against  relying  on 
any  parlictilar  decision,  until  he  has  ascertained  from  this  snmniary 
how  it  stands  with  relation  to  other  rulings  of  the  same  court. 


B.    ^flCUE   INKgilALITY  OF  UANK,   SIOMI  ICAXCE  OP. 


514.  Usually  held  not  to  warrant  inference  that  the  superior  servant 
is  a  vice  principal. —  So  far  a~  regards  the  jurisdictions  in  which  the 
-;i]ierior  servant  doetritie  is  rejected,  it  is  sullicient  to  point  out  that, 
in  most  instances,  the  ])laiiiliiT's  riizht  of  recovery  on  the  mere  grotiinl 
of  the  ne;;ii::ciif  servant's  liii;lier  faid<  is  necessarily  negatived  by  the 
fact  that  -iicl!  liiglier  raid<,  even  wli(>n  it  is  aceonipanied  by  the  power 
id'  coiitriM,  will  not  render  him  a  vice  ])rincipal.'      In  this  group  ot" 

'In   lipiirly  iill  tlic  very  iiiiiiiiioii-;  in  •■1).  :V>  Ani.  I'l')!.  iOT  :  finlliinor'-  rf-  O.  /?. 

>t:iiicc'x  ill  uiiii'li  tlic>  oniii'ts  l)cl(iii;.riii;.'  to  Co.  V.  McKi  iiiir  (  188."))   81  Va.  "1  :    V..< 

Ihccliiss  inciilidiii'il  in  tlir  tpxt  liiivc  luid  full:  ,f   U.  I{.  Co.  v.  \uvloU    (18!l."il    i'l 

il   (li)«n   in   ^TTii'iiil   trniis  tliiit   tin-  il<-  \':i.   Ilt.i.  21  S.  K.  .142. 

fi'n>*o    of    conmion    i'ni|iliiyiii(iit    pnvnil-;.  ".\    niiist(>r    is    not    ro^pon^iMo    to   lii^ 

willmiit    n'~|H'(l    to    ililli  tcmici'   of    liiimIc  vcrvaiil     fiir    llii'    ncfjli^ent    |«'rf(>rniiiiMr 

or   i';ink.    tlic   natuii'   of   the   facU   iiinlir  of  >oimi'  (iil;\il  of  tlii'  work   iiiti  u-.ti'(l  to 

(lIscuHsion  sliows  tliat  tlic  partictilir  sit-  tlii'  scrviint.  «li:it('\('r  may  linvc  UK'iitli" 

nation  wliioli  the  comt   liail  in  viru    was  |;ia(U'   of    tlic    [lattcrl    s<TViMit."      Ai/.i 

that    in   wliicli  a  sii|icri"iity  of  rank    is  inrr  v.  W'lbrr   (IS',17)    l.'il  \.  Y.  417.  -1"> 

acconipanicil  liy  a  power  of  control.     .S'c,  \.    K.   S(!0. 

for  example.  Cohinihiin  if-  /.  C.  [t.  Co.  v.  "•  I'lu  re  is  no  ilistinction  ns  to  tlic  cx- 

Aniolil  (18li!l)   .'il    Ind.  174.  fill  Am.  IVc.  eiiiption  of  a  coinnion  employer  from  lia 

tpl.">:   lln<i<i.s  V.  Lii'Uiiir  Mfq.  Co.    (18871  liility  to  answer  for  an  injnn'  to  one  of 

144  .Mas«i.  108.  .511  .\m.  Itcp.  tiS.  11   N.  K.  liis  woiknieii  from  tlic  nc^HipMice  of  an 

77:    O'Bririi    v.    .\  niriirun    nmhiiii.i   Co.  otlier    in    tlic    same   employment    in    con- 

(ISHIi     .">;!    N.   .1.    1/     l'.^\.    1\    .\\\.    '.\H:  Ncipiciicc  of  llicii    liciiij;  workmen  of  liil- 

llliil.r  v.  .Uuiiir  C.  I,'.  Co.   (18711)   70  .\Ie.  ferent    clashes."       Ixiril    tliolinnfoiil.    in 


5  6UJ 


VIC  K  I'KIXt  lI'ALSHir— IKST  OK  RANK. 


1427 


courts,  tlicrofdro,  it  would  .srcin  tliat  the  si-fiiificanop  of  an  inoqnality 
of  gruflc  eannot  Im;  of  any  practical  iiiiportancx^  rxcopt  '.i  those  "oni- 
parativc'Ij  rai-c  insiaiicrs  in  wliich  the  .imtn.l  cxcrci-ccl  wa  of  aiifli 
ait  extent  and  jucli  a  natnro  as  to  make  llic  superior  .-.crvaMi  a  lioail 
of  deparlniciit  as  regards  his  own  suhordinates.  ->•„',  his  nii;l!aoiic.> 
proves  injurious  to  a  si>rvant  not  under  his  contnd.  This  precise 
conjunction  of  circuinsfances  »>  rarely  arises  that  few  specific  au- 
:liorities  for  the  iiouliahility  of  the  master  in  such  cases  ure  to  he 
iound  in  the  hooks;  but  it  has  bf-en  distinctly  recouuized  hotli  hv  the 
Federal  omrt  of  apjieals  and  tl:c  Supremo  Court  of  the  I'liited  State-, 
ihat  a  conductor  of  a  train,  although  a  vice  principal  as  to  the  men 
working  under  his  orders,  is  a  mere  felhnv  s<,Tvant  as  to  men  on  other 


I  rains. 


2 


In  most  of  the  courts  which  apply  the  doctrine^  that  a  sonant  is  the 


Wilton  V.  Merry   (ISliS)    1^.  R.   1  H.  L. 
So.  App.  Cas.  3Jtl.  lit  I,.  T.  X.  S.  ;io. 

The  saiiie  roniark  iii:i_v  l)i'  made  ;i-  to 
1  he  langunge  used  in  oiis<'s  dociilp.l  iiii- 
'Ipr  statutes  whicli  iire  dpclariitory  of 
.nmnion-law  prinoiplvs.  Thus  it  lias 
iicen  laid  Hown  that  thr  hiw  of  Call- 
iiirnia  "r.('u';iiizes  no  ili^itinclion  f,'row- 
iiig  out  of  the  grades  of  emiiloymcnt  of 
the  respective  I'niplinccs;  nor  does  it 
;;ive  any  effect  to  the  ciiciinistanop  that 
I  he  fellow  servant  tliroiiu'li  whose  ni'^- 
liijence  the  injury  came  was  the  snpciior 
I'f  the  plaintitr  in  the  general  seivici'  in 
which  they  were,  in  common.  ent.'aj;i'il." 
\lcLean  v.  Blue  Point  Gravel  Min.  Co. 
1876)   51  Cal.  255. 

A  cli?iais,t  in  a  factory,  havin;;  no  di 
ri'ct  authority  over  the  other  rniploj-ces, 
is  not  (1  vice  principal.  UiV.voh  v.  IIiiiI- 
von  Kiver  W'atir  Power  rf  Paper  Co. 
iisn.'j)  71  ilun,  292,  24  N.  V.  fSiipn. 
1072. 

'.Vor/^-i7i  /'.  R.  Co.  V.  Poirier  (ISiKi) 
1()7  U.  S.  48.  42  L.  cd.  72,  17  Sup.  Ct. 
'■■'>.   741,    Keversinfr  on   another   point 
^    15  C.  C.  A.  52,  29  U.  S.  App. 
•).  Fed.  881,  where  the  above  doc 

trill,  was  conceded.  This  decision  over- 
iiih's  tliioc  others  liascd  iipnu  tln'  hy- 
pothesis t;iat  the  doctrine  of  Chieago, 
I/,  d  tit.  P.  It.  Co.  v.  Ross  (1884)  112 
r.  S.  ,'J77,  28  L.  ed.  787.  5  Sup.  (  t.  Rep. 
184,  has  been  supposed  to  involve  th.' 
corolhiry  that  the  conductor  is  a  rep 
resentative  of  the  company,  not  only  as 
to  the  men  on  his  own  train,  but  as  to 
tlinsp  on  other  trains  also,  yorthern 
i:  If.  Co.  V.  O'ftnVi,  (1880)  1  Wash. 
500,  21  Pac.  32;  Au  v.  New  York,  L.  E. 


d  \\  .  II.  Co.  (IsSiii  2!l  Fed.  72  (omis 
sion  to  see  that  lii.ikiiinn  were  at  tlicir 
posts  and  brakes  s.t  nn  a  .sleep  ^'ra<le — 
lirakiin'an  on  another  tiain  iiijiiiiMl  by 
runninij  away  of  train):  llicixtliilr  v. 
Sorthrrii  P.  k.  Co.  (ISMIj  42  l"ed.  .'iS:!, 
is  to  the  contrary. 

In  Ddiiiil  V.  C  III. 1,1  IK  It  ice  <t  O.  R.  Co. 
(18021  .It)  \V.  Va.  ;«»:,  10  L.  R.  A.  :!.S3. 
15  S.  K.  1112.  the  eonrt  was  of  opinion 
that  a  conductor,  beiiif;  a  vice  principal, 
as  lieinK  in  control  of  his  own  train.  «as 
also  a  vice  prinoiiial  as  t..  a  lir.ikiniiin 
on  another  train.  The  /^;,ss'  Ciise  (  S  22, 
(I/..C,  and  chapter  xx.x..  /k«M  was  re- 
Ii<'d  on,  and  as  the  decision  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  rniti'<l  States  just 
eile<l  negatives  that  construction  of  its 
earlier  ruling,  it  would  -eeni  that  t)iis 
West  Virginia  ruling  nui^t  have  lost  its 
■oithority,  even  if  it  had  not  been  over- 
riibd  on  the  other  grounds  stated  in 
subtitle  n.  infra. 

.\orfolK-  d  W.  R.  Co.  v.  Hoover  (]Sn4) 
70  Md.  253,  25  I,.  R.  A.  710,  20  All. 
004  (divisional  train  dcspateln'r  not 
vice  principal  as  to  engineer  not  ein- 
pIove<l  by  him.  for  the  mere  reason  that 
be  is  of  a  superior  grade)  may  also  he 
cited  as  sustaining  in  some  <lei.'ri'c  tlie 
general  principle  stated  in  the  text, 
tlioiigh  here  the  dilference  of  <lepartincnt 
was  not   alluded  to  by  the  court. 

In  McMasler  v.  illiiiois  C.  R.  Co. 
(1887)  65  Miss.  204.  4  So.  .-)0.  a  ccm- 
ductor  of  one  train  was-  deemed  to  be 
a  vice  principal  as  to  the  employees  on 
another.  But  such  a  decision  is  of  no 
slieciil  signiiieance  in  this  state.  See 
§  530,  infra. 


■1  r,; 


) 


1^' 


1428 


ilASTKR  AND  SKI!\  \.\T. 


[chap.  XXVIII. 


repj-escntiitivo  nf  the  iim^icr  in  rcspvTt  to  nuy  fellow  sen-ant  over 
wlioiii  ho  rxcivii^os  ((.iitrul  (.■.«■«•  subtitle  ('.,  infra),  the  nilo  is  that, 
unles.s  the  higher  rank  of  the  iicj-ligeiil  s<'rviiiit  gave  him  the  right 
of  contnilling  the  injured  <ei-vimt,  the  (iefense  of  winmim  eniplov 
iiient  will  prevail,  even  tlmui-li  the  two  .servaiit.s  are  in  the  same  de 
partment  of  the  hiisiiies.^.'  in  jventuekv  alone  it  is  held  that  tli. 
neglisjenee  of  u  servant  who  is  higher  in  rank  than  the  injured  one 
will  alfeel  the  master  with  lialiilitv  even  where  the  sunerioritv  oi 
rank  was  not  aeconi|iaiiie(l  li\  a  [iower  of  conti-ol  (we  chapter  xxx  . 
■post ) . 

For  practical  purposes,  therefore,  the  courts  aiv  unanimol.s  as  1. 
the  doctrine  that  vice  priiicipalship  is  not  to  he  inferred  from  lli 
mere   tact   of  snperioritv  of  rank.      V'erv  ilitferent    is  tiie  situatioi 


•In  h:<isl  T' loir.sscf,  v.  if  ().  It.  Co.  V. 
RuKh  (ISH.-.i  1,-,  \A'i\.  145,  it  Wiis  held 
that  an  I'lijpiio  driver  aiid  ii  sfrvjiit  ciii- 
;iloyo(l  to  put  ilioi^iiT  Hiffiials  on  ilii- 
track,  thonph  they  arc  of  ilillVicnt 
}»rii(lps,  aro  I'cllo-,-  servants.  In  \(ixA- 
vine,  C.  rf  S/.  I,.  R.  Co.  V.  Il/i./rv.< 
(1882)  10  U'a.  741.  4.1  .\ni.  K.-p.  :I17. 
♦he  court,  in  huldini;  a  ruilruad  company 
not  liahle  to  a  lirakenian  for  tlic  ncfili 
pence  of  the  enfjinecr.  s-aid:  "Of  course. 
in  aome  cas«'s  a  railroad  company  may 
be  held  liable  to  a  bnikeman  for  the 
nefrlifrence  of  uii  engineer, — as.  where 
the  former  is  in  fact  aclinj;  under  the 
orders  of  the  latter.  We  ilo  not  mean 
to  hold  that  the  relation  of  superior  or 
inferior  may  not.  in  some  cases,  exist 
hetween  them — only  that  it  did  not  in 
this  ease,  so  far  as  the  record  shows. 
In  this  view  we  are  of  opinion  that  the 
facts  do  not  .show  that  the  engineer  was, 
in  the  .sense  we  are  considering,  the  su- 
perior of  the  plaintiff  in  this  instance. 
They  were  enfiafjed  in  a  common  sen-ice. 
each  performinj;  his  particular  part. 
They  may  both  l)e  said  to  have  been  act- 
ing under  the  orders.  I'ither  express  or 
im|)lied.  of  the  conductor.  But  the  en 
};ineer  did  not  assuntc  any  supervision 
of  the  work  or  pive  any  orders  in  re- 
ftard  to  it.  and  the  plaintilf  cannot,  in 
any  fair  sense,  be  said  to  have  l>een  act- 
ing in  this  particular  matter  under  the 
orders,  either  express  or  implied,  of  the 
engineer :  and  the  mere  fact  that  the  en 
irineer  was  the  superior  of  the  plaintiM' 
in  position,  skill,  intellipence.  and  pay, 
does  not  change  the  result."  To  the 
••amc  effect   is  the  lanpuape  used,  argii- 

rtltln.     in    dial    f'rrrl.-     l|i;i      Pr.      V.     f}0!'h 

I  1891)  90  Tenn.  711,  18  S.  \V.  387.    See 


also    Wiiiihl    V.    \oitli<iiiiiil(in    d    ft.    It 
To.    I  IH!W)    \>>  X.  C.  S-,2.  2!t  S.  E.  lOO. 
holding  tliat  a  section  master  who  ri<h- 
to  anil  from  his  place  of  work  on  one  o' 
the   railroad   companyV;  trains   is  a   fel 
\o\\   servant    rtith   the  engineer  of  su<li 
train,   for  whose  negligence  the  forniiM 
cannot     recover,    even    though    such    en 
gineer  is  also  the  conductor  of  the  train 
Lincoln     Coiil     Min.    Co.    v.     \ffSalh' 
11884)    15   III.  App.   181,  denying  recov 
ei-j-  where  a  shift-boss  in  a  mine  injure  ! 
a    miner   not    under   his  control,  by    hi- 
carelessness   in    lowering  a   board   do»  i 
:i   shaft. 

In  I'itfsbiiiii.  Ft.  W.  d  G.  R.  Co.  \ 
Ihriiiniy  (IH(i7)  17  Ohio  St.  197,  :i 
lu'akenian  of  one  train  was  held  to  !>■• 
a  fel'ow  servant  of  the  conductor  of  an 
other.  Kut  this  case  seems  to  be  in 
eonllict  on  this  point  with  a  more  re 
cent  one  in  the  «ime  state.  Did-  v. 
hiflinnaiioli.i,  C.  d  fit.  L.  U.  Co.  (188_'' 
;18  Ohio  St.  380.  where,  in  an  action 
brought  by  a  section  man  who  wii- 
struck  by  a  train,  it  was  held 
error  to  take  the  question  from  the  jury, 
inasmuch  as  the  evidence  tended  to  show 
that  the  train  was  run  t)y  the  con 
diictor  at  an  uidawful  rate  of  speed,  and 
no  warning  signals  were  given.  Com 
pare  also,  to  the  same  effect,  Danirl  v. 
I'hrsnpealr  i  O.  R.  Co.  (1892)  .3(i  W . 
Va.  ,397,  l(i  L.  R.  A.  38.3,  15  S.  K.  U\>. 
and  the  comments  on  it  in  note  2,  svprn. 
The  princi)/Ie  applied  in  the  last  two 
cases  has  been  embodied  in  the  Ohio  act 
of  1890,  declaring  that  persons  "hav- 
ing charge  or  control  of  employees  in 
any  separnte  branch  or  department''  are 
t!ot  fcl!o\\  scr\:ints  of  subordinate  em- 
ployees ill  other  departments. 


i  513] 


\l<  K   IM!INM|'A|.s||ll'--Ti:.sj   oK  HANK. 


142» 


of  ho  s..,...n.,r  .... a.u/s  ri^ht  fo  control  th.  inferior.  tL  solvent 
and  d,.tnHHn«-  ertec-t  of  the  intn.hu.tion  of  this  eh.........  is  striki  . " 

\y  .nd.eate.l  hy  the  ..•.•eco.,..i|,,., ...ai^  of  views  .iisHos...!  i,     t 

ca«e.  e.te,l  „.  tl...  N.llowing  s,.htitle.  of  thi.  ..ha,.,...-.  The  l.ou  .- 
da^eslH3t^^•een  the  do..,ai,..s  of  ea.-h  ..a.-tin.!.,- ,l,..,..v  ,.-,  ..,,,,.....lv 
ohscure  and  .ll-de„....d  at  th..i,.  p..i,.„  „f  ,,„.„..,  ,,;,^  -^  -^  „,.„.,, 

p.s.be  to  ..„.,„„„.      i„.  „.,,.., ^.  „,,.      ,.^^.  ^^  ^^1^. 

shoud  be   .•..|,.,.....d.  and   the  di,li..,.ltv  of  elassifvi...  tl...  .a-,  .s  ,.„  a 

Sttt.sfaeto,-v  l,„.s..  ,«  ..,...n..o„slv  i,.e,.,.as,.d  l,v  the  tl,.,.t,.a,i.,„s  .,f  ooi,,. 
.on  n.  .1...  sa..a.  eon.-t.     All  that  i.  ,H,..ihle,  tl,...vr.......  is  to  .-eview 

the  a,.tl.o...,„.s  ,...d..,-  ,!.,.  |„.oad  ea...f;urie.s  into  uhieh  tl...  Ia.-...r  ..o,- 
t..m  of  then.  s,...n.   «at,.,.ally   to  fall,  and   to  n.,t..  anv   i.,s,a....es  in 

|vlneh   tl...  arrano..,......,    is  ........ssaril^-  defective,  uwiny  to  an  over- 
lapping- of  tl....,...,.s  or  oth..r  .-anserf. 


li'  I 


f: 


C.  D..CTK,.NK  T....T  VICK  P.UNr  tPAT-SHIP  TS  XOT  nKr>tV^tnT,K  MFUKtV 
FROM  THE  ..OS.SK,S.S.UN  UV  A  i-OW..:u  Ui:-  COVIUUL  OVK.t  iHE  X.N- 
JURKII  SlJ.nA.NT. 

615.  General  statement  of  the  doctrine.-The  n.lo  ne..onte.l  1,v  th- 

J-.  majo.-Hv  of  ,1..  eonrts  is  that,  lor  the  p....p.,s..  of  ,l,.r,.,.,,i , 

"l.ether  the  n...d.,ir..nt  en.ployee  is  one  of  those  f.„-  whos,.  a.-.s  ,|,',. 
mj.ster  ,s  .■espo..sil,|...  the  faet  that  o,...  se.-vant  has  ......t.-ol  ov,.,.  an- 
other ,s,n.n.at..nal,  and  that  a  n.asfr  is  n.,t  ....sponsii.lo  f,.,  „„.  ......li- 

ire„ee  .,f  a  snpenor  s....va..t,  ,.v,.,.  in  .ivi...^.  „..,|„,,  ,,,„.,,.,,,  ,••„,.;,, 

sus  a...ed  by  tl...  .nf,...ior  serva..,.-      This  mle  appli..s.  uh,.,l  or' th,. 

neghgent  or.i..r  was  ,.v..,.  to  the  servant  i,.j,.,...d.  or  to  a,.oth,.r  ..e.-v- 

'l^iU)   .5.'?  .V    ,1     r,    •.I.I     21     \  .     lyl  .  ■^'■"I'^i'Kl  !><  tlu.  sam...  l:-it  it 

/"./,.,,,« rv,,.  fv'v  ,.;,;.  ,iss»)7,1,i  ;::';'^''";ff.''g"  -t'i'''i  ti.,.t  .i,p  i,nv  „f 
A.k.  .7, 43  An.  nA'l.fT  ;,',:•;:,;;  ^^ :;:  Z^    '?'on'^H''''' "  """  '■ 

n^TTy^J'l^ "!,,"::::'■;:;"■  :< ,  -a  ion-.-  '.i';;:?.,..  „„  ,„„,. 

"1"P.    l.-.l:    an.IthP   r,s..s    ,  it;.,,    in    s'"-'    ''"TT'  'i'^lM'^-  aHI,nu;rl.  I,..  was  snl- 
whf-re  fellow  corvMMl.  ,n.v  on.  ,L  ,1   i„   ,      "^"S-"""  ■•■  "'   H-^  f"..--r,|,i,.,i,.,.-.-     /„.»,/„ 


I 'it 


11.10 


M.ASTKR    \ND  SKUVANT. 


[niAi".  xxMii 


aiil  will  ISC  !ict  in  nlioiliciiw  to  tin' onlor  i'hih'mI  tin.  injiirv.-  iiiiil  wlictli- 
or  the  control  cvivis^'d  was  tliut  incident  ti»  a  nmiT  or  less  pcriiia- 
nent  relation,  or  nicrciv  t<nnj)orary.^ 

For  purposes  of  pronciliirc  llic  rule  in  (iiicstion  is  treated  as  eroat- 
iiill  a  |)re-iiiii|itiiin  of  faef,  wliieli,  where  the  evidence  i-^  nieri'lv  tiia^ 
the  nefrliyent  sj'rvanl  conirolled  tlie  injured  mie.  reipiires  the  court 
to  declare  that  the  action  is,  as  niatf<'r  of  law.  not  sii>iainal>le.' 

Considered  in  its  relation  to  the  sutliciencv  of  the  pleadinifs,  ih' 
rule  entails  the  conse<|\ien<'e  that  a  C4>nipiaiiil  which  allei;-es  an  in 
jury  residliii<r  from  the  nei;ii,i;i'iice  of  au  employee  whose  desimi.i 
tion  indicates  no  rnon-  than  that  lie  was  in  control  of  tiie  injure. I 
sen-ant  with  resjH'ct  to  tlic  work  in  profjress  is  deirinrialde  iinli  — 
it  also  avers  facts  of  whicli  the  legal  etloct  is  that  the  .superior  .•<(i\- 
ant  iTpreseiited  the  master.* 

ShFiiiKin    V.    Korlusin-    it    .f.     It.    V<>.  30fi,   2.i    .Ml.   S24:    nni.\t,ii    v.   fl„nil,ii„ 

(IS.-.S)    17  X.  V,   l.-,:t;   l.oinil'liii  V.  suite  (18HS)    147   .\la>s.  2:!7.  17   N.  K.  .■.17. 

(18H7)    1(1.-.  \.   \.    l.VI.   UN.   K.   M\.  '  lli(lliii,r„ii     V.     Illinois     C.     If.     '.,, 

"Till-  fiut   that   till'  |.crsiiii  wlim-  lioK-  (1K!I4 1    02   lowii.  .•|;t7.  till   N.  \V.  tl.M. 

ligenci'   cioix'^   till'   injury    is   a    stTvaiit  *  II /ii7c    v.    Hiillil::     ilH!t7)     lit    A|i|i. 

of  n   lii^rliiT  ;.'rai|i'  tliaii   tlir  servant   in-  Oiv.  2.'.li.  4tl  \.   \.  Sii|i|i.   1S4    Icrinr  In 

jurod,    or   that    tlu'   lattir   is  f.nl.ji'ct    to  rule   that    a     foreman     representeil     ilii' 

thp  ilirei'tinn   or   eontrol   of   the   fiiriiH'r,  iiia-ier,    where    tliere    ua»     m.    eviilimv 

aiul  is  iMi;.M^'(il  at    the  time  in  exeeiitinK  tenilin;;  to  show  that   lie  had  the   re  |iii 

the  oriler>  of  the  former.  iIim"^  not   take  .-ite   authority).     .\   M'liliet    shoiilil    ri"l 

the    ca.se    i.nt    of    the    o|NT.ition  of  the  he  diri'eteil  for  the  [ilaititilV  ahere  tlnri' 

genpriil  rule  stateil.   nor  make  the  mas-  in  no  pvideiiee  iiulieatiii^'  speiial  ri'a-m^ 

ter  liable,"     \illti  \.  hioiinn    ||S!I7)    IS  for  niakiiif;  an  e\ie|itioii   to  the  ;ri'iiir.il 

App.    Div.    :!'J!t.   44    N.    \.    ."supp.    1.  rule  that   a  mere  foreinan   is  not   a   vice 

"The  rule   |  i.  c.  as  to  the  defense  of  prineli«l.     /*»'«      v.     I.i  nisloii     (IH'il) 

common    employment)    is    the   same,    al-  A',t  .Me.  211, '22  Atl.  112. 

though  the  one  injiiied  may  he  inferior  '  I'liiiin   v.    Sutrui    llssit}     134    .\la««. 

in  prade,  and   is   siilijeit    to  the  eontrol  :>.-.!.     l'om|iare   Lmrlir   v.   .\iiilrunruiiiiii\ 

and  dirertion  of  the  superior  whose  act  A".  Vo.    (lS7:il    112  .Me.  4(1:!.  Ki  .\m.   Hep. 

caused    the    injiny.    pro\i(led     they     are  4!>2     (roail    ma»li  r    ordered    plaintill    t'l 

hoth  co-operatiiijr  to  elVeet  the  same  eoin-  work  in  eulvirt   known  to  he  danireenH 

monol.jee;."     I.ihifili   \iilliyC'o<iti'ii.v,  — ileniurrer  »ii«laiiiid  to    eomphiint    a! 

■fours   (1K7H)    Sll  I'a,  4:i!l.  lei.'ii!^'  niiiely  that  the  ro.id  master  eaiv- 

In   several  of  the  states  the  opinions  les~ly    manaiied    the   rep.iirs   of   the   i  ill 

of  the  courts  have  uiiih'rj.'iine  a   ehan;.'e.  vert):    Hrmil    J    ('.    ('mil    Cn.    v.    C'lio 

♦he  resiilt    heiiij;  >iimetiiiies  a   departure  (ISSli   OS   liid.  SSJ    (ileniurrer  prnii.ilv 

from,     sometimes   an     adoption     of.     the  su>tained   where   the  only   ne'jli^'eni'i'  al- 

principle   stated    in   the    te\t.     See    the  lefjed  was  that  a  "hank  boss"  in  a  mine 

summary  in  chapter  XXX..  [lOst.  sent    a    seivant.    a    minor    of    nineleiii 

'  Moiii'lii  V.  llnmilliiii  ilf;].  Cn.    (ISO.'t)  years,  who  had  l.een  enj.'a'red  in  niiniii:; 

159  Mass.  70,  34  X.  K.  ISri.     The  follow-  eoal.  to  drive  a  hank  e.ir)  ;   I'ilns,..,  \. 

injf  are  a  few  of  the  numerous  ea-es  in  W  liil<  hmisl  luiil  d    l/i».  Co.   (1S7'.M  -V) 

which   the  order  was  given   to  a    fellow  Iowa.  •.7.'!,   'i-   .\ni.  Rep.   \4!i    (denuinir 

servant  of  the  injured  person:       llnxl.a  properly  su>.i    iiwil  to  petition  seekini.' to 

Trniilii,  II    Gold    Miii.    Co.     v.     \Vli<  Inn  recover'  on    the   theory   that    the    .Min 

(1897)    ItiS   I'.   S.  80,  42   h.  e<\.  liOO.   18  iiuent  servant   had  "ciiarpre  and  con!  nil" 

Sup.    rt.     Hep.    40;      Z/k.wc//    v.    I'aqir  of  phiintill). 

(ISSO)    112  X.  Y.  f.l4.  ,■?   I,.   R.   A.  ;V.9.        S il*o  lf',l,<itmn  v.  Chicapo  rf  /'   /?. 

20     X.     K.    .■).■)(■.:     Diiiiiihli/  v.   I'/mihsmt  Cn.    (ISilli)    U(i   Ind.  4Sf!.  4.'.  X.  K.  i''''>: 

[.(.•I    fhliiiig   Co.    (lSs1)'7r,    Me.     14.1:  I/rr'f/.m/f?  v.  A.Vir.'/r  .f  /'.  .l//'^.  Tu.  i  Is'il) 

Mriiiithii  V.  Levering    (189,1)    l.-)2     Pa.  (.7  (Ja.  7()1   (1882)   68  Ga.  839. 


I  SI"]  VICE  I'I{IX(  II'\I.SII1P_TE.ST  OK  RANK,  I4S1 

Tho  lino  which  divides  the  cmm's  <M>ntr.)llrd  by  this  -••nirnl  rnlr 
and  i.y  tii."  iiiiiiciph.  tiiat  the  duty  ..f  giving.  iii<iriirti..n  t..  s..rTant>* 
wiio  rf.|uiir  it  ia  iionassi-iuil.lc  (mc  SS  .•>7>.  :,:\),  ^n,M )  is  somctiinos 
.■xcrodiiigly  thin -us,  where  it  was  iieid  thiil  liie  luct  tliut  ..iie  cni- 
ploye*'  hiis  iiioro  expcri.-n.-e  tiian  aiiuthcr  and  i.  autii..ii/.,.d  to  ;:i\c  the 
hitter  liirectioiis  in  respect  to  tlieir  common  work  d<j<'s  not  niaki' 
him  the  vice  principal  of  ilie  employer."  All  that  would  he  necv, 
^ary,  under  such  circnm.-i.mces,  to  convert  nonliability  into  liabil- 
ity would  be  the  inlrodnction  of  evidence  showing,'  that  the  in.xp.Ti- 
I  nee  of  the  injun-d  servant  was  an  element  in  tlie  acci.h'nt,  and  that 
he  master  understood,  or  ouf;ht  to  have  unth'rstood.  the  -pe.-iai  <hin- 
i;er  arising  fnuu  this  source.  In  most  instances,  probably,  the  fans 
would  H'adily  bear  tli:    construction. 

516.  Eationale  of  the  doctrine.— Tiie  theory  upon  which  the  mi- 
Mated  in  the  last  action  rests  is  that  the  risk  of  a  superior  servant"- 
!iei.dijr<'nce  is  i\»  much  an  ordinary  risk  of  the  employment  as  is  the 
risk  of  the  neglip'iice  of  u  co<-(pial  or  inferior  servant.'        'i'he  rea- 

yl"':;:'l'' :.■  t"' ','.?''  •■';^pp-V"-  "■"  ''-  "">■  '"!-•""•'!""  of  ti,„t  ki,,,!, 

I.l-  m  \.  N  Jsiipp.  .l.,.t  mnsiif..  MiHlicl  Tli..y  nil  r.-|.iv.4..iit  tl...  iirin.ipal.  f.u  . n 
'",'!."',"«  ""'■''  '•'  """r  'v...  '""'  l*"'I"'^<-''.  an.I  tl,..  piin.M pal  in  li  ,1,1,. 

111.'  sion..  nil.,  of  liability  niimt  neo-    to  a  strat.j:...-  f.-r  nii  ir.jii.v  r.-civ,.,!   i„ 
.-sinly  apply   t.)   the  sov.Tal  Kia.l.-s  of    oons,.,|ii..nce  of  tli.-  n..i;li.'rnV..  of  ll„.  f„, 
.•nii.lnyiii..|ils.    wli.Te    fli.w,.    in    flio    in-    in.T.  as  well  .-is    Hip    latl.>r  "     f ,  r„,     v 
f..rior  arc  siil.j..ct   to  tlip  .liiv.lion  and    Siminiae  d  V.  R.  Co     (1S40|    t;    li,,l. 
nmlrol   of   tlios..    in    tlic    lii;.'luT   grades,    J;'l|. 

iis  to  cascH  wluTf  all  ociMipy  a  cminion  In  Knilrok  v.  Drrnnq  (IS'Ui  \i\\ 
fc«>tinR  anil  po-s..s^  ..,pial  authority.  Mass.  4fi!l.  .-t;  X.  K.  -|.-,o,  r.^plvin"  t,.  t',- 
.  .  .  .\nil  what  suhstantial  diircn.n.v  sojiffostion  that  th..  fact  of  oi,|,.riM.'  1 1,.. 
iH  thor..|...ttt.,.n  a  oas..  of  injury  from  s..rvant  to  ii^.-  an  a.,|,lianpf.  wl,i,i, 
tlH.n.i;liLr..n.vofn  servant  with  superior  turn..,!  out  to  l».  .I..f...-tiu.  wan  an  .,■! 
authority.  an.I  on,-  from  lik.-  n.vlijr,.nc.-  h..l.,i  i;in>f  to  th..  HUp.rior  ^.n ml  '■,- 
n     a    servant    of   equal     authority,     em     s„.-h.  an.I  mifrht   hav.'  the  ..tre.i    „f  ,  ,k 

ploye,!  at   a   .listanoe  from  an.I    with.ait    in-  th.t  .-a ut  of  tl .Hrati.,n  of  lli.. 

hr  limn..,  late  inlliien,...  .,f  the  party  in-  , Lustrine  as  to  e.,ii,m.,n  .inpl.,,  nnnt.  tl„. 
.I">"l.      How     .-ouhl     the     hitter     h..tl,.r    .....irt    said;      "l.o.,kin..'     at     the     na-,,,, 

LMiiird  a-ainst  tl...  iniiiry  in  the  ease  last    u-iven    for   the   ev.-..pti,.n    to   tl .„■,  •! 

M"niion..,l  than  in  the  forni..r  one?  If  liahilitv  ..f  masters  for  s..rvaMts  tlie  I  ,-• 
;',  rr  "  l"  ,'"';•'•. ff'-''-. .«'''",  -I"«ll  Mi,-..sti,m  .■ani,„t  pn.vail.  If  ,h,.  s.,i|„r 
li.e  distance  he?  tt  is  n,anit..s|  that  ii..  takes  the  risk  .,f  a  n>'i:]h^,■,^^  ^n,uv^  t,, 
Mistimti.m  orp\r..pt!on  as  t..  Ilahility  of  his  p..rson  from  n  fell.m  „,i|„r  tl,,.,..  -^ 
h..  pnnripal.  ivstiii-  on  th..  iiial.ility  ..f    ,.,p,»l    reason    to   sav    th.l    h..   t'lk-    il„. 

I.'  iii|ur...l    party  to  pr,,t,.et    himself  in    risk   of  a    r,..«li-..nt'  o.,mM,an,|.  '   \    ,v„n 

the  parti,.|ilar  .-as.,    eould  ho  ny with      mati.l  is  a   transitory  a.'t    whi,-h  the  ,v„ 

ni  piae  irally  ahro«;al  11.-  the  entire  ph.yr  has  no  chanee  to  sMpe^^  ise  ll  i, 
'  "ns-sri-'v    V   ^'l':;'""'"-   'f   '"^'     "•    ""l   'f^'-  ^'   I"Tma„..nt   eon.lltion  .,f  h 

'■   '  is..»)    1.    .\.  V   I...I.  or   maehinery.   ..r   the   ahi.linir    i , 

Hwre  1,  no  pnn.;ip le  wl,i,-h  sh.mld  t..n.e  .,t  an  emplov..e.  .s,.e  h'him,  y 
"'.Ik,,  the  ..mpl.>yer  liahl..  to  .>n,.  of  his  r,„„i'M1  (Is<l.Ti  i,io  Mass  |-^s  .r.  v' 
"■ninion  hil.,)rprs  for  iiijuri..s  sustaimnl  V..  \:,:\.  If  th,.  <lef,.ndants  li'.ve'lM.e.i 
."  onn..,p,enee  of  the   ne,di,.,.,„.,.  of  his    ,-uiltv  ,.f  no  p,.rso,  „       ..'d i'^ne     .  nd      , 

,11-n    in  IK(>     !ll!(l     Jl;i!lll'     ^i\r    th.-     Ii""  it-'r-rtff      ti.     rliir,!!!      .         i  ■    t  1 

e  ■  -.ii,.,ll[«l        lit'iiillii'Ih*'     t)I      •>tlll)<>      lii*lstif(<«     Willi      \tLiiiii 

ofa,.,H,er,...n,mmM,d»u-..r.     There  ean-    his    work    will    brinj   hiin    i,r  eont;:::; 


11 


ii 


:..%-  \  :;.  •' 


u;i2 


MASTKR  ANU  SKKVANT. 


[chap,  xxmii. 


\ 


!   , 


wm.4  ot'  policy  for  oxti-ndinji  tlio  iiii[)licali<»ii  of  n  cinitraft  to  a.xKiiin* 
this  risk  are  neu<-!«:<urih'  the  Huiue  un  tbooo  hy  which  the  doctrine  ^)\ 
common  cmplo.viiicnt,  ua  u  whole,  ia  suataiucd.' 

This  theory,  it'  punhed  to  its  strictly  logical  oonchisions,  lands  ih 
in  a  doctrine  similar  to  that  which,  as  will  be  expluin<-d  In>1ow  (  §  521). 
infra),  was  established  in  Kiigland  by  Wilsait  v.  Mviry.*  But,  a.- 
iimited  by  the  effect  of  the  decisions  which  eiuWdy  the  eonwptinii 
of  the  nonassignability  of  certain  duties  of  the  master,  niid  appiicil 
to  the  situations  in  which  the  ctlect  oi  the  mere  element  of  control  i» 
commonly  presented,  it  may  be  said  to  stand  or  fall  with  the  coi 
rectness  of  the  argument  that,  "if  the  servant  is  «upp«)sctl  to  assuiiK 
the  risks  which  the  master,  with  due  care  and  diligence,  cannot  pn 


the  queotion  whether  the  iip){ligi>iic«>  of 
one  of  thoitp  prrxons  in  within  ur  out- 
side of  the  riitlcH  aHHUinrd  i*  not  ii  matter 
of  naniett  or  diKiiitit-H.  That  is  too  wpll 
settled  to  nerd  the  citation  of  vuscm. 
Moody  V.  Uamillon  Mfg.  Co.  (189:0  15U 
Mass.  70,  .■'4  N.  E.  185.  The  .|iie»- 
tion  is  what  he  must  be  tuken  to 
have  contemplated  when  he  went  into 
the  empluymcnt.  The  chancen  of  neg- 
licence  on  the  part  of  a  superior  em- 
ployed in  the  coiimion  buHinexx  are  as 
ohvious  a»  in  the  case  of  one  of  a  lower 
(l^rade.  and,  therefore,  when  the  duly  \n 
not  personal  to  the  employer  the  rv\t\\e 
rule  applicH  whatever  the  degree  of  the 
negligent  employee.  HtiUiiiiore  i  O. 
R.  Co.  V.  Bauyh'  (  18(»:i»  14»  t.T.  S.  :Mi8, 
.17  L.  ed.  772.  13  Sup.  Ct.  Kej.   914." 

In  an  nrtiele  in  24  Am.  L.  Rev.  190. 
ipioted  with  approval  in  Kl.  Imhih.  A.  if 
T.  H.  Co.  V.  Tripletl  ( IHitl  '  .')4  Ark. 
289.  11  L.  R.  A.  77:t.  1.5  !S.  \V.  831.  Iti 
S.  \V.  2011:  Kll  V.  \oilhrin  I',  ft.  Cu. 
(1891)  1  N.  D.  33«,  12  L.  R.  A.  97. 
48  N.  \\.  222,  and  other  oiiseH,  .ludue 
Dillon  remarks:  '"The  re.il  inquiry  is, 
Was  the  injury  caused  by  anotlier  s,tv- 
ant  one  of  the  ordinary  risks  of  tlu-  par- 
ticular employment?  If  so.  the  mere 
grade,  whether  higher,  lower,  or  en-or- 
dinate,  or  the  department  of  the  fiiulty 
servant,  is  of  no  oonse<]uen(e.  It  is  :i 
condition  of  contract  of  service  thut  tlie 
servant  takes  u;)on  himsrelf  the  ri»k  of 
accidents  in  the  oonnnon  couisi'  of  the 
business,  all  open  and  pulpiil>!e  risks,  in- 
cluding the  negligence  of  iill  feUow 
servants  of  whatever  grade  in  the  same 
employment.  The  true  inqtiir  in  each 
case  is.  Was  the  accident  one  oi  tlie  nor- 
mal and  natural  risks  in  the  ordinary 
course  of  busin*     T     If  so,  then  there  vi 


no  common-law  liability  on  the  part  irl 
the  employer:  i.  not.  there  is  Huch  li^i 
bility:  and  the  inquiry,  except  as  ii 
liears  on  the  above,  in  not  one  of  gniilr- 
or  departments.  This  is  the  tins)  form 
the  doi'trine  has  assuuied,  and  it  is  tli< 
correct  one.  It  is  plain,  intelligible,  nii<l 
practical.  It  is  founded  upon  just  prin 
ciples,  fit.,  that  it  is  precisely  conunen 
Hurate  with  the  master's  personal 
duties  " 

'  "Sound  polii'V  seems  to  require  thiii 
the  law  should  niiike  it  for  the  intere-i 
of  the  servant  that  he  should  take  e,\\>- 
not  only  that  he  Im'  not  himself  ne;ili 
gent,  but  also  that  any  ne^ligeiici'  <>t 
others  in  the  same  employment  Ih>  pr>i|> 
eriy  guarded  Hgiiiiist  liy  him.  so  far  ;is 
he  niiiy  find  it  reasonably  pnicticalplv. 
and  be  reported  to  his  employer  if  neeil 
ful."  Cooley.  Tortj*.  2d  ed.  840,  adopte.l 
in  SiD-fiilk  if  W.  K.  Co.  v.  flotiihini 
(1897)  il.j  \a.  .198.  sub  mtm.  Xorfull.  ,f 
U.  H.  Co.  V.  Siinim;  4ti  ly.  R.  A.  :i.Vl. 
28  N.  K.  .'578.  and  in  ■IiiiI.hiih  v.  Suifi,/!; 
it  W.  U.  C„.  (  IS97I  43  W.  \\\.  380.  Hi  I. 
R.  A.  337.  27  S.  K.  278.  '  '  S.  K.  i:^---. 

"The  fellou  servant  r  s  foundiil  in 
wisdom,  and  any  dep:>  >■  from  it  i* 
dangerous  to  the  pros,  ,ty  and  (mtik' 
luity  of  the  enterpri-  ■  of  niiinufacliir 
ing.  mining,  railrondi,.;;.  and  those  in. 
diistries  requiring  the  services  of  niiiiiv 
servants.  Store  than  this,  it  increiise- 
the  dangers  to  such  servants  who  iii;iy 
lie  so  emploved."  Vcir  f'ittsbiiifth  >'"'il 
.(•  C.  Co.  V.'  /•rttiunn  (1893)  1.30  Iii.l. 
:l!IS.  3.">  X.  E.  7.  quoted  with  approval  in 
■Iti.i.mi,  V.  \nrfolk  if  IV.  If.  Co.  (!«!•:  i 
43  W.  Vn.  381,  4ti  L.  R.  A.  337,  27  S, 
K.  278,  31  S.  E.  2.'>8. 

'  (lS(i8)  1,.  R.  I  H.  I,.  Sc.  App.  .'iiti 
1!)  h.  T.  N.  S   30. 


li  .117,  filH] 


viMd, 


M<  i:  PKiNt  ii'Ai.Miii'   TK>r  i>r  r:\NK. 


143.1 


lie 


aiwmiu'n  the  rhkn  fn 


>m   (li'>;li;;fii<f'  ,,(  || 


o--r- I'l^i'  wrv- 

HiilH  who  iin.y  Im  placrd  over  liim  hh  su|,,.|i„r  s,.,-  imt.  ur  ov..|s..prs. 
11,-  w(«II  lit.  „f  tho:<..  ,.■■  ,.,,„iil  gru.h-  witli  liim,rltV  tor  ihc  ivii-,,ii  that.* 
•ill  H'spcct  to  such  overstM.is  „r  »\.\>iri<.v  mtmiiiIs  the  iiiu^t.r,  wh.ii 
h.'  hiis  ii^rd  du.!  cure  in  .H.-LvtiiiK  liuin.  .•iiiiii.,t  |,i.  sent  thrir  .M^nitl 
rii'frlijrfiKv,  any  inon-  tliati  he  nin  invvnn  ili,.  .iisiml  n.'-lip.n.»'  of 
those  intVri.,r  in  ifraih-."'  In  other  wonis.  tlic  fiiM.'.j.,,,  ,,t  Jvin^f  ,11- 
rp<-ti()n.s  as  i..  i|„'  pn.pei-  manner  of  |)erf,.rmin^'  the  w..rk  is  not  one 
of  thos4'  ahs.,luie,  pers..nal  fuiK-tions  tor  liie  eareful  disehurgo  of 
ivlii.-li  a  inasfer  is  n'sp,.nsil.le,  whaK^vr  .ij-ent.s  he  niav  empluv.^ 

617.  ftualiflcation  of  the  doctrine  in  cases  where  an  order  takes  a 
servant  outside  the  original  scope  of  his  employment— As  p,.int<d 
out  in  S  405,  ,/«/,,  the  elleet  of  file  deeinions  rejiardin-;  the  iiabilit.- 
of  u  muster  for  injuries  reeeived  hy  a  servant  thrun;.-h  liis  eoin|)li- 
iiiice  with  the  unh^r  of  a  siiperi(,r  to  ineur  ri-ks  nut  within  the  !j.'.,|m- 

of  the  original  < iraet  of  hiring;  is  that,  even  in  the  euurts  wlii<-h 

iidniinisler  flu-  doeirine  now  uinh.r  .li>.ii--i,,n.  the  mere  possession  of 
a  power  of  wmtrol  is  (h-eined  to  Ix"  u  sutli.-i.-nt  f:roiind  for  h'tiinjr  in 
the  operation  ot  the  ruh-  of  t;:-ipi,i„l,al  siii„,'ti>r.      'I'he  ivasons^as 
.-igned  for  tiiis  somewhat  illooj.-al  <inaliticMtion  of  the  p'nerul  nde 
are  exjilained  in  tlie  section  refernd  to. 

818.  Power  of  hiring  and  discharging  subordinates,  significance  of.— 
By  all  the  eonris  wlii.-li  ajiply  th,.  al)..\v  doctrine,  it  is  la'd  down  or 
assumed  that  a  mere  for.-m.iii  of  ■\  suhordinatc  -rade  is  ,i..t  converted 
into  a  vi.c  principal  hv  the  fact  thai,  anion:,  his  powers,  is  incliido,! 
that  of  hiring  atid  di.rhargini;  iiis  .snhordiriaics.'       .\,,  nreater  signiti 

^S,„;I      l'  ,  •      ,.        ,  -"•••'■    »'l    I'a...   204:    /,or/,^„„„.    V.   0„„-„; 

N-e  tlio  lanjjiinire  IIS4..1  iti  /)<,Hv/i/,7  V.    /,'..(    V./..   r„.    (jlMHM    44  C    V     \    "il 

K.  K.  I  o.   (IS,  4  I   ;>,>  N.  N  .  i.lis.  47    \||    )|.)^ 

.ri.V""'"',I-"'',"o"..''"'''    "'"•   ^"-   '•         ^^""""'^   Hint    tlio    superior    „i!l,.  t 

m  V-x  i"  a ;.-;  r;    •  ;  .■.^;^''''-  """'•"'•>• "»"  '"""-i  ti...  work  of,  ,„,i 

W:?    -.1  |.,.,I.  t),4:  C/,r.7„»,/.  f.  r.  rf.s7.    to    wnploy    ,u„l    ,li-rl,ar-o,    tl,o    plaintiir 

14,.   .)4    IS     A, p.    ,,,!!,    ,.!    |...,|.   .).„:    .s,.,,„„is    nf    ,ni,l     .I,.f.-n<lant"     do     not 
Wv  V.   ll,„„,   ,1S..4,     IllJ  r:,r   :isn.  :W    .|„nv   ,I,.,t    .,„.l,   ..ir.vr   was  a    vL^prl", 

:.:. ;/);:;;;^J^, ;^,:  nst.';t";^  ;;l,:::'^ ;';<;:. f^,^  ,rT"!^r'-l^- 

4A-;:'/^c::'(,^;^^,^^ m:;:;..^,,^^^  '"■'•  -'-' -^^ "- -"^ ^^ ">•» -«tion.  • 


■1*1 


I  CM 


M ASTI.n  AND  >i:i:\  ANf. 


[(  n  \r.   XXMii. 


i-lieirc    Ul 


b-  iiltiii'licil  to  tlii-   |i.i\\cr  t'lir  llic  lucro 


■•'U  lliai    iIm' 
^1llM.^tliln^t.•    i  i-l  !>|M'<'iiil  r<'ii->ii,   I'nr  t'cun    u  tluit   tliu  ri'sult  of  <li- 

oU'ilirlK  <     \\<  II     I    ix'  till*    loss  lit    lli.4    lliiiitidli.- 

Iii  rlio  CUH4-  i.i  ol'liiulf  wliiHc  uiitliority  i»  H4i  cxii  ii-^ivo  ns  to  <'<iii>ti 
mil'  iliciii  i;t'i  •  1°.  '  iiuiiiiigrr.H  i>t'  iin  ciilin'  liiiniiu'N.s  m-  <it  a  lii'iiartimrii 
lit'  il    [-'•>■  Mi     iti'i  t,    I    iiifnt),  tlif  i'\  iilciifial  fiiiiut'u'aiifi-  "t   tliU 
I'lciiii'lil    \*  to   i"  iltlliti'tl   willi   nil  ii  nee   in   tia'    tact    llial    -iii'li  of 

licial.H  niii.«t  alva'.  ~    fis  ii  iiiallrr  ot'  lact,  [(■i--i-«  ilir  |Miuri'  ol'  iliti  r 
initiiiitf,  (<ill' 
I'oniiiaii.    "i.i      I'-r 
irtirallv.  '  ■.' 
visinj;  i'tii| 
I'on'riu'ii  ill 
m's^imI  or  di' 
.-iilioriliiiati 
In  |)rai'tii''  .  , 
vrrv  rari'l;    i 
lion,  tlio   jiii 

fvilll'llCI'    fit     ! 


'1  .1 


1,1  V     > 


.1    li-    . 
>     Ilil 

iiore 


tl. 


l\  or  (lii'iiiiuli  iii-.i niii iiiii"*  111  "iiiiu"  iiiii  riiii'iliiiii 
r  lis  sliall  lie  iiii|iI>i\<m1  ol'  ili-rliar:.""!.''  I '  ''" 
,  w'cn'Vrrit  ii  a  iiiattiT  ot  li'Hilit  wliitliira  -ii|Mr- 
III  ■,  til)o\c»ir  liclnw  llit>  lino  wliicli  sfpai  ii  ~  hm  ii 
I'li.icnial  or  j;iiiii'al  maniip'iN.  (iri"  I'  iliai  i  ■•  i>'  — 
tlif  J  .)\viT  of  ciiiploviiiir  a!iil  <U!^i"liar;;iiifr  1  ■ 
a  niaiorini  tiuior  in  tlic  iiii|iiiiv. 
mil  ur  aliM'iii'i'  of  -siicli  a  power  Iki^ 
i'  oiii  this  staiulpniiif  and  in  tlii"  coinirr 
V  pri'ti  riiii^  to  rest  tlirir  coiicIm-ioiis  >>ii 
•  ■  cli'iactcr.  It  woiilil  mtiii  tliat,  .iiii'  i;; 
llip  j;nMip  111  stall's  Willi  vMcii  vM'  lire  now  ooiici  riu'il,  flic  only  hih 
in  wliii'li  any  marked  tcmli  ui-y  Iki-  Iu'cii  sliown  to  ascrilio  n  rniiy  dit- 
tVrcntialin;.'  iiii|Mirt  to  evid  iici  liuit  tlin  d('liiii|ii(>iit  t ..  .Invco  \t><- 
ni'sscd  tin;  jiiiwrr  i?  .Mii'liiiiMii.^      In  iiiosf  of  the  jml  ■incuts  such  ivi 

'  Roll-  ,  I  ■•■III   V     Chirinin  A    K.     R.    Cii.  of  (ln'  fiiiiin  wtio  is  iiijiiiiil  liy  llir  inh 

(1H!m;i    Uii  lii.l.    )H(i.  -l."i  \.   K.  li'i'i    I  *u-  nmn  -    fniliiip    tii    ^rivo    nulii'i'    timt    the 

in'iiur  WiiJt  i|iiiik  ti'iniiiTi'd  uud   |i:i-«iiiii-  tniiii    is  iilmiit   tii  iiiovf.   wa«    tlint.    ill 

fltiM.  niitliiiLT  till'  aot  «liloli    was    iii'j;li'(iiil 

"In    n    Miclii.'an    oaie  siri'ss  w.is   laiil  ic...   ;.'i\iii^'   imtii'i'   of    tlip     iiitinliun  tn 

on  till    fa"t  tliat   tin-  a<-i-laiil    iimiI  iiia~  aiiivi-  tln'   I'liv^iiic-    to   lie  tliat    iif   a    mm  ff 

tiT,  will)  »a»  liclil  to  lio  a  vici'  |iiinri|Ml.  frlliiw   -i  i\aiit.  tin-  rvi.li'iiM'   slii.v.cil  tin' 

tiail   I'lililidl   ov.r   till'  •.rrtiuti    iiia-tiT   liv  ili'liiii|iii'iil    itHni|ili'UM-   In   liavi-   liiiii    in 

hIkiiii    till'   plaJMlilV    wa«   arltiilly    liiint.  full  iimt  ml  ul' a  Ipianrli  iif  I  lii' ri'iii|..ni\  - 

I'lihiiir  V.  Miilnii<i,i  C  II.  Ci}.    ilsilii)   !i:l  liii-im'"    "illi    ciiiniilrli'    |"iuir     !■■     lin 

Mii'li.   .ai.'!.    17    I..    I!.    A.    ti;i(i.  M    N.    W  •  ainl    ili-rh.ii^'i-     liis     «iiliiiiiliiiali'-i.      lli. 

;|i)7  rases   ii'lii'il    il|'iiii    hiti'    ll'imi    v.     Mnln 

'  In  oiii' Pasp  it  was  laid  clown  tlial  till'  i/uw  O.   R.  di.    (ISS!l|    7s    Midi,   r.l.l.  T 

liowiT    of    ili-diarfiiiiK    wa-i    not    a    cnii-  !.,.  H.  A.  .'lOd,  44  N.  W.  TidJ.  ami  Ihin, 

Inilliii"    factor,    tint    an    iniimtaiit    iitir.  .von    v.    Ihimit.   I,.  /    V.    It.  I'lt.    ils'iiii 

l'iili,'ir\.  Mirhiimu  C.  It.  (',,.    (IS'.li)   !i.i  7!»  Midi.   -lull.  7   U.   1?.   A.  liL':!.  44   N.  W 

Midi.  I'.ii.l.  17  I..  R.  A.  (;:ii;,  .->;!  N.  \\.  :!!i7.  lit.'U.     .\h  io  thr  lii>l  of  tlu'sc.  tlif  pn- 

Tlii'  uioilial  of  till'  ilissi'iil  of  tui)  jiiil;.'i'<,  srs-i  ai     iif      llic     powrr   of    ilivli.iit:''  i' 

in    Sihiiiiil'i-   V.    I'hnl    a    /'.    .1/.    A".    Co.  imnly   nii'iitioncil  as  a  piiiimlatiM    f:ict 

(isi.iii    In:!  Midi.  2i:i.  Jll   f-.  R.    \.  :i-'l.  in  tlir  s..,iiml  ii  wan  i-iiiaiiil>  laid  .l..«n 

til    N.   \V.  (ili.!,  wlii-io  IliP  itia  Jul  il.v   Ill-Id  iiiiiiii  mill,  tliat  '•«  lii'tliii   or  nut  llic-ii 

that    tlu-  lioss  or  foninan   of   a   f;ati(r  of  ant   lias  |iii'.Mr  to  ('iii|ili>,\    and  di-rliir:;' 

iiii'ii   iinloidini;  and     IrM  linu    dirt    on  a  otliir  servants   is  also   iiii|ii. riant    in  <li 

railroad,    wlm   is    iiniliT     tlii'    iininrdiato  tiTiiiinini.'  hIii'IIiit  or  not    lir   is  dniiinl 

cnniiol  of  a  i:iiliii.id  i.lli.i.il  will,  i-  i.ll.ii  i..  1.1-  a   sir,.,  lim    -ir-..;ii:.  for  -.vIiii-;-    m-  - 

|ili-.iil.    .-min'linii's   daily,    diiiilin-    tin'  tlii'    nia-lcr    is    liidd    lialili'."      Hill    i!'!'' 

»oiU.   is  a  fpllow    servant  of  a   iiii'irilir  tlu>  coiiit  did  not  refer  to  any  ollnr  uU- 


i\%l 


VI.  I   ;i:i.vrirAi.smi'   TisroK  rank. 


Ulfl 


•''■' .'*   ""'•''>•   •^•l'  nv.l   I.,  a*  r    fm-t  „(  a  (v,rr..l„„,„ivo  .•I,.,ra<.|,.r. 

r-ril-Tin-  -til!  „...r..  uM.,M.-ti,..,.,l.|,.  „  .■M..lnM..n  M.ttlc.iontlv  jiutiH.Ml 

'"    •'"•'•^'••'"""l^- '     Tl,..  al.,-..,„ f  ||„.  ,,.,^v,.r  is  „{  (■.,.irsr.'',..,„cIuMve 

.  ■M.ri.t   ll„.  Mil.  ivn.-..  iluu   tho  <l,.|in.pfr,t  .•iiipiun,.  w„s  «  vi.-o  prin- 
'  I'^il.  I'T  <r  xvunl.l  |„.  „„  „lm.s«.  „f  h,n«i,.,^,.  |.,  ,,^,^^^   ,|„„  ,,.„„  to  unv 

'''"■'"'  "■''■'  '«  " i'"''"''  ^f  ''x.T.-i.ii,;r  n   fniirliun  so  .--..ntiallv  diui- 

■'••riMM^     1  a  in,.,t..r  aa  lliat  of  deci.lii.g  wli,»  ,1ki11  or  ..l,ull  nJt  wurk 


iilir>    1,11)    rUnpmnn    v.    rrir    R.    Cn.  2.1!):    Oivmtm   v 

-.11    ...  N     V.  .-iT-t.  ail. I   A.K.s.i,  />.  «,  (       \     .,|-,    .,-,    ( 

t..l  .li-.l,iirvi..tr  oil,,.,- .,       ni,  i,  „  vi.v  iisM,    h;.   |'a     :W'     «,„  • """" 

1  1.  i|.il  ii»  ii«ir.|.  111,.  ,.\,.,,i„.  nf  that  ,(    ,S7.    /•    l{    r,,     ,'l-S(ii 

|.Mil,riilar   |,..»,.r.   iiii.l    lli,i.f..ip  ,|„  not  .TM  Am.  l!,.!.' -N',    US    vv 

>..-|.|n  111..  il„..„v  ill  ai<l  ..I   hMcIi  tl,,.y  lln.l.,,    »■„'  y"   \\  „  i,,',,  „ 

a...  ^..".ll.■,(:   ,,:     (liat  a  y.n,  lal  ai;..r.,.y  J|,;,   fj  Am.  It..,,,  .-.l.l:    • 

i\ 


ihi- |M,»i.r.  Tip.,  iiiajoiity  ..I  ilu- iiiiiil  m 
111.,  .s./.io. ././  I,,-,-  r.....'...'iil/..,l  til..  .!.,• 
iiin..  .if  .1. .part  III.. iitfil  vi...  |ii  iiii-i|i;iMil|,. 
I.iil  .li.l  iii.f  .ji^.u,.  111,.  ,.vi.|,.ii,.,.  .linvilv 
iii.iii  111.,  si  iiiil{iiiiiii  of  till-  inin.irilv  It 
-Imilil   \,v  .il 


ftunrrr    (l*»n.".  I    17   C. 
V|i|i.    HI.    70    Vrd. 


n  V.    H'iii./H(i 
:;7   .Minn.    itii. 

i  ISSIM    till    I'li. 
.  ',    V.  t'liinlt/n, 

'!'■     loHU,    till. 


(  I  S,S  .  ,    (i 

"<    W.  12». 
S.  ■ii..tlm..H  til.,    fa.  I    that   s    p..\v«»r  of 
.liMJi  .1-,.  wa..  t.i  1...  .-M.i.i,,,!  l,v  a  f,.n.. 
man    -    !.i..,.i    t.i  ih..  appin.,!   of   a  u'" 
•r.il   siii..iinl,.nih.iii   ...    oth,.,    hiL'li.-r  .,i 


Un.    [•!  illlip.!! 

*,">...  l.ir  (.\iim|.!,.,  (;,,inihi  v.  Viilrtin 
Irnii  \\„rl:s  (lM;ii.  til  ,\I„,  .|i|.2:  /,,.„. 
I".  ■^■.  I',  il  /'.  I{.  r,,.  V.  Ihi>r,,ll  I  ms!l) 
l.'t.il...  .-,211.  Jl  |>ar.  T.)S:  <',,!,,, ,i,l„  Mi,l- 
I'hul  h'.  Co.  V.  \,nit,,ii  llSII-.'i  17  (  ,,h) 
•"..11.  .id  V.,0.  21!..-  l:,irksu,i  V.  .|/i/»„„fr,,. 
/.  ■-.  .1  H,  /,'.  fo,  (  l.sji.j)  p3  Mj,.||  ,!_, 
...t  N.  W  .il.,(;  SI'iim  II  fi-i  V.  H'.i/.ror/A  rf 
\.  I/'.;.  To.  llfs'.U)  !)S  Mjp],.  41 1 _  .-,;  Y^ 
U.  2.M:  Itiil.li.i,,  V.  .S7.  /,oMi».  A'.  ,(  V. 
11.  A',  r.j.  ils-^sl  7.">  l<)«a.  2!I7.  .Ill  N 
W  .  .')i'7  :  II  ,„«;,  V.  /,  ,/, .,//  'i  r.siit  I  1  I ;' 
<■.  .\.    !",  4  l'.  S.  A|.p.  4f..  48  K...I,  IL'. 

"i.il>:il,ly  f.ir  ihi.  r.ason  that  the 
...►in.'  iniiicipl,.  U  cssinliallv  iiimnt...)- 
;.iW...  It  has  m.>..r.  «<>  far  an'th..  Hiii..r 
i<  awiir...  l„.,.n  .li 


h    111''  "Mil..  11^  on,,  ill   which  the  power 
i-aiiiiiil   hi.  r\..i...i«,..|  at   .ill 


III  »n..  oa.s..  il  was  .l..|il,,|  ti.at  fho  non- 
p..~-.—i.in  of  Ih,.  p.m,.|  .h.priv.Hl  th,. 
Hiip..|.\  Hin;r  I'liipl. !>•....  of  Ih,.  .•haiaH..r  .if 
a  vi,-..  pi  1  mi  pal,  ami  it  .-  is  lai.l  <lo»n 
that    "th..     m..>l     vati,fa.i„n-     ovitlpn.-.. 

that  nil.,  i^,  as  to  lii mph,\....H,  n  viw 

ptimipal  IS  that  hi~  ...■iiipl..v.,.«  nio  iin- 
.l.l-  Ills  Hii|H.ivi,i,,ii,  I.,-  ..,iiiti,,|.  „„l,|,.pt 
to  ills  oiil,.M  ami  .lir....|i,,ii.  f  „/,„;  /• 
/.'.  r„.  V.  Itiii/lr    (lH!i7i    ,-,ii  N    h.  5,-,.-,.  70 

N.    U.   4.!.        Itllt    this    llllili;;   u      .    „i.,,l,".   ji, 

"  Stat..  «h,.r.»  the  ■•sn|..|.j„r  s,.r  inf 
.I'litriii..  pnnaiU  (siillille  I),  i  >«), 
ami  it  vv;.s  not  m'^-.'s-aiv  to  r.f.T  t,r  the 
fi'ii-i.liratioM   whi.li    w.i'iiM 


o.so     Th,.  „1      .^''T'  "'  '"'•'    ■■'■''.'"■""'    ''^"-  " mi.i  .^onirr.li",,;,: 


Ul>t|.(llv 

in  ativ  oi 


f 


I 


.^ij 


143G 


MASTKl!  AM)  SKIIVANT. 


[<'iiAr.  XXVIII. 


Wlid'c  llio  iiilciicil  liri'iii'li  lit"  iliitv  wiis  llic  riii]ilii\  inoiit  or  rctcii 
tion  of  unlit  Mrv:iii(s,  llii'  ('\  idi'iiiijil  -^ijiniliciiiu'c  ul'  tlic  power  of  liir- 
iiii;  iiixl  (lisclKii'iziii^  t<iiliori|iii:itrs  is  <-(iiisiil('i'('(|  fri'm  a  stiiiiilpoiiii 
<Miil<'  (lilT'Triit  fro'ii  lliiit  wliii'li  is  ii|)prii|)ri:iln  wlicm  tlic  f;cni-riil 
ii^ciicv  iif  ii  (|(liii(|iicnt  ciiipliivcf  is  in  (pi)'>liiin.  Tlic  lircnrli  of  such 
a  (lutv  hy  a  person  posses-^iiii;  sucli  a  jiower  tioc<'ssaril_v  imports  n 
lircacli  of  a  non-dclc^alile  ilutv  by  oiio  who  is  llic  iii:ist(  r\s  afrcnt  for 
its  pcrfoniiaiii-e.  and  if  tlic  possession  of  the  powex'  is  proved,  the 
iiia-lcr's  liahiiily   is  an    niiavoidahh'   infereiiee/ 

519.  Application  of  the  doctrine  to  the  various  grades  of  supervising 
employees. —  As  will  Im-  seen  from  the  i;eiicral  collection  of  antlior 
itios  cited  in  the  note  to  the  followiiijj  .section,  the  most  nnmcroiis  il 
lustrations  of  the  doctrine  now  under  discussion  are  furnished  l)y  the 
d"cisions  ahsolviiij;  the  master  from  liahility  for  injr.ries  caused  hy 
the  iie;:lii;<'nce  (d'  employee-,  appointed  to  direct  the  lal)orer8  of  those 
.-■mail  hollies  of  .servants  who,  in  every  industrial  concern  of  any  con 
siderahle  iiiafiiiitiide  or  complexity,  innst  necessarily  1)0  intrusleil 
with  ccrtiiin  distinct  duties,  wliicli  are  of  such  a  nature  as  to  scfire- 
gate  tliotn  into  more  or  less  independent  fii'oups,  hut  whic-li  an;  com 
Tiiouly  of  a  somcwiiat  inecliaiiical  cliiiractcr,  not  rcipiiriiit;  for  their 
jHTfonnanco  the  e.\erci>c  of  any  of  the  liij;lier  (jualities  of  a  atipcriii- 
lendinf?  ollicer.'      That  is  to  say,  the  controllitifj;  concejjtion  in   tlic 


'  "l'ni!<nilitr<lly  fhp  power  to  hiro  iiixl 
ili-4'liini.'i'  is  tlip  test  of  m  virc  |iriji<'i|ial 
wlirii  tlic  (|iii'stjoii  iiiinlvi'il  is  llnil  of  sc- 
li'ctiiiK  iir  rctriiiiin^'  pr<i|(c'r  sn  vaiit-i ; 
r<ir  in  this  ii's|i<'('t  llii'  siTviint  wonlil 
I'Iciiily  r<'|iri'sciit  the  Mhis(«>r.  lint  in  no 
olliiT  srnsc  is  it  li  test.  The  powiT  to 
siininiMiily  disHiiir^'i'  iiiiworlliy  servants 
iinil  to  iiire  new  oiiex  is  otti'ii  n  very  iie<' 
(•s.s;My  iiiiil  lienelleiiil  (louiT  for  the 
BJifety  of  other  servant-*,  for  it  ;;ives  a 
foreniiiii  nntliiirity  to  ooinpel  attention 
to  iliity.  I!ut  it  does  not  ohanije  tlie 
eliaiaeliT  of  the  fori'nian's  duties  from 
that  of  a  spr\ant  to  those  of  tlie  prin- 
eipal.  nor  does  it  inipiise  upon  liiiii  tlie 
nia'<lor'»  responsihilily  in  other  re 
Bpeets."  HnniKi  V.  (!iiiiiii<i  (IK!I4)  18 
K.  1.  507.  28  Atl.  (i.-iO. 

'  In  O'llruii  V.  .1  III •  71  r(i  1/  Drrdfliiiff  Co. 
(181)1)  r.;j  N.  .).  I/.  2',tl.  21  All.  :t24.  the 
poiMl  said:  "Whelier  the  master  re- 
tain the  snperintenile'iee  and  nianaRP- 
ineiil  of  his  hiiHiness,  oi  .vithilraws  hiin- 
Hrlf  from  it  and  ilevolves  it  on  n  vice 
prineipal  or  representative,  it  is  quite 
app.oiiit  that,  althoii;:h  the  nmsier  nr 
liis  iipreseiilalive  may  devise  the  phins. 


en^ajje  the  workmen,  provide  the  niii 
ehinety  and  tools,  and  direct  tin' 
perfor.  ^aiiee  of  work,  neither  can.  as  a 
crenel. it  rule,  he  eimtinually  present  at 
the  exeeulion  of  all  sueli  work.  It  i< 
the  neeessary  eonspquenee  that  the  men' 
exeoiilion  of  the  planned  work  must  lie 
int rusted  (o  workmen,  nnil.  where  neees 
sarv.  lo  ;;ri>ups  or  fran^is  of  workmen. 
an<i  in  sinh  ease  that  one  hIioiiIiI  he  se 
leeteil  as  the  leader.  Iios-^.  or  foreman, 
to  see  to  the  evieution  of  smh  work. 
This  sort  of  sn|M'riority  of  seiviee  is  so 
essential  and  .s<i  universal  that  every 
workman,  in  entering  upon  a  eonfraet  of 
service,  must  eontcinplatp  its  heiiiij  made 
use  of  in  .".  proiier  eaae.  He  thercforo 
ninkcR  his  eontract  of  service  in  con- 
templation of  the  risk  of  injury  frnin 
the  ne;;li;;enep  of  n  hoss  or  foi'enian.  as 
well  as  from  the  neuliKPnee  of  anotlier 
fellow  workimiii.  The  foreman  or  Ml 
peiior  servant  stands  to  him,  in  that  n' 
spect,  in  that  pri'eise  position  of  his 
other  fellow  HPrvnnts." 

In  another  rase  we  find  it  remarked 
that  an  rinployee  is  a  fiUmr  sir.:ii;t 
with    a   foreman    under   whose  diri:clion 


.-.Ill] 


vin:  i'uiN(  ii'.vLsiui'- Ti:.sT  OK  hank. 


1437 


iiuijoril.v  of  ciiscs  is  flnil.  to  juslifv  itiiimliii^r  tlio  iicirIi;;<'nco  of  nii 

nriplovcc  In  ill ;ist,.r,  "Im  umisI  1)o  ,ii,,iv  tlmn  m  iihtc  funiiiMii  t.. 

oviTScc  a  li;ilcli  ..f  hiitnls,  diiccl  llicir  work  mi.lcr  tlic  sii|icr\  isiun 
i>{  tlic  iniislcr,  MP  iljiit  tlicv  ii.Tt'oriii  llicir  .iiitv,  iiii.i.  in  ciisc  .if  den  ■ 

lictinii.  report  liiciii."-     Or.  jis  ii  iui^  also  Ih-cii  put,  "in  order  lo • 

'litiilc  one  a  vi--  principal,  lie  imisi  liavc  .^eiK'ral  power  and  cnlroi 
nvcr  tlic  luisiness.  and  not  mere  aiilliorily  over  a  certain  class  of 
Work  or  a  certain  piiifr  of  men."''' 

rndor  tlie  ndiii^rs.  as  ihev  stand,  there  is  no  warrant  for  tlie  c.n- 
ii  iiiion  tliat  oviden<'e  of  ili(.  participation  of  sn<'li  einplo.vc.^  in  the 
manual  lalior  of  their  snlioidiiiatcs  is  at  all  iiecessarv  to  estaldisl, 
that  tlicv  are  mere  fellow  servants;  and  it  lias  lieen  exi)rcssly  laid 
down  in  at  least  one  case  that  the  fact  of  a  foreman's  not  eii;;a;;iiii,' 
ill  such  lahor  is  imiiialcrial  in  this  connection.'      In  the  cases  whcin 

it   is  mentioned,  such   cvide si-enis   to  he   rei;ai(led   as  of  merelv 

iiiniulative  force."'  .\nd  the  -.aiiie  niav-  he  said  of  evidence  that  the 
Inivman  received  the  same  cninprnsation  a:S  his  siihordinates."  l-'roiu 
<  piiivly  lo;;ical  st.indpoinl  ilioe  circiimsi.inces  jiiay  he  repirded  a- 
ncpitivinir  the  inference  that  the  -upervi>infj  employees  were  of  snf- 
licicntly  lii^rh  rank  lo  he  freiieral  mana-rers  or  heads  of  i|e|.artments. 
Hut  ill  all  oiiK-eivahIo  case-,  ihi-  inference  would,   in  anv  event,  he 

"  clearly  exclude.l  on  oIIkm-  ^r ids.  where  the  deliii<pient  emplovccr, 

vere  of  Iho  liumhie  cImss  indi<-aied  l.y  siich  evidenc*',  that  its  prac- 
lical  \vei<,dit  in  the  deierminatioii  of  their  character  and  capacitv 
would  1m'  very  sli^jht   indeed. 

lip  is  at  \\orl<.  wIi.to  tlip  oiilv   itiil);iii.'iit  1!.-|   Ala.    1!t:!.  22  ."^o.  ^,4       p„„        ,,  ,j„, 

mikI  diMT.'tioM   .'x.T.'is,.,!   l.y     stuli     fiiio-  l;n:-ii.i;;,.     ii>.>cl     in      |,„/,,      v       II  ,,i,v/o» 

iii^Mi  IS  (liat    wliioli   "liclon^M    lo    n     co  /;/„.v.    /./,  ,„/,„     r„     1  |  S'lS  |      li;     Mi,.|| 

w>irk.T  ill  M  sii|M.rior  Kni.l.-."      I.n,i,h  v.  ,-.(.().  Tti  \.  U  .  Sti.  „n<l  11...  <ms..s  .il,.,!  in 

l/'M.-.,    (IS-Ul    IS   K.   I.   -.1.1.  2K   All.  lllil  «   .-,:i.!    n,ln, .i.li,,;;  ,1,„,    .vrlain    ,'m 

nvhcio  111,,  w.irk  lo  Im.  .lone  wns  .simply  |il.,ypcs  m,.  n.>t   il.'pailm.nliil   vi.T  i.rin 

;;illiii(.'  .1  lii;i.l  of  sand).  .ipals. 

Itiihhii,    V.    Ilirhmniiil    rf     I),     li.     Co.         '\.„l„rn<     /•      K      (•„      v        I'llrrmn 

'1S,!1)    SI    \.  c.  44ti.  :tl    Am.  I?..p.  .",12.  (ISfliii    H12  I  .  s.  :f4li.  40   I,.  ...1    !1!14     |ti 

Imp  prin.'iplp   lliiis   lai.t  il<r,>  n.  tiow.'V.T.  Sup.   (l.    |!,.p.   H4.1 

jus  not   l,wn     consd- |     in     llio     NoHli         -  .So...  f„,    psampi...    l/.«„,    /.„„.    f V.    v 

l|ir..linn  coiiil   in  llip  sanip  s..n^-  .■■-  ap  Rirlumls,,,,    1  jSdTi   ll.",  \a    :(•>(!     '8  s'  Y 

1'liP.I  to  II1P  sump  olassps  of  pniploy.'ps  «s  X\A  .    ISnhl,   v.   Ilims    (ISillii  "'()("    <•'   .\" 

Hi  most    of   ihp  ponrts   ulii.^li     liavp    ox  1,-,1.    ;jii    (•.    S.    App.    (ifl.l.    VlfK...!     <I74 ' 

|Mis„.,|    111,,,,,    vipws    in     similar     levins,  huirrrs  y.  S/m  nnr    (IS'r,)    17  ('    ('     \' 

'•■';*  ■''"!■  "V•^'•,rV...    „    r,  -'•'•■    ^"'    '■     ^'     M'P    -III.    70    IV,i     4S0; 

MSMi.)    112    Pa.    400.    4    .Ml.    .",0.     S..n  S.  2.-;!l.  40   I,.  ...1.  4IS.    Ill  S„p.  VX     H,.„ 

^Mils  ..mployp.)  at  tlip  sail...  I<in.l  of  «..il<,  2tl!» ;  i'al.s  v.  Ilm,    1  ISIISi    I04  r,.\    (171>' 

<\"'pt  ll.at  .inp  LaHaiitliorily  tof-iv.Ii  :10  s.    K.   SH4  :     \,uln    v.    Iloi.v/,,./-    lU, 

r..pti.ms  to  Iho  oHht  as  t..  tl,o  nianiipr  i:i,,,tl,„    Co.    (ISJlHi    117    .Nfioli    :,m    Hi 

O!  Ilm,,;;  t)i,,   „,„j^     .,rp   f,,ll„.,v   siTv.iiiU.  N.   U.  si; 
/■o*/W  ■/,/,.;,.  r„hl.   Co.  V.  Ihlhry  (IHOtl)  •  OTl////*.,    V.    .V,,,-   .l,,s,-y   rf    .V.    Y.    R. 


K  ! 


1438 


MAbTi; K  AND  SKUVANf. 


tciiAr.  xxvlii. 


h  \i  f 


bM 


in  soiiu'  instances  tlio  spccitic  jironnd  upun  whic-h  supervising  em 
plojees  liiive  bci'H  declared  to  be  mere  senants  is  tliat  tliey  were 
not  heads  of  depart inents."      15ut  nolliin^  is  fjained  by  the  use  of 
a  test  wliicli  gels  rid  of  one  dillicultv  liy  introdueinfr  anotlicr  equall\ 
j;reat.     The  conception  of  a  "ih'partnient"'  is  one  .vlii<'h,  even  after 
all  the  rulings  which  deal  with  the  subject,  remains  too  essentiallv 
vag'ue  to  serve  as  an  element  of  tlitferenliation  between  the  eases  in 
which  the  master  is  liable  and  the  cases  in  which  lie  is  not  liable" 
H<'sides,  it  is  abimdaiitlv'  evident   from  a  comparison  of  the  ndiiii;- 
cited  imder  the  next  section  with  tho>e  relating  to  vice  priiK  ipals  in 
charge  of  tleparlinents,  that  even  this  nnsatisfactorv  test  would  nd 
-iipply  a  iiasis  on  which  the  decisions  could  be  reconcilecl.      Only  in 
line  (•la^s  of  cases  does  it  seem  to  suggest  a  rule  of  evi(h>nee  whirl, 
can  be  of  any   practical  service, — those,   naitK'ly,   in   which   the  df 
liiii|U('nt   for(  nian  was  himself  subject   to  a  higher  official,  who  w:i 
plaiidy  the  master's  general  agent,  if  there  was  one  at  all,  as  regaril 
till'  Work  in  progress.      This  subordinate  position  of  foremen,  deiiiiu 
to  Im'  vice  principals,  is  friHjuently  adverted  to  by  the  courts."     .\ 

Co.   (ISft.l)   5  .\li>c.  .120,  25  N.  Y.  Supp.  S.  App.  411.  70  F.hI.  480  (tracli  foicin.i, 

S12.   AlIiiiiHsl   ill    (1S!I4)    8    Misc.   :{.  28  siilioKliMiitc     to     a     siipcr\  i-or)  :     \.r 

v.  V.  Siipp.  ;-,.  York.  L.  K.  cf  \V.  R.  ('<•.  v.  liill  (IHSi.. 

■Sit  (•a>4's  cited   in    §   .5;ili.   infra.     In  112  I'a.  40(1.  4  Atl.  50  ({.'iiiif,' lioss  in  liiil 

Mtilliin   v.   I'liiliiili  li>liia  «(■   .S.   \liiil  S.  S.  way     r<'|iaii'     shops    umlcr    master    im 

Vo.    (is;.-)  I    7s    I'a.   25.  21    Am.   Ucp.   2.  cliiinic)  :    Miltrid,-   v.    liii<m    I'.    It.   r,. 

it  was  ilistincllv  riilc.l  tliat  an  a;.'ciit  ol  (ISS!))    3  Wyo.  247,  21    I'ac.  ti87    (gaii:; 

llic  I'liiptovcr  is  not  a  vice  principal  iin-  lioss   iinilcr  control  of   tlic     master    im 

li'ss  lie  has  cliai^'e  of  tlie  entire  Imsincss,  clianic's  foreman)  :   Kriislom-  liriilqr  (V. 

or  a  il.'paiimeiit  of  it.  v.  Xriibirrp  (18H0)   !tli  I'a.  240.  42  Am 

"  S'e  §  521a.  iiifrii,  and  the  reinarksof  Hep.   ')^'^    (){'"'H  boss  under  direetimi  n; 

the  court  in  the  recent  case  of  <l>iillisv.  a  superintendent)  ;  Johnson  v.   .\slihifnl 

Kiiiiniin  Villi,  i:  <i  (J.  R.  Co.  (1000)    153  Water  Co.   (1800)   77  Wis.  51,  45  N.  \V 

Mo.  :iSO.  4.8   L.  K.  A.  ;i<)8,  55  S.  \V.  108.  807     (f.;reinan    in    exclusive    cliai};i.    d 

'  I'irhiiioiKl  Ijominolivi'  1\'oi7.j<  v.  Ford  calkin;;  and  laying  pipes  iiialer  the  ;;.ii 

(1S07)    04  Va.  027.  27  S.   K.  ."lOO    (^an^  eral    Kiiperintendeiit     of    a     water    emu 

lioss   under   foreman  of  inaeliiiie  shop);  panv):    I'csclnl  v.  Cliirnqo,    If.  if  SI.  I'. 

Clrr,  1,11,(1.  r.  C.  if  SI.  L.  R.  Co.  v.  H(«/rii  /,'.  r,,.  (18H5)  (12  Wis.  :!.!S.  21  N.  W.  Ji.'' 

(1800)    211  C.  ('.   .\.    147.  34   U.  S.  .\pp.  (one  of  several   foremen   sul>oidinatr  li 

750.   7:i    Ked.  070,    Keversin;;  on   rehear-  a    master  carpenter);    I'tmlson    v,   I.khi 

iiii:  (  iHO.t)   tie.  V.  A.  142.  18  r.  S.  App.  iirit    (180(1)    77    I'eil.  5H8    (foreman  »illi 

IC,    5(1    Ked.    804     I  siiliordiiiate    foreman  supervision  over  several  men  in  eri'i(iii;; 

liaviii};  a  (h'partmeiital  superior);    ir/i(((  the  iron   work  of  a  liuililiiiK.  srlijicl   tu 

Villi  r  V\inl  Vo.  v.  •loliiisoii    (  1803)    0  ('.  Iln>  supervision  of  u  niemher  of  tlie  cm 

V.   .\.    148,   12   I'.  S.   App.   400,  5(1    Ked.  porat ion  employing  them — injury  enu-e-l 

810   (a  foreman  in  a  mine,  controlled  liy  liy   iiiipiii|Kr  sii.malt  ;    lliiil.:  t'linhii;    \ 

a  pit  liosH,  who  was  himself  under  lliesii-  liiiinii    (l.i;'.'t)    58    ,\rk.   20((,   24   S.   U . 

|H'riiitendent )  :  l!,niiwn  v. //ioAkM  Is:l8)  2.")0    I  fori'inan    of   car   repairers   wiio   i> 

.'il    ('.  ('.  A.   .10(1.  52  V.  S.  App.  587,  87  under  the  foreman  of  the  roundli<in-c' 

Ked.    .'(02    l^ein'ral    foieman    of    railway  l/cf.'iii/i //    v.    I.inriiiii    (180;ii     l.>2    I'.i 

shops,  who  is  himself  under  the  coiitnd  3(1(1,   25    .\tl.   824    (:iss|.,|ant     foiein;iiii; 

of    the    master    mechanic — woiknien    or-  l/iii/m/   v.  Vrii,niiiiis    (1805)      14     Mi-c. 

dered   into    unsafe     phici' i  ;    /<i«rri.s    v.  40(1.  .15  .N.  ^  .  Siipp.   I(i_':!.   i  -  mim    imii- >  ; 

S{>vnccr   (ISDO)    17   C,  (J.  A.  215,  25   U.  VoIIihk  v,  Vriinmiiis  (1805)    II   Mi-i'.  -4, 


8  siyj 


vin-:  i'i:iN(  H'ai.siiii'    ikstuk  1!.\m;. 


143'.) 


like  dcduclinii  iV  iIimwii,  iiiid  for  siiniliii-  iiii-ms.  wlioro  tlio  niiiiitiT 
was  siii)cr\  iMiij:  iho  ()|>(r:ition  liimsclt',  iiml  llic  -niiri-inr  scrviiiU  was 
workiiii,'  niitlci-  liis  dinclidiis.  IIciv  iho  vcrv  ii:iiiii-(>  of  tlip  sitii- 
■AiMii  cxcIikIc:?  tjic  tiicory  tluil  lie  \v;is  ii  rcprcM'iUMtivo  of  tlio  inas- 
lor.**  Wlicrc  lliis  stiKjcclioii  to  a  j;i'iiii:il  iii;iriai;cr  >iv  to  the  ma-tcr 
liiiiisclf,  as  his  own  siiiiciiiilcii(l(  lit,  i.s  i-i.!!li-lic<l.  ilic  mcro  fad  lliaf 
ilic  iiiaiia:;vr  or  ilir  inasirr  wa-  not  aciiiailv  |irc^cnt  in  ihts.iii  ami 
uiaiia.^iii;;  llir  ii|Mialii>n!!  wlicii  llic  iiijui\  \\a-  irccivcd,  will  not  have 
ihc  clk-ct  of  >'<'n\('i'liiii;-  liic  siilicrdiiiaio  foreman  into  a  vicr  prin- 
ripal."      In  ordi'i-  ihat   liii.s  result   luav   fo||,,w   from  tlio  ali-eiiec  of 

:|  N.  Y.  Sllpp.  sen  (s;iillr  I';1CU)  ;  ff/H  foliMIMII  (if  n  !.':in;.'  ('ll;.Mi.'(iI  in  PXCilVil- 
iioihi  V.   Mdiinr    (lS!i:!)    ti   Mjsc  OS.   Jil    liciii.  iK mrt  i-.M~<inc.l  llms:      '•(Ijii^cii 

N'.  \.  Sii|)|p.   IS  (Ion- II  i>f  iiiiinMiyii'.'iil    wiis    ii(,t    cliaij.'!.,!    v\itli    tin.  -ii|iciinlciiil- 

iiiiiliT   n    yi'iiinil    sii|M'iiiitciiili'iit    i,i    till'    ciicr  .iiiil  I Iiiil  iif  till' iTiliiT  liii^iiifH,  et' 

.Mi]-li||ctiiill    of    :l     l):Oti(lll;M     |iiirl     nf    il     Ills   rlll|ili)Vr|-s.       II.'    u  M^  nut  t  111'  in:i|Ml".r 

.HiiMiii-     liaviii;:    inillidriiv    lo    ti-ll    tli..    .n-  I I  of  a  (Icparliih'Ml   of  a  iliMr-ilT,',! 

»   "II"'"   to   weiU    ami    wlicii    to   >lii|i.    lnisiiicsH.     Xcillur    ua~    lir    ciii,' i;.r(.||     at 

vlicn  tli<"irs<'ivii'i~  air  no  lnii;:i'r  nn'ili.l.    I lu"  liiiii-  <if  llic  aii'i.l.'iit  in  tlic  ih'iIoiiii- 

.nil    wlicn    (liry    ail'    rii|iiin'il      rrci'tilly    ai of  a  ,-| iai  duly  wliipli  tlir  law   ili'- 

iiilt    arch    pi\i'    way.    fnmi    wliii-h    (lie    voImiI  ii|miii  his  I'lnpfoM-K.     On  the  omi- 

'•icinaii  liail  piciiiat  iiii  ly  ri'PioM'iI  llii-  tiary.  hi'  was  siiiiph'aii  oiiliiiary  I'liri'- 
■  ntciH)  :  IhiHiis  V.  V.,<  Yml.-.  I,.  H.  if  man",  who  hail  i'li.u;;i'  of  a  iraiiu' df  la- 
W.R.C').  ils.s:ii   -Jil  Hun,  .",.-,ii  in  wnck    l.onis.   ami    who   u-iially    woiki'l     will, 

iia-liT  takiii;;  his  oiih'is  fi.iiii  an  ollii'ial  tlu'iii.  Ilr  iliil  not  i'\cm  liavc  tnll  i-oii 
111  char},'!'  ot  tlii'  -hops  ami  yanls);  tiol  of  1  hr  part idilar  joh  on  which  h,. 
Ilnniiif/rr  V.  Ihliiiiiiir  rf-  //.  Ciniil  Co.  wa-  rnipliiyi.l,  for  anolhiT  forrnian  wa.s 
||H79)  I!)  linn.  iJKi  (-I'.'iion  fon-man  rii;;.i-i'il  on'  the  sanic  work,  w  ho  si'mis  to 
«ith  two  siip.'iiois,  a  track  inas|,.r  ami    have  had  cipial  aiilhorilv.  and  lioth  fon- 

1  supcrinti'iidinl.  hdwci'ii  him  and  llii'  iiicii  were  under  the  i/i'i'ieral  supervision 
"iMipany);   ll'lliiin    v.   Aimiirin   lirnlii     of  the  coinmon  nia-tei  " 

■  V-J  V„.    (ISllll    .-..!    X.   .1.    I..    Jill,   'Jl    .\n.  ■■See    Mi'lun,     V.    Il,lllu,,r,„l    (ISTC.i    (14 

■\i\  (plaint  Ills  foot  iliawii  iiiio  iiiaehin  V.  V.  '■,.  n  Am.  Hep.  .-.7;t.  Where  idis- 
.'ly  of  dre(ly:i'  s.'t  in  inoiion  hy  the  -eiilino'.  (•liiiicli,  (I,.  .!.,  and  Itiiiillo 
••i'iipi<iM"or  foreman  opi'ialiiij;a  .IiciIl'i'  I.i  it  was  held  erroneous  to  -/wi-  an  in' 
miller  tl'c  runtrol  of  the  ^.'eiieral  superin-  -liuelinii  frauied  on  the  iheoiv  lli.it,  vii-e 
lin.l.nl  oi  Ihc  .■ompaiiy)  :  (,i,',„„r.  v.  Or  principal-hip  was  piedical.le 'of  a  ineie 
f'.M/  //OH  ,(■  .\.<,/  fo.  (|S!l:!l  .-,,-,  N.  ,1.  I,,  loo'iuaii  of  car|«'nlcrs.--oiic  cliar"id 
:i!l.  :25  .\tl.  7il7  Moreanii  of  mine  uiiilcr  with  the  special  diilv  of  e\ei"iiiii..  ~ic 
a  ;;i'iii'ial  superinlciident  I  :  N.7oo. ,/,  ,    \.    pairs     in     a     l.uil.lin^','    "Imii     perlm  niin.r 

Ihiil  .(    /■.    1/.   /;.  (•„.    ||S!I1|     |ii:i   .Mich,    tliem    under   u'^ncral    or    - ial    iii-i  ru." 

^l.'U'OL  U.  .\.;ii|.,nx.  U-..i(;:!,f„ic     ;i„„s    n i|,|,    p,i„cipal'.    who    rciahw 

iiiMn  ol  t'aii;r  >.l  ^'ladeis  under  the  imm       1    has   the  y, lal    -upi'rv  i-ioii   of  the 

'h^itc  control  of  anolhcr  olhci  .1.  u  Im  v  ,-  hu-iiie-,  and  lo  whom  and  wl".,,.  imnie- 
li."|ii"nlly  pre-eiil   dinctin-  the  v,,,rki;    .Hate  dinelion.  all    (tl mplnvee-l   are 

/c/»,,,»o//  V.  /,'oWo„  (ISS2)  |:W  .Mass.  sul.jcel.'  Simil.ulv.  a  v  ice  principal 
nil  il.ir.inan  ol  lahorer-  in  th.'  service  h-es  his  repre-eiil.i'l  i\  e  chaiaci.'i-  toi  1  he 
el  a  >'ily.  who  wa-  himsclt  e.iMliidled  li\  time  Iiein^'  when  the  einpl.iver  himself 
•'  '-"'"'I'l"   -I'l'irinieiideiit  I.  as-uines  cmlrol  and  directs  him  Imw  to 

'i'"i.^'"'ll -i-c- cited  iin.ler  the  iie\l     .lo   Ihe    work    In    h.md.      /',. /.,v/    \     ciii. 

-I'ctK.n.  csnecially  those  rclitiiiir  lo  fore  :,„s  III  ,r  l{,f,;,,.  i.iln,,/  C„  (  IS'iSi  IS". 
"I'll  of  scilion  yan;:-  and  ill  iiiliies.  will    I'a.  Iil7.  Kl  .\tl.  ss. 

--■rvi'    to    illii-tiale    Ihe    s;iiue    point     of         "Ihiiins  v.  Si„„r,r    Mso.-,i     |7  (■    p 

Uc«.    whether   the   eoiiliol    Iiy    n    hi^r),er     \.  21",.  i:,  V .  S.   .\|ip.    Ill     7ii   IVd     |So' 

M,|..-n,.t  ise\plicitly  referred   to  or  not.    See    il-o   «,  .,„    v.    \  „ll    ilss|,    ,;-,   (, ,„-.,' 

ill   It'lrh   v.   Il.nis    ilSlllii    20  ('.  f.    A      HIT    ■' !    V    \\     700    ,,  i,.., ..  ,  1...  .,,..    ...r,,!' 

I'll.   :in   C.   S.    App     (;!i;t.   7:i    Kcl.  !174.  a    ..idiraiiU    a!,-,',,..      Tl,..  ,, aterialilvol 

«iiM'  vvlieiethe  nc;:lij,'i'nt  scrvanl   was  the    the  fad  that   m,  w,c  pr ipal  wa«  }>ic- 


im  ■■ 
1 

m 


' 


''.. 


if 


*'  ■  '■ 


M 


1440 


MA.STKR  AND  .sKUVANT. 


[chap,  xxvui 


his  superiors,  it  must  be  shown  that,  uiitlor  tho  arran^i-nioiits  of  tlu' 
establishment,  he  wad  to  be  in  solo  cliarge  and  to  wicUi  the  same 
powers  of  control  as  the  manager  himself,  whenever  that  managiM- 
£hi>ul(l  be  absent.'^ 

If  the  neglificnt  servant  was,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  a  mere  foremiui, 
l!ie  position  of  the  plaintiff  is  in  no  wise  improved  by  the  circum 
!-':itii'i'  that  he  was  called  a  superintendent.'* 

620.  Illustrative  cases. —  'Ihc.  supeivisinjr  employees  spe<'ified  in 
the  subjoined  note  have  been  held  to  be  luore  fellow  senants  of  tlieii 
sulmrdinates.  For  brevity's  sake,  everytliinfr  but  the  mere  desiniM 
lion  of  the  delintiuent  has  beer  omitted  in  most  instances,  the  ncm 
liability  of  the  master  beiiip'  understonvl  to  be  the  etfeet  of  the  riiliiii;. 
where  nothinfr  is  stated  t<»  tli(>  cxmtrary. 

'l'hefaets,as  indicated  by  the  memoranda  aj)pended  to  the  eitatinn-. 
.sliujild  be  compared  witii  those  inv(dved  in  the  eases  to  be  discusxii 
in  the  ne.xt  two  cha])t(>i-s,  in  which  the  master's  nonliability  is  iv 
ferred  directly  to  the  eliaraeter  of  the  act  whieli  caused  the  injiiiA 
as  Ix'ing  essentially  that  of  a  mer(>  servant.      In  tliis  cunnectien  i 
shciuid  be  remarked  that,  in  net  a  few  iui-tances,  it  is  extremely  dil: 
cult  tn  say  whether  the  cmirt  intends  to  rely  upon  the  ground  ili; 
the  operation  of  the  iJoctrine  of  common  employment  is  not  dete:r 
ed   by   the  fact  that  the  delin<iuent   controlled   the   injtired   servati' 
or  u|M)n  the  ground  that  the  deliiupient   was,  in  any  event,  a  nici 
fellow  servant  as  to  the  ;iet  which  caused  the  injury,  or  upon  Imil 
these  grounds.      In  view  of  the  uncertainty  thus  ci'eated.  it  has  biin 
deemed  ailvisable  to  include  in  the  tollowing  list  a  goixl  many  c:i-r- 
which  might,  with  apparently  equal   propriety,  have  been   reservi.l 
for  the  following  chapters. 

These  rulings  may  also  be  advaiilageously  contrasted  with  llio-i 
which  illusirali'  the  superior  servant  doctrine  in  it~s  application  t" 
employees  holding  similar  or  identical  positions.  See  sulnitle  !•. 
infra.^ 

tnl  at  tlip  time  of  the  injury  is  ovidpiitly  nf  IIh-sp  funrtioiinrip-    is    ri's<'i  vpil    for 

tiikeii  for  frriiiilcd  in  niaiiv  of  tln'  di'ci  snlilitlcs   K.    1'".  mftn. 

.ions  iilrciiily  citpil.  e»iM'ci:illy   \h'\*v  \v  (1>)    Hw/iUiiiks  in   tnntntl  of   r(iilii;iii 

^pi'Ctinj;  tlu-  fnipimin  of  tiiicli  lepiiiiiii^  hnins  or  purls  llimiif. —  A»  is  ii|i|Miiiit 

;rii"j;'<.  iind   similar  liodics  of   ini'n.  wlio  lioni   llio  (ascs  piled   IipIow.  (Iip  ii'j;uKir 

normnlly  do  tlipir   woik    iindpr    pircnni  cimdiictor  of  a  tiiiiii  i-  lipid  to  U-  a  lui-rr 

stanrps  wliipli  pippludp  tlip  pxprcisp  of  a  x  rvatil    l)y   all   tlip  cinirt^  out--idp  tin  m' 

pprsoiial    ponlrol    liy    tlip    liifrtipr   »ppnl>  wliiili    ipjppt    Uip    sii|iiiior    -iprvanl    dii 

of  tlip  niastpr.  Irinp      Isuhlillr      I),    i/i/nn.    and    th...,' 

'=  Spp  pasps  (itptl  in  i  .SOO.  supra.  wliiili,  «liilenot  aiip|iliiiy  that  (li..lirie, 

"Sep   8    rMH.   xiiprii.  liold  Poliduptoi>  to  lir  ilppai  tiopntiil  \\ev 

'(n)    (Iriicral  und  drpiirlmf  nliil   man  piiiipipals       lsiiliiitl,>      I''.      iii/i'ii         li 

'iy<r».— lllf  coilwidpiatioii   of   the  slutiia  \v<iuld   sei-ni   tlial    llip   SuptPiiie  ('t>iirt   itf 


i! 


I  S20] 


VICE  I'RINClPAr.SHlP— TKST  OF  RANK. 


144) 


the  I'nilcil  S)iitr<  in  no  Ioii^it  to  bo 
reckomnl  iu  tliu  luttcr  catcjioiv.  ^«e  i 
j35,  note  1,  siibd.    (b),  iiifiii. 

('oni/rare     v.     Siiiillnni     P.     It.     Co. 
(ISIH)  88  Cal.  3til).  2li  I'ac.  175  (breuob 
<if  hHm  ill  stnrtiiij;  train   bcforo  sclicil- 
iilnl  time)  :  Mr('n.ihrr  v.  l.uiiq  Island  R. 
r„.    (1881)    84    X.    Y.   77    (si;;iuilp<l    to 
I'ngineer  to  baok  train   while  brakeiiian 
wiiH  in  a   (laii<;froii8  position)  ;    Tliiii/cr 
V.  Sf.  l.ouis,    i.  d  T.  H.  H.  Co.   (18ti4) 
JJ  Iml.  28,  85  Am.  Doc.  409   (bralieiiian 
fell  into  an  opon  culvert,  while  ohoyin;? 
an  order  of  the  coiidiutor   to  detach   a 
cMr.  and  soiijiht  to  recover  on  the  proiiml 
that  the  conductor  was  negli^.'cnt  in  not 
-lackenin;;  the  siiopil  of  the  train  aft4>r 
the  Older  was  given)  ;  Lniiisiillp.  X.  A. 
rf    C.    K.    Co.    V.    South  irick-    (18!tf.)     16 
Ind.  App.  488.  44  N.  E.  2(13   (conductor 
was  hel[iin<;nbrnkeman  to  iinloailacar  I  : 
il'iirifia   I'.    R.   Co.   v.   Darin    (1800)    02 
Ala.  300.  0  So.  2.52   (orders  piven  in  the 
inanajjenient  of  the  train)  ;  />oip  ▼.  Kiin- 
M.H  I'.  R.  Co.  (  1S71)  8  Kan.  (142   (decid- 
(>d  on  doniiirrer)  :    WHlmore  v.   linslun 
if  .V.  R.  Co.    (18!H))    1.50  MasB.  477,  23 
X.  E.  220    (backinf;  car<  in  such   man- 
HIT  as  to  cnisli  car  repairer)  :   .Inininii 
V.   Chicano  d    0.    T.    K.    Co.    ;i8fl3)    08 
.Mich.   135.  57   V.  W.  32    (did  not  reject 
.III     iniproix'i  l.v     loaded     car     from     his 
train)  ;    /,«    I'itrre   v.    i'liiciiqo  <t   O.    T. 
K.  Co.    (1S!M)    !m  Mich.  212.  .58  N.  \V. 
fiO  (not  placinfj  car  on  siding  while  be- 
ing unloaded,    and    ordering   oxeeisively 
heavy  packages  to  be  carried  across  tli'e 
plank  that  was  needed  to  reach  the  plat 
frnn.     See,  however,  summary  of  .Mich- 
iaav  decisions  in  subtitle  H.  iiifrn)  ;    l/o- 
(loifirt    V.    Sr    I.niiii,    d-    I.    if.     R.    Co. 
iisyti)    61    Mo.  52S    (assiiiaiiee  that  de- 
fective rope  was  safe),  n-ceiitly  follow- 
ed,  after   a    hmg   series   of   antagonistic 
ruling's   (see  subtitle  D,  infrn.  and  chap 
tcr   xxx..   /msl).   ill    Ornllixi-   v.    KniiHiit 

C'lti.  P.  rf  (1.  II.  Co.  (18'ini  ir>3  Mo.  :wo, 

48  1..  R.  A.  3!!!).  .-.5  S.  \V.   lOS   (  sii-nal  to 
go  ahead — held  error  to  instnic-t  a   jury 
on  tlie  thi'oiy  that    a  conductor  was.  as 
iiiiiltcr  of  law,  a   vice  principal)  ;    Ciin- 
lull  v.    MiDilnna    C.    R.    Cii.    (ISOrt)     IS 
ihmt.  Iti7.  33  f,.  R.  A.  554.  44  I'ac.  525. 
Reversing   (1895)    17  Mont.  180.  42  Pac 
7i'>7.  on  the  ground  that   the  territorial 
stilute  under   which    the   earlier   ruling 
li.id   l)cen    iiiaile   had   lieen    abrocnied   by 
a    -elf  executing   provision    of   the   state 
•  '■'nstitlltion;    Shirmnit    v.    Roihisttr   <{ 
.V   /f.  »'„.    (IS.-,:!)    15   Harb.    .'",74    (1,S.-|8) 
IT  \.  Y.  153    (train  was  run  al   danger 
nil-    .;«rdl  :     \V,,i„i,i,     <..     \\,.il,l„     V      V 
<f   /'.   /,'.   C.,.    (18!).-,)    147    \.   V.   508.  42 


N'.   E.   109.   Rpversiiiy    (1801)    43   N.   Y. 
S.  R.  218.  lU  X.  V.  Supp.  840  (  1802)   4tl 
X.Y.  S.  R.  77.    18  N.  Y.  Supp.  7(i8  ( exercise 
of  discretion   in  not  applying   fur   moie 
biakenien   or   to   have   soiiie  of  the  cars 
set  olf  before  descending  a  steep  ;;iade)  : 
Robinson    v.    Ilniisloii    rf    T.    C.    R.    Co. 
(  1877)40  Tex.  540  (order  to  gel  on  mov 
iiig    train.      See,    lumever.    summary    of 
Texas     decisions,     subtitle     H,     infrn)  ■ 
Xorfoll:  d  IV.  R.  Co.  v.  Iluuchina  (  1807) 
05   \'a.  .308.  .11//)  »om.   Xorfolk  d-   11.   R. 
"o.   V.    Sirainc.  40   L.    R.    A.   350.   28    S. 
E.   578    (directing  trains  onto  Irai-k  on 
which   a    train    from   the  opixisite  dine 
tioii  is  due),  overruling  earlier  cases  in 
this  state  (see  S  524.    note  2,  sub<l.    (c). 
infra,  and  chapter  xxx..  post)  ;  Jmk-un 
V.    Xnrfolk  d    \\.  R.  Co.    (1807)    43   W . 
V'a.  380,  46  L.  R.  A.  337,  27  S.  E.  278. 
31    S.    E.   258    (signaled   to  engineer   to 
back  a  train  before  the  plaint itf,  a  brake- 
man,   was   really   to   make  a   coupling  i. 
overruling     earlier     decisions     in     Ibis 
state.     See    S     524.     note    2.   subd.    (c). 
infrn,  and  chapter  XXX.,  post;   Urinr  v. 
Chirnrjo  d  .V.  W.  R.  Co.    (1883)    58  Wis. 
525.  17  V.  \V.  420  (laborer  was  iiijiiriil 
by    the    train's    lioiiig    started    without 
warning). 

The  conductor  of  a  con.st ruction  train 
was  held  to  be  a  mcr?  servant.  Cnssithi 
V.  Maine  C.  R.  Co.  (1884)  76  .Me.  488 
(laborer  orden-d  t<i  jump  from  moving 
train).  The  same  ruling  has  aKo  been 
made  as  to  the  fireman  of  a  giavel  train 
(O'Connill  V.  Hnllimurc  d  (>.  R.  Co. 
I1S63I  20  Md.  212.  83  Am.  I).'c.  540): 
the  foreman  of  a  material  train  ( .*>7. 
/.""IS.  /.  I/,  d  «.  R.  Co.  V  Sharl.ilf'.rd 
[18831  42  Ark.  417  [train  set  in  iiioiicn 
without  warning  while  laborer  was  shift 
ing  rails  from  one  car  to  aiiiillierj  i  :  and 
the  foreman  of  a  train  creu  iinloailiiii; 
and  leveling  dirt  on  a  railway  ISihrm- 
ilir  V.  I'linl  d  P.  I/.  R.  Co.  [1804]  103 
Mich.  213.  20  L.  I!,  A.  .321.  lil  \.  W . 
tir>3  (failed  to  give  notice  that  a  train 
was  about   to  iiiovej ). 

The  enirini'er  of  an  engine  not  draw- 
ing a  train,  who  has  no  siibordinite  ex- 
cept a  fireman,  is  n  mere  servant. 
Hovnrd  v.  /)(•  rrr  d  R.  d.  R.  Co.  (  188(i) 
2(i  Fed.  837  (disoiieyed  instriietions  as 
to  I  liming  of  e.iL'ine).  Even  though 
the  engineer  in  siii'li  ease  may  be  called 
a.  conductor,  and  has  full  charge  of  the 
engine.  Hallimnrr  d  O.  It.  Co.  v. 
Haiirih  (1803)  140  V.  S.  ;tli8.  37  I.,  cd. 
772.  13  Sup.  CI.  l!ep.  014  (  niniiini.'  en- 
gine without  ord'i-  -(■<•  fin  I  her.  as  to 
liii-  ease,  iiiKier  §  .i.;.>.  note  1,  sul'i.tb), 

11'/ Ml). 


''I  if  I 

ilii 
I 


mi     !wk 


\ 


I 


1442 


MAvnin  AM)  m:u\  .\\T. 


[chap,  xxviii. 


ilid  in  llii'  I'l'MiTiil    tcr   of   tiiriiiii"   llic   iwitctics."     Ciiiffal 


:i>     to    llio    It.  i'u.  V.  A( 


(  ISll."))    ICO  V.  S.  •>:,\\. 


Colli l\l-!    llir  Cii 
li-it     ill     >iililltli-    1).     (/!/. 

st.itii>   nil    <li.L!iii(i  I    iilil:iiii^    li.v    till'   "su-  10    I,.    I'd.     IIH.     Ili    Sii|).    CI.    |!c|>.    ^il:i 

|M'iliir  ^c-i\:iiil"  iliKii'iiK-  itiicli  r  tln'  -.iiiir  ( iimviii;.'  ilrhuliril    rar*   willi<iiit    aiiyoiii' 

circiiiii-tiiiii'^.  on  llinii  to  >i4  tlic  lirakt'si. 

In  llii;/it  V.   \lV.s/ir)i   A'.  <'i,i/i.    (ISt'.l)         .\     fi>iciii:iii     nf     a     switcliiii"^     crow. 

3   C"u-.li.   270.  fill'  coiiil   (licliii.il   til  ill-  rhiiiiiiiniiii   V.   rliivii'i:,  »(    .V.    W.   R.  Co. 

iii>s   tlii>   c|iii-llnii    \\1h'IIii  r   a    i  iinhiilnr  i  Issm   .Vl  Wis.  -Iiij.  7  .V.  W.  :i,'17    (<>rili-i 

was  a   vicr    |ii'iiii'i|>al.   lull    lii'M    lli:M.   .il  liil   |ilaiiiliir  to  iiiiiiiit   a  <"ir  with  u  dc 

all    rvi'iits.   till"  t'liiMp.iiiv     "a-   iml    lialilc  Icrlivc   jau  -.Iraii:    \ci-,lict     lur    liliii    s<l 

liT  l!ic  iH"jli;;riiii-  (it  a  liraUriiiaii  aclin;;  ii~i.l.'.    a^    llicir     «a»    no    r»  iili'iicr    tliat 

a-   a  I'oniliiiliir  on  a   ■.frtiun   of  a   tr.iiii  lorcMiaii    \\.i«   char^jcd    »illi   Ilic  duty  nl' 

tini|Mirarily  divlilid.     'Ilio  in-;;li;;iii<r  al  iii-|i«Tl  in;;  tin-  cai».  or  kni'«    of  the  ilr 

li-;;i-tl    was     llial     tlii'     lirakiMii.in    ni-i'.lici-  I'cii  ) . 

wi'iit  on   tlic   rrar  car   liinisilf.    nnr  sia-  riii-  forcinaii  of  one  of  sovrral  swili  h 

tioiud   aiiiiilHT  braUriiiaii   llirio.   tlic  ro-  in;;    crrws    winking'    iindiT    tin-    yi'iin^il 

siill    liriii;.'   tliat    tlii>   train    parlid    on    a  control    of    a    yard    master.      Ilmliii    \. 

^rradc  and  tin,'  rear  siM-tioii  ran  into  the  /.'■nisiillr  tf    \.    If.   I'n.    ilSli:))    r>7    In! 

furwaril  oiii'.  I'l    IsIi^m.iIciI  at    iiii|iro|H-r  tiniu  for  tlii' 

As     III     IJii-    stains     of    ciindiii  Ini  ~     in  iiii.M'IiiiiiI  uf  a  call. 
South  Carolina,  sec  S  r«;i.'i.  note   1.  -iilnl.         .\      yard      foicniaii.      Huiil     v.      Iliinl 

lb).   i)//ni.   and  eiiM|.|i-i     X\X..   />'..r  (llioo'i     ail    C.    (_'.    A.    l!-jr..    !I8    Fed.    i;s:i 

Cniler  ordin.iry  ciri'iiiiistaiiccs  an  cii-  (f.iiliil  to  station  iMakeinan  on  liael.in:.' 

;;iiieer    is    a    coscrvaiil     of    his    lireiiian.  car  to  ixive  nolici!  of  their  a|>|iioach  ic 

llioinjli   tho   latter   is   under  his  control.  •■iii|iliiyei>s  on  the  track). 
Iliiiiiiil  V.  Son/Ill  1)1  /'.  Co.   (1900)    3!)  0.  (ill    I'm- hi  f  II    of     ui<  iLiiifl    ymiilx    nn 

C.  .\.  :i.">'.l.  !IH   Kill.  \K,^.  riiiliniii.'i.-^  .\     wreck     iiiaslcr.      M,<',mtli 

(c)    ,V/(//i  iiiM/ii/  iiiijihijiKK  ill  niilini'i  V.   Tiras  li  I'.   It.  Co.    ||H!I4)    !)  C.  C.  .\. 

ynrils. — .\    ;;enernl   yard    niasler    in    full  l.';.i.     I'.i     I'.     S.     .\|>p.   Mli.     liO   I'lil.     ."i.")."i 

coiilrol  iif  a  y.ird.     t'iiniinitili,  .V.  O.  tC  i  \.  rickiii;,'car  iiii|iri  |m'|  ly  |i1accil.  and  im 

'/'.  /'.  A".  Co.  V.  <!riiii  (lIMMli   .'lO  I..  U.  A.  ro|M's  u-i  d  to  Uccp  the  derrick   in   |ii(^i 

47,  41  C.  C.  A.  r>:!.'i.'  lol  Kill.  lij:'..  Allirin  linn. 

in;;  Tlionins  v.  Vinrinnnti.  .V.  '*.  c(-  T.  I'.         Tlio    ad  in;;    foreman    of    n     wrii-kin^' 

AV   Co.    (IS'.l'.l)    !i;   Kill.  '24ri    (while  haii  ear.      flijiiin    v.    IxinihiiH    (ISHS)    .•11   C. 

dliii;;     an     I'liijiiie     in     tin-     aliscnce     of  C.    A.    'JSJ.    ,")!•    ('.    S.    .\|il>.    1,    S7    l-dl. 

the    enirinccr.     Hie    yaril     master    hack-  2.jS    (excessive   slrniii   on    ioim?  attaclicil 

cil    a    train    rapidly    ayaiii-1     a    swilcli.  to  a  derrick  liioke  it), 
which.       liriiiu'       do  I'll.       derailed       I  lie         'I'licse      two      I'ecleral      decisions     may 

car  on  wliieli   Ilio  plaiiililV.  a  .\aril   fore-  pio'ialily  Ih'  rcu'aiiled  as  sup.  iscdiii;;  one 

man.  was.  and  dasliid  it  .i^aiii-l  another  to  the  contrary  eU'eit.    Iluiiihiiiii  wOimi- 

car  on  an  adiiiceiil   Iniekl  ;   MiMuhnti  v.  /„/  rf  ,S7.  /,.  //.  fo.    (IH'.Kl)    41    Fed.  Iiii7. 

Iliiiiiimi    (ISSOi    1    McCraiy.  .")lt'i.  ;!  Kill.  See     5     .'i.'!."!.    note     1.    siilid.     (e).     i;i;ri( 

.\'i:\      11.111     cars     li;jellier     at     cxcessivi'  I'liI .  on  I  he  fad  s.  it  is  jii-t  possilde  Hi  it. 

speed,   iiijiiiinu'  coupler).      .\ii   cinployi'O  in  Hie  enrlii  r  ci-e,  the  deliniinenl   really 

eoiiinioiily    ccliii;;    for    a     yard     nii-ler.  occiipieil    a    po-ilion    snnieicntly   hii:li   to 

hirl,'   V.    Atliiiiln  <G    C   .Mr-I.iiif   It.   Co.  maUe  liiiii  a  dipiitmental  vice  principal. 
(ISHIi)    !»l    N.   C.  i\-2:>.  n:>  .\ni.   Ucp.   1)2!  Ihe     >iip  ijiileiident     of     removal     of 

(;javp   a    si;;iial    which    causcil    an    elcji  wrecks,  taking'  his  orders  from  the  cm 

neir  to  drive   his   train    aL;.iiii-l    tho  i  ir  |d,,vei>   in    char;;e    of    shops    .nnd   vjuN, 

which  pliiiiHir  was  repairiii-     tiinelicns  /{,;/,„,,  v.  \<i(    V.oA-,  I..  /,'.  it  1\'.  A".  C. 

said  to  he  na-rily  atlendiii-  lo  details)  ,|hs:;)   20  iliin.  .V.li   (clasp  holdiii-  ,lir 

S.V.    heweyer.    Hie    siiinniaiy    of    North  j.;,.,^  ,..,^   ,,,  j,.,,^,,,,  „.,,i,,.  .,  ,,  ,,,,.;^ ,,,  ,.,r 

Carolina    decisions,    chapter    .xxx.,    ,iusl.  ^^.^^^    ,^,,.^       ,^^^j^.^,j    ^^.,_,,    ^^_,,,^,^^,_,    ,,,    ,,^^ 


,\   foreman  siilijcct   lo  the  onli  is  of  a 


.sirnck    loosp.   the   result    hciiii;   that    the 


varil    master.      I'lulir    v.    SI.    I'niil.     "...  ,,    ,      ,„  ■•       .       ,i   , 

If    If.  I(.  Co.   (I><SI)    32  Minn.  .--.t.    It)  \.  '''■''"'^  '•"  "'"'  P>'"'''  "'^"."'  ♦'••-"'•' 
W.  3t!)    (direction,  as  to  the  manlier  of  '"^      l-m,,lour,-s      supfr,.,,,.,        hurl.- 

removing  a   dama-ed   ear).  ""'•'••   "'<    r,ulii:,<,x.-.\n    ■inspector     ap 

The  foreman  of  a  drill  crew  in  a  rail  parenlly  a    roadiiiistei— and    a     iail»:iv 

11   III  yaiil.  who  is  "n  coiii|)oneiil   part  of  lahoivr.      Murfuihinr    v.    Ciihihiilnii    It 

Ihe  cr'i  ,■   and  active  coworker  in  the  man-  Co.    (lSi;7i    li    Sc.    Sos^.   Cas.    .'id    <v|is. 

'.Ill   V,    ik   if   -V.  itciiini'.  \\i;ii   the  ^|l^■clllc  I'l'i    ■ -eH  ii.l     -e;it     to    watch     a    lai.lL'c. 

iliitv  ;i-  lulled  to  liiiii  hy  the  y.ird  nr.is-  without   lj"iii;;  iiiioiiiKMl    at    what    tiaiu 


liZO] 


\  u  \:  rifi\(  ii'Ai.siiii'    iKsT  oi-  RWK. 


mi 


irnins   woro    to    ln'    cxpccdi;    wii»   run 
over). 

A  roiulllin^tiT.  l.airhr  v.  AiiiliDmuf/ 
'/in  H.  Vu.  (IST.'li  02  Ml'.  4(;.t.  It!  siw. 
Uep.  402  ((I<'<'liiialii)ii  (Inmiiriililc  «liicli 
;llli';,Ts  III!  oiiliT  lo  Hulk  under  .\  ililll;;iT 
IIII.0  ovfrliiiiiyiii;.'  li:iiik)  :  Hxtii  u  v.  II ■•■ 
nonrt  rf  St.  /'.  //.  Co.  ISSO)  27  .Minn. 
11)2.  IIS  .\ni.  I!c|>.  2H.-).  i\  S.  \V.  (SI: 
O'.ViW  V.  Ilniit  \iiitliirn  If.  C,,.  (IIIOO) 
80  .Minn.  27.  ■>!  1..  \\.  A.  ,'>:I2,  H2 
\.  \V.  insil  (Imlt  Hliicli  linl  lM-..n 
left  in  \\\f  tiniticr  of  a  liriili;i>  wliiili 
ttiis  Win};  (iikcn  down  *lrii<k  tlir  pkiin 
liiri:  V'lrliii  V.  l/f/.i.v,,,,,  7'.  ,f.  ,s',  /.■.  />. 
Co.  (IHIC)  ll!(i  r.  S.  :t!l!l.  14  I.,  eel.  lO.-il. 
17  Su|>.  Ct.  1!<  |).  <iO;!.  .\llini.jn;,'  ||.S!I:)| 
7  N.  M.  158,  nt  Pile,  j.-ltl  (fniin  run  «) 
M9  to  cnuse  mllision  willi  liand  I'.in. 
In  tlu!  fii>t  of  llicM!  cMM's  a  incro  di\i 
-innal  road  ina-tcr  is  apparently  nieaiil. 
In  the  second  and  third  that  "was  eej 
lainly  his  eapaelly.  They  were,  tluTe 
fure.  not  of  (hat  yr.ide  of  roail  ina-^ti  r- 
whirh,  perhnp<.  ec  ii<)  lliites  an  enipliiyn' 
a  head  of  a  (lepailnient  (see  J  5;i5,  note 
1,  9»hd.    (e) ,   ill  I'm  ) . 

.\n  employee  having  the  luiwrvision 
of  one  half  of  a  lo.id.  and.  at  the  time 
of  the  aeeiileiit.  In  eharpe  of  a  repair 
train.  Miiliil,  J  1/.  /,'.  To.  v.  Sinilli 
1 1877  I  nit  .\la.  245  ( nejjl igont  opera- 
tion of  a  train). 

A  foreman  of  a  section  gang.  Mm- 
tin  V.  .itchi.iiw.  T.  rf  S.  /•'.  R.  Co.  ( lSil7) 
Ifif.  r.   S.  .T.llt,  41    L.  ed.    lO.'il,   17   Sup. 

Ci.  Hep.  (W.\.  Allinning   (lS!i;i)    7  N.  M.    5(i    I'ae.    12!>    I  failure 
158.  :U  I'ae.  .>;i(f   (hand  ear  run  so  as  to    liag    lo     warn     appr. 


iDllide  with  train)  ;  Aor//icni  /».  [{.  Co. 
y.  riiii'lini  (18!)(1)  1(12  r.  S.  :!.-)!),  40  L. 
ed.  !l(i!l.  Ifi  Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  SJ8  (ran  hand 
car  without  takin;;  priM-aulions  to  es- 
cnpe  cidlision  with  trains)  ;  Draivr.s  v. 
.s>/M.)  (180.) )  17  C.  C.  A.  215.  25  U. 
S.  App.  411.  70  Fed.  480  (jumped  on  a 
jack  uliieh  was  holdin;;  up  the  track  and 
i':iii:.ed  the  rail  lo  fall  on  plaintill's 
foot):  haiixiiH  ,f  ,1.  Viillai  H.  Co.  v. 
Ha(fr.i  (  ISn5)  16  C.  0.  .\.  oil'.l.  yti  U.  S. 
App.  31.  70  led.  28  (faile.1  lo  guard 
.it':iin-.t  colli-ion  of  haiul  car  with 
trains);  11 1117/1  <  v.  Suullnni  II.  Cu. 
Il8!l7)  80  l-Vd.  2(i0  (tried  to  ~ave  hand 
cur  lioiii  collision  with  tiaiii);  Lorli 
Uaum  V.  (hniun  II.  rf  Xiir.  Co.  (I'lOO) 
44  C.  C.  A.  220,  104  Keel.  852  (failed  to 
•crape  the  loose  rocks  olf  the  side  of  a 
out  where  work  was  beini;  done)  ;  Dun.i 
V.  Xtiiiili.ni  I'.  Co.  (  IH'.ilt)  Its  Cal.  1!>,  ;)2 
Pac.  708  (switch  neplip^ntly  left  o|xii )  : 
./:/.s::V,  V.  /',  „,.^y/..,,M„  (■,'.  (IHi'ilj  Kit) 
lad,  a21,  30  N,  K.  303  (fonnian  allowed 


car  to  run  at  il;in:;eroiw  ~|ie,d.  (he  re 
suit  hiiii;;  that  llie  plaint  ilV'lo,|  his  h<d<l 
of  till'  IcMT.  and  \\M-  -Iriick  liy  ill: 
Ih.tiii,  V.  Iliiili'iijtiiii  ,f  1/.  1,'iirr  I,'.  C... 
ilSOiii  20  Iowa.  51)2  (hand  car  collided 
"ilh  train):  flifluiil  v.  (//./  ful,,,i,i  /,' 
<•<>.    (issii)    HI    Mil,,.  ,-,i;(,  I!  \.   K.  7..I 

I'lulii,  mil,)  :    11,11,11,11.11,1   V.   fliirii,),,  ,(•   tl. 

T.  It.  (■„,   ( isiio)   s:;  Miiii.  xw,  47  \. 

\\.  !•::."!  (failure  to  send  jliead  :i  look- 
1  III.  u  iirii  h;ii'd  ear  is  near  .1  i-iii\ei  ; 
r,in,ii  \.    \ii,l,i.i„„  c.  It,  (■„.   ,is:i:),   IS 

Midi.    221).    .57    .\.    \V.    IK!    la" Ii: 

tiinifinit  V.  /,<(/,!  .v/i(,r<'  if  M.  S.  If.  t'n. 
I  IsiMli  no  .Mich.  71,  07  \.  \V.  Iii!i7 
I -truck  hy  a  ear  pushed  liy  his  eolalior 
CIS.  while  he  wa-  ol.iyin^  an  oidrr  lo 
ilinili  11  st:ilionarv  cir  lo  -.ct  lirakes); 
(tisiiii  V.  ,S7.  I'liiit,  M.  ,(  I/.  /,•.  Co. 
I  IKSS)  :\S  Minn.  117.  ;15  N.  W .  Siiii  (no 
pieraulioiH  to  proteei  hand  car  a'.Minst 
I  rains  I:  l.iuiii,,,,'  \.  Mi,l,ilr  ,(.  o,  iV,  Co. 
ilSltO)  1)7  .Mi".  .-,!!;.',  7  .«„.  4:!2  I  injury 
leieived  while  holding,'  a  lish  li.ir  for  fore- 
man to  slrai:;liti-ii  I  :  llii.\liiiiis  v,  l/ii/i- 
tiinii  ('iii,ni  I'.  Cii.  ilSIKi)  IS  .Mont.  403, 
II!  I'ae.  :;iil  il.il.orer  not  Harned  of  ap- 
pioach  of  a  train  I  ;  f'.inli  v,  flunliitte, 
<■.  .0  .1.  It.  Co.  (I8S4I  22  S.  C.  557  (at 
all  events  nn  to  orih'rs  relating  to  ordi- 
nary diilies:  luit  no  neyliireuce  was,  as 
mailer  of  fact,  estalili-h.d  :  see  further, 
as  to  this  e.ise,  §  510.  /,(,>■/ 1  ;  Unit,,!  \, 
iliuiiil  Tniiil;  /,'.  1;,.  (mS2l  l!2  N\  II. 
274  (method  of  loading.'  r.-IN);  Itiiinill 
Siiiilliiiii  I'.  Co.  (ls;iOi  34  Or.  25ll, 
o  place  11  sifjnal 
liin;;  trains  and 
hand  c.irs  Ih.il  ircn  \wre  on  the  track)  ; 
.s'/Kiioii/.c  V.  I'liiliiit'  tiiliiu  ,f  l{.  If.  Co. 
ilS02)  US  Pa.  ISI,  23  Atl.  lOOti  (no 
warning  as  to  approach  of  train  was 
given ) . 

The  hos.s  of  .1  small  pinu'  of  ton  or  fif- 
Iccii  Mien  engaijed  in  aidiiiu'  the  regular 
^'ing  upoti  eiili  xitioM.  as  iH'casiiin  re- 
ipiires.  \,iitlii  III  I'.  1;.  Co.  V.  I'ltir.siiii 
1  180(1)  li;2  I'.  S.  3411.  40  I.,  ed.  001.  I(i 
Sup.  Ct.  Uep.  843  l.~n.ldcn  appljeatioii 
of  lirakcs  cau-ed  colli-lon  with  follow  int; 
hand  <ari;  tlui„lir,ll  \.  Vnntiiim  C.  It. 
Co.  (istiti)  18  .Mont.  203.  -l5  Pac.  210 
I  iieyliueiice  in  allowiii;;  11  rail  lo  fall  on 
plaintill's  foot — injury  caused  by  order 
to  colilinrcrs) . 

Whither,  in  the  cases  where  the  neu'li 
yent  ordeis  relate  lo  the  use  of  appli 
amis  known  to  he  defective,  a  foreman 
of  a  ^.Miii.'  worUili;;  on  a  railway  track  is 
a  vice  principal,  is  a  qiie-tion  which  cs- 
senlially  involves  the  iririiiiry  whelher 
lie  repr.--ents  the  employer  in  res|M'et,  to 
the    duty    of    furni-hin-  appliances,     it 


1444 


MASTKK  AND  SKKVAXT. 


[chap.  XXVIII, 


•f 


M  holil  lliut.  unilor  thr  nonniil  nrriinj;!'- 
rm-iit«  <it'  niiUviiv  cniiipiiiiifd,  hi-  i^  mil  nil 
o'jclil  iif  (III-  ('iiii«li>Jii'  fur  the  purim-c. 
Ilrr  ii;.'ciny  Immiij;  vcstiil  in  liit  sii|«Tii)i 
(.Mirers.  'hiniKii  V.  r,iihi,i  (1S!K))  l.'fj 
1*11.  ;i4l.  Ill  All.  141  (liilxiiiT  iiijiinil 
tiy  till'  liri'iikinK  of  B  cliiiiii  wliirli  llii> 
fciri'Miaii  (if  the  piiiK  required  him  lo  use. 
wlicn  he  know  it  was  (Icfcitivci -.  Hur 
rimlir  v.  Ihhiiniiv  (f  H.  Ciiiiiil  Co. 
(IS7!I|  1!)  Hull,  Jlli  (fiiiciniiii  fiiilitl  to 
ri'|i(irl  defect ivi!  Iiiiml  ear  fur  repairs). 
The  seidpcl  of  thesp  lieiiis  a  typical  cum'. 
it  will  \tv  worth  while  lo  jjive  the  fnet-i 
in  <\rliii»u.  The  section  "Imss"  1ia<l 
rhar;:e  ef  aliimt  Hve  milei  of  track,  ami 
was  fcireiiian  of  the  men  "mplnyed  to 
keep  such  track  in  repair,  wcirkiii;;  with 
theei.  He  hail  chaiye  (if  ami  was  re- 
sp(t'isilile  fur  the  tooN  and  iiiacliiiieiv 
used,  lie  hired  his  iiicii.  or  suiiie  (if 
tlirin.  If  he  rc(|iiired  machinery  of 
toolx.  he  applied  to  the  track  ma>ter 
Ihenfur.  If  maeliiiiery  yave  out,  or  was 
defective,  he  was  ordcied  to  take  it  to 
the  shop  and  have  it  repaired.  Over 
liiin.  and  in  a  su|K'rior  iNisition,  was  the 
track  master,  wlio  superintended  the 
track,  who  employed  the  foreman  of  lh« 
section  and  other  pro|M-r  men,  and  fur- 
nished the  tools  and  machinery  neces- 
sary. To  such  track  master  or  his  as- 
sistant all  reports  were  made.  If  re 
pairs  were  necessary,  or  tools  needed, 
notice  was  to  Ik-  jjiven  by  the  siH'tion 
foreman  to  the  track  master,  who  sup- 
plied the  tools  or  directed  a.s  to  the  re- 
pairs. The  foreman  was  subject  to  the 
track  master  and  bound  by  his  orders. 
The  court  sa:  "I'nder  such  a  state  of 

facts,  we  think  that  the  learned  jud};e 
ern-d  in  holding  that  Brown  represented 
th(^  defendant  and  st(Kid  in  its  plaic 
Brown  wius  an  employee  just  as  plaintifT 
was.  They  were  in  the  same  circle  of 
employment;  they  worked  together  for  a 
common  pur]>ose.  Kiich  knew  his  rela- 
tions to  the  other  when  the  emplo.Miaiit 
began,  and  each  t(i(/k  the  risks  attending 
the  same.  The  negligence  of  cither  was 
one  of  those  risks.  That  Brown  was 
foreman,  and  directed  the  action  or  hired 
the  others,  does  not  change  the  rule. 
Perhaps  the  track  master  did  repre-eiit 
the  defendant.  We  are  not  called  U|>on 
to  diK'ide  that.  Pos^iMy  no  one  1m>1ov 
the  sii|M'riiitendeiil  stood  in  the  place  o' 
the  defemlant  in  resjH'ct  to  the  matter 
in  dispute.  It  is  enough  that  twii  otli- 
ccrs  of  a  superior  grade  stood  lictweeii 
Bi'iwn  and  the  difcii<Iant.  either  of 
whom  pre-uinplivcly  cc  old  have  hired  or 
discharged   Brown  at  will.     So  Brown's 


|iosition   «as  that   of  an  employee,  nnil 
not  a   representative  of  the  compan.v." 

(f)  Umploi)!  I  s  sliiMirisiiiii  lilrimii. 
liiiiiln  uf  conHtniilinn  iinrl:. — The  chief 
eiigiiieir  of  a  road.  \li  Ih  rmiill  v.  I'n 
•  i/ii-  H.  I'o.  (lH(i(l|  :i(l  Mo.  H.^  (bridge 
(•(dlapsedl.  This  case  is  no  longer  law 
in  .\liss(airi.  Sire  subtitle  D,  tw^rii,  anil 
chapter  XXX.,  ix>sl. 

.\  division  su|N'rinlendent  of  depots 
and  bridp's.  \iiiIhiiiit  v.  \iir  Yiirk,  I,. 
/;,  rf  If.  A'.  Co.  (ISS.-))  KM  X.  Y.  tin:. 
4  N'.  K.  12.'>  lliridge  cj;r|«'nter  injured  i. 
.\n  ollicial  callisl  a  "su|«'riiilendeni  ' 
under  the  general  manager  of  a  road 
(apparently  a  su]M'rvisor  of  structures i. 
Curiiri)  v.  'Ciiiuiiinl  l(.  i'o.  (ISIIO)  2!)  N. 
B.  42.'>  (ordered  engineer  to  cross  ,\ 
bridge  while  in  a  dangerous  condition 
owing  to  a   tliMid). 

.V  su|M'rinteiident  of  railway  bridge- 
\\<in\i,  v.  i:ii<  II.  <■„.  (ISCiS)  30  N.  V. 
4liS.  Reversing  llHtiTl  4!>  Barb.  ;>.-iS 
(bridge  collapsed  I.  This  case  is.  in 
some  degree,  inconsistent  with  later  New 
York  cases.  See  li  .130,  infru,  and  chap 
(er  XXX..  piinl. 

An  employee  su|)erinten(ling  the  eon 
struct  ion  of  a  bridge,  with  gang  foreman 
under  him.  Sluli .  ii.ii  nf  HhiikUii  \. 
Miihler  (1881)  57  Md.  287  (plank  used 
that  was  too  short  to  afTord  a  seen  re 
footh(dd). 

The  foreman  in  charge  of  the  work  of 
ciinstrueting  an  arch  of  a  railway  bridge, 
Hofwiylr  V.  \f /r  Tort-  C.  d  H.  R.  It.  Vo. 
(1874)  5.5  N.  V.  608  (ordered  centers 
to  be  taken  out  too  siain,  thus  causing 
urch  to  fall) . 

A  foreman  of  masons  working  on  a 
railway  bridge.  W'efjer  v.  FcniisiilrnfiiK 
R.  Co.  (18(i7)  55  Pa.  460  (train  r.in 
down  the  hand  car  on  which  the  foreman 
and  his  gang  were  returning  from 
work ) . 

A  foreman  of  a  gang  engaged  in  plac 
iiig  a  bridge  pier  in  |)osition.  I'lrirhw 
Y.'»-  York  C.  A  II.  K.  R.  Co.  (IS'.ISl  25 
App.  Div.  465.  51  N.  Y.  Supp.  5  (scln 
lion  of  impro|>er  appliance  and  imprdpir 
method  of  work) . 

A  tem|Kirary  boas  of  a  bridge  fi.wvi 
who  is  himself  a  laborer.  Tr.T<ix  A  I'. 
R.  Co.  V.  /fo./.  IS  (lS!t:t|  «  C.  C.  A.  4011, 
13  IT.  S.  App.  547,  57  Fed.  378  (onliicd 
the  hoistinir  of  heavy  timlM-r  with  an 
i.iadequate  force  of  w(irkinen). 

A  division  foreman  of  bridges  on  a 
railway,  who  lalnirs  with  his  sulKiidi- 
nates.  Yiiiiir  v.  .[Ilniilic.  U.  <f  <>.  H. 
Co.  (1SS2)  t  llii.L'hes.  H):>  .idgepit 
out  of  tl\e  |M'riK'niiieular  an  1,  oMiiig 

to  insullicient   propping). 


I  820] 


Vl(  K  I'UIM  liv\l,s||||'     iivr  OK  n.WK. 


1*1.1 


A  fortfiiiin  nn  tin-  ronitrui'liuii  i,f  u 
briilitp.  uilli  two  sii|>i'ri(ir«  over  liiiii. 
A. //.I/  V.  .lull,  ,(  /■'.  (■„.  ilHIMM  '.IS  l-i.|| 
;iW)  (in'j{li;;i.|il  iiiiiii:i;;i'iiii'iit  iif  iliTri^k : 
failure  to  iii.«|M.it  il  for  |jio|iei  udjunt 
nu'nt ) . 

One  of  iK'Nciul  ftin-iiidi  of  l>riil;;i'  cur 
pcnters.  /,(»■  v.  Ihlnnl  llriili/,'  rf  /)„„ 
ll'/r/.j  (JSTti)  ii>  Mo.  .■.(;.)  (iin-kilfiil 
ailjustiiK'iit  of  fnirrif  wliidi  was  iil»>ut 
Id  !»■  lowfiid  into  u  -.li.-.on  Puii-4'il  it  to 
lip  up  uikI  iliiow  |)liiiiil ill's  inli-^lalo 
into  tiiii  waliTi.  iTIiis  ilrc  isiun  i»  not 
liiw  iimltT  rc<Tiil  Missouri  dfiisions;  Afit 
<ill)litle  I),  infru)  ;  l.u,ll,„i  v.  Ili'iliiii 
llrUlge  i  Mff).  i'u.  (ISiMl)  11  App.  DIv. 
l.-.i'.  42  N.  V.  Siipp.  ;ii:i  (LSit.-.i  71  \ 
V  S.  K.  .IK).  .'Hi  \.  V.  Slip,,.  4.V.>  (  |s!ii;] 
16  Mis,..  2i>.  .17  .\.  V.  ,si,,,,,.  .V.I.-,  |f.,i|,.,i 
fo  «•<  uri!  piopii  ly  il  Ih.uv^  pin-.,  of  iron 
which  wiis  iM.iiif-  ciiirii'd  on  a  liiuk). 

.\  forciiiui  siiiKTvisIn;;  the  Imildiii);  of 
a  hoHt  (illsliiijjiiislicd  fmni  an  ajifiit  in 
full  control).  Oh,  I,  v.  Mxiin  (jHliSi 
«1  N.  .1.  I,.  071.  411  .Ml.  (i!»4  (siairohl 
(f.ive  way  I. 

Thi>  -iiiM-rinli'ii(li-nl  of  npairs  lo  a 
ship.  lluHsiii  V.  *'i)i/.)  I  js.sit)  I  |-.>  >J 
V.  (114,  3  L.  k.  A.  .5.V.I.  JO  N.  K.  :>M\  (di 
rection  to  roniovf  liatclK's). 

A  fori'niun  of  a  pile-driving'  jjaiij?.  AVf 
V.  \iirthrrn   I'.    I'.   Co.    I  ISltl  )     1    N     It 

.w«.  \i.  L.  u.  .V.  n:.  48  X.  w.  i>i  (pile 

not  beinj,'  Idm-ked  hiw  sIiov<.i1  aiiuiiist 
the  plaint ilf)  ;  Urrw  v.  Hnst 
Tup.  (ISSIl  41)  \  .  C.  {).  I!.  1(17  ||,;,|„. 
nierof  pileilrivi-r  f(  I!  on  lalioirr  thiouKli 
neglert  of  forciiuin  to  ser  that  it  «as 
blocked  properly ) . 

The  sti|x'rintendent  of  the  const  ruc- 
tion of  a  trestle,  r.illiiii  V.  Hull  (  ISilii) 
113  Cal.  ,->!l.l.  45  I'ac.  I017  (tinilier  for 
cap  ni.)>!i};cntly  seleclcil). 

The  foreman  of  car|«.nl<Ts  unch'r  a 
corporation.  />n- . ,/  v.  /•»,7.,,  U.  d  Co. 
(1889)  70  Mich.  i;:il.  4:1  X.  \V.  044  (Icni 
porary  and  niovahl..  plalfonii,  for  us,,  in 
taking  down  |Mrtiti<.ns.  was  >,>  ,|i.f,.ct 
ivcly  i'4>nslniiltHl  that  a  caip'iilcr  w.is 
injured ) . 

A  tinilier  boss  suiH-r^ntendin^'  repairs 
to  a  stairway  b.-sld.-  t:ie  ira,k  on  which 
lifting  cars  used  in  ;uinin;;  run.  ./en- 
kins  V.  Maliiip,,,-  Inn  Ore  Cu.  (1H!»0) 
■12  V.  Y.  S.  I{.  SOC.  iO  N.  Y.  ,Supp.  tX4 
(pliiiiitifT  ordered  to  do  work  which   re- 

''"{.'•"?   *■''"   '"   ■"'"'"'    ""    "   '""■'<    "'""- 
which  ,-.  car  n,i;.'ht  at  any  nioiucnt  c<ina- 

foienui!!  oiiiilled  I, 
iiot  to  stait  li.i.  I'ars) 

A  fonnian  of  a  j-an-  of  car|«.nl,.rs 
■forkinp  :.r.  ,  !,„i!di„^..  i/,,,,„„.  ,.!  //„,/,. 
j:-'//  (lS7.;i  04  \.  V.  .-,.  21  .\n,.  I!,.p. 
"iJ  (Mipiwrts  of  niaah  tub  were  ina.le 


ri'painnj;  u 


ipiatei  ;  .l,„l.niH  V.  Mnh,  ,.■!,■  /,,„.  On- 
Co.  (18!«))  a-J  V.  V.  .s  I!.  HUO,  It)  \.  V. 
•''iipp.  484  (forcMian  f.iihil  t„  warn  la- 
boii.r  of  the  approioh  of  a  i-ar  riinnin:,' 
,'Ti  the  incline  wln.|e  hi!  was 
I  rack  I. 

The  fiireiiian  over-c-inj;  the  eon-lriic 
lion  of  u  biiihlinu.  SiimiiiirH,  It  v.  /  i.«/i 
(lS7.->)  117  Mas,.  .11-.'  Merrick  fell  while 
belli;,'  hoisted  umb.r  su|ierinti'ii,lfn,'e  of 
foreman,  and  injured  a  earpi'iiler)  ; 
l>"lhl  V.  I  i,l„„  (ls7;t)  11.1  .Mas,.  .Ml 
(eareliss  ,i|Hrali,in  of  iliriiil  in  hoist 
iiiK  iiii'liir  liiiuieil  a  iiia„iii  1 . 

\  cb'ik  of  lb,'  wiirks  iip|H.iiiici|  l)v  a 
company  l,i  superintend  the  c,,n,iru,l'ion 
of  a   liuibliiiv    by    an    in,l,'|H.n,l,'nl   on 

llllifor.       ItliHii,     V.     Arrniiiiinn       Cnlhiti 

Si,:,,,,!,,,!  d  iff,,,  fo,  (isd.-ii'  :!  lIurKi  & 
<;.  ."ni.  :;i  1..  ,1.  Kx.b.  X.  S.  jiH.  1.1  I.. 
1.  .\.  S.  !I4  (as  to  Ibis  ea,e.  „■<■  further 
88   ."i.'tl,   i„/i(i,  and   ."1117    lai.  i„,sl\. 

A  for,iiian  <if  workmen  iiiii,|iiii.tinv>  1' 
I'liildiiiH.  Ai7/i«  T.  \\,i„li  ilHIl'i)  ;i!l 
■\pp.  l)i\.  2211.  .-,7  X.  Y.  Supp.  Ill')  („r 
der  to  II,,'  a   teiupMrary  coni ri\ an,,.) . 

.\  v.in;.'  lio"  ,.ni|>loMsl  by  a  ciiilractur 
en-ajL'isI  in  the  i.<inslru<.tion  of  a  buildlii" 
iin,l  su|Hrvisin;r  the  w,,rk  hini„!f.  i;,i,1 
V.  lt„i.r  (  18118)  104  (itt.  r,7l).  30  s  K 
SS4. 

An  assistant   f,ireinan  of  a  contractor 
for    stniiliiial    ironw,.rk.      M,«;,iih,,    \ 
l.,,,n„„    (|,S!i;j)     |,V.>     I'a.     .Hid.   J,",  "  \,  | 
Wlall,,,    824    (f,.||„w   s,.rvant   of  pLiintilf  »a«„r 
ileied  lo  Use  a    defiiliv,    tool). 

A   yt'iicral    foreman    of    a    contracfor 

who   ha-   cb.ii-e   of  Ihe   work   of   | hi- 

III  the  foundation  for  a  wharf  and  lia'^ 
full  imwer  to  eniplov  .ind  di,elijr;:e  all 
the  workmen.  \h'h„„„l,l  ,.  Il,„l.l,,, 
(liKM)   4S  V.  C.  A.  ,172,  Kill  Knl.  2110. 

One  who  ha,  cliar;;e  of  a  niimU.r  .f 
men  for  the  iiiii,|  met  ion  of  a  partieiil.ir 
piece  of  work,  with  autborilv  to  i|ii,.ei 
them  therein,  //»,//,,.«  v.  I.,  ,,ii'„i;l  1  |<I01  ) 
llMl  Pn.  12.1.  4S  .Ml.  S02  (oidiic  plai„- 
iiito  a  place  where  he  was  e.\pi„eil  |,i 
,'ir  if  a  rope.  beb.n«in;,'  to  anoiber 
employee,  who  was  joinllv  en;;a;.'..d  in  a 
certain  piece  of  work,  should  hap|><.n  lo 


tiir 

1,1!- 


break) 

A  carpenter  employed  bv  the  dav 
a  contractor,  and  left  bvthe  lalliV 
control   of   the    con-ii  uelion   of   a    hm 

l!,ii„ 


bv 


notify  »if,nial  man 


while  he  liiiii,e|f  was  ah,i  iit 
\iill  I  ISH4)  (!.•>  Iowa,  407.  21 
(defi.etive   sealloldl. 

.^  t'oreman  subordinate 
'jrpeuK.r.  I',s,li,l  v.  CI,, 
I'.   II.  Co.   (I8S5)    02  Wis. 

2on 

Ihe  fo 


to 

•■\M, 


\.   \\.   7(H» 

a  iiMsier 
.  1/.  .t  SI. 
21   N.  W. 


I  i 
!  \ 

\y 

W' 

I  - 

'4'." , 
f 

I  ■ 


reman  of  a  ,ipi  id  rcceivii; 
bers  on  a  scalTold,  after  Ihcv  were 


-'  I  im- 
lioi,t. 


itin 


MASTKU  AND  Si;i:V.\\r. 


[ciiAr.  xxviii. 


i  if  :  J 
i 

1 


ill 

III! 


iiil 


fl 


ri\   liv  .1   .l.-rrii'l.-.  1(1  Iio  ii«i(l   in  ii   liim«« 

iitiilcr  1 -Iriuliim.     (/im/i    v.    Willnni- 

h.ini  I  ll'Udi  111  lia.  427.  .1*1  S.  i:.  Hdt 
l(l<<iiii'k  (ell,  bciii;;  iiiMili'i|Uiiti'ly  »e- 
iiiri'il  I . 

A  Hdr'iiiian  eiiKii«fl  "i  run-liiicliii;.'  a 
(lyoliiiii^f,  tojrrtliiT  will)  l«i>  III-  iIm<i\ 
nIhiT  ui>i'kiiii'ii.  nnil  Ihiviii^'  the  ilinrtioii 
o(  Itii-  work.  Mrliiiniild  \.  F.milr  ,(■  /'. 
MfiJ.  r„.  (1S8I)  07  Ca.  7(11  {IHHJ)  IIS 
(3n!  M.'l<)  (tinilxT  fi-ll  wliili-  U-iii;.'  Iii>i-litl 
liy  a  ili-rrick  iiiiinayi-<l  by  itii'  ••iiiiilnyco 
directing'  tliB  «ork) . 

Tlir  fnii'inan  of  a  crow  iri/.ipil  in  re 
jwiiriii;;  a  dam.  Uninihlji  v.  I'iulUkiuI 
l.on  thiniiii  Co.  (IHHIi  7li  Mr.  1  i:l 
(plank  iiiiili-r  a  jfriat  Htiaiii  \\;i-  -iidil.'n- 
Iv  rrl<a-cil,  and  s»un^'  ajraiinl  llir  plaiii- 

tiiri. 

Tlie  fiiri-nian  o(  mason'*  <>iii|il<iyc.r|  <m  a 
liiiililliin.  .liiil.iiiKon  V.  r.iiliii  i|Sii4) 
10  Ml-c,  22.  .'in  N.  Y.  Sii|>|..  5:10  (der- 
rick liad  ni>  clirrk  ro|K'  and  fell). 

A  nia-iin  workins  with  a  "Irnili'r"  un- 
diT  liit  ordiTS.  hiiiiirity  V.  NpW«<; 
(ISil.'l)  ICO  Ma*«.  20.3,  35  N.  E.  77U  (de- 
fective statriiij;) . 

The  foreman  of  hrioklnyer-*  on  a  build- 
in?.  Whilr  V.  f:iillit:  ('|H!I7|  HI  .Vpp. 
Div.  2."i(i.  411  \.  Y.  Sii|>f>.  ISl  (unaiithor- 
l/ed  order  t<i  \\*e  a  defective  elivalur). 

Whether  a  foreman  in  eharye  of  a 
Kanj;  of  masons  rn';a;;ed  in  the  coii-ti  no- 
tion of  n  BUhway  is  a  vice  i)rinei|>al  was 
left  undooided  in  Kickx  v.  i'lynn  (lilOO) 
lilfi  I'a.  2ti3.  4(i  Atl.  ;)tiO. 

A  for<-iiian  in  ehai<;i'  of  the  erection 
of  n  scatrohling.  M<"iir  v.  MrSdl 
(ISOS)  ;i5  App.  Div.  32:1.  .54  N.  Y.  Supo- 
!t.">li    (selection  of  ninlcrials). 

.\  fori-nian  sii|xrvi-inf{  workmen  put- 
tinj;  in  an  elevator.  Aiirirr  v.  \\  iiislDin 
I!,',!,,  r.hi-.ilor  Co.  (18!t8)  117  Mich.  5(iO. 
76  N'.  \V.  80  (failetl  to  take  pn.]Hr  pre 
caiilions  with  rc»[>ect  to  the  o]H'ration 
of  the  eU'vator,  »o  as  to  prevent  the 
workmen  from  hcing  struck  by  the 
ca^e)  ;  W'linlloii  v.  Siirngui  HI'  rhic  HIr 
riiU.r  Co.  (ISlHll  1  App.  Div.  204,  37  X. 
Y.  Supp.  174  ( suhonlinale  injured  while 
otioyinif  an  or.ler  to  take  Tucasurenients 
on  one  of  the  upper  floors  1 . 

The  foreman  oxerscein;:  the  con>truo- 
tion  of  a  larjjp  iron  };ashulder.  l/o- 
l.nughlin  v.  Cnmiirn  Iron  W'aii./i  (1S1I7) 
60  N.  J.  L.  5.'>7,  .33  Atl.  077  (failure  to 
use  proper  appliances  provided  by  the 
master   for  raisin;;  a  hiNivy  frame). 

One  in  charge  of  a  ji-'fi"  of  men  en^et- 
in;;  |H)les  and  a  tele^jraph  line  aloni;  a 
r.iilii'iil.      .Jiihiinnn    v.    Mrnlrrn    .V.    V.  rf 

/'.  /.'.  Cu.  (i!ioi}  4y  All.  7U4,  i;oo  Tu. 

314. 


The  "district  tnana;.'er"  of  a  tele|>hnn.< 
mmpauy.  in  tliai;;e  of  a  crc«  i>lrih.iir.- 
,\in'.>.      hniif'-i     \.     '  >(r/,    J     V.     / 

T'l'/ih.  Co.   (|!mj)    (i,  L.  Olli,  r<i 

h.   K.   A.  SOS,  .i2  Atl. 

A  forcniati  of  coM'ti'Ui  .ion.  trim  I'll 
r.  Sl',hl<,,i  I  lS!t7»  20  It.  1.  iSS,  38  All 
370    I  iiiipli'iiM  lit   dr<  p|M  '1 1 . 

Any  woikiiian  kii|>i  rv  i»in;;  blastiij 
opi'ral  ii'Ms.  Marshiill      v.      Sihri<l,'i 

(IHTii)  03  Mo.  30s  (plalntlirv  ho,.- 
killed  by  a  liir;;e  -tmie.  while  siaii'liiu 
at  a  ptaci'  to  which  the  fiurman  bad  ili 
n-clcd  plaiiitilV  to  |-eiiii.\c  his  li-.iiii 
—  foreiii  11  was  said  to  he  "as  much  cii 
f»a^"ed  ill  Ihc  .line  ;.'cniral  service,  w  !  .  11 
bla~tin^'.  a*  he  would  h.ive  Ixs'n  in  !■ 
lachin;.'  the  mali  lial  to  Ih-  rciiicjved  »iih 
a  pick  or  shovel:"  but  it  is  ipie-(  ioIlal■!.• 
^^lllhe^  this  ca-e  i«  l.iw  any  hiicjcr  in 
Mi--.oiiri  See  subtitle  D,  iiifrn.  .limI 
chapter  xx\..  J>'i>.l)  :  I'irni  v.  Itfi'i- 
ilS'.iS)  l.'>7  \.  Y.  2.-.I.  r,\  S.  E.  1021. 
Ilcv.'isin;;  (1H!I.'>I  ill  lluii.  213.  .30  N.  V. 
Supp.  20s  (failure  to  notify  wurkincn 
to  pry  off  an  o\crh.iii;;inj;  fra;;iiiciit  if 
rock,  left  aflT  a  bla>l  )  ;  4  i7(o  v.  ft.-. 
.7./),  (IS:t7i  \-y  App.  Div.  ,32!».  44  N.  \ 
Siipp.  1  ((udcr  to  rciMove  iine\plu.|.-,| 
bla-t,  without  wiiniii;;  of  prc«eii(e,f 
dvnaiiiite  in  the  hdel  ;  Ck/i.ivmi  v.  11'../ 
fill;  (11100)  103  N.  Y.  472.  .".7  X.  K.  7i:" 
Keversina  (ISOSi  2.'i  \pp.  Div.  2.1 1.  I' 
N.  Y.  Siipp.  40!»  (lai;;e  piece  of  rock  Id! 
in  such  11  |M>sition  that  it  fell  1 .  ■-..• 
also  hiiiiifii  V.  fh'iir  (1SS2)  133  M.i" 
601,  iiloii   in  subd.   (h),  infra. 

.V  for, mar  eonlnillin','  a  <i,i\\>2  in  nii.- 
of  ;he  t  ii.rc  N  ef  a  cement  ci  !ii|..in> 
//o.v;  V.  f'lii'iti  Ccitfnt  if-  f.ifti''  !'<■ 
(lori  I  2..  liid.  .\pp.  103,  .'iS  N.  1:  .•ill" 
(rciroNcil  a  |Hii'ti<vi)  of  the  loo-,'  l.-iii'- 
wliich  had  111  en  ttinivMi  out  liy  a  I'l  i-t. 
and  .-o  ciu-cd  a  1.111:1'  rock  wliiili  iIha 
-iippnrtcd   to  fall  on  llie  plaintilV'. 

.\  foienian  of  a  ^aii;;  of  la'ioni^  cii 
j;aee<l  in  lil,i»liiin  upon  a  raihoad  \i.u\. 
who.se  duly  it  i^  to  prepare,  care  fur. 
disirihiite,  and  direct  the  expliwii.ri  nl 
the  dvnamite  u-eil.  Siillinni  v.  V.  "• 
lo(7.-,'.V.  //.  a  //.  /,■.  (■',.  I  is;i2l  02  (cmi. 
20!',  2.')  Atl.  711  (impioper  maiia-j  iiuii' 
of  use, — trial  jlld^'e.  on  a  liiaiin;;  in 
(lamai:i-.s  ,-ifler  a  default,  Mistaiin.l  cmi 
tcniiiiti  of  di-fciiil.inrs  <-ouii-.cl  thai  I'l" 
foreman  and  the  laborers  ui-n-  fcllcw 
servants,  and  awarded  merely  neiiiin.il 
dama^ics). 

.\  furcnian  of  bla-tin^'  opiralieii- 
foniiiii;.'  purl  of  the  ficiicral  wiin  .  f  1 .  11 
.-tl  II.  I  iii;^  .1  i.iiiil.  l/.(„,  .(....  V.  r. •,•,•, MI' 
Voitslr.  Co.    (18!l.">l    87  Hun.  5111.  .11  N'. 


•  '--'M  M'  t:  l'l!IN(  ll'.\I.S||||'_TI.M  n|.-  |l\\K.  144; 

V.   S.ipp    271    (f..ll.,r..   to   ....rrl,    UoU-n    ,.„r.l„l„l,.,  .1;,,,;.,.,  „(  „„|,|,  ». „  t,y 

Tin-    f.,m,„.„    „l    »..,k    ,.t    ■„,„  ..f   t|„.        A     f..,.,„.„    of    u    j„|,    .,,    ..x.aw.li.u 
lifts  nf  Ihr  tiiiiiii.l  (hn,  II   f..r  ttii-  *'r<i      w, -'         ■     •  x<  ".iiiiii^ 

t. 

it', 

to 

nm 

<Nilli>(ll. 


I    .■    f.i.M,,.,,    ..t    »..,k    ,.t    ■„,„  ..f   t|„.        A     f..,.„.,„    of    u    j„|,    .,f    ..xiawiliiu 

-h.fts  nf  il„.  t„m„.|  .Inuii  f..r  tt...  Vr.,  «orl<.  « lutv  if  i,  ,„,.r,.|v  t„  ,     ,  r'? 

•v.  I!un.  UT.  .IN.  \.  S,.pp.   i-.,,  ,,,,ilmv  i-ri,,,!,.,.!.  '  1,1.,  V  ^  ,,,',.,,    s,,,  /  V' 

'"  -;■"■"'"  ", ,"'''?>•   '"   ""■  "''"'^>'  "*"il    "•••'   I'"     I'i-'.  -l:!    \tl     I  HI'    ,f„il 

.■.,M,l..o,.    o,     „l,„.h     IMS   .tt,.n.,o„    «„,  „n.  to   i„f.., ,„.rint..,„l,.„,   of"  ,.   rir 


flllll-lllllre    111    Mi|i;j    llillycri 


A  for..,n,.ti  of  H  «aiiR  of  „,..„  ..,„|.lo>...|        A  f,,,,. „  i„  ..i,',,,',.  .7,  „„.„  ,,.,„,r„,, 

f  ,,J^,:;;;,,.;i;  .;;:;;;:ir;:::;,;T  :,:r'E,;;r  s,::';;.';;;::';r;:'- 

' '1^'!'  .'■^■■"VMt.-l    from   „   .„„i„;;.   1»  tioii.  „f  tl.,.  .„.   ,  ,„,„....r.  .„  ^„,|.,|  ",. 

Ill   I..  |..,ninir   ..,i.lMnkni..„t  I ,     s.,,    „|,o.  ,».,i„i..|i.|,.,„   ..f  i,||   ,„,l,|i..  „„,u       „„ 

.."/..      Ili.-.i.tion  Imiiii;.Ii,iii„m,|  ly  th..  .■1)4.     lU    (.    s.      \|,„     -.i,-,     .-,^     |.v,|      v.-. 

tr,:,    n-urt   ...  m,or,l„M....  „itl,  tl,..  j„,|^.  ,,..„,.,    c,.v...l     in.    o«in^-'l„   ,m..|,.„,'.i^.. 

pri.nl  of  tho  Mi|.ni,i..  roiirl.  aii.,tli,.|       i.l  -lioriiiK  of  ni,!.., ,  ."..'.  ■<|>i.ii. 

«,,.  ,iil,-,.,|ii,..,ik   l.ionirlit   in  ..    IV,|..ial        A    |»i.o.,    «„|„.'ri,it tin.,   t|„.  ,11,,.,:,,,. 

..■".•..«l.i.l.    n>M    that   tl.iH   .liM„l,sal.  „f  a   ',  .......h    -.rL^^.r  ^I'^v     W  L" 

iH.tU-..,;.a  |U,I;:„,.M.  onth..„„ri.,,  „a»  (ISH.I,    I.U    Masn.  ;t.-,|    ,  ,..,l..r  ,.aw,     i 

no  lur.  a,„l  11,..  ,,I.,.Mh(r  «a.  liiMlly  .I,-         ,1, n,  ,    ,„ plain     „|,|,  .|  •,     ' 


.Inn.ll.y  th..  ....nt  „i  a,.,,.aist..  I „.  I,,,   ,.,    /',„//„,„/    ,  | sH.i ,    7s    M,.    -m;     3 

,ii„i  to  r,vov.., .,« ii„. y,.,„„,i  ,io„  ,i„.  All.  ii.-,s  f,i,i..,  of  .,.„..,.  ..'v.'.,ri,;, 

"'""""  "'"V l"-".'-'!-.!.     S.,.  ol.H|,-  n; ,■   V.   /.•„/„,•/,,    ,|S7.i)    l->0   Ma„ 

'-'^^^:i""''-,  '1-,  ,- fa.N,; />„/„  ;,  /.,„„„„; 

.\    (iMl    PiivMn..r    •.i,|«.rinlri»lin^'    tli..  (iHiij,    s.j   .m,..   ^jn.  l'>    \,|     i|.>    ,,.,,„.. 


1"'.'.!"V.  '"'""■'■'*;  y.'ifii'T  V.  /Ml/  (IS77) 


..r^M„;!-wol^"'  r'"'"T  ^"l»X'"';""'";r  '-•'   ^'^'-'-    '■'•■'    'Mn.ilara.:..i,l..,;t.o,vi;,« 

'.   (1«,..)    .'in   .Mi.n.  J.t.  .,_'   N,  U.  :<:>4  „i,-ii„i,. .,if-,     .„i„,„.„.ation     uas     a 

nh..i^.-.|.MH  n,..tl,.„l  of  wi.„,lrawi„«  ,„,-  ..,.,,a„.   ,„.,|„„iion  of 'tl...  pro  t,       tv, 

.■X|.lo,|,.,l   iliarv.-).  /,„,  V.  f,,„; ,.,   (l.sii.-,,    1      \||,..    ..4    31 

il..-..v..rM,.r  ,.f  a;:a„.-of  lal».r,T,  o„.  V.   V     s;,,,.,.    ....      ';...,.."...  .'.'V;.-^'  •*' 


nMnoi"'l^i?,!"  ll''"  '■;':•;,'";;'"■'  '"''■■■         ^    -"l-.i"!-..,!.-.,!    ..f  tl,e   «ork   .,f   re. 

,,i,'';vi;:'''r';.,;;!.^*;:::«.:';. ';'■""■""';";■  C""'"""  '•'''■''■  '"•  •"""*''^"  »•  '^ 

(iKHTi    1.    i.'._i    sou  II       »»',Mi,*ii   10    U'l    uo   tln'ir    l.oiu   ou   the 

Vol     II      M     J,    u        in  '      1"'B». 


Vol.  II.  M.  &   S.-IO, 


144a 


MASTi;it  ANM  >Kl;\ANT. 


[i   H.\P.    XXV  III 


t"  ! 


II 


\i,   iip|.l.  ».i>   h;ivlii,'  fh*   rlirn'tiim  of 

tin-  llllll;ll    Mlirk   <if   lilimVillt'  11   l<'lc|>lni|l« 

HIkI  tell  ^i,i|iIi  IIiii'.  »itli  .iiillHiiity  lu 
hiriv  piij .  Mill  ili-i-inryi-  i'iii|ili>>i'i  < 
AHiiiirii'-  Tihiili,  rf  7''"/.  ''(I.  V.  lUiirrr 
{\S'M)  >»  1,1,1  \|.i..  W-l.  4!i  N.  !•:.  IHJ 
(iliiiil„il  |m,|i-  .111,1  li  ,'>i>iii>il  win"-  iiftiT 
thf  -I'll  )iai|  Ihi'Ii  ii'iiKiMil  fimii  ,ii'>>iiii,l 

Ul<-   Ik. It r    III  '    |H'I<'I. 

A  f,,ii'iiMii  if  II  -ini't  riilwiiy  rum 
paiiy.  hij'iii  \.  Uiii/i>/«'/  I'll  I  hie 
SIr'iil  It.  r„.  (IK'ITi  II  Miinili.lM  U. 
K.  .VJtl  IiiIIiiwimI  chililc  riirichi  li>  1m' 
tiii'iiiil  on  u  wire  uliirli  wiiikiiK'ii  uiit* 
liiiiiilliii;.') . 

Till'  f,ii'iiiiin  of  n  <'irw  pnpii'<'<l  in 
taking;  ilouii  a  luiilililii;'  I'lin  Ininl,  C. 
V.  *  St.  I..  I,'.  r,i.  V.  /(m.,i)i   (is'.Mii  20 

c.  r.  A.  i»7.  .u  1.  s.  A|.p.  t:.ii.  r.t  Kr,i. 

070,  liin  r-iii«  III!  r,  liiiiniij.'  (  lH!i;i)  «  C. 

r.  A.  \v>.  IS  r.  s.   \|.|..  lit.  ,-.r.  iVii. 

H04,  in  I  ,,ii«'<|iii  nil'  I'f  I  III*  ilit'i-,|,iii  in 
the  H,iiiiih  Ciw  (IM.ili  Kit  I.  S.  :II1S. 
37  1..  III.  77l'.  l.t  Slip.  <'t.  I(i|i.  !tll 
(liliiintilT  wiK  onli'rril   to  cliiip  tliriuich 

a    |H>-I,    III!    -iillii  i 'III     I until, in    lii-iiijj 

tiiUi'li  to  prrvi'lil  till-  full  oi  till!  Iiiiililili)( 
while  111'  "ii«  Ml  fnyii^Till . 

S'o  iil-n  /7„i/i/  V.  Siiijilrn  (18.H3)  134 
Mns«.  ."iii:i.  hIiiti'  II  forfiiiiin  in  rhiir>.i'  of 
the  ri-piiii'ini;  of  a  mill  prii|NTty  wu^ 
hi'lil  nut  to  lie  a  \  iii-  piiiiiipiij.  See 
fmllirr  5  .">;!0,  iiifni. 

(U)  Siii»  irisiitfi  t  tn jihttiti'H  in  thr  iwff- 
chnniritl  ih  fntfh»t  hIh  of  ruilitn i/s.  -Tll« 
niii»lir  iiirriiiiiiii'  i,f  a  riiihmy  ii,mj>!iiiy. 
Khinirk  v.  Xurllirin  r.  It.  Co.  i  Hlill) 
a.'i  Mil.  »i!J  (ili'fi'i'tivr  fiiL'iiii'— ili-lini'- 
♦  ion  lii'lwii'tl  :l«»i;.'lllllilr  :lll,l  Iliin:l--iu'll- 
nlili-  iliitii'H  not  ili-riii-iili  ;  llnnl  v. 
y.imiint  .(  r.  It.  (■••.  ilSi;i»|  32  Vt.  473 
(ili'fiTtivo  iMiniiie — Owrnilnl  iti  Diiiinv. 
Cnhnl  Vrniixnl  It.  Co.  |ISH2|  "..-.  Vt. 
84.  4.'i  .\m  1,1  |).  .IfMU  ;  ruUiiiihiiit  rf  /  C. 
K.  Co.  V.  Irm-W  llHilili  31  Inil.  17».  !>» 
Am.  Di'O.  til.'i  (ili'fii'liM'  fii;.'iiip.  'I'lii^ 
case  is  no  loii;.'cr  law  in  Itiiliaiui.  Siti 
summary   in  ji  .")4il,  /)«>0. 

.■\  iiiacliiniit  cmpli'ViiI  in  npaiiinir 
milroail  ••n;.'iiii"',  wlio  ,„r.i-i'iii:illy  iilN 
in  otlior  employee*  of  tlie  railrnail  I'liii 
pany  to  aiil  in  work  wliirli  lie  eaniiol  ilo 
alone,  is  not  the  viee  piiiii'ipal  or  -iipe 
rior  of  such  eiiiplovi'i-<.  Ilnlhiunni  v. 
Illinois  C.    It.   Co.    (is'.ll)    !I2    Iowa.  :!37, 

60  \.  \v.  n.'ii. 

The  foii-iiian  of  loeomntive  shi,p'<. 
lirnuliru  v.  I'oillnnil  Co.  (HlUl)  48  Me. 
201     (liK)>ii'   liiiii'iiT   fell    on    plaintilTK 

The  fiuiMii'iii  at  a  rniniilhuuse  <if  u 
nii!r<»iul.  /;,,i,vi/tr  v.  \t iti m  iijmlin  <f-  at. 
h.  It.  Co.  (ISS7)  Sr.  Minn.  3S.'..  31  V. 
W.   ."ilj    (allijjiil   ni'.ilivi'ine   was   in   or- 


ilertnjr  •erviiiit  to  pull  k  rar  •printf  with 
out  any  ii'.'<i-t.ii,r,'.  Ihi*  e\  nlenee  leiiditii; 
lo  >hi,w  that  tw,'  nun  wire  iii'iiU'd  to  i.lu 
"iiili  work  •iil'i'ly  I 

f'liii/fii.  — Siiih  ,1  fi'renian  »«•  ii««iinii,| 
to  la-  a  ile|kirtiiM'iilal  \\iv  |iiinri|>iil  in 
Iui.Iki)-  v.  Iliimii  (ISliai  58  Ark  -Zlx,. 
-M  S.  U.  2,Vl 

line  of  lesinil  foremen  in  a  r.iilw.ir 
niai'liinc      ahop.  (Iminon     v.     Itnl,,. 

1  IsiiHi  31  ('.  r.  A.  3(M1.  52  I'.  S  \!.|, 
.■■S7.  S7  Kill,  .1112  (let  -team  into  a  l>"-  r 
uliile  a   kiil,i,riliiiate  w  it   inxiite  it). 

A  i;anK  Ihk*  in  ,i  r.iiluay  Hliop,  iin.|,'t 
a    ini-ter  ineiliaiii,-.      Vvlinilr    \     I  „,   „ 
/'.   //.   Co.    (ISSO)    3  Wyo    247,  21    I'l, 
ilH7   lliMik  a  man  away  fruin  work  ul,i, ;. 
colli, I   not  lie  ilt'iie  .sufelv  nitlioiit   him 

.V    "Imws   wijKT,"    who   ilirivl*   II n 

h'iiie  wi|H'rii  Hlnre  lo  work  and  what  i,' 
,lo.  hiiu.r  V.  Soulhirn  R.  Co.  (|S',<, 
lltl  Tetin.  37.">.  47  S.  W.  401  ( ii.  t'li;.- ni 
onlir  an  to  niovint;  of  rn^jinel.  Ai  i" 
tliiK  ease,  soe  if  621,  nolo  8,  mfra,  aii,l 
r>4!l,  ;«,«/. 

An  iinployec  under  whose  direeiimi. 
an  eiiL'ine  cleaner  in  a  round  hoiiw  is  l,i 
work   until  he   hiii  •.'aiiied   MUllleient  ix 

peri,  I'l', '.  Sjii  lin  I  V.  Ohio  rf  .1/.  W.  f'u. 
(lS!t2)  130  Ind.  181.  20  N.  K.  018  (iti 
uinti  xtartpd  uhil(>  clejiner  nan  iiniliT 
lieiith    it  ). 

■V  piii^'  Imiss  over  forty  or  fifty  men 
woiki'i);  in  a  railro.ol  repair  yiril 
Krnion  V.  Vrir  Yoil:,  I..  K.  rf  U'.  It.  Co. 
(lS!i.-,i  148  N'.  Y.  100,  30  N.  K.  711 
(plaintltr  was  sent  to  take  ii  spriii:; 
from  a  ear  Ktamlin;.'  on  a  track  i,|liir 
than  that  on  which  repairs  were  ii-ii;il!) 
made,  ami  was  injured  by  otiici  ,.ir- 
liaekin;.'  n;.'nin«t  the  one  from  which  li,' 
was  takinj;  the  »prin).'). 

A  fiiri'iiian  of  ear  rep.iiiers.  Prirrvin 
V.  Chicano  tt  V.  U.  //.  Co.  (lS.S7i  liT 
Mieh.  102,  34  \.  \V.  JliO  I  failure  of  fen 
man  to  set  si;.'nal  Hat;  to  protect  car  re 
pa  iter") . 

.\  foiiiiian  of  car  repairers,  who  i-m 
not  hire  or  iliMliai;?>  his  men,  an, I  lii' 
no  authority  e\eept  to  direct  tlimi 
alioiit  their  work.  Foley  v.  diiriiiin,  It. 
I.  .<■  /'.  /•'.  Co.  (ISSt)  (it  Iowa.  r.lt.  H 
S.  \V.  124  (hern  injury  <Hiurred  uliilc 
the  foM'iitan  was  iii-istin^'  in  manual  l;i 
lior — car  not  heing  hlocked.  mined  for- 
ward  and  crushed  plaintilT's  footi. 

(ll)  t'i})-!  nil  II  1,111)1  II  ixinii  inrl;  in 
"/icDiir.v — .\  fiirciiian  of  a  quarr\ .  Ciil- 
h  II  V.  \i,ih.'i  I  ISOU  1211  N.  V.  1.  -'I'l 
N.  K.  00.">i  worknien  iiiipr,'|H'rly  pl;i,,'|i; 
H'l. «/.;»■  V.  Mi.ntrllo  Cninih  Co.  ill'iU) 
111  Wi.-.  4i:t,  S7  X.  \V.  401  liMipr"|icr 
pic^Kiiatioii  of  blast). 


m 


Kill 


I  S2»J 


\1(  K  I  l!l\t  11    VLNdll'-il^Xl'  OK  RASK 


I  I4'» 


TIm>  "iiiMTJiih  tiilint  n(  :.|.i.tif,a  It  « 
((iinrry  Ar»«,  ./  v  shun  iIhhj;  \x\ 
\lii*».  ft»»l    iHiirkiiiiiii   iii|iiii'<|  hy  an  v\ 

(plixjim  in  roi inciiic  i.|  In-  u-iiiL-  irmi 

ilrill  in  a  linlc  in  wliirli  th-   -iiiiiritilriMl 

i>lit  hxil  iHrt'Viiiii'.ly  |.hi.i-,l  ,.  |,|.i,iiin. 

|Miwili>r,  iinil   liHil   ni'yldtcil  in  »cc  ili.it 

il  hail  ctri-i'tivi'ly  r\|iliKli'i|  licfure  ni\niu    Icm  Im 

tlh>  ordff  lu  (t<'i>|H'n  tli*-  Imli-i. 

A  ttii-nilwr  of  II  Kiin;r  of  men  I'lipiycil 
in  (|uurrjini{  liin<'-.tiiiiit  anil  liiiiiiiin; 
liiiK-.  who  ut'ln  tt«  f<in-nKiii  in  tin-  h..iU 
of  iiiDvinK  rarii  Ui  the  linn-  kilii'-,  Imt  hI 
liiliiT  Itnm  diic  th«  minip  uiirk  aii<l  n- 
iiivf*  If*  sanii-  |<uy  no  tin-  ri-.l  of  (Im 
)l»ng.     \tin)rc    l.tmr    t'n.    v.  Kit  liniihun 

iisBT)  98  V*.  .laH,  as  s.  K.  :i;u  ii.iii 

un-  to  giv»  noticf  of  Ihi-  upiirnai  h  of  u 


ImHiIII. 

onlii 


tar  > 

A    fiirpman    in    a    qiimiy,   iukIit  fht- 
i«i»n«t'«'n"'»)t  of  a  nupiTint.iwIfnl,     /(mi 
i.fiin   V.    I'l/ri^    (MNMII     \.in    C.il.    4i.   |)|| 
I'iii     519  (frtiliir''  to  iioliiv  ^Tvant  that 
11  III  I -I   wax  alHiiil   to  Ih>  tiri-<l) 

III  llmpluijviH  •  '  IK  I  rininij  Itti  hind- 
•III  iif  i'C*i<r/<-«  list  hi  rr  than  un  mil 
jiiiiH.  A  foroiniiii  iii  iliarm-  of  a  ilcr 
riik  u«  'I  to  iiiovi-  iliiii"  nil  ,i  Inirk. 
Smit  V.  Hiriiiffi  (1HS«I  :U  Ilii",  J!l'.' 
linjuiy  rauwil  liy  the  f.ill  of  t 
"liirh  Hii''  U'in;;  louvri'il  hy  t 
I'l  111!'  fnrfiimn  ) . 

A  fiiniiian  irtfi^ii'iiiy  the  loii<iiii!;  of 
iin  ill  valor.  /<-  n  nfilil  v.  Iliiiiiiniiiii 
l|M!MM    «0  .\|,|,.    |)iv.  Mi,  :,H   N.   V     Sll|.|l. 

Ill)    incKliK^noe    all<-jfiil    waa   ovt-rlouij 
in(!> 

(ji  t'orrmen  of  f/niiiii  liui'linij  ur  iiii 
Iniulinii  .v^i/m.—  .\  piii;;  fonMniiii  iiii.lir 
iliiwlii.ii  (if  thi-  ohii'f  -ii'vi'dorr.  hinmi 
V.  I'limirii  S.  .V.  Cn.  I  M-i-ii  20  Jon.-.  & 
^  4:I4.  <  C,  (IHKKi  'J-i  loin*  &  S.  .-i.-.S 
ili<Mi<l>  iMipprfcclly  siTiiriKl  in  ii  wlinj; 
fell  out ) . 

.\n  nil. I. 'I  fonniaii   colli  rolling;  n  pinn 
of  latinrir-    lomliii};    a     sliip.      Tin     /,(,»- 
i«i'i;i.i    iIHiMm    21   ('.   (".  A.  lid    41    (■    S 
A|||>.   :i-.'4. 
hatchw  ay ) 

Till-  fori'iiinn  of  n  snne  ch^mciiI  in 
loa.Mnj;  a  ship.  M,-lh,,iitUi  y.  //.,;/,  line 
iI><7Hi  .■,.1  (al  .T)  lacci.liMii  in  this  case 
lint  .111.'  to  iii-^'ligiMicc  of  foK'inan,  hut 
of  nilalMiier). 

Tlif  fiiicnian  of  a  straniship  I'onipnny. 
iiiiil.T  whom  lonjchoiTiiiiii  nii'  .•inployAl 
111  liKi.liii;;  a  vcivl.  Tnlhi  v.  Am  Vinl,- 
it  T.  S.  s.  Co.  ilHilfi)  10  App.  Div.  4ii.!, 
42  \.  V.  .Snpp.  211  (or.liT  to  work  in  u 
Kilaiii   place  I . 

A    ■••t.tri:it:    (if   sieve. inros. 
-iiiiKnii    I  |8!)>ft    HI    Kol.     081 
the  load  himself). 


A  mnntiT  M«.v«lon.'«  forcin.iii  T"*'' 
»<«.  t'.  Hti>;i,ck  (IHHTi  :H  Ki..|  4IN 
ill. It'll  lift  o|M'n  I  :  till, mil, I  \.  iliill 
I  ilMMIl  :,2  App.  I»(\.  IJt»  iM  \  V  S„|,p. 
IMil  iliiincl  iii^.ciinlN  fa.h'iic.l  I.. II 
ttliih'  II    waa  iH'in^  h.ii-'.-.li. 

\    I. in  Ilia  11  of  u  u"<'-i  "iii.Mv'.'l    in   nii 

I   «liip.     />!(/.  I     \,    /l.,v^..l   ,1      I. 

/,'    To.    .  jNSMi    u;    Ma,-.    |0|.    Ill   \     i:. 

'  '10      lllr;.'!!;;.!!!'!-      in     >cli  cl  ion     of      |.i|i.. 

itoin  a   «iiHk  fiiriii^licl  i. 

It  N  I'lror  l.i  rule,  a->  a  m  iiier  of  hnv . 
Ihat  a  liiiil  -i.Milorc  i-  a  li  llii.\  -.  i  > 
mil  of  one  of  hi*  siili,,|.|iiiali  ..  wIii'IH 
IlK'le  i>  I'M.leliee  to  th.-  eireil  llial  lii> 
«  iH  ill  full  coiiirol  of  the  work,  aii.l  in 
vole.l  will,  III).  .Iiity  ,,(  fiiriii-liili;;  llii> 
lipliiinei'o    ii,h1        Miilliin     v.      I'hilmh  I- 


lihiii  ,(■  S  U.iil  S.  S.  Co.  (1ST,-))  ;h  |"a. 
2.'i.  21  Ar  l!.p.  •>,  IteMr-iii;;  (1"*72i  !' 
I'hilii.  Ill  Sh'.  fiirllier.  aH  to  the  eas.» 
miller  siiliiiile   K.  iii^Ki. 

Ikl     Siifii  ri  f<inii  <  iii^i/ .((..,  in   «i,i, // 
iiifl  II  1,1 1.-.      .\   (•iienian   -iiper\i-.iny  tin- 
«il>ii   i.uMi      (lepartnieiil       ol       -ineli  iii({ 
"'ll>«  \  i./i.ll      V.      .*>'.//,)/      Siiiitliini      ,t 

■••I.I   fV,.    ilMlMi    102  t  al.   4.->s.   :|i|   |',,r. 
^il.'i    I  e\l(  uiporisi'il   a    liom.   to   i.,ii.|ii.<|    a 
•  lot  aci.l  — i  ■ 
.i,.|..i-hv. 


<  I  I     . 

\     l.llcll 

I  Is:. 41 
»ilin;ibly 
foriiiu  il 
aceideiil 
'  nil 


4     Fed.     748      (unproteelfd    pein.r  hired   hy  hini   to 

cial    joli.      \,il'ioniil    Tiili 


Til.    /,•.«- 
(Imndlcd 


-|il iiii!iir.  not  kiiortinj,'  it  to  lie 
".  wiiH  injiir.'.l 

'  ;,/i/()l/.,   ,     mi),.  ,  ,-,siii,i    /■,,/,,(.<.-- 

I"  of  a    farm.      \o,,.,   v.    Wimil 

!ii2  fil.   ;i8ll.   .1(1    I'a.'     Tdii    i|ire- 

ii'i    in   full   .^iiiirol.      S...  Cali 

'i.n-  pilid  iindi  r  %  17,  iii,hI,~ 

w     -  line  to  a  .|.,|..e:  ive  -,i  ilfold  i. 

t:  III  liliniii  s  in  /.I.  l,„i,H  .lull  iilhi  ,- 

liliiiii  iihiir  null  hill,  I  1/  ignmil     -.it'  aUo 

"IiImI.    if!).  Kiiiii  •\.~-.\  yard   ni.,-ti.r  »ii- 

peiii-iii;,'   I  hi    iii.i.loor  vw.rk  of  a    niatiii 

fiicliiriiif;    roiii|.-.iiy.      Muuiln    v.     Ilninil- 

I'm     Mill.    f'o.     ilsillli     l,-,!t    .Mas*.   70.    ,14 

v.    K.    IS.-i    iphiiiiiiil'  iiijiiii'.l   in  olieyirif 

or.li-r   to    handle   a    .arlMiy   .if    siil|,li'iii  i,. 

aci.l.  which   pro\i.,|  to  1h>  hroki  n  I . 

A  niillw  ii;.'hl  in  the  employ  of  a  m.in- 
nf.i.tinin^  c.itiipiiny.  as  re-iir.ls  a  I'ar- 
i~-i»l  in  a  spe 
ir<)//,v  f...  V 
Hnlll  llHSO)  !)li  I'a.  17,-.  (selection  ,,i 
.ipplianoes,  Imt  evi.lcm.-  hi're  -h.iweil 
that  those  fnrni-.lnil  had  no  llau  liiai 
eiiiil.l  have  heen  di-i'ovi'ri'jl  hy  a  reaMHi 
aide  inspeciioii ) . 

The  Kiiperinlendoiit  nn<l  nianuL'cr  in 
chai(.'e  of  the  marhinery  in  a  lacl.ir\. 
Itiiiiii  V.  i'ltziiiiliirl.-  [XHAD  so  liiil. 
."i2li  (operative  injiireii  hy  rerkl.'s.iie>«  of 
superintendent  in  pas^in^'  straw  to  a 
lliixhrakp). 

A  H.iikman  I'inploved  in  the  picker 
loom  of  II  fact  Illy  with  two  other  per 
.sons,  and  tiaviiig  the  direction    of    the 


1450 


MASTKU  ANU  >Kl;\  A.M. 


ICIIAf.    XXMII 


i 


!  ii ' 


H 


work  tlirrrin  at  (orcmnn.  Mrlloirni  v. 
VolumbuH  Mffi.  r„.  (IHMS)  SO  tin.  227, 
5  S.  K.  402  ( iiiiu'liiii)-  nrylip'iitly  slmiol 
by  foriMiiiin  wliiln  it   wa-  lifiiif;  I'lt'iiiuil) . 

The  fori'iiiHii  in  oliiir<.')-  of  ii  riHiiii  in  a 
fiielorj'.  Finilliiii  V.  HiinKil  \\  hnl  A 
h'ounilry  Co.  (ISIHM  108  Midi.  2Sfl,  tKl 
N.  \V.  50  I  si't  n  (Iriiin  in  tnotinn  in  tliv 
wrong  (liifotiim  wliiU-  liflpiiig  to  pluiv  a 
car  on  its  triirkn). 

A  (S'lit!  foiiMnan  in  a  fiiclory.  Cnsry 
▼.     I'rnnnyl  III  Ilia     .Isiihiill     I'liriim     Cu. 

(imM>)    iim     !>«.    :i4H,    47    ah.    iijs 

(plaintiff  ordcrnl  into  Uun^t-roiu  |io.si 
tion ) . 

The  forpman  in  oliarjii'  of  a  crow  op- 
erating th<-  (frinili'iH  in  a  mill,  ('nnitn 
V.  Vmltnijoi)  I'lif/i  V<i.  (  IS!l7)  01   Mr.  Jfi. 

39  Atl.  340  (nItiTatiiin  niailc  in  iiiacliin- 
ery  ri'mlcriHl  it  <lan;.'riiiii»  -Halir  pipu 
whioh  sn[iplii><l  i>rc'«-iM<'  wa-s  pliijiKt'dt. 

A  fori-nian  in  a  woolen  mill.  Nonii'timps 
ealird  a  "I>ohh  mai'liini<L"  ami  smmliniPH 
"mastpr  nH'clianic,"  wIh>  liail  fiinr;.'!'  of 
the  n>|>air!4  of  tlic  ma<-liini-rv.  Imt  ni'itlior 
made  any  important  altciatioMs  in  it 
nor  hirod  or  diHi'liarfird  tlic  ••an;;  nmlfr 
his  control  without  cuntultiiiK  tlir  yen- 
eral  sup«'rintrndrnt.  Slmns  v.  t'lnini- 
bcrlin  (lIMMli  .-)!  I,.  R.  A.  "il.l.  to  < '.  ('. 
A.  421,  100  KimI.  :I7M  (did  not  Idock  up  a 
liravy  platv  pi'opcrly,  and  it  ffll  on  a 
aiili-^rdinatt') . 

Out'  of  scvrral  foromcn  in  a  -aawniill. 
havini;  atitluuity.  under  the  direction  of 
the  general  manager,  to  employ  and  ili« 
charge  workmen,  and  having  ^'eiieial  su- 
pervi-^ion  of  the  mill.  |m>i  foiinin;;  more 
or  lest  manual  lihnr  llierein.  Lijiiin  v. 
Hall  (litoli  I2N  .Mieh.  .-|2.I.  S7  N.  \V. 
010  (load  of  lo<^>  run  a^'ain-t  workman 
while  he  wan  working;  with  his  haek  to 
the  roll  way  I . 

The  Ikiss  of  a  Kanj;  of  reamer-*  in  a 
bridge  shop  of  iron  \v<uk«.  Ihiiiriin  v. 
A.  rf  /'.  Itol'iTis  Co.    {  li»00)    l!M  I'a.  .'lOS. 

4S  Atl.  3;<o. 

The  foreman  of  a  wo<Mlsliop  in  a  lar 
factory  (exi-epl  »o  far  w  he  may  la-  <li« 
chartriii):  the  duly  of  providing'  pioiM-r 
machinervt.  Iinliiina  Cur  Co.  v.  I'mliir 
(1885)   Too  Tnd.  ISl. 

A  foreman  of  an  oil  company.  l/<i 
hoiirii  V.  Viiiiiiiiii  Oil  Co.  (ISOli  To 
Honi  .'i7»,  28  N.  N.  *<upp.  IIMl  iMliclion 
of  plank  lo  wrve  a-  ;■■  tempuiary  «u,> 
port). 

An  engineer  in  charge  of  I  hi'  engine 
room  and  freezing  <li'parlment  of  an  ice 
company.  I'n  lu.^l  \.  f'lVciiiv"  frc  rf 
Ififr'qnnliiiq    Co.    (ISOS)     IS.")    I'a.    tilT. 

40  Atl.  88  (  negligcnc-  iji  din-cling  work 
to  be  done  in  an  imprcipv  i  way). 


.\ii  engineer  of  a  steam  roller  uwd  in 
repairing  the  utreeti  of  a  city,  an  k- 
gaiils  .1  llagman  sniijec-t  to  his  onhi-i 
and  liahle  to  di-ieharge  hv  him.  llun, ii 
V.  (Iniii-irr  (1804)  18  K."  I.  .507,  28  All 
<i5!)  (roller  started  without  warning  i. 

.\n  eiigim-er.  Wnlls  v.  Riiinl  (IsoTi 
18  App.  Div.  24:1.  45  .\.  V.  Supp.  s;:i 
itiremaii  'at  ihjuri'<l.  while  ailjiitlin;; 
a   pump  iiialer  the  engineer's  control  i. 

The  fotenian  of  a  lallie.  t'nli'i  v 
Cailixli  Mill.  Co.  (  I8H1II  120  I'a.  .IsT.  17 
.\tl.  021  (counter  halance,  heiiig  left  im 
secured,  tiew  utf  and  struck  an  appiiii 
I  ire  I. 

.■\n  operator    of  a    machine.     Hiimbii 

V.  I  i.i'iii  I'llliil  ]lill.s  Co.  I  1000 1  Il0(,.i 
1.  ;t5  S.   K.  207    Ihelpei    in|iire<l). 

The  leader  or  hoss  of  a  gang  of  hiiitil^ 
himself  under  the  direction  and  coiiii'il 
of  a  fiucuain.  and  doing  HUch  work  m> 
the  latter  directa  to  he  done.  Riflimuml 
l.oroiiiolnr  if  Miirli.  llorA*!  v.  l-'ml 
(1807  1  04  Va.  027.  27  S.  K.  .500  (hcin\ 
wheel  which  was  being  niove^l  fell  un 
plaiioill  I . 

.\  foreman  of  a  ganj;  lifting  heavy  m.\ 
cliinerv.  Itohfrlson  v.  Chifiii/o  *f  /..  /,* 
Co.    (isoiil     140    Ind.   480,   4.V  \.    I-".    i"'. 

I  foieaian  failed  to  a-sisi  in  sn-taiiiin-.' 
souu'  heavy  machinery,  ami  plaiiMill  \\,i-< 
ruptured). 

(n)   Sit[i*i'i'isi iifj  riitjitoiiris    in    in>ti'\ 

II  itiioilt    irfiirilrr    to    shltllhs. —  .\    '-|ir'- 

hoss,"  whose  iluty  is  nn>rely  to  diini 
the  nuners  to  leave  dangerou«  plio-i  .  .\< 
which  gas  ai-cunnilaii  ~.  Out  who  Iki-  ii" 
contidl  over  the  work.       Muiiinii   v    i  Hi 

hoii  iiiii  Colli  Co.  (iso:ii  0 Wm-Ii  .".:: 

:14  I'ac-.  l->2.  772  (lure  the  ac.i.l.-'ii,  ;iii 
e\plo-i(Mi,  did  not  even  oi-i-ur  «liili  (1m 
hoss  wa-*  engaged  in  his  dioy  of  iiii{>.iii 
ing  information  I. 

An  uialergrouiiil  l>o-«s.  r\cep'  :i~  tn 
nonas-ignahli'  duties.  /I'l/vw//  f'l../ 
Cool  Co.  v.  ir.7/s-  (ISO.Si  00  \',i.  11(1,  :ll 
S.    I!.   014    (a    ineri'  fellow    servant    m-  t" 

kcepini:    the   ilrift-   in    sati ndilii'ii  :i- 

(he  work   progi c»si's ) . 

(Ineot  -^'leial  in  a  iiiine.  having<lir>r 
(ion  1)1  the  work  of  eight  or  ten  mhm 
liim-ell  contiolled  hy  Ihi-  pit  l»>~i.  wli" 
is  sulijrct  to  the  direction  and  (-midol  "I 
(In-  ~u|pi-rinti-edent  or  gcia-ral  niaii.i-i-i 
II /ill/  <7i.(i-  Colli  Co.  \.  ./i,/i,i,,i)i.  I  |s'i.;> 
0  I  (  .  .\.  US.  12  t  .  N  App.  I!iii  '•" 
l-'i'd.  SIO  (sirmk  the  top  ol  a  iihuii  «iiIi 
a  pick,  and  liniught  iIoum  a  pi."  "i 
lock  on  the  plaintilV  > . 

A    gang    toicman.       l/nv/.n    '/'i.  .i. /.'.." 
Hulil    l/.ii.  I'o.  V.   Wh'liii  ^IsoTi    lii^  I 
,'s.  SO.   12  I.,  ed.  :iO((.  IS  .Sup.  (  I     Kcji.  U 


«  r>ii>] 


VU  r.  l'i:iN(  ll>\l>llll'      IKSI   dl'  RANK. 


1451 


,;;mI.'  Iif  lllllll'  lIlilHIl    «itlHMII    I'll!  lie.    till' 

i>'~iill  lii'iii^'  tliiit  III)-  lii'iiki'ii  r<i('k  III  ilA 
iipjii  r  riicl  mil  tlirciii;.'li  ami  iiiJiiKil  a  lu 
JMiin  I. 

A  fiii'i'iniiii  lit  11  mini'  i|iii'ris<'  fiiiie 
lidii-  mil  ■'talnli.  SI  /ilii  IIS  \.  /»()(• 
(IsHTi   T:t  inl.  2(i.  II   I'iii-.  :I7S    i  niiiii-r 

olirvi'il  nriliT  Ir  rllli-l'  tl  rlhilnlirl  Iihi  -iiiitl 
allrr  l)lii-l.— nil  ii-i'inn  v.  i1imm;;|i  In-  Imil 
■lilt  i>x|K-i  ii-nro  t<i  ii|i|iri  rjali-  t\w.  iliin 
gir ) . 

An  i'iii|iliivi><>  ill  a  iiiiiii'.  \\Iiimi>  rf;,'iilar 
iliilirs  wiTi-  111  lakr  i-liiii^'i>  of  the  IihiN 
ami  krr|i  till'  liiiir  lit'  till'  nirii.  ami  wliii. 
ill  till  -iiiiri  iiilrmliiil'«  iili^'iiri-.  ii-iil  In 
i;in-  oira>iiiiial  illirrliiin-  a-  In  till- 
Wiilk.  11  l/s»»  V.  Ihliiliillli  I'lil  Sliiiir 
lllllll  III  Co.  I  ISHIM  77  liiaa.  I.".l.  4J  \. 
W  .  :iliO  iiiiili'ii'il  III  iiM'  a|i|iliaiin'^  wliirli 
pfiiM'il  111  111'  lllllll  l\i'.  »iii|  a|i|ilianri's 
lii'iiiy  con^iriirlril  liv  tlir  iiilnri-.  llii'in- 
M'lvrs). 

Till'  >lali'-|iii'ki'r  liii->  In  a  roal  niiiii'. 
UH'diiI  v.  I. urns  r,i„l  I'll.  llSi|2i  150 
I'a.  ri;tH.  -24  All.  ;!.-.ll  l-lali-  |iliki'i  killi'il 
uliili'  i'iiiii|ilvin<>  will)  an  ihiIit  to  (ht 
fiirin  a  ri'ilain  I'l  rami  i . 

A  ti)|i  liii«-..      II  lllllll  s    V.    Uiiiiuii     I  III 
fiiiiiiiiiiiil  To.    (IsliSi    -^K  \\a»li.   .i!14.  .iri 
I'ai'.    I  III    I  M'ntilallii^   fan   ^lii|i|ii'il   iliii 
in;;  II n- 1. 

A  "liaiik  liiiss."  Itiir.il  if  ('.  I'lml  I'd. 
\.  fill, I  (IHSli  !tH  Iml.  2H-.'  i('(ini|ilaint 
lii'M  ili'miii'ialili'  uliirli  alli'p'il  llial  tin' 
jilaint ill's  inli'-tali'  li.ul  liri'ii  ilinrli'il  tii 
iiiiili'iiaki'  iii'W  iliilii's.  lull  falli'il  In  al- 
li'^'i'  llial  till'  li-ks  llii'i'i-or  ui'i'i-  lint  tin- 
ili'isioiiil  liy   liiin  I . 

A  ^liift  liiis-  in  a  liiino.  wlin  arU  syt 
fiariiiiii.  ami  iliriil-  wlini  ami  wlii'ic 
l>la>l>  >liali  III-  (lilt  ill  ami  wlini'  <lii'  inrii 
-hall  wink,  anil  » lin  i-<  a|i(irali'il  In  In 
M'llli'  rlaini^  aiisiii;.'  a-  I  lir  wink  |iin 
lirr-oi'S.  I'rliijil  V.  Ih/«;ii  hitii  Uiii. 
l-ii.  ilHll.-.i  loii  Mirh.  411.1.  Hi  I..  I!.  .\. 
4:i.i.  (14  \.  W  ,  :t:!ri.  .Mrmncil  on  ii'lirarlnv' 
in  inii  .Mii'li.  4ii!l.  :!2  I,.  I!.  .\.  4;!H.  ml  \. 
\\.  ILII  itiMi  lar;:r  a  «|ian'  niinril  nut  lir 
Imi' -n|i|iiiil»  HiTi-  put    ill). 

.\  fiiii'inan  ■«ii|m'|\  isin^  iliillin;;  in  a 
mini'.  Willi  aiitliniity  In  lilir  ami  ili> 
I'liar^'i-  iiilMirdinali"*.  Uilinnn  \.  It.r 
ii'iii  hiiii  i(-  \iiil  I'll.  I  ISII'J)  ,-).■)  \.  .1.  I.. 
•iii.  'i'l  .\ll.  7ll7  I  liin«i'  frat;inrlit  nf  nil- 
till  nil   iilainlilli. 

.\n  ■•iiiiili'rlnnki'r."  //<i//  v.  .Iiiliiisuii 
llsil.li  .(  Iiiiilst.  A  c.  .-)H!».  .14  I,.  .1. 
Km'Ii.  X.  S.  IIX.  II  .liif.  \.  S.  ISO.  II  I, 
T  \.  S.  77!t.  1.1  Wi'ik.  I!i'|i.  411  (failiii.' 
Ill  sec  tliat  Hint'  nf  ininr  was  ptniiiii'it 
~al,l>i. 

.\  pil  liii-s.  hi^iiiiii  V.  I'rnilliis  i'liiil 
It.  (V   (ISlISi    !1   \.   M     1!).-,,   -,.-.   I'a<-.  -Jiili 


ii'\pln-iiin  iirriiii'il  ill  11  room  into 
wlijrii  wnikinrii  wriil  with  miki'il  li;;lits, 
rilliii  li\  till'  iliii'i'linii  nf  till'  liioK,  or 
witli  liiiii  I . 

Ill  Sum,  mill  V.  Ihaii  (ISli3)  1  Sc. 
Scss.  (as.  .'til  -irii's,  7tiS,'il  wa.'4  In-lil  that 
till-  iiiiilrri,'iniiml  iiiana^'rr  nf  a  mini',  in- 
vi'sicl  III. HI'  parlii'iilaily  with  tlii'  iliity 
of  priiNiiliii;;  a^ain-l  ilaii;.'i'r  fnnn  the 
roof  of  till'  pit.  ami  lia\lii«  aiillinrily  to 
l.lr<>  ami  ili-iliaiui'  iiii'ii  ami  to  iliri>ct 
tlii'in  wlii'ii'  III  vMiik.  «as  a  ri'pri'scnta 
tivi-  nf  till'  iiiiiii'  nv\mr~  ill  snrli  a  «i'nsn 
an  to  iiiakr  tlii'iii  llalili'  fur  liin  nr^'ii^'i'iK'i' 
in  k'l'piii;;  a  niimi  al  wmk  in  a  plari- 
wlii'ii'  111'  kni'M  llicM'  was  wiich  imniiiifnt 
ilan^'iT  III  llii'  fall  nf  -Iniii'M  that  lie  had 
arlnally  pinmisiKl  il„'  iiiiiicr  to  liavi-  it 
priippiil    afli'i    a    fi'W     lioiirx.      To     ii'iioli 

till'    sail Il'i'i-t.    see    lliirilii-    \.      \ililif 

I  Is.-iSi    .>ii  s,..  Si's,,  (as.  -ill  si'iii's,  .-).-i:i. 

lint  in  Wiii/hl  v.  Ituihuiiil,  ilsii4i  2 
Sr.  S..SS.  (  a-,  .'til  si'ii,,.  74S;  it  «a-  lii'iil 
lliiit  an  nmli'iyrniiml  iiiana;.'i'r  nf  a  iiiiiic 
»as  a  fi'llnw  -.('ivant  of  n  work  man 
killi'il  liy  an  i'\pln.inii  of  liri'  ilaiiip  in  a 

si'ain    al     sni li^lami'    frnm    iliat     in 

v\lii('li  till'  iiiana;,'rr  was  ran  \  in;;  nil  ci'r 
lain  'ipnalinii,,  iii\ni\iii;r  t|i,.  ((.mpniary 

sll«pi'llsin|i     nl     a      -y-lilll     nf     Vl'lllilatinil 

wliirli  till'  I'xiilcmi'  sjinwiil  tn  In'  illiiii'nt 
anil  safi'.  Sunn  iiillr  \  lllllll  llSll.t)  1 
S<'.  Scss.  (as.  .'Ill  -I'lii's.  VliS,  was  ilistin 
«iilslni|  on  I  he  ;,'roiim|  that  tlii'  injury 
Ha.-  raiiscd  ilinilly  liy  nlH'ilii'iicc  to  the 
onli'rs  of  Ihi'  ilifi'iiilaiifs  fnri'iiian. 

Ill  11  I As'«i  V.  Siiiilihiis  ilHIilii  4  So. 
Si'ss.  (a-.  .'Ill  si. lie.  7.'!(1.  an  iimli'r 
yrniiml  iiiaiiayrr  was  alM)  liiIil  tn  lie  a 
iiii'ii'  sirvaiil.  anil  this  is  mm  ililinilcly 
s<'I||ikI  In  Im'  iIk'  trill'  ilnclriiii'  sn  far  n* 
tlio  Cnlli'il  Kln^ilniii  j.  I'omi'riii'il.  ll'iV 
sun  V.  I/,  nil  I  ISIlKi  I..  I!.  |  ||  [,,  Sp 
App.  (as.  .T'li.  lit  1,.  T.  v.  S.  .10.  S.-o  Jj! 
.V2!t.  ."i.'l:;.   lllllll. 

(o|  SniMiiisiiiij  I  III /ill,  1/1111  ii,  niintg — 
iipiiiiitilf  il   lllllll  I    sliil nil .-..  A   tori-iiian 

ap|H>iiitis|  iimlrr  tin-  I'l-aiiMKania  acts, 
wliirli  rii|iiin'  llw  I'liiplnyinriil  if  a  iiiin 
ins  hoss  who  shall  kii'p  a  raii'fiil  wafrli 
iivi'r  till-  vi'iililatin;.'  apparalii-  am!  all 
tilings  t'niimi'ifij  with  ami  ap|«'rtainin;.' 
In  till-  safi'ly  nf  Ilii-  in.'ii  at  wnrk  in  tin 
iiiini'  isiatnfp  passril  .Manli  :l.  1S70. 
anii'iiili'il  April  23,  1877.  ami  .Inn.'  .'10. 
IS.S.">).  is  a  fi'llnw  si.fvanl  of  hi-  -ulior 
iiiiniti>s.  1,1  lllllll  \itllrii  I'liiil  I'd,  \. 
.1.1111  s  i|S7Ki  Sll  Pa.  4.12  ii'vploMion 
rin-i.l  li\  ili'fi'i'livi'  Vl'lllilatinil  I  :  Itela 
mill  i(  //.  f(i/i<i/  I'll.  V.  ruiriill  I  1H7!I) 
X'.l  I'a  .171  '■■\pli^Miii  nf  liii' ilainp)  ; 
Wii'l.lill  V.  Siniiisiin  1IHH1I1II2  I'a.  r>ll7. 
I     .Ml.     7'J.'>    I  ili'fi'iiiii'    I'liii-ii  111  linn   ni 


i. 


1452 


MASTKR  AND  sKKVANi. 


[iMIAP.    XXVIII. 


'V 


I   ^  ^■ 
t    ^ 


pilltrUilV  I  ;    UrmrW    lliililh      llSSlil     112 

I'ii.  "-.  'i  Atl.  SI!  (t'ailiiri-  tn  um'  (,ro|w 
fiiriii-'lii'd  I  ;    Uiilstiitit    i'ukr   Vu.  v.   Hnhy 

iisstii   ii.-i  p.i.  :n;i.  H  Atl.  r%m  {f\\<U>- 

■iioii  iif  fill' il:iin|i|  :  Ihiliii  v.  A<im 
lIS'.iJi  i:.l  I'll.  117.  i;.-.  All.  its  (diii.lly 
);:i-i<—  iMniliiitiMl  tliii>n'.'li  (iiM'ninp"  wliicli 
<«h(>iiM  \in\v  Ihtii  clnsci) )  :  l,in<in<l:i  v. 
.v./,v.//i< /i(iii»((  (fill/  fij.  i|S!P.'l(  l."i7  I'a. 
I.">;i.  -21  Atl.  .■.:;  (r.Mif  ci.llai.^Ml)  :  ».- 
/«(.<  V.  I'tilliiii  rnitl  «'().  illMMt)  I!i7  I'a. 
•  ISll,  47  .\tl.  ;iiil>  I  iii>;:livi  lit  iiiiliT)  ; 
\  iishifxl.iii  V.  HiHsiili  I'liiil  <f  /.  Co. 
'  IS!I7>  -n  \\t\>.  I)i\.  KiS.  47  N.  V.  Supp. 
i!Hti    HJcfci  li\r  lilllll|H  I'  (HI   flir). 

TIk-  tliciiiy  on  wliicli  the  ninstcr  i»  ab- 
^ihi'il  I'lipiii  liiiliiiity  in  tlii'st-  iviM'r.  will 
Ik'  a|>|i:iiriit  frmii  tlii'  t'ii||i>\\  in;;  I'XtraotS 
from   "onii'  of  tin'  (  |iliii4>iis: 

'.\*  tin-  ili'fi-nilaiiU  had  minplied 
»lri<tly  with  thi-  Sth  siition  of  the  act 
III'  .'III  of  Marcli.  lH7l).  in  pioviiliM;;  a 
prii'tiral  anil  Nkilfnl  iii>iil(>  ovrr^iiT  or 
Illinium  hois,  anil  if  thov  hail  thii-<  fill- 
lillnl  till'  iliity  iinpi'-i'il  upon  Ihi'ni  hy  the 
(iiiiiTal  .\s,-ii'inlily.  ii  is  not  for  this  or 
;iny  <  thir  I'onrt  to  charge  them  with  an 
Mililitiiinal  <(lili;;ation.  .  .  .  The  act 
is  one  of  ;.'r('at  pract icnl  utility  to  thn 
iniiKT.  anil  lays  ii|«>n  the  proprii'tors  of 
mini's  all  the  burthens  they  onyht  of 
riylit  to  iH'ar.  Thry  must  proviili-  ca- 
pal)le  ovcrsi'i-rs  fur  tlu'ir  works,  anil  thoy 
must  furnisli  what,  by  kiicIi  ovrrscrrs, 
is  rt'i|uir<'il  for  th<>  safety  and  wrlt'uie 
iif  the  nii'ti  cn^jam'd  in  tlio-i-  works. 
Moll-  than  this  tlii-y  cannot  do.  for  upon 
till'  juil;>nii'iit  and  skill  of  thi'sc  praitical 
a;:i'nts  tliiy  must  dt'|i<'nd  i|iiit('  as  miicb 
as  any  ol  the  men  who  are  eiipipil  in 
their  mini^."  Wmhlrll  v,  Snmison 
I  ISSr.)    112  Pb.  ■•(i7.  4  Atl.  7i"i. 

"Nor  do  we  think  the  liability  of  the 
i'i>lii|Kinv  fur  the  act  of  its  mining,'  boss 
is  ehan;;eil  liy  the  faet  that  he  is  ap- 
pointed pursuant  to  a  statute,  where  he 
lia!<  a  ;;eneral  su|>erintendeiit  over  him, 
who  ha»  putter  to  direct  and  control 
him.  W'l'  diseovur  no  sound  reason  for 
any  di-timtion.  In  either  case  the  com- 
|Kiny  must  ap|Miint  a  nmipelent  and 
siiilahle  person,  and  provide  suitable 
ind  safe  m.iihinery.  lie  is  to  "carefully 
ttatch'  and  to  se«'.'  for  the  purpose  of 
priitertiii;;  from  dunp'r  all  men  at  uork 
ill  the  mines,  wiys  the  statute.  This. 
ho'.Mver.  iliH's  not  disi>hice  or  HU|H'rsede 
his  superior,  to  whom  he  may  lie  re 
ipiireil  to  re|)ort."  l.ehiqh  Vulli  ii  Coal 
r„.  V.  ./.XI..V   (  1S78)   8(i  I'a.  432. 

"There  is  no  rtmiii  for  the  alle^jatioii 
lli.it  a  iiiinini;  boss  under  the  mii.e  veil 
lilalioii  act  of   1870  in  an  ajjeiit  of  the 


Miliii'   MM  ner   or    a     mphiyer.     He    i> 

I  lolhiil  with  no  |Niwers  of  ei!;:a}.'iii;;  and 
ilisi  ha  Infill;;  miners  and  laborers  al 
ph'asiire.  Ill"  i"  niirely  n  fellow  s^rv 
ant  with  the  miner.  Me  is  nowhere  in 
the  ait  ile-iynateil  as  I  he  a;;ent  ..f  the 
oHiiir  of  the  ndnes.  ||is  duties  are 
s|M'i'ltleil  in  the  same  manner  that  tin 
dnlii'T.  of  the  engineer  .lie  siHciliiil  in 
the  Hith  sei-tioii.  and  as  the  duties 
of  oilier  eiitployet's  ixTv  detilled  in 
various  other  -ictioiis.  He  ha"  no  ;;iii 
eral  power  of  control.  His  duties  .,y,- 
eonlined   to  s|K'i'ial   mailers.     That   tli'> 

are  diireient   friiMi  tho f  othii-  of  III- 

fellow  cidabiiiers.  or  even  that  they  ai.- 
of  a  higher  ^raile.  iIik~  not  itiallei  ' 
Ihl'tiniti  ,(■  //.  Cunal  Co.  v.  ('ttni,ll 
(  IS7!M    S!t   I'a.  :174. 

"The  mining  boss  is  a  creature  of  the 
huislatiire.  scIiK'ted  hv  the  mine  ohiht 
in  oiii'ilienie  In  the  I'ommand  of  the  l.iu 
and  in  the  interest  and  for  the  pioler 
t  ii  u  of  the  miners  themselvi'S."  Itrd 
s/i.iie  »'.i/.c  I'd.  V.  Ii'iibi)  I  ISSti)  11,5  I'.i 
:iti4.  S   .\tl.  .".11.!. 

"Tlii~e  remarks  are  as  precisely  a{i 
plicable  to  the  act  of  ISH.".  as  they'ttii.' 
Ill  the  acts  of  1S7(I  and  of  1S77.  TIm- 
fundainentnl  idea  as  to  all  of  tiain  i- 
that  pro|«'rly  i|Ualined  [lersoiis.  as  d,- 
iirnated  in  the  several  acts,  shall  he  i m 
ployed  by  mine  owners  with  piesirilml 
duties  relative  to  the  care  and  iiis|Ki 
tion  of  mines,  anil  where  this  is  doii". 
the  mine  owner  has  dischar;:<i|  his  di:i.\ 
in  this  re;;ard,  and  if.  bavin;;  done  -o. 
accideiils  oceiir  which  can  Ih'  traiid  In 
the  carelessness  or  ne;;li;;enee  of  tlie-e 
persons,  the  owners  are  not  liable" 
l.im'osl:i  V.  Sustfiirhdnttn  t'anl  i'u. 
I  lMi:i)    1.-.7   I'a.   l.-..t.  27  Atl.  577. 

In  this  last  eas<'  the  court  denied  lliat 
there  was  any  force  in  the  contentnn 
that.  iM'cau-e.  under  the  act  of  IS"*.'!. 
"the  miner  must  jjive  notice  of  any  a]> 
prehended  dan;;er  to  the  mine  foreman." 
lie  is  to  be  considered  a»  the  represent;! 
live  of  the  owner  for  nil  ])ur|M)ses.  -o  as 
to  charp'  the  company  with  liahillly 
■\o  such  provision."  it  was  said,  "i* 
found  in  the  act.  and  the  duty  to  ;:iM' 
•ucli  information  was  just  as  yreal  l.e 
lore  !he  act  as  after.  The  act  -implv 
emboilied  what  was  already  a  le;:al  duly 
oi  the  miner  into  the  provisions  of  tli" 
-latute.  niakin;.'  it  mote  pn-cisi'  ami  iin 
phatie.  and  hi  in;.'iiiy  the  |M'rform.iiii  i-  ef 
such  duly  more  direill>  to  the  .illcri 
tion  of  the  miner.  The  posiiimi  of  ili.' 
iiiiiiin;.'  foremai.  with  rel.itiiin  '  tin' 
owner  was  not  chan;;ed  by  this  |ii"vi 
sion.     Ills  duty  wus  the  Muine,  with  ur 


J  6iOj 


Nil  K  t'KIM  II'.M.SIIU'     UKSl  OK  I!  \\K. 


M.'>3 


nitlimit  thi<  provi-icm.  to  «il.  to  yivo  low  o.rviint  of  ciiiiiloM.  x  in  tli.-  niiiip. 
iiiiiiicdiiifi!  alti'iili(.ii  III  the  ii|.|.r..|icii(k'<l  Culonnh,  ri„il  ,(■  /.  <;',.  v.  I.umh  {  IHII.-)) 
■l.irijr.T,  and  lake  ^ill  iiio|H.r  n.ii-iiics  to    ti  (  olo.   .\)i|..  J.',.-.,    lit  I'lo-.  J.'.l    (ni;i^,  of 

|,i.-wnt  its  <K'nin ■< .      I  hr  ill,,  t  ofhis    rook    f,ll    in   ;i  ,liifl  i .     Tlic  .-mirt    said- 

ii,j:li^'cni'o  in   not    c.iiv.l  inj;   ili,.  ,l,.|Vrfs     -Tlir  niinr  lioi<  i,  an  iii,livi<|ihil,  su  (!.•♦ 

"I' ''•"'«'■"  ' I'i.iin.-,!  ,,f  „,, 1,1,1  U'  pre-    iKiKiltil    l,\     lliv    ^lMllll,..    hIi,,    niu.*t    l>e 

iwly  the  sanir  all.T  ii-  In-fon-  I  !„■  Mat-    .■ni|.!,i.vr.|    l,v    llic    iiiiii,'   mMiii ,    unil    put 

,ih-,     und     It.     woiil.l    r,,|iiir,.    a    .-iHMitie    in   rhaij;,.,    «itl,    irl.rci to    its   salct'- 

.haiige  of   tlip    law    l,,v    Sainton    .•narl-    an.l  s.ciijtv.      lie  has  rnliii'  siip.n  i>i,m 

'"•  to  ini|K>-*r  haliililv  upon  Ihi'  own-    of   the   w  hoi..   nv>liiii   of   Ihr   vuntihilioii 

,r  f,,r  his  ni';;li;riMir  whrii  then-  was  no  of  tlic  iiiiiic.  "likcwis,  ,.f  its  cntri.-s 
-aih  lial>ilil>  at  the  dale  of  Ihr  passa^,'  drifts  an, I  i,".in-.  aii<l  all  inacliiiK-ry 
"'  "'"'  '"''•"  an,l    applian,-,s    which    arc    usi.l    in    it<i 

In    II,, /I  rr  V.    Isrliii    (ISill)     |lt|    fa.    ojioialioii-..    II,-  i,  I n,l  to  niaki^  his  re- 

:lSli,  29  All.  49,  thi-  tii.il  ju,!-,',  in  a  poits  i,-iilailv  to  tlw  mine  iiisp,.,tor, 
iharpe  drclarcd  to  Ix"  pori.^t.  riil,,|  tliat  an, I  i-  -i,l,j,.,i  to  scvnc  pmaltios  for 
llip  |«issi-.ssi„n  of  a  p,p\\.T  to  iiii|.l,.,v  an,l  nnv  violation  of  thp  act.  Of  ii.,-.  ssity 
.li.,.|iai;,'c  workni.'n  this  n<'t  iMiii;;  a  this  w.nil,!  inclihlr  anv  faiMir.-  on  his 
«iiiliilor.v   diilv    of   a    mini'   liiws^-phio,.,l    purl  in  the  siipci  vision.   in-pi,l  i,iii.  and 

him  in  the  posit i f  a   \  i,'i.  primipal,    fan-   \vlii,li    ili,.   statin,'   i,.,|iiiii--.      .\lin- 

.inil  iMilaii.',',l  th(    lial.ilil,\  ,,f  il iiipl,,\      ois  ai,'   liki'wi..,'  jriMM    iIj,.    li-ht    to   jn- 

,r  lM'\,.n,l  that  to  wlii,h  li,'  is  ,nli|,.',t  Npicl  tlic  niiin'  and  iiia,liiii,'i  "  ,-ithi'i-  in 
III  til,'  tas,'  of  a  iiiiiio  h,iss  |.|iipl,,M.,|  un  person  or  liy  niniinitlee,  coiiji'iiiillv  with 
,l,r  til,'  pruvisioiis  of  the  ait.  .mil  |>er  the  owii,i.  oi  otli,r\vis»'.  a^i  tli,'V  inav 
Inrniin^' only  the  dill i,'s  pri'seril*-,!  th,'je-  eh,.,,-,',  ami  to  taki'  siieh  st,.;,s  as  their 
"I  prmhiiei'    itiay    .lielal,'    I,,    si, me    their 

Ihe  relation    ,if    Hi,'    nih'  applie.l    in    own    sat,iy    an,l    iireveiit    aeiiili'Hts.      In 

llii'se  eas.'s  to  Ih.il    w  liieli  ileelar,.- a  head    aiiotli,,-     s'efioii     a     riylit     of     ail  ion     id 

nf  a   il,.|i,irliiM'nt    to   he  a    vie,-   primipal    j.'i\i'ii    to    eirliiii    d,-i^nat,'d    iiailii,    in 

see  «iihlllli'    K.   iiifnn.   ha-   appannl  iy    e.ise   they    sii-lain   dania;;e  liy    na-on   of 

mil  l«'eii  ,li-.iis,ed.  ami  thii,' i:ii-lit  „.,.ii,    any    failure    to   loinplv    with"  Ih,'    pr,.vi- 

"•  '"■  ^ '•  ^■'"11111,1    f,,r  <,,ii.i,|,T;,ij-  »u.h    si,,, IS  of   the   statiit,'.  or   heeaiwe  of  any 

;i  foniiiaii   to  he   williin   the   piirxliw    of    violalioii     of    its    reipiiniiieiits. 

liie  laiter  rule      Uiil    III,'  ,lill,'ieiil  iai  iny    We  are  iinalil,'  to  si,,  how  it  is  possililo 

I'liiiHIit    is   il.'iirly    imliialeil    l.y    the    re     to  eoiiip.l   a   eiimpaiiv  to  emplnv    a   mine 

iii.iik   in   Ihl.iir,,,.     .(     //.     r.iiKil  r„,   v.    lio".  , „  «|i,.m  is 'lai,l  th,'  i,'-|ionsil,ii 

liirmll  (|S7!I|  S'.l  I'.,.  :(7).  th„t  |„.  "I,as  Hy  ,,,1,1  the  ,liilv  l,v  statute  to  atlen.l 
Mil  ^'iiii'ial  pi.«er  of  loiitiol."  and  that  to  the  mine  and  its  ,aleiv.  as  a  plaee 
•ins  dntics  arc  coiilimil  t,>  sp,.eial  mat-  to  woik  in.  el,, Ihe  him  wiiii  full  aiithor- 
'''',*•"  i'.v  and   powir  in  ihis  re-p,  ,1.  ami  swh- 

In  oth,'r  slatw  a  -imilar  view  has.  je,'t  him  to  piinislom'nts  an,l  lesp.msihil- 
, III  the  anthority  of  till' all,, V,' eases.  iM'en  ities  in  eis,  of  failiii,'.  aii.l  tli.n  liohl 
iM«,M  as  to  the  eapaeily  of  f..r,'m,'ii  ap  the  ni.ist.r  r,'sp,,n,ilile  for  his  aels  He 
|«'int,',l  nmler  acts  of  the  .same  tenor  is  in  no  s,',ise  th,'  npii-i  ntative  of  t  he 
^is  ihat  of  I'eniisylv.inia.  mast.T.  from  whom  th,'  s|,,i„|,,  „i,,.mpl-. 


ill     West      \ir"i 


i!!ia    a    mine    losn    em-  to  tak,' I'lil  ir,.  lonin.l  ,.f  this  pail   of  hi* 

jiloy,.,!    aeeoiilni;.'    to    tile    provisions    of  iiiiiiieL'  ,.|',  ,  .ilioiis.      The  ma-ler  mav  sii- 

"";  ''"'•'  '"'   1'<"I-  -M "'I-   ]<■  !'"•■•'  S   11.  pervise  liini.  ami  lie  miv,  so  far  as' mav 

1-  liilil  not  to  he  a  m,.'  |ii  iii,i-,.il.  as  his  !„..  ,|ii,.,.|   ^,„.||  ehaii;.',-  to  he  m.i,!,.  as  his 

iliilies  are  not  del..yal,d   I,,  him   l.y  his  jmlKiiient  in,lieat,'s  i,,  l„.  ,„.,.,.„  .rv  •  hut 

Hn|il,.>er.     but     pi,-.,ril„il     l.y     -taint,.,  w  li.-n  I  h,-  st  '|  ,iie  put   1 !:,'  ,„„trol  i.f' ||,is 

lli//.,;,„,s    V.    Th.„l.,r    l%,„l    .f.     C.     (■„.  partiiiilar  matter  into  III,,  hamls  of  tl„. 

'IViSi   41  W.  Va.  ,V.i!l.  -1(1   I..   I!.    \.  SI-2.  1.0SH.  ami   left   to  his    jmh.,,,,-,,!    I.„lh  the 

•ii    s.    K.    10,     dai-,'    ha-imnl    ,,f   i,.,.k  ipie-ti, f  -af,lv   ami   ll.,'  m,.ans  to  he 

lell    lr„m    roof    of    .Inlli.    appl.Miiv'    the  iis,.,l   to  that    end.   we  an-   iiti.iM,'   Io  see 

|'iiM'i|,le  that  '■when,  a  p,'rs,.n  ,.r  e..rp,.  Iioh    he   is,    in   a.iv    -,'iisi',  |.|ih,.r   as   vi,.e 

i.iti'Hi    IS    eompelleil    l,y    law    to    ..mi, joy  p,in,ipal    or    olla'ru  i-,'.    I  h,'    i,'pii'senta- 

•'II  iihlivnliial  in  a  yiveii  matter.  n,t  lia  tiv,'  of  1 1...  maM.r.  ,.r  how  I an  -land 

I'lliiv  altaelie.s  for  his  t,.rli,.iis  or  m-yii  in    anv    other    iila'i.ni    to    hi-,   .'olahorer 

1"".^  '"';'•  than  that  of  a  f.llou   -,.rvanl  " 

III  I  ,il,.ia,!o  .1   mine  I.O.S    vest,-,I    wit.li  (pi     Si,l„,nlu„il,-    i,i]„.,^    ,,f    v/,/,,., — 

n"  aiHlMiMly  other  than  that    pi,-eiil.e,|  A   eliief  ,.|ii.ii„.,.r  on   a   st.nnnr    i-    '   tVI- 

!')•  llie  c,.al  niiiiinjr  act   of   18S.-,  is  a  f.'l  io«      servant     of     Ih.'     thini      .ii-im'ir 


■<-s4; 


US4 


MAMI  I!  AM)  >i:i:\  ANT. 


[lllAI-.    X.W  lil 


(^^.lr/.■  V.  Umhnti  [IHill]  U  C.  ».  N. 
•S  4>».  .11  I..  .1.  (  .  r.  .\.  .S.  loti,  s  .hir. 
N'.  S,  74ti.  .->  I..  T.  N.  S.  4JT.  10  Wnk. 
Rpp.  H!)  liniK'litni'iy  iiiil  of  nrilnl  I  :  :iii(I 
ol  thi'  m'ciiikI  t'li^'iiic'i'i'  I  W  iiiii-iii  V.  Tlir 
Ouuit  CiiMllr  [1H!'!I|  ti  (  iiii!  K\cli.  .IHT  | . 
A  niatf  of  sli,|«.  Til,  Cii/i  „f  |/,.i 
andiia  (IHHM)  17  Kc.l.  :itM»  '( luililiwuy 
left  o|>.'ii);  ri'<-  H.  II.  Wiud  (ISSli  20 
Fed.  702  (Iri'cliway  li-ft  iin|irolicti-<h  : 
ilalone  v.    H.s/xn   7'm;ii.i/i.   C'i.    i1h;:1i 

.J     IIUs.     ;{1'>,     I'i'li.    ('.l^<.     Nil.    S.jl'li;     <.;|l||l' 

faclH)  :  Thi'  .1  oh  T.  [yil>«„i  i  ISHT  f  S4 
Fed.  204  (liiMc  llu>  ut\U'  »;i<  at  llic 
wheel  unJ  tliiicfiiii'  pcrfiirTiiiii;.'  tlif  ilii 
lies  of  a  MU'lf  seiviiiit  I  :  Tlir  Kiinjiliini 
ilonanli  (IS.sM)  :iti  Kcil.  77:1  imali'  Mas 
Hupei'iiiteiirliii^'  wuik  of  iciliii:.'  in  llic 
hawser):  CiiiIshh  v.  /  ;iiV../  \..i  )iiik- 
^aiiJy  Honk  I'ilol's  Ism/.  (IMHIi  1)U 
Fed.  4118  (navi;.'ai  ioTi  of  i^loi  hoal  )  : 
The  Miiiini  (  IHiMM  :(.">  »'.  (.  .\.  2H1,  'Xi 
Fed.  218.  .Mliiiiiiii;;  ilsitsi  H7  Kcil.  7r>7 
(to|)nm>t  fell,  while  ilie  mute  uat  nt- 
tempting'  to  c.i»t  olf  a  tiiin  of  tlir  iliaiii 
frulll  arollllil  the  ilinilll;  H'liyim  v. 
Uooiliciii  (1H8S>  14/  Ma.-i.  2.!7.  17  \. 
E.  517  (no  e\i>len<  ol|,.|rcl  to  laki'  the 
ruse  out  of  the  ),'eiiir.il  rule  appliealili- 
to  a  Muperiiitenileiil  of  work  iikI  one 
working  uiKler  lili  oriler<:  aeeiihiit  wa- 
euUMe<l  hy  onler  to  slaiken  a  ro|)e.  thus 
ullnwintf  a  heavy  ohjerl  to  fall  on  plain- 
tiff's foot):  Ohoii  V.  Chiil,  (ISSli  :)2 
Hun,  42.)  (orcleieil  oil',  to  other  work,  a 
m'uniiiii  vs'ho  was  a^^i-.tin^'  plaint  ill'  to 
pay  out  a  hawser,  tln'  -tr(nj;ili  ot  two 

men    h<'inf.r    ni Msary    !or    1  lie    <lne    per 

fornnniee  of  the  wurku  llmiilii  qmi  v. 
.l/f</.»  H.  N,  r„.  (ls;i.-,i  14li  \.  \.  .tiin. 
40  \.  K.  .')(i7  (ai-i-tant  ^^te^\alcl  frll 
overlmanl  thronnh  a  <ran;;Hay  door 
whieh  had  \»-vn  left  open  I  :  Krm  If  v. 
iletcnlf  (1SS7)  107  N".  V.  211,  i:i  \.  K. 
790  (assuinifl  in  tlii~  ea>e.  eveeption  he 
ing  made  an  rey^anU  the  pi  i  I'orTnatice  of 
the  nonns-si^rnalile  duty  of  (;i\iMj;  nied- 
ioal  aid  to  seamen):  l.iitin^lnn  v.  Kn- 
diak  racking  Co.  (ISIU)  lo:i  Cal,  2."«S. 
.'J7  Pac.  Hit  (Injnri'd  servant  wa*  a 
steward  waitinj;  at  tahle,  who  fidl 
throuifh  an  o|>en  hatchway  I. 

The  stntUA  of  llu'x'  olVni'rM  «ai  etah 
orately  diseu.ssrd  in  a  reeinl  Ma-i:iilm 
Hi'ttx  case,  where  it  was  held  that  an 
I'lnplovi'e  of  a  eoastin^  xes<i|  i<  a  fillow 
MTvant  with  thi'  male  who  in  in  eontrol 
of  the  vesM'l.  with  re-peel  to  the  lalti'r's 
iiedliu'eliee  in  eoii-truetiiij;  and  oiderin;,' 
tin-  employee  to  use  a  Irian^de.  the 
hieakin;;  of  whioh.  while  he  was  -ittin;; 
on  it.  for  the  pni  po-i'  nf  serapin;,'  ii 
mast,  causeil  the  iiijniies  in  xiiit.     Au/- 


/.(■/.  V.  D-iniiri  (l.XdII  IC.l  .Ma--..  411'' 
;17  .V.  K.  4.-)il.'  Holmes.  .1.,  saiil:  'A- 
till'  ea~e  11  nil-  lirlori'  I1-.  He  mil-t  t.ii 
it  that  the  defendants  did  their  duly  ri 
fiiritisl'inu  materials  for  the  eonstinr 
lion  of  the  Iriaiiyle.  that  the  mate  n.i- 
in  eontrol  of  Ihr  vessel  at  the  time,  a'nl 
that  tin'  eaiisi.  of  the  plaint  ill's  injim 
wa-  "lime  neyli;,'em'e  on  the  ni.ite's  pail 
in  eiiii-lrniliii(;  the  lrian;;le  and  in  m 
deiiii'4  the  phiiiitilf  to  iisi-  it.  The  ipn  •, 
lioti  i~  whelher  the  defiiiil.iMls  aie  an 
sweialile  for  this  comhlet  of  the  mat. 
Hy  the  I'ommon  law.  as  iiiider-lood  in 
thi"  si. Ill',  the  work  of  im-l  i  ml  ion  w.i. 
not  oiii'  of  the  mailers  whirh  thi'  iji' 
fendants  were  hound  at  llnir  piiil  in 
see  done  with  reasonahle  eaii.  and  tliii.' 
fore,  if  Ihosi.  )<iiM'ii<,'|.||  upon  it  wiic  li  I 
low  servants  in  their  yiiieial  standing' 
and  oiiiip  ition.  the  plaint  ilF  ttiiik  I  lie 
li-k  of  their  iie;;li;.'enie.  They  were  imt 
removed  from  the  ela-s  of  ftllow  »ii\ 
ants,  for  the  time  heinj,'.  Iiy  the  natiii.- 
of  their  oei'iipalioii.  to  adopt  the  iii"<li' 
of     evpie-sioii     wliieli     has     lii'en     ii-'  I 

./(lAil.v./l     v.     /.•r,v(„;l     Tun    Itollt    ro.(lSs;i 

l:!.".  .Mil"".  2o:i.  Ill  .\iii.  Ihp.  4."iS:  .|/„i/.,. 
iui,i  V.  )lilh  Co.  (ISSSi  I  Hi  Ma-s.  Tisii. 
Hi  X.  v..  ,')74:  Mini  V.  (;.  11.  .(  t'.  Knnih 
huit  ro.  (1S!14|  lllo  .Mas*.  ,-,.-,7,  :t(i  \ 
K.  T'SI.  I!nt  if  the  work  had  Ut'n  ,!■  n,' 
hy  the  defendants  in  persain,  and  tlii\ 
had  doiii'  it  nefrli;.'iiitly.  they  w.iil.l 
have  heeii  lialile.  and  it  is  a  rj.'iied  tliMl 
they  nil'  eiplally  lialile  when  the  Hi.ik 
is  done  liy  the  inasirr  of  the  m—.I  .i 
iiy  one  who.  for  the  time  hcinj;.  "I,iii.|> 
in  his  pl.iee.  It  is  sai'l  that  the  iii.i-l.i 
i.s  not  a  fellow  s<'r\anl  with  the  si'miihii. 
and  thiicfore  is  not  within  the  rnlr  .i~ 
to  the  ri"k"  a—iimed  hy  the  plaint ilT 
hut  that  he  i.  nevertheless  an  iip'iil  aiil 
repri"iiil.iti\i'  of  till'  owni'rs.  ami  lluii 
his  111  ;.diL'i'nee  is  their  ni-;;li}.'inee.  Km  ii 
if  it  he  said,  as  it  has  lieeii  said  in  -mi' 
ea-es,  that  masters  aie  not  lial.l.  i" 
servants  for  the  ne;.'liyinie  of  olliii-,  i\ 
eept  when  I  he  law.  on  ;;riiiiiiils  of  poli.v 
imposes  a  pergonal  duly  on  Iheni  to  -ii' 
eel  tain  pieeaiitions  taken  or  reasmiaMr 
eaie  iisi-.l ;  and  if  it  hi'  admitled.  tlnn 
fore,    that    the   defenilants   <'oiilil    ii"l    li' 

liahle  for  neKli;;ii in  the  eoiislnii  li'ni 

of  the  triaiiL'le  on  thi'  p.iit  of  tlu'  mi- 
tir.  whetliii  a  servant  or  not.  any  iiiiir 
than  when  the  same  work  was  diuic  hy 
the  srainan  ('.(iikiii  v.  Aiir  .hriiii  l.inli' 
mill,  Co.  flSS.-,|  '2;t  I-',.,!.  ;)ii:!:  V/.' 
(.ill..  11  fim!i|  40  Fed.  (i!tl:  l.oi„ihl.„  v. 
si.ih-  I  ISS7I  1(1.-.  \  ^'.  |.-,ii.  II  V  I 
:i7l :  Hull', .,1,1,  ,f  ((.  /,'.  r„.  V.  /;.--/',/. 
(|yi:i)   i4'.t  L,  !s.  ;i(i8.  37  u.  id.  :;j, 


i  .'^io) 


vi<  i;  n;i.\(  ii'Ai,>iiii'    ti:vi  oi   kwk. 


us:. 


1,1   Sup.    Ct.    Itrp.    itlli,    -lill,   ..i.l.riiitr    the  iiiliMill..!  |ji<iI.mI.I.'  «,ii,-lit  of  niitlim 

till'    |>l:lillliir    tl)    U^-    \Ur    filllllv    tliMll;.'lf     il  \  ;    t  In-  I  liinl  i:l«r  w,l>  ii-a  jllsl    ll H  li 

«il^    an     lli't      l>il(.M;;ill;;     !•■     I  In-     «ll|pilln|      ii,    <,|     -i     \, 1.    ,,,„'    ,,|     »  liom     \\ii>    I  111' 

(illin  T  as  .-nil;,  .iiiil   it   iiii'.'lil    lir  I  liil .  a^    iiia~l.i,    liir    iiii.'li;.'iii.  !■    nl'    llic    iiiii-lii.' 
Ill   that,   a    ilitli'i.-iil    iiilr    »iiiiM    apply  In   //i.     i\,ill,i    H„ll,i    i|s!i|i    4ii    |-,.,|, 

l/Kikiii-;  at   llir  ii'a-im  yivcii   foi-  llir  iv     l!i><.   aUn.   Itmif,    \.    \hiiI(,i,i    /'.    /,'.   Co. 
npli.m   to   till'  p'liiial    lialiillty  of   iiiiis-     ilHS.'li     |S     KimI.    (;_'.">.    rta«    liilil     to    Im' 
\vr-i    for    Sfivaiil-.    Ilir    la-l     >ii;;^'i'Nlion    ii;;aiii-.|    the   Hriylit    iif  aiil  liiii  il,\ .   ami   a 
c.iiiiiot    pirvail.      If  111.'  -lill  I-  laki-  llic    lii^l    male   wlio  -iipii  iiiliinliil   tin-   loa.l 
risk  of  a   nrL!lij.'rnl    iii|iii\    i.i  hit  [wixoii    inu'  i<i  .1    ^lilp  ami   ili-.'liar;.'i-.l   tlir   Imii; 
Hum  n  frllnw   -^lilin.  Hum-  i-.  <'i|ual  ica-    .-lien. ma  11  wa-  liiM  lo  Im'  it  iiiiir  siT\aiil 

~.iii  to  s.iy   llial    lie-  take-   tlic   ri-<k  of  a         I ca-r  il    ».i,  hi'M,  uiiliinii  ipial 

iM';.'liL'riil    (■(iniiiiaiiil.       A    i iiiaiiil    U    a    illi-alinn.    llnil    llir  in\n,r  of  a    \i—..l    I- 

iniii«lloiy    art    uhiili    il,(    inipliiMr   ha-    noi   ii'~pMii>ililc  im   in  jm  ii--.  to  a  mniiii  in, 

ho  chaiKT  to  snpii\i-i-.  '    11 inlinliiiii    lan^iil  liy   llic  iii-li;;riic'i'  of  llic  niali'  In 

ih.it  a  ilillirnil  iIuiIiIim  mIhijii-,  in  llir  f.iiliii;;  In  lA.iinini'  llii'  faili'iiiii;.'-  of  a 
.iliiiiially.  anil,  tliai  llir  roini  oiiylit  to  l.lm  k  wlmli  liail  li.rii  rliafcil  liy  wcai' 
I. .Hum  till'  law  hIihIi  \\..iiIi|  hi-  lolniin  ami  I.. it.  II, tl,,  ,^,,11  \.  Viv.ii  'ilHTiii 
i^tiTi'il  liy  till-  iiiiiru  i-piiiilly  riMi^li  M  Sawy.  ."ill:;.  KimI.  ('a«  Xo.  ."i.tlTtl ;  liiit 
liiliil  for  till'  aOaii-  of  -iiiiMii,  \\a>  in  »iiu  of  t  lir  lair  .lici^ions  as  to  mm 
llii-ii  <li>i'ils.si'il.  Il  \\.i^  pniiili'il  mil  tli.it  a— .iLM  il.If  elm  iiw,  1  hi,  ,  ulinj;  ni'i'ijs  ,111111' 
ihi'  ras.'  ino-l  nlii-il  on  [Tin  1.  Ili'iion  nimliii'-.l  imi.  S'l'  ohaplii  \\\i.,  /)(,v/ 
ilsiiiii  4;!  K.'d  .-.!tJ.  l'o||..»i..l  \,\  Thr  111  an  \ii,|ialian  casr  it  was  laiij 
IKiiil;  and  Wilhr  1  Isnl  1  l.",  Ki-il.  4!>4.  ilou  11  llial  tin- I'liiif  niati- i»  a  iiii'ie  wia 
mill  Thr  .liiliii  foi'lr,  ilSdJ)  4!»  K,.,l  .,ni  uhij,.  ,iipii  inli'iiiiin;;  liiiinpiT-  in 
■y,'i)  dill  not  iiii'an  Ilial  tin'  ailiniialt\  ili~rii  1 1 'jiiii,'  imi:;ii.  iiiih -s  lir  i,  ai'tinir 
.Mints  hail  wi.ikiil  out  a  ilill'irinl  thr  as  ilil.iilant  -  ^Ltcnii.il  iiiaiia^>ir.  '<>''i>r 
..iy  iif  Ihi-  I'apl.iin's  liahiliiy  frointhiii  ./.  im.  ,  v  .S/,i./;i  ||ss2i  ;{  \,.«  So. 
..im  ii.iiiliai  piiniipli's.  Inii  was  n'all\  Wall's  I,,  j!.  :!|  lai'.i.h'iil  from  ;riviiiy 
.lirii|i'.|  ill  ili'fi'iincr  111  llii-  l'if<s  r./v.  vuiy  ol  roiii'ii  ropi'  ia'M|ii;iiii'r  of  ili' 
58  .'>.l.'.  .").'!.■>.  inliii),  whii'ti  the  jiiiIl'i'  fi'inlint  as  to  fill  ni-liiiit;  mil  iii,iii-,r.l  1 . 
l.iiiiM'lf  iliil    111. I    a^'ri'c   uilh,  ami    wliirli         up    Ciii,iiiiiiii<liii<i    •,/lir,i.i   1,1    .sA//,s.    - 

Jiis  luiii  cNphiiiii'il  away   in    latrr  I'a-cs.    A  raplain  of  a  vissil  has  1 11  hrjil  to  hi- 

riial    the   ailiniialty    rule   is   thr   saiiir    a    iiprcscnlat  ivi'  of  thr  in\inr  a.ii.iilin« 

-  Ihat  of  I  111'  riiiiiiniiii  law  was  also  ili-     to  thr  fi.llnv  in:;  i-.i-.-:    Molnm-  \.   Wmt- 

.iiii-.l    in    1Hxt,,i    I,    Oi.i/.,/i   I'liiil  ,P   \'iir.    1,11     7(11(1.;'      ''"      lIST.'ii     .">    IJiss      ;t|.") 

<■".  (llMilli    44  (  .  (  .  .\.  51.  104  I'VH.  r.74.    I-Vil.   (as.    .\o.   8.!)!lii    (failiii.'   to   liavi'  a 

\ilinniii;r  "••li  1'V.I.   I'll".  Iialdi   cli.si-il   or   pnitiiii'.l   l.y   a    linlit  I  : 

In    Hi.isiiii    y.    )ii,i„lin,i     imssi     147    'I In    J,  I,   7.    11  i/.s..„    ilsd:.    H^    Ki-il.   joi 

MasK.  'i;t7,  17  \.  K.  .-)|7.  till'  coiiil   sail!:     ( In-ii'  tlu' ina,li'r  was  kiipiii:;a   lookoiif: 

If  »!'  ail'  a-ki'il   to  I'sl.ilili-h   .1    sju'cial    Iml    I  hi'   riili'   sti'in*  to   l.i'   lai.l   .li.i\ii   in 

rail',  appliciil.li'  only  to  iiialr,  of  vissi'ls    yiiural   lirni-.  ami   no  sni'-s   i,   laid  on 

.111.1  '11111111011    sailors,    on    Ilir   yioiiiul    of    Ihi'    ii.iliiii'   of   thr    fiiiiil  imw    tlirv    were 

ihi'  pii'iiliar  ii'lalioiis  liriwi'i-n  ilnni.  thr   ili^iharL'ini.'.    S iil.lilli.   |.'.  iiiini)  :  Tin 

.vi-l.iii-i'  anil  pirtiriilars  of  t!io~<'  ri'la  linn  n-,.l,il,  (ISHli  (in  l-'.'il.  {\>\  ,\n.u\ 
ii'iis  nuist  i>i'  shown.  Tin.  i-\  i.li'iiii'  in  «liiili  was  Iiiini'  lioisli',1  al.oinl  a  lii;lilii 
tl.'  "asc  al  hai  .li-i'losi's  only  farts  was  iiiaih  ipiali  Iv  sii'iin-il.  .mil  fi'll  1  ; 
«!.i<h.  iimltr  tln'  ilii'lsiims  i.f  ihi,  coiiri  ./../;,.>.,„  v.  /(.,w.,„  7„„  /;„„(  f„.  i  |ss:ii 
-h...>  that  till'  mail'  ami  Ilir  plainiill  I ;!.'■  Mass.  -Jii!!.  ir,  \ni.  I!. p.  I.">s  nap 
Hill-  li'llow  si-rvaiits  of  thr  ili't'iinla.  1 ."  l.iiii  of  a  li-lil.i  1  ;  l.n,i,ihln,  \.  Shit, 
In  il:is  I'as,'  I',  I,, sun  v.  7'/o'  rl,,t,i,li,^  i|ss7i  lo.'i  \.  ^.  l."i'i,  11  .V  K.  •.'; | 
'ISMli  4  Kill.  Ii4."i.  ti4!t:  Ihiiil,  V.  \„,Hi  pliiiililt  s,l  to  vvoik  iiii.li'r  a  l.ank. 
"1.  /'.  II.  f'o.  ilss.li  I.S  l'1'.l.  Ii2.">.  anil  atli  r  Ihi'i'.iptaiii  of  a  liai;;.' h.i.l  loi.,. mil 
.".'1I//.I.IH  V.  7'/i.'  \,i,lii„i,  il>S7i  :ill  I'l'.l,  ihi-  iiM-ili.iii'jiti-  larllii  :  S,;n  tj  v.  \l ,  I 
'iJ.i.  «iri->  cili'.l  I.. -iislain  ihr  I'l.nl.'iilioii  i.h  1  l'is7  1  hiT  \.  \.  Jlj,  1:1  \.  \-; 
lliiil    a    n.niim.n    ,ailor    ami    a    iiiali'   air    7'.ir.    ii'\ci'pt    ,t,   i.-ai,!,  hi,   p.rt.'i  n.aiii'i' 

mit    fdlow    M'rvanls.      Tlir    ri'ply    of    Ilir    of   ihr  .liilv   i.f   L'niiiL'    1 liiil    ai.l    l.i  a 

' f    was   as   fiilhiiv,:      •■Thi'   lirsl    ca aiiiini:  i;,il,, ,,  U,,,,  v    11./ ;(././/  i  Is'iJ  1 

ci.i'.tiiiis    on    llii,    point     ,/,,/„    ,nily    of    l:l.-.   \,   ^.   1.    17    I,    |;    A    •-'-"<.   .11    \.  I:. 

Il.';i.ly.   .!.:    thi'    ,1-1 il    case    rontain--    a    in;!i    la    cisi.  ..|    iiii,|iii-ii..iial.li'    pi'isimal 

1. 1... It  of  an  i.r.il  rharsi'  (o  a  jury  l.>  \  iohmr  .  ;  »,■..,,./,,,,,„  ^,  |(/„,  ,v,  .v,  »  ,, 
ihi-anii-  jii.Il'i'.  uhiili  i'\pri'„!y  a-siiin.'s  ilMi.-.i  111)  \  ^,  :jii!i,  |ii  \  j.;.  .-.n; 
till'  U'-ii..ii-il.i!il\  ..I  iii-liii.'.ons  ajraiiist     (iii';jli-.'l     of    the    masiii     or    ni.ili'    ol    a 


V'i  II 


lit 


I  i.-.r. 


MASTKR  AM)  SKKVANT. 


[chap,  zxviu. 


D.    DoCTKI.NK  THAT  ALL  SlTKIilHi;  sl;i:V.\,N  Is  AUE  VICK  I'lJI  NCll'ALb  AS 

Ki:(JAi;i»   riii.ii;  srii()i;i>i.NATK3. 


m 


If . 


621.  General  statement. — Scvrntl  of  ilio  Aiiirrir-iin  courts  havp 
iii|-i|.iiii  wlijii  iiiu.v  lie  f.iiiviiiii'iillv  (|(-i^iiiil(<l  iis  "tlio  iliM-triiH-  of  8U- 
|HTinr  iuiil  suliciiliiKiii'."'  or.  iiioiv  liriclly  slill.  tlio  "siiiicrior  srrv- 
iiiit  tlociriiif."''  'I'lic  ii:if\iio  and  scope  of  tliis  docirino  is  indicated 
l)^  till'  >iil>joiiicd  cxlracts  from  variou'^  opinions. 

''Whore  the  iieiilipnt  net  of  one  servant  causes  injury  to  anotlier. 
as  tlic  rostilt  of  tiie  e.sercise  of  the  authority  conferred  upon  him  b\ 
tlie  master  over  the  servant  injured,  the  master  is  liable."* 


vessel  to  use  iron  doors  mipplied  by  the 
ovMii  r  III  liar  nn  opeiiinir  i"  I'er  xiile, 
;in(l  tlip  ii-r.  instoiiil.  of  nn  iiisiimoient 
iii|ie.  in  ponse.)iienc<'  of  wliieli  n  nieiulier 
of  llie  onw  frills  tliroii^'li  tlio  openin); 
^iiiil  in  iliiiwiiid  »  ;  0/vf(ii  V,  Oil  <iuii  i'ditl 
A  Yiir.  i'n.  (ISilOl  OCi  Kill.  1(1'.'.  Alliniied 
in  lllMMii  44  C.  ('.  A.  .'il.  104  Keil.  .'>74 
(sijtiiiiM  tlirown,  by  ii  liircli  of  the  sbip, 
ilouii    an    open    halptiw;ivi;     Hulliiiion- 

i:i.,nh,i    r„.  V.   \riil    (1SSC.1    »i.i  Ml!. 

l:;s.  .'i  Atl.  :!:!S  dn-re  tlie  eapliin  of  a 
Mi'jiui.it  liiliin;.'iii(r  to  nn  elixator  com- 
|.;iiiy  iMiiilliil  til  lirapp  the  vanls  of  a 
..!ii|i,  -o  I  hat  tliey  -.lioiild  not  eoine  into 
ii.lli-ii.ii  witb  the  elevator  buililin;;.  Itip 
I.    'lit    l)iiii'_'  tliat    one  of   llieiii   siinek   a 

I    ~llle    floni    tlie    lonf   ami    il    fell 

1  a  laliorer. — viee  pi  i:ieipal>liip  dp- 
I  partly  on  tlie  ;.'rimnil  llial  servantrt 
,  he  em  inpliiy.e^.  tlioii;;li  not  en«ayeil 
ill"  .line  pMilieiilai-  pieee  of  wmk. 
■  eliapliT  XWIl..  sulilille  U.  espeeiallv 
IIMI.  mill):  I'riii  v.  Ihniylini  IHint 
r.  Vo.  (1S77)  411  Te\.  ."i.'lT;  Mdlhriis 
\.  ('ill'  (IHSI)  I'll  Wis.  4!>l.  ."lO  Am. 
Hep.  I.'il.  21  N.  \V.  .'il;!  (mate  injured 
here)  :  C'ltiiH  V.  lUniirliniil  \iir.  Co. 
{  1SH7  \  till  Mieli.  tins.  :!:l  .v.  \V.  744  (left 
lialiliways  open  when  the  mate  went  on 
l.ii.uil  to  inspeet  tile  ship  as  she  was  ly 
in;;  in  harbor)  ;  l.iiisx,  „  v.  hilniniii.  /,. 
.(  U  K.  f'».  (1!)01)  .V.I  App.  Div.  202. 
1.0  \.  Y.  Siipp.  .l.li  I  ne;;li..'inl  ilireelion 
of  captain  of  l.arye  tii  e.i-l  "If  a  haw 
s..r)  :  /..</•/'/  v,  (:,hs„i,  .  is::ii  II  Sp. 
Se-j4.  (a-.  :U1  series.  ;!(lt  i^ailor.  in  com- 
with  an  order  tn  let  jjo  a  rope 
■A  heavy  Hirain.  bad  bis  le<; 
;  W'iniioM  V.  Tlir  IlKdil  Ciislli; 
6  Cnn.  Kxeb,  3S7. 
reeeiit  Kn;.'li-h  ea-c  it  wis  held 
f 


:>l 


III 


\ 


plyiii^r 

under 
lirokiM 
ilsiilM 
In   a 
I  bat    the    iloelrine 
nieiit   applies  to  I) 
fatliiijj  overboard 


iiiiniiii    eiiiploy- 
ilr:ilb   111   a    -iMinan    xxx..   / 
ind  druw  niii".  because 


of  the  npRloot  of  the  ninstcr  to  put  in 
place  siaiiehions  nnd  miU  provided  In 
rnisp  the  bulwarks  to  a  proper  heij.'lit. 
Hnlhu  V.  /•iii/.dii/  (f  Soiix  S.  S.  Co 
[1MM|  A.  C.  222.  AfTirniln);  llnlliy  v. 
/•i/iAiirv  rf  fIniiK  S.  S.  Co.  [iR»2]  1  Q. 
n.  .58.  and  overrulinf;  Ramsiiu  v.  Quinn 
(1874)  Ir.  Rep.  8  f.  I..  .122  (where  the 
ground  taken  wns  that  the  position  of 
captain,  fm  the  purpose  of  8ccllrin^'  the 
safety  of  I  he  crew,  is  not  thnt  of  a  sen 
ant.  but  that  of  a  wiperiiitcndent ).  h 
was  considered  thnt.  in  view  of  the  de 
eisiiin  in  Wihuii  v.  Vrrri/  (18(18)  L.  I? 
1  II.  L.  Se.  App.  Can.  .1211.  10  U.  T.  N 
S.  30  (8  .■i2!i.  infra)  the  only  (luesiicm 
to  be  decided  wa*  whether  tlie  caplMiii 
H;i«  a  -ei\anl  or  nn  ayent.  This  ipn- 
tion  was  Ihii^  brielly  an-wered  by  l.<ipe~. 
\..  .1..  ill  llie  eiMirt  of  appeals:  "riir 
ship  owner  appiiintu  and  pay;*  him.  and 
can  dismiss  him.  These  are  the  onli 
nary  incidenls  of  the  statu*  of  a  serv 
ant.  and  apart  from  authority  wiailil 
show  that  the  captain  is  a  servant  ul 
the  ship  owner."  Hrilhy  v.  I'itikmu  it 
Xoiis  S.  S.  Co.  llHi»21    I  Q.  n.  t)7. 

'  \oifiilk  rf  \r.  II.  Cn.  V.  Vi/rA..;» 
llS!t.-.»  01  Va.  105.  21  .'!.  K.  .Ul.  Mr. 
MiNinney'M  designation  for  the  iloelrine 
i^  the  "superior  servant  liinitatiun." 
Kelliiw    Servants,  chap.    IV. 

'This  phrase  i*  usikI  in  Xnrlhiin  I'. 
U.  Co.  V.  Iloiiiiii  (1804)  II  C.  C.  A,  .-il. 
27  r.  S.  App.  184,  (13  Ked.  102.  and 
many  other  cases. 

It  Kboiild  be  remarked  that,  even  liy 
eiiiirts  outside  the  proup  we  ari'  ii"" 
enneerned  with,  decisions  have  been  ren- 
dered wliieli.  at  first  sight,  would  .siini 
to  coninut  llieiii  to  this  doctrine.  But 
these  are  i\plieable  on  special  ■.'riiiiifl- 
See   the   summary    of   cnMeH    in    chapter 


"  CiiiMiliilntiil  Colli  Cn.  v.  Wombi\ther 


I  S2I] 


VKK  PItlVc  ll'AIXI IP— 11:^1' (»|-  i;\\K. 


14  A  r 


"Whci-0  llip  mii.stor  apiioints  an  agont  willi  a  sii|Miiiit.ii(liiiH  <'<iii- 
irol  over  tlic  wurk,  ami  witli  i>i»\vci-  id  cmplcv  timl  .iircliar-rc  linnds 
;in(l  direct  niul  cniitn.I  tlifir  tnovoincnts  in  iiml  iilxmt  the  work,  tlic 
iigont     .     .     .     slimds  in  the  jjinee  of  tlic  niii-ter."  * 

"Where  the  ninster  gives  to  a  pcrsoii  power  to  superintend,  con 
trol,  and  direct  tlio  men  engaged  in  the  perfdniiance  of  work,  sncli 
person  is,  as  tc  the  men  undennaih  him,  a  vice  priTici[>!il,  ami  it  can 
make  no  diiT.Tcnco  wheiher  he  is  called  a  superiniemlent.  con(liiet,,r. 
Ini>s,  or  foreman.  For  his  negligent  ads  and  ..missiona  in  p.'rlorm- 
ing  the  duties  of  the  master,  the  master  is  lial.le.'"^ 

A  8cn-ant  "dcMs  m.t  assume  ri-ks  and  dangers  caused  by  the  mgli- 
gcnt  act  of  aiintlicr  servant  tinder  wlmse  orders  he  wurks,  and  who, 
in  a  legal  sens(>,  statuls  as  the  ma.-ter's  represetitative.  in  rendering 
tiiisafc  and  dang,  imus  work  which  the  superior  servant  orders  the 
»'nij)lo\ee  to  perform."  ® 

''If  the  servant  has  beeti  injured  hv  flie  negligence  of  a  superior 
servant  having  a  right  to  eonind,  ami  whil(«  exeeiiting  the  ordrr  of 
sticli  superior  ahoiit  a  matter  in  which  the  siiperi-.r  liiid  a  right  to 
n.ntrol.  then  such  superior  servant  is.  as  to  the  inferior,  a  vic<'  prin- 
cipal, ami  his  negligenc<^  is  that  of  th.'  master."' 

'Ihc  master  is  eipiall.v  resiM.nsilile  under  this  doctrine,  wlietlier  the 
iiijiirv  resulted  from  fil.edieuce  U,  an  order  hy  the  injiii-cd  servant 
liiiiisclf  or  bv  otic  of  his  fellow  servants.* 

in  spite  of  the  vcrv  sweeping  laugitage  used  in  stich  pa-sa^cs  a.^ 
ili(K(.  quot/'d  alx.ve,  some  of  the  courts  whose  decisions  are  cited  have 
ratlier  inconsistently  declined  to  carry  the  d..clrine  enunciated  to  its 
logical  conclusions.      IIow  low  down  in  the  scal(>  (,f  controlling  em- 

iiwni  l.^^  III.  .57.  24  N.  K.  (127.  Kor  lOS  III.  28S :  Hoke  v.  St.  Lm.is  K  rf 
otli.T  cxiiliiiilcs  of  llir  s:inw  fdirn  ..f  ex-  X.  I!.  Co.  (ISS,",)  SS  Mo.  mil)'  .s>  ,„■,,• 
pri'ssinn,    ^■v~Cliir„ii<)    ,f-    .1.    /,'.    (■„.    v.    v.    Hmul.s    (  iK!!.",  i    !I7   fJii.   tiSI. 


'Sl,,,l„,:^   V.    Ihiinliliill  a    .S7.,/.   A".    Co.  Stllhk    .li.wil). 

'  l/',)/."„^'',','-"'-       „    „    ^  <<.m..„l   tl,,.  prinpiple.  nppli..,!  in  tl,.. 

IIU  M..  .I.,0.  Ill  S.  \\.  r,H.  ;„„••   .|„..|,i„,.,   ilu,    til..    i.,.,-i,r   i,    ,H>t 

i;^0'.    (IWIJ)    S    I  tall,    l-H.    .■(.,    |.,„..  ,,.„„„    ,,,:,l    tl,..   m.frli;;,.,,,    .„,l..r    «l,i.l, 


:„     ,  -iii^il  til.'  inii,i.v  H  .s  f;iv,.„  i„  n  fellow 

'o-Jl(,rrK-  ]l,„.(o.v.  n.n;>,  (WM)    ^.n„„|     „i    th.-    injiircd    pi-i>oiu 

'"',].',""    ■  ",   '^  '^    ^^-  •"•  5  ••'•^'  note  2.  ,«y.ru.  '^ 

C/iin/yo  ,£  A.  H.  Co.  v.  ilui^  (ISSl) 


b«e 


t  '  -.«' 


UM 


MAM'KH  AM)  SKU\  A\T. 


[chap.  XXVIh 


[        I 


ijM 


|>l..v.«"H  llic  lino  iMlwc-n  lial.ilitv  iiii'l  iiuiiliiiMlilv  slnMil.l  \^  drawn 
ih  iar  from  Uin;;  fitur  iiii.lir  ili"  .l.ri.i..ii-.  a-  ilic.v  >taii.l.  ami  \m 
^<llull  tlnril..ir  .-..hKiit  oursrlvr-  Willi  Staling  tlic  i-tT<H;t  of  the  ft-w 
niliii^;^  wliicli  licar  n|M.ii  tlio  (im>lii>n." 

It  iHH'tl  M-aivrly  Ik-  >aiil  lliat  tlio  ftu|kM-ior  srnaiit  d..cfrino  has  n.. 
applicutioii  to  niscrt  in  wliich  a  stiiK-rior  servant  in  injured  by  th-' 
neplipcnco  (if  a  workman  undor  liis  loiifrol.'" 

52U.  Belation  of  the  luperior  lervant  doctrine  to  the  doctrine  that 
the  head  of  a  department  it  a  vice  principal.—  In  onunciutinfr  tli<'  .-n 
perior  servant  diH'trino,  courts  havp  often  used  lanpuape  wliii-li.  il 
taken  literallv,  woul.l  imply  that  there  is  no  distinction  Wtvve.ii  tli,it 
doctrine  and'tlie  one  which  denies  the  character  of  n  vice  princii,:,! 
to  anv  employee  1k-1ow  t'.'  rank  of  the  head  of  a  departim-nt.'  S.v 
subd.  F.,  infra.     Hut  the  facts  involved  in  the  decisions  in  whirl. 


•That  the  deliiMjiuiit  wn«  n  vico  prin- 
cipal liax  1.-  •■"  <li'ni<'(l  in  tin-  nisp  of  a 
•■lio>- «i|.ir,  «li»  iliiids  tlio  enKiiif 
wiiMTs  wlirii  to  work  »nil  wliiit  to  do 
(Anoj-  ',  Soiithr,,,  It.  r„.  [18»81  101 
Tenn.  ^7...  47  S.  W.  401)  ;  iin.l  of  one  of 
a  «niall  IhmIv  of  IhImhith.  wIio  \a  nicrily 
ilinrtiiijr  tliVir  work,  but  lias  no  power 
to  roiii|i.O  llii-ni  to  work  in  a  particular 
manner,  ami  to  ili«iharKc  tlii'ni  if  llicy 
rcfiMi-  (Krlhtiillr  I'iml  Co.  v.  Humlil. 
|IS!t!l|  87  111.  App.  4:17  ;  If/HMc  T.  fc'i(/)- 
ftlv  [IHilS]  80  111.  App.  4371. 

But  it  is  not  ca^v  to  >«'c  liow  the  re 
fimnl  to  maintain  the  action  in  tlic^e 
oa»<'S  can  be  reconcileil  with  the  rillinRS 
allowini;  a  sorvaiit  to  recover  where  tlio 
delinqiioni  wax  merely  the  feeler  of  a 
niachino  and  the  injured  employee  a  Iwy 
helpinf;  him  (/•'ii«/>t  v.  rinrk  (1H84] 
15  111.  App.  470)  :  or  where  the  delin- 
quent wuH  »n peri nt ending  a  «i\n\i  of  men 
eninifr<'d  in  liflinj;  Mime  heavy  artiolp 
(fVn«T  V.  Ilaml  [18801  Xt  111.  App. 
l.l.l:  Fraurr  v.  Srhrnrdrr  [18001  lti.1  111. 
4.-1O.  45  N.  K.  iSS  ) . 

A«  no  mvlidcnee  was  provinl  in  an- 
other case,  it  was  left  iinclelcrmined 
whether  an  operator  of  a  shears  was  a 
sice  principiil  of  hi*  helper.  Illixir  v. 
KiKisni,  Cit>t  linll  .(■  .Viit  Co.  (1000)  l.'i.t 
.\|o.  .■127,  .5.-1  S.  W.   88. 

"Chirufin  rf  V.  IV.  ff.  Co  v.  Sniiihr 
(1880)  in  III.  STti.  7  \.  E.  r.04.  hold 
inj;  that  a  conductor  is  chai!.'<silile  with 
the  nc>i.'li:.'ciice  of  hi*  i-uliordinales,  ami 
cMiinot"  rciover  for  an  injury  partly 
caused  by  such  iiej.'li<rence,  altlioii-fli  the 
nejrli'.'cnce  of  an  employi'e  in  anollier  de 
|,artiMcn!  i-  .1  cooperating  caii^e  of  the 
ucciili'iit. 


'"When  B  railway  company  couf.  r« 
authority  upon  one  of  its  employei-.  ii. 
t.ike  charne  and  control  of  n  (.'iiit'  "I 
men  in  cariyiiiK  on  some  purl  iciil;it 
branch   of  its  business,   such   eiii|il'.v,. 

in    covcrniiip    and    directing    the    v 

nieiit»  u\  the  men  under  bis  chaise  with 
respect  to  that  branch  of  its  bii-ii:." 
is  the  direct    representative  of  the  cm 

panv  it-elf.  and  all  c niamls  ^nven  !•> 

him"  within  the  scope  of  bis  aiitli.nin 
are.  in  law.  the  commands  of  the  mni 
nanv.-  Chimi,,,  d-  .1.  It.  Co.  v.  M.tu 
(1NH4)  108  ill.  288.  The  laiiKUa^'c  »l 
Ibis  ••tateiiicnt  is  followed  very  do-.  1\ 
ill  ll'<(io(iii  Colli  Co.  V.  //<./mi(i/'<( 
(ISOJI  I.V3  III.  .-iSI.  .18  N.  v..  04ii;  // 
(liioiv  Sliil  Co.  V.  Srliiiiili>ii.nrsl;l 
I  IKlHii  Ifii  III.  447.  44  N.  K.  87(1:  IV.i 
hn.'.h.  ^7.  />.  rf  /'.  It.  Co.  V.  HitiiK-  (  IssTi 
12 1   III.  2.)0,  11  X.  K.  2.'>.1. 

"One  who  has  oharKe  and  control  n( 
other  servants,  and  has  autborilv  to 
•;ovi'ni  and  direct  their  niovciiiciii-  111 
Uie  branch  of  the  principal's  bu-in.-s  in 
which  they  are  en^'ii;.'ed.  is.  while  acllii;' 
ill  pursuance  of  and  within  the  -copi'  ef 
such  authority,  a  vice  priniipal.  -i>  n- 
to  make  hi-  iicis  and  direction  •  t!ic  inl- 
and ilirecli.  -  of  the  prin.  ipiil  ■  I-'''!'- 
l/cV.  <t  /..  v.  Srhiiwnii  (l-<;i:i'  14i'i  III 
.■i40.  M  S.  K.  .01  (coiiteiits  (li  one  of  il 
pile  of  barrels  removed,  ibeicliy  »iik 
eiiinc  it.  so  that  it  could  not  -iip|orl 
the  weiubt  re-ling  on  it.  and  the  biiiil- 
coiisciiieMtlv  spread  and  fell  on  |.l.iiM 
tiiri.  AHirminu  ilSOil  .'lO  111.  App.  li:i^ 
See  also  llninlh-  v.  l/iioi.  ((/"•''«  i' 
St.  I,.  It  Co.  iissj)  3  Mcdaiy,  ::VJ. 
HI  I'ed.  711.  wliircll.iviuiv  Here  cli;iii.'i- 
lb;,t     a    servant    iinr-it-l    with    c.iili"! 


slIlM 


J  422  J 


\  i(  K  riiiNt  ir\i.>mi'--iKVf  uk  hank. 


I4.V) 


liiihilit.v  has  l»i  n   itn|>(is('il  mi  tin-  tiiiistcr  liv   tlic  i'<Miri>  wliicli   Iimvi' 
c  Npn-sscd  ||niiiM'l\fs  ill  tliis  t'lf'liiori  .xliuw  <|iiif<'  elt'iirlv  tlml   ilir  <li> 
iiiainfl  I'ovcn  <!  Iiv  the  two  (loctrino!)  uri'  fur  fmiii  Itciiifr  fcii-vicn^ivc. 
N'o  niori'  striking  ppixif  of  tlic  csf^'iitial  ililVciTiicc  iM-iurcii  ih<'iii  can 
Im!  ^ivi'ii  tliaii  till-  fail  that,  in  mir  of  )ht>  i-jim-.h  jii^l  citiil,  it   wa^  ilc 
ciari'd  tiiiit   thi*  master  is  iinni'  the  ies.s  liahh-  for  the  reas"ii   that   th'' 
negligent   i'iii|ihivee  iiia.v    liave   an    itnnieiliate   .sii|ierii>r   htaiiijiii;;    he 
iwwn  liini  aii<l  the  master.'''      a  eirenin-ianee  which  is  iisiial!\    ini-nii 
si.Htent  wifii   ihe  liieurv  that   .sneii  em|ihi\ee  i.s  the  inanauer  of  a  tie 
|)artiiient  (see  jSjj  ."(lU  xtifini.  7t'^-i  infru).      Moreover,  it  i-  phiin  fron, 
ihe  illiistraiive  riiMnjis  given  in  ^   '>1\,  iiijm.  that  the  manager  of  ii 
cie|iartnieni,  a->  such  an  otticial  is  coiiceix'eil  h/  the  courts  which  have 
iiilopted  tlie  iliH-trine  of  ih'|iai'tmentai   vii^'  principals,   is  a   function 
arv'  of  a  mncli  higher  graiie  than  tliose  who  are  regarded  a»  vice  jrin 
cipals  under  tiie  superior  servant  doctrine.' 

The  dirticiiltv  of  deliiiiiig  so  essentiallx  vague  a  lerni  .M"  "de.iart- 
Micnt"  has.  a.s  we  shall  »ee  in  a  later  fiihti-ile  (  1'..  infnn.  produced 
lauch  contlict  of  opinion  as  to  the  po.^iiicpn  ..f  ceriain   functionaries. 

iiotahlv  conductors;  but  this  source  i>f  ciiiifusion  is  manifesilv    in 
o(»eriitive  whirixer  the  superior  servant  diKJtrine  is  adopted. 

622.  Bationale  of  the  doctrine.— The  theoretic    fonndaiion,  ,,f   th.' 
sii|M'rior  serxaiil  doctrine  have  heeii  varioiislv  stated. 


OUT  aiiiitlicr  •  rtilli   n-|icci   to  any  /><(<  iliitirs  ilir  |>hoiiiill,  a  iii'W  fni|.|MMi'  \\Ih> 

hriiliii    imri    iif    III)     liiif^iiii  xh"    in    mil    ■  w.i..   ti>   l:iki-   lii-    |il.ic.-.   «ii-  a    \  in-    'iijn 

lilliiu    !HT\aMI    of   till'    lilltfl.  lipill.    Hil-    tlllll    llf    Hil-    till'    lliall,l^;i  I     III 

III  uiii'    li'xas  i-ii-K'  II    ^i>i'tii)ii    fiiii'iiiiiii  a    ili<|>arliiii'iii     in    utiicli    ||i^    i|iil\     \\,'> 

was  s|>nkiin  i)f  as  lirin;;   in  coiitrnl   iif  a  lliat    of    iliiii'tion    ami    ..n|M'rinliiiil( mi- 

ili|)artnifiil.     (;»//.  ('.  d-  S.  I  .  It.  t'<>.  v.  fhimiin.    II.    ,f    it.     /,',    t;,.    \.    Sull, i-m 
Wills  llHlll:  'IVn.i    Hi  S.  W  .   lO^H.    .\nJ     i  IHH!m  JT  NCI.    (;7.l,  4.t  N.  W  .  41.-..      I  In- 

in  aiiiitlicr  tlic  siiiiic   |ilii.i-i'   i".    iimmI    as  nilinj.  in  only   «ii-laiiial)li'  iimlir  iIm>  -ii 

to  till'  fon'iiiaii  of  a   lailrt.iy  (Ml    H'|iaii-  pvi  mi    ~i-i\anl  ijoil  i  im- piiri'  ami   -ini|.li'. 
iiiK   sliop.       \lis.siiiiii    I'.    I'     I'll.    V.    Will  Sfr    ^iiliit.     !•'.    III/,.),      anil    ilir    >iini 

■  iiiiiH    llSKlli    7")  Tii\.   -t     \1   S.    \V.    s.Ti.  iiiaiy    of    Kiiliial    drci-ion-    in    ilia|itcr 

■  ChiviniD  ,f    1.   I{.  I'd.  V.    l/iii/    ilSS4i  N\\..    /o.s/.     i-|ii(i,illv    till'    iiiiiaik-    in 

lOS    111.   2SS.      I  oni|iari'   llif    liirl»   a>   il  lln-   W.,«   r,iyr. 

luMralin^    llii-.    (li-.tiiiilion    in    Ihnrliiiii         In    Furl    Wuilli   if   O.    I'ilii    If    Co.   v. 

V      l/(i)i    I  ISSI  )    7»   .Mo.   l:i.  41    .\in.   I!('I>.  I'lliii     i|s!Ui     S7     Ti  \.    JJ;.'.    .',"     s      \\ 

.'!'»;    SI.    I.iiuis.    .1.    rf    r.    II.    I{.    Co.    V.  -.i.-M.   .Mliiniiii),'    i  |S!M  i    7    Tcv.  T  i\       \|i|i 

lli.hiKin    ilsiUi     ,j:i    111.    .\|i|).    Iil7:     l/r  7S.   i't    S.    W  .    1077.    tlic   iiniil.   i. 1.11111- 

IhiiK.iinli     V.     limit     Xiiiiliiiii     It.     Co.  lo    the    i-ailicr    dici^ion    of     l/iy.voH/i    /' 

is!'iii      la     Wash.     244.     4(i     I'ac     .•!.<4 ;  It.    Co.    v.    Willinmg    (ISSil.     7.-.     IVx.    4. 

rt/o.l/i/  V.  St.  I.iiui.i  it  S.  I\  It    I'll.   I  lMil;t)  \>    S.     \\.    S.t.-..    Hhorp    the    ihaiaclii     of 

•Vs  Aik.  liii.  JJ  s.  W.   lnS!l.  and  III.'  cases  vie-    |.iin.i|.al    liad    I n    a-  ii!..,l    to   an 

I'itnl    in    S    .VJJ,    iiilni.      c    i-|Miially  ••(■in|i|.i\ii-   hIh.   Iiii.  chai^'r  ul   a    -picial 

ilin«c  n.jatin;;  to  mmI  ;ori    riiimi.'ii.  drpo  Inii'iil "   of   the   liii:  in.-'-.,    -ai.l    tlial 

riii^    liindaiiii-ntal    ili-tiiirtion    i.-    lo-t  ihis  ilid   not    iin-an  that,  in   .nilii    to  lit 

'i^'lit  nf  in  at    h.a..t   om-  ra-.'.   vvIht.-  I  lie  in    thi-  "sui. -i  ior   -iivant    .lo.:  1  m,-.  "    ||i,. 

;;ioiiiii|  a-siinu-il   for   holding'  that    a   111  drpait  inint    (.onlrollcd    niii-l    In-   a   priii 

icpaiicr  intiii-tcd   liy   thi-  ina^trr    work  cipal   one. 
man  «ilh  the  July  of  in.tnirlinj,'  in  his 


to 


I4)>«) 


MASTKIl  AND  SKIt\  AM 


[ciur 


M 


h 


n.    (ihiiiiilf    kiiiifli  Iqr    of    Xilliiii'K'    an!    -nlKinliiiillr.-    One    t.u-< 
•Iwilln  <iti  till-  jn-i'Miiii  il»ly  urM'imil  knowli"' _.■  ■•!  tin'  -ii|«ii'>r  and  ii 
fcriiir  -crvunts.'      I5ut  a  pri^iudiition   wluclt  immt  «'vi«lcutlv  \io,  in 
a   laryi'  |>r<>|Mirlii>ii  t>l'  iii>*tain-(s,  coinr'rv  !■>  tart,  i»  iicilliiT  appr- 
priaif  ii)>i-  ii<li'i|iiat<'  l<>  >Mppi>i'i  a  rul(<  wiiicli  i7<  I'liiniciatnl  i\*  one  i>l 

II  hi  verbal  nfii>lical  i  h  liidoi,  tlir  stn'rini'iil  in  tlu'  i-aH'  jii«r  cilnl 
ii  iliiisilv  colli) ad ii-ti'tl  b^'  aii'illiiT  iu  a  l.iicr  jiuluiiMiit  of  tla-  saiui 
••oiirt.^ 

Ill  cilli'  r  caifs  lniiiiiiaj;c  is  ii«'ii  wliich  impli<<  that  tlK-rr-  nro  ir ! 

proiitids  for  ailniiitiiiii'  an  cxim  piinn   tu  ihc  (luctriiu'  nf  riiiniiicin  cin 
pli>_\  iriiiii.  vvlit'i'c  till'  sii|p.'ri(ii-  -I  r\a('t  "in  tlic  ••xcrci-.i'  ut'  liic  mihIi  ii 
itv  .■>(>  ociiiliiTcil.  'inlcr-  the  toriin'r  into  a  place  of  iiiiii-i  il  .liuiu'i. 
ami  tliii-  r\|i4i»(^  liiiii  111  rxtrr'Tilitiarv  jicril,  oi'  tlic  cxi-ii'ticf  hihI  i'\ 
lent  I.I'  whicli  11"  is  iiiil  ail\i-('d.""      (   Ic  irly.  lii>\v.'Vcr,  it  i-  iiii|iii"ilil 

III  asi    ilif  anv   loiiiciil    I'l.r.  <>  to  llic         iniiif   tliiH  <'iit;ili:i-i/.(il.      Tli 
nilo  wiiicli  prrvciils  iTii)\(  i-y  fur  tli<    noy:li;;cn('o  of  a  I'lllow  scrvMiii 
if<  pi'i'tiri  Is    i;iiiiial    ill    il>   ~('o|if.   ;nii!    Uir   i::niirain'i'  nl    iln'    iiijiin.i 
pfTsoii  :i-  lo  ihc  1  la  liters  of  liis  ciivir'Umii'iii  at  a  (■<  rtaili  cnii  jiiiicliii' 
jiiiHl    111'  cliaracici'i/t'd   as   an   ciiiirclv   irri'li'v.m'    rirciiiii'iaiiro.      !•• 

far  a-  tiiis  fadoi-  i~  cni nioil,  tlie  ralioiial(>  of  tlic  (lurtriiir  of  ci.in 

nioii  I'iMiil  lyiMiiii  rii(iiiii'^  ilic  «'oiiciiHion  tjiat  the  iiijiiriil  siTxaiit".- 
knowlcilyc  or  lack  of  kii.iw  Iciljii-  i-.  no!  iiiMicrial.  cxccpi  -■!  far  ii'^  ii 
had  rclaiiiii  to  his  coiiin  iiioii  \\itli  the  dcliri<|iiciit  coriiipi'Mc.  Ii 
he  knew  thai  he  \\a->  tn  wmk  under  the  orders  of  another  |ii  ii.n,  In 
must  necessarily  lia\e  known  that,  in  the  nuriiial  coiir-e  of  ihin:;-. 
ho  would  lie  e\pii-eil  to  the  risk  of  heiiiif  injured  hy  the  hitter's  neirli 
jlf'iurp.  A  p  iieral  aceepiaiice  of  the  risk  heiiijj  thus  iiii[tiitei|.  it  Ciiii 
make  no  dilTeniice  under  which  of  the  many  |)ossilile  fonns  tin- 
breach  of  duty  niay  uitiniaiely  take  etTect. 

'In   l.oiii'i 'III    if    v.    f{.  Cit.  V.   Ittiiihr  -l^ill :    Hip  o'Iiit   <iiii|ily    imclmiiiMl,  rr 

(lC"i.')      !•     Ill  i-k.     Siir,.     Ilif     .mill     n-  i|iliriii!.'  Im       .ill. 

raarki'il:     "II   is  al.-iinlli)  liilil  ll  mI   I'ii-        -  \,i!<I,,  ill,-.    «'.    ,f    SI.     I,.     /,'.    I'n.    v 

poiniiii.n    niiiiiiiiil    lalmrn.    ii^    ii     ;.iiiiiil  Ii;../.-,     ,lssji     |o    l.cii.    741,    4.'1    Am 

rule.    iinili'istaTiils    tlic    iiiMniejiiMriil    iif  Kcp.   117      Sir  tlir  i|iii>latioM  uiiilrr  >iil"l. 

such    \Mirk,    it-    |ini|iir    iimili'    of    tmimi  (  .    ii./u. 

tidii.     :Ui.l     till"     ilaiitfiTs     nlli'Miliii;;     it.  .I/isvoin  i  /'.  /?.  f'o.  v. /'i  n  (/oi/  i  ISS7 1 

pqiially    with    liiiii    who   sets    hiiii^ilt    ii|i  :tli    Kan.   -1^4,    II    I'ac.   7.     ('iiiii|iaii'  ll.c 

as   tin-  oviLscer,  iliri'itor,   ami   anhiticl  l'iiiiiii.I-<    a>->i;;iii'il    fur    tlic   <lcri-iiiii«    iii 

of  it.'  Iliiiiiii>siiii    V.    I'lii'ii'iii,    M.   <f    SI.    I'    I! 

Compare  thp  lanfrnnao  in  tlio  <li<-«ril-  »'.>.     (  ISisMi     4     Miliary,    liill,    14    IVil. 

inj;  cpinion  of  Tiinirv,  .1..  in    hii'uiillr  'nM;    I'mi.^  ,UilnU  il    I'mil    Co.     v.     11  .ih 

h'lK  Co.  V.   Ilobsnii    MHSn    7    ]a-.\.   :ili7.  hiirh'-r    (  I  vStl  i    :ll    III.   .\pp.  'JS.S    (Isiiin 

ili'iiyiii^'  that   om-  wlm-i'  tliity   it    «as  In  I.'M    111.  ."17.   ^4    \.   K.  (iJ7.      l!ut.  in  ilii' 

ii'li-nipi""  Ihc   '  nivcs   of  a    niil    niailiiiic  l.ittir  ca-c  at  lca>l .  nn  ■^l  res'*  i-  int.  i  .I..I 

was  till-   filUnv    >iT\anl     nl    a     fis-iivi    ..f  In   !>•'   Iiiil   on    the  rliaraotcr  and  eir.^.ts 

the    machine,    tlic    ^'imniil    takrn    liciii^'  of  the  ncf,'ligcnt  order, 
that    th<!    one    ilnty    was    a    mailer    of 


i  W2J  VII  K  l'KINni',\l..s|lll'     IKsT  Oh    KWK.  I4«1 

b.  Innhililyi  f  lunslir  <>r  xuitiiior  aij'  nls  Id  mi/n  m's,'  nil  <1rl(ii1n  i,f 

llii'  irork.. \ui>\Ui\ ii^idiTiition  rdiril  <iii  is  iluii   tin'  iii;iiiii}rfr  of 

nil  rntim  f-tiiMi-limcnt  (or  llic  ni.i»tiT  liim-i'lt)  iMimot  Ix-  jin-.nt 
(■vfr_>\vlirn'  iti  |Miw.n  t"  <lint^t  iIjc  (•iii|.l,.vics  in  iln  ir  \v..rk,  Imt 
nmA,  of  !»•(•< ■.*.it_v,  p'lsr  «.nl.r*  ilirMii'.'li  ..'li. •!■!<.'  lint  tiil-  i^  a  t'li.'t 
ihi'  fifniitii'unci'  of  wliirli  .|riM>iitI..<  cniinlv  mu  tin'  -nm  !|...iiii.  Tli.ri' 
is  no  iviwon  wliv  it  ^li.  iil<i  not  In*  tlfcin,  .1  pt|iiiillv  ;i|.|ir..|iiiiitf>  t.» 
-cnn  M  a  jusliticntii.ii  of  the  theory'  llmt  a  ?riviiiit  ii««iiMi(t  tlip 
I'i^k.'*  of  Iiix  ^M|H'rir.f'.s  n<ylip.nc<',  timi  hucIi  in  nclunll .    fh.-  ii„.  nm,!,. 

<>(  it  by  tlit>  i-..iiifn  in  wliidi  that  (ioriiini-  i'*  i |h..I.      Sfi>  ;{  51tt, 

s'il>ia.  It  i-atinot  he  of  any  foivo  iinh'sn  iiml  nniil  tho  («iiiclM«i<>n 
liMS  on  otlii'r  Ki'MiimU,  !.,.,.»  nrrivc.i  at,  tlmt  ihi'  i|.  .diiK.  ,,(  the  a-- 
^1lllll)tilp^  of  a  <i>-<'rvimt',s  nc,iilij;rncc  ^hiill   nut   « Arcml   to  cn-fi   in 

uliii'h   an  cnipluvii'   lias   Ufn   di'itiiti'il   to  iriv (In',   a'    linn-i  iiixl 

[ikfo-*  at  whii'ii  it  is  iiii|iu«.ili|c  fur  tiio  nin-liT  or  lii^  irfni-nil  ap-nt 
to  1)0  pri'scnt.  To  cuiin  ivc  nf  an  onl'-r  of  a  snlioiiliiiafr  forciiniii 
as  iH'infT  in  ftfi'ct  an  onlor  of  tho  ma-icr  op  lijn  i^ihcral  n;Lr<Mi.  fop 
fhp  reason  fliat  tlio  hittrr  has  ncliiaily  op  init)li.M||y  iii«ipii<i...|  ihi- 
wopkiiu-n  to  do  whalcvcp  tho  fonncp  tliitvt.s  tli<in  lo  do,  (],,!■■*  not 
.stn-npthrn  tho  fhfory  Ikt*-  criticiRid.  Siu-li  a  (diui  |i(ioii.  it  in  oh 
vioii»,  really  U'^a  the  whole  question  whicli  ha-*  1..  !.,■  d.i.Tiniii.ci. 
lit.,  whether  the  sii'iordinafe  fopctuan  is  to  he  i(L;!iici(  d  as  an  ent- 
piovro  who  stands  in  the  \Ai\rr  ,if  his  stiju-rior.' 

r.  Ohlii/ati'in  of  sirranl  to  ohci)  his  siijk  liiiv. —  From  the  hinirnaije 
used  in  some  cases  it  woidd  seem  that  a  sntIliM..nt  foiiiMliiiioii  lop  ih,. 
superior  gen-ant  doctrine  is  \>\  some  judj;es  >ii|i|i,(s..d  lu  In.  t'nriii-ilic.j 
hy  flie  ohlifrafiun  of  a  auhordinate  to  obey  the  onlers  of  those  win.  aiv 
i*et  in  authority  over  him.' 

d.  Duty  to  use  care  in  giving  ovdcis  rcgnrdrd  as  one  of  Ihr  vnii- 

•See     the     extract     from     Dixon     v.  nequpncos."    Chirntjo  d  i.  R   Co   v    \lau 

Kankrn    (1852)    14  Scss,  Ciw,  2d  nprieii,  (1HS4)    KIS  III.  2SS. 
■*in,    1    Am.    Hy.    ("as.    5(1!),    in    note   7,        -In    cnlcriiii;    ilip   «,.rvloc.   of   tlic   ,\f 

<'ifra:aUoDo„h„g  v.  AlUn    (1881)    74  fcmlanf,    lli..    phnntiir    i..i-l,t    ho    nml    1^ 

Mo    13.  41  Am.  Rep.  208.  pr.'siiincl  to  iiml.i>t:oi.|   an.)   t^ik..  iiimii 

•Sw  Doultng  ▼.  Allen  (1881)  74  Mo.  liiMiH..If  ..vcrv   ii,k  n:il,iriillv  i.iit  li.'inir 

13,  41  Am.  Rop.  208.  to    s„rh    -..iVi,v.    „n.|.    :,wnw^i     „ili..|s 

■In  fXorciHinjr  this  power  he  does  not  timt    wliirli   iiiav   pi..,,,..!    fn.iii  tl„.   |„w 

utand  upon  the  xanu'    pliiiip   with    those  gihio  Ciinli-^n..^-.  of  -urh  fclh.vv  «rivanl-. 

unilor  his  control.     His   poMli.n)   is  one  as  he  niii-l   kiin«,  fi<,i,i  tlir  v,  rv  intm,. 

of  sniHiiority.     When  he  jrivcs  an  onlnr  of  tho  .■mplMvinent.  h..  ni:iv  !,.• 'r,-.iiiii.H| 

wilhin  the  scope  of  hU  aialiority.  if  not  to  :.-.-.„.iat..  »iil,  in  tl...  p.  i  f,.,  ,„;oi<v  of 

m.imf,Mly    anrpasonjil.Ip.     those     under  his  .hit i,.*.     Hut  no  niieh  pn  smiipi  ion  i« 

Ins  rharce   are    lioiiii.l    to    ohey,    at    the  or    sh-.iiM    |«.   raised,  of   his    williieMievs 

peril    of    losinjf    th.ir    situations;     and  lo  nssiim,.  the   risl<  triowin^'  oiil  of  the 

jMirh  commands  arc.  in  contemplation  of  pov^ilde   i,,-li;;,  ,i(v  of  one   mIio    while  a 

ln«,  tlie  cominnnds  of  the  company,  and  servant   l„  ihrir  eominon  master,  stands 

nence  it  u  held  responsihle  for  the  con-  to    himself   in   the    light    of   a   siip.rior 


r' 


n 


MICtOCOrV   RESOIUTION   TEST  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  h4o.  21 


^     APPLIED  IIVHGE 


1653  East   Mo.n   street 

(716)    482  -  0300  -  P^one 
(716)    288-5989  -Fa, 


Il 


E'n 


II 


ii(;2 


M.\>T!;il  AM)  '-KKV  ANT. 


[l  MM'.    XXMII 


,iss'i<inithlc  fiiiUrs  of  Ihr  ;/,rrs/r/-.— (  Soo  als..  ^  .".TH.  ad  fliinn.  ponf.)-  - 
Aiii.llicr  Miu.iic^KMl  l,M>is  Ic.r  llic  (loctriiic  is  lliar  llio  clntv  of  nsinfr  rcn- 
Miniilili-  ciirc  ill  uiviufr  orders  tcp  scrviiiits  is  ..iic  nt  lliiisr>  oldiii.itiun^ 
which  the  master  I'liiiimt   dclcpiti"  <<>  a-  l<.  al)-i'lvc  liimsolf  frmii  lia 


wliosp  rimitiiiiniN  :iiiil  <lilr<l  imi^  ho  IB 
lioiiiiil  1(1  (iljiy:  fur  -o  tii  Imll.  in  the 
cnse  of  il  (Mir|)ornti()n  liKi'  I'  i-  ilrfciKl- 
iiiit.  wliicli  iMti  (inly  (i|i(!  lie  I  i(ii|i;li  its 
(lyonts  mid  cnipldvcc-.  wonlil  lie  to  at>- 
Milvc  it  fidMi  all  icsiiDn-iliilily  to  tlioni' 
in  it-i  ciniildvii'cMt ."  i'mil's  v.  It'ili- 
mniiil  d  n.  It.  «•'-.  (1K>*I  I  S4  N.  C.  :«!!•. 
:);    Am.    licj).   liJO. 

TliP  trst  is  wild  her  tlic  siilun diinitcs 
"tiavo  just  rcasiin  for  liclicvinu'  lliat  the 
failinc  or  icfii>il  to  olicy  llic  sii|i(Mi(ir 
will  or  iiniy  111'  fdllowc.l  liy  a  di-di  ir;.'c." 
Tiinirr  v.  (liihlshoin  t,niiil>rr  Co.  I  I  Still  | 
lin  N.  C.  MHT.  J(l  S.  F..  -2:1.  Hut  the 
lanfiiia^TP  lu'ld  i"  Noitli  Carolina  is  not 
of  a  uniform  ti'iior  in  this  connection. 
Sop  the  pxtract  from  I'lillim  v.  li  ■  n'i  i;i 
A.  r.  ft.  Co.  (1SS7)  !)(i  N'.  C.  4.").'>.  1  S. 
E.  Si(3.  in  note  7.  iiifin. 

In  other  ca-(>s  it  lias  been  laid  down 
that  the  riilo  is  not  hascd  •■ii|i(im  the  idea 
of  the  relative  rank  of  the  twd  servants, 
or  the  (jeneral  siiperioril V  of  the  one  in 
position,  intidlifrenee,  or  skill,  or  in  the 
wafXes  reerived.  Imt  ii|i(iM  llic  };idiind 
that  the  one  is  placed  under  the  orders 
and  directions  of  the  other,  and  required 
•o  submit  to  and  obey  such  orders  in 
the  performance  of  hi-,  duties:  that  the 
'inferior"  is  plaocil  in  the  position  of  a 
servant  to  the  'superior.'  In  such  cases 
the  superior  is  held  to  re|'icsent  the 
master."  Naxhrillr.  C.  .f  SI.  /-.  R.  Co. 
V.  U/iWrs.?  (18S2)  10  l.ea.  741.  4;{  Am. 
Ren.  .117:  Itliiiois  C.  A".  Co.  v.  Sjiiiice 
(lHn:i>    03  Tenn.  17.3.  2.i  S.  \V.  211. 

.^mon^  the  states  which  iulopt  this 
theory  may.  perhaps,  be  niiniliered  Ken- 
tucky, though  the  following;  extract 
from  the  leadinfr  case  of  [.oiiisiillr  rf  V. 
ft.  Co.  V.  C<///i(i.s-  (18(m)  1  Puv.  114.  87 
Am.  Dec.  48ti.  shows  that  in  some  re- 
spects, notably  in  respect  to  the  distinc- 
tion taken  between  the  efTeets  of  jrross 
and  ordinary  ne^'lijxence,  the  viewjs  of 
this*  court  place  it  in  a  class  by  itself 
(see  8  54!).  p0.1l).  "In  the  employment 
and  control  of  his  subordinates,  the  en- 
gineer acts  as  the  representative  ac;ent 
of  the  common  superior.-- the  corpora- 
tion. They  have  no  authority  to  control 
or  resist  him  in  his  allotted  sphere  of 
service:  and  why,  then,  should  the  law 
imply  a  contract  to  trust  him  alone, 
and  never  look  to  the  corporation  as  his 


eiiiplovcr  and  constituent,  for  indcmnily 
for  (liini.ijjc  rcsiillin;:  from  his  williil 
wroc:,'-  or  i^ro^^ly  iie^'li^'ent  omission.-' 
When  Iliey  eiira^red  to  serve  under  liini, 
pcrliMps  tiicy  knew  nothing  of  his  trii-t 
Hdilliiiicss  or  his  credit:  but  they  knc« 
that     thcv     wdiil'l     serve    a    corporation 

and    pidb'alily  faith   in    its  rcs| sibili:> 

and  pidleclion  iinliic'l  tlicin  to  veiitiiic 
into  its  service:  and  tlii-i  faith  may  lie 
presiinied  to  include  an  assiiranee  01 
safctv  as  well  as  of  pay.  Perhaps  ii 
they  had  iinderstocl  that  the  eorpor;i 
tioi'i    wdilld    not     be    r.-sponsible    for    lli 

conduct  of  it-  cii;.'ii r.  they  would  nev.  . 

have  ri-ked  -inli  service  under  him.    Tli. 
contract     implied    by    law    would,    there 

lore,  r.ilhcr  m  til  be  that  the  siibonli 

nates    slioiihl    look    to    the    corporation, 
and    not    to   its  a}.'eiit    alone,   for   indeiii 
nilv    (or    loss  arisiiif.'  to  them   from  hi- 
inwkilfiilness     or     culpable     negligenc' 
Nor  (111   we  perceive  liow   public   iiolicy 
could  be  subserved  by  the  irres|iousilpil 
ity  of  the   corporation   in   such   a  ca~e. 
Siicli    exemption,    if    known.    mi;.'lit    piw 
sibly    stimulate    the    sMliordinates    to    a 
more    vi^'il.int    observance     of     the     en 
giiieer's  conduct;    but    why   should    tiny 
be   left    to  di'pend    on    that    which    conl  I 
!«!  of  tittle,  if  any.  avail  to  prevent  lli. 
tuiskilfulness  or  iie^'lif,'ence  of  a  superin: 
above    their    dictation    or    control?      In 
iindertakiu!;    the    perilous    service,    they 
mifiht   be  presumed  to  risk  the  hazard- 
necessarily    incident    to    their    emphn 
ment :   anil  as  they  could  not  e.xpect  in 
fallibility    in    the    management    of    the 
locomotive   and   its   niniiinff  train,  ami 
as  they  knew  that  the  most  faithfu'  ami 
skilful  managers  oceasioiially  lapse  inm 
common    blunders    and    ordinary    ne}:li 
frencp.   the   law    mifrht   imply   an    afrrce- 
ment   to   risk   their  possible  occurrence. 
But  the  corporation  being  under  an  iiii 
plied    obliffation   to   provide   sound   and 
safe  cars  and  entrines  and  a  comiietenl 
and   faithful  engineer,  his  subordinates 
cannot    reasonably   be   presumed   to  ex- 
pect or  to  hazard  his  gross  negligence, 
which  borders  on  fraud  and  crime;  ami 
it  seems  to  us  therefore,  that  while  the 
corporation   may   not   be  responsible   to 
them      for      his      ordinary     negligence 
both   justiee  and   policy   require  that    il 
should  be  held  liable  for  his  gross  negli- 


J  522] 


virr:  i'i!i.Nc,[i'Ai,smj'   tkstok  p.axk. 


hilitv  for   tluir  noiiixTlunnance  or    iiiipn,,,,,.   pcTfonnaiico.     This 
sheory  soe.ns  to  funii.h  the  only  really  satisfa.-tury  ox,,h.na!i„„  of 
the  liability  .mpcsod,   as   it  brii.-s   this   i,.nii,.nlar  exception   to  the 
eosenant  rule  into  line  with  the  otiiers.  which  rest  up,,,,  the  repre 
.>cntative  character  of  the  negli,i...,.t  en.i.h.yee/      Such  a  stan.lpui,,, 


gence  aa  its  cliirf  and  ponti oiling  a-jont 
m  the  niJiiiiji'-Miint  of  its  running  train. 
.    .    .    Tlifi  only  con.siatent  or  maintain- 
able principl..    of    t'le   corporation's   re- 
sponsibility    is    that    of    agency.       Qui 
tacit  per  aliiim  fudl  prr  se.     It  "is  there- 
fore   responsible    for   the    negligerK'e    or 
iinskilfiilMcss  of  its  engineer  aa  its  con- 
trolling agent  in  the  management  of  its 
loconiiiti\es  an<l  running  cars,  and  that 
responsibility      is     graduated      by     the 
elasses   of    persons    injured    by    the   en- 
ginwr's  negleet  or  want  of  skill;   as  to 
strangers,    ordinary    negligence    is   sufH- 
cient :  as  to  subordinate  nnpiovees  aswo- 
eiated   with    the  engineer   in   ci>ndiicting 
the  car,  .  the  negligence  must   be  gross; 
but  as  i„   employees  in   a   ditrerent   de- 
parttnent   of   service,   unconnected    with 
the  running  operations,  ordinary  negli- 
gence  may    be   sudieieiit.      Among   com- 
mon   laborers,    constituting    a     distinct 
class,  all  standing  on  the  same  platform 
of  equality  and   jiower,  and  engaged  in 
a    merely    incidental,    but     independent, 
sen-ice.  no  one  of  them,  as  between  him- 
self  an<l    his   coeipials.    is    the   corpora- 
lion's  ag(|nt,  and  therefore  it  is  not.  on 
the  primiplc  of  agency  or  otherwix..  re- 
sponsible for  damage  to  one  of  them  re- 
sulting   from    the    act    or    omission    of 
another  of   them,  although    each   of  the 
conip,any's  employees  wouM  be  its  agent 
as  to  entire  strangers  to  it."     Hut  when 
it   19   rem(  mbcred   that    what    is    really 
wanted  is  some  reason  which  will  be  ad"- 
pquate  to  justify  intro.lucing  an  excep- 
tion to  the  general    rule  that   the   risks 
of  a  fellew  servant's  negligence  are  as- 
sumed, this  conception  is.  it  is  obvious 
quite     irrelevant.     There     is     no     such 
PSStntial     incompatibility     between     nn 
•igreement  not  to  hold  the  master  liable 
for  a  fellow  servant's  acts,  and  a  duty 
to  obey  the  same  fellow  servant's  orders, 
that   it   is    warrantable    to    suppose    the 
implication  of  the  agreement   to  be  ex- 
'liiihi^i  by  the  existence  of  the  duty. 

'The  language  of  the  following  elabo- 
riite  e.vposition  of  the  iloetiine  in  the 
rarly  case  of  •  '  ,,l„nil,  C.  ,£  O.  A*  Co 
V.  Kenry    (  '  !  Ohio  St.  204.  when 

a  railway  c.  was   l„.ld   liable  for 

the  negligence  .  .       ,  umbietoi-.  is  uii.lulv 
Vol.  II.  M,  &  S.— U, 


wide,  in  so  far  as  it  suppo-^e^  the  exist- 
ence of  a  g.-Tieral  obligation  in  the  mas- 
liT    to    '•-iii«'rinti-iiil      and     mntrol    the 
loices  he  employe ;■■  for  such  a  principle, 
if     i.irrieil     to     its     logical     conclusion. 
Wdiilil  make  him  the  supervisor  of  every 
act    of    every    servant,    and    thus   .sweep 
away    the    wliole    doctrine    of    cos..rvice. 
But   otherwise  it    is  a  sound  and  lucid 
presentment    of    the    considerations    by 
whidi  the  inference  of  an  acceptance  01 
the  risk  of  a  fellow  servant's  negligence 
in     this     particular     instance     may     be 
deemed  to  be  iiegativeil.      "Xo  one  hiis  the 
right   to  put    in   operation   forces   calcii 
lateti    to    endanger    life    and     property, 
without   placing  them  under  the  contri>i 
of    a    ccimpetent    and    ever-active    super- 
inten.ling  intelligence.     Whether  he  un- 
dertakes it,  or  procures  another  to  rep- 
resent  him,  the  obligation   remains  the 
same,   and   a   failure   to  comply  with    it 
in  cither  case  impovs  the  duty  of  mak- 
ing reparation  for  any  injury  that  may 
en^ie.       When    one    enlers    liis    emplov 
inenf     in    a    siiliordinate    situation,    and 
a'.'ie.s  to  be  subject  to  his  orders,  eith.T 
directly    or    indireetly    given,    he    has    a 

light    to  ex| t    that    his  employer   will 

perform    the  duty    resting  upon"  him    to 
furnish   suitable 'machinery  and   control 
it    «ith    care   and    prudence       Whenever 
the  law   recognizes  duties  it  inipoxs  cor- 
ivsponding  obligations.     It   is  the  dntv 
of   the   owner   to    supiM-intcnd    and   coil 
trol  the  forces  he  employs,  and  the  duty 
of  the  servant  to  obey  and  perforin  iiii 
der  his  directions;  and  certainly,  in  the 
al)seiiee  of  positive  stipulations,"  the  law 
will    not.   as  between    themselves,   throw 
those  which  belong  to  the  one  on  to  the 
other,    or    refuse    to   enforce    the   obliga 
ticnis   which   cither    may   have    inciirrel. 
As    corporations    can    act    only    through 
their   agents   and    olTieers   authorized  "lo 
exercise  the  functions  conferred  by  their 
charters,    there    is    much    force    in    the 
^■i''"'     ■      ■     •     that     the    superintendent 
(and  conductor  when  running  a  train! 
of  a   railroad  ought    to  be  regarded  as 
the    proper    re|ir.'sentatives  of  the   com 
panv.  and  their  acts  considered  as  those 
of  the  company.     But  I  do  not  think  it 
necessiuy   to   insi>t    upon   this  po.sition. 


11 ! 

il  '< 


f 


tf 


i? 


?!!:! 


!(  :<.  . 


14((4 


.MASTKB  AND  sr.i;\  ANT. 


[ciiAr.  xxviii. 


is  t'lillv  wiinantod  liy  the  fact  tliat  tlic  imwcr  of  (•(.iitn.llinjr  lli<'  <l. ■■ 
tails  iV  the  wnrk  lu  bi;  dont-  is,  us  .-li-.wii  in  vniiiiiu'  iii.,  tiio  vorv 
ck'iiiciit   wliich  serves  to  ilistiuyuisli  mic   \\1m>  is,   fruiii  niie  win.   is 


T^t  the  eoinpaiiy  b"  V\n\>\e  .mly  upon 
llip  iiiasiiii.  II  ^i>'ji(il'iit  suiii  It'll.  Ill  ii|'"" 
llir  (ilili;.Mtiiiii-i  iiri^itiff  out  cf  tlir  cnri- 
ti;ii'l  t)f  -.cTvirc  iiiiil  in  eitliiT  viiw  tlu'ir 
lialiility  lur  iiijiiiics  to  tliiir  >iilHHili- 
niiti'H,  (•iiii-i"l  liy  till'  piiri'li'^-ih-*  of  tin- 
poiiductor  tlicy  linvc  ])liicc'<l  omt  tliciii, 
in  oliiiri.'o  of  tlif  train,  is.  in  our  opinion, 
miHlcicntly  apparent.  Tliis  conoliisi.m 
rests  wholly  upon  tlie  idea  tliat  tlie  com- 
puny,  from  the  very  nature  of  tlie  con- 
tract of  service,  is  under  ol)li!;ation»  to 
tlieni.  as  well  iis  tliey  to  the  coinpiiny; 
and  that  ninon;r>t  lliese  olili;.'ationH  is 
that  of  Hiiperintemliug  and  eoiitrollinf.'. 
with  skill  and  care,  the  danj.'1'rous  force 
enii)loyed,  np'ni  which  their  safety  so 
essentially  depends.  For  tins  purpose 
the  conductor  is  employed,  and  in  this 
he  directly  represents  the  company. 
They  contract  for  and  (•n;,Mi.'e  his  care 
and  >kill.  They  I'onunission  him  to  ex- 
ercise that  ilominion  over  the  operations 
of  the  train  which  essentially  pertains 
to  the  prerotratives  of  the  owner;  and 
in  its  exercise  he  stands  in  the  place 
.if  the  owner,  and  is  in  the  discharge  of 
a  duty  whieli  the  owner,  as  a  man  and 
a  imrty  to  the  contract  of  service,  owes 
to    those    plq^  d    uiuler   liim.   and    whose 

lives   may   «u 1   on   his   lidelity.      His 

will  alone  controls  everything,  and  it 
is  the  vill  of  the  ownertliat  his  intel- 
ligence alone  should  he  trusted  for  this 
purpose.  riii-  service  is  not  coninion 
to  him  and  the  hands  placinl  under  him. 
They  have  notliini;  to  do  with  it.  His 
duties  and  their  duties  are  entirely  sep- 
arate and  distinct,  although  lioth  neecs 
sary  to  produce  the  result.  It  is  his 
to  piniunand  and  theirs  to  oliey  and  exe- 
itlle.  No  service  is  common  that  does 
licit  admit  a  conuuon  parlii  l|>ation :  and 
M-  servants  are  fellow  servants  when  one 
is  ph.ced  in  control  over  the  other.  The 
••ervants  employed  to  cveeute  cannot  re- 
cover for  injuries  arising  from  a  fail- 
ure in  that  jiart  of  the  business  com- 
mitted to  them,  because  it  is  their  fail- 
ure, and  not  that  of  their  cniployer:  and 
all  hough  it  should  happen  from  the  neg- 
li;;eiice  of  but  one  of  them,  vet  each  one 
entered  the  cuinmon  service  with  a 
knowledge  that  others  must  be  engaged, 
and  they  were  jointly  bound  to  pi'rform 
wliat  was  jdintiy  intrusted  to  them,  and 
imblic  policy  may  be  concerned  in  their 
keeping   a   supi'rvi-ion   over   each   other 


for  the  piiriKisc.  lint  linw  this  can  lie 
made  to  extend  to  the  condiielor.  i.mt 
vvliii-e  ait-  they  have  no  siipervi-iiai  or 
(uiilrol.  and  are  not  presumed  to  be  pc.s- 
-e^-i.i  of  the  reipii-ite  inlelligiiic'  lor 
the  purpose,  ne  are  wholly  unalile  In 
see:  and  eipially  so,  how  the  safety  nf 
travel, ■!-  i-  likely  to  be  jeopardized  liy 
adding  (o  the  re-ponsibility  of  the  euii- 
ductor  for  his  eaicle.-snes-  that  of  the 
company  that  places  him  in  po,\er. 
.  .  .  '  While  the  principle  of  c  .s;,.,i,i/- 
fat  ,vM/M HOC  is  as  old  as  the  law  it-ell, 
it  is  (■verywhere  admillcd  that  no  ex- 
ception toits  operation,  as  is  now  eon- 
tended  for,  was  ever  asserted  until  the 
case  of  I'riifilliii  v.  t'luilrr  [MH.tTi  .1 
.\Jees.  &   \V.    1    ^iurph.  &    II.   Mr,.    1   .liir. 

ItSTl    was  decided.     That  case  and  tli 

made  upon  its  authority  in  Kngland  ami 
.\merica  have  all  jiroceeiled  upon  ilie 
general  ground  of  exempting  the  mas- 
ter from  responsibility  to  one  servant 
for  injuries  arising  from  the  carelcs-ne-s 
of  aiMitlier  engaged  ill  the  .mimon  serv- 
ice, I ause  the  servant,  by  his  contract, 

takes  these  li-ks  upon  himself.  Noiie 
of  them  hav"  in  temis  declared  that 
he  is  not  liable  for  the  negligent  and 
carele-s  conduct  of  him  to  whom  he  ih- 
legates  the  (lower  of  control  and  cc.:ii- 
niand  over  them.  The  court  whose  an- 
thoiity  has  been  most  relied  on  in  lliis 
country  has  expressly  refused  to  decl.ini 
it.  ICveii  to  this  extent  the  doctrine  lias 
been  lesolntidy  ri'si-tcd  at  every  step  I'V 
<listini;uished"  juri-ls.  To  speak  of  ii, 
Iherelore.  as  a  settled  principle  of  llic 
conimon  law.  is  to  confound  ideas.  To 
adopt  il  without  a  conviction  of  its  jii- 
tice  and.  |  ropriely  is  to  abuse  the  pimiT 
with  whiih  the  law  has  inve-led  U'.  i  iiir 
pl.iin  dii'.v'  is  to  endeavor  to  a-ciTl;iin 
the  true  nature  of  the  ridation  Ixtween 
the  i>arties  and  the  inherent  eleiiieiit-  "f 
the  contract  on  which  il  is  fminded.  and 
from  them  deduce  the  principle  that 
ought  to  govern.  .  .  .  Testcil  in  this 
manner  it  seems  to  us  clear,  in  a  ca-e 
like  the  present,  that,  as  between  tlic 
eoiiipany  and  those  employi'd  to  lalmr 
in  suboidinate  situations  under  the  cmi- 
trol  of  .1  superior,  two  distinct  cla—cs 
of  obligations  arise. —  the  one  rc-liii2 
upim  tiie  eompany  and  the  other  uiion 
the  ser\  lilt-,— and  both  founded  ii;"Mi 
wliai  eai-li.  eii  liiT  expre-sly  or  iinplii^b 
i\.   lia-  agueil    lu  do  ill  cxulUi.nl  0!   t!ic 


22] 


Vlt  K  I'RINC  II'AI.SUIP— TKST  OK  I!AXK. 


1405 


iK.t,  »  muster  as  n-nnl.s  the  injiiiv.I  pcrs,,!!.      It  is  a  |.<rfVcflv  looi,.„i 
and  rational  p.-sitiun  to  take,  thiit.  wli.r,.  this  osscnfiallv  ciiaraH.., 
istic  function  is  involved,  the  n.lc  as   to  assumption  of  risks  sl.nll 


.■nntruct.     It  is  t|„-  duty  of  tlie  (•om|mnv 
lo   fiiriiMi   siiiliilil.'   iiiiicliifirrv   iiiiil   :i|'i 
IMinlus.   iiiicl,   :is    tlicy    rcsciv."'   tlic  jj'iv 
trmiii'Mf    and    cur.tiol    of    the    train    to 
thcMisclvcs,  and  intrust  no  part  of  it  to 
tlics..  servants,   to  control    it    utiil   tlictn 
uitli  iiriidi-niT  and   tare.     As  tin-  n.f,.s- 
^ity   for   tliis   iinidcncc  an<l   carr  i,  con- 
stant   and  I'ontinuin;;,   tlic  oldij/alinn    is 
[.(■rlorincd  otdy  wlicn  it  is  con-ianllv  cx- 
irciscl.  and  tlicy  cannot    rid  tlicuivOvcs 
of  it  l)y  dcvolvinjr  this  power  upon  tlie 
cniiiluclor.     If  they  intrust   him  with  its 
cvcrcisc.  in  llir-  hnifiua-c  of  .tu. !;.'.•  Story, 
the,-  'in  cllVct    wariaiit    his  thlclity  aiid 
-dod   conduct.'      It    is   tho   duty   of   the 
servants  to  ot)cy    tlio   onh'rs  of   the   su- 
perior   thu.s    placed    over    them,    and    to 
pifl'orni  a^t  he  shall  direct.     If  they  fail 
to  do  this,  and   injure  each  other,  Ihev 
violate    their    eii;.'a;;(i]ients    to    the    coni- 
paiiy,  and  are  alone    inswerahle  for  the 
HT..i,';s  they  may  do.    In  such  case  thero 
is  no  failure  of  the  company  to  <lo  what, 
as  hetween  them  ami   these  servants,  it 
was  umlerstood  they  should  do,  when  the 
servants  entered  the  service.     But  they 
cnniiot    he   made    to   hear    losses  arisinjf 
from    carelessness     in     conducting    the 
train,  over   which    their   employer  gave 
them    no    power-   or    control,   either    sep- 
arately or  collectively,  until  we  are  pre- 
pared to  say  that  justice  and  puldic  pol- 
icy   re<niire    tiie    eonsecpieiiees    of    duty 
omitted  liy  one  party  to  lie  visited  upon 
the  other.  aItliou;.di  strippe<I  of  all  power 
to  prevent  such  consequences." 
^  This  opinion  was  larjiely  hased  on  the 
Scotch  casT  of  Dixtiit  v.  It(iiil;<<\    (18.')2) 
14  Sc.  Sess    ('as.   2d   series.  420.    I    .\m. 
Ry.  Cas.   ."ii;!l    latterwards  overruled   hy 
the  House  of   I>irds  in   Hdilniishill  Coal 
fn.  V.    I{ri,i    flUVH)    ,3   .Man),    II.   L.   Cas. 
•-•nil.  4  .Jur.  N.  S.  7ti7).  where  Lord  .Iiiii- 
lice   f'lerk    n'asoned    thus:      ••The    mas- 
ter's  primary    oldi^'ation    in    every    con- 
tract of  service   in    whieli    hi^    workmen 
iiie  employed   in   a   hazardous  and   dan- 
sci..,.s_  occupation    for   liis   interest   and 
profit  is  to  provide  for  and  attend  to  the 
safety  of  the  men.    That  is  his  first  ar,d 
Icndinjr   ohlinjation,    paramount    ev         'o 
that  of  paying  for  tlu-ir  lahor.     T 
hfration  inclmhs  the  iluty  of  furriis,.ing 
?nnd   and    siilllcient    maciiinerv   and    ap- 
paratus, aiul  of  keeping  the  saine  in  gocnl 
condition.— and  the  more  rude  a:  d  cheap 
the  machinery,  and   I'lc  more   liable  on 


that  aci'ount  to  cause  injury,  the  Lrreater 
his  otdiiiation  to  mi. ike  up  |,.i  its  de 
feits  hy  the  attention  nts'cs- ;h  V  to  pre 
\ent  such  injury.  In  his  oldiyalion  is 
i'i|ually  iniludeil.  as  he  eaniiul  do  everx 
thing  himself,  the  duty  to  have  all  acts 
hy  others  whom  iie  i'm|'doys  doni-  proper- 
l.y  and  c.iiefully,  in  onhi"  to  a-.oid  lisk. 
This  rihligation  i>t  not  less  than  thi'  oii 
ligation  to  provide  f(,r  'he  safety  of  the 
Ines  of  his  servants  liv  lit  ui-iehinery. 
The  other  s^'rvants  are  einpl.>ved  hv  him 
to  do  acts  which,  of  course,  he  ciiiiicil 
do  himself,  hut  they  are  acting  for  him 
and  instead  of  himself,  as  his  hands. 
Tor  their  c.ireful  and  cautious  attention 

to  duty,  and  f<u-  their  want  of  vigih , 

and  for  their  neglect  of  precaution,  hy 
which  danger  to  life  may  he  caiis;d.  h".. 
is  just  as  much  responsilde  as  he  wouM 
he  for  siH'h  misconduct  on  his  owir  pail 
if  he  wery  actually  working  or  pies,.|it. 
And  this  particularly  hidds  as  to  tli(> 
person  he  intrusts  with  the  diieCion  and 
control  oviT  any  of  his  workmen,  aiul 
who  represents  him  in  such  a  matlei." 
Other  judicial  statements  of  the  sam.> 
tenor  are  the  following:  "The  master. 
by  appointing  a  foreman  or  other  per 
son  to  su|)eriiitend  wiuk.  with  power  to 
direct  the  men  under  him  when  and  how- 
to  do  it,  therehy  devolves  upon  such 
person  the  performance  of  those  duties 
personal  to  the  master."  l/i7/,-r  v.  !/i.s- 
noiiri  P.  R.  Co.  (KS9I)  10!l  .Mo.  X'tt)  It) 
S.    \V.   58. 

"There  seems  to  be  no  well  sett h'd  rule 
that  cla.ssilies   the  agents   and    .si'rvants 
of  a  coinmou  employer,  whether  natural 
or  artificial,  first,  into  such  as  have  an 
thorily  to  represent,  act  for.  ami  in  the 
place  of,  the  employer  in  ropi'd  to  the 
persons,    hiisiness,    matters,    and    thi.igs 
wherewith    they   are  charged;    and.    sec- 
ondly, such  as  have  no  such   authority, 
hut    are    merely    fellow    seiv.mts.      Hut. 
without  regard'  to  such  rule,  there  is  no 
reason   why  such   autlir.rity  may   not   he 
specially  conferred  upon  a'nv  such  agi'iit 
or  servant.     In  this  cas<"  the  hiiolen  of 
proving   the    authority —its   extent   and 
con,pa-s.s —  by  competent  evidence,  w-ouhl 
rest   upon   the   party   alleging  it.   unless 
the  nature  of  the  agency  or  iinploMiicnt 
implied   its  existence  aiid  extent.     Thus, 
an   employer  might   confer   n|ioii   a    par 
ticiiliir  lahoii-r  ch:oged  to  do  a   particu- 
lar soil  of  ser\ice,  but   v^llo  simply,  liy 


:4j 


UflO 


MASTKi;  AM)  Si;i!\  AN T. 


[tllAf.    XXVIll. 


1 1 1 


u 


I  tip    naliirc    of   h'n    cniiiloyiiirnt.    woiiM 
iiiivp   no  aiitliorilv    to  ii'|iii"M-Mt   »r  liiiiil 
his    |iriii(i|iiil    in   .niv   ri'sprct.   [nnvrr   to 
riii|iiiiv  otlirr  like  liiliiiicri  witli  hiiii-flf 
lo  ilo'tlic  wrviir   to  111'  (lor.c.  to  dinct 
jn<l    coiiimiiiid    tliiiii    wlini.    uIiiti>     and 
tiow  to  wo,      'o  iiiMlriil  iinil  Hn|iciiiiti'iiJ 
tlicni.   .Mill   U.   cli^luiri.'('   ■lii'iii    fiinn   fin- 
ployiiK'iit  in  lii-  "li«(rction,  nltlimi^'li  he 
-liould   liilioi    witli   and  a»  one  <if   them. 
And   tlu'ic  can   he  no  <iiicstion   that   the 
eniidiiyiT   woiiUl   ho   iinsweralilo   fur   tlie 
iiiisfriiianee  or  nonfcasamr'  of  such  ajreiit 
ill  t 'lie  iiiiir«c  'if  lii~  i.iii|ilo\iiii'iit   iitid   ill 
the  exerci.«o  of  thi-  power  thn»  roiifriii'd 
ii|Miii  him.      This  i-*  Ml  hecausc  Ihf  a;.'inl 
in  smli  c.iM'  would  be  ('■pn-ssly  author- 
ized   to    rcpri-si'nt.    act    f'  r,    and    in    the 
placr   of,   his   cmidoycr   in   the    bii-inc'H 
(lesiL'nated    and    wiliiin    the   oonipa-is    of 
the    1  power    confrrred.      And    so,    in    the 
case  iii'fore  us,  althiMi-jli  tlie  Hection  man- 
tor  or  foreman   mi;.'ht   not   have  iiiithor- 
ity.  nri>in},'  from  tlie  nature  of  liin  cni- 
plovmeiit.  to  bind  the  defendant   for  his 
acts  toward,  .and  his  command-'  to.  lii-« 
fellow    servants,    yet,    if    the    delindant 
onforrod  upon  him  power  and  autliorit; 
to  cnipliiv  laborers — fellow  labiner-i  with 
hinwflf— to  work  on  the  seeliin  of  the 
road  wherewitii  he  was  cliai;,'ed,  and  .au- 
thority   to    superintend    tlieiii.    to    f.'ive 
them   "idors  and   coinmands  in  the  line 
of    work   to   be   done,    which    tliey    were 
bound   to   obey,    and    to   discharjje   llieiii 
from  such  cmployuient,  in  his  discretion, 
as  allef;iHl  in   the  complaint   and  as  the 
evidence  introduced  on  the  trial  teiideil 
to  prove,  the  defendant  would   be   liable 
for  hi^<  misfeasance  and   nonfeasance  in 
the  roiirsc  of  the  exercise  of  his  author- 
ity   thus    confcrriKl    by    it.      This    is    so 
upon  the  plainest   priiieiples  of  law  ap- 
plicable to  and  governing   the   relations 
of    principal    and    agent    towards    each 
other  and  third   persons.     This   case  is 
not  like  the  ordinary  one  of  injury  lioiio 
bv  one    fellow    .servant    actin>:  a-   fore- 
man  or  leader   of  several   or   many    la- 
borers,   to   one    of   his   fel'ow    servants. 
The  complaint  expressly  allejrcs  that  the 
si-ction    master    named    was    af.'eiit    and 
servant,  and  'had  full  [lOwer  an. I  aiitlioi 
ity  of   the   said   defendant    to    iiire    and 
discharge    liands    and    .servants    in    tlii'.t 
behalf  on  s.aid  section,  and  who  was  the 
su|icrior   of   the    said    plaintiir    in    that 
behalf,   wlioss  orders  and   a   nniands   in 
the   line   of   said    service,   as   the    a;;,nt, 
foreman,  and  boss  of  the  said  defendant, 
the  said  plaintitT  was  lawfully  bout  d  to 
iibev:'   and   there  are  other   similar   al- 
legations to  the  same  elTeet.      Kvideiice 


was  iiilroil d  mi  the  trial  to  piuM-  iln- 

iiiateiial  alle;;ai,  n,  and  the  .jury  loiiiM 
by  theii  Miiliel  I  hat  it  was  true.  So  ii 
appeals  that  the  section  master  ill  t In- 
case w.is  not  simply  a  lellow  serMint  if 
the  plaiiilill.  but  as  well  the  a^'eiit  ul 
Ihe  .Ufendanl,  charjied  with  aiitlioiity 
to  employ,  control,  and  comiiiand  tin' 
plain!  ill'  as  to  the  labor  be  should  do  on 
the  railroad  of  the  defendant  while  In 
was  so  in  its  service,  and  to  dischar;.'. 
hi. II  from  siii'h  ser\ice,  just  as  its  pn- 
idiiil  or  other  leading  executive  ollicci. 
iiii-lit  have  done:  and  the  defeiiilaiii 
iiursi  therefore  be  li<dd  liable  for  his  mi- 
tea-ance  in  the  course  of  his  a^'ency,  jii-i 
as  if  the  sjinie  had  been  done  liy  iu 
chief  executive  ollicer."  I'lillmi  v.  Wi't 
.m  .V.  r.  H.  Co.  (1«87)  90  N.  C.  4.-).->.  I 
S.  K.  Sii: 

The  fol.  .will}.'  passajfe  from  a   Minn.' 
sota  case  is  also  instructive  in  this  ci.n 
met  ion.  tliou<:h   it   must  be  remeiiilien.l 
thi'.l    in   that    state  t'.e  siipeiior   servant 
doctrine      has      never      been      acceptcl: 
"Wbere  a  lar-re  number  of  men  are  em 
plo\cd    upon    the    same    wiirk.    it    is   e- 
seiitial  that  reasonable  orders  rc.'ulaii!!:.' 
their  conduct  and  assiL'iiin^'  tliciii  prop.r 
pla.es  in  which  to  work  slioiild  be  }.m\cm 
It  is  the  duty  and  the  ri}.'lit  of  the  ma- 
ter to  fiive  oniers  and  direct   the  places 
where    his   s«>rvaiit    shall    work.      .     . 
A  workman  when  onliTcd  from  one  pari 
of    the    work    to    another   cannot    be    iil 
lowed  to  stop,  examine,  and  expi'rini.'iii 
for  himself  in  order  to  ascertain   if  lli. 
place  assi;;ned  to  him  is  a  safe  one:  ami 
therefore   in   olieyin;:   the  order.     .     .     ■ 
he  has  a  riv'lit   to  rely   upon   a   faitlifnl 
dischar;;e   of   the   master'-   duty    to   ii-. 
ordinary  care  to  warn   and  protect   liiii. 
ajiainst"  unusual  danjiers.     Any   nil.'  .1 
doctrine  which  deprives  the  workinaii  ul 
this  ri<;bt  and  protection  wlie:.  the  ma- 
ter dclc;;atcs  the  power  and  duty  of  dv 
in;;    such    onleis*    to    a    subordinate,    im 
matter   how    hijrh    or    low    his    r;ink   m 
;rrade.  is  unsupported  by  reason,  violali  - 
all  con-i.lerations  of    ju-tice.  and  i<  in'' 
suppoi-tcd   by  the   W(i;.dit    of  aiitboVitv 
Cilihoil    V.    'Soilllirrslrn)    Trlrjih.    Knii. 

(.'(,.  (ismi)  fi:i  Minn.  4:!s.  n.-,  X.  \V.  91t 

Strictiv  siK.akiiif;.  this  reasoniiiL'  i*.  i' 
should  be  lemaiked,  applicable  in  it- 
eiitiretv  only  to  one  particular  kiml  .1 
order,  ih..  that  which  takes  a  servant  t" 
a  new  place  of  work  without  f '.^•"ff  ''''" 
time  to  examine  bis  siinoiindinfrs.  If 
however,  the  propositions  here  laiil  il"«" 
are  unreservedlv  accepted,  it  is  dilliciil' 
to  see  what  lo^'ical  haltinfr  place  thcic 
can  be  short  of  an  adoption  of  the  su 


5  uii 


\  It  K  ri;i\(  1 1 'A  I. . sill  1'— IKS  1  01    I!  s.nK. 


UiiT 


jlivp  wiiv  to  tlif  lull-  wliicli  iti;ikf-i  ccrtiiiii  ul.liyni iniii  <4  tlic  iii:i>t(  r 
iiiiiia«-i::ii:ililc.'' 

Xcit  till-  If  M^t  lit'  fill   iiiirils  of  tlii-  iiiim1(>  of  i\|iliiiiiiii:r  'lie  iMiioiiiilo 

of  tlif  (liM'iriiic      Mini   it    i-  M   iiicril   wiiicli  i •  ut'  iln-  ullicr  ilicoi'ii  - 

|i""i-^> — ]s  ||i:it  il  tlinii-lii-M  il  -iiri|i|c.  clcililv  ililiiicij  i-»iic  ll|MiH 
wliicli  tlic  ciiiil  i'ii\<'r>\    liilwiiii  liic  u|(,)ii-iii^-  •.(■liiiui>  ut  liiiiiiii'iil   wliirl: 

reject  and   uiiicii   ;ii pi    llir  >ii|pcritir  >(i\iii:t   (jcicirinp   miiy    lie  cnii- 

r('ii':'iifcil.  I  lie  a(lviiiii;ii:(-  of  ,ufli  a  >iinatiiin  in  diali'i-iio  are  as 
nlivious  as  tlii\v  ai'c  in  plcailini;. 

V.  >'«/////(((/ /.--Wiiiciirvtr  iif  tliP  alvivo  f'.\|ilanaliiiiis  of  tiic  iluc- 
irin('  muy  lie  rci;anl(il  a-  liic  corrcrl  diic,  it  -ccnis  almndani  ly  <'vi- 
ilfiit  that  tlio  In-nad  (|H(>tinn  wlictlicr  tlic  niasicr  slmll  l>c  iicld  i-c- 
>piinsililc  fill'  tlic  nc:;lii;ciicc  of  all  siipcrvisinu  cmpliixcc-;,  and,  if 
-IP,  wlictlicf  flic  I'C'piiM-iliiliiy  -IimII  extend  tu  cverv  -.pecic-  n(  ncgli- 
;;cnt  act,  or  l)c  ciiciini-crilMil  williin  the  line-  indicMted  liy  .•.iiine  uf 
ilip  ease.>  cited  in  eliapici-  xxix..  posl,  is  nut  >ii-cepi  ihlc  uf  -ictileinent 
nil  any  purely  jnridical  lia.-is,  and  tlicri't'ure  jire-ents  a  pecnliarly 
;lppl^)priale  siiliject  I'l.r  thai  lr;;i-lai  ;\c  inleivention  wliich.  in  a  lai\i;e 
iiiindier  of  juri-dictiiiM-,  has  already  eidaraed   the  ^erxani's  rijiht  <>( 

|M  riiir  -crviint  ilml  riiic.  Iliil  wliiii  ti-t  iiiittiil  widi  iill  ililiniioo.  tlic  IpuiiiimI 
I'll  l>y  tli<>  i':iilirr  ami  Inlir  ilrcisinii-  in  iiiilli.n-  li:i\i'  mil  liillv  ii|i|iri'i'iMlri|  : 
llii^  -tiitc.  t  lir  CM-c  r.iiimil  lir  -ti-'-iini'il  nl  In  rv\  l-r  tlirv  wmilil  liiiiilly  liiivc  I'llnl 
I  \i'i'|it  nil  tlio  iianiiw  yniiiiiil  nl  :i  Imaoli  in  >ii|i|iii|t  ot  Ihcir  \ii«-.  t  ho  ilrci-lmH 
Ml'  til,'  (inly   of   in-lriiclioii    or    Uiiinliii;.    nt    llii'    I'rilpial    coiiits.    <ir    of    Alaliaiiia, 

Sfi"  5  .")T.  (i/i/c.  (  iiiini  rlii  lit.    fJcoriila.    ('oli'iailii.   Mliiiii'- 

Scc  iilsii    l/(yo/i    V.    IHiliiiiiiiiil  ti     I.    I,',  -iil.i.      UiiL'iiii.      \irimiiit.      \\'a-liiii;.'liiii. 
C'i.    (  1HS4  I     7S    Va.    7-l."i.    4!l    Am.    I.'i|i.     l.niii-i.iiiM.    \\  yiiiiiiii;:.   ami    Imliaiia.      .\h 

401:     Cristrrfl     v.     I^'il If^hnytjh,   f.   <(■   St.  tin'    -iiiiiiiiaiy     ut    ili't-i-ioti-    in     ('lia)ili't' 

/..  /.'.  Til.   I  IS.S.S)   :!n  \V.  Va.  7!IH.  *i  S.   (■;  xxn..  /mv/,  iiidicit,-.  iliiM'  arc  all   juii^- 

.11:    Siliiiii  ilrr   v.   Chiniiio  if     I.    //.    Cti.  i|ictinii>    in    wliicli    ic-|iiiii-iliilit  v    camiot 

l.'^tH  I    lOS  Mn.  :t2-2.  18  1,.  I!.  .\.  .S:;:.  IS  nc    ti\rcl     ii|iiim    tlic    iikisIci     merely    liy 

S.    \V.    1(MI4:    I'osliy    V.     Mitsumi    I'.    If.  slinwini;  tli:it    llic   injury    h:i-.  caii-cil   liy 

'•ii.    (l.S!i:ii    ll.'>  .Mo.   lli.'i.  Jl   S.  \\  .  Mill:  c.iiMiilyiii;;  uitli   tlic  (uilci-  of  a   cuiitrol- 

Hl'tiiil  V.  St.  I.oiiis  if  S.  /■'.  II.  I'll.   I  |S!i:ti  liny   cni|iliiyci'.      Snulli   CamliiLi.   tlic  <lc- 

>'>    .\rk.    tiii.    12    S.    W.    KtSil      w  liiih    :ill  ci-imis    in    wliirli    arc    al-n    rclicil    ii|miii, 

iiniiccil    nunc    or    less    iipoii    tlic    llieniy  i^  a  more  ilmilit  till  -late:  tint   in  tlic  <lc- 

iliiit   tlic  duty   of  sii|)cr\  isioii    i-i    noiia-  ci-iini-  a-i  tiny  Mainl    i -ec  -iininiary    in 

-i^'iialile.  iliiiptcr   XXX..  jinxl  \ .   it    <'an   -Ciircely   lie 

"In  discii-sinff  this  particiinir  a-pcpl  clas-cd  as  ,1iic  of  tlin-c  wliich  aece|it 
iif  an  eiii]doyer'«  rc-pnn-iliility  .\le-<is.  the  siiiTierior  -crvaiit  doctrine  in  the 
^licannan  &  Rcdiicid  I  I  Ncy.  §  i:V.\\  scn-p  C'  ntcmlcd  for.  X'iiyinia  and  \V("<t 
^ii'iii  to  the  present  writer  to  put  the  \'iri.'ini  i.  wliicli  supported  the  theory  of 
ii-c  for  tlicir  own  side  of  the  ipic-lion  the  Icirncd  aiitlio-i  at  the  time  their 
niiicli  nore  stroiiiilv  than  the  Mill  horitie-  trciiti.',*'  was  ponipilcd.  liinc  now  aone 
nally  u:irraiit.  Tliere  is  a  wide  ilislinc-  over  to  (ho  op[xi-iti  camp.  S(«  sum- 
lion  lietween  the  theory  that  the  master  niary  in  chapter  xxx..  /lOf/. 
must  .m.stter  for  the  le-iilts  of  a  iic'.'li  It  is  miticealilc  Hint  the  phrascoh^ 
L'cnt  order  when  it  in  K'y"  ''.V  a  ^'cn-  eni|vloycd  in  stating  the  nature  uf  the 
I'lal  or  ilepartiiieiital  naiiatrci.  and  the  siipcrvision  e\erciscd  l,y  a  foreman  often 
theory  that  any  I'lnployee  to  whom  the  su;.'iri-ts  his  repie-.eiil;ilive  character 
luiMcr  of  Clint  ml  is  dclcL'ited  is  i  vice  from  the  point  of  view  adverted  to  in 
|iriiicipal.       This   di-tinclion.    it    is    suh-  the   li'\t,     :is.    where  h;'   is  dcM-rilicd   as 


1408 


AI.VSlll!  ANU  >Ki;\  ANT. 


LCIIAP.    XX\  III. 


rcciivi 


rv."      r.iif  it 
tl 


IS    Ill> 


t  iinw'illiv  of  rciiiark  ''liit  tlicrc  in  8<>nio  in 


con-i.-iiiirv  ill  tlio  jiii^iiiciii  1)1  tli"-c  c'lmis  wlmii  ic|{ct  llic  siipi-nor 
1  at   tlic  Miiiif  time  iiiiiiiitain  lliat    llic  duly  ol 


b<Tvaiit  (loi't I'liic,  an 


fraiiiii 


itaM. 


ilati 


tor 


idiict  lit'  llu>  lMi«inr'<H  is  iiDii 


iiiii^  ^niiaiiif  rc| 

doli';;al)lc.  Such  rrfjiilal  inns  an'  ('"cnliail.v  nolliiii;!.'  l'"t  general  or 
dcrs.  tlic  oliJM't  of  uliii'li  is  to  .secure  the  >aff'l_v  ol'  servants.  \Vli\ 
sliould  anv  distinci ii>ii  l)c  nunle,  iji  tlic  ])i(-cnt  pnint  of  view,  between 
sucli  general  orders,  and  tlie  iiarlieiilar  orders  wiiicii  it  is  tiie  dui\ 
of  controllinj:  otlicials.  as  the  work  pronressos,  to  i^-iie  in  >iicii  :i 
form  tlial  their  .suliordinales  will  not  lie  ex|ios<'d  to  iiiiilii(>  periU  ; '" 
'I'lie  tpiily  dilVennee  lielweeii  tlio  two  kinds  of  orders  is  tiiat  1a  on- 
of  tlieiii  the  master's  will  is  declared  in  >iich  a  torm  as  to  indicate  tlic 


ii   i 


! 


r 


nn  n}.'i'iil  "wlm  dincts  ttip  niannpr  of 
cM'ciil  iiijr  llu'  piitiriiliir  work"  {llnri- 
m<li,  V.  rh'i;t,ri  ct  I.  It.  Cii.  I1HH7I  27 
.\!().  A|)|i.  4.'!.'ii  ;  iir  as  mn-  who  tia«  "lon- 
tiol  111'  wmU  iiiid  iiiitliiii  il V  til  iliiirt 
IlllW.  wllrll.  :l?!il  wlii'lc  il  -.llil'.llll  111'  llcilli'" 
(('«.<■  V.  Sw'i'h  (Iniiiilr  Co.  IISIIO]  39 
.\|ii.    Ap|i.    «:il  I. 

'  In  this  coiiniTtinn  it  i«  iiiti'ii'><tii)K  to 
note  tli.it  iiiM'  of  till'  iiiiiin  iiinoviitions 
i  lit  roil  iuimI  liv  till-  Kiifrli^li  cniiiliiviT*' 
lialiilltv  ai't  of  IHSll  ami  tlir  .Xinniran 
slatiitc'-i  tnodcliMl  ii|iiiii  it  I'liiliiidifs  the 
fiilliiwiiij;  |iriini|ilr  fni  iimljtid  ill  the 
rrpoit  «liiili  till"  I'arliaiiii'iilan-  Com- 
iiiis~ioii  of  lininiiy  suliiiiitlcil  in  1S77: 
•'Wllrll'  I  III'  all  III  I  ciiipliiyii  -  raiiliot 
piT-nliiilly  ili-rliaiui'  thi'  iliilii<  of  nias- 
tiTs.  or  wtiiTi'  thiy  ili'liliiTati'ly  aliiliratc 
thrir  fiiiiitiiin-  ami  ilrt('!:at('  ''ii'iii  to 
affi'Iits.  the  iii'ls  or  ili'failltH  of  tlir  a;.'i'Ml» 
who  tlms  iliscliaijri'  tlio  iliitii's  ami  fullil 
♦  ho  fiiiirtioni  of  tho  iiiastors  sluiiilil  he 
oim  '  'o.  '  as  tho  porsonal  aot-i  or  ilo- 
faiill.s  of  tiio  principals  and  oinployors, 
ami  sh  itil  iiiipoM'  tho  same  lialiility  on 
siioli  principals  ami  oinployors  as  tiny 
woiilil  lia\o  tioon  sulijict  to  hail  thoy 
hooii  ail  in;;  povson-illy  in  tho  cnmlnct  of 
thoir  liiisiniss.  iiotw  ilh-.tanilin;r  that 
such  a;.'i'iits  aro  tocnnically  in  tho  oiii- 
pliiynioni    of  tlio   ]  rincipals." 

'"Tho  i-s(Mtial  iilcntity  of  ponoral  ami 
particnl.ir  orilors  is  thus  iioIikI  liy  tho 
snpi'oino  court  of  .Missouri:  "It  is  a 
part  of  tho  porsoiial  duty  of  tho  niastor 
to  pivo  (liiootion  to  tlio  work  ho  uiidor- 
takes,  and  to  prosorilio  tho  system  or 
niolliod  of  roiidnctin;.'  it.  In  so  doin;; 
ho  niiist  Uso  ordinary  caro  for  tho  safety 
of  tlioso  oiii.'a;;oil  in  liis  sorvico.  .\o 
oordiiiy:ly.  il  has  hoon  hold  that  the 
omission  to  adopt  and  to  enforce  nilon 


niii's-ary  for  tlio  roa«<>nalily  safo  man 
a;.'on.i-iit  of  a  luisiiioss  as  con.plc".  and 
Hs  ha/aiiliius  to  lifo  and  linili  as  tliii 
horo  in  view  may  Minioliiucs  form  I  lie 
tiasis  for  a  tinilin;;  of  ne^.'li;.'eiieo  on  tin- 
part  of  tho  niastor.     Iirfiiinn  \.  SI.  I.niii-i, 

A.  .1  \.  If.  /;.  fi>.  (ISSTi  !l.l  .Mo,  .US, 
0  S.  U.  .'171  ;  .\li>l  V.  Ihliuni,;-  it  //, 
Vniiiil  To.  lIHllll  12S  N.  V.  m>.  L'S  N. 
1-:.  till.'!:  Wliilliil.ir  V.  l}>liiiniif  it-  //. 
C./ii.i/  Co.  I  isnil  l'2li  N.  Y.  544.  i'  N. 
v..  Iil42.  Such  lioldiii;.'s  rest  upon  tin- 
same  piiiiciplo  that  supports  tho  rule 
of  li:iliility  lor  ilofocts  in  tho  plant  nr 
appliances,  .\s  lias  lately  lieeii  tersely 
.said  in  a  case  which  roooivoil  very  llim 
ou;:h  oonsideration:  ',\  master  is  no  h— 
rospiinsihlo  to  his  woikmon  for  per-imil 
injuiios  o(-e:isiom'd  l»y  a  defective  s\  ^ 
teiii  of  llsiii;;  machinery  than  tor  in 
juries  caiistd  liy  a  defect  in  the  iim 
tliineiy  itself.'  Lord  Watson  in  Snntli 
V.   Hiz/^rr   [IHi.ll]    A.   ( '.  :i.-i:i.  liO   I,.   .1.  l,i 

B.  X.  S.  (laH.  ti.-.  I..  T.  N.  S.  4117.  .V>  .1 
P.  C'lKI.  Rules,  however,  are  liiit  eiu- 
moaiis  of  pivin;;  (liieitioii  to  tlie  iiki- 
tor's  work.  Its  ynidanii'.  as  ti>  di- 
tails,  is  often  necessarily  inlrii-lil 
to  inana^rors,  foremen,  and  others,  liy 
whatsciovi-r  name  ^ueli  a  s-.iperior  em 
ployeo  may  lio  oalled.  his  relation  to  llii- 
suliordinatos  act  in;;  nndor  his  order-  is 
not  that  of  a  fellort  wiirknian  in  re-|ieii 
to  his  perforiiianco  of  tiio  master's  liiiie 
tiiin  of  iliroctin;;  thorn  and  tlio  work  in 
his  ehar;;e."  Srhronlrr  v.  fViici/i/o  it  I. 
/,',  To.  ilHin  I  ins  Mo,  :t22,  18  L.  It,  .\, 
H27.  IS  S.  \V.    1IIM4, 

Compare  tho  lan;;ua;;o  used  in  Fv^i'i' 

V,    i/;,s-,«)»m'  /',  l{.  r„.   I  isi,:n    ii.-.  M... 

1(1.').   '21    S.   W.   !Mti.  as   nuoloil   undei    « 
.■)2H.  note  3,  iiifiu. 


«  5:;jn)  VHi;  l'i;IN(  1I'.\I.S||||'  -Ti:ST  ur  1!.\NK.  \M,u 

' ''"'  f"  '"■  |ini-iiiil  lit  ili..>c  iinl.liriifo  times  in  tin'  I'liiiiic  ulicn  \\\v 

ciivuiii-iiiiri.'i  -  piuviilcl  i'or  slinll  Imi|>|m'1i  to  siiiktv.  nc,  wliiic  l.v  the 
"iIm  r  lie-  i'\|irc",-*  h\i  ui-lii's  as  to  somo  piirtirnlar  o|)<'iMti(in  cuii- 
wrU;\  uiili  Work  wiiirli  i-i  aliuit  to  bo  cari'i.'.l  ..lit  or  in  alrcailv  in 
pfoiiiv- .  'I'licrc  is  n..  little  dillictilty  in  .liscnveriiiL;  :in.v  a.l.Miiate 
ni- salislactorv  j;n.iiii«l  ii|pnn  wliidi  it  can  l»e  niainfiiini.l  tliat  tiii-'  Af- 
i'lcn.'e  is  so  lim.iainenial   as  to  jiistifv   tlie  aiiplieaiion  «(  .'..    ;..et 

nile-  of  law  with  re..|M.et  to  tll<>  IV|.lv>entat  ive  caiineity  of  llie  two 
cla-es  of  employees  from  whom  the  irciieral  ami  the  .■.pecial  oniersi 
:-Mie.  l(  there  i,  such  a  ilillVrenee,  it  has  never  hi'cn  eNphiim  .1  iti 
V.  Iiiii  it  eoii<i,is  or  on  what  jiroiimj  it  rests.  The  |pre>enf  writer  vcn- 
iiiies  lo  thinii  that  the  only  h.ophole  hy  which  this  .litlicnity  can 
he  e^rapeil  is  fumi-heci  l.y  the  liahl  theory  thai  rea-omii,le  eare  re- 
'|iiiii>  the  ma-ter  to  promul;;Mle  general  rules,  hut  n<jt  to  j-ive  or>ler> 
iil'oiit  .Iriails.  If  there  is  no  duty  in  the  hitler  n-^pect,  the  (pies- 
lion  whether  sn.'h  a  duty  is  nona-H.<:Mal.le  heeomes  immalerial."  In 
ill'  ..iinre  of  the  case,  however,  it  is  eh^ar  that  the  e\i>ieiice  or  ni.n- 
i\i-tenee  of  such  a  duty  niii>t  remain  a  mere  maitcr  <•(  opinicn,  the 
inherent  nncerlaiiity  of  which  once  more  stiji^csts  the  n.ed  of  a  le^- 
i-lalive  determination  of  tlio  coiitroversv. 

522a.  What  constitutes  the  exercise  of  control  within  the  meaning  of 
the  doctrine.— It  is  vry  rarely  that  ih.Mv  .-an  he  any  po,,.ihle  di.-puf 
:i-  to  what  coii-tiiuies  an  exercise  of  fontnil  within  the  meaning'  of 
ilic  superior  servant  doctrine.  In  n  few  ca-es  recovery  ha.s  lieeii 
->Mi;lit  on  the  theory  that  the  signals  yivcii  hy  employees  tu  one  uil- 
■ihcr  while  ihey  arc  iierformiiii;  diitie-  which  reiid<'r  -iich  means  of 
iiiicivommimicaiion  neci— ary  are  in  the  nature  of  orders  or  eom- 
iiiands.  the  ariiumcni  heiiii;  t'lat.  as  each  employee  is  authorized  to 
liive  them  and  the  otiii'rs  are  Iiound  to  ohey  lliem  when  <;iven,  the 
iv-iilt  is  to  create  the  relaf"  ■''  -  Mierior  and  suhurdinate.  lint  this 
'■'■nicniioii  has  not  )irevai' 

"Tliis    in    pnicliiMlly    ttii>  -  ini,    ,TT..    di-cnii.i';.)       Pillshnni     Fl 

-ti-  .locinii.'.    s,.,.  s  .-.(ia.  /-o  r.  ,(  c.  K.  r„.  v.  /,.,.,,,  dsTTi  :i:!  ohi,, 

I.Milriicc  tliiit  till'  rules  (if  a  ,rl  .St.    l>i(i.      Tin.    fc,l|,,«iii}r    p;wNi"c    is   cx- 

rniiiiianv     r<M|iiiivil     tlnit     tlic     .■ii^.in.'..r  traclc.l   fnim  tin-  o|iiiiiun  of  tlir   major- 

shoiiM   ;:ivr   ciTl.Mn    s|.f<-ilic,l    -hjiU-.iU   as  ity:       'To    srciiif    tlic    inana^'cnu.nt    aii.l 

n  "noli.T"  to  api.lv  or  loo-c  lli,-  l,i„|<,.s.  transit  of  trains,  and  the  salciv  «f  nas 

iiiKJ   tliMl    tlic  lirakcMiaii   slionlil    iMiiiau'c  scnijcrs.  i'in|il.i\  cts,  ami  otliris."froni  tli.' 

till'  laaUcs  aivoiilin^'ly.  ami  mIiIIi-  on  I  la'  naliin-  of  llic  l'iii-im.,s  inanv  sij;,,,,!,  s,nci 

train    ]»■    in    snhoriliiiation    to    tlic    run-  of  v«:  ions  kinds  aic  rrtiiiiri'il.  '"■I'licv  are 

jlial.ir.  lias  Ii.tii  held   not  to  niidcr  the  r.<|iMi('d  l)V  tlic  rules  to  lir  uivrn  liv  nil 

lirakcmaii  a  siil.ordinatp  scrvanl   in  such  classes    of    ciii|ilovccs.     coniFiiciors.'    imi- 

a  sense  a-^  to  render  till'  oonipany  haldc  [.'inecrs.    hrakcMieii,    switoliinen,    stalion- 

fnr  an    mjiiiy    occi^ioned    l,y   the    ,,,.^11  men.  Ilafrnicii.  liackiiii^n.      .\   coi  rcsp.md- 

t'fiicc  of  llic  en-inciT.      (Hoott  ami  .\-li  iiig  ,luty  uf  lieeding  si;;nals  is  retjuirixl 


1470 


Ai AVII.I!  .\XDNKl!\.\Nr. 


[CMAI>.    XXMII. 


A  iiirn-  ri'i|in'-t  ]•*  nut  iiii  <iril<'r  witliin  tho  snt])r  of  tlip  superior 
forviiiit  (liiciriiic,  ulicrc  it  i'iiijiii;iti'-  ''min  an  eiiipiny''!'  who  is  not 
autliori/i-c|  to  ri'ipiiri'  tlii'  -icrvii'c  |iiTt  irnn'il  in  t'oiii|iliiinc<?  with  it.' 
( 'onipiii')'   ,  ri.Tfi,  ill  fill. 

623.  Existence  or  absence  of  a  power  to  hire  and  discharge  snbordi- 


Pi     -^      : 


lit  all  fiii|iliivt>p>*  witlimit  irfiTi'inT  to 
tlicir  ).'ia<li'  (if  i'iii|ilMyrii>-iit  :  aiul  vil  it 
was  never  »ii|i|iii<i(|  llial  tlicreliv  aiiv 
relation  of  nu|>ericir  ati<l  Huliiiriliiiiile  wn- 
ereuleil  cir  nei o.Mrily  e\i-'li<l.  'Hie  >.\  ^ 
tetn  <if  ;;i\inL'  lint  ire  liv  •>i;.MialH  i«  a 
mere  lllnile  iil'  iltiiii;;  tile  lill-illeto  (if  tllP 
e<)ni|iaiiy.  ari-inir  fidiii  the  iieeo^ity  <if 
thp  ease.  Tliev  are  t(i  Ik-  (;•*''"  "tld 
lieeded  liv  lidtli  viipei  i(ir-<  and  Hulinrdi- 
iiati't.  in  :!i  I'diilaiiee  witli  tlie  nature  of 
thp  thiliy  to  he  (l(iM".  (If  as  eireiiir»taiiees 
may  re(|iiire  It  is  us  iniieh  the  duty 
(if  an  eiiL'ii'cr  t(i  he  ediitrdlled  liy  the 
»i(;n:il«  (if  iirakciiicn,  jrixeii  under  the 
rille«  (if  the  r(im|iany,  a»  it  is  th(!  duty 
(if  lirakeiiien  to  lie  ^'dvernisl  hy  the  sig- 
nals <if  an  pn;.'ineer,  ;,'iven  iiniler  the 
H.inie  nilcH,  and  neither  (Hie  more  than 
the  otier  i«  thenliy  iimiIc  -nlidrdinate 
to  the  other.  That  relatidii  can  he  cre- 
ated only  liV  the  act  of  the  nia-ter  oon- 
ferriiiK  his  authority  np(in  one  over  the 
other;  -.vlien  that  in  (lone  then  one  rop- 
resjMits  the  authority  of  the  master,  nnd 
therefdrc  may  contrdl  the  other,  who  for 
that  reason  hecomes  his  suliiirdinate."' 
The  same  (smeliision.  th'Hi;.'h  airain  liy 
II  divided  court,  was  arrived  at  in  I'illn- 
liiirnh,  C.  if  St.  L.  R.  Co.  v.  Itminrii 
llSSit  :i7  Ohio  St.  I'lti.-i  (Mi^nnl  ;.'i».-n 
hy  en^'iiiccr  to  liraki'niin  K  ''riii'-c  -i_'- 
nals,'  it  was  sai'!,  "are  so  named  \'f'p- 
erly,  and  are  inleiidisl  to  notify  all  ..n 
cerned  of  the  thin;;  sit'nil'Ksl.  The\  are 
address(>(l  to  the  conductor  as  w>  II  as 
hrnkeman,  nnd  it  is  the  duty  of  tlic  con- 
ductor to  sec  that  linikemen  perform  the 
duty  sifjniHed.  This  duty  is  imposed 
upon  the  lirakeinen  hy  force  of  the  rule 
itself,  and  not  by  virtue  of  any  author- 
ity vested  in  the  enjiineer  over  the  lirake- 
man.  The  signal  is  a  mere  notice.  The 
rule  is  the  order  of  tlie  compatiy  to  the 
brakeman  directly.  Su|>|Kise  a  train  is 
signaled  hy  a  station  afjent,  as  this  train 
was,  to  sto|>  for  order.s.  It  thereby  be- 
came the  duty  of  the  conductor,  as  well 
am  of  pad-  employee  on  the  train,  to  stop 
for  onlcrs:  and  yet  no  one  can  contend 
that  such  station  a-jent  who  pives  the 
Mfrnal  is  the  superior,  and  the  train 
CKW  siilididiirate.  employee-'  of  thp  com- 
paiiv  »i  lii'i  the  meaninj;  nf  the  rule 
eider   c.i.-eli  lai  ion.      A    vainly   of   -i;^- 


naJH,  under  a  variety  ol  circum-tancc-. 
arc  iiipiiriMl  to  be  ^n\en  liy  diir-nnl 
eliiphiMc-  (if  the  e.in'|iany.  to  hi);iiify 
that  an  dccaNJon  e\i.ts  fdr  the  perform 
ancc  of  a  paiiiciilar  duly;  but  it  woiiM 
be  ili.iird  td  I'iM  that  u.  each  case  the 
emphnee  «'*'ii;:  ''"'  signal  is  a  superior 
xivaitl,  td  whom  all  others  to  whiim  in 
fdrmilidii  is  thus  commiinii  ited  arc 
"iiliordin  i'(  d,  so  .hat  th(^  company  would 
be  rcspoii-ilile  to  lliciii  for  any  act  of 
np;;li;.'(iiee  ot  the  emphn.c  who  «ave  the 
sii;nal,  whether  such  nciili^rcnce  was  iti 
L'i\int'  I  lie  sl^Tial  or  in  the  performance 
of  other  duties.  For.  it  must  Ijc  oh 
served,  that  neflli-lence  or  careles-.iie«» 
i«  nnt  alliriiKsl  of  the  act  of  the  enirincer 
in  yivinj:  ,^!i!ier  the  -.if.'nal  to  IIkI  ten  tin 
brakes  or  to  loosen  them.  The  only  mu' 
li^'ent  and  eirelcss  act  cliarjied  afain-t 
him  was  in  forcing  the  eu'dne  forward 
violently,  without  'iivin;;  lime  to  tie' 
biak:-mai.    o  loosen  the  brakes." 

('(unparp  nKii  the  doctrine  that  a  »er\ 
ant  who  is  appoint  id  to  pivc  warning 
sijjnals  or  to  notify  Ids  cosvorkers  as  t" 
the  approach  of  tiaii-iloiy  dangers  i- 
ndt  enuapcd  in  di--(liar;.'-in{r  the  masters 
nondeh  (.'able  dnty  to  maintain  a  »ale 
place  of  work.  •'Ii-runniii  v.  I'mt  lllaki  hi 
.Hill  r,i.   (ISOI!)   71   Fed.  ,S.->3. 

It  is  disserving  of  note  that  a  work- 
man who  inprely  pivps  directions  when 
to  set  in  motion  or  stop  machimry  is 
not  a  '•superintendent''  within  S  1. 
sub».  2.  of  the  Knplish  employers'  li.i 
liililv  act  of  ISSO.  ShiilJrr.i  v.  Uriur.il 
fitr.i'i.i  .Vat'.  Co.  (1SS3)  T-.  R.  10  Q.  B. 
l)iv.  ;i.-|l'i.  r,2  L.  .1.  (^  It.  V.  S.  211(1,48  1.. 
T.  X.  S.  228,  .11  Week.  Hep.  (i.'ili.  47  .1. 
P.  .127. 

Iluntrr  v.  Kniisa.i  Cihi  if  U.  /?.  if 
llri(1<]e  Co.  (1S98I  2!)  f.  f.  .\.  2011,  .-il 
V.  S.  /pp.  <153,  8.">  Fed.  ,'i7!),  a  rulini; 
as  to  a  similar  provision  in  the  .Vrkaii^.i.s 
statute  of  18!i;j.  is  to  the  same  clTi><t  as 
this  En).'Iish  decision,  nnd  the  Rnini'ii 
Cnur  (1882)  37  Ohio  St.  IKI.'),  was  ciled 
with  approval.  Compare  also  Texas  C 
It.  Co.  V.  Fiazier  (18!l(ii  itO  Te.y.  .'i:!.  :'.ii 
S.  VV,  432.  construinjr  the  Te.vas  statute. 

'  Urniltrii  v.  }i(islirilli,  C.  it-  .^7.  L.  It. 
Co.  (1884)  14  Ix-a.  374  (yardmaster 
coupled  cars  at  request  of  engineer). 


m 


ntte:  lipiiificance  of._,  ( •..„„■„ st  with  tli..  ,l,...fri,„.,  .Ii-o„.-...1  in  ,hi. 

H.M,.n  tllMM.  i...ii,....|  i„  s  OI.N,  «„/„„.  )_T|,e  i,u  -..-i 1   ,|h.  ,„,„,•.■ 

to  liii-o  and  (liM.l.ii,...   l,i,  ,„lM,r,iini,t...   is  imnnallv   j .,-,..l   |,^    „ 

liif^ro  pnjporlic.n  .,t  il.,,.,.  ,.,mi.I..v..,.s  m|...  „i-..  Im.|.|  „i„l,  ,•  ,l,o  ,„|,„i.i.,, 

-...vnnt  (l..rinno  to  bo  vi.-o  |.,inci|.M!-.  ,iih1  is  In,,,,.  >  ;iv   i„.i,ii .,| 

l.v  the  rourfs  in  flir-  .•iiiitiu.ni, i,,n  ..t  ihrir  ntli-ilmi,-.'  As  tli..  ,„-,- 
M;.i..l,  liowov.T,  tho  „iv,-iso  fvi,l,.|,lial  ».ip.ili.Mii,T  uf  this  iH.u.r,  u.s 
iiti  ii'    lall.v  (Ictf-niiiii,  ivo  eli-iiifiit,  is  *.iiii.\v!i;it  olwcnre. 

Jf  it  wcio  (.{•  unv  iiii|),.rtiiiico  to  (l.'tci-iiiin,.  tlin  rlii.ni.-t..p  ,<(  a  <«rfv- 
;int  ^^■hn  -houl.l  p.,s.,.ss  tl,..  p.wrr  ..f  .liscl.mr.!  sviiliu'  >  .l,o  inu.-r  ..| 

omtfol.  tlicrc  ia  uppanntl.v  s o  niithuriiy  tor  tli..  pr,,„.  pi,.  tU-u  ih,. 

tMct  of  an  oniplovoo's  luivinir  aiiilmritv  f. ,  tlio  nu.Mr,-  tu  .ii...|,;i,-<. 

Ins  fdloxv  sorviuifs  does  nut  of  itM.lf  constitute  liini  a  vi.-o  prin- 
<-ipal.»  Th..  coiTorf  nil.-  in  rppai.l  tn  tli<.  situation  siipix-s,.,!  is.  |,„„. 
.•vf.r,  of  vorv  .small  moment,  ina-iMii.l,  as  tlio  oiilv  instance  of  fl,,. 
s-paration  of  powers  likely  to  o..,ur  in  |.ia-ii,.o  i/fh„t  in  wlii.-l,  tl,- 
I.ouer  of  .liseliarse  is  wieMe.l  l.v  a  servai.f  snperinr  to  the  one  wl,„ 
iirtiiall.v  fonti.-ls  the  w,.ikmen  ^^h\]o  aeimilly  en^aire,!  in  their  «nrk  : 
nnd  this  otfieial  would  of  nee(.ssity  always  he  a  vie.,  prin.  ipal  l.v  vir 
tiu.  of  that  p..tenfial  power  of  control  w'hi.-h  is  implied  bv  his  hijrlu.r 
milk,  and  whi.h  is  .s„M.,.,,tible  ot  heitiir  failed  into  aot'ive  ex..n.ise 
wh.never  lie  ..h..os..s  (.,  assume  the  p,.iM,nal  mai.a;;ement  of  anv  serv- 
ants who  may  1...  normally  si.pe. vi,,..l  l.y  a  std.onlinatf-  foreman. 

As  re,:;.ir.ls  the  eases  in  whieh  th-  superior  s..rvants  possess  the 
I-Av.r  of  control  with.ntt  the  power  of  .li^-hai-i.,..  the  ol,vi.,iis  infer 
.nee  fr.w.  the  th.-ry  that  sneh  servants  are  vi.-e  prineipals  for  the 
reason  that  tlie  exer.ise  of  c.ntrol   involves  ,he  diM-har-e  of  a  non 

'I'nlln,,      V.      Wrslrni.      \.      r.      If       (■„,      (ISSTi    1.7    V    f     3^7     O  s     p     j.n.    ;, 

.H    .  po  y.  (y4.5  1  s  R,  .,;:,.  ,.,„ u, -.  ,„^L'":,];^'n^^;   '  X 

'   V    r  "    ,  i.'    -[■,}'""   V-.'  "","t    ".""■'"'   ""'""•'•""'•""   "f  thP  con..l,„i„n 

■V,l    r-   V    ■  n     y--."'"/-"'"     17    of    tlio    r„„rf.    ,,n,l    tlm    opinion    in    tl,e 

-4  n  .  A|  p.  4.18:  Mnxon  v.  i:,lis„„    M.irh.    f„.o  iinnos  to  «av  ..virtlv  wliO  w.r„ 

'       ,.  r    «    ro'Tlslio'^o'M      'v    ^'^    '"  -'  "''I— ■   i"   control   of   t.,..  \v'or1^ 
4.iT     ;/„V/v    i'/    7  1^  -"  ■^.'"■..•^PP-    ««   "■""    HS    invo>t.vI    with    tho    ,Hm,.r  of 

.  ..4.    „/,„        ps,,.,.n,lly  IIh,„.  n.l.it-    »i,!,    tl;,.  ,.!,„,■.,■,.      „f  vi,-,.   ,„i..,.i...|   ." 

Mu  t..  s.rlioi.   for,.,,,,.,,.  ,,.,,,..,.,1,..,,.  /:       ,',.':'* 

>t-66     V.     l{,vlu.,on,t    .f     Z>.     ff.     To.    rvv.  .I,',.\„//,,      ,ss,,    1,-,  „,    Api,.   Is'l'; 


la 


uu 


>l  \>IKU  ANU  >Kl;V.VN'i'. 


(c'liAr.  XXVIII. 

driiliiililr  iliity  *-  tliiit  liny  liri'  liunr'  llii-  I'--  i'i'|in»iclitiil  ivcrt  of  flir 
iiiii-ii  r  1.11  nil  •!•  liii  \  mi'  lint  iii\<-ici|  wiili  tin-  |i'A\cr  ot  »li-.r|mit;i-, 
.\ii(l  Mii'li  is  ilii'  I'llii't  1. 1'  I t  ol'  iliii  iliM'i.Hiiiii-.'      I'!-] iiilly  iiiu-i, 

till'    II<ili|iM>-i--i.,|i    mI    l!ii<    |i.iv.ir    lie    illltiilllili;i|.    VilnTd    tllO   !'lll>rriur 
M  TXiiiil   I-  i>t  Ml  I'l  ii  iilly  liliili  rank  to  ••"iilrnl  lln-  i'|ii|iI"M'|'  vvliu  iirtu- 
iilly  |H.~i--i^  ilir  |ii>M-,';  iii.iii;:li,  |Hi'liii|>-<,  it  M^ii!'!  !"•  iiii>rc  ciirrr.'t 
til  <i('~i'ril.('  >.ii<'|i  a  iii-r  ii,  I. Ill'  ill  ulii.li  till'  |M,\viT  id  iml  i-MTci-cil  Ui 
ricily,  riiiliir  1I1..1  hih'  in  vvhii'li  it  i^  uniitiiii:.' 

'Jill'  liiM'trini  tliiii  ill!  ('iii|il'iyii'  wilin.iit  llio  puwiT  nf  <1i-^i'!i:ii  im 
calilint  lie  n  vi'(>  |iiiiici|i:il  woiiiil  ln(  :i  iintiiial  ili'iliii'liuii  liuiii  tli. 
llii'p|'\'  wliidi  !•■  liT-  iln'  -ii|ii  riiir  M'i'\:iiit  (Inctiini'  in  tli(>  nlili^iilinii  i.l 
the  >niHiri|iiiali'  to  olny  iliily  an!  Iiii|'i/.rd  (.■iiliiliuiliiiM.  lillt  tlio  tli'iliic 
tiiiii  is  tint  a  iicc(»-arv  nnc.' 


Mf 


'  II  nihiimli  V.  Iliiiiiifl.iil  if  SI.  ./.  R.  Cn.  fii  liiii-  iind  i!Ui  Inrt"".  ntnl  wh  iti-vnr  iiiiiv 

(is(M)i    ii):i   M„.   :,-».   \:>  s.   w.   ri.'.i  u- iiir  inii- ii>  vviiiiii  ii.' i- .i.-iiiii,i'..i  •■ 

{t:iiiu'  ii,lu\  :     t/.../,     V.    I\<i/i.n/i,    .V7.    ;,.  I'.tit  it   liii«  iil-ii  I.C1  II  111  1.1  III   \li«-.iiii 

it    /'.    A*.    »•<).     (lS>."ll     S.'l    M".    .".HH;    r.lul-ir  lllil    till'    lll'llil    ll     -Hit   of   ^1    ll.lllllllHill-.'   1. 

V.     A'.CIS'IV    I'lht    Dull    ,f      Silt    I'll,     (lildin  II    filli.W    -iTXiilll.     lllll    tint    till-    xiri-    I'lill 

l.").l    \tip.   :ij!t.  ."«.")   S.   W.   HS:    Hull  V.   St.  ri|>.il.  if  11    Iciii.iiiiitiM'  t'iri'iiiaii  iiml   i.l    i 

.ll, II  i:h   W'lilii    Co.    (iH'.iJi    4S   .Mo.  App.  "wiixT  nr   lir.'  piilli'i"  t'iii|iliiM'i|   in   il"- 

;i.")ll.  ri>iiiiillii>ii~<':    mi'!    Iii<    kimw  Irilp-   iif   Id'' 

Tlic    flirt    tliiit    nil    ii-.-i-l,iiit    «ii|ii'rin-  iiu  i.iii|ii'tt'iii'"  nf    tin-    liilti  r   t'iii|>lii_Mi'    I" 

♦  I'liiI.Mt  (if  a  ■^iiuMiill  ii'|i.iil-i  In  till'  MM  ii.it  ('1kii;;i;i1i1i'  In  tlic  iiiiii|i.iii\  >ii  ii»  t.i 
|ii'iiiitiniliiit  ill  H'lmi.I  I"  tln' liii  inu' uml  nii'l'T  it  liilili-  fur  iii'i-.oii:il  iiijiirii-.  li« 
(li-cliiiiL'^i'  <if  lii-i  siilioiiliiijtcs  lllll',  nut  till'  liniiKiii  i.'-iill  in;:  fmiii  <iuli  iiin.iii 
iiiiki'  liiiii  llic  li'iH  n  vii-n  pi  iiii'i|i;il  ns  |irti'iiri'.  mIii'Ii-  ilii'  iuiiiiiIIkhix'  «iis  in 
ri->|f.its  liny  nun  .!i'!i';.'ilili'  iliitii~i  im-  ilmr;;!'  nf  ii  fiiKniiiii  iiinl  iiiiiHlir  nu' 
|iii.iil  nil  liiiii.  /.'iil'l;  V.  Sliir-'iii  Mill  I'liiiiiir.  wtin  nlnni'  liiiil  tin-  |iiiHi'r  In  liii" 
t'li.    (I>^'.I||    !l    \\:l-ll.    :l'.'.'i.   .'17    I'.IC.    ;i|ll.  iliul      ili-rllillm-     -I'lX.IIlt:.       ,S/.ii//i     V.    Sf 

In  /I'.s^f  v.    l/ivw.M)i  /'.  n.  I'n.   (ISII.1)  /.'."I*  rf  .V    /'.  /;.  I'd.   I  |S!I!I|    l.'>l  .Mn.  Il'il. 

II.-.    Mil.    Ii;."..    Jl    S.    W.    !Hil,    till,   ri.iiit  IS  I..  I!.  A.  .IliH.  Wl  S.  W.  .'ITS.     Tlii'  ilif 

-liil:      •  I),  i  n'rinf.-*    ci'iiti'iitinn    i-i   tliiit  frr.'iit  i.it  in;;    cli'iiiint     luni    -.ih'Iih    to    !«' 

till' iiia^lir  «lii'iilil  lint  lie  lull!  iiiHwi'i-iilili.  till-  flit   tliiif  till-  lin-tliT  wa.*  nnt   iin.lrr 

fi'i-  ni';;lii;i'"t  iliirct  linn,  iiiilr-s  '.lie  man-  any  .Inly  tn  i|.|.iiii  tln'  iiii'iiiii|u'ti'nn'. 

;i;;iiiu'    rni|.lii\.n    U     iiiliii-li'l     witli    tlio  '    l'u\lii\.    \lii-i,i'i  I  I'.   It.  I'n.    lIHll.'ll 

aiilliiiiily     In    liiiv    iiinl    ili.  Ii.ir;.'!'    and  ll.'i   Mn.    Hi.').  Jl    S.  W.  filtl.   fnini  wliirli 

I'll  ii'l.y     to     cnfi'iii-     nliiiliinii'     to     his  an  I'slr.iit   i-  yiMii  in  tin'  la-l   iioli-.  WiH 

nr.li'r-.!     lint  lliat  iniili'iilinn   i;;iiiiii-«  ttic  a  ci-t- i.f  a  rnailn..i«li'r  wIii.t  !ir;;li;;i'iiri- 

iiriiii'i|iln  on  wliirti  tlui  nia-tir'i  li;ilii'ity  inini.l  ii   si'ctlnn  liiiml  liiicil  liy  a  fnri' 

in  sinli  ciiriiniNlanri's  ii'-t..      It    ii  |iait  ii.  in  -ulijirt  to  tlio  inailinasti-r. 

•  if  liis  iwr-nnal  duty  tn  ilirocl  tlic  work  '  In  Illinois,  one  of  tin-  stati"*  wlnio 
111'  lia-  ill  liiinil.  anil,  xvlii'ir  it  i-  riiiii|ili'X  lliii  llii-oiy  him  iM'fii  iininriatiil  (§  .'iJJ. 
kistliat  of  railrnailin;:! .  to  |.rii\  iili'  ,111(1  miIhI.  iO.  .vi//>r.il,  tlic  r^ipacity  of  iln' 
cnfi'iri'  rca-iiiialiln  anil  ncci^^Miy  ri":iil.i-  rniitrolllnjr  ollliial  is  still  for  the  jury. 
liiiiM  of  till'  hi'i.ir  i-ULiii-'i'il  tlii'iiin.  lliou,i;h  it  is  shown  that  he  had  no  powi-r 
.  .  .  r.iit  th(»  iiia-trr's  fuinlion  nf  ili-  In  iliscliaryc  /■'cn.vi  i  v.  Si-linmlrr 
I.  .tinj,' «  111'.;"  i'iiti'r|iri-c  niiisl  of  niKi'S-  i  IH!I(1)  1II.J  111.  4.-.!».  Art  S.  K.  2><x ; 
-ily  he  intru-tcd.  as  lo  iiiiiny  dilaiU.  to  luiilirv.  I'lnil:  (1SS4)  I.l  HI.  A|ip.  470. 
^ui.iirillnalr  cnii'lnyi'i'^.  In  i'\i  iliii'j  tiiat  Thi'  cnntra  y  I'ciiis  to  he  laid  ilnwn  in 
fiiiirl ion  thc.v  iii'rfnriu  till' 111, i-tcr's  |iait.  llHiinis  ('.  '"  '.  v.  Mii/ir  (lx!'.'.i  fi.'. 
and  for  their  ail  inn  i  within  the  sin|ii'  III.  .\ti').  .''  I'ls  di'ii-ion  "is  alliriiiiil 
of  that  drlcvatiil  aiitlinrily.  and  as  to  in  (is'lli.  1,'7  111.  .V.U,  :.-_>  N.  K.  Sis. 
thijso  placd  iiniliT  tluir  orihisl  thi'  Init  this  [.articular  |iiiint  was  not  tumlii'l 
mast.  I-  is  ri's|iiiu-.ilili'.  whi'lhcr  Ihr  -iijicr-  u|ii'ii. 

illt.-i.'iiiiii  ciinihi^i't.  Iia-,  IT  has  lint   [in-.'.pr  It    has  r:'ii'ii<ly  h.^'ii  hi'hl  hy  thf  !i-i!!'. 


\  I'  i;  )'i:iM  ii'\i>iiii'    II  ^i  or  i:  \»  w. 


Kr'iiii   ill,.  .Ici-i-i.iiis   in   Ni.nli  ('Mmliiij,    it   wni 

until    <|llitc    lillclv,    I..   rMlMct    II    cli-.ir   ilccliii.,-    I 


■h 


I" 


iKiW 


M'tilitl   iliiir.   ill  tin-  nil.. 


of 


.1. 


'lit    It   a|(|"ar-i 

li 


1473 


to  Iv^ 


I'Vlilrlii'r    Unit     llir    IHuliircMt    Mil 


I"  imp  M.  ivMiil    Ii;hI    \,n\\,v   I,,   .li-.-liiir:;..   ili,.   |)liiiiititt',    thr   foriiicr   i:, 

Iliil  iltTliiftI   tip  111    II   \  irr   |irilici|)iil." 

i'\;i-  (he  ili.rtiiiic'  !•  Hint  n  >ii|iiiriiir  -iTMint  ]*  n  \iii,.  priiicipiil 
'ill-  ilir  |..iu.i-  111'  liiriiiir  nil'!  ili-(iiiir:;iii:^  tin'  rl;!--  ,,|'  scrv- 


Tti  T 


Inn    111'   I 
ll-    111    ul 


iii'li  till' 


lini'i'il   I 


ri'Mitl 


IhiIuIiv-.    Iillf 


lint    lilllcr«  |. 


liiit 


iif  nii|iiMU   111. It    III..   1,1,  (   Hint 
in  :i   mill,.  )i.i,l 


II   j.r,  t  Hill. 


I  man    »ii|M.|i,,r.    ih.iiiyli.   nn   n    ni;itl..r   vl   f.irt. 


i-i<iii<  ili     III,'   I, III, 


h.ii.i   llii.   |iLiliilil).   H  dill    -I'Ml.'liiT,  lo    iiii—al 


I  -   i','i  ,iiiiiii,-ii,l,iti,iii. 


-i-l    llic  liiiil 


il.l  III 


VVIV.    Ill-   II 


I,',  (   ,li,|    iKit    Inn.'    l! 


Hi     111,11    III    tiKjijiiliju'   III) 


ili'il 


V    «;../././,. 


tiiti 


till-  tiiiili. 


i.ir,'.i  1,1 


ill-li       I  111   \.  C.  .l"* 


rii  l.iiiii'.' r  r. 


II  tin-  t.hiiitiir'i  VI.  '    'I'liii,.  III,.  I'lilh.ii  I 


ti  S.  K.  :.'.i  IS  ^ II , 


<ll1' 

ii|iii|i.     Siv 
IS!MI| 


|>,iii,'i|ial   nil  iitKiila'i    iiica.JMii   wlhii   III,-    it   i 


litliT  1  i.|ii|ilii'il  Hilli  III,,  fi.niur"- 


il.lv 


v.n  ('il,',l. 


II   li  ;.iilliiiat|.   Iiifi. 


-nil',,  mil 


|,.r  ii>>i.talir, 

-t.iiiii'<  till,  fjiiilu'r  man  lia.l 


ri..|iii'>t    til.    lull.   «a<  <'iiii.i.|i'ii.,|   t,i  I,,,  id, 


'  lliat 
that 


111-  'II, -'i  riiiiiiii-    wliiii.  as  in  Itii'iailii 


III, 


,|ii<'-t  inn 


I'pi.l   III,'  |iliiiiiliir  I,)  ,1,.  III,.  tt.„U,  „r 


nil  |i,n\i'r  to    was  -inijily  »lii.|li,-i   the  hii|i,.|  inr  .,naiit 


wa..  a   \i,',-  i>iinii|.al.      I'nit   Ilic  altinti 


I.    .|i-i'liaf;:i.   Iiiiii    if   lir  iitii-i.il.      h'lhi-    of  tin-  ,,,iiit   ,!,»■,  „„t  .....in  t,i  liavr  1.,','n 


,//,    C.nl  r„.  V.   Ihinihl,     iliMIO)    S7    ill 
.\|i|>.  4.17.      Itiit   lii'i..  till.  |.s.,'iii'f  Iif  111, 


-I" 


<iMl;ill,in     srcni 


I  M  k   of  null, 111  ilv    ti 
lij's  iii'tiiin 
'■  Hn/itii   \ 


1,1    li,.   tin 


II 


ill,\    ,lin',t.'.|   to   (Ik-  ,|ill..r,.nt    i  h, 
IT  111'  llif  i|ii,..li,ii      inv,iK,  ,1    ,111,1   f,i 


1   rniitnil    tin'   iilaiii      ' 


lis  ri'ason  tin.  ii.al 


fi'.  To.   M!Hil  I  I; 


in    till'    |iii'.i  lit      .'iiinsli 


It  ,if  III,.  I'lilf,, 


r,'t;ai',li.il   .is  ili.iilil  fnl. 


Mi 


r. 


V  r.  .'w;.  ;is  s.  i.;,  mi  (.n.w  .i  fmir    iissui  -ri  Ti«x.  4,  12  s.  \\. 

'■'•■'i"i,    //.    «£■    N.  '  \.    I,-.    f„. 
I  isiioi  Til  T..V.  fill,  |;t  s.  \\. 


liimliiiL'  I 


■IS  iin  a  car  iiinl. 


III,,  iliri'itinn  iif  iiiii'lln.|-  i.|ii|i|iim.<'I  . 


Ml   liiiiy    Im 

\\  illninis 
H:I.-.  ;  >itil- 
V.  .'<iiiith 
■'tii-l:  Hull, 


In  hnhiiiii  V.  i,'iri,i,H,i„i  ,f  /).  *r.  To.  r.  ,f  .v.  f.  If.  Co.  V.  11,//.,  iis'ir'  IVk  V 

(M7!))    HI    N.  r.  4111.  .'11    .\ni.   I!,.|..  .".I-J.  1(1  S.  W.    IOlT,;    V,.r  v.   7,  ,„v   /•  ' l{    ru 

IP   pnu.r  ..f  .lis.  I  I  Hill)  82  T.'X.  47:1.  IS  S.  \\.  .-,71:  (•„,„„.■ 

-si'iitial  <.|,.ni,.nts  /„ //  v.  fi,„/.-    (181)4)    M  'IV.x.  Ii:i(l,  2i|  S. 


it    »aH   ili.(.|ari'i|    llial    111 

I  li  ii).'!'  Wiis  iini.  iif  III, 

"f  vi(i'  [>riiK'i|>al-lii|i.     I'.n'  that  ilr.  i>ii,n    \\.    4Hi 


It.   r, 


uas  ilislini'ily  n-liil  .m  III,- yinninl  tli.it     ilSHili    !I0  Tr.x.  Il.l.  31!  S.   \V    4:i-' •    f;,rt 
till' ili'liiniinnt  u.i-  t  la'  hia.l  i,f  11  ,|,'|iaif      Wmlh  ,(    /*.  C.  /,'.  f-    ••     n.  ,'.-..  "lu,..  v 


iiK'Ht.    anil,    US    iili|.,i,ly    slatinl     ( j    .aH 


III),  thp  n 


liiiiiiirv   II, 'I  I 


n,'i  iilinii   (if  siirli   n    fii 


T, 


(I.   V.    /',  t,rx    I  ISfin 


>t<.,|    ,.f    th, 


I   |H!I|| 


iliai;;,'  winild  iin,'K,i  11  Inyii-al 


poHi'r    < 


,f    ili-      1077; 


Tl.N.    (■ 


W. 


.\ll 


II  nun;; 


Til 


(•    Cilsl'    of     l*>tll' 


I'liiiliailir     l\ 


Mi  hi 


•II   V.    11,  s/. 


V.   w. 


(ISII7)    17  Ti.\.  Civ.  .\ 

i;i.l    ( liii'iiian  iif  s«  ili'l 


.\pp.   7S.   2.-,   S.    \V. 
.V.  /-.  It. 

1.17. 4:1  S. 


pp. 

I  rn;;lin'  11,'t   11 


'■.„"•..'■"•    '"''*','    ;'"   ^'^  ^    ^•"'-   '    ^-   '•■■    ^'"'  l"i>"M lit.,  lirak.. ,r,if  fivi-lit 

Mi.l.  thriiws   nil   li;;lit    ii|ii>n   tin'  q        ■■-     -      ■      ■ 


111 


II'      powiT 


111 


■ii'K 


train):    A'l/.  ,/   v.    i;,ilnslon    r,lii    It.    r, 


niiinn;;  Iho  fiiii'inan's  attrihnti' 


I'linn  I  i.ilij     I  IHlMli    |;t  Trx.  C 


I  mil    in    S    ."12 


snl.,1.    il. 


S-.'li;    y. 


.\pp. 


if    /'.   /.'.  Cii. 


.■).-)  S    U  . 

Itir.l     (  |S!I.-,  I 


"/" 


in  ,1 


IKirtiriilar  point  touhiih  ilic  inipiiiy    ,f  .4.  /'.  i{.  1 


WhiTe    SS   li'x.  4.111.  .11  S.  \V.  I(I.")S;  s.ii,  .1 


I"     . 
iri.i'ti'il    in    Mliilhir    tlic    siilioriliii.it<>    ( 


/,'. 


111,1,1s    I  |S!l.') 


I.'. I   to  h 
tl 


in-ti|ii'il  in  ol  .•viii;;  tin'  ouLt  whirli    llrh 


V.   .\|ip.)    .'lO  S.   W.   sill:     \l„ 


s  iiiinry.   il    is  nut   i--(.ntinl. 


riiiil    (IH'.IS)    I!)  Tr.'s.   Civ 


111    40  S.  W.  91; 


A  pp.  2!Mt. 


ns  ,iati..  tl,  -h,'»   ili.il  tlio  si,|«.|ior  hail         It  also  f-i-i-ins.  fo  Ik>  hold  in  ono  of  th, 
Hit'  [H.u,.|-  of  ili-.'liaii;,..      Ilcri'.   liowi'vi-r,    rasi-s.  thiniMli   tbp   la 


lull. 

Ill 


«|«'iial  Tr 


isi.n  is  o|„iati\i.:  fur.  if  the    is  sonn-wliat   i.l.-i'iiri'.  tli.it  tl 
wiTi'   otlnrui-i',    ilin   ina-lcr   would    not  liaMc   iinli'-s  at    tin'  ti 


lili'il  to  fvadi'  IV  |i.,ii-.iliility  liy  the  jury    tlii.    in|nr 

1.  l.T.ilil,' (.\p,.,li,'nt  of  ananL:in;.''tlia't  tin-  iiinli.r    tin' 

|."iM'r  of  disdiar;.'i'  slnmlil   l».   hiil^.,,!   in  cinlmlof  II 
wuie  other    ayenl    tlian    the 


il 


I'f  the  I'oiirt 

i,>  inastrr  jg 

of  till'  in- 


II'    ininii'ilialo    >ii 


I'rvaiit    W.I-    working 


IH'ivi-nin    H 


iiiini,',liat«.    to  ili-eliaiHa     jyi.i*,/ 


o  BiTvant  \Wio  had.  !!; 


iid 


y.  A',  fi 


tt  power 
i.  V.  II  ^^ 


i  f 


Ul 


1471 


MASTKlt  ANU  .SKIIVANl". 


[tllAP.    XXVIII 


r 


I    S  I 


even  in  tliis  sfjito  tlio  niiistor  ciinnDt  rsciipe  lialiility  <>ii  tlio  jiruiimi 
lliat  the  sii|icri<ir  siTViiiit  tlii'Mijih  wlmsc  iiculificnw  in  somling  an 
iiic(.Tii|K'tonl  wiirknian  to  work  witli  tlw  i)laiiitiff  tlic  injurv  was  n- 
(civcd  had  no  jiowor  to  discliarfjc  that  workman.  I'ndcr  sncli  cir 
(Ministanccs  llic  only  essential  qnotioii  is  wiictlicr  tlie  suiMTior  sen 
ant  liad  tiio  ])owcr  to  asr.i<iii  tlio  woikiiian  to  the  dntios  which  he  wii- 
licrt'oniiiiij;.'* 

Indcr  anv  tlicorv  of  tlio  evidential  sifniifi ranee  of  the  power  ot 
liirinir  aixl  dis<'liar,uinji'.  tlie  cliarader  of  tlie  sniierior  servant  as  :i 
vice  piinciiial  will  not  he  taken  away  hy  the  tae.t  that  the  power  can 
I'lJy  he  exerci-ed  siiliject  to  the  approval  <d'  a  higher  otticer."  Nor. 
of  eoiirse,  is  there  any  nxim  for  donht  thiit  the  possession  of  tin- 
power  rcmlers  an  enipli  ycc  a  vii-e  juiin-ipal  as  respects  the  disehar<;c 
of  the  correlative  duly  which  it  imposes  on  him,  of  selectin-j  com 
potent  and  careful  servants.'"  In  this  coniiiction  it  is  worth  noliiii: 
ihat  the  courts,  in  e<iimatinfr  the  sii;niticance  of  the  power  so  tar 
as  it  hears  \ipon  ilie  status  of  a  superior  servant,  have  not  alway- 
heeii  mindful  oi  liie  distinction  which  the  nonassi-rnahle  (pndity  ol 
this  duty  creates  hetween  the  eas.  s  where  the  (piestion  is  whetlici' 
that  duty  has  heen  fulfilled,  and  the  cases  wl.  the  (piestion  i> 
merely  whether  a  superior  servant  shall  he  regarded  as  the  reprt 
seiiiative  of  the  master  for  general  purposes." 

524.  Illustrative  cases. —  In  note  ■_'  are  tahulated,  under  headini.;- 
calciilated  to  facilitate  comparison  with  the  cases  collected  under  tlir 

lidiiiK    (IRSO)    7.'5  Tex.  4.  12  S.  \V.  8:f.');        "Tlip   fir>t   .niiil   iti(i-t    iiiipnrtMiit   quo- 

tliilnsid)!.   II.  •{■  .•*.  .1.  K.  Cu.  V.   Fnriiur  tion    is.    Wlicii    tlic    fiin'iiiiiii    ciiiMiiuunl- 

(ISS'.n    ";!  TcN.  S.').  11   S.  W.   l.")ii.  scciii-^  nm-t  tlip  worliiiiiiii  oln-y  (ir  lie  ili-*('li:uL:i  .1 

to  ilrclnip  thai  the  )M>«rr  of  discliar;.'!'  is  hy   ttm   forctmin   or   h\    sonic  other   mii 

not   a   test   of   vice   |>rinoi|)a|slii|>,  <>xi-i>|)t  Ihoiity  to  whom  tlic  foriinan  may  ii|i"rt 

whin-  tlio  (liitv   of    srlccliii^'   inniiiitcnt  I  lie   act    of   disohcdicnccr      In    sncli    ii-.> 

■'■rvanli   i»   in '(|iicstion.     lint    if  this   is  llicpfri'<t    is  the  same  whctliiT  the  f.)iv 

its   cllVct.    it    is   dearly   conliaiy   to  the  man  (lisehar^ies  the  workman  at   mimc  ..r 

wi'ii.'lil  of  anlhorilv  in  Texas.      '  only  after  roiisnllal  ion  willi  his  own  -u 

'l/i.v.soHii  /'.   I!.' <o.  \.  I'allim    (1804;  |MTior.       In    cither    easi-    the    proeiiiiiia 

Tex.)     21)    S.    W.    '.>'X.    .Mliniiiii^'    (1S'.I4;  eaiisc  of  tlift  diseharp-  is  (lisolieilieme  to 

Tex.  riv.  .^p|>.)   'Jt't  S.  \V.  ;!:i!t.  tlie  fm-eman,  whi<h  is  taken  hy  the  rail 

'  Iiil'  I  iialiitii'il  d   I!.    V.  /.'.  fV).  V.   Hin-  roail    aiitholities   us   disohedieiiee   to   tin' 

lie    (IK'.ll)    82    Tex.    t;2:i.    18    S.    W.    681  piirieipal."    SI.  I.oiiis:  .1.  i(    T.  II.  I!.  To. 

1  foieman  of  paint   shop  could  diseharnc  v.  Ildliiiiin   (181)1)   ."iH  111.  .\pp.  til", 
ililv    with    the    consent    of    the    su|iorin-         '"  See  S  .■)72.  /lo.'.r 

tend  111    of    the    car    depailiiieiit )     Fmt        "Sec.   for  example,  the  aij;iimcnt'<  in 

\\,}rlU  a    I),  r.   /;.  Co.  \.   /V/./s    (18!)4)  Chicniin.    11.    d    (J.    If.    Cu.     v.    Siillinia 

87  Tex.  222.  27   S.  \V.  2.57    (immaterial  I  ISS!!)   27  Neh.  ('>7.!.  4:1  N.  W.  41.>:  //■// 

hv    whom    iKiwer   of   diseliarf.'e    was    con-  rixaii   v.  Ihlmil.   I..  i(    \.   H.   Cu.    (IS'.lOl 

fiTredl  ;     '/.iitl<k    V.    Kli,iis„ii     Mill    Co.  7!l  .Mich.  40'J,  7  L.  U.  A.  lJ2a,  44  N.  W. 

I  1S!I4)   !)  Wash,  .til'i,  :<7  I'ae.  340  (power  1034. 


■d    hv    fo 


iinii    of    mill    lunihcr 


yard,     siilijeel     tu     eaiKiiou    ui     general 
superiiitcndeut). 


5  .-,2»] 


Vl(  K  I'1!1N(  II'.\I.SIIIP--Ti:sl   0|-  I!\\K. 


UT.- 


preceding  subtitle,  tlic  ilocisiiuirs  iilrciuly  ciicd  in  tlio  pro-ont  siilitiiir, 
ns  well  as  otlicrs  in  \\  liicii  the  general  principles  almve  (li-c.n>r-ei|  liave 
been  ap])lieil.  witli  liie  ri'siilt  ut'  inipnsing  liabilitv  on  the  master  lur 
the  acts  of  the  eniplovees  referred  to. 

Some  <d'  the  case>  in  wliieh  daniage>  lui\e  been  reenvered  for  an  in- 
jur}' received  in  obi-ving  the  order  of  a  sniieiiur  to  do  work  ouisidc 
the  scope  of  the  original  emplovinent  liave  the  practical  etfect  of  ex- 
tending the  domain  of  the  superior  servant  doctrine,  under  the>e 
particular  circumsiani'cs,  to  courts  \vllll^e  decisions  have  been  re- 
viewe(l  in  the  preceding  subtitle.  'I'he.-e  cases  stand  in  a  class  of 
their  own,  and  depend  upon  special  eon-itlerationd  which  are  ex- 
plained in  §  4(;."i.  unlc. 

In  another  class  of  cases  a  doctrine  not  ili>tinguishable  from  that 
of  «u])erior  anil  sidiordinale  has  heen  applied  for  the  benetit  of  miu'ir 
employees.  These  decisions  also  turn  ujxin  a  s[iecial  ])rinciple  of  a 
narrow  scope,  tlie  boundaries  of  which  are  not  very  clearly  detiiied 
as  yet,  except  where  the  gravamen  of  the  action  j.;  a  defaidt  in  re- 
spect to  the  duty  of  instruction.  See  chajiler  xvi.,  anti\  in  the 
summary,  chapter  xxx..  jkixI .  are  cited  .some  (ieorgia  eases  illusir;;t- 
itig  the  more  general  pi'inci]>le  that  a  liighei'  degree  of  care  is  owed 
to  minor  employees  than  to  adults,  and  showing  how  this  ])rinciplc 
-ometimes  produces  decisions  wlii(di,  if  the  employee  had  been  of 
full  age,  cmdd  only  be  justified  on  the  theory  that  any  superior  ser\- 
ant  is  a  \  ice  })rincipal. 

In  regard  to  some  of  the  courts  the  writer  iuis  felt  considerable 
doubt  whether  the  decisioiis  should  be  citi'd  in  this  s<'<'tion  or  among 
ihose  r(dating  to  departmental  manager.s  (subil.  F,  infra).  To  avoid 
misunderstaiuling,  it  will  be  projK^r  to  ex))laiii  the  plan  upon  wlii<'li 
these  doubtful  ease^  lia\e  been  <li-lril>ute<l.  '{"he  positicm  of  each 
state  with  respect  to  the  supei'ior  s(M\ant  doctrine  is  assunieil  to  have 
lieen  fixed  by  the  decision  in  which  its  supri'me  court,  when  holding 
a  delincpient  to  be  a  i'e|)resentalive  id'  the  ma:-ter,  has  gone  the  fur- 
diost  down  in  the  scale  of  stipervising  einjiloyees.  Accordingly,  if 
liy  any  decision  which  is  still  in  force,  or  which,  suppo-^ing  the  cnm- 
niiiii  law  to  have  been  superseded  In  a  statute,  was  in  force  up  to  i|i(> 
time  of  the  enactment  of  that  statu  i",  a  court  has  predic:itid  liabilitv 
in  resj)ect  to  acts  done  by  an  employee  of  a  lower  grade  tlan  dr-- 
partmental  vice  principals,  in  the  sense  in  which  that  term  i-;  u<vi\  in 
tlip  best-considered  judgment^,  every  ruling  by  that  court  has  been  in- 
I'luded  in  tbi'  subioined  list,  although  in  many  instances  iIk  delin- 
■;  lent  may  have  been  of  sutiicieiitly  high  rank  to  be  pos-ibly,  or  even 


i>) 


147(i 


MASTKR  AND  SKllVAN T. 


[chap.   XXVIII. 


(MTtainly,  a  dopartmpntnl  i)iiiicipal.  If  such  a  decision  luis  liccn  rcn 
(Irrcd,  iiut  was  discarded,  iiidopeiidontly  of  statiiic.rv  provisions,  no 
rulin<r  in  that  particular  slate  is  hero  mentioned,  and  tii(>  discredited 
decisions  are  noted  under  other  Pu1)titles.  Siicii  an  arran.ijenient  ner 
essarilv  excludes  from  this  section  all  the  Federal  decisions  which  em 
hody  the  superior  servant  doctrine.  These  will  be  finind  reviewed 
in  chapter  xxx.,  post. 

The  ICansas  decisions  are  tabuhited  under  the  present  section,  for 
the  reason  that  the  most  recent  of  them  have  tiniiii-iakahly  commit. e.l 
the  supreme  court  of  that  state  to  tiie  superior  servant  doctrine,  ami 
thus  superseded  iin<'  or  two  rulinjrs  of  a  different,  or  at  least  doid)tf\il. 
tenor  in  the  earlier  volumes  of  the  reports.     See  chapter  xxx.,  //as'. 

The  Geur-^ia  decisions  which  hidd  a  master  to  he  liahle  for  the  m - 
liffence  of  superior  ein])lovees  are  reseiTcd  for  stihtl.  F,  infra.  1  lie 
reasons  for  this  arrangement  will  be  apparent  from  chapter  xxx., 
post,  where  some  cases  are  noted  which  arc  apjiarently,  hut,  as  tlic 
Avriter  conceives,  not  really,  applications  of  the  superior  s<'rvant 
doctrine. 

The  cases  in  Arkansas,  North  Carolina,  and  Louisiana  are  include.! 
in  this  section,  for  the  reason  that  they  predicate  vice  ])rincipaWiip 
as  to  lower  grades  of  employees  than  is  justifiable  under  the  hesr-c..n 
sidered  of  the  decisions  which  turn  upon  the  doctrine  <d'  department:;! 
control.  See  chapter  xxx.,  post.  But  it  has  been  found  conveniem 
to  mention  some  of  the  decisions  in  these  states  under  that  suhtitle 
also  which  relates  to  departmental  managers.      See  5  -'S.'),  infra. 

Virginia  and  West  Virginia,  which  might,  perhaps,  for  some  year- 
have  been  classed  among  the  states  which  applied  that  doctrine,  liavt 
now  abandoned  it  definitely.      See  sununaiy,  chapter  xxx.,  post. 

In  Missouri  a  recent  ca.se*  seems  lo  foresliadow  a  W)ini)lete  cliaii;:i 
of  front  as  regards  the  doctrine  of  .superior  and  siil)onlinate:  but  l'..r 
tlip  present  it  must  be  numbetvd  among  the  states  which  accef)t  tliiit 
doctrine. 

As  to  the  pecidiar  limitation  on  the  superior  servant  doct-ine  wliicli 
prevails  in  Kentucky,  see  the  smnmary  of  the  decisions  in  that  .-tale 
§  .549,  post. 

In  the  list  below,  no  decision  is  mentioned  except  those  in  which  (Ik 
ininry  was  received  bv  a  subordinate  under  tlie  control  uf  the  <leliii 
quent  employee,  for  the  effect  of  the  general  rule  stated  in  §  514  supra 

^arnttia  v.   Kntinan  City,  P.  d  0.  R. 

Co.  ( mno)  i.'is  Mo.  3sn.  4S  T..  Tt.  a.  .mo, 

^5  a.  W.   108.     Bee  eli.apter  xxx.,  post. 


I  524] 


VI(  K  l'l!l\(  I1'.\I.>1IIF'  -TKSl   ()K  HANIC. 


1477 


is  that,  as  to  ]m  rsmis  not  uikIpp  tlicir  cniitiiil.  tlicv  arc  incro  follow 
>orvaiits,  ('.\c(  111  in  so  far  as  tlicv  nuiv  he  d\-  ■\\;iv'iti\ii  .-■unc  nonassii^n- 
able  duty  owed  bv  I  lie  master  to  tlinsc  |iiM>niis. 

For  brevity's  »ake,  imlv  the  (lesiynation  nt'  llie  (]i'lin(]iieiit  eniplfivee 
i-  mentiiiiied,  it  lieinj:  unilerstood  tbat.  ulll■■-^  ntlicrwise  '^tiitcii.  lln' 
ciuplovee  was  held  to  be  a  vice  ]ii'iMci|ial.-      In  ibe  e<iui-l.-i  wbieb  m[)]i1v 


'(a)  flfiii  iiil  iiiiiiKiriiiut  nijriits. — Sep 
llip  ca!<e8  oiliil  iiiiik'r  S§  'rl7.  .).'i7.  imsl, 
iind  also  the  j.'<'mTiil  nipurks  in  suIhI. 
K.  F.  infra,  ns  t(i  tin-  iiHi'riiiiti\<' 
llioirics  hv  wliicli  tlip  ii-iii|>ti(iii  to  IIkm' 
otlioials  of  till-  st:iiii~  (if  thi^  nuisti>r's 
ii^PTits  niiiy  1m'  I'liiuiivisl  to  lii>  sii|i|Kiit<(l. 

(b)  Emplijiii  I  \  ruiihiilliiiii  tin  nvn 
itients  of  train-'i  ichich  lh<ii  ijo  not  fM- 
■list  in  iiperttlinti. — An  ii>«i~linit  siipi  riii- 
tendt'iit  is  a  vice  iiriiHi|);il.  i'liiriniu.  It. 
rf  Q.  R.  Co.  V.  Mrl.„ll,i,  (IHTD)  84  11!. 
Iflil.  Held  to  Ix!  ii(!.'li;:i  lit  in  urdcrin^;  a 
frcij;lit  train  foiuard  willidiit  niakiii<.' 
it  ci-rtain  that  a  pai'^ciiycr  tr.iiii  tiavi'l 
inj!  in  tlio  oppo-iti-  diic<ii(in  had  an 
iirilor  «hich  ((HiM  in  -inric  Mianiii'r  re- 
-train  its  s|m'c<I  and  rcjiuhitc  its  niovi-- 
Miints  ^o  as  to  ynanl  with  ciTtainly 
against  collision. 

fndcr  this  ruh"  in  Trnms^tH!  a  tele 
urapli  oppi'ator  at  a  wav  station,  who 
Ims  no  conlrid  of  cir  cupikm  tinn  with  tlir 
ninnlnR  of  railway  trains,  except  as  a 
inodiuiti  tlinm^ih  whi<h  ordirs  from  tin- 
-iipcrintcndrnfs  olllci'  are  cnniiniinii  ated 
III  servants  (if  the  r<iin|>any  in  eliar;;e  of 
its  trains,  i-  not  the  filhiu  Movant  iif  a 
Irain  (•(mdiictdr.  H<isl  'I'l  ,iii<  sxcr,  V.  tf 
';.  n.  Co.  V.  Ilr  .\rnii,ii,l  (  1  SH7  )  8fi  Tenn. 
:.!.  5  S.  W.  (iOO  (-aid  to  he  the  cm 
iliietor's  superior  as  a  ludper  of  the 
>uperinten(Ient ;  aecideid  was  caii-i'd 
li.v  omission  of  the  operator  to  display  a 
sitTial  to  s1(i|i  an  expceted  train,  the  re 
Milt  heiny  a  cidlision) . 

In  tl'(.s/  riiini/io  iilnrt  If.  Co.  v. 
Ihri/rr  (IHIMI  57  111.  App.  440.  it  was 
liclil  that.  (Ill  the  evideiiee,  the  "slarter" 
of  a  street  railwa.v  eonipany  was  jnciiahl.v 
a  >ii|ieri(ir  sei  vant  I  plaint  ill' ordereil  into 
po>iii(in  where  hi-  was  iiijiired  (iwiiij;  to 
urip  niaohiiiirv  heinj;  out  of  order). 

-V  railroad  eonipaiiy  is  liahle  to  a  see 
linn  hand  for  injuries  reeeivid  liv  a  car 
iiIHin  which  he  is  riiiiiifj  in  the  dlscliar}.'o 
iif  Ills  duty  coining;  in  ceiilact  willi  a  car 
U|x.ii  a  siiie  track.  iie;;li;;ciil  ly  lilt  liy  the 
•'till inn  a^'cnt  having;  c(.nlnil  <il'  such 
tiMok  n  such  a  positidu  that  a  collisiun 
was  liievitalde.  SI.  I.uiiis.  I.  ,(■  '/'.  //.  A'. 
(u.  \.   Itii/.is    ilMlMi    .-..i    111.   .\pp.  r).-|0. 

{cj    Emploijcia   in   mtilrul  of   riiilnay 


Iriiiiiy. —  ]l<i{ir    V.     lUiiiuiH     C.     l{.     Cn. 
ilsii'.l)    177    III.   .-,!ll     .Vi    .\.   K.   S4S.   .\f 
firniinjr   (IS'.i.M   i;.'.   111.  .\pp.  r,:i\    i  here, 
however,     leo.veiy     was    denied    iin     the 
;;ii'iind   that   the  nciiliueiil    act    wa-   iiiiu 
olliiial.      See  SS   ."i4:!.  .Mt.   /kv/ )  ;    l/.,/,i/, 
<(•   O.   H.   To.   V.   Iloilfi.ii    (1S!I.')|    l.-).->    111. 
78.  .in  \.   K.  r,'Mt   I  here  held   nut    to  he  a 
vice     principal     for    all     purposes.       Sn- 
chapter  NXIN.,  //K.sM  :    11  <(//,■•  r  v.  Hillrtt 
ilsuHi    T)'.)    Kan.    -JU.   r>2    Pac.    412    icar 
driieii    wilhiiiit    wariilriu'    auaiii-1    a    -ta- 
lionary    one    the    cnuplin;;    iif    which     a 
hril.i-iiian    was    exai.ihiiii'j  i  :     l.mrsiilh 
•f-    \.   />'.  Co.  V.   /;-W,i„v„»    ,  |s;>|)    K!   Ky. 
I..  I!ep.  lii:!.   Ill  .S.  \\  .  707    leondudor  in 
failiii!,'  to  mitify  a  hrakcnian  that  a  car 
had    lieen    rerulcred   daiiL'crous   to  ciiuple 
hy    reason  of  the   slippln;;  of   IuiiiIht  on 
it.  at  Ihe  time  he  sent  him  to  make  such 
coupling;,  when   he  knew    of  -ncli  dan.ircr. 
wa-  ^•uilty  of  wilful  neL;li;;encel  ;   l.niiis 
rill,    d-    V.    /,'.    To.    V.    ,!/■"„■,■    (IsSii)    S:! 
Ky.    Ii7.')     Icondiiclor    alloucd    inexperi 
enccd  lireniaii  to  operat"  an  en'.;iTie  while 
plaint  ill'  was  ciiuplin'.;  i  :    l.'.'iixriUr  A   \. 
It.  (•(,.   V.   ]lilrl,,ll    I  HSSI    S7   Ky.  327,  8 
S.   \V.    7iii'i    (vice   principal-hip  a"iiiiicd 
in  arf.'uinciil  1  ;   \ir/,'il    \  <  c  \  d-    1/.    \iil 
Irti  Cii.  v.  n^til-.il    ils'.KIi    !i|    Kv.  4-.'.    i; 
S.  \V.  !l."iS    ic.i.ducli.r  tailid   to'-lnp  the 
icar  se(  t  ion  oi  a  iunl.en  train,  the  re-ull 
heini.'  that   tile   pl.iintill'.  a  lirakennin  on 
the  forw  ml  -eclion,  was  killed  hy  a  eol- 
li-ion    of    the    two    scctjoti-i  :    llrnr    v. 
I.imixiiUc  iC    v.    It.   fn.    (isii:!)    i\\    Kv. 
lliM,  21  S.  W.  C.-llt   (spc.l  d.ini;eiou-iy  iii 
creased  while  luakeniau  w.is  atlemplin^' 
to    uncouple    two    cars    from    a     iiioviir,' 
train;  luakeman  lo-t  his  fiiolin^'  and  fell 
under  the  cars)  ;   i'im  iininli.   V.  O.  d-  '/'. 
f.  It.  Co.  V.  I'aliiiir   (ISll.l)    118  Kv.  :iS2. 
."?,■!    S.    W.    l!i!l     leharye    held    cn'uneoiis 
which  allowed  jury  to  find  lor  tli,'.  plain 
tiir  in   the  ease  of  indiiiarv   ni'.;liLf'nce; 
see   summary   of   Kentucky   dcci-ions   in 
fhaplcr   .\xx.,   ;io.vO  ;    .Vi/'//'//7    Vurs  rf 
.1/.    \  all,  II  It.  Vo.   V.   Cinnll    ( isnr.'i    17 
Ky,    I..    I!cp.  :i74.  :!l    S,   W.    i:!2    (minor 
injured  in  (>ouplin;r  c;irs  under  orders  of 
oonducliirl;    ].,.iily,ill,-  t(-    .V.    It.   Co.    v. 
M  ,ill,,i!il,,rH  (ls!i:!i    1.-,  Ky.  I,.  !;,.[,.  170, 
22  S.   W  .  439    ^lorelllan  of  coMstiuctiuit 


-4!-:^ 

J^ 

3.:. 


1478 


JIASIKR  AND  S1;KVANT. 


[(MAP.    XXVIII 


ll.^ 


H' 


h 


train  nrdorod  n  tr;iin  tn  iiidvc  IkkU  wl'ilc 
a  switoliinan  was  couiiliii;;,  willioiil  «.ii, 
inp  f<ir  .1  .■.i;;tnil  from  tlw  hittcri  ;  <7<.i/. 
V.  riiiiihi-s  I  IH'.IT)  ni  N<-1>.  TSii,  71  N.  W. 
77(;  l>i;.'ii:il<(l  til  li:U'k  «ir<  wliili-  liiakc- 
man  was  rouiiliii;.'!  ;  Musun  v.  Hirliinuinl 
<«•  />.  /.'.  r<,,  I  liiyi  III  \.  f.  isj.  IS  I,. 
R.  A.  S-l.-.,  in  S.  K.  <i!IS  ils'U)  114  X. 
C.  71S.  1!)  S.  E.  ;i(li  I  I)ImImm.,iii  olirvrd 
orilcr  111  cduiilr  witli  liis  liaml-  «  Ih'Ii  Hh' 
si  ilk  ri-i|iiiic(l  liy  tlic  rules  iiiuvi-.i  iiiif 
Irrtivf:  lii-n-  nil-  aidi.il  |iiiiiit  ilniiliil 
was  that  tlm  braUi'iiiaii  was  iiol  iii"j!ij.'i-iit 
in  ciimiilviiiH  with  thr  ihiIit)  ;  Slmitil  v. 
(Uiiniiit.'f.  if  \.  /.'.  Co.  (Hli.-,)  UV,  N. 
C.  (Ii;s.  21  S.  E,  f).")!  (foniliiil'M-  |iii'iiia- 
tuii'lv  iiiiliicil  iiiiivriiH'iit  <if  rar-.  with- 
out asicilaiiiing  wlirtlur  riiupliii^'  was 
coniplrti' ;  same  |iiiiiit  as  in  hi^t  ra-i'i: 
Plinrll  V.  SuKlli'VII  If.  (•<,.  (IS'.iili  11!) 
X.  r.  72S.  21!  S,  E.  I  til  (suilihii  ~lartin^' 
of  train  threw  hrakeman  to  tlie  i;tiiiinil)  : 
UuUum  V.  S(,iilh,ni  A".  «'.,.  (llMMli  127 
N.  C.  255.  37  S.  K.  2(i2   (uiilereil  lir.ilM-- 

man  to  ;.'et  a  stm ml  seulih  a  inlliii;: 

car  at  ni^'ht)  ;  l.illlr  Minmi  It.  ('".  v. 
fitevens  11851)  20  Ohio,  -tl5  len-ineer 
was  injurisl  in  a  colli-ion  result  in;:  from 
the  omission  of  the  loinhntor  ti«  <>li-iive 
his  time  earil )  :  Cl<  c  Imiil.  C.  it  ('.  U.  <'i>. 
V.  Kiiii!)  (1S54)  :!  Ohio  St.  2ill  (-imilar 
accident)  :  I.nl.r  Sliarr  it-  !/.  S.  It.  Co.  v. 
SpangIrr  (ISSCn  44  Ohio  St.  471.  5S  .\m. 
Rep. '  S.'i.'l.  8  X.  E.  4(17  (a-sniiieil  in 
opinion)  Liil.t  Slmif  it  M.  S.  It.  I'u. 
V.  Kn'tlol  (1S7H)  .1:?  Oliio  St.  4(1S  (Hy 
ing  switch  ne^'li^iently  ni:iile)  :  ///ino/.s- 
C.  R.  Co.  V.  S/)i  HIT  (1'H!i:!i  n:i  Tmn.  173. 
23  S.  \V.  211  (eolli-iou  laii-nl  liy  eon- 
ductor's  allowing  freii;ht  train  ti>  pi^s  a 
certain  station  in  violatiiin  of  tlie  tinie- 
oard  rules  injured  liremani:  Oitiiislmn- 
V.  Vloh  if  .Y.  A'.  r„.  (|,SSli»  0  Itah.  l.!2 
(neglip'iit  loailiii;;  of  lar;  piece  of  tiiii 
ber  fell  on  brakinian  i .  Si  e  aNo  T.oui-i- 
ana  cases  citiil  in  S  535.  note  1,  suhd. 
(h),  infra. 

Upon  prinei)>le  the  lialiility  of  the 
conn)any  in  the  eaM'  of  ennilm  tor-  of 
const  ruction  or  work  trains  woull  al-n 
seem  to  be  imlisputahle  uiulir  tlie  -u- 
perior  servant  doctrine,  but  tlie  authori- 
ties are  conflicting. 

The  servant  was  allow. il  to  niover  in 
Chicnrjo.  St.  P.  M.  if-  <).  It.  I'll.  V.  l.uitd- 
atriim  (1884)  10  Xili.  254.  4!l  Am.  I!i|>. 
718.  20  X.  \V  IMS  (eoiiiluctor  of  con- 
struction train  .sent  a  laborer  into  a  cut 
when  a  train  was  known  to  be  due)  ; 
Ihirlinqtun  if  If.  Itinr  It.  Co.  v.  rntrLcIt 
(ISSCi)  lit  Neb.  138.  2ti  X.  \V.  it21  (eon- 
(luitor  of  gravel  train  nei^lei  led  I«>  >ta- 
tiuu  a  «.itcbman  to  give  notice  of  danger 


fioni  a  hank  caving  in.  ami  tin-  nmi' i 
lio-s  of  the  tiain  wa^  killed  by  an  earlli 
-lidel  ;  l.uins:  illr  ,t-  A.  A*.  Co.  V.  Ihui 
/.uis  (ISII'I)  21  Ky.  I..  1!-|>.  354.  51  s 
W.  42ii  I  eoiiduitur  of  ^.Tavel  train  \i  - 
nei'liuent  in  -iLiii.iliiiu'  for  the  moveini-ii' 
of  a  train  I  ;  Millri  v.  l/issoiici  /'.  A'.  ('•■ 
(iHltl)  |()!»  Mo,  3511.  I!)  S.  W.  58  ( i-on 
duetor  of  mat.  ri.il  tr.iin  without  w.irii 
inv  ;;.iM'  si;..n.il  to  start  train,  the  re-nl' 
being  that  a  laborer  who  was  -te|.piij 
friiTii  one  cai-  to  another  was  jerki-.!  M' 
ami  inn  over:  see,  houiMT.  sununary  ..i 
Mi--iairi  csi-is  in  chipter  x\x..  p'.  '  : 
Dohbiii  V.  Iti'ln.ininld  n.  It.  i'<i.  (!s7'i> 
81  X.  C.  4  Hi,  :!l  ,\ni.  Il'.p.  512  (injury 
caused  by  fall  of  LUavel  li.irik)  :  riiii'i.i^.. 
If.  it-  Q.  It.  To.  V,  /(/.!»/.■  (1SS7)  21  ill. 
,\pp,  138  (eombietor  of  gravel  trii'i 
ordered  air  lir,iki-s  tn  be  -et  suddiiil). 
tbeiiliy  causing  a  jerk  whieh  threw  i 
lain  rer  oil',  'lliis  ease  dor-  not  refer  1. 
the   Illinni-  d"ii-ions.  ih/z/m, 

I'ut  such  eomlurlor-  weie  held  to  I-- 
mere  fellow  -ervaiits  of  their  s\itinidi 
nates  in  .{!,■  ml  v.  T' in  Ihnitt  ,(■  I.  I! 
Co.  (ISSI)  111  III,  202.  53  .\iii.  l!.-p  i;ii; 
(collision  caused  by  the  ne;,;ligeiiie  <| 
the  conduetor  of  a  wrecking  tr.iin  in 
di>re;;aiding  his  runniii;;  ordersi:  l-'.^l 
lowed  in  cinrinio  if  .1,  A".  Co.  V,  l/l/),.i 
aid  (1SS7)  21  ill.  .\]<]>.  40!t.  Distin-ni-l 
in;;  the  Itoxs  Cnsi  and  other  ea-i-  i-i 
eomliietors  of  re;;ular  trains;  eollj-iiii 
eaii-ed  by  disreijaid  of  running  re;jiili 
iion.-i;  said  to  be  'acting  under  -|K.i  1 
order  at  all  times  in  the  movement  <•! 
bis  train"  I, 

Under  the  Texas  rule  (5  .523.  xunn, 
a  conduitor.  not  bein;;  in\e-1eil  willi  tlir 
power  of  di-iliari;e.  is  a  mere  eo.ei\.ini 
of  the  othei-  trainm.n,  Ctnniih,  II  v.  ('..•/, 
(181(4)  .SCi  Tex,  1130,  20  S.  W.  4Sr,  i  n. - 
ligent  niaua;;iiiiin1  of  ears  while  hr.ik.- 
uian  was  coupling  I , 

Ti>  cuipbni'i's  whose  ser\  i.es  a  cni) 
duetor  is  authorized  to  command  temp" 
rarily  he  Ihmis  the  same  relation  a-  t" 
emplo.vees  re',:ularly  under  his  eniHiil. 
so  fat-  as  the  lialiilil,\  of  the  eoii.pni' 
under  this  duel  tine  is  lonieriie.l.  A'."  ' 
I.oui.'ii  illr  a-  v.  A'.  Co.  (1SS7I  fi  Ky,  1, 
l?cp.  3H7.  4  S.  W.  7!Mi  (train  -laM-l 
without   warning  injured  car  repairers 

.\n  engineer,  tliough  not  a  viee  prin 
cipal  (except,  linde!  -olile  eilenni-t,lll<  i-, 
in   Kentuiky;    -<■••   §    51  (.    v//pc(i )    wldi.' 

he  is  act  in;;  under  a  i-onduitor.  bee. s. 

accordiii'.'  to  some  deei-ion-.  a  vice  prin- 
cipal when  he  is  in  I'larL'e  of  a  train. 
En.it  7'on/ov'C  if  11,  y.  C.  R.  C;.  v, 
r.,tli,;.s  ilSSCii  «5  TriK!.  227.  !  ^.  "'. 
883     (airs    negligently    backed    again-t 


i24] 


VICK  l'l!l\(  II'AKSIIIP-TKST  OK  n.\NK. 


147!) 


each  other)  ;   Cnulrs  v.   Richmond  rf  D. 

R.  Co.  ( 18S1 )  S4  X.  r.  MV.K  37  Am.  Rep. 

•120    (but   case   really   turned   on    pnived 

neplit'pnoe   (if  delenclnnt    as   tii  defi'etive 

;ip[>liiinces)  ;     Minus    v.    furdUiin    r     l{ 

I'd.   (1900)    12tl  X.  C.  424.  :!.->  S.  K.  S1.1, 

Kormer  AppeaU    (1808)    122  X.  ('    !)!)0. 

29  S.   E.   9:)9    (189!))     124     \.    C.    -)74. 

45  I..   R.   A.    184.   .12   S.    K.    ntilt.     He   is 

llierefore  a   vice   prineipiil   after  lie   lias    l.uiiisrillr  ,(■    V.   It.  Co.  v,   llinxl 

taken  chnrRe  of  the  forward  .-ieetion  of    14  Ky.  1..  liep.  (i,'}2,  20  S.  W.  SI7 

a  train  which   has  separated,   where   it   t'cmv  pi  i  sr  so  to  stjitiuti  liiiiKelt' 

is  his  duty  to  do  so  under  the  rule:<  of    lie  knows  (liat   a  nieinlier  of  the  ir 


iiilicance  of  the  power  or  want  of  pnuer 
to  disehar^.'e). 

.\  I'meiiian  of  one  of  several  »«  itcliiiii; 
cre.s.     AiniHtrnini  v.  (Iriiimi  Shurl   I  i  .:■ 

it  I  .  \.  H.  Co.  ('iS!i:t)  s  I  imIi.  jjo.  :;.: 
Par.  (!9;t  ( I'ar*  lia<-kid  vicdeiiily  .i;.  'i:,- 
line  which  one  of  llic  -iwililiiiicM  w  ■  • 
i<ai|dinv  '"  the  iii;.'liltiniel . 

.\     foreman     of     a     <«  itiliiiii;     (i.w 

I  ii.-MJi 


the  company.  LouiaiUIr  it  .V.  R.  Co.  v. 
\lartin  (1889)  87  Tenn.  ,398.  3  L.  R.  .\. 
282,  10  S.  W.  772  (here  held,  however. 
to  be  a  mere  fellow  servant  of  hrakeinan. 
;is  he  had  not  actually  taken  cliarge)  ; 
\'rwport  Neica  d  M.  Valley  Co.  v. 
Howe   (1802)    3  C.  C.   A.   12l".  6  U.  S. 

App.  172,  52  Fed.  302  (assumed  in  of  wliicli  siip[Mirled  some  planks  proji'd 
■  p|)lnion;  but  such  a  doctrine  is  hardly  in;;  over  the  end  of  a  push  car  lieinj;  re- 
law  in  Federal  court.s  since  the  Raugh   moved  hy  the  foreman's  orders :  t  lie  push 

r  was  tilteil  up  and  thrust  onward  so 
the     plaiiiliir's     iiitestato 


lliat 
iH'lwwn  the  ears  attempting.'  to  iiindiipli- 
tlicni.  that  si^niiils  of  dan;.'er  can  lie  ;;l\i-n 
liy  him  t;;  the  en'.'iiiifr  only  tliroii;.'li  the 
lireman  of  the  en^'ine). 

The  foreman  of  a  railway  lumlicr 
yard.  rhUinin  rf  .4.  R.  Co.  v.  \liiy 
(I8S4)    108   111.  288    (a   car  the  Imniper 


''lie;  sec  §  a^'i,  hifrii. 
The  decisions  as  to  conductors  in  South 
I  iirolina.  Virjiinia.  West  Virffinia.  and 
the  Federal  court.s  will  be  noticed  in 
-nlid.  K.  i:ifni.  and  chapter  xxx..  /tost. 
(d)  Suprrvisiiin  •mploinis  in  rniliraif 
I'liril.i  anil  i1i'pol.<<. — .\  yardniaster  hav- 
ing' charfji-  of  makiiifnip  trains,  handlinj; 
lars  in  the  yard,  and  liaving  control  ot 
ill.'  switchmen.  Ri  nfro  v.  Chiriiifo.  R.  I. 
.(  /'.  R.  Co.   (  188"))   8(i  Mo.  3('2iian  cars 


was  tilteil 
■IS    to    criisli 

a^raiiist  the  other  car).  .\n  oll'n  i:il  simi- 
larly described  was  licld  to  tie  a  ilepart- 
inental  manajriT.  in  Hiililirin  v.  .S7.  I.oiiii, 
K.  «f  .V.  W.  R.  Co.  (IS88)  75  Iowa,  297. 
•i!)  X.  \V.  ,->07. 

.\  foreman  of  car  repairers.  Ifiinnilml 
.1-  St.  ./.  R.  Co.  ".  Fox  (I8S4)  31  Kan. 
•'i8li.  3  I'ac.  .■i20  Ifaileil  to  protect  suli 
ordinate  from    niovinj;  cars):    Mnorr 


y.iinat   the   car    whicli    injuriKl    servant    W'libn.ili.  .S7.   /,.   cf   /'.   A*.  Co.    (ISS 


was  repairing;)  ;  Tniilor  v.  Mirotoiiri  I'. 
/,'.  Co.  11891;  Mo.)' 10  S.  \V.  200  i  ini- 
|iriivis<'d  a  ("Mplini;  by  the  u>e  of  a  piece 
"f  a  brakebeam  rod.  and  inserted  it  in 
Mich  a  manner  that  it  fell  out  when  the 
lars  were  in  niotinn):  ('hirniin.  R.  I. 
A  P.  R.  Co.  V.  Toiihii  I  18H7)  20  lil.  App. 
••il  (but  iii'SftlL'cnci?  was  held  to  be  iion- 
iilficial  here)  ;  Xorriti  v.  Illiiniijt  (\  R. 
'0,  (1899)  88  111.  App.  014  (nenli;;ence 
iis  to  order  not  to  put  out  a  si^rnal 
laiised  collision) . 

-An  assistant  vardniaster.  (Innillc  v. 
\linncap<tlis  tt  'Ht.  h.  R.  Co.  (1882)  3 
McCrary,  3o2.  10  Fed.  711  (in  ihar^'c 
til  jurj':  b\tt  this  case  is  no  lonper  law 
Mniler  the  more  recent  decisions  of  tile 
-iiprcnie  court  denyinj;  vice  princi|>alsliip 
111  any  lower  frrade  than  heads  of  depart- 
iiiints;  see  suhd.  F.  infnn. 

Anight  yard  master  with  jxiwcr  to  dis- 
c'li:ir;ri'  switchmen.  Trxox  A  I'.  R.  Co. 
V.  Uird  (1895)  88  Tex.  439.  31  S.  W. 
lO.iS, 

.\  yard  foreman.  San  .\ntonio  rf  .4. 
P.  R.  Cn.  V.  RriinoliU  (1895;  Tex.  Civ. 
■App.)    30   S.   \V.   810    (charge  en-nneoiis 


il     8,') 


which  failed  to  state  difTerentiating  sig    servant,  and  not  a  vice  principa 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  .S.— 12.  ^ 


.\Io.  588  I  same  bie.ich  of  duty)  :  Rrnfro 
V.  Chiriiiio.  R.  I.  if  /'.  /,'.  f'„.'  (ISS.-i)  .SO 
Mo.  .302  (same  Iireach  of  dutvi;  .S7. 
f.oiii.i.  .1.  rf  r.  n.  R.  Co.  V.  Ilohnnn 
I1H94)  .53  i:  ,  App.  017  (allowetl  car 
under  repair  to  stand  where  it  was  so 
cl.ise  to  an  adjoiniii;;.'  track  that  a  car 
moving'  thereon  struck  it);  Sttiil;r  v. 
Orliiinx  R.  Co.  (ISHM  .-,0  l.a.  .\mi.  )>*•<. 
23  So.  342  (faihsl  to  secure  a  servant 
repairiii;;  ii  car  airaiiist  the  approach  of 
other  cars  I  ;  l.nl.r  .s-/,,,,-,.  ,f  \l.  s.  R,  Cn. 
V.  I.ninllrii  (  Hsril  30  Ohio  St.  221  (car 
allowisl  to  St  like  tlie  one  iiliiler  wliiih 
the  plaintiir  was  wnrkiii:;!. 

.\  car  repairer  ilc|inteil  by  the  master 
workman  to  instruct  as  to  his  duties  the 
fdaintiir.  a  new  emplnyce  who  \\a~  to 
take  his  place.  Chintqh,  /?.  rf  Q.  /,'.  fv,. 
V.  Sullivan  i  18891  27  Xeb.  079,  43  \".  \V 
415  (faihil  to  protect  new  emiiloyce 
against  moving  cars). 

Oil  the  other  hand  a  "bos.s  wifK-r"  who 
is  the  foreman  of  a  gang  of  wipers  em- 
ployed by  a  railroad  company  to  wi|ie 
its  locomotives,  and  directs  them  wlieri 
(n  work  and  what  to  do.  is  tlu-ir  feilciw 

I.    Kuux 


If 


U80 


MASTKR  AM)  SKU\  ANT. 


[CIIAH.    XXVIII 


lr\- 


rFi 


't- 


T.  Siiulhirn  l{.  I  u.  (  18n«i  101  Tcnn.  .IT.'). 
J"  S.  \V.  4!H  I  wiper  injiinvl  l)y  en);in« 
iiiiiviil  iinJiT  tlic  orilcrs  ut  tlie  fon-inuii ; 
this  cnsc  -o(»iiiH  to  indipate  sxinc  ihan^'f 
of  vit'w  in  this  «tal<r  a*  to  the  srupe  of 
the  sii|xTiiir  -i-rvant  (luftiiiie;  siv  «uiii- 
iimry  of  ilniiions  in  ciiapter  xxx..  piiit). 
Tlie  fi)ri-iiian  of  an  i-h-itrii-  raiUiay 
fi>iii|>iiny  at  its  car  shcil  is  a  vitf  [irin 
cipal.  \ti  iriipiililiin  Wmt  Hitli  Hliv.  U. 
Co.  V.  Shda  { UtOOl  183  ;il.  454.  50  \.  K. 
171  (ran  iar<  himself  on  to  the  re|»air 
traek.  and  injured  a  re[Mirer). 

(e)  Kfnf)liitirffi  aufn  ri'isinif  th*-  tuudinii 
iif  rniliiiiii  nun. — .\  fdii'iiian  in  charjie 
of  ganji  loading  or  unloading  oars,  and 
j^ivinj^  orders  as  to  the  manner  of  un- 
loadini'.  Hirjiiins  v.  ]lissi,uri  I'.  H.  Cu. 
I  1800)  43  Mo.  App.  ."147  (failure  to  fur- 
nish chain  to  prevent  tipping'  of  ear); 
Vrorlitr  v.  MiK.wii:i,  h.  »t  T.  H.  Co. 
(ISltO)  42  .Mo.  App.  |-.;4  (foreman  with- 
out warning  ordered  workmen  to  throw- 
to  the  <;vniiiid  a  rail  wliieh  plaiiiliir  was 
helpinj;  to  raise  to  the  side  of  a  ear  to 
serve  as  a  skid,  and  whieh  he  supposed 
wnf  ahout  to  be  placed  as  other  rails 
liau  been  t . 

(f)  F.mployer.K  supervixing  track  imrk 
<in  riiUniuis. — The  general  road  master 
of  a  lini'.  //((/,!  V.  SI.  I.iiiiis.  K.  tf  V. 
11'.  H.  Co.  ll8Sr>)  8H  Mo.  aHO.  Heveisin^' 
(1.S.S2)  11  Mo.  .\pp.  574  (road  master 
carelessly  };ave  a  wroii};  sifjiial  to  en 
^rineer.  the  result  being  that  he  starli-d 
his  engine  :n  tin-  wrong  <liieetiiin,  and 
drew  a  ear  fnim  under  the  vMeiked  lar. 
allowing  it  to  fall  on  plaintiff,  a  lal urer. 

.\  ro;id  master.  Sloililnrd  v.  St.  Louis. 
K.  ('.  cf  \.  I{.  Co  (1877)  (••■'.  Mo.  514 
(failure  to  employ  another  man  where 
force  was  in,,  leiiuate;  possibly  decided 
rather  i>n  (iie  gronnil  of  a  breach  of  a 
non-delcgalile  duty  than  under  the  su- 
|H'rior  s(  rvani  doctrine)  ;  t'oxti  r  v.  Ifi.v- 
.louri  /'.  It.  Co.  i;S93)  115  Mo.  1(15,  21 
S.  W.  !i!(l  (-4'ctioii  man  injun-<l  by  a  rail 
Ihviiwti  on  til  the  car  where  he  was  by 
the  orders  i,f  the  rirad  master)  :  77ioi;,/i 
KOn  V.  Chiraq,,.  If.  cf  Ht.  P.  R.  Co.  ( ISS.")) 
5  >fcCrai.v.  .■)42.  18  F«l.  Kep.  239  (as 
sumed  in  charge  to  jury;  not  law  under 
recent  supreme  court  decisions;  question 
was  whether  the  failure  to  protect  labor 
ers  from  a  bank  which  fell  was  due  to  :, 
want  of  care) . 

A  divi-^ion  road  master.  lironnimi  v. 
Wahnssh  Western  U.  Co.  (1894)  124  Mn. 
55,  24  S.  W.  731.  27  S.  \V.  644  (removal 
of  brake  staff  caused  engineer's  death)  : 

As  to  Ruins  V.  .S7.  /.hh/.s.  /.  .1/.  rf  .S.  It. 
Co.  (1879)  71  Mo.  1114,  :t(!  Am.  Rep 
459    (brakeman   killetl   by   low   overhead 


bridgei,  which  denii-s  that  a  rond  niastci 
is  a  vice  principal,  se<i  chapter  xxx.. 
post. 

.\     -cclioii     lioss     or     track     foreman 
chiittuiiooiiti   lUritric  It.  Co.  v.  Lanr.^., 
I  1H9SI     1()1     lenn.    400,    47    S.    U.     Is  i 
(ordered  to  board  a  moving  ear;  held  In 
be  an  iillii'lal  act,  iu>  it  was  >!iine  in  tin 
ilisihariie  of  his  function  <if  .  untrnlliii:.' 
the  car-i  :  'i''/)i)i  v,  Snshrilli:  ('.  if  SI.  I 
H.  Co.   ilSliHi    101   Tenn.  :iHO.  47  S.  W 
49:i  inonoHici.il  negligence  in  this  ea-e 
Illinois   C.    It.    Co.    V,    lloltoii    I  1897 1    :<■• 
Tenn.   273.   41    f*.   W .    442    ( e.\cept   wlnii 
I'ligagcd     in    manual     labor,    us    in    tlii- 
casei  ;   l.ouisrilli    rf    V.  It.  Co.  V.  Itmrh  r 
I  1872)  9  Heisk.  Slid  mature  of  negli^iiii 
act  nut  stated  I  :  Schnmh  r  v.  Cliicuiio  a 
I.  It.  Co.    (1891)    lOH   Mo.  .322,  18  1..  I;. 
A.  827,   18  S.  \\.    1094    (laborer  injur.. I 
by   a   hand  car   wliich    his  struck  bx    ,i 
train    while    the    section    gang    were   .ii 
templing  to  get  it  oil'  the  track )  ;  .\lclh  i 
mott  V.  Ilmiiiihal  it  St.  ./.  K.  Co.  dSS.",! 
87    Mo.   285    (same    facts);    Stiphiiis   \. 
Il<i„nil,(il  d  .S7.  ./.  /.'.  Co.  (1885)   80  .\li. 
221,  Second  Appeiil    (18881    9fi  Mo.  2(17. 
9  S.  W.  .■)89  ( lalwirer  injured  in  compl\ 
iiig   with   .in  order  to  get  a   large  sii.i,.. 
nil'  the  track  when  a  train  was  apprmii  h 
ing)  ;    Itiiss   V.    Wuhiish    Wislirn    It.  C". 
(  1892)     112    Mo.    4,-).    18    1..    It.    .\.    S2.1. 
20  S.  \V.  472   (water  keg  rolhil  oil  li.iicl 
.ar,   owing   to   careli-sness    of    fiuenniii. 
who  had   used   it    for  a   while  a-  a  simI 
.ind   then    jiimpi'il    up   and    Ictt    it    iiii-i 
cured  I  ;    Itoirltintl   V.    1/ i'-ss-dm/-/    /'.   It.  I'". 
(l8.S(ii      20     .Mo.     App.     4(i:i      las>iiii.l 
laborer  that  the  en<l  nf  ,\   rail   about    i.. 
be  thri  wn  on  a  car  wti-  Irce:   nut   bcin^ 
so  it  rebounded  .tiiil  -truck  tlie  iaboni  i  ; 
Cloinrs  V.    \Vab<isli,  St.  h.  A   I'.   It.  Ti. 
(  18811)  21  .Mo.  .\pp.  213  (foreman  kimw 
ing  hand  air  was  <lefccti\e  failed  to  re 
iK>it    it):    Hmil.s  \.    WhIkisIi    Wrslnn  /.'. 
Co.    iis;i0)    40   Mil.  .\pp.  45H    i  liaiiil  ciir 
allowed  to  bei-imic  uiis;ife)  ;   Ih  rriimni  v 
Chiniiio  if-    I.  It.  Cu.    I  iS87l   27  Mo.  Aiip 
435   (rail  wliicli  plaintitT  was  oiiicred  ti' 
reiiiove  fiiim  thi'  track  caught  under  an 
oilier    rail    and    (tew    back    and    struck 
plaiiitilf:   foreman  nut  a-sistingi  ;  Chvi 
hiiK.ili     V.     Kansas    Cili/.    Ft.    S.    it-     1/. 
It.    Co.    (1894)    .50    Mo.    App.    0,30    dim. 
gcKius  metliiid  of  loading  ties  on  cat 
II,', son  V.  Missouri  I'.  It.  Co.    (1892' 
.Mo.    .\pp.    300    (injury    caused    by    |i  i.- 
man's  use  of  pick)  :    l.oiiisi  illi    if    V.  /.'. 
Co.  V.  liass  I  18117)    19  Ky.  I..  l!ip.  1474. 
43  S.  \V.  403  (  ni'gligcni'e  in  maTiaL'cnn'iit 
of  hand  ear  not  -liowii  i  ;   fhiin'iu  it-    I 
/.'.  fri.   V    Coltz    (1897)    71    111.   App.  414 
I  injur}'    received    in    opeiatioii   of    liand 


.--4] 


VICE  PRIM  ll'.\l>IIIP— TRSl  OF  RANK. 


1481 


r.ii:  (liTi.'il  to  l)p  ricfjliMfnt  in  this  in- 
r-tiinot'i  ;  i'iiiviiiiti.  SI.  /,.  a  r.  If.  Co.  V. 
(,/..«s  (ls>!i|  :(,-  111.  ,\>.,).  ITS.  Alliiiiuil 
ill    ilH!i(ii     l.Ti    111.    ;i7,   :i4    \.    K.   Sii.'l 

;.'a\<'  IK.  WMniiiij;  cif  the  apiU'i^ich  nl'  a 
liiiin);   I'lillni,  V.   ll..^^,„  A.  C.  /.'.  r«, 

1SS7I  !Mi  \.  c.  1.-,.-,.  1  s.  K.  sr,;}  unick 

iiHiii  iiiiuiiMl  by  jiiiii|.iny  friiiii  a  iiiii\iiiy 
lianil  car  in  olH.lii'ini'  ti:  tin-  (iicliT«  of 
lii.H  torcinan)  :  l.ii'imi  \.  \,,iHi  Ciiinl'iiii 
I!.  Co.  (lH!t:)i  lit;  X.  ('.  "MO.  Jl  S.  K. 
I'.V.I  (injiiiy  caii-id  l>y  ulicliciK  i-  to  i.r.l.r 
t"  rciiiin  I  haiiil  car  fr.riii  ilir  liack 
when  a  1.  ,in  ua>  a|>|ir(i,icliiii;^  i  ;  ./o/t//- 
■.'.»  V.  Si,iilli'iii  If.  Cu.  (I.SKHi  l_'2  X.  C. 
''.'..■>.  2'.)  S.  K.  7h4  (liaiiil  car  wa-  .-tarli-.i 
I  '1  a  curve  wlicri!  an  txpcdcd  train  cinilil 

licit      llO     KCCII  I   :       \lism,iili      I'.      If.      Cii,      V. 

./.D/Kw  iisss;   lev.)   10  s.  vv.  :i;!i  {iW- 

lailnicnt  caii^cil  liy  (Icf.ctivc  li.nid  car 
lid  dcficlivc  track  ■(vliicli  f(. reman  liad 
l>ri.iiii-*cd  to  i(|.iir  .s„/,„.»  v.  t,'i(//'. 
V.  d  8.  h'.  It.  Cu.  (,\S\\2)  SI  Tc.x.  4;):). 
Ill  S.  W  .  .">.").•)  lilircw  switi-li  |.riMiiatiircly  iiicr 
uliiln  liaiiil  car  was  iiiiiviii','  on  to  (lie 
main    line,    tin-    re-iilt    Ipeiii;;    a    der.iil- 

niclll  I  ;    Hiilf.   C.   ,(■   X.    /■.    //.    f,;.   V.    Wills 

IS'il;  Tex, I    l(,  s.  \V,  102.-.   iderailnii.nt 

■  'f  (lefeclive    lialld    can  ;    Tuiiiiil    V.    Ififlt 
'""/'■/_.(•     I.    A',   fo.  .(1887)    Ht   Va.    Ill-J. 

4  S.  K.  3.'!!)  (dill  not  si;.nal  the  a|>prnacli  under  recent  'dcii-lTii 
ef  a  traiiii.  Ci  isii>  II  v,  l'ln\l,iii<ih,  c. 
if  St.  h.  It.  Co.  (isssi  ao  \V.  Va.  7!»S. 
i>  8.  K.  ,31  (foreman  di,re;.'aidit!  rules 
|ireimil;;atP(l  for  I  lie  |iiir|M).e  of  sciiiiiii;; 
lhe«afe  riiiiiiln;;  of  li.ind  ea:-)  :  Ciiquti/ 
V.  (iliii,  Itinr  It.  Co.  I  ls!i;!)  57  U .  Vii. 
linii.  10  S.  E.  919  (-eciien  hand  in.iuif.i 
"liile  on  a  hand  I'ar  taken  out  on  a  Sun- 
day by  order  of  tlie  foreman,  but  in  con 
iravenlion  of  a  rule  fc.rbidilin;.'  tliis  to 
lio  done  without  tlie  consent  of  the  road- 
iMll.-ter) . 

It  is  probable  that  the  last  fhni'  de- 
'i-inns  are  n„  lonfjer  fjood  law  in  tlio 
-t.ilcs  wherp  (hi'y  were  rendered.  See 
'  liapter  XXX..  ;ii»it. 

.\s  to  the  status  of  section  foreman  in 
South  Carolina,  sc*  chapter   XXX..   //ovf. 

i!.')  Kii'phit/ii.i  siijiniisiini  iin-ioii.<i 
kiiiih  of  coustnivtion  uoil:. — A  sUjH'rin 
iciident  of  {■oii-i ruction  on  a  railway  is 
a  >  iie  principal.  Ad/i.s./s  /'.  It.  Co.  v. 
I-illle  (1877)  19  Kan.  207  (defedivo 
niaihiiiery  furnished).  Inder  tlie  i  'ore 
recent  decisions  in  some  states,  su.ii  ..n 
etiiployep  would  be  rc.LMided  as  a  dcpart- 
menlal  niana^'cr.  Sec;  §  .-jas,  note  1, 
sulid.   (c),  iiifrn. 

■\  jury  is  justified  in  ascribing;,  as  re- 
(.'•■Td-   an   cmplovee    cn;;a','e(l    in    loadiii;; 
hri.i^,.  hi.ileiial-.  the  ciiarader  of  a 
rriiuipal  to  another  emplovec 


I'l  in 


VK'C 


an  assistant  su|»'rint<'ndent,  or  as  fcre- 
nian,  in  charai.  of  the  striK'lural  iron 
work  of  a  bridH:«  com|>.iiu.  wuli  aii 
Ihority  to  direct  the  foreman  of  the  .\ar(I 
where  the  material  is  stonnl  lo  ;;.  t  it 
out  and  load  it  for  traii-pi.il  ii  ion. 
I'ill-liiirij  Itnilfi,  Co.  V.  Willi.,,  (ISIlTi 
70  III.  .\p|i.  .-,.-,.  .\dirmed  in  ilS!i7i  170 
111.  .-..-.l).  48  \.  !„  !•!.-,  (di>p,.n.c.l  Willi  a 
tay  line  which  -luuhl  base  bcia  ii-ed  lc> 
steady  a  pii  ce  of  the  fr.inicwoik  of  I  he 
bridyu  while  bciiijj  traii-poiled  t<>  iu 
plici',  and  allcnipled  t*i  steady  it  with 
his  liandsj . 

The  f(dloHiii     eiiiployeis  are  vie. 
cipal-: 

■\  foreman  of  bridge  builders.      lUoml 

V.  SI.  i.(,iii.i  d  s.  /.  /,'.  Cu.  (i8!):ii  :.s 

.\rk.  i;t!.  22  S.  \V.  1089  (as  to  (his  case. 
s(v  chapter  XXX..  push:  St.  I.oiiis.  \.d 
T.  If.  Co.  V.  Ton,  II  I  18!i;!i  .-)S  .\rk.  217, 
24  S.  \V.  24t  ic.i-e  went  olf  on  pi.int 
that  neyliijent  act  wa«  one  iloiie  .i,  » 
ixaiil;  see  S§  .-.i:!.  .jl).  i„,sl  i. 
A  foienian  of  a  ^ran;,'  of  c.ir|M'iiters. 
l/,7/i/  V.  I  iiioii  I'.  If.  Co.  (ISS:t,  ,->  Me- 
Crary.  .■JoO.  17  |Vd.  ti7  la-iimeil  in 
char^'c  to  jury  in  a  ca«e  where  the  iii|iiry 
ic-iillcd  from  an  oider  to  u~<:  a  liaiiil 
car  for  tian-porl  iiiL'  llie;,'.iim:  not  law 
of  file  supreme 
eoilil;  see  cli.iptcr  XXX..  jiotl )  ;  I.,  il,:r 
V.  I\i,i,iare  (18!M))  ti8  111.  App.  .ir.S  i  ini- 
|iidl«'i-  ordi-il . 

A  foreman  of  a  fraiiy  en^M^red  in  the 
ba-iiics  of  repairing;  bridy 
tanks,  anil  teh;;iapli  lines  aloiij; 
way.  .S'loKj)  Citii  d  P.  R.  c„ 
I  18SSI  22  Neb.  775,  3(i  X.  \V.  28.->  (sud- 
den application  of  brake  to  hand  car  by 
the  foreii.aii  threw  plaiiiliir  olFl . 

.\  foreman  of  a  pile  driviiif;  crew. 
/  /.  iiioiit,  F.  if  .1/.  Villi,  II  It.  Co.  V.  /.cWis 
I  18114  1  41  .Neb.  l.-,9,  ,-.!•  N.  W.  .-..-,!)  (In- 
sullicient  number  of  men  detailed  to  stay 
the  diiver  while  it  was  bein;,'  moved). 
.\  foreman  in  cliarf;e  of  the  con-fiuc- 
tion  of  a  t.lej;rapli  line.  I'okIiiI  '/■</,«;. 
Cahli  Co.  V.  r'oo^  (InOO;  To.\.  Civ. 
App.)  .IT  S.  W.  912  (hirinf;  of  inconi- 
peteiit  fellow  servant  was  the  nc^dieenee 
allcL'isl  1 . 

.\  foreman  in  full  control  of  the  work 
of  eon-tiu'lin!:  a  line  of  tid.'^raph.  with 
power  to  di-c!iarf.'e  the  workmen.  1  ,;,/,.« 
V.  CiiiiihirliinU  Tihiih.  &  T,!,,/.  c„. 
(1900)  52  T.a.  Ann.  21.53.  28  So.  .-iilT 
(too  niurli  power  was,  by  the  forenian'.s 
oriler.  brought  to  In-ar  upon  a  pole  which 
was  beinj;  braced  and  straiLditened  i . 
An  employee  supcrvisin;.'  the  work   of 


water 
a    lail- 

Si.iiih 


m 


spoken  of   taking  down  a  building.  I'uren  v.  ISillcra 


\i\- 


:  i 


HM 


I  iHs: 


:io    I,: 


M  vynit  AM)  ^KIt\.\NT. 
Ann.    inn.    .1    So.    M:\    .111  S.  \V.  7i. 


iImIh 


[I'llAI-.    XNVII 

!'nl  to  work  o 


illlHilfi'   llli'llliul   nt'   Hi'lliolilicilt   ;<i|i>|ili'<l  I. 
A    lniiiM;lll   ci|   .1   ;j  iljy  iil   lMr|MliIrl  -  Ml- 
.M"i'il    III   I'ic'ct  ill'_'  il 


llii 


l.iiiM- 


I    |iliiri'   whiri'  tlii'ii'   was  cliiiii;rr  of  tin 
';irtli    f.illiii^'i. 


.\  I. 


/•»//» 


I 'II  hi 


)'iir  t'li.  V.  Ilml. 


iiii'Miiin  III  il  welter  i'oiii|iaiiy  sii|M'r 


till 


rvrav.illoii     ot     a     ti'MTViiii 


iiiK  (isicii  .-.  (  .  (  .  A.  :i-'ii.  IT  \  .  S.  Aini.    Hull  V.  SI.  .Iu.-<ii>li  Willi  r  fn.   (Is'.ii)  4'< 
■Ji.  Sj  I'l'il.  !t:l;i  ( irn\|H  riinrril  woikinan    Mo.   A|i|>.  ii.'ili    i  wall*  of  Irriirli   fril  in  i 


M-t    to   woil 
law    anordi 


ila 

Ihi'    lair    ill' 


plaiT:    not         A    loii'iiiaii    "iii|ii'ivi<iiiH    llii'   niiiitnir 


llW     anorillli;;    to    I  hr     lair    ilril-liplis    o 
till'    -.iiiiiriiir    roiirt  ;    sec    rli:i|ilir    \\X.. 

/lOv/  I  . 

A  fi'ii'iiiaii  In  i'.ai;;i'  of  llii'  luii-l  riir 
(inn  .>f  it  biilliliii^'.  Ilirl.iiinii  v.  Minl.i n 
(l^^Xi  .-l.i  I'lil,  .l.-):!  ijijltall  rli-ati'il  ill 
llir  .iliM'iiri'  111'  till'  iil.iiiililV  liy  an  iiiili'V 
to  I  i'iii'ni|iliiM'i'  to  ii'iiiiiM-  a  sii'iiiily 
fa-li-iii'il  plank  in  a  staiiiii;;.  and  «iili-.tl- 
tiilr  aiiollirr  wliiili  Ha^  li  It  Inu-r:  lianl 
ly  law  mill '1'  irnnl  ili  lUiiiiH  of  tlii'  mx- 
liri'inc  roiirt.  iinli-s  «liii'li  the  report 
iliM's  not  sliow — (lir  roii'inan  was  a  ;,'in 
rial    afiriit  I. 

.\  foninan  of  oai  pnili  ri  putting'  in 
rar  si-'ali''*.  Knm^'i^  I'lh/  I'm-  t{  /■'oiiiiiliii 
Vn.  V.  SiriiKl  I  IsiiHi  ."ill  Kan.  77H,  Appx. 
iliraiii   I'l'il  on  in;;  to  riniinal  of   pi  up- I. 

.\n  a--i-tant  fori'inaii  in  ('liar;;r  ol  tin- 
ilrillin;;  of  a  wrll.  Mx  V.  'I'ljiln  I'.  I{. 
Vii.  ilsitl)  W>  Ti'X.  lT:i.  18  S.  \V.  :u\ 
(pn;.niiiTr  iiiaiiii;.'iii;.'  ^lalionarv  rn'.'iiii' 
was  injiiri'il  by  tin-  sinlilin  applii'alion 
of  striin  to  the  inailiinriy  without  any 
warning:). 

A  lontnan  of  a  .rrw  i'n;;a;.'iMl  in  tlip 
I'lMistiiirl  ion  of  a  tiunlalili'.  Dnnliiiii  v. 
l//i,i  I  Ism  \  74  Mo.  i:i,  41  Am.  I!"p. 
IW  l|S,-i.">l  SS  Mo.  IMW  I  inrxprririiiTil 
lioy  was  ih'iIi'H'.I  to  stop  an  rn^'ini-.  ami 
was  injiiicil  li.v  a  set  scii'w  wliilo  at- 
li'inptiii;:  to  sti'p  over  a  ivvolving 
-liafi). 

A  fiiii'iiian  in  cliar^ii'  of  tlii"  ri'iiioval 
of  till'  roof  of  a  Iniililin;;.  Siilliiiiii  v. 
Ihnniil.ill  a  SI.  ./.  I{.  Co.  (ISlll)  107 
Mo.  i;il,  17  S.  \V.  74S  (-t.i^'in;;  wliiili 
foreman  liail  assiiri'il  plaiiililV  was  s.ifi. 
;;av('  \y;<\  :  Iirri'.  as  plaintiir  l.ail  nolliiii;» 
to  (III  with  its  const  mil  inn.  tlir  rasr  is 
aUo  ciivrrrit  liy  tlic  priiiripli-  tlial  llii' 
iliity  to  pioviilc  a  safe  place  of  work  is 
iionili'li  ^'alile) . 

A  raihoail  foreman  in  a  ijravel  pit, 
liavir.1  full  cliarjie  of  (lie  work,  with 
power  to  liire  anil  ili-iliarp'  men  and  to 
ilireet  and  control  their  work,  .iiid'i- 
.son  V.  0(7'''"  T'liinn  J{.  <f-  Hr/iol  Co. 
(18!I2|  S'l'tah,  12S.  .10  I'ae.  :w:<  (plain 
ti(T  ernslied  hy  eavin;;  of  hank,  owin;; 
to  fact  that  lie  did  not  receive  eiistoiii 
ary  «arnini.O  . 

The  fnri'inaii  in  eliai''.je  of  tlie  removal 
of  an  einhaiikinent.  HkiiIIi  ii  v.  Chinir--^, 
.If.  <f  St.  P.  K.  Co.   (1897)    138  Mo.  2!)3, 


t    ti 


•I 


a  ('My  si'wri".     f  hiniijn  v.  f  itniin 

I  IIMiili    !M    I'll.    .\pp.   4tlli    lordereil    pip. 

to  he   lowireil    in   all   iliipioper   inaniier  i 

A   eily   en;.'iiieer   ail  in;,'   as   foreman   of 

the    work    of    eolisti  ml  in;;   a    sewer,    l.n 

Siiiir  V.  l\i>\Hii  I  p.Mii  I  i!io  111.  i:io,  no 
\.  K.  7:i.  Allirmiii-  i  IIKin  i  Hi  III  .\pp 
III     I  side  of  sewer  not    properly  Inaeed). 

(Ill     h'liii  1111)1    ill    llii;    III!  rhiiinnil    di 
l.firlnii  Ill's     i,f     niilinii/     i-niii /I'tiii*:^.—  \ 
master      iniihanie      in      railway      repair 
shops.     Ihiiiiiliis  V.  Tijii.1  Mniriin  II.  Co. 
(tSH.-)i  (1:1  Tex.  .".n 4   (iieKlip'iit  order). 

Tint  a  wiei'kin;;  train  was  under  the 
siipeiMsion  of  a  I'liiidiictor  will  not  reii 
der  *he  master  nieehaiiic  travelinvr  upon 
the  I  la  ill  li  fellow  Hervant  with  a  hridL'e 
eaipeiiter  of  whom  \w  has  tile  full  eiiii 
Irol.  7'ii'./.r  V.  Ilniiiiihiil  it  SI.  ./.  U. 
Cii.  I  lNH7i  !i:i  Mo.  7!l.  5  IS.  \V.  MlO.  In 
any  oideis  yiven  within  the  scope  of 
his  aiithoritv — as.  in  direct iii'.;  the  ina 
lerial  of  wliicti  a  coiiplin;;  shall  he  made, 
where  there  is  no  diawheail. — lie  repre 
seiits   the  company. 

.Master  incehanies  are  by  some  courts 
re;.'aideil  as  departmental  vice  princi- 
pals. See  I  .j;t.">.  note  1,  suhd.  (p), 
iiijrii. 

\  foreman  in  a  machine  shoj).  lfi< 
■oi/ii  /'.  //.  Co.  V.  I'rrrriny  (1H87|  :!i. 
Kan.  424.  14  I'ac.  7  (ipnorant  appnii 
tice  set,  witlimit  notice  or  iiistriietion. 
to  do  wiirk  which  wa«  dangerous  to  any 
one  hut  a  skilled  iiiechanie;  here,  he  i! 
ohs|.i'ved.  the  duly  violated  was  a  nnii 
de!i'L:alile  one). 

The  foreman  of  a  railway  earrefi.iir 
ing  shop.  l/i.'.vordi  /'.  R.  Co.  v.  W  il- 
liiiiiis  (ISSD)  7.")  Tex.  4.  12  S.  \V.  S.'!.-. 
I  foreman  hroke  his  promise  to  protect 
car  repairer  from  niovin;;  cars). 

.\ii  employee  in  cliar;;e  of  a  roiiml- 
house,  the  en;rines,  and  men  iieeessaiy 
to  care  for  them,  [hiiilinish  v,  llnnnilmt 
tC-  St.  J.  It.  Co.  (ISIHI)  in;i  Mo.  •-«7(i.  l.'i 
S.  \V.  ."i.")4  (nioveil  en;;ine  upon  plain 
tilT  without   warniii;.') . 

.\  foreman  of  ii  wreekin;;  crew  (tieio 
spoken  of  as  bein;;  in  cliar;.'e  of  a  ;.mii;; 
carrvin;.'  on  a  partie?ilar  branch  of  the 
hiisi'ni'ssi.  Wiiliiish.  SI.  I.,  a-  /'.  I!,  r,,. 
V.  Haul.-  (18.87  1  121  III.  2.-.!l.  12  .\"  K. 
2."):i  I  Hour  ot  wieekrd  car  fell,  owin;;  to 
inaileipi.iey  of   propping). 


I  624] 


V'K  K  I'IflM  ll'AI^IIII'     IKsT  or  nXNK. 


148.1 


A  w reck iMii ••tor  lut  iil"0  liii'ii  rmi-iil- 
ercil  to  lir  II  vici'  |ii'iiii'l|i;il,  an  Iniii;,'  ttio 
licnil  of  n  •l<'|Miliiii'iit.  Ilm  iiiiniii  v. 
nmiihii  <(  St.  I..  It.  fit.  (IslMh  41  I'nl. 
liliT.  Sec,  liowvMT.  cliaiitcr  XXX  .  /l</v^ 
UM  to  till'  iiiitlioiity  ol'  tliiR  cn«-  in  Knl- 
inil  limit'*. 

Ill"  toti'Miiin  of  tlio  piiliit  Hli<>|)  of  a 
liilhviiy  i'iiin|i,iiiy.  hih  i  iniliinnil  d-  <!. 
S.  If.  Cn.  V.  Iliii-.ir  ll.sul)  h-i  Ti'X.  (ij;!, 
IS  S,  W  .  tiHI  I  |ilallitill'  -.la  til  «iiik 
|>aiiiliii^'  rai"  \\  i:  liiiiit  liaviiii;  Imi'm  in 
•itiMiti'il  a-,  til  .1  nili'  i'i'i|ii|i'iii;'  men 
"cnkiii;.'  on  slilc  tracks  (o  M't  mil  -i;;n;il 
Ikifis). 

An  enj;iii('i'r  \h  ii  vicr  |irinri|ial  as  i;< 
).MrilH  a  coniMiiiii  laliorci  sniijcrt  In  tiin 
iliiiiliiins.  Itflliiiiiirr  i(-  O,  //,  Cti.  v. 
Slinirililll,!  (IHIU;  Ohio  I',  v.)  I  TnlpllO 
\a"^.    XmVH,    .'IKS. 

lil  Kii'iitii;/' '  s  II  rliiiiiif  of  iiin- 
rhiiii  rii. — A  fciilrr  ',1  a  iilanlii);  niailiiiir 
as  re^uril^  a  \u  v  iiiiiirr  his  oiili-r*. 
/■.!»(.  r  V.  riiiil.-  isH4)  1,-)  111.  Apii.  47" 
iliiiv  iiijiiii'il  in  (liiyiii;;  an  lUiiir  to  pull 
M  sir    r  out  of  a  ;<laiiiii<,'  iiiarliiiic  | . 

.\  MK'inan  siiiirr»isiM;»  a  ;,'aii;,'  lurist- 
in;.'  stiini'  Willi  ■■.  derrick.  I  iiinii  I'.  It. 
<■„.  V.  Fnii,  (  Is'.oi  4.t  Kan.  "50,  'i-i  I'ac 
|o.l!l   (ilcfcclivc  niacliiiiciy  , . 

riic  foi'i'iiian  of  a  ilrcil;.'cr.  CAkv/i/k 
hii.liiiiiii  ,(■  Itfirk  Co.  V.  MiM.iliini 
ilsssi  ;in  111.  .\pp.  35S  liiijuiy  cnisiil 
liv   ciiiiiplianci'   Willi  a    nc;;li;,'ciit   onlcr  i . 

.\  fiirciiian  of  a  iiiailiinp  faclor.v. 
l/"s')»  V.  h'llisiiii  Miirh.  Wtirks  (Is.Hii) 
lit  lllatclif.  !i;!.  -.'8  r.sl.  licp.  iJS  lacci 
iliiit  oociM  It'll  in  the  mm  in;;  of  liiiny 
iiNiiliinciy  wliioli  plaiiitilV  w.is  left  to 
liiilil  up  alone:  not  law  cince  recent  dc- 
ri-iiiiis  of  tlie  supreme  court.  linle*< 
lull  man  was  a  general  ap'iit.  which  the 
ii'pi'it  does  not  show;  we  chapter  XXX.. 

iji  S^iiii'iiixinfj  employees  in  nianu- 
I'l't mi II fi  intdhlislniiriit.'i. — .\n  operator 
i>f  a  machine.  \iti  ton  llrnK.  v.  Xfiilibok 
illHil  I  init  111.  5!I3.  5t  L.  R.  A.  H\2.  00 
N.  K.  S43  (helper  injiind  hy  startin;; 
iif  iiiacliine  while  he  liiul  his  hand  inside 
it  I  ;  (iiorrr  v.  K<t)isii.\  t'ilii  Holt  d  \iil 
C(i.  (ISnO)  153  Mo.  327.  .■)5  S.  W.  8S 
ijihiiiitiir  injured  hy  KtuiiiMiny  a;;ainst 
a  .^licarintr  mai'hiiiR  immeiliMtily  after 
it  was  started:  held,  that  there  was  no 
eviili'iice  to  show  that  the  opeiii'in  cmild 
ly  nrdiiiaiv  care  have  seen  the  dati;,'i'r 
liefoie   starting;   the   machine). 

A  loienian  in  a  sitfjnr  relinery.  Oios- 
:iiiKl.i  V.  Chiriifio  Sitfiar  llrf.  ('».  flSDOl 
''I  III.  App.  .")H;i  (ordered  a  .s<rv.iiit  to 
-lii'\e  a  car  throii^ih  a  door,  wit  limit 
warning  him  that  there  was  not   space 


eiioM;;li  to  walk  iM'tween  the  ear  av*  th* 

sides  ol    till'  dixir  I . 

.\  foiiiiMii  111  a  foundry,  yilzijerald 
V.  //.Ill/, -1,. 1/1  ilS'iji  41  III.  App.  3tia 
I  iir;.'liyeiiie  as  re^'iirds  order  denied  upon 
tile  e\  idellii'  I  . 

Till'  fiinriian  of  a  Mteel  eompany  (ap- 
paiiiifly  not  the  ;;iniral  iiiaiia;,'i'r  I .  II- 
I, ,11, IS  SI.  I  I  !•,,.   V.  Svlilliii  1.1.111  s/.i   (  ISfUll 

lilJ  111.  417.  1»  N  v..  sTil  I  fiiiiiiian 
slunk  (lie  side  of  :i  hiii«e  pike  of  ore. 
Iliireliy  lailsiii;;  a  lar^e  |iieie  to  f.ill  un 
plaint  ill  i . 

.\  foieman  in  rliarp'  of  n  mill  iiiid 
vesle.l  Willi  power  to  employ  and  dis- 
ehaine  eiiiploMis.  Siiliiliiir  l.iiinliir  tUi. 
V.  fti//.i/  |I'S!)5;  Tex.  Civ.  .\pp.»  .111  S 
W  .  lilMl  ( iiiaihiiuiy  not  »topped  to  make 
necesviry   repairs! . 

.V    foii'iii.in    of    11    snuiiiill.      Sulphur 

l.lliilhrr  Cii.  V.  h'lhi/  ||>(|I.");  Tex.  Civ. 
App.)  .'10  S.  W.  liliii  I  did  not  stop  ma- 
rliiiiiry  to  eviiiiiiiie  it.  will  II  there  were 
indie  <l  inns     that     sometliiii;;     had     pxie 

VVIonii)   ;     l.fliririirr    V.     Il'titi  11,1  ift'l     it    f*o. 

I  ISiiJi  !i:t  Ky.  5ni,  20  S.  \V.  70»  (omit- 
led  to  lia\e  macliineiy  repiiireil  us  he 
li;id   pioiiiised  1. 

.V  foieman  of  a  fertilizer  company'« 
liiisiiiiss.  Xiitioniil  h'lililiz'i  I'll.  V. 
Ti-iiiis  (IHil'.i)  10.'  Teiin.  1(1.  4!»  S.  W. 
h:!-2  (started  machinery  without  warn- 
iiii;  I. 

I  he  foreman  of  a  meat  paekin);  eslah- 
llslll'ielll.  I.ilihll,  I/i'.V.  it  h.  V.  Scliil- 
mini  I1H!»:)»  140  III.  540.  .34  V.  K.  HOI. 
Allinniii;.'  (1S>)2I  M  111.  App.  123  (liar- 
rels  carelessly  piled  felli. 

Some  of  the  aho'e  i  iiiployees,  it  will 
ho  oh'M'rved,  wen'  of  a  ;;rade  which 
placed  thciii  nearly,  if  not  (|uite.  in 
the  class  of  j;eneia!  iiiaiia;;i'r^;  hut 
whether  they  were  really  3Uch  was  a 
ipiistion  not  nec<»«sarv  to  lie  considered, 
the  superior  senant  doctrine  lieiiig  'Je- 
cided  in  t'lxin;;  their  po-ilioii. 

In  .\ikan-as  the  foreman  of  the  oil 
dcpaitnipiit  of  a  conipii-s  company's  es- 
talili^hnient  has  hicn  held  a  vi.e  pi  in 
cipal.  I'f.  Si.iilti  Oil  Co.  V.  ^'Imr,- 
I  isji.i)  r,x  .\rk.  KiS.  2»  S.  \V.  lOli.  liiit 
this  i~  peiliaps  intended  as  an  e\plirit 
adoption  of  the  doctrine  of  departmental 
control.  See  chapter  xxx.,  /ms'.  In 
any  e\ent.  the  default  allc;.'cil  was  in 
respect  to  the  nondeIe;;.ilile  duty  of  in- 
struction, anil  ini;;lit  he  rested  on  that 
ground  alone. 

(ki  SiiiiiiiisiiifJ  einiiloiirrn  in  simlt- 
inp  noi/.v. — See  the  Kansas  case  cited 
under   $   o.".'!,   note   1,  slllid.    (h).   m/nl. 

(1)  r.iiiiiluiii  IS  sujii  1 1  isiiiif  the  milling 
(//   Ihiiii/   uilietis. — An   employee   super- 


1484 


M  \<rKU  ANh  m;i!\  am. 


|l  IIAI-.    XXVIII. 


i" 


llic  ^ll|ll•|•il>r  -<'rviinf  ilin-iriiir  tin  re  is  iio  (iilTrrriH-f  nf  •  liiiiun  ».•*  f" 
flic  rc^jmn-iliilil.v  «i|  !i  I'iiilwiiv  ciiiiiiuiiv  fill'  till'  lu'j;lii;c|ift'  <if  n  run 
■  Iiif.liir  i){  a  nuuliir  tVcij:lit  m-  ]i;i--i  ii;^cr  train.  As  to  wiiitlicf,  iiiulcr 
ilic  siipfrior  wrvatit  linctriiic.  a  ■•'■ii'lm-hir  i>  a  vice  |ii'iiii'i|ial  as  to  nii 
|il"i_v(is  not  (■"■iiinillcd  l>v  liiiii,  set-  §  .Ml,  note  1,  mqnii,  aii<i  cuuiliaif 
S  r>;j.'»,  note  1,  siiIhI.  I>,  infra. 

E.     lil-I.ATrON  Ol    A  liKM  I.AI.   MAN  \ol\i;   AlifNT  TO  MIS  SI'ltollDI  \ATKS. 

525.  Introductory. —  l-'i a  vcrv  carlv  jM-riod  in  liic  (IcvclopiniMii 


vi-iiiij;  llic  liiii>itiiiL'  "f  ii  liciivv  Imv. 
t'las-r  V.  Ihiiiil  (Isslii  :•  '  III.  .\'\i\i.  l.">;i 
<uii»iifi'    iiiitliiHl   ii(|i>|il(       fiir    l;i  i-l  in;:  I , 

.\  fiiriiiiMii  iif  II  (.'III;.'  Ill'  null  cii;  i;.'nl 
In  lillini,'  licii .  \  piiMi'^  of  iiiiicliiTu  r> . 
/••)»-.  IV.  .v./o...  „'.  ,■   (Isiilil    ln:t  III.    I.-.!I. 

■4.'5   N.    K.   'JSS    iiiiiiiini'i   of   ii'i i|>iirnl 

sclMllll '■<  olHilii'liri'  III  iililcr  Id  sIii|i  lllil 
rliiiiciy   rii,i«i.|    injury  i . 

(mi  i:  III  I'll, III!  s  \iiiii  I  ilsiiin  thr  liiiiil 
mil  iif  vihmIs.  .\ii  ciriili.v  !•  >ii|>iiin 
ti'iiilinij  till'  I'ntirr  wink  i<l  iinlnjilinu 
ronl  l>iiiyi-i  iit  till'  wlnul'  of  .i  loiiniliv. 
Ih  run')  V.  1  »/i'(lil  lliiii  W'liil.n  (ISTTI 
4  Mo.  A\ip.  •.':!•■.   (siMiriil.l  so  il.fcclivily 

<i>ll>tl  llrli-ij  tinll.  when   ;i    l:lli(illT   >ti|i|H(l 

on  it.  it  fill  ami  ciii^IhiI  |il:iinlllli. 
Pos>iilily  tl,l-*  0:1-1'  i-  intiiiili-'l  ii>  tin 
npiiliiMlion  of  tlip  '"hi-jiil  nf  ilipnrt 
mcnt"  tliiiiry.  m  tin'  iilii;i-iiili'.'y  ii|i|iiii- 
priiiti'  to  tli.il  tliodiy  is  fiii|ilii>i  il.  lint 
>Ofi   S    itl\.  11.   yiiinil. 

(ill  I'orriiiiiii  ill  iiiiiiii  iix.  -  \  fiiiiniali 
of  B  (|iiiiiry  liiloiisini;  to  a  niilu  ly  cuni- 
panv.  Kiiiiyiis  I'ilii.  11.  S.  if-  1/  If.  Cn. 
V.  iliiiiiiiiiiiii!  il>-!Mi  .-)S  Aik.  :'.JI.  2f 
S.  \V.  72:i  (l:ilMiiir  iillnwcil  ti>  it  nin  on 
the  tiiuk  uliiii  .1  tiiiiii  \va'4  km.,  ii  to  lio 
apimiiu'liin;.') . 

The  fdiciiiiMI  of  a  (|iiirrv.  Ilrnn 
Slo  ■  Co.  V.  Kraft  (1S7-  .i'l  Ohio  St. 
SHI  T  .\ni,  l'('|).  n\i)  M'lii'i'nnin  liinisrlf 
att:ii  :ii'il  flip  liook<  nf  a  liiii-tiii;;  ap- 
panitiw  to  a  lai'.'c  stnni'  wliicti  wa^*  -o 
-lift  tlial  rliMitu  sliiMiIil  liavc  liii'ii  n<iil ) . 
.\s  to  oHliial  ill  tlii'4  jxi-itiiin  "lio  is  in 
some  cax's  tiratcil  as  a  ;;rnrial  man- 
a^/or,  spo  s    'ill,  infill. 

One  of  tliri'c  siilioidiiiatp  foninon  in 
a  quarry,  t'n.r  v.  Siimilr  tlniuilr  Co. 
(ISnO)  "an  Mo.  App.  -124  (i>laintiir  was 
ordorpil  back  to  work  fnmi  pliici'  wlicip 
111"  ll  "1  ponp  for  snfcty  wliilp  a  liuMllnail 
I'  ir  w.is  lipin;:  s\\nn;r  to  tlip  top  of 

1  iiirry   plitV  liv  a    •'       '-k.   anil   was 

s  .  by  a  stonp  whip'  il  liark  ovpr 

1  !itr"  after  tlio  lion  '    jim— p.l   llip 

I  Contcnlion  of  iliii;'.,  .Ill   wa- that 

t        ott'iiian  was  uot  tlip  ilplVinlant's  vice 


Miiii'ip.il  in  si<;na!inu  Hip  plaintiir  to  ii- 
liiiii  til  work,  lippaii-p  a  imilioii  of  llip 
Inunl  PiiiiliI  not  be  ponsimiil  into  nn 
oilier. 

(ol  Forpiiiru  in  iiiiii<n.-  .\  pit  Imihh  in 
a  mini'  baiiii;;  aiitlmrity  tn  pomnianil 
(tip  WMikiiiin  ill  respeet  to  what  work 
lliey  -hall  <|ii.  anil  vi  hen  they  shall  di< 
riintiiiiii'.        i'i,ii^iiliihili  ll     ('mil     Co.     v, 

II  .,„./,-(p;iic  (isMiii  i:;t  ill,  .-.7,  24  N.  K 

r.-.;7.  .Mlirinin;.'  Iiss.i,  :tl  III.  App.  2S> 
iiinli'r  to  wink  iimlpr  n  ilan^'croiM  poi 
lion  of  the  roof). 

An  iimler'.'ioMml  inanafter.  Sommillr 
V.  U 1 11,11  (lHli;ti  1  Sc.  Se-s.  Cas.  :M 
serii's.  TH8:  llunlir  v.  Aililir  (ISjH)  20 
Sp.  ."'I'-s.  ('as.  'ill  Heries,  ."i.",:!  (  riinf 
fell  in  I  .  tlip-p  two  ilppisiciH  arp  incini 
sistpiit  with  later  c,i-e-,  e-peeially  U  i(- 
you  V.  Mfi'fti.     Spp  S  .'>21*.  infra. 

.\  forpinan  in  iiill  ch;M;;i'  of  a  coiil 
ininp  iinilpr;;rounii.  Ciiiiiiiiiiilnini  \. 
I  niiin  I'.  II.  Co.  (lh,S.->)  4  llah.  iOli. 
7  I'aP.  70.">  (oxprhiini.'in;.'  pippc  of  pii;il 
fi'll)  ;  7'/i/i«;v  v.  Uruuklnii  l.mil  Min.  Cn. 
(ISSii)  4  I'tah.  4l'iS.  U  Tap.  til2  (plain 
till  injnie.l  by  I'.ill  of  I'jof  of  imtiiiibprpil 
-tope  I . 

.\  iniiip  boss  wlio  ba**  oontrol  of  n 
niinp.  with  powpr  to  hiri'  ajid  displiar;:.' 
piniiln\'i'ps.  W'rllston  Cii>il  Co,  \.  Knulh 
ilPdi)  r,5  obio  St.  70.  ,i.5  L.  R.  A.  90, 
(il  .v.  Iv  I4."i  (mini'  nwiipr  chaiKPahle 
witli   kii'iu  lidpp  of  boss). 

.An  as-i-tant  ni:n.i'jer.  Coiisnhilatril 
Colli  Co.  v.  Ciiiilnr  lltmo)  ISS  III.  584. 
.lit  X.  !•:.  e."!*.  Allinnin;.'  (llldOi  91  111. 
.\pp.  ITi  (opeialed  niarliinc  for  the  pur- 
pii-p  of  tp-tiiii;  it ) . 

( p )  Offirir.'i  of  nil ipn. — Spvpral  cases 
dppiiled  ill  the  liuvpr  Ki'dpial  court*  be 
foi'p  flip  datp  of  the  /'(wv  Cnsr  propped 
n|iiin  or  conntpiiancp  tlip  tlipiiiy  that  the 
nllirers  of  a  ship  arp  \  iee  prinpi[inl- 
'I'lip-p  are  clearly  eontiaiy  tn  tlie  wpi'.'lil 

III  aulhoiity  in  tlip  l-"edei-;il  enurfs.  .'-^i-e 
S  ."rJO.  note  1.  -nbd.  (pi.  .supra,  and 
eh.ipter    XXX..   posl. 


>1 


Mi  K  I'ltlM  ll'\l,>llll'     lOT  Ut    HANK. 


148a 


of  tlic  «lnrti'Ini'  111'  (■<>iiiin»ii  ciiijilnviiHiii.  I'lio  iif  tlio  iMirronts  of  jinliciol 
iiutlicirilv  liii-  «ft  -irui^lv  tiiuiinis  tlic  iliinpv  tli^ii  ;•  iiiiHtrr  <>ii;:lit  rrnt 
I')  \m'  allowed  til  t-.rii|(i'  ilip  foii-i'iiiii'iii'i-.  iif  tin'  nili'  wliicli  i>tfii>  liii- 
l.ilitv  iiipiiti  liiiii  t'lir  iii^  |ht-.)|iiiI  iiciiliui'iicc  l(v  tnii>tVrriiij;  tin-  i-ntiro 
miitrol  III'  lii-i  liii-ini'--  til  nil  ii;.'iiit.'  Siicli  n  tlirnrv  iil>vioUf<I_v  involves 
llie  priii'tienl  re-iill  tilllt,  as  \VC  a-eeliij  tlie  -^'ille  of  siipervisitifr  emjilo.V- 
!■('■*,  a  grmle  is  at  leiijitli  iTn('lie<l  at  wliicli  llie  re|ire-eniiitive  cliaracfer 

nt'  tllP  eiii|i|iivfe  111 iiies  tho  coiit'-ollill};  eleliielil   in  ll.o  case,  su|)ei>e(l- 

iii^'  /irii  liiiilo  the  I'lii'i'iition  of  tlie  doetriiio  that  the  defense  of  coiiiiiion 
1  inpli'Viiienf  in  n<iie  the  iess  availaliie  to  tlie  nia-ier  for  tho  rrnsnn  that 
tlie  neulii;eiit  servant  was  of  hijrher  rank  than  the  one  '-inred. 
Wiiether  tiie  eiiiTe-|iiiiidinir  siinatioii  shniild.  under  tho  so-<;alled  dii- 
jierior  wrvaiit  ducirine,  1m  re;;arded  as  (wie  of  stilistitiition  or  iiierp-r, 
is  not  very  material,  sineo  in  eiilier  ea»i'  ihe  ina-ter'a  rc-spoiisihility, 
«(i  far  n8  appears,  will  ho  proei-ely  the  same. 

In  another  line  of  derisions  may  lio  traced  tho  itilliionoo  of  (lie  iiyi- 
|iMsito  view.  tJiMt  tho  j>riii''iple  hy  «hich  n  servant  ia  (Ouirp-d  with  an 
assiiiMptioH  of  tho  risks  of  a  fellnw  servant's  nejflijir'iice,  on  the 
'irmind  that  siicji  nep^li^-cnc*'  is  one  of  tho  ordinary  and  known  inei- 
liiiits  of  his  relations  to  his  master,  is  iiniv(>rsal  in  its  applicatiun,  and 
must  pnvail  <'ven  when  it  comes  into  cuntliet  with  tho  principle  of 
iicconntahility  for  tho  defaidts  of  a  ;roiieral  ap-nt. 

Before  we  |ii eed  to  tho  oxaiiiinatinn  of  tho  eases  which  support 

racli  of  these  two  views,  it  is  i)riipor  to  remark  that  tho  only  kind  of 
t'uMi-tionary  with  which  we  are  pmperly  cnneerned  in  this  and  the  fol- 
'owinjT  suhtitles  is  an  employoo  who  may  he  descrihiHl  as  hoing  "ro- 
liiined  generally  to  represent  he  principal  in  his  ahseneo;"*  or  as  one 
wliiitv.  the  master  siihstitntes  for  liimself  in  tlu'  su|ierinlendence  of  his 
Imsiiiess;"'  or  as  an  agent  in  whoso  hands  the  master  "lias  placed  tho 
I  iitirc  chiiruc  o    the  business  or  a  distinct  branch  of  it,  exercising  no 

'  Sep  cnsos  roffinil  to  in  S  iiSfi.  nntp  1,  thp  i-niploycr.  iiiilt-^s  lii>  \\ni\  liccii  invest- 

i/i/iii.  'or  <'\;iiii|ili's  of  tills  tri'iiil  of  ii|iiM-  P<1  witli  siifli  iiiil linrily  llnif.  as  tictwi-en 

ion  not  niiiii.v  _viMr<  nfior  tlic  f>>liililish-  him  and  flir  iiii|iliiyri',   iiiitliiti^'  <loiii'  hy 

iiii'iit   of   lliitt    iliM'trini'    ill    tlir    I'msllri)  liiiii  in  riliition  to  tlic  liii-inr^>  of  wliicli 

iiiiil  I'liiinll  ('((MM.  in  Is.tT  and   |S12  lo-  lip   liail    iniilrnl    woiil-1    lie  an   iinaiillior- 

>|'    liM'ly.  izpil    iicl. 

\l III filni  y.  Siiiilli   ilSli.'il   111  (          N.  I'laiiily.  tho 'liniiors  of  a  poiporation 

S.   :iiil.    12    L.   T.    N.    S.    lili.>.      ((        arp  must,   at    nil    pvents,    hp    its   rc|iri'sfntu- 

Ciiiniiiii   V.    HolhinnI,-    (  IST.i)    'lil     ..    V.  fives    in    all    ies|ic(ts    wliiTc    flii>    safety 

")17.    17   Am.    Hep.   .')li!l.    wliere  tli     romt  of   tlie   employee   i-   eoiieeineil.      /{use  V. 

litid  stress  on   tlie  fait    that    Ihe  nia-ler  Unstn,,   ,(■    ,|.'  ft.    (•„.    |1H74I    nS   N.   Y. 

pive  no  personal  attention  to  the  liiisi  217;    Itiiilinf  v.    \iic    York  C.  R.  Co. 

MISS.     In  Voxiiiiii  v.  Hillnsl  if  .V.  (.'nun-  (IS701    2  l-iins.  .'jtlli. 

HIS   It.   Co.    (1M77I     Ir.    Ifep.    U    ('.    I,.  OHiini    v.    A  lur,  intn    Dirilfiing    Co. 

:i4.".,    it    was    sii;;iresteil    that    a    servant  (IHItl)    53  N.  J.  L.  2!ll,  21  Atl.  324. 
sliiiiild   not   be  jeeiiied    tlie  alter  lyo  of 


Uh« 


kAsTKIt  AXD.^KItV.Wr. 


I  MAP.    SXVII 


4 


M 


,)' 


r 


niitli 
I' 


Ul|i>lll 


i"ritv  nticl  'niiiTiMli'iiid-iK  ■  ot  hi-t  own  thi'i'i 


f  I. 


•>•  as  nllc   riri 


In  >ii|M'riiiii'nil   till-  fiiii'I"Vcr  7(  ciiiiri'  liii-iiii--< ; '  or  as  oiu'  t 


-t'lill 


|i<iwt'r  to  luaiia^i*  a 


l>n-iiii'>-  iIihI  I'liinlov  iiml  ili-cliarui 


Olc 


iviiiil-*,  u'illiiHit  intiTtVn'iUM',"  lia»  Imtii  iIi  li-;:aif>l  l>v  an  finpluvfr.'" 

Iiol   I'llimii'il  wlli'I'r  tia-  ('\  iilchi-i'  tall- 


I'lM'lv   Ilir-c  ili'>iTi|)ti<iii.4  art' 


!•>  show  iliat  til"  all<';{c(I  vi<M'  |ii-iiM'i|ial  win  votcil  with  flic  \\\in\, 
\in\\fv  uiiil  aiitii'ii'il V  of  iIm'  iiia'>ti>i'  in  tlic  I'liniliict  i>t'  the  liii'lin'--.' 
t'iliicr  a.s  a  whole,  or  ii:*  ic^iai'iU  a  "in;;!!'  ili'|iartiiii'iit  of  it  wliicli  \va-  -  • 
<lisiiiii't  from  ami  iml(|irmli'iit  of  iIh>  otlai'a  tliat  tin*  uiitlioritv  ilili 
;;alr(J  to  ilu-  fiii|iliivi'c  sii|)<'rvi>iii^  it  rcscnil'li'il  in  its  nature  ami  e\ 
lent  tliut  wliieli  is  wieldcil  b^'  u  mana;;er  of  an  entire  esiaMi^linietii 
See  snlxl.  F,  iiifin. 

At  least  one  ease  wliicli.  Of  first  sif;lit.  wouM  seem  to  oonnnif  tlh' 
eourl  to  u  total  rejei'tio>i  of  the  doctrine  that  a  nia>ter  is  res|iMn«ili|( 
for  tile  acts  of  a  piieral  manapr  may  Iw  explained  on  the  prmind  lli:it 
the  test  thus  indieated  wan,  innler  tho  eireiimstances,  not  satislieij.' 
Other  eases  in  whieh  reeoverv  was  denied  present  facts  which  piaii 
them  near  iLp  bonier  line,  aiid  the  fniKttioiis  i,(  the  ne;;li;;ent  employi  .■ 
and  the  pre<'is<-  ;;ro)inds  on  which  tlie  court  pr<K'ee(led  are  not  staid 
with  sutlicMent  ftdness  to  indicate  whether  they  ivally  eird«idy  tin 
principle  that  even  j;eneral  ajtents  are  not  vice  principals,  or  are  siin 
|ily  intended  as  attirmations  of  tho  rule  that  all  oontrollinp  employee-, 
however  hifrh  their  rank,  are  mere  fellow  servants  nntil  the  level  of 
p'lieral  a^fcnts  is  attained."  Indeed,  it  is  often  impossihie.  in  pern- 
in;;  some  of  the  opii\ions,  to  avoid  the  suspicion  that  judp-s  have  not 

*  I.rhirth     Vnlliii    Cnnl    Co.    v.     Jnnrt  on    tlip    cnr;    tint    ttie    rourt    consiiiiii  .1 

(1S7S)    S(l    I'll.    4:1;).     ('niii|iar<'   tlip   Ian-  lliiif    «iicli    101    iilli';.MtioM   did    not    hiin;: 

[riia(.'f   pniiilnyiil    hv    tlii^    court    in    tin-  tin-    CiMi-    within     tlie     rule     npiilii'iililr 

;n-;    V.    I'liiHsiihiiiiin    It.    fo.    (ISilO)    :t8  wlicri'    Die    wliolc    power    ami    Hiitliiiity 

I" I.   104.  80  .\ni.    r^o.    ItiT :     l)v^•i(■(.  Oil  of    till-    ina-tcr    ari'    vested    in    tile    em 

'        V.   »f'i7.s<(,(    (Hlilli    (i.1   I'a.    I.'>l»:    Mill-  plovei-  wlio  ^Mves  tlie  ordiT. 
Iini   V.   I'liiliuhliillin  <f   .S'.    l/<ii7   S.   S.   Co.         •.'See    Fillhnm    v.    I;,<ithi,i,i    (]S(i(i)    I, 

(1H7,-.)     7S     I'a.     2.-1.    n     Am.     Hej).     2;  K.  2  Q,  H.  .13.  7  Itpnt  &  .S,  tl7«,  :ill  \,.  .T. 

Ill  in  V.  Hiifiil    (1HS7)    lie.  Pa.  (i2H.   11  i}.   B.   N.  ,S.   14.  1,-|  Week.   Kep.   1.->1  (    w\ 

.\tl.  .'114:   Siir   Yink.  L.  K.  if  \V .  K.  Co.  em!    freshly   Iniilt    piers   eolliipMHJi.   s,i 

V    H'll   (ISSli)    112  I'll.  400.  4  Atl.  ."lO.  tiiip  aside 'vei.liil    in    (IHII.))    4    K.«-l.   .\ 

Copi/.so/i    V.    l.iiiiiiinl    (ISilO)    77    Ked.  F.  4(10.  where  Ihe  nia«ter,  thoii!;h  lie  w;m 

Rep.   5:18    {iiriiiiciiil").  not  present   when  the  aeeident  oeeiii  ii  .1. 

'■  Sliiiniinni  ■     W'lliiiiilh  rf  .V.  Mfi}.  Co.  had   i'etaino<l  a  general  eontiol  over  tlie 

(ISIM)    <I8   Mieh.   411.   o7   N.   \V.   2.->l.  work. 

'i'l-hiill;  V.   Cli'itiim.    M.   rf   SI.    I'.    R.        "  SoniP     of     tho    Massiiclniselts     en-cs 

Co.    (1H7»)    48  Wis,   ;i7.'i.  4   \.   W.   :tO!t ;  eiti'd  in  8  .VJO,  note  1.  snlid.    (fl.  xii^m. 

Uclh  V.  I'll, in    (1HH2)    .'■>■>  Wis.  40.").   l.S  are  of  this  doiililfnl  color.     But  the  re 

N.  W.  21!t.      In  the  hitter  caso  .    -overy  cent  ease  of    Mrihiiii  v.  Siifir.s  Mfij.  Co. 

was  soiijjhl  on  the  sole  (.'round  that  one  (  1800)    172  Mass.  .T.').  't:i   S.  K,  .">1H.  ;i- 

of  the  several  foremen  of  a  nonresident  well    as    others    noted    in    S    HM.    infni. 


defeiiiluiil's   IiiiiiIht   v.iid   directed   u   ear    teu\e    no    doiibl    Oa    lu    ieal 
to   he   starteil    when   he   knew   that    the   this  court, 
pliiintilf  occupied  a  dan;,'erous  position 


{1U91 


lie  1  uf 


>  .•..•<ll 


VKK  l'KIX«  II'M.MIII'     |l>ri)|    l!\Mx. 


uh: 


.iluiivx  niili/nl  ii.|...|UiitcK   tlif  rxti.-iiic  im|»..ii;iiic'..  nf  mill-kill}:  ami 
liikiiij;  iiitu  iifi'uuiii  tlii>  t'nti'liitiD'iiiiil  .Ii-tiiiriii.ii  uhi.'li  nuiv  fuiilv  !..• 

..li.l  u,,s\->t  ..ii  Hfrifilv  lu;:i.iil  >;r..iiii,I..  ,h  if  ••iTininiy  ,]...■'.  ,„ •,'li,,;; 

u,  iniiiiv  iiiitlioritic-.  Iwiw.n  thr  siiiiiiti..iis  in  wlii.  h  iIi.tc  i->  or  ii4  imf 

.III  ciiliiT  aliilii'iitiHii  l.v  fill'  imi-t.r  .,»'  tUr  niiiiiii^f nl  ..I'  hi-  I.ii.ltir.-. 

AiK'tliiT  -iiiii-ci.  lit'  iJitliiMiitv  C.r  till iiii'iitiitor  i^  iIimi  ih nrt-i 

trr<|ii(.|ifl_v  <|..  ii..t  iMiiki'  if  .iiiinlv  rl.iir  wli.tli.r  ili.ir  ,l,.,.i,i,,||.  u,ii. 

liil^nl   ll|in||   llic  p.iiinil  iijirlirv  i,(  fhr  i|i'|iiii|iir|it.  ii»  il   .|(|.lllv   luii-trr 

t..r  111'  |Mii-|....r,.  „r  ii|H>ii  til.'  iiiirmuir  •rr.nin.l  i|i:if  |,i^  .|iliii,|ii,  ii,.\ 

llivolv.'.l   till'  j.lViliJl  of  ir  s[M.-il|<    Hull  .I.IiTiil,!,.  iliitv    fur  wiiicli   ill.' 

'  iii|(lo_vfr  w.iiijil  II.'  r.-i ,iM,.  ,|iiit,   iit'i-|i.  i'ti\i.  of  ih,   i-jml;  ,,f  i|„,  ,|,,. 

liiii|U.'Ht.  Ill  II  Ini'Mc  iiiiimIh'i'  of  iii-iiiiM'c,  thi^  .|ii(..|i,,ii  i.  ,,f  u,,  |)r;i,.- 
ticiil   iiiiiiiii'tiini'.'.  w.  fur  lis  rcpir.U  ih.'  -.rvjiiir-   riulit   >•(  r.'i'..\.Tv. 

iJiil  a.s  loiia  1I-*  tlii'rr>  is  ■*,,  wi.l.'  u  .litT.'n-i >f  ..iiinion  n~\ ilnu  ili,. 

limits  of    til.'  ,..  .•iili.'il  ••iptili'iiil    iii't."  .,;■    -ii|i.r\  i-inu    iiii|i|.  .,.•-    for 

whii'h  flic  iiKi-t.'r  s||,,ii|,|  |„.  ||,.|i|   I... I j|,|,.   I  „.,,  ((;,_  y,,,,/ i.  tli.'i'i- 

;iiiisi  I'l'iiiiiiii  -.1  r..MM.|.'nil.|i'  r.'-i.JiiMiii  ..f  .':i...s  in  wlii.'li  iln'  .li^nnciion 

lil'tW.'.'II   till'  (•.i||-.'.|l|('I|.'.'S  ..f  II    M,.i„,,;||    .IMVIII'V   llll.i   ..f  Mil    jm.'lH'V     ill    I',.. 

liiinl  t.»tli.'  |Piiiii.'iiliir  .iiilv  .■.li.iuii  t.i  Imv.'  incii  viohitcl  will  iiiuiivs  !,<. 
imit.'riiil.  A  .Jitli.'uiiy  ..f  iji..  -miii.'  kin. I.  Init  ..f  .'Micily  iji.'  o|.|,.,sit,. 
.liiiiiK-i.T  ill  its  U'liriiif:  oil  the  s.rviiiit's  rij;iit-,  lias  Itci'ii  imii.'.'.!  in  § 
.'c'n  ni/ini. 

Ill  view  .if  ilic  nil.',  rtiiiiiti..;-  I.y  wliicli  iin  cxii.'t  .'lassiti.'iition  of  th.. 
:niiii..riti(s  i«.  iinij.'r  tlics.'  cin-iiiiistani'.-..  i'iiilpan:i--ri|,  it  lias  li.'cii 
'l.i'iiM.i  a.lvisalil.'  to  note  in  tlic  sii.'.'.'f.Hii;:  ..'i'fi.,ii^  a  roiisi,],.!-;,!,],. 
mmiln'r  of  niiin.us  wlii.'li  iiiii:iii  |.,.,,ili|\  be  asMi;ii.'.|  with  .'.|unl  pro- 
prL'ty  t.itlic  follow  in:;  i'lia]it(r. 

526.  Doctrine  that  a  general  manager  is  a  vice  principal.  English, 
Scotch,  and  colonic"  ses.—  in  tj,,.  ,.;,rli.'r  pcrimls  of  i|„'  ,l,'v.'lopni.'ii«: 
•t  the  .loctriiic  of  c.iuiiuoii  .'iiiployinciii  in  Kimlan.l.  we  timl  s.'v.'ral 
liioi'c  or  li's-.  .lisfiiii'i  i'.','oMniij,,ns  .if  tli.'  principl.'  that  tli.>  .'as.'  of  i..('n- 
i-rai  iiuma,i:.'rs  constiiittcd  aii  cN.'.'pti.ni  t.i  tlic  rule  wlii.'li  pn.-liKlcl  rc- 
nivcrv  tor  the  iH'^iijiciicc  of  a  .'.'servant.' 

'Ill    I'dhrx,,!,    V.     Walliin      i  \Sr,^  >     1  mnv.Ml.     Tlic   real   s.'.i|i..  ,,f  tlic  ,|,.(.iM.in 

Uipi|.  II.  1,.  Cm.  74S.  111.'  pi.iiit  ii.'tii;illy  i,    tli('i..f,,i,.    n.iiniw:    Imt    tlir    i.-mniks 

iict.riiiiii,.i|   li\    tl„.    ||,m.„.  .if    l.,,i.U   ttiis  ,m;ii1.'    Iiv     twii    ..f    tli,.    iihimIh'.       „f    tl,,. 

tli;it    tlic   trill!    jiiil«.'    was    n.il     jii-lifi.'.l  II.hk..  m.'  ..iilv  int.'lli-ilil.'  ii|miii  tli,.  l,v 

III  Im.I.Iiii;.'.  IIS    iiiiit.'r   of   liiw.   tliiit    111.'  |i..||i..,i,    thai     th.'V    i.'i;ai.l..,|    tl;,.    minp 

I'laiiitil'.    a    mill,.!,    was    j;iiilty    .if    0..11  .iuii.t  as   ri'^iMiii.,!!!!.'  f.ir  tlii.   n. -Ii.r,.iic,. 

Iriliiil.iiv     .i,.t;li,/..ii.'.'    in    c.iiiiniiin;;    t..  ..f   liis    ninna-.r.      l.c.nl    I!r.iMi;;iiriir,iii.| 

«"rk  at  a  Ilia.'.'  Nvli.'ri- he  knew  that   tin-  iliiit     tli.'    .l.'f.'iMl.iils    w.t.'     Ii.vmh,!    „II 

ii«||  iif  a  ,Inft    «as  ipmcI.'I-.'iI   ,1  i!i^,.i,,i|..  .!,,i|I,!.  .•.n-«i.r:ih!i-   fm-  i!....  n.-'rli  ■,,„,,,.  of 

I'.v  a   laiy,.   M.iM.'   wliioh    iiltiiiiati'ly    f.'l!  tli..    inan.i^'.'r.      l-..r.l    (  ranwi.iili.    in   ..11.' 

iip"ii  liiiii  aft.T  th.'   iiM.I.'i-ificiiiiiil   i-.iaii.i-  |iart     .li"    U\*    (i|iiiiimi.    «a-    ...(iialU     |.|n. 

(,'.1    ha.l    «iv.'ii    .ir.l.'r>    t.i    liav.'    it     !.■  phati.'  .111  tli.'  >; •  ,i,l,..  .|,.i'laii:r;  it   i., 


if 


I  (48 


M AM'KIl  AM)  SKKVANT. 


IciiAi'.  xxvin 


!;■ 


rtr  i> 


Im"  {.'oimI  linv  '•lliiil  if  SiiimMi'II.  tlic  (\r 
fciKli'is'  iiiiiiui^'ci .  Ii:iil  l';iili'ii  ill  lii^  iliity 
ill  liiiiriiii^ly  ilinitiiijr  llii'  -tmir  in 
i|iii'.'<t  inn  III  lir  pniovicl.  i.  \mmi1iI  iillinil 
no  ili-fi'iiM'  lliiil  I'MicT^on  Itlii'  |iliiiiitilV| 
liail  rDiitinnnl  to  wink  iiltiT  tlii'  iiiilcix 
for  till'  imiiiMil  of  tlif  Miinr  liiid  lii'cn 
iiltiiiialily  fri\i'ii."  In  iiinillicr  |)as.siij;i' 
111'  sri'iiiH  inrliniMJ  li>  f;i>  rvni  fiirtliiT. 
Itiiiii'.'li  till-  liiiiRUiiKi'  iisfii  wiis  moil' 
^Miiinliil.  In  niiiiiiicnliiif,'  ii|ion  llif  point 
Mimic  1>>  |ilaiiilitVs  cniiiwi-l  ill  liis  oxcrj) 
tiuii  tiikcii  til  till'  art  inn  of  tin'  jiiilv;<'  in 
witliilniwinj;  llii'  ftiw  from  the  jury. 
i-isr.,  tliiit.  if  till'  plaintiir  rontiiiiicil  ho 
to  work  in  coiiscipicnci'  of  tlic  ilirrclioiiw 
of  tin-  roadsniaii  tlii'  ilifrmlrrs  were  ft' 
■^ponsilili'  for  siieli  ilini'tioiis  lie  said: 
"That  may  In'  ri^lil  or  wronjr:  for  we 
have  no  I'viilnirc  to  show  whiit  is  thi- 
rliaractcr  of  a  'roailsniaii.'  This,  thorc- 
forc,  woiihl  roipiiri'  further  I'vplaiui- 
lion.  If  a  'roailsiiian'  is.  acronling  to 
th(!  rules  anil  ri'^iilatioiis  of  Scotch 
mint's,  u  prrson  whox'  proviiirr  it  is  to 
iliri'i'l  till'  workiiu'ii  whi'tlii'i  tlwy  may 
safi'ly  work  or  not,  tin-  law  statnl  in  thi- 
rxirplion  may  Ih>  rorrrct."  Tlii'so  rs 
prr-.-.ions  of  o;  inioii  arr  prriiliarly  in 
li'ii'stiiif;  whin  it  is  ri'imiiilirii'il  tliat 
I  hi'  siiiiii'  iiohh'  loril  I'l.niiiniii  loiirliin 
M'ars  aftrrwarils  in  llir  ilnision  in  \\  il 
!s.,ii  V.  l/rrr.i/  (S  5-i!l.  iiilni).  SI  ill 
moil'  ri'iiiiirkalili-  is  tlir  fact  that  thi' 
rlrar  rrro;;iiitions  of  thi'  iloctriiii'  of 
vici!  prini'ipalship  in  I'lihixini  v.  Will 
lilcr.  hIioiiIiI  havr  hi'iMi  so  poiiipli'ti'ly  i;; 
norisl  in  the  later  casr. 

In  I'olls  V.   I'hiiilril    M    II   Ir.  f. 

I,.  Rep.  2(10.  f>'friiy.  Ch.  1..  .onstnii'ii 
I'alrrstiii  V.  \r<i//»(''r  as  hiiiiy  a  ili'iisioii 
liased  on  thi'  liroad  priiniplr  that  a  inas- 
ter  "is  liahli'  .  .  .  for  thr  arts  anil 
ill-fault  of  tliosi'  whom  he  places  in  his 
ste;'  I  and  to  whom  lie  depilles  his  an 
thoiity."  Mr.  Itcveii  -  lommcnt  on  thi- 
nloss  (1  Nc;;.  7:iHi  is  that  it  is  "niani 
lc-.lly  an  iiiacciiralc  ^lalciiicnt  of  the 
law."  Tno  liroad  ami  -wcepinj;.  ilii 
diiiiliteilly  il  is;  (or  iiiidci  such  a  priii 
ciple.  taken  lili'ially,  even  a  mere  lore 
man  of  sulioidiiiale  rank  would  he  a 
V ire  principal.  Iliil  the  remarks  of  l/onl 
ltroii;;liaiii  and  Uinl  I  ran  vortli,  re 
ferred  to.  ecrlaiiil.v   .jiislify  the  infereiic  ■ 

llial   thc\ iisideied  some  classes  of  sii 

pervisinj;  employees  lu  he  di'piilics  nl 
the  master  in  such  a  -'ii-c  lli.il  he  mii^t 
answer  for  al  least  a  portion,  if  not  all 
of  their  apis.  .\iid  litis  is  all  that  Cliiei 
■  lu.stioe   I^'fro.v   scini-  in   mean. 

In    the    same    year    that     I'liliisaii 
WMace   was   decided,    Uird    (^ranwort 


and   Lord  (  lieliii^ford  c\pressed  a  qiiali 
lied     approval     of     the     Senteh     ease     i,i 
llllinnr     \.     Itiiiii      lIH.-.ll      III     Si'.     Ses- 
1  a~.    2d     Series.     I(l2.'i.     where    a     yonni: 
;;iil   was   iiijiiied   while  she  was  u   .rUiii;; 
nil  a   machine,  of  the  peculiar  danj;.  r-^  ol 
wliidi   she   was  not   aware.     The  forinei 
said:      "It   may  he  that,  if  a  master  em 
ploys    ini'vpericiiccd    workmen,    and    di 
reels  them  to  act   under  the  superintend 
eiice  and   to  ohey   the  orders  of  a  depiil  \ 
whom  he  puts  in  his  placi'.  I  hey  are  imi 
williiti    the    ineanint'    of    the     rule,    em 
ployed    ill  a  coniinoii   work   with  the  sii 
periiitriulent.     They   are   aetin^    in    ol» 
dlcnce  to  the  expretss  eominands  of  Ilii  ii 
employcl,  and   if  he,  hy  the  carelessiie" 
nf  his  deputy,  expnscs  them  to  impiopii 
li-Jvs,  it   may  he  that  he  is  lialde  for  tin 
conseipienci^s."      Ilnrfinishill   Ctinl   <'o.    \. 
I{ri,l  (  I8.-.H)   :t  Maci|.  II.  I,,  t'a-.  2iiii.  2!i."., 
J    .lur.    .\.    S.    TliV.      l.oril    Chclm-fonr- 
commciils    upon    the    sjiiiic   ca~e    were   a^ 
follows:      "It   was  hardl.v  |iiissilde  to  ap 
ply  the  priiieiple  of   the  servant   liaviirj 
iinderiakeii    the    service    with    a    knoul 
ed};e    of    the    ri-ks    iinident     In    it.      She 
was  an  inevpcriciiccl  Liiil  emplnynl  in  ;i 
hazardous     maiiiifaeloiy,     plaeeil     iiii'lei 
the  control,  and.  il  may  he  added.  I  he  pin 
leclifin.  of  an  ovei -eei    who  ua-  appoint 
I'd   hy   the  defendant   and   inliusled   wiih 
lhi~diily.     .\iid  it  miuht  well  he  con-i.l 
eicil   lli:;t.  by  employing'  siidi  a    hclplc -- 
and  iiriioiant  child,  the  master  coiilract 
I'd  to  keep  her  out  of  harms  way   in  a- 
-i^'nin;;    to    her    aiiv    work    to    lie    pei 
foiined."*      This    amoniits    In    a    reconni 
lion,  allicil    rather  a   halliii'.'  one.  of  ilir 
priiiciplc  that,  wlieie  yoiiii;.'   persons  an 
coiiccriied.   the  ohli^ralion   of   I  he   iiia.-lei 
111  pinlei'l    them   from   periN  which  liny 
do   not    iinch'rstand    is   one  of   which    lie 
rannol    devest    himself  hy   iiil  ni^liiij.'  I  In' 
-iipci  iiitcndcnec    of    his    Ini^iiiess    to    an 
employee.       The      p.irticiilar      form      in 
vihicii    tills   piiiieiplc    is   applicil    hy   lln' 
Ameiicaii  eoiirls   i~  that   the  duly  In  in 
-Inicl     such     per^iMs     is     nonas»i^'M:iMi 
I  S§  "iTS.  fiTII.  iii'sl  i . 

.\  few  years  latci-.  in  a  case  \\]\rr<  lln' 
|ilaiiitifl  wa>  injiiriil  liy  iinfcneed  ma 
eliinery,  the  llienry  that  there  may  he 
HI  iilli  r  rqii  of  the  master  was  tlin-  di- 
liiietly  adopted  hy  Hylcs.  .1.:  "1  iln  iiel 
1.-I  the  rit;lil  of  the  plain!  ilV  to  nioviT. 
nil  the  statntalile  olili^'atiou  iiii'iiiiiliciil 
on  the  master  to  fence  the  iiiaeliimiy. 
mil  yet  on  the  personal  know  lcdf.'e  of 
llic  in;isler  that  the  niaehiiiery  w.is  im 
prtipet!\  left  iinfciK'.'d.  Ihrnijrh  I  dn  ml! 
I.  piesiiiiii'  to  iiilimate  any  ilisa^'rcein.  nt 
I.     villi    till'    court     of    I'Mlieipicr.      Hut     I 


lii 


il. 


t. 


i  .-.-'oj 


VU  K  J'1UX(  U'AI.Sllir     IKSl  Ul'  RASK. 


1489 


tliiiik  tlic  niiistor  lialilc  on  the  brcuuli  r 
ground,  to  wit,  that  tho  owner  of  iliiii- 
pTuii^.  iiiiichinciy  is  hounil  to  rvcrci-K' 
due  care  that  it  is  in  a  wife  niiil  pmixT 
condition.  .  .  .  Why  may  ui.l  the 
iiiastcr    he  piilly    of   nc;.'liu'enre    l.y    his 


I'hcar.  the  tnanaffer,  was  pililty  of  lie); 
li^enee  in  tlie  (MTfornianco  of  hi»  duly: 
lie  had  repialed  not  i<'e>  that  there  wiie 
not  -ulllciiMit  niat<'rlaU  for  the  enctioii 
of  tlie  scaHnhliiifr,  liiit  faih'd  to  .Mi[i|dy 
Iheiii.    Hut   I  think  I'liear  and, the  iilaiii- 


nayer    or    ajreiit,    whcnc    eni|dfiyiiient  tilf    were    felhiw    workmen    within    the 

may  be  no  dislinit  from  that  of  the  in-  jii  iiieijile  laid  down  in  the  <a-e,  I   ha\e 

jiired    servant    that    tliey    eannot    willi  relcrred   to.     There   wa.s   no  evidence  of 

propriety    he    dreiunl    frlhiw    servants?  any  default   on  the  part  of  the  delVn.l 

.\nd    if   a    niaster'.s    personal    knowledge  ants   theiii-elves,   either   as   to   the   »up- 

i)f  defects  in  hi.s  niacliinery  he  nee.-ssary  ply  of  siiMicimt  materials  or  in  the  se 

to  his  liahility.  the  more  a  master  niff  leetion  of  I'liear  to  he  their  foreman  •■■■ 


lirts   his   hii.siiicss   and    ahandon.s    it    to    iiiaiia^'er 
ulliers     till'     less     will      he     be     lialdc."    poses      ii 
flarkf   V.    Holmis    (IStli)    7    Ilurlst.   &   Tl 
.\.  !):i7.  !>47,  ;tl    L.  .1.   Kxeh.  N.  s.  x,\; 
S  .Inr.  .V.  S.  <V.)-2.  10  \\r,k.  l!rp.  4(1.-). 

In  (liillo<ili,r  V.  /'i;/.r  I  18(14)  Ki  C 
li.  .V.  S.  (iti!).  .!:(  L.  ,1.  C.  1'.  N.  S.  ,)J!l 
ill  of  the  judfres  reasdiicd  upon  the  as 
siiiiiplion    that,     under    an    appropriati 


and  the  ne;.'het  of  I'liear  iiii 
■  respdiisihility  upon  tliiiii. 
rule  in  this  case,  therefore,  will  lie 
alisoliile  to  enter  a  nonsuit."  To  the 
same  elfeet  is  the  rea.soning  of  Uilh-s, 
•  I.:  ■'Mere  the  noliec  was  Riven,  not  to 
the  masters,  but  to  the  fori'iiian.  If 
riiear  had  been  a  partner  with  the  de- 
lendaiils,  notice  to  him  would  have  ren- 


sliottinj,'  of  facts,  a  manajriiif;  employee  dcred  them  liable:  for  the  ea.se  would 
iiii<;ht  be  held  to  be  a  vice  principal;  not  then  have  fallen  within  the  rule  il- 
hiit  the  majority  of  the  court  were  of  luslrMlcd  by  /'lii  s//ri/ v. /'oic/rr  f  I  ls;t7) 
iipinien  that  there  was  no  such  evidence  .!  Mc.s.  Jt  '\\'.  1,  Murph.  &  H.  .'i(ir).  1 
set  out  on  the  leeord.     The  f.'roiind  up     .liir.  !'S7J,  and  that  clasw  of  cases.     Hut 


"M  which  the  plaiiitilf  reste(i  bis  elaini 
was  this:  One  I'hear  was  the  defend 
tnreman 


here  we  are  dealiii;;  with  a  cas«'  where 
the  person  whose  negligence  caiLsed  the 
Mills'  toieman  or  manager  at  the  work  injury  is  a  .servant  of  the  persona 
in  ijucstion, — a  large  building.  One  sou^tlit  to  be  charged.  It  is  true,  he 
'hihoiicy  was  employe<l  under  him  as  a  nile<i  a  superior  position,  but  still  he 
i.iiciii^iii  of  the  scatfolders;  and  the  was  a  servant;  ami  I  am  unable  to 
plaint  ill'  worked  at  the  raising  of  the  draw  any  distinction  in  this  respect  be- 
s.MiVolding  under  the  orders  of  Maho-  tweeii  one  description  of  servant  and 
my.  It  wiLS  J'hear's  duty  to  supply  the  another,  so  long  ius  the  relation  of  ma* 
materials,  consisting  of  poles,  putlogs,  ter  and  servant  e\ist»,  and  the  |>iirt.y 
iiid  hoards,  for  the  rearing  of  the  scaf-  injured  and  the  person  whose  negligence 
loliliii^'.  He  had  notic-  through  .Ma-  caus<il  the  injury  are  employed  under 
liimiy  that  the  Hupply  of  these  mate-  one  common  mas'ter.  If  this'  had  been 
II  Is  for  the  due  and  safe  performance  the  case  of  a  person  who  might  be  said 
of  the  work  was  insullieient;  and  the  to  have  authority  to  act  for  the  m.istcr 
ciiUiie  of  the  injury  sustained  by  the  as  a  kind  of  universal  agent,  I  should 
lihiinliir  was  I'hear's  omission  to  sup-  have  been  prepannl  to  consider  the  sie' 
ply  pi'ijier  niid  .suiricicnt  materials  up-  gcslions  thrown  out  by  mv  brother 
on  .Malioney's  requisition.  Chief  ,Tu.<»-  Hylcs  in  his  judgment  in  ' Cliirhr  v. 
lii'c  Krie  said:  "The  only  matter  upon  llnlinm  {\W-1)  '  Ilurlst.  i  X.  !t;i7.  049, 
"Imli  I  pause  is  whether  or  not  Plicar  .Tl  I,.  .1.  KmIi.  \.  S.  .■!.-|Ci,  8  .liir.  X.  s! 
«,is  such  a  general  manager  aa  to  make  !I!Il',  10  Wiik.  IJep.  40.".,  and  see  whether 
liiiii  stand  ill  the  plaei'  of  .Messrs.  I'ipci.  he  could  come  williin  the  denomination 
^"  llmt  what  was  said  to  I'hcar  may  be  ot  ••ser\anl"  at  all.  Hut  before  I  could 
iiMi-idered  as  having  been  said  to  liiciii.  bring  myself  to  say  that  such  an  ai;cnt 
Is  there  anything  to  show   that    I'liear.   did   not  "come   willun   the  rule.   I   should 

take  time  to  hmk  into  the  subject,  and 
especially  to  consiiler  the  position  of 
that    most   aulhorit alive   of   all    agents, 


till'  foreman  or  managi  more  repre- 
sented his  employers  her.  than  the  fore- 
iiiiin  dill   in   Wiii'moir  v.  ,/<iu  [(IH.IO)    5 

Kxch.  X,i,  10  r..  ,1.  Kxch.  X.  S.  2n(!.  14    the  master  of  a   ship.'    I  shoilid  'I'fke  "to 
■hir.  S.'171?     In  each  case  the  del'endanls   eoiisiiler    whither,    if    the    master    of    a 

fillip,  without  the  knowledge  of  his  own- 
ers, were  to  start   from  an  intermediate 


Were  engaged   in   very   extensive   work 

an.l  in  each  a  foreman  or  manager  was 

pinp!r.y«!  to  direct    them,  and   to   whom    [K)rt  with   the  ves,rl   in  a  d.iiimgcl   and 

the  workmen    lookiil    for   their   instruc     unseaworthy   condition,  and   slie'"was   in 

lions.     In   this    case,    beyond    a    doubt,   conBc<iucnce'  driven  un  shore  or  upon  a 


vMi 


1490 


•ri;)!    \M)  SKl;\  ANT. 


IcllAP.    XXVIll. 


In  Sotlaiiil,  ;iKi),  the  i.'(niris  aili>jiiiil  >iill  nmn'  iiiKMjuivooally  the 


same  view. 


\^i-l 


rix'k,  and  soiiw  of  tin-  cnw  tliiTcliy  sus- 
tained piTxiiial  iiijiii.\.  it  >V(i\ild  lie  ju>t 
or  ■'•M^onaMo  to  liol<l  tin*  oaiicr^  lo  lip 
lialilc  to  llii-  >iilors,  ns  tlicy  would  mi- 
doiilitcdly  \w  lo  third  piT-oiis.  H\it  it 
i>  Mniii'cc>>aiy  to  ili>iii>^  tliat  licri-;  for 
it  is  plain  thai  I'liciir  «a>  a>  iimili  a. 
servant  of  tlii'  clrtViidaiils  as  was  any 
oiii'  of  the  laliorcrs  oiiipknod  under  his 
dinciioii  and  control."  in  a  strong 
dis-iiiting  o|iiinoM,  liylcn,  J..  \vlio>p 
oplrnoii  in  CimLr  v.  Ualiiux  liai  jii.st 
lifi'n  noticed,  tlius  di-^ciissod  tlic  position 
of  tlio  foreman:  ".\s  I  understool  the 
evidence,  he  wa.s  not  merely  the  foreman 
or  Miana^'er  pro  hnc  itVc,  but  liad  liecn 
the  {general  niaiia;;er  of  the  defendants' 
work  for  many  years. — about  twenly- 
fonr  or  twenty  live  years.  He  had  tin- 
entire  niana^renient  of  the  men  employed 
undir  him.  en;,'a;,'ini;  them  and  <lisinis* 
in;;  lln'in  as  he  tliou^dit  lit,  Mahoiny  Ix-- 
in;,'  employed  under  liini  a-*  foreman  of 
the  seatlolders.  It  is  said  that  I'hear 
stool  in  the  rehition  of  fidlow  si'i  v.Mit 
to  the  plaintiir.  1  am  Iiouml  to  say  that 
1  think  otherwise.  He  was  acting  mas- 
ter. .\t  all  events  there  w.is  evidence 
for  the  jnry  that  such  was  his  i«isilion. 
Take  the  e.ise  of  a  hUL'e  huihler,  who  is 
neM'r  seen  near  his  works,  but  who  in 
trusts  the  entire  conduct  of  his  busi- 
ness to  a  foreman  or  mana;;er.  who  is 
eyes,  ears,  tcju^'ue,  brains.  an<l  every- 
thins  to  him.  Is  not  the  master  liabh- 
for  acts  of  neu'ti^'ence  of  liis  employee, — 
for  I  will  iKJt  use  the  term,  'servant' 
which,  like  that  of  'foreman.'  is  suscep- 
tible of  many  nieaniTins, — whilst  .ictin;; 
thus  for  him?  If  these  defendants  liu<l 
been  a  cor]a>ration  a;.'nvejrate  they  nms' 
have  employed  somelaKly  to  represeni 
them.  Take  the  case  of  a  railway  com- 
pany employinv'  a  ;.'eneral  trallic  m.ma- 
^er.  and  through  bis  ni'^di^ence  an  acci- 
dent happens  to  a  servant  of  the  com- 
]>any.  Is  it  to  be  said  that  the  party 
injured  is  without  remeily,  hecau-e  Hk- 
corporation  is  inciipable  of  pervmal 
misconduct?  If  the  rule  here  relied  (Ui 
be  found  so  incon\enient  that  it  c.innot 
bo  apjdied  to  a  case  like  that,  ou^'lit  it 
to  be  applied  here?  That  depends  very 
much  upon  the  jiosition  of  I'liear.  If 
he  h;td  been  a  servant,  though  a  supe- 
rior one.  I  should  have  entertained  some 
doubt,  IbU.  I  do  not  think  he  stood  in 
the  iHisition  of  a  servant  at  all.  He 
stood   rather   in   the   [lositiou   of   a   gen- 


eral agent  for  the  defendant*,  It  i» 
true  lie  was  called  the  liu'eman :  liii! 
that  is  ,1  word  the  meaning  of  which  i 
eMrenii'ly  various.  The  ease  of  \\  I'l 
iiKjir  \.  -Icii  I  1S.-)IM  .">  Kxch,  .•!."i4.  l!i  I. 
.1,  r.\<b,  \.  S,  2!Mi,  14  .lur,  H.'!7,  is  ,li- 
lin;.o;i-l,,il.le  in  this,  that  there  it  do,-- 
not  appear  that  the  |ierson  whose  ne-l; 
gence  caused  th  .ccident  was  anytliii.' 
more  than  foreman  for  the  partiiuin 
work.  l'"or  these  r>as<iii-.  I  think  imp 
tice  to  Pliear  and  negligent  miscondiht 
of  I'hear  wouhl  be  notice  to  the  deleiil 
ants  and  negligence  or  misconduct  oi 
the  ilefendanls.  J'er^mal  knowled;;i-  is 
not  in<lispensalde ;  fi>r  it  has  been  hill 
that  notice  to  one  of  two  partners  is  n.. 
lice  to  both.  So  here,  I  caiuiot  liilji 
thinking  that  notice  to  I'hear  was  uu 
tice   to   the  defendants." 

The  charges  of  Coekburn,  Ch.  J.,  in 
I',llhiii,i  V.  i:iir,laiid  (ISIm)  4  Fost.  4 
F.  4(i().  and  in  Webb  v.  Itiniiie  I  ISO.i 
4  Vost.  &  !  .  tiO,'^,  may  perhaps  al-o  \u' 
taken  to  indicate  that  this  eminent 
jud^'e  had  accepted  the  doctrine  lliat, 
under  certain  circumstances,  a  min,iL' 
ing  emplove<'  might  hi'  a  vii-e  prim  ipal 

In  Mi'ijihii  V.  Siiiilh  (18(1.'))  1!)  f.  i: 
X.  S.  .1111.  12  1,.  T.  X.  S,  till.'.,  the  cnini 
set  aside  a  verdict  for  the  pi  lintilf  s.>li- 
ly  on  the  ground  that  llu're  was  im 
evidenci'  to  show  that  the  ne'_'li;.'eiit 
workman  was.  as  contended,  a  giini.il 
manager  of  a  lucifer  factory  /no  /ee 
i  ice.  See  5  509,  note  1.  mi  pin.  Ihii 
it  must  b.^  admitted  that  the  <Mse  is  d>' 
prived  of  a  part  of  its  signilicancr-  liv 
the  fact  that  the  injured  servant  was  an 
inevpcrienei'd  hoy,  and  this  uiay  iiav.- 
een  considered  a  dillercMtiating  faeior 
-o  far  as  ngards  the  ri'marks  of  tin' 
judges  coneecling  that  the  master  inijrlit 
iuive  been  held  liable  under  a  diirereiil 
stale  of  the  evidence. 

■In  one  case  I»rd  Ingles  e.xpie—.il 
the  opinion  that  there  was  no  aullioriiy, 
either  Knglish  or  Scotch,  for  the  liei 
trine  that  a  foreman  or  manager  wlio 
represents  the  master  in  the  eiiiiip 
work,  and  to  whom  has  been  ilelee.iti'l 
the  entire  duty  of  the  master,  is  not  ,i 
person  for  wlios<'  negligence  the  master 
is  responsible,  yititUfflinn  v,  /^■^''■^ 
I  IS(il  I   2.'{  Sc,  Sess,  (as,  2d  series,  IM. 

In  another  ease  a  foreman  or  general 
superintendent  of  a  factory  was  held  to 
be  a  vice  principal,  Ihirlii)  v,  /(iz/ieni 
(IHlil)    23  .S',  Sess.  Cas.  2(1  seiies.  :>1^ 


|1L 


•  ] 


VU  K  IMclNCll'AI.SIlU'     TK^ST  OK  IIANK. 


14f)l 


So  far  ns  tlicsc  decisions  cinbodv  tlio  tlicurv  tlint  a  muster  oan  1>'' 
iiiiMi'  for  tlio  uc-ilipciii  nets  of  a  i;<  iicnil  aniiirrr,  cciininiiicil  in  tin' 
coui-.-c  of  his  sni)crint(iiili'nce  of  a  ,i,^<)iii;;  coiumtii,  tliov  arc  no  iMnuci* 
law  in  any  jurisdiction  whcro  the  autliority  of  tlie  lIou>c  of  Lords  is 
|iiiraniount.      See  §  'jJtt,  iiifra.^ 

527.  — American  cases. — It  lias  boon  deetiieil  advisal)lo  to  com- 
iiiciit  at  sonic  lengtli  iijion  the  decisions  cniliodyiin;-  a  ductrine  thus 
iiiiilly  rr-jnidiat('(i  in  ihe  niotlicr  ci.uiitiv,  not,  nn'icly  lieccausc  ihcy  arc 
if  interest  to  the  sttident  of  liist<)ricai  juris|u-udc!ice,  us  imlicai  iiiu-  tlic 
M-ciid  of  opinion  ani'iiii;'  a  c/>nsid(>rahle  Tiuiuhor  of  very  (li>iiiii;uishe(l 
juiliics,  but  liecause  the  doctrine  which  lliey  reciii:iii/.(>  is  that  which 
has    finally  prevailed    in    nearly  every  court  of  the    Tnitod    States.' 

fencing  around  Tn.ioliiiirry  allowod  tofrri)  w.t-,  (■it('<l  by  ofuiiixO.  Imt  net  com- 
liodinio  defective^ .  l.(ii<I  I'icm.  .M'Ncill  iiirnlril  mi  liy  ttic  nnirt. 
siiniiiic'il  up  his  ]io-itiiin  in  the  follow-  In  Smnli /■■<iiii  v.  S,iiilh  (Hs-2)  .1  New 
iii;;  wonls:  "It  conirs  to  this,  tliiil  So.  Wiilo  1,.  it.  111.  it  wns  ,uj.'j.'(~li-il. 
lliiTi'  has  hren  .a  ih'lc;.Mli(iii  of  liis  iliity  luit  not  iliici-lly  ilniilcil.  th:il  u  i,'rii- 
liy  the  master,  and  until  I  am  otlier.\i<c  er.il  ni.iiiJL'er  was  ji  vice  |u'iiK'i{ial.  i'\:? 
iii-.tiiioli'<l.  I  cannot  liohl  that,  wlieie  actual  point  ruh'il  was  that  a  male  .if  a 
a  master  (h-h'^rales  his  duty,  he  ia  to  he  ~lii|>  was  not  a  re|iie-iiitativc  of  I'le 
freiil  from   liahility."  slii|"i'Anef. 

In  another  ease  a  eonipl.iint  a.le^iing  The  -ame  view  is  taken  in  Quelicc. 
that  a  defect  in  a  scairohlinjr  had  lieen  Hull  v.  I'ltiiniVnii  I'njiinr  f'o.  M.iuetiec, 
pointed  out  to  '  ^  mana^rcr  was  tield  IST'.i  i  2  l.eL;.il  V.  2I.">  i  fcirciiiau  oidcred 
I'.ot  dcmunali'  Lj/iirh  v.  Ihiinnn-f  mm;  of  diill  wliieli  cau-ed  the  accident  i. 
(lS.">7l    111  .^0,  .      ir*.  Cas.  2d  series.  .'illO.    ITere  tlie  ei>e   was  con^ideied   as  one  of 

In  another  ease  it  was  ruled  that  a  p<Tsor.al  intci  f:renci-  liy  the  ina-ter.  so 
comphiint  alh'i.'in)r  that  the  injury  was  far  as  sucli  intert'erciice  wa-^  po-.jlile  in 
due  to  the  nefflifence  of  oiu-  of  tlie  de  the  case  of  a  company.  I'oil  in  this 
fendant's  foremen  in  {riving  an  order  to  Province  the  doitrine  of  cniiininn  em 
lift  an  e.\ce>>ive  wei;;iit  is  not  demiirra-  ployment,  as  a  whole,  is  rejected.  Sie 
hie.  as  the  liahility  <lepends  on  the  par-  Cniinilinn  P.  /?.  r<,.  v.  f{:,htiis<,i,  M8^7) 
ticiilar  cliarfie  which  the  foreman  had  in  14  (an.  S.  C.  10.'.  The  dcrMmi  in  the 
the  hnsiness.  M'Millan  v.  M'Milliiii  <>tictiec  c:i~e  is  tlicrefore  of  no  iiiipor- 
ilSIll)  2.3  Sc.  Sess.  ('as.  M  series.  1(W2.    tanee  to  common  lauyer.s. 

In  ilcAuhiii  v.  /{roirnlir  ( IStiO)  22  'The  eases  contra  are  noted  in  5  S.SO. 
Se.  Sess.  Cas.  2d  series,  1175,  it  was  held    infin. 

that  a  contractor's  foreman  <u|ierin-  I'ossihly  the  earliest  -American  ca^e 
Icni'injr  the  erection  of  a  hiiildiii;.'  was  in  whicli  there  is  a  suL'i-'e-tion  of  the 
II  vice  piincipal  of  the  master  in  re;.'ard  |iiinciple  that  a  master  is  lialde  for  the 
tn  prii\idinf»  the  laborers  with  a  safe  .icts  of  a  ijeneral  a;,'ent  is  to  be  fmind  in 
scalliild.  This  duty  was  assumed  by  llnntur  v.  Illiii',isi  ('.  /,'.  Co,  (H.U)  1.5 
the  court  (see  especially  the  opinion  of  III.  .").")0.  where  the  court  leaned  to  the 
I.il.  Peas)   to  be  non-deli'gable.  opinion    that    there   miL'ht    be   ''eases   of 

'Ciuion-ly  enou;;h.  however,  the  doc  earele->Hess  or  misconduct  im  the  part 
trine  of  an  altir  rijo  does  not  seem  to  of  tlio-^e  to  whom  a  corpor'tion  may  in- 
lie  quite  extinct  in  at  least  one  of  the  trust  (he  mana^'ement  of  its  concerns, 
ISrilisli  colonies.  Thus,  there  Inis  been  producing'  injury  to  (he  employees  of  the 
liiM  to  be  a  liability  for  the  ne^ti'-'ence  eompnity  for  which  it  wtmld  be  liable." 
<if  the  manairer  of  a  mine  eonductinp  but  said  that  the  dei  lir.il  ion  of  the 
the  business  in  a  manner  as  complete  as  plainlilt  did  not  rai^e  this  point, 
nn  individual  owner  would  or  could  In  IS.IU  <lie  doctrine  was  fiillv  reoojr- 
biive  done  on  the  spot.  Bn»fl  of  llopr  ni/ed  as  fo  the  superintendent  of  a  rail- 
•/■  !.  rr.nsf^.'s  V.  Vnrl;,iu  l\9.-\\  1  Vic  way  in  \V:ixhh!iv:i  v.  \i!s:!iyil!r  ,-f  C  R 
•nrinn  I!ep.  (L.)  l.">a  (ladder  iti-'c'irely  Co'.  3  Head.  ti:i^.  T.";  Am.  Dec.  7S4.  The 
fastc'iii'd)  ;   U  1(40)1  v.  Merry   d  529,  in-    significonee  of  this  decision  is,  however, 


iii'iaWIlR 


!^; 


\i'. 


U{i' 


1492  MASTKR  AM)  >KUVANT.  [chap,  xxviii 

IIow  widely  tliMl  (Icx'triiu-    prevails    is  apiJiirent    fnmi    the  decisions 
cited  in  llie  sulijoiiied  iidte-.  iii(pMi;li  it  must  !(>•  reiiiiiiilpere(l  that  inanv 
of  them,  iiiasiimeh  as  ihey  emanate  fnnii  C4iurts  whicli  have  aceordcil 
more  or  loss  I'ccoijniliun  to  the  siiperiur  servant  doctrine,  cannot  with 
entire  certainty  he  cited  as  beini;  aufimrities  tor  tiie  particular  r\\\< 
with  which  v\c  are  now  concerned.  //:..  ihai  llie  case  of  a  peneral  inai! 
ajiinj;  ajicnt  constitnte-  an  cNception  to  the  |)riiiciph'  that  the  exen-i- 
of  a  power  uf  control  doe-  not  maki'  tiie  controllimt  employee  the  nil. 
I  (JO  of  the  master,      'i'hat  principle  has  heen  tlms  formally  stated  in  . 
leadinj;  >iew  York  case: 

Where  the  "nnister  withdrawn  from  the  manai;ement  of  the  Ini^ 
ness,  or  fhi'  Imsiness  is  of  sn<di  a  nature  tlial  it  is  necessarily  conuiii' 
ted  to  agents,  as  in  the  cas^-  of  corporations,  the  tnaster  is  liahle  for  tin 
neglects  and  omissions  of  duty  of  ihe  one  charircd  with  the  selection  n| 
the  other  servants  in  employinii  and  s<'leetin;;  such  servants,  and  in 
the  general  conduct  of  the  hn-iness  committed  to  his  care."^ 

Most  of  the  decisions  illustratini;-  this  nde  relate  to  agents  heariii;; 
designations  indicative  of  positions  which  suggest  the  conduct  of  -.i 
liernianent  hnsiness  and  lenure  uf  ottice  extending  over  an  indetiniti 
period.'' 

iliiiiinisliod  by  the  fnot  that   it    w;i*  ron-  niiin.TL'or   or  supprintcndpiit.     flulli,, 

ilorcct  in  n  state  in  wtiidi  tin-  >u|).'iior  cf  O,  l{.  Co.  \.  HhkiiIi   (inn:!i    14!i  I'.  > 

-civiint   rtoptriiie   is  applied.     See   sulul.  .IllS,  :i7   I,.  e,i.  772.  i:i  Sup.  Ct.  It^p-  "!• 

f)    Infra  {iiniiii  ii(lii\  :     Frmirr     v.     I'miixi/lrmin' 

Even    seven    year:*   after    tlie    date    of  /.'.  (V.    ilSC.Ol    ^  I'a.   104.  80  Am.   !)..■ 

tliis  decision  it  wonlil  ajipear.  from  tlie  t(i7     (error    tr      .■jict    evidenee    tliat    !m 

leport  of  n  renn-ylvania  case,  tliat  tlie  knew    of   '-      ..peteney    of   deIim|iieiM  i  : 

nja-ter's    lial>ilitv    under    <ueli    eircuni  I'lilhi-y         ..     "iflnhinii    d    C     R.    t\,. 

stances  was  not  tlien  estaldi-lied  in  that  (  1S7        .<i    I'a.    .ISO.    IS    Am.    Hep     41J 

state.       In    Cnlilinll    v.     Unnrn     (ISIili)  idefi'etive    con.-truetion    of    si<linL'    uii- 

,").1  I'a.  453,  wliere  the  trial  eonrt.  at  the  known)  :    lliniliiifidoii   tf    li.   T.    It"n,l  ,f 

ivqiie<t   of'the   plaintiff.    in~tni.t.(l    tlie  Cotil  Co.  v.   Drvkrr    (1S77)    84    I'a.   4111 

jury  that  the  acts  and  knowle<l(;e  of  the  (until    servant    employed);     llnm,,    v. 

ni!iiia(.'er  of  a  rollinj;  mill  were  the  acts  Cnrbnii    Coinifit   Ktrrtiic   K.   Cn.    (ISdiii 

and    knowledije   of    the   proprietor    him-  101    I'a.   140.  4.'?  All.  74:    idoetrine:  .i- 

-elf.   the   supreme   court   said    that    this  sinned    Init    pro\imate   e:ius<'   of   tlie   in 

eli,irf;e    was    perhaps    not    warrantiKl   by  iury  was  held  to  be  the  act  of  a   fill  ■« 

the  lOitliorilies  I Mhro  v.  Auiuraiii  I'tnuil  servant!  :    /..'v/.v  v.  Cnti'iilinn   P.   It.  <'<i. 

ro.    ilS,-,0)    C,    rush.    75).   hut   that,    if  iISOl)    S:i    Me.    4f.l.    ll    Atl.    rtr,7    i.l.' 

it  was.  it  was  not  an  error  of  which  the  -patch  of  trains)  ;  IIuik/o-  v.  Unll'm^nrr 

plaintifT  could  complain.  d  O.  R.  Co.    (1870)   32  Md.  411.  :!  .\.n 

After   1870   the  cases  illiistratin-;  the  Hep.    143    (conceded    niiiwiiilo :   bill    -.c 

doctrine  become  quite   numerous  in  the  S  530.  infra):  Ciniilirrliiiid  it-   /'.   R.  ''■■ 

,.pports.  V.   Stnic    (1875)    44   Md.   283    (puicli;is,- 

'  M^ilone  V.    Tlathainnj    (1876)    64  N.  of  <lefeclive  machinery;   sw  §  .")30.  noii. 

Y    5    21   Am.  Rep.  573.  Following  Mur-  infra)  :  llnnison  v.  Uitrnit.  I,.  <f-   V.  /,' 

,,/',,/  V.  Hmith  (18(15)  10  C.  B.  N.  S.  361.  Co.  (1800)  70  Mich.  400.  7  L.  R.  A.  ly  1 

12' L.  T.  X.  S.  605   (see  8  .526,  note  1,  44   N.   W.   1034    (nrgunii',)  :    Kn,<i.}   v 

^uprn).  .Mlnntn  A  W.  P.  R.  Co.    (ISSi!)    77  ("1. 

"'thus,   a    railway   conipanv    must   an-  202     (defective      (lack      caii-i'ii     id  in 

swer   for  the  negligence  of   its  general  ment) ;   Buliman   v,  l\iiiii.iulur  li.  Co. 


k 


i  .-.27] 


Vll  K  n!IN(  IIAIMIII'-    IKsl   u|-   KANK. 


14!t:; 


Tpc'ii  piirrlv  logiciil  oiniiiKls  tlio  siinio  rule  is.  it  wnul.l  seem. 
r<|lliill,v  ii|i|ili(Mli|e  to  einiiliivees  superilileiiiliiiir  a  specitie  pieee  nf 
udi'k  wli.pse  eiinti-ulliiii.  fniiciiniis  liavc  relntiuii  (.nlv  t.)  tli:ii  uurk.  ami 
will  cease  wlien  it  is  linisiieti.      'I'lie  siiuatiou  in  siicji  ea^'s.  !io  tar  as 

(IS'tS)   20  Wasli.   l:!,i,  .-,4  l';ir,  iinC    (not  (fiiiliiiv    to     provide    pioprr    .innliMn... 

tiikiiifr  st.'ps  III  stop  tiaiiis  upon  |.,mi-  lor  rii^iii;:  ,i  siriok. -t:ifk  > . 
iiiR   tliiit    a    fon-t    liiv    is    rau-iri^'    iiloii^'        Of  ii  st,..l mill       lhifj„\.<)li,rrltri,s 

llii>  road  I:    \\,i»hhii,n  v.   \(ishiilli-  J  ('.  lIsiMli    l.il    I',,.  ■'().!    Is    Ml    S7'   (<i../» 

/.'.  r<,.  (IS,-)!) I  :t  iicid.  ii:w.  ;.-,  Am.  D.c.  r,„l„i. 

7S4:  (colliHi,  II  (Mi|.,.d  by  failm..  lo  ;.'iv,-  Of  a  y  ,w  mill.  Siili.luir  l.iimhr,-  (;, 
pnipir  niniiiiif.' ordiTsi  ;  ll'inirs  v.  l-:<ist  v.  hrllr,,  (lS!i.-,;  To\  Civ  Aiip  i  id  s 
7V,i,,'sMY  d  II.  /,'.  fV,.  (ISlilii  :)  Coldw.  \V.  dilti'  Mi,-lii;..iil  oidi'r  to  shut  sii« 
•2-2-2  (train  slaiird  at  an  iimi-iial  hour  i  :  wli.n  llirir  w.i,.  indicMiiiiiis  of  llic  .s 
'•'''""'"!':  i'-  'f  ■'■•  *  "■  ''"  ^-  •'•■""■"'  '"l"'''-*-  of  a  d..|...t):  Sl,in.nr„„  v,  11,,/ 
(IS!M))  ,li  l,.\.  nil.  ]^S.  W.  .-,(12  (fail-  n,„lh  .{  ,V.  l//y.  Co.  i|S!l4i  (IS  Mi.li 
are  to  .^'ivc  .-.in'li  infoiiiiatiiiii  and  oidcrs  411.  -,7  X.  W  .  i.-.l  :  //„,„■/.•  v.  .hi<l,s>.„ 
lo  til"  rompaii>>  M'lvaiit-  in  char;;!,  of  Sun  mill  ('„.  i  |<v  •  IS'i'ii  411  s  U  47> 
its  train,  as   will  onald.-  Ili.i,,   t,,  avoid        Of     a     maniila.-hii  in-     .-MMi^limrtil' 

."lllsion   I-*  llic  iiculcit  of  tl ipaiivi;    (Iriffln    v.    Ilh.i     \l(q    ('o     ilS'i'i    ti7    \ 

l',n.l„n,,h.  r.  J  SI.  I..  H.  <:,.  v.  //,«.  a.  287.  m  Atl.  344  (ord.rM  :  Shilr 
.;,,...,.,  I|^S2)  3,  Ohio  St.  .-i.-)2  (lirKli-  Mw  o/  Ihmirlin  v.  Unlsl.r  (1S«1)  57 
■.'.nt  onlrrs  with  r,-p,.,l  to  the  niaMa;,'<.  Md.  2S7.  <n(,iir,i,l<>  (at  all  .■vents  so  far 
mrnt  ot  .1  train):  tV.  ^,/,„„/,  C.  .f  r.  «.  as  i.-aid.  his  fnnnion  of  mndovin- 
In.  v.  henry  (ls.-,n  ;!  Ohio  St.  2(ll  snvanls  and  prornrin-  thr  iMsjiMni..ir 
nc^lli-i'iit  opc'iatiuii  of  trains)  :  A',,/  talitics  ncn-ssaiv  for  tli..  s..r\i<...  i  „,. 
.Urn  V.  I  ivon  /'.  I{.  V„.  (I8S7)  T,  rtali.  §  .-,:!ll.  ,nini\:'ru,;„,„„  v  Ih.ll,,,,,.!. 
:t44.  1;.  Par.  2il2  (workmen  oidei.sl  to  |1S7;.I  .-.!!  X.  Y.  517,  17  \in  l!e|i  iii'i 
help  in  elearini.'  ^.'an-^rtay  of  the  mine,  (ohvalor  suirered  to  ;:el  iiilo  l,a,|  re 
in  wliieh  SI  .ntetidiiit  had  tenipoia-  pair:  owner  was  nonre-ideni  and  "-.w,- 
Illy  ciii-ed  t,i  jiMt  iiptimlieiinf,'althoii;.'|.    no    pergonal    attention    to    the    i.ii-ii'..- 

ho  knew   tli:i'    pic ,   of   eoal   were   con-    liiil    see  |«i!   .'54;i.  .-,47,  /»«/ 1  •    Vr„//i,r,w 

-tanlly    tailing  i  :    llnull    v.    Jlunnihiil   J    ,,,i    rii,  I   r„.   v.   Ihinirhoii    (IS'lli    li  ( 
.v7.  .1.   II.  y„.    (IHS,-,,    1!)    M„.   App.   2!)f    ('.   A.   (I.ttl.    12   I'.   S.   App.   iws    .->7    Kecl' 

(Ineaeh  of  aHreemenI   to  provide  means   IM.",    iy:n |,.rs  inerea-in-  da.i-,r   lo, 

to  keep  men  warm  while  t hey  wcicshov  w,;ikmen  not  diieetlv  iilleetrd  l>rihem 
olin^r  snow  at  ni-ht  in  very  odd  and  f:,ih..l  to  warn'  theini;  A',»,„„ 
wather:  plaintilF  was  fio-l-l,itten ) .  lU.il.r  r„.  v.  A-ro7..so»  ilSIISI  7s  III 
In  one  e:ise  it  w:is  not  deeide,!.  but  App.  .■!.-,  , -i.-ani  allowed  lo  enter  l.oiler 
Slid  to  1h!  at  least  open  lo  ,pi,s|i„„.  whieh  plaintiir  w;is  repairiii"!-  //.ss-  v 
whether  the  superintendent  of  a  short  I -/.,,.. -o,/  1//,/.  r„.  ilsinw  (|i;  Minn' 
Mnnch  line  lea.linff  to  eoal  mines  was  a  70,  lis  V.  W.  774  (assumed  in  the  opin- 
fellow  servant  of  the  .-on  li.r!,,r  of  a  ion);  l/.i/^.s,  v.  rv„,.v,,,„,  is'  Irr  Uf,, 
iniin  in  ?ivin«  an  order.  \h.:>l,sy.lhh,-  I'o.  (I,s(i4i  4li  Ui.  Ann  l.-,:t.-,  Iti  So' 
'Tr^f  ''■/':'""'  ''"■  '1^'"'  1^1  I*a.  400  (here  the  liejrli;;ent  eniplovee  ha.l 
"..-'.  2     Atl     ,,33.     Tint    it    is  .lillieiilt  to   "-m.- .,ded"    the    superintend,.,,!'   in    his 

-■c    w^v    the    Mnalln.-s    of    a     ,.ono,.rn    fiiii(.iio„:     tin-    n,^'li^,.|„.e    all .,1      wa- 

sliniihl  have  any   ipialifyin-  ..ir,.,.|.     TIio    faili,.;;     to    k.-ep    a    hoiler    in  "repair, 
"lily  propi.r  ,p„..tion   is  u  h,.|h,.r  the  an-    l><„ri;„,i    ..    |//,.„    (l.ssi)    74  Mo    13    41 
|»iior    si.rvanl    is    in    a    r,.al    ^.nse    tl,e    Am.    i;,.p.    2<IS    (.inh.rs)-    Coir   itroi'    v 
ii,;,-ters  suhstitiil,.   in   the   nian:,i;,.inent    U,,,,,/   (|S|i4)    11   hid.    \„p    37    3C,  \'  K 

"'•11       ""'■''''",'    .   ■        u   .,  '"•-'    ""'''■'■'>:   ^'o.•<l,T  V-.  /•».,'„    (ISShV 

Ihe   same  doetnno   holds  ,.'ood    where  8    Ihaisi.    ,|),.l.)    ms     14     \||     -,4-,    ,,|p 

'li,.  ,i..jll,-,.iit   a.'t    is  th;it   of  the  u'eiieral  feetive   ma.hin..rv )  :    Sinn;,     v      \lrr,„ 

iim^i-er  or  Hiperii,l,.„di.i,i  of  oth.-r  eon-  »i/</,-    (1S4!1,     I'Phila     l.")!)-    ,,,v,„„    v 

eeni-,-  as.  of  a  Hour  mill.     M  irUk  v.  Mor-  lliii,l,in    (ISSii,    .si    V     y     -,i(j     ■{-     x,,,' 

"."'  l:"tl  ,li2  Kan.  870,li4  I'ae.  (UMKserv-  R,.p.  ,Vil    (hut  easo  went  o'tV  on  'tli..  ,„,int' 

ni.t    not    warn..,!    as    to    lat,nt   ,lan-pr).  that    tl„.   neslifrent    act    was   nonollleial- 

Or  of   a    mill    and   elevator   eom|,any.  see  S5  ,-,i;!.  ,547.  /„«•/.■  ou,„.r  of  r-„;-,n 

wT''"koo'''";.''/''.'''''1o';  ''"o '■.'''''■''■    "■••'     """'■-''"'■"•I:     l!or,„hi     v.     1  „/,.„„ 
<■"    .isnni    21.    folo.    284,    r,H    Pae,    28   Iron  U01/.S  (1876)   61  Mo.  402  (fire  or- 


m 


»4!>4 


MASIKI!  AM*  M:K\  ANT. 


[t  ll.M'. 


llcl( 


if  the  ti;iii-itVr  nf  (lio 


iiiiisfcr  -  |)u\vc'r>  iii;il  uliliiiati'iii- 


!" 


is  fiiiiccnicil.  iiiiiv  well  Lc,  ainl  often  is.  tiie  saiiu'  as  in  tlir  cum'  of  tin 
geiicnil  maiiiiiiiiifr  iij^ents  of  a  ciiiiliriiiiiifr  l>ii.«int'ss.     A  few  dccisinii'; 

di'i'i'il  to  III-  ap|ilitMl  to  a  furnace  in  iniii  wlicii'  t'lui'iiiiiri  Imd  Kent  plaintifT  to  rp 
\vc(il\«.  Ml  HH  til  |iiimIiiii'  nil  i'\|ilii»i(iii )  :  imivc  siiiiic  IikiU.  witliniit  iiiii|n'r  |iir 
Miiilni   V.  ('(,<il:    (  1S!M  I    .'17   \.  Y.   S.   R.    I'aiitiiinH  lirinn  tiikcii  tn  ->■<•  that   lii'  IumI 


7:i.i,  M  \.  ^.  Sii|i|i.  :!^!t  (-Tins  Id  n«- 
>iiini'  tliMt   llic  fdiiiiiaii  \va-  a  \\i.v  priii 

ripal;   Imt    tlir   ik  ;.'li;rii wat  a   lncai'li 

(if  a  MUM  (li'li'L'alilc  (iiilv  ill  iKit  ili-iai'd 
iii^;  :i   ilcfi'ctivi'  appliaiH'rl . 

Of  a  liiii;  ^laiiu'litt'iint;  istalili^liiiiPiit. 
Million  \.  Ui'liniKuii  (ISSli  SO  hid. 
•2«1.   41    Am.   Ut'p.   812    (d.fi.tivc  boil- 

IT). 

Of  a  Imiiliir  cDiiipaiiv.  \iiibuni  v. 
Hrlrh'l  ,{  1/.  /.»,„/,.  ,  ,f  'Mfii.  r,,.  I  ISlM'il 
100  Invva.  Itl.  Ii!l  \,  \V.  7 1  :  ( coiipod- 
<Hi);  huuilhtii  w  I*rnnlf<rnl  I.i>q  Ihirillft 
Cn.  (1SHI)  ^ti  Ml'.  U:t  Ul'iiiiiril'InU 
hliirhiiisKi  V.  Shiii-rs  l.innlnil'i,.  I  IS'Mi) 
il.'i  Ui>.  417.  «7  N.  \V.  !i:i4  (liiit  act  lien- 
was  iioiiiiHicial ;  ^x'c  cliaplci-  XXIX.. 
l>()st  ]  ;  hitntl  V.  Hfisfi/  hifitihif  Cn. 
(ls!M»)  41  Kill.  2li:i  (dcfii'livc  nipc  and 
tacklf  fiirni>lii  il :  pi .iprictois  Atie  a 
foi('i;jii  ciiipdialioii  i . 

Of  a  liri<k  coiiipuny.  Cliicnju  \iiihi- 
ton  I'rr.ssid  lliirl:  <'».  v.  Suhl.'jii  inl- 
(18II4)  14S  111.  .-17:!.  .■!(l  X.  K.  .-i7:i.  Af 
firniiii);  (ISOil  4.1  III.  App.  .'.K  (assiii- 
nncc  that  (ivcrliaiiirini:  liank  w;ii  not 
dan;;cIoils;     tlic     qm-l  inn     (if    ((-dvico 

was  not   rai-cil   in   tin ml   of  appi'als 

at  tlip  place  oilcil.  lint  wa^  (li-;cii-.~cil  <in 
former  hearing  (1HK!I)  :i4  111.  .\pp. 
312). 

Of  a  ipiarry  or  stone  cutting;  estalili^li- 
ment.  Ilnnsiti-  Khun  Co.  v.  \li-Ciiiii 
nS!f2)  i:!;t  Ind.  2.11.  .'.I  X.  K.  !).5ti  (cars, 
lieiii-r  insiidicieiitly  lilorked  on  an  iii- 
pliiie,  were  slar'eil  liy  impact  of  another 
oar.  and  injiiied  sei\ant  wlio  was 
loading;  one  of  tlieiii):  fiiihinlt' nfniil 
.^loiir  Co.  V.  I)'l',,\i,i  ilSllS)  l.-.d  Ind. 
(ifili.  40  X'.  K.  4.'i7  I  wheels  of  heavy 
traveler  were  not  secure);  Ihnmrlhi  v. 
«oo//i  liion.  if  //.  /.  liniiiili-  Co.  (1S!I7| 
no  Mp.  110,  ;i7  .\tl.  S74  (defective 
hoistinfr  sear  hroke  under  a  Inadi; 
/{irli iiioiid  driinilr  Co.  v.  linifry  (ISOCi) 
02  Vn.  .5.J4.  24  S.  K.  2.12  (superintend- 
ent disrcfiarded  a  rule  made  liy  hiii'-clf. 
.18  to  pivins  a  warning  si^jnal  liefoie  l!io 
cable  which  drew  the  car?*  up  an  incline 
was  drawn  taut)  :  Rerd  v.  t^liirl.-im  hi  r 
(1800)  20  C.  C.  A.  3H1,  .■?4  U  S.  App. 
727.  74  Fed.  18(5  (orders  as  regards  the 
kind  of  work  tn  do)  :  l,<"iU-n  v.  sih-i-r- 
mini  (1802)  1  Colo.  App.  404.  20  Pac. 
180    (slab   thrown   down  towards    placp 


leaelied  a  place  of  safety  I  :  Ciilh  ii  \ 
\  '-i7rm   (  issli  I    .-,2  IIiiii.  0.'  4  X.  ^^  Mipp 

221      (einplny rdereil     iiilii    place    ni 

dan^'cri.  lievci -sd  in  ilslHi  jjil  N,  ^ 
1.  2li  X'.  K.  OO.'i.  on  Die  j;liPllnd  Ihal  li 
dan^'er  was  sulrly  I  lie  ie~iill  <if  the  iii.ii. 

iier  ill    which  tlie   I man    perfniiiied   m 

direct.Hl  a   ddiil  of  tin'   work. 

Of  an   ice  company.      Hirrisli    v.    \> 
Uaiiii    /((■    Co.     ilHO.ti     (l.'l    Conn.    0.    JT 
Atl.    2.'!o     (omission    lo    mHify    eiipi;i.,i 
that  servant   was  in  a   po-ition  wheie  In 
would  lie  endaiiyered   liy   the  ^1  irliie.'  cil 
imo'liiiieiy.  and  Ineiicli  of  a   riHe  rec|aii 
ills   the    po-tiii;.'   of   an    eiiiployir    In    -. 
lh.it     the    machinery     was     imi     -lailil 
without    a    si;r|ii||  I  ;    Ciiislnl    In-    Co.    \. 
Shirlorh    (l,SO:t)    .-17    Xeli.    10.  55   N.   \V 
204   1  piece  of  ice  sent   down  a  chute  i. 

Of  a  mine.  I'-iiil-.nr  v.  7'i7.'i/  l-'o\h 
lion  Mill.  C..  (iss.-,  I  Hi)  X.  V.  :!iis.  j 
-V.  K.  24  (knew  thai  a  clill'  was  in  d.in 
iivr  of  fallinj;.  and  faihil  to  safeiruinl 
plaint  ilf:  here,  lioucvei.  the  court  n 
lies  rather  on  the  iioM(lele;,'!ilile  cliarii- 
ter  of  the  duty  violalcil  than  on  lli.- 
general  agency  of  the  nuperintendeiil  i  : 
Wliol  Chirr  Colli  Co.  V.  .loliiisoii  (  ls!i:;i 
li   C.   C.   A.    14S.    12    r.    S.    .\pp.   4!lil.   .'ii; 

Ki'd.  810    (assii Ii:    \oilliiin  I'.  Co'il 

Co.  v.  Iticluiioiiil  I  ISO.'ii  7  ('.  (".  A.  4'>.'i. 
15  L'.  S.  App.  2li2.  ."iS  I'ed.  7,'ili  ( iicL'li- 
^ence  alle;;ed  was  onh-iinfr  hoy  lo  iln 
<laii;reroii-.  wiirk  outside  scope  of  i  iii 
]iloyment  )  :  Mmilo  ir  v.  Siilliriin  \li,i. 
Co'  (1S84)  7ll  Me.  100  {cut  a  liole  in  a 
platform  creatiPi;  secret  pitfall):  (.iiii:i- 
ni  .1//,,.  Co.  V.  KilLs  I1S70)  42  Mi<li. 
:i4.  ;{  \.  \V.  24(1  iiii-iiiiiiiilo\  :  Ih-yir.nit 
V.  Ciiiillox  Colli  K.  Co.  ilsoS)  0  N.  M. 
40."i.  .'l.'l  I'ac.  20(1  I  M'cins  to  bp  a>-iii!;i  I 
in  opipioii.  thoinih  caM-  did  not  recphic 
a  ih'ci-ion  on  this  point).  Other  s\||ht- 
visjii;;  iillicials  in  mines  who  have  Ihim 
belli  to  lie  vice  principals  have  liceii  i!e 
scribed  as  folhnvs:  A  foreman  of  I  lie 
entire  work  at  a  mine,  with  power  tn 
employ  and  di~el;:ir;.'e  b.ands.  Ifc/.c 
V.  Hliii  Point  Urnirl  Miii.  Co.  (IsTi; 
."il  Cal.  2.'i.>  (plaintilV  not  notilied  t'Mt 
a  Mast  was  about  to  be  lired).  A  tlii"- 
inj;  captain  who  has  [he  entire  m;iti;i:.'<'- 
nieiit  of  the  mine,  without  iiit  ■]  fi-n -^ff 
liv  the  owner,  a  nonre-ident.  Ilunii  ' 
I'inriiilrii    (  1SS3)    50  Mich.    170,   4,5   An: 


«  527] 


\  I'  K  I'ltlNi  ir.\l>llll'~  'IKSl  OK  UANK. 


np:> 


hiivo  rcciii.'iii/c(l  iliis  idcntitv,  nii<l  iiiipn-fd  liahiliiv  iipnn  cmiilcvors 
lor  the  iicf,'li;;ciicc  of  ji^ciits  in  cliiir^rc  of  iiii|Hii'taiit  wnrk.-  nt'  CMii.tnic 
linn.''      I'nt  lliiit  till'  tciidf'iiL'v  of  ilic  ciiiiri.^  is  in  tical  (■iM|ili.\ri>  oC 


Ri'p.  :i.-..  15  X.  \V.  72.  Drfcndiiiit  ar 
^'ii'.'d  that,  as  tin-  t'aptaiii  liail  licrti  up 
|iiiiiitrcl  liv  till'  oAiMTs  aj,'iiil.  lie  was  "a 
incrc  frui'iiiaii,  or  tli'partiiiriit  IcaliT.  or 
>iili(liii'l' ;"  l)ut  it  was  pointcil  out  tliat 
the  a;.'i'nt.  not  li.in;.'  aii  rxpiit  himself, 
tiiok  no  pMit  ill  thi'  Miaii;i;;riiiiiit.  ami 
(hat  the  i'~viitial  <pii~tiiiii  \\a«.  What. 
.IS  iii.ittrr  of  f.ict,  wa»i  his  pi.^iiii.n?  ikjI 
h-  wliat  direct iM'ss  or  oiriuity  he  got 
it. 

The    fnreniiui    of   a   Ran;;   of   iiieii.    to 
uhoMi    a    stevcilnre    deh-;.'ili's    the    I'lilire 
rii,in:i;.'i'Mieiit    ol'    the    wnrk    of    iliihiadiii;; 
.1    M-«il.    with    "fiill    ilivictiiiii    to    cull 
trill   and   siipenise    it."    is   a    viee    priii 
I  l|ial  as  to  Ills  suliiii'iliiiati's.     Uruini  v. 
S.niirH     |IHH.-)|     (iH    Cal.     .lir,.    .IS     Am. 
I!i|i.  S.  n   I'ae.  74    (failure  to  sij,'iial  tor 
-tiippaKe  of  eiif,'iiie  when   an  ovr>rloailed 
hiiikil   of  I'lial   was  sw  iii^rin;.'  d  ini.'eroii-- 
ly.     This   riiliiii;   was  eritieixil    in   Con 
I'lniri'  V.   SoiiIIk'iii    I'.   K.  Co.    I  IS!I1  i    8Si 
i^il.  :!tin.  2ii  Pae.   17.">.  as  hein^r  hard  to 
niiinrile  with   some  other   riilin;.'s.   par- 
liciihirly  ('ullicr  v.  Sliiiihiirt    (1,S7"))    .51 
(ill.   lit)    (eomplnint  alle;.'in},'  the  ne-rli- 
fiont  emphi\  iiieiit  of  an  en^'ineer  hy  the 
superinteiiili'iit  of  a  mine  held  (leiniirra- 
hlel.      It    was   also    sii^'^'ested    that    Hi>- 
sun   V.    Girrn    Mniiiitnin    ilnld    Min.    Co. 
ilSSO)    .-)7    Cal.     •>().    went     no    further 
Ihnn  to  ',ohl  that  the  duty  of  providing: 
siiitahle    appliances    was    nonas-ijrnahle. 
The    (iicisiiiii    may    ilonlitless    »tand    on 
this  footin;;:  Init  that  it  was  not  found- 
I'll  nn  any  such  theory  is  apparent  from 
the    report.      A    ieeent    dc  eision    of    thi^ 
iiiiirl    seems   to    indicate    that    whatever 
ilmilit    it    may   at    one   time   have   enter 
inined    as    to   the    vice    primipalship    of 
Ui'iieral  a}rents  is  now  alianiluncd.  as  the 
master  ha?-  heen  held  lialile  for  the  ne;r 
li^'ence  of  an  en;,'inecr  in  cliai;.'c  of  a  re- 
I'liLii  rntinff  machine  under  the  direction 
"f  tlie  superintendent  and  fieneral  man 
iL'er  of  a  corporation  when  he  was  pres 
I'Mt.  and   in   .sole   charfte  diirini;  his   ali 
■enc-e.     A'l/nn  v.   Los  Ainirli.t  In    d   i'olil 
ftonifir  Co.   (189ii)    112  Cal.  244,  32  L. 
R    A.  ."24.  44  Pac.  471    (allowinj;  inex 
perimced    men    to    do    work    for    which 
they    were    unfitted).     See    further    the 
siinmiary    of    Californi.-     deci-ion*     in 
'■hii|i1er  XXX,.  post. 

\~    to     the     pn-j)fifin     of    eaptiiins     ,if 
-1  i|i-..  «i.e  5  5;!."..   iiififi 


If  llie    fnniti.  ;i-    ,li-  -i|:,i 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  8.-13. 


d    liv    a   »u 


pervisinj,'  iiiiplmee  are  tlm-e  of  a  ^en 
eral  mina^'ei.  he  will  he  tre.ii.d  .i~  ^inli. 
thoii^'h  he  was  appoiiili'd  hy  an  ml'i-hI  ot 
the  master,  a  nonresident,  vilnie  ii  al-ci 
ilppe.iis  tliat  siiili  a;.'i'nt.  iml  hi  i  i^-  in 
expert,  tn.ik  no  part  in  the  ii'iuliiri  nf 
the  liiisin,.,*,  /i'i;.i,i  V,  //,;././/-,)  il'-.:;. 
jll  Mich.   17!l,  4r>  .\ni.   K.ii.  .l.V   !.">  .N.  U  . 

'  Keeovery  has  heen  alh.Wi  !  f  l  the 
ni'iiliu'enee  of  the  follow  in;,'  1  l!i|.hi\i  e~; 
One  having'  full  control  of  lue'.iie 
lion  of  a  iiiilidin;.',  Slahr  \.  C/i./y,,,-,/ii 
ilss7)  liT  .Mich.  .-.J.t.  3.-)  \  W .  liu; 
(foreman  len.uved  chat  «hlih  kij^i  ■■ 
ti-mpoiary  «(aiicii-e  in  pn-iduii.  an  I 
siihseipientlv  ordered  plaint  ill  to  .i-ti  in! 
it). 

.\  person  in  full  contml  of  I  he  cnii 
stniclion  of  n  tunnel.  l»i/.  im.,,  v. 
Itiiiiiill  (HS.S)  111  Or.  .-,!.-,.  Ill  I',,..  7(;.-, 
(workman  s,.t  to  ilrilliiiK  hole,,  uilho.it 
any  steps  liein^;  taken  to  a-cii!iii 
nhelher  there  were  anv  unevpjn.jcl 
Masts). 

An  employee  in  full  ohar;.'e  cif  the 
construction  of  a  hriiL'e.  ItruHurs  v 
I'artt,,-  (1S73)  .-.2  .Mo.  372.  14  Am.  I!ep 
424    (falsework  ;.'ave   way). 

.\n  employee  in  full  cliari;c  of  die 
construction  of  a  liiiildii';;.  Wluil'ii  v. 
I'mtfiiiir;/  I'liiinh  (ls7(i)  ti2  .\ln.  :!j(i 
I  defective  scalfold  I . 

A  ficneial  fiiieinan  of  eon,t  i  net  imi 
vork.  in  full  eliai;.'e  of  wnrk.  with 
pnwer  to  hire  and  discharu'c.  Hki/hii  \. 
Turirr  (  1S7!I|  l.S  llun.  .347  iplaiiiil.t 
injured  while  executing;  order  to  e\.  ■ 
vate  under  a  pier  the  lower  put  ol 
.vhicli.  helow  tile  lieain  on  which  the 
upper  section  rested,  was  left  withoul 
.my  support  except  that  ;.'ivcn  hy  tlii' 
loree  of  enhesion  :  pos^ilijy  ii  ca-e  nicii. 
ly  of  a  lirc.ieh  of  non  ilelc;:iililc  diityi. 

A  superintendent  in  I'litirc  cnnliiil  nt 
( lu'  work  <if  cniistructitiK  a  liriil;.'c.  i<,:l 
y.  Il7i//)/»/<'  (1S77)  11  llun.  .")Si;  i.eaf 
fold  collapse<l  in  conscipicncc  of  the  ~ii 
perintendent's  directinjr  the  reiiinval  ol 
1 11^  .stay-laths;  b'lt  perhaps  the  rcmaik 
made  as  to  the  last  case  applies  to  this 
lino  also). 

Sec  also  (InUnqhrr  V.  I'iprr  (  1^(14  i  111 
C.  B.  N.  S  lliiit.  33  U  .;.  r.  P.  X.  S.  32!t. 
ili~cusseil    miller    the    prccedin;,'    section. 

::r.te    I. 

With  the  .ilinve  dici-ii.ns  should  he 
inmpared  tlio~e  cited  in  .suhd.    K,  iiifri' 


I 


MASTKll  AND  SEKVANT. 


ICUAP.   XXVI 


I 


!--i 


1400 

this  class  us  iiii'ic  fi)rciiicii  will  b<'  ul)umlantly  ovidont  if  wo  o»)iiii>ai< 
the  (lifisii.us  citci]  in  tLc  la-it  two  notes  with  those  tabulated  in  §  7, 
in)t.>  1,  -iiiIkI.  F,  aiilt'.  The  tendt'riey  discios.-il  by  this  comparison  i- 
it  will  be  obst'ncd,  not  ojnliiifd  to  eourta  which,  like  those  of  M.itsi 
chusotts  and  .Maryland,  constiiie  the  doctrine  of  common  erapl  >y  ^  •!  ' 
most  rigorously  against  the  MTVunt,  but  ia  equally  uiipaivnt  in  stat.  - 
in  which  general  managers  ot  a  contintiing  business  are  conceded  t.. 
be  vice  principals.  This  inconsistency  is  doubtless  one  of  the  many 
embarrassing  consequences  ol'  the  hajihazard  fashiun  in  which  the  ({>■>■ 
trine  of  vice  priucipalship  has  ben  evolved;  and  it  must  be  udmitt.-.i 
that  there  is  also  a  genuine  ditliculty  in  separating  the  cases  of  thi- 
.lescription  which  really  in\olve  tiu  exercise  of  the  functions  of  ;• 
general  agent  from  those  in  whieti  the  supervising  employee  is  a  nietv 
foreman,  exercising  no  larger  dise.iftion  than  those  who,  in  a  comi>li 
eated  concern,  like  a  railway,  are  intrusted  with  certain  well-definr,l 
duties  of  a  simple  character.*  But  neither  in  justice  nor  in  reason 
can  a  court  which  treats  a  general  manager  of  a  continuing  b\isine-< 
aa  a  vice  principal  decline  to  indemnify  a  servant  for  the  negligent 
of  an  official  occupying  a  position  which  actually  involves  the  di- 
charge  of  functions  diflering  in  no  essential  reapt^ct  from  those  whi.li 
arc  eharaeleristic  of  a  general  manager. 

That  the  above  rule  of  lial)ility  is  considered  to  be  applicable  to  coi 
porations  is  shown  by  the  large  number  of  cases  in  which,  as  is  shown 
by  note  3  to  the  present  section,  such  bodies  were  held  responsiM. 
without  any  suggestion  that  a  distinctii>n  could  be  raised  on  tlii- 
ground.  Any  other  (hictrine,  in  fact,  would  involve  the  absurd  an  1 
unjust  eonse(iuence  that,  as  all  the  business  of  corporations  is  neco 

in  rpcnrd  to  departmental  managers:  llie  ffiound  ttiat  he  wa«  merely  a  sp.' 
—especially  ti.ose  lelatinK  to  the  mas-  rial  nj-ent  *",  ^^"^  to  some  of  In.  .1" 
ters  of  ships,  who.  acc.i.ling  to  eiicum-  (i.-x  (18W»l  112  N.  ^.  614,  3  L.  R.  A. 
stances,  may  sometimes  he  general,  and    n.5n.  20  N.  L.  o.iO. 

.    •     Whether  a  foreman  in  charge  of  U\c 

I'onstnietion  of  a  l>riilf.'e  is  a  vice  jiri;! 
lipal  was  left  unil.(i(le<l  in  Ross  v 
ir.WArr  (ISIIO)  l.llt  I'a.  42.  21  Atl.  i:>.. 
l.)!».  the  court  iletiyirig  recovery  on  tlir 
•.peeiil  grinind  that  the  mere  seleotion 
of  materials  from  a  mass  is  the  act  ot 
:i    mere  servant.     See   S   603.  post. 

'  It    h.is    been    expressly    held    thnt    ■■> 
-crvant  appointed  to  supenise  a   little 


sometimes  departmental,  managers. 

The  value  of  the  two  Missouri  deei 
sions  referTe<l  to  above  is.  so  far  as 
other  jiirisdictions  are  concer.ii-il.  some 
what  diminished  by  the  fact  tliat  this 
court  has  become  an  uncnmiiromisin^' 
adherent  of  the  superior  servant  doc 
trine.  See  siihd.  V).  supra.  Hut  they 
seem  to  date  from  the  earlier  period 
ilurinL'  which  that  doctrine  was  not  a- 


cepted.     See  summary  in  chapter  xxx..  i.,b.  such  as  "'^''-''tV^'''"''"  f  *""^'7: '• 

'  ,  a  derrick  for  a  liinlding  under  erectinn. 

AVulin-  of  the  supreme  cotirt  of  New  canTiot  be  plaee<l  in  the  eategoiy  of  ff.ii 

York,    that    the    superintendent    of    re  .ral     ""P"'"*"""';"^-'  ,,„,''''^,""T„    -, , 

,,air«    to    a    ship    was   a    vice    principal  Im,,U  ,(:  /'.  Min.  To.    (IhSl)   6.   Ga    .". 

\lli,.-s,,,  V.  Cnarr  flRSfil  30  lluri.  630).  1SS2)    68  Ga.  844. 
wus  reversed  by  the  court  of  appeals  on 


WJ 


VICK  l'KIN(  ll'AI.Mlll'      IKM  Ol    i;.\NK. 


ud: 


^iirily  trunsjictpil  by  ugi'iiU,  thov  uouM  U'  virtiuilly  ulisulvcil  frnm  all 
liaMlity."  Where  tln'  eorjiuratiou  i&  a  fiirrinii  niif.  ihc  proprictv  ot 
iiiii  aiiniiftiiif;  any  exwi)tii>n  on  siidi  a  gruunJ  is  (.'spfcially  obvimH.' 
S28.  Rationale  of  the  doctrine. — Th,.  liin^iia^'i'  iisiil  by  tlio  jiulgcx 
ill  (iiscii.isiii/j;  tiie  rospuii.'^ibility  ..f  \\w  iiiaslcr  for  tlic  iicjrliiiciiw  <«f  a 
ircnprai  inaiia<,'er  shows  that  such  an  ciiipiiiycc  is  cnnciivcil  to  be  a 
vice  prin.'Jpal  for  th<>  reason  that,  as  a  ncfcssai-y  coii-i'tiiicnfo  of  thi' 
,—  iKMi'  nts  of  tJK'  position  whifh  he  owupics,  he  must  Ik;  re- 

:  as  the  Hfii'nf  aptxiintcd  by  the  master  to  see  that  the  snl)onli 

Miite  V    rkineii  are  as  fully  iriianlcd  aj;aiii«t  niinece-sary  perils  as  if  the 
master  himself  were  coniluctinj;  iiis  business  in  pir-on.'     In  the  largo 


'  l.rhiiih  ViiUiii  Coal  Co.  v.  Jonm 
ilSTHl'sC.    Pa.    4nO.     In    Wo^hhiirn    v. 

\:i.^;,,iiir  it  r.  it.  Co.  (Is.-,<m  :i  iini.I. 
'i:W,  ;■)  Am.  UiM'.  784.  tin'  trial  jiul-o 
Miliil  tliiit  ♦lie  sii|iciiiiti'iiiliiit.  ami  oven 
ilic  prt'sidi'nt,  of  a  raihviiy  PDiiipaiiy, 
4oo(l  upon  pxaptly  tlic  taiin'  fimliii;.'  ns 
.my  other  oiiiplKyi-e,  hoHi'vcr  sulMinli- 
iiatp  hia  poiitidii.  aii<l  tliat  tlic  Ixianl  of 
niri('lor%  only  wa:*  to  lio  ic^'aidif!  as  tlie 
|iriiiiipal.  Tln'  oriliri^m  of  the  sii- 
[ii'ftin'  roiirt  \\a^  as  I'ollows;  "If  thi:* 
lie  corrcot.  it  will  incvitalily  follow  that 
the  ccmipaiiy  I'annot  hp  hclil  lialilf  in  a 
ijsc  liki'  th(>  pic'~cnt,  unlcs-*  it  can  be 
-hown  that  the  in  jury  ri'^ullcil  from  the 
ilirict  action  of  tin'  conipaiiy  in  its  eor- 
piirate  capacity.  This  is  nli^uid.  The 
curpoiation  of  iii'co-isity  ncti  thron;;h 
the  in<tnininitalily  of  its  oII'kit*  .iml 
apcnts.  If  not  [irohiliilrvl  hy  the  char 
tcr,  it  may  di-lcL'ate  its  authority  to  its 
ofTiccrs  and  aj;iiit-^.  so  far  as  it  may  he 
nc((~^iry  to  fllVct  the  purpose.*  of  its 
reation.  It  must  act  iu  this  mode,  or 
not  act  at  all.  The  siipi'riiitciidciit  may 
lie  said  to  be,  as  rc-pccts  thi.*  particu- 
lar company,  from  thi-  power  sliown  to 
have  been  given  hira  by  the  board,  the 
imnic<liate  representative  of  the  coin- 
piiny.^ — the  corporate  executive  oflicer, 
—intrusted  for  the  time  with  the  jx>«i'r 
and  authority  of  the  iioard  of  direitors. 
so  far  as  leL'ard-i  the  lunticd  and  man- 
agement of  the  train  ami  all  the  ar- 
ran^'iiricnts  coimei'ted  theiewith.  In 
tlii^  new,  the  ecinipaiiy  mn^i  be  ludd 
liable  for  any  injury  re-Mllin;;  fr<en  the 
neglifcnce  or  iu'proper  order  of  the  su- 
perintendent, just  as  much  as  if  it  bad 
emanated  directly  from  a;i  act  of  the 
('oiM|i;iny  in  its  corporate  c.ipacity." 

'  .\s  in  !.:n:il  v.  Ili'isrti  /..'i.iiJjcr  Co. 
(I«n0i  41  led.  202:  Cii.'^iin  v.  Itahhitt 
(l>iSn)  81  X.  V.  .-.Iti.  :i7  Tin.  Itep.  .-.21. 

'  In   a   case  decided    by   the   supreme 


court   of   New    Vnrk.    thn   r»asonin(j    of 
which  was  inibn^ed  by  the  court  of  ap- 
peals,   the    folliiw  in;;    luei.I    ar^unuMit    is 
found:      "A  cmporation  caiuiot  act    per 
sonally.      It   re(|uire<f  .some  peiMiti  to  su 
perinteiul    -tnictures,    to    purchase    and 
control   the   runniiif;  of  cars,  to  employ 
and     disehariie     men,     and    provide    all 
needful    appliances.     This    can    only    be 
done    by    a^ent-.       When    the    directors 
theiM^elveH      personally      a<l      as      suih 
a^'ents.    tbev    are    the   repre-Hjitative*   ol 
llie  I'l.rpi.ratiim.    They  are  then  the  .  \e, 
iltivc  head   or   master.   Tlii'ir  aets  ine  llie 
acts  of  the  corporal  ion.     The  duties  above 
deserilnd  are  th,'  duties  of  the  corpora 
tioii.       When     these     dirci-tors     appoint 
some    jiei— •n    othi'r    than    themselves    lo 
superintend  and   pel  form  all   thi'se  i'\ic 
iilive    duties    I'lir    tbeiii.    then    such    ap 
poin'.ees  eipially    with    themselves   repre- 
sent   the    corporation    a-    master    in    all 
those  respects.     And  thouch  in  the  per- 
forniaiiee    of    these    exeiutivc    duties    he 
may  he  and  is  a  servant  of  the  corpora- 
tion,  he   is   not    in   those    respect s   a    lo 
servant,    a    cnlaborer,    a    coemphtyee.    in 
llie  ctiiiinion   aeeeptation  of  those  term-, 
any   more  than   is  a   diii'ctor   who  ever 
ciM's  the  same  authority.     Tlioufili  such 
superintendents     may     aNo     labor      like 
other  colalioreis,  and  he  may  he  in  that 
re-p(  (I    a    ((dabdrer.   and    hi<   ne^'li^-eiice 
as  such   colalmrer.  when   actinj;  only  as 
a  laborer,    may    be    likened    lo    that    of 
any  other,  yet   when  by  appointment   of 
the    nia-ter    he    evcrci.ses    the    executive 
duties    of    mister,      as.    in    the    emph'v 
meiit   of    seivani-     in   the   scleelion   for 
adoption    of   the    iii.icliinery,    apparatus. 
tooN.  -tiueturcs,  appliances,  and  mean-* 
MiitaMe  and  proper  for  the  iLse  of  other 
und      -'.ihordinate      sei-vants. — then      his 
acts  are  executive  acts,  arc  the  acta  of  a 
master:    and    then    the    <-iuporation    are 
responsible  that  he  shall  act  with  a  rea- 


r.3si 


^.  '.>i 


■■4»     **  ^! 


U!iS 


.\l.\>Ti;i!  AN' 


liV.VM'. 


[l  IIAf.    XXN  ii: 


[VkH 


I . 


miijoriiv  nf  ih-tMiiiM-  tlir  .li-cliai-r  «{  flioc  |.r.it.rii\.'  fmii-ti'.iis  will 
I.C  iiM^i-iin.l  l.v,  iiiiii  (■..(•MiMi^ivc  wiih,  tlic  iMTt'..niiiiii(v  of  iIi^m'  •>l 
lijiiiiiciis  wliicii  arc  trial. m|  as  ii'-n dclriiabli'  l.v  vcrv   n.arly  all  tli. 


■iiiiiiililf  (IcKiiT  (if  dire  for  tli<'  wifftv. 
-iiiiiilv.  mill  lilV  of  the  otliir  |mt-uiih 
ill  till  11  iiii|i!i>y.  Tlii'Hc  .•Miiil  Im-  ilii 
lii'^  iiiiiy  iil-ii  III"  iliHtriliiitiil  In  ilillrniit 
IliMiU  of  ilillcli-llt  ili|i:lltllirlll-.  »ii  Iti'it 
iNirli  MiiiiiriTitniili'iit  williiii  liis  >pliiii' 
limy  rr|ili'«'iit  tlic  cniiKiriitioii  a-,  ma-.- 
tcr!  In  piiiitinllinK  ami  din  rt  iiiji 
«(iiiiliiri'->.  in  ciiiiiliiylii'i  anil  iliiiiii"iiia 
ii|ii'ialiv(-t.  in  wiirliiijj  inacliimiy  ami 
liiiiK.  lliiii  lie  --iMakH  till'  laii;;\ia;;i-  nf  II 
lllil-lil.  riirii  \w  i"iH"<  ttirir  unlrl-t  to 
Iliiii  o|»-rati>i"'.  Tlirn  In-  it  tln'  ninillli- 
|iiii'r  mill  iiitiiiMi'liT  of  lliiir  «ill. 
riiilr  void',  vvliirli  ii  siliMit.  U  apokcii 
l.y  liiiii.  lie  tlii-n  only  Mprak'*  tliiir  ex- 
ii'iiliM'  will,  mil  till'  irir-|iiiii-ilili'  will 
of  a  fi-llow  workman  or  colaluiriT.  The 
ror|Miiatiiin  can  ^p.ak  ami  act  in  no 
iilliir  way.  llin  I'M'iniivf  acts  arr  tlu'ir 
arts.  His  nofili^ri'iHf  i-*  tlicir  iic.'li- 
;;illri'.  Ili«  conlml  llli'ir  I'omiul.  Me 
has    in    tliii    r\riMitiv«>    iliity    no    iMinal. 

Ill-  is  i,ii1.   wliilc  in  ttic  iM'iforiiiam f 

tlii-ii>  cvi'i'iilivc  ilnlics,  only  tlic  cipial 
ii(  tlr  roninion  ('oliliiircr  or  cnxi vmit." 
«/iW». /■  V.  .Viir  V.<;fr  0.  It.  r...  (lH7l») 
■J  l.aiii.  .'ilMi.  .MliiiMcil  in  (IHTJ)  4U  N'. 
V.  tlTi. 

In  fdiiitniii  V.  )h>lh,;nk  (1h:."i1  fi!) 
N.  V.  .")17.  17  .\ni.  U.'p.  Miilt.  till'  fi.ll.iw- 
inn  laiiL'iia^i'  in  iHiil:  •'Tlir  ilcfi-mlants 
will)  iipirat.il  tlie  mill  at  tlir  tiiiii-  of 
liii-  iii|iiiy  f,'a\i'  no  |H'i<.in.il  atlnition 
to  iMMiiluc'tin^'  till'  mill.  Imt  it  wa-  man- 
ajii'il  liy  a  ;.'i'n('ral  a^'(■llt  wlio  lia.l  ;;i'n- 
I'lal  ili.iri,'!'  nf  IIP  mill,  machiniTy.  and 
opi'ratiM'>.  with  power  to  piinha^i'  all 
Mi|i|.ln-  anil  liiri'  iiml  ili-rliui.'''  oprr- 
ativi'-.  It  is  cviili'nt  that  tlii-  yi'iicial 
a;;ii'!    wa<>  not   a   nirrc  fi'Mnw    >i'rv.iiit   of 

the   pl.iintiir.   who   wa.s  a  ooiii i   liaml 

in  till'  mill.  Iml  'Imt  In-  W'l*  charp'il 
with  till'  pi'i  forma  MCI'  of  the  <lii1ics 
which  the  ilcfcMilaiil-i  owiil  to  the  hamls 
I'liiplnvcil  in  the  mill.  Tlioro  was  ?io 
other  person  to  (li-ihar;;c  tho-p  duties, 
and  the  ilefemlaiits  could  not.  hy  ah-ciit- 
iiij;  thciiisehe>.  from  tliP  mill  and  rc- 
frainiii','  f i nm  pivinir  any  pcr-mial  at- 
icnlinn  '•>  its  rniidiict,  lint  cnnimittin;; 
the  entire  chat;.'!'  nf  it  to  an  anient,  cx- 
nniatc  tlicm~«lvcs  from  tlinse  duties, 
or  from  the  cnii-eipiciu'cs  of  a  faihiie  to 
[u-rfiiini  tlieni." 

t'otnparc  iiKo  tlio  followinsr  extracts: 

•.^o  far  as  the  corporate  directnrs  am 

loin'crmil.  iio  niie^liiin  can  be  made  tliat 


for  all   piir|inscs  tliev   repri-i'iit   ttip  cm 
pnialinn.  ,iiid   their  ads  as  a   Imaril  .ii 
Ihe    act-    of    till'    piiiiiipal:    hut.    in    il' 
in.iiiayemciit   of   it~  alV.iii-.,  certain  p.'i 
crs  arc    iiid   iiiil-'t   lie  dclc^Mtei'   lii  a^'ii'- 
or    servants    who   arP   clothed    with    !■! 
lain  i!i-cieliiiliaiy    powers.      If   the   mi 
!er  pl.ices  the  entile  pilar;;!'  of  his  Im-i 
ne-s.  of  a  ilistinel   hraiuli  of  it.  wli..i:\ 
isi  the  haials  ol   all  at'etit.  e\ciii«iii«   ii" 

di-cietion  and   no  ovci^iyht.  tl ;^l'i 

nf  the  ap'iit  of  the  ordiiiar>  cue  in  il. 
exelcise  of  the  hii-iiicss  of  the  111. 1-1. 1 
thus  inti  listed  to  him  is  a  Ine.ieh  n| 
diitv  for  which  the  master  is  held  li.i 
Me."  IhiniHiu,  v.  Ihlruil.  I.,  it  \  // 
f'«.  (ISIIO)  7!)  Mieli.  -10(1.  7  L.  U.  A.  lij:! 
14  N.  W.  ID.U. 

"To  the  general  riiirt  [that  a  foni 

is  a  fellow  servant  of  his  sulionliiiii' - 
there  is  this  i|ii  ililieatiiin.  or  e\(i|iii'i 
that,  where  the  niidillemmi  or  mi|i 
iiilcnileiit  in  intrusted  with  the  di- 
chai!.'''  of  tlip  duties  incnmlii'iil  upon  ili'' 
iiiasier.  as  lictvvecn  the  latter  and  lli' 
servant,  tin  re  the  master  may  he  li  il.l. 
for  the  omi-siims  or  nc;;lect  of  the  iii.'i 
ai.'er  or  superintendent  in  rc-ped  I" 
tho-e  duties.  If  the  master  reliinpii-li 
es  all  ^iipci  vision  of  the  work,  and  in- 
trusts  not  only  the  siipeivi^ion  and  di 
lection  of  till'  work,  hut  tlip  sclicheii 
ami  employment  of  lahorers.  and  tl'' 
prooiiriii^  of  male'ials,  niacliinery.  ^iii'l 
other  iiisti  nineiitaliti.'s  iicees«ai>  Inr 
the  sen  ice,  to  the  jiid;rmciil  and  di-ru 
tion  of  a  inana;.'er  or  >iipertiili'iid.  n' 
in  sneh  ea-e  the  latter  hecoini  s  a  \ii'i 
principal,  and  for  his  omi  — imi^  ni  tiiu 
liiieiiec  in  the  disi'liaiye  nf  llin-c  diiti.- 
the  principal  will  he  lialilc."  Si'ii,  m. 
of  lldnlilin  V.  .l/(//\^■|  (ISSl)  .■):  Ml. 
•JS7. 

••If  tin'  master  lias  di'let;ate<l  to  a  -.rv 

ant   or   cmpln'ei'    tl lie   and    in.in.i^' 

ineiit  nf  the  entire  hii>ini-s.  or  :i  di-- 
tinct  dcparlmcnt  nf  it,  the  sitnatinii  lir 
in;.'  such  that  the  superior  scrv.iiil  i-< 
ohai'ecil  with  the  pprfnrmanpp  of  diilii^ 
towards  the  inferior  servant  wliicli  lln' 
law  imposes  tipnn  the  master,  then  ^Ul'il 
snpcrinr  servant  stands  in  the  plinc  of 
the  master,  and  tlu'  rule  of  ;f  v;".>h/.  n' 
suiiiiiur  applies."  Schiarihr  v.  A7i"' 
(f  /'.  U.  /.'.  f'o.  llsiui  Kin  Mich,  111 
2'.}  I,.  It.  .\.  :ii'l.  Ill   N'.  W.  iiii:;. 

"•I'he    servant    on    entprin;;    up""    ttiP 
cni|d<'yment    is    supposed    to    know    nnil 


«  iJSJ 


\|(  K  I'ltIM  ll'Al,.'slUi'— il>T  Uf  KANK. 


H'jy 


AuiiTicati  cniirl-*.'  liiit  it  i.i  iiiiii<>.*.^il.lf,  an  llic  auilii>rjti(':<  -lainl,  to 
-,iv  that  till-  i''>iirc|iii.iii  of  p'licral  a^viu'v  urui  luniilfli'jjuldlitv  id"  «1»- 
lii's  can  l«'  ircatiil  a-  iiiti'Pi'liaiiucalilf  tcHtt  >>(  vicr  |iriiii'i|ial-lii|i. 
.Must  <>t'  tlic  eiiui'lii  which  have  ailu|il('(l  ilu'  d'n'triiif  of  iinii  cli'|r;.Mliil- 
itv  ot'  iliiiic.-i  have  rt't'ii^iil  to  eonstnir  it  in  .-udi  a  simi-i-  that  ilic  master 
woiilil  he  siihicctcd  to  rcspunsihilit v  for  anv  .sii|H'rior  scrvani'd  hick 
I  lai-i'  in  piv  in;;  cmltrs  (see  siiImI.  D,  xz/kv/)  ;  an>i  \it  a  lar;:''  ntiiiilMT 
I'l  ihc  decisions  in  juri-ilictions  ••  hei-.'  'lie  <|oetiiiie  now  imiler  di* 
I  ii"ion  lias  lieen  a|>|>lii'i|,  proceed  n|>oii  ilu'  livpirthe-i*  that  a  iiia-ter 
iiiii-t  answer  for  injuries  caused  Uy  coni|il,vinu  will;  the  negli;;ent  di- 
rect ions  of  a  i;eneral  manager.      Bee  S  .'iH,  fxisl,'' 

,i.-w?iii'  tlip  ri-k.     lint   ii(«-i  lie  ri-k  ttip  iiiii-.tiT    in    liis    nl>-H'iMT,    nml    "pliiirfc'cil 

iMO  li-^iii".»     ami     iiri;li.:iiiic     of      tlin-i.  witli    llir    iliilii-*    wliiili    it    w.iilil    In-    in 

I'l.iif.l  o\    r  liiiii.  Ill  till-  -iliclioii  of  r,iiit  c  iiiiiIm'iiI   en   llir  iii.i-liT  to  |i.rloMii  if  lir 

mIiIi'   ninli'i  iaU.    niiiiliincrv.  ami   llir  ap  wen-    [iri--cni."       \lilrli,lt    \.     A'.i/ioim./i 

|.li.iii(i'S    iiiciilriil     to    the     ciniploynii'iil  ?  ilHSli   SO  lii.j.JHl.    ||    Am.  I!i|i.  HIJ 

W'-   ;icts    In    siilHMilination.      Ilii    HJinplp  "It  i-.  not  llir  men'  fad  tlial  tin-  rlii.f 

iluty  Is  olMilicniu'.      Ill'  hat  no  iMi-iin«  or  i'iif;ihiii     lia<l    coh'rol    o\ii-    the    liriimn 

M|.piiitMnity  of  knoHiin;  wliclliir  tin'  ar     ami  i  !ii il  pa-MT  tl'at  (|i'-itroV'<  llic  ri- 

lirlct  fiirni-<lii'il  arc  •.afr.  aiiil  lia"  to  ri'ly  lation    of    fellow    s('r\ai.i,H   liclwi-i'ii    liiin 

"11    llif   jiulffini'Ml    of    hl-i    •*ii|Mriors.      If  ami    Ilu-    ».'r\.i  ,u,     l.nl     111.'    aililitional 

ilic   nin>.tiT    in    person    »il|ii'i  inlcmN   flic  tact   tli.il    lie  >iiin'.'ili'.|   iIh'  «ii(m  i  inlcml 

work,    llicn   tlnrc   is    no   ooiitrovcrNV   or  cut    ami    ^icc    principal.   (;cor;.'c    Sniitli; 

ili-pMic   a«    lo    where    tlie    res| ^iliility  that    he    liail    full    aiilliorily    I'l    provide 

I.I  Iniiu-i.      If  the  master  ilcpiili's  the  -il-  for  tlic  safety  of  the   senanls.  anil   liml 

I"  iirilemlin)»  control   of  the   work,   with  the  niaiiai.'iiiiint   of  the  factory.  :iml    in 

the     power    to    employ    nnil    ili~iliar;.'c  view  of  I  he   fiirtlicr    f.ii-t    that    if    n   the 

IuiimU  ami    purchase   ami    remove    mate  iliity  of  the  nia-ter  to  supplv  machinery 

nil-,  to  iin  ii;;iiit.  then  the  master  acts  ami  tool-,  and  to  see  to  their  repair  anil 

lliniii;;h    the    a>.'cnt.    anil    the    aKciit    he  that     they    are    kept     in      ;.'ooil     repair." 

icriir-   the    master.      The   <liilic-   are   the  Miitlisr     v       Ciinsiimir.i'     In      Mfq.    Co. 

.liilics    of    the    master,    ami    he    cannot  ilMtili    ^)^,  |,„,    \rin.   l."i:!,"i,  111  So.    lull 

n.nlc  the   respoii-ihililies   which   are   in  "Kor    the    piirpn-es    of    iiianai.'iii;.'    the 

lichiit  anil  cliiiy  to  tlieni,  l>y  their  ilcic  Imsincss,    ■'elcrniiiiin;:    wliat     macliiiiery 

I'ltion    to    another.      When     the    iiia-tci  -hoiilil    he    iiseil    ami    how    [ilaciil.    what 

:i|ipoiiits    .onie  other   person   to   perforin  men  .shoiilil   he  cniploM.I  anil   how  iiiiich 

thi-c  duties,   then    the   appointee    repic  p.iid,  he  was  the  iletcndant.     lie  was  its 

•inis  Ihn    master,    ami    tiioiii.'li    in    their  mouthpiece  ami    haml.      lie  selecteil   the 

I'crfoniiaiicc  lie  may  he  and  is  n  sii\anl  materials   of   which    the    pipe   wes  to  he 

I'l  till'  iiia,ter,  yet    in   thos«>   respects   In-  const  nicted  ;     knew,    or    oiiL.'ht     to    have 

i-  ml  a  coscrvant,  a   colahorer,  a  i in  known,  wlielhir  it   w,is  siullciint    for  the 

I'li'vee,    in    till'    coninion    acceptation    of  purposes  for  which  it   was  intcmlcd    lev- 

tliii-,   icrnis.      He  is  an  ajjeiit  and  ,slands  cept  as  to  the  latent  dificis  in  the  mate- 

instead   of  the   principal,   and    i.s   not    a  rial  I:    knew,   or  oiij,'ht    to   have   known, 

fillmv    servant    within    the    nieaninjr    of  whether  it   was  safe  to  he  placed   within 

tile    rule    as    applied     to    laborers    and  .in    inch    or    two   of    wmid."      Hirsun    v, 

ttiakiiien.     His   acts   are   the   acts   of   a  i:i,r„    Mitinilain   (lohl  Miii.  Co.    I  IHHO) 

iiuisier   and    superior,    anil    the   s<>rvanls  ."i7  ('nl,  20, 

are   hound    to    use    whatever    materials.  See      also      Miinnnfoli.t      v,      l.iiiiilni 

macliinery.  apparatus,  or  appliances  he  IS!i:il    T    ('.   C,   .\,    :!tt,    10   V.   S.    .\pp. 

may    .see     fit     to     provide     for     them."  .tU't.     "iH     I'ed,     'i>:>:     (jiiincu     Min.     rn 

Hmlhns  V.  Cartter   (1S7.'?)    rr2  Mo,  ;172,  \,    Kill.'i    (1870)    42   .Mich,   .U,   3   N,    \\\ 

14  Am.  Rep.  424,  qtioted  with  approval  240, 

in     t>t'.r;::.u     V.      \  uJcfjn      Ir'O'ri      U''>r>' -  "The   few  c^ccption.-  an-  di-rus-scd   in 

WTdl  fit  Mo,  492,  <  ,'-,,10,  ivfrn. 

Ill  aiiotlier  case  tl,,    "oiiH  speaks  of  a  '  In   some  of  the  states,   i  ntahlv   N'ev 

genrrul  agent  employed  to  represent  the  York,   general    niaiiajjei-    are   cmjiloyii'- 


•I    t 


1A00 


MANTKH  ANDsKltVANT. 


[chap,   UVIli 


S29.  Doctrine  that  a  general  manager  r  not  a  vice  principal.   Eng- 
lish and  colonial  cbmi. —  1  tu     n  lul  <>t   Kiii;li>li  jii<liiiiil  i>|tiiii<in  liui 

illg   till'   ImtIimI    wliirh    |)i'rc('i|i'tl    the    ii'inlil  ion   ii|'    llii'  jlli|;:iii<'|it    to  be 

j>riii(  nllv  rctcni  ti  ii»  i-"  .Imwn  bv         cii-"*  cMtni  in  §  Si'ti,  mijira,  to 
liavj!  Im'cii  siriiii'.'lv  ill  the  <lir-  n|'  the  (liii'iriiif  wliifh,  an  jg  u|> 

parent  I'mm  !j  ."(27,  snpin,  ..  '  •\.  ucr(|iit'il  1>\  iii>Mf  AiiK'rii'iin  cuiirir 
It  niiiv  t'airlv  I>p  oiiiii  that.  iiliii<>ii;fh  tin-  iniii'ts  liad  iiinloulitt'dlv  rcii 
ticrcil  >.uiiii'  <i<'ci>itiii«  iiiciiii-i«iciFi  wiili  ilic  ilinirv  that  an  Piii|iloviv 
Mii;;lil  1k'  CMiiM'rifil  iiilii  a  vio-  |UMni'i]ial  nirrrlv  l>v  \  iriiu-  of  iM^iiij;  in 
trii.sti'd  wiili  crTiiiin  'liiiirs  bavin;:  iil.iiinn  to  tln'  |ifiiiii-iiip|i  of  tli.. 
siTViint-*.'  tb' V  liail  in  ht  I'liininiltcil  ibi'iiiM'lvc-  t<i  tlic  ibi'urv  ttuit  :i 
uiasfcr  will)  biiil  iMiiii|>l(ti'l_v  alxlii'alcil  liis  t'liiic-tiinis  of  foiitrnl  a.s  r^ 
>|M('t.>»  a  >,'iiin^'  cipiictrii.  was  not  rcsiHiii'iblc  for  thf  nPirlip'iico  nf  tin 
ciiipluvcc  to  wlinm  br  iiil  ruslcd  the  di«rbMriro  of  lliono  fiiiictiotiv- 
'llif  wbnb'  (|iic-iion.  tbiTit'oi-c,  was  still  an  o|Hn  ono  up  to  iMtls,  wbi-ii 
tbc  House  of  I.i.rds  .-cttlcd  it  in  tbc  nuisti'r's  favor  bv  tbo  famous  (mi-c 


who,  for  (.ho  imriMi^c  of  yioiyiiiy  tho  ex- 
it n!  of  llio  ni.i-tir''  liiliilitv.  loi'  \ii-s\i'(l 
im-rrly  ii»  iijrc'iiN  iiil  i  ii-l<''l  «illi  llii'  |m'I 
forniiiiin.  of  tlic  oliliyaticms  wliirli  im- 
iiioit  roiiiniiiiil.v  kii'iwii  a-  noil  lii'li  jjalilf, 
and  till'  tlii'oiy  of  a  ir]iri-iiil:il  l»i>  lapac- 
ity  i'\i>liii;:  iiiili'|«-iii|<>iitl\  of  anil  lil-rmi 
iMiliij  from  ^ncli  iliilii'^  lias,  in  tliiory. 
Im'cm  cnliii'Iv  ill«i'ariliil.  liiil  it  lias  yrt 
111  !>(>  «illlr.l  whi'lliiT  u'l  llii's*  courts 
will  ;.'o  to  llic  sainfi  It-n^li  as  -oiiir  of 
lliciii  liavp  almiily  (lone,  nnti  liolil  llial 
lh<'  iliHlririi'  tliiis  nilo|)li'(l  rt'i|iiiri'^  llii-in 
to  alwi>l\c  the  iniistrr  from  n>|ioii»iliilily 
wlii'ro  a  (jfriiTiil  niana;;i'r's  iir;;lii;('iit 
oriliT  in  rcsiHS't  to  the  dotnil-  of  llii' 
work  rciults  in  injury  (si-e  8  .'il.l.  imsl). 
Till-  -lati'iiii'iil  tliat  till"  n;;i-nl  "in  tlir 
(.'I'nrral  arran;.'i'ni('iil  ami  niaiia;;iiiii'nt  of 
tlio  Im-iin-^s  is  in  tlu'  ili<iliai;.'i'  of  tlii' 
(lutv  IxTlaininfj  to  Itic  |iriTi'ii>al"  (/7i7,i 
V.  «o.«/..ii  if  1.  It.  Co.  |is-,;<]  5:i  \.  Y. 
540.  ."iS:),  1.1  Am.  Rip.  .">l.".i.  »Ioi-  not 
-.'Ive  tliis  qiii'-'lion  iis  ri';.io'il..  New  York, 
for  ■.nrli  a  |iriiiei|ilp  -till  li'avcs  n\ycn  thr 
|K)s~il)ility  of  a  ili^timtion  tx-in;.'  drawn 
hot  worn  tlie  "^iiiniTal  nriani;iMiirnt."  and 
particular  orders  as  to  detail". — a  dis 
tinctioii  not  oliscurcly  ^ucyittdl  liv  the 
roa^oninp  in  lirirk  v.  Itorlirxtrr,  V.  V. 
d  P.  K.  Co.  (18S5)  US  \.  V.  211.  In 
Hone  V.  H(ixt(,»  rf  .1.  It.  To.  (1S74)  .58 
N.  Y.  217.  .lolinson.  .1..  wliilo  reci>;jnizinn 
tlie  doitrine  that  n  railway  company 
nn!-.t.  at  its  ]>eri!.  ■^ce  that  cert-un  func 
tions  are  dischar^iid.  siitry:e«ti  that  "iti 
rcspon^iliility  may  In-  cxtendeil  to  other 


particulars  hy  th«  direct  pxcrris«  of  Wtf 
antliority  of  its  niaiia;.'inK  Isxiy.  or,  yy-r 
hap-,  of  it."  p-rieral  a^'eiit"."  Rut  wli.it 
<le«cription  of  cniplo.vis-  a  "p'la  r.il 
n;.'cnl"  in  this  *<'Ii»e  was  eomi-ived  to  I*, 
wiui  not  cxplainisl. 

'.An  that  of  iieapeelion  and  repair  ef 
appliance-.  Saiiir  v.  I.iiiilsnii  (IHi'ili 
II  C.   H.  \.  S.  42!t.  31    I,.  .1.  ('    1'.   .S    ^'^ 

ion,  s  ,iiir.  \  s.  7H!.  ;i  I,  T.  N.  s.  1^: 

10  Week.  liep.  S!l:  llnll  V.  ,l„li),s,.„ 
{  IHi;.-,,  :\  lliiiM  A  C.  589,  ,14  I,.  ,1.  Kxrii. 
N.  S.  'l-l.  1 1  ,liir.  N.  S.  180.  II  L.  T.  X. 
S.  77!l,  1.1  Wick.  Rpp.  411;  rtr-m »  v 
1ci'(iu(;/oii  t'litton  Spinnini]  d  Mf'l-  fo. 
I  18ll,->i  ,'  llnrlst.  &  C.  .511.  :U  I..  .I.Kvli 
V.  S.  208,  11  1,.  T.  V.  S.  !»4. 

'The  stronLM'st  case  is  Frllh'im  \ 
l.miliDul  ll.Sllii)  L.  R.  2  Q.  n.  11.  .Hi 
I-.  ,t.  y.  II.  N.  S.  14.  1.5  Week.  Rep.  lal. 
7  Host.  4  S.  O'ti:  hut  there  the  diii-lon 
only  .szoi-.  to  the  e\leiit  of  holding'  that 
a  nKina|;er  is  not  the  niast<'r"s  "(illi  r  '  iju" 
when-  the  master  retains  control  of  the 
liiisiness  him-'elf.  the  hodily  ahsence  of 
the  master  at  the  time  of  the  injury  not 
iM^ing  em  u;;h  to  override  the  etl'rat  of 
this  principle. 

Of  coursi'.  under  any  theory  e\ic|il 
tlin  superior  servant  doctrine.  piopiTly 
-o  called,  the  question  whetlnr  a  fore 
man  is  a  vice  principal  or  not  i"  iinnia 
t<>rial.  where  the  master  hiin-elf  *ii|>ir 
intends  the  work.  The  que-t  ion  ef 
'.ieh'ira.tion  of  authoritv  ruin. a  ihtu 
ari-e.  KcdII  V.  Criiig  (ISt'iJl  2'  S,  S,si. 
('as.  .Id  series,  789. 


J 


i  :>i-'\ 


\  n  i;  n:iM  ii',\i>m»' -iKsT  OK  hank. 


).M>I 


,,f  \\  lU'ii  V.  M  i-i/.'      Ill  it"  r'-i'iitial  clTn'i  llii-  .|i<'i'"h>ti  unit. mil-  n- 

il  (Ici-lillilliiXI  lllill   till'  |prilirili|v  limlor  wlliill  lurli   -iIXMIiI    i-  ilnliiii!   t'l 

;l^.sulln•  (III  ii-k«  iiri-iii;;  f'rnm  lln'  mjiliui m  uri-  <>\  ••\\»r  -iiv.iut-  i- 
iiiif  snlijfi'i  hi  iiiiv  i'.MT|iti"ii  liii-rd  oil  ihr  iiiii-.li'r".*  iniii-tVr  ol  lii-  Iiiih' 
limi  of  »ii|>.iiiiiiii.|iiiri'.  iiikI  iIu-  |iri>|)rici\  ol'  nyanliii;:  iIm'  i  iii|i1..v.'.' 

illVcstl'il  willl  till'  llllirli..||  -1.  ll-illl-t'ilTiil  il^  U  ril'li'"lll;|li\<'  ln|-  W  llo-^i- 
iicts   tlu'     lllll^tiT  lllll-'l    llll-vvir.        Pilll     till'   ili'lllul     mi.lMI'!     III".!!   wlliill 

l.i.nl  Ciii   ii»  <ii'iiii'<l  tlic  riylii  nt  n vnv  i.-.  ii-,  will  !><■  -.  i  n  In.m  tlic 

.iilijiiiinMJ  I'Ninict  t'r..m  lii»  n|.iiiii.ii    -li;!!   ii  is  nut  oi f  ihr  iiii|>li<'<l 

nriiif  of  u  coiilriK't  of  -.rv  ii-r,   lliiii    ,..c  iim-tiT  ..Imiilil  .■.iiiifii  !-■    llu' 
..|pi'r;itioii-i  iiii'iiii'tit  to  iii-  liii-iin  ^>: 

"1  do  not  iliiiik  tlic  liiiliiliiv  or  nonlinMliis  of  llio  niii-l.r  to  lii- 
workiiifii  ciiii  iIi|mih1  iipoii  till-  >iii>-iioii  wliftliir  tlir  iiiiilior  of  iln  jir 
citlfiit  i^  liol.  or  is,  ill  ;iii,v  Ici'IuhimI  simi*<'.  the  Icllovv  uoikiiiMii  or  col 
hilionitciir  of  the  ^iilTcicr.  In  ilic  iiiiijoritv  of  cii~c-  in  uliicli  acci 
.JiiiN  liavc  occiirrol.  ilic  ni  ;-lii;cncc  Im-,  no  .loiilit.  Iiciii  ilic  iicLdiucncc 
of  11  fellow  workniiin:  l.iit  llic  c;i«c  of  tlic  fellow  workiiiiin  iitnicar-  to 
iiic  t<<  1k'  an  I'XMnipIc  'if  ll;c  rule,  iind  not  ilic  rule  il«elt.  '1  In-  rule,  ii- 
I  lliink.  III1I-.I  -land  npoii  lii;;licr  and  ludader  ;;roiuid-.      A-  -,iid  liv  a 

•(HlW)    I-   H.    1    II.    I..   Sc.    ,\|i|i.   i'.n.  iin'Ii   eiii|ilin  iiMiit.       Till     |l..n-c'   nf    I I- 

.'!20.  till,.  T.  X.  S,  .'III.      Tlii'ir  till' 1'— 111  ii|iliiM    till-   riiliii;;  nf   tin-   niuii    nt    -i - 

liill     fiirti     «i-lc     lis     fellow-:         llv     lllf  -ii'll- 

i.iiiltv    I Ini.lioii    of    II    -rMlfoM    ill    u         jliu-e  |.iiil-  of  llir  o|.ini"iH  ulmii   ro 

So.lih     n.iiie    till-    vrnliliilioii     «ii-    oli  l;ilr  iiier,.  paitic  iiliU  Iv  lo  lli.- fonii  ■•!  Il"' 

>tiiiiti'<l.  and  llii'  I'll''  iliiMii>  iHiiiniiil.it.Hl  in-dnitn.ii  iin-  hi  foil.     -       l.oi.l  (  .iini'*. 

.111(1    l.tm    ii|>   till-   -imIIoM.   Iliu-    killing'  hH'T    .ai.k --iii^'    hi-    ..|.iiiion    n«    lo    IIh- 

the  i.l.iiiiliir'-   -on.      11 ii'ilioii  el   llh-  -iil>-t;iiili\.'    Iiiu    i.(  ll...   i.i-i-  111   111.-  pa- 

s.iiirol.l   ««-  oril.Ti--l   tiy  oni-  N.-inli.  lln'  «a-.   .p -.1  in  ili.'  l.M.  pr...- 1..!  1liii«- 

iiiiiiia-.r  of  thi-  pit,  uii.l  III!'  pir-..li-  "lie         -  Appl.v  inu'    tin-.-    oli-.iviil  i..ii-    t..    tin- 

.i.liwlly  niiisl  nu'ti".!    it    wt-io  tlii-  iiii.l.i  .lii..lioii    ..f    tin-    l.'aiii.-.l    jii.Il'.-    le    Hi.- 

"imin.l  iiM linger.  oiM-  llryw,  aii.l  a  iiiiini  jiirv  in  tlii-  .n-.'.  I  llunk  lli.-lii-l   .ir.ir 

Oi.r    ;■.-<•    ciiipluyi-i-    wii"    thf    ;.'cniial  in    III, it    .lii.it  i.ii    i-   tlial    it    i-   pii'vininl 

MMiia  M-t   .It  till-  ,u'f.'it.i.iiif<  mill.-.     Tlw  villi    llw    -iiL"ji-li"n    o.    Hi.'    jiir>    tiial. 

...iir.iT.l    liail    twn   .■.niipl.-l.-.l   Ix-for.-   tli.-  il    lli<-y    lotin.i   tli.-  ..-.Il.il.l   t..  Iiav.-  Im.-ii 

.I.-..M-...I    «ii-  cinpl.ivi'.l.  aii.l   wa-i  lilouii  liiii-hc(l    tiy    \.-i-li    1.  fMi.-    liir    .I.-..m-."1 

Ml.  iiniii.'.li.it.'lv  a(li"r  lie  iM^aii  to  work.  «,i-  .•nca'.'.-.l   lo   vu.rl.    in   lli.-  pit.   a    lia 

There  \va-  a  v.'r.liit  f.ir  tlip  plaiiitill.  I.ul  Lilily  for  tli-  .ic.i.leiil   \\a-  tln.nMi  ii|»in 

llie  .■oiirt  ..f -i>-ion<  yiaiilcl  a  iii'«  liiiil  11"'   r.-poiil.iil-.    wliiil.    woiil.l    not    lia\.' 

..11  thp   -Liuiiil   of   iiii'..lir.Mti..n.    in    llial  .•\i-l.'.l  if  the  .1. ..  m-.'.I  lia.l  h.-.-n  riii.M^-<;'l 

111.-  inry  «cri-  elmrfii-.l  that   if  lln-y  » liof..rp   tin-    -.all.. 1.1    »a.    liiii-h.-.l.      'llu-. 

-iili-tic'l   that    tlie  ^^-t^■nl   of  v.nlilation  my   l,oitI».  wa>  cilpiilali-.l.  a-  I  think,  to 

ill   liip   nil    at    the  tinin  of   Hie   a.-,  i.li-tit  iiiisU-nd,  an.l   it  appear-  lo  li.ivi    iiii-l.-.l. 

h.i.l  l>.'.-n  .i.-i<;nr<l  an.l  eoniplHr-il  l-y  the  the  jury.     Hut,  my  l..ir.l-.  1  thi.ik  tlnr- 

iiiaiiafier  li.foi.-  th.-  .Iwea-cd  wa.s  en-a^.-.l  in  iinellier  ..I.jcrdoii  ».>  Ih.-  .  har.Lii-  of  lli.- 

t.i  w.Trk.    an.l    thai    the   .1. -1.-11.11111-    li.i.l  learned  jii.l^r.     II.-  a-k-  the  jiiiy  to  e.ni 

.1.-1. --jati-.]   llii'ir  whole   power,  aiilliority.  -id.-r  whether  the  r.-|«.ii.l.iil-  liel   d.-le- 

•in.l  .lutv   in  r.-;;ar.l  to  tliiil    inatler,  an.l  eate.I    to    Nei-ih    lli.ir    «li..l.-    p..u.i.    .in 

i.l-o  in  iej;,ir.l  generally  to  \in.lpr;.'roiin. I  Ihoiity,    .iii'l    duly    in    r.'-jar.i   l..   th.-   ai 

op.-ratioii-<,   without   eo'iitrol  or   int<-ifer  raii;.'i-iiient  er  sy-^teiu  of  ventilation,  and 

(-im-  \,u  tlii-ii    p.irt,  tlu-  (ier.-a.-cd  and  the  aNn  in  i.-^ai-i  ;;i-i..-i-,illy  '•'  ■■■'■'•  fhe  imdi-i 

pit    iiiaiiau'ir  did  not   -tan.l   in  the   rela  >.'roiin.l    o|)<-ratio,i-,    without    eentpd    or 

tioi.  of  f.-llow  workmen  in  the  same  com-  intei  f.reiR-t   on   lliuir   jwit.     -My   Lordii, 


1.02 


•MANlKl;  ANU  sI;K\  ANT. 


IdiAr.  xxMil 


n 


(li~i  iii'jiii-iiril   jiir!-t,   I'll  iiijifii  linn   rr.^l  rinijiint  y<ii\ihiiii .  sn!  loijuiin 

till-  ilr  I'isiliii.s  rii  ill  ml  iiiii.<.     1  )( iIM'lllI';,  <lc  .IlUT  ('iv.    i,.  ".t,  t'.   L',  II.     TIk 
l|KI>Il  r   I-;   ll'il,   :i:i<l   <Mill|i.|    lie,    lillllli-  tci  Ills  SCl'ViUlf   111llc<~   tilciT  bo  IK'l; 

li;:<'iu II   llic  purr  lit'  iIjc  lii:i-lrr  in   '\\\\\   wliii'li  lie   (llic  iiiMStcr)   li;i- 

colli  l:ielc(l  i<Y  iilii!iTI;iki'M  with  lii-  ~iT\iiiit  to  do.  Thi'  liuislcr  llils  liol 
con  trad  I'll  or  iiiiilcrliikcn  to  cxcciilc  \'.\  person  \\\o  work  comicctcil  witK 
Ms  liu-iiicss.  'I'lio  result  of  an  oliliontinii  on  tlie  niMsler  |iersoiiMll\ 
to  execiile  flio  woik  eoniiei'leil  witli  liis  hiisine^s,  ill  place  of  Ix'iiiii  Inn 
eticial.  iiii;;lil  lie  disastrous  to  liis  servants,  for  tlie  niasler  iiii;;lit  lie  in 
coinpelenl  per-i nallv  fo  jierforin  tlie  work.  At  all  events,  a  servair 
inav  clioii~e  for  liiiiiself  between  sorviiu''  a  master  wlio  does,  and  a 
iiia~ier  who  does  not,  attc^id  in  person  to  ills  business.      l>iit  what  flu' 

1  tliiiiU  tlu-ri'  i-^  notliitifi  in  tlir  I'vicliiiH"  Ipooii  t1i<>  ciwf*.     Tint.  sii|i|i(i-iii;;  it  to  liiivi' 

uMcli    ui  iilil    «;iroinl    :i    i|iii'-tioii    liciii;;  lii'cii  i|iiiti'  I'U'nr  Hint   lln'  vnil  il:iliiiii   ii 

li'tl    t(i   till'    jury    in    tlic-i-   tcriii".      'I'lir  -ill   \\.i«  ili'lrrliviv  yi'l.  if  it   mriiirrcl  in 

ri -|Ninilriil-.  iiail  iIiOi'lmIi'iI  no  ikiwit.  an-  tin'  rmii-i'  nl   tlii'  (i|)<Tatiiin-  in  tlii'  |iii. 

Ilwiily.  <  f  iliilv  to  Nri<li.  cxci'iit    in  tin-  if  laiL'lit  to  tinvc  tii'cn  ili-l  inyiii-lii'il  tr 

-I  n-i'  in  wliiili  a   nia-lrr  wlio  cniiilnys  a  tliat    '-ystcni  of  vrnlilalinii   ami   pnlliirj 

-killril    wmkiajn    to    -upi'iintrml   a    |«ir-  llic  iiiiiic  into  a   sate  ami    |irii|K'i'  conili 

tiiii    of    lii-     I  ii-iii(-~    ili'li'yalci    |inuiT.  limi    fur    uorkiii;^.'    wliidi.    ai-rfiriliiii'   t" 

aiilliority.  ami  iliity  lo  tlic  workman  fur  llic   ii|iiniiiii   of  tlic   l.onl   .Instiic   (li-ik. 

Ili.il   |>ni|>o-.c.      it   \\a-  ailiiiillcil  tlial   tlic  in  Iti.run  v.  I'mtKin    (IS.'ri)    14  Sc.  Si-~. 

n-ji.iiiili-nts    ^'avi'    no    -.|iiiili,'    diriMl  ions  ('a».  -Jil   si'iic-i.  -t-Jd.  'it   «as  tin'  duty  of 

In    Nii-li    a-   t'l   till'   iiiannrr  or  form    in  the  ina-tcr  for  wlio-c  licni'lil  the  work  i- 

wlihli   till'  -iMll'iihl    u  1^   111  111'  arran;.'i'cl.  Iiciiiu'    canii-d    on    to    iiroviilc'      In   tin' 

'Ilii'V   tolil   him   that    tlie    I'yol^haw   -eani  eonr^c  of  workini;  (he   llaii;.'lili('ail   pit   it 

\\:i^  to  1«'  opeiieil.  ami  they   lefi   l(i  him  liecaine    niifs-aiy    lo   arrani;e    a    >y-ieiii 

the  arraiiL:enii'nl<  nniler;.'ronml  ffir  open-  of    what,    for    ili<tinition's    sake,  I   iii:iy 

in;r   ami    workiii',;    it.       Ami    llie    leaineil  eall  local  vent  ilat  ion.      'I'lii-i  niii-t  lie  ion 

Imlue  oni.;lil  iiol.as  I  think    to  have  sn^'-  siilereil   as   part     of    the    mining'    ojHra 

i;v-leil    to    the    jiiiy    Ihil     ihis    eonhl    lie  t  ions,  ami  therefore,  even   if  the  aeiiileiit 

^iewril    in    any    olher    liyht    than    as    the  liapgH-neil    in   eoiiseiiuenc*'  of   the  siailolil 

<  riiiiiiiry  eniployineiit  liy  the  re-pomlenls  in     the     I'volshaw    seam     haviiiL'.    nmlii 

of   a    snliinana;;er  or  foreman.      1    lliink  Xei-h's  oriler».  1 n  eon-tnii'tiil  -o  a-  to 

the  learneil   jinlire  oii;.'lit  to  have  told  the  oli-triiet     the      neei'-<arv     vent  il.itioii.     it 

jniy   that,   if   tiny    were  <if  opinion   that  would  have  lieen  the  ie«illt  of  nei;lii;riir.' 

111!'  ri'-pondi'nl>  e\er<'i-i'd  ilne  rare  in  se-  in   the  course  of  workiiiL.'  the  mine;   iiiiil 

leci  inj;  proper  and  conipi'tent   |«r-on<  for  if    Nei-h    and    the    deceased    were    fell.m 

the  Mork,  iind   fnrni-licd  them  with   >nit-  ■.er\ants,   it    would   have   heeii   one  of  I  lir 

Millie  iiie;in-   and   re-onrccs  to  aecompli-li  ri-k-    ineident    to     the     employment     in 

the   uoik.   the   re-|Hinilent»   were   not    lia-  wliieh  l!..   deoa-id  w:i-  enj;a;;id." 
Me  to  the  ap|>i'llanl   fur  the  eon-iipiemes         I.. rid    Coi.ins.iy   -.lid:      ".Now.    the    ili 

of  the  Mi'iditil."  reel  loll   of  the   le.Miieil  jild,!;!'   with   refer 

Lord     ( 'lielni-.ford     said:        ".-Mthon^'li  eiiee    lo    the    einiini-tanet's    of    llii-.    i:i-" 

the    learned    iudi.'i'.   in    the   eoiir-e   of   hi-  ap|K'ar-    to    me   to    have   tii-en    olijeetioii 

-nnimin'j      up.      ■li-tinyiii-lii'il      'lietueen  aide   for  these   re.i'ions:       Kir-t.   it   deil-. 

kii'piiif;  ilear  and   in  l'i  od  workini;  order  iippareiilly.    with    the    al!e;;ed    ilefeii    in 

the    vi'iil  ihil  ion    arijn;:eiiii'iit    or    -y.-leiii  the  -lalVold   as   if  it   was  a   defect    in  tin' 

uiiili  completed,  and  a  ilefecl  or  fault   in  ;;iiieial   arranoeiiient   or   -y-tem  of  vciili- 

I  he    aiiani;enient    or    sy-tein    it-elf.'    yet  lalion   of   the   pit.    for   which,    in   ecrl.iiii 

h"  doe-  not   apjH'ar  to  liave  left   it  to  tlie  vie«-.   the   defender-   niiu'ht    'n'   ri',i:,irdid 

[iiry   to  decide   wlnther   the  accident    oi-  a-  lialde.  wlu'lc.is  it    wa-  a   defect    in  tlie 

cm  red     thioiiiih     faulty     ventilation,   or  consti  net  ion    of    a    tcmpor.ny    -Irinliiie 

lliioiij;ii   ca-ii,il   oh-l  1  iiction   III  the  \ciiti-  elected    ti>    older    ol     Nci-ii     for   c.ri.ini 

latioii.  the  latter  of  «hicli  ap|H'ars  from  working;  oiKaalion-,  wheieliy  the  free  m 

the  e\iil  II..-   to   he  more   likelv  to  have  tiun  of  u  yoid  -\-lriii  of  xeiil  ihilioii  v.ii 


ill 


S   .')2'J) 


\  l(  i:   I'IMM  ll'AI.Sllll'  -  I  r>T  UK  ItANK. 


ISO" 


iiia>lcr  is,  in  rnv  u|iiiii(iii,  Imiiinl  to  his  s('r\:iiit  to  i\><.  in  tlio  oviiit  '.'t 
1,1-  imt  jHTsoiijillv  ^u|iiTint('Hiiiii^'  and  ilii-cci  hi;;  liic  wurk.  is  tu  >rlrc: 

|ir'i|icr  iUnl  (•(iMlIiCllllI   [ICIXIMS  tn  lln  Sn,  ;||lli  \n   t'lirnj-li   lllrlll    willi  Jllic- 

.jiKitc  niiilcriuls  iiiiil  rcsiiur('(s  Un-  liir  work.      W'Iii'H  lie  li:i-  iI^ik'  ilii- 
lif  li;is,  in  my  diiininn,  (jnnc  ail  liiar  li(>  is  ii.iuini  to  ilo.     An^l  it'  ilif 
•  i'.mm-  -11  srlrciiil  arc  ;;uiliy  ot'  nc::ii;;cni'c.  liii-  i~  not  ijic  nci;liuiiu'c 


lit'  liif  iua>li'r;  and  if  an  accidcnl  iK-ciirs  to  a  wnrknian  to-day.  in  fon- 
Mijiicncc  of  liio  n(\:;li^(iiiM>  of  anotlicr  workman,  ■kilfui  and  comii- 
irni.  wiio  was  foi'mcrly.  imi  is  no  junp'r.  if  ;':  ■  •  o:;  !  :'  nirin  ol  lin' 
ina-irr.  the  nia-tcr  is.   in  my  "ipinion,   no!     i.d'li  ,   ahir, 


lonp'r.  if   ;.! 
iM,i-oi.   LIU    i.i.i-i.  .    ..^.   ...  ...,.    ■•|....ioii,   no!     i.d'li  ,   ahir,!!;.',     liL'  two 

'Aorknifn  cannot  tcdinically  lie  dcscrilu'd  as    'U'  ■'   woi-knicn 

In  two  later  ca>cs  tiic  opinion  lias  liccn  ex  i  •  si  d  ti  a:  th.  hin,;riiaji(( 
iif  Lord  Cairns  was  to  be  read  as  nicanin;i;  lliat  a  tcllow  -  '  .ant  who  is 
ilie  ((//('/■  ,<i(,  of  Mic  nia-irr  who  directs  luit  docs  not  lahor — is  a  col- 
lal'oralciir  for  the  |lnl•Illl^es  of  the  rule  of  law  on  the  ^uliji'ct.*  In  an- 
..ihcr,^  the  irronnd  was  distinctly  taken  that  the  doctrine  of  vici'  prin- 
cilialship  liad  h^'cii  "exiiloded"  hy  Wil.^nn  v.  Mcrri/.  Tliis  statement, 
liiiwcv<'r,  is  jiossihly  too  l.i'oad.  iiiile~s  the  term  "aUcr  cjo"  is  to  be 
taken  in  a  vr'ry  narmw  >cnse.      See  -j  a.Sl,  /(/////. 

.\s  the  -iilijoincd  nolo  shows,  the  ilecision  in  Wilson  v.  Miiifi  has 


that.  It  till'  tilUlty  scilllolil  \VI1~  cnllllilfliil  c.>     ^irc    ""'i     ino'ii-i-nnv     wiui    in.ii     o-i.i- 

!..fi>n'    \\  il-iiii    rntcricl    iiitu    tlic  cinploy  lii'ii.  ionl   witlimit    ri'fiTrin;:  to  tin'  I'lVrct 

if  till'  ili-fi  iiiliT-,  a  lialiility  \va~  iiii|>ii-cil  "liii'li  iiii.^lit  In'  prinlui'i'il  I'li  tlii'  lialiility 

(.11  till' ili-l'i'iiili  r>  wliicli  wi'iulil  not  ntlin--  >i  tlii'  iiia-tcr  liy   a   cirifiil    -i.|iii  i.in   iif 

«i-.-  liavf  .'NUtril.   iiia-iiiiiiili   a-   in  tlial  |.iM|ii'r  |ii'i-<iii-i  to  taki'  cliai-.-  ot  ililViT- 

ci-r  Wilson  anil  Nri-li  coulil  in  no  viiw  iiil    ilo|iailiiiciit-   in   llic   wnikiii-   of  the 

\.'.l\i^  liivn    I'rllow    worUiiicn    at   tlic  tinii'  mini'." 

uli, 11  till'  fault   was  iiiiHiiiitti'd  l.v  N'rish.  './o/m.soh     v.     I.iinhiiii     (lS!il|     A.     C. 

Hill   if  it   was  tlic  iliity  of  Nri-li  to  |iro-  :i:i.  i;,".   I..  T.  N.  S.  ii7;    //.-./;.  »  v.  /•,•„/,. 

\i.|i'   for  tlio   |)a-s:-,jr,.  of  air  iipuanN   in  '•' "  it    Smix  S.  S.  fu.  |ls!i-_M    I   ii.   I!.  ,-,s. 

III.'  -Iiafl.  that    iliiiy  iliil   ?iol    n-a-i'  with  '  'i'lii'  ownrrs  of  a   nilli.  r,\    within   Ww. 

Ilii'  I'l'.'i'iion   nf  till'' sratlolil.  lint    rmilin-  mal    iniiii'-   ni'iilat  imis   ail    nf    ls;-2    i  :i."i 

ih-l  uhili'  till'  soatfolil  ri'iiiaini'il,  ami  ho  &.    'M'l    \'i(t.    ili:i|>.    Tti)    a|.|i.iinlr,l    a    cit- 

«,i-   ill   fault    so   loiii;  as  that    iliity   was  titiratcil    ni,iiML:rr.  as  ii'i|iiiii'.|    li\    §   'Jii. 

nut    |K'i  loniii'il.      It    was   not    iiu'irly   the  A    iiiiniT   fni|iloyii!    in    tin'    lolli.iy    was 

inriion  of  the  scairohl  on  Satiinlay.  hut  killivl  hy  an  i'X|i|.>-ion  of  tiii'  ilaiiip.  the 

III.'  iniinli'iiani'i' of  it  in  a  difi'iMivr  state  ileatli   heitii/  oaii-eil  hy  the  iie'jliLii'iiii'  "f 

until    riir-.ilay   nioriiiii'.'.  that    r.iiiseil  the  tlio  in.ina^'er.      llelil.    that    the   f.iet    that 

iiiiiiif      if    it     .1-1^     i..>-illi'    i.iii^..il     )>\-     till'  t  liii    iiiMiei'MT    u  :i  ^    a  liMointi'il    lilirsiianl    to 


1 1 


k 


1504 


MASTKlt  AND  >i:i!\' ANT. 


[CIIAI'.    XXVlll 


!C 


Ih'imi  fi.lluwiil  in  numerous  cases,  buih  in  the  I'uiK'-l  Kiii,u.l..iii  auJ  in 
llie  ciildnies." 

1..  J.  Q.  H.  \.  S.  25.  32  I..  T.  N.  S.  10,        r'annJa. —  Ma-lc-r    not    liable     uiilc— 

^;i   \\(,.|;.  ){,..,.  ;t;i.-).  ijiimayir   is   imiM]i|H'lcril.     Sniilli    v.   /» 

'riH/liniil      Sec  iiKlc-s  4,  5.  .v»/»ni.  ininUiu'wl    Min.   c,,.    ilSTlil    2   K.   &   I 

.V((,//.iH(/.-Ma>t<;r  held   not   liable  for  (  Nc.v.i    S.'oiia)    Soti    (ilclVctiv*-    plan    i.i 

(liv  iii..li".n(iM>f  tho  liiaiia;.'cr  of  11  iiiiiie.  uorUili^'      laiix-d      cxpluMi.ii      of      jia- 

Xii,<ld7„'\.    \U,yx  E„<l.  <tc.   (18711)   3  Sc.  i;,,„i,h'll    ^.    (-'wit/'j',   f''-.    .Ivs".  (ISt.s  ■ 

S-.     (■;.-.     111.    s,.ii,-.  StlS    lr.M.f  ..f  a.lit  1   (iiM.  A  On.    (Nova  Sr,,tiai    41.->;   /..<./■' 

iusullici..lj       -upfoiUNi      f;av      u.iy).  v.    /*'»    t  ISST  i     l:i   <>„1.    K.-p     1,  ;    l/^.' 

wli.T.'     Lor.l     Anlniillnn.    «1m.    Mioiijrlv  (/,.„.sv.    Iliiniilh.i,    I'oinhr  (  „.    (iss, 

pnitcslLHl  a.Miii-1   tlii-  c.Mlviiiu  .■.\Knsioii  14  Orl.   Al.p.  Jill;   loiiiinUhir  V.  O"  ■ 

of  till'  (l(K-liiia..  1.«.k  til.-  virw  tl.at   11(7-  .S"""'/  Slu„e  (Jnornj  Co.   (ISil."))   21.  On! 

.v.,n  V     1/.,,,,  iv-ls  on  tlip  bi-oa.l  f;roiiii'l  l!<'p.     "HH      (wliin^     Ilie     piiii.ipli-     u.i- 

that    -in  a   (|iii-.tion  of  daina^^.'s  for  in  l.roailh    lanl  down  tliat   wlu'if  tlir  m-li 

jurv    inlliclril   l,v   tlic   fault    of  oiii.  s.t\  .jmcr  .  umplaiiicd  of  is  tliat  the  niana;.:.  r 

ant' on  anotl,cr."down  thioiiyli  tlic  uliolc  .1  a  .pianv  pivpaml  a  .-liaiyc  .-o  tli.al   ii 

...adation    of    MTVant-.    thr   oniplov.T    i-  failed  to  .'xplodr.  and  aKo  that  Ih.- plain 

Tiol     i.-pon-ilde."    unless    p,T-..nal    fanll  tiir    wa-    or.ler.-<l    to    reiriov    the    eliai,- 

i^  ^|„,„.Ji  without   the  pro|K'i    miplemenls  therehu 

Of  the  ;;eneral  niana^'er  and  sperelarN  the   aelion   .aniiol    he   sustained,   m.   f,.i 

of  n    liiniti'd    liabililv    ininlii!;   eoinpany.  a,  tlie  liability  ol  I  he  (■inpl..yei-  d.|MM  !- 

Wiiiihl    V.    Ihmhi,    I'lS'.Cii    -1)    Sc.    Sess.  upnn  the  acts  of  the   nianaueri. 
('as'  4th    seiii's.   ;iti:i    ino   dillereneo   be  The  r.'.-vt  of  a  innnieipality  w lio  lak. - 

lwe,.n    sneh    an   ollieial    and    a    men-  oer       .ivi.e  a-   the   loieinan   ot   a    pih'   .iix- , 

lilieiteil   nianaTr)  :   .S7c,"(;7   v.  folhi.s.^  under  a  eoiineilor  w  bo  undertake- t  he  n 

/;(,/('    Co      (ISt'ti     4    Se.    Se-s.    ('as.    !I.Vi.  juir  of  a    biid,L'e   i-   eon-ideie.|,    uilli   (■ 

/,-, /.',/'/       Here   the   qui -I  ion    was    left  ~|iee1   to  :iiiylhiiiL'  whieh   he  .ioe-   in  tliV 

in  a  sona^wliat  pcailiar  po-ili y  To,,  .apaeily.    to    be.    nul    the    r..|.iv-.rilal  .v. 

,.„,i    \      Hrlfiist    d-    .V.    ro»„/os    A'.    To.  ..f   the   niniiieipality.   but    a    lellou    -en 

(l.ST.-.i    Ir.  Itt-p.  It  C.  L.  4!iS    (1S77)    Ir.  ant    of   lb'    Horknien    nvIioim    he   diie.i- 

I'eo    11   C    1.    31.")      The  eeiirt   of   com  lln  ir   v.    rial    Wliilhi/   Tnii.    (  Issl  i    (•; 

nion'    pleas'    ruled    on    the   authoiitv   of  l.  ('.(.>.   1!.   107    ( haniin.T  of  jnle  di  ivn 

11 /7.s.,/i    V.    Vrirti   and    ll<„nlh    v.    /,<(»  fell  on   workman,  owing  to  it-  beiii-  ii. 

,lon     Sirmrns    Steel    Co.    (1S74)     1..    K.  -nili.ieni  ly  bh.,.Ued ) 

Ill  (I    r.    (i'    44  L.  ■!.  Q.   11.    N.  ^^-  -a.  :'-         '"    "i/"""'  "•'■  "'i'"'/"    "'"■  '"  '  1^'' 

1      f     N     s'  I'J.  23  \\>ek.    I!e|>.  W.Vk  thai  I't   N.   S.   :i4."j.  the  s_\-leni   in   vo.i;ne  at    .i 

a'trallle  iiiana-er  was  not   a  vice  priiiei  niiiio.   with    le-peet   to  the   Ueepiiiv  "t  ■' 

iMl   as   r,-aids   a    traekiiiaii.      The    Iri-h  .piantity  of  ..  wiamite  in  t  he  shall   h..u-.. 

eveheiMier  chaniWr.   i>,'norin}:  these  d.fi  "as.  s„  far  as  the  evnlenei- di-elo-r.l.  ., 

si., n-    lai.l  it  down  that  a  master  may  so  lablislie.l    by    def.'iidant  s     manai;.  r     ■  r 

.leia.te  to  an  enodov.r  the  entire  eontrnl  foreman:    and   there   wai   no   pr.».l   tn.i 

„f    hi*    establishm.'nt     as    to    eon-titnte  def.'n.lants  interfered  m  any  way    o,  . I, 

that  emplovee  hi-  oU,-,-  ,„.,.  aiul   virtn  i.-ted  the  mode  of  «..rkiny.  or  th.-  ~,v- 

;.llv  held  tliat.  while  all  those  in  th,>  em  lem  in  rp.-ration  in  anv  p.utirnlar  al  i;h- 

ploVnienl     of    a     railway     eompany    are  t  ina'.  before  or  at    I  „•  1  nue  ot  the  ,,.v, 

prilna    faeie  fellow    servant-,    this    infer  dent.      It   u.is  held  that,  it  the  expl.-i..,, 

enee   mav    be    ndnitted   bv    sl„.winu   that  whiel,    caused    the    injury    aro-e    tr.  a,    .< 

the  statin   of   the   neeli-ent    per-on   wa-  def,-et    in  tb,.  -y-t-m  ..I   m.-ina^iaianl.  !■ 

that   of   a    repre-.iitative  or   vie,-  prinei  eould  not  cnlith'  plaintill  to  recover,  in 

nul      15ut  the  ruliu'.'  of  the  lower  court  the   absemv   of   pnK)f   that    -ueli    s>-lein 

wa.s     not     di-tuib,.l.     I'pon     the     fact-,  was    due    to    the    ael-    or    ,nterv,mn... 

therefore,  the  de.ision  i-  not  oiHMi  to  ex  of  the  defendants  them-elyes  diie.t  >. 
eeplion.  even   in   Kn^iland;   but  it   seen.-        In  an  ac-tion   tor  a   death   ean-r.l  l.^   a 

clear   that    no  court   whieh    is   bound   by  .lofeetive  boibr.  ihi'   iiiry  -liouhl   be  -|"' 

the  principles   formulated    in    11  i7woi   v.  ciihally  <hart;ed  that  the  duty  ol  a  ...  i- 

\Ur,i,   .an   a.-.-.|.t    the   theorv   of  the  .'N  (.'r.    in    tl v.'iit    ol    his    not    p,.r..aia  !> 

,.h,.,p,er  ehan.h,.r  as  t..  th..  liossihility  ..f  -..perint..|eline  the  work  of  repairing.-  lo- 

,,n    en.pl.. V.-,-   b.-l,,-    inv.-t.sl    with    i„uv  ...a.-himay.    i-    t Lh'!    '■'""I"-''''"    J'''', 

ti.,ns  wbi.b  will  put  him  in  the  p.isilion  sons    for    t,.is    pur, an.l  '"'"";" 

.>f  a  vice  principal.  Ihem    with    .ill    .,.l..|.i.ite    mat.ii.ils  re- 


t,l] 


$  :,-M] 


VKK  I'UIMU'AI.Sini'-  TI>T  OK  UANK. 


150.-. 


The  fuel  ihiii  the  oiiiiil"Vcr  is  :i  cnriM.rai  i.>ii,  ;iihl  .-111.  tlKT.'l'wn-,  act 
(.nlv  llin>ii:;li  a  iiiuiia^'ci',  ii''f<  U"i  ali'.ct  Uic  oi"  riilliu  ui  ilic  dMctriiic 
|;ii<l  d'lWii  iiv  llu^  llii\i~c  ot'  l.c.rils.' 

530. — American  cases. — In  the  Aiinriran  icpi'ii-  arc  tn  \<f  I'MiihI  a 
(•'.ii-iilcvalili'  uunilxT  uf  ilcci-iinir-  aii'l  diclft  wliii-li.  uinlcr  aiiv  na-mi 
alilc  consinicliiiii.  iiai>f  lie  nj;anli(l     ■■  fiiili"ilviiij;  a  (|>icuiiic  imt  ma 

icrially  ditlcrciil  I'mm  tliat  funmilai.d  liy  ilic  II'Mi t'  Lord-.    Somr 

i.t'  tln-c  aiv  cxidi-Mlly  dvcnulcd  or  disi'i-cditcd  liy  latiT  ilcdsiuns  oi 
tlic  r^aiiio  court;  l.\u,  after  every  pcissil.lc  dcdm-iion  under  tlii-s  head 
has  been  iiunle.  tliere  is  still  some  aiitlinrity  in  favor  of  the  KIllrli^ll 


rule. 


The  cases  which  swni  to  recjuire  coiniueut.  in  t.hi.s  eniincciinn 
.,re  c<dlccte.i  in  the  nnt(>  heh.w.  Undouliiediy.  liowever,  the  great 
xuiglii  lit'  authority  in  this  country  sustains  the  dnctrinc  that  the  mas- 
ter is  res]M.iiMlde  lor  the  negligenex  of  general  managers  ami  otlicr 
ciiiiiloyees  intrusted  with  similar  functions,  so  far,  at  least,  as  sncii 
iir-liuence  may  occur  in  the  exercise  of  what  may  be  called  their  offi- 
cial duties.      See  §  .")2T,  stipra,  and  chapter  xxix..  post. 

niiircil    f.ir    til.-    ueil<.     Il'iird  V.   Dunn  functions     of     llio     snpiTintcinlont.   the 

IS'i.-))  :i:!  V    11    l.')i)  UK'w  trinl  (inli'ifd    court  said :   "iro  was  pd-s, ,1  ol  a  iinicli 

l„.,.ni-.-  tlii-  .liilv   was  not   i>r(iiMTly  ex-  lar;.'ev    autliority    than     O'liriin      (rnail 

.,|.iiii,.,|)                ■  niastiT].  and  nioro  diicitly   n'i.ri->iiiti'd 

[uslri'ilia  —  Tlio  'i  uiiniiij.'    foicnian"  tli"   company.      I'.iit    lie   was   also   in    its 

,f  a   liu.oiiiutivr   -IhmI.   cliar;;!-.!   witli   tlic  scrviw.      If    it   aiilhorimi    liim   to  <>xer 

,iuty   of    lookiii"   afl.i-   Ilic  condiiion   of  ci^i-    the    functions    which    propnly  lie- 

the    en"in.><     i-    not     a    vice    |.iiiici|^il.  lonficd  to  the  coniiiaiiy  it-i>lf.  and  uliich 

llruini  V    llu'iril  1,1   Works  (  18S21   H  Vic-  it.  hy  its  board  of  .liiv.-tors  or  president, 

t.rii  I.    I!.|>    (  I.I   41  t.  followini.'  U  i7s',Ti  ini;.'lit   pcrf(>riii,~-a3,    tlie    s<d((lion    and 

V      Mr'rni      lli''"inh..thani.    .1.,  di^-cntod  (■niph)ynicnl   of  the  iKT-ons  who  ucr.'  to 

,111  the  Mnaiiid  thai    I  he  Ixiard  conhl  not  do    llie     work     of     buildiii;.'.    efpnppin;;. 

,i,.h."at.^  Ilie   MaliiloiN    ihity   of   siipervi-  ke.epint;  in  ivp.iir,  and  o|M'ralinj,'  it,  rail- 

-iuirwhiih    \va-    inipo-d   on    them,   and  it«id.-anil    Ihroajrh    want    of    e.ir..    and 

that   tlie  ini.'^tion    wh.'lher  an   employed  due  dilii^'Pee  he -liouhl  eiBpU>y  in.oiii|H. 

.,v:,*  a  \iei-  principal   wa>  a  mixed  ques-  font                'it  per-ons.  wliereliy  iiijiuy  1- 

tinii   of   law   and    fact.     St'e,   however.   S  dom                   -  of  its  employees,  the  <oi,i 

;,..,;    ,„,(,■:!.  .-^11/, ni.  I'^oiy                     •  lialdi'   ther.f.ir  1o  tliem. 

'■■ih,,i,llx \.  I.'nulnrc  fliiwriis  Kh<t  Co.  IIi'"ho     >            .ts   >ul>-titiile    in    the    per 

IS74I    I,.  I!.   10  I),  r..  f>2.  44   I..  •'.  l,>.   I!,  foiinaii   .•  of  such  an  olli.e.      So,  [".riiap-. 

\.   S     >n^  'Vl    I..   T.    X.    S.    10.   23    Week,  he     wouhl     h<'    when    intrusted    wilii   the 

ilep      3;i.">.     S.     P.,     Wrif/ht    v.    Ihiiiliip  duty  of  priwuriiif;  the  materials  for  tlie 

i'|s:i:i)  20  Sc.  S<'.-*s!  Cas.  4th  sr    1-.  litiii :  work.      liiU    a  railroad   coinpany.  or  thi' 

MUn  v"  VtR-   (litit   Co.    (187 '1    L.    R.    1  .stockholders    and    director-    thereof,  are 

IacIi.  Div.  2r>l.  4.1  h.  J.  Exjh.  N.  S.  (108,  not   supposed  to  he  civil  eiij;im'crs,  or  to 

:il  I,    T    X.   S.   r)41.  jpossi.s,  the  >eientilic  or  mi-ehanical  skill 

'  l)«6om(i.-^ln  .l/o6i7e  d   M.  R.  Co.  v.  nece-ary  to  the  buildin;;,  repairiii},',  and 

.>.i,M(/i   (1877)    .50  Ala.  21.5,  the  company  operatinc  of  a    railroad.     The  company 

\Mi-  alxolvcd  on  the  fjrouml  that  the  su  is  expected  to  employ,  and  mu-t  rely  on, 

i.erintcndent    of     a     railriwd,    when    he  other  persons  who  pos>ej.s  such   skill  to 

mihI..  out  a  repair  train  to  put  the  road  do  such  w"         while  its  duty  further  is 

in  pro]).ir  condition  after  a  storm,  is  not  to  priKiin         1  furnish  the  reiiuisite  anil 

.■\rn  i^ini..  a  function  of  the  coinpany  it-  proper  materials,  and  to  pay_  the  waf;i', 

M-lf.  hutnicTcIv    pi'ifcuiiiin;;   a    diitv    in  of    the    numerous    emiihiyei -."     The    in 

.••lUiilieiit  on  liim  as  one  of  liie  <-oi.ipaii.\  -  -lni.li..ii  i.f  li..    tii.ii    ju.l^'.    lli.i:   thr  .ip 

skilled    servants.       Comment itif;   on    lie-  f.iiil.iia    wa»    absolutely    liable    for    any 


V  i 


1 


1506 


MAMKi;  .\MJ  NKUN.Wl'. 


631.  Opposing  theories  reviewed. —  i'lic     ton; 


IlIIAP.    XXvlII. 
of     till' 


tS 


cuAvs  tiuniiiir  u|mi|i  the  iclntion  of  i;(iicr:il  iii!iiiiij;ci's  to  tlii'ir  riiilioi'ili 
nates  imlicaics  ilmt,  if  tlic  nusoiiiiii;  of  the  House  of  Lorils  in  \Vil>iun 
V.  Mcni/  is  :-'Hiiiil,  tlu'  iiKinirf'r  Ims  (i;ico  more  rcudictl  one  of  tlio-c 
iojjii'iii  iiiiixisKis  wliicli  >o  often  i'oiifr<int  liiiii  in  the  law  of  einplover.^' 
liability, — that  is  to  sav,  an  iiniauimisni  of  oiipo.-in^  theories  wiiich 


iu'rIiki'ii'i-  uf  till'  Mi|>('i'int<'nili'iit  was  cx- 
|iii>>ly  (li-a|>|iiiivc<l. 

Tlic  Oiirlicr  ea<(>  iif  ll'i//.ii-  v.  l'  illimi 
(185;i)  22  Ala.  2<lt.  -.iinidy  ,1..  ;.lc>  lliat 
a  ;;ciu'ial  inaiiaLTi'  (lii-ri'  llic  <ii|il.iiii  of 
a  steaniiT)  is  llio  iif.'(ii*  nl  tlif  iriastcr 
as  r.j.'anN  tin-  ijn>|H'r  ,,i'ifiiniianic  of 
liis  duty  111  ciMiili'V  cniiiiii'ti-iK  >iTvant.s. 
and  is  llurcfini'  lmI  ih  ii'--ai  ily  in  ion- 
Hilt  witli  tiic  ;;i'iiiral  priiiiijili'  fnniiii 
lated  in  \hiliil<  c(-  O.  11.  Vo.  v.  Thuiitiis 
(18(iH)    42  Ala.  (172. 

Mii>t  uf  tlio  rases  which  hnvo  conn- 
before  till!  courts  in  tliis  stati-  since 
IHS'i  arc  naturally  conlrolliMl  liy  llw  jiro 
visions  of  till'  I  iiiploycrs'  liability  act 
passed  ill  that  yiai  ;  liut  tlicre  is  nofli- 
iiii;  in  tln'  later  ilciisions  which  can  Im) 
said  to  inilicati-  that,  so  far  as  the 
rifihts  of  the  iKUlies  may  be  ^jovcmed  liy 
the  ciiinnian  law.  the  views  expressed  in 
the  case  just  ril'irred  to  havo  under- 
j,ijne  any  moditicalion. 

Ill  I'u^liit  I'tliii.  C'llfir  Co.  V.  Hiilney 
I  IHIMll  11.-)  .\la.  I'Kt,  22  So.  S..4.  the  su- 
]K'rvisini;  eniploycc  was  merely  the  fore- 
iM.in  of  a  (.'an;:  of  niei;  enipluycil  in  the 
<i>nstructii'n  of  a  telej;raph.  and  there- 
fore tlie  ]Hisition  of  a  ;.'i-neral  manaf.'er 
did  not  directly  come  into  question,  liut 
the  (liiision  in  .1/im.i7c  cC-  .1/.  /«'.  Co.  v. 
Sniilli.  was  lhou;:lil  .n  Ciurq-  P.  A'.  Co. 
V.  yj«ri.s'  (IS'.IO)  !I2  Ala  300.  .  j.  2,-)2. 
to  have  pine  to  the  "extiome  verfje  of 
soundni-ss." 

Ciilifcniia. — In  one  case  the  supreme 
court  went  so  far  as  to  hold  that  a  com- 
plaint which  counts  on  the  nejiliijcnce  of 
a  fellow  servant,  alle^inij  that  the  de- 
fendant did  not  use  ordinary  skill  in  se- 
lectin:;  him.  is  demurralile  where  the  re- 
cital of  fact.s  also  shows  that  the  fellow 
servant  was  employed  by  the  defend- 
ant's superintendent,  and  there  is  no 
averment  that  such  superintendent  was 
nefrligently  selected.  Collirr  v.  SIrin- 
hurt  (1875)  51  Cal.  llfi.  I!tit  this  rtil- 
infr  is  decidedly  inconsistent  with  other 
decisions  in  this  state.  See  5  537.  note 
.1.  and  summary  iu  chapter  xxx.,  ponl. 

hiiliiiK'i.  -^^'il■'son  V.  Mi  IT)/  was  relied 
ujMm  in  ('oliiiitbun  «f  /.  ''.  II.  Co.  v.  .tr- 
„eld    (1S09)    31    Ind.   174,  W)   Am.   Dec. 


lil.-).  to  sup|Miit  a  deei-ion  that  a  mas 
tei  iii;ohiiii-t  «.i~  not  a  vice  principal; 
hut  tlii-  ruling'  i-  iiiii.n-i-teiit  with  -i\ 
eral  later  ca-e-  in  the  s;aie  inuil.  See 
!i  5.'<7.  iiiite  .'t.  and  sumni,iry  in  chaptir 
\XX..  /i'iv(. 

.1/(1111'. —  In  ^.■trifl  the  supreme  cmiil 
re;,'irileil  it  as  will  settled  that,  "if  ,i 
II  iiipniv  e\erei~i.  iirilin:.rv  care  to  em 
ploy  servants  of  li.iiMl  haliits  and  of  com 
peteiit  skill  and  experience  in  their  va- 
rious dep.ii'tmeiils.  and  to  fiiiiiisli  Meiii 
with  iiiailiinery  and  apparatus  of  ap 
proved  I  nn-triiition  anil  material,  tlinr 
ri-pon-iliility  ixteiuls  no  fiirtli.  r " 
licaiit"ii  V.  I'urllniid  ' 'o.  (ISiilli  4.S  .Mr. 
291.  liut  the  principle,  though  veilially 
it  is  hardly  di-tiii^ui-halile  t'lnm  Ihii 
laid  down  tiy  the  llouse  of  Lords,  is  ni.t 
deemed,  in  this  state,  to  preehnle  recov 
eiy  fur  the  iie;jli;;eiiee  of  a  ;:iiiiial  -ii 
|M-rintenileiit.  See  Mai/linr  v.  Sulli'nn 
Mill.  Co.    (  1SS4I    7(i   .Me.    11"). 

.\liiinliiiiil. — The  iliietrine  that  a  rail 
way  company  wutild  be  respiui-ilile  i"r 
an  injury  caused  by  defective  appliaine-. 
if  till'  defei  I  should  lie  known  to  an  em 
ployn'  occupyiiii.'  the  position  of  a  -u 
perinteiident.  is  reeo^'nized.  itriiuiiiilo.  in 
W'oiHh'i-  v.  ItiiUiiiion  a  (K  It.  ('(,.  I  IS7IN 
32  Mil.  411  3  Am.  I!ep.  143.  liiil  m 
that  case  it  was  brhl  |)iat  an  inspntir 
of  machinery  and  mlliiij.'  stock  was  let 
a  vice  principal:  and  'he  same  ruling' 
was  suIisii^Uetitly  made  as  to  the  n..i-li  r 
of  machin'-ry  who  sent  out  a  ilcfeeti\i' 
en;:ine.  Shuurl:  v.  Xtn'thrrn  ('.  ]{.  i'n. 
(l.SCIi)  25  Mil.  4112.  in  later  cases  tlie 
position  of  the  court  was  still  further  il' 
liiiiil  by  the  decisiims  that  vice  priie-i 
palslu]>  carnot  be  picdicaled  as  t<i  one 
who  merely  c.xerci-es  suiiervisiim,  hut 
only  as  to  one  to  whom  it  also  yiveii  \\\" 
selection  of  suborilinaO'  scvants,  ami 
the  luoeuriii';  of  the  instrumentalities 
necessarv  for  ihe  seiviie  [SliiW  iiv.  o/ 
HiiiiirHi!  v.  Mnl.-<irr  [IH.Sl]  57  Md.  2S7  i  ; 
the.t  .1  railway  company  was  liable  Iit 
the  ne;;liL.'enie  of  its  su|H'rinteniIenl  in 
))\ircha-inf.'  a  defective  em.'iiie  ( f '»»i ' 
hnul  rf  /'.  H.  Cu.  V.  ,V.'i;.'.  !  IST.-ij  II  .\!  !. 
2H3)  :  and  that  li.e  •  t  maiia;.'er  if 
charcoal   work-,  who   works  at   cluwj^iiij: 


j  5.11]                 vi(  i:  i'i;i.\(  ii'Ai.Miii'    I  KM  or  i;.\NK.  i.J07 

.ire  dialcc!  ii-Mllv  iiiiii><:iiliil)lc.  provided  ihc  ]ii.-iiil;iii'>  nn  wliicli  ilicy 
iirc  Idiiiiilril  iiic  jiriiiilcil.  It  -rcms,  Iiiiwcvcr,  tn  Ix'  t'nirlv  open  to 
i|iH'Stii)n  wlicllicr  tliiii  rcM  'tiiiiij;  is  nitirrlv  ~aii-t;ii'iiii'\.  '1  he  prc-cnt 
writer  Vfiiiurcs  tu  exprcs-,  ilic  n|)iiiiiiii  flmt  ilicic  is  a  [):il;>alii('  nan  si  - 

ilie   retort-,   etc..   with    no  dirnt   cli.nui'  -I'liiii;:  "f  ihi'  ruin  I   -itiih.  iit  :ill  i-vi-iits, 

.pmt   tlic  iiiailiiiiciy.  Init    witli   tin-  rij;iit  I"    m-^uii.i-    llmi    -mli    ,i    -ij|K'riii1cii.l'iit 

lo   njiiiir   it.   ami    with   thi-  il\ily   to   si'c  tiii.i:lil   li^nr  l"iii  hfld  a   vi.r  |irjiiii|>al  if 

uhi-lhiT  it  is  oul  of  rf|>iiir.  Iiiii"\viih  im  lln'    i|iii'.liHii    huil    |irc'-riitcil   it-rlt,  .iihI 

iiiithurity  to  huy.   allcr.  »y  chMii^c   ma-  ihc-  opiiiiiMi  irrl.ijiily   h'aii-  tuuai'l-   iln- 

.liiiiiTy.    whrrc   tin.    wnrk-   ami    iiiarhiii-  ^  !<■"    thai,    if   tlic-  i!clim|iicii(y   had    li.ni 

iry  arc  in-i|>iitcil  oiiic  or  Iwici' a,  wi-fk  by  in  I'lHiiircl  i.m  wiili  llic  riiovii.^;  of  ii.iui-, 

di'ircrnit  olhirr-  of  the  conipaiiy.  i-  a  fci  'he  -i-rNanl    would  liavi-  ln'cii  .■nlilli.j   to 

low  sirvant    with    a    man    fin|doyi.(l   in  Hi-ovcr. 

^iich   work-   in  u-in;;  an   a|i|iaratns  con-  I/k.vmk /ik.m  ^/.«.    -In    .I//00   v.    Ati'iirnn 

-i-liuK  of  a   huj.f  limkct    h.in^rin;;   froin    ('(iiml  t'i>.  1  lS,')Ot   (1  Cii-h.  T.'i.  tl la-lcr 

a   yoke,   whioli    runs   on    a    wlind   on   an  was   h.-ld   not    lialdc.  when,   the   ~ii|>rrin- 

i.vi-rlicad  track,  and   is   not  a   vice   prin  Ictidcnt    in   char^ri-   of  a    laryc   r-iahli-li- 

ii|ial  wliosi'  n,.yli;;cnci'  as  to  such   work-  uaMit   w.is  alh^'i'd  to  have  ni;;lii;cnlly  di- 

inan    will      make     the    en'.ployer    lialde  u-eted   a    iH'r-on  eni|dnycil    in  the  inanu- 

[Yiilrs   V.    MiCiilliiinih    liiiii    To.    [ISSS]  faeluii'of  ;.'as   to  throw    all   the   weii;hH 

(10  Md.  .370.    11;  Atl.'^Sili.  oil'  a  ;;a-  inciter,  the  re-ull  hciti;;  that   the 

.\  conip.irisoii    iif    iln.-( scs    niiylit  ;.'as  was  forced  into  the  mill  and  iiidueid 

-.•em  to   indiiate  that   the   po-ilion  of  11  spa^iiioilie    tits    in    tlie   -iMvant.      In    the 

-ii|>erintendenl      in     this     -tatc    is    deter-  next  year  the  same  court  detinnl  its  po- 

iiiiiii'il     liy    an     a--uni'il    ilislimtion    lie  -itieii  -till   further  in  hinfi  v.  Iloslmt  i^ 

tueen  the  <liity  of  furni-hin;.'  iii-lrumen  If.   I'.   I'l'ip.    (1M.')1)    !)  Cu-h.    112:      "As 

ta'ities,   iiieliidiim   -eriants.  and   the  su-  a   I'cu-porat  ion   can  act    only   Ihrou^rh    the 

pervision    of    th.t-c   in-trunientalitii's    in  .lyeney  of  soiui?  imiividual  per-on  oi   pi  i- 

llie  <udinary  opc-ration  of  lln'  c-taldi-h-  -ons.    a    ipie-tion    ha-     -ninetime-     lieeii 

Mient.  with   a   view   to  -ecurin;;  tiair  ef-  m.ele  as   to   what    particular  olliier-   i  r 

lii-ient    comlilion.     So   far  a-   he  or  any  persons  -Imuld  be  con-iih-iid  a-  the  mr- 

■  ilher  otlicial  may  1«'  intru-led  with   tlu^  poiatien  it-elf.  as  (li-iinc'   friiu  tiie-erv- 

fernier  duty  he  will  Iw  a  vice  principal,  ants  of  the  corpo.-al  ion.  I'm    the  puip.-i- 

^e  tar  as  he  may  lie  merely  di-clia  i^^iiiu  of  setlliii;;  what   -  liould  be  emi-idei  e.l  as 

t!ie  latter  duty,  he  will   he  a  mere   -.  rv  the  iiei;liit   of  the  corpoiatinn  it-clf.  and 

,iiit.     Hut    in    Yiilrn  V.    \lt  ('iilliiiiijli   Iriiit  mt    of    it-    servants.      I   am   not    aw. ire 

In.  there  was  the  very  mateii.il  eircuni  that    theiT    ha-    been    any    direct    adjudi- 

-t.imr   that    the  ma-ti'r   nui-t    have  been  cation    on     this     puiiit.      lint,    as-uuiiir,' 

iilainin;!  a  >.'encial  control  over  the  bu-i-  that    it    i-    iiirrect.   a-    a    f;eniT.il    prim  i- 

iie-s.   as    he    ii-ed    fieipiently    '.o   iii-|«'ct  |de.  that  tlie  i.-p<in-ibility  a;,  to  the  siif- 

liis  works;  and  in  Slnli-  iiw  of  Hii.-u'lhi  li'-icncy  of  the  road  re-ts  i.n  the  dcfeud- 

v.   \tiihlrr.  the  laiiiiua^'e  ii-ed   is   fairly  ants    theni-i  Iv.-.    -till,    their   oliliL:al  ioii, 

.  pi-n    to    the    coii-lriiction   that   an   em  -o  far  as  n-prcts  thn-e  in  Iheir  .  iiipbiy- 

liliivce  who  is  a  ••universal  a;;riit"  in  the  uienl.   would   not   c\teiid    bc>(ind   the    ii-e 

iiianap-nient  of  the   bii-ine—  as  a   f;oin;;  of  onlinaiy  care  ami  diliL^cnce,  and  tley 

rniHcni   i-  a   vice   principal.      It   cannot,  would   be   hehl   re-])on-ible  only   for   tl.  ■ 

ilMTifcre.     be     allirnad    with    certainty  want  of  ordinary  care  and  dilii^cncc.      If 

tli.it   the  doctrine  in  this  -late   is   ab-o-  a    coiporaliori    it-elf   -houhl   be    held    re- 

Inlcly   identical    with    that   of    Wilson   v.  -|.oii-ible  to   its   -erv.inls   that    the   road, 

Ml  rill.      Probably,    however,    this    roiirt  when  lii-t   n-isl,  was  safe  a.id  -uilicii'ii', 

wiiiilii  not  be  prepared  to  j;o  to  the  same  yet    keepinjj   the    road    in    proper    repair 

h'M^'tli  as  that  ease :  for,  all  hoiif:h  a  train  afieiwnrds   would   -c<'m   to  be   the  wi>rk 

i|i-paloher  has  1 n  denied  to  be  a  vice  of  s.'rvants  nr  laborers,  as  much  as  any 

prim  ipal  in  the  still  more  recent  ease  of  other  [lart  of  the  businoss  of  the  eorpo- 

\nrfi)ll;  if   11'.  It.  Co.  V.   Iltionr    (1S!I4(  ration."     The  lant:ua;;e  thus  used  would 

T!»  Md.  I't^i.  2.5  L.  IJ.  A.  711,  •2M  .\tl.  !l!)4.  -eem  to  indieate  that  tlie  court,  in  spite 

lliedcfinlt  there  alle;;eil  con-i-tcd  not  in  of  the  earlier  dcci-ion  just  eiti'd,  consid- 

■■eiitiiiUiu!'  the  niovcic.cr.ls  nf  trains  iie  crcl    that    tile    ri-sponsihility   of   an    em- 

propcrly,  hut  in  scndini;  out  unlit  brake  ployer  for  the  defaults  of  a  ;.'ener      -nan- 

iiii'ii.  who  were  not  I'liijib'M'd  by  him.  but  a^icr  was  -till  an  open  quc-tion  in  Mas- 

by  the  division  superintendent.   The  rea-  saoliusetts.      lint   whether  the  lanpuajre 


I  Mi 


MASTKI!  AXU  ^KKVANT. 


[chap,  xxviu 


k 


I 


r> 


'juihir  involved  in  iin  argniiiciit  tlio  r's.scncc  of  wliicli  is  tliut,  liccinisc  .1 
iiuutur niiidtsouietiiiieii  intrust  this  bu.siucss  uiidllv  tu  ilic  iiiiiiia^^cuicui 


is  or  is  not  su-'ceptil)le  of  tlii-  inti'^truo 
lion,  tliat  poiii!  can  no  loii;;i'r  In-  rrLMfii- 
ril  a-  a  iloiilitfiil  one  <'\i\<r  llii'  dii  i^itiii 
in  h'Iniiil  V.  Simil'ii  iHHIt)  i;U  .\^l^s. 
.■>(i:i.  I  iicie  till'  purclia-cr  of  u  mill 
|>rir|HTly  liiinl  one  <;iliiiaii  to  take  the 
••ntiri-  I  hai'jic  of  the  picmi-t's.  and  niakc 
all  rcp.iiis  that  in  liis  iiiil;;TMint  niiyht 
Ik'  n('ic--ary  to  put  I  Ik  111  into  a  piupi'i 
conclitioii  for  iki-  or  for  >alo.  (iilnian. 
in  ai'<'iir(lanc(!  with  tlu'si'  in~irnitiijii>. 
assunii'(l  the  cntirt'  iiintrul  of  tin-  pri'ni 
iscs,  collcctiiif.'  till-  rent-,  ^idi'dint:.  liir- 
in;;,  ami  disclnirj-in;;  the  fnipli>vi>c~.  pnr 
(■ha>in^  and  providin;;  Hhatcver  to<ds. 
appliani'fs,  and  niaihimrv  he  dei'nieil 
m'cossarj',  and  paving'  all  hills,  includ- 
ing the  wajies  of  the  eniphi.vi'e>.  with 
money  furnished  for  that  purpose  liv  the 
defendant,  who  withdrew  entirely  from 
the  mana^ri-ment  of  the  repairs,  and  ilid 
not  unilertake  to  exercise  any  di^'-relion 
or  control  over  *he  acts  of  (lilman  <>i  the 
employees.  It  was  held  thai  the  follow 
in;;  instruction  wa.s  riyhl  l.\  refu>i-il :  "If 
the  defendant  withdrew  trom  the  !nan 
ap-ment  of  the  work,  and  intrusted  to 
<iilman  theeiitiri'  char}.>i'  of  it.  e\i nisinT 
no  discntion  and  no  oversii;hl,  then  the 
def- r  iani  is  lial>le  for  the  ne;;hct  by 
tiilmajl  to  cause  the  treoih  to  !«■  shored 
up  and  to  construct  a  piallurm  in  the 
bottom  of  the  trench  over  tlu-  |i.n-.tii(k 
for  the  plaintitr  to  stand  \ip(in.  it  in  the 
exercise  of  reasonable  care  sneh  appli- 
ances were  necessary  for  the  -afe  |H>r- 
forniance  of  the  service."  If  tlu'  circiini 
stances  s|)<>cifie<I  in  this  in^t  nulioii  d" 
not  constitute  a  "univcr-al  au'enl"  ( -ee 
Gallagher  v.  Piper,  §  ,52li.  note  1.  mi 
lira),  it  is  dillieult  to  see  how  .my  di 
;;ree  of  indei)endeiice  in  the  (untrol  of  ,1 
business  can  ever  be  suHicient  for  (hat 
purpose. 

TakinfT  this  decision  in  conneition 
with  the  fact  that,  as  will  be  shown  in 
the  followinjr  chapter,  the  ihictrine  of 
Monassi'.niabilit.y  of  dulie>  i-  probably 
not  ac(e|)tpd  in  MM--a('husetts  in  the 
-enso  in  which  it  is  uiideistoiKl  by  nio-l 

Vmerican  courts,  it  is  ap|>arent  thai 
there  is  no  material  difference  between 
I  he  law   in  this  state  and  in   Knj;lanii. 

Tile  rei'ent  case  of  Mi'dticrlii  v.  Il'ilr 
I  IS'.iti  HU  Mass.  .51.3fi  X.  K.  fi.Si.  where 
I  lie  iii:i~ler  w.is  held  not  liable  for  the 
I  'iM'-ieTi  oi  a  foreman  f»f  a  factory  to 
\'MUihile  a  workroom  propi'rly.  i>  I'f  neii- 

;al    import  as  respects  the  pre-ent   sub 


ject.  as  it  nei'il  not  necessarily  be  con 
sidered  to  raise  the  ipiestion  of  the  po 
>ition  of  a  <:i'iieial  ai;int.  lint  in  the 
still  later  deci-ic.n  in  Mi  1  linn  v.  ^7,^,,^ 
Mjij.  Co.  (Isii'.ii  17J  .\la-s.  .'J7.-.,  :,i  S. 
K.  olS.  the  delint)ue!it  employee  i.-^  de- 
-cribisl  as  a  sii|K'rinlendeiit  in  full  ciMi 
Irol  of  a  factory,  and  wc.uld  therefure 
have  iM'cn  rei;ardeil  a-^  the  master's  rep 
re«i'nlative  in  iim-i   »|,ite^. 

The  passage  of  the  einployiTs'  liabil 
ity  act  in  IS.ST  ha-  naturally  had  tli- 
elfeet  of  diniini-hin^'  the  nuodier  of  den 
-ions  in  .\la'--aehu-etts  which  could 
throw    lifjht  on  the  subject. 

MisKissi/iiii.  —The  itoetrine  of  tl." 
Ilou-e  of  Lords  in  iri7vo;i  v  Mirri/  li-i- 
been  explicitly  fidlowed.  the  eeun  laying; 
it  down  that,  "in  .irder  to  huld  a  r.iii 
road  company  respon-ibie  to  an  11:1 
ployee  las  n.nduetor  on  its  train!  fur 
injuries  -n-taiiK-d  b«"ause  of  the  rojl 
or  its  appurtenances  iH'in;.'  out  of  repair. 
n  nni-l  be  shown  that  the  ciiin|niny  is  in 
default  in  its  duty,  either  by  the  sehi 
tion  01  incom|ietent  -irvants,  or  an  in 
sullicient  nuirdx'r  to  do  the  work,  or  fiiil 
ure  to  furni-h   pr(i|M'r   material,  or  tliM 

the  Cf>nipany  bad   nntiie  of  the  bad  i 

(iitii'ii  <'t  the  road,  or  is  cliarijcable  wnii 
ne^di-;enee  for  not  know  in'.' "  Hiin'l  v 
Missiisi/ipi  C.  )t.  (-11.  (1H74)  .">()  Mi" 
178.  Sw  alsi  \,..  Urliiiiix.  ./.  ,t  /,■.  \ 
/.'.  K.  Co.  V.  Iliiiihrs  (lH7.'il  40  Mi- 
•_'.')S. 

This  principle  requires  the  cf  nchHiMn 
that  a  ".'eneral  manajier  is  not  a  vin- 
prim  ipal.    lhou;;h    no    speiilic    ruling'   !'i 

Ih.il    eli'eet    ha-  I n   made.      It   has  lie.ii 

'eld.  however,  that  the  train  <le-palili'r 
of  a  I'ailway  r»>nip.in\"  is  a  ('e~er\ant  ef  .1 


lireii 


an    l.l/i'/s.r 


(ill  .\li— 
colli  rary 
sdiel  ions 


///'.    V.  O.  .1 

42:!.   1:1  s,. 

to    tllP.t     ll"» 


7'.    /.'.    f'o.    [I  ill  1 
•i'JCi).— a  d  letriiie 
held   in   mos<    juri 
a.  7;'l.v^ 

In  this  strife  the  superior  -ervant  'l'» 
tiine  has  bet>n  introdiii'<'cl  liy    the  Con-ti 
luliop  of  18!m.  S   lii;i.  and  §  liooH  of  the 
Code  of   18<«, 

Missouri. — 111  \li-ltrniiiift  v.  Piu'ijir  It. 
(o.ll.SbO)  .■?()  Mo.  II.-)  (defective  bridL-i 
the  superintendent  of  a  railway  was  ije 
iiied  to  be  a  vice  priiicip.il.  and  the  ma.- 
tor's  nonliability  was  distinctly  put  up 
on  the  L'namd  that  llerr  was  no  allcjM 
tion  thai  ilie  ili'feiHl.-Mil  h.id  failisi  to 
cxerri-e  ordinary  care  in  the  selection  ef 
-ervants.     Hut  so  far  as  Missouri  itself 


II  .'>:ilj 


V1U-;   I'lUM  II'AI.MIII       IIM'UI'   liANK. 


isor- 


(ii  others,  mill  ix  vcinimlir  the  ol.lij::iiii.ii    f  iloiiiir  so  wliciu'vor  lie  il.'cs 
iiDt  pus>...->  iliiil  dc;:r(c  of  tLrliiii<':il  -kill  \vlii<'li  \\»ull  qiialit'v  lii-n  in 


i,  rotiiiTiifil.  Iliis  i>4  11(1  liiii;;or  the  law. 
-inif  tliiit  *l;itr  liM-  mil  niily  ml<r|i'iil 
lilt!  sii)p<Tior  -.(-rvniil  ilmliiiH^  ,.s<f  miIhI. 
II.  s«/)(il, — \\lii<li,  (if  ciiiirsc.  iiii|i(iitH 
lialiilily  miller  tlic  «ii|>|i(i-i(l  riroiini-niii 
I  .'-i.  —  lint  nUd  ilic  iliMtiiiic  of  the  iKiiiii'*- 
-ifliialiilitv  (if  (lillii'«  -IK  h  a-(  the  super 
ilileiulciit  «a-  (•ti;u-;.'(il  uitli  iidt  ixrldriu 
iii:r.  N'c,  fur  exiiiii|ile.  Ihiillir  v. 
lliiiK'.i   SItiir   it    Itiiiun    <'ti.    (ISHtil     l:iti 

M,i.  a,  .'57  s.  w.  11.-1. 

Sni-  ./((Ml/.— In  (iiic  iM!*e  it  wns  laid 
ildun  tlial  llie  prc-idiiil  (if  a  cdriKuat  imi 
so  far  i(|iii-.Hlcil  it  iliat  it  \va>  lialile 
f(ji  liis  ail-  (if  iKuli^'iiii  (■  I  lint  tile  ciinrt 
ilccliiii'il  Id  !.'('  inl'i  llic  (|ni-l  inn  wlicllicr 
Ihe  lialiilily  cNlenilcd  Id  any  of  tlie  em 
lilovees  ]ii(i|i(il\  so  lulled.  Sinilli  V. 
in'furd  Iron  ('.(.'  I  18SII.  »2  N.  J.  L.  407. 
:!(i  .\ni.   I!»p.  .■>.!.'). 

(^iiile  rcicnily.  l:d«(A(r.  in  dccidin;; 
tliat  a  fdicnian  df  llie  entile  Wdrk  df 
idnstrnctin;;  a  seuer  wa-  ndt  a  vice  prin- 
cipal iCiiihii  V.  //.,;/  I  IsiUM  (12  .N.  .1. 
L  T.'i.S.  4:2  Atl.  Tai),  tlii^  eonrt  ndied 
on  II  i7«j(i  V.  Mirrii, —  a  titatidn  wliicli 
.(•(•ins  to  place  it  in  the  same  class  as 
lliat  of  Ma<-ailiusett-:  csiHiially  a-  it 
li.id  previdii-ly  u-ed  laniiii.iye  wliicli  iin- 
plied  tliat  even  empldvees  ulio  have  full 
iliaf'.'p  of  a  liusine.--.  or  a  distinet  df 
partirient  of  it.  are  fellow  servant-  of 
their  sulmnlinates  in  O'llrim  v.  .Imtri- 
(Wll  hfihlnni  Co.  (IS'.ll)  ^3  S.  .1.  L. 
2!»1.  21  Atl.  .•124;  and  has  explicitly  laid 
iliiwn  the  nile  that  the  master  snMlcient- 
ly  di-(li,iri.'es  hi-  duty  as  to  the  in-pee 
tUi»  and  repair  of  appliances  by  enijiloy- 
inf!  competent  per-ons  to  make  the 
insiH'ction  and  repairs.  Uiiiii.'-ini  v.  C(  ii- 
ti:ii  I!.  <  o.  I  18tir>i  :il  N'.  ■).  1..  2!l.'i;  /I'l-i; 
I  r,s  l.('cuinulire  d  Mmh.  W'url.fi  v.  Ilmid 
ilSSSi  50  X.  J.  1..  4lit.  14  Atl.  Tliti: 
/■.'.svfX  CdiiiiIii  Elrclilr  f'o.  V.  hilhi 
I1S!)4)  57  N.  .r.  I..  100.  20  Atl.  427; 
Uc.tiK/rdcs  V.  Hiiriis  (LS70I  39  X.  d. 
1..  117. 

It  must  \w  admiltcHl,  however,  that  it 
is  extremely  diHiiiill  to  say  wh.it  view 
is  really  iirednininaiit  in  this  state,  as  in 
iitlier  e.i-e-  tin;  court  distinctly  reco;; 
nizes  the  dixtriiu^  that  a  master  may  Ije 
liahle  for  the  ne;.di,L'eiue  of  a  foieman  in 
failing  to  keep  the  place  of  .vork  safe 
(Villi  iOcrnhiirnk  V.  fliiirnlon  [IStl.-)]  58 
N.  J.  I,.  IfiO.  .T?  Atl.  :W0;  trench  caved 
\n\  \  and  .list  iii;jiii>hi-.  (iritiii  iiihi.  n   fnre- 

Kin  wild  is  simply  supervising'  the  hiiild 


(irdinates.  from  an  aL'cnt  in  full  control 
and  letiiig  as  niiildliinan  excliisividy 
.o/,v(,i  V,  .Vi.ii...  (l>!'s|  til  X.  .r.  1..  I!7I. 
tn  Atl.  ()!14).  It  has  also  iipplied  the 
doctrine  that,  where  the  duly  of  in-|icil 
inf!  and  rep.iiiiny  appliaiicc-  i-  ea-t   up 

on  an  pliAic  not   actually  enj.'aj;ed   In 

the  uiik  uiiich  the  plaint  itT  is  doiny. 
-mil  ■•iiipldvce  is  the  ma-ter's  repn -en 
lative.  ln'\..i(/  U-iti^<li.i  l.h.inl  S.  S. 
Co.  V.  I II'!' Iii>  listen  (IS'.M)  57  N.  •'.  l- 
too,  31  All.  111!)  lst(irekee|H'r  furni-hed 
a  woin  calili  f(ir  n-e  in  uiihiadiny  a  ve- 
sel).  The  di-tinetion  su(.'jres|ed  hy  fln-'c 
l.isf  t-'d  ca-es  1.S  compared  with  the 
lit  her-  i-.  to  say  the  lea-t.  extreimdy 
-iilitle.  and  ddcs  not  appear  to  lie  recoy 
iiiztsi  by  any  dlher  cdiiit.  at  least  in  the 
lorm  in  which  it  is  here  -laleil.  Ner  i- 
it  .ippareiit  hdw  the  (hsi-iim  in  Vnn 
Sill  iiliiinili  V.  Tliunitim  can  be  recdiiciled 
(111  the  f/ict-.  with  rnrlrii  V.  Ihiff.  The 
(Iditriiic  of  \  iiiiSiii  iiliiiiiih  V.  Tliiirnliiii. 
hdWcM-r.  was  approvini  in  a  ca-i'  decided 
llie  year  li.'fore  I'uili  il  v.  //«;?.  the  cdlllt 
hohliii^'  that  the  existence  of  the  duly 
to  provide  a  safe  place  of  work  implied 
the  nona— iuiialiility  of  the  duty  Id  warn 
workmen  in  tinn?  to  (;et  out  of  danpi 
when  a  hla-t  was  about  to  be  set  oiT 
ItiUnilh    Stiiiir  Co.  V.  .If(;(il|.  II    1  |Si(7)    111 

.\.  .).  L.  2.-i:i,  :t!i  I..  R.  A.  8:i4.  :!(•  Atl. 

7114,  Allirminv  I  1S07  I  fiO  X.  J.  I..  .TJ:!.  Hs 
.\tl.  S.'JJ.  I  (iniiny  fioiii  a  court  which  had 
previdu-ly  umic  -n  far  in  the  direct  ion 
(if  ali-(i!\  iiii;  the  master  for  tlu?  neyli 
ycnco  of  the  -iipeivi-in;;  a;;ent-  this  ml 
ini;  is  ipiiti;  final  kalile.  as  it  exlemis 
the  doilrilie  of  noil  delc;:alile  diilic-  to 
circumstance-  which  by  niost  cniiits  are 
rcu'arded  as  h.'iii^  outside  its  operation. 
Siv   §  5S0.  iiij^l. 

Yi'ic  Vol  I:.  In  Brunn  v.  Mfixiirit 
I  1814)  6  Hill.  ."i'.l2,  41  Am.  Dec.  77'.  the 
earliest  ca-e  in  New  York  in  which  tlic 
doctrine  of  cdiiinidn  eniplnyiiieiit  was  ap 
plied,  the  Cdurt  assiimed  ill. it  the  priiici 
pie  of  the  decision  in  Fmiii'll  v.  Ilnnlini 
it  \V.  A".  Cvrp.  4  Met.  41),  38  Am.  Dec. 
:i3!).  re(|uired  tlie  conclusion  that  the 
fdienian  of  a  stdiicrutter's  (-.talili-hmeiit 
was  a  fellow  servant  of  the  workmen 
under  him;  but  it  is  not  certain,  from 
the  re|Kirt,  what  the  precise  functions  of 
the  foreman  were.  Tin?  nia-ter  may 
have  retained  a  ^.'eiieral  -iipervi-ion  over 
the  wdik.  and.  if  -o.  the  ca-e  i-  not  in- 
consi.-tent   wilh    l:iler   ones  iu   lUe  aame 


iX 


iiig  of  u  boat  and  working  with  his  sub-    :<tate. 


~  '  i       -    viimm.aatiiBk-UA 

;• 

:im\ 

Ifllo 


MAMI-i;  AM)  .-illKVAM'. 


[l  II  \l'.    XXt  III 


p=! 


cniiilucf  till'  liii-iiicss  in  pcrsiin,  liis  liutic-  tu  hU  scrviinls,  "i*  \\v 
••vent  lit'  Ills  ii'it  |ici-c>ii;illv  'ii|icriiiiiii(linf;  tlic  work,"  iiri'  liiiiitc<l  i.. 
solci'liiif^  '"liriiiKr  .iiul  ckimim  lent  j»'r-(«ti»  In  do  <<>,  and  t'>  tiinii^liini: 
iIkmii  wiili  adciirMi"  iiiiif''M'ials  and  ri'siiirct-  f'>r  tlio  wurk."' 

It  is  (jiiitc  j)ossil)l('  williuiit.  any  incciiisi^iincy  in  ninciMlc  tliat  lari:' 
industrial  olaliii^liiiniii'  '••Mild  nnt,  iiiid,  in  ii;aiiy  iM-tiiu'c-,  mi^lit  ii"i 
In,  lie  (•(Hiiiiictcd  upon  any  oilier  tooting;  llian  that  of  t'oiitrul  ari'l 
>upon-i.>ion  l)y  ('oni|Mtcnt  cxjicrts  liirrd  tor  that  pur|)o:-<",^  and  at  th' 
same  tinio  to  deny  that  the  situation  tiius  rcjrarilod  as  incvitahlo,  nr 
iiiost  condncivi-  lo  the  iiitcrc-ls  of  all  ])aili<'s,  iiirc-snriiy  implies  tlmi 
the  M'rvaiif  should  \to  de(iiie(l  lf»  accept  the  ri-;ks  which  arc  incideiii 
to  the  Miastei-'s  delegation  of  his  f\inetions  of  control.  The  loj;ir.il 
propriety  of  such  a  deilneiinn  de|)ends  altoirether  upon  whether  an; 
special  considi^rafions  can  he  su^i^ested  which  arc  of  sutliciciit  fore 
to  override  the  ctVect  of  the  fundamental  jirinciplc  emhodied  in  thi 
maxim  Qui  siiilil  (■oiiiiiioflnni  sciihrc  <lrli/l  li  onus;  and  with  thi- 
aspect  of  the  que.>lion  the  House  of  Lords  lias  made  no  attempt  !■• 
.leal.'' 


\n- 


In  Wnrvrr  T.  Krir  R.  Cn.  (ISIIT)  49 
I^.;irli.  "i.'iS.  tlm  siipii'iiii'  limit  liilil  a  su- 
|N'rinli'iiilriit  of  tiriil^'os  to  In-  n  vi<i-  iniii- 
ii|>:il.  liiif  tin-  ili'iisinn  wns  rrvii-ril  liy 
Iho  loiiit  of  apiM-als  (IHCH)  .'t!!  \.  Y. 
4iiS.  Wil.i'in  V.  Mfrry  (see  \.\>X  soc- 
lirni  jiiiii  lliiril  v.  Vri/iioH(  iC  i\  II.  Co. 
( Mv  iiifrit,  iinilcr  Vorinont  ili'ii^iotw) 
nrip  px|>ri'~>ly  Mpproviil  by  tlu'  lattiT 
iiMiit.  Till'  liiiii.'iia;;c  ii-^i-il  in  Itu-  npin- 
ioii  ciiilioilii'H  dnilriiii's  w '  lly  inrunsi^t- 
irit  Willi  later  ili'iisioii-  ni  N'i'W  >i>rl;. 
.nut  til  lliis  cNti'nt  it  in  not  law;  Imt  the 
.Irii^ion  itsi'lf  may  bp  siipjinrti'il  on  tlio 
:.\ils.  as  the  Kiipi'iviiini;  riiiploypp  was 
hmHv  not  provi'il  to  have  liii'n  iuli)al)h' 
in  llip  piTfornianri'  of  his  diitirs.  It 
should  be  rpnii'iiiliori'il  that  tlii-i  ca^p 
ili'tps  fiiini  a  ]ii'riiul  at  which  thr  thrury 
of  non  ili'li-f.Mliility  of  ilulips  (-it  ni'xi, 
I'liaplon,  wa~  not  a'^  yrt  i-^talili-hrj  in 
this  statp.  Tlial  tlm  ly  was  l'M>t  pnan- 
i-iatpil  in  its  i.iodi'rn  fonn  by  Chii'f  -las- 
liip  f'liiirpli  in  FHL-c  v.  Il'isti»i  it  ,1.  /'. 
r„.    (is7:i)    r>:\    X.    Y.    r,i<.\,    is    Am. 

lipn.  545.  The  atilhorily  of  II  i/son 
V.  Mrrry  was  still  ropo^nizpil  pvpn  in 
ISTfi.  when  it  was  hi  Id  that  a  ma-tiT 
conld  not  be  hold  lialili-  for  thp  np^'li- 
L'l'npp  of  an  pmplovpp  who  ponstrueted  a 
washtiib  with  di'fiitivr  supports.  Mn- 
loiir  V.  Ihilhinnni  (lS7(i)  04  N'.  Y.  5.  21 
.\m.  l!pp.  573.  ('liun-h.  C!i.  J.,  IhhmVi-i. 
dji^rndd.  ponsidi'rin;;  thp  depi'^ion  to  he 
iriion^i^tpnt.  not  only  with  Ilip  Flil.r 
('((*•'•.  liiit   with  Laiiiiifi  V.   \ii!    Vnil,:  0. 


n.  rn.  (1S72)  4!l  \.  Y.  .">21,  10  Am.  nip 
417.  whii'h  piorrrdpil  on  thp  thi'<iiy  iIm' 
111,'  duty  of  hiiinj,'  tit  ■^iivanls  pould  tu! 
he  di'li'L^atpd. 

Vrniiiiiil. — In    lliinl  v.    \'irriii>iil  (f  ' 
It.  Co.    IIHCO)    .12  Vt.  47.t.  the  prinii|.l' 
was  laid  down   in  broad  lirnis  that   tin' 
masliT  "ilops  not  warrant  that  thp  «i'm 
ants  -iliall  faillifulix   disphar^ip  Ihiir  ilu 
tips    in    Kpipin;.'    tin-    lnal■hinl■r^    in   it- 
ori'jinal      sat'p     ponditinn,"     a     iliulviii 
whirh.   illliiinuli  it  >\as  Ihtp  applird  uiil, 
tlip  pliprt  of  ali>i>lvin^'  till-  pinploypi  fimi 
rpspon..iliility     for    thp     np^li;;i'ni'p  of    i 
niastiT   nui'h.iiiip.   iiossil>l\    inijilips   liiii 
pvpii  a  ;.'i'npial  ni.ina;;iT  would  not   li  :> 
bi'pn  rpL'aidpd  as  a  vii-p  yiriiiripal  by  t'hi- 
poiirt.     ''his   iIppi~io!i.    whalp\pr    its    ir; 
port,   was  ovirriilicl    in   Dniii  v.  ^l'^l^■/' 
\<rmi)iil    U.    f,i.    ilSSiii    .■),-)    Yt.    S4.  -I.'i 
.\iu.  Kip.  5!H).  and  tin-  doitriiip  of   U  i/ 
.soil    V.    Ml  nil   was  i'\pips»|y    ri'pndiatril 
in   f.ivor  of  tli.il   of  thp  niiMa~>ij;ii.iliili\v 
of  pi'itain  dntips.      Hut   it   rpinaiiw  to  U' 
spin    whi'thpr     in     this    stalp    a     niM-''r 
winild   bp  hi'ld    liablp  for   tlip  nPL'lijrii"' 
of  a  mana'jrr  in  iiivini;  orili'r^,--a   fiitn 
lion  whiili   i>  not   of  .in  p^M'ntially  ii'ii 
dpIi'L'iil'h'  ipialitv. 

'  \\il.-'in  V.  M'iiTii  nSIWi  T„  K.  1  II. 
L.  Sp.  App.  Cas.  :i:'i2,  1!)  1..  T.  N".  S.  :iii. 
per  I.iiril  I'airns. 

■■' .\-  \v,i-  r,-marl-;pd  by  Lord  linn-!:!' 
in  Slriiurt  V.  ViilliiinK  III, II  t'li.  llSTT' 
4   ^p.   Si-^.  «'a-.   4tli   -iiii'>,  <l.->2. 

'  Sk'  5  47.').  il»(f.      'I'lip  biMri'i;:  if  Uiis 


ill 


l.-.ll 


S  531]  VICE  I'UlNCirAl.MlIP— li:sT  (»K  1!.\NK. 

If  a  cinicci!  i>  sft  in  i>|)i'i'aiion  which  it  i*  iiii[)o--iI)l(>  or  iiiiiiio|ii'r 
tVir  the  owner  to  sii|icr\iM'  in  porsDn,  wlifthir  Ijiimii-c  if  i-  ti  .1  c\ 
Icnsivo  tir  hccuUM-  hr  hu-ks  tho  iiccc-siirv  -kill  mul  kiiii\vl<'(li:r,  nv.  ;i-; 
im[)i)rns  in  iiii  (•vi'r-iiicniir.iii^^  niiiiiliiT  nf  iii-taiico-  iMcim-i-  it  i>  iln- 
|irii|>('i(y  <it'  ii  corpiiriitioii  wiiii-li  win  lu-t  niilv  hv  iii;viits,  it  i*  cciLiii'ly 
liv  no  iiiciiii-  .-<'lt'-('viiiciit  lliiit  tlio  law  miLilit  iint  to  rit|iiii-c  flic  iiv  wiv 
■  I'  flic  cnncciii  l<>  hear,  ii!iioii:r  tiio  otlicr  ilrauli.nk-  of  .•.iich  nii  anniiu'' 
iiiciit,  any  vliicli  rmiy  ari^c  t'roiii  fi>infr  tlic  ^c^^  ice-!  of  oihci-*  to  r.|i 
irM'iit  liiiii  in  fill  control  of  tiic  work  ami  ilic  worknicn.  (iraiiiin;; 
hat  it  was  sctilcil  |i\  ihc  aiifhoriti(  -  ]irrccilini;-  WiI.sdd  v.  Mrrri/  tint, 
-o  lone;  n^  tlio  masfcr  maintain*  a  i;ci;cral  su|ici'\ision  over  lii-t 
liiisinpss,  the  ncirlip'tico  of  all  ein|>l"ycc-.  \vliatc\cr  tlicir  rank.  inii--t 
I'c  rciiardcii  as  one  of  the  orilinary  risk<  ol  ■crvice.  it  inny  fairly  he 
iirircil  that  neither  hy  these  decisions  th'  in  >  •.  nor  hy  the  ]>rinci)ilcs 
uliieh  thoy  ('inl)o(ly,  is  the  conehision  v  ii-ed  that  a  niaslcr  who 
;iliilic4ites  all  his  fniictions  is  not  an>wi  r,iM.-  for  the  nci^liiicneo  of  the 
liiiploypo  to  whom  those  fniictions  are  Iran  ferreil.  It  may  he  that 
'liiTO  are  soiiio  {jreat  consiilerations  of  pnhlic  policy  invohcil  which 
'  i.iild  jiL-tifv  the  apt'  -at.ion  of  th"  doctrine  of  (•.mimon  Piiiploymcnf 
'11  this  extreme  cas(  in    none    of    the  opinion*  ilcli\-erci|  in  ihe 

lloiiso  of  Lords  is  it  Intimated  that  >iicli  coii-id(  lations,  if  any  then" 
no.  wcrp  rrlieil  upon. 

Till'  ncvessiiy  fipr  ~ireim:t!ieiiin<r  the  aruniiient  at  this  point  he<-oniPs 
-till  more  imperative  when  it  i*  rememhered  thaf.  even  froni  a  purely 
'iiriilical  standpoint,  it  is.  to  say  the  least,  donhtfiil  vihelher  there  is  a 
]irepnndornnee  fd'  ah-tract  eipiify  on  the  sjde  of  the  nde  adojitccl,*  and 

iiiaxiin  upon  the  t'\tcnt  of  an  oiii|iliiyi  r's  tiiil~     tlu^     iiiiiiiiialniiH    ronscqiioiipp    tli:it 

ri«|iiin~il)ilitv    lia*     Imi'Ii     fur     tim    rniiili  iiustcrs   wtio  ilc  not    ititrifcic  at    all    in 

-ti^'lilccl    in    jiidiiial   <li~cu-'-i(ins  of   that  ili«    (■(■iiiliict    of    tlii'ir    Imi-iiic-*    incnr    .a 

|iiirliiiilar    |ilia>r     nf     tlic    sutiiitt    wiHi  ~iiiallcT    nn.'i-iirc    nf    ii-|iiiti-il)ility    lliiiii 

v>liirli    \M'    arc    licrc    ccnri'iiii'd :    Imf    its  tluxc   wlio   act    a<    tlicir    own    inana'.'cr*. 

ini|«prtMii(>("  has  liccn  duly  rciMi^iiizcil  liy  l.<pril  < 'i^'k'aii  ii.  cue  <if  the  Smtch   jii  l;i'i 

-I  III!'  courts.     Spp.  fur  cxainplc.  tin;  fcl-  uho  acriptcil  uiiilcr  proti'-t   tin-  Kii;;li»li 

IouIti;;  pa«-^af;('  frcrii  a  vcrj'  rcrciit  oa-c:  ilcK'Iriii''  that  a   iiia-lcr  i-  net    lialih'  fi'T 

"A  master    ohixisiii;;    to    liavp  a  srat-  tlic  iic;;       mccf  a  -M|Mrvi<iiii.' ciMplcyi". 

li'icij    or    ilivcrsificcl    Imsinosi^   \vhi<'h   lie  e(>n»iilei:'il    llial.  allliciiiih    this    ilniliine 

i.inndt   personally   look  aft<T   must   iii'ed  was  ^iip|K»i(1  to  he  reeoniniiinleil  liv  its 

Iwoe  a    repri'^i'nlative    on     the     ;.Tound,  own   inlicri'nt    iu-t'ee.  "tile  iu-lieeof  the 

mid  lienee.  takin;,'  the  iH'nefits  of  »u('!i  an  ia>e  is  esai'tly  in  ilie  oppn-ite  direclicii." 

ivleiided  'lu-iiie--.  he  mn-t  hear  the  Inn-  S'c  reporter'*  notc>  to  Sunli    v.   Liml-'i,/ 

dcii.  inejdent  to  it*  transaction."     drill-  (ISCl)    II    C.   I!.   N'.  S.  42!i.  :n    I..  .1.  ('. 

'iv  V.  Imiiisiix  cifii.   i:  (f    n.   R.  Ci>.  r.  x.  .s;.  ini;,  n  Jur.  x.  s.  7411,  .'>  L.  t. 
nsinii  i.-,;i  .\io.  :is().  48  L.  R.  A.  aim.  .V)  \.  s.  127.  10  Wi^k.  liep.  «!>. 

^    W.  ins.  In    Ihiiis    V.   r,„h-iil    Vinii'iiit    If.    Co. 

'It    has    already   been     mentioned    (S  ilSH2)    .">.'>  Vt.  S4.  4.'>  .\m.  liep.  .MIO.  the 

.'c'l;.  ,h;,,-,i  >   t(.M.i   -eM'Val  of  the  iiio^l  di*  eourt.  afli-r   lUitini?  tlial    the   view    ta'an 

tiii^'iii^lied  Knf;li*h    jiid).'es  have  deidiiuil    hv   the   House  of   l.onN  '-pi. s  the  lia- 

to  cnni'ede  the  justii fa  rule  whiili  en  hility  of   the  master    uimn    the   duty   lie 

Vol.  II.  M.  &   S.— 14. 


11 


I.>12 


MASTKK  AM)  >KUVANi'. 


[chap.    Zk\  III 


1 


.iin 


lliat,  il'  ilic  oiiipln\i  !•>'  liiiliility  url  of  1»M)  i>  i..  Im-  t;ik(n  ns  <    ib>Mi\ 

iii<{  il |iiiiii>n  i>i   ilii'  iiiiijoritv  of  iii'ii  |ii-i>l'r->iMiiMl   l'!ii!ili>liiii(>n  on 

ilii-t  t)ii(-iioii.  ill)'  jii-iiiM-  of  tlio  rule,  wlicii  r<'f<  rri'd  to  ihc  iiiopp  pon 
it:i1  <lliic;il  ir-i-  wliicli   Liviikii  :ii'c  (|iiifo  a-<  <'oiii|>ctciit  to  apply  a- 

lawyiTS.  is  o\(  II   li  --  (  !i  :irl\    lir\oiiil  coiit  ro\  cr-y. 

It  woulil  iijipoiii'.  tin  r  foi-c.  that  tiic  decision  in  Wilson  v.  Mni  i 
is  n[)cn  to  ('.\('c|itioii  ill  ilii-  n  •i|M'ct.  at  all  cvciii.-i,  —  iliat  no  attiMiip' 
is  iiiailc  to  briiliri'  over  ihc  loi;icai  liiain>  imlirafcil  liy  tlio  fr.ct  thai, 
as  that  ili'i'i-ioii  li;i^  a|i|iaiii]i  ly  (Alrinli'd  ihc  dni'li-ini'  of  i-oinnion  oiii 
ployniiiil  to  a  point  at  which  iis  aiitai;oni>ni  to  a  ;;c!icim1  iiiasiin  oi' 
jiii'i'pnidciicp  ho(viiiic-i  especially  manifest  and  direct  inn'  its  jtistiii 
particularly  iiiie-iioiiaMe,  the  conclusion  ilcdnced  cannot  bo  aJiiiitIc' 
to  bo  a  necc»>arv  coii-i<|iien<'0  of  the  preini-e  laiil  ilowii. 

I'.iii  this  is  not  the  only  weak  point  in  the  ari;niiient.     The  doctriih 
proponnded  ainoiinis.  as  the  present  writer  veninres  to  think,  to  a  lo_' 
ically  iinteiialile  coniproiiiise  hetweeii  the  admission  and  rejection  "i 
the  noil  (|(  IcLialiility  of  certain  oMiiiatioiis  impo-ed  by  the  law  up'  ; 
lh(?  niast(  r.      l-'roiii  the  opinion  of  l.onl  ('aims  it  seems  impossible  t. 
draw  any  otiier  inference  thitn  that,  while  the  duty  of  the  m.'ister  i 
ke.  ,     .,e  plant  in  rea~oiial>ly  safe  coiidition  is  deeiuecl  to  he  one  w!iir!i 
ho  can  dcjciiMte  in  such  a  sense  as  to  incur  no  rosponsibility  if  it  is 
not  properly  performed.  lie  duty  to  ■•select  proper  and  eompeieiit  |ici' 
-oils  to  r-nperinteiid  the  wdik.  .'lid  lo  furnish  tliom  with  aileipiato  n 
-onrce-  and  m.ilerial-  for  ih'    work."  i>  roirardcd  hv  him  as  one  whirli 
cannot  he  so  (leleijaieil.      'n      <    ■  of  the  lani:naj;e  used  there  is  ap|i;i' 
•  ntly  no  escape  from  this  coiiciiision,  unless  the  wholly  inadmissilili 
hypothi'sis  is  enlei'tained  that   he  intended  to  -tand  sponsor  for  tli- 
-elf-coiitradictory  proposition  that  a  person  may  he  subject  to  ]iosiii\. 
obligation,  and,  at  the  same  time,  not  liiihle  for  tlio  defaults  of  tin 
ai^'ent  appointed  to  di-chariic  that  ohli;;ation.'      A   similar  theory  i- 

owcs  the  nnrkninn  nriaini:  frcni  their  ri'-  ilic  iiM^tfr.  a   fcllnw  WDrkninn  with  tli" 

lutlnn-'  to  (^H'h  fitlicr."  iiml  "iiii])li<'s  tliiit  iiiii^tcr'-  scr\Miit    in   tlic  omjiloyiiU'iif.  in 

if  till'  iiia-lcr  piT-oiiMlly  iittcniiil-  tn  ilis  ,ii<|i   ^i    sciisr  tli;it  tlii'  liittcr  riiniiiit   ,i'i'l 

chin';:!'  liiat   p^irt  of  tlic  uoj-k  wliich  Ihn  im;;lit    not   to   rccnvcr  of  thi-  iniistcr  I' i 

ipliiticiii  (lovolvi's  upon  him,  and  his  ni';;-  iniiiri(>s    xustniiioil    throu;.'li     tli(>     iii':.'h 

litri'Mcc    tlicrrin     cinisc-;     injniy    to    the  ;.'cnie  of  the  former!'     If  sn,  the  iiKi-ti-r 

workmiin."  lie  i«  liMlih-  therefor,  prixceil  who   performs    hi-    piirt    of  the   ilnly.  ,h 

e(l   thus:      •"Tile    question     is     iiiitiir:ill_v  this  defendant  and  all  eerporatiotis  nni-t. 

-U};;.'e>ted.\\hy  >liiiuhl  he  not  :'->  l)e  lia-  liy  a^'eiits  and   -ervaiil-.  ^eeiire-  an   im 

lih'   for   the    neL'li;;eni-e   of   the   a^ent    or  munity  from  lialiility.  which  the  iiia-l^r 

-ervant  whom  lie    lias    appniiitetl  to  di-.  wlio     ]H'i-(>nally    enters     tlie     xrviee    In 

eharpp  the  same  <hily   in   his   stead,   at-  eiana'je    and   ilireet    the    performaiiee  el 

Ihon^rh  lie  has  pm  n  i-iil  due  eare  to  se  Ihe  work  diK's  nut  enjuy." 

li'Ct  a   pcr-on  rnir,]Mt('iit  and   -kilfiil?    Is  '•  .'Srr.  htiv.rver.    5    ."'.n.  prisl.   a-  fn  i!;' 

-urh  nil  ajient  or  s<'r\ ant.  while  |M'rforni-  deleuatinn   of   diitie-s   lo  an    inde[«'ni|i  iit 

in^  the  duty  Oist   by  the  relation   ii[H)n  lonlraetor. 


I  8.121 


VI(  I-:  IM;iNi'll'.\l>llll'     TKM   (IK  HAM 


i:.i 


indicated  h\  llic  niiiarks  of  ll tluT  liiw  lords  jiiid  ■•      ariuii-.  jiid-.'. 

who  liiivi'  dealt  with  the  question  in  lati  r  i-.\^i-i.      Se<'  j  ."itlTa,  /-/>/. 

Thut  the  udi'ptiiiii  ot  aiiv  -.iich  ili^tiiirtinn  n.s  thai  whi.-h  i-  n 
taken  involves  .-.onie  np|iMi|iiriii'e>  -iit!i''i<ntlv  mii.iiii;i1.iiis  I"  Hi, 
il(iul»t  np'Hi  it*  validitv  niav.ue  thitik.he  ^Imwn  wiiln.iii  aii\  dil!irnli\. 
If  the  dutv  (if  furnishiii;;  [M'(«|Mr  In-tniunnialiiirH  at  the  iiiei  |.i  1..11 
«ir  exten.-iou  of  u  liii>iiie>s  is  aii-nluii,  tlnre  is  im  ratiniiiil  ^iMuiid  m|> 
■  •n  vliicb  it  can  \h-  denied  that  the  duty  c.f  ni.hiein;:  thci-e  in-nu 
mentalities  when  they  are  no  Imiper  tit  lor  ii-e  in  also  ali-niiiii  ;" 
;iinl,  if  the  duty  of  reolaceinc'iit  is  al's..|iite.  ii  seems  to  he  a  natural, 
it'  not  neot8«ury,  deduction,  that  the  snnie  ahsojnie  (|nality  sh>iuld 
lie  aseribed  to  the  duty  of  seein;;  that  the  in.-tninieiitalitii-  d"  imt 
tall  below  the  ohli^'atory  standard  of  etheiiiiey  ami  saleiy  while  the\ 
arc  in  use.  The  niain'eminee  or  resioratinn  of  that  standard  h«'inL' 
ilio  essential  object  10  which  hotii  diilies  have  reference,  it  is  a  nier" 
^cl.olastic  refinement  to  dilTerentiate  them  in  the  |ire-ent  c"irmeefinii. 
The  e/)nclusinii,  therefore,  seems  to  lie  irresislilile  ihat  llie  ijiialitied 
ciiiicessions  which  are  made  in  WHsun  v.  Mtiiii  to  thi'  iheciry  that 
iliei-e  are  certain  non-delejiahle  duties  juive  the  effect  of  n-nderinf;  the 
ai-;;uments  delicieiit  in  hijiical  symmelry,  if  not  actually  self-destruc- 
tive, and  tli.it  the  dncfrino  of  vice  priiieipalship  ouL'ht  either  ti>  he 
wlmllv  rejected,  or  extended  so  as  to  cover  the  cases  which  the  liou.--e 
nf  l.iiids  excludes  from  its  domain. 


'I 


'      '1 


F.  Rki.ation  c;-  a  dei'autmental  manaoki:  to  iiis  srnoKniNAXKs. 


532.  General  statement. — As  the  greater  includes  the  les.s,  the  re- 
jection of  the  d<K-trine  that  the  manajrer  (d"  an  entire  hiisiness  is  a  vice 
principal  necessarily  involves  the  consei|uence  that  the  master  is  noi 


nspoiisihie  for  the  negligence  of  the  manager  of  a  single 
of  a  business.' 


'■parlmeiit 


It  iiiMV  hp  iviiiiirkpd  in  pn.«sinc  th.nt 
tlic  f:i!',icy  ,iilv('H<.<l  to  in  tlip  t<>\t  un 
(Icrli.  -  the  ro:i>oiiiM(;  of  Mr.  Ri-vcn  ll 
\i"j.  THS).  tiy  wliioh  ho  s(vks  to  pst.ah- 
h'h  timt  the  reiimrk*  of  the  law  lonls 
in  I'atfrioii  v.  U 11//111P  (1S.')4)  1  Miicq. 
II.  L.  Cast.  "48.  do  not  -npiMirt  the  doc 
trino  of  vice  prinoipalsliip.  See  5  ,'526, 
noil'  1.  ftiiprn. 

'Tliis  proposition  is  too  self-evident 
anil  eleiiientury  to  need,  or  to  linve  hcen 
oniliodiH  in.  many  specific  authorities. 
Sep,  however.  Miiti><>>"in  v.  Hilh  Co. 
(IB^Sl    140  Mass.  nsfi.  Ifi  \.  E.  r)74. 

'The  decision  of  the  Iloase  of  Ix)rds 


in  Wilson  T.  Mrrry  (!  -'lin.  niiprn^. 
thiiif.'li  rendered  in  (eriiis  uhieri  are 
hffiad  eiioii;.'ii  to  eo\er  the  ease  nf  iiiun- 
airers  of  a  wliide  luiMiiess.  re:illy  d.;ilt 
with  the  iie^'ll'.'ence  of  an  eiiiplnyie  who. 
under  the  theory  of  the  cases  to  he  cited 
beliiw.  would  piissildy  be  a  iiiana^er  of  .a 
de|iaitinent.  That  it  was  the  intention 
of  the  trial  jiidj.'e  to  propound  a  theoiy 
not  materially  dilterent  from  the  one 
einhoilied  in  tlio-e  eises  is  apparent 
from  the  terms  of  his  instriietion  as 
well  a~  from  the  (othAvin^  reniaiks  l.y 
I.onI  Chelmsford  on  the  propriety  of 
putting  to  the  jury  the  question  whether 


i 


ljl( 


M.\>ri  i:  \\i>  >i.i!\  ANT. 


IcllAr.    XXMII 


k#t 


On  ilii-  i.ilii  i-  IiiiikI.  iki  o'liri   uliii-li  liiiit!*  !i  pinii'l  itianiipr  :i- 
vici'  |iiiiifi|iiil  run.  wiiliiiiii  ili-ri'^iinlin}:  ln^iciil  cnii-iiliriiticiriH  '»'     m 
|icriiiivi'  torn',  (Jtrliuf  In  li>p|i|  ilir  iiiii-t<i-  liiil-l'-  t'>>r  di"  n<-^'lip'tici'  .t 
lit   lr:i«t    iiUiif  chl^fis  oi   »lllM'lvi>ilij{  I'llililoUis  of   lowor  gnido   lli.il. 
liiiiiiiiji:i'r'4  lit  III!  i-tilirt'  f>ii-'iiu-'». 

'I'lic  colli f"!   '<i  a  liingic   iiniMirt;iiit   lirmifli   (»f  ati    oxtfii-'ive    nn  i 
C<iiii|ilitMtiil  lMi-ini'!-H      iiotablv  lliat  of  tiMii-|>"i'iiifiuii-  ■it'iin  iu\i.l\. 
lh»'  iiiannp'niviil  ut'  wliut  i*  virrmillv  a  H<|i:iialc  iinlii-lrial  ccii.-.  i ;  , 
iind  iiiiplii':'  lliiit  tin-  fiiiitriillin.'.  auiiii  i*  li  It  a-  i!<iiii|il"H'ly  U>  ilif  i\.  i 
(;is«'  ot'  liii  own  ili-M'i'iii.iii  as  it'  In-  uitc  acinallv  (nnuliirlin^  an  cniii' 
(Hinccrn  i>t'  ii  -iinilur  ili -ciiptiMii  tor  an  iii.lr|iri,(|i  nl  |)rn|irii't<>r.     (»i 
such  an  a^rnt  it  w.iuld  b<'  ulu.llv  i||i.;.nc-al  t<>  jillinn  that.  -■>  tar  a.''  ih 
iiiusfci"-  lial)iiit\    i>  iMincfninl,  lie  -imuM  rmt  Iw  pla<'<<l  mi  tlio  -yn 
f(H.iinj;  us  thi'  gi  ncial  inanai;ir,  wliicli  to  nil  intents  urd  purpose-  1. 

iB.» 

Wliat  liiav  1m>  rejiiarded  as  tiie  lea<iin;r  ense  on  the  sillijeef  of  det):n- 
mental  vice  piin'i|).ils  i.-  Clii,ii<ii>.  M.  d   .>/.  1'.  L'.  Co.  v.  yi'ovs.'  wIim 
was  made  to  tniii  npoii  the  tin  oiv  tlieii;  is  a  "ejear  distinelion  lo  !■■ 

made  in  tlieir  rehition  to  tiieii niuon   p'-ineipal.  lietween  servinr 

of  a  coriMii-alioii  e.\erci«inii:  ".o  r.iij»iv  ision  over  others  erijirap  d  \\\" 
lliem  in  the  same  em|'lo\m(  nt,  and  agents  <d  ilie  <'oi'|ioraiion  <lotii... 
wilii  tlie  eonii-oi  and  mana;:einent  of  a  distinet  departmeiii  in  wlii.' 
their  dlltv    is  eiiiiri'ly   that  of  direeticni  and  sniierilllendenee."'       1) 

llic    di-fiMiilciH    liail    ili'lfiinfcil    to    N'.iOi  if  tlic  IimiihiI    jiiil;;.'  liMil  so  dir.  i  i.   I   i  i 

itho      mi.l.i-^iiiiniil      niiiiiiiji.il.      tliiir  lury,  il  xmiil.l.  in  inv   ..piiiinn.  Ii.n.   l.   • 

ulmlf  [Hiwii.  ;iiil!i..iity.  iiiul  ihil>    in  v  -i    iiii-lin  rli<iii." 

;;uri!    In   llir   m  iiiii^i  iiiriit    m    -y-li'iii   of         liii--    .Ini-iun    ovni'ili'-     Ia..    <    lii.i 

vi'iitiliilioii,  iiii.l  :il-.i  yniiTiilly  i'li  rr;.Mi>l  Sn.tcli  p.i^-  in  uhi.'li  a  iiiiiir  ,.vmi.  i   «  ,- 

to  ill!  Ilii'  iiiiilriLiroiMiil  o|Mi.iiiiMis,  uilli-  lii'M    liiiiilf   tor  tlir   ii.L;li;;riii' Iii-  ui. 

oiil  roiiliol  III   iiitiil't  iiMi.i- on  tli.-ir  pill.  ilii>.'iiiiiiiil   iiiunii;.'iT  in  nut    |ii.i|..il>    - 

•Tlie  wools  'ili'livL' ili'il'  iiiiil  ■ivitlioiit    in-  .  mini.'     tin-     hc'I'.        Ilnnh,        \       i  '.' 

In  fcli'lirr   111    .iiiilli.l'   ;1H'  illlllii;,'llollH,  or,  I  |S."iS)    20   So.    Sr,:*,   Cie*.   ill    M'lir-.   .'''li, 

at    all    fM-nl-.     ini-I.Miliii';    r\|iii'^-ion^.  I.imnui    \.      li/./-.     (Is.V.t)     21    >>c.    ^. - 

Eveiy  iiiii-lii   iii.n   I..- >aiil  to  iliIif-Mlr  to  In-    1\   <i'iir..    |;)s-J. 
liis    siT\:int    till'    |Mnvi.|-.    aullioriiv      ;iii'l  "^i'    1 1"'  ixlrn-t    from   tl.i'  o|.i.:...i  in 

liuty    of    Iii-    |p:irliiiilar    ili-|iiirlnii'nl     in  llic    llnicih    f'.ivi-,    an  set    o.it    in    ;    "lU 

the  H<i\iri'.  uitlioiit  his  inlcvfrii'iiri'  ninl  i/i/oi, 

coiilrol.    .mil    yil     lie    wouUl    lii^    ri'.s|>oii-  'Issii     112  V.  S.  .'i7T.  2S   I,    ii|    7-" 

^:ibl^■    to    lliiii'l    |HT-i)nn    for    the    coiise-  .">  Siiji.  CI.   I!r|i.   1S4    i  *'-r  «  .'i:i.'>,  no'.'  I 

i|iifiice-    iiii-iii;.'    fioiii    the    iio^lijri'ni'e    of  >ii1hI,     iln     i;i//ii.      This    rililiiiti-.!    .j.i'i 

Unit   servant    in   llie   |ii-rfiiriiiamf  of  the  -ion.  a-  ue  an'  inforiini'  I'.v  :\\i  .ininiii' 

ililties   so   intrii-ted   to   him.       What    the  I'l.lnal    jiiiljre.    wm    -a    siiiini-i     -o   th.- 

learneil  jnilL'e  meant  to  tell  tlie  jury  was  |iio||.--uiii.   iiinl    was   re^'iioiiil   a-  'iin 

that    if    N.i-li    'liiiil    the  coiii|ilile    |ioaer  inL'    the   <|oruin'   of    .li|.arini.-nl;il    .  "i; 

of  eni.'aL:iiii:  iiml  ili-nii-'sinj,'  uorknn-ii  as  trol     to    un-   e\t  renic  .'      l!ie\M; .     I       i" 

he    phM-id?  anil    llie   ventilation    |iioci-s  lhii>"iil     v.     Ih,n-r     J     It.     C.     /.'      C, 

ua>   eiitiiily    Itfl    to    him.    witliniit    the  ilSSiii    211   Keil.  «:17. 

■  liriell  .11     oi      i-oTiiloI     of     the     ilelemler-.  •"llie    li.i-....      -i    li..-     I  .li.-    of    t'l..     );. 

he   Has  a   supi-i  intenilent.  anil   mil    a  fil-  liilily    of    the    in.i-ter    for    tin-    -ir\  i::t- 

loH  V' .'ikniin    with    the    deeeaspd.'     But  ii.  ^rlifjeni-r.  aa  deelared  in  tin'  /.'osv  '' i.. . 


>l 


M 


M 


y.Ui 


VU  I.  I'lasi  ii'\i>»iir    II, M  til  UAsiv. 


IS  I.-. 


ihr    |;ltiT    .l..'iM..||.    ..f    ill.'    Slipniur    ('.Mirt     til.      IMIli;.'    "(    [..  .-i  I  !■ '11^    i" 

uliicli  iIh   pn.i-al  piiiMipl.'  .iniii.iMi.  a  u.i-  al   lir-i  .ii|.|>  ■-.  .1  l-  !«•  a\> 

|,|i,.iil.lr   liM".   Inn ii-i.lm.l.U    ii.ni-u..l.-      S.  ••  .•liii;.lrr   .\\\.,    U'>y . 

|;ul  tlir  K''l"<"'iil  |iliMci|.l.'  il-.H  lia-  I.I.I1  -Irn  lil>  ii.lli.l.  ,1  I...  „li.l.  ii- 
,1„.  Pi,-.,  t..  \h'  i-il..i  ill  llii"  -Ml.lillf  .•l.-al'U  -li..u.  il  i-  n..w  t'uliv^ 
nv..f:iii/..l  as  ii  ..-I  .-t  n'pn-.  iiii.i  ivi'  <Mp;ir,i  v.  11..1  m,iI>  l.v  Vv.\r:<' 
iimI-i-.-.  lull  iil-o  li\  a  i:iri:v  aii.l  iii.T.a-inu  ihiiiiIh  r  ,.|  ihr  -imi.- ouiii-. 
C.nsi.lnv.l  in  it-  ivlaii..ii  t..  tlif  -up.  ii..r  -.  r\;ilil   .l.-'i  1  ilir,  llir  v  ir, 

j.riiici|.als|iii...|  .|<  par i.tal  itianau   r-,  liu'^  iKat  ^f  -.  ti.ial  rnaiia:;.-!-. 

iHuv  1'.'  vi.'W...!  a-  iIm'  n-ii!t  rilli.r  ..f  i„.i:;.r  ..i  .'1  -ul.-i  .1  uii-ti. 
niM-ratin;:  a-  nyani-  all  (■iiii.l..,vr..^  at".v<'  a  •■.iialii  ^\:<Ar.  (•..iiipai. 
;  .-.-J.-..  s.(/M,/.  In  ilii- (•..mi(cti..ti.  Ii..-. .  v,r.  it  ni!i  -rl.lMin  l.r  inai.ri.il 
wli.iv  ill"  (iivi-iuii  liiir  ImIu.iii  ilcpaiilni'iiial  liiaiia-.r-  ilI  "llirr 
-  ;|„.rior  .-.Txant-  -li-nUl  !.<•  .In,.  11.  If  it  is  -.n.'..  a-liniti...  iliai  all 
...rvaiii-  .■x.ivi-iii;;  .■..nlf-.l  aiv  k  i«'''  I'l-in-ipal-  a-  r.yai-.js  tli.'ir 
-uU.nliniit.'.-.  iIh    "hI.v  tlio-.rv  ii|...ii  xvlil.i,  lii.'  plaii.t ill's  r\-\>\  ..f  r.' 

,-,,v.Tv   call    |...--il.lv    !"■   .'iilari:..!    In     liNint;    il liaracl-r  ■•!'   .l-paii 

ni.rital  iiiatiaii.r  n|...ii  ili.'  .l.liiH|ii.tii  iv,|.l..\.-.'  is  that  ili.'  ran-.  ..I 
,..]:,. i,.il  act-  f..r  wlii.li  lli.'  ina-l.'r  i-  r.-|.Mn-il.|.'  is  wi.l.'r  in  lla^  .'a-.'  .■!' 
,,  :;,.n.'ral   a-.-ni    liL.'  a  .l.^iiarmLinal   niana-.r  ilian   in   ih.'  ■•a--  "f    ' 

.„„l  i«.,.r|.r..tr<!  in  11..'  Il.nnih  r„v.  .  .I....S    h.>s.-  »..   n.l,t    n<  n.ti..n   a..':,in-t   t!..'  .•... 
„.i-l     ii,    11,.-    f...t    ll.iil    11..-    '"Ii      po.,Hi..i.     I...     |..'I-..mmI     iniiiii.'-.    r.ia-.-l 


i„,i 

t!.  ,1 


,|,„l.,.   ..f  tl..-  ir,.n,  «..-  tl..-  -..l..'ii..v  ..I  «il! 1    l..all     •"   la-   p:"'    I'.v  tlio  n.^'l- 

.1  III.,   inj.nv.l   -.TMHit,  I..1I    lalli.T  --vur H,.'   -a|,..M..i,      /■../';.    V-   '"■•;. 

,„    II,..   f.i.t    (li.il    III.'    L.II.T    «:.-   in   ll'<-  '"■"   ."■:■'■'•    '■'■     '>""•'"    ■''■'  *■■'     ■•'-     -■ 

,l,|..itiii.iit  of  tl..'  I..11 ■;  aii.l  III. 11  S.   K    .i.s 

.„, «,.-   1,.-I.I   t..  1.0   n    vi.-..   |,u„..i|..i  .         "11,.-,.     ,-.    '....v.w.,,     ,    «:,,,    nf        . 

,,„.,  i„,.,,i-.'  ii.'  .-..mM  .■iif..i.v  11 Il  -"•"  "'  ""■  "■'■'■'"  -'•"'■""■"'  ';'  " ' 

,,„.,.,f-nl Iliinl.'   s..|M,iilM'l^"--''   ""  ""•     '•''■'''■'^''     """"     '■'"in-    ..I     .'H-'l- 

,!,,     l,i,    .l,.,!--,     I.iil     1 ^iii-.'    li"     ^^^i"  "'•"    ■■'!"■    /'■■-.'"-       ■      •     ,      '''■*    '"■•■" 

,-l.„l..l    «i,l,    tl>..    p..w..r    to    ^..,^.•n.    11.-  ■',    lii....,.l     i"    H-    |'.''iil..ir    ^•'.     -    ''^    ; 

„:„u.„„.nl-    ..f    111.-    tl:.in.    vvM-'li    '•"•i-"  '"''-     ''    ■"    n"  I".'"  ■— iii'li""0    'i'   ■' 

,„i,.i  i,is  .i.M.Mi Ml.-     v-'/ '•  '■  ''^i-  »'",';:  'I'"-    I-"'-  ■II"  I""  'V"  ; 

,-S    ;,,"ss   .;M.V,1.  ;i.i:i.  'lsi,:i,    :;i    <      1  ,    \.    i'M.  '.>■•   IV,1.   nl 


'    11,0    .I...'.  I M"    f',nM.il;il..l    l',y    tlif    -i>  11    ■•-    li'i-    "'"    ->'>'■■    ''",'   ''':"'""■    f""" 

,.,.„„■  o.,aii  ..m; ^i. .l,...all,.,iity  ,-0..   »   :y:.   „'.;.■    1.   -aU     '\\lf^''>j 

.,..,.„l     ,„■    ..a.pl'.v .1     ■■'     .■.. atioM,  „    .■.,.,.lii.M.,r   |„  1„-   -„l.,.|.ln,.,l..-    ,-  .li- 

«;.,    in  til.    .|,-.'li.rL..'..f  lii-v'.'ii.a..l  .la  .-.vlil,.!.     Lat      ,,      .I.-i-.'-m     .l...;l,,n.,.     .. 

i„.    1,,-  .■l,:i|.-,'  ..I   a    p,.iil.al;ir   l.r.iii.-li  piin.ipl"    i"    I"'    wr.,.ivl.v    Mppli.-.i    un.l.a 

„f    ■,!„.     .■„rp,."^.,li'm-,     l.a-iii.-.     .1-     to  II,.'    ,.„■  i  .miImi-    f,.r1-    ,„    oM.l.nr..    in    an 

.„|,„.|,   1„.   ..-I-   in   111-   r.pM.lv   ,.f   ,.    vi.T  ,.„ili,.,    .:,-.•    -..ai.,1     |,r.,|„.l.v    '■'•    -I".''-;;" 

,„„.,i,,,,,.  ,„,|   ;„   .,„.!,   ..,Mpl.,>-   a,..)   1...-  -a   in   11,-  l.-.MW  „-..,l  l.^    I  ,-  """";;';', 

,,,iln,l   .f   all    111.'   -iiLovliiMl,'    -rviiMl-  p.-aU.      On   II,.-  c.nl  laiy.  llw  n.n.-l  «a> 

.1,,,  ,,r..  „i    uorU    ii.i.l.T   l.ii.i.   i-.  a-  lo  ..I    .l-.i  il-in;;    il-    pi--i;i    -'^""s    as    u 

.„,.-   „f    111,,    lull. -I-    «lio-.-   .Iiilv    il    i^    I"  .•iv,-..|.-iil    ».,.il.l    iMll>-r   1,.-   K,    -^a^    thai 

„i„v    1,1,   01.1.  I-   an,l    wlio   laU,-    lii-   .'i-  il    La-   li.'.n    ..v-i  i  iil.-l    a-,   a    .l.-.-i-ion    ..n 

,,,,-  t,„„i  I...  ...ii.-r  -.„in-.-.  a  ,pia-i  ::..     t.,.i^.   hat    Mil!    -la—    '"'-'•'•^;;'    ';' 

,,,     ,,,,,1    „,,,     „    f,.il,„v    v,.n:,iil     III    II,-  -.,  f.ir  as  It  t'lailiciat.'s  a  ^.'-niTal  pun.  I 

-.■11—  tlut  sii.'li  -iil'.'i'liiial.'  -'■ivaiil   "ill  pi.'- 


i:^:itat£a'"E1ltKiE- 


ISld 


MAM  111  AND  M!;KVANT. 


LciiAi'.  xkviii. 


I    i 


» ,. 


■  !- 


suijorior  servant  of  lower  laiik.  Whctlicr  such  a  disiiiit-tion  is 
n.'coguizL'd  in  any  of  tin  coiirtd  is  ([iiilc  doubtful.  See  chapter 
xxix..  pust,  where  it  will  be  shown  that  the  difTerencc  of  opinicjii 
wliich  prevails  as  l"  ihts  liability  of  a  master  fur  the  manual  acts  ol 
u  vice  prineipaj  is  illustrated  by  cases  decided  b(jtli  in  states  when 
the  superior  seivaiil  doctrine  is  rejected  and  in  states  where  ihiii 
doctrine  is  applied." 


'  Tills  is  II  c'oiivcniont  plaop  to  refer  to 
sovpral  i'\ioii|>lr>  iif  a  use  of  tlir  tci  in 
■'(l('|iarliii('iit,"'  wliioli.  if  tlio  ilo<'triii('  of 
licpartfiii'iital  ooiitrol  is  to  fonii  an  intr- 
j.'ial.  wi'llili-rmcd  division  of  tlic  law  of 
I'lnplriyi  r~'  liability,  must  br  pioiioiinood 
iiiai'oiiiatc. 

( iiu,'  court  lays  it  domi  that,  as  lonfi 
as  a  incTp  forciiian  of  a  dcpartnicnt  of  a 
Imsint'ss  keeps  within  the  line  of  his  du- 
ties as  such  he  in  a  mere  fidlow  servant 
of  one  of  his  .milMndiiiales.  hidinna 
r,ir  Cn.  V.  Parker  (INH.-j)    100  Ind.  181. 

.Another  denies  that  the  foreman  of 
the  "silvprroonn  department"  of  smelt- 
in>r  works  is  a  vice  principal.  A'lxoii  v. 
Srlby  Smrltiiiij  d  l.rmf  Co.  (1894)  102 
fal.  4r)S,  Mi  Pac.  803. 

Another  ha»  been  (.'"''ty  of  a  double 
verbal  inaccuracy  wlien,  on  the  one 
hanil.  it  has  ri'fuspil  to  predicate  the 
vice  principalship  in  the  case  of  the 
foreman  of  the  "carpenter  department  ' 
iiiuler  a  corporation  {Oiin'ii  v.  f'nrkr, 
U.  t£  Cu.  [1889]  70  Mich.  031,  43  N.  W. 
(i44).  and  has  spoken  of  a  mere  foreman 
of  a  room  in  a  factory  as  a  "foreman 
of  a  department"  (Fiiidlntf  v.  Rii.sstl 
Whrrl  ,(  Foundry  Co.  [ISfltil  108  Mich. 
280.  00  N.  \V.  50)  :  and.  on  the  other 
hand,  has  declared  a  certain  employer 
to  be  a  vice  principal,  and  not  a  mer^ 
"department  leader"  {Riimi  v.  Hminly 
llSHIil  .-,0  Mich.  17!).  4.S  Am.  Rep.  3.5, 
1.')  X.  W.  '-J).  In  all  these  instances  it 
is  clear  that  the  "department"  intended 
is  not  such  a  subdivision  of  the  business 
as  is  contemplated  in  the  decisions  to  be 
reviewed  below. 

The  same  l<M)se  use  of  the  tj'rm  some- 
times produces  the  converse  result  of 
seemingly  comiuittinf;  a  court  to  an 
ailoption  of  the  doctrine  of  <lepaitniental 
vice  principalship  when  there  was  proh 
ably  no  intention  of  applyinj;  that  doc 
trine;  as,  where  it  was  ruled  that  a  jury 
was  rifrhtly  instructe<l  that  if  a  fireman 
is  placed  under  an  engineer,  as  his  su- 
perior, and  this  superior  has  a  ri^jht  to 
pivp  orders  in  his  department,  the  engi- 
neer is  to  be  regarded  as  the  representa- 
tive of  the  employer.    Mann  v.  Orienial 


I'rint  Wor'cs  (XHlr,)  U  R.  I.  152.  The 
true  rationale  of  this  decision  is  that 
the  doctrine  wliich  ilenies  that  the  power 
of  control  constitutes  a  servant  a  vice 
|iriiicipal  ceases  to  be  operative  wlicii- 
the  exerei~(>  of  that  power  taUi-s  a  siil. 
ordinate  outside  the  scope  of  his  em 
pliiyment.     See   S   40.5,  aitti: 

On  the  other  hand,  the  words  "dejiart 
nient'  or  "branch  of  business"  arc  fic 
quently  us«>d.  as  already  not«l  in  S 
r>ila.  .sii/rta,  where  the  superior  servant 
doctrine  is  adopted  to  descritx"  the  fniic 
tions  of  a  class  of  employees  who  wmiM 
certainly  not  lie  regarded  as  head~  nt 
departments  in  jurisdictions  where  tin' 
mere  power  of  control  docs  not  iiiipl\ 
vice  principalship. 

In    some    of    ♦'.      ^lissouri    cases    in 
which    an   empt  i   charge   of   a   di' 

partment  of  the  i.iisiness  is  rcg.irilcii  a^ 
representing  the  master,  the  olllciaU  mh 
higher  than  those  just  mentioned,  lint 
yet  lower  than  most  courts  iiicliiilc  in 
the  category  of  vice  principals,  and  it 
is  diilieiilt  to  say  whctlicr  the  use  of  tlii- 
phraseology  is  to  be  taken  as  iniplyiii^' 
an  adoption  of  the  doctrine  now  nndcr 
discussion  or  mere  verbal  laxity.  Day 
har.th  v.  Hnniiihal  rf  St.  J.  R.  Co. 
1890)  103  Mo.  570,  15  S.  \V.  5.54  (fore 
n.an  of  railway  roiindhou.se)  ;  Diitnni 
v.  Vuli-aii  Iron  UorAs  (1877)  4  .M.i 
-App.  230  (foreman  in  charge  of  the  en- 
tire work  of  loading  barges  at  the  wliarf 
of  a  foiindrv  I  ;  Hoke  v.  8^  Louin,  hi.  if 
.V,  It.  Co.  (1882)  11  Mo.  App.  574  la 
roadniaster). 

In  Alicliigan,  where  an  employee  mii-i 
certainly  be  a  head  of  a  department  t" 
be  a  vice  principal,  the  master  has  lici'ii 
held  liable  for  the  acts  of  agents  of  nci 
higher  grade  than  these.  Sec  next  see 
tion,  and  summary  of  decisions.  clia|itir 
x.\x.,  iio.'.l).  But  the  rationale  of  the 
liability  in  slates  where  the  supcriiir 
servant  doctrine  is  applied  is  of  no  ini 
portance,  except  possibly  in  the  connec- 
tion adverted  to  in  a  section  f.V'ln), 
where  reference  was  made  to  the  rela- 
tion l)etween  that  iloctrine  and  the  one 
now  under  discussion. 


\i 


\KK  I'lIlM  lI'.M.Mill'— IKM    OK   ItA.NK. 


i5i: 


j8  i33,  534] 

633.  Rationale  of  the  master's  liability  for  the  negligence  of  a  de- 
partmental manager. —  Tin'  |)Mvall<li-ni  uliiili.  n-^  rciuarlsod  in  tlir 
|)ivcc(lin}r  .srclioii.  (■xi>t3  liotw.  I'll  llu'  clianirtc.ri-i  ic  t\iii.iiMiH  ..i" 
-nici-al  and  drpai-liiiciiial  niaiia.ucr-.  >rciiis  t"  iiidirair  tli;n.  -i  tar  .ir 
least  as  tlio  cjourts  wliidi  reject  tiie  superior  >erv:iiii  d.ciiiiie  are  oni- 
. ■erne.!,  the  doetriiie  of  deparlineiital  eoiilml  i-  an  dV-lioot  ot  llie 
doctrine  \vlii<-li  makes  jivneral  niaiiaiicis  vice  prineijials.  I'.nt  wlietli.'r 
it  was  or  \va>  not  evolved  alonu'  iliis  line.  llie  autlioriue-,  at  all  events, 
diow  elearlv  tliat  there  ir-  no  material  ditt'eivnee  hetweeii  tiio  f;ronn<l> 
iiixjn  which  general  and  departmental  manaj;ers  are  held  to  be  vice 
ljrin<'ipals.* 

534.  limits  of  the  doctrine  of  departmental  con  '1.— Tlie  rational, 
of  the  doctrine  wliieli  de.'lares  tlie  master  to  ho  r.-p'>n>ilile  f..r  the 
ii.'irli;:-ence  of  a  deparlni.iital  manager  indicates  that  n..  .inplov..'  can 
pmperly  h(>  ]dac<>.i  in  this  .-ate-on-  ^lnl<■^-  ho  is  ox.'ivi>ini;  all  the 
functions  which  tlie  master  inmsrlf  woul.l  ex.-rcise.  if  he  were  per- 
-.lually  sniMTvisin-i-  iho  .sanie  secti.m  of  Ids  luisiness.  'I'hai  is  to  say. 
his  representative  ehara.-ter  is  not  estal>li-lied  hy  any  .'vid.'iice  whi.'h 
fails  to  sh.iw  tiiat  there  has  li.tn  that  c.mii.l.te  Iraiisf.r  .d'  the  masi.'r's 
.■haraeteristic  fun.-ti.ms  whi.-li  implies  that  the  transf.Mvo  is  invented 
with  the  riiiht  ami  duty,  not  .if  m.  r.'ly  ■•line  that  his  snlmnlinatis 
|i.rforni  some  detinite  roiiriiie  w.irk  in  the  manner  ])rescrih.'il,  an.l 
widi  tlie  appliances  ftirnisli.il.  hut  of  iir.ivi.linii-  the  applian.'.s  th.'m 
-.■Ives,  and  of  makini:  snch  a  .lisp.,>iiion  of  tli.'  workmen  in  rciiar.l  to 

'Tliis  will   bp  suHifi.'Mtlv  ii|>|i.oi^iil    if  of  a    like  il.Miiirt.T  .nii.I  rxt.^nt   willi   n- 

«..  mniiuv..  with  thi.  1U--MU'.'-  <|""t'''l  in  ■'P'''''    '<•    ""'   <li'f:"ill-    "•'    ■"'    ;i^"'»t    i" 

5  ,V>S.  M/,,™.  tlip  I'xtnu-t    .iiDt.-.l   ill  tlio  wlii.-c  liiui.l-i  lie  |i1.h-.-.   111.^  .•.mln>I  .'f  :i 

inllinvin;:     x-rtion      fioin      Mr.      .Iii~ti.'.^  <li>lim'l  lirnirli  .if  liis  l,w-iiir>~.      Ilui-  M 

i;i,w,-r's    .iiiini.m     in    (lie     Ilamih     Cnsr.  has    lic.^ii    ^mkI:       ''A    vi,-.^    |ii  iii.'i|ul    t..T 

;in,l  Micli  Miit.'Mi.'iits  lis  |1h-s,v      "Whoif  wli.i-.'    iw,;;1it:.^iir.>    an    .'nii'l.iv.T    wi!,    im- 

;i  nn^t.T  pln.'i^s  til.'  .■iitiiv  .■liiirj.'i'  nf  his  lialilo      t<i     iitluT     <■iiipl.iv>-*     ">"-'      '"' 

l.u-in.-«   or    a    .li<lin.l    lnaii.-li    of    it    in  I'itlirr.  (ir-t.  «m'  in   wli.iiii  tli.'  .■iii|a<iy.;r 

Ihc  han.ls  of  an  a;;i'nl.  .x.^n  i^in-.'  no  .li-  has  pla.'.<l  III.'  iMilir.'  .■liar'.'.'  of  lli.-  Im-i 

.■nlii.ii  an.l   no  oviTsiuliI   of  his  oaii.  it  n.'ss.  .ir  of  a  <li>tiiii-t  l.r.iii.-li  of  it.  ;jiMnj; 

i-nianif.-t  that  thi' n.-^'I.Tt  hv  th.' af.'.>nt  him    n.il    ni.'i.'  aiilliorily   to  ~iip.'iiiil.^ii.l 

.if  .ii.liiiaiy  .'ar.'  in  siipplviiiLT  an.l  main-  o.^rtam    \un]<    ..r    .•.•liaiii    u.n  km.  ii.    tun 

taiiiin;;    siiitalile     iii-triiiii.ntalili.'s     for  conli.il    «if    ili.^    Im-in.— .    and   .•\.i  .i-in^- 

111.-  woik   r.'.piin^l    is  a   lir.a.'li    of   .Inly  no  <li-.-i-.>ti.in   nr  o\.'i>i;;lit    of  Ins  ..wn. 

tor  uliich  th.'  mast.-r  sl,.,iil,|  !>..  h.'l.l  an-  /'.. ..«'   v.  ('./-:.. is'  /.'.    .f  l!'fiu,,i;t  nin 

-u..r.ihl...     Th..    ii.'fjlipn.'.'  of   tli..   a-.^nt  Co.     (ISnS)     IS.",    l>a.    (il7.    4(1    All.    SS: 

uith    such    p.iwfis    i,.,-.,ni.'s    th.>    ni".ili-  A'.'     1'"'..    '••    /'.    <f    "■    '•'■    ''"•    *■    "' " 

•'.■luv  of  tho  niastor."     Miilln,,  v.   fhiii-  (ISSili    112   I'a.  400.  4  All.  .Ml;     l/./.v,„ 

■h],.hia  rf  .S.   .1fai7  .»?.  .V.  Oi.    (IST.-.i    78  iHl   <■'>.   v.    r;. /,«,..    (ls.;;ii    (i:i    I'a.    l.Vi; 

I'a.  ■2.-..  -Jl    Am.    H.'p-   -•      '*    '^   ""'    ""■  ''''""•'  ^-  ■'"'■'"'    l'"*"*"'    • "''  ''■'-  ''-'^    !• 

ii-iial.  in  formal   stat.'mi'nts  „f  th.-  .joe  Atl.  .".U  ;   Smilh  \.   ll.i'.iv/,.  SI.  h.  if  /'. 

iiliw  that  a  mast.r  is  lial.lp  f.ir  th.^  n.^f.'  It.  ('".   (IssTi   "tj  Mo.  :i.-|!i.   I  S.  W.   1-J!t: 

liu-.M.'.' of  an  aL'.'nt   manaL'iiiL'  his  .•ntiir  Miiiii'-iii«ilix   v.    I.ii.uhn    .Iso.li    7   C     C. 

tui-iiii'^s,   1. 1   inlr.Mliin-   ii   siipp;.'iii..iilai>  A.  .■144.   lit  V.  S.   .\pp.  2i."i.  .".s    i".-.l.  ."i:."".; 

inluration  that   lie  is  iimlur  a  liahility  t'oii'-o.'   v.  Liitnuid  ilsinii   77  l-'wl.  jM. 


',  it 


t 


1618 


MA.siKU  AND  SERVANT. 


LCUAP.    XXVIII. 


those  a|)[)liancc3  as  will  most  effectually  secure  the  ffcneral  results 
for  till'  attaimncnt  of  winch  the  branch  of  the  buf  iuoss  uniler  his  ooii- 
trol  has  been  orjianized.' 


1 


h' 


■;  I 


■  Two  ypara  after  the  dopision  in  the 
Ross  >'iisr  ( see  §  532.  supra ) ,  Hii-wer, 
J.,  laid  down  thp  law  as  follows:  "To 
make  one  as  the  contiolliT  of  a  depart- 
ment properly  the  ri'prisi>ntative  (jf  the 
master,  his  duties  should  he  jirineipally 
those  of  ilireetion  and  control.  He 
should  have  somethinj,'  more  than  the 
mere  nii«na;;inient  of  maehinery;  he 
should  have  subordinates  over  whose  va- 
rious actions  he  has  supervision  and 
control,  and  not  a  mere  assistant  to  him 
in  his  working  of  machinery.  He  shonld 
have  control  over  an  intire  department 
of  service,  and  not  simply  of  a  sin^h' 
machine  in  that  vrviee.  He  should  he 
so  lifted  up,  in  the  grade  and  extent  of 
his  duties,  as  to  be  fairly  regarded  as 
the  alter  ti/o  —  the  other  self  —  of  the 
master."  llouard  v.  Dcnrer  d  R.  (J.  R. 
Co.   (1886)   26  Fed.  8.17. 

In  Baltimore  <f  O.  A*.  Co.  v.  Unufjh 
(1893)  149  U.  S.  308.  37  L.  ed.  772,  13 
Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  914,  the  same  distin- 
guished jurist  wrote  the  opinion  of  the 
majority  of  the  court,  and  had  an  op- 
portunity to  explain  at  greater  length 
his  views  as  to  the  proper  scope  and 
meaning  of  the  doctrine  by  which  the 
head  of  a  department  is  a  vice  prinei 
pal;  "Where  the  master  is  a  cor|)(ira- 
tion,  there  can  be  no  negligence  on  the 
part  of  the  master  except  it  al.so  be  that 
of  some  agent  or  servant,  for  a  corpora- 
tion only  act-<  through  agents.  The  di- 
rectors are  the  managing  agents;  their 
negligence  must  be  adjudged  the  negli- 
gence of  the  corporation,  although  they 
are  simply  agents.  So,  when  they  place 
the  entire  management  of  the  corpora- 
tion in  the  hands  of  a  general  superin- 
tendent, such  general  superintendent, 
though  himself  only  an  agent,  is  almost 
universally  recognized  as  the  represent- 
ative of  the  corporation, — the  master. — 
and  his  negligence  as  that  of  the  master. 
And  it  is  only  carrying  the  same  prin- 
ciple a  little  further  and  with  reason- 
able application,  when  it  is  held  that. 
if  the  bu.siness  of  the  master  and  em- 
ployer becomes  so  vast  and  diversified 
that  it  naturally  separates  itself  into 
departments  of  service,  the  individuals 
placed  hy  him  in  charge  of  those  sepa- 
rate branches  and  departnu'nts  of  serv- 
ice, nnd  ?iv('ii  rntirr  and  ahsohitc  coti- 
Irol  therein,  are  pro|)erly  to  be  consid- 
ered,  with   respect   to  employees   under 


them,  vice   principals,  —  representatives 
of    ilie   master. — as   fully   and   as   com 
pletely  as  if  the  entire  business  of  the 
master  was  by  him  placed  under  chargi- 
of  one  superintendent.    It  was  this  prop 
osition   which   the   court  applied   in  the 
ItosK   Cii.se.   holding   that   the   conductor 
of  a  train  has  the  control  and  manage- 
ment    of    a    distinct    department.      But 
this    rule   can    only    be    fairly    applied 
when  the  different  branches  or  depart 
nients   of   service   are   in   and  of  them 
selves  separate  and  distinct.     Thus,  be 
tween  the  law  department  of  a  railway 
corporation    and   the   operating  depart- 
ment  there   is   a   natural    and   distinct 
separation, — one  which   makes   the  two 
departments  like  two  independent  kinds 
of  business,  in  which  the  one  employer 
and  master  is  engaged.     So,  oftentimes, 
there  is  in  the  atfairs  of  such  coqiora 
tlon  what  may  be  called  a  manufactur- 
ing or  repair  department,  and  anothei 
strictly    operating     department:     thes<. 
two  departments  are.  in  their  relation* 
to  each  other,  as  distinct  and  separate 
as  though  the  work  of  each  was  carrieil 
on  by  a  separate  corporation.   And  froin 
this   natural   separation   flows   the  rule 
that  he  who  is  placed  in  charge  of  sucli 
separate    branch    of    the    service,    who 
alone  superintends  and  has  the  control 
of  it,  is,  as  to  it,  in  the  place  of  tlii' 
master.      But   ihfe   is   a   very    different 
propositioir  from  that  which  alhrmsthiit 
each   separate   pieje   of  work   in   one  ol 
these  branches  of  service  is  a  distinct 
department,  and  gives  to  the  indivi'lual 
having  control  of  that  piece  of  work  tln' 
IKisition  of  vice  principal,  or  representa 
five  of  the  master.     .    .    .    It  may  safely 
be  said  that  this  court  has  never  recog- 
nized the  proposition  that  the  mere  con 
trol  of  one  servant  over  another  in  dn 
ing  a  particular  piece  of  work  destroys 
the  relation  of  fellow  servants,  and  puts 
an  end  to  the  master's  liability.    On  tlie 
contrary,  all   the  cases  proceed  on  tlie 
ground  of  some  breach  of  positive  duty 
resting  upon   the   master,   or   upon  the 
idea  of  superintendence  or  control  of  a 
department.     It  has  ever  been  afTirmed 
that  the  employee  assumes  the  ordinary 
risks  incident  to  the  service;  and.  as  we 
have  seen,  it  is  as  obvious  that  there  i- 
li-k    frnni   tlir   ne;jligt'ner   of   one   in   ii::- 
mediate  control  as   from   one  simply  a 
coworker.     That  the  running  of  an  en- 


'    P 


{  534] 


VICE  PKINCIPALSHIP— TKs'l  OK  KANK. 


lSl!i 


It  is  not  alti>gptlior  clear  what  prcciso  p'  idcntiiil  woif^ht  the  conri- 
cnnsidor  to  be  due  to  tho  ofiloial  dosij^Tiutions  wliicli  may  have  been 
bcstowod  upon   the  doliiuiuonts  by  the  masters  thonisolvos.      Tliox' 


ffine  by  itself  is  not  a  appiiratc  lirancli 
(pf  service  M'eiii*  perfectly  clciir.  The 
fiict  19  all  the  locomotive  enfiiiiei  of  a 
rnilroad  company  are  in  the  one  depart- 
ment,— the  operatinK  department;  and 
those  employed  in  running  them,  whether 
as  en^'ineers  or  tiremen,  are  engaged  in 
a  common  employment,  and  are  fellow 
servants.  It  niiglit  a*  well  he  said  that, 
where  a  liveryman  has  a  do/i'ii  carriages, 
tlwB  driver  of  each  has  cliarge  of  a  sep- 
arate branch  or  department  of  service, 
and  that  if  one  drives  his  cairiage  neg- 
ligently against  another  emplo;  ^  the 
master  is  exempt  fro. a  liability. 

The  doctrine  established  by  this  case 
has  t)een  stated  thns;  The  test  as  to 
whether  one  employee  of  a  cor|)oration 
is  or  is  not  a  vice  principal  as  regards 
another  employee  is  not  the  control  ex- 
pieised  by  him  over  the  other,  but  he 
must  "stand  for  and  represent  the  cor- 
poration as  the  superintending  and  com- 
manding head  of  one  of  the  separate 
and  distinct  departments  of  its  service." 
Ilnrlni  v.  l.oiiiginlle.  d  V.  R.  Co.  (180.1) 
57  Fed.   144. 

The  theory  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Itiiliana  is  similar:  "Ordinarily  the 
duties  pertaining  to  a  given  employ- 
ment are  clearly  defined.  When  one 
»|]eaks  of  employment  as  a  section  hand, 
rt  hrakeman,  or  an  engineer  on  a  rail- 
road, or  as  a  farm  hand,  or  as  a  puddler 
in  nn  iron  furnace,  or  a  moulder  in  a 
foimdry,  the  general  character  of  the 
duties  such  employee  will  be  required  to 
piTforni  are  at  onc^  understood  by  those 
initiated  into  the  mysteries  of  the  par- 
tirtdar  calling.  As  a  nile.  also,  the 
nantion  of  a  given  employment  suggests 
the  character  of  the  appliances  to  he 
n«'(l.  and  the  place  and  manner  of  using 
tlicH!.  One  who  is  placed  in  charge  of  a 
force  of  men  engaged  in  any  of  those 
occupations,  whose  duties  are  limited  tn 
carrying  on  the  work,  or  directing  it. 
whether  actively  assisting  therein  or 
not.  and  who  is  invested  with  no  au- 
tlinrity  or  charged  with  no  duty  in  fur- 
nishing places  or  appliances  for  the 
work,  or  in  the  employnumt  or  reten 
tion  of  employees,  is  himself  usually  a 
mere  coemployee.  His  duties  require 
him  to  use.  or  superintend  and  direct 
the  u-iincr  of.  places  anti  appUancp-^,  and 
to  control  employees  furnished  by  the 
master.     If,  however,  he  is  given  addi- 


tional authority,  and  is  charged  with 
I  he  duty  of  furnishing  jdaics  to  wiuk, 
and  appliaTices  for  the  work,  and  is  aii- 
thorize<l  to  employ  and  discharge  opera- 
lives,  he  is.  as  to  such  things,  not  a  co 
employee,  but  speaks  and  acts  as  the 
ma.ster.  One  who  is  placed  in  ume- 
stricted  control  of  a  given  department 
by  his  nia-ter.  and  is  clothed  with  tin' 
power  to  eoiiMuand  the  services  of  the 
other  employees,  not  simply  to  see  that 
they  faitiifully  discharge  the  duties  or- 
dinarily pertaining  to  their  employ- 
ment, anil  in  the  usual  places,  with  the 
usual  appliances  provided  therefor,  but 
has  authority  to  require  of  them  the 
perf(unmnce  of  other  duties,  in  other 
places,  and  with  other  appliances,  .  .  . 
is  certainly  in  such  matter  more  than 
a  mere  fellow  servant  with  thf>se  thus 
sniiject  to  his  control."  \all  v.  I.niiix- 
I'illr,  .V  t.  .(■  V.  It.  Co.  (18U1)  12!)  Ind. 
2ti!l.  2S  X.  K.  183,  611. 

In  another  case  a  foreman  was  consid- 
ered to  be  a  depa rt mentji  1  vice  principal 
Iiecau.se  he  had  absolute  control  of  em- 
ployees working  under  him,  and  author- 
ity to  direct  them  from  one  kind  of  em- 
ployment to  another,  without  any  im- 
mediate directions  or  supervision.  Con- 
Koliddtrd  Kansna  City  Smelting  rf  Rcf. 
Co.  V.  Cetprson  ( ISilO)  8  Kan.  App.  31ti. 
.'55  Pac.  t)73.  The  characteristic  function 
of  a  departmental  vice  principal  which 
is  here  referred  to  recalls  the  rule  al- 
ready noticed  (S  4(>,5,  ante),  that  when 
an  order  takes  a  servant  outside  the 
scope  of  his  employment  the  directing 
eiuployee  is  treatiHl  as  a  vice  principal 
with  respect  to  th.  order  and  its  results, 
whether  he  would  or  would  not  occupy 
that  relation  to  the  master  under  the 
doctrine  of  the  court  in  which  the  case 
presents  itself. 

t'limpare  also  the  language  used  in 
Miilliin  V.  I'hiliiilrliitnn  ,(■  S.  Mail  S.  fl. 
Co.  (1875)  7H  I'a.  25.  21  Am.  Rep.  2 
(S  533.  note  1.  vH/in;)  ,•  Ififiin  v.  Hiuinlru 
(18831  .50  Miih.  170.  45  Am.  Rep,  :\:i: 
l.iiiihrilh:  V,  I,  <f  C.  R.  Co.  V,  Graham 
(18!M)I    124    I  ml,  sn.  24  X.  V..  litlS, 

In  Ihiiiqhtii  V,  I'riiottxrot  Loq  Drivinii 
Co.  (1884)  70  Me.  143.  tlie  court  con 
trasts  the  posit jcui  of  a  general  or  di' 
partment.il  mamiger  with  that  of  "a 
fnv;i;ian  in  a  particular  special  job  of 
work." 

A  jury  may  deduce  vice  principalship 


1520  MASTKK  A.\U  Si:u\  AXl.  [chap,  xxviu. 

designiitions  iiro  ccrtaitily  nut  cuncliHivf,-  Imt  in  flip  alxonce  of 
wjine  Npci'ial  na><iii  IVn-  inici-riii^i-  lli.il  a  (lcscri|ilivc  title  wliii-ii 
ordiiiiu-iiy  iiiii)urts  a  iiciicrai  aj;<  tic\  as  rc^ariis  a  ci  riaiii  ln-aiu'ii  of  a 
business  is  wiMtmly  applicil,  a  c'luri  iiii;;lit  always,  it  is  coiK'civf'd.  !.. 
acwpt  sui'li  a  tillc  a>  a  <lcclaialiiiii  nv  ailiiii-~iciii  nf  the  iii.'<stor  liiiiivcli 
that  his  c-haraclcristic  fiiin-ticnis  ha\(',  witiiiii  the  ana  indiiMfcd  h> 
it,  been  transferred  tn  tlie  eiiii)loyee  beariiij;  it.  In  r(  ceni  i-a>cd  it  ha- 
beeii  admitted  that  on  approaehin'i  tiie  lino  of  s<'paration  between  ;; 
fellow  workman  and  a  superintendent  of  a  partieuhir  and  separate 
department,  there  may  be  embarrassment  in  deterininin>r  the  eliarnr 
ter  of  the  delin(|nenf'' ;  and  it  litis  also  been  intimated  t]:al  the  scopi 
of  the  doctrine  of  departmental  control  ig,  in  all  proi)ability,  quite  lim 
ited.* 

The  deseriptive  titles  and  functions  of  the  employees  mentioned  in 
the  cases  tabulated  under  the  following:  seetion  slu'W  that  the  mastn' 
is  not  usually  held  liable  for  the  negligence  of  any  employees  of  lo\v(  r 
grades  than  those  who,  in  the  ordiTiary  cotirse  of  business,  would  he 
sid)ject  to  the  immediate  control  of  the  master  himself  or  his  genei':il 
mantiger.     But  there  is  some  authority  for  including  ^\^thin  the  scnpi 


from  ovidonop  that  the  delinquent  em- 
ployee WHS  plnei'd  l>y  .1  railwny  eoiiip:iny 
in  chartre  of  a  quarry,  with  authority 
to  c'ni|il()y,  eontiol.  and  ilischarjie  the 
HditcMien.  Iii*  eimtrol  and  nianagenicnt 
Ik'Iiij;  rcfci  r  I  lo  Ills  di''  .eliiin  ancl 
iil(l>;iiieMt,  :■  d  not  ".'overni'tl  lir  di'tiiili-d 
rides  kmiv"  (o  Ids  siilioidinMtis  its  well 
■>  tr>  hiiiiMlf.  Kn.ixiix  Cihi.  I't.  .*.•.  jf-  M. 
It.  Co.  V.  Hammond  (18!I4)  '>H  Aik.  .'(24. 
J4  S.  \V.  7-S.i. 

The  eireunistanee  that  "neither  exer- 
cises the  diseretion  or  the  jiiil;;inent  or 
the  eontrol  of  the  master.  Imt  each  eon- 
tiihiites  Ins  part  to  thi>  snfi"  ninniii'j  of 
the  train"  lia*  heen  advi  itcd  to  as  one 
of  the  reasons  for  holding  tclc^rraph  o|i- 
eratorn  and  trainmen  to  lie  fellow  serv- 
ants. Ildltimoir  if  ().  /.'.  Co.  v.  Citniji 
(1895)  V.\  C.  V.  A.  -IWW.  ;il  r.  S.  App. 
21.'?.  ti.")  Kcd.  n.")2.  Compare  MotHuiluin. 
V.  \rir  York  C.  rf  //.  I(.  I!.  Co.  1  I'sST  ) 
4.''  ".in.  11;!.  where  it  was  said  that  an 
o,,iiator  was  not  a  vice  principal,  as  he 
merely  had  to  exercise  some  discretion 
within  a   department. 

'  See  §  50s.  sMina. 

'  Tiorthrni  I'.  R.  Co.  v.  Prfrrnoii 
(189ti)  l(i2  r.  S,  ,'!4(i.  40  L.  ed.  994,  16 
Sup.  ft.  Rep.  843. 

'"The  Bauiih  Cnsr  has  set  such  limits 
to  the  viee  priiioipal  clod  line  that   il   I- 


e\ceedin<rlv   <linieu1t    ti 


actinjr  superintendent  of  the  vnrioii- 
great  d;  |iartments  of  the  railroad,  «liiili 
will  1.(1'  he  filled  Ii.v  fellow  seHiiin- 
of  all  the  other  employees."  Ilrmlu  \ 
S'nilliriii  It.  Co.  (ISltttl"  .'U  r.  C.  A.  4'M 
!I2  l-ed.  491.  The  hiiildinj;  of  a  IiiIiIl'. 
is  a  siiiyle  undi'rtakiiifr.  not  varied  en 
exti'iisive  en(Mi;:h  to  admit  of  diNtimi 
departments.  Kelly  v.  Jittte  <i  F.  ('•■. 
(lSn9l    98  Fed.  .380. 

In  Miililiiidn  V,  Vnion  P.  /?.  On. 
(1KS9)  2  T,.  R.  A,  102.  37  Fe<l.  lS;t.  it 
was  held  that  a  complaint  nllc^'iiit;  an 
injni-y  caused  hy  another,  the  niM-tii 
niechanic.  having  side  control  of  tlir 
yard,  was  demurr.ihle  for  reasons  tliu~ 
explained:  "Whether  it  was  a  yiinl 
with  one  switch  or  two:  a.  side  track 
or  two:  whether  it  was  a  trifllnjr  iiiallci 
or  a  large  and  extensive  responsiliility; 
wliiMlier  this  sole  control  was  limiteil  t" 
the  repairs  of  engines  or  things  of  lli:it 
kind,  or  whether  it  went  to  the  eiitiri' 
hiisiness  of  a  yard  of  such  size  and  wiili 
so  extensive  works  and  duties  that  tli.' 
company  is  bound  to  put  in  charge  some 
man  of  experience,  information,  ami 
character. — one  for  whose  acts  in  all  re 
spects  it  should  he  held  responsilde. — 
is  not  sutllciently  disclosed  hy  a  mere 
statement  that  the  parly  was  a  master 
iiieeliaiiie.    liM\iiig    sole    control    of    ttiis 


sugu'est 


I" 


ird.     Till 


of  the  vaid.  amomil  of 


tion.    outside   of   the   superintendent   or    responsiliility.   or   vustness   of   the  busi 


8  534] 


VU  !•;  I'UlNCil'ALSllll'— IICSX  01    UANK. 


I5:il 


of  the  dtx'triiie  of  dfpartiuentiil  control  u  class  of  oflieials  who,  for 
want  of  a  hettor  term,  may  be  tcrined  doputv  vice  principals,  as  being 
the  real  n'pri's<'iitalive.s  of  the  master  in  thi'  aliscnee  of  their  own 
?iiporiors,  so  far  as  njiards  a  portion  of  the  otHcial  domain  controlled 
liy  thotse  supcritji-s.'     lA>gically,  such  a  doctrine  is  unexceptionable 


iiess  intnisted  to  him. — the  extent  of 
his  control, — is  not  (IIscIo^mI.  I  do  not 
mean  to  «ny  that  ho  <locs  occupy  such 
a  position  that  he  cannot  piopcily  Ix- 
(■oii->i(|cicil  as  in  control  of  a  dcpartnicnt 
M)  that  tlio  company  may  he  rc^ponsilile. 
I  simply  hold  that  the  complaint  as  it 
stands  is  defective  in  that  ropcct,  and 
the  demurrer  will  he  sustained." 

•An  assistant  roadmastcr  having;  fien- 
iTnl  char^fe  of  a  portion  of  a  railroad, 
with  control  of  all  the  section  ^fan^'s 
alonj;  that  line,  is  not  a  fellow  servant 
with  a  section  hand  so  as  to  prevent  re- 
covery hy  the  latter  for  an  injury  <'aii«i'<l 
by  the  iie}.'li;;i'nce  of  tlie  former  in  or- 
dcriit;.'  him  to  coiiliniic  his  work  of  ad- 
justini;  a  load  of  poles  on  a  ear  while  an 
en|,'im'  is  approachiiif;.  thus  throwing 
liim  otr  his  ;;uard.  and  then  faiMii}^  to 
take  care  to  prevent  injnry  hy  the  ap- 
proach of  the  en;.'iiie.  Iliini.  ■•ii  v.  I)c- 
iroil.  /,.  A  .v.  R.  Co.  (|S!»0|  70  Mich. 
4h!),  7  \j.  R.  A.  Ii2,%  44  N.  \V.  lo:l4. 
Uiscnssin^'  tlie  position  of  the  nef^ligent 
-crvant.  the  court  said;  "He  had  (gen- 
eral char^'e  of  the  entire  h'ni;th  of  about 
l.jO  miles  of  defendanl's  road,  and  had 
under  his  control  all  the  section  fran;;s 
^don;;  that  line:  and  there  ia  notliin<;  in 
tlie  rccoril  showinj;  that  Doyle,  the  f;en- 
iral  load  master,  in  any  way  interfered 
with  him  in  the  manner  in  which  the 
work  of  that  division  was  liciii^'  con- 
iliicted.  lie  in  fact  controlled  that  en- 
tire division  absolutely,  so  far  as  em- 
|)loyin5r  and  di^charj^inj;  the  men  was 
coiu'irned.  The  order  came  from  Doyle 
to  remove  these  poles,  beciuso  they  were 
to  he  taken  toar  ''vi>ion  or  liranch 

of  the  sanu'  rr  was  not    pres- 

pnt  at  the  time  ^  th  ., iirv,  and  the 
fair  inference  is  that  whatever  power 
Dnyle  w aidd  have  had,  if  present,  Lijiht 
had  like  power,  and  represented  the  de- 
finil^int  comiKiny  as  fully  as  Doyle 
would  have  done.  He  did  no  manual 
liilior  himself,  hut  had  the  full  over- 
sij-'lit.  care,  and  management  of  it.  It  is 
iipiiaient  that  the  business  of  the  rail- 
roail  could  not  be  carried  forward  with- 
out this  division  of  labor  and  rcsponsi- 
liiiity.  It  was  necessary  that  these 
heads  of  departments  and  divisicms 
should  be  made,  and  power  delegated  to 


each  he.id.  Under  such  circuniiitance!*, 
anil  well-settli'd  rules  of  law,  it  nmst  Ihj 
hidd  that  l.i;.dit  represented  the  com- 
pany: and  for  bis  negligence,  while  in 
the  line  of  the  diitii's  so  assi^'ued  and 
deh-gated  to  him.  the  company  must  be 
held  responsible.  .  .  .  Any  other  rule 
than  this  would  enable  the  master  to 
es<iipe  all  liability,  by  parceling  out  his 
work  to  dilfeient  heads  ot  departments 
or  divisions,  and  retiring  from  any  man 
agement  or  control  of  it;  and  the  more 
he  ubaiiiloned  it  to  others, — the  more  he 
neglected  it,— the  less  would  he  be  liable. 
When  the  masttT  appiiints  a  middle 
man.  with  such  powei.s  as  were  dele- 
gated to  I.iylit  in  this  case,  or  where 
the  business  is  of  such  a  nature  that  it 
is  nece-sarily  committed  to  agents,  with 
full  power  to  employ  and  discharge 
those  acting  under  them,  and  with  full 
and  absolute  control  of  the  work,  the 
principal    is   liable." 

The  same  view  was  taken  in  a  later 
cast>,  where  the  court,  in  holding  an  as- 
sistant roiid  master  to  be  a  vice  princi- 
pal, reasoned  thus:  "He  had  charge  of 
and  directed  the  method  of  its  |»'rtorm- 
ance,  and  while  it  doi -,  not  appear  that 
he  personally  had  anything  to  do  with 
employing  plaiiitilf  in  the  first  instance, 
yet  his  authority  was  so  great  thai,  at 
least  while  engaged  in  this  particular 
work,  he  even  had  control  and  direction 
over  the  section  foreman,  .\lr.  (,'ave- 
naugh.who  did  employ  the  plaintiff,  and 
who  also,  as  representing  the  defendant. 
,Hted  in  accordance  with  Wahl's  in- 
.structions  in  reference  to  the  work  and 
method  of  its  performance.  Under  the 
facts  shown  by  this  record  it  is  appar- 
ent that  Mr.  Wahl,  as  assistant  road 
master,  had  not  only  full  power  to  (M 
rect  and  control  the  work,  and  prescribe 
the  method  of  its  performance,  but  that 
he  did  so,  and,  in  addition,  that  his 
judgment  as  to  what  men  should  be  em- 
ployed, and  when  or  how  long  their  em- 
ployment should  continue,  or  when  a 
man  should  be  discharged  from  such 
employment,  was  absolute,  or  as  nearly 
so  as  it  is  pos-il)le  for  a  master  to  coil- 
lide  a  power  of  tliat  sort  to  an  agent  to 
perform  for  him.  To  hi>ld  otherwise 
would  be  to  close  our  eyes  to  eonditiond 


\:,2i 


AIASJ  KK  WiJ  M:11\  ANT. 


[ClIAJ'.    SXVUl 


i  : 


m 


ior  it  caniiiit  \>c  dfriicl  ihiii.  if  the  l.iisiiii-^s  <.f  flic  ciiiplnviT  i»  riu  ex 
tensive  ari'l  fdiniiliciHeil  iluil  llieic  i<  iiece— :ii  ilv  a  (•(iiii|iiele  lian-l(  i 
of  his  eliaraelerisiic  fiinciions  to  a  pradc  of  oliicials  lower  than  tiio- 
w  hieli  lake  tiicir  oniers  ih'rectlv  I  roiii  himself  or  iijs  j^cncral  iiiaiia^ci. 
he  sliouhl  he  rpqiiirod  to  aii>\ver  d.i-  their  iie^liyenw.  liiit  it  must  l.v 
lie  adiiiilK  <1  that,  upon  the  facts,  the  cases  cited  in  the  last  note  (.•aii\ 
the  doctrine  of  departmental  control  bevond  the  limits  hy  which  ll; 
chief  exponents  of  that  doctrine,  the  federal  courts,  .,eem  inclined  {>■ 
circumseribe  it  in  the  most  recent  decisions.* 


patent  to  ovorybody  in  all  the  ordinary 
busiiicHs  airairs  of  life.  It  is  cviilent 
tliat  tlic  plaintitr  niiil  ill  the  other  M-e- 
tion  hands,  iiicludin;;  tlic  seetion  fore- 
man, looked  upon  Wahl  as  the  alisolnle 
manager  and  controller  of  tlie  work,  and 
from  whom  they  received  their  orders, 
and  whom  they  were  Imnnd  to  obey. 
I'nder  these  eireiimslanees.  we  ntnst 
hi)I<l  tliat  the  act  of  Wahl  was  the  art  of 
till'  defendant."  Piihiirr  v.  .]li(hi(jaii  ('. 
U.  Vo.  IHlta)  m  Mich.  ;((■;(.  17  L.  R.  A. 
U.«i,  5.'!  N.  \V.  307. 

The  liberal  ron»truetiiin  put  by  tliis 
court  upon  the  doctrine  nf  ilepartinentnl 
cuntrol  is  also  ev-iiiplilird  in  the  ruliii}; 
that  a  foreman  of  a  firavel  train  is  a 
vice  principal.  Urirkxon  v.  Miliiniihn-. 
h^  S.  if  ir.  W.  Co.  (1800)  8.1  Mich.  .'si. 
47  N.  W.  237.  See,  however,  as  to  this 
case,  jS  535.  note  1.  subd.  (b),  infni. 
See  also  Lyillr  v.  Cliiritfio  rf  U'.  M.  li. 
Co.  (1800)  84  Mich.  JSii,  47  X.  W.  ,'571, 
holding  a  railway  cunipany  lialde  for 
the  ne;rlifrenee  of  a  yard  inasler.  Hut 
in  this  la.'it  case  distlnetly  nondili'j.Ml)le 
duties  were  involved.  [See  S  .'i.'i.'i.  note 
1,  subd.  (d),  infra. 

In  another  state  it  has  been  held  that 
a  foreman  havinj;  authority  to  employ 
and  diseharire  the  men  under  his  direc- 
tion, who  i>  tile  sole  representative  of  a 
railroad  company  at  the  place  where  the 
work  of  blast inff  rock  ami  transport infr 
it  on  flat  cars  is  l)cin<;  prnsecuted.  and 
who  has  authority  to  direct  when.  how. 
by  wliom,  and  in  what  manner  the  work 
shall  be  performed,  is  not  the  fellow 
servant  of  a  laborer  under  his  diieition. 
and  his  niy;ll;rent  oniission  to  remove  a 
blast,  or  warn  the  latter  of  its  presence, 
is  charjjealile  to  the  company,  altliou^h 
he  is  under  the  (reneral  control  of  a  road 
master,  whose  headijiiarters  are  several 
miles  away.  Mrlhiii'imih  v.  (heat 
Northern  K.  Co.  (180(i|  1")  Wash.  244, 
46  Pae.  334. 

With  these  cjises  may  possibly  tie 
classed    Folijf    v.    Califoniia    Uorsruhoe 


t'o.    (18!)fi)    115   CbI.    184.   47    Pac.    4l>. 
where    it    was    held    that    an    assi-liim 
foreman   in  a    factory   was   not  a   felluw 
servant    of    a    minor    fiiiirtcen    years   ,,i 
a^e.    'under   his  control   and   subjiil    i.. 
his   order   and   discretion."      The    iiiiiiM 
was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  hoys  slivi. 
caii;;ht  in  a  co;,'wlieel  while  he  was  pin 
tiller  in  a  boll.     Ihis  work,  thouuli   un 
usual,   was  spoken   of  as   nut   biiii;;   Ik 
yoiid  the  scope  of  the  servant's  cmiilin 
mcnt.  NO  that  the  case  cannot  be  iI;i~n.-,| 
with    thoM'   cited    in    S    4ti.'i.    riii(f.       I!,, 
doctrine  as  to  depart  mental  vice  piiini 
pals    w.is   not    reli'ired    to.   and    the    I  in 
fjuafic  used    is  broad   enoiij;h  to  coniinii 
the   court   to  the   supcrioi    servant    .luf 
trine.       But    as    the    latter    iloeiiiiic    i. 
undoubtedly  rejected   in  California    (-i. 
S    ,'>40,    /lO.vM.    it    would    si'iiii    that    \]w 
only    eateyory    in    which    the    nc;;li;.'i  in 
employee    can    he    phiecd    is    that    ol    d.- 
jiartmeiitiil  vice  principals.     On  (hefiiii-. 
it  is  clear  that  the  decision  niiirlit   li:n.- 
been    rcfiired    to    the    theory    that    tin 
foreman    had    not    discharjreil    the    ihn: 
deley^able  duty  of  instnictiiii.'  the  lu.y  n- 
to  the  dangers  of  the  work,  sic  S<i  ."i|s 
."ilO.   sM/iin.     It   may  be  that  this  is  tli, 
real  ellect  of  the  rulin<J.  as  the  casi'  re 
lied  upon  is  Miilliii  v.  Ciilifnitii.i  llnrs, 
.s/ior    Cn.    (1S!I|)     in.'>    Cal.    77.    ;is    \\u: 
53,1.    where   the   master  was   held    lial.le 
on  the  distinct  ground  that  the  sii|iiiinr 
emiiloyee  had   not   provided  a   snt'c  |il;i.v 
of  work.     Hut  if  this  is  the  court's  p.iiiit 
of   view,   the   hin'jiiase   used    is   very  in 
apt,  as  it  was  laid  down  qui'     irenerMlly 
that  the  foreman  was  not  a  vice  piini'i 
pal.    and    there   was    noHiin?   s;iid    frnm 
which  it  can  be  inferred  that  he  wis  n- 
garilcd  as  beiiiyr  a  vice  principal  iiiculy 
beiMiise  he   was  diseharjriny   a    noii  dele 
^'able  duty. 

''See  note  1.  .iiiitrn,  and  chapter  XXX.. 
;)0.s/.  In  a  decision  rendered  prior  to 
the  liniirfh  Ctisr  it  s(i(.ni-  to  Inivi-  '■•■-n 
assiiniei!  Iiv  the  Supreme  Court  of  iln' 
United    Stales    that    a    foreman   of   cuu- 


I  J3.iJ 


Vl(  K  IKIM  ll'Al.sim'— TIST  UK  ItANK. 


1523 


It  is  inaiiitcst  tiiMt  (inlv  ilic  (lirccturs  of  a  oorpnnitidn.  r>r  the 
genonil  nii|n  riniriiclciit,  in  wliusc  hands  its  entire  niaiia^cmcnt  is 
])lae<'(l.  can  !»•  iicld  to  ]»•  vice  principals  in  a  case  wiicre  tiiere  is  no 
division  of  the  business  of  the  corporation  into  distinct  thpari- 
nients.^ 

535.  Supervising  employees  held  to  be  heads  of  departments. — in 
the  suhjoined  note  are  talmlated.  under  snitaliie  headings,  all  the 
cases  wiiich  nuiy  i-eilaiidv  be  i-eferreil  to  ihi-  ilcK'trine  oi"  departmental 
centrol  properly  m.  called,  us  vv(dl  as  a  Muniber  i>\  <.t!iers  which,  thoiivh 
not  ca!ei;<>rieally  relvin;;-  upon  ttiat  d.i-irini'.  involve  fact-  which 
render  it  ile-ir:,lile  to  notice  iheni  in  this  connection.  To  the  laiier 
class  beloiia.  in  pariiciihir,  s«'\eral  decisions  in  Xow  York, — a  stale  in 
uhicli  the  trne  doctrine  of  deparimeiital  vice-principals  does  not  -eein 
to  have  I)een  forinnlated  witii  any  distinciiie-s.  (See  chapter  xx.v.. 
post.)  In  tact,  it  is  now,  for  all  practical  purposes,  nierired  in  tho 
ilieopv  tliaf  the  character  of  the  nej;lip'nee  determines  whether  tlie 
nc!;lip'nr  employee  was  the  master's  a;;-ent.  The  reasons  wiiy  the 
decisjuns  of  some  stale>  whose  aililude  on  the  doctrine  of  depart- 
mental control  is  more  than  usually  ditlicult  to  define  liave  been 
chissided  under  the  subtitle  rehitiiii;  to  the  su))erior  sen-ant  doctrine, 
radier  than  midi'r  the  present  one,  liave  been  <'xphiined  in  §  .">:i },  .s„- 
prn.  Hut  it  his  heen  deemed  advisable  to  make  the  following  list  of  de- 
|iart,iiiental  Miaiiai;ers  more  complete  by  citiiii;  apaiii  any  of  th<].-e  d'"  i 
-ions  which,  t!ioni:li  already  tabiilaied  in  the  other  subtitle,  seem  to  be 
lo,i;itinnUe  illustrations  of  the  jirinciples  now  under  discussion.' 

stniction   w.an   a    \uv   [iriii(>i|i,il.      Coyiii-  ri's|i(iii~iliilitv   diroptlr   to   tli(>   oliiiriictpr 

V,    I  nion    P.    I!.    Co.     ilSSill     US    V.    S.  of  tli.'  net   «iiicli  cniiiod  the  irijiirv.  :oi<l 

'CO.  .■!:)  L.  pH.  tl.'il.  1(1  Sii|i.  CI.  l!i|).  :tSi:.  i^'nor.'s    tin-    fiiiictidiis     onliiiiiilv     <li^- 

l'>nt  luolwiily.  tliiin;.'li  it  i-  iioi  ;i|p|i:iri'iit  rliiojicil  l>y  tlir  ni<:lif.'fiit  piii|il(>\(i'.     Sco 

from    tho    rc|i(irt.    Iii~    i;inl<    vvii«    liiLrlur  iliM|it.T  xxix..  jmst. 

■.\\\i\    Iiis    fiiiictioiis    niorc    (•(iiii|iiclii-iisivi'  ■  \\  Iml     rhiir    Coal    Co.     v.    .Inhnsnn 

tliiui   tlio.>c  ot    tlic   f(iri'ina?i   in   tlic    \lc-  ilsn.;i    li   C.   C,   A.    US.    12    I".    S.   Ann. 

Ohiiwnih  Vn.s,'   (Isnii)    1',  Wj-^Ii.  -244.  4rt  4IMI.    .".ij    |-',hI.    810.   <lis:i|)pi(i\  ins   nri    iie 

\'.\i-.  :i:t4.     In  the  Uni  rixnii  Ciisr   (1S!K)',  .~1  iiiii  mid    to  tlio  etVcrt    th:it    niir  of   sev- 

Tn  Midi.  40!t.  7   !..  R.  A.  I12:i.  44   .V.  \V.  n.il  forompn  in  chnrtrc  of  !i   f.«-  mini  r-. 

lli:tt.  it  \v:i-.  icnitirkid  tliat  tlic  tcndi'iicy  liiiiis,.|f  siilijcct   to  ttic   rontrnl   of  n    pit 

of  iiiodiiii  dcii-ions  was  to  ciilarL'c  tlip  Ixws.   who  was  in  turn  under  llio  diicr 

liiiliiiity    of    ni:i>tiTs,    rsprcially    wlipre  lion    of    tbp    ffoneral    sujiprintcndiiit    of 

llio  ilidiii(|iicMt    WHS  a   sii|MTior   -pivant,  tlip   niinp,    was   a    vicp    irinripal    if    the 

iiicl    ttip    dcci-ion    was    dotil.tliw.;    iiithi-  [lowcr  of   rontrol,  manaf.',  n  Mt.   and   di- 

I'lMv.j   liy  tlic  sii|i|,o<it  j.in    that    llic  ffpn-  ipclion    av   to   tlip    nipn    pn.u    .'id    in    flip 

I'l.il  ciiricnt   of  iiulliorlly  was  li,.iiii.'  fol-  room    nndpr    his    ch.Tfgp   had    tiprn    ron- 

liiHid.     Tlii<   su|ip.isitiiin.   hortPviT.   was  liri.'d   iipim   liiiii.  and  thp  duty  of  olndi- 

MiuoMly    jiistiticil.      Any   tcnditify   thcrp  cncp  was  cvadi'il  from  his  siiiiordinalr-. 

may  Iip  to   hold    thp   niaslpr  to  a    lartrcr  '  fal    Emiil'ii/rrs  in   thr  oixnit'niq  ,lr. 

mr>.T<iiio  of  liahility  ni;iy  inthpr  I>p  said  jinitmiut   of   niilinni  comiidinm.^  .\   di- 

to  lie  nianifpstin?  its.df.  'n  flip  niajoiilv  li-jnn  .i'lporintcndfiit  of  a  railrmd  mm- 

of  inrisdirtion-'.  at  Ipa^t.  aloii;;  tlip  linrs  paiiy  who  lias  ^rcnpral  nharpr  and  -upcr- 

indicated  by  the  theory  which  refers  his  vision  of  the  company  s  entire  bii-ine-. 


4 


1524 


MASTKK  AXI)  SKUVANT. 


[CUAi-.    XXMII 


Ml"' 


o\iT  lii<  iliviNJon,  inrliiilin;;  flio  i-ontrol 
of  till'  iiiiivcnii'iit  (if  nil  tiiiiiiH,  it  II  vicf 
|ii'iii<'i|ial.  I.ouiniillf,  A.  I.  it  t".  /.'.  Co. 
V.  //.,/,•  (IH98)  151  Iml.  Utii,  50  \.  K. 
itss. 

'I'Ih*  tiiiiie  (liMliiiu-  was*  pox-iMy  a-" 
siiiiii'l  1.1  lie  till'  Irilr  DTii'  ill  Snifiill:  ^^ 
11.  II.  Co.  V.  Ilu„r,r  (isnii  7!l  .\|.|  J.-.H, 
•-Vi  I,.  I!.  A.  Till.  Jll  All.  !Mil.  Ili.iin;li  all 
till'  wa-i  actually  iliciilcil  wa-  tliil  a 
liain  •li'^pali'liiT  a|i|i<iiiiti'il  liy  a  ilivl-iini 
-ii|i,iiMiciiilrnl,  ami  -iiIijcm  i"  to  his  (ir 
<lri-.  is  nut  11  vici-  |iriini|ial  in  icspcct 
to  si'iiiliiiK  out  unlit  brakcnu'ii  with 
I  111  ills. 

Till'  ri'ii|ii>nini;  nn  nliiinilnni'il  switcli. 
witlaiiit  ii'sliiriiijr  tlir  liglils  or  milify- 
iii^'  llii-  Irainiiicii  Hiat  il  li.is  lui'ii  jn'it 
inli)  iis(>  a}.'aiii.  ix  ilri'iiifil  In  lii'  tlic  ncg 
li;;i'iirr  of  tlic  railway  <'Miii|iaiiy.  ami  not 
of  till'  s,.iiiriTi  master,  wliiri-  il  was  ttii' 
ilivision  -ii|iiriiilcii(li.iil  wlm  aiitlicirizcil 
tllo  li"|icliili;.'.  Tnini  V.  Micliillilil  ('.  If. 
Co.    (  ISitoi   S4  Mich,  '.'l  I.  47   \.  \V.  (ilM. 

Ill  lliinii  V.  Mitliuini,  C.  It.Ci.  I  |«<s!l) 
7R  .Midi.  .-)i;t.  7  L.  U.  A.  ."iiMl.  44  \  \V. 
502.  a  Irain  dcsiiatclicr  was  rcLranlcil  a-i 
thp  licail  of  a  ilc|iartiiH'iit.  'I'lic  ilcoi- 
slon  in  Ihiniiinii  \.  \i  ir  Ynrk  U-  V.  E. 
R.  Co.  (1SH4)  .-)•_•  Conn.  iS.").  52  Am. 
Hop.  500,  was  possilily  put  partly  on 
this  ^nniiml,  ns  tlic  mint  in  its  ar^ni- 
mont  seems  to  waver  lie!  ween  I  lie  oon- 
ooption  of  depart  menial  coniiol  and 
non-dflesrnlile  duties.  'I'lie  A'os.v  r.iyr  is 
one  of  those  rclieil  upon,     lint  llie  IVd- 

»ral  cotirt   of  appeals  simmiis  t nis.der 

that  the  masters  responsiliijity  in  Ihia 
instanee  cannot  properly  he  nferred  to 
this  eoiiception.  as  it  remarks  in  one 
case  that  a  Irain  despatcher,  in  ijivin^' 
notice  of  a  cliaii;;i'  in  the  running.'  "f 
trains,  acts  as  a  vice  principal,  "not 
beeaiisp  he  lias  oliarjre  of  a  depMrlnient, 
hilt  hevaiis,  of  the  nature  of  the  duty 
which  he  discliai-jres."  Oniinti  Short 
l.inr   it    V.    \.    II.    Co.    V.    f'rn.iit    (l.SOli) 

21  r.  r.  A.  isii,  44  r.  s.  App.  (>oii,  74 

Fed,  Olio.  There  seems,  however,  to  he 
no  valid  reason  why  the  master's  liahil- 
i'y  shoulil  not  he  placed  on  either  of 
th.''se   grounds. 

For  cases  denyinf;  a  train  despatcher 
and  a  tiallic  mana^rer  to  he  vice  jirinci- 
pals,  see  the  note  to  S  2(i,  ante,  ad 
finrni. 

(h)  r.mphiiirrK  in  charge  of  railirnt/ 
trai,is.~ln  t'hirniio,  M.  rf  St.  I'.  II.  Co. 
V.  AVw  (  ISS4t  112  V.  S.  377,  28  L.  ed. 
787,  5  Sup,  Ct,  Rep,  184.  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  rnile<l  Stales  held,  allirm- 
in2  (!S«ll  2  Mdraiy,  2:!5.  .1  fed  ,%44, 
that  a  loiiUiutor  is  not  a  fellow  servant 


L;ineer    in    respeet    to    the 
oper  riinniii!.'  orders  lo  tin 


of  the  4ni 
an<'e  of  pi 

yimer  of  his  train  (  llrailley,  Mallhew-, 
liray,  and  lll,iichf(ird,  .1.1.,  disseiilini;  ) 
The  ;;rouiicU  of  Ihe  ileeision  are  thus  ev- 
plained  hy  lield.  .1.,  who.  Iter  layiii;,' 
iloHii  I  hi'  ^'eiier.il  principle  staled  in  « 
5:12,  Kii/iii.  piiieii'did  thus:      ".V  eoniliic 

lor.  haxiiii,'  Il lit  ire  lontiol  and   in. in 

a;.'eiiieiii    of  a    railuay   Irain,  oiciipii.,  a 

\iiy  dillen'iit   po-ilion    fr the    iir.il,.' 

man,  Ihe  porters,  ami  other  siihonlinat  ^ 
I'liipli  yed.      Us    is,    ill    fact,    and    shinill 
be   tieatiil   as,    tin-   p'r<<'iial    repie-eni  . 
live  of  the  eorpor  it  ina,   for  whose   n,  _h 
fii-niv    it     is    respiiii-ihle  to  siihor.lji  .11  • 
servants.      Thi-    view   of   his    relation    1  . 
the  eorpor. it  ion  seems  to  iis  a  reason. iI-' 
and    just    om-.    ami    it    will    insure    ii:..i  ' 
care  in  the  seleelioii  of  ~ii,  h  a;;i  nis,  ,,ii  I 
thus   pive   ;;realcr    seiiiiity    to    the   -.  m 
ants  eniiayed   undir  liiiii    in   an  em|  !.  v 
ineiit  rci|iiirinp  the   utmost  vi;;il.iiii  !■  , H 
iheir   part,   and    prompt    and   iinhe-uji 
inj;  ohedience    to    his    orders.     The  iiiK' 
which  applies  to  siU'h  afreiits  of  laie  nil 
way  corp<iralion  imist   apply  to  all.    nl 
many   oorporafions    o|>irate    everv    .|i\ 
several  trains  over  hundreds  of  niili-.  ,ii 
jireat  distances  apart,  each  heiny  1111. 1. r 
theeontrol  ami  direction  of  a  eoinlm  t.  r 
specially  M|i|siiiiled  for  its  mami;.'cni(  iii 
We  knoM   from  the  manner  in  which  rail 
ways   are  o|ierateil   that,   suhjeel    to  the 
peneral  riih^  and  orders  of  the  directui^ 
of  the  companies,  the  conductor  has  en- 
tire control  and  mana;;emenl  of  Ihe  train 
to    which     he     is     as-iiiiied.      lie    .liieii- 
when    it    shall    start,  at     what   s|«vd  it 
shall  run,  at  what  stalii  ns  it  shall  stop, 
and  for  what  lenuth  of  lime,  and  every 
lhin;r    essential    to    its    successful    nioM' 
meiits,    and    all    |MrsoiH    I'lnploycd   on    it 
are  siil)je<'l   lo  his  orders.      In  no  pro|»i 
sense  of  the  term   is  he  a   fellow  servant 
with  the  lircman.  Die  hrakemi-n.  the  per 
Icrs,   and    the  enf.'ineer.     The   litter   aifi 
fellow    servants    in    tlie    running.'   of   tin' 
lr:;in    under    his    direction:    as   lo   Dieni 
and  the  Irain.  he  stands  in  the  place  of. 
anil   rejireseni*.  the  corporation.     .     .     . 
'Ilieie  are  decisions  in  tlie  courts  of  other 
-tales,   more  or   less   in   eonformily   with 
those  cited  from  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  re 
jectin;;  or  limit  in>;.  to  a  greater  or  Ic-s 
extent,  the  master'*  exemption  from  lia- 
hility  to  a  servant  for  the  negligent  con 
duct    of     his     fellows.     We   agree   witli 
them    in    holding — and   the   present   ca-e 
rc(|uires    no    further    decision — that   tlm 
conductor  of  a  railway  train,  who  icmi 
n>ajvis    its    moveiiient-,    .lire,-ts    vi  •!••••    i* 
shall   start,    at    what    stations  it  sliall 


I  r,:i51 


VKK  l'ltlX(  Il'ALMlll'-'rKST  ni'  |{.\NK. 


1523 


Htop,  Bt  uliat  -.jH'Ofl  it  -IkiII  run,  iiiid  hat 
thr  L'riiiT.il  iii.iiiii^'riiii'iit  III'  it,  ami  n>n 

trill  iiMT  till'  |li'l-<<illn  rlll|ili'Vi  il  ll|ii  11  It. 
ri>|>ri«i'iit»  tlif  riiiii|i!iiiy.  aiiM  tlirrrt'iup 
iliiit.  fur  iiijiirii-H  ii'iilliii){  friiiii  hi',  mi,'- 
lij.'iiit  arts,  till'  ('iiiii|iaii\  is  ri'-|ii.ii~ilile. 
If  ••iii'li  a  ('(iinliirlor  iliii's  not  n-prc -I'lit 
Ihi-  I'iiinpany,  tlit'ii  tin-  train  ii  ii|K'rati'(l 
»illiiiiit  any  rrprririilativi'  nf  it-  iiwii.r. 
Hilt  till'  lat^'st  ntliraiH'o  of  tlif  Su- 
liri'iiii-  (.'imrt  is  that,  iti  tin-  ali-i'iiri'  of 
I'viili'iicf  that  sjH'iial  ami  unusual  |>ii» 
IT'*  havp  ]m'n  rnnfrrrril  nixm  tin-  coii- 
iliulor  of  u  fri'i;;lil  train,  it  raiiiiot  Im 
hilil.  ns  niattrr  of  law,  that  li<>  is  a  vice 
priiicipiil  as  rc^'iirils  tin-  otlur  trainmen. 
\'ir  Hmiliiiid  II.  <'u.  V.  (  .</ir(/i/  i  1S!I!)) 
17,')  r.  S.  ;i2:i.  44  I..  I'll.  IHI,  20  Slip.  Ct. 
Hip.  S.'i  (I'limliKtor  iliil  not  pro|ii'rly  I'X- 
aniim^  ,i  train  at  a  plaro  wIiitu  it  wa.'t 
I'-'picially  liaMi-  to  linak  apart);  Har- 
lan. .J„  (lissontinj;.  This  Jcrisiim.  al- 
thou;;li  not  i'\pliiilly  ripmlrmnin^'  thr 
KosK  Cnsr,  niii-t.  xvi-  think,  Iw  n-yanlcil 
as  havinp  virtually  ovrrriili'il  it,  Thii 
cnnrlnsion  arrivcil  at  in  tin-  carlirr  ra>n 
was  di-ilared  to  liavi'  liii-n  liasi-il  on  cer- 
tain assumptions,  not  Imrne  out  hy  the 
I'viileni'i',  resiMK'tirii;  the  powers  and  du 
ties  <if  the  conduetors  of  freight  trains, 
iinil  to  be  inconsistent  lioth  with  the  rea- 
sonin;;  and  the  eonelii-iiiii  in  the  Itumih 
Cimr  i  18i),1)  140  V.  S.  .-illS.  .t;  L.  ed.  TVi, 
13  Sup.  Ct,  Rep.  !II4.  The  pri-eise  jmsi- 
tion  of  the  majority,  as  e\plained  tiy 
Shiras.  ,(.,  in  his  opiniun,  was  that,  as 
the  eviileiiee  merely  showed  that  the  iiey- 
li^i'nt  servant  wjis  a  freijiht  eondiietor 
I'Xereisin?  the  ordinary  powers  of  such 
an  empliiviv,  the  phiintiir  was  virtually 
.iskiny  the  court  to  declare,  upon  such 
nimiiicn  knowleil<.'e  ns  it  could  lie  sup- 
posed to  piw-ess,  that  the  eoiidiiilnr  wis 
a  vice  (irineipal.  This,  it  was  cmi^id- 
ored.  would  be  poing  further  than  was 
warrantable,  nlthouL'h  the  court  had 
t.ikcii  ujKin  itself  to  lay  this  down  in  llie 
Itiiss  Case.  The  doitriin'  that  a  comluc- 
lor  may  by  possibility  bo  shown  to  be 
the  head  of  a  department,  and  for  that 
iva-'on  a  vice  principal,  is  left  inlaet; 
liiit  it  is  very  dillieult  to  conceive  of  any 
»p''cilic  evidence  which,  after  this  deei- 
-ion.  would  lie  re;.'ariled  by  a  inuit  as 
>tronf;  enoujrh  to  ovi  reoine  the  |iiesump- 
tinn  that  he  is  a  mere  coservaiit  of  his 
aubdniinates. 

liy  the  court  of  appeals  the  I'mii-uit 
'Vim  has  been  viewed  a.s  having  absolute- 
ly overruled  the  ffos?  Case.  Sim  im  v. 
fhiuiil„rUn  (lilOO)  .51  L.  It.  .\.  .'ii:!.  tO 
''.  C.  A.  421,  100  Fed.  STS;  «;»,/„/  ^. 
Scuthern  P.  R.  Co.    (1900)   39  C,  C,  A. 


.■I.')!l,   IIM    I'd.   !I."|S:     If.,/,,,    V.    I   ini.il    r.   It. 

.1-  »;.  /.'.  <i).  (iiMiih   t.-i  ('.  r,  .\.  :mi.  iiiti 

led.  :i(l!l.  The  prut  il  imier,  tlieielure, 
should  bear  ill  mind  thil  the  dei  i-ioiis 
mentioned  in  the  n  niiiinder  nf  this  >uli 
i!i»  i-ioii  laniiet  any  Imip'r  lie  suf.  |y  i  iled 
in  a  Kederal  eiurt  as  pnei  dent-,  -up 
porting  the  spiiilie  theory  that  a  londiie- 
lor  i-,  .1  •  I' I'  piiiiiipal.  Itiil  .1-  liii^  a« 
the  I'liss  (',,'<  i-  tirlloweil  ill  I  lie  r  juris- 
ili<'tiiiiis,  IIk's,-  ilei  j.jiiiis  liaxe  nut  lust  all 
their  aiithurity,  ;'iid  it  would  be  iiiipiop- 
er  to  i^mre  llieiii  here. 

The    I'liHH   f'livc    was   followed    in    led 
eral  courts  as  to  the  relation  of  a   nni 
diletor  to  the  t  raiiiiiiiii   in  the  subjoiiied 
deeisiuns:       \i, /•(/,,,„    /'.    A".    Co.    v.    ('„,- 
iiiuiiKjh    (IS'.iJi    1  ('    C,  .\.  ;i.-)S,    ID  I  .  S. 
App.    I!I7,  ,)1    Ked.   .")17    (disobeilienee  to 
tele^"ap!iic  order  as  to  holilin;r  Iraiiii; 
(■„„„./,.,„  /'.  II.  fi,.  V.  ./,./,„s^.ll    ilHiili 
■i:>  \..  K.  A.  470,  »  f.  C,  A.  .■■|S7.  -.'Il  I  .  S. 
\pp.   .S.-),   01    I'eil.    7:!S    (sudden   si.irlina 
of  train   while  braUi man  w.is  in  a   pesi 
lion  of  daiKierl  ;  /  ,. ,u/i  /'.  It.  Cn.  v.  Cnl- 
I'liiliiii,   [\^'i:\)  0  (".  C.  A.  ■JO,-..  \i  \\  s. 
App.   t^^\.  ,"ili    Fed.   !HS    (di-i.l.e.lieiiie  to 
rule    rii|uiriiu;   eonduelor.    after    storm-, 
to  obtain    infuniiat ion    about   the   comli 
tion  of  the  track  at  frts|ueiit  interval- i  : 
.Yt,r^/i,r,i  /'.  II.  To,  \.  I'tiiriir  (IH<l,->i    1,1 

r.  c.  A.  r.-.',  '.'o  r,  s.  App.  .->s:i,  07  Kid. 

SSI  (rear  end  colli-iniil:  /'„,;.«/„/,■  v. 
\'iilh<r,i  I'.  U.  Co.  (ISS'.I)  42  l'"ed.  .IHIJ 
(demurrer  to  answer  sii-taiiieil  i  ;  Mix- 
yniiH  P.  II.  Co.  V.  7',.r„v  -l  /'.  R.  <•„, 
ilSHil)  ;iS  IVd.  810  itraiii  was  started 
while  biiikeniaii   was  tyiiij;  a  bell  cord  I . 

It  has  been  held  that  an  en','inier  in 
charge  of  a  train  diirin;:  the  ab-riiee  of 
tlie  eondiietor  so  far  repn-eiited  the 
ci'iiipany  as  to  have  th;>  power  of  waiv- 
injr  a  rule,  c\|iris-ly  a—eiiteil  to  by  a 
lo-akeni.'iti,  which  forbade  enterin'r  be 
tween  cars  to  couple  them,  wlieie  -iieli 
waiver  was  re(|iiired  by  a  siiiMen  ni't'es- 
sity  cans 'd  by  (lefi'<ts  in  the  leNir  and 
brake  of  the  eii^'iiie.  wliieh  prevented  the 
ensine<'r  froiii  eoiitrolliii;;  prope,  .y  its 
niovemeiits.  /,,,/,  ,/  v.  Illrlimniiil  rf  /*. 
K.  Co.  (lSlt.1)  oil  KihI.  41!), 

In  aniilher  case  which  may  fitly  be 
mentioned  in  this  place,  it  was  laid  duwii 
that  to  run  a  train  lowanis  a  hand  ear. 
after  wariiiiii.'.w  itlimil  keepiie.'  any  look- 
out ahead,  was  a  iieuhs''  ol  duty  on  the 
part  of  the  trainiiieii.  lor  whiili  tlie  rail- 
road company  was  liable  in  la-e  of  in- 
juries froiii  a  collision,  llomird  v.  Iti  la- 
tnirv  a  //.  riitinl  Co.  (18S!I)  0  L.  U.  A. 
75,  40  l-'isl.  !!),■).  This  decision  pioeeeiled 
on  wha!  I-  rnatiil'i -tly  a  mistaken  \  i.-w 
of  the  puriHjrt  of  the  Host  Case  (1884) 


IS2); 


MAM  KK  AXU  fSKllV  ANT. 


[ciur.  ixviu. 


112  U.  S.  377,  •.'«  I,,  nl.  787.  .'.  Siiji.  (t. 
Rep.  184,  iinil  of  llniis  v.  ('iniinl  \<r 
iniiiil  It.  to.  ilHHJi  a.'i  \'».  H4,  Vi  Am. 
Kpp.  .')!•<•.  On  III.,  luilliiirily  ot  lli« 
foriiMT  iNi-i'  it  \\ii«  ctiiitiiliTcil  tliat  tlii' 
dcfi'lliljlllt  UII.4  liitblu  fnr  till-  lli';.'lip'lirv 
of  till*  liMililiii'n.  )h'('iiii<c  tlicv  Mi'ti'il  fill 
it,  "in  till-  i\iTii«f  of  till'  runt  ml  yivm 
cviT  till'  iiimiiiii-iiln  iif  till-  train  "  I'tii- 
dp<-i«ii>ii  in  Hit-  IntliT  imsi-,  tliiit  tnirk 
nit'n  ri'|iri— rnli'il  (lir  ii,iii|Miiy  ifi  ^inli  .i 
■criMi?  id  not  to  111'  lo-ii  \iint<  of  tlio 
ronipiiny,  \m>  >ii|ipiiM'<l  to  iinoKf  llir 
infcii'iii  I-  f!iiit  till'  tniinnii'n  wvrv  not 
coscrviints  of  tin-  trinkini-n. 

The   diH'liini'   of   the    Ititsii    Cnsr    ntill 
previiiN  in  sonic  Hiiitc<,  aoonlin;.'  to  tin- 
nio^t    ri'ri-nt    iliii-iiin-,   on    tlii>    ■.iiliji'il 
In  Von  Ainhiii,/  \.    I  iri.xburi).  S.  d  I'.  It. 
Co.    {lHS.->)    :I7    I.a.    Ann.    «.V).    r,r,    .\ni. 
R<>p.    8U     (truin    run    at    uncliii-    »piMil 
ncros*  liiiilj;!'  in  course  of  con-lruitiim  ) . 
tlip    court   said:      "The  company    is   iv 
sp<in.'<ilile   for   the   other   ranM-,    for   tin- 
conductor  wai  the  company  on  that  ilay 
and  for  that  occaxiiin.    lie  had  i'\rlu>i\i' 
pnniniund  of  that  train, — was  to  tin-  en 
gincer  hi«  nia-ter  for  the  time,— and  diil 
not  Ml   niucli    re|>rr>i>nt    the  company   ax 

{H-rsonate   it.      lie   «a.<   the  company   in 
loilily  form,  with  authority  tocommanil, 
and   |)o\\i'r   to  enforce.     Tin-   prrtcn>ioii 
that  no  n'sjKin.'iliility  can  attach  to  the 
company    cMcpt     when     it    is     present 
thriMijjh    its   chief  ollicers   would    practi 
cally   relieve   it   from   ull    re<pon»iliilily. 
With    its   president    in    Xcw    York,   and 
it)*   directors   cipially    remote,    no   possi 
hility  of  fastening;  upon  it  any  lialiility 
'vhatever    would    exist.      No    other    doc 
trine  than  that  it  is  prr~rnt   in  the  fn-r 
son  of  tliiise  of    itH  employees   who,   for 
the    time,    oisrate    it,    would    f;ive    the 
smallest   modicum   of   prt>tection    to    the 
puhlic." 

To  the  same  plTi>et  see  Wilixin  v, 
Lovisianii  if  V.  W  .  I{.  Co.  (ISnO)  ,51  T,n. 
.Ann.  li;>.t.  ■>:>  Si.  !Mil  (excessive  sjus'il, 
considering  the  character  of  the  track; 
loj;  of  wihuI  fell  otf  and  derailed  train)  ; 
Dohson  V.  Sew  OilriuLs  <f  W.  fl.  Co. 
(IIIOO)  .52  La.  Ann.  1127,  27  So.  670 
(conductor  of  work  train  left  it  in 
charge  of  the  cn<.'in(>er  onlv)  :  Spt  nccr  v. 
ttrooLa  (1895)  97  Oa.  68l".  25  S.  K.  480 
(conductor  Bi;;naled  engim-er  to  back  a 
ca'  prematurely,  so  that  tlie  plaintifT.  a 
brakeman,  was  cruslied ;  deciilcd  inde- 
pendently of  the  Georgia  statute)  ;  Hunt- 
aright  v.  Northrn.ilirn  U.  Co.  (  l,SH(i) 
25  S.  C.  128  (failed  to  procure  suilahlo 
louplinp  appliances  from  .i  st.i.k  ^up 
plied  by  the  company)  ;  Colemnu       ll'i'i- 


mniilli.H.  C.  if  ,1.   K.  Co.    (ISSfl)    28  S.  ('. 

44tt,  )io  \ni.  Kcp.  'illl  (m-Klip-nt  adju-i- 
n-enl  of  switchi.  ,\s  to  thene  fSiaitli 
t'liiolina   case-,   see   chapter    XXX..    p<i«f, 

In  V'ir^'iniu  and  Wi-st  Virttinia  tin- 
Kimn  Caw,  thoutjh  once  followed,  is  im 
lon;:er  acciiited  n»  an  authority.  Se 
chapter  XXX..  yiiHt 

In    .Miilii^aii   a    railway  (y)in|Miny   li  i- 
liH-n  held  lialile  for  the  ni-flli^fcnci-  of  Ih,. 
lireman   of    «   ^jravil  tr.iiii.      t'.rivl.^im   i 
Uiliiaiil.ir.    I,.   S.  ,(•    11.    H,   Co.    (jHiHi 
m:|   Mi.h,  •J.sl.  47  N.  \V.  2;i7.     Hut   In  ,.■ 
the  injury    was  the  re<ult    of  riinipl\  m.' 
\iith    an   order   to  do    mirk    oiitsii|i,    i;„, 
-cope  of  the  servanft  employniiiit.   .iimI 
cisi-s  of   this  cla-s   stand  on   ji    iM'iiili-ir 
loot  in;;.      S«v    t    4II-).    aiili-.      .\s  ali,,i.!i 
noted  in  t  52*^    nnlc  I,  sulid.    (Ii),  .v»/r.i, 
a   conductor  is.   under  ordinary  cirruin 
stanies.  a  mere  fellinv  -ervani  of  '  i-  -iiK 
orili.iates   in   .Mii'lii;;an. 

It  is  held  that  the  principle  of  tli^ 
UtiSH  Ciivi  is  not  applicable  as  lietwiiri  a 
ninductor  of  a  work  train  ami  a  laliunr 
upon  such  train,  where  the  road  iiia-ur 
i.s  in  cliar;.'i-  of  such  train,  diieits  ji, 
movement^,  and   has  control   of  all   |iir 

sons  employed  u|>on  if.  incliidin;,' tl n 

diictor  and  enyiruer.  Sorllnni  I'.  /,'. 
Co.  V.  *.'mi7/i  I  IH1I4)  8  C.  I'.  .\.  til!:),  l.", 
r.  S.  App.  294.  .'■>«  Fed.  flit;!  Icolli-i.,!, 
alli;.'i-d  to  he  due  to  w:'nt  of  pr.i|>  r 
(la;;;jin',') .  Compaic  Cliiiniin  rf  1.  H,  i  ,, 
V.  \l<Uo,i,ild  (1S.S7)  21  ill.  App.  l(i;i. 
i  524,  note  1,  suhd.   (c).  .iiijini. 

In  .Mrtail  V.  Siiiilhiii,  /*.  Co.  (|s!i:;; 
.\riz.;  33  I'ac.  S'il  i  hurried  oidir  in 
Ket  on  to  a  work  train),  it  was  luM 
that  the  Cfmductor  of  a  work  tinni 
was  a  vice  principal  as  to  a  .si-ction  i.n. 
man  traveling;  hy  the  train;  hut.  on  i 
rehi-iiiin;;  of  the  ca-e,  they  were  li.  Id  i.i 
be  fellow  servants,  for  the  nasuii  Ih.it 
they  were  both  under  the  conliol  el  .i 
su|K'rior  on  the  «aine  train.  Umilhi", 
I'.  Co.  T.  ileum   llHIHi;    .Vriz.)    44    I'm 

:i02. 

That  a  conductor  may  be  a  dcpail 
iTieiilal  vice  [irincipal  as  to  a  sirva'' 
only  tcmiMjrarily  under  his  control  u 
reco;;nizcd  in  a  case  where  it  »a-  h. !  I 
tliat  a  foreman  of  brid<,'e  c,i.r|»Mtii-  v\ 
the  employ  of  a  railroad  coiiipaiiy,  in 
ridinj{  to  his  work,  helongs  to  tlic  triin 
and  is  in  the  train  dcpartnu-iit,  so  a-  i" 
render  the  condiutor  in  charge  of  tin 
train  a  vice  principal  rather  than  a  f.l 
low   seivant.  althoufih  in  f;oiny  iiixm  lli. 

train    ,uch  foreman  acts  under  tin h  r 

of  his  immediate  supirior.  Xnitli'ii'  /' 
l>'.  Co.  V.  liiiiloii  (ISiUi  \Z  V.  ('.  .\.  ::";, 
29  U.  S.  App.  88,  04  Fed.  5ii,l   (rork  in 


I  5JS1 


VUK  l'KI.\tU'Al-.sim'— TKST  tM'   i; ANK. 


lAJ 


A  (iiiinpt  wii«  Ipii-i'ImmI  liy  .thr  iirm  of  a 
ilmirk  iiii|iri'|"  riv  li'ft  nii-til.  miil  tfU 
1)11  tliu  plaimill  I . 

Iliit  ihv  ilnclriiir  nf  tlir  l(<i>s  <'iive  will 
Milt  ri'iiil)  r  till'  i'<>iii|iaiiy  liublt;  fur  I  In* 
iifj,'li).'iiu«  o(  till!  diiuT  ut  ail  miiiiif  not 
ilrawint'  .i  trnin,  who  liui  ini  -iilii'iiliii.ilt" 
I'xccpt  a  flrrniiin  llumitil  v.  Ihnur  it 
//.  «.  It.  Cu.  (ISHl!)  Jd  K<mI.  H.»7i  evi-n 
thiiuKli  tlio  I'luiiiiKT  in  •mli  <m*«  imiy  be 
lalM  a  •'oiiiliK'liir.  and  li.itc  full  cliai'k'e 
..f  till'  i'iii,'ini>.  nullum, II  U  '<  A'  t'u. 
V  H«M//i  (lS!i:i)  1  111  I  .  S.  -MM,  .17  L,. 
..I.  772,  in  Sii|».  Ct.  Iti'ii.  !tU  mi.t1.iIi-<1 
111  (IcIiviT  riinninj/  cmliTi  to  cnjiiniM-r) . 

r<mi|niri*  thf  rulin).'  that  thu  diivrr  i>( 
.1  '■vvllil  fii;;iiie,"  hut  atlaihcj  to  a  train, 
c«  a  fi'llciw  MTViint.  and  not  a  vice  |>rin- 
ii|Kil.  of  a  hrakcnian  upon  anothir  train 
with  which  thi'  I'nyiiH-  pollidis  hy  na^iu 
of  «uch  I'ti'.'ini'i'r'-*  ni'«lii;cnci'.  Ihnliii  v. 
Vor  »oiA,  \.  //.  it  U.  It.  Co.  (lH!t7t 
•jO  R.  1.  1.30.  :i7  Atl.  (!7ti  (jdaintiir's 
iimnwl  had  taken  the  M|in'ial  |iiiint  that 
uhiTc  an  vniiinriT  \*  a|ipi)ititid  to  •Con 
iliirt"  i  train  a;,T<i' ihly  to  r.|>c<ial  orders 
ir  yiMiiral  riilr-.  he  in  not  .i  fellow  >el\ 
,iiit  of  »<'ivaiit-<  on  his  own  or  other 
liain^t) . 

Nor  Aoe»  it  follow  that  bewiiiw'  a  nile 
of  the  eonipany  reipiiri'S  section  men  to 
litiiy  eondiKtor"  in  fiiUherin;.'  the  pa^»- 
-age  of  trains  delayed  by  defceti  in  the 
liaek.  the  rondiicior  ix  i co-l  il  \ili  d  a 
\i(e  principal  a^  to  the  section  men  in 
-luh  a  -en<e  a~  to  rentier  the  company 
liable  for  the  condiiclor'^  failure  to  w.irti 
one  of  thoKo  section  men  i>f  the  danpT 
that  a  hluff  overhanyiiiff  the  track  may 
full.  Sliiiinn  V.  \iiilluin  I'.  It.  I'li. 
il8!t!l|    38  C.  C.  A.   1.51,  07   Fed.  J.V"). 

A  loniluctor  ia  not  a  vice  principal 
except  a-^  'o  wrvunt"  uinler  hi-  cnMiiol. 
Yo/(/i.r»  /'.  R.  Co.  V.  fuiiiiT  (IH'.Kii 
1(17  U.  S.  4S,  42  L.  ed.  71.  17  Sup.  Ct. 
Kep.  741;  \uillii-ni  I'.  II.  r„.  v.  .Unmj 
(IHflJ)  11  C.  C.  A.  (i.1.  27  V.  S.  App. 
■j:!S.  63  Fed.  114.  The  latter  ease,  in 
holding  tliat  it  is  only  under  the  Mon 
tana  (.tatute  that  a  conductor  is  a  vice 
principal  as  to  men  on  another  train, 
-iipcr-edes  the  rulin};  to  thi iilrary  ef- 
fect in  Itngsihilc  v.  Xurllniti  I'.  R.  Co. 
(I8Sr>)  42' Fed.  3^3.  A  dillercnt  prin- 
ciple has  heen  applied  in  Ohio,  under  tlie 
superior  se.vaiit  doctrine.  Siv  H  514, 
xupra. 

Fur  the  North  Carolina  ca-es  on  con- 
liuctors,  see  §  524.  note   1.  sulid.    (c). 

le)    /.'m/i/oi/r  c.s'    .•tiipriiifiiiin     llir    on- 

ilruetion    ami    mninlrtnincc    of    niilinni 

Iriiil.H    iinii    .sinni  III!  s.  —  A     foriio  in    of 

railv\  IV  con-tructioii  is  a~sunied  lo  lie  a 

Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 15. 


vii-fl  prini'ipal  in  Cuiinr  r.  finun  P.  R. 
(';.  I  lHS:i|  133  I  S.  37(t.  33  I.,  ed.  Il.'.l. 
10  Sup.  Ct.  Kep.  3S2  llleylip'tlie  allepd 
t«a«  I tu-in;r  ordcrl.  His  |rr<s'isi.  (unc- 
tion- aie  net  apparent  fiom  the  rcpoil. 
Kmplo,(4'rs  hil\e  aUo  been  held  lllldit 
foi  tin-  n.';.dii;<ii  e  of  the  follow  in);  iin- 
ploVee- 

\  -u|  trinlenili'iit  of  eon-triiclion  on  a 
railway.  hniisus  I'.  R.  I'n.  \  l.illlr 
(l'<77i  19  Kan.  2117  (defective  nia- 
cliiiiepy  furni-bed  ) . 

A  -Opel  inlenclellt  ipf  the  Work  of  evter 
sion  ot  a  rnili'o.ol,  wlui  h.i-  foienien  .ind 
workmen    under    liini    wlnan    he   emplov- 
aml  di-clii>r;:i>s  at   his  plea-ure.  and  wlio 
h.i-   control    of  till    cars,  linds,  and    ma 
cliinerv.  with  "lull  di-cretion  to  control 
and  si'ii«T\i-e."     Ih  1,111.  S.  I',  dc  /'.   R. 
Co.   V.    Ihisiiill    (IHSiti     12   Colo.   .121),   21 
Pac.  70S   (control  of  small  llat  car  with 
out  brake  was   lo-t   on  a  jirade  owiie.'  to 
the  fact  that  a   workninn,  in  compliann' 
with    the  -uperinteiiilcni's  older-,    lifted 
a    -lick    which    was    used    to    >;on  rn    its 
s|Ked). 

A  general  foreman  of  track  layers, 
under  the  supi'riiitcnilent  of  con-l ruc- 
tion, having  the  power  to  hire  and  ili-- 
charL'e  hands,  nnd  -u|»'riiiiendin;;  their 
lalioi-  in  cuM-tructin;;  a  railroad.  r,,l.,. 
niilo  Miill'ii.l  n.  r„.  V.  nllriin  (H!tn 
Itl  Colo.  21!l.  27  Pae.  701  (overload.  I 
steel  car  was  der.iiled:  ni  ;;li;;enic  m 
re^rard  lo  transportation  of  sidioi.li 
iiale-  I , 

The  ;:eni  ral  ayint  in  char^.T  of  the 
trick  liviii;;,  bavini;  live  sani/s  of  mi" 
under  him.  each  -uliject  to  its  particu- 
lar foniiiaii.  whom  he  h.is  aulleiiily  lo 
hire  and  di-chari;e.  and  havinj;  -upicuie 
coiitrid  of  his  di'partment  in  the  .ili-iiice 
of  the  ^'eiieial  -U|m'I  inteinlent.  I'l.l'iiiiiln 
Mlillii,;!  /.',  Co.  V,  Siiiilun  (|S!C_M  17 
Colo.  .'lOl,  30  Pac.  210  (ilcrailiii.  lit 
cau-cd  bv  the  ni;jli;;ent  manner  in  which 
the  wiirk  was  ilirected  to  he  done:  -aiiie 
accident  as  I'lilnrnilo  \l ullmiil  R.  '  ■■.  v. 
iriliiiii  (ISltl)  l(i  Colo.  219,  27  Pac. 
701). 

The  foreman  of  a  railroad  coiii|i:niy 
to  whom  is  ilele;;,ited  atisolulc  nuth.itify 
and  control  of  an  undertaking;  to  iliar 
awiy  ililirin  nyain-t  one  of  the  com- 
pany'.s  bridL'es,  and  to  call  out  employees 
to  assi»t  ill  that  jiurpo-e.  and  "command 
■where  they  should  work  and  whal  tiny 
should  do."  \iill  V.  I.Diihiille,  .V.  1.  <C- 
r.  R.  (•„.  (isni)  120  Ind.  2(10,  2S  \.  K. 
183,  (ill  (while  jdaintiir's  dnedent  wis 
at  work  anion;;  driflwuod,  the  foreman 
suddenly  -t  irti-.1  i  ';.  .  .'.ir.r.iivn,  the  r.  -iilt 
bi-in;;  tli.il  oiii:  of  the  ro|K.o  jiassinj;  from 


Ijii 


y,  \»ri:i!  \m»  >-i:i!\  .wi". 


[i  II  VP.    X\\  111, 


w  • 


Jill  ■ 

Ml 


|i ' 


It  •!>  till-  (Iriflu.wiil  wi«  i.  rUiil  fn  Ml  it" 
pliiic.  ,iiii|  -liiick  jiliiiii  iir'<  (li-H.  I' lit. 
"Till'  full  iihlll."  iliiil  llii-  iiMlll.  "Ir.  v.i'a 
rr<|iiii<'l  'li  I  i"liiit   fo  ili>  :i  iiMliin  I  I  II.'. 

Mhil.'    ihill    llllllu    i*    li'ilir    il.."'-,    Ilr    •    1' 

lr-»l.v.  Ii\  .iiii'thi'i  ioiiiiii.iimI.  |iiiI«  Ii  i  '  . 
U.nll.il   pc  111.  iiinl   c,ill-i-»   l.i>  iliMlli'i 

.\     fiiiiiciii     li.iviiiK    i\.  Iii«ivr     .  Ii    I '/I" 
•  nil   iniilnil  «.(  Ilir   »n|k   ii(  1..11-I11I1  '   11  ■ 
a  tiiiiM'l.  Mini  inilliKiity  til  <li|-<'.  .   Ill      'il- 
l-Ill [iluvri-H    iiiiilri    liiiii    wlii'f    tlii'V    •      'J 
«<i|k.      I.uiiisnlli ,    \.    i.   li    I       I'.   '■'      . 
(Iinhani    (H!HI|     124    Iiiil.    '«'>.   2t    \     I'.. 
liilH    I  |>liiiilill.     wliili'    »"iMii;,'    in     tli 
place    to    hIiIiIi     lii'    ";i»    .i"«it'Mri' 
-Iriiik   liy   f.iMiii'.'  liiiiliir^,   "mi'   'i;        •<• 
lulu;,'    i>f    iii-.ijliiii'iil     ■"tri'iiylli  '      ' 

(.iiMiriiiitly   l.tiiii'il.   Ii>  till-  kiii.u  ' '!   '       ' 
till'    fiiniiiiiii    111    ri'|i;iir",    wlm    v 
jlWiiri"    iif    I  III'    r\i»lrllil'    <if    11    il.l, 
tliirk   ill  till-  riiifi 

Till'  -.lllMTJlltrlHli'tlt   of  llir  iiai"tr       'n'ti 

of   ii   riiil«;iv   tiiniii'l.      Titsur    \.    1,     1, 
fiinrr   d    n.    I!     I'll.    (  IH>»in     1 12    '    '      • 
.'.li   .\iii.    Ui'p.   :il().   3    .Ml.   11117    I   -  • 

killiil    liv   i'\|>l<i"iiin   »f   ilviMiiiil' 
Zilli'  |il;iriHl    1i"»  ('li>M'  t.l  llli"  work 

Of   till-   ri'iii  iliiiiii,'  iliii-ioii-'   ill  ' 

lialiilily  wii"  iiii|M.Mil  mi  tin-  iim-ii  I  'r  | 
(111'  lli'jli-ill -1'  of  till'  illlirilll-l  llr-ii;li.l  I, 
tlio-i'  ilirliliil  liy  till'  (ill  nil  iimrl  ■  i\' 
|mm1"  iiir  of  iiiori'  til. Ill  (I  ill. (fill  .111. 1.'. 
ity  iiiiilir  till'  iiioic  Hunt  ili'<i"ii  n"  of 
till-  Sii|>iinii'  (^lll^l  of  tho  liiili'il  ^■t.lt^1. 
.\iiolliir.  tlie  Nil)iii-ka  oni'.  ns  i'  iiiia 
nati'"  (loin  a  »lal<'  in  wliirli  tln'  Mii|Hrior 
wivant  iloctiiiii  i~  arii'|iti'il  I -ci' >iiIm1.  I>. 
siijirit.  ami  rlia|'li'r  XXX..  /lo.v/ )  \*  of  iiii 
pai  liinlar  "i):;iiiliiaiii'i'.  Tlie  otliiTs  |-oli- 
alily  ;;o  imiiii'r  III. ill  iiio-t  <  I  tin'  nuni" 
wliicli  nii.l  tliiit  ilmliiiio  «(iiilil  at 
pn-i'iit  III'  williiiy  to  I'Slrnd  tlii'  in  -l"'r'» 
i.'-|.iiii'*il.ilit,v.  A-  to  the  .Mi.lii^!.iii 
<'.i»r".  Mi:  also  till'  pill  I'llilii,'  sirtion. 
ad  liiiiiii. 

A  road  iiia"li'r.  Atrhisiiii.  T.  if  N.  F 
R.  Cn.  V.  Wilfioii  (\H'M)  \  C.  C.  .\.  ^rt. 
4    r.    S.    .\pp.    ••:>.    )S    Ki'.l.    ."i7     l-i'ction 

liainl  killiil  l!iioii;.'li  II \i  liinnin;.'  of  a 

wiiikiiiL'  r.ir  n|>oii  wliirli  lu'  was  imi 
(;a';i'il.  Iiiiiin-o  of  lln-  ilifiitivo  cnnstriir- 
tioii.  uiiili'V  till'  "ii|»'i  intriiili'iici'  of  tin' 
mail  ina-liT.  of  11  ti'in|«irnry  trark 
ariiiipil  a  wnikl  :  '/7io»i/iv'/«  v.  I'hiviuin. 
U.  A  St.  /'.  /i'.  fo.  (IHX:!)  4  Mil'i'aiy. 
li'Jil.  14  Ki'il.  'itU  lofili'r  to  ;.'0  into  plain 
of  niMi-iial  ilaiii.'i'r) .  .V"  it  wa'*  i\ 
pii'»-!v  lii'ld  in  iliirliii  v.  Wc/mm/h.  V  .  «l 
S.    '■'.'11.   Co.    (1H!)7I    Ifil!   L'.   S.  .'tim.   41 

h.  111.  in.-ii,  17  Slip.  n.  ru'p.  iioii.  tiiit 

(1  ili\i~ioiial  roail  iiia<ti>r  \va~  not  a  vi<  1' 
priinipal.  tlir  aiitlionli  of  llii'«i'  rax'-i 
can  bu  suM'il  uiily,   if  ut  all,  by  umiuiu- 


iiiif  '«lia(  ttip  rcfxirt  ili"'«  tiot  "li  1 
i'IimiIn  I  lliat  till'  ili>lliii|ii>'iit  «.i"  tl'i  ..1  11 
iral    i<  .III   111  i-li'r  of  tlii>  1  iiiiri-  r<'>  I 

\    iiiiil    iii.i^tiT    I  not    -I, I'll    wliillur 
ili\  1-1.  ii.il  or  yiiirr.il  I .     «'"'•'    -.N',  /'mi' 

1/  ,1    1/    /.'.  (■.,,  I  i-is.-ii  .'II  \iiiiii   >:,.  :i 

\  \\  .'111  Iplaiiitiir  Mil"  -it  .It  Ml! 
I'll  iiiiiLT  .m.iy  till'  ililiii\  «if  II  liiiiiii 
•  Ii  pot  liiiililin;.'.  uillioiil  propi'f  piii m 
I  lull"    I  I'itr.f   takrli    for    111"    "afrtyi.       V 

'11   till'    I'llliiiM   of   tlll-i'   I'lllploM'l'"   III   il 

•iiidin.iii'-    ill    MiiiiH'-iila,    -I'l-   I'liipi    1 

I    lln  l'*ii'iial    iikid    iiiii»ti  r        llaii    • 
\       'Il  dull.     I.      il      V.     It.    «'l<.     I  IHillll      ;'i 
M  Kill.  7  I.    I!.  .\.  ti'-M.  44  N.  W    loit 

...    I.lil i   J  I.  iln/i  I. 

>      a-«i-t  lilt   ro.iil  ina"ti'r.      I'li-mr  s 

/        'inn  '•    /,',  I'll    (  IHM'ii  !i:i  Mi.-ti.  :iii'. 

r  l(.   .A.   liilii.   .-i.'l   N.   W.  .•1!I7    loiil  I 

1    '  'ip  rail-  frail   iinniny  ran.      \-  'i 

two    .\li  lii;.'an    la-r-.    -im'    {)    ■■    '■ 

iri'iir"  Mv  of  II  ;{iavi'l  trim 

I-  1  ,       liind  iindir  to-    in 

ilioii.    and    ."ulijii''     '..    hi 

•  ,11  I'.  It.  I'll.  V.  /)'.l(^■  I  N'l; 

.1        .  I.'l.   70  \     W.    fi    i-iiililn,     ii.p 

I  in  liy  iirdt'r  of  fmi'iiian  tlin  a 

pla  .iin"l  a   liraki'). 

"  '  11.  11  .  rliaryi'  of  a  pili'  drinT 
uiili  fiiM  'illiorily  to  liiivr  it  ri'p.iin  I 
ulu'ii  out  I  I  rfp.iir.  iiiid  to  liir>'  ami  ili- 
ili.ilyo  1h.'  .l.v\.      Srhilll:  V.  fhirmv.    !/ 

a  SI.  I'.  It  <■„.  im7!t)  4s  \\i-.  .'i:,-,,  i 

\.  \\ .  ;!!i!i  it.iiliiii'  to  ri'p.iir:  Imt  pii--i 
Illy  tlii"  la-i'  Ha-  iiiti'iidi'il  lo  1 1 -t  on  lu, 
coiiri'ptioii  fliat  till-  iii'i;liu<'iiri'  allru'ii 
«iii»  till'  liri'aili  of  a  noii  drlri.'alili'  duly 

A  fol'i'lll.lll  of  a  l/ail;;  of  Ihi'||I\  iml 
i'ii'_'ai;nil  ill  I  akin;;  down  a  -Ind  -l.iiiilin,' 
lii'lwri'ii  railroad  trnik".  I'li  1  •  Imifl.  i' 
r  if-  .S7.  /..  /.'.  I'll.  V.  Itiiiiiii  ils(i:!.  r, 
(',  ('.  A.  1  f2.  is  r.  S.  App.  10.  .Ml  I  111 
80t  I -iiliordinati'  put  to  work  in  1  i!i" 
p-rini-  pl'ii'  willioiit  pro|M'r  piii'.iiiiiuii- 
to  piiii.it    liini  liiiiiL.'  taki'Ml. 

(ill     SiljH  rii^ilifl   I  inlihilliin    ill    lilihiilii 

iinnl",  ill /ml  I.  lie-  111  Mii'lii^^.in  a  \.iri| 
inastiT  who  liiifi  and  ili-i  liar;."  -  'In 
yard  liaTuN,  and  ilini't"  and  a--if,'n-  ilii  ir 
lalioi-.  is  tlio  ayi'iit  of  tlic  .innpinv  in 
tlii'-i'  i.-|»'<t«  as  wi'll  as  in  llir  funii-li 
itw;  ft*  proper,  siiitaldi'.  iiinl  safe  ajipli 
anil-  for  tlii'ir  lalmr.  I.nnl,  v.  rAn  ■"»'■ 
.(  II  .  If.  It  I'D.  I  IH'llt  SI  Miih  -.'sii. 
17  v.  W.  .")T1  (knew  of  .Irl.i  I  in  rnjiiii'. 
anil  iiiroiiipi'lriii'y  of  finiiiaii  to  li.inilli' 
il  ). 

Till'  sanii'  iloitrino  lins  Imi'ii  applii'il  liy 
two  I'l'drril  loiirts.  f;/7i((  \iiilliiiii  I! 
ri..  \ .  Mil.ii'nihiiii  I  Is'i.'ii  17  <■  i'.  \ 
330,    44    I..    S.    A|ip.    200,    70    I  i.l.    000 


"  im 


«  .vi-,| 


M(  »;  |'i!!\(  II'M.SHIP— TI>T  in   \.\S\\. 


l;.."> 


(vuirliii.  •!  ••nliTp.l  til  ii.»  ill  fiMlivf  '•kill* 
III!  liM  liiiu  >i  nil  I  ;  Hifi'ln  V,  Uiiiiic- 
<(/. /ii  i(  SI.  I..  A-  (■.,.  ilHSMi  III  Ki-<l. 
I'l.'iT    iiiiiItT  u'in-n  in  tniknn;  ii|>  Inlii*). 

Hut  Ihi-i-  i>i-«".  art-  i tli;4ii  iliMilMfiil 

la"  iiiiili-r  111.-  ii.riil  ,1,1  i.i.iii-«  iif  lln'  -ii- 
|.|TIIH'  I'Mll  I.     Si- K  .^4!l,  /«■«/ 

Ih  l.iMii.iiiiiu  ii  v.irii  miKlfr  in  lii-M  In 

U-    II     \li,-    |ll  Itli'ipill         Mlllniir    V.     /'.  I  I 

,1   /*.  /.'.  <■<..   ilS'iMi   .'lit  \m     \iin.  Jilii,  J  •• 

».l,  -Jill  (f;llll-.|  ti>  Miillf>  'mill  il(- 
-|.il<lii|-    tli.il    iir-.    tiiiil    Iii'iin    l.-U    III    II 

■  I  IIIL"liill-    |lii<tlil>M  I  . 

Till-    >ii|i.iiiilt-iii)<-Ml  iif   tlir    li<>r«<'   ill- 

ii|liiiii,l    iif   II    ilii'  riiil»i  ly    ciHiilHMiv 

Mj-i  |HMj<il)l\  ri-t.'iii.  -.1  11-.  ,1  \'ur  priiiri 
|i.il   III   ItiHifi  V.  /'i   fh     III.   TniiiMii    I'l,. 

!S!t.')l     II    MilC,    :i-JS,    ^li    \,    ^       >'ll|l|l.    SIHI; 

Un'    tlii'ii'  till"   m-yliyi'iiri'    «ii»    ill    riyilil 

n  il»ii  (iliii-i-  111  will  k    iijiior  III  ;i  iliiiiyi  r 

i»   cinilitii'iu    nil  I.    iiiiiii-.ivi'r.    tin-   yiii 

nil   tiMiiu^'«-r  liud   iiI-k>  Im><-ii   nutitli-il   ul 

till-  •      (.-rt. 

(i-     Sii/t^  ri  i\in*7  r»ifth>iir*n  in  tht    nti 

'  litiiiiftil    ilt'/Mirht'f'nlit    o''    niilirititt.       \ 

lilwav  niirpiinx    i-i    ri'-).iiii«llili-   fur   tin- 

ir;:lip-iii.-  iif  II  tiiii«lir  iiuiliiiiilr  liminu 
'    iitnil  iif  till-  whiili'  iiii-i'liiiiiiciil  ili'|i;ii( 

Mini  iif  ii  riiiKvav  riiiii|Kiii\ .  lUiihh.i^ 
V  fl>. ,1(111  .(  \.  11.  It.  rii.  I  lS7.-,i  ;i 
\\  i«  2^!>  iili'fi-rf  ivp  <"nKin<"  iiijni  I 
-vitiliiiiiiii :  rii«i-  |Mi->-.|lily  n-l*  on  fni 
lat  iir-.'li^ri'nri-  was  tin-  lin-mh  of  a  n-u 

li'li't'alili-  ililly) -.  \rir  )r,r/,-,  /..  A.'.  i(  II 
/,■     Cii.    V.    /(.■//     (  ISHdl     112    Ha.    JIMi      I 

\tl.  .lO  I  .-illiiHiil  ii  pijir  til  ri-inain  »  i. 
It  wa<  ilanyrriHis  to  ini-ii  *'n  rari  |»a--iit  • 
mil'  r  it  I  t    T'liiliir  v.   I' ■  unsiitlr  if  7     II 

i;    ■',.  I  ms'.h  121  Inii    12).  i;  i.,  i;    \ 

'''*!.  22  \.  K.  STii  f|ilaiiiliir  huh  i-hl-il'i-I 
ill  till-  Miiik  cif  iriiiiiviiij."  till-  ki-y  I't'  111  ■ 
ri]iializi-r"  of  a  liM-onintivi-.  iiiiili-i  tin 
iii:i-li-r  iin-rlianii''-»  iliri-i-timi.  hIh-m  iIh 
l.itli  r  m  <.'li;:i'ntly  pullnl  tin-  i>i|iiall  i  r 
lilt  iif  iti  jilaci-  MO  tliat  it  ii-ll  on  lli 
I  hiinliir). 

It   li'>  iiNn  lii-i'n  hi-l<l  tlial    a   fiiiiiiaii 
'f  rir  f|iaiii'rs  iit   tin-  ^'inii.il  -Imp-  ii 

■  1  r,iilu;t\  fninpaiiy,  who  i-»  kiinvMi  a-*  tin- 

ivrrck  nia-ti-r"  of  tin-  mail,  iiiil  \\\n 
lia-*  I'Mtiri'  i-ontrol,  «li<-n  hr  ■.mi-s  lo  a 
«nrk.  iif  all  en;.'iiyi-<l  tln-n-in.  iiiclinlinu. 

■ UL'    ollii-r-t.    -i;;-!i    ;;rlli-nil    nlliifr-    a- 

llii'  ruail  miLotiT.  is  a  viii-  ]>iiniipal. 
Iti.niniitn  V.  itmiiha  i(  XI.  I..  I'.  Co. 
'l>'Hli  41  I■^^l.  litiT  (-<-i'lioii  li.iiiil  in- 
iiiiiii  liy  di'fixlivp  tooNi.  r.riHi-r.  J., 
Ili-iii;.'lit  tln>  oiii  iini-itiinii-  ii-mIim-iI  the 
/I'l/vv  r  iv<-  rontivilliii);.  Sliira-.  .1..  con- 
-i'l.inl  tliat  any  <-iiiplii,M  i-  liavin^  the 
I'luir  i.f  I'onti'iil  anil  iliri-i-tion  wa«  a 
•-i.-.  iriii.  ipal.  .n.  :  In.:  liu-  li--i  of  re- 
■I'  ■i-iliility  wa-i  tn.l  vliitlii-r  flu-  npfiM- 
^'iiii  iiiiployot-  \\a-  .il    I'll'   lii'ud  of  some 


n-iii^ii/i'il   ili-i'iiliiii'iit   »<f  (Iir  t-ii.lnr-'- 

'IIU'.    I-   nll.iil'ly    not    I  Iif     ll'illllli-  ol    111!' 

Snpr.  11'  (  ..iiH  ill  (111'  I  iiilni  Mii.- 
yiKi").  a-  (<i  till-  i-.i-i-  iiiiib-r  l.iliT  il.- 
i-i-ioii-<  111  llir  >ii|iri'iiii'  t'l  iirt.  Si'  1  'lap 
trr  \\\  /.'.«/  \  ill- i-iiiii  anliiuiiiii-ii. 
l<i  il  tiii'liiiil  liv  till-  Ki'ili'iil  loiirt  if 
a|i|M-al-  I-  1  ili-il  III  I  a.'il.  noli-  I,  ■iilnl 
I  il  I .  ftti fittt 

In  rhii'ni,,.  It.  ,f  tf.  K  Vt>.  V.  Sdiliiii,, 
iHSUi  27  S.-li.  tlTM.  »:i  \,  U.  4I.-I  I  (ail 
lilt-  til  piiiNil   lar  npainr  f|i  mi  ini'\iir_' 

«-ar'«),     a     iailHa\ p'iny     »i-     In  M 

liiiliU  for  till'  iH-vliui  nil-  of  a  ma-lir 
workiniin  to  ulioni  \\a-  ili'pnli-<l  tin-  ilnit 
of  iii.lnii  linii  a  rar  iipaiii'i  a-i  to  ilii' 
profBT  way  of  iluina  I'i-  work  I  Iir 
Willi  foil-  wa"  I'itt'il.  hilt  wlntliir  in  ili«- 
ai««iiiiiptioii  that  it  i»  an  i'\|Hiiii-nt  of  ili. 
•  •■•M-rior  -rrxaiit   ilortrini',  or  thai    it   iin 

l> il  Ihi-  ili'ctiini'  of  ili-partnii-iil  il  n  n 

Irul.  it  not  rli-ar.  rrohahly  tin-  fi  i  im  r 
•'Xpl.inatiiiii  1-.  till-  loriiMt  oiii-,  a-  llif 
(•hid  ilM'iiion-i  ari'  .ilso  nfi-i ml   In 

.\  fiirrniaii  o(  i-ar  n'|>iiiri-r-  wa-  lii-lil 
to  lit-  a  viii-  prim  ipal  in  Slinki  \. 
nrU'ii„>i  l(.  Co.    (IHiW     80  I,u.  .\iiii.   In-*, 

23  So.  .342. 

(f)   h.' Ill  ftlnyi ,  ^  sii/Hi    i»iii(/  riiilirtni  ./. 
lulrliiirnlH      mil      ii,iiiii,:,,l      ,rilli      Irnni 
fKtrliiliiiii.—  .\  r.iilway  itmipany  ii  li.il.l.- 
for  the  iif«li;;i'ii' I-  of  tin-   follow inj;  '.i!i 
ciala: 

An  pnipliiyi'i"  having'  fhf  f'lll  control  of 
itt  tinih-r  yanl.  Hiihlm,,  v.  SI  l.nn's. 
/f.  rf  A .  1  '  If.  r<>.  (  ISHS)  in  Iowa.  •2^7. 
39  N.  W.  .-.07  (pill-  i.f  tinilHT  cari'li— ly 
put  up  fi'll  on  a   -ulionliiiitt-i. 

A  foii-nian  of  a  i|iiariy  hi'lonftiii;;  to  a 
ruiluay.  hiiiiviin  rilu,  hi.  s.  <f  1/.  /,• 
Co.    \\'  llii,„m„„,l    ilHlM)     -,8    .\rk.    :121. 

24  S.  W.  72:t  lalloui'il  lahoiHr  to  niiiaiii 
on  the  track  whi-ii  a  train  nii;.'lit  In-  i-\ 
pii'ti'il  at  .iny  nioniriit  i . 

SupiTiiit(-ni|i-nt    ap|«iinli'(l    liv    n    nil 
»«y   I'onip.iiiy   to  -ii|K-ivi-i'   ami    niaii.i  .'n 
its      ininiii);     o|>ir,iliiin-.         MiPinlr 
\\'il.shini)t,in      ,{■      I!        It       r<,.      (  ISSlii      "i 
Mackcy.    144    idi-fi-il  m-   niiirhinfry  i 

Thi'  hi-ail  iif  till-  law  iliparlnirnt.  Si- 
ar!.'Uni<>nt  of  I'rfwi-r.  .1..  in  llnllininr,  ,( 
O.  R.  Co.  V.  lUiunli  (ISlcn  14(1  I',  s. 
3fiS,  ;J7  r..  ed.  772,  1.1  Sup.  Ct.  I!.-|.    !M  I 

('oiiijiarc  al-ii  MrUinun  v.  I,„l,.'l 
\rniiiiiil  If.  Co.  (isndi  ;2.'l  V.  ^  _'s| 
2.'>  X.  K.  -•17.1.  whi'if  thf  iii'j.'liL'1'nii-  i.f  a 
munai;i-r  of  a  yraiii  i-li-vator  Iii-Iiiiij.'itil'  'o 
a  railw.iy  rnnipany  was  hi-ld  to  alV-.l 
it  witli  li.iliiliiv:  liiit  till-  1— iiiii'  .  f  1  ■ 
di'ci-iiiii  w.i-  1  1'  hn-arh  of  tin-  lion  '•  ' 
;;al>!i-  Inly  i  i  i-xainiliin!.'  tin-  |bi--,  ly 
ila..;;ii"ii-  piaif  of  work  into  wiiii-ji 
\;i*  M-mliii','  a  -iiliorilinato. 

■T^     ."^I'/ii  / 1  (Mio;    f  nt iih.,/1 ,  y    ■       iftonu 


Ii 


*«i 


1530 


M ASTKIt  AM)  M;I!\  ANT. 


[(.MAr. 


ifii 


lil! 


fiiilurinfj  csliihlishmi  iil^      'I'lir  fipllimini^    work  on   Wir   >lrci-t-^,   willi   iiiillHirity   I 


c'iri|ilciyi'r^4    liavi!    Ihi-ii    IhIiI    vi 


liiici-    ••iiii>liiy  anil   ili-rliiryi-  iiii'ii,  ami  <iiiil 


and    dire 


■t     th. 


Ill     Its     (III  I II  t\ 


Till!    "xiiiKTiiit. -lull-lit    of    liilidi"    of    a  Uiilliaiiii;/    v.     Uis     Mi'iifx     (ISiHii     1 

larj,'<!  stci-l   ciMiiiKiiiy.  wlio  is  (•(iiidolliii!?  Iowa,   3;i3,   Ofi   N.    W.    ISS    (petit  Idii   il 

liiiildiiif,' to  roil-  scribing  un  eniployctt  willi  above   fun 

Steel  tions    is   not    driniii  rablo.    as    it   sh<)\ 


tl 


IC  I'dllNtlUct  loll  Ol 


f  a  III 


lain  tlif 


Iks.     /( 


llisl   V.  I'driiriji 


Co.  (isiitn  i7;t  Pa.  loi.  ."W  .\ii.  iio-j. 

Till-  foi'i-iiiaii  of  the  oil  di-|>artiiii-iit  of 
a  coiii|>r(-sH  ('(iiii|iaiiv.  h't.  Smifli  Oil  Ci>, 
V.  Slur,,-  t\S>Xt)  r>H  Ark.  IDH,  -2,  S.  W. 
lOfl  (p(i-sil)ly;  but  hi-rc  tlic  iuL:li^'riico 
all(-}.'(sl  was  tbo  brcacli  of  the  nun  dele- 
j,'abli!  duty  of  instnu-tion). 

The  foreman  of  llie  foniidry  depart- 
ment in  iiiai-liine  work.s.  DiinKmil  v. 
/;</-;''■  1/>'i'i.  WorhK  (18S3)  90  I  ml.  ViW 
I  apparently  assumeil-,  but  ease  went  tilT 
on  nature  of  iie^'livnt  net). 

The  mill  iiianaj;er  of  a  limber  oom- 
piinv.  \i  irhiini  V.  drtcliil  if  M.  I.iiinhir 
d  ilf'l-  Co.  (JSIMI)  100  Iowa,  441.  09 
N.  w!  743   {nej;li;<nt  order). 

An  assistant  siip.-rinteiidc-nt  of  a  saw- 
mill eonipaiiy  in  eharye  of  a  IuiiiIht 
yaril,  whose  iliilies  are  to  .sii|>eiiiitend 
the  pilin;;  of  the  IuiiiIkt.  take  ehar^e  of 
the  yard  and  it«  nianafiement.  and  su|K-r- 
intend  llie  workmen.  |K-rf<irminf.'  no  labor 
himself  in  handling'  liimljer.  Xiiilek  v. 
Stimson  \fill  Co.  (1HII3)  (i  Wash.  ITS, 
32  I'ae.  !I!I7.  33  Pae.  lO.'ifi.  si-eond  appeal 
I1S04)  9  Wash.  ;!!l."i.  .37  Pae.  340  (piln 
of  IninlM-r  set  on  insei-ure  foundation  fell 
on  workman) . 

(h)  I'liriiiirn  in  sm'ltiiuj  inirks. — .\ 
foreman  having'  absolute  eontrol  of  the 
worknir-i  <-iiLi.i'jid  in  o|Mraliiit;  the 
ronst<>rs  at  smelling'  works,  who  assii,'ns 
them  to  whatever  dulii-s  lie  thinks  lit. 
without  any  inimeiliate  ilin-etion  or 
su|M-rintendeTiee  of  any  on<-.  is  a  vice 
priiu'ipal.  <*ott.soIi(ttilr<l  luiiisns  (^ihf 
Swilliuq  d  Itrf.  Co.  V.  i;Urynn  (ISOil) 
S  K.an.App.  310.  ,5.5  Pae.  t!73  (swileli 
thrown  in  sui-h  a  way  as  to  ::ijure  a  sub- 
onlinate  \vh-'  ■  pushinfj  a  earl. 

(i)  UmpMiiee.s  .luiiiri  isitifj  itiiiiiiir/ 
if^rk. — A  jury  would  Im-  justified  in 
finding  that  an  employee  in  full  eharj;e 
of  the  sinking'  of  a  shaft  is  a  vie.-  prin 
I'ipal.  />i»7»  Mill,  if  lliniiiiiiii  Ci,.  v.  I'll: 
iirrn'.d  (1SII.5)  21  (Ndo.  .533.  43  Pae.  210 
(order  to  elean  out  a  "  misM-d"  liide 
helow  a  safe  depth).  Compare  cases  in 
(c)    supra. 

(j)  Siiperriifing  employee  unrfer  m«- 
nieipiilit!i.--.\n  eniplMvcfl  of  a  city  ^n 
■.'ayed  in  shovelinj;  dirt  from  a  bank  inio 
a  watim  i»  not  a  fellow  servant  of  a 
tnl-i.ii  itpp.-inted  by  the  board  of  piiblie 
works  of  (he  rily,  "with  the  appii>val  of 
the  city   council,  to  take  char^'e  of  the 


him  to  be 


il). 


Iiini  to  He  a  vice  priiieipal 

The  follow inj;  have  also  been  held  to 
l«>  viee  principals: 

A  su|K-riiileiidt-nt  in  full  contnd  of  ,i 
quarry  beloiiyin;;  to  a  ci(y,  with  |><nM  i 
to  hire  and  diseliar;;!-  the  workmen,  an! 
not  joining'  with  llieiii  in  (lie  work.  .1 » 
qiisia  V.  Oin  NX  (1900)  HI  (!a.  40t.  SC 
S.  E.  830  (orderisl  two  laborers  d. 
loosen  loek  at  a  place  where  the  pl.iin 
tiir.  iiiidenieath.  woiilil  lie  endan^'eie.l  if 
it  fell). 

A  street  commissioner  superinteniliii;; 
the  roii-tnietion  of  a  brid};e.  I.clniii'.n 
V.  l/cCrji/  (1890)  12  Ind.  App.  .500.  Iii 
\.  K.  700  (order  to  work  in  a  danu'eroii- 
phieel . 

The  iiis|K.e(or  of  the  municipal  watc-i 
work^,  iii;;a;;ed  in  ^iip<-rvisiii;;  the  C(iii 
~l  riii'tiiiii  of  a  treiiih.  Ft.  \\'<iv<i.  v 
IhriKtie  (1901)  150  Ind.  172,  59  X  i: 
38.5. 

A  foreman  upon  a  public  work  carri.  1 
on  by  a  municipal  corporation  whicli  in 
dueled  him  wifli  the  entire  cliarL'e  ii 
(b-tails,  fiivin.!.'  hini  the  diri-clion  of  tin 
lalpori-rs  and  power  to  discharge  tlnin 
.S7.i/ii  V.  Duliith  M89SI  71  Minn.  311 
71  N.  W.  143  (laborer  ordered  to  pi.' 
round  a  hole  in  wliii-h  there  was  an  un 
e\ploded  char^-e  of  ilviiauiite). 

(k)  [Jmpliiiiiis  coil, mud  ti~ith  th' 
liiiiiliiifi  of  !( s.'.i7.>i.  The  n-lalion  of  .i 
head  stcveilore  of  a  steamship  coTnp.un 
to  hi.^  subordinate  was  held  to  Iw  f^r  llh 
|uiv.  where  tlii-re  was  some  cvideiii'i'  lliii 
(he  eiilire  iliity  of  providing  the  appli 
ame>  for  loading  and  iinliKiding  the  vi  - 
sels  of  the  defendants  hail  been  liitni-i.  I 
to  his  discretion,  and  the  pmof  >.v!ii  ' 
tends  to  fix  u|Hin  him  responsiliilily  I'l 
the  selection  of  tin-  rigging,  and  for  il 
justing  and  wi  rking  it.  also  t<-ni|s  i" 
establish  (he  fai-l   that   he  was  clotlieil    i- 

to  these  duties  with  the  ultimate  \< i 

and  aiidioritv  of  the  company.  Muiinii 
V.  mUulilpliia  .f  S.  ,W<ii7  S.  S.  Co. 
(187.5)    "S  Pa.  2").  21  Am.  Uep.  2. 

C'onil>are  /fnorn  v.  Siiuirtt  (lSS.5i  C^ 
f'al.  22.5.  58  Am.  I!ep.  8.  9  Pae  7t. 
where  a  ma-ter  ^teMilnrc  was  held  !l;il'li' 
for  the  negligence  of  his  foienian.  S.-.- 
S  527,  note  3.  siiinii. 

An  employee  of  a  "teiiniship  i-niiiiKiny. 
-u|M'rinteiiiliiig  the  loading  of  a  slu|.,  is 
a  vies  principal,     t'hn  nnj  v.  Occun  S 


\  n  I-;  I'UiNrirAUsiiii'    jk.^tok  i:.\nk. 


8.  Co.   ( 1  ><'X.{  I    'M  a 

lliuru   till'   ilrlilli|IIC'lli- 


rjii.    Ill  S.   K.  X\ 


AiiiilluT  Cii-'i-  ill  wliicli.  IIumil'Ii  iml  mi 


llh'  fiiiliin- to    till    ;.Mi.mnl  of  lii-  Uiii'j   .1   .li|.iil nial 


i'|i  a  pri.iiii-..'  Ill  'n|.|>l>   a   "liatrli  liinl      iiiiin.iLii-r. 


Iiiil    it 


nut    >1aliil    whrtllrr   it    U.i-      lipli 


iiply    iiii    iiii|iiii|Mi-    ilj-|>ii-it 
I'linalr    Inn 


lull    ol    an 


I  Ik 


I  III 


111 


,ils 


111   hi 
\.     II  I 


.(2    Aim 


l|,! 


1; 


I-      Ih'l.l      ll,     111 

1'     -iiliii  AMiir. 
i,    1  ISTi.ii    47    W  1 

ii.  :i  N.  u.  :>: 


rlli'M-    it     \ta>    hi'lil    llial     .1 


iM 


:!i 


.h.hlisli.ii    ,(■    Co.     I  \^W\\     111!!   r,:\.    t.".l, 

S.    K.  r)S7    (■■wallJii^;  Im— 1;"   fiir  flrU  -n- 

?j  r>  III.  not*'  2,  lifisl  I . 

.\  Htennisliip  coiiiiiiiiiv  \va-<  IwM  li.ililn 
Inr  till'  n(';.'li;,'i-iH  !•  of  lli<>  sii|M-rinti  inlfiil 
..f  itx  (look  ill  MiCiiiiiiilii  II  V.  I'liiiinil  S. 
S.  Co.  (IH'i.ti  C'.i  Mini.  Kil.  •-':!  N.  V. 
"^-upl).  477  (difi  itiM'  iiriaiii;iMiiMil  of  ap- 
|ilianp<"<  iiijiiiril  '•li'\i-i|i>iri .  Hut  llii'iji' 
ri^ioii  was  rrvriM'il  in  (IH'.i.'n  III  N.  V. 
.■i.'i2.  ;i!'  X.  v..  Ii:!7.  on  ttir  yroiiinl  llial 
llii"  n<';;lii.'i'ii<'i'  nlatcd  iiirirlv  li>  llic  'Ir- 
l;iilH  of  tlic  woik. 

A  foroiiian  ^iipi-iii'.li'inliii;.'  tin'  loailiii!: 
nf  a  ship  was  trcati'd   11s  a   vicf  piiini 
pal    in    Atiihisi.t)    v.    /././< r    (I'.iOli     lll.-> 
I.a.  072,  ;m  So.    1-20    (lilock   atlaihiil   t<« 
liiioin  was  not    propiTlv  iihhim'iIi. 

I  n    77l<'    viillllililnilillil   l;//l(i/N    (if  xhijls. 

Itn  tlic  autliorilv  of  ttir  /•'ow  Cuvi  it 
was  held  by  llio  riirnil  court  of  app'-iU 
llial  till'  iiiastiT  of  a  ^Icaniliivit  wa-  nut 
a  fi'llnw  servant  of  tlic  iii;.'iii<t'r.  V/n 
ri'iiiKfir  Vo.  }  I  IS!lli  n  ('.('.  .\.  .V2I. 
20  r.  S.  App.  .'.70.  Ill  I'V'd.  3(14.  T!.Mii 
liiL'  on  tliis  point  (IS!>:!)  ."ifi  Kid.  .w 
ToUisiiin  raiisod  Iiv  nonolisiTvanir  <  f 
iillos  a.i>  to  si^mals).  Tf  is  to  be  oli^iiud 
that  the  Uniinh  fiisc,  diiidi'd  tlic  vi'.i; 
liif(iri>  tliis  one.  is  not  i-ili'd.  and  llir 
1  lli'ot  of  tlial  diiision  is  still  a  inilti'i 
of  iloulil.  as  ri'^rarils  lliis  ila"  of  cm 
pliiycc-.     SiH'  cliaplcr  \x\..  imsl. 

(illicr    rillin;.'s    have    also    hccii     niadi' 
ii|ion  tlir  antlioril>    of  tin-  same  lasr. 

.V  seaman   injured  liy  the  breakinL'  of 

I  L'asket  whieli  the  eiiptain  knew,  fioiii 
the  n'|iorl  of  the  mate,  to  be  in  a  mliin 

II  !iililioti.  was  allowid  to  inaiiitain  a 
lilii'l  in  admiralty  a;.Minst  the  ship  to 
iiiiivi'r  damajres  foi  the  injury.  7/ii  .1. 
Ih-iiton  (18(101  43  I'ed.  .">!I2.  followed  in 
Ihr  .lulin  Fnrrhr  ll«!l2l  I'l  I'lil.  277 
I  mute  knew   that  a  ro]M'  wa-  ilefeelivel. 

.\  pilot,  liein;;  a  master  /no  /I'.e  rirc. 
and  lespi.ti-ible  for  the  inana;;eiiient  and 
iiavi^'atioii  of  the  vps^d.  was  hi-hl  not  to 
liv  a  fellow  servant  of  a  deikliand  who 
i-  iiijiin'il  liy  his  dii' lii  t  ion^  of  duty  in 
re;;aiil  to  siieh  inaiia;;enieiit.  Thi  Ti'nn 
US'*.-!!  23  niatehf.  177,  2;i  Fed.  4l;i 
Mnlli-iiin  due  to  nol  havine  a  lonkoiil 
priiperlv  stationed) . 

In  Thr  F.  n.  W'nn!  ilSSli  20  !-Vd. 
702,  it  was  siiL'^jesled.  nhilrr.  that  a  rnp 
liiin  Hiis  11  viee  piini  ip.il. 


i.ii.MT  wlieie  Hie  laplaiii.  Willi  wa-  il-n 
part  owner,  oiilried  hitii  lo  :idjiist  the 
rii;;;in;.'  in  a  il.inL.'eroii-  manner,  and  the 
-e.imaii.  .liter  piole»t  in;:  and  -iiy^'i -1 111;; 
a  -afei  iiiilhiiil.  was  injiind  in  eairyiirj 
nut    the  order.      In  a    Liter  ease   thi-  de- 

ei^ioll     wa^     said     lo     have     lieell     "pl.lied 

iii.iiiily  on  the  peeiili.ir  eliaraiter  of  the 
eiii|iloyiiieiit.  and  the  relalions  lAi-linu' 
lietweeii  I  he  iiia-li'r  and  a  eoiniiinn  -1.1 
man  of  a  1111  nliaiit  ve~-el  oiil-iili'  of 
inrt."  \UiUii  IIS  \.  I'axi  ilSSli  111  \\  i,. 
Cil.  .-.0  .\m.  l:ep.  I.M.  21  X.  W.  .".l.!. 
where  reeoverx  was  denied  to  a  male  in- 
jured by  the  ne;;lii:eiii  e  of  the  captain, 
the  relatimi-'  Ulwecn  Ihi-e  two  em- 
phxi-t'^  not  liciiiy  the  -anie  a-  IIihm'  lie 
iweeii  the  captain  .Hid  the  -cam. III. 

The  aclinii  of  a  male  iiijiiicd  by  a 
captain'-  ncjli^ence  wa-  al-o  held  cut 
maintain. ililc  in  i'mni]  \.  Ilhnu  hunl 
Ml,.  Ci,.  iIsh7i  111!  Mich,  il.'is.  .'i:!  N. 
W  .  711. 

Ill  Ohi.n  V.  rliiil,  I  IHSli  .32  Hun. 
12."),  it  seem-  to  bi'  .i--uined.  iiiiim  mln, 
that  the  iiia-lir  of  a  vi—el  may  U'  the 
iiHi  r  I  III,  of  the  ow  net  s  ;  but  so  far  as 
New  ^ork  is  cunceriieil.  this  is  eerlainly 
col    the    law.      S-e    S    .'i20.    note    I.    -uImI. 

,i|  I  ,    sill. III. 

Ill  /{iiiiisiiii  V  Ifiiiiiii  (lS7t)  Ir.  I!ep. 
8  r.  I,.  322  caman  drowned  while 
obeying  an  11  ■.  to  abandon  the  -hipi. 
it  was  held  111. 11  .1  dciniiiier  ba-cil  nii 
the  tlnory  thai  the  captain  of  a  hip 
was  a  mere  fellow  -eiv.int  of  one  01  tin* 
1  lew   should   be  oM'i  ruled. 

'I'lie  following;  pa-saye  from  Story  on 
.\i.'eney,  7tli  I'M.  «  \\r,.  wis  relied' on: 
Tlie  eaplaiii  of  a  -hip  i-  •■chilli. d  willi 
the  ehar.iitii  nf  a  -pecial  eniplnycr  nr 
owner  of  the  -hip.  and  rcpn -cnl  iiiL'  not 
iiierelv  the  ab-..liile  nutier  {iluniiiiiix 
11(11  i.\).  but  also  the  tenijioraiy  owmr. 
or  charterer  for  the  \oya;.'i'  {(.nnilur 
iiiiiisi.  Ill  -linrl.  (Hir  l.iw  Ireat-  him 
as  Innin;;  a  -|N'cial  property  i'l  the  ship, 
and  entith'd  lo  the  po.-c— imi  of  it,  and 
not  .IS  lia\ini>  the  mere  ihai;.'e  of  it,  as 
a   servant." 

Mut  this  rillini.'  w.i-  di-appioved  in 
llr,:ii  II  V.  I'iiiliiiM  if  .ViiM.e  N.  S.  Til. 
||sii2i  I  (J.  II.  .-.S.  Alliiined  in  |lS!lt| 
A    r,  -j-jo      5  7.  note    -nbd    Ifi   /;i./c 

The  master  of  a  ship  js.  in  any  ca-e, 
a    representative  of  the  shipowner  in  re 


\ 


^     'i 


1532 


MASTII!  AM)  Si:i;\  ANT. 


[chap,  xxviii. 


ill  i 


r  I . 


536.  Supervising  employees  held  not  to  be  heads  of  departments.— 

The  ilc'liiKjiiuut  cniplovccs  iiicnti.nKMl  in  the  cnsos  collected  U'lnw  were 
expressly  held  ni>|  to  be  dcparliiieiital  vit-e  principals.  Tlioso  mlings 
are  referred  u>  in  a  former  sid)iille  (§  .■.:.'(),  ,s///;/y( )  and  are  tabuliitccj 
hero  for  the  reason  tlnit  thev  will  serve  to  indicate  the  downward 
limits  of  the  doctrine  discnssed  aliovc.  The  remainder  of  the  d( 
eisions  cited  in  the  section  just  specified  may  also  he  examined  in  thi- 
connection,  for  even  thoiijrh  it  may  not  he  so  staled  in  terms,  the  cm 
lijoyces  tliere  named  must  be  taken  b_v  implication  not  to  be  vicr 
principals  within  the  nioaninfr  of  that  doctrine.' 

-pcct    to    the    |N>i'f<iriiiiinn>    of   all    Hon-  llic    control    of    the    mnstcr    nipchnnic 

:is,ij.'n:il)Ic    diitii-*,       ll-;//,<r    v.    IMIiiiii  Cniilii  v.  Smilhrni   It.  Co.    (ISIHI)    :i4  c. 

MS.-).!)     •>•>    Ala.    '2!I4     li'iiii»Ioyiiii-iit     of  ('.  \.  4!I4.  02   Kod.   401. 

in-w(  :   Svnrj)  y.   U'iralf   (  IHSTi    107  X.  Tlic  vmcnil  foivniioi  of  niilwiiy  sli<i|... 

V.  211.  1,1  \.  K.  7!Mi  (giving;  iiiiKJical  aid  uiiilcr    a    iiiastrr   nicclianic.      (Iiiiiiiun    \ 

'"<•>■>•"•■  htiil;,,     (1K!IH)    .11    C.   C.    A.    :«»(•..   .52   V. 

.\*  to  tlio  cases   in  wliidi   tlic  laptain  S.  App.  .^ST.  S7   Fed.  .'(02. 

undertakes  to  do  manual  work  himself,  .\  m-neral  yanl  master  in  full  contrd 

see  chapter  xxix..  /x.v/.  <,f   n    y;,r,1.    'cinriiiiioli    A.    IK   ,(    '/'.    /' 

In   Washington   neither  the  mate  nor  It.  fo.  v.  f.'rav   (lilOOi    .■)0   I..  R.  A.  47. 

the    captain    is    a    fi  I',  v.    servant    of    an  41   P.  C.   A.  fi.'i.l.    101    Fcil.  (!2:! ;   Thum.i^ 

ordinary    seaman.       Uniilnii    v.    I'mific  v.    rivriniiiiti.    \.    I),    li    T.    I'.    It.    fu 

SIram     W'halinil    Co.     llSillt)     21     Wash.  (I8!l!l)    07   Fed.  245 

415.  5S    Pac.  224    (order  to  fnrl  sail   in  .\      road      master.     O'Vic;     v.     flii'ir 

a   dan^ieroiis    manner).     The   Itcssi  Cnxf  Siirlhirn    It.    fo.     (1000)    SO    Minn.   27 

(snhd.   |li|.  .'iiiiirn)    was  cited.     Hnt  this  .51    L.   R.   A.   5.'i2.   S2   N.    W.    lOSti.     s,.,-. 

lertainly  does  not  support  the  conclusion  however,    summary    of    .Minnesota    di'ci 

that  a   mate  is  a   vice  principal.  sions    in   chapter   xxx..   iio-<t. 

'The  hoss  (if  a    small  gau^;  of  ten  or  .\   track   foreman.     Sininciik-c  v.   I'hil 

lifteen    men   eutrajjcd    in    making'   repair^  nihlphiii    rf    //.    It.    Co.    (IS02)     14S    Pa. 

upon  a  railroad  over  a  ilistame  of  three  1S4.  2.'!  .\ll.   lOOti. 

MTtioiis.   aiding   the   re^'ular   {,'aii;;   upon  An   employee  who  crimmonly  act>  fur 

each      si'<>tion      a-^      occasion      demands,  the   yard    niasler.      Kirk    v.     '\lliinlii    ,t 

\nrtli<r,i   P.   R.  Co.  v.   I>rtir.su)i    (1S05)  C.    .lirl.iii,     It.    Co.     (ISSii)     04    \     ( 

1(12  r.  S.  .140.  40  L.  ed,  004,  10  Sup.  Ct.  025.    .55    Am.    Rep.    021.     Assumini;   i!h- 

liep.  843.  Reversinp   (IS02)    51   Fed.   182  delepation  of  functions  to  have  lieeii  ciiii 

(careless   application   of  Iirake)  :    C,oo<l-  plete  in  this  case,  it  searcelv  seeni-s  i mi 

init    V.    Moiitiiim    C.    K.   Co.    (IHOd)     IS  sistent  with   the  other  ile<i~ion«   in  llii- 

Mont.    203.    45    Pao.   210    (ne>.'lii;enee    in  state      (see     summary,     chapter     \\\., 

directinj;  the  work).  lio.sl),     when     construed     in     coniHcliiii 

.\    foreman    of   eariM'nters.    sulijeet    to  with   the  fieneral    principle  that   a    sen 

the    lirid/e    su|¥Tinlr>ndent.    ami    merely  ant    deputeil    to    act    for   an    alisent    su 

deputed  to  take  down  a  huildiii};.     Cliir-  [K-rior    hears    the    ^atiie    relation    as    llie 

limit,   C.    C.   d   St.    /,.    It.    Co.    V.    liriiirii  latter    to    his     suhordinati"*.     ('onipire. 

ilSOti)    20  ('.   ('.    A.    147.  34    r.   S.   App.  liowever.    I'niosI    v.   TiVi;.  »,v'   hr  ,t   /,'. 

750.  73   Keil.  070.  fiiitinithiii  Co.    (ISOS)    1S5   Fa.  Iil7.   )" 

.\    fori-maii    workin;;  on    the   construe-  .\ti.    SS:    Dtirsl    v.    Ciininiiv    Slnl    r,,. 

lion  of  .1   hridfie.  with  two  sui«Tiors  Iw-  (ISO(i)    173  I'a.    I(i2.  33  .\tl.   1102.  eild 

Iween  him  and  hii  emplovers.      AW/i/  v.  infra, 

hitir  d  F.  Co.    (ISOOl    OS  Fed.  3S0. '  The  foreman  of  one  of  several  swil.l. 

One  who  is  merely  in  charjre  i^f  a  crew  ing  cri'ws  enjiaved  in  the  yard  ni  a  rail 

of   men    for   the   con-itruction    of   a    par  road    company,    nndi'r   the   f.'i'neral    cnii 

lieular     piece     of     work.        Ilinihis     v.  trol  of  a  vard  master.     Ilarlni  w  Lmiii 

l.iimind  (lOOl)    100  I'a.  123.  48  Atl.  S(i2.  ri7/r  ,f-    V.    It.    Co.    llS03(    57    Fed     Ul. 

A    fnreinii?!   »f   ciu-  repnirer-.   imd'i'   a  fttUnw  iti;;  the   l!it,i;;l,   fVirr. 

master  car  huilder  who  is  himself  under  .\  ^lan;;  Ikiss  in  a  railway  ~!iop,  nii'lir 


S   5 


30J 


VIC  E  1'1!1M11'.M>JI1P— 115ST  OF  RANK. 


1533 


a  iiiii-^tor  nifcliMiiir.     Milliiilr  v.   fnion        A    fori'iiiMii    in    :i    wiKilon    mill,   soini' 
/'.   K.  Co.    (188!i)    :t  Wjo.  247.  21    Fac.   times    call.d    a' "lio-*    inactiiiii-it"    an'l 


M'lUftillH  ■ 


'lUM-IlT      IIIOC 


liaiiii' 


wliu 


A    ^(Mtion    aprciif.     Hi 


V.    Mintir-    was  ulili'.'cd  to  oimsiilt  thi'  su[>rrinton<l- 


i/is-  a    .S7.   /,.  /i'.  To.    ilHSl)    ;U    .Minn,    ent    as     to    anv     ini|Kir1aiit     altt-ration. 


"i,"i:i.    IS    N.    \\.   h;U    iniltliiT   in   piur.il    Stt 


V.  Chiimlniliii    I  lilOO)    51    L.   R 


iitrcil  of  tlic  lin- 


nics~  111 


r  of 


-I" 


!  raiiili  ni  it,  hnt  simply  charywl  with 
,1    -|iri-ial    (Inly). 

.\  t(li'i;r;i|>li  o|>i'rator.     Itaili  n  v.  Phil- 

,;l,l,,l,iil  it  It.  />>.  r.l.  (ISStl;  Pa.)  3 
I  ,  111.  I!>'|..  112.  ;  .Ml.  17(1;  M'uiiuihiiH 
,  \,»-  \<„lc  C.  A  II.  A'.  A',  f'l.  (  HH7) 
;,'.  IhiM.  ll;!.  Ill  llii-  lasicitril  i^i-.-  llif 
irliL;ra|ili  (iiicridir  was  (■liar;L.'''il  with  iiii- 
Lc'iiaiil  clnlii's  at  a  n'rlaiii  imint.  ini- 
|Hi~iii;:  u|M>ii  liim  till-  riintrolliii;.'  ami  ili- 

I  itiiiL'  o!  till'  iiiovriiiints  of  trains  tlicro, 
\.illlin    till-    sV-ti'lll    wllirll    tlir    rulo    piT- 

I  li'il  fill-  lliat  |iartiriihii-  lorallty:  Imt 
ill,-  riiiiil  lirtil  tin-  sirviii-  n'.|iilrrcl  of 
iiiiii    »a>    vitliin    anil   snlionlinato   to   a 

II  |>arliiiriit  <if  llir  Im-iiir-s  iif  ihi-  coni- 
i.ipv.  aiiil  tlial.  altliiiii;;li  in  tin-  |H'ifiiiin- 
mci-  of  tliis  service  lie  ncii--- irily  esi-r- 

Uiil  ili«erelioii  anil  jiiiltiiiunl  in  ■.•iv- 
iiiL'  iin-feniiii-  by  si;.nial  iu  lite  niove- 
lit  of  trains  on  to  a  sinjile  traek.  with 

■  view  to  tile  safety  ami  |)roti-itioii  of 
;  TMins  ami  |«ro|>erty.  and  for  llio  or- 
.\.i\\  I'lpcrat  inn  of  till-  riiail.  tii.il  dill 
.'nl  make  lii~   jnil;.'iiient  tli.it   of  the  eoin- 

my.  as  Ijeluei-n    it    anil   it-  eiiiplnyees. 

I  hat    there    is    nolhin;;    in    his   oilieial 

.'iiraeter    to    make    a     mere    teli-i.'ra|ih 

l«r:itor.  as  i|i>tiii;:iiishi-il  fimii  a  Ir.iiii 
.1.  »|i:itelier.  a  lieail  of  a  ile|>artmpnt.  is 
.'Uii  imiiliiil  in  a  |Mirlioii  of  the  rea^oil- 
iiii;  of  the  iiiiirt  in  lliilliiiititr  li  ().  II. 
■■„.    V.    fijw;,    t  IS!l.->.     i;i    C.    C.    .\.    -j:!.'!. 

;l    r.    S.    A|i|»    IMi.   11.')    Fill.    !l.V2.      lint 

111'  re|He»i*htat  ive  eh.M-aitrr  of  tlu^e 
.  Mipli-yeis     i-     ii-ii;illy     vle'iir.i     on     the 

■  iniinil  llial  they  are  iliselia'Lrinj;  the 
jinttions  of  iiieie   servants       See   5   (ill, 

An  en^'in-er  in  ehar^ie  of  the  luotivo 
'."'Her  of  an  elevatoi  in  wiiieli  other  em- 
|iliiyi'es  an-  e;iirii-il  to  am!  froio  ilieir 
Milk.  Mdkiill  V.  Stiiildial.ir  I  1 SH7 1 
:i4   I'l'il.  8. 

.\  foreman  snlijeet  to  the  onhi  of  a 
vaiiliiia-tiT  Fi'il.ir  v.  St.  I'mil.  M.  it 
1/.   A".   Co.    (ISHti    ;!2    Minn.    51.    1!»    N. 

W .  :u:> 

A  iliief  enyiiiei  r  who  ha-  jjeneral 
rhaii;e  of  an  oni;iii<'  room  and  a  il.part- 
iiiiiil.  uith  i«i\ver  to  fiive  oril.rs  to  1  he 
men  in  tlie  de|>aitiiieiit.  ami  to  en;;a^e 
mm  for  sliort  johs.  in  the  iiianatier's 
ahsenee.  I'rtvost  v,  f'//i:r«>'  /n  a-  A'l- 
i>.n- rating  Co.  (18!)o)  l55  i'a.  (ilT,  411 
Atl.  88. 


rial    A.   .■>i;!.    40   V. 


) 
A.    42.    1(10    Fed.    378. 


.\  foreman  of  a  "an;;  at  a  faetorj'. 
€11.1(11  V.  I'l  iiiisiilniiiiii  [xiiliiill  I'aiiny 
Co.   iltlOl)    liis'l'.i.  .'US.  47   Atl.  112H. 

.\  fori-nan  in  eliai;.'i-of  men  eoiistruet 
in;;  a  sewer,  with  .iiithority  to  hire  and 
ilisehar;.'!'  them,  under  the  supervision 
of  a  superintendent  of  -ewer  eon-true 
tioii.  who  is  l.iiii-ell  -nliji-et  to  the  in 
st nil-lions  of  the  eily  ein.'ini'fr.  a.s  ;.'<'n- 
eral  siiiH-riiilendelit  of  all  piililie  works. 
\lillll<<ll';lis  V.  I.(l,i,li,l  (1S03)  7  (".  C. 
.\.  341.  .■.S  Fed.  ri2."..  1!>  V.  S.  App.  245. 
fnllowiii;;  till     Ittimili    i'usr. 

\  -iiliordinate  foreman  wlio  is  not  in- 
ve-ted  with  any  of  the  diilies  of  the 
viee  prineipal.  while  ali-i-nl.  and  is 
merely  iii-tr.".:ieil  to  tall  upon  him  to 
proviile  a;L'ainst  ilan^rer.  if  any  should 
.iri-e.  Inirsl  v.  Cniii' di'  Sli  1 1  Co. 
I  ISiMi)    173   Pa.   \':Z.  .VI   .Ml.    1102. 

.\n  eiiiployi-e  ha\inL'  din  ilimi  of  the 
i'llual  werk  of  nnioviii;;  a  telephone 
line.  .\  III  liriiii  T'l'/ih.  a-  T'lin.  Co.  V. 
Hoir.r  (ISit7l  20  hill.  App.  32.  40  \. 
I-".  lfS2  (  hen-  the  work  was  orden-d  by 
tile  eompaiiy's  di-triit  superintendent, 
and   |daniieil  hy  its  di-tiiet  ehiefl. 

A  fi'iemin  of  earpiiiters.  woikin<;  for 
a  i-orpor.it ion.  Ihinii  v.  I'nil.i  I),  a 
I'll.   I  ISS'.ti    7(1  Mieh.  (131.  43  N.  W.  tl44. 

The  uipili  r'jroiiiid  iiian,i;.'er  of  a  mine. 
WHsi.ii  \.  M,  nil  (  ISiiSi  I,.  1!.  1  H.  C. 
Se.  A  PI..  Cii-.  32(1.    l!i   I..  T.    N'.  S.  .30. 

In  Ma ly  land  it  ha-  heeii  held  that  a 
divi-ioiial  train  de-paliher  on  a  rail- 
way is  a  felliuv  -ervani  nf  an  eii^iineer. 
\ui-fiill^  a  11.  A'.  <i..  V.  ll'Kii.i-  I1S1I4) 
70  .Mil.  2.".3.  2.".  I..  I!.  A.  710.  -20  Atl. 
it'll.  The  LMoiind  taken  lieiiii;  that  tin- 
iiiaiiii;.'i-iiiinl  of  the  ili\i-ion  upon  whiili 
tile  iii-.;liL:eiii  -eivaiil  was  train  de 
spaliher  had  '  en  ei'iiiiiiil  te.l  to  him. 
as  he  wa-  a  iilioiillmile  apiiointiil  hy 
the  siiperiiit  .iileiit.  and  that.  tliou;rli  he 
had  eliar;;e  of  the  trainmen  and  of  the 
iiiovemeiit-  of  train-  on  his  divi-ion,  and 
eiiiild  employ  and  ili-eliarL'e  tla;:nien  and 
hrakenien.  it  wa-  not  -liown  that  the 
ma-ter  had  relimnii-lied  all  supervi-ion 
of  till'  work  on  ti..il  divi-ion.  and  in- 
Irn-ted  its  dini-lion  as  well  as  the  pro- 
i-nriii;.'  of  initerials  and  maehiiiery  and 
other  iii-tniiiientalities  neees-ary  for  the 
-erviei-  to  his  Judument  and  diseietion. 
Ilial  this  mliii;;.  ll  eoh-tnied  .IS  an  un- 
qualiliiil  as-eition  of  a  ^;eMi-ral  doelrine 


1S34 


MASTKR  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap,  xxviii. 


M  to  llio  |H)^ilion  of  :i  U:iin  ilr<|>iil(liiT. 
is  coiitriiiv  to  tlip  \vt'i;.'ht  of  authority 
in  most  jiuisiliciiiiii.s.  will  bo  shown  in 
8  .'>77.  xnliil.  (I. /«<*(.  Those  ndvorso  cnscs, 
however,  arc  almost  all  founded  on  the 
theijn-  that  the  eontrollin;;  of  tin-  move 
nieiits  of  traitis  is  a  nona»iif;nal>le  func- 
tion of  the  railway  f>m|iany;  and.  a.n 
the  ne;;li;;ei)ce  here  alh'f."(l  was  merely 
that  the  dis|>alelier  liad  sent  out  unlit 
hrakemen  with  u  lia'n.  and  these  were 
not  em|dov<-(l  hy  him.  hut  hy  the  divi 
sion  su|M  iint<  iiih  nt.  .he  deeision  is  not 
neees>ari!y  n  |Mi;;iiant,  u|m,!,  its  facts,  to 
those  in  utlu-r  »lal.'-..  If  tiu'  default 
had  had  relatioi  to  tl»'  movement  of 
trains,  the  trend  ot  judieial  opinion  in 
Muryluud    (sua  i  530  supra  and  chap- 


ter XXX..  iiosi)  seems  to  leave  it  an 
open  question  whetlu'r  the  servant  wouM 
not    have   heen   allowi'<l   to   recover. 

In    an    Irish    case    it    has    heen    held 
lliat.  in  the  absence  of  evidence  to  .show 
tliat    the   ;;eni'ral    tralTic    maminer   of   a 
railway  company  oeciipiest.   towards   tlie 
co.iipany.   the   jiosition   of   a   vice   prin 
cipal.  he  is  to  Ik-  taken  as  a  fellow  serv 
ant  of  a  milesman    (i.  c,  track  walkeri 
employed   by   the   same   cumpany.     Con 
iiini    V.    Ililfiist   it    .V.    C(juiilivi<    It.    I'o. 
I  IHTT)    Jr.    I!ep.    11    C.    I..   ,"}45    (Ia.Ii, 
Cliam.).  Allirmins  (I8!l.-.)    Ir.  Rep.  It  C. 
I..   4'.1S.      iiut   this   di-eision.   which   re>ts 
on   Wil'iiii   V.  Mm;)    (S   5'iJ,  nupra) .  is 
contrary  to  the  general  curruut  of  Amer- 
ican authority. 


II' 


I  i  I  ' 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

lOR  WHAT  ACTS  OP  SUPERIOR  SERVANTS  A  MASTER  IS  RESPONSIBLE. 

S.'lfia.  Necessity  of  proving  that  tlie  iiot  or  omisaion  which  caused  tlie  injury 
wiv*  neglijjcnt. 
r>37.  No  resiMjnsibility  as  to  mattors  beyond  the  scope  of  the  authority  of 
the  superior  servant. 

538.  Distinction    between  official    and  nonoflicial    acts  of  supervising    em- 

ployees: <;enerally. 

539.  Distinction  consid«Tnd  with  relation  to  the  doctrine  that  the  nature 

of  the  negligent  act  is  the  teat  of  liability. 

540.  Breach  of  non-delegable  duties  by  any  superior  servant,  master  liable 

for. 

541.  Issuance  of  orders  deemed  to  be  an  ofticiaJ  act. 

542.  Failure  to  protect  subordinates  from  transitory  dangers  deemed  to  be 

oirioial  n<'t.'li(rence. 

543.  Theof}'  that  a  vice  principal  does  not  represent  the  master  except  in 

*o  far  as  he  is  di^eharging  sonio  non  delegable  duty. 

544.  Theory  tliat  a  vice  princi|ra.l  does  not  act  as  the  master's  representa- 

tive when  he  enfr;ifres  in  manual  labor. 

545.  Qualifications  of  this  theory. 

546.  Theory  that  a  vice  principal  represents  the  master  even  »hen  he  par- 

ticipates in  manmil  labor. 

547.  Diseus.sion  of  the  doctrine  of  the  dual  capacity  of  vice  principals. 

a.  With  reference  to  the  standpoint  of  the  courts  which  rejuet  the 

superior  servant  doctrine. 
6.  VViih  reference  to  the  superior  servant  doctrine. 

536a.  Necessity  of  proving  that  the  act  or  omission  which  caused 
the  injury  was  negligent. —  In  tlio  j,'reat  majority  of  flu-  (msc-;  in 
which  tlip  defense  of  roiniiiou  oniplo} Minit  is  raised,  the  (jnestiun 
uhftlier  tlie  act  or  onii.ssion  from  whioli  the  injnrv  resulted  wii- 
culpable  is  not  one  of  those  which  is  submitted  for  the  eon-<iderati(iii 
i"'f  the  court  of  review.  It  is  clear,  however,  that  this  preliminary 
issue  must  be  settled  in  the  plaintiff's  favor  before  the  defens<'  can 
hecoiiie  a  material  factor  in  the  investijjntion.  In  the  note  below  are 
collected  some  decisions  in  which  it  has  been  held  that  negligen(;e  was 
IT  was  not  an  inference  in  point  of  law.* 

'In)    \r(]liiicnfr  hrld  tn  he  for  jury,    jrineer  who  was  killed  h\    the  falling  of 

-    N'i-:.'li:.T:iri'  nn   the   p;irl    of   tlii    -^iiim'T-    .i    l.«i.iiii.tiv.-  itiicrii-li    ,\    iiiui.iiii;   ti.-tie 
iiiitiulenl    of   a    railroad   towards   an   en      i^  i  ■ifalill^lud    liv    eviiicnee   that    he    was 

1535 


l\ 


15.V. 


Mastki:  and  sKit\  ant. 


pi: 


'I  ]  I 


[chap.  XXIX 

537.  No  responsibility  as  to  matters  beyond  the  scope  of  the  author- 
ity of  the  superior  servant.—  W  lintcv.r  (iiilVivtuc  ..f  ..piniun  tlior. 
may  bo  as  to  tho  (•liiinicicr  of  llic  rcliitioiis  whiili  imHt  1)0  sliduii  t.. 


iij  i 

,3  I  ! 


notilioil  liy  a  county  roail  Mi|icriii(i'nd- 
cut,  aliiiiit  iHii  mihI  a  lialf  Iidiii-.  liifiiic 
tlio  acciilciit  nccinii'd.  that  a  tiir  «:is 
la^iii;;  cm  tlic  mail.  Init  ~i'iit  iii>  iinc  tii 
notify  till"  train,  wliidi  lie  kmu  \vi^  a|i 
proai'liin-r.  of  the  iliiiiKir.  iind  <liil  not 
lio  hiniM-lf  in  tinir  to  icacli  tlic  daii- 
;;iTon'<  point  until  aftiT  tlic  acci.lcni. 
Hlllriiillll  V.  I'llliiisllliir  l{.  dil.  (IsilSl 
20  W'.isli.   l.!;t.  54    I'ac.  !MHi. 

'I'lic  cpic^lion  »■<  to  wlictlicr  a  section 
master  was  ^ruilty  of  nr;.'li;;i'ricc  rioidcr- 
in;;  tlic  company  lialilc  for  injuries  ~iis 
tamed  hy  a  welioii  hand  in  attinipt- 
injr  to  j.'et  a  hand  car  oil'  the  track  ami 
<nit  of  the  way  of  an  approaching'  train 
is  for  the  jury  upon  e\iilence  that,  with 
knoHli'iljie  that  an  express  train  v  liich 
was  due  had  not  passid.  he  ordered  the 
par  t^i  lie  placed  n|Hin  the  track,  promis- 
ing.' the  men  to  keep  watch  of  tho  train, 
and  that,  upon  seciii;;  the  train  ap- 
proach around  a  ciirxc.  he  ordered  the 
crew  to  remove  the  hand  car.  ./o/i,..vo/i 
V.  Si,iitliiiii  If.  Co.  (18!)8)  122  N.  C. 
9ri5.  -J!!   S.   K.   784. 

In  an  ac'tion  hy  an  cni]doyec  for  (M>r- 
soiial  injuries  received  hy  tJic  fall  of  a 
pile'  driver.  e\  idcncc.  althoiiL'li  contra 
dieted,  that  the  torcinan  ordered  plaiii- 
tiir  to  the  top  of  tile  pile  driver.  ~oiiic 
."tit  fci't  lii^di.  to  oil  the  wheel,  and  that, 
while  ho  was  on  the  same  with  the  ham- 
mer neai  the  top.  other  omploycos  ho- 
jran  mo\iiii.'  it  at  the  foreman's  order 
tiy  "pinehinu"  it  with  crowliars.  and 
that  only  one  man  was  in  ehar^re  of  the 
({uy  rope.  althoii;:h  two  were  necessary 
to  properly  stay  it  while  heiiig  moNcil. 
— is  suHi<icnt  to  sustain  a  judLrmeiil  for 
plaintiir.  I'hiikhiI .  /■,'.  ,f  .1/.  \iillri,  /,'. 
fV  V.  /,..s/ic  (IS!)4»  41  N'oh.  l.-.ft,  .V.l  X. 
W.  5.59. 

A  foreman  is  ncvlijxent  in  underlak 
\l><i  to  MKUe  a  car  when  a  pair  of  wheels 
are  oil'  the  track,  as  a  result  of  wliieh 
an  employee  is  can;.'ht  liiiwccti  sncli  car 
aiiil  other  cars  standing'  on  an  adjoin- 
ing track.  ,ind  killed,  clnvitim  ,1-  /;.  /. 
A",  t'o.  V.  Diismll  (IS!)7»  7(1  III.  .\pp. 
ill. 

ll>)  \iflli;iriirf  nnl  tslnlilinhal. — A 
mossafie  hy  a  train  dospatcher  to  a  roii- 
dnctor  to  ''(jet  orders"  at  a  ceitain  sta- 
tion was,  as  matter  of  law,  an  adei|uato 
provision  to  socurc  his  tr.nii  ap'ainst  col- 
lision with  another,  wheit  il  iippeais 
that  this  form  of  order  was  in  fri'ipieiit 


nsc  on  the  road,  and  wax  understood  to 
mean  ihit  llie  train  to  which  it  relatel 
sliouhl  lie  hi'ld  at  the  station  speciti.,! 
iiiMil     flesh    iii.l  riii'tioiis    were    recei\e<l 

■|  lie    »iiHici -y   of   such   an   onler   as  i., 

the  inoveinent  of  a  train  cinnot  lie  te-t 
id  liy  the  fact  that  a  collision  occllr^•^l 
tliroii^h  its  di-nliedieiiee  hy  the  cmhi 
dilclor  and  en).;iiieii.  I'hitiiqu.  SI.  I. 
&  V.  O.  /•'.  f'o.  v.  Ituitli-  (  IhS.i)  tiO  .\Iis, 
!I77. 

The  conductor  of  a  fieij.'lit  train  i- 
not  ;.'ililly  of  111  j.'li.;ciiee  in  sifinalin;.'  III. 
engineer  to  mo\e  the  train  forward  Un 
the  purpose  of  easiii;;  np  upon  a  coii|i 
liiiL'  pin.  after  t'lviii^,'  instnicticm*  to  lii> 
suliordinatcs  to  open  a  switch,  cut  ml 
a  Hat  car.  and  place  it  upon  a  si. I. 
track,  since  he  has  a  ri;,'ht  to  pre-niii.. 
111. it  his  siiiiorilinates  ha\e  olieyed  hi- 
order  and  arc  in  a  position  safely  and 
propclly  to  niieinpli  the  cars  as  (ii 
reeled.  Iliiilson  v.  Cliiiili  sloii,  C.  if  <' 
A*.  Co.    (|8!i:t|   .",   I'ed    US. 

-\  conductor  who  is  mi  a  train  wliili. 
a  ruiMiinj.'  switch  is  in  pro;.'ress  caiiiint 
lie  held  iiej.'liL'eiit  on  the  frround  tli.it 
the  spied  of  the  onLrilie  is  nne\peclciil\ 
rapid  at  the  nioiin-iil  of  the  iineoiipliMi:. 
ulieii  it  has  always  heeii  usual  for  tin 
1  ii^jincer  to  control  tlii'  speiil.  and  it 
i~  his  duty  to  do  so.      The  londililor  lias 

the  riiihl    to  rely  on  the  perfoiniani i 

that   du1\.      I.di.i    Shiirr  ,1-   .1/.   .v.   It.  C. 
v.    hnill'iil    (1878)    :!:!  Ohio  St.    JCS. 

.\  tr.iin  master  is  not  iie^liLTent  in  'ir 
deriiii.'  cars  to  he  t  ikeii  out  of  a  trMJii 
uitlioiit  seeiiii;  speei.iHv  that  a  liiMki 
man  eiijia^'iil  in  coiiplirif.'  ears  is  warneil. 
since  he  has  a  ri^'ht  to  a-siimc  that  lii^ 
ordeis  will  he  properly  carried  out. 
Minliii  V.  Clii<tii;ii  d  I.  If.  Co.  ilS!!.")! 
(i.-.  I'lil.  ;;84.  the  ■•oiirt  said:  -1111. 
order  ill  and  of  il-ilf  was  a  peilictlv 
proper  one:  one  which  the  silnalion  jinl 
eiiiiiiiwtanccs  rcipiircd  to  he  driven.  The 
fault,  if  any.  which  resniled  in  the 
plaint  ill's  injuries,  attended  the  exiiii 
tion  of  the  order  as  an  incident  of  thai 
act.  and  was  not  naturally  or  nen- 
sarily  inherent  to  or  resultant  from  the 
onler." 

There  was  no  ncfrliponce  in  placing.'  ii 
liindier  car  danfrcroiis  to  mount  and  p:i-s 
over,  next  hcliird  tho  cars  ccpiippcil  with 
aif  brakes,  which  wore  immediately  in 
the  rear  of  the  eii^fine.  where  ii  was  iin 
iiecos.sar\'    for    the    brakoman    to    cliiiili 


JiiTJ 


Vl(  K  I'lMNfll'Al.SIIIP  -OKKICIAI.  ACTS. 


1(37 


exist  licUvof  n  tlio  (lflin(|ii('iit  aii<]  tli(>  injiinil  riiii>liiviH's,  in  order  t<> 
iilTcci  tile  iiia-tcr  willi  lialiilifv,  it  is  irii\ii-sally  ajriiTil  that  the 
LMiii-ral  rules  .)t  tlic  law  i>t  iiuvii'-v  are  (•nntriiliiiio  in  all  cases  to  tliis 
I  xicnt,  that,  nil  ilic  uiH'  iiaiiil.  it'  llic  act  wa^  uitliiii  tlio  -cope  of  such 
riupliivcc's  atiflioritv,  tlio  master  eaimot  e-eajie  liaitilitv  on  the  groiiixl 


(ivfT  it.  and  llu'  only  brake  to  l)o  sot 
tliiTiiin  icnilil  III'  iiMilicil  (rum  tlir  car 
liillmviii;.'.  Till-  siifc-ly  cif  tlu"  luakciiiati 
iriild  mil  lia\c  lircn  iiicirc  cUVctisrly  w- 
ruiril  il  tlic  <  II  liail  lirrti  [ilairil  in  llic 
iiiiildli"  <if  tlic  train,  wlicrc  i'  ('(iiild  have 
lici  II  \mrkcd  U|i  to  from  liolli  ciiiU  of 
ihc  train  liy  t!ic  front  and  tlic  rear 
liraki'inan.  Jin  iris  v.  ('Iirstiiiinl.i-  d  O. 
It.  Cn.   (  1S!I.-|:   Va.)    L>3  S.  K.  2 lit. 

rrainmcn  iiavp  a  riL'lit  to  rely  on  the 
iili-crvance  of  a  rule  I  hat  walih  -hmild 
111  kept  while  repairs  are  lieiiij,'  made 
under  a  ear.  and  are  not  tic;.diu'cnl  in 
li.ickini.'  n  train  a^'ain-t  a  car  «hicli.  so 
fiir  as  may  he  inferred  from  the  nli-encc 
iif  a  watchman,  is  not  iindcr;;oiii;.'  re- 
pairs, llrnfio  V.  Chiriiii'i.  I!.  I.  i1-  /'. 
n.  (■;.  (1S8.JI  8li  .Mo.  ;t(i:!  (ear  repairer 
in]iiredl . 

A  si'clion  foicnian  is  not  nei.'li'_'ent  in 
nrdiiiii}.'  the  seciien  lian<ls  to  ;;cl  a  hand 
lar  on  which  tlicy  have  hecn  riding,  off 
ilie  track  on  di-covcrin;,'  a  |>a«,in).;iT 
train  approaeliin^'.  On  the  contrary, 
tlie  f;iiliirc  to  ;:ivc  siieh  an  order  would 
111'  culpalile.  Chiriiqn  rf  .1.  li.  Co.  V. 
'ill/':   (1807)    71   Ilk  App.    114. 

Tile  iiisfantaneoiH  stoppin;.'  of  a  'Aoik 
naiii  without  warninj;  to  a  siclion  hand 
-laiiilin;.'  on  the  platform  of  a  ealiimse 
'vi-  not  nciilip'iici'  nnderinf;  the  com 
piiiy  lialile  for  ininrirs  to  the  -rdinn 
hand  from  lieinj;  tlincMi  from  the  plat- 
fiinn.  where  he  knew  that  the  train  «as 
til   lie    moved    forward    a    ear's    hn^rtli. 

'  111",,  /'.  /.*.  fi,.  V.  /*oi//p  iisn;)   ."lit 

Nili.  .V-i.-i.  70  X.  \V.  43. 

.\  railroad  einiipany  is  not  lialde  for 
inJMrii's  to  an  employee  eiifiau-cil  in  eoii- 
-Iriirtinir  a  lirid^c.  incurred  while  in  a 
il.irL'iroiis  position  to  which  he  went 
npiiii  lii»  understandinjr  that  lie  was  or- 
diicd  tlii'ie  hy  mot  ion-  of  the  foreman 
ill  fill  not  made  for  si:eh  purpose, 
wlicic  the  foreman  did  not  know  that 
lir  «:i-  in  -iich  place,  .ind  proceeded  with 
till-  Milk  call-in^'  the  injuric-.  Ur- 
l-'nlln,  V.  rhirdqo.  /?.  T.  if  P.  R.  Co. 
ilSIHi    S.T  Iowa.  48.-.,  .-)0  N.  W.  ■>]. 

Till'  foreman  of  a  oaldc  ear  company, 
wliiise  special  duty  it  is  to  see  that  the 
i:n.<  arc  i.r.''i;;lit  out  ol  llic  car  hoii,-e 
on  linip  each  inornin;;  and  siirted  for 
their  regular  trips  with  the  proper  men 


in  phar;.'e.  is  not  ;ruilty  of  ne(;li(;pnce 
lowaiiU  the  ;,'ripiiiaii  of  oui'  of  -iich  car* 
when  first  liroii;.'lil  out  on  an  important 
street,  in  failinj.'  to  oliserve  tiie  hitter's 
jiri— eiiee  oii  the  ear.  or  to  look  to  the 
rear  ol  the  ear  liefore  startiii;;  it  for 
tile  purpose  ot  making;  room  for  other 
pars,  where  he  was  reipiireil  to  keep  a 
I'lose  lookout  in  front,  and  ha!  no  rca 
.so!i  to  sii-peet  that  the  ;;ripniaii  would 
(.'it  on  the  ear  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
make  it  dan^'croiM  to  star*  it.  Krnirn 
V.  St.  l.niiis  II.  Co.  (18!I7)  141  Mo.  8li. 
!1    S.  W.  ".tL'ii. 

The  mere  fact  that  a  vice  principal 
hurried  his  -iiliordinates  at  tlicir  work, 
and  Used  oath.s  in  jr'^'i'iK  directions, 
does  not  show  ne^liu'eiiee.  Coiinr  v. 
I'nioii  I'.  H.  Cn.  (Iss'M  13:1  l'.  "s.  ;t7(l, 
X't   L.  ed.   ti.ll.    10  Sup.   Ct.    Kep.   .'iS2. 

.\  direction  to  tin  eii;.'iiiicr  liy  a  vice 
principal  in  a  harsh  and  loud  tone,  to 
iioi-l  a  loaded  scalelioard.  as  a  team 
is  wailintr,  is  not  iiefjliai  ncc  whieh  will 
render  the  employer  liable  for  an  in- 
jury to  a  fellow  servant  of  the  enf;ineer. 
caused  hy  the  latler's  applyinj;  the 
steam  and  hoisting  the  sealchoard  too 
ipiicklv.  dn/lin  v.  Ulrn  Mjq.  Co. 
(lS!t;i"i  f,7  X.  H.  287.  30  Atl.  344.  The 
court  said.  ''The  direction  to  the  en 
uincer  was  not  a  eouiniand  to  hoi-t  tin' 
-I  ilclioard  improperly,  nor  more  ipiickly 
than  usual.  He  loiild  not  na-onalily 
understand  he  was  to  act  in  Mich  man 
iicr  as  to  endan;:er  the  safely  of  ollicrs. 
lie  was  not  coiiiiiianded  to  do  an  unlaw- 
ful act.  nor  a  lawful  acl  in  an  improper 
manner.  There  w.i-  iiolhinu'  in  the  fact 
that  a  team  was  waitinjr.  that  reipiired 
undue  ha-tc  in  lioi-liiiL'  the  hoard.  That 
wa-  the  only  lea-on  ^'iven  by  I'crry  to 
the  enfiinccr  to  alteiid  to  the  duty  as- 
si^'iied  to  him.  There  was  no  dan^'er 
of  injury  to  the  team,  nor  from  it.  by 
oolli-lon  or  olhcrwjse.  Tlin  nc;.'liL'cnt 
manner  of  hoi-linjr  the  board  wa-.  the 
act  of  the  en^'ineer.  and   not    of   I'erry.'' 

A  foreman  of  a   foundry  is 
of   n.  ;:li;r.'llce 

ladle    full    of    niollcn    metal    into  a    per- 
fect   .me  upon    learning  llial    the  former 

is     lie;^ili;niiw      (,,     leak.      W  liell      111-     act      is 

not   niaiiifc-tly  inipropir.  and  he  has  no 
n'ason  to  anticipate  a   full  of  the  ladle, 


not  jjiiilty 
■e  in  at  tempting  to  empty  a 


1538 


MAsTKil  ANDSKKVAXr. 


[rilAP.  XXIX. 


hi'  \ 


tliat  it  Wii"  (liiiip  in  iliroct  violalinn  nf  iiis  onlcrs.'  inid  lliiii  mi  the  otlur 
Iniiiil,  tlicrt'  c'lii  !><■  iiii  i-i'Cdverv,  wlicro  the  act  or  order  wliicii  ciiii-cl 
the  injtirv  was  cntirclv  oiitsido  tiio  s«i|)c  nf  tlif  antlicirity  of  tin 
<lcliii(|Uciit  riiiployee.  If  the  act  <>r  order  had  no  reference  to  ihc 
niastor's  concerns,  there  is,  of  course,  no  liid)ilit_v  on  the  inastei'- 
part.*    Bnt  even  if  this  point  is  drtcrniiiied  in  the  phiintiflF's  fa\or,  h< 


A'.   /?.   Co.   V.   Run- 

421.    II)    Pile.    7H3. 

A*.  Co.  V.   Ifniilii  Id 

.  wlicro  tho  nilwiiv 


ii"*iilliii;r  in  injiin-  to  n  workni.in.  Mar- 
In,  V.  f.W.-  (I'sfili  .-IT  N.  Y.  S.  R.  733, 
n  N.  Y.  Sii|)p.  ■.V2>J. 

A  t'lai'niaii  in  a  car  repair  Klinp  is 
riiit  j;iiilty  of  n<';.'li;;i'ii(>c  in  srlccliii)?  a 
l>i>ll  to  be  driven  tlinni^'li  the  tloor  of 
the  oar.  whieh  irt  1  inih  h>n;.'er  llian  i« 
iHiilril.  I.y  wliieh  an  einphivce  iiiiiler  tlie 
ear  is  injured,  where  liolls  are  fiecpieiit- 
ly  used  SDUiewliat  hiii;.'er  than  are  re- 
(piired.  nn<)  a  l«>lt  hI  a  prober  len;.'th 
wouhl  projeot  1}  inches  l«'low  tlie  liiit 
toin  of  till'  ear  Unit::  v.  tlnat  Soith- 
f-ni  It.  Co.  (1897)  11!)  Minn.  .'i24,  72  N. 
VV.  HO.-,. 

'  .Uc/ii.ioH,  T.  d   S. 

(lull    (  ISSH)    40  Knn. 

In   CliifiKia  if  A'.    11'. 

(1S77  )   37  Mich.  20.->, 

ciinipany   was  helil    liahle  for   the   m 

(fence  of  tile  conductor  of  a  work  train 

in  onlerin;^  a  lahorer  to  do  \v(U'k  out»iile 
the   M'opp  of  his   contract    (see  chapter 

.NXV.,  niiti),  the  court  ssiid:  "It  is.  in 
freneral.  no  cncusc  to  the  eni|doyer  that 
aii  injury  which  has  occurrc<l  was  caused 
liv  di^ohedienec  of  his  orders,  whether 
tlicv  he  p.xpress  orders  or  implied  or- 
ders, irp  assumeH  the  risk  of  such  dis- 
oliedienee  when  he  put.s  the  ."crvant  in- 
to his  husiness:  and  the  rc!"  ins  for 
holdini;  him  responsilile  for  llie  servant's 
conduct  are  the  .same,  whether  the  in- 
jury results  from  a  failure  to  olis<Tve 
I  lie  master's  directions,  or  from  nejilect 
of  the  ordinary  (irccautions  for  wliicli 
no  -pecitic  direct iiuis  are  deemed  neces- 
sary. It  will  be  conceded  that  for  a 
]io-itive  wron;;  licvond  Iho  sco|h'  of  (hi- 
mastiT's  business,  intentionally  or  reck 
lessly  ilone.  the  master  cannot  he  held 
Icsponsihlp  :  this  being  very  properly  re- 
garded as  the  [lersonal  trespass  or  tort 
of  the  servnnt  himself.  Hut  when  the 
wrong  arises  merely  from  an  excess  of 
Buthority.  committed  in  furtherin-r  the 
master's  interests,  and  the  master  re- 
ceives the  beiielit  of  the  act.  if  any.  it 
is  neitlic  reasonable  nor  just  that  the 
liability  should  depend  upon  any  ques- 
tii'U  of  the  e\:M't  limits  of  the  serva?»t's 
niilhority.  Tlii'  lunster  fixes  these,  and 
It   is  bis  duty   to   keep   his   servant,   in 


what  is  done  by  him,  within  the  limii- 
(Keil,  .\n  act  in  exces.s  woidd  still  liu. 
the  appiirenl  sanction  of  liis  autlioijiv  ; 
the  occisjon  for  it  would  be  fiirni-lir  1 
by  the  i-mployinent.  aiiil  the  injiii,<l 
party  could  not  always  1m'  expected  l.i 
kmiw  or  hr  able  to  discover  whether  it 
was  or  was  not  without  express  Kane 
lion." 

In  If'iihiiiiii  v.  Mirliliiun  C.  R.  ('., 
(iSsii  .-,.-,  Mirii.  .i^;.  ,14' .\ni.  Hep.  ;!is 
20  .\.  \\.  7HS.  the  court  was  e<iuill\ 
divided  upon  the  (piestion  whetli.r  :i 
brakem.in  could  re<'iiver  for  an  in  inn 
caused  by  the  conductor's  tindert  iki:  _■ 
to  manage  an  engine  in  the  alisoh,  ,'.i 
the  engitieer.  Two  were  for  hohliiiL'  iIk 
company  liable  as  for  an  •'abuse  nf  mh 
thorily"  by  an  em|iloyee  itivesteil  » r  ii 
the  lion  delegiible  <luty  of  soeing  lli.i' 
his  HuboKlin.ites  discharged  tlieii  n- 
spective  duties.  .luilge  (  (xdey  and  in 
other  of  bis  colleagies  thouglil  tlnii. 
was  nothing  to  she  \  ilnt  the  ciiimIik  ini 
was  not  acting  wiiliii  nis  pt  .tcis  in  i>|i 
I'rating  the  engine,  and  dicw  the  inl.r 
enee  that  the  plaintilf  was  not  in  lli. 
position  of  a  s<>rvaiit  rei'iiving  an  or.!.i 
which  he  might  rightfully  ba\r  .li. 
obiNcd.  to  ilo  something  outsjilc  tli. 
scope  of  bis  empbiv  nient.  Thi'  Itmi^  /.' 
i'li^t  w,is  thought  by  them  not  to  bo  in 
point. 

.\n  employer  is  liable  for  the  act-i  oi 
a  vice  principal  done  within  the  sco|i. 
of  his   eiuploymeiit.    resulting   in   an   in 

jur>-   to  an   eniployec.   i>ltlioii;;h    II iii 

ployer  was  nut  pii-scnt.  t'tiiiuiii  \. 
Siiiiii'hix    (|S!M)    !)   Tex.   Civ.    .\pp.   M 

20   S.   \V.    1140    (defeinlanis  had   ar- I 

that  liny  would  not  lie  liable  uiiliss 
they  had  expressly  aiitliori/ed  their  fo.e- 
man  to  conunit  an  injiirv  iipun  tlie 
plaiiiliiri. 

injuied  while  travel 
afli'r  Hie  day's  wdik 

U    for  thi'  piii'i Ill 

for  his  boss,  caniiiit 
Chimin.  R.  I.  rf  f. 
7(1. 

t'>  nn  onHi'"^'*''^ 
in  a  friendly  manini  and  for  puipnsf* 
not    connected    with    the   emnlovmi-nt  is 


"  .\  section  hand 
iiig  oil  a  hand  eir 
was  over,  and  leei- 
luinging  provi-io' 
reeo\er.  Iliir^l  v. 
/■■.  C<K    (  1S7S)    4!»    Iowa 

\    fnreni;UI   in   spentin 


ii  3:iTJ 


VKK  l'UIX(  ll'Al.slMl'-OKKlCIAL  ACTS. 


1531) 


•iiiigt  still  fiiil.  mili«s  lio  L'liii  *lu>\v  iliai  tin-  sn|«'rii>r  -iivimt  had 
iiuthnritv,  fitlii'i-  cxtii-o.s  nr  iiiiplinl  t'l'uiii  flif  iialiirc  of  liis  tiiiictioiiH 
;ii)(l  tlio  I'cuiiliir  (-"iiirsc  of  till'  liiisiiicss,  to  do  tiu'  act  or  ^'ivi-  lln>  onh'r 
jllcgod  to  Ix'  iic;L;lii;(iit.''  Ilii'  iiltiinato  and  ossciitiul  (iiicstion  U 
uliotlicr  tin-  vice  i)riiii-i|)al  had  i>^tfii>ibli'  aiithorit.v  to  >;ivf  the  ordi'ia 
uhieh  ltd  to  tilt'  injiirv.  Hciicf,  if  u  n-prcsi-iitativo  capacity  i» 
licstowcd  iipciti  a  sii|icrior  sonant  hy  gt'iicral  directions  to  oboy  his 
nrdors,  tliat  capacity  cinijnucs.  so  far  us  tlie  sidxpnliiiatc  receiving: 
iliose  direct joii-i  \a  concrncd,  until  he  is  nctnally  informed  that  the 


not  iicfiiiif  n*  a  vioi-  )ii'iiii'i|iiil  so  ns  to 
iiiiilcT  tlir  iiia-tir  li;ilili'  for  an  iiijmv 
wllicll  (lie  rlii|ilipyir  riTchi-s  tllliillyll 
hnviiij  nttoiitioti  ilivi'itiil  innmi'iitaiily 
lioiii  liio  wink  liv  llir  foil  man's  wni'ls. 
lf.l/>/.  1/    V.    firlnnnirl,,,-     (IS'.M)     7    Mi>0. 

S,  27  X.  Y.  Siipii.  .•Cil. 

"Wlii'ie  an  iiiyiniTr  lian  no  autlmritT 
111  orilcr  a  vani  nia-trr  to  ronple  cars, 
iiiil  it  U  no  pail  of  tin'  lattiT'rt  iliitiiH 
111  ilo  ■Jiich  work,  tin'  roinipaiiy  is  not 
lialilc  for  ininrii-  ii'i-i  ivnl  liv  liiin  in 
I'linplinn  a  par  at  flii'  ici(iii'«t  of  tlie  en- 
•,'inwr.  limilUn  v.  .V.i.v7.ri//r.  V.  d  8t. 
I.,  n.  Co.   (1884)    14  Li'a.  :t74. 

Wlicrp  n  lioy  eniployiil  in  a  lioilcr 
-Imp  to  work  in  a  tool  rooiii.  'icin;;  out 
nf  work,  is  iliri'ctoil  liy  tin'  In  -i  of  the 
Hull  room  to  jro  into  the  ail  joininj;  lioilor 
iniiin  for  wink,  where  In-  sustains  the 
injuries  sueil  for.  the  hoss  of  the  tool 
room,  lieiiiff  iiiiTi'ly  authori/eil  to  illrect 
the  work  in  that  room,  has  no  author- 
itT  to  diri'Ot  plaiiitilT  to  si'ek  employ- 
niont  in  the  boiler  room,  and  the  ma-ter 
is  not  lial.le.  f'isl.-  v.  Crulinl  P.  R.  Co. 
I1S87)  72  Cal.  38.  1.3  Pae.  144. 

A  servant  who  has  no  power  to  Rug- 
[lenil  niles  cannot.  Iiy  ilireelln,'  a  siilmr- 
iliiiate  to  procure  eertaiii  mat  riaU  in 
violation  of  the  rules  pvnviileil  for  siieh 
.1  cafe,  impose  nsponsiliility  on  the  mas- 
ter.    KiiiHin   V.   .Veil-    )'<iil,,  /,.  /•;.  ({■   U'. 

u.  Co.  (ISO.-. I   iir.  X.  Y.  l!in.  :in  x.  i:. 

TU.  There  the  plaiiititr's  iiileslale  iiml 
;<notlier  man  were  at  work  repairiii;.'  a 
liir.  anil  foimil  they  miilisl  a  bum|>i'r 
-Iirini;.  Thi  intestate  applieil  to  a  eo 
employee  for  it,  and  was  informed  fliat 
he  dill  not  hnve  one.  .\fler  a  fiirilier 
-I'iirrli  he  tuM  the  "■riu;;  l)0>^.')'  t'lai  he 
was  unahle  to  find  what  hi  wanted,  and 
Wits  directed  to  j;^  to  atiollivr  track,  .iiid 
take  one  from  :i  car  tin  le  While  he  was 
iinilir  the  car.  some  car*  were  liaeked 
3i;:;ir.if  it,  and  he  wn-  iv,jr,i'i«!.  It  \v,i  = 
mlniitted  hy  api>i'llaiifs  cniinsi'l  (hat 
lliere  was  no  direct  e\  ili'iice  in  the  ease 
showing  that  it  was  any  part  of  Tracy's 


duty  to  furnish  materialu  reqiiireil  liy 
the  woikmeii  under  hiiii,  hut  he  insi^lisl 
that,  as  the  defendant  had  failed  to  de>- 
i^inate  any  one  perwm  whose  duty  It 
should  he  In  horrow  spring's  from  other 
cars  for  temporary  use.  and  still  con 
tinued  the  business  of  car  n-pairiiu.'.  it 
not  only  aci|Uiesced  in  the  jfi'"(f  fore 
inaii's  prmiirin^'  such  materials,  but  im 
plieilly  authori/ed  them  to  procure  them 
wheieever  they  could.  The  appellant's 
counsel  also  admitted  that  Tracy  wa-. 
the  fellow  servant  of  the  intestati-  in 
everything  except  in  the  performance  of 
a  duty  which  the  law  imposed  upon  the 
defendant.  ri>..  prociiiin)f  materials  for 
use.  The  court  declined  to  adopt  tlicsi' 
views,  sjiyinp-  "It  would  lead  to  the 
establishment  of  an  excedlinjily  unsafe 
rule,  to  hold  that  a  <;,i\\t2  boss  over  forty 
or  tlfly  men  could,  without  direct  au- 
thority from  the  company,  chanjie  the 
safe  ami  proper  rdes  in  pursuance  of 
which  the  work  in  the  repair  yards  was 
condiicteil.  and  direct  workmen  to  pro~e 
cute  their  labors  under  cars  standin;; 
on  tracks  other  than  the  reirular.  duly 
protected  repair  tracks.  Tracy  fihe 
■.'ang  bossl  was  in  no  Icfjal  scikc  the 
lepresentative  of  the  defenilant  wlwn  he 
sU}{;.'Csted  to  the  inle^tate  that  he  should 
procure  a  spriiii;  from  a  car  standing  on 
track  Xo.  8;  he  was  a  fellow  servant 
makinfj  a  very  unwise  and  dangerous 
suggestion." 

.\  mason  injured  by  the  negligence  of 
carpenters  winking  on  the  same  build- 
ing, in  constructing  a  defective  scilTold. 
cannot  recover  where  there  is  no  evi- 
dence to  show  that  it  was  ,iny  part  of 
their  employment  as  carpenters  to  make 
ladders  for  anybody  but  themselves. 
Mncrr  v.  .larlf:!,,,    (is70)   .-i4  III.  .307. 

It  will  be  u-efiil  to  note  here  that  the 
principle  stated  in  the  text  is  controlling 
under  the  Kie-ii-lt  cmple.yp! -' '  li;i!dliiy 
net  of  ISSO  an  1  similar  .American  stat- 
utes making  the  iiia-ler  liable  fur  the 
negligence   of   employees   exercising    su- 


S'fl' 


IA40 


.\l.\MKIt  AXUSKltVANT. 


[l  IIAIV 


X\l.\ 


iiirl 


mrUv  no  jjivcH 


IlilS   I 


H'l'll    \vi 


tlhl 


raun  or  rc^tri<i(<l,'      Itiit  ii 


Ni' ' 


of  tliir*  I'lasH  it  is  lii'lil  tiiiit  tiic  inert'  U'licf  of  fin-  iiijiiriij  -ir\iiiit  tlmr 
lio  liiKJ  iM-cri  (liii'cicil  to  uIh  V  ilic  orilcrH  of  ilu-  ili'liiii|Ui'iit  will  nut  ]» 
siitlirif  lit  to  fii«ltii  r«s|).in!«iliilit_v  on  tlic  <in|iliivir,  if,  a.s  u  mutter  d 
fiict,  no  sucli  (lircciioiis  hiiil  ever  Im'cii  j^ivcn."' 

In  ino.st  kinds  of  l)U>in(<>  nntlioritv  to  conitiiif  iict-*  <if  pcrsun:;! 
vinlcnc«>  nnionnfin;:  fo  n  Itattorv  cannut  ]»•  inferri'd.  fur  this  n'iisi.n. 
if  for  no  utlu'r,  tlial  liirj^cr  powers  cannot  \)o  irn|inli'il  to  an  a;;i'ni  ilmii 
ilic  principal  liiiiisclf  pu— c-^c-.  A  ina-tcr,  tlicrcf.irc,  cannut  ordinariK 
br  Ik'IiI  Iiul)lo  for  liic  act  of  a  snp(rvi-,in;r  itupiuvcc  in  U^atini.'  n 
snlMtnlinalc,  oven  tiiiin;;li  it  was  Utr  tiic  purpose  nf  fiirllieriiii:  ilic 
master's  Imsiness  \>\  c>.nipe||in;;  him  to  work."  I'liiler  the  maritim. 
law  H  ship  owniT  niav  Iw  reipiired  in  au.-wer  for  a  similar  offense  l.\ 
tlio  captain  of  one  of  his  ve>,-els,  where  it  amounts  tn  a  misuse  of  hi- 
power  to  ciui.>tisi>  a  «eiinuin  for  the  maintenance  f>f  ilisi-ipiine,  Imt  thi- 
principle  t-annot  Ih'  exieiideil  so  as  to  create  a  lial)ililv  for  a  waniin 
assault.   \vhi(^h,  as  the  evidence  slii>ws,   was  not  demamh'd    hy  aii\ 

piTitiliMiilnicr  or  oontrol.     /Jioiin  v.  Rut-  Mfij.  Co.  (ISOti)   KM)  |,iw,i.  441,  Ii!)  V.  W 

Irilni  r,„il  i;,.    (ISH.-il    r.:!    I,    T.    V.    S.  74:i    isciv.uit    Ihtc  Iml   l n   onlrrr,!   i., 

!l('«4.  .'id  .1.   I'.  i'M).     SiH'  <'lii\|)tiT  XXXVII.,  porform  dulii-.  i)ulsi<l<-  tin-  scopi'  nf  ln- 

/«).v^  einployiMciil  ) . 

*  .\  soil  of  nn  employiT  rcprt'scnts  ttii'        'Joins   v.   SI.    Louis.   .V.   d   /'.    I'ml;  i 

liiltir   111  a*  tn  r<>nili>r   tlic   InttiT   lialilc  To.     (ISdOi     4.T    Mo.    .\|ip,    :tns,      Tliiir 

for  lii-4  iicj.'1cot   in  ilircolinir  an  <'iii]iloy(i'  .tii(li.'<>  Tlmiiipson  after  point  in;;  out  ihal, 

lo  ([u  a  rcrtaiii  act  which  III'  n-iis  not  or-  uihIit    the    j;riwriil    \:\\\    of    iiiiKlrr    iiiwl 

•linarily   rallrd   upon  to   perform,   wtirre  sir\ant,  tlic  master  liail  no  powi'r  to  in 

tliR  Mill  liad   iH'cn  tliicclcd  to  liavi-  hiicIi  llirt     pergonal     cliaMisiincr'     '•,1011     ihi- 

act     prrforiiicil,    anil    tlie    rniployrt-    hail  M'rv.mt.  niiil  that  tlif  aili'iinil'y  l.iw  mi 

t'liii'ial    iliri'clion.s  to   do   what   tho   son  thi»  (■uini  lias  no  applic;<tion  to.iiiniiN 

lolil  tiiiii.      1,11   Fortune  v.  Jollu    (ISnti)  haseil   on   ciriimi^t  in.  ,■     occiiirini.'  on  .1 

HIT    Ma»4.   170.  4.5  V.  E.  83.     the  oom  t  river  like  the  .\li- i--ippi.  ,.'    ! ul„r, 

helil   that  it    wa*  not  oonipetent   for  the  Mieh     aelion,     are    l>roii;.'lit     into    st;il. 

ilefepilant  to  show  that  the  son'^*  ireiieriil  courtt,    Niiiniiieii    np   as    follow^:      "Tli. 

aiithiirily   hail   heen  w^cretly  wlthijrawn.  pax-  is  not   one  when>  the  superior  -in 

anil  that  the  son  hail  ln-f'n  inslriieteil  to  ant  or  \  iee  prineipal  hail  any  aiithcpiiiv 

(nrforni  [HMsonally  tlie   iluty   in   the  o.\-  from  the  general   iiia-ler.  either  o\|ii.-- 

eeiition    of   whidi    the    plaiiitilT    was   in-  or  inipli.  •!.  to  iwe  \  iiiliiiei>  uinler  an\  cu- 

jiiii'd.  eiimstaiui--    whatever    in    noeipinpli.hin^' 

-Vn   instrnetion   in   an    action    for   in-  the  purposes  of  the  ini-ier.     It  is.  thiie 

juries  to  a    trripiiian    npoii   a    eaMe   ear,  fore,    not    like    the  ease    where   the   rail 

that    it    is   ininiaterial    whether  the   per-  way    roinliietor     wroiii.'fiilly    expels    tho 

sou    exerei^inj;    the    aiillioiity    tn   ilireet  passenger.     Nor  was  it  a  c.ise  where  thp 

ami  commanil  was  known  a.s  a  fnreinan  master    hail     assimieil,    hv    coiitraet    or 

or    hy    any    other   title,    if   clotheil    with  otherwise,   any   -peeial   iliity  towani  tlie 

siieh    apparent    niithorily.    is   not    ohjec-  servant  injiireil.  of  piotectin;;  him  fnmi 

tionablc  on  the  proiiml  tli.it  the  master  injury  on   the   pin   of  aiinther  servani. 

is     not     liahle     lor     m  ;,'li;.'euee     of     one  nueh  as  the  -liity    whieli   the  earriir  ms 

clotheil    with    a    spieial    or    liiiiiteil    an-  siimes    toH.inl    hi»    pas>en;.'er.    of    I  rati-- 

thority,   not   ari-in;.'   from   the   perform-  pnrtiiif;   him    ^alVly   ami    without    Iwini 

anee  of  smli   aiitlioiity.      Wist  Cliirnqn  from  one  pl.iee  to  another.     Tlieaelil 

i<lriit   I',  f'ri.   V.   I}r  urr    (ISOfi)    MVl    ill.  to   t!ir   pl.uniiiV  iiy   the  .-iiprriiir  sir-..;-;: 

482,  44  X.    K.   81.').  was  tluiefoie,  neitlier  an  aet  ilone  in  the 

' il'cubui y  V.  (Jclchcl  li  M.  Lumbrr  i  scojic    of    hi*    employment,    nor    an    act 


1  Mrt) 


Villi  n;iN(ir.\i,»iiir   ui  i  u  i  m,  a   is. 


1S4I 

f   th" 


l»rr>!»^inir  <>ii]fii:tiir\,  unci  wa^  u  imri'  viii'liciiM'  iiiiliilnriicc  o 
I'lipi'iinH  <»\\  II  |iii»-'i<iiis.' 

AiC'tlirr  ••ii.'C  ill  wliicli  a  vice  |iiiiM-i|i;il  i-  iltinifil  to  iw  actiti;,' out- 
•  'n\p  till'  >cii|M'  i>(  lii-  I'liiplitviMi'iit  i-  «  III  I  ,  iiiii :  l\  ;i-  a  |M'i--.iiiiai  ma  Met'. 
Ill' fiivrs  a  ."iiilMd-iliiiaii' siiim-  int'iMiii.iMMn  wliich  |in,\c-i  in  Ih>  •■rroiicoii-', 

iind  :ln'  siilmriliTiaic  ri'i'rivfs  an  injurs   in  .  i|ni  ii.c  >>(  his  rrliari''!' 

on  til"  BtatPiiiriit." 

538.  Diitinction  between  official  and  nonofficial  acti  of  luperviiir.g 
employees;  generally.— Inilcr  tin'  p.^nf  al  law  ..f  •.;:,ii.'v.  tiir  prin'i 
pal.  vvliili'  III'  is  iiMi  iialili'  it'  tlii>  a,::>iii  iraii^ciinLs  his  aiithuritv,  miHt 
aiiswiT  lor  ''M  rviiiii  sf  "li'Hi'  \>\  -iic'i  ;::,ihl  wilhin  the  scnpi'  <>t'  his 
iinthority.  F'.nf  in  acti'in-  i)r"iin;ht  \<\  a  -<ivaiii  to  ri'mMT  fur  injnrirs 
rausuil  l)_v  a  liclinijinnt  vicr  piiiii  ipal,  tlif  iiili-  nf  risji,,ii'li  iil  sn  j^rrinr 
is  not  uiiivc'i''allv  (•iiuccmIciI  ti.  have  this  iini<-iii'-iiil  -i-upc.  As  will 
lx>  shown  iii'li.w  I  S^.">^o  .">1."',  infill),  iiiaiiv  ..f  ihi'  cnmi-  prucccil  upnii 
tho  thoorv  iliat,  i'mii  wlicrf  iIm-  iii'nii;;i'iici'  in  suit  is  pir.vcd  to  have 
had  ri'tVn  lici' to  till' ina-ii'i'"-  Im-iiicss,  ihc  phiintilfV  aiiimi  ioa_y  "-till 
\to  harri'il  bv  I'viilcm-c  ^iisiiptililo  of  the  riin-iniciioii  that  tho  vii'o 
priiH-ipa!  was  acliiii;-  in  ilic  caiiai-ity  of  a  iii'i-c  >ci-vaiit  when  lio  in- 
tlictrii  fho  injury  for  wliirh  iiiilcniiiify  is  soiiuht.  Iji  i.ij|..r  wonls.  In- 
is  ('oiic('i\(  i|  of  as  a  t'uiii'ii"iKiry  having  a  ilnal  characicr,  sonic  i.l' 
uhos<'  (Jrri'liclioii.s  ot  duty  arc  ollicinl.  and  others  iioiiotlicial.  .1 
-iilMirdinati'  hcini;  allowed  to  recover  if  his  injury  was  duo  to  an 
otKcial  act,  and  not  otherwise.' 


m 

I.  ;k 


ik' 


iliiiio  ill  viiihiiiDii  of  iinv  xiiroiiil  iliily 
wliii'li  llic  ^cmral  iiiiistrr  lni<  u-*-iiiiiicKl 
tiiWiii'U  I  111'  pliiinliir.  wliicli  iliily  t  lie 
iMiiiii'iJinli'  iictor  «,is  ii|>|iiiini|.<|  ti>  pcr- 
I'liiii.  It  slaniN  ill  Imv  us  lii^i  iiutp 
wafiinn  mill  rriininiil  art.  lor  v\hirli  nut 
iiriollirl-   |>i'iM.n.    liiit    liiiii-rll.    j,    IImIiIi..' 

'«.(/,)  11 /,M,,  V.  WiiiKhll  (IsitJi  l:),-,  X, 
Y.  1.  IT  I..  I!.  A.  J-.'S.  :U  N.  K.  !iilil.  Tlie 
i-oiirt  ninarkiil  that  llic  1  ipiahri  cmti- 
iiiaiiil  ili.i'.i  niit  fxtiiii!  ovii-  tin-  priMiiis 
if  till-  cii-w.  ••Iii'viiiiil  till'  liillii'tiiiii  nf 
ii^iial  anil  iiiirssary  paiii«liiiii'iit  in  ciscs 
nf  fliviliiMliiiicf   er   infract  JDii   nf    riili>.i." 

'  I'iM'iivirv  Iniv  Urn  ilciiiiil  wlitTi-  a 
Hiiikniai;  was  iniiinil  liy  nlvin;;  on  tho 
-t.itiiiiiiit  of  \\i>  foiciiiaii  that  ii  roi* 
"liicli  lir  was  about  to  \t*v  for  tlip  pur- 
piwc  of  ili'«citiilin(f  from  .%  tri'^tli-  was 
-euro.     Loiiisiill,'  ,(■  .V.   U.  Co.  v.   /.«/ir 

iisss)  sr.  Tonn   :i:i.-),  1;  s,  \v.  (ir,:i,    Tho 

o'liirt  liiTo  roliiil  upon  tho  ili^tiiiotinn 
••T.inli  iillnial  Hiiil  iiiioilii'ial  art^.  iiiit 
il  is  stihinitt.^l  (hat  tho  Into  ami  only 
ri':i-i.|i  for  nlisolviiiy  tlio  iinplovor 
•*lioulil  have  been  that  the  sorvaiit  was 


iirnlor  no  onlors  to  il«-ioniI  from  tho 
tiosili-,  an  I  \\a»  ii-in;.'  tlio  ropo  for  hi-, 
own  ai  riiiiiiiiiiil.itiiiii  I'liiiii'ly.  If  tho 
«i'r\aiit  hail  hirn  alioiit  tlio  ooinpaiiy's 
liii-iiio^».  or  bail  bioii  liaviii;;  bis  work, 
^iii'li  an  a--iiiaiiri  umiM  iin<liMibti'<lly 
have  boon  .iion  by  tho  luniiian  in  his 
cliaraotor  of  \  ioo  prim  ipal. 

'  "'I'lip  lanio  imlixiiliial  may  (■nnibiiii' 
in  his  own  iiorson  tho  fiiinl  imi..  of  both 
ina-tor  ami  >orvaiit."  Cih  llros.  \. 
Wood  (ISlMi  11  Iml.  App.  .C.  :((>  N.  \ 
1074.  'Tho  ii:i.ii.  f.H't  that  an  iiijiiiy 
ii-i|lts  fioiii  tlio  lioL'liL'inoo  of  a  sorvaiit 
-iipiiior  in  laik  to  tho  injiinil  sorvaiit 
ilor>  not  ronili  1  tho  iii:i~Iit  lialilo.  hut, 
ill  onlor  to  obar^io  tlio  iniilor  willi  such 
no^rli'.'onoo.  tho  suporior  sorvant  must  so 
far  stami  in  tho  plaoo  of  tho  niastor  as 
to  bo  ohar;;oil  in  tho  partioular  niattor 
with  tho  porforin.iiioo  of  a  ilnty  towards 
tho  inforior  sorvant.  whiob.  iinilor  tho 
law.  the  nia^tor  ov.'..  tliat  sorvant." 
I /fort  V.  fliinilir,,!  (|sii:i)  <(2  Toiin.  .t8.5, 
■Jl    S.  W.  TtlO. 

Till-,  tlioorv  of  ooiirso.  onlv  becomes  t 


IS42 

I 


MASTKR   \\1)  >n:i:\  \\i\ 


n  mi.v   |iiii..lri  :i.in  Tvl.cii 


tin-    fl 


Ulli'I  hill-.   i»t   >>ll|><  I  \  .«|||;f   cmiilian 


("IMC   x«m 


i;t>*  U|i 


urt>  tliir<i,  iitiiih'.l    ii»in  tl,i^  liii^i^.  the  ctl.rt  wliii'li  tlic  t|i.-.,r\  I 

on  flu-  |>liiiiiliirs  riulii-  nf  nidvcry  hIioiiIii  Im-  cxiiliiincil  lo  lIio  |  ir\ 
ill  liTiiis  ii|i|>r<>in"iatf  tu  the  i'\  iiliiici'  mtr<iiliic<'<|.^ 

Tlif  (|iii«iiiin  H-*  l<i  \vl,.  iliiT  an  i  iii|ilii\c.'  ua-  artin;j  an  a  vir. 
|irin<i|ml  ut  the  time  an  injiirv  was  icccivtd  l.y  another  cniplovcc  j.^ 
a  quc-'iion  for  thi"  jiirv  to  ililirniinf  from  thf  ivi.lcnci.  in  th(>  «-a-. , 

It  nui.v  be  lut'iiliontd  in  pas-in;?,  tlion^'h  iIm'  Mil.jirt  docs  m.t  full, 


1  !  ■  • 

Mil 


tiiiitrriiil    rli'irirnt    wliiTi'    tlir   (lfliiii|iii'iit 
HHji    in    riiiilrtil    uf   till-    iriiun-il    (hi. mi. 
In    l.iiirnh,    i;„il    l/i/(.    r„.    V.    1/.  \.<//i/ 
(IHHIi     If)    III.    A|,|,.    HI.    it    »,|H   <cii 
li'iiilril  tliiit  Its  .1  iii';.'li^>i-iil  "liiil'l  liii^-i  liail 
the   |iii»fi    to   liiii'  ami   ili.ili.iiM,.   oilirr 
i'iii|iliivr<-H   of    tlit>    coiiiihiiiy    Hiiiklii:.'   Ill 
III)-   .4)111(1,   mill    to   Mi|M'i  inti'iiil    ilii'iii   at 
»nrk,    he    wan    a    ii'|iir-i  iiljitivc    of    llii> 
iiihMct,  nnil   nut    11   fi'lNnv   ••itiint    »itli 
iltfi-awi')!,  uliii  ilid  ni>l    unik   iiikIit  him. 
Kilt  the  eulirt    saiil:      "tl    i^  imt    iiici-. 
■uiry   to   ini|iitii>   Imw    far.   if   at   all.   Iio 
ri'pri'iviitt'il    th<'    ;   i.ni    uf    tlir    ifiiiiinoii 
iiiattcr.      The    in  ti'    fai-t    that    h«>    iiia.v 
havf  hflil  tho  piiwcT  ti>  riii|>iin   and  ili»- 
c-liai'i;)'  cithiT   -I'lvants.   if  cniiirih'il.   ami 
\n  iiii|M>riiit)'ii(l   tliciii   whin  ai    \o>ik.  iliil 
not,  as  tu  thf  partii'iihir  alli^'i-tl   act  of 
iii-Kli;()>nn'  h.v  which  ih  na^nl  w.n  killi'il, 
I'haiiKr  lii><  chaiiictiT  tiuiii  that  of  n  cu- 
-iTvant    to   that   of   u    ri'|iii'«('ntative   of 
the  o»ni|iaii,v.    The  di-atli  of  clrorawd  »a^ 
not    thi-    result    of    the    cxi'irim-    of    iiii.v 
aiilhoril.v   iimfiTri'd   ii|>iii    l)<>nin'y.      Ilf 
rx'roiscd  no  puwor  that  placed  deeeaxed 
in   «   more   expused   or   ilanjreruim   poii- 
tinn   than   hf-   utaild   otherwix*  have  oo- 
riipied:  nor  did  an.v  power  exerriswi  by 
him  ponfrihiite  tu  the  aei'idenl.     The  au- 
thority  i)uv!»e"(><l   hy   Downey,  whatever 
it  may   navi'  li.e'i,   had   no  intluenoe  or 
Iwirinp  upon  the  areiilent  which  cau!>ed 
the  injiii->';   and  at  the  tiino  of  the  ac- 
cident   Downey   and   deecated    were   per- 
furminfT  thi-   laliur  of  roinnion  !ier\  "r    . 
neither    pxereisintr    any    autlioritv    <'\it 
the  other:  and  they  were  co-ierva.ii-i  as 
to   the   labor   then   lieing   perfunned    hy 
them." 

In  exoeptinnni  instances,  employees 
may  "oreiipy  nut  unly  a  dual.  Init  a 
ttireefold.  relation  toward  each  ullnr. 
iiccordin};  to  the  dniics  they  are  called 
Upon  or  deleiratcd  to  peiform.  tu  wii. 
that  of  superior  ur  nia^lcr.  cuurdinate 
or  fellow  servant,  inferior  or  ■••rv- 
Rnt.       .       .       .       Where     the     injiirv     i.s 

ciiwcd  hy  an  einployi iln^r  in  the  dis 

cliariie   uf   a    duly    that    remlerH   him    ill 
forior  to  or  eu  unliiiatc  with  Ihi'  injiiied 


eiiipl.iyee,  the  mailer  or  euiiipaii,v  Is  Mil 
lialile:  lull  u  hire  he  acts  in  ,1  ^iipciji.r 
piwiliuii  the  m.i-lci  is  liable."  "lor  ]ii 
stance,  ill  riiniiiMu'  the  train,  the  con 
duel  or  is  the  -.iipeiiur  tif  the  eniriiicr, 
and  ill  lliat  pellicular  he  ■•pre^ni.,  il„. 
ma-Ill;  in  the  sepaiali'  iii.ina(.'i'inciit  nl 
the  eii;.-ii>e  and  tin-  tr.iin  fioiii  llie  .11 
villi'  link  they  are  cu  .irdin.iic  ,„■  f,.||,,>i- 
■■■•Haiti-.,  each  lieiiij;  independent  in  liK 
uwn  splieic:  and  in  perniiiliiii:  the  (i,,. 
man  m  i.llici  pci-i.n  to  luiiiai,'"'  Ihc  en 
•line  ill  hi-  -lead,  the  eiii.'i'cc|  i,  1)10 
-iipeiior  uf  tJH'  I'ondlielur.  di-cliariiiriy  a 
nulla— i^iialilc  duly  dclei.'alid  lo  him  liv 
the  ina-lci    ur  eumpanv.  '     I'mr  v.  ul.n, 

III,.,   It.  Co.   nH'Xii'aa  vv.  Va.  4:,>;. 

tti'.l.    IH  S.   F.  «!M1. 

'  I  n.'-t  rill-lions  drawini;  the  a  I  lent  inn  nf 
the  jury  to  I  his  principle  should  be  i:i\,h 
where  there  is  e\ideiice  tending  to  -li..\v 
iicirliHi'iice  of  a  iiiperior  servant.  hIhi.' 
by  an  inferior  servant   ha-,  been  iiiiiinil. 

r,„it  I'lrri-  Mill.  Co.  V.  thiiin  (isMii  nn 

Tenn.  711.  IH  .-s.  \\ ,  .is;;  ///,„„is  r  /,■ 
I'o.    V.   Hnllnii    (IMitTi    !•!•  Tciin.   J7.I    41 

S.   \V.   442    (erior   to  reliise  an   iii-i 

tion  that  a  section  foreman  doc-  imt 
represent  the  coin|«iny  as  to  nlml  lie 
does  as  a  laboicii  :  \iobilr  cf  II.  /,'.  ('.• 
V.  Ilodfifif  (IS!!.-,  i  1.-,.-,  III.  7X,  .ill  w  |.; 
590  (error  to  in«lriict  a  jury  on  the 
theory  that  a  cumliiclur  uhu  Was  ^l-n 
actinir  ns  furenian  of  a  work  train  '%.<•. 
as  matter  of  law.  a  reprceiitative  uf  lln- 
master   for  all   purpo-csl. 

An  iii-lruelion  that,  if  the  jniv  I'c 
lievp  that  the  cuniplaiiiant  wa-i  iii|iiM>l 
thioiitlh  the  ne;;li;.'cnoc  of  defend. int  nr 
his  servants,  and  nut  thioii;.'h  hi-  own 
ne;rli;;i'nee,  they  will  find  for  the  com 
plaintnt.  i.s  ton  broail..  as  it  iIih-  in<t 
distiny:iii«h  lietween  the  ne(«  of  a  vie.' 
principal  and  the  acts  of  a  ser\,iiit 
rhiriiii".  H.  rf  0.  K.  Co.  V.  S'l/Z/irnii 
(18H!li    17    Neb.   liT.I.  4:t   N".   \V.  4I.V 

^  M'l.iirrli  V.  /..hiixki  (llion  !>:i  III 
\pl>.  .'!:;!  .u.'iyhl  of  e\idcllci.  Iichi  lu  lie 
lliat  the  dclirii|U<-iit  employi'o  acid  .1- 
an  iiilerprctcr  ineicly.  in  Icccivini.'  i""i 
;ilaiiits  as  to  the  existence  of  a  defect 


strictly  «|iciikiMi. 


Vlt  K  II!IN(  lI'M^iiii-    Mht  |.  IM,   \ 


( rs 


I -.4.1 


•  IcI 


vMiliiti  rill-  ..•.>|.«>  .,1'  fli,.  |,r.'M(.fit  niifo,  flint  tin 


iiii> 


MIlMll. 


'"I"  'iMl'I'V''    iiii'ilitv  iiffH  wliifh  iiiij u 

lilll>ilitv    for   tlir    i.i.!ii;.n.-,.  ,,f   .|||..  riMr   -iiMiIlts  i,|«.   <lis..l..«.  i,   ,-.11 

tlii'f  of  .•iijni..ii   ii,   I..   i|,.>  limit,  ,.f   -IkiI    li:il,ilifv.   wlN.n«  lli.>   injurv 

uu»  <lin"  to  pMrtici|iMi.nii  in  niinniiii  >.,,ik.      S  ,■  .•l;.,|.f,.r  vwi..  )„,>'. 

»39.  Diitinction  comidered  with  rrlntion  to  the  doctrine  fhnt  the 

nature  of  the  negliiieiit  act  it  the  test  of  li.'b  hty  —  h    | |,|  i„.  .,|, 

•  i-v.mI  here  that,  altlM,a-li  niiiny  ,,f  il„    .1.    i-i   .     i,,  |„.  ..ii,,|  i,,  ,|„. 

P>llowill«  8<>Cti..|,.s,    ill    wliicl,    ||„.    |,Ki-t,r    u:i>    \u\,\    li;,l.|r.    Ilii';!,!    |„l\.' 

I..rn  •HHinlly  w.-ll  nrcncil  to  ilio  th.Miv  ihai  1,,.  ,,,11.  .,(  |,is  p,  ,il,  

iliiif  all  non-del*-.  M<.  (jiri,.-  jir.>  |«.  1 1'mn  ■  .1  ••  ;  I,  r..;,„,n,il.|..  <-;ir... 
the  only  cases  wi'ii  vvlii<-h  \\r  aiv  now  |.r..|M  ii\  .MiiriTii,  -I  niv  ih.-*' 
in  which,  Oon<-.>.lln!;  fli(.  .Icliniincnr  cihiiImv  ,,.  1,,  I,;.  .,  y\,.,.  |,.|||,.,|i,i|  j.v 

vlituo  of  liJH  rii  ik  and  the  Hiitiirc  nii.!  i-xi<  iii  ..(  tU, u   ,,|  cxiTi-isrd 

I'.v  him,  lu'  wji-  arrinji  as  an  aucni  of  tin-  im.in  r.  ..r  1,,  .,  ,,  ,1,.  „.nant. 
I.'.iri('«lly   Mprakinir,  th.    f>r>Kf<s  hv   wiiirl,    th,     mi-i.r".-.     li.il.ilitv   is 

•  litfniiiii.d  in  this  .-lass  of  .  as,.^  i..  ,.  .  n,aiiifr-i.  jin  r-j-oh  Oir  re- 
v.rw'  of  that  pniploy.'d  in  ih  -!•  r.'\i..«,,|  in  the  f..|lu\\.  i^'  fiiapt.Tv. 
Ill  tlip  on<-  instanci  .  tlip  int|iiirv  sfart-  v.iiii  tin  1  Miinpiion  thai  ili.- 
.I''liii.|ii,nt  was  a  vici-  priiiciiial,  and  |in..ccds  '..  di'iirmin.-  wlictli.T 
ill  uas  :i<'tii!^;  in  lii.s  n'pr.-,oiilalivf'  .-a  .i,-ity  n-  r,-,,i.U  i!i..  .Icfiuilt 
rutiiplain.Ml  of.  In  tlio  othrr,  the  .-in-i,.  .pi.~ti,i,  to  '  ■  c.ii  .l.j,  iv,i 
I-  ulicili.i  the  dcfatiU  iiiipiittd  was  one  wliicJi  aiiio'itit.  I  !■.  a  iircadi 
>4  sonic  one  of  the  master's  rion-dclctralile  oMijiaiioiis,  nn  Mi.  ^np,  ri..r 
rank  ot  ilic  dclitupienl  fiiipli-vcc  roii>(.,pii.|ii|y  lic.-r„ii,.s  ;,   . |, ,11. ••.•>, mial 

I  Iciiifjit  in  the  in.piirv.  U,-  U  viewed,  fliat  is  t,,  <.,y.  „,i,.i\  as  the 
iuediuni  ihroii-h  whi.li  the  eiilpaMe  violaii..ii  ..f  diirv  oper.H,  ]  \.,  the 
injurv  of  ilu-  idaiiififlf.  Jn  elas-ll>iii-  tin'  aiitliorii ,,.-.  howe'ri-.  it  i* 
oftili  somewhat  dil!  nit  to  oj.serve  the  di-f in<-tioii  li.re  aiivein  -I  t,,, 
for  tjic  i,-asoii  that,  where  the  fiK'ts  are  siidi  as  niMJcr  it  po--il,l,.  to 

•  oiidnet   the   invest iiXiition  alon^r  fifji^r  of  tiie  nltenialive   lines   thus 

'"•'•'■"•'•''.  '1 '^"•f-*  liiU'^  fail.d  to  define,  with  as  i,ni<-|i  pivei-inn  ;,  • 

th.'  j'itiiali.in    demands,   the  staiidpoii.t     fr.,||i    wliieh    tliey    were    e\ 
iniiiiiiiiir  the  defendant's  li.il.ility.      In   not  a   few  insraiie;s.   ip,l,.,..|. 

dmre  is  even  room  for  doohtinu'  wii.'ther  jiid-es  have  fnlly  appi iaied 

the  di-tinetion  an<l  its  rationale.'      Any  ea-e  in  which  theiT  is  aii\ 

'  For  «va,„|,l,..    in    \t,-Co.hr  v.    Lonfj  ,17  .\,„    n.'p.  521      Tl.is  c.w.  ns  will  bo 

.,:;"'•    '',    '","'''?''    «^   ^'-   V.   77.   to  soPn    l.y    r'l,;n,<^   ,„    5    .i,;,.   ,,„w.    «:„ 

s«M:MniV.orul,n-|l,al  no  r.Tov.Tj- ro.il.l  ,|uit,.  irmp,,ropri.it,.  ,e<  „n  .i.i.l,..,  itv,  in- 

r.Ma,lfortho  myliffrnoeof  a  ynr.l  in.is  „s,n„..h    ,,s    ,,    yani    n,a.t,.r    «;,s.    iiiM-T 

.„    .J    ''""""""  '"'  ""■  ""«"""it   "f  •>  i.r.Ai.'iis   ri. line's   of    il,. ,„t.    iinnues- 

car  ,.t  a  wrmiir  ni.muiit.  thcT,.  is  ri(..,l  iioi„iMy  a  Mlow  »,.,v,int  as  t..  tlw  >li. 


i:>44 


.M AMKI!  AXU  SKH\ WT. 
ill 


1<  IIAI'.    XXIX. 

uniTrtainfv  on  this  m'.,iv  will  ivcfivc  ii,,ii.<-  l,uii,  in  ihi,  j,,,,!  i„  t|„. 
following  cliiipiir. 

Tlip  eissciic.'  of  thf  |i.i~iii f  a  vice  |)iiii('i|>iil  Immiij;  flint  ho  n|, 

nscnns  an    iil.sci.t,   iiiiisi.-r,    it   ...•cnsioimik    foljuw^   iliat,   "wImtc   tli. 

•  ■inplnvi.!-  Iiiiiis,.!f  asMiiiu's  v,„nr„\  un.l  ^'iv.-  ; xpi-.'ss  onicr  not  »u\^ 

whiit  to  do,  but  how  to  .lo  it,  even  a  vic4'  principal  is  honn.l  to  oImv 

i'li.l  IwcniMcs   t'..r  the  time  hcitijr  a  nu-r M-niployc...     ,.  liilrv.r  lii- 

.i;yn..ial  aiifhoritv  nn.l.'i-  thr  <-iivnMi>laniM.s."-  An  uinilop.us  Hitii,. 
iinn  1.^  |)n'scnif.|  wlicrt-  an  cmplovco  who  is  n  vice  principal  a>  hiiu:; 
ilio  suporintcnilcnt  of  a  main  .Icparlincnt  .if  his  ina-fcr's  husincss  i- 
at  the  time  of  tlio  accident  oc<-upvin,ir  another  pMsiiic.n  of  a  louvi 
irra(h".  As  Ions:  as  he  lills  thm  position,  it  i..,  ch-ar  that  none  of  hi, 
a.'ts  c;m  he  those  of  n  vj,-,.  principal,  nnl(->  tliev  l.eloii^  to  the  class  ..| 
reprcMiitative  a<-ts  which  are  wholly  in<lepen<lenl  of  rank.' 

Althonjrh,  as  will  he  shown  Im'Iow.  manv  courts  hohl  that  a  neivlj 
P'nt  a<  t  ol  a  vice  principal  is  not  ..«icial  where  it  has  a  .litvct  coniav 
"'""  ^^i'l'  '"= ••'  l"l'"i'.  it  isch-ar  that  the  mere  fi.ot  ..f  its  Ix-inj,'  thi 

•  lutv  of  a  vicx'  principal  to  assist  his  snhonlinat.'s  in  their  work'^will 
not  prevent  recovery  for  injuries  caused  by  negli{-<-nee  of  a  distiiailx 
olticial  character.* 


"(TViililr.  niorrov<>r.  that,  in  niHH-  of  the 
lull'  ili'i'iHidiiH  hy  tliiM  court  i -.t  It  ."it:i. 
/loiM  iihxilviii};  llie  nijislcr  iKmi  linliil 
ily  for  tlip  defaults  of  sii|h-i vising  i-ni 
|il(iy(t"<  uliONc  oilii'ial  position  was  siirh 
as  to  place  tliein  iit  least  on  the  lionler 
line  lietHeen  vice  principals  anil  Micro 
"vrvaiils.  is  any  clear  statcMient  I'oiiikI 
sliowiiiy  ulietlier  tlic  lists  of  reprc  .illa- 
tive capacity  ieco^:iii/cil  in  Miiliiiir  v. 
II  nihil  It, 1 1,  (IHTCii  (it  N.  V.  5.  ■>\  Am. 
Hep.  "iT;!.  anil  I'miuniH  v.  Ihilhinok 
Cs:.-,)  .Vt  N.  V.  .-.17.  17  Am.  Itep.  ;iii<». 
are  still  re<.'aiili'il  as  liaviii^r  a  concur- 
rent  evislcncc  vvilli  tlie  test  siipplieil  liy 
tlie  naliire  ol  the  nc-rlijreiit  net.  anil  as 
iM'iiiK  merely  limiliMl  l>y  Ihe  lallci  lest 
iimliT  cerlain  i  iHiiiii-lances.  or  wlifllier 
the  earlier  ilcri- i.iiis  are  now  no  longer 
law  in  New   ^ork. 

'  I'rriosI  V.  rili:,,is'  Irr  rf  R,fii,i,,iil- 
hin  Co.    (|M!1S)    IS.-,  I'a.  (i|7.  411  All    kh. 

'Cases  illiisiratiii<.'  this  rule  niiisi.  in 
pra,-tice,  \m'  evtreiiicly  rare,  foi  llie  sim- 
ple leasoii  that  olliiials  of  siilliiinil ly 
hifili  rank  to  lie  vice  principals  s..|<lom 
illschaiire  the  ilntl.s  of  anotlicr  cljslincl 
position  in  tlic  manner  here  siippo.s.i|. 
Hut  llie  ffciicral  piiiicipl,  musl  clearly 
lie  as  sialeil.  anil  it  is  rcco^'ni/cil  in  the 
MTV  licellt  ilcci-ioli  .,1  till.  i',.,|,.|;i|  rolllt 
of  appeals  that  an  eiifineei.  in  orilciin); 


his  flienian  to  oil  a  tiirntalilc  at  a  pla.. 
out  on  the  line  iloes  not  act  as  a  \ii, 
piincipal.  althoii-rh  he  may  also  lie  fui, 
Mian   of   a    roiinillioiise   at    i;    place   som, 

•'"'*•» nvay,  ami,  as  such.   pMs,|l,|\    ., 

repicsinlativc  of  the  coiiipany  wliilc  an 
injf  in  thai  capacily.  Hii,q'„l  v.  Sunil, 
nil  I'.  I'd.  I  IIKMir.'I'.l  ('.  ('.  .\.  :l.-,!i  lis 
Keil.  !).-.S  (starle.l  llie  turnlalile  i  i,in 
(laie  also  Ihc  laiiyiia^ie  ii...,|  in  Itiul. 
V.  Koi-hrshr.  V.  )•.  ,(•  /'.  li.  (•„.  ilss,-,, 
'•S    N.    ^^   211.  ipioti^il    in   S   .-)4.t.  /K.xr 

'/,«/,,  .S7i.i),  ,(.  1/.  .v,  /{  (•„  V.  /,„,„/ 
l<!/  (ISSdi  ;;ti  Ohio  .S|.  m  (for.iii.in  .if 
car  icpairc.s  failed  lo  protcci  pro|i,il\ 
a  car  iiniler  uhicli  he  liiniself  ami  nnc 
of  his  haiiils  Were  rtoikinj;,  llii'  cm-c 
i|iicnce  hciim  that  it  was  struck  l.>  :i 
Mioviiij:  ciri.  Compare  I'nll,,,,  v.  11. «( 
'■/•»  .\.  C.  It  Co.  (1SM7  1  ill!  \.  C.  t.Vi.  1 
S.  K.  Sli.l;  r<,iisnli,l,il,,l  Kiiiisiif,  r-hi 
Siiiilliii,!  ,(■  Hi  I.  Co.  v.  I'lliiHuii  (|S!i;ii 
s  Kan.  App.  .11(1,  :,:,  |>ac.  Ii7;t.  Tlir  li.t 
that  an  as-isUint  su|ieriiilen'lcnl  in  a 
liimlKT  yard  m'ca-ionally  pcrfi  rir-  -..inc 
-er\i.-,.s  in  kceiiiiifr  tally  of  tin.  |iiiiil„.r 
diM's  not  dipiive  him  of  his  cliarart.i  ..f 
vice  priiii'ipal  so  far  as  i;  dip,. nil-  .  ii 
Hie  ili-clia|M|.  c,f  ,.,„y  immi  i-~i;;ii.ili|,.  ,;ii 
lies,  y.iiil,!:  V.  .S7iwi..r,i,  I/,//  fo.(ls|l() 
I"  Wash.  :i».-i.  .17   I'ac.  ,140. 


I  ■>U>J 


\  K  K  IMtlMJII-ALsim'-oi-ni  I AL  MIS. 


154.') 


540.  Breach  of  non-delegable  duties  by  any  superior  servant,  master 
liable  for.—  An-uidi,,;:  ,,,  ,)„.  „,,.;,t  wi-ht  «(  imiliuritv.  tl„.  ,„asi,r 
i.iu.st  answer  iur  rlir  .Icfimlis  n|  ,.|Mpl..v.Ms  wh,.  are  vii'.-  |.riiici|)MN. 
Mii.l.T  anv -if  ihe  c|,.,.|riii,,  <l,.v.  |..|H,|  in  tlic  ilmr  iMvc.din-  siilniil,- . 
wliiTcver  liic  IH-Iii:,.|,c<'  (•(,!, i|,|;,iMr.|  „1-  n,i!-.i-ls  in  the  rMiiurc  to  .,c,- 
iIniI  o.ilv  applian.'fs  wiiicli  sMli-lv  tl,,.  U-^.A  -lamlanl  ,.f  ,>;.l,.iv  i.rr 
-npi.li.'.l  t..  Ili.ir  >nl..pnlinal(.s;'  ,,r  llial  il,..  |,hi,-e  uf  w.rk  i>  ami  n- 
luaiiis  as  safe  as  it  .-an  l.e  nia.le  i.v  rciscMiaMc  ,-m;'--  ,,r  t|i;il  llic  scrv 

<  'v''",''r    ^M  ','"'"."  V  "■'"■'-J    '.  "'"•'"'•    '"""  "'"'"'    ''"    ^-     "•"""■    I  !«!•"'    '7" 

.lu   .    N     S.    !.!l.'      10    \\,M-k.    Itrn.     UK,.    ,..,■     ,|i-|„,,„,|    „„l ,,|i,,„..,.    M,r..-M,v     I,,, 

IWI.--.   .1.    IS..,.    8    ..J.,,    „„^  ,  :    ll,„,i,„.,„    >.,i,ui:     ■//„    ./„/,„    ^o,,/,,-    (ISliM     I-. 

M,- ":;  n.;ir'i  ■■   'Y  ";'""  l!  '■■''•  ^■:'  -•"  "'"'■''  •""'■"■ "'  >i'ii'f",mJ:i 

'sssi   M  l|.,M~t.    (1),.).,    his.   It  All.  .-,1.-,    u„-.f,.,:    ri ,.,    V.    U„hn.l,     SI     /,      , 

H-M.nil    imui;,-,.||  ;     i'„l,„,„l„     Mill    .,     r.U.r,,.    ,|ss,i,    Jl   M„     \,,,,'->n   ,„.n 

St    .,s    ..,.    u'S   ,,„;„,.„.,■,;    I/,./,,,,,,    V.    !,„„!,.,,   r,,r,.,..nr-,:  .v„;,,„„v    ,;   /,' 
,,..,„,/„,,  .1  <  .    /.  r,,  ,,ss,i,  ;.  \|„.k.    r.  .,   ^.  /.  /,,  ,,,    ,  ,s.j,   s,  '|Vx,         " 
41    ,,l,.|,,,t,M.M,l   :„:,m:,u'.t,:    /.„/,/.    V.     m  s.    U.  .-,-,-.    ,...,.,;„„   ,■„,.,.„. 


II 
I 

r/,„„,;„.(     II.    I/.    /,•.  f„.    ||w;,|,||    HI    \|i,li 
■-'s'.l,    47    \.    W.    ,-,71     HMI,llil.-lrr,  :     ■/-• 


I'l  11,11    1,111  liMll    ;lll(i',\,',| 
'■II'''     ••■11'     I"     ^"■' Ii^ff,-li\,l  :      I/,,. 

'i!'  Il.:n.  Ktl.  :;:!  \.   ^  .  s,,,,,,.  477     ,|.  ,  |.  //,,., ,s,m,,    ,:i  |.v,|.  ^  l-l   ..l  J,  „  ,f 

■"m        ■>.s".'  J ''v  ':""''■'"■   ''""■"         '"    '"''"""    '■    '""-    "^■'•■i    '11    III 

;;.';:,;  ;i:.^:^^::!;!•■^;'^l:■''■:  ;li'!;;/ri. "'^"  • '  '":'■'  "■  "- 

';■'"  ■' ■}'  ^-- :-.':» i-:„.",„:^,  Vi' ;;■::' M;i.,,ru:';.,f,';';::,:,;r;'n,,.;r 

--    ,|ssl,    m  l,„l.  .'SI     4,    An,    l;,.|,  .■,,,.,„„,    ,„   :,    ,|,.,,i,.|.    „,,    ,,„,    ,,„.         .' 

'IS  It  I    t(,    l,;i.    .Villi.     I.,:;.,,    iii  .Si.    iiMi  ..M I 

Nn,.   ,„■,■„,  1,.,|    1,    1,    |,a,ll 1,    ,|is,„„„,,.,,:|  ,|s:,,        ;,,,,.,         ;;.,,        ,  ^       '.  ,.,.,  ,., 

>     •-',/   X.   N.   r„     ,,s7;.,    7s    |....   ,,,  (..■,„.,.li„.„.i„.,,/x!',     ';;,'•'■/.'; 

-1    V„.    i!,.|,    ■J    ,i„.:„l    -i..v,..|,„,.   ,„..|i.  ,1.   /,..  r„.   ,.  /(.//    ,|SS i'      „„ 

.,,,  Ml.  ,..,„,. . ,11.1. Miii-,i,i.ri..i,i„;  4  A-i.  .0  „,..,,„■, „„,  1,!':,.  ;';  ,•.;'■ 

':  ''\    ■":- ''  ':• '"'  ""'"I'  '■'•■■  ^-  """"•  '"•^■'ii  1  M^i-i  II  I 

,■,'1  nii  T  •"'  '"-'^,.""""1-"  f^''"''''  '■-•  ''^  ""•"  •■>  -.liii-  t,„„i,.i  ,1  ;,u:i 

\.  n.<j...,i,„l  ,(    .sr  ./.   /,..   ,'„     ,  |>.h;i    ,,.,  ...||,,,      ,,■„■:„„/,,,.         ,.  (isiii,    i<:  ,• 


iii'l'ii'M  — I   :i   i-,.i,|,||„-..-)  :    r  n.l-.,    \      1/ 

■",'""    ''    '•'    '■'      '  l-'il:    M".  '     111   S.   W.     ,  Iv-,-,     I 
-""    'i"i.|    iiiM-l.i-    iiii|.,-..ii-,,|    ;,    ,.,„,,,      1,1,;,.. I, 

'';■■'■    ^"' '   r,,,,l.:.r  r   .   V.   7',,„    V    : 

■'"'"''     111-'    Tiiiii.     Iti,     III 


W.    s:;j 


I 


-■■'■.  ""',  1  :  /  ,-„,/,  V.  Ih>„„nl 
I  S^.  s...,.  (  ;,,.  -j.l  „.,i,.-.  .-Ill,, 
!■'    -   ■!'  .I^lii;:^    kn,,v\n    t<,    iiiiii- 

"■''''"        V.       '■■:ll.„„,i,       flnnrh 

;';"|"V"f.f"'i"i'i'i  "i  .iini..-::i,;- ;„,,,;- ,;;:;,::,  "\'-':.,TL  ',;;:;■.  ','s--; 

Ii,w.,„  /,•   r„.   ,|s,ii,    |_.|   M„     (,,,.,,, _,| 

"     ■■■"     -'•    ^    \\.   I  !;■     ,..,.1     ,|sss.     ,■!.-,    r,  I 
"■i^'i'i-    !'■ M.I    l,l;,k 


Jl 


■  l,'i,'Mi;iii  f,mii-l  ,.i|  ,!,. 
"•■  ■'■'."        V.      ]/.,■'.,,) 

I  ,.  ,  '•"'■'       '   I",, Hi, 111      ill|,l,V|.l| 

U-    >i.,,N,;     /','/s-    Kcair..|,l    to    j.c,,,,,,,.    a    juii.JI);     ,s/,„,, 


•Nil 


1540 


^ 


! 


MASTKU  AM)  SKin  ANT. 


[CUAI". 


XXIX. 


rh, 


/./-!./«      (IS^T)      7     Mieli. 


X.    \V.    ion 


(f.. 


n    of    ciirponfiTs    loft    a    ln^ 


(l.iriiiinn    ereuteil    pil-    hi'^im    in   xurli  n    |H„iti,,n  that   it   fell 


Jail     Uy     reriiovint;    day     lio:u     a    t..|ii.  ri, ,,  l„.,l.  V.  V.  A  SI.  I..  R  Vu    v    «,„„ 

anaKor     oroato.      a     ,,i,fall     l,y     l.av  m.u.o  sonant*  taking.  , low.  ,„ 

"i«h"lo  out   in   plat f,.. Ml)  :/;,„//„,.,  V.  (V,/.-    v.    .S7.     /'„„/     "l/     d     \l      It     ,    ' 

CW  ,r  ,IS73,  .J2  Mo.  ;,7.M.  Am.  l!op.  ,lss5)     34    y-Ur^n     J,' d  X     W     111 

«oik)  ll,,,„s  v^  /.,„,/,„  ,  SI.  ,  I  C.  „n,s  onloro,!  to  oloar  away  ,l,hn.  „|  ,, 
f.  A.  .•),.  .|  I  .  s.  App.  4!l.  IS  IV,|.  11-  Imrnt  Imil.hiiK)  :  Sorthrrn  I'  H.  c/ v 
il.iioinan  of  ooii,trii<lion  oiorl,,l  an  iin  lt,,itoi,  ilMM)  12  ('  f  \  301  •>!»!>, 
.n.o  trost.o);  «„,„/  o/  1,0,0  .f  ,.  r„„.  .\,,,,.  SH.  ,!4  IV.I  5.13  Hinpio  ,  'r"!  ,:,.■ 
T  Y'lS  l/' I!  V  /  ^  :i\.o."iia,.  l!op.  tion  of  a  .loi  liok  on  a  raihvav  L 
M.)  1..S  (j;o,„.ia|  niana^'or  all...,v,.,|  iiMiio  fo/0,.,,/0  I/,,//,,,,,/  A'.  Co.  v  'uil.l.n 
la.Mor     o  iviM.un    iiiMOuroIy   la,|  ,n,.l  i  ;  (  18!»1  )    lU  Colo.  Jl!.,  27  Pac    701    (.n,.i 

.H.lOl      IJI     1„,|.     S!».     24     N.     K.     i;(;H  n„ln    Midland  R.  Co.   V     Vriu/on    (]«'.■ 

mloquatoh  )  ;      11,./,,//,      r„„l     Co.     V.  iltu.i.l.auy.  ilah  d  A'    RCo     (Issi 

Sch,nnu    ns-lS,    ,77    III.  272,  .2  X.   K.  .   I  tali.    132    (.lof,.oUvc  I  "ilhis  c^f '"  | 

(fiiilnio    ol    pit    lio^^    to    look    altor    llio  Sh,„.    Co. 


lonf  of  a  room  in  a  iiiiniM  ;  I  ,i,/,  is,,,,  v 
Hi, III,  II  (Is.SS)  US  Or.  ril.^.  m  I'ao.  7(i5 
(siipoiinloiiil.nt  ili.l   i„>i  iiiako  mho  tliat 

nil  tllo   l,|.|,(s   li:i,l   I,,.,., I    |,id|„.r|y   ,.\|, 1,1,1 


V.    0'«,i,«    (  18!I8)     l.-,()    |,|.| 

"i."iii,  to  X.  K.  4."i7   (siiporintoii(l,.iit  fnl,.! 

to  Mciiro  wlu'ols  of  "trnvoler"  used  tor 

nil, \  in;.'  lai;,'o  istonos). 

t  ,.         ,   ,  ■      .      v^   ■  -,      •         I'x'of  Unit  .a  rule  of  a  stool  coniiMinv 

toio    s,.,olin-    l.il.oror    to    n- p   tliat   molds  of  n  certain  ola*   loumlinu' 

■li'f.  on  tlio  iioltom  should  lie  laid  doivn,  wn> 
sol.  yiolaird  l,y  [■■avinj.'  sueli  a  in,, Id  sImihI 
iiiK  on  one  onil  with  tlio  oinplv  in„j,N. 
and  that,  within  twontv  miniii,'s  alt.r 
it  was  tliu.s  left  stamlin;;.  it  Cll  ,n,.r 
on  an  omployoe,  is  .siilliniont  |,i  jii-iifv 
a  (iii,liii^'  that  the  servants  of  -inii  ,-..rii 
pany  \\,\v  piiilly  of  ii,.;rli^,,.,„,,.  ./,,;,,, 
SUil  i   ..  V.  Shirlds  (ls;i:|)    liti  111,  ,,„:; 


ml    I 

drillinjri;    A,/,/,,,,    I/,  \ .   ,f   a.   y     ,, 
man   lIS!):!i    lit;   HI.  .'.lO.  3t  X.  K 
Airirmiii;,'  (18!l2i   f.O  III.  App.  123  (for. 
man    piloil    harnU    eari'h --ly )  ;    /.iiilik 
V.     Slihisiiii     Mill     fii.    (Isiij)    9   Wa-h. 
30.-I,  37  I'ao.  ,140   (assistant  suporintond- 
ont    raisi'il    a    pih'   of    limilior   on    an    in- 
s<'cnr,.  f,niii<lati,ini  :   7'isv»,-  v.  lUillimore 
it  (>.  If.  <•;.   (Isstii    112  I'a.  <i|.  .-,,i  Am 
Hop.  310         •    ■         - 


Atl.  ii,17   i.lopartnionlal  man-    34  N.  K.  1108,  Allirmiiis   (lf!»2     4".  II 
agor  Htor.',|  o\pl.,-iv,.s  daii-,.roi:slv  clo.se   App.   453.  „i      .-     i     ii 

to  the  plao,.  '.f  w';ik):   Ckicqo  'AniUr-        It   has   Ixvn   held   that    a    firo   ho,,  : 
unn    7'»,.,.s,,/    linri;     Co.    v.    S„hko,rink 
I  ISS'M    .!)   III.  App.  312   fl8;Ul    148  111. 


ot 


i><3,  ;iti  N.  E.  572  (foi.nian  did  not  s,.- 
euro  lahoiiT  a;.Minst  hoiiifj  injiiioil  Ipy 
the  fall  of  a  hank):  Thompson  v.  I'h'i- 
rnijn.  M.  ,f  .sv,  /'.  II  Co.  (ISS3)  5  Mo 
f'rary.  542.  IS  |-,d.  2.10  (similar  facts)  ; 
DurUiitil,,,,  d  M.  A-  , ,  ,•  A'.  r„.  v.  f',y,c/.-- 
rtt  (1881!)  lit  .\,1,.  lis.  2li  X.  \V.  !I21 
(no  watchman  .statiomd  to  jriio  iiotiii> 
of  danger  while  a  hank  thr.Mt.ii.,1  to 
fall)  ;  /.(iSdIlr  v.  A',..v//.,(    (|!H)I)    1!I0  111. 


a  coal  mine,  whose  only  pmvi 
trol  is  to  (liiect  the  null  to  \,:i\,.  a  ,|in 
Rorous  place  at  unieh  Ihoy  are  woil.ii,- 
and  po  to  another,  even  if  ho  is  a  \i.v 
prin,ipal  hy  virtu.-  of  his  fiin,ti,.n-. 
which  was  doiii.d.  .l.i..s  not  o,-.ii|i\  tli.ii 
rolali.ni  of  vice  priiwipal  towar.l  an  .  ni- 
ph.y.i'.  as  r.'iiards  tlie  act  of  .ip.i.iii;;  liis 
hmip  for  the  purpose  of  li-Iiiirn-  his 
idpo,  after  a  stal.-in.'iit  }<\  sii.-h  ,  ,M|iI..v,',. 
that  tiioie  is  no  •fna  at  a  ph.,.'  uluili 
-iicli   l)o-s   is  ahoiil    to  test.     .I/,,/,/.;.,   v 


ni     *  n.       /    •    -^"""l"'-'    "I'""l    !'-    ''"''")"    H,n    Coal   Co.    (18113 


III.  App.  01  (for.'inan  did  not  see  that 
sides  of  sow.'r  tr.iioh  «,r.'  pr.ip.ily 
braced):  //-(//  v.  .S7.  ./-,v. /,/,  ir,i/, ,  fj 
(1891)  48  Mo.  App.  3.-,i;  (similar 
facts);  ^/,7./v„„,  r.  ,1-  ,<?.  /•'.  R.  Co  V 
Wilson  {1801  I  1  C.  C.  .\  2.5,  4  V.  S^. 
App.  2."..  4S  |',.,|.  .-,7  ,r,.i,l  ma«t.>r  con- 
stnicto.l  a  .h'tV.liv.'  tonip.irarv  tr.nkl; 
A',//..s<(v  Cili,  far  ,f  /■,,», „/r,7  f„.  v'. 
■bid  1st      (ls!)8)      50     Kan. 


0  \V;i-h. 
•>..,  34  Pac.  l,-,2.  772  i  Diinl.ar.  Ch  .t . 
.lissi'iiiiny).  lint  it  is  .liili.'iilt  to  :t.l:iiii 
that  Ihi,  .l,.i-i,,n  is  coin-ct.  in  \irn  „( 
thi'  fait  that  it  was  llx'  espMi.il  .iiin 
of  III,'  noL'liL'.'nt  oinpl,.yi'.'  In  j.i.Mni 
mill. 'Is  Ir.im  u:.>iiiL.'  to  pla'.-cs  \\li,.r,.  i!i,.|,. 
Wi'ii'  ilancoriMis  .i.iiniMilaii.iMs  ,,(  i;.- 
Tho    ompliiMi    is    r.'-|..msil.|,.    i,,r    r,, 

'"■lili-'iii if   the  sup.' iMl. •11. 1,  111    ..|    1 

r78,     .\ppx.    wuik  ul  l.iM.liiiy  a  ship,  in  chan-ur-  il.c 


J  510] 


\UK  I'lilM  ll'.\I.MIIl'— Oil  l(  lAI,  At  IS. 


lr.47 


ants  vlmin  tlicy  r..miMl  nro  rnnipctciif  f,,i-  tlic  dnii.-  to  wlii.-li  tlirv 
an>  a.•'^i,i;lH■(l,'  mid  siiiii.irnt  in  iniiiilici'  in  |iiiiMriii  llin<c  (Imir-  uitli 
out  iiiidiily  fiidiiiiiri'i  iiiij  ilniii-clvc-!  cr  tlnii'  i'ol:ilio|vr-- ;*  or  iluit  ilw 
{)!ii<'Pot  Work  iiiiil  tlio  variiHH  ;iii|ili:iiiii~  ;iro  cNiniiiiicil  iit  ]iri'[nr  inlfr- 
viils  willi  a  vifw  to  a*fcrt;iiniii!;  wIiciIiit  iIk  v  Iki\c  Imcihio  nlnn'r- 
innllyilanf:iT(ni>frii)ii  aiiv  caii-i';'"  or  tliai  a  >:il'i'  sv-inn  \',,y  the  ('..ihliirf 
uf  tlic  bu»iiic.-s  is  adopted  and  adlicrcd  to;"  or  ili;it  in-irui-tion  and 

(l.ck  cri\v  Hitlioiit  ro(il\iii<r  llic  nn  ii  in  ]lri,,i;  i]>A);\  R.T  Kv.  1175  (niniliMtHr 
tl'P  I. '111.  ami  ill  rcplni'ini.'  ili'  cicvv  liy  iilliiw.-l  liiiiuMii  tii  njicrnti'  nu  cii-iui'.. 
imp  coMipii-,.  ,1  of  mill  iiiiii<i|ii:iiiili'<|  witii  '".'v.,,,  v.  /'./,». ,,i  l/.n//.  Iliji/i 
the  work.  OiP  n-Milt  In  in';  Ih.it  iiiu'  of  ilssii,  j  |  |il;ilclit',  !i:i.  I's  |',,|.  jjs : 
tliiiM  tliifw  ilinvii  a  liiitf  (if  niiiiiii  into  l<ii,,l,hii,l  v.  SI.  I.oiiis,  H.  C.  if  \.  J{.  fu. 
till'    ImiII     mill     injincil     tin'     iihiintiir.     (|s77i    ti;,  Mi,.  .-,|  |. 

llVio./-.,,,  V.  )r,M.  ./„/,„s/„„  a  ('o.  (I><!l!l)  ' /•<n,l:,i,  v.  'Iilli,  /•„v^  r  /m.ii  Viii. 
10!' <;.!.  454,  34  S.  K.  :>ST,  Cn.    <l>sr)i    !M»   N.    ^.    :tr,s.   2    N.    !•:.   24 

Willi.'  fl  i;ir|iiiili  r  ji..i.|iiiL»  in  flip  ii;.'Iiiim1  iiiiiiiMfriT  fiiili-ii  In  iii.|inl  iliin- 
carp  of  fl.i'tiirl|i.'lil  to«,i,  h;i,  „iii  ;ii  ;..,i,.ii^  l.aiik  «liiili  frll  i  :  hn„^ts  /•  /,•. 
iKilf  |i;i>t  lliirp  to  riiniiM'  ;i  liiMi|i  .iml  C,  v  l.illlr  (|S77i  l:i  Km.  2ii7  i -ii 
iiMii'i.t  tlic  wires  with  tlip  ciniiit,  imhI  |iii  ril.n.liiii  of  con>lriiriiiiii  i,iil|.,|  t.i 
ttii-i  iiiiiinil  by  the  tiiiniiiL'  on  of  tlip  |i.iiiitiM  lii^  iliily  of  in-|iiitiii-  ih,.  mm 
I'liiiiiit  wliilp  lie  \v:n  ill  Willi;,  if  lip  In. I  rliiniiy  ii^iil.  ami  of  r.  jini  iiir_'  fni  i.- 
ii  ri'_'lil  to  licli.\i' Ili;it  llii' niiri'iit  wuiil.l  piii  i  .  /,'.i/./,.  i„  v.  St.  I.uiiix.  A,  ,f  \  /,*. 
not  tip  tiiini'il  on  i;iiliir  ilinn  ikimI.  ;iiii|    Id.    i  I^s.h    cs   loua.  .■!7.  2.">   N.   U  .  !i|s 

it  «.is  tiiriiiil  on  tliiit   it  i.v  railiiT  tliaii     i> \liact  in  nolp  H    infrnx. 

ii-ii;il.  till.  p.ini|.in>  i^  liililp.  r,,h,,„,l,,  '■/■./.., i  v.  S'Uins  (IXHTi  :«l  I.,,  \nn 
/;/.  ./,.'•  r„.  V.  I.iil,h,,.s  (|ss«*)  II  (  ,,|„.  mil.  :;  V,,.  ..J,;:).  r/.i,ihini,il,  V  A./,.w;s. 
..o.-i.    10    I'aP.  47fl.  f  ,/„.   II.  S.  <f    W.  /,•■  Co.    (lyil)    .-.II  Mo, 

\\  liirr  tlip  fuii'inan  of  tlip  iiiiun-.I  .\|i|,  i,:iii:  l-,,is,r  v.  Iliiifl  i  ms!i  i  :i:i 
-.riMt  iniliTiH  him  tu  huil  fiii.jhl  in  III.  \;i|..  |.-i:i:  Ifirhinonil  r.rnnil,  C,  v 
;iii  ili-ialor.  ami.  willioiif  wariiinir  him,  //'i/.  ./  i  IMiil)  02  Va.  .')."il.  24  S.  K  2.i2 
piiniitti'il  another  i>c!<on  to  iniin.  it.  i  •..iii.i.ii  mana;;cr  L'avp  an  oi.lpr  uliiih 
nii.l  Ih..  -.-ivaiit  liMi-ki'il  into  ihr  ilr\  ii.ir  .nii.iiintnl  to  an  aln  ■■•mI  imi  nf  a  ml,'  i> 
shaft  with  a  loail.  the  <|iii-liiin  wh.tliir  -n,.,|  |,y  hini-rlfi;  /.oi./M  ,//,  .  \.  |  .f 
111.-  fill. •man.  in  alloAiiiL'  iIip  ri'iiii.val  nf  r.  /.■.  <'■„.  v.  //../,■  (|s:iS)  l.-,|  In.l.  ±1-2. 
llir  pl(\alor.  aelril  as  a  vir..  inini-iiial  nr  .Ml  .\.  K.  't-^S  ((li\i-i.in  -iijin  iniiii,l,iii 
:is  a  fillow  Hprvant  was  hihl  to  hr  f.ir  n.-li^'iiit  in  poiiI  mllin;;  tl,,.  miiMiiinin 
thi.  iiirv.  I'rriris  V.  I.  /;.... /A  ,1  r,,.  „f  ti.iin-l  :  ri.i,;,,,..  It  ,f  (i  If  r„  v 
l:"il  I  ^2  Minn.  Mil.  84  N.  \V.  7.!it.  s.-,  I/,/.. //.  „  ilsTii,  h4  111.  lliil  (similar 
^    ^^-  ''•'•  iip;;li;.'i'ii(p  on    the   part    of  an   assistant 

'  lliiiihn,„ln)i  d  n.  T  Rnad  <t  Cnl  siipmnli'iiilrnt  I  :  lliil<  nnui  v.  /•.ii,„mi- 
I'n.  V.  Il.rl.ir  (IHTTi  SI  |>:i.  4in  (L'Pli-  /.(>•  /.'.  Cn.  (ISMSl  2lt  Wa-li.  \X\  .I* 
■  iiil  nianaLTr  rnipli.yi',1  unlit  sir\ant  )  ;  I'ar.  !i!Mi  (piinal  siipij  intiinh.nt  '  <li.| 
ll'ini  \.  Ii,,i,lii  I  IsriD  !l  Daly.  I  12  i  sii-  not  st,,p  ,,  i,,iin  «li,.n  it  was  .lan^'ir- 
pii.iii.iiil.Mit  s<.|ictiHl  unlit  inipli.vi-i-l  ;  oils  for  It  lo  prucrpil )  :  I/k/o  r  v  f  ,m,;i 
l!u,.l.,:.,l  V.  .l/i,M,»,,  /'.  A'.  r„.  (IsSli)  /'.  />.  ,f.  (I.  It  <•„.  illMili  4,-,  C.  c.  \. 
-0  \l.i.  App.  4(i:t  iscitiiiii  fiiiiiiian  was  ;!ii|.  Iiiii  V\-\.  :!ii!(  (liiiuli  „f  ml,  ^  I  v 
tiiijlF'jiMit  in  empliiyiii;;  a  -iili.ir.liiiatri  :  (•.iii.liiri.n- 1  :  l:,l„irr  v.  Vnli'ui.ui  C  /,'■ 
/ '•'"i  V.  f 'iir.o;i)  ,(•  If.  If.  A'.  ('„.  ( IstiO)  f,,.  ,l-;!i_'i  fi;!  Miih  rtil)  17  |  p  \ 
M  Mi.h.  2>i!l.  47  \.  W.  571   (.h.piilm.n-    (;:;i,.  .Vi  N,  w.  ;i!i:    i  laliin'ris  ,vi|.iiii',|  I.v 

111    iii.iii;i-i.r    ri'taiii.-i!    nn    ii imjm  Imt    a--iM,iiil    mail  iiiasi.T  lo  flii.nv   r.iiU  i.ii 

>i'ri:int    with    knii\\l..ilf.'p    of    his    unlit      tii.n  in^'  cars )  ;    /.-,/.,/   7V„„,  w,,      1     ,f  i; 
1I.--1:   /•'i.isiT  V.  Srl,i„.,l.r   (Ism;,    lii.i    A'    C„.  V.   /).     (,,„,„„/    i  Iss;  i 'scTriin' 

.  |.ft.  45  N.  K.  2'*^.  AHiiiiiiii-  I  |s...-,i  7.-!.  5  s.  \v.  ,iO(»  i  ti-l.-rapl,  opnatnr  .liii 
W  Ml.  App.  5in  (similar  fail-i:  A"  i.i  imt  ilispl.u-  „  stnp  -i-iMl,  ;;,„„/.  v 
V.  /..n  . I. ,,,,/,,/,.,.  ,f  CiiAi  ,V7„,„„.  r„.  ,/,;, ■/..„„  s'.nr  Mill f„  i|Mi<li  -ii  !<..' 
'  Ix'iilljli  Cal,  244.  :t2  I,.  I!.  A,  .-.21.  \\  I,.  It,.p.  |.-,I2,  4'>  «.  U  .  472  Mi.M,  „i„., 
'■"■.  4,1  (maiiav'pr  all.iHv.l  imvp.ii-  of  » in- n.p.  |iiill,.il  il  1..,.,,.  f,,,,,,  iis  i.,,"" 
""  '  "''I  '"  'hi  work  tlipv  wi-iT  iiiilil'  liiiin...,  i  :  /.,:s  ,  \  r.ill,,-  ils'i",  "•; 
iL'^i    •"!;;    touiMi//f    ,£    .V.    H.    Vu.    v.    111.    App.    l;ii    (s„p,  ,,iil>n,l,.nt    oi'.leii'ii 


U 


1648 


AlAMKi:    \M)  SKl;\.\M. 


1/ 

if! 


lUlAP.    XXIX. 


\\iirilllll»  e 


IlHlllll     II    ■     <X 


IM'II    III    I 


II 


ri-ks  iiiciilriii   (i>  ill,,  wi.ik.  wlicilicr  tli< 


|>i'ci|icr  v;\-.i'<  )is  tn  liny  oxtninrdinnn 


H'lr  iiliiioniijil  cliinMcior  m 


siTViiiit ;'  Ki-  li-,,iu  tliu  col 


liillioU   ol'    llli 


i'miii  the  iiicxpcriciicu  of  tli 
instniiiicntiiliiii's.* 

It  is  ,n,.nif..st  tluif  nltli.M.ol,.  as  will  1,..  -,.,.„  l.v  onmp„ri„^  fl.o  vnri- 
ou.  ni,.inorMi..hM,f  Cmhs  in  tl,..  nu„.s  ,o  lins  m, -.ion  will.  ,l,.,se  a,.- 
PCII.I...1  to  file  c-ifati.ms  in  S  .".Jn,  anir,  nn.l  will,  t!io  f.;.s..8  to  l.c  ,li, 
cussimI  mi  the  next  ehiipter.  ilu.t  thr  .hiin,,,,.  .„•!,.*  f.llin^r  i.m.I.t  the 
categories  thus  in.Henie.i  ,lo  „„»  in  all  in-Niners  an,,.,,.,.' to  l.ivaelM.s 
ot  a  i,oi,-,l,.le.Ml,|e  .ini.v  i,,  s„eh  a  s,.,,-.-  ihnt,  even  if  eon.initte.l  hv  a 
mere  lellow  servani,  ,h,.y  wo„i,|  ,.,,„l,.r  tl,..  m.^fr  liaMe,  vet  th.-v  are 
so  di.stinetly  ot  the  sa,ne  eh..-:„..,.r  that  it  wo„|.l  W  ir.-ati.'mal  to'hohl 
them  to  he  nonolhVial  wh-n  the  ^^nilty  ,,a,-fy  is  onee  conceded  U,  be  a 
V1C4' principal.     See,  however.  ;;  .M,;.  ;„ini:-> 

mf.,to.isol)r-nn,  nftor,,  «.,i}.-osti..n  tlut    r..rlli,li,I,.s.      H,nl<„nlnn  d-    ^f    l!i,,rl- 
it  Hlio,.|,|  lK.str.-„,',l,..,„.,l,:,v„„.,„,,.,„o    ,v,.   V.  ,„„,.;  n      iss.       m  \VI,       IS      ;• 

-"<>  '-I  r. iv...  „..  no,i....  uJt  it  W.M ;,,,::  :':„',"V/  ;;;;'■  r't^z  \ 

"'">"*    to   1...    s, :    (,,„    V.    (:.,l,l.„    |,„1,     l-s    •II,   p'.       /-,,'■ 

What ;;-." ;""t  to  i„.  .,o,m.,  :  AVo„«,„.  „ •r..,..nu„'i„';;•M.^,^,!  ;„;"'•„, y;;:;; 

nL  ,:tJi:;;  ;;;'„:;m^,;,.-  ;;  ;:;:^;?': ;;,":;, •^,:':;;!,  ::..::;r\ •':■„;;- , •" 

n'Krii   --  I-       „!^  *■  "'■^"'■-'"-'    il>*''!'i  N4  111.  App.  .-,s:i 

Ifi   K  .in    joi     111.      •:""'"."  I  l«^'  I     ^iOil:         It    n,;iy  !■.■  n,m.(M  o(    t  lilt  ii  nnip 

ps^v;.,^4:  !.,:;;:;,:..:;;:;.;•;:;■;;;:•;;;: -;;^-^ 

»-  i.\.  (..;.  iss  u.i.hi  (foi,.,„:i,ii.      rv,„/  .(    !/,„.  ,v,.   lis:,,,    -,n  low,    ir  ■ 

o|    11    wolk    1,11111    tillli"!    lo   -I  (■   ,|i;i|      iiImi,        ii,     :|      ,|ii|,.,i,||  \..,.        ..         .  1 

'■'*  '""^  '■■"••'^  ■""*• "■•■  -'-«.•'■  u.  -nu.,1, ';;,;.' :;'„..i:;rv,.::,.,ru,irt.n; 


tl   •■>4I1 


VICK  l-ltINC  M'Al.Mlll'-  nl  ri(  lAI.  A(l> 


154U 


641.  Iituance  of  ordert  deemed  to  be  an  official  act.— Tlie  l<.::if:il  coit 
MMiiiciicr,   if  not   ilic  iK'tiiiil  cffcci,  III'  -oini'  ili-cisioiH   rctiTii'il  li)  ii 
S  ."144,  siijirn.  is  to  iili-iilvi'  ilic  iii;isicr  cvoii  from  tin-  ri'siilts  of  com 
pl_viii;f  with  tlic  in'f;lij;i'iit  oniir  of  n  vice  priiiiM|>;il.  wliiTo  such  onlci 
ri'lali's  nn'i-rly  to  tlic  ijciiiils  of  tlii'  work.      Fint  tlnM-c  i.-*  iiii  ovcrw  liclm 
iiitf  Wfi^Iit  of  iiiitliorilv  to  Mi.stiiiii  tlic  (Im'triii''  tluit  the  liiiliilitv  to 
wliicli  tlir  milkier  is  ili'diiml  to  Im'  siilij"<'t  wIhicnit  "tlif  in'jjliiri'iii 
:ii't  is  H  liircci  rr»iilt  of  tlic  cNcrcix'  of  jiowcr  coiilVi  rcil  by  tlic  iiuHtcr. 
ill  the  iici'forniinicc  of  a  duly  ilovolvinj:  l>y  linv  ii|miii  liim"'   is  prcd 
IcmMc  ill  llio  ciHc  of  oiilcr-i  issiicil  in  i'c>iicct   l.i  ilic  work,  wliulcvcr 
iiiiiy  1k'  tlic  precise  olijcct  to  wliicli  tlio-e  orilcrs  imiy  li:ive  relation.      It 
is,  in  fact,  ilitliciilt  to  -cc  what  more  iii(li<p\italile  i\:miple  tlici'c  can 
ho  of  an  "exercise  of  authority"  than  the  yivinj:  of  .^iicli  orders,  ami 
for  the  purpose  of  aii'eciiii-i  the  master  with  liahiliiy  in  t.hi^  insiiiiice. 
it  is  obviously  qiiifo  ininiaterial  whcilur  the  delini|iiiiif  rmiiioyec  be 
a  mere  s!i|terior  servant  or  a  i>cii"ral  or  di  parliiicntal  maiiapT.      Ac- 
cording; to  the  areat  majority  of  the  cases,  therefore,  all  that  is  neces- 
-ary  to  tix  liability  upon  the  master  is  that  the  nef;li<rent  order  which 
caused  tlii>  injury  shmild  be  proved  to  be  incident  to  the  performance 
of  the  ilniies  of  his  position. - 

'I'he  order  may  be  a  nei;li^ent  one  because  the  servant  is  direi'ted 
to  n.se  danjieronsly  defective  appliances;''  or  to  work  in  an  abnormally 
liaiifreroiis  ])lace,^  or  to  do  work  in  a  dangerous  nianner;*  or  to  d.i 

had  rhur).'i>  of  the  viird.      If  liis  i-liarKP  ilnnci'rniis  l>y  roason  of  a  nisloiii  niniiiiR 

iiiviilvcil  till-  iliily  of  iiiniiitiiiiiiii;.'  an  in-  the  t'liiplDvi'cs  of  rii!tiii)»  tlir  rioss  -.iiip-, 

-pritiiiii    of    till-    pilrs     in     icfrli'iii'i'    Id  to    ciiiiilc    tlicni    1(1    lakr    iiilt    stiik~    of 

lliiir  xTiiiily  iifraiiiM   fiillrii^  upon  tlios«  tiiiilii'r.  ilic  ilrfi-iiilaiit  shoiilil  liavi'  lAi-r- 

i'iii|iliivi'il   iii'ar  tliiiii.  In-  was.  we  think,  risiil  rra -.011,1  lilc  ilili;,'i'ii('('  in  scriii;:  tliat 

in  tlii'  piTl'ornianii'  of  hiicIi  iliitv  as  su  Hit!  nilos  Wfic  ri-niliTnl  •.alV  a>.'ain  hy  n 

|Hrior.      rtio  close  ijiii'stion.   piTliaps,  in  supply    of   other    cross  strips    of    proper 

as  to  whether  lii~  eliai^re   involved   siieli  h'nnth." 

iliily;  hut  we  think  that  the  jury  nii;,'ht        '  I'hrase  u-ed   in   I'tilliiian   I'ninn    fur 

iiili'r    from    the    eireuin«taiiees    that     it  To.  v.  I.diirl,    ils'iji    I  i:l   III.  ii-^.   IS  I,. 

(lid.      .     .      .      We    are    not    prepared    to  K.  A.  21.1.  :ti  N.  K.  JS.I. 
say.  theiefore.  that.  a«  a  matter  of  law.         ■■•The  defendant    oii;;hl    not    to  esiapp 

the   [ihiintilV    «as    ne);li;rent    in    not    dis  lialiility  for  ne;.'li;.'enl  ly  i«-.einy.  as  nia»- 

covering  them.      If  he  was  not.  it   would  tor  mimI  in  the  course  of  the  pel  t'((i  tnanee 

w-em  to  follow  thai    a   duty   in  that    re-  of  il>  duly  as  ..ueh  to  its  eniplnwe^,  an 

.>.li.(t    rested    upon    the   defendant,   to   lie  impKipei       ordi'r."       llnnLinn      \.       V(  ip 

ilJMliarsiiKi    by    l)ie    person    in    eliarsie   of  )  mi. .  I..  I.,  if   \\  .  H.  I'n.    (IS'.lli    U2   X. 

the  yard.      .Vcithd    ll \pen.s'  1101   dif-  >'.   41ti.  2.">    I..    H.   A.  ;i!Ui.  W,    N.    K.  4(ili. 

ticiilty  of  in^peclintr  the  pile  appears  to  Ke\er-iiit'    (IHS't)    .'i.')    Hun.   .'il.   S    .\.    V. 

h.ive   lieen    such    that    an    e\po>ure    like  Siipp.  272. 

the  one  in   (|Uesti(in   -hoiild   he   re^rarded         'iiiml    Sorlliiin    H    fit.   v     UrI.iiuiih- 

as    pi.ictically    unavoidalile.      U  e    think  liii     ilM!i.")i     IT    ('.    (,    A.    .■1.10,   4t    I'.' .S. 

that   the  defendiint   *li(iiild    have  seen   in  App.   2110.  70   Keil.  liliH. 

the  tii-t    place,   as  peih.ips   it   did.  that         '  I'lili  ixoii  V.   WHIIhk    (ls.14)    I  .\Iapi|. 

till'   piles   were   originally    properly    eon-  II.      I.,     las.     7-ls ;      DukIiihj     v.     AIIi  n 

striioled :  and  if.  as  the'ivid ■»li(i«s.  ilssl)     74    \]„      l.l.     tl      \in     Hep     2MS 

the  piles   afterwards    ^nnetimes   liecanie  (ISS.'if   SH  Mo.  2?t:! .   Itimlhii  v.  Clifujo. 


i.H 


\oM 


WilMllllillir    wliirl 


AIA.STKI!  .\\|)  m:i;\.\.\T. 


f<M 


AP.    XXfX. 


i.  iiniliT  tl 


'ik  iil>ii.)nii!illv  iliin 


IP  <Mrciiiii.stiiiii-<" 


ill 


[.'•'rolls  for  u  Icll 


unlcr  iiiiiv  also  U- culpjil.lc  I 


OW   r-Cl'Xjillt.* 


•ruler  iln.  jilaco  of 


"•••ini>r  it  iliri'cis  iiist 


ruinont.ilitif- 


..    N  and  ....  ,t  ,.n,.rlv  i,.n,ll..,|.  ,o  1.  „..„  „.  ,  ,.,„.„.,,  ,„,,, 
'■I-  h  to  ,...,n„a„.  .n  drs.>...r,'  or  I....,,,.,.,  i,  i.  ,.!,,,„  i„  ,„..,,  ,  ,..„ 


I'  >'  SI.  i:  If.  ('„.  (iH!»7)  i.TS  .Mo.  2!tn, 

•■;'    ■""•    \\      .lil.    r.,j-    V.    .s>,„7,.    lininilr 
,",    1 '':'"!    •■'"    •^'"-     M'P-   -t-M:    <%, /,. 

'l'^;;'!  MI  III.  .\|.,,.  2SH;  l'„lh,m„H  l'„l- 
''"  f  ■ir  t  „.  V.  Ilnikini  i  |h!I.Ii  3  (■  (• 
*//'■"•   '*    ',';   •'*■    ^11'    -'-'..V.    Knl.  lU-..; 

!..,(    fo//oH    .)/,//,,    (issii,    R2    Va     140- 

' '.""./■'.  y.  .1/.  rf„    /..    ,.„    V.  /.»,„/'. 

s-M,„.    ,1SS4)    |,i  N,,|,    ...-,4    ^,,   .^        ,j 

'IS!M»  .,,  KmI.  2.-.II:  /»,.,,,  .)//„.  .f 
Ih.niHifir  ( „.  V.  Filzniiuld  (18!1.-H  M 
I  ol.,    .-,;i.t.  4:i  p,,p    o,„ 

It  is  for  a  jury  to  say  wlipllier  iic'li- 
prncr  .-.ni  I.P  |„r,lic.,l,..|  of  tlie  act  of  a 
vicM.  (irm.ipnl  in  .s.ttii,;;  „  |„|,on.r  to 
«u.L  upon  a  bonch  in  a  [H-rprndicular 
^^;lll  of  rn,.k,  about  I",  f.-et  Ih-Iow  the 
I'lnco  wh.r."  othrr  Inl.oi.T.s  lia<l  ho.-ii  or- 
'I'  r.Ml  (o  .hill  l,„l,,s  round  an  unoxnlod- 
.'.i  hliisf  lor  till-  \»nyi>^  of  l.lowinL'  out 
II...  |v.,.K  „|iirh  (lol.l  it.  C„n,„  V  Sor- 
'j:»  (IM!),  S2  n..n.  9.  4  \.  Y.  Supp. 
...     ilie   masi..r   was   linally   hel.l    not 

!:;•■  N.  V  1  2(i  N.  K.  !in.-,).butm..rolv 
«->.  tl.H  ground  that  the  foreman  was  no"t 
a  viic  principal. 

Ar.-.)i,lin^  10  early  Scotch  decision^ 
«  SI.,, nor  s.Tvant  ( h..r..  the  un.ipr- 
u'loiind  manuffer  of  a  mine)  may 
l-e  a  rcpr,.s,.ntativo  of  the  niuster  in  n- 
-|"'l  to  an  ..r.l..r  cxiKisiufr  a  suhor.linalc 
to  .l«n-cr  (ti,.:„n,illev.  (!,<„/  |lS(i;i|  i 
^<.^N..s.s.  fas.  ,),|  s.ri..s.  7r.S»,  while  !,.■  is 
a  fellow  son  a  111  as  t.)  oth.r  opeiatioiis 
.■.,im,.,l.,|  with  his  filiations  as  a  con- 
I...    ii,«  employ...    (I.  ,,,,/,/  v.  Uoxhu,„h 

ISi.ll  2  N..  .S.>.,.  Pas.  •■tid  scri..s.  7-is 
rcaii>...d  explosion  ,.,  Up.  damp  c,iii«,.,l 
i>y  t,.mp.,rary  int..rriiption  of  vciilil:|. 
ti'.nl).  'I  his  partidilar  firouiid  of  clis- 
tiii.li.in  sc«.ms  n..v,r  to  have  b....n  ac- 
knowlc.lt'i.d  in  anv  of  the  Kn-lish  eisi.s 
Nvliieh  c..iiMt.ii;.i„..d  the  d.Ktrine  of  vice 
(iniicipaUhip.  and  must,  in  anv  event 
..  i..|..h!i,it,.|  in  any  t.oiirt  which  Is 
KhiiimI  hy  the  sul.s„,u.nt  nilinir  of  the 
Hou»e   of    Lords    in    WiUun    ».    Ht,ry 


III 

V, 

44 


(ISrtm    T,.    n.    1    H.    L.    ftf     v,.„    oas 

l'.M.I.n.|e  Ih.it  a   f..r.Mian  sin,..|,  „  pii,. 

'■."'"•, "'""•'•   f '"-I  -.n    iniurv    to 

HM  emplovee.  and  pr.ilanelv  .,i,|,.,,..|  •,u.  I, 
.■mi.loyee  to  w.,rk  at  tli,.  pla..,-.  in  suf 
"■"■>'l  to  «o  to  the  jury  on  the  .,ue. 
Ii'iii  wh.-lh-r  .11,1,  con.luct  wa,,  „r  ha- 
rlot wanl.,1.  ami  nskl.-s  as  all..^Ms| 
the  .le.-laiation.  itlinoia  Si,, I  r, 
V     ''.""".":"■'*'    (189(1)     IC2    111.    44; 

•77io)/i/).«,n     7.     nvrmann    (1870)    47 
Uis.  t;o2.  ;t2  .Am.  n.p.  7s,.  .t  y   \v   r,;.,. 

N  uh    .t(,.I.    17    I..   11.   .\.   ,|:i,-,  .^..,    y    \\ 
.t.'.  :  l'n,rl„r  v.  .l/,v.v.,»r(.  A'    ,f   ."    i-    /•, 
(IS!.0)    42M„.  .\pp,   ,2,    (di.:,..i,i„„.;f 
rails  which  were  iH.iiijr  |,„,|„|,.   y.„,^,, 
v.    l/,.s.wMr>   /'.   If.  Co.    dS'l.'})    ir,   M„ 

!'";•/■',■''■,?  "'"  '«""e^u.t.s);  /•„,;,,;. 

V.  (I,iik  (I8H4I  15  111.  App.  470  l.ii 
rection  to  r.-iiM.v,.  ol.stnicti.m  f,,,,,,  „ 
|>|i;nnj;  machine  without  stoppi,,.-  it  i  • 
//."<;.«  C.  A'    Co.  V.  7oA».v„„'/i!,o„,    |,.^ 

V  p'Ti.  •,''"''-'""■'"  -^'li'iiied  in  III 
.V  e,.  .X14  (direction  to  make  a  "niii 
mn^.s"'"-''  );  Sluhly.  n„lnth  (18IW) 
71  Mini,.  34!  74  X.  W.  14.!  (cmplov.s' 
order,.,!  to  pick  round  a  hole  »lh.r..  th'.ic 
was     an     u,„.xp|.,.|,..l     char-e    of     .,\,m 

(IS. I.)   61   Mo.  492   (ord..r  to  appiv  fire 
to  an  ov.n    in   a   maimer   calculatl-.l   t,. 
rouse  an  exphnion)  ;   h,„ting  v.  ravin,- 
Sliam     \]  li„li,ia   Co.     (  ls:i!t)'  9i    \\:,'i, 
416,  r,S  l-ac.  224    (furling;  of  s.Til.) 

464f3rs.'E.U'""*  """"'  "''*=^' 
'The  most  fr<..,uent  illustrations  of 
suph  or.lers  an.  fiirnishc.l  l.y  the  cis,.s 
111  whi.h  conductors  ami  other  ci,|. 
|>lo.v<.es  ha\ini.'  the  ,.,,„|,..d  of  rai'«av 
ears  manay.-  th.-m  so  as  to  cause  iniurC-. 
foroflo,  If.  d  St.  p.  It.  Co.  v.  A',,;, 
<l^.-*4,  112  V.  S.  ,•577,  28  }..  „i  7.7 
5   Sup.   rt.    Rep,    181:    (■„„„,    /■    A'    (  ./ 

V.  t'liihiiihini  (isn.M  ii  c.  r    \  .>n-,   j.i 

r.  S.  .\pp.  541,  5,;  |..,.,I.  jiss  ;■  V, 7, /',','.  ,,1 
'  .  A  f  I,.  V.  ('iiiMniiuqli  I  18!I2)  ■'('('  \ 
r,S.  10  r.  S,  .App.-  I ..7.  51  I-'.d.'.';!7: 
f  .,»»,./»,.,  /'.  If  Co.  V.  .lohu^lu,,  (isilt) 
-'o  L.  U.  A.  470,  «  C.  C.  A.  S87,  20  U. 


I  .■.«I] 


VKK  J'niN(ir.\T,SHIl>-  »IKI  l(  I  \l.  ACIS. 


15-)  1 


«     \|.|..    S.V   fil    K,.,l.    7;H:    \.,rH, 


\ 

r.  It. 


M.r  ( is'.i.-, I  15  r.  r.  A.  i,i 

\\>\>.   5SJ.  )i7    I-,,|.   ssl:    Mi 


<Tn   /■'.    i'hii'iiiri  A    t.  I!   Co. 


III. 


r.T./s  rf  /•.  Jl.  Co. 
(isssi,  .Ts  Kcl.  8Hi:  .V,/,;/..  ,„  /'.  /,'.  r„ 
V.  .vmi/A  (ISilt)  S  C.  C.  A.  i;(i;i,  15  u 
>;.  App.  L'!U.  fl!»  Fr,l.  1.1.;| :  /,•„,„. 
.y.//.'  V.  \i,rlhrni  I'.  It.  fo.  (ISSMI  .Jo 
l.,l  .1H.):  /.„/,,.  .S7,„,v  .(  I/,  .s.  /•.  r„.  V. 
Knilliil  (ISTS)  ;,;j  (ilii,,  st  411s;  Clurk 
V.  //»..;/i<.'s  (  IHI171  .-,1  \,!,.  7H0,  71  .^' 
\V.  77ii:  I, lull  Mi'iiiii  /,'.  (V,  V  Sl'ii  im 
I  IS.-,1  I  L>0  Ohio,  415  ;  r/,  , ,  /„„,/'.  f.  rf  c. 
I!.  I')    V.  kiiiiii  (IS.'ili   ;)  (iliiii  St.  201; 

iiin.uis  c.  I,'.  I'o.  V.  N/i. /iir   i|,s!»;(i   '•;( 
i.i.n.  173.  2.1  S.  W.  211:    I/,7/,  r  v.   l/i,. 
vouri  /'.  W.  Co.   (ISOn    lOfi  .M„.  ;i.-,(i.  H) 
S.  \V.  5S;   Sjiriirir  \     ltrf,i,l.s    (IS'.l.'ii    !I7 
Oa.  tl.ll.  25  S.   K.  -48(1;    II  ,7,on  v.  /.«„/,>- 
iuHi/ «f    V.   U.  W.  r».    (lx:i!l|   .',1   I,;|.    \l.ii 
ll.'!:l.  _'.■>  S<i.  Ili;i  :   Vnii    \i„l,iini  v.  1  „/!/ 
'■i/r'7.  .V.  ,(■  /',  W.  f,,.    (  |ss.-,i    .17  J,,|     \,|„ 
K.'in,  .-..-,  Am.   I!(.|>.  .'■|l7:ll..//,.r  v.  Hill,  it 
lls'is,    fiM    K.ifi.  214.  .c'   I'.ir,    1(2:    A'l/^ 
V.  I.ullisrill,    .(    A.   A*,   f.,.    (1S.S7)    !i   Kv 
I..  i;.|.  :;o7.  J  s.  w.  7!iS:  A,,--,,,,, 7  V,  »\ 

if    U.    I  '//^  7   Cu.    V.    Ihiil'.rl    (l.SllOl    DI 
K.v.  42.    14  S.   \V.   iViS:    o',,,,-  v.   /..,.,,,. 

I  Vi-  <f   .V.    ff.   fV).    I  lS!i:!i    fl(    Kv     Kl'i 
■-'I  S.  U.  fi4!l:   /,,.,/„,, 7/,   ,(-  A.  /,•' r„    v' 

II  .///,„/./„,■./  (l.Sli.ll  1.-)  Kv.  I,.  !!,.[,.  170 
22  S.  W.  4:i!l:  .V.,,7,.,;7  \',  »  v  .f-  1/.  \„l'. 
i^-il  Cit.  V.  r<inr,ll  (IS!I">)  17  Kv  h 
i;.|i.  .■!74.  .TI  S.  \V.  132:  rhir,„,,j/ it  rf 
'A  /f.  '■/,.  V.  /»„,//.•  (1.S.S7)  24  ill.  Ann. 
t:iS:  |p/.,-.<(  V.  Hu-hwiniil  d  I)  If  (•„ 
'  "'■'Si  H4  Va.  (170.  5  S.  K  .-,S2 :  I'tirr.  11 
V.  f:i,iilhi-rn  R.  Co.  (ISItiii  1|!)  X  p 
:>  2li  S.  K.  111!  :  l/„s„„  V.  i;irln„,,„d 
.1  /*  It.  fn.  (1S!I2)  III  \.  (•  4S'  IS 
I-  U.  A.  S4.-,  10  S.  E.  608 :  SAo/W  v 
'.■-.„,„„.     f.     d      \.     H.     Co.      (I.sii.-,, 

iifi    X.    c.    nns.    21    s.    k.    .-,.->4- 

ffiiifV  V.  I'illKliiirtih.  C.  f  rf  .>•/ 
'.  /.'.  Co.  (IS!i;t)'  ,38  W.  V.-1.  r,7o' 
H  S.  R.  74S:  .M,„i,lr„  V.  (7i.  v.(. 
V"il-<-  .(  O.  /f.  Co.  (ISSili  28  \V.  Va. 
'ilO.  57  Am.  I!.-.,.  {■,<)-,:  lhi„i,;  v  <7/..s»- 
;-  ■'/.'■  if  O.  /^  To.  (  1  a!)2  I  .-fti  \V.  Va  .■t!)7 
"II..  i:.  A.  38.3.  15  S.  K.  li!2:  l.uuis- 
'ilif  <t  \.  II.  Co.  V.  ll(i,iki„t!  I  ISll!!)  "l 
334,  51  S.  U.  42ii:  A„,vf 
11'.  v.  C.  It.  Co.  V.  Col- 
S.l  Tcnii.  227,  1  S.  \V. 
Mhinhi  rf  f.  Air-I.lii,  l(. 
«l--*5,  55  .\m.  I!.|>. 
'/")^^  c(  .SV.   A.   A' 


In    r  A 


V.  W,/,/  (IS84)   108 


'"/.'?",  It.  I.  d  H.  It.  Co  T. 
Tonh,,  ils-:7)  211  111.  .\|>p.  Pii.  it  waa 
hc-1.1  tint  u  vir.l  iiia-tir,  in  t-iviui;  a 
-lynal  to  ail  rii;;im,.r  lliut  a.  pulilic 
mi"iii^'  wa-  clrar  of  toaiii.s  and  mi;;lit 
Ih!  lil.H'kc<!  l.y  iMH'kiii;;  wmp  tars.  wa» 
not  a.'lin;;  a.^  ii  n  |.i.-«.-ntativ.'  of  tlie 
•  onipanv  in  tin-  ^ana-  -imh.-  that  he 
wiMiM  havo  iMM-n  if  he  liul  i.,ii..,l  u  per- 
•■iii|iloiv  coipiriiaiiil.  ami  liiat  the  com. 
|Mnv  wa.i  thiiifon-  n->l  li.il.lr  for  an  in- 
iiirv  rcciivrd  l.y  a  ,\Mt(lun;ui  lliioiii;h 
iMitii,'  fill  .lied  Ih'1«,.ii  a  moving  and  a 
Malionaiy  rar.  lint  the  di-linrtion 
thus    implied    .k.k'Mi.-.    to   bt-   of   v.^ry   du- 

Tlip    n<M;li;;.'nl    inana-nncnt    of   hand 
'lis   liy   >.rtioM    foii'iiicii   and   oIIht  rm 
pli.wci     (•onli.,!Iin^.     IIimhi     i^     another 
inahe.roin    iii-l.itiee    of   ollieinl    rulmhil- 
Kv.      SrI.n,,,!,,-   V.   rl,ir„i,o  rf   .4.    //.   fo 
I  ISM  1  I    |(N  .M„.  :i'>-2.   Is  1,.  It.  A.  8>7    18 
S.    W.    lu:.4;    Mrtirn.H.ll  V.   Ilnnni'hul  d 
St.  ./.  A',  fo.   I  1HS.-,|   S7  Mo.  28.-.:   ir„„j. 
ii'iril    Iron    Co,    y.    Anilniis    (IMlMii     lU 
Ala.  2i:t.  21   So.  440:   l.ouiKrilh  .t   V    // 
''I'J//'""   "Wl    in  Ky.  r.  l!ep.  1474! 
43  S.   U.    lii.!:   SI.   l.o,i,.t.  I.  M.  ,f  .y    /{ 
Co.v.  Itivhrnii,,    I  18118 1    »;.-,  .\rk.   1.38,  45 
S.    \\.    50:      \l,il,iii,i(i    .lliiirnil    It     Co     v 
,fo,ies    (Hfif.)    114   All.   .-,|<t.  21    So    507 
'18!.H,    121    Ala.    11.3.  2.".  So.   ,S14:   a.„.n 
V.   \i,slnillr.  C.  ,(   St.   I..  It.  Co.    (1808) 
101  Tenn.  .3SI.  47  S.  \V.  4!l.3:  .lohnso,,  v 
Soull.rn:   It.   Co.    (18(18 1    122   N.   C    U55 
20  S.    Iv    7S4:    l.oiinrill,   ,(    V    It    Co    v' 
It,,.,.,    I  18117)     1!)    Kv.    L.    lien.    1474     43 
S.     W.     4ti.3:     Chi,o,,o    A    .\.    R.    Co     T 


Kv.    1..    Tep. 

ll'«t\i\x,r  rf 
'■■'11  I  ISStii 
'*-'^;   hirk  v 

'"■  I '"'Si;!  04  X.  (' 

I  -'1 ;   lliinly  V.  .|/,„„ 

'":  'ISSS)  .3H  K,,!.  ,;.-,;.  Vor,  f,<(  v.  Ill,- 
'■'■»<'■  It.  Co.  (l.SillM  S8  111.  App,  (il4: 
r.,.,f,,.„,,  V.  Or,,,,,,}  Hhorl-I.inr  i(  I  \ 
/..'■'..  (ls.,.3,  Sriah.  420.  .32  I'ao.  0!..3;' 
*""  V,  l.oiiisiill,-,  A.  .1.  ,0  C  It  Co 
'  ISi'l)  129  Ind.  2(io,  28  N.  K.  183,  tillj' 


Holt'  (I8:i7)   71   111.  App.  414. 

Similar  olliei.il  acts  of  ne^l ijK'nen  arc. 
the  ..mission  to  st.ilion  a  looUoiit  at  the 
|>ro|wT  place  on  hoard  a  ship.  iThir 
r,l„n  [1885]  23  lihilchf.  177.  23  Fed. 
•  13):  and  an  or.hi-  to  n-e  a  pnshcar 
for  the  improper  |>iiipose  of  transporla- 
tif.n  (  l/i«.r  v.  (  i,io„  i:  It.  Cu.  [18831 
•'.  AlcCrary.  300.   17    led.   fi7). 

Sw  also,  as  illustrating  the  jjeneral 
principle  in  the  t^-.xt:  Ch„ll,inoo,/a 
A/ci'/ne  R.  Co.  V.  I.iiirxon  (1808)  101 
IVim.  40ti.  47  S,  W.  489;  Ari7fr  v  A  in- 
'■■•re    (1801,)    (IS   111,   App.   .5.58;   /{/.„/,/  v. 

•SV.    /.0H1.V  ,(   S,   f.   K,   f,,.    (  |H,,;j)     r,^'   ^^^ 

liO,  22  S.  U.  1080;  /*,„,.  r,  .S.  /•  rf  p 
';'■  '"«■  y-^l>ri<<roll  (ISSli)  12  Colo,  520. 
21  l*ac.  708:  Cliii;iii,i  hmhiiiuj  <(■  llorl; 
'■o.  V.  .I/cl/,;/,oti  (18S8)  30  111.  App. 
•  i.i8:  II  I. s/  Chimno  Sin;  I  It  Co  v 
Ihrurr  (1804)  57"  111.  App.  440;  J/c- 
Corllni  v.  Chii-uiio.  R.  I.  ,f  />  K 
Cu.      (1801)      83'   Iowa,     485,     60     K. 


1352 


MASTKK  AM)  SKKVANT. 


yi^ 


•  liaf,  iiiidcr  llio  <'irriiiii«ti 


iKfs,     it   is  liktlv  to  confiiso  tli 


llilAP.   xxix 

o  witrkiiiiiii 


'■'vivi.i;r  it.  jiikI  thus  rcii.lcr  hiin  Ir^,  ciipnMr  ..f  |.rnt.M-ti»ip  liiiiis.H 

iuiir  tln'  wi.pkiiiun  otf  lii.s  guiinl 


or  Ik'cjiii.s<-  ir  Iims  f||,.  ,.\\,.,,t  „!  tli 


wlu'ii  some  liiiiisiiiirv  i| 
If 


iiiiffor  IS  iiii|iiiiiictinip. 


r  IS  sciiiv<.|v  II sMirv  t<»i<iti'  iiiitlioritii-s  to  tlir  p..int  tliiit  iin  or<|,  > 

within  tlio  niciininjr  of  tlip  pcnonil  nih-  insiv  !«>  ^ivon  hv  whi.I  ut 
month,  or  bv  aiiv  olhfr  niciinH  of  coiiiinnnication  wliidi  mav  he  ap 
proprintp  or  ronvrni.nl.'"  It  is,  also  .•l.-ar  that  tli..  .niiiv  .'.inis,i,.,, 
tu  give  iinv  ..r.lors  at  all.  wlun  th.>  fK'.-asi.m  d.iiiands  it,  is  a.s  ciilpiiM. 
as  tho  aciiial  givinjjof  ini|ii'o|K-r  .inl.T"." 

On.'  who  acts  a.s  vic<'  prin.ipnl  in  an  .Mnci-fr.'n.-,v,  in  solpctinp  m. n 
iiiaphin.T.v.  an.l  a  pla.v  to  work.  <i.K-s  not  iMr..nu»  a  ffli..\v  sciviur 
inmi.'.liat.'ly  npun  Iwirimiiiii;  th.-  work,  with  all  siiitahlo  af;<-n<-i.s  ],y.. 
villi'.]  thfTi'for,  iiiit  .'oiiiiiiiics  a  vie  principal  in  directing  the  nii.v. 
iiicnts  .if  tlir  in.Iiviiliial  cinplovoos." 


1     (isssi    tMl    Mo.   ■>()■:,  !i   s.    U.  .-,«!•:  int'  .li.i,M,.r.,u,lv| 
/^.»rv„./    v.   V»,«„    (1874,    Ir.    |{,.,,.   H  C.         "  \„ll  v.   I.ouisnllr,  .V.    1    rf  r    ff   .■„ 

.'r                 ,.    .         „     „  <l«!'l'    I2!>   ln,l,  'i.iO.  2ti«.  -JS   \.'k    IS.! 

".•'•.•'**-,                                ■  »n  '1"'   as^.MiM,.,!   .•..,,.l„v,.,-s   11...   j,,,,.., 

ordered   a    laborer   to  .onlinue   workin-i  >in<l  ihl.ris  wl.i.h   ll,r.',it.'ii,..l   it    |„.  |,„> 

on  a   ciir  uli.-n  an   .■iiyiii..   «„«  ,l,w,.  at  i'o.n|.l.l,.,I  tlie  work  of  >..|..,.|in,- il,,.  ,.h'., 

„,V,'             ',    •     ,     ,.  >-hoiilil  kilou,  ill  a  Kcm-ral  «av  at  li  i-i 

.!!•  .\ lo.  .\pp.  42 ♦:   /.o«,.v,,//,  rf   V.  W.  r„.  |,„„,  wlien,  .m.l   where  to  ,„e  the  ao.'l. 

m>     20    v"u"  «i7'    "l^;-,    '••    f^"''-  '""•*•*  •'^"^''■-''^  '•"•  "•  ""•'•  "  <i'"'  '»'' 

•i.fJ.     '20     S.     U.     817;      Hiikr     v.     ^7.  in  siicli 

l.iiuin.     K.     A      V.     H.     Co.      (ISSf) 

Mo.     .SliO      K.-v,.rsi„K     (ISS2)      II      Mo.  liyrnl    .lir.M-tin^.    i,..i.l    lo    a-«i.Mi    l„   .1,. 

A|>|i.     ;„4      .  roa.l      master,      while     .li  men  their   plae.s  ami   .linvl    iTm-ii,   ulut 

M'.t.iiB  the  removal  of  a   wr.'.k.  gave  a  lo  .lo;  I,,  ,|,r.'.'t  wlial  a|.|,lian...s  shall  !..■ 

wionK    Hifjiial     to    an     en-it r,   an.l   so  u-e.l.   an.l    wh.-.i.    wi.er.'.    an.l    Iioh    Ou■^ 

.■ans..,l   ,„,,,,  y   to  a   laU.r.'rl  ;   S,u„r,r  v.  shall   Ik-   „„.,I.      This    iMtelli«e,it    an.l   .li 

/..-,„/■,,      1S!».M    !l,   (;a.  liHI.  ■>:,  S.   K.  4Sn  n'iiiuii  h.-a-l   must   he  the  nTashT       \.,.l 

(■■.m.luitor  si}.Miale<l   .-nvin.vr  •..  hack   a  he  to   whom    th,. 

•  ar    prenialuielv.    so   that    plaiiitiir   was  .liitv  a.ts 

IHi3|     1;,»     XIa„,     ;US.    ;t4     N.    K.   .5.')!l  a.l  in  his  slea.l.     The,..fore.  when  II,  I,,.- 

(failure   of   con.luet.ir   to   yive    the  st.,|.    ..nlenil  the  .l..<-.sl..|il   t„  .r,,  ,l„„n .,• 

motujn   at    the   |.i..|Mr   time   to  an   .-iini  the  .lriflw...«l.  an.l  .lii..,lr,l  him  wh^l  li^ 

mrr  wIk)  wa.s  running'  .ais  .„,  t,,  a  sid  should   .lo  th.^re.   h.'  was   still   a.lii-    i- 

inc).     rompare  als.,  8  421.  ./»^.  vi,.,.   primip.il.   an.l     «as     fwinishinL"  I.. 

'■'■rnsl,      V.      V,,,      //„,,„      ,,,,     r„.  ,l,.tvd.'nt   his  place   lo   work." 

tl»*!t:i;   03  Conn,  it,  27  .Ml,  2.!,".   ...n.n,..  ' 


in   siieli   an   emi.i}.'eticy  as   that   (l.-iiiU  . 
8S    in  Ibeeomplaini  lli.Te  must  b,.  an  i;ii..| 


niast.r    ilele;;ati-   ,ih  ! 
IS  the  master,  who  can  i.l  .•■ 


i'>   (tnana- 


t   •■•421 


\i<i:  i'i!iN(ii'\i>iiii'    nun  lAi.  A  CIS. 


Iiitiniati'lv  (■•iiiiiK'ti'il    will 


diic 


I     llr^lly:(||rt'     III     l--imii;     ordiTs     19 


l.V. 


Ill 


I  oi>ii^i«|s   111  ii'-iinii 


ii 


xixiiiit   lliiit   il 


ICII'     I- 


til 


•lil 


Irillt'd,    wlli'll,    US 


|>    MilllpT    ti>   lie 

ti  iiiiitiiT  "I  lipi,  ilic  »ii|iiri,,r  j^iviii;;  iljc  ii.-iiiiiin'i' 
knows. Il- oiinlit  til  kimw  tliiit  iii-  «i;i!.iiHiit  is  imt  ini...  'Ilic  |i:iliilit\ 
of  tlir  iiiii.-hT  iindir  ilii«  liiiiii  is  liilly  lr.iif<-.|  in  r|i;i|iitM'  wiv.  iiiih  . 
642.  Failure  to  protect  subordinates  from  transitory  dangers  deemed 
to  be  official  neglig:ence.-  1 1„.  ...mis.  .,s  a  wli..!,..  n.|iiir.'  tl.r  tmiM.-r 
ti.  aii.-wcr  fill-  lilt-  inuli-iiiicc  i>|  a  x  iff  |iiiiifi|ial  wlifnfvfr  tin-  ilcfaiil, 
niiM|ilaiiif(i  uf  f(ii|,i,|.  it,  ilif  niiii^Hiuii  fi.  takf  siifji  prff.intiuiis  a*  a 
|iiMi|fiii  man  wnnlij.  nmifr  tin'  fin-iiiiistaiiffs,  have  takfii  li>r  ilif 
|iiii|in«f  lit  prohfliiij;  iIh'  injiirf.l  siilwii-flJnrSf  a;:aiiist  schih'  peril  nf 
liif  liansitiirv  class,  at;aiii.-t  wliicli  hi-  hail  no  ail((|iialf  means  uf 
fiiiarilinj.'  liiiiiself.' 


r  v.iiik.  iijioii  him  (lc\(ilvfil  lln'  .laly 


'It  hiis    iiftii)    lifcn    lirM  or  ii«-miic(l  p.iircr-.   »iiiil:     "lie    «ii«    not    only  llin 

Ih.it     fiii|.l(.\ )'<■•<     <'.inti,,lliiiy     ttiiik M  i' iihiii   l>.  iliriTl    tli.-  wnrk  nf   lij»  -.iili- 

wIkw    (liiiii*     ri'i|uiii'    tln'iii     to    Im;    in  ..idiiiiiti'^,   Iml    lie   Wii«  tin-  prr-iii  iilmve 

|.l:iics     uli.Tr    tlic.v    Ilia)     In-     siniik    l.y  .t\\    olli.r-    In    |ih>\  iilr    tliiil    lliiv    liiiil    a 

iMiAJiiK     riiiluii.v     cars     ari>     acting'     iii  i-.i-.iii.ilil\   >.if,.  |,|.ii  r  at  «lii.  h  i.i  well. : 

thrir  r<|iii-i'iiliilive  (■.i|iaiil\    « In  n  |li,.y  .iimI     wliilf    In-    ua 

ilii  lint   ailiipl    iiirani   for   |iii'\iiitin;;  Ilif  tin , 

r.ii-  from   n  lulling  tli.-  |ilair  wlii-u-  tlic  <il    ii-inj,-  onlinary   can-  uml  ililij:niH-.'  tc. 

«oik  i»  i;oiii;;  (111.  nr  for  ^iviii;;  tlif  work  pn-xfiil       llii'iii    "from       liciii;;    'iniunil. 

iiii-ii  line   vxarniii).'.  iit    all   cvi'iiu.  of  tlic  mani-liil.  or  rni-lnil   hy  oIIiit   trims  oi 

ii|ijir";iili.      Cases   wini.'   iiijuKHl   lur   re  lais  iiiov  iiii;  tlm  oiin  iiii.lnr  wliiili  In-  liiil 

(..liicis  liavi'  liccii  allnv.iil  to  mover  nii  |.l,iid|    tlniii.      Il    is     iinmatirial,  tlii-rp- 

II. i-    >;ioiiinl     an"     tlio     follow  iii;f:      St.  fori'.    wlnlluT    l.on'll    I,.-   lallf.l    suofriii- 

/.'/I11.    I.  .(■  r.  W.  r.j.  V.  yVi/./W/   I  mill  )  tcml.iil.    mlilillnman.    Iio-s    rfiiaiiir.    or 

■il  Ark.  2H!t.   II    I..  K.  .\.  7:.).   l.-i  s.  \\  ,  f,„,-i,.<ii,     Tim  .Iniv   ilrvolu.l   a|M,ii  him 


I      u                ■"'"  '"  "   I'"  i''""   i"  "lii'ii   at   llim-  In-  pan- 
In    ll'i.ii.ihiil   .(■    SI.    ./,    /,•.    fo.    V.    t'lT  not   po"iMv  s.s- «lial   i-  iloii,.  Iiy  tin.  in   n 
IS-*!!    :il      Kan.     .->S(i.    .■!     |'a...    ;i-JO.    t|„>  „  ho   urn   hwiliiiv   tlm    Ii.-.   ami'  is   ||i..|,. 
"  art.  in  Inijiliiiv'  III.,  .•nnipniy  Ii  il.j.'  f.r  f,  i..    I>.iiiml    lu    .i.lni.i      ..,.,<■    ,i,i|iioMri  it.' 
llic  m-lii;,.,!!-..  of  a    foi.inaii   of   .ar   ii-  |iii .  aiit ion   to  (.'iianl   a^Miii-l    Ih,.   ri^k  of 


i 


^bi 


■41 


MNMi  i; 


t 


^^l»  si:i;\  wr. 


Tl.r  .1 


I«II\C    XXU. 


lltV    III   JHi.\  ,  1,1     ij,,. 


•  •.\{ii>!«f   tlic   -<|\;l,il    I. 


.f.l; 


I  Wiiniii]::  u*  will  ,i,.il.lr  | 


I"  III,  III 


lllll    |.      II  lii.iVt.   1,1 


'•I    tlif  (K-l'llrri'IU'r    \,  Imi-Ii    Wnlll.j 

il   tliMi   i 

ll 


•  llU'i  r  III   llhir  III 


ii^i'i'i  iiiiiirv. 


ipiav    vvi     I 


III 


'I'll   lll 

I'l   I  -111!   . 

rr;.Mi-i!, 


■  i.',  I. 
>\   1 1 


K»^ 


II'  /.i.|i- 
I-  ;i   I'lijii  I, I 


i...n.H.un.,l,|..  ,|„„    ,..   ,„,,„  .     „..,    ^_^^,.,,,^^^^^    ^^^^^^^    ^^|_^ 

.   Ks  not  inviiivo  ilie  .  n.,„..nco  tl.nt  on.,  ul.'    is  ..  vi..  pnn..i,...i  1. 
'I  ...  of  1.1.  ,,i.u„n  IK  a  «u,...rior  oflii-ial  coas-s  „.  1.  .  .j ...  ,.,(  .,.i,i, 

"''■'^  '"^  '«  i'-  -•« •'-  'l-'^v  in  n„os,i.,„,  ...i.v   , iha  .      .    . 

.•.■ptanc.  of  tl...  d.K.„.i.u.  ulii,.,.  ,,..vails  in  „....si  ..;.,„.,-.  ihat  .i.     .; 

un.  pnncpal.  n. ....... ,n„.,s  ,1...  e„n..|,i.i„.,  ,!.„  «„.      ,   .i„.pn„..i,J 


•itn.'krd  c:ir^  to  U- 

t'V    Hit!    illi|i.lr|    ,,| 

irihnit  S.   II 


hi-  hHnp  «lrnrk  l.y  „  ti,.      rh„,h„unh  v.    nli...v,.,(   \r..»K,u 

t..«    iiiiniilr.l  '        '""«">    .1 '.    I.un  pi t  :  K,rhi,iu,„l  i;,,inil,   I- 

'  >'l   I in  l!,„  ,,.„   „r,.  II,,.    „|i:'   i,.       -;  ,-    '[:•"''■"'   '"  'I'<«rr,v  f.il,.,I  ,.,  „  .,  , 

^i<;..  ;ii  c.i.  ^^5  Mo... .f '.„„::  1 1    :.  '^,,  s''k  v.,/:'''r  "'"• 

full.!     I,   ii,,i  iv    u.iik,,,.,,,    fhnt    •.    1,1.  .    .     »i                             '^'       ''   <"r'li|.  V'^ih 
wii.    ,,1 ,    .1,1...    I.     .^,;'  ,,;„":'      "/""-.••'■-v-mt«i.l .a.„i„,,,,| 

-" ."-i'f  ;.i:;;t":;':;,,[ ':.::;;! ..::;  ';rj::^: "- «'  "■•"•"•-  woru.,.„  „ 

!ni;.;';;;r:i;:':i::!,::;':;;;:;:iv::,!:;,;:;.;;''  „ ^7 ^'--'h- -.., ci,..,, ^ „ot..  ,1  ,„ 

till  «,m  r..,«.i,i„...)  :  u  „,,„.;,,  ,v,  ,,'  .f  ,•  .;  ,|  ,.,7  ;  '  '"  "',';  I"-""  'I'-  t..i<>  un 
/f.  rv  V.  //„»;.  (ISS7)  I  ■!  Ill  'v  I-.'  "^;'';,'"-  '."'■  .'"^  «<-ll  .,  („  ,1  ,..„„„,, 
.>.    r..   .,1.1    (ii,i,,r  of  wric.l.fil   v.ir.  Ikii,';  Sii.   .!,  ■    i  ,ii,.ii.,<fo  .,      i  7       .        ' 

oiH-,,1.,1:  mv.r,.,l  in  rH..71   lOS  r   S%  "„," ''"'""■■  ■"""'""   " '^  "'"  ^'  '''■ 

42  I..  e.i.  3m).  iHs,.,.(,     :      4n\.;i,   :  i''/.  ."    I  T'TV  \  .''i  '■""''■   '   '' 

.."  the  .ro„n.l  l!,.t  L  ...ui.^:.:;;:!      ,  'H'^'     ;     fi/''^^^^'   v' Vu    ij's'w 
Slrinr    (;,.     V.      \lr<iini    |!.><!IM     iri:j    l„,l      "««.„«    -w,i 
-.U,  Jl   .\.   h.  Ujo    uii.'ii.iaL.f  oX  .^uiirry 


I  5»:iJ  Vl<  K  I'IMM  ll-AUSIIir     on  K  I  \r.  Al   IS.  uu 

(liM'H  i\iit  i'r|>r«'^"rii  ilif  iiiii'itT  ii»  rr-jMfis  till'  (.rilcr-t  wliii'li  lie  igi>ii<  > 
fii  hi-  ?.iil«iiiliri.iii-i. 

943.  Theory  that  •  vice  principal  doei  not  represent  the  matter  n- 
cept  in  10  far  u  he  ii  diicharging;  lome  non-delcKable  duty. — An  <'\ 

,iMiiti:iti<>ii  of  the  i-ifi'-i  fiti><i  ill  thi-i  and  the  f>>ll<i\viii:>  •niijon''  will 
-hiiw  thiit  iiiiinv  (>i°  the  cuiii't't  Iiunc  |ii':ii'ii('iilly  ciiiiiiiiiiti'il  thini-i'lvi-t 
lo  lhc«  iKJiiptioti  III'  11  |ii-iiiiM|iht  whirh,  it"  currifil  to  li';;i('al  (•oin'lii.iMii,, 
vvoiilil  pn'M'iil  n'<'i'Vrrv  whiri'vcr  tlic  ii<'irli,:.'<'in'i'  i>t'  thf  ilrlliic|iii  m  vir" 
{>i'iiii'i|iiil  iiiil  111)1  iiiiiKiiiit  Ut  u  hri'.ii'h  of  uiii>  of  th>i^<'  |i"i'-i>ii;il  i|iili<'> 
•  •(  the  iiiii^iir  wliiii)  un-  Mmfi  ili'lr;;iibl«»  in  flip  m-iiw  that  aiiv  .sirvint 
intni^iiil  vviih  thi'ir  iirifniiiKUKJC  rcpirsinf-*  thi'  niii-ti-r  mi  Inii 
'(•('.'  Sinc'4'  lU'iH'  of  thf  I'niiii'*.  a]iart  fmin  ihn-i-  whirli  applv  tli«' 
.ii|"  ijor  'fTNatif  "'."ictriiif',  pri'iliniti'  tiona-'-i'.'iMiliilitv  with  rccard  t' 
thi'  ihitv  of  fjiv  iii'^  iirdor-i,  it  is  cliar  lluit  thr  ai-(i|plaiiri'  ot'  >iirh  u  riili' 
in  il-<  rtitiri'tv  iipolvi's  tho  cori-i'inii'iur  that,  fvcn  in  ;.'iviii:x  iirdor^, 
a  \'u't'  piincipnl  dens  not  alwav-i  act  in  a  ri'pri-<iii,itivc  i-aparitv. 
Tnini  this  con^riiiiriin',  as  will  !m>  siTti  from  fhi-  di'ci^ii.m  ciicd  U'low. 
-oiiic  jndLM's  iiavf  not  .ahrniik,  thonirh.  upon  any  ri'aM>naMi'  thiMPi-v  of 
\\w  rolations  of  a  vici'  prinripal  to  liis  sulHirdinati'-i  and  to  tlio  coni 
iiion  niiploycr,  it  is  diliiiMilt  to  -^'o  how  such  &  docirine  can  be  jiisti- 
ticd.     See  tlie  ri'inarks  in  !5  Ml,  infra.'' 

In  llmiharxh  v.  tiannibnl  rf  Nl.  J.  R.  i|on<>  In  dUolmrjn'  of  n  duty   wtiich  fhi- 

Co.   (181KM    10.1  Mo.  ."iTO.   lr>  S.  W.  fih'.  iiia»ti>r  miu'lil     |>r<)(Mrl.v  ciiiiiiiiit    o.    an 

llii*  ^rimiiil  Boi'iMS  to  !«•  (li'liiH-lty  tnl-i'd  ■  llii-r    without    liiiliilily    for    iii'Hli;'inco. 

that  tlif  Ikioi  of  a  roumlhiiu-n',  in  iliint  An  I'mpjuyiT.   it    v\;i-    i|ichir<-il.   i«    IImIiIm 

iny  wIhtp  till"  (■nj.'iin'-'  aii'  to  l>r  |>I.Hril.  fur   tdi-   ni';;lij.'"'niv   of   a    n  ici-    |inari|«il 

Ih  [nTfiiiiiiini,       ,■  iinployer'H  nonimivti  imly  when   tin-   lallir    '\*  (■ii:.ml'im|   in  \\w 

.itile  iliily  to  M-v  lliiit  till!  wnanl-  di  iii;^  iicrfoiniMiMc  of   sioiiu!  of  llir   •■iii|i!i>yrr''* 

ilii-  work  of  ttip  rouniP'iiuii-  iirr  not  v\  |»'r«oiial  iluiii't.     Sruti  v.  I'lnimi,,  i],  \\\ 

l"i,t.il  to  any  i-xtraonliiiary   ri-ks   from  /.'.  Co.   ( 1!M)I )    \13  lu«a.  .'ISI,  s.'i  \.  \V. 

till-  iii-iTurily  of  tin-  |ilai'i'  of  work,  and  C3I. 

\*  tliiTi  fore  a   vioi-  iirimipal.     The  ra*e        '  l!rrov"7'y    «a»    ilinioH    in    7'/i<'   Qi/r.n 

-howK  liow  readily  one  lim-  of  ariniincnt  i  IHMII)    40  IV-il.  (i!U    (rolli-ion  cau-i'il  liy 

in  this  rlaf«  r'  ra«i  -  may  run   into  an-  the  ni't'linmii'  of  tlie  nia<ti-r   of  ;i   >li|'|i 

oIIht;  but  th     tnic  rationale  of  llic  ilc  liavinjr  tiM>  lontr  n  lia«<c-r    in  oiniltinu'  lo 

oi-idii    in    proliahly    that    tho    np;.'li;,'ince  pivc  >ij.'iials   in   a    den'*!'   fo-.-i;    tHy.m    v. 

ivas  an  otlioial  drfault   of  n   viir  princi-  iiriiym  i'anl  rf    Vi/r.  To.    i  Is'iMi    <Mi  Ki'd. 

pil,  wliiili  tho  doliniiuort  certainly  was  109  ( niaxti-r  of  -liip  oniiti.d  to  luv.-  tlir 

iiTidcr  thi'  nilinjr*  of  thii  I'ourt.  cover  placiit  om  r  a  hatch),  lixiu;;  lUmn 

'  In  a  i'a»c  where  n  bridj.1' Mipcrintend-  the  peneral   rule  th.it   the  nia-tcr  was  a 

cnt  pushed   a   piece  of  tinilior  over  the  fellow  senant  of  hi«  cri-w   in   nvinl  to 

e"!:.'"  of  a  pit.  "o  that  i(  fell  on  a  lahorer.  all  matters  [NTtaiiiiiiu'  to  the  navl;;.ition 

wn  in-truction  th  it   the  employer  is  an  of    his   ship:    .lnrt.ynn    v.    X'.ifi.ll,-  cf    II. 

'uerahh- to  all  til"  undersenaiits  for  tho  If.  Co.    (1H!I7)    4:t  W     Va.  .'NO,  40  I..   H. 

m-j;ll;.'eni'e  of  a  vice   pi  iii('i|ial,  eilher  in  \.  .1^7.  27  S.   K.  27S.  ;tl   S.   Iv  ;.'.'>S   (eon- 

hi.    [xr-onal    conduct    within    the    ^cop'  diictor  wa.s  nci;li;;etit   in  w.iviiiL'  lo  en^^i 

of  his  eniploynienf,  or  in  his  sclci'linn  of  neer   lo  liack   up  a   car: — roiidintor  as- 

<'lhir     servants,     was     held     erronisius,  .tinned    to   tic.    for   the    puipo«es   of   this 

fnilfy,  as  failing  to  dislin^iii-li  lielHien  -tilenient,  a   vice  princijial.  thoii'jh  this 

acN   done    in     the     performance   of   the  wis    dinied;     -(s»    chapter   xx\..   /lov/); 

manter's  duty  to  the  servant,  and   acts  llnrlniid  v.   SItssouri,  K.    i    T.    R.  Co. 


?1  'III 


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l»  IIAP.    XXIX. 


if  / 


!> 


^fir''^l"''7''^;'''i^"'''''''-' -Hiynuinnalj:,,,,,,,,!,.,,  wl,i.hi,,;,,, 
'■•••--'--n...l...l,..l,....,,.,,.i,,.,,,...,,,_,,,^,,,,,.^_^...^,^_^ 


"7<".    «-     M...     A,,|,.     :^7!.    (f.T,.,,,,,,,   of 

'■ I''"'.V      wll,.ll     tl;l,l-.Mit1irr.     M      ,i..„;l| 

w<-'-r.liiif;  to  ||„.  HMial  |>nHli,.,..  fr,:,,,  ,[ 
Mv,lH„n.,n  ul,„  u„,  „,„l<i„;.'  a  ..onpli,,,,. 
to  the   (.ti<;i, II  '        ■- 

In  //;•;,/,•  v.  i;i,rl,,shi-  V  V  ,(  /•  /■• 
'V,  ,ISH.-,)  ,.,s  V  V.  -Jll,  th,.  iiLunlill-; 
|Ma!.on.r  ,„,  „  |,.,,,,i,  ,,.,i„  ^^^,^  ■„,i^^y,.,\ 
Hir.'iii;!,  ,1  ,l,.n,ili,„.iit  cinisi.J  |,v  a  cni., 
nif.'ulu,h  wa>n..t  l<..,,t  |„n|,..,ly  ,.|,,„m-,| 

t    wa,  I,,., I   thai   th.., ,ai,y  ,.n„l,l   ,„„ 

Ik^    .mule   lial,!,.   „n    ll„.  tl„.,,iv    that    tli,. 

■-;■','"•''    '"";".'^7'    of    th..    „.|,a'ir Ih.. 

-M  ioa,l.  Hhhh  «a^  iin.lir  rcconstnic 
ti,Mi.  was  a  vj,.,.  |,iin..i,.al  as  r-^-anls  th.. 
mi;.i,L'..|i.-,.  iM  ,|,r,-li.,„.  Ih.Miuli  h,.  ini.rht 
I.O  sm.h  as  ,,.^r,,,,.  „„.  ,„„|,„.rf„,,„,„|,,. 
"t  nth..i-  fiiiKti.ns  in  .•o.m,.<.tioM  «ith  th.. 
Y.-I.'.M  of  th.-  .hf..n,la„t  as  a  ulmh- 
.\ft,.r  <]wlann;L.'  that  a  ooncliisiv,.  I,ai  to 
Ih..  art,,,,,  was  s„,,[,|i,.,|  Uy  th..  |,I,,i„ 
nils  ii„|,|„.,l  a>Mi,ii|,lio,i  i,f  th,.  s,«.,.ia| 
nsUs  .,„.i,|,.nt  to  Ih,.  work  of  n.naiii,,., 
•HI  ol,l  ,oa,l.  the  CO,,,-!  ,„„,,,,h.,l  thus- 
••\i..>,.  ..s,„.,.ia|ly   is  s„,.h   th..  ,.as,.   „h,.n 

'!"■    iniliM.liial    who    lia,l    ,|ia, f   th.- 

-■..nsinuti,.,,  train  a,„l  th,-  .■..,„„Mn„.. 
tioTi  of  tl,..  roa.l  was  .•ha|..-..ahh.  with 
ii<'-liy..n,.,.  in  [H.rformiiij:  snoh  work  as 
wa,  ,„.,.,.ssary  to  k..,-,,  th,.  track  in  j..,,.,,! 
^•"".Iilion.  In  th,.  ra,.a,.ity  in  which  1„. 
arl,.,l.  h..  was  only  a  f..Ilow  s<.rvant.  n„,| 
f,>r  l,,s  ,,,.;; I, ^-onc,.  th..  <l,-f,.n,lant  was  not 
r, --lionsi!,,.  accor.linfr  to  w,.|l-s,.t(l,.,I 
n.I.s;  ot  law.  The  fact  that  Ihon.nv.n 
ha,l  „,i,K,s,.,l  „pon  him  lai-ir  ,l„tl..s.  ..,„. 

I'lnnn!;  the  r,.,-o„str,iction  of  tl „iiro 

roa.l.    , lots    n.it    alt.-r    his   relathin    h,.re 
iin.l    It    IS  siim.i..nt    to  say  that    at    this 
t,,,,..  h..  was  acting  as  foreman  or  snp.T. 
inl..,i,l,.nt  of  a  n,inih,.r  of  ,„pn  emr.l.lv.Hl 
I'.v  the  company  to  r,.    lir   its  oM    ro„l 
aii.l    was   on    the  const  ruction    t,-ain    for 
that  p„r,K,se.     He  th„s  l,«,„m.  an,l  «as 
a   cr..„,p|„yee  with  the  oth,.rs  who  w,.r.- 
ther...   ami    was    not     reli.v..,!    fron,   re- 
spons,h,l,ty    b,.ca,ise    he    had    oth.T    and 
more   important   d„ti..s   to   perf,.rm   out- 
side of  those  in  which  he  was  sp<.cifi,Mllv 
oniraf..,,!.      Kven    if  •n„„„|,s„„   |,iav   have 
hen    rej;ar,le,|   as   repr<.s,.nti„L'  the  mas- 
ter  in   some  rcsjicts   ;„   r,.fer,„ce  to  the 
roa.1  f.'cnerally,  th,.  ,l„,ies  h,.  was  at  this 
time  p,'rforiiiini  were  those  of  a   fellow 
s..rvant.   an,l     not    of    the     master:    and 
hence,   if   he  wa.   cliar^'eahle   with    ne-li- 
?e,ice,    ,t    was   tl,,.,,    nfa    f,.|low   scna'n' 
«nU  not  of  the  master,  within  the  prin- 


ciple of   w.ll  ,..,„si,|ere,l    cases.      Cris,,,,, 
l-o.    (I SSI)    84   .\.   V,   77"  ' 

In    Ihlssrlf    V.    (■„,/,,■    (ISSII,      ||.>    V     \ 

'H-^l    I..    I!.   .\.  ^^...   20    S.K^^\l 
;l''""l'"'"t    .oiploy,.,.    was    the    s,i,„.ri„ 

"l-'iiii'i;  ■■>  .<leam,.r.  ami  th,-  plai,„iil 
".is  .1  uorkmai,  whos,.  i„j,|,.v  ,.,.s-,|,,.,| 
lion,  th,.  i„ip,„|„.r  |i|,.|ho,l  a,'l,,Mt,.||  f,,, 
.'•'■'"V^ '"-'  .'I"'  'overinu'  of  „„..'„f  ,)„. 
hat,.h,.s.  I  his  ,.ase  |„.h,„Ms  .n,,,.,.  ,,,, 
"ly  t,.  th,.  following'  s..,.ti.„i.  |,„t  j,',  ,,',„ 
l'"--ci.t   c.,n,,,.,ti„„   it    is  worth   while  ,., 

M'i"te     the     fojiowinf..      p-,-,;,;r,.    f,.,„„    ,|,„ 

I'l'Mii,,,,.   wh„h   is  s„Hi,.i,.ntlv  j;,.„..,al   i„ 

•    Its    lan^riiaLT..   to  commit    Ih..   ,..,„rt    ,,,    , 

'   ;'"'■"""•  ''f  Hi--  -co,H.  m..nti„n..|   in   tl,',. 

<M      If   the    s,ip,.ri,i,,.„,i,.„t    is    ass„ii„,| 

">'a  vi'"''  I"'"''i|'.'l:     ••.Ass,„„injrth.,f 
h,s   evi.]..,,,.,.     pres..„,e.l     a     .|„..stion   ,.i 
l'«t     tor    the    |„,v,  ;,„,.    .hat     it    mi. .1,1 
I"-;  pcrly   find  that   no  s;,.,al   was  f;iv;„ 
,v,.t  Ih,.  ,l,ity  of  ^rivinn  th..  cantion  n,;-.-' 
sarily  lM.|,m<;..,l  to  l|i.,s..  enj;ay..,I   in   ,-\.. 
'iitinf.'  th,.  work,  and  mil  to  tl,..  M,as,,.r 
It  (K.rta,n",|  pnrcly  t„  th..  mo,|,.  of  ..x„ 
<-"t,on.  and  r,s.t,.,|  „,„,„  thos,.  „i,„  „,.,„ 
•iif.'ji^'..,!    m     its    p,.,,„rma„,.,.  ami   w,,, 
well    informed    of   the    .nstomarv    nsa.., 
in    r,.s,H.ct    thereto.      ||    was    no 'part    T.f 
the  ,l„ty  of  th..  mast,.r  to  ivmove  hat.l,,., 
or  .hrect    the   parfi..„lar  nn^le  of  <ioi„  . 
r<>.   any    mor,.   than    t..   ,!!.-..;.    wnrkm,,'; 
in  the  lis,.  „f  the  tools   will,   whi.h   thev 
|>erfoi-m..,l  their  work.     Th..r,.  were  ci,: 
tomary  an,i    .-.tahlish,H|   m„,|es    „f    n,.r 
for„,inff   such     servi.Ts,    and    each     'iii 
ployee  was  ..xfH-ct,.,!   to  do  his  „„rk   in 
the  niann,.r  an,l   styh.   to  whi.h    h,.   u  i, 
accustom,.,|.    withont    s|K-ciaI    direct i,,,,- 
m  resjHHt   th..r,.|o.      It  was  ,.nlir..|v   i,„ 
material  whether  the  s,iperint..nd,.r,l   „„ 
(lertook  to  pe,f.,rm   the  w.,rk  of  r,,,,,.,. 
in?  hat<h,.s.  or  or,l..red  it  to  he  don,'  liv 

oU„.rs:    h|.  was.  in   eith.-r  case,  or ■',',] 

m  iH-rformino.  the  duty  of  a  workman." 

Ihe  lai,<;„:iM|.  „se,l   in   ffniiLins  v     \ .  >. 

)or/,-,  /..  /;.  ,(.   \y_  If,  ro.    (IS04)    14'  V 

Y.  4111,  L',-,  L.  n.  A.  3!.(i,  .•i7  \    I-:    t.i,; 

(quoted  in  §  ,541,  su/trn.  is,  so  far  as  it 

poos,  an    authority   against  the  extreme 

doctrine  which  wo,il,l    thus    al>-,,jv,.    mm 

employer   from   liahilitv   for  a    „,..r|i,„.iit 

or.ler   .riv,.n    l.y  a    vie,.' principal    «i7l,i,t 

the  scope  of  his  a^,lh,.rit^•.      |'    .    ,,„.  ,,,. 

niark   was  ,„n,|,.  with   r.'s';,, ,  •  ,,ii,| 

dospatchcr,  the    very  essem ,  i.ov 


e,>.     -L 


'V^'** 


»  a-iiJ 


\!'JK  HllNCll'AJ.Sllll'-OKI'leiAL  ACTS. 


1o<j7 


of  a  vici'  iM'iiicipal  is  sii-|KMui('(l  so  cnmiilcicly  hv  his  m«>re 
liarti(^i|iiitiiin  in  liic  \\i,\-k  wliicii  is  l)ciiij;-  ih,\u\  iliiit  ii  (•(inniiiind  pivcji 
iiii'ini;  the  pcriud  of  siicli  .^iispcii-ioii  i>  not  ddiiicd  to  bt-  jiivcn  in  his 
ruprcsciitativp  oaiiacitv.* 

644.  Theory  that  a  vice  principal  does  not  act  as  the  master's  repre- 
sentative when  he  engages  in  rnanua.  labor. — A  larjic  innnlRTof  do- 
cisions  proceed  upon  tho  theorv  that  a  siijierior  eiiipiovee,  aitliouiih 
lie  may  be  a  viee  principal  l).v  viiine  of  liis  nIHcial  i-aid<.  does  not  reji- 
rescnt  the  master  as  to  any  purely  niamial  acts  wliicji  he  may  do 
>vhile  onffaued  in  manna!  hilior.   Or  to  piU  the  matter  in  anoilicr  form, 

ilie  defense  of  f nnoii  employment  is  allowed  to  prevail  if  iho  fact 

of  the  n(\i;lii>cnt  sei-\ant's  sniieriority  was  not  one  of  the  actual 
evidential  elements  involved,  that  is  to  say,  if  the  injn'*v  miirht  as  well 
liavo  happened,  even  th<uii;h  he  was  not  sn|)erior;'  or.  as  it  is  also 
expressed,  if  the  nei;li,ircnce  <'«mphiined  of  consisted  of  some  act  or 
nnii.-sion  of  a  vice  princii)al  "which  relates  to  his  dnties  as  a  c<da1)orer 
with  those  under  iiis  control,  and  v.hicli  tniizht  just  as  readilv  jiave 
happened  witji  one  of  theiu  having  no  .such  authority,"  the  master 
will  not  1)0  liable.^ 


Hi 


fiiiictinns  is  to  i<sm'  (irilors  of  a  pertain 
•  li -iription,  niiil  not  with  re.spi'ot  to  a 
jri'iiiTiil  iiiimiificr. 

'  KlarliiiixM  v.  f^hiins  [.iiiiihrr  f'o. 
IISIMIi  il.(  Wis.  417.  riT  X.  \V.  <K14  (sii- 
pciiiiteiiili.nt  of  IumiIht  oiiiii|iiiny  wan 
hclpiiis;  to  roll  lo;:s  when  lir  ffavp  Ilic 
imlii-  wliii'li  oaii-dl  llio  iiijiirv).  Tlii< 
ilcci'^idn  is  directly  op|Hisc(l  to  that  in 
flanlii  V.  MiiiiiKii'mlis  if  St.  h.  H.  f'o. 
(1SH8)  36  Fwl.  r).->7  (§  -,4.-),  note  2.  in 
fra  I . 

In  l/ri/pc  V.  llliiiuis  ('.  If.  ('<,.  (Hit!)) 
177  111.  .■>!l|,  -yl  X.  K.  S4«  (liicnian  ean- 
not  rwiiviT  for  injuries  eaii^i'cl  hy  ron- 
ilnelor's  failure  to  have  Inakes  sei  in 
tinjf  to  enalile  hi<  irain  to  he  .^ide 
triiiki.ll,  as  ordered  hv  the  train  de 
-[laldicrl.  the  eourt  said:  •■The  aiii 
'irnl  iljd  not  occur  on  aeeount  of  I  lie 
iDnihictnr's  exercise  of  any  authority 
I'vcr  the  a|>|M'IIant.  which  a'piiellant.  hy 
virtue  of  liis  inferior  position,  was 
111. and  to  oliey  under  |«Mialty  of  dis- 
iharye;  hnt  the  accident  resallinfr  from 
the  iii'L'lij;enee.  if  any.  was  oin-  that 
iiii;jlil  li;i\e  happened  if  any  otln-r  )ht- 
-•ill  than  ilie  conductor  had  iM'cn  intrust 
cd  with  simply  runninp  the  train  and 
seltini;  the  lirakes  in  conniction  with 
till'  finiiiaii  and  others,  without  any  eoii- 
(pol  over  the  fireman.  The  nej>ri.jenec 
was,  then,  that  of  a  fellow  -ervaut.'  don, 


in  thfi  perforniiince  of  a  fe'low  servant's 

duty,   .so    far    as    the    eviihn Iiou-." 

This  ease   is  not   easy   t<i  rei'oncile   with 
those  cited  in  S  •">-••'>.  note   1,  infra. 


Mm 
I  lH7.")i    11    1!. 
•  <'llicit'li'   d- 
ll!H     111.     -.JSS: 
MH!12)   44   II 


I'liiit      \Yorl;y 


Oririitdl 

I.  I.-)J 

.4 .  /.'.  f'o.  V,  Mni/    I  !  SS  1 1 
l-'it-.mnihl    V.   Hiinkiimp 
.\pp.  :WT>. 
"If   a    sn|».rior   uinhitakes   to  do  the 
«orl<  of  a  fellow  servant,  and  puis  him 
self  in  the  phu-e  to  do  the  work  of  a  fel 
low    servant.   Iii'  hecmries  one  as  (o  that 
partictilar  work;    an'l   his   nei;li(.'i'nce   in 
sinh    ease   is   that    of   a    fellow    servant, 
MMil   not    that    of    a    vice    principal,   al 
tlioii.illi  he  is  a  vice  principal  u'enerally." 
(Iiiiiii    v.    \iin}niHr.    C.    c(-    Xt.    I,     /,'     f'o 
(IS!m)    101  Trim.  :i.Si).  47  s.  w.   in.t. 

Ihe  Icidiiif;  <'asi.  on  this  doctrine  i^ 
Cri.si.in  v.  Itiilihitt  (IHSOi  81  X.  Y.  ".lii. 
."'•7  Am.  Uep.  .521.  where  the  plaint  i!! 
was  injured  hy  the  ne-Ii,'cnce  of  tie- 
inariafrina  representative  of  a  nonresi- 
ill  lit  owner  of  iron  work  in  lettinj: 
.stenm  into  a  cylinder  and  so  starting 
niiiclilncry,  and  «as  held  not  entitled  to 
rc,o\ir  liy  Mic  iiiajorily  of  the  court, 
which  laid  down  ttie  general  rule  that 
"a  superintendent  of  a  factory,  althou;/h 
ha\  iii;»  [jower  to  employ  men  or  repie- 
si-nt  the  master  in  other  respects,  is.  iv 
he  ni.anarrement  of  the  machinery,  .i  fel- 


■  ■A 

1 

"• 

i 

W' 

155S 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[<11AF.    XXlX, 


t' 


i    I 


545.  Qualifications  of  this  theory.— The  ooni-fs  wliich  apj.ly  thr 
rule  sliitcd  in  the  last  section  have  conceded  it  to  bo  tuibject  to  some 
liniifatioiis. 

I  inlcr  tho  doctrines  of  legal  causation,  as  generally  ncoepti:?d,  it  is 


low  sprvnnt  of  tlip  otiior  operativps." 
For  a  ciiliuium  of  this  case  tee  S  .'47, 
infra. 

Itird  V.  Slorl.niri)<r  (HIMl)  20  C  C 
A.  -Ml.  .14  U.  S.  Ai-p.  -27.  74  T,  I.  is(i; 
Annniiii!;.  on  this  |M)int  (IS'.i.Ti  .■>.->  K,.(l. 
25'J,  the  court  arKii<-<  thus:  "hi  onlcr- 
inu'  till'  plaint Itr  to  work  lichiw  the  stone 
which  was  l)cinj;  (nianiiMl.  the  fi  reman 
was  (icrforniin;,'  an  net  [xTlainin;.'  to  tlie 
duties  of  a  nia-ti'r;  hut  no  injurv  arose 
from  the  plaint  ill's  olicdience  to  thi<  or- 
der. Ndt  was  tlie  (Ir.v  s<-.un  in  tlic  stone 
the  proxini.ite  oau^c  of  the  injury.  The 
proximate  onuse  of  the  injury  was  (lie 
careless  and  ncu-li'.'cnt  acts  of  the  fore- 
man in  iMiuiiiliny  anil  prying  on  the 
stone  in  attcitiptin^'  to  r'liiove  it  from 
its  bed.  Tlie  quarrying  of  the  stone  and 
its  removal  from  its  bed  [HTtaiiicd  to 
the  duties  of  a  ^eivant.  and  ni^l  to  those 
of  a  master.  Ti.e  injury  was  the  proxi- 
mate re-ult  of  tlie  oaiebss  and  nc:,'lipent 
nets  of  the  foreman  which  [M'rtaiiied  to 
his  duties  as  a  servant,  and  not  to  the 
improper  performance  of  those  duties 
which  pertained  to  the  defendant  as  mas- 
ter." 

A  complaint  is  demurrable  which  al- 
leges an  injury  caused  by  a  local  "a^ent 
nnd  man  i^'rr"'  of  an  express  company 
throupjh  tlie  n'anner  in  which  he  drove 
a  wajton  which  it  was  the  plaintitVs  duty 
to  load  and  unload,  /(nv/rr  v.  Anirrlinn 
Exp.  Co.  (1882)  o,-)  Wis'.  4.-):l.  13  N.  \V. 
471.  The  court  said:  "If  the  com- 
plaint had  alli-ijed  facts  sliowinc;  that 
Colvin  was  in  f.ut  the  vice  principal  of 
the  defcnilant.  and  authorized  and  em- 
powered to  do  all  acts  at  the  city  of 
Oshkosh  which  the  company  was  atithor- 
izcd  to  do.  Here  wouhl  still  remain  the 
disputed  question  whether  the  company 
would  be  liable  to  the  plaintill  for  the 
ne;;!i^nce  of  such  a<jent  when  in  fact 
employed  in  the  same  work  with  the 
plaintiff.  If  the  spent  or  niannp:er  had 
full  power  to  act  for  the  company  at 
Oshkosh  in  all  matters  pertaining'  to  its 
business  there,  and  was  also  required  to 
act  as  driver  of  the  team  in  trans|Kirting 
poods,  etc.,  to  and  from  the  office  to  the 
de[)ots.  the  authorities  are  somewhat  in 
conflict  whether  he  would  not  he  helil  as 
the  plainfilT's  roeniriloyee  while  so  en- 
ga<i;ed,  notwithstandi.ig    his    ample    au- 


thority in  ottier  respects,  and  whether. 
for  his  ne/li;;eiice  in  the  capacilv  ei 
driver,  (he  c(an|iany  niiL'ht  not  claiii'i  c\ 
(inption  from  lial/ility  on  tlie  ;.'ioiiihl 
that  the  injury  lesuli'ed  from  the  ii,-!i 
;,'ene«'  of  a   <-i  cmph  yee." 

An  iii>tniction  in  an  actiim  bv  .in  .; 
ployee    for    injuries    su-laincd.'  ih  it.   n 
one  P.  was  foreman  of  a  .    rtaiii  ilc|.ii' 
nieiit,  with    power    to    employ  and  H;- 
charpe   plaintill'.  he    wa^    not'    a     UAVv 
servant   of   sn-h    plaintill',    is    eridiie.  n 
where    V.    was    helpiiip    plaintill    al    Ih. 
time  of  the  accident.     Si,  ii  I  In  in   I!.  r„ 
V.    Vowry    (litOO)    (18  Va.  (i!l2,  ;i7   s    r 
2S.'>.     See    also    the    followin;;  cas,.,.  i,, 
which    acts   siiccified    in    the   niemoraii.li 
appended  to  the  citations  were  bi-M  m"1 
to  liave  been  done  by  the  vice  priiicipil- 
in    their    representative  capacitv:     (;,/ 
V.  UrrUnlcin    (IS!)8)    \~^   III.   IS7.  m  \ 
E.    711.    Ainrii  iip    (18II7)    (i!)    111.   .\|,|,. 
(ilfi    (foreman    assisteil    suliiii-dinales    I" 
lift  a  band)  ;  Mirkrr  v.  C.  /.'.  U<i,n,Hi 
Ion  if.  Soil  Co.   (inoO)    .'i.l  App.  Oiv.  .Vil> 
t)5    N.    Y.    Supp.     lilt!     (siiperinlciei.iit 
ofiencd  a  valve  while  teslini,'  some  inu 
steanipipes; — on   second    appeal,   a   diii 
sion  was  rendered  in  the  servant's  favor. 
on  the  pround  of   a   linich   of  the  iicn 
delepable   duty   to    furni:-h    a   safe   plan 
of    work:    see    §    otiS,    //o.sO  ;    Tai/I'ir  \. 
EniiiKciUe  Jc   T.   //.   //.   Co.    (1SSI»)    121 
Ind.    124.  6  L.  K.  A.  .'584,  22   N.    E.  STil 
{{.•'■neral   sujierintendent     ludpiiiir    a    la 
borer  to  load  a    rail,  example  yiven  <i) 
(liiriido);    Ihrj)   Min.   rf-   Dniiiiinir  fn.  \. 
I'i1~;irr„hl   (18!!.-))    21   Colo,  r..'!.!  4:)  I'm. 
210     (siip.rintendent     of     the    work    el 
sinkinp    a    shaft    nnd.  itook    to    work   a 
sand  pump  to  cle.in  out  a  "niisse  ;■■  holp 
in   a    niinei  :    Ihiiil.-oiit   v.    Kik/I,-    \larh. 
U'oiV.s  (188.-!)   no  Ind.  423   |.superint,>ml 
ent   of   foundry  ih'partment  of   niacliiiw 
works  acts  a»  a  servant  in  preparing'  tln' 
flasks   for  the  makinp  of  the  caslin:;s); 
Anwrlc'1,1  T<hph.  li  Tdcg.  Co.  v.  Ilmrr 
(18!t7)    20   Ind     App.   .12,   4!)  N.    K.   1S2 
(foreman   held  to  have  acted   not   as  a 
vice   principal   when   he  climbed  a  tele- 
graph pole  and  loosened  the  wires,  tliii- 
causinp    several    poles    standing    in    un 
filled  trenches  to  fall)  ;   flah  m   iilunc  rf 
/.line  Co.  V.  Chii.tliiiii  (1S01)  !)  Inil.  .\]'\i. 
433,   30   N.    E.    910    (superintendent   of 
quarry   pried  off  a   part  of  a  sttme,  so 


VKE  rRINXIPAI.SIlll'— OKKiriAL  A(TS. 

clear  that  a  master  ciinnot  be  allowed  fo  es(  ape  liability  where  the 
ofKcial  and  the  nonofficial  acts  were  j^o  clo^elJ  ass<jciated  ami  inter- 


that  a  laborer  was  crushed)  ;  8t.  LotH". 
.1.  rf  T.  A'.  Co.  V.  Torrci)  (1893)  58  Ark. 
217.   24   S.    \V.   244    (fori-iimn   of   l.rid;;!- 
•.oiislnuliim    aft«    a«    mere    servant    in 
wrapiiinj,'  the  rope  of  a  block  anU  taeklt- 
around  the  brace  of  the  brid;,'e  to  take  it 
out  of  the  way  of  a  passin};  engine;  here 
the  enfrine  cab  caught  tlie  ro|K'  and  iiiinj, 
the    block    afiain^t    plainlill)  :   A'lcAs  v. 
l-lynn   (1!)00)    I'M  Pa.  203.  4ti  All.  300 
(foreman  of   crew   con-^tructiii','  a    wall, 
even  if  a  vice  princii«il.  acts  as  a  mere 
-ervant  in  hooking'  the  ti  ii^r^  into  a  hole 
lirilled  in  a  largi-  stone  ttnich  was  l)ein<; 
lifted  by  a  derrick)  :    C'/iicor/o  rf  .1.  J{. 
l-o.  V.  May  (1884)    108  I!l,  ^88   (section 
f<  icinan  workinj;  with  his  gan);  and  nej;- 
li;;ently  strikin;;  one  of  them;   example 
iricniioned  uri/uindo)  ;  Illinois  C.  K.  C'o. 
V.  Sirishfi-  (18!)-))  01  111.  App.  fill   (ne-; 
llj.'cnce  of  enfjincvr  caused  a  train  to  run 
iitr    the    track    and    injured    tireman)  ; 
I'liiy  V.  rliicayt.  II.  «(■  V.   I{.  Co.    (I8!t4) 
.■>0    III.    App.    23")    (hostler    ne';li«ently 
started  enjrine  while  liis  helper  was  un- 
derneath in  the  ash  pit,  cleaning  out  the 
ashes)  ;  CUicaqo  rf  11'.  /.  It.  Co.  V.  Has- 
sig  (1893)   50  111.  App.  660   (hostler  at 
a  roundhouse,  and  his  hel()er  in  earing 
for  locomotives,  are   fellow   s<Mvants  in 
respect  to  injuries  to  the  latter  from  the 
running  of  a   locomotive  U|Kin   his  foot 
placed  upon  or  inside  the  rail);    \ash- 
rille,  C.  d  St.  h.   If.   Co.   v.   Hnmlmaii 
(1884)    13  Lea,  423   ( boiler  explo.led,  Im- 
cause  engineer  was  not  at  his  |H)st  as  he 
should  have  been   under   the   rules,   and 
injured  the  fireman.     Ihld,  that  the  en- 
gineer did  not  stand  in  the  place  of  the 
master,   so   far  as   the    particular    negli 
gence  in  question  wa.s  concerned,  for  the 
[lerformance  of  any  duty  which,   under 
the  law,  the  master  w;;s  bound  to  per 
form  for  the  protection  of  tl\e  servant)  ; 
Ulen  V.  Goodwin    (18!t3i    92  Tciin.  ;)K.l. 
21  S.  W.  760    (h«>vy  iron  pipe  dropped 
by  foreman)  ;  Dvrp  Min.  <t  Ihiiiinun   Co. 
v.   Fit^rierald    (lH9."i)    21    Colo.    .■);i3.    4;i 
Pile.  210    (handling  brakes  or  ciiiipling 
lars;  example  given  nifiv<nilo\  :   Si/nlm 
v.    Minneapoli.i     Inlvinnlinnul    KUctric 
Co.   (1897)   08   Minn.    18.  70  X.  \V.  790 
I  superintendent  handed  workman  a  box 
to  enable  him  to  resicli  a  point  above  hi~ 
liea'J.     See,    however.    O'Xrill    v.    nrml 
\nitlicru    R.    Co.    flOOO:    Miim.]   82  X. 
\V.  inSO.  the  etlVot  of  which  is  stnteil  in 
*   ■"■47.   note   II.   inji<i\:    I n<liuniiii,li^  ,( 
■•>'.    /..    /?.    Co.    v.    .hilnison     ( 188.">  i      102 
Vol.  II.  ai.  i   S.  — 17. 


Ind.  352.  26  N.  K.  200  (in  discussion  of 
-iilliciency   of  complaint;    negligence    al- 
Icgisl  was  in  regard  to  loailing  of  enrsi  ; 
UiKit    \orlliirn   U.    Co.   v.    Mrl.iiiiiililin 
il89j)    17   C.  ('.   A.  3.30.   44   f.   S.   .\pp. 
189.  70  Ked.  009    (selection  ami   pburng 
ot  skills  for  loading  a  car.  ami  a-sjsiing 
in    the   work    afterwards)  ;    Sniiiinnl    v, 
"urlmn  (1890)    1  Wash.  29.  23  I'ac.  S30 
(forc'maii  of  mill  deemed  to  1h'  :i   iVlidw 
servant  of  the  hands  while  actiiMJIv  en 
gaged  in  sawing)  ;  (Innn  V.  Xnslii  il'li     f 
il_.S7.  L.   I{.  Co.    (1,S98)    101    Tenn.   ;isi) 
47  S.  W.   493   (manipulatiiin  of  brake  bv 
section  foreman)  ;  llollz  v.  (Inol   \iiilli 
<rn  It.  Co.    (1.S97)    09  Minn.  524,  72  X. 
W.  205    (foreman   drove  a  bolt    throimli 
the  floor  of  a  ear)  :   .Xationul  /'cr/iVrT/ 
Co.   v.    Tniris    (1898)    102  Tenn.    10.   49 
S.   \V.  832    (machinery  started   without 
warning  by  foreman  running  an  engine, 
and  killed  man  adjusting  Ixdts)  ;   llnlf. 
C.  d  S.  /■'.  It.  Co.  V.  Kchiinbbe   (1892)    1 
lex.  Civ.  Apj>.  573,  21  S.  W.  700   ( f,, re- 
man    of     railway    yar.l    undertook    to 
handle  an  engine  and   injured  a  wi|Mr; 
ilecision    placed   on    the  ground   that    he 
\VM  not  engaged  in  the  pirforinance  of 
a  duty  owed  by  the  master,  but  ajipar 
ently  sustainable    also    on    the    ground 
that  the  act  was  beyond  the  scope  of  his 
authority;   otherwise    it    is    in    contliet 
with   the  Texas    cases    eitml     under  the 
ne.xt    section)  ;    Quinn     v.    .V.»-     .Irrsn, 
lAiihlcvnqe  Co.    (1885)    23  lilalrhf.  209. 
23  Ked.  303    (captain  tmdertook  to  hiiok 
the  tongs  to  rails  which  were  b<'ing  load- 
ed) :   l''ollowe<l  in  Tlic  .Miami  (1899)    35 
C.     C.     A.     281,   93    Ke.1.   218,    Allirmin" 
(1898)    87   Fed.   757    (where  the   injury 
was   caused   by  the  mate  attemjjting   to 
ca.st  o(T  a  chain  from  around  a  drum)  ; 
Cliicafio    Architrclnial    Iron     Works    v 
\'arid   I  1898)    80  III.  App.  492    (case  for 
jury,  wheii'  there  was  evidence  that  tlie 
loreman  was  e-igaged  in  performing  (he 
same  kiiid  of  work  as  the  injure<l  sub 
ordinate*  ;   I'aije.  v.  .VaujA/on' ( 1901 )  03 
.Kpp.  Div.  .177,  71  X.  Y.  Supp.  603   (in- 
jury causi.l   hy  fall  of  bags  of  cement, 
piled  by  -uperintendent). 

Whatever  may  be  the  position  of  a 
niaster  or  mate  of  a  vessel,  they  are  not 
vice  principals  where  the  injury  is 
caused  by  the  negligence  of  the  former 
in  keeping  a  lookout,  and  of  the  latter 
in  ste<Ting.  Thr  -loh  T.  Wilson  (1897) 
84   Fed.  204. 

In    Bnniiclr    v.    Connor     (1800)    110 


f!<-      Ai 


if  i 

1 

i 

l.->60 


MA  ST!;  I!  AND  sKKVA.VT. 


[tllAf.   XXIN 


Woven  iliiit  tlic  injiirv  niii.-i  Ur  rriiimlcd  ii«  lii-iim  ilic  rr-iilt  of  Imili  in 
•  •ifiiiliiiiiiiiuii ;'    i\"r.  u  fiiiliiiii.  wlici'c  rlic  cvidi'iifc  sli(>\v>  tliaf  such  ;. 


lima.  ;j;iS.  HI    \.  \V.  -t.-i2.  tlu'  i-oiirt    li.^l.l 

tlial,    Wlntlli   I     till'    fllli'llMIl    of   C.,!  |H|HCI1. 

wliii  «a»  till-  ili-liiii|ii('iit,  vvii.-.  a  viii'  |>i'ili 
<i|>al  cir  iii.l,  tliiTc  ((mill  not,  in  any 
event,  lie  ((  recoveiy.  as  I  lie  ne;.'ll;;en("' 
was  eiirniriitteil  In  rpfjard  to  manual 
Wdik.  riiU  ease  is  a  vciy  ^■tr(lM;;  a|i|ili 
laiidii  (if  tl]c  doctrine  of  dual  caipaeily. 
as  tile  f  lel.s  «eie  that  tin;  foreman  was 
direiliii^'  plaint  ill  in  tlio  niovin;;  of  a 
eolnnin,    .ind    told    liini    to    let    (;o   of    it. 

iind   do   ethin^'  else,  and   that,   vvlien 

the  for. man  had  taken  plaintiiVs  |»lai'e. 
and  the  talter  had  turned  to  jro  I"  th<? 
olhi  T  HiirU,  the  coliunn  rolled  and  struck 
him.  Such  a  situation,  we  think,  is 
;.'(>verneil  liy  ' '  «■  same  principle  as  the 
cnses  cited  in       r>4"i,  note  I,  iiifni. 

Other  dir.isions  in  which  courts  have 
re<-o;;nize(l  the  doctrine  of  dual  ca|Kicity 
are:  lluks  v.  Fli/mt  ('il(li)(  l.)ii  Pa. 
Mli.  4(i  At  I.  .•iOO;  li'us.i  v.  II  .<//,./■  (  IHltl  | 
1:10  I'a.  4!).  21  Atl.  l-)7,  IV.)  is,,,  tli,. 
connnents  on  these  in  S  •">4T.  iiifrii]: 
llo'"is  V.  SliiiHhiiil  \\li)(l  fii.  (KS!t!M 
l.'.i    Ind.    tiHO.    ;V.'    .\.    K.    :!!•!.   54    X.    K. 

:ts;}. 

In  Mo'iir  V.  W'lhiish.  SI.  h.  .t  /'.  It. 
Co.  (lSS.->)  8.-|  Mo.  ;)HS.  it  was  said  thai 
a  foreman  of  car  rejiairers  would  have 
iH'cn  tn^aled  as  a  mere  scnant.  if  h,.  had 
causc'd  the  injury  hy  his  ne;.li..,-nce 
while  he  was  actually  ,.n;:a^'ed  in  the 
n'anual  work  of  rcpairin;;  tin-  cars;  an. I 
this  ,hKtrine  was  n'asscrted  in  Uoiilninl 
V.  .Mis.siiiiii  I'.  H  Co.  (IS.Si!)  20  .\io 
.\pp.  4t(;!.  Hut  in  both  of  these  ca~i  • 
th«  nc^ilifjcnci'  was  unijuestionahly  of  an 
ollicial  kind,  and  the  remark-  a-  to  ihe 
dual  capacity  of  the  employees  were 
merely  obiter.  They  aic  nl-o  antay,) 
nistic  to  some  other  .\lis-ouii  iiiliii;  -  1  : 
which  this  |M)int  was  directly  inv(d\(il. 
See  §  ,54(i.  note.  1.  iiifni. 

'  In  holding;  an  em|)loyer  ri'~|>onsiM.- 
for  the  ne;;li;.'ence  of  a  vice  princip  !  in 
dispeiisinj:  with  the  use  of  a  l^.i;  line 
in  raisinix  the  fraun^work  of  a  liriilj.' 
iiotwilhstamlinu  that  he  attempted  I- 
contr,  I  tlie  swayinj;  framework  hy  sei/ 
in;:  il  with  his  hands  and  holding'  it  in 
|ir(i|ier  position  In  his  unaided  stri'n^tii 
I  l'ill.\liiiiiik  Hiitl'(ir  Co.  V.  \lf((Vcr  [I8!t7! 
170  111,  .">.-.0.  48  .\".  K.  Ol').  .Mlimiin^' 
I  I.S)I71  70  111.  App.  ■).")).  the  court  sa'd; 
■  rh(>  primary  cause  of  the  injury  re- 
ceived hy  the  ap]K'llee  was  the  exercise 
'ly  Kariisworth  of  autliorily  coiiferriHl 
upon  him  hy  the  master  to  oidi'r.  direct, 
and  control  the  o]>cnition  of  moving  the 


framework  frimi  its  jHisilion  on  the  hank 
to  Ihe  place   whcri'  il    was    n,.edcd   to  he 
pl,i(T(l   in  the  liridue.  without   usin^'  the 
ta;j     lln,'.        If     the     apiH'llant.     throu;;li 
rariiswiirlli  as  vice  principal,  aliandom-d 
III,.  u«e  of  a  ta^'  line. — a  confess,.dly  ap 
pidpriat,.  .ind  safe  deviiT. — and  adoplc.l 
an    iiiipr(i|H'r  and    unsafe    method   of   a 
complishin^'    such    removal,    and    injinv 
resulted      to     ap|M.||,r      ill      C(Uis«nicii,(. 
thereof,  umler  sucli  circumstances  as  tli,. 
iiiastttr    would    lie    liahle    if    Farnswonh 
had    not    |)ersoiialIy    participated    in    lie 
(Vecutioii  of  the  plan,  n,>  reason  is  pci 
ceived    why    iiahility    shouM    he   avoidi.' 
iilKiii   111,.   ^M'oiind   that    Kariisworth    |hi 
-onally   assisted    in  endeavoring'  to    per 
form  Ihe  work.     In  so  assisting'.  Farn- 
woilli    v<diintarily  assumed   leini>oraril» 
1,1  labor  .IS  a  common  wiirkiiian,  but    he 
was  not   any  the  less  tin-  representatiM' 
of  111,.  ap[H.|lant  company,  nor  his  |>o-i 
lion  any  th,.  less  one  of  sU|»'riorily." 

The  ipii^'tion  what  cars  shall  U'taU.  n 
onio  repair  tracks,  and  when'  they  shall 
lie  placed,  is  determined  by  the  foreman 
of  an  eieciric  railway  in  his  capacity  a- 
X  ice  piinci|Kil:  and  if  under  the  circuiii- 
-tances  he  should  have  notified  a  work 
man  on  one  of  those  tracks  that  olhii 
cars  vvere  about  to  be  nii>ved  thereon, 
the  company  is  liable  for  his  omissiiii 
III  ^ive  such  iiolilicalion.  and  will  not 
be  absolved  for  the  mere  reason  that  li.' 
himself  acted  as  motoniian  in  niovinL' 
Ihe  cars.  MilioiioUtiiii  Wixl  Siili-  Hh  1 . 
If.  Co.  v.  flkola  (IIIOOI  1«:J  111.  4.54.  :<>• 
\.    K.    171. 

In  a  case  where  the  injury  rcsultcl 
Irom  the  nevliscnce  of  a  section  forcmai' 
In  smidenly  risini;  from  a  kc^'  on  I  lie 
fidiit  end  of  a  hand  car.  which  he  w  i- 
iisjn^'  as  a  s,.at.  the  result  bein;;  that  il 
lolled  oir  ind  derailed  the  car.  it  w  .1 
!ii  III  that  this  act.  alth.ai^li  done  for  i!i.' 
|.iii|iose  of  :is»i-tin^  hi-  men.  could  ml 
lie  separal(sl  from  Ihe  ne;;li^in"c  wliii'i 
i!  also  iin|Hirted  as  bein;;  a  breach  .>l 
liis  duty  to  look  out  for  their  safii.v 
while  eii'.;a;;e(l  in  propellin^r  the  car. 
/i'«.v.s-  V.  Wiiiiish  W  .  H.  Co.  (1S<I2)  \\i 
\lo.   4.").    I.S    I..    U.   A.  S2.!.  20  S.   \V.  472. 

The  prii]ciple  in  the  IcNt  is  rivo^'nizid 
in  the  cN -eptive  form  of  stalemi'nt  lli.it 
a  railway  company  is  not  liable  for  m 
injury  to  an  employee  caiistid  by  lln' 
iHfili^'eniH'  of  a  foicoian  wliile  perforin 
iiif!  an  act  of  labor  in  cominon  with  tli.it 
of  the  employee,  "iintess  its  own  1  •.;li- 
U'encc    as    emplovei     contributed  to  pro 


I  545] 


\  H  !■:  IMilNCII'AI.SIIIf     ((Kill  I  \r.    \(   IN. 


tMI 


l)rc!U-li  was  ill  ii  Icj^al  .-(■n.-.c  ilic  >  .Ic  |ii-.,xiiiiiiii'  mikI  cflicictit  caiiso  of 
ilif  injiir^-.- 

Xor  could  the  master,  witlniiii  a  i;ro—  alisiidiiy.  I)c  alisolvid  ulicr>' 
ilic  luunual  act  wliicli  caii-cd  the  iiijiirv  \va~  (imic-  W^r  tlic  vcrv  pur 
|pii-ic  lit  iliscliarjLiiiij;  -uiiic  iinii-dclcnalilc  cliiu.' 

Otlicr  cases  prucccd  ii|ii'ii  the  tlie.,rv  tliaf  a  vice  pririci|iiil  wh" 
Mfdcrs  a  wcirknian  tu  tai<e  ii|)  a  partieniar  pu-iiion  where  he  will  \»- 
iiiipcrilod  if  certain  kinds  uf  iiiainial  aet^  are  ne-li-entlv  ijone  imi-i 
lie  rcjzarded  as  a  repres<'iilative  <if  the  nia-ier  in  re-peet  to  anv  a<•t:^ 
(if  tliat  descnpiiuii  hv  wliicli  lie  iiiav  siiliseipienily  injure  the  work 
iiinn.*      It   wcaild   seem,   however,  that   the  (pialitiealiun  <it'   the   nile 


(lure  the  injurv."  St.  J.tiuix.  1.  rf-  T.  It. 
<■„.  \.  Tturni  '(IS!!;!)  i58  Ark.  -217.  24  S 
\V.  244. 

■  W  liiTp  a  scniint  was  iiijiin-d  l)y  thu 
l.ill  of  a  lii'avj-  iron  lio.x  uiiiili  was  he 
int'  lioi>t<'(l  tiy  two  cli.iiiH.  and  tin-  ao- 
.  iilclit  was  due  to  tin-  fad  that  a  hai  ,ili' 
"f  the  box  had  liifii  limki.n.  and  tlic 
li.Kik  on  tlic  ond  of  one  ol  tin-  chains  had 
-lipped  on  the  llaii};e  of  thr  liox  to  which 
it  had  U'cn  attached  by  the  oicUts  of 
the  ciiiiihiyci-  in  charjie  of  the  work,  the 
ininry  was  ic;.'ard('d  a-i  iH'in;;  due.  not 
to  his  nejili^reiioe  on  the  character  of  a 
fclhm  servant,  but  to  liis  breach  of  tlie 
niinas,i;;nable  duty  of  |>reveiitin^'  the  ac- 
'  idcnt  by  u<in}r  additional  chains  or  tak- 
ing' -.nine  other  precaution  suji^e^ted  by 
the  circuiiislances.  I'rtiiicr  v.  llantl 
MSS!))   :);!  III.  .\pp.  153. 

Wliere  it  whs  the  duty  of  a  yard  max 
tcr  to  >pe  to  the  making.'  up  of  trains,  if 
he  directed  a  tniy  enjia^iil  as  a  call  lioy 
to  perform  the  duties  of  a  switehinaii. 
the  fact  that  he  was  on  an  eiijiiiie  in 
ihur^'e  of  it  at  the  time  of  giving;  the  or- 
ders is   immaterial;   and   if   it  was  nc''- 


vvhy  it  Hdiihl  iiiii   work,  and  while  doin^ 

sO  linai^iht   douM  a   iiortion  of  the  rcmfi. 
See.     hi.^eviT.      WMIih'lii     V.      \illiniiill 

Wh.rlfi,.    (IllOl)    liiH  Mi.b.  1.S7  N".  U. 

75    I  ii   (101.  note    I.   /,ov/  I  ;    \l,,l.,r  v.   r. 

A'.  I\ii,iiiniii,,i  ii-  Sun  r,,.  (iJHMii  y.i  .\pi). 

Oiv.   :,<M.  11.-.    X.    Y.   Supp.    II  Hi.   Second 

.\ppc-al    (llMlli   (12  .\|,p.   Div.  47-2.  70  \. 

\.  Supp,  107(1  1 1  507.  note  7.  subd.  [hj. 
/lost). 

'  In  Tmilor  v.  r.nnisrttlr  d  T.  11.  R 
r,,.  ilSSin  121  liid.  124.  ti  I..  R.  A.  5S4, 
22  N.  K.  ,S7(i.  where  a  master  mc><'hanic\ 
afti'!  ordering  a  ser\aiit  to  do  work 
which  nnuired  him  to  take  up  a  certain 
|Hisitioii  Willi  re-|Hil  to  a  liH'omolive. 
ea\i-ed  him  injury  by  tokin^'  (jut  the 
■••ipializer."  the  court  said:  "The  obli- 
^■atiou  to  make  safe  the  wiirking  place 
ami  the  iiialerials  with  which  the  work 
is  done  re-ts  on  tlie  master,  and  he  can- 
not er.ca|K>  it  In-  <l(degatin(;  his  authority 
to  an  ajjent.  It  is  also  the  mastei's 
duty  to  do  no  nejrligent  act  that  will 
aiiymcTit  the  dangers  of  tlie  service.  In 
this   iii-taiice   Torrenw  was   doiiij:   what 


.  .  ^     the    master    iisuallv    and    pro|,erlv    does 

li^'ence   to  Kive  such   orders,   it    was   his    when  present  in  iK'ison.  for  he  wa"s  com 

maiidiu".  and  dircctinf;  tb,.  pxc.ulion  of 
what    he   had   eoimiTamled.      Hy    bis   own 
act  he  made  it  unsafe  to  do  wliat  he  had 
commanded  should  be  done.     .\cts  ,,f  n,,. 
mast<r  were,  therefore,  done  by  one  hav 
in-;  authority  to  perform  theiii.  and  I  he 
breach   of  dutv   was    that     of    one    who 
stood    in    the   ma-ter's   place.     It    is   ni  ' 
easy  to  conceive  how  it  can  lie  justly  i. 
serteil   that   one   who   comm,:nds   an   ."• 
to  be  done,   and    wlio   |Hissess,s    ihc.  au- 
thority  to  command    and    e;iforce  oIicmU 


tMLrli^'encp  as  yard  master,  and  not  as 
iri;.'iMeer.  Ilnnhi  v.  M iiiiiininiliK  d  St. 
I..  I{.  Co.  (ISS.S)  3(i  Fed.  tM7  (injury 
ihilared  to  have  been  caused,  rot  by  the 
e|i<r;ition  of  the  en<.'ine.  but  in  the  dis- 
ih,ir;;e  of  the  yard  master's  duties  in 
niakinj,'  up  tiains). 

'//iv.s  v.  .\<hi„ui)tt  Mfg.  Co.  (ISflfi) 
>W  Minn.  70.  li.S  X.  W.  774  (no  error  in 
siihiiiittin;.'  to  jury  the  (piestion  wheth- 
er tlie  startin;;  of  machinery  for  the 
|itup(i-e     of     testing     it     was'    an     act 


.hue  as  a  vice  principal)  •    Consnluhitrrl  cnce  from  all  servants  employed  in  a  (lis- 

-n"v-    .';  ^];  ''''"'"■''   "•"'"    •'^'^   '"■  ^"'^'-  ♦^'"»  <l''l'^""ii<"t  by  virtue  ,;f  the  power 

•.n  N.  _K.   2,34.   Ainrminjx    (lilOO)    01    Ml.  delegated    to  him   by   the   master     is   no 

A||i,   l;>    (assistant   mine  manager  <iper  more  tlian  a   fellow  servant;   for    in  the 

^iiej  a  coal  cutting  machine  to  a.s<ertain  absence  of  the  master,  the  command,  if 


l.'jfla 


MASTER  Wn  SKI'.VWT. 


[(MAP.   XXlt. 


wiiii'li  i^  tliiH  ndiiiittcd  in  c^M'iitiiillv  incniisi.stciit  with  tlio  niio  it:-!!!. 
'I'lic  ciiscs  in  v  hicli  iiu>  dcicfriiii'  li;i«  Ui^^^u  ii^tplicd  tliiif  ii  \ic<'  priiiciiiii! 
i^  a  lucri"  siiMuif  when  lie  i^  duinj^  a  xTvant's  work  all  |(n>n|)ii..-i , 
at  llic  \('rv  least,  ■mmc  general  direction  respeetinij;  the  work,  wlii(  |i 
iiL-eniints  for  the  pusitien  of  the  injured  >ei-vant  at.  the  time  of  ih, 
aei'ideiit ;  and  there  is  a[iparently  no  !o;;ieal  j;i'oiind  upon  whicli  sm ', 
a  diicitiou  can,  as  an  essential  and  eontrollincf  oioinent  of  rli. 
juridical  situation,  be  ditTereiiii;ited  from  a  >pecial  (irder,  so  as  h< 
entail  tJio  conseiiuencc  that  recovery  shall  be  allowed  in  ono  ease  iim! 
denied  in  the  other.  Until  this  ditiiculty  has  been  fairly  met.  ami. 
supposing  that  to  be  possible,  cleared  away,  the  cases  hist  eiied  mu-' 
bo  regarded  iis  antagonistic  in  principh-,  if  not,  upon  the  speiiii^ 
facts,  to  the  decisions  referred  to  in  the  precivlinp  section.  Tli 
suggestion  in  the  Nebraska  case  cited  in  the  la>t  note  above,  that  \\v 


pntitlpd  to  olipdience.  must  he  that  of 
tliR  mast  IT.  convoyed  thri>u;;h  the  moilium 
of  III)  Hffcnt.  Nor  cnn  it  Ih'  hi-ld.  with- 
out infrinjiins  the  principles  of  nntnral 
justice,  that  if  he  wlio  is  authori/cil  to 
jjivc  the  comiii.Mi'.l  m«kM  it*  cxciitidn 
unKiiff,  tlic  cniphiyeo,  whose  duty  it  is 
to  olx-y,  has  no  rcnicily  for  an  injury 
received  while  doing  what  he  was  coni- 
niaiided  to  do." 

In  r,jlf  liros.  T.  \\ood  (1894)  11  Ind. 
.\pp.  .17,  3(1  N.  K.  1074,  where  the  fore- 
man of  a  factory,  after  givinj;  a.i  order 
whicli  reiiuired  a  servant  to  take  up  a 
certain  position  with  reference  to  a  ma- 
chine. priH'is-ded  to  do  some  work  him- 
self on  the  saiiio  machine,  anil  liy  his 
careless  handling  of  a  tool  caused  the 
injury  complained  of,  the  court  said: 
"In  doing  these  things  he  was  performing 
the  master's  duty,  aad  in  that  respect 
he  was  nut  a  fellow  servant  unth  the 
appellee.  Tlie  exceiitiiiii  of  the  master's 
orders,  in  conjunction  with  the  manual 
acts  of  Crawley  and  Kller  [the  foniiian] 
rcmleri  d  the  place  in  which  app;>llee  was 
working  dangerous,  and  injury  actuall.v 
liefcll  hill'.  Here  was  a  violatinii  of  the 
master's  duty  which  the  apptdlant  owed 
to  ap)iellee,  to  kiip  the  place  in  which 
he  worked  reasonalily  safe."  ( Dissent- 
ing,  Hoss,  .r.) 

In  Criiil-il  Ice  Co.  v.  Sherlock-  (ISn.-?) 
37  Nell.  1!(.  55  X.  W.  -I'M.  where  the 
manager  of  an  ice  ciniipany  iiijiiieil  a 
workman  on  a  chute  hy  semling  down 
upon  him  a  lump  oi  ice.  the  cmirt.  in 
replying  to  the  arguieent  of  pl.iintilf's 
counsel  that,  as  the  injury  was  caused 
hy  settiii:;  free  the  piece  nf  ice  which 
caused  the  flaieage  sued  for,  the  tlefend- 


ant  should  not  be  held  lialile.  for  th. 
reason  that  the  act  was  nut  p.  inljnl, 
within  the  sco|«'  of  Hie  forciiian's  duli,- 

Imt   was  rather       •    I  lie  perforii ■:■  ■! 

v.liich    properly   i,  11   within   the  ilii>-  .i 
lahor   piopcrl.v   to  he   |ierf<>rnicil    hy  tli" 
lalierers  under  the  direction  of  sMJd  |.  r. 
man.    said:      "The    ditiiculty    with    liii- 
argument    is   that    it    loses    sight    nf  th.' 
fact    that    the    defiiidant  in  error  wn- 
placeil    in    a    dani/ermis    place,  aiil  i.- 
ipiircd  to  do  an  act   whicli  of  nee('--iii 
forliade  his  avoidance  of   injury.  sImii!! 
the  foreman  set   in  motion  a  piii c  nl  ii 
from  a  ]>oint  ahove  where  the  fincniiri'- 
orders    rcipiircd    him    to    go.      Sii|i|i.>-., 
now,  that  this  piece  of  ici-  had  hern  i||. 
tached  hy  a  fellow  servant  of  the  ili  iVii.l 
ant   in   cirnr.    under   the   orders   ni   ili. 
foremnn.  after  ttie  foreman  had  so  h  i.i' 
ed  the  defendant    in  error  that  he  luii-' 
inevitahl.v   siiti'-T    if  the  order   wa~  im 
eiited,    could    it    with    any    propiiity   I" 
claimed  that   the  conipaiiy  was  relinii 
of    lialiility    simply    liecaiise    the  aijciicy 
which  (aus(.d  the  injury  was  set  in  inn 
tion  by  a  fellow  servant';     In  si'cli  i-,\^\ 
as  in  the  oiu'  at  har.  the  iiegligenie  aiii 
carelessness    |M'rtained    not    to   the   iiiip' 
manual    act    of    releasing  the    ice   wliiil; 
lau!     1  the  injury,  liiit  was  rather  ini;iiit 
aide  to  the  order  which  jilaccd  del'indint 
in    error    in    such    situation.   undcT  surh 
circumstances    that    injury    to    him  «:i- 
iinaviiidahle  from   the  fmeiiian's  silliii:' 
ill  motion  the  ice  which  caused  the  il^nii 
age." 

In  a  latiT  Nehra-ka  case  the  ail  ef  ii 
foreman  with  general  crntrol  anil  ;iii 
thoritv  to  employ  and  di-eliarge  uuiL 
men,    in    ordering    a    suliwoikiiian    upon 


i 


J  i^fj  VUI.  l'l!INCM'.\Lsmi'_(»l.|.RI.\L  A(  TS.  ISfla 

injury  WHS  iin.lcr  the  circiiiii>i(ii>ic'cs  ri'iil'  '"uhciI  riitlicr  by  tin 
order  tliiin  In  iho  .Hiil.M'(|iioiit  iiiiiiiual  m-t,  w  ininly  not  sutliw  as  a 
<;niiiiiil  of  (listiiicfimi  U'lwoen  llic  dccisiims  in  wliii-h  rrcovcry  liiis 
'ccn  iillowcil  und  rdiNc.l,  excojjt  in  so  fur  iis  tlio  oniiT  niiiy  Imvp  boon 
ii-.It  cnlpidilo,  iinil  il  (\,<fn  not  seem  lu  hiivc  boon  of  that  description 
I  iiliiT  in  ilio  Nolifiiskii  ciiso  or  the  ol'  .'i-.s  ril.i-rod  to. 

816.  Theory  that  a  vice  princi:  -eprttents  the  master  even  when 
he  participates  in  manual  labor.—  A  considerable  body  ..f  antiioritioH 
I  iiii  also  1)0  prodncecl  for  tlio  ofbor  view,  tbat  a  vice  prineipol  aets  in 
a  iein-eseii<ativo  capacity  as  to  wliat  be  ihv<  while  a<sisiiin;  to  do  the 
work  which  ho  is  ap|)ointed  to  >\iper\iso.  To  this  concln^ion.  as  is 
indicated  by  the  oxlracts  cpioted  below  from  the  opinions,  |ho  courts 
Imvc  felt  tlieiiiselves  fon-ed  by  their  inability  to  find  any  .-iatisfactorv 
I ';;ical  ^-rounds  npon  which  to  prodicate  a  distinction  between  tho 
'luidity  of  an  act  done  bv  the  order  of  a  vice  principal,  and  ihi'  (jualiiy 
ot  the  same  act  when  dc^nc  by  the  vice  principal  in  person.* 

iin  plcviitor.  iind   himself  opcriit  iiiy  flic        f)tlicr   cinps   to   llip  same  iir.it    nr<" 

.livator  with  npsnj;inoo.    t<,    tlio    woik  ///-/m.  s-     Stal     Co.     v.     Srlu,i„iuu.i,-<l,'i 

iiiMii's   injury,    wns    lirld    n<it    to   he   the  i  |s:im    |(!2   111.  447.   44   \.    K    hTO    (,,1 

I.'   of   il   fellow   serv^iiit,   hut    of   n    virc  lowii,;;  ricovirv  wlin..  a  forfiiuii  piik.d 

p.'  ■iipnl.     Sinft  rf  ro.  V.  nitisr  (  l!l(l2)  iit  a  |iilr  of  on-  >o  ii-  to  (mum.  it  to  fill 

i;;i  .\eb.  73!),  57  L.  R.  A.  147,  89  N.  W.  on  a  lahoivr  set  to  «oiU  h.-ido  it 


V.,c 

(>ir,il,a  ThiimsiiiilliiiiKlun  l.hvlriv  l.iiihl 
'••■    V.   Iliihlirin    (lllOll    t)>   Net).    lH(l,'s7 


Kmivpry  hns  hpon  allnwiM  for  an  in  ,„,,.    ,,;„,,,    u^  .^,.„    ,„,    „, 

iirv-  ..imed     hy    the     ncf;ll;;..npe   of   an    N,  \V.  27   (liinman  lii-lil  to  have  acLi'l  in 


i.il<ir  in  sT.Trtiii;;  a  iiiailiiiii'  >U(lilciil.v 
iihilc  the  "liclpci"  liad  liis  hanil  iiisjdr 
it,  ii'iiioviii-.'  an  oli-i ruction,  in  rcinipli 
luipwitli  till'  opi'iiitni's  ordiTs.  \(jifi'ii 
I'onx.    V.    \o,l(l,<il;     llDDll      I'll)     111.    an:,, 

M  1..  1!.  .\.  SI2,  (10  N,  K.  84.'!.  .Mlirininu' 
liiiiD)   !>2  111.  .\|.p.  .■.41 


•  priiii'ip.il  will  re  li-  ni'iilfct,  d  In  l.cvp 
Ills  hold  on  a  ropi'.  tlnis  in  in^jiiijr  ahout 
the  f.ill  of  a  ladder);  \\illi„ii,  llniirr 
T'l.il.-  \\ii)l:.s  V.  tflhiiinill  (l!)Ol)  1!)] 
111.  2.;ii.  110  X.  K.  s:il.  .MlirniiiiK  (IHOO) 
HI  III.  .\pp.  .-,21  (,en,inl  tlii<iun  otr  a 
,,,  ,         "  ,  .,  .     .        ,         I'li'iik  oil   to   which    he  had  I.een  ordered 

Wliere  a   foreman,   while  a»i-^tinfr  hii    to  yo.  as  a   itmiIi    of  the  eirorts   of  his 
verkiMcn  in  lowerini;  a  heavy  sewer  pi|H.    foieman   and   a    fellow   workman   to  un 
iiilo  a  trench,  ordered  a  departure  fiuni    «erew  a  pliH't. 

Ihe  ,i-n.il  niaiiner  of  h.wrrin^'  such  pipe        ('(.inp.ire  al>o  thf»  stnti'mont   fh.it   tlip 

"ii:  il  t.ill  down  of  Its  own  wei-ht    mn-ter  is  not  rclc:i-ed  from  rpsp,,ii,ildl- 

jiuiiL' iMipluvivs  at  work  in  the    ity   for   an    iiijurv   -u-tiiined   hv   a   M-rv 

.olice  and  an  opportunity  to  e>     ant  in  the  eoiii^,-  of  his  piiipleCnii-iil   he- 

'id   one  of   lh,-ni    was   injuve.l    in    eaii^o  oideied   hv  a  foreman  to  \voi<t  in 

nee.  thppiiiid.i.ver  was  held  to  he    a  dnn^'en.us  ptnee,  .Tithoush  the  foreman 

..-.  .loii'jh   in  iisM-liiif;  to  lower  the    coojieratpd    with     the     servant    in    the 

riietlie   foieni;ni    was   aetiii;:   as   a    fel     work,     hnlh    V.    Cantngton    (180;)     7.-, 

I"u  -ervMnt.     Cliicuyu  V.  Ciuiiin   (1900)     III.  ApT>.    I.^.O. 

'"  "'•    M'P-  4fifi-  On    the    fails    the    Sh„m,rf,„   Cs.;   03 

Ihe  nculij-ence  of  a  frnrk  foreman  who  Mieh.  411,  57  x,  \v.  2.-,l  cited  in  imle 
".IS  lutiiiu'  as  niotorman  of  an  eleetrie  I  to  the  next  section.  mij,'ht  pcrlhM>s  Ik- 
cir.  in  fiiilini;  to  slop  the  snnie  in  time  ela^..-d  with  those  here  refen'd  to'  hut 
'■I  |iP',.^..t  an  accident  to  a  tr,;ek  hand  Ihe  Ian;.'iia<;p  of  tlie  court  inrlieates  w« 
"ho  n:Ml  attempted,  pursuant  to  his  di  think,  an  adoption  of  a  ducuiiie  moie 
red  ion.  to  hoard  the  samp  while  111  mo  favonilde  to  the  servant 
.inn.  nnd  was  in  a  perilous  i«,,ilioi,.  was  ■  In  Sl,„,nun„  v.  naliiorth  rf  V  Mf„. 
"incial.  and  not    |N.|<onaI.     rj,,, ii.t, ..,,>,•„    rn.    MSfl41   !)>*'\Ii,--h    41!    ",7  ,\    \V    -'.il 

T''„n''joi''''j-'"v    »'■'.':',;'""    '"*'"*'    ""     ""^"•'''"'•'r  siMit y  a'snpeHelcndr'iit 

*'""•  ^'"''  ■*'   ^-  ^\-  ■'«'■'•  after  an  oh-truciiun  hud  Uvn  lemovcd;, 


■Tiii 


■^wmmjaja^^ag^ 


[HI 

1 

nf 

I 


61:!    .'I 


547.  Disciiision  of  the  doctrine  of  the  dual  car.'ily  of  vice  prin- 

CjptU. ,,      \\,/l,    n/rnnr,     l„    Ihr    sl,n„li„.i„t     „/      /„,     murls     win,'. 

reject   Ihr  ^„,,rnur  ..,rn,„l  ,l,..l,,„  |„    Is;:.  ||„.  ,,i|,n  inr rl  ,  , 


the    dcri'iKlaiil     wa*    licln    iJiMr    mr    il„. 

\>t«.\>\  ^.'lllllll.l  Ill;ll  ,1  -ll|,  ■lipil,.)|,|,.|ll 
•'MailiU  ill  Ihr  phirr  of  III,.  ||i;i-t,.|  III 
ttliiil.Mi-  Ik'  ,!,„•,  ill  |iiii|i,.i,inir  i,|'  Ih,. 
liii-iiii-.  1111,1  ,,|„.r.,ii,,ii,  I,,.  I,,,,  ill 
flhir;;.'."  111,.  c'Miiii  .iJI:  ■■■||„.  ,|„|,.,|,| 
lint  coiic.,|i.<,  ill  ,.(V,.,.|  I),,, I  \|,  .\,.\il|i~ 
lil  ilii.ii-  til  till'  <lrli'ii,|Hiil  i',,i|><,i:iti,,ii 
aiid   to  the   pliiiiititr  \\,.|,.  .,     i,   .,,  n,;,! 

fur    fMIII,'     |IIII|,.,>1.,.     Iir     |l|it;l|t     ill     |,,u     \„. 

rryiii.l,.,!  ii.  a  ir|iri-,.|ii,iliic  of  (li,.  mj. 
In.  I'lit  that  ill  Mil'  |hi  toi  iiiaiici-  ,,|  thr 
jNirli.  iil.ir  act  of  -lutiiii;  the  tiia,  liiii,' 
111-  was  artiii;:  in  tlii'  ia|,.iilt\  of  a  frl 
low  KiTvanl;  anil  tlif  ,-,imI,iiI  j..ti  i^  that 
the  i|iii'>tioii  of  wlu'diiT  th,-  ai't  wan 
that  of  I  iiii-trr  oi  of  a  fillou  ^ir\aiit 
<li|icii,N    foi     iiH    noliiiion    lallirr    upon 

•I''    "'111 f    till'    act    than    upon    t|i). 

U'rncial  -ropr  or  lAl.nt  of  tlir  -iip.iior 
-.(•rvant's  niillioriiv.  Tli,.  r,iiiii.|it  jf  n. 
|.l<ci»(ly  ns  llli.,|(.,  *i,  lllhloiil.lrilly  nllp 
portcl  liy  I'inini'iit  niitli,iriu .  Imt   \vi.  arc 

'■•in^lriii I    to    hoi, I    ilun    tin-    piciioii, 

liohliiiKi  of  thi<  ooiirt    have  iii>t    »u  lim 
itcil   the   lialii''v   of   the   iiia-tir.      It    j, 
not  niMc-^aiy  tuu  ilcii-ion  of  tliii  cii.^.  to 
hoi, I  thai  ail  n;.'cMt  cscrci-in;.'  only  occa 
Kioiialacts  of  authority.  H  hilc  pcrloriiiiii;; 
ihitic-.    in    the    main.    ili(i>c   of   a    ^iiln.i 
<liiiat<.  i-i.  in  the  pcrfoimancc  of  (he  lat 
tcr  iliitic-,.  to  he  ii",'arilc<l  m  a  npic-cn 
taliif  of  the  prineipil;   hm.  jn  ||,,.  |,|.| 
forMiance     :)f     the     parlieiilai      .Inly     in 
ipic-tioii.  Neville  Has  pcrfoniiini.'  an  act 
of    nuthoiily     Hhi.l,     lie    only     had     tli,' 
I  mht   to   iieiforni    hy    virtue' "of    \\\*   an 
ihority   as   siiperintenilcnt    of    the   niili- 
anil  vithii!  the  wope  of  his  aiilh..iity  lo 
see  that  the  iiiachineiy  was  in  -afe  ooii 
(litioii.      We     think,     iinilcr    the     form,., 
rnlin;.'s  of  this  oonrt,  he  iiiust  he  lielil  t.. 
liave    lieiii.    in    the    performance    of    fhj- 
acl.    a     rcpreseiitativp    of     the     master, 
rather  tlian  a   fellow  serv.int," 

In  H'lia  SIniir  Co.  v.  Knifi  |1S77| 
.Tl  Ohio  St.  2S7,  -27  Am.  Hep.  .-,|(l.  hIici.. 
the  iiijiny  was  caused  hy  iisin;;  hook- 
Jor  hoisliiif;  a  large  stone"  which  was  so 
wift  that  chain.s  should  have  heen 
passed  round  it,  the  eoint  xaid:  "The 
fact,  if  it  be  true,  that  Stone's  ncpli 
ffciire  in  assistiiifr  in  fastcnin;,'  the 
hooks  to  the  stone  to  he  raised  mav 
have  canseil  the  injiirj'.  and  that  he  was 
then  performing  the  duty  of  a  eommon 
WorkriKin,  and  not  thus,,  stiictle  p,.,- 
(aiuiiijj  lo  ilii"  duties  of  lorcman.'in  no 


i-e    lelii've.    ihe   eoinpinv    from    lialal 

">         "    It t    dollt.    I,y    hilll    had    Ih-,,, 

■lone    illhlir    lii.<   direclion    as    he   did    ii 

''.*     I     I  lie    llliploNccs    of     the    c,„„ 

p:Hn.  II.  liil.ility  coiiM  not  he  doiihi,,!. 
anil  loi  the  rea-oi,  ii.it  the  ni'yli;..,.,.. 
let.  ahhoiiMh  coiiimi,  ,|  1,,  the  |i,in,|  ,,( 
iiiolh.i.  ».,,.  in  laH.  the  iii't  of  the  f,,i,. 
111. Ill,  ail, I  coii-cpielith  the  act  of  tli,. 
'"■'■'•  I.  All, I  II  ciiihl  I,,  no  less  the  a.i 
■I  IIm  master  when  p,  i  tin  med  hy  t  h, 
lorenian   in   person,  " 

hi  flirt '11  v.  Sniiili,  ,-,i   It,  Cu.    (  |H:ii; 

II!'   \.   >'.   7l'M.  -.'il  S.    K.    Mil,  tl M 

laid  ihuMi  the  law  as  follows:  •  Tl,,. 
dcfeii.l.ini  I,  ,,|  no  eaii-e  to  eoniplain  dI 
Ihe  in-tiiiclion  of  the  court  that  th,. 
roniliietor  lotild  chan;.'!'  his  own  rehili.n 
til  the  eoinpaii.\  from  that  of  nltii  ,,,,, 
l<>  Il  of  a  felloH  senant  of  a  hrak,. 
man  l.y  voliinti.ei  in^'  to  anticipate  th,. 
I'laintiir  in  the  peiformanci  of  his  or.li 
ii.iry  duty.  If  the  conductor  had  ,.r 
Icicd  the  llrenian  lo  do  an  net  « 1,1,1, 
iiij-'ht  reasonahly  lia\e  hieii  evperteil  t,, 
■ii'hin-cr  the  hiakenian.  and  which  ,|i,| 
result  in  injury  to  him,  the  cotnp.iny 
uoiild  have  heeii  answeiahle  for  the  n.ii' 

'"■al     coi pances     of     his     order*.       Ir 

uoiild  Ih.  oiiiea-oiiahle  to  holil  that.  In 
loin,;;  the  ar-les,  a,t  liiniself,  insti.iij 
of  ordciiii);  another    .\hotilt  constrain,.! 

Id    ohey    to   do   it,    h,.    relieved    the   t i 

paiiy  from  respoiisihility.  yiti  furil  fur 
■ilium,  fiiril  i„r  .„..  is  the  ma\ini  «lii,.|i 
ipplie,  where,  as  viie  principal,  he  coin 
pels  anolhir  to  i|o  whal  is  enlp.ihl'.  |i 
would  he  illoj:ical  to  say  that,  where  li,. 
lireds  or  onlers,  he  utters  Ihe  cnin 
aiand  of  the  c.iiipany,  and  adopts  f,,r 
it  the  act  of  the  eniplin  who  ohevv 
ind  yet,  when  he  does  the  „  in  propii 
I'crson,  he  ilescends  from  the  role  of 
vice  principal  to  that  of  servant." 
In   hiniliiirsh   V.   Iliiiiiiilnil  ,f.   SI.  ./    /' 

''o,  (iSiioi   io;t  Mo,  .-)7o.  1,-)  s,  \v.  r,.;i. 

vvheie  the  "hoss''  of  a  roiinilhouse  iiii 
■  lertocik  to  move  one  of  the  enjrincs  him 
-^elf,  and  injiiiel  a  suhoirlinatc,  tli,. 
court  reasoned  thus:  "If  he  lia,l  e\ 
ly  directed  the  enjiine  to  he  ni ' 


down  hy  another  tipon  the  plaintill.  i  . 
the  manner  deserihcl  in  the  i  idenec  for 
the  latter,  the  defendant  would  li,n.. 
heen  responsible  fo,-  the  act;  and  wp  ar,. 
unable  to  perceive  e.ny  lotjieal  or  rivisun 
;il,]e  disi !".(.!  i,tn  Petwren  so  i^ir,.eti;j.r  jr. 
and   hia  iierforiaiiij;  siali   nei;liyt;iit'ai.t 


I  .--1:1 


\lt  !•;  I  UlNrll'VLsim'— (11  IK  lAI,  At  IS. 


IMS 


|{Ii(m1i'  I«I;iiii1  ri'>-<i)riii/ci|,  (iriiiiiiiiln,  flic  tliciifv  lliiK  tlicro  nri'  rrTfiiin 
(•ln«-('4  111  iii';;lii;iMt  in'i-  in  iij^iinl  tn  wliidi  n  \  iir  |ii'iiii'i|iiil  di.c*  iH>t 


liiiii»  If,  ill  Ihp  I'lii  iini-tiiiiri'M  liri* 
>liiHMi.  It  vv.K  mil'  ulilch  till  vtltliiii 
III*  iiiilli"iii\  iiH  till'  iiiii'>l<  -  ri'i'ii'-i'ii 
liliti'  I"  'liii'i'l,  mill  it  I'ln  miUi'  im  ilil- 
liTi'iiii  111  |ii  iiii'i|ili'  wlii'llii'i  III'  iliil  it 
|ii  ■"iiiiiillt  HI'  iiv  aiiiilliii.  Ill  it>  lii'iii'iiiL' 
on    till'    ri;il>l'<    iif    llir     |',iilii'-'     In    llii-' 

I'lll-d'.    MJll'li'    lli■^   IK't     illXnUril    all    llllvililK 

liii'iU'li  nf  till'  iiiii'<t)'i'H  iliilv  til  ii-r  I'liii- 
111  prii>ii|i'  II  ii'ii-ciiiiililv  -nff  |iliiii'  liir 
liliiiiilill  111  wink." 

In  lliilsiiii  V  Missiiii  >'  II.  Co. 
ilsiiji  .'ill  .Mil.  A|i|i.  :ilHl,  »!,.  ii'  II  wr 
ti'iii  fiiii'iiiiiii  iiijiiri'il  >i  liilxMi'i  '.\itli  tlip 
pirk  wliii'li  lie  \\a«  ii-iii<(  In  |>ull  11  tic 
ti' 


iiiiili'i'  llir  \i\\\<>.  tilt*  niiiit  ^iiiil: 
"In  llii't  I'Ml-  ui'  lia\l'  till'  llllllollal  fiirt 
ill  It  thr  iiijiiiv  \vii4  ilini'lly  iiilliilil 
by  tliK  (nii'iiiiin  liiiiiorif  uliili'  i'ii;:,in,.il 
ill  till'  \Miik  a>  ii  ('iiialiiiii  r  uitli  |ilaiii 
lill.  UiK'-.  Iliix  fiii't  iilti'i'  till'  I'i'l.iliiiii 
III  tlip  part  ill.  or  iiiti'ifiri'  uilli  llii' 
iiiii>ti'r'4  lialiililvf  Our  iiiiiiiiim  i*  tliat 
it  ih'vn  nut.  It  in  tlir  ra^r  at  li.ir  tlu' 
»riliiiii  fiiirnian  liail  iuiIiti'iI  otip  nt  lii- 
liaiiiU  til  htriki'  lii«  |iiik  ilown  liituirii 
till'  linlii-i  of  till-  tun  olliir*.  it  wniilil 
not  lie  cniiti'mlril  tliat  liifi'iiijaiit  uat 
nut  lialili-  for  tlii'  iiijiiiv  ri'-iiltiti;.-  frniii 
Kiirli  ini|iniili<tit  onli'r.  'I'lirri'  i»  im 
jii-.t  or  lo;,'i<'al  ilisliiiftion  h'lwi't'ii  tlii- 
ml  01'  tlip  viri'  |iriiiri|iiil  in  iir;.'lip'iilly 
iitiliriii;;  .1  M'lvant  tn  iln  an  iin|iriiili'nl 
thin;;,  anil  in  iloiii;;  tlii'  tiling;  liini>i'lf. 
In  I'ticli  casi'  it  is  tlii'  act  of  tlir  virr 
piinripal;  in  (ini>.  Iii>  wills  tlio  M'rvant 
>liall  iln  the  nc'  .  in  the  other,  lie  wilN 
that  he  himself  t-liall  do  it." 

In  a  leeent  ease  the  Hiipretiio  ooiiit  nf 
Ti-\ai<,  in  hohlin);  the  liefenihint  I' ihio 
(nr  the  iie^'l i^'eiu'e  of  a  seetiiin  fini'ni.iii 
ill  pirniatiinly  thrnuins  a  switch  fin  a 
hiiiil  car.  leferreil  to  three  earlier  <lni 
"inns  in  that  slate,  iii.;  Uissoiiii  I'.  I{. 
(■;.  V.  Williaiii.-  '  ISHlll  T.".  Tex.  4.  12  S. 
W  .  S:i,'>   (fore  f  car  repairers  faileil 

to    keep     prop  to     protect     siiliordi- 

iiate);  dahis.  ,  //.  rf  .S.  .1.  I{.  Co.  v. 
S.nilh  (IH'.MI)  7li  Tex.  lill,  lit  S.  \V.  5li2 
(riiail  master  in  moving  train  so  as  to 
Ciiiise  collision  acts  as  sirvatit  ;  decisinn 
01  I'oniniission  adopted  liy  siipreniu 
court,  hut  only  on  the  Kt'iiiml  that  the 
ca-e  was  di~tin;,mished  frnni  the  Wil- 
i'liii.'i'  Ciisr  hy  the  fact  that  the  injured 
serxant  "wi-.s  not  employed  under  tlin 
ihiniidiiitp  eye  of  the  road  ninsti'i." 
Mr  V  r-r.T:  I'  I!  '  (  l«On  S^  T.\. 
473,   18  S.   VV.   671    ».,ssi,ii;il   I'uiuniaii 


iiefliiliiitly  ".tailed  niarhimry  wliih 
phiiiilill  Will  iii'ir  a  ilii\in^  helt , . 
Mtii  piiiiitiii);  nut  that,  in  the  fiist 
111  lhi>i'  I  I-I-,  till'  di'liiiipii';>'  «a"  ■ 
Nice  piiiM'Ipal,  the  coin  i  pini'ii'di'l 
lliils-  "Siiili  relatinii  Im'Iii;;  r-l  ilill-hid. 
the  lhrii'  ca-e«  lir>l  ritcl.  as  iMliipliij  l.y 
lite  -llpliliir  enllll,  Ii  ,id  III  the  rutiiill 
sinli  lh.lt  .MllipIlN  si"  ll'l  111'  held  tu 
lia\i'  I'li'M  the  M'pie-i  Mlal  ne  of  tile  di- 
feiiilaiil  III  lill'  pi'i  Inimaiii'e  nf  aH\  ail, 
«er\  ill',  nr  iliiiN  im  the  ile'iidaiit  in  the 
line  Ml  his  I'liiplnMiii'iit.  and  that  iin  ili% 
tiiii:inn  shniijil  Ih'  di.iMii  lii'luei'ii  the 
pel  I'nriiiaiii'i'  of  llin«i'  lii^'liiT  iliiiii's  in- 
llilsleil  to  him  «pi'i'iall,\ .  and  t  ho.e  of 
an  ni<liiiar.\  ihniai'tir  »liii'li  Imlh  lie 
and  lie  siilinnlliiati'  -irxaiit-.  and  em 
phiy'i'S  liii'lir  him  were  ill  the  hahit  nf 
iiidi-'ri  iniiiiali'ly  perl'ni  iiilii^.  In  hiIhi 
«nrd>.  wlirii  he  neyliiieiil  Iv  Injiiii'd  the 
plaiiuiir  the  law  viewed  his  ait  in  the 
•aiiie  li;jht  as  if  the  same  ma-lir  hid 
hieii  pei-neally  pii'si'iit  and  rmiimitli'd 
the  neyli;;i'iit  ail  hiin-iM,  and  in  the 
latter  iniil  iii;^i my  Iln  niii'  wniihl  dmilil 
the  lialiility  iil  the  iii.i-ler.'  Si'i.nrii 
V.  »./i/;.  f,'  tf  iS".  h:  If.  Co.  (1H!I2)  «4 
lev.   4:1:1.    Ill   S.    \V.   .-..V. 

Sie  aNii  the  fnllnn.ijir  eiisi's  in  which 
the  ma-ter  w.is  hvld  ii'^pnn.ilili': 
\',rllifi„  I'.  I{.  Co.  V.  I'lhiso,,  (IH!I'2| 
■>  I  .  C.  .\.  l.-i7,  4  r.  .S,  App.  67».  r,l 
Ked.  IN'J  I  sudden  applieatinii  nf  the 
lirake  of  a  li.ind  ear  hy  fnremaii  nf  Ir.iik 
repairers  I  ;  l!i'\i'i,i'i|  in  I  IHliil)  \n>  I'.S. 
'Uli.  40  I,.  III.  11114.  Ill  Sup.  (  t.  l!ep.  HJ.T 
I  lull  solely  on  the  yiiiund  thai  the  de- 
liiiipiint  eiii|iln\ii'  wa-  nut  11  vice  priii- 
eiiial.  The  Siipniiii'  (  iiiirt  inentinned 
liilt  did  nnl  prniioiinee  any  decided 
opinion  as  In  thi'  cnntinvvr^y  respecting 
the  proper  limits  of  olliiial  aclsi  ;  Ci,ii. 
Miiiililhil  hnii.iti.i  Cihi  ,S/;n7/,i,(/  d  l!,f. 
Co.  V.  l',ii-,.,„i  (IN'.IO)  H  Kan.  App. 
:ilti.  .'i.'i  I'.ic.  Ii7:i  ifnieman  threw  11 
switch  in  siiili  a  manner  a-  to  in.jure  a 
siihnrdiiiate  while  pii-'hiiiy  a  carl; 
Ihiijhlill  V.  iUiiik  l.iiiiihii-  Co.  (ISOm 
.">:!  .\li).  .\pp.  87  (oiler  nf  machinery  in- 
Jiireil  liy  superintendent  s  •  .'^jli^'nce  in 
causing  machinery  to  si.ir>  hy  the  man- 
ner in  whiili  he  handled  a  iiev,  helt)  : 
Unikson  \.  Mili,  iiil.ci .  I..  S.  Jt  W .  R. 
C„.  (i«!H))  S.l  .Mich.  2HI.  47  X.  \V.  2:I7 
(foreman  of  gravel  train  caused  an  ue 
cident  to  a  lahon'r  hy  leleasinp  a  hrake. 
aii'l  thpfelix  sud'lriily  uidi'iiing  the  pap 
btltteeii   a   car   truiii    which   lie   had   or- 


i 


-jf*- 


ElR* 


^ 


Wt  AI.WIKIl  AM)  MillV.wr.  luiu'.  xxi^. 

(Iff  ill  hi-i  iT|iri-infiiti\(.  nipii.iiv.'      Itnf  ilm  nirlir^t  ,..,.f.  j,|  wliidi 
tliiil   lli.-.fv  ujis  a.-liiiillv  iippiir.l.  with   llic  n-siilr  of  i.ivMiitiii!;  n  h.'i 

Vlllll    ICiPIII   ICCoVcrili^r  ,|:||,M,.;,-i.  i-c.  |||s  In  Ik>  T; /.v/,/,(   v.    /.'(/./-///.^        Tlli- 

il'vi-imi   is  iir  nil  i'M'I.n.  iIi<>  Ir.i.jinu  :nitli..iitv  <>ii  ih.-  siil.j.'cf.  hikI 
till'  .|iii>ii.,ii  wlirtlicr  III,.  iJiiMiv  iip-.h..!  wiH  curr.rt  viiiiiiilly  rr-..l\,-^ 

it^'lr  illlu  (lie  (JIK-ilicn   Wlictlirr  llir  npinion   (Ic'iK'l.d    Ipv    Kiipilllu,  ,1.. 

for  till'  iinij..riiv  of  tli.'  c.Mirt,  or  iIk!  ili>.iiitiii<.  opinion  of  Lur\,  J., 
tiiil"i(Iic«  ilif  wiiiii<l(>r  vicM'!«, 

.Miiioiiiy  opinioim  so  hcMohi  rc.vivo  nii.v  nft(iiti..n  fr..|ii  tlio  jinln. 
who  i-    iniriiM.d  with    (1„.  tii-k    of  >tiiiin;x  th.-  <•■  M.-lii-ioiis    .if  ||„ 
iniijoiiiy,  thiit  the  omi-sioii  of  .lti>l.:c  Kiip:iilo  to  notico  ,iniL'i«  V..\v\'- 
«Tiii(i>ni  of  thr  theory  wliidi  \vii«  ■hrnu  I  to  Im-  a  \mv  to  ih,.  plaintill'- 
iirtion  i«  not  (It  nil  Hiirprisin^r.      lint  it  ij,  Ii'-h  cnsy  to  nn<lor«tanil  \vli\ 
ih"  lucid  aihl  forcihlc  (iri^miiinl^  of  the  latter  jinli;.'  >hoiihl  have  iw\A, 
so  lilt!,.  ini|.r('>sion  upon  ..oini^  in  r.thrr  jiiri>.|irii,,nM,  that.  *.  far  ii- 
thc  nnnil.cr  of  decisions  pies,  the  d-K-trine  which  ho  conihaled  mn-i 
now  he  n  Liar.led  ii    ihe  inoro  authoritative.      Jn  order  to  draw  llii.  a( 
lenlion  of  ihe  profession  once    nior,.  to  tlin    ronsonin?  of  this    <li« 
tint-iii-hed  jurist,  ^onio  h'tigihy  cMracts  liom  hia  octillion  aro  siih 
joined.^ 

d<.n.|  tl.c  liilmrrr  to   liiiiip  iin.l  tlio  one  lli.-n  tl.o  mn^trr  woiil.l  not  1«>  r..«nnn-i 

In     K,.|ilM<ky     it     1.,..     iMM.n     'IwIhiihI  p.nrc,  .m  tl.nt  «(MiM  !..■  iis  imirh  nii  in 

tli.it    n    ■.iilHinliiiiilp  limy   rirov.r  for  in-  ,i,|,.|it  to  tlir  mT\ic..  n-  tin-  ii,..|i.»iii.v  i,| 

Jill  ir«  .■.i,i.,.,l  l,y  til..  ii,Kli;:..|i f  ii  Bit-  n    ci-rn  iint.     Tli,.   niixiiii     I  r,/r7,n-    iw, 

[..•n-.r    »,.|vant.    wli..||i..r    tW    ii..;..|iu'..|it  fit    i„j,i,i„.    w..iil,l    hIij.I.I     tli.>    m:i~l,r 

act  WHS  .Ion.,  l.y  Ins  own  liiiii.t  or  hy  nn-  lint  tli.-  liHion  is  m.t  iiiipIi.Ml  t.i  ..1,1,1,1 

otli..r   mill...    Ills  onlpis.     ///„„„.,   c.   K.  tl„.  niasi,.,.     ||..  i,  |„.|,|     ,,,„„„  |,|,.  f„, 

S^s'-..^u'"',  ■."";)?■*  2- js\^.  "'•'■•  'r  ""■"  "'•^''i«-"<--.  wii,.,i„.i'..i,,,„;„i  i,; 

I      '        ,m,.)V  \yj"'V"\S-    "     '"■    '■     "'"    ''■-■''"•^"'    "f    tl.r    .luti.s    p,.,-lllT;..     t.. 

,'";."  v"--'  ..'•^J  ^J\h  «"P-   I'"''-  54  Im"  ..H  mii.t.r.  or  wo.kiii;:  siil..  U-  .i.l,. 

1..  I,    A.  .H   1,1  S.  \V    703  (n..;.'lijr,.|it  lip-  vvitli   his  »,.naiils  in  tli.-  saiiir  ki'mi  „i 

pli<.ati..n  ot  l.nike  o(  hand  car  l.y  s.ction  lalior,     .S>  tl-  llclion  »lioiiM   „„t  l,,>  •,„ 

'To""*-  «.         ,      „.  Pli<'il   tn  »hi..|,l  th..  ii,ast,.|-  fi.,111  r..M.i., 

n>--V"i'i   Z-  T^rr?'"'     '^""'      "'"'■''■*   ^"'"'•>'  f'""  *'"■  •"•t'li^"'"-'"  of  tlio  iiiiilill,. 
"■'••'    "   •'    '■   '•'■-•  i.ian    ^lnnllllllf    in    h|„    ,,l„,.,.    „,|,i    ,.,.,„.,.. 

«..,"^n"  "'.-^'O'-/'!"-  ='"  •^.'"■. "'•!■■  -"ti"«in"^i'ni.iiop'ii..v ,1,1,,,, :,;':;. 

S.l        l!i,-    n,,,..,i  yofth..o,.,M.,i„l,„>,.,|  ,j,ii,P    that    tl „..t.in..    of    ,■,,,/,.„„/,„/ 

a  .•liMi-,.  to  tl„.  ,.|l,.ct  that,  ulll,,ai«hthc  suprrio,-    sli,„il  1     I,p    thus     far     liniifivl 

(l..|inini.nt   nii-ht.  ns  nianafjcr.  havo  rep-  It  is  not  too  iinirh  for  th..  nKMlor  to  U- 

rc»..|;t...l   th..  ,l..f..ni!aiit.   h..  .liil   so  only  rcsponsihh.    f.,r    his    no.'li.'..|i<v      Ik.    is 

in  rrs,,..,.t  of  th,.«..  .Iiiti...  whi.-l,  tho  .1.-  -..n.-rally   a    p,.|,on    srir-.t.^l    with   car.. 

f..ii.aiit  h.i.l  conh.l.il  to  hiin  as  siipcrin-  of  ,iipori..r   jii,|.jiii..nt  an.l   skill    ami  is' 

tj.|..l..nt;  aii.l  tho  trial  jn,l>r..  s  r..fu.,al  to  more  ;,'..n.railv  tlian  oIIut  s.rva'.ii,    n\.h' 

oharu'e  that,  as  toany  ..th.r  ar.tsor.Iu-  to    r.>p.„i.l    t.'.    his    masL-r    f.,r    his'.mn 

ti.-s  p..r  ..r.11,.1    l,y  h.,n,  .,p  was  not  to  ho  n.--li-..nre.     I    oan    pcrc-iv..    no    na-m 

•.•;;ar.lo<l  as  tho  ..-'t. l«  r..pr<.spnta-  f.)nn.l...l  upon  puhlic  polipv,  a*  thor..  is 

V'./Vi  1     r  ■  i-I-      „  ..  .  """"    '''""'''■''    "I""'    "".v'  piinoip!..    „f 

If  tins  h.i.oii  w..ro  literally  applied,  natural    jnstioe.    for    IJMiitii'ir    the    ,l,ie- 

if  It  were  Held  that  .'very  s.-rvant  enter-  trine  of  rr.v,,o»,/,„(    ,„,„,, o,-  in   its  ni.- 

illjr  ipto  the  s,.rviee  of  a  n.a-l..rnss.iM...d  pliei,fi„n     t"    the     lelafion    evi.ti.,,.    t.l. 

ull   til*   ii«k»   ineiUtnt   tu   «udi   service,  tweeii  a  muster  and  siieh  an  a-eiil"  Tlie 


'ii.  ■  •« 


.i;j 


VHK  !'l;iS(  ll'\l,.s|lll'— ui  I  11  l\l,   \'  Ts. 


l.->d7 


\\\-  fX'-iti'iii  >ciiii,  t(,  ilic.  [iri-i'tif  vvrili  r  ic>  Im'  ijiiiii'  iiii|ii'.'irTi;il»li', 
lull  ilii'  I'liriiiif  <ii'  JMiliciiil  iiiiiliMriiN  |i;i.  .1-1  .11  .iriitiyK  ii};aiii-l  hi* 
\'irw  tliiil  it  w  ill  lie  u.irtli  u  liili'  III  ^ii|i|il<  iiH'iit  lii^  iiii^niiiiiit-  hv  |Niint- 
itii'  "lit  that  ,  ijiiiir  :i|iurt  I'liiiii  iliiiM-  iiliji  I'lii.ii.  \\  liirii  he  iirjri's  iiirnin-r 
!|ii'  tliciHv  III  hi.  i',.)iciati-,  ilii  re  ni'i'  .i.iih'  •<riciin.  if  Hut  filial,  llau* 
ill  till    iia-iiiiiTi;;  liv  whit'li  ihat  llicurv  \>  -       iMiricil. 

Till'  first  tit'  tliis(>  flaws  i>  ilic  rcliaiirr  juaiTil  iijiiai  tlio  twn  rnlitips 

iiii.trr  .liiiiild  1"'  ri-|Min«ili|p  fnr  nil  liU  Ilii.  iIm-.  nf  I'ii.i-.,  ||ii.  iiim;|ii.'iiii  iict  nni) 
iiii;li'.'i  ni'r  «liili-  1  I  i;  lu'iil  in  hi.  .ii  \  ici'.  run..  .|iiiiii  inimv  Ixiiiy  |iiM\r.l  i4 
!.. •  Ml-.'  he  dtiiihl.  ill  lii.  plniT  n|.i(.iril     wliiilur  llu-  ..njUt    itlm.r  m-i    i.  mm- 

ill:;  liiiii  n<i  hl«  nlhr  ii/n:  iiinl   I  <  in  |ici-      |ihiuiir|  i.|  hiiukI  jn  tl,,.  |,|„i f  tji,.  in.i, 

..ii.'  till  ii'n.iin  fniiiiili'il  nil  piiMii'  |iiil  In  ii'|ii  iiii.l  hltn  n.  In.  .(//,,■  ,  ,;„. 
n  111  i'\pi'iliiiii\  fill- ihlniiiiii;  llial  iliir  'I'liiit  i.  i.  Hiiy.  iniiiiil\  n  i|iii'.ii.>n  <if 
iiirii'  i?i  .mil  n  ca.r  in  fiiMii  iif  -Iniii-  l';iit.  If  lir  iliil.  ilnii  ilir  riili'  ul'  Inw 
J.I-  wliicli  i|oi'«  ncit  lAJ.I  im  rnfi.rcliti'  I"  li<>  ii|.|ilir.i  i.  |.|iiii  nii,|  .ii.i;.li..  himI 
M  in  l:i\nr  ..f  till-  iitliiT  .iTv.iiil.  of  till'    i«   till'    .mill'    wliirh    wniilij    iiiiii.uii'    tiii- 

niiiiMi.ii  ii-iii  A  mil'  lli.il  ii  iiiii.tir  ii'.|...ii.il.ility  of  thi'  iiii.lir  tii  ii  .li.iii- 
-li.ill  hr  liil.l  ri-piiii.ilili'  fur luyli     1,'ir  in   hi.  ..'t\ici>.     On  tin.  oni.  Ii:iii.|.  it 

•.III  nil.  iif  hi.  ri'pir.i  iitnliM'.  mill  iiol    i.  rliiiiinil   lli.il,   in  ilflirniiiiinn  •'»'  r-" 

.-|i..ii-ilili.  fur  i.lliii  iii'j;li..'iiil  iicN.  .piiii.jl.ilil  y  iif  tlii'  iiiii.liT  in  .iiili  ri.r., 
,|,,iii.  p.i—ii.ly  It  lhi.  .lino  linn.,  ujihin  ur  iiiii-t  I.K.k  xiilrly  at  Ihr  iliilii'.  whiili 
ihi!  Mopc  of  his  iinpliiyniint  in  tin-  «i.|(.  ilrvnlvi'.l  upon  tin-  .nvjut  win..). 
■  it,ii.  ..'vici',  wiiiihl  111'  it'  .l'IimI.  piT  ii'tn  111'  ciiiiipliiiiii'il  ..f:  nnil  iliiil  if  wi- 
lil.Ainsr,  nnil  inoonvrnii'i  •  'nkc  tlir  mid  lli;it  llif  iliily  ttliici:  he  «n<  i.|i;.m..'i'.| 
.,!-.■  i.f  II  i.'>ii''iiil  .I'piTiiii.  ..liiit  of  ii  ill  ili-.  Iiai'.'iiiv'  "hrn  hv  ciiiiniifliri  iln- 
riii!«:iy.  It  i.  i-iiiiiiili-.l  thill,  fur  iii'.'li  ncjriiiii  nt  ml  or  »  ioiir  Wii.  one  of  tlio.o 
■.'III.,  in  hi.  ili.cliiii-;,'!.  of  I  hi'  iili-..iliiti.  :ili.f>lnlr  iIiiiIch  HJiirh  tlii'  niii.lir  oh..i| 
iliili.  -  uliiili  II  imiimIii-  invi'.  In  hi.  .ir\  In  liix  .iiViinl..  ihin  III.'  iiiii.lir  i.  ii' 
ml-,     till'     niii.liT  -  Ihr     rnrp..r;il ion         .pnn-il.lr.  -,»  niiilli'i-  wli    I   «ii.  thi.  niii.li- 

w.iilil  111.  ii'.pnM.ihlc.  Hilt  .iippo.i..  in  or  pn.iti.,,1  of  tin-  .iiMinl.  (hC  tin- 
-iiitl  of  .iifh  i!iitii.-i.  hi-  nhniilil.  In  fnr  .iIIht  luiml.  I  rliini  tin.  riili.  to  hi'  Ihiil, 
iliniiici.  nf  hi.  niii.li'i'.  Ini.iiii....  iin.  i;i  ilrlii  n.iiiini.'  I  lir  ii-pnn.jliilil  v  of  llio 
!.--ly   piifnrni   n    nicrhnniiMl    iii-l    mI.oiiI     iiiii-lir     for    tlip    ni'i,'li;j.iit    ucl."  of    his 

"liiil niinon    lilion-is    wire    iil.n    pii      .iivnnt.   wi'   imi«t   lonk    -..Irly  lit    I  hi'  po- 

..m:;i'.|.     Wniilil     llii'ic    !ii.     any      i.'i.on.      ilion    of    mii'li    si.r\iiiil,    innl    \\r    niii.t 

I  iiii.li.l  iipnii  piinoiplc  or  piihlic  poliry.    .  ..ii.ii|..|-   lhi.  .Iii!ii..  <||.voImiI   ii| him. 

fi.i  ili.lii'u'iii-liin!:  Ilii.  two  i-ii-.  ..  i-n.l  -nli'ly  I'm  Ilic  piiipo.i.  of  ili'liTininiii!,' 
iiii|i".|ii:;  upon  llir  niiKtiT  a  liiil.ilily  in  iii'li'  po.ilion;  iinil  if  we  tii.il  lli.il  lir 
till,  om-  |..i.i..  ii.nl  iml  in  the  oliiiT"  un.  tlir  ri.pri.-i.|il.iliv(.  if  tli..  ni.i  -r, 
Sti|ipi.-i.  llu.  .iipi.rinli'nili.nt  rim.|i...|\  williin  llio  mips  iiliovi-  ii.l.  ihrii  ,!ii' 
.ir.|iii..|  ii  Iriiin  to  l.i.  .Iiilnl.  unci  .oini'     iii:i-tii'   niii.t   l.i.  hchl  r.         ■  .il.lr  for  all 

"Ml'  »a.  Iliii.  iniiiiT.I.     Til npniiillnn    hi.  ,irt .  ..f  ni';rli...'i.nrp  r.        lilti.il  williin 

"..nil  iin.l.iiil,l|.illy  l.r  lialil..  for  lli..i|;iMi  ilir  .i-op,.  of  i  .„  hi,. in.  .  iiil  rii.ti.||  In 
;ii;i«.  Woiilil  it  not  In.  tliii.  liiihli.  if.  hi.  hind.  :..  w.-H  m  nwiTvanls  a.  to 
ii-t.iiil  of  oi.li-iin!/  till'  train  to  In.  -li  iii'.:.i ..  M  im  >t  he  rlaimi.(l  Ihat 
-I  ulril  hy  othrrs.  hi-  placiil  his  mvii  wlnit  .lohn  I.  ''.1.1, in  ili.l  »a.  an  i.jli. 
'liiiiil  III  th,-  li.M.r  ami  Piiri'li-  ly  .lartod    '■  '  ■••.  having'  i.     ,    ■\\:).itv\    In  t!i..  Im.i. 

II  lilni.ilf'r  Woiihl  hi.  111.  thr  ri..pnnMi-  u-.s  in  hiin.;.  I'  hr  'i-a.'  tlirrr  in  ilr- 
I'l.'  iv|.!,..riil.itivi.  of  thi'  oorpiiraiion  in  .  .  ni'i  wnrk-.  a.  wi>  liavp  n..iiiiii..| 
'I'-  "111'  ci-,..  and  not  in  thr  ntln.r?  tln'  jm-y  found.  .I;iii.|in^'  in  hi.  plai-i- 
>ii|i|io„.  hi.  v.i.  slaiidin;.'  upon  a  train  .ind  having  llip  pcnoiiil  "olnii).'!'  of  his 
"I  ■Ml-',  iiiiil  i'aii'li'..|y  slartrd  that  l.ii.ini'...  tli.'ti  hr  \Vii-.  (■mpimi.r..d  to  do 
'niii  liiiiiM'lf.  01111.111','  an  injmy  to  whatrvrr  ho  .aw  (it  in  an. I  ahoiit  |1k.| 
-"in. '..111..  :u;,l  nt  thr  siinr  tiioin.'iit  of  liii.iiii'..  iinil  in  fiiilliiriiiirr  of  ii,  oh- 
liiiii'  111'  r:iri'l..«.|y  onh'rrd  an  riiLMnrrr  jrrls.  Whatrvrr  hr  roiild  ..i.ln  ..>■  rt;i- 
'"  -I  111  aiii.lhrr  train,  also  riiii.in^'  an  ploy  anolhrr  to  do.  ho  oo'  I  do  hiin.rlf. 
I'linn.     Wi.iild    thr   oor|ioral  ion   hr   lia-    Did  lir  n.pr.'.rnt   tlir  ilrf.'iMhint    ulrn  lii> 

■■■■■  f'.r  thr   d.ilU.ly-,'-    in    (hr  ollr  ril.r,   iind      Oldrrnl    thr    lll.nlrr.    to    pill    thr    linat    in- 

iiot  in  111.'  .ahrr?     Th,'  iiui'-lion   in   ,,11   to  thr  drv  dork,  ami  not   rrprr-nit  him, 


*' 


.*  •!' 


1568 


MASTER  AND  SKUVWT. 


[chap.  XXIX. 


\l !   ai 


■t 

■  r 


whicli  iiif  cited  fniiii  other  jurisdictidiis.  ono  ati  Iri-ili.  iiixl  the  otlicr 
a  Mas.saelui.-<etts,  casc.^  In  both  of  tlicsc  tlic  rarimuilc  of  the  di- 
eision.s  \\a.s  simplv  that  tlip  (Iclinquent  wa.s  not  a  vice  principal  at  all. 
and  tiic  t]iicsfioii  whether  si  vice  ])niicipal  may  oci-iiiiv  a  dual  relati..ii 
to  his  subordinates  was  not  determined  or  even  alluded  to.  It  is  .siii. 
niitted  that  crises  in  which  representative  cajmcitv  is  denied  altn 
P'ther,  and  tlie  character  of  the  nei;ii>;cnt  act  i^  for  tliis  reason  a  men 
incidental  detail,  are  n(»t  lej;ifiiiiate  ])recedents  to  sustain  a  decisimi 
which  makes  the  character  of  the  act  the  point  upon  which  the  li;i 
bilitv  of  the  Tiaster  hinfjes.'* 

Xor,  at  it  .seems  to  us,  is  Jud^  Kapallo  more  fortunate  in  tin 
attempt  which  he  makes  fo  extract  the  doctrine  enunciated  bv  liin 
from  an  earlier  cjise  in  Xew  Vork  itself.  There  is  a  Hafirant  ///./ 
KcijuUiir  in  (hat  pa.s.<a,s:c  <d'  his  opinion  in  which  FIIW  v.  lioslim  a-  .1 
It.  To."  is  cited.  After  stating  its  effect  he  pnx-eeds  thus:  "Tli. 
liability  of  the  master  is  thus  made  to  depend  upon  the  character  .. 
the  act  in  the  performance  of  which  the  injury  arises,  without  rei:jp: 
to  the  rank  of  the  employee  performing  if.  If  it  is  one  |)ertainiii:: 
to  t}ie  duty  the  master  owes  to  his  senants,  he  is  res|)()n<ilile  to  tliciii 
for  the  nuinner  of  '»-  ]>erformance.  The  cnnrvi-sc  af  thin  jtraiiuxilin, 
iwrcsxarily  fallows.  If  the  act  is  oiu>  which  pertains  onlv  to  the  dni 
of  an  ojx^rative,  the  employee  performiiif;  it  is  a  mere  servant,  and  tin 
master,  althoufrh  liable  to  strangers,  is  not  liable  ro  a  fellow  servai;' 
for  its  improper  performance."  The  sentence  which  •"■  have  imli 
cised,  whether  it  be  viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  abstract  priiicipi. 
or  in  connection  with  i)rior  decision^  of  the  same  court,  to  sav  iioiliiiiL 
of  tlio.-e  in  other  jurisdictions,  certainly  cannot  be  accepted  as  a  ~t:iir 
meni  of  a  self-evident  conclusion.  If  it  we""  not  for  the  pi.^iii,.i: 
thus  taken  by  s<i  many  eminent  judges,  one  would  be  at  a  lo<-!  ti 
understand  liow  the  doctrine  that  a  master  renuiins  liable  for  the  p.  r 
forniance  of  certain  obligations,  even  though  the  servant  iiitrii^ic  ! 
with  the  performance  may  not  have  been  a  vice  princi|)al  for  aciifi:!! 

tt    fow   niimitos    lator.   when    ho    put    liis  »  It    may    l)o    notirod    in    passin^i   thiii 

liands  to  tlio  ciitrinc  to  fmllifr  the  saiiH'  tlicic  is  a' similar  inisiiHc  of  a  pmi.trm 

work?      If  111'  hail  orilcii'il   aiiothci    spiv-  in     Xiilionul     l-'f)tili:rr     Co.     v.     7;',,(- 

luit   fo  ilo  tills  rari'h'ss  art.  t hi'  ili'foiul-  (jKflll)     \l)\>    'IVnn.    l(i.    49    S.    \V.    f!.'. 

ant  woiilil  liuvo  licm  lialih'.  anil  iliirs  tlii'  whicli  oitos  lUnia   v.  rifi/iiihicl:  i  |ss| 

ilcfonilaiit   osraix'  liahilify    liiTaiisp  .In'iii  S(l    Inil.    !)2(>.   where   the   ilelinipiiiil    u;i- 

iliil  the  art    himself?      I   sav   no."     Cri.i-  siniplv    lielil    to  he   a    fellow    serv.nit    .  f 

liiii  V.  /{(ilihin   (IHSO)  SI  N.  Y.  .'-.k;.  ,531.  the  pli.Mititr.  anil  no  allusion  wa>  uuvlr 

37  Am.  Hep.  521.  to  a   i|ii;,l   relation. 

'  Mini,  Y.   Ai/niniiii  Ciiinl  Co.    (lH.-)0»  '•  (  187;.>,    oo  N.   Y.   549,    13  Am.  Ri|i 

(>    Ciish.    75:     Coiiinii)    v.    Itrlfnsl    <f     V.  545. 
Coun'us  R.   Co.    (ls'77)    Ir.    Hep.    11    C. 
L.  353. 


.■47] 


VKI-:  I'liiNcii'Ai.siiir-  oii'ici  \i.  vers. 


ison 


purjiiisc-  cuiilil  i-vcr  Ikivc  Imtii  >ii|i|i(i-.cii  tu  invdlvc  tlio  coi-ullnrv  that 
a  viw  priiicipiil  fur  p'licriil  piirimscs  is  n  vice  |)riiii'i|i:il  only  when  he 
is  ill  the  dischiirj;!'  of  <iiic  •<(  HmM-  iililii;;it  inns,      l-'ripjn  such  a  (!uri>l- 

larv  an  ohvions  \v:i_v  of  cscaitiiii;-  is   iiidicatcii   hv   tin iir-iihTation 

iliat,  lonicallv  spcakiiii;.  the  cuiu-ciH  iuns  of  a  lialiilitv  lra<'c(l  home  tu 
ilie  master  throni;ii  liic  pariiiMilar  act  which  caused  the  iiijiiiv,  and 
iif  liahility  rcferalilc  to  the  otjicial  pnsitioii  <>(  the  dcliiii|iiciii  which 
i-oiistitiitcs  iiim  a  jicncral  a.iiciif  of  tiic  master,  an-  iieitiier  essentially 
iiicompatilile  nor  nnitnally  e.\(dnsive  in  stich  a  -eiise  tlial  a  comt  mtisl 
elect  hetwccn  them.  In  fact,  it  may  fairly  he  maintained  that  the 
.Vew  York  court  of  a|i|ieals.  hy  its  laiiauaiic  in  three  decisions  which 
arc  of  later  date  than  the  l-'lil,-r  Cofic  and  which  recomii/c',  without 
any  siijiyesfiun  of  a  (|ualiHcation  or  restriction,  the  responsihilitv  of 
a  iiiasti'r  for  the  defaults  of  a  <;eneral  manauei-,  has  hy  ini|)lication 
conceded  that  the  "converse"  adverted  to  in  .lud^c  Rapallo's  argti- 
liiciit  does  not  "follow  necessarily"  from  the  tiieory  uii  which  lie  re- 
lics." 

Surely  th(>re  could  be  no  more  strikinir  proof  of  the  coinmandinsr 
iiiliiicnce  of  the  court  which  is  mainly  responsihie  for  the  adoption 
of  the  doctriiii  of  the  dual  ca]>acity  of  >ice  priiicijial  than  the  fact 
that  so  many  otiier  judiies  should  have  heen  content  to  follow  a  de- 
cisidu  haseil  upon  reasoninfj  which  not  only  ii;'nores  tlie  possihilitv 
that  there  may  well  be  two  principles  ujxm  which  the  ipiestion 
wlicther  an  em])loyee  rei>reseiils  the  master  or  not  may  be  determined, 
Init  even  fails  to  take  into  consideration  prior  nilinijs  of  the  same 

'In    Mdloiii    V.    It'll hiiiniii    (  ISTO)    04  finimids    for   arfiiiiiij;  tlwit    its    ratioiialo 

V.    Y.    n.    -21    .\in.    I!cp.    .">7.'!.    tlic    oimrt.  is    ralliiT    tliiit    tlio    iioti  dili  lmI'Ii'    <liit.v 

wliiif   liiililiiifr   tliiit    till'    iiDsition    nf    tlie  tlicic    Miiliilnl     \va~    aiiioiif;    tlii'sc    wilti 

ili'liiii|iiciil    was  tliat   of  foicniaii  iiicrcly.  wliicli    a    fiinctiiniai\v    a— .iiini'd    tu    lie    a 

liaviiijr  no  u'ciicial  cliaij;!'  cxcrpl   sucli  as  vii-c   |)iiiwi|ial    \va>   iiitrii>li'il.   Iliaii    llial 

i<    ciiiiiiiion     til     llidsc     acliii;;     in      tlial  lliis   fiinitidiiaiy    wa-^   (■(iiici'i\cil    to   lie  a 

ia|Kirity.  and   that    ttic  dcfiMidants   wcri'  vice   |irin('i|ial    iiicnlv   liicaiisc   lir  was  a 

|iic'M>Ml   and  liail  tlir  frfiicral  cliaifxc  ami  >|M(ial    a^ti'nt    for    tlic    piTfoi  iiiaia f 

ic^|icTisiliiIil,\    for  tlic  dillrii'iit   liraiiclics  lli.it   duty. 

of   tjh'ir    liiisini'ss,    added:      "If    it    was        In    lli'ismii    v.    Coiirr    (1SS!I|     112    N. 

clainu'd    tliat    lia;rli'y's    (the    foiiiiian's)  Y.  (iU.  :i  I,!   I!.  A.  rlr,>.).  .Ml  \.   K.  a.-.li.  it 

|Mi-iticin  and  |-cs|ionsil>i!it  iis  witc  diU'cr-  was    laid    down,    niiiiuihlu.    tliat.    wlirio 

(■lit    fiiiin    that    iiained   a>    fnrriiiaii.   and  an    ciiiidoycf    cxi'iciscs    nii    |iir~onal    sii- 

ihiif  tlif  dilrndants  had  t lansfiTicd  the  pfrvi-ion    omm-    tlic    wiirl<,    lail    ilcvnlvi-^ 

I'haiL     and    din'ction    of   .my    iiranc-li    of  il>  whidc  nianajji'MuMit  and  coiitml  ii|iiin 

thi'       i-ini-is    and    of    the    duties    iipoii  llic    sn|»Tlntrndc'nl .    who    is    anlhniizfd 

liiin.  it   would  have  liccii  a    proper  ipi.s-  to    eiiipioy    iiiid    diseharyp    woikini'ii.    to 

tiiii:   for  the  .inry.  if,   indeed,   there   wa.i  re:;iilale  and  diieet    tl lanner  of  their 

any  evideiite  to  warrant   the  ilaiin.""  work,   to    provide   th eans  and    appii- 

i<in  V.  Iliilbiiitil:  ilS7.")i   ."lO  N.  .inoe--   neee!.>aiy    to  it>-   pii»eeiitioii.  and 


III  C, 


^■.    ■"il7.    17    Am.    Kep.    .■ili!l.    the    preei-e    to   deteiniine   tlie   time  and    place   of    its 
point   of  view   is  more  dispiilahle.      Itiii,    pel  I'ernianee.     the     siiperintemleut     is    a 
leasonaljle    vice  prmelpal. 


ill    ail     fveiila,     llieie 


■Jjl       i 


ill 


2570 


court,  wluV'li,  i)v  a  i 


MAsiKi;  ANjj  ,si;i;v.\NT. 


■(■.■i>Miiiiiil('  iiiiciKliiicnt.  II 


l<  MAP.  XXIX. 


I'llllStl'IICI 


as  con 


C<'(liii<;-  the  ciiicnnviii  .■xL-ini. f  tli.^c  i.riiici|,lcs. 

TluTc  is  still  annil,.  ,  |„.iiii  i,,  whi,],  the  o|.ini,,n  of  tlio  majoriiv 
scnns  to  1,0  o].,.,,  to  atl.i.-k.  It  loses  si-lif  „f  tlic  iact  that  tlio  ..ssoii,.'.. 
of    tlio    concoptiun    of    an    n!hr  r./n.  „r  vico    iirincipal.    as  such    a 

Innrtionarj  was  iiii.l.i-i j  j,,  tli- ,,,rli,M- .•a.<.s.  wa-  siniplv  this:  rjiat 

liio  hnv  of  aiivn.-y,  wl.i.h.  a~  a  ^..nri-al  nil,.,  wa>  siipcvrj,.,!  l.v  tli, 
<l.K-tnno  of  eoninion  ciui.h.VMHni  where  a  f..|low  servant  was  tlie  de 
lin.iiiont.  reniaiiieil  ..peraiiv..  \vhere  thai  sen  ant  exeirised  siu-li  com 
plcto  control  over  the  w.,rk  to  h..  done  that  he  wa-.  siniplv  as  a  matter 
of  tact,  the  niast,.r-s  siiJKiii  nte  ..r  depnfv."  |-„der  these  ciiviin, 
stances,  if  is  plain  that  the  ..llV.et  ..f  dedarin-  a  master  not  to  be  liahj. 
for  some  acts  of  a  vice  prim-ipal  whieh  are  niidmihti.dlv  within  th, 

scope  of  his  powers  amounts  to  what  is  nothim;  i v  or  less  than  th. 

introduction  of  an  entirely  novel  jiriiieiple  into  the  law  of  a-.^ncv. 
To  ju-tify  siieh  a  modilieafion  of  that  law.  it  is  snhinitted  that'arg'ii 
nienis  addresM.,1  more  directly  to  the  real  .|iiestion  involved  than  those 
of  Jn,!-;,.  JJapallo  may  fairly  be  demanded.     A  court  which  asks  ns  t,, 
iidopt  the  doctrine  that  the  servant's  ri^ht  to  recover  should  be  made 
to  depend  solely  upon  the  conco])tion  of  a  special  auciicv  as  n-ards 
the  performance  of  certain  duties  of  a  non-ih'leuablc  character^'is  at 
Iciisf   bound   to  demonstrate,   by   some  satisfactory   reason,   that   the 
•  lutK's  to  whi.-h  that  agency  is  ivstricte<l  are  the  /.nlv  ones  in  n-ard 
to  which  a  master  can  be  .li-iMiied  to  have  a  representative."      Until 
such  a  reason  j,;;^  heen  produced  it  seems  noi    mo  much  to  sav  that  the 
decisi.ai  in  C'/vx/,/yi  v.  R,l.l>i(t  rests  upon  m.  more  solid  foundation 
tliaii  a  collide  of  irrelevant  iirecedents  and  a  Iraiisi.arentlv  fallacious 
jnece  of  dialectic  legenlemain  by  which  the  rule  in  the  'fUr  Case. 
I>nmarily  intended,  as  the  opinion  shows,  to  provide  an  additional 
otfcnsive  weapon  for  the  servant,  was  converted  info  an  instrument 
lor  tlie  curtailment  of  the  rights  which  he  already  enjoyed.'" 

'Sop    Pspo.'iallv     (InUn^hn-    v.     Pi,,cr    2nn,   23   IVd.    31!."..     Tlio   rssontial   nuw- 

N  s'V ;; VniH •  •■/;'"'•  i" \- i- '■  ''■  't:' '""^'y "'-""■■• ""- -"- ...'s Im. 

citj-,1  n,  ^  :,>u.  unlr.  roasonnl.Iy  W-  said   to  oovor  nnv  of  ,l„. 

inn.  i  ;V'r'l""l    "■■  ■  ',  *'";   '"■'I'''-^<"1    '"■'«  •'»"'■  ^>y  «  -^'I'-iior  ...nplov....   ul,o, 

I    hv    H  -  ■■^."■'•'^O'll.y  not  sup-    as  r.-a,.ls  most  of  his  fanotions.  i.  con- 

'■'"*^^'    '■''^\,"""    '".l"''-'l    ^''vaiit    H    no  tlioro  is  no  1,-al  an.io.rv.  so  far  as  tlio 

To  v!.        "'""   V  •^■";''''.  ''r'"   '"•""    '^  '''''^^'  '^  •'"'"'■■  wiml,  -would  jus  ifv  a 

n^    lo'vLTT-   •  'Jl^'V'V  r^T"^-  ™>"t  i"  t^^'<in«  i"<"  account  tlie  ox  Vnt 

of  Ins  subordi.  atos  to  do  it.  and  tlio  in-  aocruo  to  tli..  ^nant    accordin-  as  llie 

Jir.V    ^"^  T^l"^  It  "'"  ''"'■"•"'   "f   1""«''"»  ■"  "'--^->     '  °'°«  way  or      e 
that    Ruhoidinntc.      ()uiin,    v.     Vc.r    ./cr-    other 

s,<j   LxyhUragc  Co.  '(1880)    23  Ulatcl.f.       '»Tho  special  dilliouHy  involved  in  the 


I; 


S  547] 


VICK  l'ni.\CIIV\l,SlllI'— OKFKIAL  ACTS. 


1571 


Vei'v   liiili'   ii^lit   is  thrown  upon  the  lugical   foundations  of  the 
doctrine  of  dual  capacity  by  any  of  tlie  cases  outside  if  New  York. 


IPI  •• 


None  of  ill 


it  .seems  to  u.s,  really  go  lo  the  root  of  the  matter.'* 


I).  Willi  irfririirc  lo  the  .suiirr'u,}-  Krrrnnl  lioiirine. — One  oon- 
ceivahle  view  of  the  relation  of  an  ('iii|)loyee  wlio  exercises  control 
to  his  uia.-ter  anrl  his  suhordinates  is  that,  a—iuiiiiii:'  tlie  hasis  of  tli<' 
superior  servani  tloctrine  lo  he  ihe  non  ileienahie  (jualily  of  ihe  dutv 
of  giving  such  orders  a-,  will  not  expose  .servants  to  unnecessary 
dangers  (§  ."iJi*,  .</.  (Uilc),  a  controlling  enijdoyee  should  be  treated  a~ 
a  special  agent  for  the  perforniaiic(>  of  that  duty  alone.  The  con.llarv 
from  this  theory  would  clearly  he  that  negligent  acts  done  while  he 


acccptinicc  uf  a  tlu'oiy  wliicti  in  many 
instiiiicis  v\()iil(l  ali.-iiivc  llio  iiiastcT  cmii 
I'oi  the  iiiiiiiii'-i  pnidiiccd  liy  ii(f,'lij,'i'iit 
oidcis  li.is  lieen  alioaily  advi-rtiti  lo  in 
ji  7>A'.i.  miina. 

"  I  ntil  last  year  the  nttciancis  of 
tlic  >ii|iit'iiie  comt  of  I'fnnsylvania  «cre 
>-n(li  that  it  nii^i'nt  apparently  have  hit-n 
niinilxri'il  anioii^'  the  ojiponcnts  of  the 
.Vrw  ^'iiik  ihcuiy.  In  /'n  in\l  v.  ('Hi- 
CM/.','  /('.'  it-  I'clriiiriiiliiifi  Co,  (IS'.IS) 
IS.-)  I'a.  til7,  40  All.  8S.  the  coiifuneiit 
i\i>t('n(i'  i)f  tuo  lots  of  vice  priii<'i|ial- 
>liip  was  tluis  distinolly  rt>r(ii;ni/,cil : 
■■.\  vice  principal  for  whoso  nti;lij.'i  noe 
an  I'lnploycr  will  be  lialilc  to  othir  ein- 
plouis  must  be  either,  first,  one  in 
wliuni  the  employer  has  placed  the  en- 
tire eliarjie  of  the  business,  or  of  a  dis- 
tiiipt  branch  of  it,  giving  him,  not  mere 
aniliovity  to  sni>erintend  certain  work 
or  eeitain  workmen,  bat  control  of  the 
lin-ine^s.  and  exercising  no  di.-cretion  or 
iner-i;;lit  of  his  own ;  .  .  .  or.  .-ec- 
omlly,  one  to  whom  he  delegates  a  duty 
(if  lii~  own.  which  is  a  direct,  pergonal, 
and  ab-.oliite  obligation,  from  wliieh 
iinlliiiig  lait  performance  can  iclieve 
liiin."  This  passage  was  quoted  with 
iipproval  in  I'ick.-i  v.  Fli/im  {\'MM)  KKi 
i'a.  2(i.(,  4t>  Atl.  .'iliO:  but  its  ellVct  is  so 
iniieh  ctit  down  by  the  eoninients  of  the 
"iiirt  that  tlie  law  in  this  state  would 
now  sei'in  not  to  be  materially  dill'erent 
from  that  in  New  York.  The  I'l cvo.it 
Cii.'^i .  it  is  now  declared,  sboiihl  be  eon- 
>trued  as  emboilying  a  doi-lrine  subject 
to  a  ipialilication  which  is  di  iiiied  to 
have  been  established  bv  ]{iiss  v.  Walker 
ilSIU)  139  I'a.  49,  2'l  .Vtl.  157,  l.VJ. 
where  it  was  laid  down  that  a  seriant 
iiitrusled  with  the  performance  of  the 
vMriniis  nondelegable  duties  is  a  vice 
principal  while  he  is  in  discharge  of 
'ho8€  (iuties,  and  that,  a.->  to  any  other 


acts,  he  is  not  the  master's  representa- 
tive, liut  it  is  submitted  that  the  cila 
lion  of  this  case  as  an  authority  to  sn.s- 
taiii  the  po-.|ii<in  wliieh  llie  court  adopts 
— m:..  ilial  a  \  i<'e  |uiiieipal  by  virtue  of 
bis  position  does  not  represent  the  mas 
ler  as  to  nieri'ly  maiuial  acts — is  as  iin 
Jiroper.  though  not  for  the  same  reason, 
as  the  citation,  in  Crisiiin  v.  Bobbin. 
of    tlie    .\lM--aeliiisetts    and     Irish    cases 

ntlone<l   in   the   note  above.      In   ffovs 

V.  11  (j//,-ir  the  question  whether  the  di 
linquenl  was  a  vice  pi  ncipal  by  virtue 
of  his  position  was  not  involved,  the 
eoiirt  even  n^fusing  to  consider  it;  and 
I  be  obsi.rv  itioiis  made  niiiiirndo  maiii 
festly  bail  reference  to  a  representative 
cajiaeity  conceived  of  as  arising  out  of 
a  restricted  agency  in  respect  to  one  or 
more  particular  nondelegable  duties. 

In  .Miiinesipta  the  principle  that  tlicMe 
are  two  distinct  tests  of  representative 
capacity  has  Ikh^u  declared  (juite  le 
cently.  ''It  has  been  settleil  by  fhi- 
court  that  an  employee  becomes  a  vice 
principal,  as  respects  another  servant, 
only  when  he  is  intrusted  with  the  per- 
fonnaiice  of  some  absolute  and  personal 
duty  of  the  master  hiinself,  or  the  gen- 
eial  nian,i,i.'ement  .ind  control  of  the 
master's  business,  or  some  branch  of  it.  " 
O'.VriH  V.  (Irrat  .\oillitrn  If.  Co.  (1900; 
Minn.)  S2  X.  \V.  lOSO.  citing  Uroiin  v. 
Miiiiir„i,„lis  if  St.  L.  11.  Co.  (1884)  lil 
Minn.  55;i,  IS  N.  W.  .8.1t.  The  position 
taken,  as  e\:|>ressed  in  the  syllabus  writ- 
len  by  the  court  itsidf.  was  that  the 
road  niasler  of  a  railway  company,  di- 
recting the  work  of  clearirt  away  a 
bridL'e,  is  not  the  vice  princ.,»al  of'tho 
company  to  the  extent  that  his  omission 
to  give  a  particular  w.arning  of  a  detail 
thereof  which  portends  danger  would 
render  the  company  liable  for  his  omis- 
sions in  that  respect.     It  was  fully  reo- 


I'i! 


I  'li 


1572 


>tASTKR  AXI)  SBKVANT. 


S'P. 


il  lubij 


lid 


(1. 


[lllAP.  \XIX. 

1  his  rcpro- 


was  piirtu'ipating  in  iii 

fiontiitivp  ciipacity.  'I'lic  position  of  the  courts  whii-li,  wliilc  applyini; 
tlie  superior  ssorvant  (lix-triiic,  oxccpt  from  its  operation  acts  not  doiK' 
in  the  exercise  of  antiioritv,  is.  therefore,  stronger,  in  a  sense,  tliaii 
that  of  the  courts  whose  decisions  were  reviewed  in  the  preceding 
sui)section,  inasmuch  as  it  does  not  necessarilv  involve  liie  anomalv 
of  declaring  that  there  are  some  acts  as  to  which,  although  they  are 
within  the  scope  of  his  aiithoritv,  and  lie  is  not  even  forbidden  to  du 
them,  a  general  agent  does  not  n-pi-esent  the  master. 

But  this  hypothesis  of  a  sjiecial  agency  in  respect  to  the  duty  of 
giving  orders  does  not  hy  any  means  repi-esent  the  only  possible  theory 
as  to  a  su|K'rior  servant's  relation  to  his  employer.  It  is  clear  from 
the  decisions  cited  in  §  .'»4(i,  supra,  that  some  at  least  of  the 
courts  which  apjdy  the  sii])erior  servant  ductrine  proceed  upon  the 
assumption  that,  as  to  all  matters  within  the  scope  of  their  authority, 
foremen  of  the  lower  grades  are  as  much  general  agents  for  the  pro- 
tection of  their  subordinates  as  are  the  superintendents  of  an  entire 
"msiness  or  a  principal  department  of  it,  when  acting  within  the 
scope  of  their  much  wider  authority.  If  this  is  really  tlie  juridical 
situation,  the  essi'iitial  ground  upon  which  tne  master's  liability  or 
nonliability  will  (le])end  must  obviously  be  the  same  in  the  courts 
which  accept  the  suiwrior  servant  doctrine  as  in  those  which  reject  it. 
In  both  dasses  of  cxuirts,  therefore,  the  refusal  to  allow  recovery  un- 
der the  circumstances  must  bring  us  face  to  face  with  the  same  diffi- 
culty, viz.,  that  such  refusal  is  only  justifiable  on  the  assumption  thitt 
the  duty  of  a  vice  principal  to  avoid  injuring  his  subordinates  by 
manual  acts  is  not  one  of  those  which  the  master,  who  would  nd- 
mittedly  have  been  under  a  similar  duty  if  he  had  himself  partici- 
pated in  the  work,  may  be  (conceived  to  have  delegated  to  his  deputy. 

ognized   that    such    an   act    would    have  v.  MiinicapoliK  Intrrnationnl  Elrrtrir  R. 

I)<>en  treated  ns  otTioial  if  tlip  dplinqupnt  Co.   (IS'IT)   (iS  .Minn.  IS.  70  X.  \V.  Tflii. 

had   been  a   vice  principal   by   virtue  of  Tlic   court    therefore   merely  decline*   t(i 

his  position ;   and  the  doctrine  was  ap-  go  to  the  same  lenfrth   as  those  wIiom- 

plieil   that,   except   in   cases   of   peneral  decisions  are  referred  to  at   the  Ix'^'in- 

managers  of  a   whole  business  or  a  de-  ninj;  of  jj  54.1.  supra. 
partmeiit    of    it.    the   distinction    iipoii        In  ./ackson   v.   \orfolk  d   W.   K.  Cn. 

which  the  master's  liability  res^s  is  that  i  1S97)   4.'!  \V.  Va.  380.  4(i  L.  R.  A.  'i:!?. 

which  exists  l)etween  a  {leneral  warning  il   S.  K.  278,   ;tl   .S.   K.  2.58.  it   was  ili- 

and  one  as  to  the  daiijrers  of  the  tran-  tinctly    recojjni/ed    that    the   case   of  ;i 

sitory  clas'  which  arise  during  the  prop-  general   or   de|)artniental    manager  mn- 

ress   of  the   work.     This   theory   of   re-  stitutes   an   exception    to   the   principle 

sponsibility   is.   however,   not  construed  that  the  final  test  of  representative  en 

in  this  state  as  enabling  a  servant   to  pacity  is  whether  tlie  negligent  act  ri'p- 

recover    where    the    negligent    act    was  resented  a  breach  of  one  of  the  non-dele- 

purely  a  manual  one,  committed  while  gable  duties,  as  thai  term  is  generally 

the  vice  principal   was   participating  in  understood, 
the  labor  of  hjs  subordiiutes.     Houtar 


3      I  547] 


VICK  rUINCll'AI.MUr— oil  1(  l.\L  AC'l>i. 


lJ7:i 


iiiul  that  nil  reasons  have  ever  liccii  jiKlii-iallv  siijarfri'slcd  wliv  tliis  a-- 
siunption,  ratlicr  than  its  L-onvci'sc.  shuuhl  be  cntfrtaincd.  In  di't'auit 
of  suel'  rcafions,  tlic  prcsont  writer  lias  no  h<'.sit4ifion  in  savinj;  that 
lie  considers  the  rnlinj;s  of  tlie  Illinois  and  Tennessee  courts,  as 
-latcd  in  S  '>ii,  aiiinii.  to  be  less  eorreet  in  prinei|»le  than  those  of  the 
Ohio,  Missouri,  and  Texas  couitii  citt'd  in  §  540,  nupia. 


ii;  ■(•  : 


CirAPTER  XXX. 


y>' 


:('r  i 


SI  MM  \nv  OK  nKnsioNs  mv  tiik  vaiiioi  s  citrnTs  with  nnoARn  T' 
iiii;  i:i;i..\Tiox  or  si  j'i:i;:ou  skhvams  to  iueiu  bUBOumNATK;. 

.'i4H.   hitroiluftnry  stiiti'jiient. 

54!i.   Ddisioas  in  uich  jurisdiftion. 

648.  Introductory  statement.— In  tlip  presont  chapter  it  is  propo^r ' 
lo  give  a  .sMceinct  siiiiiiiiary  of  tlio  ollcct  of  tlic  (Iccisioiis  wliicli  liii\ 
lifcn  rendered  in  various  jurisdictions  uitii  respcet  to  tlie  .specilic  up 
plication  of  the  d(x;ti'ines  discussed  in  cliapter  xxviu.,  fuilr. 

An  inspection  of  the  dates  of  tliese  decisions  shows  that,  bniinlh 
speaking,  the  American  courts,  as  a  whole,  followed  very  eloscl.v  ii 
the  steps  of  the  English  judiics  up  to  about  the  year  IfiTO.  Tliiii  i- 
to  say,  setting  aside  the  few  states  in  which  the  theory  that  miv 
superior  servant  was  a  vice  principal  (see  chapter  xxviii.,  <iiit< , 
had  been  avowedly  adopted,  the  only  qualiKcation  of  the  doctrine  n- 
common  employment  which  had  been  suggested  or  allowed  was  I'l. 
case  in  which  a  general  manager  was  the  delincpient,  and  the  sam 
difference  of  opinion  ujion  this  point  existed  here  as  in  the  motli.i 
countr)'.     See  chapter  xxviii.,  ante. 

Whether  tJio  judgment  of  the  House  of  Lords  in  the  famoas  cii- 
of  Wilson  V.  Merry}  which  was  at  first  mentioned  with  approval  ii. 
several  American  cases,  provoked  a  reaction  against  the  ri^npMi 
doctrine  applied  in  it,  or  the  social  and  economic  conditions  of  '!.■ 
United  States  operated  so  as  to  modify  the  trend  of  judicial  iiliii-. 
it  is,  at  all  events,  sufficiently  obvious  to  a  stiulent  of  the  i(>ports.  tli;i!, 
during  the  last  thirty  years  of  the  nineteenth  century,  there  w;h  ;i 
marked  tendency  to  temper  the  strictness  of  the  doctrine  of  coiiiiik'H 
employment  in  various  directions.  An  im])ortant  step  was  taken  in 
the  Flike  Case,^  in  which  it  was,  for  the  first  time,  distinctly  lai! 
dc  7n  that,  however  low  the  rank  .>f  the  d(liii(]uent,  the  mn>irr  i- 
respou.sible,  if  the  negligent  act  iuw.jved  a  brea.h  of  certain  <iiitii> 
declared  to  be  absolute  and  nondelegable.  But  this  doctrine  va>.  in 
some  measure,  a  sort  of  two-edged  sword;  for  it  was  afterwards  cnii- 

'  (ISfiS)    T..  R.  1  IT.  L.  Sc.  App.  Cn-'.        '  (187:1)    ."iS  X.  Y.  .540.   l.'t  Am.  Rep. 
3:{t),  lit  I..  T.  N.  S.  30.     See  «  a'Jl'J,  uiitr.    .",45. 

1374 


i'j'iJI 


»  .••4!»] 


aU-MMAHV  Of  UKCISIONS. 


13:.-. 


stnicd,  in  ilic  rr!.si>in  Case/^  aud  in  tlio  .l.-cisimis  wliii-h  fulL-wrd  it. 
in  such  II  iiiimncr  u.-^  tu  dcpriv.-  liic  xTViirit  >,i  u  ninr.k  t«v  ivrtiiin 
kinds  i)i  nc-liiicncc.  even  wli.^n  c.niniiitcd  hy  a  policial  niunagt-r. 
(See  §S  :>■'>>•  .">47.  (iiilc)  I'.ut  liiis  .•nnsiinctic.n  was,  as  we  hav.-  .ci-ii. 
i.ot  adopted  in  all  jnri.sdiction>;  and,  in  view  ..f  tlii.-  lii.iii.d  a.- 
rcptancc.and  tlu-coniparatiw  larilv  uf  tlic  cirrnniHtana's  nndrr  uliicj, 
iho  rule  in  flie  Crls,,i„  Casr  Immm.iu.'s  applii-al.!.',  the  doctrine  iiuii  ilir 
(liaracter  of  the  nef;li-ent  act  is  a  contn.liinj-  cuiisideratiou  lias  heen, 
nn  the  whole,  a  disiin--t  uain  to  the  Movant. 

Whatever  he  niav  have  lost  l.v  it  was,  in  anv  event,  inoiv  than  com- 
pensated bv  the  extension  of  the  jtrinciple  that  a  ireneral  nianai-cr  is 
ilie  master's  allcr  njo  to  cases  in  which  the  delin<|nent  was^  tiu' 
Mianajier  of  a  distinct  department.  This  tlieorv  seems  to  have  he<Mi 
lirsf  propounded  in  the  /.V.«  Csr.*  It  was  afterwards  explained 
and  limited  in  the  Buurjh  Cm-:'  ami  is  now  tirmlv  cstal.lished  iioi 
merely-  in  the  Fed.-ral  courts,  hul  in  a  large  number  of  the  state  courts 
jilso.     (See  chai)tei-  xxviii.,  atitr. ) 

So  far  as  the  present  ])osition  of  the  law  is  concerned,  it  is  clear 
that  its  most  marked  fealnre  is  the  disposition  of  the  jnd-es  to  refer 
the  hability  of  the  master  in  all  cases  to  the  character  of  the  neirli.iicni 
act,  and  to  disrei-ard  aIto<>etIier  the  superiority  of  the  de!in(pient"s 
rank  as  n  test  of  re|)resentative  capa.-it.v.  It  is  scarcely  pt.ssihie,  how- 
'ver,  to  deny  tliaf  a  developn;eiit  of  doctrine  aloiiir  this  line  alone  mav 
he  productive  of  much  injustice  to  the  servant,  and  the  writer  has 
already  expressed  his  opinion  (  §  .-,47,  m./c),  that  the  disuse  of  tlii'  tot 
which  IS  thus  excluded  is  an  unwarrantable  innovation  in  the  law  of 
iijrency. 

549.  Decisions  in  each  jurisdiction.— In  the  subjoined  note  the 
writer  has  endeavored  to  exhibit  tlie  etbct  id'  the  .lecisious  benrint;-  on 
the  status  of  suiM'rior  servants  in  such  a  manner  as  to  indicate,  witii 
iis  niuch  precision  as  is  possible  under  the  circumsfancos.  the  iiafur.' 
;ind  extent  of  the  fluctuations  of  judicial  opinion,  and  the  present 
l>"sition  of  the  law  in  each  separate  jurisdiction. 

If  it  is  desired  to  ascertain  the  facts  i  volved  in  any  particular  do 
cision.  it  can  be  traced  throueli  flic  imiex  of  cases  to  the  section  whe'v 
it  is  discussed  in  the  prewdini;  clia])ters.' 

^'(IHSO)    81   N.   V.   -,l(i.  :i-   Am.   n,.| 

'I1SS4)  112  r.  .'5.  .st;.  2s  l.  o.i.  tst 

s  Sup,  Ct.  Kp|>.  184. 

"(lSO:i)   14!)  W  s.  MH.  37  L.  pd.  772 
'•'!  Sii|..  Ct.  I!i.),.  iil4 


liMM-  l.con  cited  in  (S  .-,2fi.  nntr.  in  wh,  h 
till'  ddiliirir  (if  the  vice  |irirnipaMiip  of 
ii  jii-ntTiil  ni:oi:i^r,.r  wns  rcci  f.'iiizf<l  liy 
Ktiijlish  iiidir<'>'.  Init.  ns  stntcd  in  S  ryl{). 
tli.'  !inv  \v:i-  (!,'cl;nv,!  i.,  „  ,|iff,.rp„t  „,„.,. 
liv    lli(.    rioiisc    fif    l.nriN    ill     Wilson    v. 


ft 


iii  II 


■f         **ii 


I'r/,,.   »-,.,     .',..        ,  _,  ,  '■■•      ""      'f"!-.-    Ill      Hire-     in      it  usftn     \ 

Vol  iiM.&''^''^is~''' '''"''''  "'■'■'■^  "^*'^'  L-  ^'-  '  "■  -  »«•  -M'l 


'■■   I 


lii^;       n 


1.">7fl 


MASTKl:  ANDsKltVANT. 


[rllAP.   XXX. 


s.  :m.    s.-,-  iiN 


Cim.  3211,  m  I.,  ' 

3:n. 

The  (liiolrino  of  (Iriinrttiii-titiil  rimtrnl 
in  iiiipliolly  rfiiidciimiMl  in  tin-  hhiik'  paxt' 
(I  !i'M,  aiilr)  ;  hut  it  lia-i  never 
ri-iilly  hei-n  ili-iinwd  a*  a  (li<lin<'t  anil 
«|H'(itlc  cnn>'C|itii>n.  That  Mi|H'ii(ir  scrv- 
Hn1»  o(  II  lower  yniile  tliiin  ;.'incial  man- 
afjiTH  eould  lie  viec  principal  in  a  tlieoij 
uliicli  lia*  nivcr  lurn  oiiinli'niiiiicMl  In 
Kn}.'laiul.  It  hai  Invn  iliclai'iil  that 
tlieif  laii  111-  no  rerovi  i_v  for  llii!  negli 
gpiice  of  the  following'  eiii|iloyi'("' ; 

An  ■•■unlerliKiker"  in  a  Miiiie.  Hull  ▼. 
.lohn.iini  I  lsi;.->)  3  lliirlst.  i  ('.  aS'.t.  34 
r,.  J.  K\rh.  \.  S.  •2>1.  11  .liir.  X.  S. 
ISO,  11  L.  r.  N.  S.  77!>,  13  Week.  Itep. 
411. 

An  unilpr;!rouii<l  niiinayir  of  a  mine 
Wiifiht  V.  Ilii.iliur;ih  ilsill)  •>  Macph. 
So.  Se««.  r»-».  :lil  series,  7  IS;  W ihun  V. 
Siiiilihiiin  (  ISCOi  4  Macph.  So.  S'ss.  Can, 
;til  series,  7.'1(>;  Wihoii  v.  Mriii/  (1808) 
L.  n.  1  II.  L.  Sc.  App.  ('as.'  .12(1,  in 
L.  T.  X.  S.  30,  Tlie  last  mentioned  case 
delinitely  sellhs  this  to  he  the  law  in 
the  I'niled  Kin^'doin,  and  overnilos  some 
earlier  Seoteh  eases  to  the  contrary. 
SoiiKi-iille  V.  (Iran  (18(13)  1  Se,  Sess. 
Cas.  3d  series.  7*1.'' :  llimlir  v.  Aililie 
( 18,58)    20  Sc.  Se,s.  Cas.  2d  -eiies,  553. 

The  foreman  of  a  K'"'t-'  e'i^'i;^e(l  in  ex- 
oavatin','.  nilsnii  v.  }[i  nii  i  I.SflS)  I>. 
R.  I  H.  L.  So.  App.  Cas.  '32(1.  .i.U,  10 
I,.  T.  \.  S.  ,30,  per  Ix)rd  Cranworfh.  or. 
f]Hriitht.  pa'_'e  3.'U. 

The  elrief  en;;inepr  of  a  steamer. 
Stailr  V.  I.i)i,ls(iii  (ISfil)  II  ('.  B.  X. 
S.  420.  31  L.  .1.  (".  V.  X.  S.  10(1.  8  ,Tiir. 
X.  S.  74  (i,  5  L,  T.  X.  S.  427.  10  Week. 
I!en.  8!l. 

tll(^  captain  of  n  ship,  ncdirii  v. 
I'inlnrii  d  Sonn  S.  .S.  Co.  [18041  \.  C. 
222,  Ainrmin^'  [1802]  1  Q.  B.  ,18  and 
ovemilinsr  Uaiuxnii  v.  Quinn  (1874)  Ir. 
Hep.  8  ('.  L.  322;  /-rrWi/  v.  C.ibKi,,! 
(1873)    II  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  3'd  series,  ,304. 

The  triiric  mana;.'er  of  a  railway. 
Coinray  v.  Urlfust  rf  Y.  Count iis  A*.  Co. 
I  1877)  Ir.  I?e|..  11.  r.  L.  31.1.  Amrmin-; 
(1875)  Tr.  Rep.  0,  C.  I..  408. 

In  Scotl.Tnd  a  stronjj  tendency  toward- 
the  sn]ierior  ser\ant  doctrine  was  at  lir-t 
exhibited,  and  one  of  the  earlier  dcci 
slons,  Dixon  v.  rtcnl.-ni  (18.52)  14  Pc. 
Sess.  Cas.  2d  serii^.  420,  was  stron;;ly 
relied  on  in  the  leading'  Ohio  case  of 
Olerelaiitl.  C.  <f  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Kciin/ 
(1854)  3  Ohio  St.  201  (see  §  522.  ante). 
This  tendenc}-  seems  to  have  liecii  only 
partially  checked  liy  the  jndtrmont  of 
the  Houf'e  of  Lords  in  Itdil'^nsliill  I 'mil 
Co.  V.  Reid   (1858)   3  Macq.  H.  L.  fa-. 


20(1,  4  Jur.  N.  S.  707:  for  it  will  lie  oh 
■■er\f>il  that  one  of  the  dicisions  cited 
ahine.  in  which  an  iindirKronnd  manii;;ir 
in  a  mine  was  In  Id  to  1m>  a  vice  priini 
pal,  ln-ars  the  d.ite  of  18(13.  The  law 
was  only  ■•itlhij  deliiiilily  on  the  same 
liasis  as  thai  of  Knjjland  hv  W  ilion  v 
Mrrrn  (l8(iH)  I,.  U.  1  II.  L.  Sc.  App 
(a-.  ;12(I,  19  I..  T.  X.  S.  30. 

'.I'hi'  particniar  deci-ions  with  re-iar.! 
(c>  v'eneral  nianayi'rs  in  Scolland  Inne 
Ikiii  i|i«cii.sed   in  H  52(1  and  .520.  luih  . 

Hiilifih  ('oliiiiir.<t. — In  the«e  the  Kn;; 
lish  ca-cs  are,  of  course,  followed.  Tln' 
follow  ii";;  have  heen  held  to  hu  men 
-ervani-: 

The  foienian  of  a  pile-driving  Ran;; 
/»rrie  v.    HusI    Uhilhii   Tup.    (1881)    4il 

u.  r.  Q.  n.  107. 

The  superintendent  of  structures  on 
a  railway.  C'lrnrii  v.  Caraqurt  R.  C'l. 
(1800)   20  X.  n.  425. 

A    civil    enjiineer    sujierintending  t'.' 
construction   of  a    railway  for   nonr  -i 
dent  contr.ictors.  who  are  represente  I  !iy 
a    ^eni'ral    ajrent.      Mrllridc  v.   Ilro  iJin 
(187(1)  3  Xew  Zealanil        A.  271. 

The  mate  of  a  sliii..  Siiiiilrrs(n  v. 
f' III  nil   ( 1882)  3  Xew  So.  Wales  I,.  i{.  31. 

.\s  to  the  cases  on  the  po«ition  cf  ;,'en 
iial  mana^urs,  see  5§  .52(1,  520.  mitc. 

A  foreiM.-in  of  a  street  railway  com 
pany.  Dixon  v.  Winnrprri  IHtcfrir 
Strut  !t.  Co.  (1897)  U  Manitoba  Kep. 
.528. 

FriJiral  Courts. — The  Federal  disi 
sions  are  sinfnilnrly  conllictiii;;,  and 
llc'ir  ■•i;.'nificancc-  as  authorities  can  p  r 
haps  lie  shown  most  clearly  by  cnn-hl 
eriiit'  them  witli  rcfi'rence  to  the  (»•• 
leading  casi>s  in  which  the  Supreme 
Court  has  explained  its  views. 

Several  easi-s  preeeiHn;,'  the  judjrnu'iit 
ill  the  Ross  Cnfir  (see  infra)  permitteil 
recovery  under  cii-cuiii-taijces  in  wliicli 
the  master  would  now  he  alisolveil  in 
any  court  which  was  not  an  avowed  ad 
hereiit  of  the  superior  servant  ilcjitriin' 
(  §§  521,  cl  xrij.,  ante),  and  aic.  there 
fore,  no  lon^jcr  law  so  far  as  (lie  l-'edcr.il 
courts  are  concerned. 

In  MeMiihun  v.  Hcnning  (I8S0)  1 
McCrary,  516.  3  iM-d.  353,  a  yard  nia- 
'er  was  liidd  to  l)e  !i  vice  principal. 

In  Orarrllc  v.  Miniirnpuli.'i  <(-  Si.  I.. 
If.  Co.  (1882)  3  .McCrary.  3.52.  10  l-ei. 
711,  a  jury  was  told  that,  if  the  pl.iin 
tilT  was  a  subordinale  of  an  a-si-t:iiit 
yard  master  with  respect  to  the  duin- 
which  he  was  (hen  perfoiiiiii);;.  he  wj- 
iiot  a  fidlow  servant  of  such  yard  in.i- 
ler. 

In  7Viom/)M,,i  V.  Cliictigo,  M.  <(-  SI.  I'. 


ilr 


» .-l-ll'l 


SlMMAIfV  UK  l)l-X'I.SION8. 


U77 


R.  Co.  (ISS.I)  t  M.Criiv  ll'Jit.  14  IVd. 
.■(14,  it  WHS  liiiil  (lovMi  III. It  ilii'  p-iirriil 
riilp  lis  to  I'oiiiiiHiii  )'iii|iluyiiii  lit  is  still 
jirt  lo  this  i'\rt'|il  Inn  iiirnitu'  I'l tiers, 
thnl.  whi-rt"  the  t'ni|il(i\i'r  phucs  iiiir  cm 
|i|ciyiT  miiliT  tlir  I'lmliiil  und  (linrllun 
n(  iiiKithiT.  and  the  lulti'i,  in  tin-  cmt- 
lisi'  of  tlio  iiiitlinrity  oo  loiifi'iiiMl.  nr 
ill  rs  the  foiiiiiT  into  n  plicr  .if  iiniisiiiil 
il;ii,L'iT.  iind  lliiis  ix|>iisi«  lijiii  to  cNtrii 
niilJiKiiy  in'iils,  iif  the  cxisti'iicr-  iind  fx 
li'til  of  wliic'li  he  is  not  iidvisnl.  tin-  inns 
liT  is  liiihl(>.  In  this  cu^f  a  roiid  niiistci' 
WHS  iissiinii'd  to  In-  a  vioo  priiuipnl. 
In    Milli;-  V.   Vniiin   /'.   It.  C„.    (IHH'll 


Mptniry.  300.  17  Kt-d.  67.  the  niaslor   iidiiiillcd  in  I  In 


l>^  {"(il.  (125,  a  rfis'khnnd  pnii^ht  round 
tin-  '■■)•  liy  n  headline,  which  In-  wiw  pay 
in;:  out.  iiwinx  to  thi-  nc^ll^icnri'  of  thr 
iniiti-  in  not  stationing  hiiiisi'lf  in  .mh  ;i 
|«isitiiif  ax  to  lit'  alili-  to  oli-ci\i'  any 
iifridi'i  '  which  niiylit  render  it  ncr.--ir\ 
to  «ti  I  till'  ship  instantly.  (.M-o  dis 
ipprcMd  in  lii  ns ,»  v.  tlt,i,iliiin  (1SSH| 
U7   .\l,i.-.  i;;i:,   17  X.   v..  .-.IT.  I 

lint  the  iindcniy  cvliiMiid  l>y  tli. -c 
cases  was  not  iiniicrsal,  iis  h  ditl^jiin 
foienian  i.f  lirid'.i  s  on  a  railway  wa-.  in 
IHS2,  held  111  lie  a  iiicrc  s,.|\.inl  in 
>«c/«'V.  \lliii,hr.  I/.  ,(■  f(.  /I'lii  )•  II.  I'll.  ( 
llll;:lics,    \':,-2:   and  the  -aine  drfiii-e  wa- 


ttiis  held  liulde  for  tin-  nc^li;>eiici'  ot  u 
foniiiiin  of  rarpenler!(.  who  ordcreil  a 
-iib<i<'iliiiat«  into  a  dan^i'roiis  position. 

In  HiUtrn  v.  Tin  ItiiKli.sli  .IuIiiimdii 
'\^:3)  1  Woods.  :»01.  Fed.  Cus.  No.  I. 
!iM2.  it  was  laid  down  *hat  a  niaiinei- 
nlio  is  injiiri'd  in  the  ser>icc  of  the  ship 
iiin  recover  daniaycs  in  the  natiirp  of 
ivlr.i  wii^'es,  whcii'  thoro  has  Ijoen  soiiu! 
,iiilis,iiesH  or  idler  fault  on  the  pari 
"f  till,  od'i.ers  of  (he  ship;   his  ri;.'hls.  in 


'c  of  a  nii'te  <if  a  ship. 


Thi  /■;.  /(.  11,/,,/.  .Ir.  (ISSli  H)  \\  . 
702;  Mull,,,,  v.  Wi^hri,  Ti,i,isi,.  r,,. 
(1H7:!)  .'»  i'lis,,  .'tl.-..  I'd.  «'iis.  \„.  H!l!)(i; 
Til,'  Villi  ulMi.ni  ih  III  ilSH,;,  17  hVd. 
.litO. 

In  riiliiii  I'.  A'.  <■(/.  V.  I'nrl  (IS7.1)  17 
Wall.  'ty.i.  21  I.,  id.  7.'t!i.  Ili|.  einplnyer 
was  held  lialile  foi-  ininric-  riirivid  hy 
a  hoy  in  olnyin;.'  tin  order  of  a  fnieinaii. 
Milt  the  rationale  of  this  dfcisjun  is  that 
the    risk    undertaken    was    ont-ide    the 


llii   iilisince  of  snili  fault,  liein^  liniitiil   scope   of   the   contract    of 
lo  free  medical   attendance  until   he  is    S   4ti.').  iiiiti.     It  is  not   material,  there- 
'iiKil.  fore,  to  ini|iiire  uln-ther  it  is  or  i.s  not 

111  another  case  in  the  same  circuit  a    in  hnrinoiiy  with  later  decisions  not  in- 
vr--il  was  ladd   liahle  for  the  ex[M'iisi's   volvin^  this  element. 

'I  a  sailor.  incuinHl  during  his  reeov-  The  actual  scope  of  the  decision  in 
uy  finiii  an  injury  caused  by  the  mis-  1'hictuio,  SI.  <t  HI.  P.  I',  t'o.  v.  Hosit 
.iiiiiiiiil  of  his  o:lii ,  IS.  as  wclTas  for  the  (1«,S4)  112  U.  S.  .177,  2S  ],,  e<l.  7K7, 
»,i;;i~.  nicruint'  duriii"  the  same  |ioriod.  5  Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  184,  is.  tirst.  that  the 
Itriinn  v  Tliv  l>.  S.  faijc  (1872)  1  head  of  any  distinct  dcpartnii  iit  of  a 
Wooils.  4(11,  Fed.  ("as.  No.  2,002  (liu-  liusini'ss  is  a  representative  of  the  mas- 
liility  fur  waj^cs  conceded).  ter;    and  secndly.   Ih:it    under  this  doc- 

_Tn  Thi  Chitsiiit  Cliiif  (18S1)  7  Sawy.  trine  a  railway "  company  is  liahle  for 
J74.  8  Fill.  Ui.").  it  was  held  lliai  a  fire-  tlie  iie;jliKeiice  of  a  conductor.  Kiit  a 
iiiin  of  a  steam  tiij;.  injuiisl  Hin  u^h  a  t'Mid  ileal  of  the  lan;;uap>  used  liy  Mr. 
'iilli«iiin  mused  hy  incompi  lem-i:  of  the  .lustice  Field  in  the  majority  oi'iiiiiuii 
iii.isti-r.  could  recover,  tlie  liroad  ^iiaind  was  apparently  su,ceptil)le  of  the  ci  n 
I'liiiL'  taken  that  he  was  an  inferior  structioii  that  he  intended  to  adopl  a 
-riniit  injured  hy  the  misconduct  of  a  theory  of  vice  priiicipalship  nut  maleri 
-III"  I '">•'"»■-  ally    ditlerent    finm    that    discussed    in 

In  /'((ernon  v.  The  Chiiiulos  (1880)  chapter  xxvill.,  D.  <;»^  ;  and  hefore  llie 
1  Vv(\.  ()!.■>.  Deady.  D.  .T.,  altli".ii;;li  the  l!(niiih  rn,.ir  had  explained  the  real  scnp,- 
■asp  wii*  decided  on  another  point,  con-  of  the  dpeision.  several  rulinjrs  liiiseil  on 
-iilercd  that,  on  account  of  tlie  depend-  an  rnonoais  idea  of  its  etl'ect  had  lieeii 
rat  position  of  a  seaman,  and  of  the  made,  hoth  in  the  Federal  and  tlic  state 
im]io»siliility  of  his  lenvini;  the  service,  courts.  Ciiiifinin};  our  attention  for  the 
like  a  wiiiknian  on  laml.  when  he  is  dis-  present  to  the  t'ormnr  "ourts,  it  seems 
-atisfiiKl  with  the  comiielcncy  of  his  Co-  certain  that  a  riaster  would  not  now  he 
cinployiis.  it  was  unjust  to  apply  the  held  liahle  by  one  of  them,  as  he  was 
iloctrine  of  common  emjiloyment  to  a  between  the  dates  of  the /fo.ss  and  /f'(»///i 
pasewlierea  seaman  was  injured  hy  the   rnsci.  for  the  negligence  of  the  follow- 

inj;  employees: 

A  fping  foreman  :n  a  machine  factory. 
Mii.siin  V.   Edison    Mnrh.   Works    (18861 
24  Blatchf.  y.-J,  28   Fed.  228. 
A  foreman  of  carpenters.     PuUman't 


carele-niss  of  the  mate  in  piittinoiip  a 
rotten  crane  line.  (This  dicliim  was 
disnpproved  in  tirnyon  v.  floitili.in 
[iSSs]  147  Mass.  2;{7,  17  X.  K.  .t17.i 
In  Daub  v.  Northern  P.  R.  Co.  (1883) 


'•m 

m' 

a^ 

i*"^^H^P^  r 

^ 

f 

lu 


M.\»l  KH  AXU  XKUVA.NT. 


[CIIAI*.    \\s 


I     ^K> 


I'lilott  r,it  r„.  V.  HnrUiin  (IWUli  .•>  C. 
<'.  A.  .'Wtl,   17   r.  S.   A|>p.  2:4.  ."».">   Kva. 

An  I'ti^rini'iT  nlio.  in  uii'iiriljinci-  uitli 
I  lie  (•iiin|iMii\''.  rillpK.  huo  liikrn  rliiir;fi'  of 
till)  fiirw.inl  oi'i'tiiiii  of  II  liiiin  wliiili  lia-> 
limki'n  ii|iaif  Siniiml  V.  im  »f  If.  I  <i/ 
h't  fti.   V.   Ihiir,     I  \H'.Yi)    :i  C.  ('.   A.    121. 

li  I  ,  s.   \|,|i.  iTj,  :,i  KimI.  mm. 

Ill   //<».•<  V.   Ilnlih    (ISI»3)    <;  r,  C.   A. 

L'Oi.  12  I  .  s.   \|>|..  .vu,  .vi  III),  im.  a 

I'liri'iii'iii  of  II  ;;i'iiii'l  li.iiii  ^i  i  iii'-  lo  liii\>- 
Ui'ii  vicwil  lit  a  vici'  |ii'i!ii'i|Nil    (iw  re 

«|lM't™    Mil    ll"'>lirilll<'«  of    »llfl-l\   I. 

A  -I'll ion  foi'i'iiiiin  wii"  lii'lil  to  Im-  ii 
\  itT  |ii  iiiri|>iil  in  Siirlhiiii  I'.  If.  'n.  v 
l'<his„n  {  1N!I2|  i  (  .  C.  A.  l.'.T.  4  f.  S. 
\|H..  .".7».  r.l  Kril.  IS2.  wlliT"  the  lolilt 
of  .i|i|iciils  ivi'nf  HO  fur  0"  to  liy  it  ilown 
tlial  tlir  lc«t  for  ili'tinniiiiiit!  wlu'tliiT  a 
IH'i'son  o<iii|iii-i  fill-  I'i'lalioii  of  \\<v  prin- 
ri|>iil  or  fi'llow  M-iviiiit  i«  not  wlu'llii-r 
111-  \\.\*  ("har^ff  of  (in  iiiiii-ntiiiit  il>'|inrt- 
liiont  of  thp  niaittcrN  ""(TN  Uf.  Init  wlu'tluT 
liix  duties  ari'  exelii«ivi'ly  »ii|«t\  i^i.in, 
ilirirtion,  and  I'lmtrul  of  t'lf  umk,  uml 
oviT  sulMirilinatc  fnii'.!oyi'i'»  iiiy;i^<'d 
thiTfin.  Tliis  drriHimi  was  ri'viM>i>d  in 
IH!i.">  l>v  the  Sii|)ifiiii'  Court  I  Ili2  V  S. 
;U(l.    40    L.    ed.    !H»4,    16    Su|..    Ct.    I!.|>. 

S4H),   tlic   llnuijh    I'lini-   haviii;.'  i ii    de- 

cidiil  in  tlic  niraiitiino.  S't-  iiikIkt  a* 
to  -iiicli  fniploycc",   infra. 

Possibly  till'  lliiiiiih  r«.«t'  liin  not  im- 
pliedly ovennliil  tlic  di-<i«ion>'  ilnlariiiK 
oniployiTs  lialili-  for  the  n<  yli^'enei'  of 
the  follow  in;;  Piiiployec  : 

The  fori'iniin  of  a  quarry.  Ilrnl  v. 
Storkiii' ii'i-  (IH!l«)  20  (".  >'.  A.  ",H\.  .14 
V.  S.  App.  727.  74  Fed.  IS(!.  A'tiriniiif.'. 
on  this  [MMiit   (  ISil.T)  .-■.-)  Ked.  2."in. 

A  foiTiiiaii  in  rliarge  of  tln'  ciolion  of 
ft  building'.     Ilnhiiidn  v.  Miol.r'i  (ISS^i) 

art  K«i,  :i.-.:). 

.\  roiiil  iiia.ster  I  apparently  of  a  di- 
vision onlvl.  M.liimjii,  T.  A  S.  F.  R. 
Co.  V.  Ui7.w«  (IS'.il)  1  C.  C.  A.  25.  4 
U.  S.  App.  2.1.  48  Fed.  57. 

A  forciiiiin  of  a  coiistnu  tion  inw. 
I.ivdraU  v.  Uoorfs  (1S!H)  44  Fed.  S"),-). 
where  it  was  left  to  the  jury  to  -.iiy 
whither  the  foreman  of  several  ;raM;;s  en- 
;,'a;red  in  eoiistrurtin;.'  a  railway  was  a 
\  ill'  prineipal.  the  jud^je  ehar^iiiii;  ilieni 
that  a  master  is  res|Minsil>le  for  tlie  ne^- 
li'jenee  of  an  eniployi'i-  vested  with  the 
entire  eoiilrol  and  supervision  of  ,i  par- 
ticular work  to  be  done.  This  iliarpe 
was  afiprmed  in  (IHiU)  1  C.  C.  A.  37. 
4  r.  S.  .\|)p.  40.  48  Fe<l.  Hep.  02.  In  the 
ease  of  the  same  name  in  (  1880|  41 
Minn.  212.  4  L.  R.  A.  7!i:i.  42  N.  \V. 
1020,  ariaing  out  of  the  same  accident. 


the  foi'i'iiian  »»<■  lii'ld  to  lie  a  mere  >  rv 
ant.  and  the  tiirllier  ^iriiund  uii<  tak'i 
that  till-  lii~(le  ixhiili  fell  was  ii.,i  ., 
<truitiiie  fiinii'heil  for  the  lalHirei^  i. 
work  iipiiii.  hut  wan  ilM'lf  a  |wrt  of  wK  ii 
Has  to  lie  done  in  the  eoiistrueliiin  oi  ih, 
iniid. 

■\  pilot  ill  eomiiiand  of  u  vi-s.«'l.  ;/, 
liluH  (N8.-I)  'i.-J  Illiitchf.  177.  2.1  I.  I 
4IU. 

.\  eaptaiii  of  a   ship.      Thr    I.   II'  i: 
11800)     4:t    Fill.    I!ep.    .-102;    Thr    Tin,... 
V...    >    (IS04I    )»  ('.   ('.    A.  .•>21.  20   I      s 
App.  .'170.  01    Fed.  ;ili».  Iieversill;(    l  |si; 
."i.i     I'eil.     08      (Itiiinih     1'ii.m      not     nli  I 
llioiiyli    it    was    deeiihil    in    111.-   pnvi.i- 
y  'iir  I .     The  ease  of  (fninii  v.  Vi  »  ./■ . ,.  , 
'l.iilhl' riiqr   Co.    ||HS.->|    2:1    niatchf.   Jiii 
2.'(  Fill.  ilO.'l.  in  wliieh  sueli  lialillit,\   ».,. 
ileiiiiil.  turned  on  the  fael   that  the  ri|> 
tain  was  eiifat'eil  'n  manual  Inlior.     Tin 
theory    of    dual     e.ipaeity    in    iil-i>    il. 
yroiind    of    the    deeision    in    77ir    ^n.   , 
(IH80I     40    Fed.    O'll.    though    this   ,:i., 
prolialily     eiirriex     th.it     tlie<irv     fiirlli.r 
lliiii    I-,   jiistitiable   under  the  priiii'i|il> - 
aiiipled   by  inont  emirtn.     See   jH  :i4.1 
.'i47.  iinh. 

.\  yard  master  was  held  to  be  a  li.. 
prineipal,  in  llnnlii  v.  MimimiKiUs  if  .>.' 
/-.  U.  «•".  (1888)  ':»!  Fed.  .'i07.  an, I  th. 
same  ruling  haw  lieen  made  siiue  tli" 
Hiiiiiili  Cunr.     See  in  fin. 

That  a  foreman  flf  lonsHiieti  n  nn  .i 
railway  is  a  vice  prineipal  was  a--iiiii  i! 
bv  the  Supreme  Court   ilsrlf  in  foi/.n  \ 

iiiiiiii  I',  ir  Co.  (1811111   i;i;i  v.  s.  .1:11 

.33  L.  ed.  (i.ll.  10  Slip.  Ct.  l.'ep.  .isi.  hut 
his  precise  fnnitions  are  not  stitid. 

One  ease  which,  at  first  sijrlit.  ivi;;!, 
swni  to  have  been  super^idiil  hy  tli' 
later  rulin;;*  of  the  Supieiiie  Court,  niin 
be  upheld  as  really  emboilyiii;;  the  piiii 
ciple  that  the  duty  of  fuini-liin;.'  appli 
unci's  is  iioiia-siKiialile.  Tin  .luli.i 
t'iiirlir  (18021  4!t  Fed.  277  (seamen  ri' 
covered  for  injuries  caused  by  ile'iitiii' 
roiie  fiirnislKsl  by  chief  ollieer  of  -iiip' 

On  the  other  hand,  some  of  the  i:w 
lii'iiilid  during  this  pi'riod  also  took  .i 
eiirreet  view  of  the  elfect  of  the  A'''- 
C(/.ir.  the  master  beiny  held  not  liahli' 
for  the  ne^iliyenee  of  the  following  em 
phiyi-es: 

The  enjiineer  .  a  detachiil  en;.'ini' 
llniiiiid  v.  Ilinirr  it  It.  0.  II.  Co. 
I  18801    2fi  Fed.  8;i7. 

The  foreman  of  a  pan;;  en;;a;;eil  in  i'\ 
eavatin;;  work.  Amlir.inn  v.  Wiii.iltm 
(18871    .II    Fed.  .528. 

.\  "wreik  master"  bavin;;  full  contrel 
of  ini'iiibi-rs  of  wri'i'kiii;;  rit-w...  not  e.\- 
eluding    road    masters,    when    they   an- 


I  i-»"J 


«IMM.\I!\  OK  l>K('lsio\S. 


i:>:u 


pri'x'iil-  nmili'ii'ii  y-  ftmnka  rf  St.  h. 
U.  fit.  (IHIHI)  41  Vi-\.  (ill".  Tlii«  <iiv 
U  >ii->ri'|ittliln  iii  Ih'Iiiu  ri'<i  iK'ili'il  uiili 
llii'  Cii'i'^  ii'fiil  to  llic  iip|i~ili'  i'tr't, 
III!  Ill)'  '•ii|i|H»iliMri  I'i  :'.  ililli  r.'iit  a\\.\ 
unit  uliirli  iiiiiili'  till-  ili'lii '(iii'iil  u  li 
liij'l  of  11  <lc|iiirliiirii',  ttlini  till-  iMi.i- 
-ii'li*    fur    lli'«    KilNiri'^    imi'.i';    i>tlii'l»  i-4> 

llll-    (M-O     lllll^t     lu'     lll'llnl     llFI     IIM  n  llli'l. 

Ii.rlli  xnirriill.v  l>y  the  lliiuyh  Ciihi,  miil 
ii«  til  till'  i>|»'rilii'  liiii.  Iiv  Mriixilh  V. 
;.,.!»  A  I'.  If.  r„.  I  IH'H)  It  C.  C,  A. 
|:i:l,  ja  V.  a.  Ajui.  Sii,  tw  Fed.  S.'i.'i.  <il«'d 
i»i;/(». 

An   (■i'ai'"'T   III   I'liiii;;!'  of  thi-    iMilivn 

|»i\MT  III    Mil    cIlXMlcir.        WlillltH    V,    Shllll- 

bilker  (  ISH7)   ;u  li.l.  8. 

I  li«  fiiiiiiiiin  (il  a  iihi-liT  -liv.ilni  . 
77i«t  »l«i.  /'.  Ilal„,„h  (IHSTj  ;il  li'l. 
414   (Initi'h  left  ii|N>ni. 

In  IH!i;i  oi-iiip  till'  Siii'iriiio  riiiirt'.  rx- 
pluinitinn  of  iti  ii-iil  |«nitii>ii  in  Hnlli- 
„„„e  d   O.   It.  Co.  V.   Hiiii<lh    (IK'.t;))     llll 

I  .  S.  3lW,  37  I..  111.  ''i.  l;i  Sup.  (,t.  J!i|i. 
!il4.  an  fxtiai't  trinii  wliiili  hiM  nlri'ii<l> 

lill'll    !ii»rn     ill     i     ■'•'■it.    IHll<\       'rll«     rnllll 

(liilliiiil   to  i'\lrii(l   tlip    |ii  inripli"  of   llll- 

UtiHH   I'llHI-   lUI    M-.    1(1  ClIMI'    till'  l'li;:illl'l'l'   III 

II  (li'linlii'il  ••nviiii'.  iili'l  '111  liUfil  tliiil  till 
.Initriiii!  of  ili'piiiliiiiiihil  niiiliiil,  ll- 
ll r>' 'ilatiil  in  Hint  ('ii«'.  iiii'i'i'ly  i-niiMril 

1111  -irviint  til  nrovt-r  for  the  iii'>;li;'riirf 
iif  un  i-iiiplovii'  in  riiiii|ilrtt>  cunt  ml  of 
niid  uf  the  |ii'iiii'ipiil  lU'partnii  iitx  of  a 
liii^ii'  I'lini'i'rii.  mill  iliil  not  imply  tlmt 
llif  iii:i«li'r  wHK  liiililn  for  thp  lu'N  of  nil 
MTniiiiri  roiilii  Iliii;;  ii  ■M-piiriiti'  pii'ir  of 
»nik  in  <inu  of  tliiue  deiMirliiiintit,  N'u 
}  .'iJA,  inilr, 

III  lal«'r  rtoci-ionx.  aooonliniily.  the 
ii'tiiin  has  liri'ii  ili'i-hirnl  nut  to  ln'  m "in- 
<<iiiiiilili'.  wliiTH  till-  ili'linijuent  was  oiiu 
i)(  IIk'  folli'w  ill!,'  •■iiiployo'i: 

Till-  fini'iiiiin  of  a  yiin);  nsnistinj.'  H'^mi- 
litr  si'i'lion  ori'wi  as  oiiM^ion  iripiiml. 
\(,ilhnii   I'.   It.   rii.   V.    I'rii  i:H<in    (  jsilli) 

1112  I'.  S.  :Uli,  40  U  e<l.  9!)4,  Hi  Sup. 
(1.  l!ip.  «4:i. 

.\  -111  ion   foi'i'iiian.     Mm  tin 
«(.M.  T.  it  .N'.  /•'.  /■'.  ro.  I  IHiiT) 


V.  itihi- 
Kill  I  .  S. 
ft.    I!i|i. 

dl.    !l!li», 


■W'.l.   41    1,.    III.    lll.-.l.    17    Sup. 
liii:l:    Xnrtli'i-i:    /'.    /•'.    Cu.    V. 

•  N'ltii    lii-i  r.  s.  :i.v.i.  40  I. 

!      ^up.  t"t.   Ki'p.  HIS:    Diiirir.i  v.   .V/ii  ii- 

ilSil-,)    17   C.  C.    A.   'il.-i.  •>:>   [  .   S. 

\i.  411.  70  Kill.  4H0:  hiiiisiin  .(  .1.  1  nl- 

'I  li.  I'll.  V.  ll(i/(i-,H  (ISOri)  Hi  C.  ('.  .\. 
liii'.i,  3«  r.  S.  App.  .•11.  70  IVil.  2S: 
Wnuhl  V.  Hoiilliiin  It.  Co.  ( lHil7  1  SO 
Kcil.  2(10. 

.^  iiivi«ional  ronrt  ninstcr.  Mnrlin  v. 
Mihisni,.  r.  .(■  iV.  /■'.  H.  i'li.  (1M!I7I  Kill 
1  .    S.    .i!!!!.    41    1..    fil.     1(».)1,     17    Sup.    (I. 

Hi'ii.  (ilia. 


A  foirinan  In  II.'  roiKtruil  ion  of  • 
I'IhIl'i'.  «ith  l«o  -11,  iiori  o\iT  liini. 
AW/,v  V.  Jullv  A  t'.  fu.   ll»l»''l)    tt»  I'll. 

;iHO. 

.\  \»ris'k  iiiailtT.     Milirnlh  v.  Ti  run  tl 

/',  It.  vii.  (lH!ili  !M  .  t  .  .\.  i:i:i.  ia  L'. 
s    App.  Hii,  (ill  Ki'il.  ."i.'i.-i. 

.\n  iiiiini;  fori'iii.iii  nt  n  uiirlxiiiu  \ii\y\n. 
I  hli,Hll  V.  I\,„ll„lll  {  IHMS.  .11  1  .  (  ,  .V. 
2H2.  .-.»  1  .  S.  App.   1.  X7    Ki'il.  2.'iH. 

.\  JHT'I    ina-liT.      I  1,11 1 II  Hill  I,    \     It.  4 

f  i:  It.  fo.  V.  itiiiii  I  i(Miii)  .'ill  I.  I!.  .V. 

4..  II  ('.  t'.  .\.  ."i:t.i.  Mil  Kill.  lija.  Alliriii- 
inu  (  lsmt(  117  Kill.  Jl.'i. 

V  -iMlinn  liiii'i.iii.  I.iiihliiniiii  V.  Dii- 
•/..»  It.  d  \iii.  III.  (MMMtl  44  C.  C.  .\, 
•'211.  llll   Kill.  H.")2. 

.\  foii'iiian  of  H  ill  ill  lyiw  in  a  r-  '.■ 
wny  \aril.  I'lutnJ  It.  I'n.  \.  hi', 'in 
I  [HU.-u  KiO  t.  S.  2,i'.l  40  I..  111.  4IH,  1(1 
Sup.  «  t.   I!i-p.  2(i!l. 

.\     Mini     forfiiian.       limit     v.     //i;ii/ 

iliiiMi'i   ail  f.  (",  .\.  22ii.  iiH  Kill,  (ina: 

I'll, trill    It.    I'll.    V.    Krryiiii    iMO.'ii     liiO 

1  S.  2.'ill,  4U  L.  (!tl.  418,  Hi  Sup.  tu 
lii'p.  2liO. 

.\  foii'ninn  of  n  swiiiliin;- inw, 
llnrhii  \.  l.iiuiMrilli:  cf  X.  It.  I'u.  (  ISlia) 
.•i7    KmI.   144. 

.\  fiii'i'iiiaii  of  rar  ri'|..iiii'rii.  Ilimlii  v 
Hiiiitlirrii  It.  I'u.   (  IS'.lll)   34  C.  C.  A.  4114, 

02  Knl.  40 i. 

Thi'  fori'iiian  of  a  van);  taking'  dnwn  a 
liuililiiif.'.  I'll  ri  Intnl.  ('.  I',  rf  SI.  I,  It. 
I'll.  V.  Iliiiini  (IMIMil  20  ('.  C.  A.  117. 
34  r.  S.  .\pp.  7.'>!l.  73  Ki'il.  070.  liiMf- 
in«  on  ichiiiriii).'  i  l.Slia)  0  ('.  .  .\.  142. 
IH  I  .  S.  App.  10.  .-1(1  Kill.  H04. 

Till-  ti'iiiiHiraiy  Imks  of  a  hriil^'i'  ^lan;;. 
who  was  l.iiii-rif  a  hilionr.  I'l.nin  tl-  /'. 
It  I'll.  V.  Itiiiiirn  (  IHoai  (i  C.  f.  A.  403, 
13  r,  S.  App.  .">47.  .'.;    IVil.  .37H. 

.\  foli'lllall  in  till'  ('oll-tl'llrlinn  of  ll 
liriil;,'i'.  with  two  »upiriiii-  ovrr  liiiii. 
hilhl  V.  Jiitti  it  /■'.  Co.  (IHIMI)  IIH  llll. 
3S0. 

ilnp  of  si'vi'ial  foii'innn  in  a  railway 
tiiiiiliiiii'-hoii.  Ilniiiiiiii        V.        Ihiil.ii! 

I  lS:iH)  31  C.  ('.  A.  .300.  .52  I'.  S.  App. 
r)H7.  87    Keil.   302. 

.A  forrniiin  in  charRp  nf  the  npair-  of 
liiai'liiiier>  in  a  mill.  .S7i n  ii,*  v.  I'hiiiii- 
hirliii  (l"00)  40  C.  C.  A.  421.  100  IVd. 
37S. 

.\  foreman  BUlxiTiiinn  lalmnr-  loii- 
striii'tini;  a  >ewi'r.  \l iiniiiiiiiilix  v.  /,»ii- 
rfi»  I  l,>iii3)  7  C.  ('.  A.  344,  19  f.  S.  App. 
24.1.  .-.H  leil.  .-)2.1. 

The  fiiremaii  of  a  irnnR  of  steviilinea. 
7'A.  I.iiiii.iiiiiiii  (IHOiii  21  ('.  ('.  A.  liO, 
41  r.  S.  App.  324.  74  Kill.  74."<:  7 Vie 
l\iiini,iiiliin    (  ISOS)    ni    Kill.  (IHl. 

\  i.'iiiiu'  fiiri'iiiii  in  a  mill".  \l'ivl:ii 
Tnilllirill     llnlil     Mm.     lo.     V.      ll/o/i/<l 


M 


\r,Hn 


MAWTKK  AND  SKH VAST. 


[CH4r.  x\x. 


M!t;i    !(!«  V    n.  Irt.   12  I,.  mI.  3tHt,  U    ..-^Ih  til  Ihi-ir  .iiltfinlliintr. ;   l.i 


hup.  't.  IIi'{i.  -to 


llln  //.■»<  Iimr,  Uli-rr  dill    llii  liiii^.i  r  !■■ 


\ii  iiinlriHruiiiul  Im>«4  In  a  niinp.  II  Auf   (|iii'-<lii'ii  ih  ii,  in  tint  Kiiliial  I'l.iiii-. 


(7i..r  l„>il  To.  V.  .luhitm.n    (ISlt.1)    «  f,    nre 


ri'u.ii.i.'.l 


•'    \.   Un,   \t  U.  H.   App.  4V0,  sa  Kill,    onliiiiin    i  iiniiii.lii 


Ilil     IIIITI*     ■I'll  aula.     Ill 


Nil). 

Ill  iiiip  rn»p  a  rnilwny  <>imi|>aiijr  wii« 
lii'lil  li:ilili'  (nr  (lift  iicullifiMiPc  III  *  yiinl 
liiii'<lrr.      UiDil    \  ■nihil  II    It,   Co,    V.    l/c 

liiiiiihiii,  I  isfi.-ii   IT  c.  c.  A.  :i:i(t.  41  r. 

S.  V|>|>.  JIMI,  To  Kill.  DilM;  hill  It  sii'ltii, 
III  liMil  all  ii|ii'ti  i|iii'i(iiin  wlii'tlirr  litis 
in  a  |ii>.j«'r  iiifi-r.-iHT  fMiii  lli»  lUiinih 
'•.Mr.  Ill  (•iiiri(i/,»i/i.  v.  n,  i  T.  I'.  It, 
Co.  V.  <;  .11/  (l!MH»|  fiO  I„  II.  A.  47,  41 
r.  C.  A.  633,  nil  liil.  llj.l,  iiK'ti  fimr 
liiiiuirii'«  \M-rp  ili'iiinl  to  lie  \u;-  |iriii('i 
|iiil.4:  hut  the  othrr  dcciaiin  iit  tht*  cuuit 
iif  iipiH'aU  wim  not  citi'il. 

In  //«.»■»•»  V.  HojiAiH*  ( l8ftS)  28  C.  C. 
A.  524,  S6  I'.  S.  A|ip.  217,  84  Koil.  7fl7, 
it  wiiK  not  ili'ti'miinnl  whi'thiT  thi-  lower 
ii.iirt  wiiR  riKlit  in  dvclurinK,  a*  it  hud 
iloiii*.  that  H  rood  niaxtiT  uax  n  vicn 
prifiri|Kil,  and  the  ruse  \\a»  derided  in 
favor  of  the  defi>n>l.int  on  th«>  ground 
that,  v\v.t\  if  th'^rp  wui  ni^liKi'nre,  he 
U1I4  not  the  ealpahic  party. 

Thn  cjiMiMi  ritiil  in  |  H^H,  note  I. 
sulid.  (h),  ante,  following  thr  Kou  C'asr 
iiH  to  thf  p«)int  that  cothliiclorH  are  vice 
|irin('i)mlK.  have  Iwpn,  a*  there  nien- 
lioniil.  virtually,  if  not  artunlly,  over- 
hiIimI  by  the  deri-iion  in  \ew  England 
H.  Co.  V.  Conroy  (laiK))  175  U.  H.  323, 
44  I-.  Pd.  ISI,  20  Sup.  Ct.  Ri-n.  8,'.,  and 
need  not  he  apiin  noticed  In  the  present 
'•uiiiniary,  Tlin  vire  principiiNhip  of  a 
I'onduclor  was  ii^ain  drniiil  in  Muliir  v, 
r«io»  /'.  D.  d  tl.  H.  Co.  (1901)  45  C. 
('.  A.  301.  lOfl  Fed.  300. 

The  doctrine  that  tiie  mere  possension 
iif  a  power  of  direction  does  not  r<in*ti 
lute  a  jiu[ierior  aervanl  a  vire  priiiripal 
«aH  again  applied  quite  rereiitly  in  u 
eu.«e  where  u  fiireiiian  »i!s  injured  hy 
the  nefilip'iiee  of  nn  engineer.  Briegnl 
V.  South,,!,  I',  Co.  (1900)  39  C.  C.  A. 
■150,  98  Fed.  !MH. 

A  general  foreinan,  employed  bj'  ron 
tractors,  and  iiaviii^  ehnrge  of  the  work, 
ii(  puttinj;  in  the  foiimlntions  for  a 
wharf,  and  of  all  employers  pnHii;;ed  in 
the  work,  with  power  to  employ  and  dis- 
rharge,  wa.s  declared  not  to  be  a  vice 
principal  in  McDonald  v.  lliickliii 
(1901)  48  C.  C.  A.  372,  109  Fed.  iOO. 
But  this  seems  to  be  an  extreme  ileeiriion. 
as  the  foreman  was  represent  In;.'  an  ab- 
sent employer  in  the  nmnugenient  of  the 
"pentives. 

As  alreniiy  stated  at  the  bepinninR  of 
•  his  subdivi-inii,  the  earlier  c-  ■s<>s  re 
I'Doflictiug  »s  tu  the  relutiou  of  ii..ited  of 


'I he  /; 


'i„,„ 


Uniiiiirk  lIMHS)  .ID  Fill.  773:  «»,/, 
V.  I'hiIiiI  V.  )'.  Hiiiiihi  IhuiK-  I'll,, It  |, 
(iNlttM  li.l  Fed.  4tmi  '/*<■  <h,h  T.  11./- 
I  IH'.»7)   Ml   Fill.  i;i)4i   Th,    \l„iHH    1  I-,!' 

.'15  I',  f.   ,\.  2HI,  93   Fid    .'IS , 

( l«*im)   n7   Fill.  7.''.T;   Ihe  \\.,tu 
(  IHDI I    4(1   IVd.  IMM, 

The  ruling  in  U'llirrtnn  T. 
IIH7I1)  3  >:i»y.  6(12,  Fill.  (a-.  \„. 
that  a  nhiii  owner  in  not  ILihli, 
niate'ii  ne"liuenre  in  imt  exaniiniiiL'  w, 
appliaiiei-.  \*.  Iinucver,  not  law  nn.l,  r  tliM 
iniidern  diK'irine  as  to  nmi  i"i;;ii,iiili. 
diitie*.     See  rhapler  xxxi,.  ;«.,»/. 

The  deri>ions  niude  on  the  anthMiiu 
of  the  l\,i!i>  Cmr  as  to  the  ulilii-  .if 
riiptainM  were,  as  we  have  wi-n,  KMiiii.t 
inj(.  VMi'lher  they  nhould  he  re«ii.l..| 
nn  viei-  priiieipaU,  or  nut,  si  ill  niiiiiii. 
doiihlfiil  even  after  the  yf(iiii//i  f'n,,  ji„| 
the  other  later  ulterann's  of  the  Su 
pretni)  Court.  Recover*-  was  deiiii'l  In 
The  RiitiiiKdnh  (IHUl)  (i.'l  Ke.l.  li.'l; 
lllvin  T.  (»iry,>n  Cut  rf  \,i,  .  Co.  i  Is'iii 
!M1  FhI.  109;  The  Job  T.  Hi/«o«  (I'si; 
84   Fed.  204. 

Uut  in  the  first  ense,  the  deliti.|ii,iit 
v.-as  merely  the  captain  nt  a  li;;liiii.  unl 
his  iioHilion  did  not  .mlke  tin-  ili^ih  in,' 
of  the  funetioii«  i'.,i,il|y  as.«Mialisl  «itii 
the  muster!)  of  vessels.  In  aP  '  tliini. 
moreover,  the  neglliri  nee  wiw  ;.iii  li  n- 
might  be  eonsideri-d  •  onoHicinl  in  tli. 
sense  in  which  that  term  is  nmli  i-ii,i 
by  many  Feileral  courts.  See  It  5)::. 
little.  These  rulings,  therefore,  are  ii,  t 
entirely  conclusive.  It  ran  mam  ly  Ih' 
denit-d  that  there  is  a  rertain  iiui.ii-.-i 
enry  in  n^fiising  to  treat  them  a^  1  ■ 
at  li>iist  departmental  vice  prinii|>.i. 
when  so  far  that  character  is  a-.n!..  I 
to  various  classes  of  eni|il(>vi','«  v  -, 
functions  are  much  less  n'-|>«in>ilile  than 
those  of  the  master  of  a  vi~«i'l. 

The  liability  of  an  euiplnyer  for  tli, 
negligencf  of  a  general  manager  i>  mllv 
ri-cognized  by  the  Federal  rourts.  Ilul.i 
more  d  O.  H.  Co.  v.  Ilmnih  (ISIiMi  I  t'l 
r.  S.  ,108,  ,17  I,,  rd.  772,  l.'t  Siq.  (i 
Kep.  914  (see  Ii  !SXi.  mil,)  :  .\„ill,,iii  /' 
Ciil  Co.  V.  Itiehiiionil  I  lsn.1)  7  C.  (  \ 
48.').  15  r.  S.  App.  2ti2,  ,'■.8  lAsl.  :.-,M: 
Xnrthiiislirn  f'ln  I  Cn.  v.  Dnni,  l.s,„i 
(lH!t:i)  ti  C.  C.  A.  fl.10,  12  r.  S.  Ajip 
088,  57  Fed.  915:  I.iiml  v.  //(»-.st(/  turn- 
hrr  Co.   flSOO)   41   Fed.  202. 

The  drctrine  of  the  dual  raparily  i>t  i 
vice  priiii'ipal  has  'lei'ii  r,  eii^jnlzed  li\  ili' 
court  of  apin'als.     lived   v.   Hlockimijir 


<  MP] 


>••  MM  Via  (tr  l>M'NlnN>4. 


13*. 


(iHmi)  20  r  r    \   mi.  u  i     s,   \,,,,   ,1,1.1.,  ..f  ,■  «..ik  triln 


■■J7.  7»  h'l-l     l"t«l;  »/,.,(/    \,„lh- 


\l,l. 


It.  »  . 


not    t,i    U 


iiiflhlui    I  IS'i.'ii    17  (     ( 


\.  i.m,  /.  I/.  .(  .s  /.'  <■, 


|irll|i  l|>;tl 


l(    r,    M.     \|>|.     Isii.    70    ('...l     mitt:    Ihf     12    \rk     117 


i/iii»ii  I  iHtiMi  ,i:>  r.  (' 


J 1 9.   Alllr 


.'ti.  !U   K.il 


I  l^'iHi   H7   h  .1    7.-.7: 


III, 


ililmii!.'  il^-mi  nj  |.,,|  7.,7:  ,iii 
I.V  till'  limi'l  rtpllft".  (liiiiKi  V  \(i»- 
.i.,„„l„ll.l.,,f,;.  In.  (Hs-,,  -.M  lU.il.lif 
.'iMi.  ■.'.I  r,i|    :ii,:i;  »»;..,„  »    o...;..,.  r,.,ii 

.t      V-lr.     f'.y.      (  lH!Hh     (Ml     K.'.l.      ItMl;     7/,. 

/.,/■  7,  tri/«./M    ilHli7)   HI  Ki'il.  ■Jitl. 

ill  V"(7/i.)/i  /',  II.  «'.).  V.  I',i,rs,„i 
ilH'.l'.M  •.'  C,  r.  A.  157.  4  r  S.  \|,|,. 
.■i7l.    51    IV'I.    \*i,   II    ritll«ii.v    .oiiii \ 

nil«  ilivliir.  I  Ii;ll.|i'  fur  llll  IM'I  i.f  IMjIlllliil 
iir;;li;;i'iii'i'  iliiiii'  liy  il  ii'iliiiii  fnri'iii.iM. 
rill'   ili'('i«i<Mi    HI.    nvcr-ril    In     liii'    Sii 

iniii.'  ( I    ilsiMi)    ICJ    r.  '«i    :i|ti.  40 

I.,   ml.   II'M.    Hi    Sii|>    It.    |!r|i.    Mi:l.    Iiiit. 

ri'ly   I'll    (111-  :;ii.tiiii|    il,it    ilu-  ilrlin 

i|ii<'nt  »■»«  nut  A  .ill  iniiiiip.il  I  ln'  iljt 
ii'ri'tirp  iif  n|iiiiiiin  mo  tii  tlir  ili-tiiniiiin 

'■■'HI'I'II    lllllriill    lin.l     IlllllliHii'jjll     jH  I  .     Ma» 

i.'fiTifil  I.I  ill  Ihi-  iii'jiiiiii'iil.  Iiiit  nil  ml 
iii'j  \\n<4  niiiili*  ii-^  III  lliis  |iniiit. 

IHslr'it  iif  ''iihiiiiliiii.  —  .\ii  ciMiilii.vii' 
.|i|iiiiiili  il  liy  »  i.iiluay  riiiii|iiiiv  In 
•u|«T\i«i'  mill  niiiiiiiL'i'  11  qil.iit/.  iiiiiii'. 
1  illi  lUllliiilit.v  111  ciiiiilny  iinil  ili«i  liiirt'i- 
litiiTtTB.  i<  II  vice  tirillri|l.ll.  Mrhmlr 
Wilshnifllim     rf     11.     It.     r<,.      (iNMIl  I      .-, 

*1  ickiy.  111. 

Muhilliil,        rilllll-    lll(>    OOMMIMII     I;l\V     it 

>.i-  -lit  llll  Unit  iM  II    III  iiii|ili)yci.  ,ii|i  1 
il-iiiL'    li.ilf    a    I'liili'iinil    \\:i-    nut    ii    vin' 
|.rinii|i!l.      l/i,/,i7,   a    U.  It.  Co.  v.  ,S/,ii//i 
'  IS77i   .Ml  .\ln.  2l,-|. 

In  liliT  (M»i-.<  rriii\iTy  \vii«  ili'iiinl  fur 
tlic  iifvlii^riiPi'  iif  till'  riittiliictctr.     Ilrttntitt 

I'.  II.  rii.  V.  /».ii/«  (isiioi  112  Alii.  :i(ii> 

:i  Si..  2.VJ  liiitiniiitln;.'  tlial  l/n^i/i  rf  I/. 
//.  >'o.  V.  .s',im7/i  liinl  i^iMii'  til  llll-  "('\- 
iii'iiiP  vi'i;.>i.  uf  Miiinilrii-s")  ;  anil  iif  llii. 
inwiTiaii  iif  II  (.'anfj  of  men  ciniili  yril  in 
till'  (■iiiHlniction  of  a  ti'li'^rnjili  jiiii-. 
I'f,.'.!  l!  Ti  I'  II.  ru'./i-  Co.  V.  Illlhrii  I  ISIKi  I 
II.".  .Ma.  l!i:i.  '22  Sd.  S.-)4  (a  iliii-ion  luitli 
mIiIi  iifrii'iiri'  til  till'  (■iiiniiioii  I.IH  anil 
till'  ciiiiiliiyii-'  lialiilily  art  I . 

I.  ■-.,,,„..  •I'lii-  I'l.iiii  lia-  h.Iil,  fiillow- 
iiHi  till'  /I'ovi  rii.vi.  .vi(/,Mi,  thai  till-  CUM 
iliiitiii'  irf  a  wiirU  train  i..  a  viri'  i.rinri- 
|i:ll.  J/r/.'l7f  V.  .S-.li///li,, I  /'.  f.,.  (lH!i;i', 
.\riz.)  :i:t  Par.  S21  :  <'Xi'i'|it  hIuii  i\ 
-ii|Mi  i(,r  i<  on  I  lie  tr.iin.  Sr  iiili-i'i|iii'.it 
ri'|iiirt  of  saini'  oa^'  (ISllii;  .\riz.,  41 
I'ji'.  ;iiv.>. 

-I  ,/.-,(»>T«. — Tn  I'oif's  V.  I'll  illi fH 
llS-i-'l  m  Ark.  17,  4.1  Am.  Hi'ii.  2i;i, 
it  w.i^  laiil  down,  artiuimtu.  tlial  su- 
pfiiority  of  rank  is  not  a  ti-l  uf  llm 
n'|>ri-i'iitati\o  cajiaiily  of  an  i'iii|ilii.vii'; 
and.   pui>iiant   t43  this    llii'uiy,   the  cuu- 


■|iii' 


'n  iliit 


li    'XXI,  li.l.l 
.^».    /.■.i(i>. 
,•/,.//„.,/    Il-.il. 

Iii'f'  ri'  till 


III 


'»ii|irriii<'  I  ..iiri  .I'.'iJM  iiitfjl  |sti;i 
Hliirh  yiMir  -i.\ii  il  jiiil  rill  III..  Bin-  ri'ii 
iliiiil  wliiili  iiii..|illii|  till'  rarllir  iiiliny- 
.III  iiiii''  jiiiliiiili''!  Iiv  llll'  /,'i,v<  «',(«•. 
iii/ii'ii,  anil  llll-  ill  i'i<|i.|i4  lia-iil  ii|h.ii  il. 
In  lUiilJil  V.  SI.  I.uin-.  ,(  .s.  t'.  If  r<. 
I  isti.li  r-.s  Ark  (III.  22  S  \\ .  litMt.  .1 
fiiii'iMMii  I.f  liriiL'i  liiiilili'ii  i.n  a  rilhiiy 
\\a.  Iii'lil  to  Ih'  a  (ill'  I'l  iiiri|i.il  lii-iili-. 
till'  /i',,>»  f',(i,',  iilli.  I  ill  1  i-iii|i<  wirr  ri'lii  il 
iijMin.  «liiili  \wri'  -ii|i|ii"iil  111  liiiNi' 
i'«lalili.li.i|  A  vitiiral  nili-  lliil.  hIhii' 
•ii|"'r\  i»ii.ii  i,-  iii.i--.ir\  III  till'  -.Illy  iif 
"iilkinrll.  it  i>  III"  iii.i.|ir'«  iliil\  to  I* 
•tow   it,  fill-  i'ori.||.ii\    ili.iv.ii  Iriiit!  that 

III'    !■.    ri-|ii.||.ili|i'    fill     llll      II    .:ll;;i|ii f 

any  a;.i'iil  in  whom  tlii'i|iil\  i.  iiilrii.liil. 
'I'lii*  i*  virtually  tlii'  -ii|m  iI.h  -rrv.iiit 
ilcictrinf  (f'li.iiitiT  XXMII..  I).  ,(„/i  I,  aii'l 
only  till-  inilliiiritii''  lia-nl  ii|niti  that 
iliMli  iiii-  <ii|i[iori  tliin  »\\,,'|,iri;.'  •t.iiinii'iil 
of   till'   iniirt.      Till'    liiriii'il    jii.lv'i'    will" 

«riili'    Il I'inion    w.i"    n-rtainly     iiii» 

taki'n  in  lliinkin;;  th.il  tln'  iiiliii--  uliiili 
111'  llll-  a»  111  :.'i'niial  ni.in.ii.'ir'.  >lfiinirii 
Mm.  r,,.  V.  hills  [1S7!I|  12  .Mirli.  ."li. 
.'I  \.  W  .  2I0|  or  n*  to  liaiii  ilr.|ialiliir. 
(//■•/,/,  V.  \liihi,i<iri  r.  It.  (•„.  jlSHtil  :h 
Mil  11.  51,1.  7  1..  l:.  A.  .-lOO.  il  \.  U  .  .-,021, 
ar.'  [n'rliiii'iit  |iiiiii|(nl«  for  llii'  ;;in- 
ri  il  riili'  loriiiiilati'il.  'I'lu' -iii|ii' ol  iliu,.- 
riiliii;.'i  i«  null  11  niiH'tMr  lli.iii  is  Ihii' 
ri'idi'-i'nli'il  (oliaiiti'i  \xvm.,  K,  iiit'i). 
Ni-r  ran  rvrii  tin'  /'oil  I'liii  it-cif  lie 
|iro|.  riy  vmiilii'il  in  aiil  of  iln'  siwrilio 
ruling  of  iIk-  poiirt.  Tin'  ca-rn  I'itcil  in 
cliaplir  XXMII.,  !•'.  „,i/i,  show  viTy 
|ilainl.\  lliai  a  furi'iiiaii  of  tlii'  (.'i.uli'  u'f 
till'  ili'liii.|.,i'nt  is  mil  a  vin'  |iiiiii'i|ial 
liiiiliT  any  |>rii|Ni  i'i.i,i-,.|,ii,)|i  of  tin-  Ui"- 
trine  of   ili'|«artiii.ntal    conln.!. 

A  similar  oriiir  i  a|i|ilii's  to  ftl. 
I.i'uis.  I.  ,(  '/'.  /,'  '  V.  7'i„,,  1/  (I  Still  I 
.■.S  .\rk.  217,  21  S.  U.  211,  sii|.[H,siii^- 
till'  ralininli'  of  that  la-i'  to  lir  that  a 
\iri'  |iiiiiii|i:il  dii'ii'  a  fori'liian  of 
liriilLi-  iiii-t  iiiitinn  I  was  not  a  ri'|iii' 
stiitalivi'  Iif  llll'  ma-li'r  in  ii'-|,irt  ti.  a 
iii'f:lii;int  act  cliaiacli  ri~lii' of  a  servant, 
lint  («i-  llily  llic  natur.'  of  tin-  art  is 
intcniliil  to  111'  tlif  sole  i— I'lilial  hiimiihI 
of  llll'  iIi'ci»ion. 

Ill  /•,.,,/,//■.'  V.  nriiiri,  (l.sii.ti  .'iS  .\rk. 
20ii.  2t  S,  \V.  2.-.0,  il  -iiiiis  1,1  III.  a--iimiil 
that  till'  fiirinian  of  ,i  railway  roiiiiil 
hoiisi.  was  a  d('!';nt!!i''!ital  vlci-  (irlni'ipal. 

Ill  Kii  11.111 'i  rilii,  I  I.  .V.  ,(  I/.  /,'.  /■„'  V. 
lilt  III, ir.inl    (18i)4)   oH  .\rk.  ;J21,  24  b.  U. 


!        \{ 


1582 


.M.\M'i;i{  AM)  SKI!\.\NT. 


,:! 


I 


[chap.    XXX. 


72.'!.  it  « 
lih.inl  I  , 
\V.     KISII,    that     tli< 


lic'M.  f)n  llic  iiiitli<ii  ily  iif  the    iiciiliLicnt     sor\Miil's     sii|Miinr     i>i)«iti 


(  lS!i;i)    58   Aik.    tlti,    ■!■>    S.    ( 


V.  Siiiilhirii   I'.  It.  Cu.    I  ISill 


oliiirj 


:c  of  II  qiiiiii.v  owiii 


>i|iiiiiiliii<l(iil     ill    HS  C^il.  :!i;o.  2(i  |>;io.  IT.'i.     Such  :i  tli( 


(I  \,' 


<'<iiM|>iiiiy 


wa.*  a    VK 


Iri^itiiiiatc 


of   (1. 


M'l 


>liiMti 


prini'i|>; 


i1. 


tciiilciit 


|>artiiH'iital   rciitnjj   if  tlic 


1   railway    If  li^'iillv  applicil.  would  (Icarly  ali-iolvr 

nui-^lrr   frmn    ri'-|>iMi<iliility    for   tin 

'i,t;riii-i'  ivcii   of   a   ;.:iiii'ral    iiiaiia"iT: 


Tliis 


if    tllC    llc.rtl 


1|.; 


(■.\<'1(  IMil  rolltrol  UMlcstlictlll 
r.\c<i)t  as  n>f.Mril-  tlic  i;.ii(ral  ipiaiia>;<-r 
of  the  coiiipiiny:  Imt  thi>  ir|Mir1  (I<h's  iml 
show  an  clearly  a^  Iiii;:lil  lie  w  i>liccl  tlic 
precise  naliiie  ami  cMeiit  of  the  (Miwcrs 
ve.-!ted  in  the  (leliii(|ii(iit. 

In  /•'/.  .^111  nil  nil  I!.  Co.  V.  Sl„vri- 
(ISnS)  r,H  .\rk.  llW,  lM  S.  U.  liltl.  an 
eilijiloyec  in  <har;.eef  the  oil  ihpait  iiicnt 
of  a  ooiiipr.-,s  coiiipatiy  ^ceiiis  in  have 
been  vieweil  as  a  depart iiieiilal  iiiaiia'.'er; 
but  the  main  stress,  pcrhajis.  was  in 
tended  to  ho  laid  on  the  noii  dcle;;alp|e 
quality  of  the  duty  violated. 

From  the  fon'jioin};  siniinary  it  would 
apjiear  rcasonalile  to  .(nii-liide  that  the 
Arkansas  court,  while  it  is  tiKKirctically 
an  adherent  of  the  doctrine  of  dep.irt- 
liiental  oontiol,  has  applied  that  dcKtrine 
to  employee-n  of  lower  cr.idc?  than  is 
warrantahle  under  the  latent  and  hest 
considered  decisions  of  the  Federal 
courta,  whose  views  as  to  the  i«idper 
limits  of  this  d<«trine  are  of  strii!i;;ly 
persuasive,  if  not  of  eontrollinj;.  author- 
ity in  the  otlu-r  jiiri>dictions  where  it 
has  been  ado|)tei|.  Inihr  these  circuiii- 
stances  the  pid|H'r  classificaliim  of  the 
Arkansas  cast's  liecomes  a  matter  of 
some  dilliculty.  Hut  haviiiu'  re;;.u-d  to 
the  actual  facts,  and  the  position  i.f  the 
eni])Ioyees  held  to  1m'  vice  principals. 
from  the  lilniid  Caxi  dnwriwards.  it 
steems  justilialde.  ujion  tlie  wlmle.  to  ^ay 
that,  even  if  this  <iate  cannot  be  de 
scrilied  as  one  of  those  which  pmceed 
upon  the  thcfiiy  that  all  ilireitiuf;  em- 
ployees ri'present  the  niaslei.  its  de- 
cisions are  most  cornclly  placed  in  the 
same  list  as  those  which  illustrate  that 
theory.     S'o  §   't2^,  iinlr. 

The  dual  ca|>acity  of  superior  servants 
was  recojinized  in  .s7.  I.tmis.  I.  ,(  /'.  I{. 
Co.  V.  Toney  (18!).'i)  ."iS  Ark.  217.  -' t 
S.  \V.  244. 

California. — At  an  early  date  the  com- 
mon law  was  siipcr-^ediMl  in  this  state 
by  the  Code  provisi<.ii  (S  |!(l)l) -sik> 
5  Orilia.  pout)  wliicli  relieves  (>iiiployers 
from  liability  for  the  ncLdi^'ence  of  a 
coservant  "in  the  same  f.'i'iier.il  busi- 
ness." These  wiu'ds  have  been  Ihuuiihl 
by  the  supreme  court  to  have  biH'ii  iiv 
tended  to  swci'p  away  the  distinctions 
created  by  the  ailjudL'ed  eases  in  favor 
of    the    servant,    on    the   irrouud   of    the 


ul 
u:\    at 
lldc 


one 


li  iidcncy  to  adopt 
lint,  on  the  whole, 
treated  as  merely 
ciiiiMiicin  law.  the  r 


jieriod    there   wa 


stroll 


in 


thi~  extreme  view, 
he  statute  has  been 
de<laratory  of  the 
>ult  beinj;  that  thi- 
loiiit.  like  those  of  nearly  all  the  other 
slati"-.  Ill-Ills  a  ma-ler  to  be  lialile  for 
the    iiei;li,M-nee    of    a     l"  iieral    inana^'er 

l{flllll    v.    I.OS   .AlKlll.K    1,1     ,(■    Colli   StoilK/i 

Co.  M8!lli)  112 Cal.  214.  :I2  I..  1!.  ix 
524.  44  I'ae.  471.  Sec  9  .-,^7.  unlc.  for 
a   review  of  the  ilcci~iniis. 

Whether  the  doctrine  of  dcpartmontal 
vice  principalship  has  been  adopted  in 
this  state  is  a  matter  of  di  ubt  I's  the 
decisions  stand.  In  one  case  a  raiUvav 
company  was  n-ipiircd  to  answer  for  the 
licj;lij;eiice  of  a  road  ma-ter.  an  ollicial 
who.  in  some  -.tates.  has  bii'U  held  a 
vice  principal  (see  §  riU.'i.  auir)  :  but  the 
rationale  of  the  deci-ion  was  that  the 
plaint  iir  iiad  not  been  warned  of  a 
s|M'cial  dan^'er  incident  to  the  place  of 
work,  h'lliiliii  V.  Xdlioiial  Cilii  ,{•  I) 
I!.  Co.  (ISlKii  inn  Pal.  2X2.  34  I'ac.  7211 
111  aiiethiT  casi'  the  master  was  held 
liable  for  the  nee|ij;ence  of  an  assistant 
foreman  in  a  factory.  Folrii  v.  Coh 
foniia  IIoisisIkh-  Co'.  (18fl(i)  115  ("al. 
1S4.  47  I'ac  42.  Tint  the  precise  ellecl 
of  tliis  decision  is  not  very  clear.  Sii> 
§  .■>•'!).  note  5.  riii^. 

The  master's  liability  for  the  acts  of 
the  fiillowiiiL'  sup.'ivisin},'  employees  of 
lower  tirades  has  hi  en  dcclariHl: 

A  conductor.  Co,:,,iiirc  v.  Soiithtni 
P.  R.  Co.  (1801)  88  Cal.  3C0.  26  Pac. 
175. 

A  secti<in  foreman.  Darrs  v.  Soutlnni 
P.  Co.    (l,S'.i:ii    !»H  Cal.    I'l,  .32   I'ac.   7I»S. 

A  foreman  in  a  mine.  Sl'/tlinis  v. 
Doc  (1SS7)  7,3  Cal.  2fi.  14  Pao.  37S 
(l)r"suiiialily  not  in  full  control:  see 
above) . 

The  foreman  siipervisiii;»  the  silviT 
room  di'iiartnicnl  of  smelt  iiiL'  wurks. 
Si.roi)  V.  Si  11, II  Siiicltimi  ,(■  l.iail  Co. 
( 18114  i    in2  Cal.  4.-18.  3li  I'ac.  8(1,3. 

The  foreman  of  a  farm.  Vov'9  v. 
Wood  ilS!t4)  in2  Cal.  3S!1.  3li  I'ac.  7(lti 
(presnmaldy  not  in  full  enntrol;  see 
aliovi-i . 

A  L'aiig  foreman  of  stevedores.  Me- 
Poiuiiil  V.  Ilnrlrliiir    (18781    53  Cal.  35. 

The  male  of  a  ship.  I.iiinijttliin  v. 
A'.;./;,,/.-  /•/../  Co.  (18114)  KJ3  Cal.  25-<. 
.■!7  I'ac,  14'J. 


I  ••4!IJ 


SI  MMAliY  OK  l>KCISIOXS. 


1583 


Tlie  supcrintondont  of  tlic  oori'itriiclinn    vice  priiicipiil  in  HiirlintjIiDi  A  \I.  /fn 


of  a  bridm;.     Ili 


,11,, 


I 


ninrisro 


llri'lijf  Cu.  (I«;t7)    117  Cal.  417,  4!)  I'ac. 


ir   C'l.    V.    Uiiili,!     (lH!t,)t    ti    Colo.    App. 


r..  40  1 


.JOU. 


A  cipniliictor  wiw  asmiincd  to  1m>  a  vice 


riie    fort'iiian    of    (•iiiistiiirlidn    <if    a    priiicipal  in   /> 
tri-tli'.     I'liltiii,  \.  Hull   ilSIMii    ll.t  Ca).    Sinii,si„i    (ls<l|)     10   Ciilu 
:,'X\,  4J  I'ac.   1017. 

A  fiircnian  in  a  qnair.v  wliicli  is  nia 


7".  it   (;.   U.  Co. 


;l.!!i. 


n- 


aL'cil  liy  a    suprrintcnilcnt.      llniKjniii  v. 
/,rri.«  "(I'.ioO)    12H  Cal.    is.  no   I'ap.  ."jin. 

Tlie  llifDiy  that  a  viici  piineipal 
«liiMiM  lie  n';:ai'il('il  as  a  mere  servant 
when  he  is  (Idinjj  a  servant's  work  has 
not  heen  diseus-ed  in  any  of  the  oases. 
In  two  eases  the  e-scnee  (rf  the  (h-eision 
ii;  this  |M>int  of  view  may  lie  saiil  to  l>e 
ihit  foremen  whose  rank  i»  hiwer  than 
tlint  of  ;;eneral  manatjers  ari'  vice  jirin- 
ripals  in  rejjard  to  the  |)erformanee  of 
mm  d(  le;;at)le  duties.  Iliii'iiiis  v.  11  i7- 
/.»,..v  ilsmil  114  Cal.  170.4.")  I'ae.  1041; 
A7/,i/w  V.  \<iliif,iiil  nil/  d  0.  R.  Co. 
ilSlili)  100  Cal.  2S2.  :i4  I'ae.  720.  (See 
Mbdvp. )  The  tlieoiy  on  whieh  two  other- 
luni  is  that  eerlain  foremen  of  tl.i~ 
L'l.iile  were  Mnt  viep  prineipals  to  the 
iii;;lipMit  act  whieh  eaiis<>(l  tlii'  injury. 
li'iiintllif  V.  San  Fritnri.srti  Hriihfv  Ctt. 
iis:i7)  '  117  Cal.  417,  40  I'ae.  550 
i;iiisvverini;  that  all  was  clear  Ixdon 
ulien  a  workman  wa.s  about  to  throw 
Idwn  a  heavv  article)  ;  Cnllun  v.  Hull 
ilSIMil  113  'Cal.  593,  45  Pac.  1017 
iiu't'lect  to  provide  a  .scalfold  of  suHi- 
'imt  sirenfith  durinf;  the  pro^'ress  of  the 
v.ork).  iiut  in  tlie  latter  of  tliese  cases 
■nine  lan{iua;;e  is  used  whieh  show.s  a 
liiiiieil  leanin;;  toward  the  doctrine  of 
inspin  V.  liabbilt.  (See  §§  544,  547, 
■1/1  (p.  I 

Cdlontdo. — A  inaster  i»  held  to  be  lia- 
iilc  for  the  ncjfligence  of  the  followinf; 
•  mpliiyees: 

.\  nninafier.  Colorado  Mill  <t  Khrnlar 
'■'-,  V.  Mitrhrll  (ISOni  20  Colo.  2S4.  .iS 
\'.\e.  2S;  I.anlni  v.  Silicrman  (18!t2)  1 
I  ul...  .\pp.  404.  20  I'ac.  180. 

.\  ilc'|iartmental  manager. — as.  an  cm 
I'liiyee  in  full  charge  of  the  sinkinf;  of 
a  mine  sliiift.  /).</)  I/ih.  ,(■  llraiiiinir 
I'lj.  v.  Fitmn-oU  (1805)  21  Colo.  S.S.I. 
l:!  I'ae.  210. 

The  superintendent  of  the  construe 
li'in  of  a  railway,  nciirrr,  S.  I'.  ,f  /'. 
/.'.  Co.  v.  n,i.iroil  (1880)  12  Cido.  520. 
-1  I'ac.  708. 

The  ^'eneral  foreman  of  tracklayers. 
iniiler  a  superintendent  of  eonslniction. 
Cnlnindo  Miillatiil  If.  Co.  v.  O'lirirn 
ilSDl)  If,  (  „l,i,  210.  27  I'ac.  701:  Col- 
„fiih,  \li,llaiitl  R.  Co.  V.  Xai/hin  (1H02I 
IT  (V.1.1    ,-i>i.   ;iO   1>,,..    210. 

A  road  master  was  assumed  to  be  a 


The  doctrine  that  a  v 


.   20   I'ac. 

ice  principal  is 
a  mere  .servant  when  he  does  manual 
work  is  applied  in  one  of  the  alio\e 
eases.  /»../,  l/i/i.  ,f  Ihaiiianc  Co.  v. 
filniiiald  (ISOo)  21  (olo.  5;t'a,  4;i  I'ac. 
210. 

('o>iiiivlit)il. — A  master  is  liable  for 
I  he  nc;:li;;i'iice  of  a  ^riiicral  manau'er. 
Crnisli  V.  \<ii  ;;anii  Ice  Co.  (ISOU) 
ti.t  <  onn.  9.  27  Atl.  2.15. 

The  doctiine  of  departmental  vice 
principalsliip  seems  also  to  be  recoir. 
ni/i'd  in  this  slate,  as  the  A'o.ss  Co.si  was 
relied  upon  in  DaiiKinn  v.  Snc  Yoil;  dc 
.V.  E.  /;.  Co.  (1884)  52  Conn.  205,  52 
Am.  Rep.  500  (delimpient  was  a  train 
ihspatchcr  I .  I'.ut  the  court  in  its  ar- 
^'unicnt  Havers  between  this  conception 
and  that  of  a  non-delefrable  duly  in- 
trusted to  Ihi'  despateher.  See  j  577 
(a  I .  jKixt. 

The  mere  fact  that  the  neijlifrent  serv- 
ant was  the  superior  of  the  injured  one 
will  not  enable'  the  latter  to  recover. 
IliV.son  V.  Willhiiantir  l.imn  Co.  (lss;t) 
50  Conn  4.13.  47  Am.  I!cp.  (i5.t;  Siilli- 
ran  v.  \t;r  York.  V.  //.  d  II.  l{.  Co. 
(1802)  02  Conn.  200,  2.">  Atl.  711  (gany 
foreman  not  a  vice  principal). 

Delanarr. — A  general  nianafrer  has 
been  held  to  be  a  vice  principal.  Foster 
V.  I'mci  (ISHS)  8  Houst.  (Uel.)  108, 
14  Atl.  54.5. 

The  status  of  superior  servants  of 
lower  frrade  has   not   been  discussed. 

Florida. — The  subject  of  vice  princi- 
palsliip has  ap|i:ircntly  not  been  dis- 
cussed in  this  state,  all  the  employer's 
casc's  of  injiiiics  to  servants  turiiiii;; 
UDon  the  question  of  coiiimon  employ 
chapter     xxvii.. 


meiit     merely. 
iiiitr.) 

<irorf,ia.  —  A 
dit'ined  to  be  a 
Coll  OH  Factor)! 
Cu\.    l.tV.   47    .\iii 


(jeneral  nianajrcr  is 
vice  principal.  .1  Ihnila 
Co.   V.  Siiiir    (lS,S2i    00 

I'i'p.   750    (assumed  )  ; 


hroiiq  V.  Mlaiila  <(-  U'.  /',  H.  Co.  (  l.SSO 
77  Ca.  202:  MrI>oiinld  v.  Fai/h-  ,t  /'. 
Mf<l.  Co.  (IHSli  07  Ca.  701  (18S2|  US 
Ca.  830. 


.\  departmental 
jiriiicipal.  Tmilor 
Co.  (1805)  90"(;a. 
.s'/icHccr   V.    lirool.K 


manafier  Js  n  vice 
V.  Gcoriiia  \hirld,' 
512.  27  S,  K.  7(iS; 
I  1S05)    07   (;a.   OSl. 


2."i  S.  !•;.  4Sri  ;  (cin.iuctor  u  i~  d<'iiiM|Ui'ii:  : 
Ito.sn  Cusu  L8  532,  um/cJ  tollowedj  ;  Au 


1584 


M  N^IKi:  AND  SKIIVAXT. 


[CUAP.   XXX. 


inmiii  V.  Oil 


(10011)    111   (111.    Kit,  3(!    in    which    she    wns    f>n^'H3r(l.      Sniill:i-rn 


fd  I 


S.Kt     (  >ii|ii'i  iiiti'iiilriit     of    (iiiaiiy    Aiiiii'iilhiial   Il«i7,.'(  v.  I'lniiKlin   (  1: 


IV  a  (Mtv  I 


C/i. 


N.     Ill    (i 


:U!t.   ao  S.    K.  (ilC!.      Olivin 


N.   Co.    (  isn:i)    !!:!  (III. 


(ciiiployi 
iiit<'ii<liii;j 


if  -.triin^Iii 
thi'  liiacliiiL; 


l!l   S.   K.  'i',\    liowcvcr.    such    an    oxpl  iniiliiin    !■* 


l|MIiy    :*11| 


ipiT-    lliiii''  hut  »iiti>factoiy. 


if  thi 


shi 


Wiitiil     fii't    of    ai 


nil.' 


(lice    of    |icrs(iM,i 


lirliiixliin  i(    t'd.    ll^lMli    KMI    iTiiiriication    hr1\\rc>ii    a    sci'viiiil    atid   lli, 


fttiti  V.  \\  Hi.  Jtiiinsttin  ii 
(ill.  4."i^.  :it  S.  K.  M-  isaiiic  ih'scii|ilini 
(if  cinphiyi-c.-  cilh'il  licrc  a  "■wiilkin^' 
h(i-s");  lll'ii-l.iiHifi  \.  Tli'iiiini'ii-lhiiisliiii 
IJo-lric  I'd.  I  l-^'.lT  I  Idi  (ia.  (il.  2!t  S.  E. 
I'JO  I  mill'!  Ill  /•niiiian  of  powir  hmise  of 
I'Iri';  lie  (•iiiii|':iiiy  i . 

No  action  can  ho  mnintaincd  for  the 
iu';;lij;ciici'  of  the  fiiUovviii!;  KUin'iior 
siMViiTits  of  the  Imvcr  grailiv-: 

A  woikiiiaii  with  two  or  Ihii-c  iiiuler 
him.  cn^agcil  in  cnclins  a  Imihliiig. 
\l<U<„mUl  V.  Kfinlr  <f  /'.  ilfn.  Co.  (1881) 
CiT  (ia.  7til  (18S2)  (i8  f!a.  .s:?ft  (rcfu-in-; 
to  treat  such  an  employee  as  a  general 
siipeiinteiiilent  1 . 

.\  trmig  lioss  on  the  constriietioii  of  a 
Imililin';.  ri/(<.,  v.  Itmr  (  lK!im  104 
Ca.  (iT!t.  .in  S.  E.  8S4. 

A  roniii  foremiii  in  a  factory.  1/c- 
r,ni:<-ni  v.  ("o/iii.i?)i'v  Mfq.  Co.  (  IHS(i)  80 
Ha.  2-27,  5  S.  K.  407 

A  foreman  of  a  .[1111(1  of  men  receiv 
\np  tiiiiliers  which  are  heing  Imistcil  hy 
a  derrick.  (Iiiiiii  v.  WiUiiinliiiiii  (1000) 
111  f!a.  427.  30  S.  E.  804.' 

An  oper.itor  of  a  machine.  Ilnmhi) 
V.  f'lii'oH  I'niiir  MillK  Co.  (lOddi  ll'o 
Oa.   1.  3.")  S.  E.  207    (helper  injured ). 

Ill  one  CISC  a  doeliine  which  wii^;  vir- 
tually the  same  as  tliat  of  siiperiur  and 
sulidi'dinate  (§§  .V21  rl  .siv/..  fi,ilr\.  was 
enunciated.  .\lliiiit<i  Cnllnn  I'nclnni  Co. 
V.  .«/)((■'■  (18821  (iO  fla.  137.  47  Am. 
T!ep.  750.  where  the  master  was  held 
liahle  for  the  negliueiiee  of  the  imme- 
diate overseer  of  a  girl  of  lifleeii  yeiiis 
of  age.  in  allowing  her  to  pla.v  with  her 
eoiiipiuiions  in  a  room  to  wliich  the  su- 
])erint  .lit  had  forliidden  them  to  he 
tiikeii.  II  it  was  inteinled  liy  this  niliiiLT 
to  formnlito  a  principle  of  universnl 
appHcaliilily.  as  hetucen  ma-ter  iind 
servant,  the  case  is  clearly  overruled  liy 
the  four  ciises  last  eidd  above.  Itul  il 
wa.s  reeiiuly  cNplaiiied  that,  when  the 
court  hiid  it  down  that  "the  agent  who 
represents  the  coi  pnriition  as  masl(>r 
over  other  employees  for  the  time  occu- 
pies the  position  of  the  corporation  for 
such  time  IIS  to  such  siilmidinates."  all 
that  was  meant  was  that  the  corpora- 
tion was  liahle  where  the  injured  em- 
ployee was  a  child  who  was  without  ac- 
cess to  the  pi'iieiiit  siiiiiTiuleiident.  and 
who  reccii..!  her  orii.  r^  -i.i.iy  irmn  the 
manager  of  the  braneli  of  the  hu-iness 


;:eiieral  manager  is  to  iinik.'  the  im.: 
mediate  superior  a  vice  piiiieipiil.  ili.iv 
is  no  lii^'ical  yroiiiid  iipoii  v.hieli  a  imii; 

can  decline  to  m pi  the  siipiiior  -.  n- 

ant  doeliine  without  ipialilieiit  ion.  '[v., 
scope  of  the  S/trrr  Civ.  therefore,  inn-'. 
he  even  nininvier  thin  that  sii:;'jr-i,..l 
Its  tnie  r.;(ioiiiiIe  should  riitl:..  1. 
sought  in  the  thiory.  eNcmplilled  in  vm 
melons  cas(.s.  that  the  olili;;iitinii,  .. 
employers  to  niino.s  of  tender  \f.:;  ;.: 
more  exieiisive  than  tliose  to  wliie!i  t  h.  , 
are  siihjeet  with  re,Lr;iid  to  serviiM-  .f 
full  ii'je.  In  other  words,  the  ._'i:i.!,i' 
doctrine  that  a   master  is  not  liiilili.  in: 

an  injiiiy  caused  hy  the  nej;lii.'eii f  ,. 

fidlow  seniint  does  not  apply  to  t!i. 
case  of  a  child  who  was  injured  tin 011;' 
the  iieudijr'iiee  of  a  siiperiutcndeiit  hIiu-. 
oriler-  the  cMId  wiis  hound  to  n!.... 
Sniitlirrn  \iiiiriijl mill  H'or/.w  V.  i'nV'l-- 
lilt  (  10110 1  111  (!a.  310.  3(1  S.  K  ilW 
explaining'  the  efTeet  of  .Ik^i/x/'  '"■ 
lonj  V.  Haiiirs  (1SS4)  72  Cia.  2-S.  .v 
.\ni.  Rep.  S:!S.  to  he  that  the  <'  '  i.jj- 
compiiny's  airent.  in  the  ea  .e  r  iiiM: 

employee,    owed    the    employee         Iiil;!i.' 
de;;ree  of  eaie  and  duty,  which  rrpii:. 
the  ii'jents  in  authority  over  her  to  1..!. 
after     her     s;il'e(y      while     under     ili. .;. 
charge,   and    in    the   perfonnance  of  li. 
diit.v.      (There  the  servant   was  not  nii!' 
11    minor,   hut   was   also  directed   In  111 
deitike  new   risks,   so  that   the  cn-e  f.i 
the  servant  was  reall.v  stronger  tliiin  I- 
stated).       It     was    considered     thiil    (!.■ 
il(M-lriiie     of     NVi///i//|.     \.      \Vf,ii'!l>i  ,>hj 
I  IS  If!)    1    fla.    10.-).   that  the   defeii-^e  .I 
eomimiii    einploynii'iit    was    not    axiiilil'''' 
where   the    injured    person    was   a    sl:n. 
NMis  appliciihle  to  minors  of  tender  lej. 
A- regiirds  the  .S'y. <■(■/■  Cnsr  itself.  ;i  pmir; 
whieli    rejects    the    doctrine    of    »ii|.iii..r 
end    siihorilinate   mi.irht   clearlv   le'Id  .e* 
eiiild  lyer    liahle    upon    the   specilic   f.ii''- 
there    ill    evidence,    hy    construing    tlnin 
:is    indicative   of    a    hreach    of   the   non- 
del.  ..'aide   duly    of    instructing   a    veiiii: 
euiployie  as  to  the  dm^rers  of  the  pin.. 
of  woik.      (See  §§  .■"i7H.  .">70;  ;io.s7.l     Bui 
this  theory  was  not   relied  upon. 

llliiiniit. — This    is    one    of    the    stntf- 
which     has    unreservedly     aecepte.l    tlic 

drf!l!::e      nf      -:tj-;-'iiM       :i  :id      mi'.":  ■:":•■. 1*^ 

(eliapler  x.wui.,  U,  uii(t).     liiiiiilc'iLT! 


5  .-.4t)] 


SI'MM AHY  OF  DKClsKiNs. 


1S85 


linvi'  lipcn  hilil  rosponiihlp  for  the  nc;;Ii- 
(•(•iicc  of  the  f()ll(nvin<r  sciTiUits: 

A  gciif'iiil  s.  MTiiiliiiili.iit.  Kratiiirc 
lloihr  Co.  V.  t:rirksi,ii  (ISOS)  78  III. 
App.  35. 

Ilic  forcniitii  of  a  stoci  odtnpiiny.  11- 
liiioia  StrrI  Co.v.  ftrliiimniioii:sl;i  ("iROC.) 
H,-.>  111.  447.  44  X.  K.'87ii. 

Tlie  forctiiiUi  of  a  tiiick  coinpinv's 
cliiy  mine,  riilrarm  \iiih  r.wn  I'lrnsnl 
Hi  ilk  Co.  V.  Srttil.oiiiok-  |1SS!»)  ,'i4  III. 
.\p[i.  :JI2,  Allliiiicl  in  (|S!l4l  lis  III. 
r)7.'!.  .Ill  N.  K.  ,'>72  (vifc  piiiicipiililiip 
not   for  jury  in  tliis  iii^l^uii'i' i . 

Till'  forciMiin  of  n  niciil  p^icUitiL'  c^lnh- 
lisliniont.  l.ililni,  1/r\.  <(■  /,.  v.  Srlirr- 
HHia  (ISO;})  14(1  III.  .54(1.  ;i4  X.  K.  Sill. 
.Mlirniin?    (IS!12)    DO   III.   .\pp.   12:1. 

Tlie  forcninn  of  a  foinnlrv.  l-'il-nir- 
iild  V.  Hoiikiimp  (1S!I2)  44  III.  \ii|) 
:il)5. 

A  ynrdinii-^fcr.     Chiraii,,.    ft.   /.   rf   />. 

II.  Co.  V.  Ti'iihii  (l,SS7i  211  ill.  App! 
!l!).  \r>nlx  V.  Illiiiiii.s  C.  It.  Ci)  ( 189<h 
S8  111.  App.  (!14. 

Till'  forciihin  of  11  wri'okiiij:  crew.  1\"<7- 
l-ish.  St.  I,,  rf  /'.  J{,  Co.  V.  Ihiiik  IISH7) 
'21   III.  2.VI.   12  X.   K.  2.V!. 

The    foiciiiiin    of    a    railway    Iiiinlipr 

villd.  Chirtlqit  ,f-  .1.  It.  Co.  V.  Muv 
<  ISSl)    108    111.  28S. 

A  foroiimn  of  truck  ri'p:iirrrs.  Chi- 
•  ■'ifio,  SI.  I..  iC  /'.  R.  Co.  V.  f/iv/.v.?  fisno) 
m  111.  .•i7.  24  N.  E.  51)3,  Affirming 
ilHSn)   Xy  III.  App.  17S. 

A  sortioTi  foreman.  Cliirarjo  &  A.  R. 
Cn.v.  Holl:    (|8<»7)    71   111.  App.  414. 

Tlie  forrnian  of  an  dcctric  rriihvay 
•iniipaiiy  at  its  car  slipd.  M<  lini,iililfi'ii 
•Vixt  Side  Hlrr.  R.  Co.  v.  Skuta  (1!I00) 
ls:i  III.  4.14,  .Iti  N.   K.   171. 

'flip  "starter"  of  a  street  railway. 
W'rsI  Chicnii)  Slirct  R.  Co.  v.  I),i  i/'.r 
lISn4)  .'■>7  111.  App.  440  (prolial)ly  a 
vicT  pririeipal). 

A  foreman  of  onp  of  the  ■,'anjrs  enira^reil 
on  the  eonstructioii  of  a  liriiljii'.  I'i/I.v- 
hurij  llriihir  Co.   v.    Wulkrr    I  1S!I7  )    170 

III.  .->on,  48  X.  K.  915,  Atnimin''  (i897) 
:o  III.   App.  .5.5. 

Til"  foreman  of  a  jran^r  of  carpenters. 
/.M^T  V.  Kiiimare  (189ii)  ti8  HI.  App. 
.'),5S. 

The  foreman  of  a  panfj  ciiLrau'ed  in 
iMii^tinp  a  lieavv  article.  /■■/■„.v,7  v 
//.'.-;  I1SS9)  .•i:^,  Ml.  App.  lo.-!:  /•>«.,•,  r 
V.  Schrordcr  (189(i)  103  III.  4.59,  45  N 
K.  288. 

A  pit  boss  in  a  mine.  Cnn.solidtilrd 
''•■id  Co.  V.  Wiimbni'hrr  (1891))  1:14  111. 
■>'•■  24  X.  E.  027,  Alfirminff  (18,S!ri  31 
ill.  App.   288. 

Tlie  foreman  of  a  giing  engugeil  in  cx- 


cavatinrr.     Chiiam,  rf  7'.  R.  Co.  v.  Sim- 
moim   (IS82)    II   111.  App.   147. 

A     forem.iii     of    ear     repairers.      St. 
Lniiii!.    1.   rf   r.    II.    R.   Co.   V.    Bolman 


(1891)  ,5:{  III.  .\|,|, 
The  foreman  of 
Drrdqivii  ,(■  [hmk 
(1N89)  30  III.  App 
'I'll"  feei!er  of  a  [ 
re'.-ards  a  bov  i  ider  hi 
V.  rimk   f    St)    1.5  III 


til7. 

II  dredge.  Chicngu 
Co.  V.  MrMahon 
358. 

lanirig  machine  (as 
orders) .  Fiiiiter 
App.  470. 


.\n  as^i-iant  sii|M'rinteniIent  on  a 
railway.  Cliirmio.  It.  ,C  y.  R.  Co.  v. 
Mi'l.iillii,    (18701   84   III.  109. 

.\  foreman  siipiivising  the  construc- 
tion of  a  ;ilv  sewer,  l.nSiiUc  v.  hoslkii 
(1901)  190  ill.  Kill.  Oil  \.  K.  72.  Allirm- 
iiig  (IIIIIO)  92  III.  App.  91:  Vhiruijo  v. 
'■/-,„/„   (1900)   91   111.  Api>.  400. 

I'lie  operator  of  a  niKliine.  Xoiloii 
llioK.  V.  Xndrliok  (1901)  190  111.  595 
.54  I,.  It.  A.  812,  00  X.  E.  843  (.is  to  his" 
"liidper") . 

.\ii  assislant  mine  manager.  Cniisiili- 
dull, I  Ciiiil  Co.  V.  Uriiliir  (1900)  188 
III.  5>^^4.  .-9  X.  E.  254. 

-\  f'. reman  in  a  sugar  refiner}-.  G)os- 
zcii.y/.i  V.  Cliirmio  Suyiir  Rif.C'o.  (1899) 
84   III.  App.  .5S3. 

A  superior  servant  is  a  vice  principal 
only  as  to  servants  under  liis  control. 
I.iiirnln  Colli  Mill.  Co.  V.  McXallii 
(ISS4)    15  III,   .\pp.   181. 

It  miglit  he  tlioii;rlit  that  courts  which 
have  imposed  lialiilily  for  the  negligence 
of  the  employees  "alM.ve  enumerated 
would  have  had  no  lie-it alion  in  holding 
railway  companies  Haldc  for  the  de- 
faults of  conductors.  Hut  the  precise 
evtent  of  the  responsibility  foi-  suuli  em- 
ployees is.  as  the  cases  stand,  somewhat 
obxiiie.  The  supreme  court  ha.s  held 
the  eondnctor  of  a  wrecking  train  to  he 
a  vici.  prineipal.  .lln ml  v.  Tmr  llnute 
rf  /.  //.  Co.  (ISSl)  111  111.  2112,  53  Am. 
I!ep.  010;  and  the  same  ruling  has  been 
made  liy  the  con;'  if  appeals  with  re- 
gard to  the  coiid  :  :  .■  of  a  gravel  train. 
Cliii-iiin,,  II.  iC  Q.  R.  Co.  V.  Rliink  (1887) 
24  III.  App.  4.18.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  court  of  appeals  has  deelared  a  rail- 
way eouipany  not  liable  for  the  negli- 
gence of  the  conductor  of  a  const nuMon 
train.  Chirnoo  d  ,1.  R.  Co.  \.  Vi-Dm,- 
iilil    (ISS7)    21    111.    App.   409;    and   the 

principle  of  this  case  has  1 n  approval 

liy  the  supreme  court  to  the  extent  that 
it  h.is  declared  it  to  be  a  question  for 
the  jury  whether  such  a  conductor  is  a 
vice  Miincipal  as  to  one  of  the  laliorers. 
MoliiU-  rf  It  R.  rn_  V.  '/'.":':(■•;  (18041 
152  III.  144.  .38  X.  E.  7h7.  Allinriing 
(1893)    52   111.   Apj).   550    (omission   to 


mtt 

HnHRt  . 

l.'.*"J 


M.\STK«  AND  SKKVANT. 


[chap.    XXX. 


If  *!'  ^ 


lead  rii'iiiirii;  onliTs  lo<l  to  n  collision). 
I'lic  more  rci-cnt  ihcisiniis  of  ttic  »ii|>ri'm(' 
I'ourt  xi'ciii  to  irj.'ai'l  llic  ronipaiix '»  liii 
l>i!ity  as  hciii);  ilc|ii'ncliiil  siiaply  ii|hiii 
till'  answer  to  tin-  (jiii'stion  wlnlliiT.  ii 
ics|i(iti\('  of  the  kind  of  train  uliicli  lie 
I'onlrollcil.  tilt'  act  of  the  coniliictor  was 
oillcial  or  iu>t.  In  one  it  was  licld  error 
to  instruct  a  jury  on  tlic  theory  that. 
IIS  matter  of  law,  a  eondnclor  who  is 
also  the  foreman  of  a  work  train  ri'pre 
sentH  the  company  for  all  purposes. 
Mobilr  A  O.  It.  Co.  v.  (loilfirii  (1S!».->| 
155  Ml.  7S.  :t!l  N.  E.  rm).  in  another 
the  court  refused  to  di-turh  the  finding 
of  the  court  of  appeals  that  the  nefjli- 
Kcnce  of  a  coiiduetor  of  a  freight  train 
in  permitting  it  to  run  past  a  switch 
on  which  he  had  Keen  directed  to  auait 
the  passage  of  anotljcr  train  is  that  of 
a  fellow  servant,  and  inn  of  a  vice  prin- 
ci|«il  of  the  (Irenian.  aotwithstandinj^  a 
rule  of  the  company  requiring  trains  to 
lie  run  under  the  direelions  of  the  con- 
ductor, exi'cpt  when  his  direct iini.s  con- 
llictid  with  the  rules  or  invidved  risk 
and  ha<ar<l.  in  which  case  the  engineer 
would  be  held  equally  respoiisililp. 
l/(i/(c  V.  Illiiinis  C.  II.  Co.  (lS!l!i|  177 
111.  .■|!M.  5:2  N.  K.  84H.  Ainrming  (1H>(5| 
(■.5    111.   App.  5.'?1. 

In  tile  case  la-t  cited  the  court  seems 
lo  hiive  contraxened  the  principle  enun- 
ciated hy  itself  (S  54"i.  ante),  that  any 
act  of  liegligencc  involving  an  exercise 
of  authority  is  olTicial.  .Most  of  the  de- 
cisions, however,  merely  go  to  the  extent 
of  treating  as  a  liar  t-  the  action  the 
fact  that  the  neglige  .ct  was  done  tiy 
the  delinquent  e-  iv  e  while  partici- 
pating in  the  k  of  tiis  suhordinates. 
(lall  V.  lied.:  rill  (I8!tSi  173  111.  187. 
50  N.  E.  711  (1807)  till  111.  App.  (il(i: 
lltinois  C.  If.  Co.  v.  ^irixhcr  IISi)5l  fil 
IIT  App.  fill:  riiiii  v.  CliiriKin.  It.  d-  Q. 
It.  Co.  (ISiHl  5(i  in.  App.  2:'ri:  riiiriiqo 
if  W.  I.  It.  Co.  V.  I/(/.s-.v,(/  (l.sil.t)  50  111. 
.\pp.  (iljli:  Chiciiiin  iicliiti  rl  mill  Iron 
WoiIk  V.  .\««/'/  (IS!)8)  SO  111.  App. 
402;  CUicuqo'w  Crotiiii  (1000)  01  III. 
App.  400. 

For  explanation  of  the  cases  in  which 
the  servant  was  allcwed  to  recover  un- 
der snch  circumstances,  see  §  545.  note 
1,  aiilr. 

hiiliana. — In  this  state  the  doctrine 
that  a  master  is  not  lendereil  lialile 
merely  hy  reason  of  the  superior  rank 
of  the  delinquent  was  earned  so  far  at 
one  time  that  the  master  niiihaiuC  of 
a  railway  was  held  not  to  lie  a  vice 
principal.  Cnlumhiix  .f  /.  V.  It.  Co,  v. 
Arnold    (1800)     31    Ind.    174,    00    Am. 


Dec.     015.       'riii"    decision,    which     wii» 

liaseil  upon  tl pillion  of  the  House  ol 

l/oids  in  II  i^v,,;,  V.  Mirry  (  S  527.  iiiil<  i 
was  aflerwardi*  ileelared,  soniewli;it 
giiariledly,  to  lie  ''on  exlremo  ease,  pci 
liaps  carrying  the  doctrine  lieyond  it-. 
proper  limits."  Iniliiinti  Cur.  Co.  \. 
I'ltrLir  (IS85)  100  Ind.  18'..  In  a  still 
later  decision  it  was  merely  desciihiil  m- 
"an  exirenie  case."'  and  declared  to  haM' 
lieeii  greatly  niiKlilled  li\  later  riiliii;.'. 
\«//  V.  I.o'iii^rillr,  \.  't,  ,(■  r.  It.  C,,. 
i  1801)  120  Ind.  200.  28  .\.  K.  18:i.  till 
It  has  never  lieen  expressly  overriili'l. 
Iherel'ore.  hut  the  decisions  cited  licl.i\ 
show  that  till'  general  principle  it  em 
liodies  is  no  longer  law  in  Indiana.  I  p 
on  the  speeilic  facts  it  is  discredited  l.\ 
Tiiiilor  V.  lunnsrillf  rf  T.  II.  It.  ci. 
i  1801  I  121  Ind.  124.  6  L.  R.  A.  584.  -M 
S.  M.  S70.     See  infra. 

A  general  manager  was  treated  as  ;i 
vici'  principal  in  Mill  lull  v.  Ituhmyn,,, 
(1881  I    8(1  Ind.  281.  41    Am.  Fiep.  812. 

.\  possilile  illustration  nf  tlii'  dodrini' 
of  ilepartmenlal  control  is  funiislied  hy 
Drinl.onI  v.  Hniilr  Mmli.  Wnrl.s  ilNs:!. 
00  Ind.  42.1.  where  tile  delinipient  «ii~ 
the  foreman  of  the  foundry  departnieiii 
in  inach'rie  works.  Itut  lialiility  »ii- 
really  predicated  rather  from  the  natiiic 
of  the  negligent  act.  The  s:>  ■  reiuiik 
seems  applicilile  to  Loni.irilh ,  .V.  .1.  d 
C.  ft,  Co.  V.  Urahain  (ISOu)  124  Ind.  S'.i. 
24  X.  K.  liOS.  where  the  foreman  of  tlir 
const  met  ion  of  a  tiuinel  allowed  the 
place  of  work  to  liecomc  unsafe.  l.i-> 
equivocal  recognitions  of  the  doctiiin' 
are  the  following  decisions,  imposiii;; 
haliility  for  the  negligence  of  the  fol 
lowing   emphiyees: 

.\  master  nie<'lianie.  Tai/lnr  v,  Ernii^ 
villi  rf  T.  H,  It.  Co.  (1880)  121  In.l. 
124.  0  U  R.  A.  584,  22  .\.   K.  S70. 

A  foreman  in  full  control  of  the  woik 
of  clearing  away  </<  /ii/.v  wliich  is  emlaii 
gering  a  raihvav  liridge.  \iill  v.  I.i/iii^ 
rillr,  V.  ,1.  ,(  r.  /,'.  Co.  (ISOII  120  lihl. 
200,  28   X.   E.    is:!.  Oil. 

A  division  superintendent  of  a  rail- 
way. l.rini.sriVi\  .V.  .(.  <{■  C.  It.  Co.  v. 
IhrK-  (1S'I8)   151  Ind.  202.  .50  X.  E.  !N8, 

A  street  commissioner  superintending 
the  coiLstinction  of  a  liridge.  hilmunn 
V.  ViCfjii  (1805)  12  Ind.  App.  500,  40 
X.    E.   700. 

The  inspector  of  municipal  water- 
works, supervising  the  constiuctioti  of 
a  trench.  I'l.  W'niinr  v.  Christie  ( l!)l)l  i 
15(i   Ind.    172.  50   N'.   E.  .385. 

That  mere  superiority  of  rank  will 
not  Oiaistjliite  a  sersaiil  a  vice  piimi- 
pal,   the   rule   being  the   namv,   whether 


li  < 


I  .•>4!»] 


SIMMAliV  dl'  |)i:(  ISIiiNS. 


15S7 


thp    iDJiiicI    ■.iiMinl    U   nil    mliilt    or   n    tln'  ilcri-idii   \\m   niprclv  tlio  nnttirp  of 
niiniii-,   ii   wiOl    -ciilcil.      I'inshiinih 


tl 


it  SI.  I..  If.  *■ 


U"    IK'I. 


hill.   I.-.I.  .-.   N.   K,   IM7.      Ill 


\il'iiii.i    {  Issiii     1115 


ill     III! 


'Ill 


wil-i   I  ltr;;(illr;i!I\    rrj 


!•  -.iipri  iiir   ~iiv:iiil   iliictrinp 


,1  \r 


<\v 


ini|il(i,vi(s  hi'ldw  till'  •■iji.li'  III  ilipait-  wliiili  il.chin.il  a  |ii'litiiiii  u,  In.  iliiniii- 
nii'iitiil  iiiuiiiij;<is  uif  tnili'il  iiti  iiifie  iiililc  u  lili  li  -n  ks  hcomit  on  lln-  lli.orv 
si'iviitits;  thai    ilii-  ilr!- ii|iii.iit  si-ivaiil   lia<l  ••liiiu^^'r 

A  oniiiliictor.  Thmia-  v.  St.  I.oiiii).  I.  ami  niiitiol  '  of  tin.  |)laiiillll.  /'.  ^  rv„,i 
it  T.  II.  li.  <'».  (|sii4i  -^l  Iml.  Hk  h:,  \.  Wliilrl,,,,!.'!  Cml  A  Mi',,  ('„.  i  IHT't) 
Am.  Di.p.  4(l!l:  l.iiinmilh.  \.  .\.  d  r.  If.  .",0  |,,ua,  liT:!.  :)J  Am.  IN. p.  l-l.t  (a|i- 
«'»).  V.  Siiiilhirii-k  (IS'.itli  Hi  Inil.  Apji.  |iro\iil  in  \,irl,,ini  v.  ll,l,h<l  it  1/. 
»S(i,  44    \.    !■;.   :M:t.  I.i,,„!n,    d     I//./.    <'o.    [IS!m;|     IiiO    linv.il 

A  Mil  Mil  loii.niaii.  .hisiiir  V.  I'liiii-  441.  ii!l  N.  W.  T4:n .  'I'lii  iirnl  of  this 
^ijliiiiua  <'</.  liSlM)  l.'Ill  liiij.  .:2i.  :M  S.  ili.ii-ioii  aa-  snl.,,.,pi,.in  jy  «tati.il  to  lip 
''■•  •'">•''■  111. It    a    iMiTi.    foicnian,    a^    tlir    wiuil    i« 

.\   foil. man   i'oMtiolliii.,r  ,,   ;;an';  in  oiip    j.'|.ii. rally   niiclii~t I.     ijiat    is.  a  lalMurr 

of    llip    tiiiinils    of    a    riiirnl    compaiiv.    uiili   powrr  In  .-iipri  iiitiml   llir  lalior  of 

/,''iv,«    V.     I  ii.",i     (••1,11  III     ,f     Liiiif     Cii.    tlio>|.    winking'    with     liiiii. — i-i    a    i in- 

(I'.MKc    Ind.i    .-,s    \.    K.  .-ilid.  ployip.  .so  far  as   his  own   lalior   is  con- 

Tlip  foii'iiian  of  till'  «inM|.hop  in  a  rir  ii.|iu.il.  Hnhln  i„  \,  si.  I.itm.i.  A'.  <(  V. 
inclnry.  hi'luiiii  far  Co.  v.  I'litl.rr  It.  Co.  ilSS.'ii  US  Iowa.  .')T  '."i  .\  \V 
ilSSfi    Kill  IimI.   ISI.  ills.      II,. I,,.,.,    liability    has    I'lri'ii    ,'|,'.Mi,.,i 

Till,  siipi  iiiiti.|iil|.iit  of  iiiacliiiiiiy  in  a  wlini.  Ili(.  ili.|iii(|iii.nts  witp  (hp  follmv 
liii'toiy.       Hoiiri-    V.    I'll: /III  I,  III:     (  ISSI*     in;;   |.|iiplc.yf|.s: 

^^i'  I'l'l-  -i-'l-  A  loii.iil,in  of  traik  rppairprs.     Ilohm 

Tlip  foicniaii  of  a  pan^'  lifting.'  iiia-  v.  Iltii liiujioii  d-  M.  Ilirn  If.  Co.  (ISiKi) 
■liinpry.      Ifohri/imi   v.  I'liinnif,  <l    /'.    /.'.    -ill    lo.va.  ."ili:i. 

I'll.  llSdCii  14(1  liiil.  4Sli.  45  X.  K.  U;j5.  .\  inariiinist  who  oria-ionallv  ralli'il 
An  piiipluyri.  (.Ill  1 1  ml  I  in;;  an  riiyiiu.  in  ollipr  cniployi.i.s  of  a  ralKv'iy  (.om- 
'•li.ani.r  wliili.  lip  is  iiislriicliii;.'  Iiini  in  jiaiiy  to  his  assi^taiK.r.  llnUiii'intii  v. 
Ills  iliitics.  Siiiiifi'i-  V.  nliid  <(■  I/.  A*.  Co.  Illiiiii's  C.  A*.  Cu.  (18!)4)  !»•>  Iowa  .■('17 
'  \S'.)1)    l:ii)  Iml.  ISI.  -I'.t  X.  K.  !)I."i.  lit)  N.  \V.  CmI. 

.\    •liaiik    lioss"   in    a    iiiinp.      liinzH  ,(•        .\     forpiiLin    siipprlntpiiilin;.'    the    oon- 

('.fnnl  Co.  V.  Ciii/i    |1SS4|   OS  iml.  2S2.    striiclioii    of   a    hoiiso    for   a    (.oniiartnr. 

Tli(.    fori.nian    of    a    ;;in;,'    ri.imi\in;.'    a    lli  mi    \.    Xiill    (IHSI-    li.-,   low.i.   4117.   Jl 

tilc'^'rapli     liiip.       .ii,iii!,'ii,i     Tili/ili-     if    .\.  W .  7(10   ( pr<.>nnialiU    not   in  compl..!,. 

/./.;/.  Cii.  v.  Itijinr  (  |H!tS|   20  Ind.  App.    roiitrol:   s|.,.  casis  citpii  lirlow    .s  to  ^.,.||- 

•)•-'.  4 II  N.  !•;.  1S2,  rial   ami  (Icparlinpiital    n i-     si. 

N'i'^'li;.'(.n(.(.   coininittpd    in   iloin;;   man-         .\     fori. man    of    (.hi     ipiiinrs,       /'o/.i/ 
n;il  work   wliicli    lias  no   imim.liali.  con-    v.  Ciiii-nii,,  If.  I.  d  /'.  //.  c,,.    ,  |ss||    114 
iMilinn     with     llip    I'liaiaiti.iisti,.     fimo-    Iowa.  1144.  21    V.  W.   124. 
lions   nf  a    \  ip(.    primipal.    vicwi.il    as    a         .Vn    iniploypi.   who.    in    Ihc  alisiiin.   of 
siiporvisin;;     and     (lir(.ctin;:     a^'ciit.      is    ih,.   siip(.rint'|.nd<.|it    of  a   inim..  ;.'iv(.   lln- 
ili'i'iiii'd   to  li|.  nomillii.ial.      Tinilur  v,   Hr     oIIk.is   occasional    .lirccl  ions   as'"to   tl'iir 
111,^1  ill,  ,(.  r.  II.  If.  Co.   (ISSOi    121    Iml.    work,  ami  whose  i,;;iilar  fiiiiclion-  urip 
l-M.  (■■  L.  H.  A.  .'iSI,  22  X.  !•:.  H7(i:  Ihiul.      lo    take    cliar;.'c    .if    the    tool,,     in.l    k.Tp 
'."'    V.    h'.nnh     Miirh.    Ifoi /,-.s-    (ISS:ti    <m    I  lip   time   of  the   men.      ir./,v„,,    v.    /)»„- 
Ind.  42:!:    Iiiiliniiniiolis  d    XI.    I..    It.    Co.    mitli    ItrilSloin    (fiinnii   Co.    (|SS!I|    77 
V.  ■lohiixoii    (|ss.-,  I    K'   Iml.   .'i.'ri.   2(i    \'.     Iowa.  42!l,   42    .\.   W.   .'iiid. 
K.    2111I:    .s'-,/.„'     Sloiic    <f    l.iiiiv    Co.    V.         .\    iiiast,.r  is  lidd  jiald,.  f,,r  tl„.   .,-11- 
'■l.iislinn    (ISiUi   !)  Ind.  App.  4.-):i.  :i(i  N.    -cm,,  of  a    ^jcncial    inanMi:cr.      \ ,  .    ',  ^  ,•, 
1^.    !(10     icomplaint    dcnuirral.l,.     wlii(.li    v.    (!<-lrh,l    d     I/.    I.iiinhrr   ,(.     I//,,,    (■„. 
illi'Vis  that  the  foipiiian  of  a  stom- colli      ilHDtii     liio    Iowa.   441.   C!)    \.    W.    74:!: 
I'liy    iiijurpd    a    siiliordinalp    liy    pr'iii;r    and  of  a  di.partiiiciilal    mana"i.|.      \  .n- 
"II  a   laiMrp  pii.pc  of  rock).      In  the  lirst    Ijkiii  v.  Hrlvh,  I  it  M.  I.iinihird-   \li„   d, 
C1-I-   the    employ. 1     was    held    lialile    for     IISiMli     lOO    Iowa.    441.    (ill    \.    W.    74:1 
111.-  sprci.ij    re.i-.ris  iiotiKl   in  S   .'i4.'i.   note     I  mill     ii;ana;rer    of     lumlier     co-nn  inv  1  : 
•  ■  iinh.  \\}w\r  an  p\trac1   from  the  opin-     MrCurllni  v.  Chicuno.  It.  I.  d-  I'.  It  ' Co 

loii  w  driven.      In  th(.  last  tlin ascs.il     1  Islll  1     s:!     Iowa.  "48  i.    ."lO    .\,     \\'.     21 

IS  po-sihle  thai    the  deliiir|iicm    was   not     iplaiiM     '  ((.red    into  dan;reioiis    phue 

ii".'ai.|ed    as    a    vi,.,.    piimipil    l,y    virlne    liy  foi  .iiia  ■    siipi.rimcmiiiii;   Uic  con-(  1 11,. 
ut  bi5  rank,  ami   thaL   Uie   ralionale  of    lion   ol   a   railway   biidye);   tialdu.in   v. 


i^ 


m 


i:.H8 


MASTKR  AND  SKRVAKT. 


[ciup.  XXX. 


■  I 


i 


SI.  i.',„i.^.  li.  ,f  V.  ir.  A'.  Co.  (iss«i  75 

l<n\;i,  •!'.>:.  :!'.!  N.  W  .  ."inT  ( niipli'ViM'  coii- 
liiilliii;,'  \\f  liiiiiliii  ViUil  of  a  railway 
niiM|p;iliVi         Ihillmirtii:     V.     Ihs      Mdinis 

(  1.h;iiii  MT  Iowa.  :i:!:l.'(ir,  X.  \V.  HS  I  in 
tiiliii'  rliar^'i'  (it  iiiiiiiii'i|ial  strofl  «iii  !<  I . 

ill  lliis  hfalf  llir  tliimy  of  dual  oa 
I>acit\'  i*.  iM'iliai'^.  iKil  liiially  Mltli'd. 
Till'  coinl  Ikk  Miy  ili^liidly  rrcii;.'iii/.r(l 
till'  a]i|iliiaMlilv  (if  li'.ili  tlif  altcrnitivo 
tc-l-  (if  X  ice  jiiinci|i.il-lii|i  wliicli  arc 
>|||>{>II('(I  liy  tile  olliiial  |Mi-.ili(iM  (if  till' 
(Iciiii'iiiciit .  atid  tile  iialiiic  iif  tile  licfrli- 
flciil  act.  Sec  Siiihi'iii  V.  tlcti'hi  I  it  M. 
l.iiiiiU- 1-  i(-  M;q.  Co.  ilS'.iiii  Km  Imva. 
•141.  (i!>  N.  \V.  74.i.  iMliliiiL'  lliat  a  iiiai- 
tiT  i^^  liaiilc  f(M  ii('yli!,'i'n(r  in  i;iviii;.'  (ir- 
dciit  wImii  IIic  cniplipyi  ('  is  u  vice  |iiin('i- 
pal.  iind  then  (inly.  Iiiit  ill  the  finly 
(•;!»(•  wliii'li  Idiiclics  nil  llic  dccliiiic  (if 
dual  caiiiiiily.  it  uas  Idl  niidciri milled 
»li(tlii'r  a  liircniiii  (if  carp'iitci^  ciii- 
plo;  cd  liy  I  111  111  f'f  ('(inlrac' ills  wa-.  a 
\icc  principal  liy  virtue  (if  lii~  nlVeial 
p(i-iili(in.  tliliiiirlr  \.  fu.i.uH-  I  IIMIIII 
111)  l(i«a.  'JIIS.  M  N.  \\'.  I.'i2.  aiid  tlic 
po^ilimi  taken  was  that  tlicie  cinild  luit 
ir-  any  cv(iit  lie  a  reenvcry,  as  the  iic.'li- 
;;.  lit  act  uas  ddiie  uhilc  lie  was  p.tilici 
patiiiLT  ill  luaiiiial  lalmi'.  Hut  tli.'  Ian- 
jTiiaifc  ii-ed  liy  the  c.iiiil  can  -circely 
hear  any  ulhcr  ciii-lraelidii  e\ccpt  that 
the    doetriiie    was    acceptnl. 

IxiniKi's. — In  one  iif  llie  ciilier  ea -es 
n  pctifidii  was  held  deiiinnalile  (in  the 
pdiind  that  it  niercly  avencd  that  the 
plaint  ill',  a  hrakeniaii.  was  injured  hy 
the  iieL;li,L.'enee  of  liis  edndiietnr.  and  did 
nut  a!lc:;i'  tliat  tile  cniiuiany  was  nc'^li- 
;.'ent  in  ciiipldyii;'.'  >nch  ei:  dnclor.  Dmr 
V.  /v'((/is(/,s-  I'.'H.  C'l.  (IsTli  s  Kan.  Cl'i. 
The  ciiiiri  was  iialinid  td  cvcept  froni 
the  operatidii  (if  *  he  duetrine  (it  Od«erx- 
ice  (inly  the  hi'jher  dllii'crs  whn  had  ail- 
thdiity  to  hire  and  di-ciiarp-  the  other 
einpi'iyel  s. 

Dtlier  ea-es  invohin;;  (leliinpieiieies  of 
siipcridi'  M'rvaiits  were  made  tu  Inrii 
upon  the  11(111  dele;:  iliility  of  ceitain  dii- 

I  ies.  irre-|ii  elive  of  rank.  Arrivus.  /'.  I{. 
r„.  V.  .S'(i/m«»  i|s7."ii  !l  Kan.  ."il'J:  U- 
Wi'.-...i.    T.    if    .'^•.     /•'.     /.'.    'V,.    V.      l/',',iv 

i|SS:i)  21'  Kan.  li:!-.' :  SI.  I.'.ins  ,{■  .v,  /••. 
It.  Co.  V.   Wnn;,-    (  HSC,  I    3.5   Kan.  412. 

II  I'ac.  41)S.  r.iit  in  the  li-lnarneil 
c:is(»  the  l!i>\f<  f'ifsr  wa-^  cited  hy  the 
court  with  approval.  urytKinln,  and  it 
was  laid  down  that  an  employer  was 
liahle  for  the  neslijr'iire  of  ''one  having; 
the  L'en(ral  iiianaiicment  or  coiuvol  of 
xirno   portion  of   tlie  m.isler's  liu-iii"ss."' 

It  has  also  lieeii  held  that  -miii  !  Ilia;.' 
more   than   the    nifiv    i)d-.~e~-ion    of    a 


power  of  control  Is  ropiircd  to  warrant 
the  inferciiee  that  i he  delincpient  wiis  a 
\  ice  principal.  hmisus  I'.  K.  Co.  v, 
/./'//.'  (  |sT7  I  111  Kan.  Jti".  where  it  wiis 
declarei'  tli.it  ihe  siiperiiilendent  in  full 
charu'c  of  I  lie  i  (Hist  ruction  of  a  culvert  i^ 
in  a  dilterenl  position  friiin  a  iiiere  fore 
iiiaii  \^(llkin^'  with  Ihe  oilier  employees 
niidcr  a  ((iiiinidii  priiicip.il.  Here,  how 
eicr,  the  ih  fault  was  in  respeel  to  de 
l'(stive  iiiai!iinii..  and  the  decision  in 
llie  s'-rxai'ts  fav.ir  nii;.'hl  have  lieeii  put 
on  that   ^'rdiiiid. 

Smnc  yens  liier.  howcNcr.  a  docliiie 
not  (li-.lill'.;lli»!!:il,lr  lldlll  ilial  (if  -up. 
rior  and  sill  111  linate  was  applied  in  11":' 
ikIiiiI  a  si  .1.  /.'.  Co.  V.  /•....■  ilssji  ::i 
Kan.  "iSii.  ;t  I'ae.  ;i2(t.  where  an  actio  i 
w:i»  siisl  lined  for  the  iie;_'li;;eiice  of  .' 
forcnian  ot  car  repiireis  in  iidt  pidlir, 
in;:  a  snhdidinate  from  indNiiii:  cais. 

In  I/OM.'M  /'.  /.'.  Co.  V.  /•('(<(/.,- 
(1SS7!  -.V:,  Kan.  421.  14  I'ae.  7,  wheie 
a  f(n('inan  of  a  railway  in.ieliine  shop 
was  held  to  he  a  vici'  principal,  the 
court  seem  to  havi'  had  in  iniiid  a  doc 
nine  of  no  wider  scope  than  the  l.illh 
Ciisi  I  |S77)  1!'  Kan.  2ii7.  as  it  approvctl 
the  follouin;.'  ehaiL^c:  •'If  Wirth  w,i~ 
\e-tcd  with  full  power  to  ccinmand  tli'- 
«er\ice~  dt  the  decea-ed.  and  diicclel 
what  he  shdiild  chi  and  Ikiw  he  shouM 
do  it,  and  the  whole  man  i;i-;ineiit  thru 
of  and  the  direct idii  of  the  dccea-cl 
were  ve-t((l  in  said  Wirth.  the  defciMl 
ant  and  snp"iiii!'  ser\ants  reserving'  im 
(liMrc'ioii  in  thcinsilvrs  as  to  the  di 
icclion  of  the  wiiik.  then  the  act  ot 
Wirth  is  the  act  of  the  ih  .eiidant,  aii'i 
nut  of  a  fellow  servant." 

The  default  wiis  in  re-pect  to  tin 
ipiality  of  the  niaohinery  furnished  in  a 
ca-e  will  re  a  forepiian  of  a  ^'ain.'  lioi~tiii'.; 
-tdiK  wi:  li  a  derrick  wa>  held  to  lie  ■■< 
\ice  principal.  /  ii'io,i  I'.  R.  Co.  v,  /'/n  v 
I  IslKli  4:i  Km.  7.".l(.  1\  I'ac.  Ki:!'.".  Tlii- 
riilinu'  is.  thciefore.  of  a  soincwhat  am 
lii;jii(ius  import  in  the  jirocnt  oonnei- 
tion.  The  ■•aine  remark  is  applicalde  t'l 
lloiixi-  V.  Dodiis  i|S!l7i  ")  Kan.  .\p;'. 
."i4!(.  47  I'ao.  982  ( roadinaster  con 
.-trin'ed   switch   iinproperly  ) . 

liii'  under  the  most  recent  deci»i'Mi- 
in  which  eiii]iloyeis  were  held  liahle.  il 
is  no  |(i:i;_';'r  douhtfnl  that  the  siiperi'ii 
servant  doctrine  is  a  part  of  the  law  of 
this  state.  It  has  heeii  laid  dow,'!  tint 
whoever  lias  full  and  iinreslrieteil  an 
thoritv  to  direct  and  coiuinand  is  a  \\i- 
princijial.  \\<:ltn-  v.  Hillill  (isjisi  .vi 
Kan.  214.  52  I'ac.  442  (  cdiiduclor  i .  f"' 
hiwiii'j-  the  A'ri.ss  Cuic.  and  refn-iiiL'  m 
•iccept  the  restrictions  suhsi'iiueiitly  for- 


«  ■•4!»] 


SIMM ARY  OF  DKCISIONS. 


15fl!» 


iiinliitod  in  the  narnih  Cnsr.  (58  S.Ti. 
.);)4.  mil'.)  t'pori  till'  iiiitliiirity  of  tins 
i;i»c,  <'iii|>l<i\ii>i  liavi'  lu'i'ii  lirlil  liuMe 
ic.r  tlio  iic^li;;<'nrc  of  the  followin;;  em- 

A  foriiiiaii  of  ciiriMiitors  in  a  car  fac- 
l(irv,  li"!!"!!"  Cihi  <'(ir  if  I'miniliii  Co. 
v.SiTiiat  (IHitS)   iill  Kan.  77S.  A|i|ix. 

A  fdirniaii  ill  sinrllin;,'  winks,  who 
':y.i*  .ih*<i\\\to  control  of  ton  roii^ti'iri  and 
ilii'  woikiiicn  riiLM!.'!'!!  tlii-icoM,  an<i  as- 
-i^Ti-  tliiin,  at  liis  ili-cir'liipn,  to  wtiiit- 
.  viT  litilios  he  may  tliiiik  fit.  fVni.vofi- 
(Inliil  Kansas  Cily  flmrUinq  if  Itif.  Co. 
V.  /-.  /.  voii  ( 1899)  8  Kan.  App.  310,  55 
I'iic.  liTo. 

.\  "liiMd  niilli'r"  in  pciioial  ctiar;,'p  of 
;i  itiill.  iliiii-l.-  V.  I/(/i(o/i  (1901)  02 
Km.  S79,  04   I'ac  009. 

This  i.t  prolinlily  one  of  the  states  In 
V, hiili  iin  I'lnplnvrr  ii  not  al>siilveil  on 
till'  gioiinil  that  the  nej,'Ii;;enee  of  tlie 
■.fi'  |iiinfipal  was  eoniniittcil  in  <l(iiii{» 
work  usually  diine  hy  a  servant.  See 
VonsnHilai id  Kansas  Cihi  Siiirltliiii  il 
It'i.  Cn.  V.  l',l>,s„n  (1899)  8  Kan.  App. 
:)lil.  .-).5  I'ac.  07;i. 

Krnlutl-ii. — The  net  result  of  the  Ken- 
IU(ky  eases  is  the  estuhlishnient  of  three 
nilis  of  a  highly  artif'nial  oharaeter, 
\\\\\c\\  have  no  counterpart  in  any  other 
juri-diction. 

la)  Utile  at  to  .icrciiiit.i  icoiA-iii^  in 
(liffirint  drp'irtmcnls. —  Where  the  neg- 
li;:i!it  and  injureil  servants  me  in  dif- 
fi-n-nt  depaitiiient.s.  the  master  is  respon- 
-il)lc  f"r  the  act  of  the  ftpiiiier.  Here 
the  dilVp  rence  of  department  is  suilieii  nt 
of  it'cif  to  excludes  the  defeii~e  nf  eoni- 
nion  finplouiieiit.  and  neitlicr  the  de;,'ree 
if  nej;li;;ence  nor  the  siipcriiirity  cf  rank 
inter,  as  material  faetors,  into  the  ease. 
I.oiiisiille  rf  y.  //.  Co.  V.  i'albcrn 
(18i;ill  0  Tush,  571.  99  Am.  Dee.  090 
lencini'er  killed  by  nej,digence  of  section 
roi'ciiKin) . 

In  one  case  liability  was  imposed  for 
the  reason  that  tlie  serv.intg  were  "in 
ilifTerent  spheres,  and  neither  eoiild.  or 
was  re(|iiireil  to  kii'iw.  whether  tlic  other 
u.is  pnperlv  dninL'  his  dutv."  Illiiinis 
<■.  U.  f'o.  v.'flithard  (1890)"99  Kv.  0S4, 
■iT  S.  W.  75. 

An  instnietion  that  there  must  be 
;'i.'-s  nej;li.-  on  the  part  of  the  serv- 

iints  in  eh  irL'e  of  a  pn--eii^iT  train  in 
eriliT  to  find  for  plnintitV,  an  engineer 
and  follow  servant  injure.!  by  reason  of 
Mich  n.gligence,  was  more  favorable  to 
'lifpnd.int  than  the  law  authorized,  as 
f'r'iin.T'v  yioi^lii^nce  was  siitHeient  to 
II  :\l<e  defendant  liable,  l.niiixrijlr  if  S'. 
K.  Co.  V.  Uiltner  (1900)  21  Ky.  L.  Rep. 


1820.  50  S,  W,  05t;  jiidtnnent  reversed 
oil  rehearini;  (liKIOi  22  Ky,  L.  Kep. 
1141,  Oil  S.  \\.  J,  I, lit  not  on  this  point. 
In  another  ease  the  court,  in  holding 
that  an  eiigimer  on  one  train  was  not 
a  eo-ir\ant  if  the  iniidintor  of  another 
train,  by  whose  ni'_dii.'en<e  he  was  kilhil, 
said:  "-Xpiiellee's  intestate  iinilert<»ik 
to  serve  the  loiiipany  on  the  train  of 
.\ndersiin,  or  to  act  as  engineer  upon 
siieh  trains  as  might  be  nipiiied  by 
the  company,  lie  was  phned  where  he 
had  no  power  to  control,  aih  i-e  with,  or 
ri-ist  the  nets  of  .\rm-lroiig.  and  Wiis 
ible  to  know  what  orders  had  been 
givt.i  the  latter  as  to  the  movements  of 
his  train,  or  the  skill  and  prudence  witfi 
which  the-e  orders  wire  olieynl;  he  had 
no  voi.e  in  his  i'iii|ih  ynunt,  or  the  right 
to  determine  his  skill  and  judgment  in 
its  exercise.  Is  it  not  more  rasonable 
to  make  the  compiiiv,  whose  duty  it  is 
to  employ  eaiefiil  and  s|,:i|li.(l  agents  for 
the  conduct  of  its  liiisimss,  and  when  it 
alone  Clint  lols  sueli  agents,  liable  for 
this  neglect  of  duly,  than  to  adju.lgi! 
that  a  mere  siitiordinate,  who  his  no 
moans  of  know  in,'  the  iiualilhalions  of 
the  agent  for  such  a  pusitioii.  or  voiin 
in  his  seliitioii  as  such,  and  wilhuiit  the 
nuiins  or  power  to  risi:-t  or  emitrid  his 
action,  is  without  remedy,  except  as 
against  the  party  committing  the  iie;jli- 
gi'nt  act?  If  Cavens  had  liecn  on  the 
same  train  with  Armstrong  and  in  a 
condition,  by  reason  of  his  ei|iialily  with 
him  as  an  employic,  to  watch  over  and 
provide  against  his  ne;.digence,  the  rea- 
sons then  for  refusing  to  make  the  com- 
pany liable  would  apply;  but  when  on 
dilTerent  trains,  and  with  no  o]>iiortiinity 
to  exercise  this  watchful  care  o\i  r  cfich 
other,  the  reason  for  releasing  the  com- 
pany from  re-|ioiisibility  ceases  to  exist, 
and  in  such  cases  those  CDiitrulling  and 
directing  the  movements  of  one  train 
witli  reference  to  those  upon  another 
and  dilVrrcnt  train  must  be  reyaided  as 
the  agents  of  the  com|>anv."  Luiiisrilli^, 
C.  d-  I.  U.  Co.  V.  Carrns  (1873)  9  Hush, 
50C. 

'till'  engineers  of  two  ilifTerent  trains 
were  held  not  to  be  coservants  in  C\n- 
ciiiiiati,  iV.  0.  d  T.  P.  R.  Co.  v.  Uolit  lis 
(1901)  23  Ky.  L.  Kep.  201.  02  S,  \\ . 
901. 

.\  brakeiian  may  recover  of  the  mas- 
ter for  the  ordinary  neglect  of  the  serv- 
ants charged  with  the  duty  of  keeping 
the  roadbed  in  repair.  Clipsaixitl.i-  <{ 
v.  R.  Co.  V.  \>nable  (1001)  23  Kv.  L. 
Rep.  427.  0.1  S.  W.  3.-.. 

In  a  case  where  aa  engineer  who  saw 


ir 


i  'M 


ill  '  \h 


15f)0 


MASTKI!  AM)  Si:i!V.\NT. 


fniAP.  x\v 


■;^  : 


II    film'    hiiilili'i    nil    tlii'    ti.ick    iliil    iml     imin  Jiiil  >'i'|H>atiiii,' ttii'iii  (o  the  i<n|;inri'i. 
ii|>|ily  l>riikr<  until  tin'  tniin  \\n«  »ltliln    ln'lil  to  lie  i'iii'<|iiiil  fillnvv  K)Tviint«). 
iilMMit   lOo  MiiiU  I'f  liiiii,  till'  iiiii'-tiiiii  of        lint  till-  ri'->iilt  of  tin-  riilo  i».  of 


•■^'1 


ILM'Iirc    Wii- 


'I 
li.'M    to   Ih-   for   Ihi 


lh( 


<"Ur-i 
iliii-  wlicrr  the  iiipiri'ii  ■>i'i\;inl    «  i 


l.viiisrillf    it      V.     It.     I'o.     V.     .Villi /).i(in    tin    iii(.''MiT   in   nink.      HiliiKiiinim   v.   h' 
(UHH))    23  Ky.    I..    I!<'1>.    lOT.'i.  tl4   S.   W.    I .nl  n  r.   I{.  r„.    (  IHHil)    20  Ky.   I,.   i;i| 


T.-iO. 

WIhtc  II  iHiiiliictor  of  a  tniiii  on  one 
ilivi^inii  of  ^1  niiliiiiiil  »a><  iiijiiii'il  liv 
(In-  s.'io-<  ni'ylifc'i'nci"  of  tlic  TiNiiiit"  in 
rlnirp- of  II  train  on  unolln-r  ilivi-ii  n  of 
tile  Kiinic  roail  at  a  iMiint  wlicri'  tin-  t»o 
division-*  crn**!'!!.  tlw  ri'iMpany  \\a»*  Im'M 
lialllr.  I.iilllnlitli  it-  \.  It.  I'll.  \.  r.il- 
„i<.,i,h  (l!M)l)  2;i  Kv.  I..  H.'|>.  104il.  114 
S.  \V.  7-.'7. 

(h)  I'lilr  OH  to  siriiiirl.H  of  roi  i/ii ill 
iiri'ili  ill  till  mum  ill  lull- till V II I.  K.M'il 
tlioiiuh  the  n"ylij;i'ii(i'  of  tlic  ili'liiii|ni'iit 
■■(Tvant  iiiiiy  liiivi'  liiin  v'"  ■'.  tin'  aitioii 
in  liarri'il  liy  tin-  (IrfiiiT  of  coiiiinoii  I'lii- 
ployini'iit.  wlicrr  lir  i"  ill  the  ~.iiii<'  ilf 
ptiti'ii'iil,  or  till'  saiiii'  "lli'ld  of  liilior"  as 
till  injured  servant,  and  not  of  a  lii;;lier 
;,'rade  lliaii  tlie  latter. 

In  iiio-it  of  tile  eaxes  wlHie  this  rule 
was  jipplieil.  the  ne);li;,'eiit  and  injiiii'il 
servants  were  on  an  iipiality.  I'l.  Hill 
Sliinr  Co.  V.  tJiHi  (ISHlil  84  Ky.  I«:t 
!  workman  at  foot  of  ineline  in  (|iiarr\' 
killiil  liy  wilful  nejili^ieiice  of  U'lrknian 
al  the  top  ill  allowing'  loarlid  ear  to  run 
down)  ;  I'lisi  II  V.  Loiiimilli  d  .V.  /'.  Co. 
(ISSti)  H4  ky.  7!l  (here  the  neylij.'ent 
servant  and  the  plnintilV's  inti-tale  were 
lalioii'is  lit  work  on  ii  railway,  trans 
portinK  earth  on  m  small  truek  to  the 
ears,  and  by  turn^  netin;.'  as  brakeiiian. 
and  the  death  was  caused  liy  the  wilful 
iieitlect  of  the  former  while  he  was 
haiidliti';    the    brakes):     \Vi/;    v.    I'lusn- 

/,<,//,■,■  a  n.  If.  Co.  nsn.Ti  !•,->  Ky.  is.s. 

•24  S,  \V.  11!»  (nienilMT  of  <;aii}.'  of  pile 
drivers,  injiiritl  by  (floss  neglect  of  n 
fellow  workman  in  prematurely  lettinji 
fall   the  hainnierl  ;    Cinriininti,   .V.   O.  if 

T.  i:  A',  rii.  V.  /.'o'lrivv  (inon  23  Ky. 

L.  l!ep.  2fit.  (>2  S.  W.  !I01  (enf.'ineer  on 
one  of  two  I'lijiiiies  attaihed  tn  the  same 
tr.iin  was  injiiri'd  by  the  ne;rlif:eii<e  of 
the  eii};ine(>r  on  the  other)  ;  llliiinis  C. 
I,'.  Co.  V.  Sfnnirf  ( lilOl )  23  Ky.  L.  Rep. 
(137  (i3  S.  W.  .")!h;  (two  switehmen  held 
to  be  enservants)  ;  I'utlrr  v.  /,OMi.sTi//'' 
rf  v.  /.*.  Co.  (IHO'.i)  20  Ky.  T^.  Rep. 
tR42.  .'lO  S.  W.  1  (two  ears  were  started 
down  an  incline,  and  the  men  on  the 
vecond  one  allowcil  it  to  run  so  fast 
that  it  collidid  with  the  first)  ;  Southern 
l{.  Co.  V.  riiljoni  (inoi)  23  Ky.  L.  Rep. 
111.  62  S.  W.  .■)i4  (brnkcinaji.  and  a 
(ireman  in  the  di-char^c  of  lii-  ordinaiy 
duty  of  receivin';  signals  from  the  brake- 


I-.-   .1.  »!•  S.  \V.  -^Olt,  ISiversins;  on  nli,  .. 
IL'    I  IHIISI    4tl  S.  W.  ti7»;   foinier  api.  i' 

I  IS'.ll)  111  Ky.  L  l!ep.  4.MI.  2H  >  '  U 
7S!I  (condiietor  held  not  to  Im-  enlilli  ; 
to   reiMHir   for   iieyliyiin f  eii;:iiii'  i 

I, iml,     y.    I.iiilisiillr  ,'.    Co.    iIsmm 

107    K\.    370.    •■•  ISI    (r.iilii    ! 

II  iiipaii\  not  .'  the  death  I'l  j 
train  condilctol    .         .•!  I>v  the  Iie;.'li;;i n  . 

I'f    the    engineer,    till.,  ^li    III iiiliicli  I 

was  at  the  time  iiiiiii'.'  as  brakeniain 

When  a  imniber  if  pir-ons  cohtiK' 
to  perform  service  for  aimttu'r.  the  en' 
ployees  not  lieiii};  supci  ior  or  snl.i.nli 
iiate,    the  one  to   the  iithir,    in    it^ 


foiiiiance.  and 


I" 


, one  rcicives  an  injiirv  I 

the  iie;ilict   of  the  other  ill  the  disili.n. 
of   his   duty,   tlicv   an 
iiantiallv    tin 


.111. 


repirdeil 

n;.'ciits  of  enili  other,  iiiil 

no  recovery  onn  be  had  iiKuinst  the  ini 
plover.  l.olliKlillr.  C.  d  /,.  It.  Co.  V 
I'lii-i  ,!•<    (  1H73I    !t  Hush,  .'ifili. 

(el  /t'"/c  ii.t  tn  stiinfiiir  II ml  .Hiih-ii'h 
uate  HtniititH  in  llir  sitmr  flifnirtim  nt,  - 
.\  master  ia  lialde  fur  injuries  caii-id  1  v 
the  ;;r<Hs  or  wilful  ni«.'liKciiee,  bin  rut 
by  the  ordinary  iiej.dii:enee.  of  a  -up.  li'r 
ciK'inployee  of  the  iii|ured  servant  in  I'l 
sami-  depnitment.  I.oiiiniillv  it-  \.  I!. 
Co.  V.  CiiVinn  (IStl,-.)  2  Dnv.  lit.  ■*: 
.Am.  l)ee.  4S{i  (laborer  usually  rnipliv.  : 
ill    lomlini.'  <-ars   injured   by  ^nis-   iii.'li 

ijein f  enyinei-r  while  he  was  a~-i-iiii.' 

the  latter  to  ri^dit  an  ovcrtunicd  locciin' 
tivp)  ;  l.iiiiirillr  if  V.  It.  I'll.  V.  I'uhii,- 
soil  (18(iS)  4  Hush.  .")07  ( br.ikeniMn  «>n 
frei;.'ht  train  run  oM-r  in  a  yard  thrinii:'! 
the  j.'1'oss  ne;;li;ii'nee  of  ii  switcliiniiii  aril 
till'  enfrineer  of  a  passeiip-r  tr;iiiil; 
l,iiui.<ivilli  if  .V.  /'.  Co.  V.  HnioKs  i  Iss.'i 
S3  Ky.  120  (brakeman  killed  liy  wiltul 
nei;lij;ence  of  enuiniir I  :  l.ijiiisiilli  it  \ 
It.  Co.  V.  Uoorr  (IsSti)  H3  Ky.  i'''> 
llnikeman  injured  by  wilful  iii-;:leii  ef 
conductor)  :  LniiinriUr  d-  .V.  It.  I'n.  v 
Shirts  (IStIO)  11  Ky.  L.  Kep.  7S1. 
S.  W.  24S  (yard  suiiilnnan  held  r.ni  |. 
be  a  fellow  servant  of  an  en;;inii  i  "I  an 
ordiiinry  train)  ;  Louisvillr  d  V.  /'.  '' 
V.  /.'Kills  (1H03)  l.";  Ky.  I,.  I!ip.  42:i.  ■-'! 
S.  \V.  505  (ciifjineiT  of  a  train  fclliiHiiij 
another  injured  by  the  fiross  nc^'lii:'!!! 
of  conductor  of  the  latter  in  failiiii;  1  ■ 
set  proper  dinger  sifrnals)  ;  C/ir.vii/i. 'i/.-. 
O.  cf  'V.  IV.  /,'  Co.  V.  Ifo.il.ins  il<!i: 
13  Ky.  I,,  r.ep.  13."i!l.  13  <.  W .  M 
(gimiiar  fads)  ;   l.ouisi  illr  d  S.  It.  to. 


n 


I 


I  Mni 


SIMMAKV  OF  Dl'^t'lSIOXS. 


1501 


V.  SVmiJ.t*  (ISIiSi  in  Kv.  I..  Hop.  1041. 
44  H.  W.  fil4  (lalmiiT  oil  tr.-stl..  kill.il 
liy  ;;iii«-<  llf;;li;;riiif  iif  liii  foniiKiii  or 
-iiiin'  iitlipr  HU|><Tior  co^ni ploj'fc )  ;  l.uiiii- 
i  W/c  rf  v.  A*.  Co.  V.  .Irfiinm' (  istllli  108 
Kv.  S.-.!(.  •,\  S.  W.  r.TT  (pliiintiir  iill.iwnl 
to  recover  for  tho  ilwith  of  his  iiili'«lati', 
a  briiki'mun,  ciiiiwd  by  the  k>o''h  in;,'li 
piiii"  of  flic  iii^rinccrt  j  llrar  v.  I.nuin 
nllr  rf  .V.  //.  (V.  (  ISii.T)  »4  Kv.  109,  21 
S.  \V.  «4(»;  Aoiii\ii//(  <{  .V.  ■//.  f"o.  V. 
.sViirfc  (ISmi)  20  Ky.  I,.  1!.'|..  IJOO,  48 
S.  W.  3  ( hi'M  to  In'  ifTOHH  iii;.'liyciiio  on 
tlic  |uul  of  ail  ciijiiiiii-r  to  -tali  u  train 
-uililiiily  iind  witlicHit  a  .-.ix'iMl.  iiimic- 
iliiitrly  after  n  lii'al<ciiiaii  li;i.s  wnuU:  a. 
ciMi|.liiiv'.  and  iM'fiiii'  111!  lias  had  tiiiio  to 
nitliiiraw  i  ;  lliilmnh  v.  l.ouisiilh  i(  .V. 
It.  <■„.  (1>S!I!I)  20  Ky.  L.  l!op.  147S.  49 
S.  W  .  4IM  (moving  train  aliead  uitliout 
»ailiiiu  for  si;,'!!.'!!-^;  Iiraki'iiiaii  inn 
nvpr)  :  Ciurliiiiiiti,  .V.  0.  if  T.  I'.  It.  Cn. 
V.  I'lilinrr  I  IH!l."i|  !IS  Ky.  .•1S2.  S.'t  S.  W  . 
lull  (pdrtii-  hail  his  hand  nii-hid 
ll]ro\|i.'h  tlic  nc;.'li'.:;  nee  of  thi-  pnyincir 
in  ■'milling  his  cii^iiif  fio  rapidly  a^'ainst 
a  «iir  to  he  I'oiiph'd)  :  l.diiisiillr  if  .V. 
It.  r„  V.  Si.iniiit  (isiit)  90  Ky.  197, 
27  S.  \V.  999  icrriir  not  to  instriii't  jury 
•,i*  to  this  point)  ;  l,(niisrillr  d  \.  I!. 
I'd.  V.  Uiiiiilhii  (lS!l4t  9(!  Ky.  297,  2S 
S.  W.  477  (  wlicro  the  piiri-i'  ndatioii>. 
iif  tho  dc'lirii]niiit  anil  injiirid  servants 
are  not    stated):    KasUrn    Ktnliirl.i/   l{. 

rn.  V,  I'liir.u  (]a:\:<)  17  Ky.  1..  liep. 
10,-)1,  33  S.  \V.  029  (instruction  niakiii- 
tiiiM|>:iny  lialili!  for  ordinary  iii';;liL;eni c 
only  was  disapproved);  llliuois  C.  I,'. 
'"o.'v.  Culrmaii  (1900)  22  Ky.  L.  \U\>. 
ST8.  .")9  S.  \\.  13  (.snnio  point)  ;  l.uiiis- 
lilk  i(  \.  K.  Co.  V.  lldicKinK  (1S99)  21 
Ky.  1,.  Rep.  354.  51  S.  W.  420  (ni-liL'eiit 
iiiipliivii'  was  foreman  of  a  jri  ivel 
tniini;  l.'.iii.tviile  if  N.  It.  Co.  v.  liana 
(1897)  19  Ky.  L.  Rep.  1474.  43  S.  \V. 
46.1  (nPKl';;i'nt  oiiiployeo  was  ii  seition 
foreman);  llliuoi.t  (\  It.  Co.  v.  ./nviy 
(1901)  22  Ky.  L.  I?ep.  1795.  01  S.  \V. 
7n.'i  (section  foreman  applied  hraU'  of 
liMjid  par  witlioiit  jjiviiif;  notiei-  of  his 
intention)  ;  l.imisiUle  if  .V.  /,',  f'o.  v. 
Iliirsi  (18112)  14  Ky.  L.  Hep.  (;:!2.  20 
S.  W.  S17  (ne^di;;ent  etnpIo.Mi-  was  fore 
niiin  (if  a  .switeliin;;  prew  i  ;  l.iiiniiivf  v. 
Iluiii-mritcr  if  r<,.  (  1,S92)  93  Ky.  591.  20 
S.  \V.  704  (ne;,'lii,'iiit  einploviv  was  fore- 
man of  a   sawmill). 

In  a  ri'i'ent  case  an  ensiiiPer  of  a  train 
wliirti  had  aocidi'iitally  lirukcn  into  two 
si'cliiiiis  was  ponsidered  to  he.  while  he 
Wiis  liarkini:  the  ei};;ine  to  find  the  otlier 
p.iri  nf  tii.-  tr.iin.  ,i  >up,iior  -.n.iiit  in 
iImi;.'!'  of  tho  eiiyino,  and  therefore  a 
Vol.  II.  M.  &   R.— 19. 


viep  principal  a*  rc«pfptt.  u  hriikeman 
on  the  eii;;iiie.  ,Si)iilhini  It.  ''o.  v.  linn 
iliiodi  21  Ky.  I-.  liep.  ir,l5.  ."i  S.  ".V. 
(lull 

Tliii  ti~t  of  eiiininon  eniploynicnt, 
when  viewed  under  this  p.iit  iiiilar 
.ispeet.  is  that  the  injured  servant  shall 
Ih'  "in  ii  condition,  by  re,i-on  <jf  Iiia 
iipialitv  with  liini  :\*  an  einployn-,  to 
wateli  over  and  provide  .ijr.iinst  hi«  ney 
livmee."       l:ihili>if~ni(    V.    !,iJililil.ii   C.    It. 

r„.  (1H99)  105  Ky.  479.  49  S.  \V.  200, 
418.  Compare  8  522  (c),  not*  il,  atitf. 
In  this  i'(»iinei  t  ion  it  sci-hih  to  be  a 
eoiiclnsive  pie-uinption  fliat  the  siil>ordi- 
iiate  i*  not  in  a  common  eiiiployniPnt 
with  his  su|„rior.  for  the  reason  that 
his  snl.ordinale  |io~jiioii  implies  that  ho 
has  no  opportiinii.v  to  e\crcisf>  a  watch- 
ful cart!  "(pvii"  the  sn|H'rior.  that  ho 
has  no  kiiowled;.'e  or  iiiiMiis  of  kiiowhilpe 
of  sinh  superior's  (pialille.itions.  nor  any 
authority  to  ic-l-t  liim  or  cmtrol  hl'» 
actions.  I.iiiiisrilli  i(-  V.  /',  f'o.  v.  Col- 
liii.i  (lS(15i  2  Duv.  Ill,  ,H7  .\in.  Dec. 
IHO;  /  LSI  ill,;  C.  ,f  /,.  /,'  Co.  V. 
rortii.t    (  IS7:i)    9  r.ii>h,  559. 

In  .some  of  the  aliove  pit<'il  cases,  it 
will  1m-  ohspiviil,  the  serv.ints  wore  upon 
ilillercnt  trains,  and.  as  tlie  master's 
lialdlity  is  pudinted  soldy  ll|Kin  tll^ 
•  !  i(s'  of  neyli;;en.i:  and  the  superiority 
oi  laiiK.  't  folhiws  that  such  servants 
are  assumed  to  be  in  tho  Hiiiue  depart 
mont. 

It  is  held  that  the  nhsence  of  alijjht 
cari'  hv  shim-i  iors  in  the  maii;i;,'enieiit  of 
a  iailu:n  ii.iiii  is  fjross  ne;.di;;enpe,  and 
will  iciiiiri  tin-  pompany  liable  for  c<in 
8e((uent  injuries  -nslained  by  a  brake 
man,  withoni  his  fault.  (Irtir  v.  Louis- 
ritif  it  .\.  /;.  Co.  (1S93)  94  Ky.  109, 
21  S.  \V.  049.  TImis.  evidence  that  when 
an  en;;ine  w.is  within  a  yard  of  a  coach, 
to  wliich  pliintiir  was  proparinK  f" 
couple  it,  the.  engineor  put  on  steam  and 
pu.'liod  it  back  so  fast  that  iilaintill's 
liaiid  was  can^dit  in  tryin;;  to  make  the 
louplin;;,  and  that  plaiiitiir  diil  not  have 
time  to  ilrop  the  link  and  pull  o,it  his 
hand.  rci]nires  the  suliiiiisr,ion  to  the 
jiir.v  of  the  i|ne~tion  of  ;.'rciss  ne^di^'enco 
of  the  eii;rineer.  ('iiiciiiiiiili,  \.  ().  rf-  7". 
/'.  A'.  Co.  V.  I'lihiiir  (1S!15)  98  Ky  .182, 
33  S.  \V.  199.  So.  peiniittin;;  the  move- 
ment of  a  train  afler  an  oniployw  has 
^rono  iMiween  the  car-  by  the  ponduetor's 
direction,  for  tho  jniriMP-e  of  coupling 
llieni.  i>  i;ro-s  iieellycnce  on  tlie  part  of 
the  comlnclor.  which  will  render  the 
company   liable   for   injuries  therihy   in- 

llMled.  I.ulu^lill,        if-        V.        It.       Co.       V. 

MihhcH    (188S)    87    Ky.   327,   8   S.   W. 


I ) 


1  ■  I 


I?.'  !    .  5 


't 


1502 


70fl. 


MASiK.I!  AM)  >i;i!V.\NT. 


IniAi'.  XXX. 


it    i-   uiii—    n  ;;li'.'i>m'i'   fur   :in    m.ni    on    liM    lii.\.li'   on    ji    tn-llc.    n|> 
onifini'iT   t(i    ;illi-iii|it    In    run    lii'.   ciiuini'    |>tii.irliiii^    tin-  tuiilyt'.    wlirn    llif    Iimipi 

iliKi    iiiLiiiir-   iif   II    mile  im.i.v.    i' 


l|M 


II    -.uilcli    witliiiiit    II    -i;;:i.il    from 


liinliir,    (III- 


ililiiiiiii.    I< 


fM 


th. 


iliit\     li 


mil;    -o  tliiil    'hv  r;iilii>iiil   •iMiipiny    i*    moiil     iiinniii;!     Iiiiit     il 


iiM.    pr..|>. 


liiilili-    for   nil    iniuiy    to   |.liiiiii  ill  ■•    fi  ol    .i 
ii-iillin;.'  ilicnlriiiii.      ///i.i'.i«   ''.    I!    '". 
».   Shirnil    (llMlll    23    K.v.    I..    l:i|>.   I'MT. 
t;:i  S,  W  .   ■>!«!.     So.  J  callM'  of  .11  lion   for 
iiijiirii'-.    to   II    liriiki'iniin    i*    -l.il.d    liy    n 
iiititioii    iilliu>><U   "I'lt   th(!    |i1iiiiitiir.    in 
iiiiii('i|>iitioii  of  llif  ilirowifiy  o|  ,\  -«iiili. 
Ill  till'  «iii;;.'i-i  ion  if  till'  ti  ii  III  111  «  111'  liiol 
rliillJJH    ilf    tlh     ill;.'illf.    rlilllliril    ll|'on    tlir 
I      .1.  iinil  riiilr  ill  » II  III  till-  ^«  it'll;  tliiil 
-ml'liiil)',  anil  witlnMii  w, lining,  nml  in'i; 
li;;riitly.    till'    air    linikc-i    wi'ic    a|i|ilii'il, 
iiii«iiiv'   a    Biiililiii    (lurk    of   till'    train. 
iiiiil  tlirowinj.'  liiin  from  tin'  rii^'iiu':  anil 
•  h.it    till-  air  liraki'i  wiii'  tlirii  -iidilfiilv 
1.  Ii:i-iil.   anil    the  cnL'iiii-    run   ovi'r    ami 
injiirril   hi'*    foot   ami    li';.'.    mi  i— 'it.itin;- 
tliiii    aiii|iiitation.      I.uinsiilli    i(     V,    /■'. 
Co.    V.    /'"'ird    (IStlSi     KM    Kv.    t.Vl.    47 
S.    \V.    342.      So.    wlii'fi'   a    frii;;lil    train 
|>arts,  it   \h  ^'ro-'<  iii';;liyi  nrr  to  liiiik   llu' 
I  iij;iiii'  ia|)iillv  at   iiijlil    in  x'lrcli  (if  1 1"' 
lo.t  car*.    Suiillurii  H.Ci'.y    /I-dt  (  10(1(1 1 
■I\    l\\.   I..   Ili'l".   Kil.'i.  '••'>  >••  \\.  '•(II)   I  col 
li-ioii    li.\    wliicli   lirakeiiiaii    was   killnli. 
'■o.    wliiic    a    lirakinian    who    haii    Imtii 
run    ovrr   liarl    faiiiti'il    from    the   lo-*i  of 
liliNid    rc-iiltiii},'    frnni    lii:<    injury,    and 
f;il|i'n  from  tin?  niniiini;  laianl  of  I  he  en- 
■•iiii>  iiiiiai    which   he  hail   inoiiiitiil   after 
111-  «a-   iiijiiicil,  the  <'n;.'in('rr.  m.l    U-iii;; 
alili'    to    -11'    him.    win    not    iii".'i;;i'iit    in 
riiiinin^'  I  hi-  iii^iiiio  n|ion  him;  Imt.  when 
he    iMis    iimhr    the   cnirine.    and    it    hail 
-lo].|ieil.  the  cnunneer  wa-*  f-iiilty  of  oriwr* 
r,;'L'li;.'en('e  in  liackinj;  the  eiif;ine  wilheiit 
liMuiii','   where  he   was,   and    willnait    a 
-i;.'Mal  from  niiotlier  •iwitchman  to  do  «'. 
cp 'cially     after    the     other    -witchmaii 
iiiired  him  to  stop,  and  told  hiiii  plain 
tiir  was  iimlir  tlieenL'ine.     Illinois  ('.  I'. 
Co.    V.    SIriirrt     ll'.IOl)     'i:)    Ky.    I..    Uep. 
HHT,  fi:t  S.   \V.  .">!li).     So.  where  a  ^'ravel 
truiii      was      lieiiiL'     nperiiteil      with      the 
lii.o-e    in-lead   of  the  enjine   in    front. 
mid  in  ninkiiii,'  a  run  lin^  switih,  in  vio- 
la! ion  of  the  rules  of  the  Company,  the 
iiilino-e  was  cut  olT.  c.uisine  plaint ifT,  a 
liiliiuer  on  the  train,  to  lie  thrown  from 
the  train  and  injureii  as  he  was  alleiiipt- 
ii,^'.  \\itliout   w.irnin^' of  what   was  lieiu^' 
iloiic.    to    pass    to   the   calioo-e    from    the 
next    car.     the     i|Ue-lion     N.hcther     there 
was  gross   iie;.;lii.'i'iKe   was   pro]M'rly   suli 
niittcd   to  the   jurv.      Illiiioix  >'.   It.   ('». 
V.  Witltrr^    il!Ht<n"   11    Ky.    I,.  Kpp,    K'-T. 
5(!   S.   \V.    "Oli.      So.    where   the   -ervalits 
in  charge  of  a  train  saw  a  liriil>;c  watch- 


ftir  thi'V   -av 


I    fi 


e.p. 
laii   liiiti 


ilU 


^iiw   iliiil   lie  \>.i«  lr\iM'.'  to  ri  ach  ii  ci-' 
in  In  lit  of  him.  proviileil  for  the  snfiii 

I1..II1   ol    hilll-elf    I    hi-   tlil'Vele,        l...n,- 

:,n.-  ,f    \.    It.   «■„    V.  S.ihirl    (litOO)    21 
lyv.   I..  l!ep.    Hidl    .■>•>  >^.  U.  ^'-'l. 

Hut  the  ;;i'lh'l  >l  I  llle  Hills  |,i  id  ,\.  .■ 
.Mil  I  \eniplilieil  -eellls  lather  diUlelllt  I. 
iieoihile  with  the  ruling  that  ;;r.i-- 
III  ijlilielic"  is  not  shown  l>y  exi'lni' 
uhiili  merely  sliin\s  Ihnl  an  ciiiiiiiii  1 
li.i;:lit.  if  he  had  lookiil.  have  o'i-ei\ii 
a  hr.ikeman  lyin;;  ill  an  uiicon-i  imi- 
stale  near  the  truck.  Itiiliiiitnii  v.  I.n'n. 
,UI,A  \.  It.  f".  ilHIMl  I.'.  Ky.  I..  l;.|. 
(IJil.  21  S.   W.  ilJ.'i. 

The  fiirema.i  of  a  crew  of  lalint,  r- 
(u:;.iyid  in  sliiAin;.'  a  loailed  pii-h  mi 
ovi'r  a  trestle  at  a  fa-t  yait  is  ii.  t 
etiilly   of   such   ;;ro«s    iieL;li'.:enei'  a-    "11! 

aulhorize  a   reeo\ery    from   the   ruili 1 

ioitipiin\  for  an  ininry  to  one  ol  I'l' 
l.ili.i.'is  fruiii  havii;;  hi»  foot  run  ivr 
hy  the  eiir.  Iiy  eidei  iii'.;  the  lahon-i-  In 
-iiove  the  car  fa-ler.--esprei,illy  wliiif 
it  WHS  necessary  to  hurry  the  e.ir  ei'i 
the  trestle  that  an  ixpeeted  train  iiii.lii 
p.ls-  siifelv.  I.innsnilr  J  V.  /'.  '".  l 
H„sH    (  H'.i")     I'.l    Kv.    1-    l!e|i.    1471.    1:1 

s.  \V.  )(;:i. 

The  pelition  of  one  wlio  was  iniuni! 
liy  the  fall  of  a  timlier  in-eciirely  pi  h.I 
liy  the  hoss  on  a  ear  mar  which  he  u.i- 
woikiii;;.  occasioned  hy  the  moveiiiiiil  ■( 
the  tr.iiii.  directed  hy  the  hoss.  after  (ill 
iiiu'  the  worknicn  to  cnnlinne  the  uurl^. 
-ullicienlly  slates  the  c  use  of  iicl  ion  h> 
ehal;.'illl.'  ^'ri>»s  lle;.'li;;i  -ice  ill  ruilliilr.' 
and  opiralinK  the  train,  /.ohimi//.  if 
V.  It.  Co.  V.  lhnrl,i,i.-<  (IS'.Ut)  21  Ky 
I..   Rep.  .•I.-.4.  .">!   S.  \V.  4-2li. 

The  mere  fact  I  hut  it  was  |Missilile  tnr 
tiaiiiiiirTi  to  sri-  a  jnirt  of  the  hoily  nf  ,i 
-ervant.  while  the  latter  was  pas-iii;;  In' 
twcen  cars,  where  '.••  was  iiijund.  w  1- 
not  sulliiieii!  to  ■•inthorize  the  -u!'iiii-- 
sion  to  the  jury  of  the  question  \slirthi'i 
they  did  sif  liiiii.  when  there  \\j-  i" 
reason  to  esped  his  presence  iIhI' 
l.niiislillr  A  \.  It.  Co.  V.  Il'.rl.rr  ilinill 
■J.i  Ky.  I..  Hep.  !i'<2.  (it  S.  W.  (l:l^ 

In  one  ca-e  il  "as  held  that,  if  tlie 
phiiiitiir  seeks  to  avail  hiiii-elf  of  tlic 
dniiii,i.'e  act.  proviiliiii;  for  a  ii;;li!  "' 
action  in  ca-e  the  ininrcd  pcr-eii  -ln'iiM 
die.  he  ir.ii-l  prove  that  the  ncjl!-'""''' 
was  wilful:  and  that,  unle-s  dealli  ri' 
suits,     tlu!     coniinon  law      rule     euveriis- 


■I  t 


:>40] 


S(MM\l:\  UK  i)|-xrs|i».N.s. 


Ijni 


'  nirmnali,  .\.  O.  rf  7    /'.  R.  ('„.  v.  I'olm 

r    llSltjJ    !)M    Kj.    .IHJ,   .1:1   S,    \V.    |<l!l    ,111 

fill  vane  m'par.ih-  iii-.liiii  ii<iii->  wi  iv  yi\ 
in  II*  t/>  Kr««»  iiml   wilful   rii«lii;.Mir..). 
Ill  atiKthiT  tiiw  it  \\i>.  \m,i  ,|,,H„  ||,„| 

'll.'     lull'     llhtl     II     .(IVIIIlt     CIIIIMIll      lllin.l 

from  till'  ni.i-lir  for  iiii  Injury  I'liii^iil  liv 
Ihf  iiiL'lirt  III  hi*  hlKiw  !...j\iiiil  .i|iji|ii'- 
U    "ill    lu    nil    iH'liiiti    •■liiIlT    Ihr    -hllllli' 

for      wilful       |l(.J.'lll|       IU«       III      II       ,• U     |;|H 

iictii.li    for    lli«li<t,      t.'ilmi.i.suii     \,    hill 

iiiil.'i  r.  .(.  i'li,  (|,s!»!ii  lo:)  Kv.  47!i 
49  >  'V.  .  r.  44S.  |!,.v,.|.iim  ;,n  It.- 
IhMruiK     ||M!IS)     4)1     S.     W.     ii7!i.       1 1,„ 

•  IlltlMl'     ll-H     Iki'II     l'l)||.t|U|.||     ill     liut     fll 

lir'.'iin'   tl iiiiiiiiin  linv    mil',    ur    |iiii 

li.liil-    ,1     liliicily     lillkllnuii    III    the    (iilii 
nil  II  law;   uliili'.  "iit  llic  «iiuii>  tiim-,  tin- 
ilcMliiiif  of  the  text  liiiiik^  as  to  tlie   lia 
I'lllll     'I     Ihr    rlii|,|i.\r|      fill-    till'    iirl«    <i| 
thiiM'    in     his    l'lll|ili.MM,||l,    ,.\rr|il     ill    to 
ihr  ili-ril'i  of   Ill';..li;;,.iirf.   inu^l    pnvilil." 
''">'7  v^   hoiiisiill,    ,(•    \.   I{,   (',,     (iHSlii 
SI  l\>.  7!>.     Till'  iliiilrinc  of  (oiiiinon  ciii 
|ilouiipnt   iiniliT  tliit  sliiluti-  i-   not   .ilt 
frill    l>y    till'    Krntiiikv    Ci.siil  iliition    of 


li<;i|,  «  :itl  (ui'viiliii^'  i.Tiiii.:''  ih.'il 
■•«h'  m\i  r  till'  ili'iilli  I  ■  J  |.,i.oi'i  ^liall 
rc-iili  fioni  da  injury  inilictiil  liy  niiili 
l!<'!iri'  or  ttroii;,'ful  ml.  tlitii.  in  ivin 
>iiih  oiup,  ilaiiiai,'i'*  may  lir  hiomiciI  for 
"iirh  ilcatli  fiiMii  till-  "i-or|>iiiatiiiii^  ami 
|)rr-nn>  *i>  caii-ip;.'  till'  miiih'."  f.ilmun- 
mn  V.  Kiiiliirl.ii  l\  I,'.  Cit.  (1H!I!I|  lOo 
Ky.  47!t.  4(1  S,  \V.  JDO.  J48.  That  th.ri' 
«a«  no  «iiili  altrration  was  a—iiiiir.l  In 
1';/;  V.  rArs<///.  »/,(■  it  It.  U.  I'll,  I  |s;i,l, 
95  Ky.  ISH,  U  S.  W.  11!».  though  llii- 
[K'iiit  w.i-  not    illii-illy  rai.-M'il. 

I  III-  iliKtiiiic  of  dual  oa|ia<ity  win  rr 
ji'C'i'il  in  llliiioin  r.  II.  Vi,.  V.' Col,  mini 
(lINini  2i  Ky.  L.     I'p.  HTH.  .-,.» ,S.  W.  la. 

I.'iiii.siiiiiii.  \  ;;i.|.  ral  maiiajii-r  i-  a 
vice  princi|ial.  Malti.ti  v.  Coiisiniins- 
Icr  Mjij.  Co.  (1.S114)  4ti  I.a.  .\iin.  l.->:i.->. 
Ill  So.  40(1. 

Till'  position  of  supirioi    imploviTs  of 

lowir  i;raiiis   is  ili'tiTini I    l,v    li,,.  ,||,c 

trim,  of  til,.  A',«.s  Cii.i, .  as  it  wa-  iimlcr 
-li'i"!  hy  soiiii.  courts  licforc  it  was  «.\- 
plainiHl  hy  thi'  Ihiiuili  f'„.«,  li  5:14. 
iM'i  )  — that  is  to  say.  as  lainir  vpiy 
ii'.irly.  if  not  qiiitf.  ,..|iii\ .ilmt  to  thV 
'i"ctriiii>  of  superior  and  siilM„,|i,iai,.. 
laiilulity  has  In.i.n  iiiipov,.d  for  t  hi-  [u-n 
li^i.nn.  of  the  following:  riiiplo\  ,.,.s  : 

A  '■iiii.liictor.  Ilnhsiin  V.  .Vi  ,V  Ihliiiiis 
•f  11.  /.'.  f'o.  (imiOi  .V2  \m.  Ann.  1127. 
-II  S.I.  CTO:  Van  Amliinii  v.  VirlnUiiii) 
>'■  .f  /'.  A',  f'o.  ilss.-,,  :;;  l.a.  Ann.  ti.Vl, 
•'•'  Am.  I!,.M.  .-.17:  \S  :!«,,„  y,  /,„;,...„„„„ 
•'  \-  'I.  //.  (■:.  |lN!i!i,  ,-,1  u.  Ann. 
i  1.13,  2j  So.  Util. 


.\ii  fiiiplim,.  siipini.jii^f  thi.  work  of 
l.ikiiiU  iliirtii  a  liiillilliii.'.  fill!  II  V.  Sill 
II*    I  lHs7i    :i!i  \m.  Ann.   lull,  a  ,So.  :iil.' 

A  >ar.|  nia^tir.  MvUkiii-  v.  /..nri  ,1 
/'.  A'.  To.  ,|>t!iN|  .-,0  \m.  Ann.  41111.  •.':( 
■'ll.  4111 

A  fiiii-man  in  full  control  of  ih,.  wnrk 

of  con-Inn  I iiu;  u  |i f  t,.|,._,|  ||,|,       |  , 

"(i»  V.  Ciiinbiiliinil  Till  1,1,.  ,(    /'./../.  r„ 
illtlMll    ;VJ    \m.   Ann.   2I.-..I.   .N   So'.   :til7 

A  fiiii'iiiiin  of  c'lir  n.p.iin.is.  Shii-i.i 
\.    itiliiiH'i    It.   1;,.    (imi)^,    ,-,0    |.a     .\,|„ 

IHM.  2.1  S.I..  aij. 

.\  (onniiin  suprrintnidiiiu  tin-  li..idiiii.' 
of  a  shi|i  ,(a,  Iriiilid  as  u  \ii.,.  piiii,i|,a, 
ill  lio/i  »'.,!  V.  A.Vi/iT  1  Until  Ik.-,  |.a 
1172,  .to  f    .  121). 

Uiiiiii .      .\   t.'|.m.riil   iiMna;;i.|    is  n    \|,.,. 

piiiiiipal.      Mniihiir  \.  Siilhnii,    !/,„.  r„ 

I  IS.Hli    Til   .M...    100:    hi,„,„lli,   V.    li„„ll, 

'    lints.    ,(     //.    /.    lirilnilr    fii.    '(|H)l7i     '10 

M<..  ll'i.  a7  .\tl.  M74:  l.iiil.i,  V.  r,-,i,„h„„ 

1:  It.  Cii.   I  isiui   sa  .Nil..'  4111.  22  Ati, 

.1117;    hninilihi  V.   I'i-ti,l,s,,.l    I..,. I   IhiiiiHi 
I'll.    I  ISMfl    7(i   Me.    Ua    ,  .riri-iiiliii. 

Tht'  dociriiii    of  di.piirtnii.ntal  lontrol 

"11"  I yiiizisi  in  Ihiiifilihi  V.  I'liiiihsiiii 

l.oji  Ihii  imi  t'o.   (IS.S4')    7(1  .\Ii..   H.l. 

Till,  priiiiiph'  that  nun.  siipii  ii.rity  of 
lank  diM's   i,:it  (.oust  itiiti.  a   vin.   primi 
pal   has  licin  applied  in  tin'  case  of  th,. 
tollort  ill};  |.niplii\,.|.s  : 

A  road  ninsii.'r.  I.iinlir  v.  . I iiffi «,,«.„./ 
If  II  It.  Co.  (1S7:I|  (12  .\l,..  4(ia,  Hi  Am 
ilip.  4)12. 

Tin.  ponduptor  of  a  (.oust rui.| ion  train. 
l'ii.tsi,l,,  V.  Slnin)-  C.  It.  (•<,.  ilvsii  7ii 
Mi..  4SH. 

Till,  forpinan  of  a  loc.iniolivi.  shop. 
Il^iinliiu  V.  I'uiiliiiii!  Co.  I  l.soih  48  \I,. 
2!»1. 

Tlip  furpinnn  in  cliarsji.  of  the  •^.'riiiil 
ir"  rrcw   in  a  mill.     '  iiiiiiii  v.  I  mhmii.ii 

riii/i  Co.  (iH!t7)  ni  Mp.  2(1.  ail  .\ti.  .iin. 

.\  fori'inan  sii|h.,  intpndiiijr  tlir  diL'L'in;,' 
of  a  si'wpr  or  tniK.li.  Cnnliii  \.  Tuii- 
liiiiil  (ISS(i)  7S  .\l,..  217.  a'Atl.  (1.-.8: 
Ihihr  V.  lAiiialoii  (ISilli  H.t  \||.  -Ml  ■'■• 
.\tl.   112.  ■  "     ■"' 

Thp  forpiiimi  of  a  {.'an);  rppairiiif;  a 
ilam  for  a  Iiimli,.r  <.oiiip;inv.  Iluinilih, 
\.  I'niohmot  Lnq  hnrinq  C,i.  (  1SS4  |  7(i 
Ml-.    14.1. 

Will  iiliinil.— It  sppins  douhtful  wliptlirr 
ihis  (.o'.'*  has  ever  rually  rppoj/iii/isl  thp 
doptriiip  that  pven  frpupra]  inaiiaj.'prs  arp 
liop  priiuipals.  Spo  S  ."i.^O,  aiiU;  for  a 
ipN  ipw  of  thp  oases.  Rut  it  is  at  h.ast 
I'prtain  that  thp  following  pniploypps. 
"ho  are  plspwhi-rp  lipid  to  bp  dpp;m. 
oifiil.t!  \ii-..  [irlncipiiis  in  s..iii,..  if  not 
most,  jurisdictions,  are  rpgardej  as  dipih 
ttcrvaiits: 


d.T'ff 


iliil  :t:X!  JkvJ^mU 

u^^^i!!m^ 

1 

lAM 


A  (llvi.iim  ■  I'l"'"" 


MASIKII   \NI)hKlt\AM 

limli'iit  In  full  «">ii      Itiish,,,   A     t     It 


(lllAIV    \\K. 


I  isom    u:  \l.i-- 


Irol  of  lii<  wiiiiiii  m(  a   nil 


\\\i\\ 


\i,r     Kil.   Hi   N     v..  MM 


I  Ik  A  \\.  II.  « 


II: 


,r    (IH1'«I    'U 


Md.  J:..i.  •!:>  I..  K.  A  Til.  .'ft  All  mil 


liiiiiic    III    a    iiillMiiy    Mux 


TIm 
iiiiiiy. 


ii|H'riiili'iii 


I,  lit    III    l.lailiiitf   .it   a 
>.    .V/i,|»     (  iNHji    |:l.l 


,■/,   \.   \,.,lhiin  r.  It.  ''i 


Til"        "■<l'•^    i>»' 
r<imi)U'  W*'i 

,  111.'         •,  Mil    <(1J. 

,i;italii  ul  a  liiK  Ixml  iH'liiiiKiiW 
'  ...1  clruitiii  i<iiii|MiiN.  Hiillimiii'  Ki 
,.,ll„r  »'«.    ».    \.'J/    (IHHill    tl5   M.I     »:iH. 

.1  All.  :i:w. 

Til.'  f.ii.iiiaii  of  a  ;fiaM-l  Irnin.     <* '  "" 
»■//  \.  lunimui,  A  I),  ff.  Co.   (lHr.:li   ati 
M.I.  21J.   H3  Am    !>.■<•.   340. 

An   .iiiiil.iv.'.'   -ii|i.riiit.'iiilinK   llir  iini 
^iruotii.ii  .if  a  liii.lK.'.  with  wv.Mal  «»ii|: 
l.ir.'iiifii   nil. Id    liiiii.   li»-  iil»o  •»■<"   '"'I'' 
not   to   l»'   a   VI.'.'   |.iin('l|ml.     ^''"''    "■" 
../   Ilaimlin  T.    l/.i/W. ;    il8»l)    37    M.I. 

•i97. 

,W(HiiiirAu(i(ffii.--Tln'  Jtriiionf.  in  llii>> 
»tatf  an-  el.'iii.'i'  an.l  iiior.'  ciiii-i'l.'iit 
lliuii  in  any  oUi.t.  n*  tli.'.v  iii.m'.t.I  ii|).iii 
the  tli.'.iiv  llial  ii.i  «iTV»rit.  lio«.\.'i  l.iali 
IiIh  raiik'aiHl  i'.iiii|il.l.'  Iii»  contr.il  .imi 
lii<  ma»it.'r'»  lui^iii.-*-.  i-  .'vit  a  vi.'.'  |>iin 
.'liinl  nu'i-.'lv  l.v  viitii.'  .if  lii-.  ..Ilicial  p.. 
,ition.  I.ial.ilily  lia-.  U.'ii  .l.'iii.'.l  «1i«t.- 
the  il.'lin.|n.'nli«'«.re  tli.>  f.ill.iwiii;.'  .'in 
plovi'.'H.  wliicli  ar.'  .•iiiinii'iHtisl.  I■>)ll^'lll.v 
»|i.''akiiin.  aiiMiriliiiK  •"  »  <I<''".'."»1'"K 
xciile: 

A  jfi'ii.Tiil '"Kni'K.'"'-  I'fcrov.  Ii/nnni' 
ramil  Co.  (IH.-.Oi  (i  <  il'li.  '!i-  A'".'/  ». 
Ilosin,,    A    U.    A'.    *•'..,,.    (|H.-|l)    1»   Cllsl,. 

II''-  h'Inmi  V.  Simil'ii  iixx:ii   13'  -^l"-* 

.-Hi"i;     I/../.-"    >.    Si„i,s    Uni.   Co.    (1N!I!M 

17-i  Ma>4.  'iT.'i.  .VJ  \.  K.  .'ilH. 

TliP  i-aiitHin  of  a  ^tliip.  ./o/."«"'  v. 
Iloslon  Toi'  ll„„l  r„.  ilHHMi  IXl  Mas- 
'ii'.l.  4li  .\iii-  It.'p.  •♦.")«. 

A  for.'niMn  >f  a  fai'lory  ( "ol  el''i'i- 
vvI.i'IIht  "lie  wan  in  full  .-oMtr.il  i .  .!/'■ 
litKitu  V.  //.)/.■  (  ISit4i  ir.l  Ma-.  .">l. 
■M  X.   K.  (lS'.i 

A  foriMiian  giiperinlfii'liiiK  tli.'  .'<«ti 
>tructi<in  ..f  a  Iniil.linn.  Simniiris' II  v. 
/■■,.«/i  (  IST.-.i  117  Ma«^.  :tl'2:  Unfl'i  *. 
/  ;,(<)»    (  1H7.T)    ll:t   Ma..-*.   .144. 

Thf  foK'man  of  lli.'  work  in  the  var.l 
iif  a  nianiifapHiiiiin  .'onipaiiy.  \l<,i„hi 
V.  Ilnmilln,,  Mf;i.  Co.  (lH.i:ii  I.V.i  Ma- 
70,  ;U   N.   K.   IS.-..  ,       I       ■ 

A  fm.'inan  sup.'niil.'n<linK  tlir  ili}.'i.'iii^; 
„f  a  M'W.T  or  tr.'iu'li.  Flpnii  v.  .s.i/.  /» 
(IsS.'ii  l:U  Ma..^.  li.'il;  <>'f"oM""<-  v 
l{„l„,f.>,  (IHTCi  I  J"  Mass.  2-27;  Z.i.;/.  / 
V.   /Ml/    (  1S77)    1-2:!    Ma-s.    l.l'i. 

Tlip'  mate  of  a  «liip.  Ilrii.mn  v.  (looil 
,,;,,  (  ISSHi  147  Mil".  •2.'t7.  17  N.  K.  .".17  : 
/„J^rA  V.  iKni.m  tl'^Oli  tCl  Mi..^- 
.;iiii,  .!7  N.  K.  4.-.II. 

A   foreman   of   stevc.ioies.     0"'>>    v 


.-.01. 

lIll|ll.^.l|■.      H/il/«i'<l'-   V.    Iliiiluf,  ,» 
I/.    W.  «'..    (IHIW)    l.VI   \lrt»».  477.  -Jil   N 


K.  ily>. 

\  ..■.■lion  foiciiiiiii,  f7i//(.Mf  ».  'tM 
Co/o,../  /f.  Co.  (IHMill  141  Mii»«.  .Vil  « 
N.  K.  7.M. 

A  l.ink.iiiiiii  in  cliaii:.'  .if  a  «'.li"ii  of 
a   tiaiii   t.'inp.iiarily  .livi.l.'.l.     //.ll/'^  v. 

u.s/./ii  It.  coi[).  ( IH40)  ;i  I  ii«ii  :'". 

A  nia«..ti  »illi  a  "teiidiT"  workin;;  mi- 
il.T  him,  Ki,i,i,,lii  V,  Hi'iiiig  (  l^:.:li 
l.iO  Ma»H,  M.i,  .l.'!  N    K,  770. 

l/(i'/iii;ii.i,     A    (.'•■'"''■"l    niamiKiT    l<  * 
\ivv  principal,     tjuinry  Mm.  V<>.  v    A  " 
(IMTiii    I-.'  .Mi.li.  .14.  :t  X.  \V.  'JIO   •■'    . 
iiiiliit:    Slitlir    V.    C/i«i/»»i'i"     I  IH>*.  '    I.. 

Mi.'li.  .Vi:),  3o  N.  W.   lOll;   .'.''"M' i"  > 

U.i/»',w;,  rf  V.  Mfg.  Co.  ils-ili  !iH 
Mi.l.  411.  57  N,  \V.  'J.'il:  Ittw"  »  /I'M 
/.  V  iliMH.'li  .•.0  .Mi.'li.  Kit.  4.-.  Aim  1;.|., 
:i.-.  I.-)  N.  W,  7i;  llarnxnn  \.  Ih  h.„l, 
I.,  d  \.  It.  Co,  (ISOIII  7it  .Miili.  till'  ■ 
I..  II,  A.  i.J.l.  4«  N.  W.  l<i:U   iiiKj"' "'!■'< 

Till.  I.  .'Irin.'  of  (Icparlimnlal  .mil ml 
\»  .'\t.'ii.l.'<l  -.iiiii'wlial  fiirlliii  ill  tiiK 
7.1ati'  llian  tlif  .l.'ii-i.aiH  .if  lln-  ^i 
pr.'iii.'  lourl  of  III.'  t  iiitf.l  Stal.  -..m 
III  M.iiniiil.  a  railway  coiiip.iiy  liniu 
I..-..II  li.'l.l  lialil.'  (.ir  111.'  ii.'sli^'.'iii-.'  n.. 
iiii'iv  of  .1  ili\l-i<iii  sup.'rin  I'li.l.'iit  i  /,  .i 
»,  ■|/ic;.,./oH  r,  /.'.  Co,  inmij  H«  Mi''ii 

214,  47  N,  \\ .  Hii."ii;  an.l  "f  a  Hon 
il..«]i  .t.'li.'r  illiiiiii  \.  ,l/i(7./i/""  C.  /.'. '" 
llf-^ni  7M  Mi.'li.  .'ii:!.  7  L.  R.  A.  r,<m.  U 
\.  \\ .  .'lOJl.  lull  also  of  an  a--i-l.Ui' 
roa.l  master  (//././ '.«o,i  v,  lhhi„l  /.  .t 
\,  W,  Co,  [IH!MI|  7!t  Midi.  »•»".  7  I,.  K 
V.  II'J.'I.  44  N.  \V,  lli:!t  h.'.'  S  .'>•'!•'•.  ■'■ '' 
I     :„..  Ihrl.'.vf,-     r.     K.    r...     llV'J 

li.i  .Midi.  Illl.l.  17  I,.  U.  A.  i'.M.  .■.'.  N  ^i 
:l!l7  Isrc  5  .'i.'CI,  (iii('  I  I  ;  an.l  a  yai.l  mnv 
li'r  il.i/llh-  y.  Clurtiiii,  d  11.  1/.  A'  '' 
flHIlOl  H4  Mi.'li.  -iSii,  47  N.  W  i71 
Hill  ill  III.'  la-t  .'asi.  Ilic  n.-t;li;;.-ii'<  "i' 
.1  lirca-li  iif  two  iiiinilfl.'.'Jiil'l''  ilii'i''- 
iiiil  il  111  IV  111'  lliiit  111.'  .l.'.-i-i.'ii  «.!>  ill 
ti.|i.l.'.l  to  ill'  liasr.l  iiM'iliat  ^:i.iuii-l  iil'Mii- 

111  so of  its  ili..i-iuns  llii-  .'"loi  ii'- 

.•onlrivfil  to  enw  M'ly  ii.-ar  lli'  -! 
piMioi-  s.'rvaiil  iliHiiiiip;  bill  tin  »  ■"'' 
sii-i|.ptil.l.'    of    .'Nplaiialion    on    .i     ili'f 

I'l.otiii';.     Tliiis  il .'ane  il  \\:i-  l""i! 

Iv  laid  .lown  tli.il  "whiTf  111.'  -'  ■"•■' 
.|.r\aiit.  Iiv  m.'iins  of  an  iwnlKnii*  "''i'" 
II,.  ,.>;,.iri.!,.s  l.y  il..|i.;.Mti.in  .if  lli'-  m.i* 
h-r.  wroiiiifiillv  (.siMi^i.s  111..  iiifii-iiT  »pr 
ant  to  li-lis  aihl  ill.jlll.^.  tlir  iiiii*!'' 
nuiBt    nspoiKl;"'   an.l   on   lliis  yiumiJ   ' 


$ 


I  M''l 


M  .\IM.\U\  or  |iK«  ISIOXh, 


\M6 


milwiiy  '"iiiiMiiv   «'!«  Iiilil  lliililr  fur  tin" 

111  111  II  I'lilltliniiil  nf  I  rilllotriHMiiM 
ll.iHI    III   <M  li'llll^  ;■    MHM.K  mill    illi\|ii'll 

I  linil    l.llxilil    III  <|ii  il.lll;l<'rilll»   Wlllk   Milt 

-htf     till'     -I'ojM-    it     III-    l'MI|ltll\  lllflll  I't.l 

..,;„  >^  \    II .  It  r„.  »    ivuiiui,!  I  iHTT) 

I.     Mull.    'Jlt.-i.        11 II, r!     of    I  III.    1M.C, 

Imhumi.  i-  yliilll*  I. -lliilri!  Iiy  llii>  II'- 
iinnk  of  till'  •''iiiii'  ri'iiil  in  H7i><7>i'  y. 
It,,  y  {\W.\\  !t:.  Mi.li.  '.'.•ill.  .•|»  V.  \V. 
sTi),   ill   I'liiiiMii'iiliii::   nil   lliii  i'iit     iIihI 

it    till'    |ll:lilllill     ll;lil    lii'i'll    II    lllilll    III     till! 

;ii;<'  mill  i'\|H'i  iriii  I .  aii'l  r.iiiiiliiir  »ltli 
ilii    «iilk.  •limn    riilll'j   llnl    ll.l\i'  Imiii 

.ll<Milliil.  Ill'     rillliillllli'     nf    till'     riKl'. 

Ill,  refill  I',  i"  lllilll  I  iIk'  fiii'l  tliiil  till' 
li'ik  »UH  mil  iiooiiiiit'il,  tliiiii  till'  Hii|ii'ijiii 

piKltliill    of    III''    '<"l>;lllt.       .MmriiVrr,    till' 

i'lilii    liiiil  rili'iiiiri'  to  tlip  |M<rfnriiiiiiir<' 

"I       Uurk       lllll-l'll'        till'        '•ril|H!       of        lIlK 

-irMint'ii     riiiiliiirliiiil     iliilirs.     ninl     it 

.tiilllil  ^I'l'lll  lliat.  Illlilrl  *ll<'ll  I'ilrlllll 
-llllli'i".  111!  I'lllllN.  «llrlllrr  lllr\  Jiii|'l 
"I    l"iirt    till'    -illlirrim     "inilllt    ilnrllillr 

lllilll  till'  iiiii»li'r  ri-|iiiii-ili|«'  wlii'iiMi- 
il.i'  injury  wa*  tlir  rr-nll  of  nliiilii'iicr 
III  II  ■■illlllllllllil  ){i\rn  liV  nil  I'lllliliiV oil 

iKilliiiK  tlip  iiijuriil  iti'iviiiil,  ii  ii'-i"  r;  Ivi' 
"I'    »lii'llii'r    "iicli    fiiipliivri'    «'ii«    II    >  iri' 
lllilll  i|iiil   or  n«it.  ii->   tliiit    li-rni   i-   imi 
-lllilll  in  otlior  rDiiiii'rliiini.     Sic  !i    lil.'i. 

III    Knitmnn    v.     Mirhiii'in    C     It.    I'u, 

issii   ,■>-.  Miili.  nr.  ■)»  Am.   Ki'|i.  :iis. 

JO  N.  \\ .   THH.  two  of  till'   jiii|i;i-   ill    in 

iiiuiillv   iliviili'il   I'uiirl    will"   for    tuililiiij.' 

II  riilvMi;  riiiii|iiiii.v  rr»|iiiiifiil)li'  to  a 
liriiki  lllilll  fin  till  iir;.'liyi'iiop  of  a  ooii 
iliirtnr  in  iiniliTtiikiii;,'  If  o|M'iiit(>  an  rii 
'.'iiii  liiiiiHi'If.  Till'  [.'iiiiiikI  tiiki'ti  I'V 
I  li.iiii|ilin,  .1.,  for  liiiiisclf  and  liii  <''>! 
liii^'iii'.  wa«  that  lio  «  i'  a  viw  prinripal, 
1-  bpiii;.'  diar^'iil  with  a  iioii  ili»li'U.il>li> 
Inly,    rmiriivi'il    In    lie    iiiipnsi'il    mi    llic 

ii'iii|iaii\ .  iif  M-i'intr  tlin;  the  men  uinld 
lii-  oonlrol  worp  pcrfr'iiiiiii};  tlii'ir  ii' 
-|i'rlivi'  fiiiirlinii^.  Siicli  a  Ihi'iny.  if 
it  is  strictly  and  literally  constniivl. 
liiiil-  up  In  a  dootrini'  practically  iiidi'< 
tiifuisliililo  from  that  disciissoil  in 
i'li;i(ilpr  xxviii.  (11)  nnlc.  Hut  Iipit.  as 
ill  thp  n-'iilirld  Citxr  lis")  :i7  Mich. 
'20.^,  «i/;n'n.  thp  Innjn'ajzc  iispd  i^  to  lip 
I'lii^lnicil  with  rpfiTpni'p  to  tho  pontcn- 
limi  nf  till'  plainttlV  that  lip  was  on 
titlinl  tn  ipciiMr  nil  llip  Kroiiml  that  tlip 
net  nf  the  oondiiPtor  had  liiihjprfpil  him 
to  ri«k«  nntsiilp  Hip  wpnpp  of  his  iiiiploy 
iiiciit.  Thr  very  broad  tlipory  laid  down 
liy  Chnniplin,  .1.,  cannot,  it  sepms.  bp  re- 
^■:ii-!c!l  :-s  committin;:  him  to  thr  dnr 
trini'  that  a  condtictnr  is  r  vice  princi- 
pal  uiidiT  ordimiry   ciri'iiiiistaiicps.      So 


far  lis  tills  rasp,  thprpfnre,  rtipidps  iiii\ 
lliiiiv  it  is  llnl  really  in  mnlliil  »ttli 
till'  \liilii;;.in  ili'risiini..  infni,  ili'i'lariiiu 
a  cnilflll,  Inr  In  In-  a  fillnW  «<r\.lllt  nf 
III-  siiluirdiiiati's.  Hut  the  fads  \U'<i' 
iliaily  di-iii--i'd  liv  thp  li'iiniisl  jml-r 
Imiii  a  staiidpnint  uliiili  was.  In  .nim 
rsti'lil,  III  least,  nil  illipinper  nne.  Till' 
iliilie-  nf  the  III  akeiiuiii  were  In  iin  i, 
.peel      ell.lllL'eil      l«'eiil|.e      thp     rnlldllilnl 

li.iiidleil  the  eii;/ine  himself,  nnil  it  i. 
niil\  hIiiii  theie  I.  .iii'h  ji  iliaii>;e.  Iliil 
.1  -iriaiit  eaii  lip  naiil.  in  the  true  .ens.- 
nf  the  pIllMT,  III  lie  I'Xpn.ed  In  risk-  nut 
-Ide  lij.  einpliiy  ini'iil  'rile  Iniikfiiiaii  in 
this  ea-e  wa.  pieei.ely  in  !lii'  .ami'  po 
silinli  a.  if  liny  nlher  ilienmpelent  per 
.nil  had  dune  what  the  enndicnr  did. 
Kveii  supposing;  that  mit  li  a  siiiiitlon 
niifht  iiii|HiH  i:,ilnlily.  llmt  li.iliilily 
Mniill  clearly  lip  plediealisl  nn  n  t'lniind 
nf  the  f.lillire  tn  lia\e  a  ennipeteiu  ell 
yilleer.  all<';;rl'nr  a  llillerelll  lliriir> 
frnlil  the  nlle  jillt  fnrward  In  (  ll.llllplin 
.1.       See   till'    npininn    delitereil    In     Innli  \  . 

til.  .1.  A  -iilii'idlnale  dee'. inn.  hnldiii'^ 
the  cnniliii'Ini  of  a  pnn.l  riiel  inn  train  In 
he    a    \iei     prill  Ipal.    is    al.n    In    ho    e\ 

plui I    .1.    an    illii.lr  ilinn    nf    the    dm 

I  line  applieilile  in  leyard  tn  li.k.  nut 
side  the  -npi.  i,f  III,'  nriyilial  ellipln\ 
lllellt.  /.'(If/,  vnii  V.  Miliiiiill.ir,  /,.  N  ,1 
ir.  It  rn.  (iKIlin  S.l  Mleh.  281,  -17  N 
W.  •-•:t7. 

'I'lii'l  this  court  has  npvpr  had  any  in 
tenti'in  nf  idnptinir  the  nuperinr  seiVant 
dull  line  i-  put  laynnd  cnntrnver.y  hy 
il-  refusal  In  sii.iaiii  an  action  fill  the 
ni'L-liyenee    of    the    fnlliming   eniplnyees: 

'riic  p.iptiin  of  a  ship.  r„,nfj  v. 
lll'Ki, 1,111,1  \,ir.  Cn.  (1SS7)  ili'i  Mich. 
ti:is.  :!:t  \.  \V.  7«)   (mate  injured  I. 

.\  rnndiPtor,  /,.;  I'i.rr,  v.  i'liirni},, 
.f  '/.  r.  II.  Cn  (1S04I  !l!l  Mich.  1X2.  M 
\.  \V  (ill:  .Ini  lllilll  V.  Chinnin  <f  (1,  T 
It.  Cn.  (|Sn;tl  !IS  Mich.  I.t.-i.  57  X.  \V 
.•12. 

.\  section  fnrmian.  Ilnmiiintnl  v.  Chi 
riifin  ,(■  tl.  T.  It.  Cn.  (  ISilll)  H:l  Mieli.  :i.T). 
47  N.  \\.  !li;.-);  7'ii()iii  V.  Mirhiiimi  C.  It 
Co.  (l«!i;ii  <IS  Mich.  J-.'i;.  .-.7  N.  W.  llli: 
(.iirinnn  v.  I.iikr  Shnri  ,(  If.  S.  R.  Co, 
(ISlliii    no  Mich.  71.  117  X.  \V.   10!t7. 

The  fnreman  of  a  ballasting  train  on 
a  railwav  Srhrnrdrr  v.  rinil  ,f  P.  M. 
R.  Co.  ilS!»4)  10.1  Mich.  2i:i,  20  L.  R 
A.  :i21.  HI    X.  \V.  lili.l. 

A  forenian  of  car  rppnirers.  Prtn- 
non  V.  Chirnqo  rf  V.  ir.  R.  Co.  (1887) 
Cu   Mu-],.   102.  31  X.  \V.  2fi0. 

A  forpiiiaii  HupervisinL.'  the  crpction  of 
an    elevator.      Anilrr    v.    Uni.v/oit-    [Iros. 


.flit',? 


lf,Jfi 


MASlKl:  AM)  Si;i!\.\NT. 


lUiri'lnr  Co.    (  1  SDH  i     117    Midi.    7M).   7U    <li,iisiur    v.    Mi 


urn 


i '. 


i  1 


\.   \V.   Kli. 

A    shift    liiiss    ill   a    niiiic.      I'llnjn    v. 


iji'ilis  if  St.  I,.  Ii, 


(  1.SS7)   :U\  Minn.  iis."..  :!1   N.  W  .  .->!.■ 
A  siTiioM  fdii'nian.     Olsi, ii  \.  SI.  I'tml. 
Aiimiti  hun    \tiii.Ca.    (ls:i,-,i    liM'i   Mirli.    .1/.  ,0    M.    It.   Ci.    (JSSM    :n    Minn.    117. 


V.\.  wz  I..  K.  A.  !:(.-.,  (11  \.  \V.  :i:; 


.\f-    .T.   \.   \V.  Sdli.      As  tii 


riiail  nui-'tirN 


liriiKMJ 


"II    iciicarin 


I  IS'.i.'i  I     liM'i    Midi     alx 


4(1!1.  :i2  I,.  R.  .\    4;is.  (ill  N.  \V.  '.\:,\. 

One  iif  HcvornI  I'linnian  in  a  «iuiiiill. 
under  tlic  (lirrcti<ii:  nl  I  lie  ^'ein  r.il  man 
ajipr.  /.'/iiiii  V.  //.(//  ilMiili  IJS  Mlili. 
:,1.\.  H7    N.    W.   Hl!t. 

l/i'iHi  so/ i.--Masli'is  arc  lull!  lialili' 
for  tin-  iH'jjli'^encc  nf  j,",>iicr.il  iiiaiia;^i'*'<. 
Ilrs'i    V.      \<l<lliiilllt     Mill.    ''«/.     (ISiMll     Cili 

Minn.  7!i.  liH   N.  \V.  771. 

As  ic;,'ar<ls  I'.'partiiit'ntal  man  ii,'i'is. 
;  III'  lan;;iiaL'''  .iscil  in  Coo/,  v.  SI.  I'niil. 
M.  .f  M.  If.  (<..  (IHS.-ii  .•!)  Minn.  I.-|.  :.'l 
\.  \\ .  :!11.  srrins  Ncairdy  ^ii-.ri'|itililf 
iif  any  iitlicr  cini^l  i  iiei  mn  lliaii  I  liat  a 
railuay  I'Oiiipany  i<  liahlr  lor  tlir  iicj; 
li','»*iii*r  i>f  '<ii('li  a  fiini't  innary.  ^'^■I.  a 
fi'W  ycar.-^  Iicfoic,  it  Innl  liicii  lidil  tlial 
a  mail  iiii.-ti'r  was  a  iniii'  sen  ant. 
Hi  nun  v.  UiiioHK  rf  SI.  /'.  A",  f'o. 
(issdi  '_>7  Minn.  Iil2.  .W  Am.  l!i|i.  isr,. 
(J  \.  W.  ISl.  As  tlii'iT  was  no  <|iir>titin 
in  till'  latdT  casr  of  a  \'in!ation  of  any 
iliity  dasscil  ainimy  llm-i-  llial  air  non- 
ildi'ffalili'.  it  would  si'iaii  that  tlir  two 
Iiilin;.'s  an-  in  ronlliit.  unlrss  Itu'  latliT 
one  may  lip  sii|i|iom(I  to  have  had  iid'ci 
cnoc  to  the  pMicial  road  ina-lcr  of  I  hr 
line,  anil  the  earlier  one  to  a  di\i-i>inil 
road  iiia-ter.  So  far  as  thi  re|iort 
shows,  however,  siieh  a  f;roiiiid  of  dif 
ferent  iation   was  not   in  the  mind  of  the 

eoiirt.      Tlie    doctrine    of    Ih iiliir    of 

the  ahove  two  ea-.e»  was  a;.'ain  a|i|ilicd 
in  OWiil  V.  (Ill  III  \i>ilhriii  Ii'.  Cii. 
lintlO)  S(l  Minn.  27.  .II  L.  H.  A.  r>:'.-2. 
82  N.  \V.  lOSil:  lint  here  afiain  the  pie 
eise  ollieial  position  of  the  road  master 
is  not  apparent   from  the  report. 

1  iilil  cpiitc  leeenlly  it  emild  not  lie 
said  that  this  eniirt  had  shown  any 
tenilcney  toward  the  adoption  of  (he  sii 
perior  ser\ant  doctrine.  It  refused  to 
allow  recover;,  for  (lie  ne^'li^'eine  of  (lie 
follow  iiif;   employees: 

The  fill  I'lii. Ill  of  j.'raders  on  one  of  the 
sections  ot  railroad  under  eoiistnnt  ion. 
I.iiiihiill  \.  Iloo./.s-  llSSO)  41  Minn.  212. 
4   I,.  It.  A.  7!l.t.  42  N'.  \V.   10211. 

.\ti  assistant  engineer  siipcrv  i^in;; 
^Traders.  Viirnrihnu  v.  I'iikIiih  It.  Co. 
I  I>^!12)    .-)0  Minn.  2:1,  .52  V.  \V.  2.'t. 

.\  foreman  siilijcci  to  (he  oificr-  of  a 
\aid  master.  /■';.//.■  ,•  v.  SI.  I'liiil.  1/.  ,(- 
'l/.  /.'.  f'o.  (1H84)  .•i2  Minn.  .'M.  IM  N.  \V. 
:il!>. 

The  foreman  of  a  railway  roiindlioiist'. 


r.iit  four  \eais  a'j,,  the  ease  of  l'>hl 
■soil  v.  \i,rlliii  I  sti  III  Till  Jill.  I^Tvli.  (',. 
I  IslMii  o:)  .\liiiii.  l.;s.  t;.-,  N.  w.  m  i, 
-icii'i-d    to   fori.-h:idou'   a    new  di'paituir 

Tlu lilt   111  III  nieiely  that  a  foreman  ii 

ehai'.;c  ot  the  lAcav.il  imi  of  a  iliidi.  aiil, 
poucr  lo  ciiipli>y  ami  di-'-!iai;;c  -iiIimi! 
nalc-.    was    a    vice    piincipal    in    ic^|m,' 
(o  ill"  act   of  oidciii;:.'  ,i   laliorer  (o  \\,ii; 
in    a     place    ot    iiiin~iial    daii;.'cr    in    ih. 
dilch.   uilhoiit    uivinu'  him    proper  wim 
iii^   a-,  to  the   perils  to   which   hi'   u,.ii!.i 
lie   exposed.      I  pon    such    facts,   the   ij-, 
may   ol,-,  imi^ly   he   ls,'pt    out    of   the  c.il, 
•joiy  of  (ho..e  which  cnilio  ly  tlle  •>llpciiMi 
^civanl   do'-liine.  hy   refenim^'  (hi'  ruin..' 
!o  the  c'lnecjition  of  a  lireidi  of  tli,.  iinn 
dili';;.ilile   duly    of    inst  riicl  ion.      I'.iii    |i 
will   lie  seen    from   the  cvtract    trnm   ili, 
opinion    which    was  ipiotcd    in    5    ''-'-■  <>■ 
iiiili .  tli.'it   the  ilcei-^ion  wa-%  ^ii^taincl  l'\ 
reaMinin;;  which,  if  carried  to  its  loL:i''il 
condiisioii-..  would  lender  the  incic  •  \,  i 
eise  of  a   power  of  emit  ml  a   te-l   of  n-i' 
rescntative  capacity.      It    remains   to  I. 
seen    whellier    the    eoiirt     will    lake    .ii ;. 
fiiidi,'!'     sicp^     in     (his     dii'eclioii.       hi 

O'Mil  V.  Urnil    \  oilliiiii   It.  To.    i  1: 

SII  .Minn.  27.  r,\  I..  K.  .\.  ."i:!2.  S2  \.  W 
lilHli.  tlierc  is  an  iiiiiiii>lakalde  icvci-imi 
of  the  diiclrinc  of  the  earlier  riiliiiL'- 
cited  al,o\c,  hut  it  doc~  not  refer  (o  lli. 
laii;;iiai,'e    ii'^ed    in    (he    I'lirl.inii    Cm.. 

The  doctrine  of  dii.il  capacity  li.i-  lie, ;; 
applied   in   Suiitui    v.    l/imo  i///o/i'    I  :h, 
niilioiinl    I'lirlfir   f'o.     ilS;l7)    lis    \lnii 
IS,  7(1  v.  \V.  7MH:   Hull:   \.  Iln.il    \..,i/ 
. /■,/    A'.   Cii.    (lS!i7i    r.d    .Minn.  ."i2l.  :-2  \ 

W.  Sll.-i.  .\s  to  i(s  liliiils.  sec  r»\  .,  /  I 
(,■;(//'  Stillliiii'  It.  Cii.  (Umill  so  Mi'l' 
27.  ."il  I,  i;.  ,\.  .'1:12.  S2  \.  W.  IllSii  1: 
.547    (a)    . •.//.'). 

,!/ i,vv/vvi/,/,i.  In  (his  state  lli/w,,,  v 
1/1  m/  iS  ."i2'.i.  mill)  has  lieeii  i\pri--ly 
approM'd  ill  l.niiniiir  v.  Mulnlr  A  <l.  I! 
Cii.  (IS'.Kll  (17  .Miss.  .-|!I2.  7  So.  I:!J 
//on./  v.  !/i.s'.si,v,M//(ii  C.  It.  Cn.  i|s7|i 
.VI  Miss.  ITS.  Iliit.  of  (he^e  ca-c.  (I;i' 
lir>t  merely  denied  lialdlity  for  the  ne^'- 
li;.'eni'c  of  a  section  foreman,  and  11"' 
second  atisoh'isl  the  oompany  wlieii'  I'' 
ildiiiipien(  as  a  eondiietor.  'I'lie  laniii 
rule  iiiipleily  adopted  liy  (he  apprevnl 
thus   expressed    of   tile    Kniilisli   deci-ii'ti 

.*a>.   t!li'ri'f"ie.    not    rc'iuilcd    fof   (h-     ;''l" 

poM-s  of  eithi'r  decision;   and,  when  tlic 


js  549J 


ISr.MM Ala    ol-   UIUIMON^. 


i.vr 


(  (iii-liiiiliuii    .pf    I^On. 


I'l:; 


•  \     the    of    tllr    il.\cl< 


>U|M    i   I'll        ~<1   V.tll 


.1    uli:ll      ~l:lli 


itl.l;)]'^.     :ltl     n 


'1 
i-l;il 


li-iuit      char 


Ciiilc   (it    \>-'.yS.    5    .•|.).i!i.    infi.iliii-i 

uii-.  virlii;  lly   the 

trine,    it    wiif    still.    |>i 

i|iii-^tioji    wiictlM-i'    ji    ;;rii('r:il    or    (Ii-| 

iii{'iil  rl   Mi:nM;.'i'r   vcmM   liavi-  liciii  lii-lil  a 

\ii'i'  |M  iucip  il  or  not. 

l/(vvf, (//■(.  Ill  1  lu'  ratlirr  (it  ri-iioiis  in 
ll!i<  ^lalf  wr  liiicl  till'  ~ii|ii'iioi  -riAaiil 
ilnilriiic  riti"jo!  ically  rrii"l.'i|.  tlic  Ohio 
inliii'.;-  I -I'l'  /,i,.s/ I  liciii^  i!i-ap;iro\(Ml  in 
M:  I).  1 1.11,11  V.  fill-Ill,'  I!.  (■,..  I'l'.^raii  ;i(i 
.hi.  Il.">  (iliiiv  iiii;  a  clii'  'M^iiicir  of  a 
I. Ill  A  a\'  coniitaiu  !■,  '■•  ..  \  •_  .  ;iriiai- 
ImIi.  '  Itiihliiirl.  \.  ■  ■  ;.  r  /, .  I  .  .  '''si  'M 
111    Mo.    1S7.       Til.-..     .-iM  -    W.'l-,'    ;!■,;, 1 

in  IS,":;.  Itii'lliiix  >.  ''  I  III  I-  ,  \  ■'■.:  .)J 
M...  ;!7_'.  I  1  Ami.  1.  j.  .'I,  \\]>j  i.-  il  a^ 
lai'l    ijou  n    Ihal    a    i     •    '.       i-     ■■.■■A     li  ,l.ii- 

Mil    illjlll  il-  li'Ci  iM'il   li_\    a    >rl  V   .1,'  ,   <■    ll-cil 

'■\  the  iH'Lilii^ciHT  of  a  ('o-fr\  .1  Ml .  iinlo^ 
liic-  lallir  i>  not  |i.i-,,->r.|  of  tin-  oi.li 
iiiirv  ^Kill  anil  caji.iiiiv  for  the  lui-iiic^- 
iiitrii-li'il  to  liiiii.  I'll!  mill  ■--  lii-  i'iii;iloy 
iiii'iit  is  altriliiil.ililc  to  tlic  uaiil  of  or 
.linaiy  riir  on  tlic  |iarl  of  1  lu-  iirisha. 
Ill  ISTll  a  coiKliiclor  «a-  liclil  'lo  Iim. 
|iniiia  facii'.  a  iiiric  scrxaiii.  M'-'I'iiniii 
I,  .>■/.  /.'.(/IS  <(■  /.  1/.  A'.  Cii.  I  l--:r.  I  111 
Mo.  ."iJS.  as  was  als.i  a  ;rai;._^  foiiiuiii  of 
i;ii|ii-|i|.'rs  at  a  In  i.l^'M.  /,.  .■  v.  Ii.ln.il 
Uriiliir  .(.  I,r,„  \\„il,x  ilSTlil  li-J  M.. 
:■!■:,■  wliilr  ill  \liiisliiill  v.  .v,-/. .;./.,  , 
IsVil!  ii;i  Mo.  .'iOS.  tin.  ili.rtiiiiM  i-  lai.l 
il.ivMi.  ii|.oii  a  rrv  ii'W  of  all  tli.'  |iri'vioiis 
111!  !ioi  il  i.  ..    ill    \li~'Oiiii.    Ihal    lln'   i'\i-r 

i-i f   ri'iitro!    .I.ii'^    III. I     iiiakr    llir   I'lii 

|i!.n.i'     a     vii'i'     |.iiiwi|iil      i  f.ir.'iiiaii     of 
'I  I-.I  iiii.'    .i|ii'ial  i.iii-    hrj.l    a     iiirrr    sciv 
I'll  I. 

ih.'  law  rem  I  iiH'ii  t  lie  s.inif  ii[.  to 
Is/.i,  ill  wlii.-li  yar  il  ua~  Inl'l  ci  i" 
'1...IN  to  iii-li.iil  a  jury  to  111.'  iifcl 
'li.ii  ai.  .'iM|ilo\ '■.■  atlii:'!  tor  and  in  I  It 
'lll|i|"\  'if  the  .I'frlil.lMl  ill  its  \.ii.l  at 
M..  hi-  'liiti.s  hi-iiii;  I.I  iliircl  aii'l  .'.Ml 
:r.il  a--;>1aiit  lii.tl.  iii.ai  in  -lil  \ii'i. 
i|' ri'isi''!    h.ini.'   oiii'   III    siii'ji.    wa-   .1    \i.-' 

I'l  ill.'i|iah        Uniii.i     V.    ,S7.     /,"i/l.s'.    /.      1/.    ,1 

.-■  /.'.  '■'/.  I  ls7!li  71  .M...  Kit.  :;:;  Am. 
Ih-l'.    \M. 

I'l''  CIS.'  wliicli  may  lie  saiil  to  iiiaiK 
ill'  |ia--.i^'c  fioiii  a  i.ii'cti.iii  to  an  a.' 
"■|ii:iiii-.'  of  till'  sii|Hiiin'  -.'rxMiit  .!.'.' 
iiiii.'.  v.liii-li.  at  I.M-I  ii|i  to  .|iiil.'  I.' 
'■ciitlv.  has  Ih'cm  roiisi*l('iit  I\"  a]i|il:itl.  is 
lluiiliiHi  V.  Mil  II  (  ISSI  I  :'(  M.i.  i:;,  tl 
.\iii.  Ui'ii.  -JILH.  The  o|i'iiioii  |.i.if.s-i', 
to  ri'ly  n|Miii  the  eaili.'r  cas.'^  in  .Mis 
-eiiii;  hilt  in  view  of  lli.'ir  plain  |iiir- 
lii'il.a-  -'1  forth  al'oM'.  it  is  iiii|i..— i!ile 
I"  .i.iiiii  liial  ihi'i-.'  i~  iioi  a  c.iiii|ili'i.' 
.li-..'llt  iiiiiitv    of    tlicoiii-    ,\t    this    ~l  ll;.' 


Ill    ol    til.'    h 


iw    in 


th.ii 


■l^loli    ua 


s    I  hat    the   ni; 


'cl      w ; 


'11     oiicliili.'.'    to    Ih. 


I'll.'    il. 
li.ilih'    t..r    till'    i.Mi>i'.|iii'iifi'    ol 


r.Ier  of  a  forriiian  in 
I'lrfre  .if  the  const  riipl  ion  of  a  turn 
lahl.'.  ulio-.'  .liicit  i..ii-  the  ;;ciii'ral  Kii 
I'criiiliii.lciit  ha.l  iliri.te.l  the  plaiiitiir 
lo  follow.  Kroiii  a  |..iiisal  of  th.-  .ijiiii 
ion.  it  ~.'i>iii~  a|>|iai.'iit  that  llii^  I'oiiclii 
sioii  WIS  reachisl  hy  a  iliilcclie  process 
wliicli  is  re^poii^ilih'  for  a  ^iooil  il.iil  of 
taiilly  jiiilicial  r.it  io.-iiiat  ion.  ri;..  in 
iliil^riiif;  till'  a-siiiii|ii  i'lii  that  liceaii-.'. 
.iiii.MiL;  the  \arioti-  ^I'liiii'i^  for  .leiiyin;; 
lialiilily  in  a  prc\iiiiis  ca-c.  the  ciiit 
iii.iy  have  iii.'iit  iniieil  tiie  ah-cnce  of  a 
ccrliiii  chiiii'iit.  il  tlicrcfoi'i'  meant  to 
c.iniiiiil  it-elf  to  the  doeiiine  that,  if 
that  elcii'  III  liiul  hc.-ll  prc-elll.  il  s  ,|.. 
.'ision  woiihl  ha\'e  lieeii  ililVereiit.  \\  leii 
the  expli.it  lanuna^'e  used  in  the  '.i-.'- 
aho\e  eiteil  is  e\aiiiiiic.|.  it  i-  siil.iiiitl  .■.! 
Iliil  there  is  no  siiiliiii  iit  iji.niii.l  t.n 
i'  Il  I  liiii.'  that  the  r.'pr  -.-ii!  at  i\e  I'api.' 
i.\  of  the  foreman  in  this  instanec  wouhl 
ha\.'  he. 'II  coll.',  il.'il  ,it  any  .'ailiiT  pel  in. I 
ill  this  sijitc.  a!th'iii;:h  it  iiia\  lia\('  liceii 
noteil  in  one  ol  tho-"  ca-.'-,  MrCiiniin  v 
SI.  1.1,1(1.  ,(■  /.  I/.  /,'.  Cii.  I  IsTii  I  I'll  .Mil. 
."iJS,   ihil    ••Ihi'ie    ',(  IS   no   pi.iiif  that    the 

.•Ollillicliil'     ha.l      the     -lljicl  inlcllilcl Ill 

c.'iitr.l  .'\cr  the  tiicM..  or  the  work,  or 
j'ii.\cr  to  pro\  ill.'  or  i.  pi  i.'c  the  iiii 
chinerv."  an. I  in  aiiolh.r  ..I  the  c.i-.'-. 
Miir.^hiiil  V.  Srlnii-:,  I  ils7i;i  r.:!  .\|o 
."iii'.i.  that  "the  .iiiphivcr  cinin'i  he 
'■liaii:.i|  with  the  ii.i.'Jiji  ii.-.'  ol  one  win. 
wa-  111. rely  a  fonniaM  o\.'r  the  plain 
'ill,  riol  cML.'ai:'  i  in  a  ili-tinet  depait- 
111. 'Ill  of  ihc  'jiii.ial  -civic,  hill  ill  till' 
-line  '\oik  with  plaintiir.  an. I  not 
chaiLic.l  wilh  any  i\.  .'in  i\.'  .Iiiiies  or 
c.iiiii.ij  '.' rr  plaintitl'  whi.'li  w.iiil.l  eoii- 
-tiliit.'  him  the  auciil  of  111.'  I'lnph'.v.'r." 
The  .■.iii-i'h'l  at  inn  iiy  wliicli  tin-  c.illlt 
-cck-  I.I  fiiiiify  il-  cniiilti-i.iii  in  the 
lliii'  11,1,1  I  ,,.•,,  .  I,:.,  that,  a-  I  li.  -iipcr 
iiitcii'h  111  li  I.I  iiisl  iii.t.'.l  plaiiiliir  to  ilo 
whai.-MT  111.  tor. man  iiiiuli!  nnl.T  him 
to   (In.    the   acciih'iit    w.i-    ill    cllccl    a    .11 

let     i-.iii-.ipii'li if    all    olil.-r    ;;iv.'ll    l.y 

III.'  -ii|icriiil.ii.leiit.  is  really  of  no  iiii 
porl.iiici'.  Thai  it  .'aiinoi  h,'  c.ni.i-.h-.l 
to  h.'.ir  111"  w.'iL'^hl  licic  a-iiih.'.!  lo  ii 
is  at  one.'  appaii'iil  if  we  i.  iiicniiici"  that 
such  an  insinn'tion  is  impliclly  or  i'\ 
pies-!y  uivi'ti  ill  every  instaiici'  wlier.' 
servants  are  worUitiL'  iiinler  f.ircmeii  of 
tJie  lower  _na.lcs.  The  ai'tual  or  sup 
pose. I  L'iviiiJ  of  siieh  an  iiisi  ruction  may 
po--ilily  lie  a.l.llleeil  as  on.'  i,f  th.- 
'.'loiiiiiis  for  a.loptiii:.'  the  siipi.|ji,i'  -c.|\ 
ant  iloclrine:    hut    it    eaiinol    he   iiiiiile  |.i 


15!)8 


Mastki!  and  SKKV.SNT. 


[CIIVP.    XXX. 


liriiliri'  to  spun  tlic  rli 


i 


.-vl 


l>  i   . , 


Iwccn   tli:it  (liirtiinc  iiimI   IIk 
(Ipiiic-    till'    |)< 


111    It 


vliirh 
lit  I.. I     to    Im' 


tost    of   I 

lint,    liowi'vir    t! 


cpn'scntjitix'c  ciipacit y. 


lis    r.i^c    iiiiiv 


III 


plaiiicil,  it  i!>  oirtaiii  tliiil  a  (Uict  riiic  in 


vnlviti! 


P' 


-^rlv    the    Si 


>nii>    iT-iiills 


that  prc\:iiliii;.'  in  Oliio.  wiiicli  was  e\ 
plicitly  rcpiidiatrcl  in  tlic  earlier  rip 
eisions.  lias  Ikcii  applieil  in  n  lar^je  mini 
licr  of  iMses.  Kniplovers  liave  hecii  li.lil 
lialile  fur  tlie  iie;,'liL'ciii'i',  nnl  m.  rely  nf 
the  lii;;her  ^'r.iiles  of  i  iiipli>\ n  - .  >\ii'h  a- 
a  master  iiiechanii'  \Tiilil-i  \.  lh:,i,iJi'il 
<f  St.  .1.  H.  ('(J.  11SH7]  !i;i  Ml).  Til.  .-.  S. 
\V.  810),  hut  also  for  the  defaiills  of 
sneh  M'rvant.s  as  i;  foreman  in  cliaru'i' 
of  a  roiinillioiisc  [Ihinhmxh  v.  Ihniinlnil 
A  SI.  J.  U.  Vi).  [1HI1(»1  lo:!  Mo.  570.  15 
S.  \V.  r).'i4l  ;  a  eoiuliietor  (  l/i//<r  v.  Mix- 
soiiri  I'.  If.  Co.  [isni]  IO!t  Mo.  .I.^.O.  10 
S.  W.  .')S  I  see.  liowcver.  the  llvollis  Cusr 
(ISiilli  !,■>:!  Mo.  .-iSO.  4S  1..  1!.  .\.  lilHI.  -..-. 
S.  W.  IIIS.  Ill/roll  ;  a  roadmasler  (7/'i/,e 
V.  .S7.  /.oi/.s.  /v.  it-  .\.  /,'.  Co.  flSS.-,]  SS 
Mo.  :iiN):  l-'i,Klrr  v.  ]lis<so,iil  I'.  I,'.  Co. 
IIK!I.'!|  11.-)  Mo.  K;.-).  il  S.  \V.  ni(i>;  a 
division  road  master  i  llrin'uiiKi  v.  IV'ii- 
/"(.v/l  nr.il-m  It.  C'..  (IS'.MI  l-_>4  Mo.  .■.-). 
.;4  S.  \V.  T.'il.  27  S.  W.  (iin  :  a  yanl 
master  (I'mfro  v.  Cliirmio.  //.  /.  rf  /'. 
A'.  Co.  ]\SH:,\  8(i  AIo.  :;tii.'i:  a  foreman 
of  n  switeliinji  orew  iTmilor  v.  l/iwoi/n' 
/'.  U  C'l.  [IsOl;  .\lo.|  IC,  S.  W  .  iOH): 
a  section  foreman  [  Srhirn  ih  r  v.  ('Iiinuin 
€(  I.  /.'.  To.  fispil  llix  Mo.  :\11.  l,s  L. 
1!.  A.  S-27.  18  S.  \V.  1(104.  and  the  other 
eises  eited  in  §  i^H,  note  2.  solid,  [f])  : 
a  foreman  of  car  repairers  i  Muun  v. 
Wiihiish.  SI.  A.  d:  /'.  A".  Co.  [ISS.-.l  85 
Mo.  .-)>iS;  Kftifio  V.  Chir„rio,  R.  I.  .f  /'. 
It.  Co.  [1SS.-)1  8t;  .Me  ;02):  a  foreman 
of  Jjanj;  loading;  i'ailw;i\'  cars  t  llitiqin.y; 
V.  Missouri  I'.  R.  To.'flSOll  4:!  Mo. 
App.  .")t7:  I'rorlor  V.  l//,^soi//i,  A.  <f  T. 
It.  Co.  I  ISOOl  42  :Mo.  Ajip.  121)  ;  a  fore- 
man of  a  fianp  const  met  Iiil'  a  tiirntMhle 
iDoiiliiKi  V.  .Mini  |1SS]|  74  Mo.  l.'l.  41 
-\ni.  liep.  208  flSS.",]  SS  Mo.  20.'?i:  a 
foreman  of  a  ^aiiff  reinovinj;  the  rixif  of 
a  building  [Sulliran  v.  Ihiiniihnl  <i  St. 
■I.  R.  Co.  [ISiUl  107  Mo.  lit),  17  S.  \V. 
748);  a  foreman  in  char<;e  of  the  re 
iiioval  of  nn  embankment  ( lirnillnf  v. 
Chirnqo,  .If.  d  St.  I'.  R.  Co.  flSOlil  1:18 
.Mo.  203.  ,19  S.  \V.  7().T)  :  one  of  several 
snbordinate  foremen  in  a  qnany  (Co.r 
V.  Syrnite  Cranitr  Co.  [1800]  ".'fO  Mo. 
.\pp.  424)  ;  a  foreman  at  a  foundry  in 
eharfrc  of  the  work  of  unloadie;;  barges 
iDiiatiti  V.  Vnlcdii  Irnn  Works  [1^77] 
I  Mo.  -^pp.  2.'i(!)  :  a  fovi'iiian  s'.ipervisiie.' 
e.\cavation    of    reservoir    {Hall    v.    St. 


,s.  i,h    \\„l,r  Co.    f|S!i21    48   Mo.    Ap;. 
ill). 
The  aiillioiily  III'  llii-c    di  c-i^ions.  how 
er.  seems  to  lie  irie.itlx    -liakeii   by  tin 
cent    e.i~e  in  whieli    it    was  In  !d  llial   . 


coiiilnetor    was 


le 


icie   a    mere 


f.l 


rvant  of  an  engineer  and  liremaii. 
and  that  it  was  therefore  error  to  in 
struct  the  jiiiy  on  the  theory  that  lie 
was  a  vice  priiiei{ial  in  eliarge  of  a  de 
paitiiieiil .      Ilnillis    V.    Kkiis'Is    Cili).    I' 

,(■  II.  R.  Co.  noiiiii   i.-i:i  Mo.  :!H(i.  is  i., 

i:.    A.    :tOO.    ■>.■>  S.    W.    lOS    i  signal   to  go 
.ilieadi.     This  rilling  embodies  the  pri' 
ei-e    I'oeliine    of     tile     \lo<!    ran     C'lxi 
llSTlli    01    .Mo.   528.   which    v\as  in   fact 
leliid  upon  by  the  court,  aral,  in  view  of 
the   Imii,'   line  of   cases    jn-t    cited,   must 
ho  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  oxlram 
"liiiaiy  examples  of  a  judicial    ro//i-/i; 
whieli  can  be  pridiieed  from  the  ropoil- 
The   decisions   which    had    laid   do\\n    in 
-iieh  clear  and  iinamliigiious  terms  llin 
all    superior   sen.ints    wore   vice   priin-; 
pals   were   quietly    ignored,  and   the  ili 
eision     is     based    app.irently    upon    ll 
gnmnd    that,    because    it    is    practicalh 
impissilile    to    ileieiiiiine    what    are    d. 
paitments    of    the    <eivico    within    tin 
meaning  of  the  doctrine  which  deeliir- 
that    when    they    are    dilferent,    there    i- 
110    eomnion    employmeiil      (see    chaptn 
xxvil.,  C.  011^).   it    is  therefore   preii  i 
able  to  adopt   some  other  test  of  repi. 
sentative   cipaeity    than   that    which   di 
peiids   on   till'   (|iiistiiin    Hhether  the  dr 
linipient    was    a    head    of    a    departnieii! 
I'liil   there  are  two  obvious  flaws  in  tlii- 
>inj;iilar   argument.      In   the  first   plaer. 
there  is  no  warrant  in  the  cases,  as  tlii\ 
stand,   for  saying  that  the  dopartnieiit~ 
with  which  the  doctrine  of  departineiil.il 
iimtrol  is  coneirm-d   (chaptir  xwill..  F. 
ii.'i/f  )    li.no    been    ooiieeived    of   as    beiiii' 
i'Oe.\tensive  or  id.'mie.il  with  tlio  depart 
ments   the  diversity   of  which   takes  tbr 
ileliiiipient   and   injured   servants  out  ot 
the  ealegoiy  of  coemployees.      This  i<  .i 
|ioiiit  which  no  judge  has  yet  i.iidertak.  ii 
to  elucidate,  and   as  long  as  it  roninin- 
in    obscurity    it    cannot    legitimately   I" 
made   the   liasis   of   any   argument   likr 
that  of  the  Missouri   couit.     So  far  n- 
aiiy  reasonably  precise  interences  can  l» 
drawn    from    a    eompaii.son    of   tlie   tw., 
kinils    of    departments,    it    spems    nm-i 
jirobabte   that,    if   there   should   ever   he 
any   necessity   to   decide   the   matter,   it 
would    bo    found   that    they   do    not    cin 
note  coevtensivc  siilidivisioiis  of  the  iin- 
ter's  business.      But   such   an   inve-tiLii 
lion  would  be  a  frivtdotis  wa-,te  of  ti.' 
and    labor,    for   it   is  much   better  to  le 


:,401 


SlMM.MtV  Ol"  DKCISIONS. 


M;iril  till-  unr.l   -il.  |>nrtiiiorit"  ns  at  bc^l  ^iiil    .Imii 

M  iiiu;;li  nir.iiit  ul  iiii'!ilil'yiii;;  Ilic  coiUTii  //.    Ci 

lion  ti)  wliicli  il  i-  iiili  iiili'il  to  rdVr  lljt'  A.    ,">. 

iii:i-iir'~  rf-|iiiiisiliility.  nml  to  liilci'iiiinr  M'i--ril   tin 


15!t0 

iirrll  V.    Ml, iiliinn    C. 
I  Is'.Kii    is  .\|„iit.   1(17,  ;t.t   1,.  R. 


■)4.    44    I'. 


Tl.i 


lilliiiy;    1-4 


jiic|;.'iriti:l    ill    III!'    -^aini'    cii 


iliMi  ii-|Miii>iliility  li.v  iniMiis  of  till'  'ol.^     i||si)."ij    17   Miiril.    IS'.i,  4'i   I'lic.   7(i7  i    l.y 


-n|i|i|i('il    l)y    tlic    rlniiriitaiy    ciiii^iilcrii-    uiiiili     lliil.ilily     IimiI     Ixtii    in 


liuii"  lor  mIiicIi,  ai'<"ii<|in:,'  to  circiini 
-i.iiici-.  till'   woiil   limy  stiiiiil. 

Ill  till'  >"      nd   pliici'.  till'  int  ro'liii'iioii 

of  til nil-     lion  of  lii'a<lslii|i  of  ilrpait 

mint  was  wliolly  inrli'vanl  in  a  stato 
in  wliii'li  Ihi'  siiju'rior  ^rMant  ilot'Iiini' 
liMil  hi'i-n  so  iinri'scivoilly  iiilr|>t('il.  Tin' 
nior  ot  till'  Ilia!  loiiit  in  I  hi.-  rrspi'ci 
'v;i~  otivious.  mill,  in  view  of  tin'  i':iiliir 
iliri-ioii-i.  tlic  propi'i-  ooiirsr  would  Imvi' 
liriii  Mini|il\  to  ilci'i.irc  till'  o-i'iitial  iii- 
riMTi'i'tnrss  of  ttie  cliarfjc  in  this  i<"j,'aril, 
niili'ss  it  was  intcinlril  to  iiiiiii;jiii'ati'  a 
uholly  iii'W  siiifs  of  casi's  in  wliicli  tlic 
-ii|iiiioi  «ir\ant  ilni'trini'  slionlil  finil  no 
|i|.i(i'.  lint  if  tliis  is  tlic  imiposc  of  tlic 
I'oint.  il  is  ccitainly  liciiig  attiiiiuul  in 
;i   vi  ly   eniioiis    fasliinii. 

liotli  ilnri'iu'  llic  earlier  ami  lafor 
|iiri>iU  ilo'iiiiil  liy  tlic  rejection  ami  ac 
ir|iliincc  of  llie  sii|icrioi'  servant  iloc 
Iriiie,  llie  inii-ter  has  liecn  Inlil  lialile  for 
till'  acts  of  a  ^^ciicial  iiiaiiai,'er,  or  other 
1  iiiployec  in  full  control  of  a  Ini-ine-s  or 
;iii  inilepcnilcnt  piece  of  work.  Iliftlluis 
V.  Cnlirr  |lS7:ii  :,1  Mo.  .172,  14  Am. 
I!ep.  421:  lV/o(/.  «  V.  Ccilciiarii  Chiiirh 
ils7iii  ()2  Mo.  ;i2l) :  (I'oniitii  V.  \iil(<iii 
Ikh,  U.(/,',s  (1.S7(1i  (U  Mo.'  4!I2:  Doir 
/;,.,';  V.  1H.-JI  (IHhK  74  .Mo.  \:,.  41  Am. 
liep.  2!iS:  Ihiull  V.  Ihuniilm)  A  Ht.  J. 
II.  Co.   I  ISS,-,  i    1!»  Mo.  .\pp.  2114. 

The  doetrine  ot  dual  capacity  was 
iiin^'iiized,  ohiti  r,  in   Mi, mi:  v.    Wohimh, 

SI.    I..   ,t    /'.    /,'.    Co.     I  ISS.-.  I     S.-,    Mo.    .-)SS; 

Rniilii,,,!  V.  .ViVsOKM  /'.  R.  Co.  (lS8(i) 
■li>  Ml..  .\pp.  4(;.'!. 

lint  I  lie  actr  -s  on  the  siihjept 

iiiiiliiie   its   ope  hill    vi'iy    iHr 

low    limits.      I).  .    Iliiiiiiihiil    ,1 

SI.  ./.  A'.  Cr,.  i\>  ■  .  Hi;;  .Mo.  .-)7ll.  1.". 
S.  W.  .-).-.l:  lliil.S',,1  V.  .l//.v,soM(i  /'.  1{.  Co. 
MslIJi  .-,(1  .Mo.  App.  .■!IIO;  1,'iixs  V.  \Va 
l.'i'.'l,  Wisi.,,.  H.  )'„.  I  isii'ii  112  Mo. 
■''.  IS  I..  K.  A.  S2:l,  '2(1  .S,  \\.  472:  llmil,- 
I'll  \.  I*:,,,/.-  I.iiiiibir  Co.  (Islt.S)  .'..'i  .Mo. 
App.  ST. 

As  to  the  sipnifioanco  in  this  stale  of 
the  in««cssion  or  nonpos-c^sioii  of  the 
piiuir  of  discliarc:e,  sei    §  :,r.i.  inilr. 

If.,  ,/,,•„„.— In  ispii  it  was  held  tha( 
llii-  ellect  of  the  ndoplio"  of  the  new  con- 
-titiiii.,11   was  to  aim  the  Compiled 

SMI.  lsS7,  SS  (i;i7,  win. 11,  while  the  slate 
"  s  -till  iimlcr  a  teirilorial  i,'ovcni- 
i;-'"'.  III.!  introduced  a  nile  of  Ilahility 
\irlual!_v   the  saniB  as  the  superior  »erv'- 


■d    for 


the  ncylici  lice  of  a  eomliictor.  on  the 
-iipposiiii.ii  thai  llie  lifihl-  ot  the  plain- 
lill.  a  lii:ikeiiian,  were  dclcrmiiicd  hy  the 
provisions  of  the  act.  I  luler  Ihccoin- 
nion  laH  priiiciplcs  thus  restored  to  op- 
eialion.  it  ha-  liccn  held  that  no  action 
can  he  sii-l. lined  for  the  nej;lif,'ence  of  a 
-eel  ion  foreman.  //i(.s7i,o(\  \.  .Muntaiia 
I  mill'  U.  Co.  (ISinii  IH  .Mimt.  4!t3,  4li 
I'ac.  2i;t.  Or  of  a  foicniaii  of  a  panj; 
assist iiifr  rci,'iilar  section  crows  as  ocea- 
sioii  rcipiir.il.  Cuuduill  v.  .Vim  I  a  mi  C. 
I,'.  Co.  (IHiUi)  18  .Mont.  2!t3,  45  Pac. 
21(1. 

\i  lirii.\l,ii.  In  this  stale  the  superior 
seivanl  doctiiiic  prevails,  and  employers 
liave  lii'cn  held  lialde  tor  the  nej:lii;cnce. 
noi  only  of  liciicral  inanaixcrs  [Ciyslnl 
In  Co.  V.  Shiiloik  [IWI.iJ  37  Neli.  lit. 
•"..">  .\.  W.  2!l4i.  hut  also  of  the  follow- 
in;;    employees: 

The  foreinaii  in  dnuj,'!'  of  a  gravel 
Iraiii.  Uiiii.ii  I'.  It.  Co.  V.  Ihii/lc  (1897) 
.■)(>   Neh.  ."i.",.").   7(1   .\.   W.  43. 

The  condiictoi  of  a  work  train.  Chi- 
i-iiijo.  St.  I'.  .U.  c(  O.  It.  Co.  V.  hiiiiilslrom 
I1SS4)  ICi  Neh.  2.->».  49  Am.  Kep.  718, 
ill  -N.  W.  1!(S:  ISiirliiifiloi,  ,t-  1/.  /filer 
I/.  Co.  V.  Ciorkrtt  (lS8(i)  111  Neb.  138, 
2(1   X.  \V.  921. 

.\  coiidnetor.  Clmh  v.  Ihiffhci  (1897) 
51    Nell.   7S0,   71    X.   \V.   77li. 

.\  car  ii'p:iiii'r  depiitcil  to  instruct  a 
new  woikinan.  Chiriuio.  IS.  A  Q.  It.  Co. 
V.  Siillinm  (ISSli)  2^  Xcb.  ti79,  43  N. 
W.   41.-,. 

The  forci.ian  of  a  pang  rpp.'iring 
stnietiires  alon;;  a  railway.  Sioux  Citif 
.(■  /'.  It.  Co.  y.  Sniilk  (i8S8)  22  Xeli. 
77,).   3(1    v.   \V.   2S.-,. 

A  ii-.iiv^  foienmn  under  an  electric 
conip.iny.  \i  ,r  Oninha  TIioihuoh-IIou.s- 
ton  r.hrliw  l.ii/ht  Co.  v.  Itnlilirin 
(liion    (12  Xeh.    ISO,  87  X.  W.  27. 

The  foreman  of  a  ]iilo  driving,'  crew. 
t'nniiiiil.  t:.  cC-  1/.  III//.  It  II.  Co.  V.  I.rs- 
III-   (  1S!14I   41   Neh.   l.-,!l,  '.-,'1  X.  W.  o.V,). 

The  docnine  of  dinil  cipacity  was  re- 
piiiliatcd  in  Tm/.v/.i/  In-  Co.  v.  Shiiloil: 
I  IS!I3,  37  Neh.  Ill,  .-,.-,  .\.  W.  '2111:  .\.  »• 
(l}iiiil:ii  ThiiiiiKi,;i-lli,nsti,,i  Klii'lric  l.iiiht 
Co.  V.  lliilihriii  I  llMIl  I  (12  Nell.  ISO.' ST 
X.  W.  27  (for  fuels  in  lioth  ca-e.-.,  .see 
i  .■i4l,  a,ih  \. 

\  .  "■    lin-iip^^hlrr. — A  pcie  i:il   iii.ina^er 

'-    i '■'■■'y    rt—  .i.;e:    a-    :l    ■.  ue    p.  inri  j,.l  I. 

>.-    I, /./;,, I    V.    07.  ,1    .1//^.    Co.    (ISiil)    ti7 


Sri'? 


•4  t=       im'- 
■i.:  P       rii' 


m 


ItifiO 


MAMKK  AM)  >i:i!\A.\T. 


[«  IIAP.   x\\. 


N'.    II 


\M.    .•Ml,      I'.Mt    Itic   I'vi-     I  iss 


^■.   in  I.  .■!    I,     I! 


IliTr 


,1.! 


-huu    m-li      J(l    N.    K 
IS    Hun. 


/,".„/ 


/    ./,. 


I  I- 


/■..,/    \.    II  /,,/,/,/.•    I  Is; 


TliiTc    i^    iiii    li.iliijiiv     fni-    ilic    iiv^li-    II   Hull.  .'iSi;,     IN --iijy  in  i]><-r  \;\-t  ii 

i--i'llt  ml    ;;ni(lllll    ol    I  lie   ilr 


III    -iiiiiTim-    1% 


}.'t'iici'  ijf  |iic  li.u.r  i:i. 
.■-rr\;illl-  .1-  II  ~iilii|i  I'niilMiill.  Ihliili'l 
V,  tii'iinl  ■jiinil.  ir  r,,.  ijssiji  r,j  \.  li 
liT  I 

S I  11-    ./( ISI  II.    -  'rill'    c|ii>  ■■;  i  ..I     V  'it  hii 

^.M-llif.ll    IM  lli.lUi-l  -   ;ll(     \  ici-   [H'ill!'I|(  I  U   Il.l- 

Ipi  III   ili-iii I   ill   «   .",.;ii.  -mil,   \ili,ii.   ii 

\\ii-   iil-.i   l>M']|    {Kii:iti  ,1   <  III    lliMt    llii'   ill. I 
trine   111    lion  ilili.yiiliilily    cil'   iliiiii-    1m~ 
lircn  .i|i|ilitil  to  ill!  iiinMiiili'il  -.1  1.1'  1,1(1- 
in  II  111-  III  rii-i'. 

TliiTi-  i-  11(1  li.iliilily  fur  ilu'  iii'i:li',ji.nri. 
ol'  till-  fcilliiu  l'i_.  •  ,.|ii.ri(,|-  .iiMiiil^  111' 
IdUrr     ijni  li'^     til,.,     yi-ni-iiil     niiin,i;;,'i- : 

.\  I'm.  iiiiin  ill  full  cIiiu'l:!'  i.f  lln'  wmk 
of  c'lili-l;  .H'l  il  :;  .1  ,f,\i-\.  I'lii.i:  \.  Ilii,l 
(ISII'.I)  iVl  N.  .1.  1..  T.-iS.  \1  All.  7:il  : 
a|p|iinviii;.'  11  i/v<./(  V.  \hiiii  it  :ylU. 
Unit   \  . 

.\  fiiiTiiKin  of  lirillir  in  ii  mini-.  Hil 
litnrr  \.  it.ilniii  I rini  »(■  ,\f/i/  Cit.  l  jsilji 
.'i.-i   N.  .1.   I..  .'!'.>.  li.-i   All.  7117. 

.\  \i  ii'iiiiiii  -iiin'iiiilciiiiiii','  llic  r.r,  rlioii 
(if  .1  'j.i-  ill  Ml  T.  Mil.ir  i:  liii  V.  r'r/i,i- 
«/<■«  hull  W'oihs  (IS!i7i  tiO  X.  ,1.  J,. 
i'i.-)7.  :W  All.  Ii77. 

.\  I'oi-i'niiin  Mi|irivisin}.'  tlip  liiiiMiiiij  oT 
n    lioiil.    mill    uorkin;;    with    lii-    ^iil'incli 
n;iti'-i.     Olsiii  V.   M.iiiii    llSiisi    til    N.  ,1. 
1..   1171.  40   .Ml.  liill. 

A  "(li-l  lii'l  Mi;iii;iL:rr"  of  n  tclc'|ilioiir 
<'<,iii|i  iin ,  ill  rli;ii;;<.  Ill  11  crew  ~liiii^iiii; 
v,iri>.  'hinilhi-  V.  \rir  Y,,,!.-  i(-  A.  •/. 
Till /ill.  C.i,  I  lti02)  117  V.  J.  L.  (!4li.  ,">S 
L.   11.   .\.  Siis.  r,2  All.   -111.-.. 

Ill  III,/,  Ii  \.  IhiiJ  (  ismii  I'd  \.  .1.  1.. 
7.->S.  42  .Ml.  7:!l.  it  \\.i~  >.\h\  tliiit  tlic 
.i|iitii|ii('iit  of  till'  iMiirl  in  liiii  Shin- 
liiiiuli  V.  ri.'iiiilnii  lls:i.-,i  .-,s  N.  .1,  T.. 
li'.li.  :!.'!  .Ml.  .'!Sll.  tliiit  tile  ni,i-tir  \v;i- 
liillilc  for  the  lli';;li-rllcii  ol  lln'  lii-- 
forriiuiii.  \v;i-i  ri'iillv  not  rrli-Miiit.  llic 
riiil  L:riiiiiiil  of  linhilily  liciii'.;  Ilio  iiiu> 
tii'>  km  .vliilyc  of  tlw  oniiilit  inn-. 

\,  II-  \l,.ni'i. —  A  •^rftiiMi  forciiiim  i-* 
Iii.l  11  viic  |iriiii'i|>:i1.  Aliliisiiii.  ■/'.  <(• 
.V.   /'.    /,'.   '■„.   V.    \l,uliii    (lS!i:!i    7    N.    M. 

l.-|S.  :!i  I'll!'.  .■i:!il.  Allii il  ill  (  ls!i7i    iili; 

r.  s.  :;'.i;i,  ii   I,,  j.il.  iii.-.i.  17  Sii|..  n. 

l!r|i.  fill:!.  N'or  i-  a  pit  lio.-  of  n  niiiic. 
worUiiij.'  iiiiilir  ii  yi'iH'riil  i-ii|i,iii.ti'nclrnt. 
Ihs,-nirt  V.  Cni/li.^  f,„,l  /,'.  C,,.  (l.S'.ISI 
U  X.  M.    i:i."i,  .-..-)   I'll!'.  l!'.ill. 

\iir  I'lirA". —  I  lif  iioitriiie  tliiit  a  <.'i>n- 
or.il  niiinii^.'rr  is  a  virr  |iriiii*i|i:il  was 
fullv  rrconni/.i'd  in  Mnlum  v.  IIiiIIkiiiii if 
(IS'70)  ti4  X.  V.  5,  -21  Am.  Hep.  r.7:!  ■ 
i'r,rc',i;i,i  V.  I!,,ll,mr.l-  (1S7-.\  ,->;>  X.  ». 
517,   17   Am.  Ki'i>.  3iil';   //'       ,7  v.  I'nyvr 


-      llMi 


1- 


ion   iiiiiN    ii  illy   ii.ivc  licen  tlic  IucmiI 

II  111  II  ill  !i  ..  iili-  iliily;  Init  II-  llicy  iint,. 
ili.lr  <i    ,,,!„   \.  Il.iii'iiin    ilsSDi    si    N.  \. 

.".Ii;.     :;'       \ll,.      I!r|i.     ."ijl,     lln.y     me     hull. 

piili.'l.ly  iiiii-m!,  il    I.  ii|.|ilii.,iiiiiii-  of  tl,,. 

■Iiir.  1  ill.     lli-|.|.|ili  il      111     111).     l|il|.|.     111:1,^- 

of  till.  ,-.nrl  of  ii|i|M.:il-  lili'.l  iilii.\,.. 
\\  iirilirr    I  hi-    i-    -o   or    net,    il    i-    ,  l,.,,- 

Illllt      III-     o|lil:.lio||     ,,|      iIkiI      liorllili,       i, 

coii-iili  iiMy  I  iiciiiii-rrilM'.l  hy  the  ,■<  — 
jii-l    lili.l.'   Sir    SiS   .-ii:!,  .-,47.   I'/i/'.      I'm. 

iliri-ion  ill  l',i„l:i,r  \.  'rillii  inxh,  Ir,,. 
\ii,i.  r,,.    (iss.-,i   !i!i  X.  V.  .'iiis.  2  \.  1:, 

l'4.  hol.lin-  the  ilefiiiilinl    li.iMo  for  thu 

III  iili:;in.-i'  of  it-  ;;oiiiiiil  -iiin'riiili-iiilin!. 
i-  u  illy  liii-cii  ii|io:i  tin-  tliiory  llnit  !h- 
iioii  i|,  lci;jiililo  (Inly  of  in-|iccti(in  u  ,- 
viol  ili'il. 

'I'lic  tcni'iiiolcijy  ii |i;iid|irinte  lo.  ;iii.| 
11-11, illy  ii--oi-i:ite(l  with,  the  (loclriiic  dt 
(lcii:inii  ciitiil  iiiiitiol.  i-  not.  so  fur  ;,. 
the  u  liter  knows,  fcimid  in  the  \ch 
^'iiiK  ii.|inrt-.  leit  tliire  are  some  rnliui:. 
Ill, nil";  iijion  tlii.  -nlij-ct. 

Ill  ISils  it  wa-  lu-lil  tlial  11  riiilv.,n 
(■oiii|  iny    w  I-   not     li.il;!,     for   the    n.-jli 

yellce    of     il-    sll[i(  rilltellilenl     of     liliil^i-, 

I!  lii-.ii  ,■  \.  r.ri.  If.  (■„.  -M  X.  Y.  li;-i 
lint  the  eoiiiln-ii  11  was  ha-iil  on  ar^'u 
iiients  which  '.oiild  prrciiiile  reeoMiy  lei 
the  iie^li;ji'in-e  of  any  a;;cnts  of  .1  luiii- 
|)any  e.\ee|.t  the  ilireeiors  1  sen.  jj  ,",.;ii. 
,i,ih  ).  mill  is  therefore  iiieon-i-li.iit  wil'i 
the  eases  as  lo  General  iiiaiiaf.'ers.  eitci 
alHi\-e. 

In  Kiii-'.-  V-  l,',.,li,  .1,1:  Y.  V.  if  /'.  /,'. 
(•■I.  (1SS.-,|  lis  \.  V.  lill.  the  deliiiiM.iiiii 
w.is  sn|ierinteiiilinii  the  re<-oii-trueliiiM 
of  an  old  road.  an. I.  from  liis  fiiniiioii- 
as  -lat.il.  uoiild  iiiidonlitiMlly  have  hin'n 
held  in  some  jnri-diel  ions  to  lie  a  dc 
liMrtment.il  niaiiaijer.  Ilul  llie  ea-e  .icl- 
iially  turned  on  the  naliiro  of  the  iii-;;li 
;;eiit  ,iet.      S(>p  §  riCi.  mil, . 

In  MrC.iiiijil,,!!  ,-.  Ciiiiiril  S.  S.  r,,. 
I  lS:i:ii  till  Hun.  i:!l.  :i.'{  X.  Y.  Mi|i|. 
477,  a  (look  suiH'rinlondi  nt  of  a  stcun 
ship  eoiiipany  was  treated  as  a  \iii 
principal,  luit  this  decision  was  re\n.,il 

in  (isii.-,)   144  X.  ^.  :>:,->.  Mil  X.  1:,  11:17. 

on  the  jjTound  of  the  eharaeter  of  lliii 
lieL.'lij;ent   act. 

In    aiiothor    ca-p   a    railway    oonijiany 

was  Indd  linlde  fi  r  the  iieL;lij.'enee  of  tlip 

suiH'rintemletit      of     its     ;;rain     tdcv.iler. 

.'(•'I'orcr/i    V.    <'ii, liiil    \'<riniiiil    I'.    <". 

(HiKi)  ]■:?,  X.  ^.  :isi.  ■_'.-,  X.  r.  -r-- 

lint    here   the   real    rationale   of   llie  ilcii- 


:>VJl 


SLM.MAUV  111'  lJi:i  IsiuNS. 


IGOl 


tt.M  Uii'  hiiMfli  of  till'  iiiiii  ilrliu'iililc         A    fi>i'i'iiiii:i    in    rlinrgc    of    n    derrick 


duly  of  in-|)iilin^'  tin-  plMcc  of  work. 


Si  1. 1 1   \.   S, 


I  ISSti   :u  llun.  -292. 


\    ltdc;:;raidi    (iiiciiilni     lia^    Urn    lnlil         A    Iuhiimih    nf   |pri<kl:ivrrs.      While  v. 


ii|ih    (ipciMlni'    ha-<    Ih 
iinl    til  III'  II   viri'  |iriiiri|i.il.  ii>  In 
li,i»    t(i  cxi'n  i~i'    >iiiiir   di-crct  imi    witliiii 
.1    ilr|>.irlllli-llt.       Miiiiinlliilil    V     .'.III     J'kW. 
c.  il    //.   I'.  /.'.  '  '..    (ISSTi    \r,  llmi.   11.1. 

Ill  tlii«  -iMli'  Ihi'  -ii|irrior  -fi-vuiit  due 
liiiii-  i\,\~  iM'MT  iilil.iiiird  till'  ~livlili--l 
I'i'iitiiii.',  Kiii|diiM  1-  liiivi'  licrri  In  Id  not 
jialili'  for  the  iicfilivi'nf'i'  of  the  fidlow- 
iiu'  riii|ilovi'i'-  lii'luw  tlic  riiiik  of  firiural 
iiiiiTi:i,i.'i'r^: 

A  w  riH'k  niii«t<'r.  II'  ilfiis  v.  Vric 
\.,il:.  I..  /■;.  if  11.  It.  I'll.  I  l.SH.ii  'J'.l  !liiii 
.'p. 'ill. 

.\  vard  iiia-lir.  l/rf  i..v/,.  i-  v.  I.niiii 
l.Uii.'il  It.  Co.    (  ISSl  )    SI   N.    V.   77. 

A  rnniliii'tor.  Shrnunn  v.  lim-hinh  r 
.1  .s'.  /,'.  <■...  I  lS.-i:()  l.->  liarli.  ,-)74  (  IS.^iSi 
IT  K.  V.  lo.-?:  ll'."»/.  ,1  V.  W.shni  \.  V. 
>i  /'.  II.  (■<,.  I  IS!i.->i  1  (7  \.  V,  .-,iis.  \1 
\  v..  \m.  licvcr-MiL'  I  isni  I  4:i  N.  N . 
S.  I!.  'JIS.  Hi  X.  \  .  Suiip.  Sll  I  isiiji 
tl!  X.  V.  S.  li.  77.  IH  N.  V.  Siiii|..  TiiS. 

.\        lllCOMMll  ivi'        l-ll^ilil'IT.         \\iliis        V. 

H,,u-i\    (1S1I7I    18   App.    Iliv.   iCl.   V,  N. 
\.  Supp.  S7.'i   (fori'niaii  injuri'd). 

.\  si'i'tiiiii  fori'niaii.  Il.innnirr  v. 
Il'bitni,,  ,(•  //.  Ciiiiiil  Co.  (l,S7iM  l!l 
lliin    -Jill. 

A  fori'niaii  of  oar  ii'pairi'r-.  Kniiiin 
V.  \rii  York.  I..  H.  if-  ir.  /■'.  Co.  (ISO.-.) 
it.-,  \.  V.  l!»n,  :i!)  N.  K.  711. 

\  I'ori'iiiaii  siiiM'liiiti'iidiiij.'  tlii'  I'liii 
^tnn'tioll  of  a  hnildinj;.     Uillin  v.  \\i  lull 

IMiili  nil  App.  i)iv.  ■>:".i.  57'  X.  Y.  Siipp. 

.\  fiiicinan  of  a  jraii'.'  of  ciiipiMitcr-. 
l/i/i'r.Mi  V.  Iliilloiiitiii  (ls7i;i  lit  X.  ^■.  ,"). 
:;i  .\iii.  l!i'p.  .■)7li:  .huLiiis  v.  Mnhoimo 
In, II  llrr  Co.  llS'.Uli  [il  S.  V.  S.  1!. 
silil.  10  X.   V.  Siipp.   4St. 

A  division  >iipM  inti'iidriit  of  railway 
laid'.'i'S.  S'riihtiih  I  v.  V<  ic  Yoik.  I,.  K. 
i(  l\.  fi'.  Co.  (ISS.-.  1  101  X.  Y.  607.  4 
\'.  i:.  l'2.->. 

.\  loicinan  -upri  \  i-inir  tlii'  con-triii-- 
lion  iif  a  lirid;;!'  airli.  Ilofiiiiih  v.  \  <•»■ 
)o  '    r.   if.   //.    //.    U.   Co.    ilS74l    ;■).-)    X. 

W  i;im. 

A  vii'i.'  fori'iiian  on  a  lirid^ii'.  I.iul- 
'..»■  V.  Cioloii  llii<liir  d-  Mf'l.  '■'/.  1  ISilt!) 
II    App.    Div.   4.->:i.   42   X.   S'.   Snpp,   .it:! 

A  fori'iian  siipcrinti'iiilini.'  tin-  )ilaiiiii.' 
•  if  :i  l.iid^'o  pin-.  I  huh  V.  \.  !<•  YoiL- 
c.  .(  //.  A'.  A'.  Co.  I  IStiSi  2r>  App.  Div. 
Iii."i.  ."il    X.  Y.  Snpp.  .-,. 

.\  fiii'i'iiian  sninrinti'iidinf;  tlio  orif 
ti.iti  of  a  M'allold.  Mooi-  V.  .\lr\,  il 
'  H!iS!  35  App.  Div.  323.  SI  X.  Y.  Siiim 
!i5t). 


I'lv  IliiHit:  (lS!i7i  l!l  .\pp.  Div.  2.jti.  4t;  X. 
V.    Supp.    1S4. 

A  ■■npi'rinlrndint  of  r^pair.'^  (o  a  ship. 
//»«,,/  V  Coot  (IHH'ii  112  X.  Y.  014. 
.i  I,    I!.  .\.  ."i.)'.i,  211  X.  K.  .i.")!!. 

.\  foniii.iii  -iipi  !\  i~iii;j  tlii'  rn-ction  of 
:in  idrv.itor.  Wloilhii  \.  .S'/hdi/ik'  Hire- 
hi,  i:ir,i:tor  Co.  llSilili  1  .\pp.  Div. 
2114.  37   X.   ^■.  Snpp.    174. 

Till'  foii'iiian  of  till'  work  of  drav  *\^ 
oiii'  of  till'  >liaft-  for  a  tniini'l.  IliUij  v. 
>l'llii,ii  ilSsdi  .-,3  Hum.  147.  I!  X.  Y. 
Snpp.    I2'.l. 

.\  foriinan  sir  ■rintindin'j  tlio  di;.'!riiig 
of  a  tli'lirli.  Colli, i.s  V.  CrinnniHM 
I  isn.-.i  II  Mivi'.  24.  31  X.  Y.  Snpp.  SCiO; 
Seholt  V.  Oiioiitlitifft  Coiniti,  t<or.  Hank 
I  I'.MIO)  4f»  App.  Div.  51)3.  113  v.  V.  Supp. 
1131. 

.\  foiiniaii  of  a  yany  ('ii;.ML't'il  in  i>.\- 
i'a\atiii:j  '.vork.  Imliii  v.  l!ioi.:i  (1S!I!1) 
4.)  .\p|..   Div.  428.  lit"  X.  \.  Siijip.  840. 

.\  fonniaii  >ni'-  ivisinj;  tlu'  loadiiif;  of 
an  i'li'\.itor.  li,  iiriifihl  v.  Iloiiiiiiinn 
(lSi|!l|     40    App.     Div.    .-.(12.    58    N.    Y. 

Snpp.  no. 

.\  loii'inan  ninliT  a  nia-trr  atcvi'dort'. 
Kriimi  v.  Ciiiiiiiil  S.  S.  Co.  (ISS5)  2(1 
•  loni's  &  S.  434  (1SS5I  23  .loiics  &  S. 
.-..■|S;  Tiilhi  v.  .\<„-  Yorl,  a-  T.  N.  S.  Co. 
I  1811(1)  If)  App.  Div.  4(i3.  42  X.  Y.  Supp. 
29. 

.\  foiinian  under  a  master  steviKlore. 
n'l'oinioi-  v.  IhiU  (I'.IOO)  52  Ajip.  Div. 
42S.  (15  X,  '■.  Supp.    130. 

Tlie  forei.ian  of  a  iiiianv.  C  'Irn  v. 
\'-rlon  (ISlll)  120  X.  Y."  1.  2.  X.  E. 
'.11)5. 

.\  fore, nan  of  likftinj.'  operations  in 
a  piililie  work.  I',  in/  v.  Itoiintt  (1SII8) 
157  X.  ^.  251.  51  X.  !■:.  1021,  lievir-iiif; 
I  181)5)  '.II  Hun.  2»3,  3(1  X.  V.  Supp. 
208:  Mo,i,ii.i(,  V.  Ciiliiimt  Conslr.  Co. 
(18!)5)  S7  linn.  5111.  34  X.  Y.  Supp. 
273:  Villo  \.  luo.ioii  (18i)7)  15  .\pp. 
Div.  32!l.  44  X.  ^.  Supp.  I:  (■.//«i..s«  v. 
Woolfoll:  iltlOOl  1(13  X.  Y.  472.  57  X. 
I-:.  7(10.  I!ever-iii,j  (IS'IS)  25  App.  Div. 
234.  4!)  X.  ^^  Snpp.  40:i. 

The  raptain  ot  a  ship,  l.omihliix  V. 
suilr  (IS87)  105  X.  Y.  15!).  11  .-.-.  K 
.371  :  Srorff  v.  Mdnilf  I  18S7)  107  .X.  Y. 
211.  13  X.  K.  7!i(l:  li'ihiiilsoii  V.  lli/i/- 
ilill  )  1S!)2)  135  X'.  '■  1,  17  L.  R.  A. 
228.  31  X.  E.  !i)i:):  Uroiilinioii  v.  .MhiH 
S.  S.  Co.  (1S!)5)  14(i  X.  Y.  3(10.  40  X. 
K.  .-.07. 

T!ie  tiiaii- nf  a  -hip.  i;,,.i>h:.;tti;\\  Id- 
as .v.  .S'.  Co.  I  18!)5)   14(i  X.  Y.  3Uy,  40  X. 


'i 


il 


* 


flr-i 


\im 


MASTKU  AND  Si:i!\  ANT. 


[CUAP.    XXS 


*. 


v..  Rn7:  Srii  I  iJ  V.    Milintf  i!HS7)    107  \.    I'loytT    was    li:iMr    for    'lie    ilcfiiiilt 

V.  •>)\.   \:\  \.   K.  '        '  .        .   . 

.  ISH4I  :ij  iliiii.  iJ 


Ols 


Clwlr 


x\l]> 


liiir  «lu»i'  i'oiiiimiiikN  iiikI  iliii 


liiiiH  till-  iiiiiiii-il   si'i'Viiiit   w^is  liiiiiiiil   I' 


It    Mliiiild    111-   ?i 
iiiiiri'   M'criil    (if   till 


^tiil    tlinl,    in    all    thp   ulicy.     Cinrlrx  v 


/.'i-'/ii 


ul  d  It.   It.  ( 


iiIm 


'Vc  ca^*'!- 


tl 


(ismi  s»  N.  c.  :io!t.  ;(:  Am.  it.'p.  •;■. 


iiitial  •'rciiiia  of  till-  (liiisioii   ii  ratln-r    I'-iit    tlip   nal    |K.iiit    on    wliicli   tni-^ 


ilip  ('liariicli-r  of  llic  nculitri'nt  act  tlum 
till-  nllicial  ]»>-itioii  of  tin-  cli'liii(|iii  n(. 
ulii'"lf,  siiiir  till-  ruling  in  I'ri^iiin  v. 
linhhilt  (IHSOi  SI  N.  Y.  .')1().  37  Ami. 
Kcp.  Wl\  (>.■.-  ilS  ."it;!.  .'>17.  tiiilr).  i< 
liiatcil  a-*  iM'in;.'  fpf  -icconilary  lnil")rt 
I'llcr. 

\(irlh   ('iirtiliiiii. — In   the  parlicst   ca-n' 
in    wliiili    the    piopiT    infi-r<-ni'o    to    li<- 
ilrawn   from   tin-  ixi-iri-o  of  tin-   control 
liv  the  il(-li;    'lent   wa-*  con-iilcnil    i  Dub 
l.'in  V.  Itirh„i,.„<l  il    />.  H.  Co.   IIS7!)]   81 
N.    r.    4-1(1.   :!1    .\in.    l!i-|i     ."ilJi.   a    rail 
ua\    i'niii|iahv    \\:i-    licM    lialilr    for   the 
nculi;:iiici-  of  an  cniployci-   who  was  «tl- 
pcrinlcncli-nt.    <-n'_'inccr.    i-oiiiliictor.    "ml 
liriMian    <■!  a    ;;ravi-l   train.       The   court. 
as   is  evident    froni    it-*  opinion,   had   no 
intention  of  yoiny  any  fnrll:er  in  ascriti 
in;;  a  repn'-ental  i\e  eapaeily  to  -^uperiir 
~c-rvants  than  the  point  fixed  aft<-r\vard~ 
liy    llie    Hdn.i    I'li.si,    as    afl<-r\\  ard-    e\ 
plained  !iy  the  Umiiili  1'nxr   (sec   Federal 
(■a»es,  .yiii'ira).      The  scnanl.  it    was  de- 
clared, "doc-s  not  undertake  to  incur  the 
risks    that    may   result    from    tin-    nefjii 
^'cncp  of  the   master,  or  <iich   jiei-on  to 
whom  he  may  eln^o-i-  to  dcle;.'ate  liis  an 
iliotity  in  that   Inalich  or  dipiu  I  im  iit  of 
liii-iiiess    in    which    he    is    i-M;;a};ed.      To 
iiii|.iite  tli(-  iie;;lit:encc  of  siicli  an  anient 
to  the   master,   he  must  lie  more  than 
a    mc-re   foreman   to  oversee   a   batch   of 
hands,   direct    their   work   under  the   sir 
pcrvi«ion    of    the    ma-tcr.    see    that    .he.\ 
perforin  their  <luty.  and.  in  i-a-e  of  derc 
iictiin.   lepnrt    tlieni.      lie  mii-t   have  en 
lire   manaL'cmcnt    of   the   hiisinc-..   such 
as  ti.e   riiiht    to   employ   hands   and   di^ 
cliarjjc  them,  and  direct  their  labor,  and 
piircliaso    inatcriils.    etc.      He    must    be 
an    ii};(-nl    clollnd    in    this    respect    with 
the    .iiithoi  ily    .it    the    ma^ti-r.    lo    ,- lioiii 
the    hilKin-    an     put    in    subordination, 
and  to  whom  tle-y  owe  thi-  duty  of  olied 
ience.     Such  an  a^reiit   is  uliat   is  known 
as   R   'middleman.'   who.   as   well    as  the 
lalnircr.  is  the  servant  of  the  master,  and 
althoii;;!c  he  m.iy  work  with  the  laborer 
in    fiirllierin^'   the    <(immon    business    of 
the  master,  lie  is  yet   not  a   'fellow  serv- 
ant'  in   the  sense  of  that    term   as   used 
by  till-  couils.  Iiccau>e  he  represents  the 
iiia-lcr   in   his  authority   to   direct,   con. 
trol.  and  manaije   tin-  business." 

In   a    case  dccidul    two  year--   later,   it 
was    remarked.    </M/»</i(fo,   that    an    em- 


liiilied    wa.    Ill 'ill'jciici-    in    respect    to  .1 
tl  cl  i\e  apiiliaiici  ~.  al'  I  there  lore  t  he  pi.' 
cise  ipn-lion  whether  the  ili'liiiqiiciit.  .i; 
cML'inecr    in    char;;e   of    a   train.    wa~    > 
\ice   jiriiicipal   or   not,   was   md    setthl 
If   tlii-   ipii-tioii   had    Ih-cu    pie-eiili  ' 
it   would  .ilmo-t  certainly  h  ive  bei-n  ch- 
ieniiii  cd  aiiaiiui  the  plaialill':   fur  -'•n  ■ 
veirs    afterwards    the    doctrine    ot    i': 
'.'h.l.hiii    Cmr    (1S7!))    SI    \.    C.    41(1.   .11 
Am.    Itep.    ."il'i.    wa>    reiterated,    and    ii 
w.n    '!erl,;iid    that,    in    order    to    be    !.■ 
L-arl.d    .I--   a    vice    principal,   a    superi..r 
-.'IV. Mil     mii-t    be    siiiiie!liiii;.j    more   itii' 
a   mcie  fin ciiiaii.       liiil,-  v.    Ulmild  it   I 
Mi-I.inr    It.    I'll,    (instil    !U    N.    C.    tij.-, 
."p.")   .\ni.    Kep.   'yi\     iaciiiii.'   yard   nia-ii 
denied    to    be     1    vice    principal  I;     Mil- 
\.  l;,<ln,.'.,Hl  ,(■  O.   /.'.  To.    (ISII2)    111    .\ 
C.    -IS:;.    IS    I..    !{.   A.   S4.').    1(1   S.    i:.   i.is 
I  coiidiictiir  hell  to  lie  a  viie  iiriiicipil 
III    the    I'.iiiiiei    ease  the  court   even    pm 
I'c^-r-.    lo    rciv    on    the    Kiiulish    ca~c   i  i 
/'. ///.ir„-   V.   i:,iqlniiil    (18(1(11    L.   I!.  J  i,i 
I!.  :f;i.  :t(i  I..  .1.  (,).  M.  N.  s,  1 1.  I.-,  \\\-,-\... 

Rep.  l.-.l.  7  Ili-st.  A  S.  (17(;:  but  ihi- 
iiilim.'.  as  w(-  Mine  .ecu  (5  fy2'K  inlc  ■_' 
.Ml^■|.  ;;iie«  much  fiiither  lliaii  ai'v 
N'orth  Carolini  decision  in  dcii.\  iicj  thr 
-CIV. ml  JMiiiiiiiity  for  tlic  ;.c!  •  •I  a  -u 
pcrlor.  .Moreover,  it  is  diilienlt  to  -ii' 
niy  rational  firouiid  on  which  a  v.nl 
iia-ler  can  be  held  not  to  be  a  \  i. 
piinvijial.  if  that  characler  is  a-cii!i.'l 
in  a  -eclioi;  forenian.  as  was  done  in  lln 
very    next    yeai.      The    coiiit    coii-idcr..! 

-iic'i  an  employci    to  1 iiiclliiii;^  iiiin 

than  a  mere  forinian  within  the  iiii-:ni 
iiiir  of  the  rii!e  lair,  down  ill  the  /;.,/,',:, 
r„.sc  (1870)  81  X.  ('.  44fi.  :il  Ami.  IN  i' 
.">l'i.  inasmuch  as  he  was  "clKirf;eil  uiili 
authority  to  employ,  control,  and  ciiin 
m.ind  the  plalnlilT.  as  to  the  labor  li'- 
-lioiihl  do  ill  the  railroad,  and  to  di- 
cliar^'e  hiin  from  such  service."  fniiun 
V.  W-slrni  V.  r.  Ii.  Co.  (1SS7)  '.Ml  N' 
('.  4.\-).  1  S.  E.  80.3.  Other  later  ci-c- 
as-iiii',in<;  or  hohlinf;  a  section  foicinaii 
to  be  a  vice  principal  are  Lnqan  v.  \i'iili 
i\n<,n»a  U.  Co.  (1805)  11(1  N.  V.  !>(«. 
'il  S.  K.  O'lO;  KtiilrK  v.  Kirliiiinnd  d  l>. 
/.'.  Co.  (180(1)  lis  X.  C.  10S4.  24  S  K 
710:  .lohii^io,  V.  .^oiil'oiii  /■'.  Co.  (ISlNi 
I-2-'  X.  r.  '.».■).■■..  20  S.  K.  7S4. 

The  principle  of  the  lti,l}!iiit  Cukc  \* 
al-o  held  to  r.'iidcr  a  rnilway  ciiMi|i:iny 
liable  for  the  iiej;lij.'elice  of  a  conductor. 


I 


S  •"<4!ll 


SIMMAUV  (iK  1)K(  IMo.VS. 


IU(j;l 


l/«Ton 


l.'irhl 


•III  l(  It.  It.  (•■ 


IM'.l-il      Shi,,:    it     1/.  N. 


I'lK   V.  l.'IKllli  y    I  ISSOl 


III  X.  (■    :h-2.  is  I..  I!.    \    Hi.->.  n;  s.  m;  (Uii..  st.  jlM. 

K.  »;!IS    ;  IHiUI    in   N.  I".   71H,    II)  S.   K  'Hi.' funiihiii  nf  u  quarry.     lt<n>i  Sl(,ii< 

:»'•■•:  Sliii'lil  V,   tlionii'i.  I',  it    v.   tf.  fo.  ''o.  v.  Krufl   i  1877)   31  Ohio  St.  -IH".  i'i 

il8!i:>l     III.    N.    ('.    !M1S.   IX    S.    K.    .'i.'.l:  .\i;i 


I'i 
X.  ('. 


. //   V. 


Ill,, 


Lis,  -jd 


i;.  nil. 


(I HIM) I  im 


.-.10. 
A    l(ic  umitivi-  i'ii}.'in«'i'r    (ns   re(;aiiU   ii 


Wliftlici  .\  liiriMiiari  nl  oiupi'iiti'is  wiis 
.1  vice  |iriiii  i|i.il  wii^i  liclcl  nut  to  Ik-  e»- 
tiiliii-licil  !)>•  tlic  cviilcnic  <ct  nut  <in  tliu 

Ktnril     ill     Tlliilif     V.     di'lihhnlo     l,l,llll,ir 

Co.  (ISlKil    11!"  N.  ('.  ;i.S7.  'itl  S.  K.  L'li. 

The  itil'iii'iifi-  from  llii'  iili<ivi>  (msi'>< 
uiiiilil  si'i'iii  to  1)1'  tli:it  this  court.  III- 
ihniiiih  it  ili-clMJiiis  the  llmirv  tli.it  thi' 
miTi-  (•X('rri<c  of  control  (oii-tiliitcs  u 
vici-  priiicip.il,  imti  •I'arcely  he-  (.liucil  in 
any  othor  class  than  that  of  the  ail- 
licri'nls  of  tlif  Mipi'rior  servant  doctrine. 
N'eilhi'r  \\.  llic  I'lil  r.il  lourts  nor  by 
liny  of  the  state  icmrts  whicli  have 
elahoraled  the  doiliine  of  dcliartinililal 
oonlrol  is  a  si'ction  foieniuii  held  to  he 
a  vice  primlpal. 

It  has  (piite  lately  heen  ln-ld  that  all 
employee  i-nnl  lolling'  a  small  i;""J-''  ''"' 
not  invented  witli  the  power  of  i!i^ 
charge,  is  a  iiieiv  co-iu.mt  of  liis  siih 
oriliiii;tes.  /■'r.i/u/i  v.  Siiulli,-,,,  It.  i'u. 
iI'Mll)    US  N'.' C.  3S7,  :H  S.  K.  'JU. 

A  sup'iior  servant  is  a  vice  principal 
only  A-i  to  servants  ninler  Ids  cinln.l 
(§314.  uii(v').  W'liiilit  \.  .\,„lliiii,iiili,n 
it  //.  H.  Co.    (ISnS)    12J  N.  C.  SJ2,  20 

s.  K.  ion. 

The  doetriiio  of  dual  c:iii:i(ity  was  re- 
iccted  in  I'uicU  v.  Sniilliciii  It.  Co. 
\\m\)    11!)  X.   C.   7JS    211  S.    K.   1(11. 

ynrlh  Dakulil. — !^eetion  U.'iO  of  tlio 
Civil  ('i;de  of  Dakota,  reproducing  the 
provisions  of  the  California  Code  (see 
KUiim).  has  bei-n  expressly  held  to  lie 
merely  declaratory  of  the  coiiiinoii  law. 
KUiot  V.  Vhicnno,  M.  it  St.  P.  R.  Co. 
ilSS!))  r>  Uak.  ".■■23.  3  L.  R.  .\.  ,30;i,  41 
X.  W.  75S.  I  ndcr  this  ('oilc  it  h.is  heen 
held  llial  a  loiiinan  of  a  pile-driving 
^ani;  is  not  a  vice  piincipal.  /,'//  v. 
\orthirn  I'.  It.  Co.  (  IS'.ll)  I  N.  D.  XW. 
12  L.  R.  A.  !t7,  48  N.  W  .  222. 

0/n'f(.— Tlii.s  is  one  of  the  states  in 
which  the  superior  servant  doctrine  has 
heen  adoj)ted  KniployiTs  have  been  held 
liable  for  the  negii^'iaioe  of  the  follow- 
ing employ 'vs: 

A  jreneral  manager.  Clcnliiml.  ('.  d 
(\  It.  Go.  V.  heavy  (1854)  3  Ohio  St. 
201. 

A  conductor.  Chvrhmd.  C.  d  C.  It. 
("o.  V.  Kaiiy  (IS")!)  3  Ohio  St.  201, 
;ind  other  cu.sps  cited  under  §  .523,  note 

2.  .sui-xl.    (c),   (!/■'•. 

A  foreman  of   car   repairers.      Lake 


laborer    luider    his    directions). 


Iliilli 


mnir  if  O.   It.   Co.   V.  Sullirrliuiil    (I8!I4) 
I  Toledo  r,et'.  Xe^^  s.  SiS. 

A  mine  bo..s.  W'elUton  Coal  Co.  v. 
Smith  (lltilli  t)5  Ohio  St,  70,  55  L,  R. 
A.  !)tl,  <il  X.  K.  11.!. 

.\  superior  scivant  is  regarded  us  ii 
vice  principal,  even  as  to  -civaiits  not 
under  his  control.  I'iltahanj,  hi.  W.  if 
('.  It.  Co.  v.  Ihiii,,„y  (lSli7)  17  Oliio 
St.  l!i7. 

The  doctrine  of  dual  capacity  «;  s  re- 
jected in  Hill  a  Slimi:  Co.  v.  hiiift 
(1877)  31  Ohio  St.  287.  27  \m.  Ue|. 
510. 

Oicijo,,. — An  en'ployer  is  liable  for  the 
nefilifienee  of  a  general  manager.  .4  ii 
,1,  la,,,,  v.  Ihnnclt  (  IHS8)  10  Or.  51.5.  I!) 
I'ac.  705.  but  not  for  tliat  of  supi'rior 
-I  naiits  of  lover  grade. — as  a  section 
loieman.  Hiiiiiill  v.  Simlliiii,  /'.  Co. 
(18!!!))    34  Or.  250,  .50  I'ac.   12H. 

I',  iii-sijliii,iii.-'\t,  this  state  a  master 
is  liable  for  the  negligence  of  a  general 
manager.  I'lii:,,,'  v.  I'ciiiikiiIi mna  It. 
Co.  (18ii0i  38  I'a.  104.  So'  Am.  Uec. 
407;  llooirr  v.  Cnrhon  Cou„ti)  Lliclric 
It.  To.  (18!!'.))  1!)1  Pa.  140.  43  Atl.  74; 
/JI///I/  V.  Olurr  ll,o/i.  (18110)  131  Vd. 
203.'  18  All.  872;  .irih.tvo  Oil  Co.  v. 
Iliison  (ISO!))  03  Pa.  150;  MitUiui  V. 
l-h,li,(l,  li.hu  it  .V.  .l/((i7  S.  .v.  Co.  (1875) 
78  I'a.  25.  21  Am.  Rep.  2:  l'rivo.it  v. 
Ciliznis'  he  it  ltifiii)rr,ili,ii/  Co.  (18!)S| 
185  Pa.  017.  40  Atl.  SS :  \,ii-  York.  I.. 
K.  d  IV.  /■'.  fo.  V.  Ihll  (ISSli)  112  I'a. 
400.  4  Atl.  50:  I.cicis  v.  Seifert  (1887) 
110  Pa.  028.  II   Atl.  514. 

I'nder  the  diM-trine  of  ilepartmental 
control  employers  have  been  held  an- 
sucrahle  for  the  defaults  of  an  employee 
superintending  tlie  const  nut  ion  of  a 
railway  tunnel.  Ti.iniie  v.  ISnIliiiiore  d 
O.  R.  Co.  (1880)  112  Pa.  91,  56  Am. 
llep.  310,  3  .\tl.  007. 

Of  the  master  mechanic  of  a  railway 
company.  Xiir  York,  I..  E.  d  W.  It. 
Co.  V.  Bell  (1880)  112  Pa.  400,  4  Atl. 
50. 

Of  the  suiK-rintendent  of  labor  of  a 
large  steel  compaiiv.  Oiiint  v.  Cnrniilie 
SUA  Co.  (1800)  'l73  Pa.  102,  33  Atl. 
1102. 

That  a  departmental  manager  is  a 
vice  principal  was  also  recognized  in 
.\i,li'.iu  ail  Co  v.  f.'if.s..))  (Isii'.ii  03  l*a. 
150;   I'rtcost  v.  Citixens'  Ice  d  Rcjrig- 


ii       ;     ! 


1004 


*  rut  I  HI/  ft 


8H:   /.. 


\:.\>ri.i;  AM)  M:i!\.\NT. 

K'lSi    \s;  \:>    HIT.    10    Ml,    .|.,r;iii„ 


II    All    .-.11. 


\.   N.  i/.W    I  \f 


lie;  1', 


li.^.     I  S        !_'.    null  I     « 


1<  II  M-. 

I  \iiiiiiiiili  i|    ill   till'   /i'ov« 
ii^    rr|>iiilijli'>l.      III! 


If  III   ;i    -I-   III 


W  hi-tlnr  II   liiM.I   .(111  ill 
|>    inlll|i    liy     i-     II     X  irr     |il'iMrl|iil     uil-     ri'll. 


\.  Uiiiiiiin-   I  |H!I4)    H   i;.   I. 


JH    \; 


hrlil.    iiihli'i'   till'   rili'iiiii~tii 


(ill  I 


lll'llli'llt     Will 


Tli. 


till 


-l.ili'il   ill 


'l';llli-i|-  I'l    II    -!.  , 
nlll'l     ili'i'liir.'il    I  I 


lllli^iM'     tl»l     111      li;l!iililv 


U.l-      V. 


i    ."i.'l."..    iintf    1.    -iiliil.     (1,1.    .1,1^,    til    l.r    .  Iiiiniitir  <if  till-  iii'jli"iiit   11(1;  ami 


a  i|iii--ti(iii  I'lir  till'  iniy,  MiiHhh  \.  /■/.// 
mil  l/iliiii  ,(•  .v,  ]linl  S.  S.  I'll.  (|s7."pi  7S 
I'll.  L'."..  J I   Am.  l!i|..  1. 

riii'ii-  i-  till  liiliility  fill-  till'  iH'yli 
P'liri-  u(  till'  fiilliiw  iiij.'  I'  ii|il(  _vi'i  »  i.|  liiw- 
I'l-    'jniili'   lliiiii    ilr|.;irtiiiiiil:il    iiiiiiiiiL"'! -: 

A    "iTtlllll    lnrilll.lll.       SlHlillnl.i     V.    I'lilt- 

nililp!!!!!  .(■  /,'.  //.  Ci,.  I  ISiUi  I  IS  I'll.  IH4. 
IM    .Ml.    Iini;. 

.\ll    ll-~i-l;   111     fnli'lllilll    III    II    liilll  larllir 

fur    -inirliiiil    iii.inu'ik.       Mriimliii    \. 

I.ir, ,1,111    .|N!^■||    i.-.u   I'll.  :it;ii.  :i.-,   .ui. 

Hi' 4. 

.\  fniriiMii  of  1  ^'Hiii;  i'iiL.'i;:i'il  in  I'f 
nioxiii;;  ^tmii  Iniii  I  Ik-  -iilr  nl  n  rail 
wav.  I\  iiiiii  1/  V.  Cuiliiii  il.siiii)  l;i-i  I'.i. 
3tl.    lit  .\tl.Ul. 

A  u'liii^'  fiiirman  in  a  faili.rv.  Vh- 
/i'ii).,7  Till,:  ll..r/.-s  «'i<.  V.  /(.././/'  I  msO) 
no  I'll.  IT.'i;  hliiirni,  v.  .1.  if  /'.  UulmtH 
I'o.    (]'.»»))    |!)4  I'a.  .■|liU,    t.".  .Ml.  .i.lO. 

.\  fiiiiiiian  (if  a  tatlic.  Inlnr  \.  Cnr- 
lislr  Mdi.  Co.  (18S!»)  12ti  I'a.  :iS7,  17 
All.   liL'l. 

.\  fiiriinaii  of  nmsiin-*.  Wiiinv.  I'l  mi- 
nilhiiiiiii   It.  Cn.    (IStiT)    .").">   I'll.   4lill. 

.\  fiirciiiati  <if  .!.'iiii^'  ('ii;;ayiil  in  cMava 
tiiin   Hoik.     Ihirxt  v.  I'liriin/ii    Sin  I  <'o. 
( is:  111    17;i  I'll.  l(!i,  Xi  Atl.'  linj. 

.\  -lali'  |ii(  k'T  lios  in  a  niinc.  l/r- 
'■.,„/  V.  I.llrils  fiiill  Co.  (IS'iJi  l.-)0  I'll. 
li.SH.  124   .Ml.  .■;.-)0. 

.\n  riijiiiirr  ill  cliiiii,'!'  of  the  ('iiyini! 
looiii  and  trrczin^'  il('|>aitiiiint  of  an  in' 
(■ini|iany.  I'rnnst  v.  Cilizi  iis'  In  it 
ItifiiiliTiiliiiii  Co.  (1S!18)  \H-,  I'a.  Iil7. 
M)  .\tl.  SS. 

A  foreman  of  niiin's,  apiioiiitol  iiiiilcr 
tlio  -ilatuti'-i.  SiH'  cases  eiteil  in  §  520. 
note    I.  siiliil.    (nl.  iiiitc. 

.\  fnrciiiaii  of  11  .u'an;;  nf  men  ercilinc: 
a  ti'li-jrapli  line  iiIihil'  ii   riiilwav.     .lultii- 

Sl.l:    \.     Ul-.s/l  )■/,     \.    ).    ,(•    /'.    I!,   ci,.    (I'.llll) 

:iiin  I'.i.  31  t,  4!l  .Ml.  :!U. 

I.'liiiili  rsl,i,„l.—  \]nih  iif  the  laii;;iiii;.'(' 
iisiii  in  I/i;h)i  v.  Itiiiiilul  I'riiit  II  (/i7..i 
I  IS7."ii  11  It.  I.  l.'ii.  inilicates  a  l.an- 
inj»  touiirds  tlii^  a(lii|iti(i!i  of  tin-  -ii|)i'iiiir 
-i-rviint  (lootriiie:  liiit  there  the  superior 
-ervant.  an  ini:iiii'er.  was  really  lielil  to 
he,  as  repirils  lii~  lirciiiiin.  a  represent- 
ative of  the  master  meiely  for  the  rea- 
son that  his  order  took  the  MiUordinati? 
(a  fireman  I  outride  the  scoi«'  of  his 
original    eniploynient.      .N'e  §    4li.").   imlr. 

In  a   later   case  the  sujierior  servant 


rllv 


thi 


<pi  I  ill  I  Llmllld  it    ll; 


I  iplelll  l\      III  I  II     JM'ld     Ihllt      tllir:'     I  .III     I. 

leiiMiv    f.  r   the   ill  faiill-  of   the    f.i 

lo'.s  111:.'  employ  ee-. : 

'i'hi'  for,  mail  of  a  ;jiii'.:  i:'^.i'jii|  in  in 
nivalini.'.  I.iiiiili  V.  l/.w,  ■.  |IS!1|  |s  I: 
I.  .".1.1.  -'S  .Ml.  iiiW. 

.\    fi  remiin  of  n    feiiiilrv.     It,    Mn, 
V.   Iliiililiis  III., I    rnniiilr,!  (IS'.i:ii    jH   I; 
I.  .■.14.  ■>:  .Ml.  .i.'s.  -js   Ml.  rail. 

.\  foieniaii  of  ei.ii-l  i  net  ion.  /■Vii/i/'  / 
\.  Sill  I, ll,, I  (lH!l7l  M  I!.  I.  2.".H.  :iS  All 
•  1711. 

I'lie  foreman  of  ,i  t'.iiiu  eii;aV'd  in  ri' 
iiiovinu'  ti'liyn.pli  pole...  \li,,ii,iihi,  \ 
/';■.. ri.'/i  ,11.    Til.  ;i/i.    Cu.    I  IS;iSi    2I»   1!.   1, 

;)s(i.  :i!i  .Ml.  :\-2H. 

Siiiilli  <'<(n,//im.--'|'he  doetiiiie  of  ni 
rex'iitiitive  I'lipaiity  at  dediieihle  fn  m 
the  ili-eharye  of  a  non  i|ile;j.ili!e  ilui\ 
w.i.,  recii;^iii/i  li  ill  till. I.'' r  V.  llfitiiili  .ii:  • 
Mill.  Cii.  (IHS-Jl  IS  S.  I'.  H\i.  44  All. 
I!ip.    ."i7.'t:    l.iisiirr    v.    lli.iiiili  lillr     l/j.; 

Ci,.      (ISSi)      Is     S.    C.    -JT"..        lilll      it     »;l. 

not  until  ISSt  that  tlii~  eoiiit  had  iiii.\ 
oeeasion  to  e\pre>s  its  opinion  as  to  ili. 
relation  of  s|i|K..riiir  -erv.ints  to  tlnir 
^iiliiinlimites.  In  fi.nih  v.  rhnilnl,  •.  r. 
•f  .1.  /i'.  Cii.  (ISSl)  22  S.  !•:.  .-,.-.7.  it  ill 
iliiied  to  the  \  iew  that  in  the  eoiilnl 
and  dirietioii  of  lii^  ^iili;.'.  a  seitimi  Inn 
man  was  in  the  peforiiiaiice  of  the  d-.iti.- 
of  the  eompiiiiy.  and  to  that  e\lint  n- 
iepre~eiilat  ive.  lint  recovery  was  refu-  I 
I'll  the  ;.'roiiiiil  that  an  "older  to  -i  i 
ilouii  and  pii.,!i  lieliind  a  car  did  mt 
re.piire  the  >.rviint  to  do  anytliiii^'  mil 
>ii|e  the  mm|m'  cf  his  eiiiploymeiii .  aiii 
that  the  ei,'i.e  «  i-  tlu'iefore  eonlrolled  l.y 
the  principle  that  ordiiiaiy  ri^^ks  are  n^ 
^iiiiieil. 

Ill  ll'iiilii  I  ii/hl  V.  \ii,  IIiiiimIi  i„  It.  ('... 
ilSSli)  2')  f<.'c.  12S.  Ihe  l,-„ss  Ciis,  i  S§ 
.'ij-.'.  ',.]:,.  iiiih  I  \Mi~  followed,  and  tin' 
refusal  of  Ihe  trial  jildye  to  char;;!'  tliit 
a  conductor  was  a  fellow  servant  of  a 
hrakeinan  was  approved.  The  iici.;li;;rihi' 
111  re  was  ill  fiiliii;;  to  piociiie  siiii.il.!.. 
coiiplini.'  iip|iliaiii'e»  from  a  ~tiiek  ~U|i 
plied  liy  the  eeiiipiin,\.  so  the  ipie-lioii  of 
noii-deh  l:  ilile  diilii'^  wa~  iml    iiivi.lM  il. 

in  Cull  i:. II, I  V.  II  ihiiiiiiihi,,.  I '.  it  .1.  a. 
Cn.  (ISSdi  -i.-i  S.  ('  44ii.  liO  .\m.  lep. 
"illi.  a  eoiidiielor  of  a  iii.iteri.il  train  wis 
held  to  he  a  \  ic  prjiiripal  as  respnt-  n 
laborer,   the  court   toiisijering  that   tlio 


I 


•.i;»l 


SIMM AltV  OK  l>r(  ISKiN'S. 


Tlii<  N  onp  of   thr  -trttM 


'.•liri.|lHnr\      llUl'V'icl.       tllllt    of    fililill;.'    Ill  Tfi,iH. 

i"..'l|ii>l  II  «»ilrli.     riMi>litiiti'il  a  liii.iili    nlii'ir  llii-  '<ii|iriiiir  j-iiviiiit  clmirinr  |>rc- 
.  f  til.'  iliilv    lo  iH.niilf  ,1   -lift-  ami   Mill       V  iil>.      A   iiia-lir  ir.  Iiilil  tii  lie  liiililc  for 


ihl..  Il;'il>, 

Hut  tlii-i-  <a-i'<  all'  nil  lutij.'cr  law.  a-. 
;  111-  ill  rti  ill"  iTMiini.ili'.l  liv  the  Sii|ii,-iiii^ 
r.iiirt  ipf  t)ir  liiitiil  st.ii'r-  in  tin-  r,,/)- 
.1,1/  I'liK'  lull  liiM-ii  r\|ilii'itlv  ailii|i'iMl, 
.nil  a  luiiiliiitor  i*  ili'iiii-il  lu  In'  a  \  ii'i 
iiiiiii  ipal. 

//iiAv   V.   Siiiilh'in    It.   Ci>.    (1W1I)    (l.l 

s.  c.  .v.M.  ;is  s.  K.  V'jr).  ii  s.  i:.  7.-,;i, 

lii'M  tlial  It  WM"  firiif  til  iiili'iMJni'i-  jntn 
,1  rii|iii'-tril  instiiiitinii  a  iiiii'liliratiDii 
I  i,,l,iiil\  i,iu  till'  -ii|iriii.r  -rivaiit  il.'ili  inc. 
Ill  II  l/,M.;l  V,  rhnil,  sluii  ,(•  N.  A",  t'o. 
ISHTi  .■)!  S.  C.  7!l.  -JH  S.  K,  111,  it  i* 
i|.|iafrlitl\  a~-iiiiiril  liy  tin-  rmirl  that  a 
vMiil  ina-tiT.  whili'  |»rfiiriiiiiiy  \\\%  orili 
iiirv   iliitirs  iif   inal-  up   anil  contrnl 


il 


if    till-    fiilliiwini,'    I'lii- 


lin;.'  Ilic  iiiiiviiiii'iil^  ■ 
iTvint   of  a   I'ar  ''I' 
I  liar  fiiMii  flio  itaii 
IT  till'  injurril  [x'l-i 


lailli.  \*  A  fi-llii« 
•      liiit   it    U  iii.l 
iif   fail"   wllrlll 
.\.i>  a  siilKiiilinati' 


of  till'  i.iril  iiia-.tiT  111   nut 
On  till'  ;;ii'niic|  that  no  liicni'li  of  nun- 

■  li'lryalili'  iliitii-.  was  hImumi.  it  w  ,w  lirlil 
tllllt  Hull'  ciailil  III-  no  ri'inviry  loi'  llir 
iii'^'li^'riiii'  iif   II    I'oiiihii'tiif   Iif   line  train 

n  fiiilin;;  to  'jivi-  ni.liii'  to  tlii'  nii-n  on 
'iiiitliiT  liain  uliii'li  was  fullnuinK  f'i' 
that  lliiTi'  \MTe  "liiii^i'"  I'ais  on  tlir 
Iriiik.  ■Iiiil.iiin  V.  i;iiliii,iiiid  d  I).  I,'. 
Cu.  ilSfi.li  .)!»  S.  C.  5(17.  13  S.  E.  I  Si'. 
Sh'  §  ol  I.  nntc. 

Kiiiiii  till-  aliovo  siiiiintarv  of  tlip  iiri'it 
.■i  till'  ilcrisiiin-i  it  is  I'xt ii'iiii'ly  iliiliiiilt 
til  >iiy  what  is  pirci-cly  tin-  po-itiun  of 
lliis  I'liiirt  ill  if^anl  to  tin-  rrpri-sriit 
■itin'  <•,! purity  of  ili'linipii'iit  niiplnyi'i-s. 
I'.ilt  till'  nh'ihi-  iliihini  as  to  till'  -tains 
if  siiijnn  fiii'i'ini'ii  in  tlic  (^uuch  Cnxr 
MSSti  il  S,  C.  5.-i7,  talM'ii  in  ciinni'i' 
linn  with  the  fact  tliat  tin-  Itoss  Tus.  is 
ri'liiil  on  in  the  two  rnlini;s  with  ri'spcct 
I"  I'Miiiliii'tiii-s.  may  he  n';,'arileil  as  iii- 
'liiiliiiu  an  ailopliiin  of  the  ilootrine  of 
'li'l'iirtniint.il  eoiitrol  (ihapter  xxvitl.. 
I',  null].     So  far  a-   niilway  i'oin|ianii's 

■  Ml'  I'liiii'i'iMiil.  till'  -tiiiii"  has  ceasi'il 
to  he  of  any  prarti.  il  iniportanee,  as 
they  lire  jiri'Venteil  liy  the  Const,  of  isn.".. 
art.  IX..  5  I."),  from  availini;  thi'inselves 
iif  the  ilefeiise  iif  eiisi'i-\  ice,  .vliere  Hi.- 
iii.iiiry  WHS  the  result  of  the  ne;.'lif;enie 
"f  11  ■^iiiii-riiir  nj.'1'nt  or  ollieer  of  the  de 
fciiiliinl.     See  ehapter  xxxix..  pusl. 

Siiiilh  hakiitii. — The  relation  of  sn|)er 
visini;  ciiiployecs  to  suhorilinat<>s  has  not 
h'-in  iliseiissed  in  any  repnrteii  ease. 
Hut  the  rloctrine  of  noii  ih-h'^nMn  ditties 
uiis  rii'ii;;nimi  in  (!<it<s  v.  Chiinijo  \l. 
'f  ■*'.  /'.  ff.  Co.  (IS-vj)  2  s.  DaU.  Ml. 
aO  X.  W.  907. 


lli'_'ll'.;"lli' 
|.|iiyees: 

.\  ;;iiic  I  il  iiiana;,'i'r.  WnshUnni  v. 
\,i<l,ili.  .(  (.  I(.  Co.  (IH.-i'll  ;i  II, ail, 
il.;s.  7:.  .\ni.  Die.  7s  1:  ll;infi  v.  /;.(<< 
T<  iiii-xsii    d    Ii.    Ii'.   I'u.    (iMili)    3  Colli*. 

A  ti'lij;ia|ih  iipciator  (n«  hi'intr  • 
lii'lper     to      the     sii|„.|iiiti.n,|eiit  ).        l:il\t 

/•.  .o-.v,e,.  r.  .f-  «;.  i(.  i;,.  v.  /»<■  \n,ii,iui 

I  ISS7|  Hii  Teiin.  7;t.  5  S.  \V.  IKM)  Hon- 
iliieliir    iiijiiri'il). 

.\  loiiilnetor  of  n  tr.iin.  Illin.ii.i  <'.  It, 
••n.  V.  .s/.iii,'f  (|s;i:!i  <t,t  Tinn.  I7:i.  -J.l 
s.  W.  -Jll. 

.\n  i'n;.'ineir  in  i.irL'e  of  a  train. 
IjisI  1,  iiiirs.sif  i(-  U.  \.  C.  I(,  r„.  V. 
r, ,111, IS    (IHS(l)    H.'i     reiiii.    JJ7.    1    S.     X. 

Hs;t. 

.\n  I'liu'i'ieer  in  iiniL'e  of  a  p.irl  of  a 
ilixiileil  train,  win  re  it  is  hi-  iliity  ini'lir 
the  rules  to  a— iMiie  I'lintiiil.     /.i.ium  i/M 

<f    ,\  .    It.    Cn.    V,     Moiliii    itHSIIi    k7   Telin. 

■  UN.  .•!   I,.  U.  .\.  isl.  Ill  s.  U.  772. 

A  fiiri'inan  of  a  fertilizer  ecniip.iny't 
Inisiiii-s.  Xatioiiiil  I'tilili-ii  Cn.  v. 
7m/,  IS  I  |S!i>M  102  Tinn.  Id.  19  S.  \V. 
s:i2. 

.\  siiiiiin  foreman.  Hiiiiii  v,  \iish- 
rilli.  r.  d  SI.  I,.  It.  I'll.  I  Hll'-ti  mi 
Tellll.  :!Sll.  17  S.  W.  I!i:;i  llllnoi.i  c.  It. 
Co.  V.  Ilolhiii  (lS!l7i  !i|i  •I'lnn.  27:!.  41 
S.  W.  4(2:  l.<,iiis,-,U.  .(  \.  It.  Co.  V. 
Hull  II  r    I  1.S72I    II   llei-U.  siiij. 

A  trai'l;  fnri'iinin  on  an  i  lerl  rie  street 
railway.  I'IiiiIIhikiuiiii  r.hihir  It,  f,'o. 
V.   I.Kn.,,,,1    (IsilS)    1(11  Ti'im.  40(i,  47  S. 

w.  4:1;). 

I'm  ill  y\/ior  V.  SiiiiHiiin  It.  Co. 
.ISfiS)  KH  r,.nn.  :i7.-i.  47  S.  \V.  4!11, 
the  i-iiiirl  ri'hi-i'il  to  liohl  that  a  '•lioss 
wiper'"  who  hail  eertiiiii  iliitii-s  of  a 
hijiher  iiraile  than  those  of  an  onlinary 
wiper,  siieh  as  iipeiiiii;.'  the  ilnurs.  v'ivin";; 
I  he  si;;nal  for  the  iiunini.'  of  the  i'ii;;iiie, 
anil  iinleiiiiu  the  haiuls  In  l'o  ami  inl- 
.jiist  the  tin  ntiilile,  "-tooil  in  the  plaee 
anil  -teail  of  the  master"  in  the  ilis- 
eharye  of  his  iliities. 

.\  siipeiim-  servant  i.s  a  \  iee  prineipal 
only  a-  to  servants  uniler  his  control 
iS  .'lit.  mill).  h'li'il  7', /i/i'.v.vr-,',  r.  d 
II.  It.  Co.  V.  /I'l/s/i    flSS."))    15  Lea,  14.5; 

\i,slir!llr,   C.   d   f!l,    L,    ft,   Co,    V.    Wllrl.;ss 

MS-<2i  in  Lea.  741.  43  Am.  Rep.  ,117; 
Cou/  CnrL-  Min.  Co.  v.  Davis  (1891)  90 
Tenn.  711.  18  S.  \V.   387. 

In  other  reeeiit  eases  (he  master's  re- 
sponsihility  has  lieeii  contracted  liy  the 
ailoptiiin  of  the  llieoiy  of  dual  capiicity, 
which  has  heeii  apjilied  in  several  ca.ses. 


m 


i  ' 

M 

tt 

ij 

■ 

■ 

1;  -It.. 

• 

f  1 

inna 


M  \STKR  AM)  SKUVAXT. 


[chap.  XXX. 


\nslnilh.  C.  d   SI.   I.   It 

,111111  I  I'lHt I  i:i  ij'ii.  rj:i; 

irtn   i  Is'.i.li   !IJ  •I'.riii.  iis.'). 

f;«)i».'  V.  \iisiiiiiii,  *'.  it 


'■'I,    V.    //dill/ 
I//.  II    V.    »i'l.()i. 

il  N.  U.  Tiilli 
SI.   /,,    /f.   Co. 


(ISKHi    101    IVmi.   ;isn, 
Vi//ii:iii|/  I'lilili'.rr  I'll. 
1112  T.nii.   1«,  4!t  •^.  \V 
Ti  .run.    -All  iMliplnviT 


IT    S.   W.    llt:i; 
,■.  T'liiiM  Il80»l 

h:i-j. 
ir-  liiililr  for  tlip 


ii<'K''W'''i<'''  of  "  ;,'''ii'T.il  iiiiiiiiil;ii.  '<«/ 
r(«(Mi.  //.  A  S.  .1.  /e.  fii.  V.  .V',i..;//i 
{  IHIMII  Til  Tex.  till,  l:!  S.  W.  riiiJ:  Sul 
lihur  l.iunhrr  Co.  v.  A'. //•  i/  (IWIJ;  Tl'X. 
Civ.    A|.|.  1    .11)   S.   \V.   H'.ili. 

In  till'  I'iii'licr  cii-i'i  all  ••iiipiovi'i'M  ol 
liiWiT  (iiiidcM  ttiiiil  niMlcial  iiiinia;;piv( 
wi'TP  lirM  to  lie  Mint'  .•id  \  a  III",  -as  a 
rnlllllictiir.       Iliihiiiytiii    v.     Il"lislifl    it    T. 

r.  n.  I'd.  (ISTT)  4t(  T>\.  .110.  Ami  ii 
captain.  I'nir  v.  //'iiis/mi  hmrt  Vnr. 
rV).    (1877)    4tl  Tex.  .5.17. 

Itiit  aftcnviiiilH  till'  cniirt  ailnplid  the 
iliii'liim'  tliat  till'  piH<('— .io'i  of  a  power 
of  control,  if  tienniipaiiieil  hv  ii  power 
of  luring;  ami  di-eliai;.'iii;,'  tlii'  iiijiiieil 
perxHi.  ('on^.titiiteH  an  employee  a  v  iee 
priiiripal.     See  §   .">ii!.   note  It.  imlr. 

It  liail  lip<>n  explaineil  tliat.  when  it 
was  laid  ilown  in  an  I'llier  oaie  i  l/l^ 
.viiiiii  /'.  /,',  Co.  V.  \1  7;iiiiii,>i  [ISSUl  T."> 
Tex.  4.  \i  S.  W.  S:i.-M  lliat  an  eniployee 
who  lias  ohai;;c  of  a  spiii  il  dep.irHiieiit 
of  the  eniployr's  bnnine-'-.  with  tin- 
power  to  'lire  the  servants  in  his  de- 
partment, i-i  not  n  fellow  servant  of 
tliose  under  tiis  control,  this  did  not  im- 
ply tlint  the  depnrtiiient  of  the  linsiiie»s 
•I'lst  necessarily  be  a  principal  one; 
iri  that  the  rule  is  applicilvle  to  any 
-  1  lal  business  of  the  I'lnployei'.  wliiili 
i«  cnrriiKl  on  by  n  number  of  employees 
iimlw  another  who  has  powei-  to  employ 
anil  disc1iai;ri>  tlieni.  Fl.  Wmlh  i(-  It. 
C.  n.  Co.  V.  Pflcrs  (1804*  ST  Te\.  112. 
■i:   S.   W.   2.57. 

Kiiiployets   have   been    held    liable    for 
the    iieffliKencc    of    the     folK.wiii;,'    em 
ployees . 

A  master  mechanic.  Doughia  \.  I'lxas 
Mrxican   Ii.  Co.    (ISS,'))    t'l.'!  Tex.   -.Ii4. 

The  foreman  of  a  railway  company's 
paint  shop.  Ititrrtwlionnl  if-  II.  Y.  R. 
Co.  V.  /rii:iV  (ISOli  8>  Tex.  (i.;:!.  18 
S.  W.  6S1. 

A  stipirinteiideni   of  the  wciik  uf  eon 


slrncting  a  bridjie 
/■.  R.  Co.  V.  Mrlhn 
App.)    .11    S.   \V.  72. 

A  niplit  vard  master.  Trxns  if- 
Co.  V.  Itin'l  (189.-1)  88  Tex.  430. 
\V.   1058. 

.\  \:irtl  foreman,  /'•in  \i>io>i>- 
i:  R.  Co.  V.  Rrynold.i  (ISd.i;  Te: 
\pp.J    .30   S.    W.    84)]. 


Snii     AllfOTli'j    it- 
l<l   (  ISll.'i;  Ti\.  C 


>f     t 
,   I  iv. 


\  section  foreimiii.  Mmsoiiii  I'  /,' 
(  II  y.  -Iil.iirs  (  1«4SS:  Tex.  I  10  S.  U 
.l:lj;  .S-,  .  ,  ,1,  1/  \  liiltf.  C.  it  .V.  /■'.  It.  <'■■ 
I  1H!I-Ji  SI  lex.  4:i.l,  l!l  S,  W.  .Vi.-):  I,  il 
C.  i(  .>.  /'  It.  Co.  v.  l»i//«  (ISttl;  T.\ 
Itl  H.  \V.   Htm. 

.\  foil  iiiiiii  of  the  ciHit  ruction  nl  ,i 
teleyi.ipli  line.  I'osliil  7 1 /i  i/.  Cnhl,  c, 
V.  Ci.ii/i  (  1 1100;  Tex.  Civ.  .\pp.)  57  > 
W.  It  1 2. 

.\  foreman  of  H  nuuniill.  .s'u/;,/... 
I.iimho-  <'•!.  v.  A''7/il/  (ls!l.-. ;  Tex.  (  n 
App.)    :I0  S.  W.  i.'.Hl 

.\   coinlmtor,   as   lM\inu   no   power  m 
discliarye,  was  ileiiicl  to  be  n  vice  prii 
cipal.    ill   r,ii,iiilii  II   \.   Cook    (ls;t4i    m; 
Tex.  ii:iO.  2li  S,   \V.    1811. 

The  doctrine  ol  dual  capacity  i*  n 
jeeted  in    Texas,     s.,.,.  j  .'iK;    „„/,. 

(  lull.  This  court  das  adopted  '!■ 
-•upeiiiir  sir\ant  doctiiiii',  and  li;|.>  In  I! 
iiia-ti  rs  li:ible  for  the  nej;li;;c>ncc  ol  llr 
lollowinn   emphpyces: 

.\  ;,'eiieral  iiiaiiii;,'er.  Riihlon  v.  Cm,, 
I'.  I!  I  .1.  (1S87)  .->  rtah.  :)4».  15  I'm 
202. 

A  coiidiplor.  I >  1,1- II shim  V.  f'fofc  it  \ 
II.  Co.    I  issti)   Il  Itah.   1.12. 

.\  foreman  of  a  switching  crew,  li,.- 
■iholl'l  \.  (tiflloil  Slim  I  1,1111  i(  V .  V.  // 
Co.    (IS!i:!)    8   rtali,  420.  :12   l*'ic.  till:!. 

An    uiiib'r<.'rouiul    foreman   of   a    niim 
Cun)iiii<ili'iiii  V.  Viiii,n  I'.  R.  Co.   i  Iss", 
4    rtih.    20fl.    7     I'ac.    7!l.->;     Tiih,i,i    > 
HioolAiiii   l.iii/i  Mm.  Co.    (188(1)   4  Itih. 
4(18.  11  I'ae.  012. 

.\  foreman  of  .i  railway  ur;.vel  in! 
iiidiixon  V.  Ihiiliti  Viiinii  If.  rf  !)■  )„■' 
Co.    (18921    H  I'    'h.   128.  IIO  Tic.  :!ii.V 

\■|■r»lO«^— The    superior    servant    ilii' 
trine  wan  dis.ippioveil   in   Dniis  v.  C 
tiiil    \'rrn,i,„l   R.  Co.    (18M2)    5.5  Vt.  s) 
1.5   Am.   Rep.   .■>90    inniiii m'o)  :   lint   tl"' 
actinil  point  settled  by  lli;it  case  is  tin 
certain    duties    of    tlie    master    are    ii'i 
delc;,Mble.      It    oveniiled    a    former   'lio 
>ioii    to   the  ell'ect    that    the    m  i-ler   mi, 
clianic    was    not    :i    representative  of  ilio 
defiiiilant    eoiiipinv.      Ilitni    v.    In;  ",  ' 
<£  C.  R.  Co.   (  18110)   12  Vt.  47.1. 

4  iii;i«iii. — The  earliest  case  in   wliip'i 
the  relation  of  a   superior  servant   tn  i 
subordinate   wa«  directly   pr:'seiiti'<l    i.'- 
MOOII    V.    Rirhll.OIIll   it    .1.    R.    Co.     ilssi 
TS    Va.    T-J.'i.   49    .\m.   Kep.   401,   wh.rc   i 
bi«kem;in    \v,ts    injured    thron^xh    :\   •!• 
lailment    cuised    partly   by   the   way  in 
which  the  train  was  made  up,  and  partly 
by  the  excessive  speed  at   which   it  «ii- 
run.     The  court   heid  that  .a  condiictiir 
ill   control   of   nien  oii   a    material   tr:i!P 
and    of   its   niakeiip   i»enernlly.  is   not 
fellow    servant  of  a  hrnkeman,  but  his 


I  54!>] 


SI  ^;m  \l;^  oi-  DKt  imuns. 


ion: 


ii])t 


linM, 


<'XlTl'i:>l'»      lli^l'll'l  loll; 


'11    jHi-iiji.,       >lii'iiin        Till'  aruiiii  ■mt  of  Jlif  niiirf  in   Si.rfolK 
■iil>,      il    H.  /.'.  io.  V.  noiinilli4    (iHliJi   MS  \,i. 


.111.1  clmipil  with  ••.liitic,  fur  il„    |iii.|H'r    h:,;i,   ||  s    K.  ti!i_'.  iviiiccl  .1   -Iriiiii-  ili- 
|iiil"iiiiiiiir..  of  .tliiili  III.'  \,\\\   ImiIiN  iIh     |ii>      ion  iin   iN   jiirl    tn  ill-iiir.l   tl 


i|iaiij-    itsi'lf    ri'!»|Miii«ililr.    iiii\     myli     | 


nil    III 


X  pail    III   llii-  liiliill'   !•   Ilii'    h 


•iTViiiit    iliii'trJMi'   .iltiiyrtliiT.   mill 
>|>t    til"   mil'   tliiil    llii'  •'liai.ii'tn    nf 


^'lit't'iioi- of  tlif  i'iiiii|i.iiiv  ii-ilf."     riii>    Ihi    .li'lifi  |iii'iit    «( i\.im<  lu'f   i-  II 


1 1  111' 


ttiiB  »aiil,  ill   .Sinlnll:  ,1    II.   A*.   «'■..    Ii'-i    In    ttiiiili  t,,  ,|<  1, 1  iiiiiii'  Mliitlin    tin 


Ni/cA-o/i    (IH!l.-,  I   !»1    \ii.    l!i:l.  L'l 


I'; 


Iti.  Ill  liiivc  lici'ii  iiiillv  ili'i'iili'il  on  lilt'   llii 


I'litlii 


.f 

i.f  ..i.ihl 


llii 


;;iiiiinil   ill. I'    till'   iii'|.'li;:i'iiri'   iif    llii'   iiia>      linl      iliiiiiiiliali  Iv      taki' 


trr  Hii'*  oiu'  o 


f   tW( 


>>li.iii<< 

I'lr.'il.      fn 


lllll   Ihl' 
"I  lll'l 


iiiriiriiiiK  raiKi'^  of    ISM.'i   a    \aii|    ma'-lir    h.i" 


Ihl' acoiiloiit.     Bill  till'  iii'<lriii'liiiii  wliirli    lln 


il.    f.i 


IS  hclil  I'rror  to  nlir 


I""  I 


i| 


sc   iiiii|iii'-.t  lull      |ii  liii'i|ial 


.Il 


II.  1.1 
II        If. 


Ij-  I'liilrtxiii's  tlic  sii|Miior  scmiiil   iloc     llinini    1  Hil.'i  1   !i|    \a.  liiiH.  J-J  s.  K    (!iii. 


Ill    18S7,    follo\«'iii){    the    .1/00/1    I'lisf 

ISS4)  78  Va.  74,'i.  -Ill  .\.  1.  Ki'p.  411I,  a 
-.itliiii  foiriiian  was  liilil  not  to  In.  a 
i.'lliiw  xervant  of  a  ^  rlimi  niaii  in  re 
■ju.l  lo  tlic  ilnlv  of  si^jiialiii;;  tin-  ap- 
l.ri.ai  II  of  n  train,  Toruiit  v.  Iliilniiinnt 
,1  I.  It.  Co.  (18H7)  84  Va.  1!IJ.  4  .S.  K. 
:i:tn. 

Purine  Mip  follmviii)f  yearn  wo  (Iml  ri'- 
|i.'i1.'il  si'Vrral  I'axrs  jtol.lin^  railxMiy 
i..iii|iaiilrH  lialilc  for  the  nc;.'li;.'i'ni'i'  of 
i..iiilii.'li.r«.  ■Iiihiixiiii  V.  Hiiliiiiiiiiil  it  I. 
(.'.  (•;.    ilKHMi    H4   Va.  7l:i.  .->  S.   K.   7ii7 

...ii.liiclor  onli'ii'il  iiie\|M'ri('neeil  brake 
ill. 111.  11  Ihiv  ..jsti't'ii  years  of  a;:.*,  to 
i.iii|il.'  ears,  ami  faileit  to  plaee  himself 
III  ^iH'li  a  |io»i(i.iii  as  to  he  alile  l.i  ),'ive 
■iu'iial-  wliii'li  woiil.l  have  hroii;;lit  the 
'11-  i;.litlv  t..;.'.'llii'l  I  :  \iiils  V.  Ilirh- 
iiiniiil  ,f  U.  It.  Co.  (IsSHi  84  Va.  ti7!l.  H 
^  I.  ."."^J  I  lirak.'tiiaii  i'ail;.'lil  lietweeii  tlip 
liiiiiliri  pill ji-et ill};  from  one  ear  anil  an- 
.illiir  I'lr  wliieli  he  was  eoiipliti};  to  it 
.li.'.i  nut    for    !ii'lp.    ami    the   eoiuliiotor. 

villi. .Ill   waitin;.'  to  see  whether  the  ears 

.i.'Vi'  .'..mii'i'li'.l.   or.lire.l   the  eii;.'ii r   I.. 

:;ii  iilii'iiil  ipiii'kly.  the  result  Im'Iii;.'  that 
thf.  Iiriki'iiian  fell  when  lejea^e.l  Ihroiiyh 
'111'  tfikiiipr  up  of  till'  slack,  anil  wa»  run 

viri  :  Hi.-li  11(1,11(1  d  11.  H.  Ci>.  V.  /»' 
■■i."'.  il*i!i4l  !I0  Va.  40.">.  IH  S.  K.  8:!7 
tvsaiiiiil.   but    ^ase    tinned   on   conlrili 

i':oiy    iii'^'Ii;.'!' i:    /.'i./i/.ioiii/   <(    U.    If. 

'■'..  '..  H,r,„,(  (ls!i:ii  Sll  Va.  740,  IT  S. 
K.  l:!-2  lonler  to  unloail  oar  in  an  iiii 
iini'.-arily  daiic'eroiis  manner  by  rross 
in?  a  track  where  a  train  niiylit  be  ex 
[.iftisl  to  ]iass|  :  ll((liiiiii(((l  it  h.  R  Co. 
V.  lli;/i.;»i.v  IISSIII  S(i  \'a.  Ki.i.  9  S,  E. 
Il!l0  i.lininrier  to  evidenee  properly 
"vcrnilisl  where  11  brakeinan  was  injiirtsl 
hy  til.'  ni';.'li<.'ence  of  bis  eondiietor  in 
orderiii}:  liilii  to  ascend  a  defielive  lad 
ilpr  while  the  train  was  stainlinj.'.  an. I 
ill  sliirtin^'  tlie  train  knowiii;;  the  ilan- 
p.r.ii,  |...-iiiiin  in  which  the  brakeinan 
was  placi'd  1 , 

Vol.  II.  M.  4  S.— 20. 


lU 


./..//.  a  iv.  n.  Ci 


1.1  (((hi 


(((•,(,(1  llMIJ:  \a  1  It  S.  I-:.  li'.IJ,  where 
il  i-.  ili-tiiii  ll\  iiiiplle.l  that  llie  plaln- 
tiir    nil;.'lit     Inn.'    rieox    L.I     if    his    .leee 

.lent    ha. I    bi'i'ii   •.iibjeel    In   tl .iiitro)   of 

the   .li'linijlienl    «el  \,llll. 

In  iHliii  a  sioiie  ciimpany  was  held 
lialih'  lor  the  lies-liyiiiee  ..f  i he  foreman 
in  full  chaiu'e  of  it-  .pi. my.  /.'< /i.noiid 
lli(i(.(l(  Cii.  V  Hi((l' (I.  <\i  \.i.  .-,.-,1,  -H 
S  1:.  l.Vl  I  bri'u.'li  of  .Inly  m  v\ainl. 
Mill  I  hi-  is  a  .hei-i.in  wliiili  iiii'jii!  pos 
-ibly  have  beiii  aiiived  at   with. .ill   lefer- 

II Ill  the  -iiperior  servant  ilo.lriiie. 

riie  delinile  aliandonmeiit  of  that 
llieorv  si'ciiis  to  Im'  indii'.ile.l  by  two  do- 
.'i-.ioiis  in  1S!I7.  deiiyiii;:  the'ri;.dit  to 
reeover  for  the  ii<'i.'liu'eii,'"  of  a  {.'iii^'  lions 
ill  I.)ioiii..tive  works.  /i'i.7i„i(,/o/  l.dco- 
i((Oh(r  it-  l/"(7l.  iro/7.«  V.  Cddl  (IH1I7) 
'14  Va.  (•,L>7.  1:  S.  K.  .-,(111.  .\n.l  of  a  -anu 
foreman  in  ipiariy.  I/ook  I.khi-  Co.  v, 
U((lc(((h,,i(  (|H!»7)  il.-,  \a.  .l.'il.  -.".s  s  K 
•1.14, 

So  al-o.  in  ISns.  when  a  mlllin^'  b< 
was  held  to  be  a  vice  principal  in 
•pe.l  t.i  the  perfornianee  of  n.inas-i^n- 
al.le  dillie..  ami  .1  mere  servant  as  re- 
J.MI1K  duties  airi'.ljii^'  the  a.lniinis- 
tralion  of  the  work.  llastsill  rcak 
C(„il  Cii.  V.  \\(II.H  I  ISHHi  (Mi  \a.  41li  ;tl 
"^.    K.    liU. 

Kinally.  tlie  dcpisions  as  to  .'induct- 
..IS  were  oM'i  ruled  by  V.o /..//.  a  IT.  ff. 
''.,.  V.  llri(i,-l((((X  (|sii7i  II.-,  \a,  .HIS,  nal, 
!((>(((.    Xoifoll:    tl    W.    If.    Co,    V.    Sd-alnr, 

h:   I,.   R,  A.  :!.-,n.  -js  s.   k.  ,-,;s.     ii,,. 

.■oiirt  of  appeals  considered  that  the 
Ifoss  Cds,'  I  js  .">-»2.  .').■?.">.  o/i/f  ).  had  been 
"compli'tely  ov.'rturncd"  by  later  deci- 
sions. .•<()  far  as  ri'irards  the  diiisi.iiis 
rendered  up  to  the  time  when  tlii-  opin- 
ion was  I'vpnsseil,  such  a  slal.-mcnl  is 
clearly  erroneous,  as  will  be  apparent 
from  an  examination  of  llalli „((,(i    rf  O. 

If.  Co.  V.  HiiiKih  iisfi.'ii   i4!i  r.  s  .tfia, 

:t7  I.,  ed.  77J.  i;t  .'-;iip.  Ct.  Hi'p.  914. 
But    the    statement    correctly    describes 


It-  j 


MAMTKIt  AND  sKK\  ANT. 


[niAj>.  N\\ 


lull  i'  proliHliU  llir  actiml  pITfPt  uf  tin-   «>m 


/> 


(i'*im)  H)  \v. 


Hi 


f*init'nf 


tiroliHliU  llii*  »ctimi  pui'M  oi  nil-   ok'kh    ii'/noi. 
b—r    (|   .VIS,   nolc   I.  kiiImI     do,    L'lM      m   1'»'      1 1!» 

III!  .Iiiiiiiiir  •>{  i|ii;il  rii|iiii'ily  i»  n . 
l<H-trhi)-  of  II   diiiil  ciiiiiiiiiy    »«»      ./iil  in  llii<  -tali'.     Sinintinl  v.  Cm' 


iri..iHiij/iMl  in  Si,„tl„rn  H.  ('<•.  \.    \lnuzy     (IHIMti     I    VVn.li.  2»,  'J:!  I'lir  h:I" 


IIMNli    IIS  \, 

il  ilnllillijlll 


;i7 


It.  W      I 


ittnnni. 


I'ln 


rpiHi  u 


itMhunjtitrt.  I  hill  il  ^I'lll'l' 
:i({fl  «n<  11  vii'f  |ii  iliripal  HiiH  |iiii;.'lii/i'l 
in  lliih  until  \  I'l  iiiiiiiiliir  It.  fii  I  ISiiSi 
.'•I  Wii.h.  I.I.I,  .'>»  I'lic.  Iitttl;  Mi-DuiKiinili 
V.     (;f.-i(     Voil/r.  Ml     «.    Co.     (IWHll      1.1 

Wii.li.  2««.  Hi  I'lir.  :i:i». 

KiilliiHiiiK  till'  |iiiiici|ili'  iif  till-  Husx 
I'litii  1 1||  :>M.  .I.'t.'i.  mill  I.  Ilii.  ciiiiil  .il-ii 
miiIiIn  i'iii|iliiV)'rH  liiilili'  f(ir  tlii'  iii';.'lii.'i'ii<  ■ 
of  niiiiiiip'rx  u(  ili'|i:irtiiifiil<.  Iiv  ^itin;; 
Hint  i'\|iii"»iion  11  iiiori'  liln'ial  coii.liiii' 
tioii  tliaii  it  ri-crivr.  in  .umr  jiiii.ilii' 
lion".  I'liiit  tlif  -IIV mil  ha*  Ihtii  al 
IohikI  to  rci'otci  wlirri'  tlir  clt'liiii|iii-nl 
ua*   oiii'   of   tin*    fiillowifiy    «'iii|'lo_\t't-, : 

All  aoi'tant  nii|i>  i  IiiIi'IhIi-ii'  iiiiliaiKi' 
uf  till'  IiiiiiIht  ^iikI  III  a  »auiiilll  miii 
INiny.  /.iiiltk  V.  SliiiiHoii  Mill  Co. 
(IHU;tl  ti  WmhIi.  I7S,  .TJ  I'ar.  !Ht7,  Xt 
Tar.  IO.-..->  (IH!U)  9  Wa.li.  .'ms,  :t;  »'ac. 
,14. 

Till'  «ii|n'rinlfinlfnl-.  of  each  of  two 
ininiii!.'  tunni'ln  wliicli  an-  \w\\\\i  v\i-.\- 
vat:  '  in  the  wiiii'  tiill.  f'Mii  v.  Ilulih  n 
Tiini.i-l  Min.  Co.  (IIMII)  24  \Va«li.  ilil. 
114   I'a.'.    174. 

Thi'  fori'innii  of  an  iinporl.int  iiicri'  of 
iail«ay  ''iinHtiinlion  «orl<.  iMiriiil  on 
al  a  iliHlanPi-  froiii  llii'  hraili|iiarli  i»  of 
till'  ^fcnrral  roail  iii;i*li'r  ot  t  lir  lini'. 
\lcl}iiii'iiiijh  V  (InnI  \i»lliiiii  It.  Cu. 
ilsinii  I.-.  Wa-li.  244.  4U  i'ar.  :):U  i  "I'l' 
!!  .'.:!."..  'Ml/.' I. 

Kiiliii'  a  rajitain  or  a  niatr  of  a  >^liip. 
Kriiliiiij  V.  I'nrifio  Sliinii  Whnliiiii  Co. 
I  IS!!'.;  I  -'I  UhhIi.  41.-),  .-)S  I'ac.  ■J:i4.  IJnl 
thi*  niliiiu',  ^o  far  a.<  tln'  iiiatr  i"  con 
O'rni'.l,  i"  clearly  imiin-i-'li'iil  witli  any 
ii'asoii.ililt'  const  mil  inn  of  I  In'  iloctriiir 
of  (li'parlnii'iital  ciiMtrol. 

Kinplovii-i  arc  not  liahle  for  the  t\v<: 
liv'pnci'  uf  till'  follortiiij;  iiiiplnvii-s  lir 
low  till-  fjraile  of  ilepartnu-ntal  man 
a^PI  n  : 

A  "fire  lioHs,"  whoHi'  iliily  it  i»  nn  lelv 
to  direet  the  ininirs  to  leave  .lannerini~ 
places  at  wtiieli  gas  accnniiilatos,  lui' 
wlio  lias  no  control  over  tlieir  «oik 
\l<ir<i-ni  V.  rnihnn  Hill  ('mil  Co.  .  Isii:!. 
li  Wash.  .'>77.  :)4  Pac.  I.'i2.  772  (n-.  rijflii 
at  the  tiiiie  of  the  ;ireiilenl.  to  •oiitinl 
the  action  of  the  otlar  miners,  even  it 
a   vice  piincipal  at  other  tiniesl. 

.\  "pit  boss"'  in  a  iniiie.  Iliighr/i  v. 
ttiiqiiii  liitproK.  Co.  '18)18  1  20  Wash. 
2it4,   f>'o   I'ao.    IU». 

A  "top  boss"  in  a  mine,     lluglns   v. 


nl     man      of  the   Itimf  Ciiic    (1)  ."1.12 


le    ailttic'ii 
Hill' 


roiiiliiilor   Ma>  ill  ••'M'lal  ileii^ion-.  l.li 

•  o  Ih"  u  \  iee  priniipal.      \lihlili  n  V.  C/ 
liiill.r  a   n    It.  Cii.    (  iHHIll    2S   W.   \'  1     i.lM 
.')7   .\iii.    I!  p.  lill.'i    I  liii'.u'h  of  nili  -         ! 
riMiiiiiiK     iilili'i.     laiHi'il     a     I'lilli-i.ii 
llaiiiii  V.  I'llisliiiiiih.  r.  C,  rf  SI    I    l; 
I'll.   I  lH!i:ii   :is  U.  \a.  .•)7u,  IH  .s.  K.  ;  i> 
ieolli..ioii   eai|.>i'il   hy   luniliielor's   iii-l. , 

of    -itffia'    to    leilllie    "I I).       In    olu       I 

llii'iii.  I'Veii  aH  to   t  liiaki'inan  on  aih'Hn 
liiiin.     Ihiiiiii  V.  C/ii  sii(.. «/. I   it-  n.  I,'   ( 

I  |s!(2i  :tli  \\.  \'ii.  :l!i7.  Hi  1.  If  .\  !v 
l.'i   .s.    K.    Iti^    ilr.irk    not   kept   eli.ii    f.  i 

other    trains;    lait    this    enn-triieli 

the  h'liis  Cii.v.  is  ineonsisteiit  «iili  , 
later  ilirisinn  of  the  Supreme  loiiri  m 
the  I'niliil  Mall-:  «ei'  9  .'lU,  iiiif^) 

III  another  .Irii.ion  a  railway  "ii 
pally  was  even  iiiaile  tu  ansvser  Im  ||<. 
liei.'iii;.'ni  e  of  a  section  foreman.  '  '. 
11-.//  \.  I'lllxhiiiiili.  C.  it  SI.  I,.  I!  r 
I  Isss,  .io  W.  Nil.  7!iH.  li  S.  !•:.  :il.  I'.: 
the  Ituss  I'nxi  plainly  iliil  not  w.iii n 
such  a  rillili).'.  tlii'il)>li.  as  ive  Ii.iM'  i' 
rcaily    seen,   a   .similar   misconcepi  imi   ,i. 

tu  its  mi'aniiij{  plevaihil  exeii  ill  •. .' 

the  I'lihial  courts  fur  several  m.ii- 
s^ee  .s-H/irii. 

None  of  thesr  cases  arc  any  lon^^ii  1 1 
ill  this  -late.  \  eoiiiliicloi  i«  lieM  '•■■' 
to  lie  a  ilcpaii  Hii'iital  vice  principal.  Iir 
merely  an  eiiiploM.(>  u  lio  pirforni-  i  |'.n 
liciilar  pine  of  \M'ik  III  the  opiii'ii. 
ilepiirtiiieiil.       Iiuk^nii    v.    Snijull.    .1    II 

It.  I'll.   1  Isii7i   4:t  W.  Va.  :!M>.  4i;  I.  I: 
A.  .■in7.  27  S    K.  278,  31  S.   K.  2.%s  i  n.- 
ligeiit  orili  r  to  cin;iiiccr  while  lir.iki'iin 
was      Cnllplin;r|.        Tllile     the      rlllc      Al- 
a(lopt:iI  tliut   the   nature  ul   the  fiiii.Ii. 

•  lisi  iiaiueil  lit  the  lime  of  the  iiiiuiv  i- 
the  1 1  lie  test.  e\'ept  where  the  -ii|"i 
vising  employ  i-e  is  a  ^leneral  or  il.|iii' 
iiieiit.il  m.iMa;;cr.  The  court  -ei-iii-.  i 
have  a — uiiieil  that  the  Itnxa  C.^^'  »  i- 
ipM-riiileil  hv  Vm//i.  Ill  /'.  It.  Co.  v 
llii,i,Uii  I  ISiMl  l,'>4  V.  S  34M.  :)H  I.,  H 
IIHIll.  14  Slip.  Ct.  Uep.  !IH:!.  .mil  lUh 
uiiiri  if-  i).  It.  I  'I.  V.  Itiiiiiih  I  ls;i:!'  ll'i 
f.  S.  ■■U,s.  .17  1,.  isl.  772,  l:i  Sup.  (t 
Kep.  !i|  I  Thi-  theory,  if  ^uch  wa-  il' 
hasis  of  the  ilecision,  is  not  jiistilii-.l  l.y 
anything;  -aiil  in  the  oa- 's  citcil.  hut  i' 
einlioilics  what  is  now  the  iloctiiiM-  .! 
the  Supreme  Court   of  the  riiite.j  M;iti- 

wiiii   iey:inl   io  the  slaiii>  ol M.^.r^ 

See    vMyud, 


I  Bin) 


8rM\f  VUY  OF  DKCtSIONS. 


vii'.'    iiririf'ipiiU.       hl'irhnml,  ii    v.    Slmrm 

W.  !t:l»  ( iif,'li«riil  iiir  |i,.|-,.  rt.i,  ii,.|,|  („ 
lio  iimiollii  liil )  ;  Si-liill:  V.  rliiiniii,  1/ 
i<  .S7.   /'    It    r,j.    (|s;i))    4H   \vi,,  ;|7',-,    4 

N.  w.  :i'i''. 

Tlir  iliiiiiiric  (if  ilc|iiirttiipntiil  rotitidl 

iliic«    tint     Willi     til     ll.ni'     lorn    i\|i||i|||v 

iiilii|il.'il  ill  llii<  pii.iii..  lint  :i  (M|, 1,1111  lif 
'flip,  will,  i«.  fur  III!  jiiMiiiiil  iMiipii^i.., 
at  nil  oviiiN,  a  ili'ii.irtiiiiiil  il  iiiiiiiii;.'iT 
ii«  n-iiiru  tlif  lm.iiu<H  of  n  «lii|i  owiiit 
iMc  jl  "i  !.>.  note  1.  »iil„|.  (I).  „,,/,.), 
h;H  Utii  Iii'M  til  111-  n  \  jr,.  |,iiiiri|iiil. 
Tliitiii )iii)n  V.  Iliiiiiiinii  i|s;i|)  47  \\i, 
i:hJ.   .'Il'    Am.    I!i  p.    7n|.   .1    \,    \v,   5711' 

l''n,l,n.      M'tllllirs      V.      ('■(.«,        (;SH4(       i;| 

\\f>.   i'.n.   -(I)   Am.    i;i|i,    I.-,|,   -.M    \.   \\. 
■'il  :.  whiro  a  onptiiiii  «««  ili'i'liiii.l     |.  |„. 
.1  ini  II'  fi'ljipw   •'iTviiiil   (if  hi,   male. 
Il    'wii  iitliiT  iM-,,  railw.iv  ooiiiMiniin 

Hrl,.    liiM     li.,1,1,.    fcir    t|„,    ||,.;.'|i;..,,,|,.,.    „f    n 

I'li'iiiiiii  ill   full  cliiii;;!'  iif  a   pllr  ihivir. 

Srinilli    V.    Vliiril,)i>.     M.  ,(■    SI.    /■     /,'     f'o 

ilsnii    4S   Wii.   .•(7,-,,   4  S.   U.    :!!l!i:    ami 

of  II  iiiinliT  nil clMiiic.  Iliitlihi/s   V     ''hi- 

c'lyo  d  X.  n.  it.  Co.   11870,   aavvis. 


iflm 

-><0  lint  fhrnr  ilrrUIoni  wcrr  pri*ili(v 
lia-iil  ralhiT  iiii  tlir  u'ruiinil  nf  n  l.naih 
i.f  u  III. II  ili'liyiililf  iliiij,  tliaii  on  H,,.  ij,,. 
oiy  of  ili'piiiiiiirntal  niiilnil. 

A    inii-tiT   N   not    ri<|iiii-i'i|   to  nn-mi 

fur    llic    1     ;;liyili< f    a     fiiliiiiali    1.1      . 

water   n      ;Miiy    in    ili.ii;»c   i>|   iji,.   |,,.„. 

la\illj{.  .h,hns,„i  \.  .islllnn.l  II  „(,  ,  ('., 
(  l><!"l|  77  Ui,.  .-il,  4.-.  \.  W.  MiT.  N,„ 
a  foiiiiiati  of  a  rtit.liin'j  .n  vv  in  n  nil 
"ay  .\air|.      //./.., m,;,!,,    \,  rhir.ni,,  ,\     \ 

w.li.  r„.  iisMii  no  \\j,,  i(i^>,  7  \   \\ 

M.I7.     Nnr  of  a  in.iiiliii.|,,r.     //,  ,»/,    y.  f/,, 

<'|i</i-i(  y.  If.  /.'.  r„.  ( |s.s:ii  .'.s  Wis.  .•,;.>.^, 
1 1   \.  \V.  IJO.      Voi-  (if  n  full  man  >iil>iii 
iliii  111'  111  a  iiiit'.tir  carpiiilir.     I'lsilut  \. 
riu,,t,i„.   If.  ,(.  HI.  I:  It.  Co.   (|Ms.-||  li' 
Uiv  :i.w.  _>!  \.  \v    'ill!!. 

Ilif   iliial    (•ap.nily    iif   viop   priiicipal- 
i"  r'-<»:n\i/i-<l  in  ll„  i,,  ,■  v,    |,„,ri,-.,„  /■,,, 
I'o.   I  Iss.M   ,-i.-.  Wis.    |.-,;i,  1:1  \    w.  471 
A/i" ''//i.sAi  V.  .s/ioiiN  l.iniiliir  Co.   1  iM'.nii 
!t3   Ui,    417.  117    .S     W.   -KM. 

U/,i.,„i  iri.~A  Iran;;  Ihms  in  a  niilwav 
•liop.  iiiiili'i  a  inii-lcr  im  I'lijinir.  is  11,,'t 
a  virc  pijiii'ipal.  Mrllriilr  v.  f  /m,,,  /' 
A".  Co.    (IhV.i)    .i  W^o.  ^47.  i\  i'ae.  (iH7 


\ 

,-;  ■•    t" 

Jj 

iramii 

i  ■! 


m 


,;! 


^i:i'^     i: 


CITAPTPrR  XXXI. 

MCE    PRI\riP\I.smP   AS    nKTKHMINK.n   WITH    15KKKRKNTR   TO   TIIK 
CIlAiaCTKH  OK  lUK  ACT  WlllLll  CALSKU  TUi;  INJfUY. 


5.'>0. 
A.  Mabtkr 

551. 
552. 
5.-):». 
5.'>4. 

55r>. 
5.-.r,. 

5.")7. 

558. 
55!t. 
S*>(). 
5(;l. 
5(;2. 
5(!;!. 
n»U. 
r.(i4n. 
B.   V\  HAT    1 

5Uo. 


56«. 
667. 


608. 

5fiO. 
570. 

671 
572. 
.17:! 
-.71 
i>< 


'i: 


IntroilHotory. 

LIAIII.K   icni  ANT   NEfiMfiKNCE  WHICH   I.NVOLVKS   TIIK   nREACII  OF  ONK  07 
II KS  I'KBSO.NAL  DUTIK3. 

(JomTullv. 

VariiMiH  forms  in  which  the  mn.'«tpr's  rosponsibility  is  stated. 

Subsidiary  <<)nse.i\ienro.s  doiliieo.1  from  the  f:<'"<Tal  principle. 

l!aticinale"'.f  the  .loctriiu'  of  non-delpfiahlc  duties. 

Master  suinctinies  liable  both  on  aecount  of  the  elmracter  of  the  no- 

liH.'nt  art  and  the  olli.-ial  position  of  the  ne>;liKent  servant. 
"n,.etrine  of  non  .leh-able  duties  applicabl..  to  artitieial  persons. 
Servants  of  rontraetors.  «ben  preeluded  from  availing  th..nis..lves  of 

tlie  doetrine  in  actions  ajiainst  tbcir  masters. 
Delepition  of  personal  dvities  to  an  ind.peii.lent  contractor;  effect  oJ. 
Same  siib.jict  pontimied.     Opposing  doctrines  discussed. 
Ma^sacbn^   •        detrine. 
Servants  .         .Lct  in  a  dual  capacity, 
rieadin;:. 
Uunlcn  of  proof. 
I'riipiiity  (if  iiistriietionn. 
Kuiictions  of  I'oiirt  and  jury. 

)l  riKS   AUK   II1.1.MKI)  TO   liK   NO.N-nEI.EnAnLS. 
Unties  imposed  by  statute. 

o.  t^ialily  of  duty  unchanged  by  .statute. 

ft.  Quality  of  duty  altered. 
Duty    to   -ee'that   the   inorganic   instrumentalities   of   the   work  are 

re:i-oniiblv  safe:  general  rule  stated. 
Duty  to  see  that  the  inor^raiiic  instrumentalities  of  work,  as  xngm 
ally  supplied,  .satisfy  the  lejial  standard  of  safety. 

O.  Knj.'lish,  Scotch,  and  colonial  doctrine. 

ft.  Anu'ii<an  doctrine. 
Duty  to  see  that  the  inorpanic  instrumentalities  are  maintained  in  i 

"suitabl..  condition  for  the  work  to  be  done  h.d.l  to  be  nondel.-.iblc. 
Same  dutv  held  to  be  delegable. 
Duty  to  see  that  worn-out  or  otherwise  defeefive  parts  of  in>t  rumen 

talities  are  rel>laced  by  suitable  substitutes. 
Duty  to  furnish  proper  medical  treatment  to  sick  or  injured  servants. 
Duty  to  hire  -iiitable  servants. 

Duly  to  .iMidov  servants  sullieient  in  number  for  the  work  in  h..n'l 
Dul'v  to  frame'  rules  and  regulalions  to,    llie  condurl  of  the  b.i  ."<■-. 
,    Duty  to  bring  rules  and  regulati-.n.s  to  the  knowled:;e  of  employes. 

IGIO 


i  SJO] 


vicK  PUiNXii'.\r,siiip-(:ii.\i!A(TKn  ok  act. 


Kill 


57<i.  Di-.ty  to  o:iiTV  nut  rcj;ii!at 
677.  Diitv  ti>  caiiy  out  ri';;iiliit 


ions,  liiiw  fiir  absolute: 


illv. 


ions  witli  rcs|M'ct  to  tln'  inoviimiits  of  trains. 
a.  Doc^riiio  tluil  train  dos|,atrl.,.r.s  an-  vio.-  luincipaU:  •.-.■.i.Tally. 
6.  Train  <I.'.spatc'h.TH  ropr.wnt  the  company  as  to  sp.rial  ordiTs 

suspiinlin;;  rf>;ular  tinif  tal.lcs. 
e.  Doctrim-  tliat  train  .Icspatclur^  arr  not  vie-  princip.ils. 
d.   FJal.ility  of   railway  oonipanios  for  the   n<  .rli;.M.n,v  of  servants 
who  tran.sniit  tlie  orders  or  sc-  that  thov  an-  larri,,!  out 
078.  Duty  to  impart  infornmtion  as  to  prnnanrnt  d'an^.Ts  normally  in.i 

dent,  to  the  work  at  the  time  it  is  .'ntrrcd  up(jn. 
57!».  Duty  to  impart   information  as  to  p..rman..nt  dangers  superadded   to 
the  environment  after  the  work  has  heyun. 

580.  Ift.ty  to  warn  ».  to  .lanjfers  of  the  trauMt.rry  class,  occasionjilly  super- 

venin>,' ,.;.       j  the  progress  of  the  work. 

581.  Duty  to  inspeei    nslrunientalilies;  generally. 

582.  Duty  to  in.>p,rl  iastrumentalities  at  the  time  they  are  first  brought 

into  u.se. 

683.  Duty  to  inspect  instrumentalities  during  the  time  they  are  kept  in 
use.  r     - 

584.  Duty  to  inspect  instrumentalities  belonging  to  another  person    but 
temporarily  uaed  by  the  master. 

550.  Introductory.-In  tho  f„ll,nvinfr  dmptnr  it  is  propo.sed  to  re- 
view Hi,.  ea.so.s  which  illusfi-at.>  the  variot.s  aspects  of  a  theory  which 
l.rodi.ecs  n-snlts  sometimes  o.i.ici.iei.t  witli,  and  sometimes  ditferent 
trom,  those  which  are  ol.tained  by  the  application  of  the  prineip],.s 
.l's.'u.s..,.d  ,n  the  preceding,'  chapter,— the  theory,  namelv,  that  tli.- 
.lu.stioii  whether  a  delincpient  servant  was  or  was  not  a  vice  principal 
as  n-ards  the  injured  person  is  nltimately  determinable  by  the  char- 
iittcrof  the  act  which  caused  the  injury.' 

The  practical  effect  of  this  theory  is  that  the  defen.se  of  common 
Miipl.-ynient  is  excluded,  or  allowed  to  prevail,  ae«.rding  as  the  delin- 
'|i""<'y  in  question  was  or  was  not  a  breach  of  what  the  law  regards 
as  a  "direct,  personal,  and  absolute  o!)lifration,  from  which  nothing 
liuf  ppi-fdrrnance  can  relieve"  the  master.* 

The  subjoined  table  of  cases,  arranse<l  according  tr.  states,  is  de- 
sipiod  merely  to  indicate  the  present  territorial  limits  of  this  theory, 
-0  far  as  it  has  actually  revived  judicial  recognition.  The  separat- 
I'st.-^  of  authorities  do  not  pivt.-nd  to  be  exhaustive  as  regards  each  par- 
ticular jurisdiction.' 

Mt  may  be  observed  in  thi.s  place  that   whether  the  ne-lipence  of  an  n-ent  in- 
«    0",npnrntive  y   recent    date,   the    (irst    servant  was  a  vice  prin.ipal  was  aoDar 

In     1-      i/         ^   •   '■'  -'^"'-  '''■'••  ••^•'-    '*'•'•""*'  V.  Ciller,,.,'  Irr  .f  Itrfiinrrntina 
UBO^)    25    N.    y.    662,    the    question        'I'rdtml  court.,.  ~  llo,i,jh   v.   Ttj:a*  if 


I  i   ■ 
"II 


;l'l 


ml,:} 


!,i 


J 


1 

1 

1 

it 

n\ 


1012 


AUSTKR  AND  SEKVAXT. 


[llIAIV   XXXI. 


In  somp  respects  the  tost  thus  furnished  has  frrciitly  .siniplificil  tli' 
suhjec't,  and  tempered  the  harshness  of  the  doctrine  of  common  mi- 


P.  R.  Co.  (1879)  100  U.  S.  213,  2'.  L. 
eU.  <il2:  Itdltimoir  ,f-  O.  R.  Co.  v.  ISaiifih 

(i8n:i)  14!)  u.  s.  liCiH.  a;  l.  ni.  772,  13 

Sui>.  Ct.  Rep.  014;  .SorUu-ni  I'.  R.  Co. 
V,  Ucrhcrt  (If^SO)  lUi  U.  S.  ti42.  2!>  f.. 
eil.  755.  6  Sup.  Ct.  Hep.  Tiim;  r/iio/i  /'. 
R.  Co.  V.  D(i»?(>/s  (18!M)  l.-)2  r.  S.  list. 
mth  noiii.  I'hiiin  I'.  R.  Co.  v.  Snudrr, 
38  L.  cil.  507.  14  Sup.  Ct.  licp.  7.-.r.: 
Soi-lhrni  I'.  R.  Co.  v.  I'llrison  ilSillll 
1(12  U.  S.  .'Ur..  40  1>.  oil.  004.  Hi  Sup. 
(."t.  Krp.  8i3:  Wish  in  Ciinl  it  Miii.  Co. 
V.  Inifiahiim  (1S!I,-,)  17  C.  ('.  .\.  71.  3ii 
U.  S.'  .\pp.  1.  70  KimI.  210:  \liiiii'<iiiiili.s 
V.  I.iimliii  (1S03)  7  C.  C.  .\.  341.  10  I'. 
S.  App.  24.').  58  I'Cil.  525:  U '/.»/s  v. 
I.iiiilnill  (ISitll  1  C.  I'.  A.  34.  4  T.  S. 
App.  40.  48  IVd.  73;  Tfxii.i  it  /'.  A'.  Co. 
V.  Thomiisoii  (1805)  17  ('.  ('.  A.  524, 
3U  U.  S.  App.  540.  70  Fed.  Oil.  17  t'. 
(.  A.  520.  30  r.  S.  App.  553.  71  I'cd. 
531  ;  .Mchixiiii,  T.  <(■  .V.  t'.  /.'.  Co.  v.  \liil- 
li<l<iii  (1H!)5I  14  ('.  ('.  A.  .547.  34  I  .  S. 
.\p|>.  1,  07  Fell.  5(i0. 

Dislrirt  of  Columhia.—Maclrti  v.  HnJ 
limurr  A  /'.  R.  Co.  (ISiin)  8  .Mn(ki'.\ . 
282;  [iiiltimore  d  /'.  R.  Co.  v.  i:ilioll 
(  1800)  0  App.  D.  ('.  341. 

.Mahaiiiii. — Wnlhrr  V.  Holliiifj  (lS53i 
22  Ala.  294;  Twon  v.  f^oiitli  d  \oith 
Ma.  R.  Co.   (18781   01   Ala.  .5.54.  32  Am. 

Rep.   8. 

.irkansaD.—  Litttr  Rork  it  1/.  R.  Co. 
V.  linrni  (1803)  5S  Ark.  108.  25  1..  I!. 
.\.  380.  23  S.  \V.  i007  :  Foiks  v.  I'hil- 
lilis  (1882)  30  Ark.  17.  43  Am.  Rep. 
204. 

Ciilifoniia. —  fJaiihorn  v.  Mnilrra 
riiimc  .(■  Trniliiig  Co.  (ISSO)  70  Pal. 
•>til.  11  I'ae.  710;  Hiraoti  v.  (lirrti  1/oMii- 
liin  Colli  Mill.  Co.  (1R80)  .57  Cnl.  20; 
KUeili)!'  V.  yalioiinl  Cllii  iC  O.  R.  Co. 
(1803)  100  fill.  282.  34  Pae.  720;  Doii- 
iiillu  V.  Son  I'niiirism  llriiliir  Co. 
(18i»7)  117  Cal.  417.  40  I'lic.  550:  haii.t 
V.  Southern  I'.  Co.  (18031  08  Cal.  10. 
:t2  I'ae.  70S:  Xijon  v.  Silliii  Snirltiiiii 
d-  L'Oil  Co.  (1804  1  102  Cal.  4.58.  :U1  Pae. 
803.  Ill  the  last-eitcd  ease  it  was  said 
tliiit  the  case  of  MrKum-  v.  Cnlifoniin 
Southern  R.  Co.  (1885)  00  Cal.  30_'.  5 
I'ac.  482;  and  llioicn  v.  Si  iiiull  I  1885) 
08  Cal.  225.  0  Fao.  74.  were  ]X'rliaps  iii- 
ionsist.pnt  with  the  doetrine  tli:it  the 
character  of  a  duty  performed  hv  a  sii|h'i- 
visin};  olHeer  is  the  lest  In  wliieh  it  is 
aetermined  wlutlur  he  i^  a  vie.-,  prin- 
cipal or  a  mere  servant,  and  had  heeii 
criticised  and  doubled,  if  not  overruled. 


t  -I  .jdo.  —  WrUs  V.  Coe  (ISSfii  !) 
Colo.  150,  11  Pac.  .50;  Oriint  v.  Vnni'u 
(1805)  21  Colo.  .320,  40  Pac.  771;  /'_.. 
rer  Traminiii  Co.  v.  Crumhaugh  (lHi)7| 
23  Colo.  303,  48   Pac.  503. 

Cniivielieut. — Darrifian  v.  Tieir  Yor): 
A  .V.  /;.  /.'.  Co.  (18851  52  Conn.  2S5.  .■.:; 
Am.  Hep.  500;  MrElliqolt  v.  Rmiil'.li.l, 
(18111  I  01  Conn.  157.  22  Atl.  1004;  11  W 
siiii  V.  Willimiintie  l.iiirii  Co.  (lss:i 
.50  Conn.   433.   47    .\m.   l!i|>.   (153. 

Ihliiniiie. —  Muriiliii  v.  II inilos  (Isiis, 
1  I'enn.  (Del.)  2.50.  40  .\tl.  187:  /'.-/.  r 
V.  /'rv,'!/  (1888)  8  llo\lst.  I  Del. )  |ii\ 
14  Atl.  545. 

rhiiiilo.  -liuriil  V.  Hunt  (1884)  ;14 
Fla.  85.   15  So.  S7fl. 

(leoniiii. — Cliiiiieii  v.  Oeenii  S.  S.  Co. 
(1803)    !)2  (!a.  720.   10   S.   K.   33. 

Iiliiho.—  I'alinrr  v.  Vtoh  d  \'.  R.  Co. 
I  1887  1    2  Idaho.  200.  13  Pac.  425. 

Illhioin. — Chiiinio  d  \.  H".  R.  Co.  v. 
Sirill  I  ISilT)  45  111.  1!I7.  02  Am.  D..' 
20(1:  Chirono.  II.  <(  <l  R.  Co.  v.  1/. 
I.iilleu  (1870)  84  III.  100:  I'ullmn,' 
I'liliier  Ciir  Co.  V.  I.nnrl.-  i  ISIIi)  143  111 
242.  IS  L.  R.  A.  215.  :!2  X.  K.  285:  ('In 
III, in  <{  /,   A'.   Co.   V.   Kiiririiii    (  1S!U 

l.V>    111         8.   :tO   X.   E.   .324;   Chieium  .1 
.1.    A'  V.    Miirnueii    (1897)    170   111 

.-,20.  K.    053:    \ortoii    v.    1'./;;. 

(18"  i    III.    402.    41    N.    E.     l(W."i; 

CI,:     .  I.  R.  Co.  V.  Seanlan   (  IsOTl 

17(1  .  4S  X.  K.  82(1:  JUhrnnl  lliii" 

l.unih,.     .0.    V.    Ligns    (1898)     172    111. 
;!!5.   .50   X.   E.   22.5. 

Iiiiliiiiiii. — .Minn  Eiiqine  M'orA  s  v 
Rnmhill  (1885)  100  Ind.  203.  .50  Am 
l!ep.  708;  Clrrrliniil.  C.  C.  d  SI.  I..  It 
Co.  V.  Ward  (1807)  147  Ind.  25il.  4.1 
X.  E.  325.  40  N.  E.  402;  Ci/./.m  v 
f.ijiii.'iiillr.  /;.  d  St.  L.  R.  Co.  (I'i'f.")! 
103  Ind.  305.  2  X.  E.  740:  Indinr.a  Car 
Co.  V.  Pitrker  (1885)  100  Ind.  ISI  ;  /ik 
liiev.  I'eiiiisiihiniia  Co.  (1802)  130  Ind. 
321.  .30  X'.  K.  3113;  Robertson  v.  Cliicam 
d  K.  R.  Co.  (18!)0)  14(1  Ind.  480.  45  S' 
K  055;  Kmiir  v.  linltimorc  d  0.  8.  0 
R.  Co.  (1807)  140  Ind.  21.  48  X.  K 
304:  .Vcir  I'illshuriih,  Coal  d  CnUf  ('<,. 
V.  I'etersoii  (1803)  130  Ind.  3!18.  :!5  X.  K 
7;  Ohiod  1/.  R.  Co.  V.  Peiirrii  (  18!il  I  1^ 
Inil.  107.  27  X.  E.  470;  Cincinnnli.  B 
d  II.  R.  Co.  V.  l/rl/H(/(n  (188!i)  Hi 
Ind.   4.39,  20  \.  E.  287. 

J,, tea. — Ilriniii  v,  Chiiniio.  R.  I.  d  P- 
/,'  Co.  (1880  1  53  Idwa.  505.  :!il  .\lii- 
lii'p.  243,  0  X.  W.  5;  I'inh  v.  Oct  .\loim 


i  550] 


VICE  I'UlXCIl'ALsllIP— CII.\l:.\Cl  K.ll  OF  AlT. 


10 13 


ploviiR'iit.     But,  on  tlio  otlior  liaiid,  it  lias  crcalcil  several  new  and  ex- 
ireiiielv  eniliari'assini;  prnlilenis,  and  lia-'  even.  li\-  Ix'inp  treated  as  the 


Ire  Co.    Il8!l-i)    84    l.nvii.  :121,  51   N.  W. 

l.M. 

hiiiisiis. — hinisits  I'.  It.  C(i.  V.  Snlnuiu 
lis::,  I  II  K:iii.  :>\-2:  Mrltixnii.  T.  A  S. 
I'.  It.  Co.  V.  .\li,i,rr  (ISS.t)  ■>'.)  Kan.  I\M: 
kellei/  V.  A'.i/M.v  (I8!I2)  4S  Kiiii.  120.  29 
I'ac.  144:  Mrhindii.  T.  .(  .S.  /'.  It.  I'd.  v. 
l/c/ir,  (ISST)  :!7  Kan.  .'>f)2.  I,>  Pnc. 
ISl:  Ui.tsuuii  /'.  It.  r<,.  V.  hinirr 
(ISSC)    3(>    Knn.    58.    12    I'iic.    :!,-,2:    St. 

I.OIliK    it    S.    /•'.    /.'.    Co.    V,     llcil'-.;-     I   1HSH) 

35  Klin.  412.  57  .\ni.  Ifcp.   176.  11    Tiio. 

408. 

Knitiirl.ii. —  Mchiml  v.  (Hiilliir  {  1882) 
80  Ky.  ,'i;f!t;  l.<iiii.'<iillr.  r.  ,(  /,.  //.  (•„. 
\:  Cniinn  (187."1)  f»  Hn-li.  .">.".!i;  Km 
tiichi  ('.  It.  Co.  V.  Clin-  (18071  111  Ky. 
1,.  Kep.  1172.  4;i  S.  U.    103. 

LDiiisiiiiiu. — Stiirl.r  V.  Orlriins  H.  Co. 
(ISilSl  .50  1.11.  .\nn.  188.  23  .'^o.  342: 
/■ViTis  V.  Ill  iii.ihiim  Itrits.  (I8!M)|  .")1  i.ii. 
.Vnn.  178,  2t  S<>.  771. 

Maine. — Sluinni)  v.  .imlrosrixiiiin  Mill."! 
I1S7CI  <i(i  Me.  420:  Sninll  \."\lli,„,lo„ 
d  i:  Mfg.  r„.  (1901 )  n4  XIc  i-i.-.l.  48  .Ml. 
177. 

Maiisarliii.i<lt!i. — I'onI  v.  I'ilvhhiirq  It. 
rij.  II872I  no  .Mils-.  240.  14  .\ni.  Il.-p. 
:")fl8;  ll7i(</i)V.  l\o.'!(.)(  l//(/.  Co.  (1883) 
^.■>  Mii>v  2!I4.  S.V.  howcvpr.  §  .HiO. 
iiifru. 

Mirhiriiiii. — Sh iiiiiirnii  v.  Ho/iror/fc  <( 
.V.  Mffi.  fo.  (18!I4)  !I8  Midi.  411.  o7  X. 
\V.  2."il  :  Hfinixon  v.  Iltlroil.  I.,  if  V.  H. 
<■„.  I  IH'.lOl  7!)  Mich.  400.  7  L.  R.  .\. 
1123.  44  X.  W.  1034:  Srhronlrr  v.  fliiil 
•t  /'.  M.  It.  <-o.  (  1804  I  103  Midi.  213.  20 
I..  K.  .\.  321.  I.I  X.  \V.  003:  Vini  Ihi.tr,, 
V,  l.il,lli<r  (1H80I  78  .Mirh.  402.  44  \. 
\\ .  572:  I'o.i-  \.  S/iriiKt  l.nkr  Iron  Co. 
'  ISni)   80  Mi.'h.  387.  .50  M.  \V.  872. 

iliiiiii  sola. — liniirii  v.  \\'inoii(i  ,(■  fit. 
i:  It.  Co.  .18801  27  Minn.  102.  38  .\ni. 
I!<'I>.  2S.5,  0  X.  V\.  484:  hiiidnill  v. 
irw,/.s  (18S0I  41  -Minn.  212.  4  I..  R.  \. 
TII3.  42  X.  U.  1020:  TUritri)  v.  \liii>if 
V'lix  if  SI.  I..  H.  Co.  (188.5)  .33  .Minn. 
■ill.  53  .\ni.  Hop.  3.5.  23  X.  \\ .  220: 
'■.r,/A,,„  V.  Xorlhirislrrn  Trliph.  i:.i- 
iln,,„ir  Co.  (1800)  03  .Minn.  428.  05  \. 
«.  014. 

1/jvsr,»n'.^/.„,i7  V.  I'aci/ic  R.  Co. 
ilS77l  05  .\I(i.  225;  foudoii  V.  Missouri 
I'.  It.  Co.  I  1883)  78  .Mo.  .507;  rtouni  v. 
'■'"■■"'/",  It.  it-  A",  f.  /,'.  Vo.  (1888)  05 
Mo.  2()S.  8  S.  \V.  2.30:  Moorr  v.  Hdfc-i.s//, 
>"■  !■■  if  /•.  /.'.  f'o.  (188.51  8,5  M...  .5.SS; 
Sil.nth  V.  Uniiiiihiil  i(-  .S7.  ./.  W.  r<,. 
(1S!I1)    100  Mo.  87,  10  S.  U.  024:  Hud- 


lir  V.  /{»rA\  Slorr  d  Itunqe  Co.  (1800) 
1.30  .Mo.  3.  .37  S.  \V.  115:  Coontz  v.  Mix- 
mniri  I'.  It.  fo.  (1S04)  121  Mo.  052,  20 
S.   \\.  001. 

Moiiliiitii.  -Kilhii  \.  fiihle  Co.  (1887) 
7    Mont.    70,    14    Pile.   033. 

\ihriisl:ii.~fl,lriiiio.  It.  i  Q.  H.  Co. 
V.  Killoiin  (1808)  54  Neb.  127.  74  X. 
\V.  4.54. 

Sill  lliiiniisliiri. -' .liii/uiK  V.  limit 
h'nlls  Mfi).  I'll.  1 1801  I  00  N.  TI.  482, 
13   I..   K.  .\.  8.'4,  22   .Ml.  .5.52. 

\rir  .hrsiii. — Miilii  r  v.  Tliropp  (  1800) 
.50  X.  .r.   I,.    I8R.  3.-.   .Ml.   10.57. 

\rir  Mrxiio. — lirrillon  I'oal  It.  Co. 
V  lli.siroiil  (1807)  0  X.  .M.  40.  40  I'nc. 
807.  |5.llowin«  \orlhrrti  I'.  It.  Co.  v. 
Ill  rill  rl  (1880)  110  \.  S.  042.  2U  L. 
111.  755.  0  Slip.  (1.   |!i.p.  500. 

\>/<-  'o/V.-. — A-ViAc  V.  Bo.itiin  <l  .4.  R. 
I'll.  (1873)  .53  X.  V.  ,540.  13  .\iii.  H.p. 
545;  Hoolh  v.  HohIoii  if  I.  It.  Co.  (  1878) 
73  X,  V.  38.  20  .\in.  Kep.  07:  llofiioiilr 
V.  V.»  Jo//,-  r.  ij-  //.  /,>.  K,  Cn.  (1874) 
55  X.  \.  008;  lltiniiHI  V.  Sliiiiirili/ 
(18801  101  \.  V.  540/5  X.  K.  440: 
I'orroriiii  v.  Hollirool;  (187;5|  50  X.  V. 
517,  17  .\lii.  I!.'p.  300;  l.oiiiihli,,  V. 
State  (1887  105  X.  V.  150.  11  X.  E. 
371:  lliiiil.iiis  V.  \iir  Vork.  I..  K.  if-  IV. 
It.  I'o.  (1804)  142  X.  Y.  410.  25  1..  H. 
.\.  300.  37  \.  E.  400;  Crixjiiii  v.  Itnh 
hilt  (1880)  81  \.  V.  .521,  37  .\in.  Hrp. 
521  :  Mniiii  V.  hrliiiriiri  if  //.  Cniinl  I'o. 
I  188.3)    01    \.  ^  .  405. 

\orlh  I'liioliiiii. — f')i(v.vo)(  V.  ./<)/i)i  /y. 
Itopir  l.iiniliir  Co.  (1800)  118  X.  ('.  5», 
23  ,><.    K.   025. 

\orll:  Ihil.oln.—I'll  V.  \orllieni  I'.  R. 
Co.  (  1801  ,  1  X.  ]•>.  330.  12  I..  K.  .\.  07. 
48  X.  W.  222:  rnmirnii  v.  limit  \orlli- 
rrn  /,'.  Co.  (1808)  8  X.  I).  124.  77  X. 
\V.  1010. 

ftrriioii.  —  Aiidirnoii  v.  lirinnlt  I1S88) 
10  Or.  515.  10  I'm-.  705;  I/o.v/  v.  A . /•„ 
(1808)    34  (ic.  247.  54  I'lio.  0.50. 

I'l'iDi-iiilriniiii. —  K0S.1  V.  II  (i//.ir 
(1,800)  130  P.i.  42.  21  .Ml.  1,57.  1.50: 
I'resrotI  v.  Unit  C  r/iiir  Co.  (I8OO1  170 
Pa.  4.50.  35  .Ml.  224:  l.ilih,  riiut  v. 
Striilhrrst  (1803)  157  Pa.  312.  27  .Ml. 
720. 

Itliodr  Island. — Miilnii  v.  Rhode  Is- 
liiiid  l.o'oiiiolirr  Worl.s  (1883)  14  I!.  I. 
204:  lliiniiii  v.  Ilniiiiiir  (1804)  18  I!,  f. 
.507.  28  .Ml.  050;  It,  Murelio  v.  Ituildir.t 
lion  l-'onndrii  (18i)3)  18  K.  I.  ul4.  27 
.Ml.  328.  28  .Ml.  001. 

South  Cuiulinu.     -h  nl.iiis  v.  Riclunonil 


ItiU 


MASTKl!  AND  SKRVANT. 


(chap.  zxxi. 


,     ! 


S3I 

'"  i 

:i; ' 

■)  ! 


ciiilv  inliiiissililc  jrim^ro  of  liability,  operated  so  us  to  uarrow  the  sei-v- 
ant's  rights  of  roc-ovfr^.'' 

A.  .M.\srj;ic    LiAiii.E   FOR   any   NK{ii.if!i:vrE'  wmrii   involves  tiik 

BI!I;A<1I   01    O.NK  Ol'    Ills   IM-.liSONAL  DUTIES. 

851.  Generally. —  The  jiriiiciple  stated  in  the  procodinj;  soction  will 
iu  the  Hrst  iiiiico,  1)P  considered  iiiidor  the  form  which  it  ass\iines  whiii 
it  is  treated  as  constitutinj'  a  reason  for  excluding  the  defense  of  coni- 
liion  einplovinent. 

For  the  |)uri>oses  of  the  application  of  that  principle  it  is  assumcil 
that  an  implied  inciih'iit  of  the  contract  of  eniplovinent  is  that  tin 
niast(>r  iindertakes,  as  refrards  the  servant,  certain  ohlijrations  wliicli 
are  s|Hiken  of  as  "personal  duties;'"  "positive  duties;"-  ''persoM;.!. 
positive  duties;"''  "duties  which  the  master  owes  personally  and  ali 
solut(d\-  to  his  servants  ;"■'  "duties  which  a  master  owes,  as  such,  t(j  ;i 
servant  enterinjo;  his  ein))lo_vnient  ;"^  or  ''absolute,  personal  dutie-.' 


d  n.  It.  Co.  (189.3)  .30  S.  0.  -jOT.  is  S. 
K.  IS-i;  Ciniirr  V.  (Irnidlirilli  Mfg.  Co. 
(18«2)  18  S.  C.  270.  44  Am.  Rep.  .573: 
Curler  V.  OHrir  Oil  Co.  ( 18!»1 )  ;U  S.  C. 
211,  13  S.  K.  410;  Whiilri/  v.  Ilnrllrtt 
(18il4)  42  S.  C.  4.54.  20  S.  K.  745; 
Wilson  V.  Charleston  d  S.  R.  Co.  (1S!>7) 
61    S.  C.   79.  28  S.    K.  91. 

fiotilh  Dakota. — Oatrs  v.  Chicaqn,  M. 
i  St.  i:  R.  Co.  (1892)  2  S.  D.  422.  50 
N.  W.  907. 

Ti-.'ii.K.— Houston  d  T.  C.  R.  Co.  v. 
Marclks  (1883)  59  Tex.  334;  Trxns  A 
P.  n.  Co.  V.  ifh'icl   (1890)    78  'IVx.  48(i. 

15  S.  W.  33;  Texas  .(■  /'.  R.  Co.  v.  Kiric 
(18S4)  62  Tex.  227;  <lali(.'<lo,i.  II.  d  S. 
A.  R.  Co.  V.  Smith  (1890)  70  Tex.  Oil. 
13  S.  W.  51)2. 

Utah. — Trihay  v.  Brookh/n  Lead  Min. 
Co.  (1880)  4  (tah.  408.  11  Pac.  612; 
Chapnuiii  v.  Soi/'/xm  /'.  Co.  (1895)  12 
Utali.  30,  41   I'ae.  .5.51. 

Vrrtnont. — Daris  v.  Cinlral  Vermont 
R.  Co.  (1882)  .55  Vt.  84.  45  .\m.  Kep. 
590.  overnilini;  Hani  v.  Virniont  if  C. 
R.  Co.  (1800 1  32  Vt.  493;  Houston  v. 
Urush    (1894)    66  Vt.   331.  2!)  .Ml.   .380. 

Virginia. — •  Moon  v.  Richmond  li  .4. 
R.  Co.  (1884)  78  V'a.  745.  49  Am.  Uep. 
401;  Toriaii  v.  Richmond  tt  .\.  R.  Co. 
(1887)  84  Va.  192.  4  S.  E.  .3.39;  Russell 
Creek  Co'il  Co.  v.  Wells  (1898)  90  Va. 
416.  31  S.  K.  614;  Richmond  Cranite  Co. 
V.  liiiilr,;  11896)  92  Va.  554,  24  S.  E. 
232. 

Washington. —  Ogle    v.    .Jones   (1897) 

16  Wash.  319,  47   Pac.  747. 


West  Virginia.— .faeksoii  v.  Xorfull:  if 
II'.  R.  Co.  (1897)  43  \V.  Va.  .38.  4il 
1..  R.  A.  3.37,  27  S.  E.  278,  31  S.  i: 
2.58;  Cooper  v.  I'ittshiiri/h.  C.  rf  SI.  I. 
R.  Co.   (1S84)   24  \V.  Va.  ,37. 

Wisconsin. — Hrabhits  v.  Chicaqn  <f  V 
ir.  R.  Co.  (1875)  38  Wis.  2S9:  //»/. 
han  V.  Crccn  Bay.  W.  &  St.  I'.  R.  (.,. 
(1887)  68  Wis.  520.  32  X.  W.  .529;  r.i.l 
den  V.  imeriean  Steel  lianie  Co.  llS!l4i 
88  Wis.  409,  60  X.  W.  800;  .l/rl/.i/ci, 
V.  Ida  Min.  Co.  (1897)  95  Wis.  .308.  70 
X.  W.  478. 

*  See  SS  .543-547.  anti .  As  to  the  .lif 
(ieulty  whirli  is  frequently  exiM'iii  luv.l 
ill  distiiif.'viisliin};  tjetwe*'!!  the  ea.-«~  n 
fcial)le  to  tliis  eDiiri-ption  nii<l  tln'-i' 
liaseil  upon  the  ollloial  position  of  tlu' 
delinquent,  see  8  539.  ante. 

^Schanb  v.  Hannibal  i  St.  J.  R.  Co. 
(1891)    106  Mo.  87.  10  S.  W.  924. 

'Baltimore    d    O.    R.    Co.    v. 
(1893)    149  r.  S.  368.  37  1..  ed. 
Sup.    Ct.    Ri'p.    914;    He.ss    v.    A'l.v. .      // 
(1896)    KiO  111.  621.  43  X.  E.  743. 

'Lewis  V.  Scifert  (1887)  110  I'n  liJ^. 
647.  II   .\tl.  514. 

'  l.indiall  v.  Woods  (1889)  41  Minn 
212.  4  L.  R.  A.  793.  42  X.  W.  1020. 

'  Xnrthern  P.  R.  Co.  v.  /'.  /. wmh. 
(1896)  162  V.  S.  340.  40  L.  ed.  9!U  l(i 
Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  843. 

'  .Minneapolis  v.  Lninlin  (18931  7  ('■ 
C.  A.  344,  19  U.  S.  App.  245.  5.S  M- 
525. 


I  852) 


VICE  PRINCIPAI-Mllll'— tilAllACrKK  OK  ACT. 


161& 


Tlio  cxislcnc/'  of  such  duties  being  pntlicatod,  it  follows,  as  a  neces- 
sary corollary  from  tho  quality  asoril)od  to  Micm,  that  the  master 
must,  at  his  peril,  see  that  they  are  discharpMl  wit'i  reasonable  care, 
vli(>th('r  he  undertakes  their  peit'ormance  himself,  or  employs  an 
agent  to  pcrfonn  them  in  his  stead.  The  judieial  statements  of  the 
dfMrine  thus  deducod  am  couched  in  extremely  varied  phraseology, 
but  may  be  conveniently  classified  under  a  few  main  gi-oups.  So  far 
as  the  actual  liability  of  the  emi)loyer  is  concerned,  it  is,  of  course, 
quite  immaterial  from  which  standpoint  the  positirin  of  the  employee 
who  represents  liim  is  considen-d ;  and,  as  might  be  expe<fed,  a  court 
is  apt  to  pass  from  one  form  of  expression  to  the  other  in  the  course 
of  the  same  discussion.  They  all  coimote  the  conception  that  of  the 
duties  imi)<)sed  by  the  law  upon  an  employer  "he  cannot  relieve  him- 
self except  by  performance."" 

652.  Various  forms  in  which  the  master's  responsibility  is  stated.— 
Having  regard  to  the  diverse  langnag.-  in  which  the  principle  now  un- 
der review  lias  lM>en  formulated,  it  will  be  convenient  to  distribute  the 
judicial  statements  into  several  distinct  groups. 

1.  In  one  group  of  stat<>nients  prominence  is  given  to  the  concep- 
ion  that  the  character  of  the  negligent  act  is,  in  every  case,  the  test 
of  vice  principalship.* 


^Atrhiso)!.  T.  rf  S.  F.  F.  Co.  v.  Scelry 
(lS!t4)   .-,4  Kii".  21.  .'iT  Pao.  104. 

'  "Tlic  question  turns  nither  on  the 
ohariUliT  of  Iho  not  thnn  on  tin-  rcla 
tioiis  <if  till'  cniiiloyccs  to  eacli  otlicr. 
If  the  act  is  one  done  in  the  di<iliiir;.'c 
of  s(vnic  positive  duty  of  the  master  to 
the  servant,  then  nc^'!ii.'eneo  in  the  act 
is  tho  ne^'lijrenee  of  the  master:  hut  if 
it  be  nut  one  in  tho  discliar^n"  of  su<h 
positive  duty,  then  there  should  lie  some 
personal  wrcinf;  on  the  part  of  the  em- 
ployer heforo  he  is  liold  liable  tin  lefor." 
Baltimurf  rf  0.  R.  Co.  v.  ISaugh  (  IS!!.'!) 
149  U.  S.  .3(18.  3S7,  .37  L.  cd.  772.  781, 
13  Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  914. 

"Whether  the  master  is  liable  for  the 
negligenee  of  a  servant  intrusteil  with 
the  disoharfre  of  one  of  the  absolute, 
personal^  duties  whioh  the  law  imposes 
on  him  h  determined  in  any  piven  case 
by  the  nature  of  the  act  in  the  perform- 
ance of  which  he  was  pfuilty  of  the  lu  ;;li- 
gcnce.  If  he  was  engaged  in  diseharg- 
inj»  an  absolute  duty  of  the  master,  the 
latter  is  liable;  ot'henvise  he  is  not." 
Minneapolis  v.  Lundin  (1893)  7  C.  C.  A. 
.344,  19  V.  S.  App.  24.'i,  .W  Fed.   ^2'^ 

"In  every  case  the  position  of  vice 
principal  must  be  determined  by  ascer- 


taining whether  the  net  performed  or 
duty  omitted  is  one  the  doing  of  which 
is  charged  upon  the  master  and  delegat 
ed  to  the  servant, — in  other  words, 
whether  the  servant  has  been  pu*.  in  the 
place  of  the  master  as  to  the  particular 
service  performed  or  oniitte<l.  If  he  has, 
and  iiis  act  or  omission,  while  in  that 
particular  service,  involves  a  duty  owing 
by  the  master  to  the  servant,  the  mas 
ter  is  liable  for  injury  resulting  from 
sneli  act  or  omission!  if  the  injureil 
servant  is  free  from  negligence  «nd  has 
not  assumed  the  hazard."  \eir  I'itl.i 
huri/h  Conl  rf  Coke  Co.  v.  Peterson 
(1894)    1.3(1  Ind.  398,  35  N.  E.  7. 

"Whenever  it  is  sought  to  hold  the 
master  liable  for  the  act  or  neglect  of 
his  foreman,  the  cpiestion  to  be  first  con- 
sidered is  whether  the  negligence  com- 
l)lained  of  ndate-s  to  anything  which  it 
was  the  duty  of  the  principal  to  do.  If 
it  does,  then  the  principal  is  liable;  for 
hi-  must  see,  at  his  peril,  that  his  own 
obligations  to  his  workmen  are  projjerly 
discharged.  If  it  does  not,  he  is  not 
liable;  for  all  his  workmen  are  liable 
to  rach  other  for  the  consequences  of 
their  negligence,  respectively,  and  he 
does  not  insure  them  against  eauh  other 


•ii='9 


^■1 


IGIO 


MASTKK  ASO  SKRVANT. 


[chap.  XX\1. 


2.  In  iUKitlicr,  an  affivmation  of  tlio  ci-icial  inipnrtanco  of  the  clun 
actor  of  llio  ncf;lip'nt  act  appfars  in  cunnccliiin  witli  an  assertion  tlia' 
the  rank,  titlo,  or  otticial  pusitiim  of  tlie  oilciulinjr  servant,  and  tin 
tlegreo  of  nmtrol  pxprciscd  by  him  over  tho  phiintitV,  are  not  niatcri;il 
factors  in  tlic  dctcnnination  of  the  masiter's  lialiilitv.* 


■  !lr  ! 


i:  ]',■>■ 


by  the  moro  fiii't  of  rmploving  thciii." 
I{(j.is  V.  tlo;/,f(  (ISnO)  13!!  I'a.  42,  21 
Atl.   157.   15!l. 

"The  test,  ns  to  whether  an  eniployi'e 
is  the  rcprcsentntivo  of  the  master  is 
not  ulwther  «noli  oinployic  hiis  the  pow- 
er to  employ  or  disohni'^'e  htinds.  or  to 
purchase  or  elmnpe  miichiner}',  for, 
while  tliese  are  some  of  the  duties  of  the 
muster,  they  are  not  all  his  diilies:  and 
hence  an  employee  who  is  not  intni^tid 
with  either  of  these  powers  may  still  he 
the  repn'senl alive  ot  the  master.  The 
true  test  is  whelher  the  person  in  qiies 
tion  is  eniployecl  to  do  any  of  the  duties 
(if  the  ninsfer."  (liiiilcr  v.  (iniiiilri  illr 
Mfg.  Co.  (1882)  18  S.  C.  270,  44  Am. 
Itep.  573. 

"The  (pii'stion  as  to  whether  the  rela- 
lii>n  of  fellow  servants  exists  in  a  ;;iven 
lase  is.  in  our  opinion.  detormine(l  liy 
an  inquiry  into  the  nature  of  the  ser\ 
ii'e  at  the  particular  time  in  qtiestion. 
If.  at  tlie  time  I  lie  otVendiiij;  servant  |M>r 
formed  the  net  liy  which  another  servaiu 
was  injured,  he  was  in  the  jierformanee 
of  a  duty  which  the  master  <>v,ih\  'o 
Ills  servants,  he  was  not  a  fellow  serv- 
ant; for  the  rule  is  fundamental  that 
the  master  cannot  rid  himself  of  the 
duty  he  owes  to  his  servants  by  delejrat- 
infj  his  authority  to  another,  and  if  1m> 
attempts  to  do  so,  the  person  to  wliom 
he  delegates  the  power  to  aet  is  a  vice 
l>rin  ipal.  and  not  a  fellow  servant. 
On  the  otlier  liand,  if  at  the  time  of 
the  alleijed  ne;:li;.'ene(?  the  servant  was 
not  enj;ay:ed  in  the  perfornianec  of  a 
duty  which  the  ma-ter  owi'd  to  his  serv 
ai't.s.  hut  was  in  tlie  diseliarfre  of  n  duty 
which  the  servant  acting  owed  to  the 
niast<'r,  he  will  he  held  to  lie  a  fellow 
-ervant  with  others  enjiajied  in  the  same 
ccnuiion  business.  an<l  the  master  will 
not  be  liable  for  any  injury  iuHiited  U|v 
on  such  fellow  servant  by  reason  of  hisi 
iie^li;;ence."  .7».«/i<r  v.  Prnii.'tiilrniiin 
Co.  (181)2)  130  Ind.  .TJl.  30  \'.  K.  303. 
".\  railroad  corporation  may  Im-  con- 
trolled by  competent,  tvatclifiil.  and  pru- 
dent directors,  who  exercise  the  ;.'reatest 
caution  in  the  sel(>ction  of  a  stiperintcnd- 
ent  or  general  mana'.'er.  under  whose 
supervision  and  order  its  affairs  and 
businuKs.  in  all  of  its  department-s,   are 


conducted.  The  latter,  in  ttirn,  may  oli 
serNe  the  same  raution  in  the  ap|Kiiiii 
ment  of  subordinates  at  the  head  of  ilic 
several  branches  or  depaitnients  nt'  i!i 
company's  service,  lint  the  oMiLMiiii 
still  remains  to  provi<le  and  niaiiil  im 
in  suitalile  condition,  the  maehinerv  .ml 
apparatus  to  be  iisi^d  by  its  eiuphiyci-,- 
an  ohlio.ition  tho  more  iniporlanl.  anil 
the  degiee  of  dilipencc  in  its  perfcmn 
ance  the  greati-r,  in  proportion  tu  lln- 
dan;:ers  which  may  he  encoiiiii,  ivi 
Tlio»e.  at  least,  in  the  or;.'atii/af  ii  n  nl 
the  cor|>oration.  who  are  iiivesleil  uiih 
contrcdling  or  superior  authority  in  Ihii 
rejiard  repri-sent  its  le;.'al  |M'r-niialln  : 
their  neglijienee.  from  wliiili  iniui\  n 
suits,  is  the  ne;;lij;ence  of  the  eiir|iiiiii 
tion.  The  latter  cannot,  in  re~pi',t  it 
>uch  matti'rs.  interpose  between  it  .iinl 
the  servant  who  has  lieen  injured,  willi 
out  fault  on  his  part,  the  pei-uiiil  v 
spiiii«ibility  of  an  afjenl  who.  in  i\ri.  i- 
iii;;  the  master's  autliorily.  Iia~  vidl.iii  ; 
the  duty  hi'  owi»s,  as  well  to  the  sei\,iiit 
as  to  the  corporation."  Ilomih  v.  7'i  r;* 
({  /'.  A'.  <•;.  (1S70)  100  r,  S.  213,  ;ils 
2.)  I,,  ed.  (ilii,  (il.->. 

'•'Hie  tc^t  of  liability  is  not  the  -;ii'cly 
of  the  |)lace  or  appliance  at  tlie  tiiiir  ■! 
the  injury.  Imt  the  character  of  the  iliiiv. 
the  m';.'li>;ent  |)erforinanee  of  wliiih 
caused  the  iiijuiy."  So/iclil  v.  Hiuiii'" 
hriiii  Sii.r.'tiiiii  Co.  (IPOO)  fit  X.  .J.  1. 
<;o.-).  50  I..  I!.  A.  417,  40  All.  711. 

Tho  true  rule  "makes  the  character  d' 
the  act  or  omis-joii  wlierein  the  nc-li 
fjeuee  evicts  the  test  of  the  nia-lci',  p 
s])onsibility  therefor."  .]frHlli<i<,ll  v. 
Itn,)ili,liii,  ■(  ISill  I  I'll  Conn.  157,  22  Atl, 
10!M. 

"The  test  must  always  be  whether  tli" 
ne^Iifrent  act  or  omission  was  in  di- 
charge  of  the  master's  or  the  seivai.i'- 
dutv."  Ctirhii  V.  llujf  (1809)  62  .\.  I 
L.  758.  42  Ati.  731. 

'The  true  rule  is  to  hold  the  corpora 
tion  liable  for  ncfjlifjence  in  respect  te 
such  acts  and  duties  as  it  is  rc(|iiiri''l 
to  perform  as  master,  without  refjMi.l  t" 
the  rank  nr  title  of  the  ai;ciit  iiitni-lc'l 
with  their  performanc<'.  As  to  ^mli 
acts  the  ajient  tKcupies  the  place  of  tlii' 
corporation,  and  tlie  latter  is  lialilc  for 
the  inannci  in  which  they  are  pcrfuniicJ. 


J  5.-.JJ 


vi(  i:  i'iMN(ii'.\r.snii>— ciiAiurrKii  oi  act. 


ifii; 


riil.i'  V.  Itiislon  A  .1.  /,'.  Cn.  (IST;))  5:i 
N.  V.  i')!!!,  13  .Am.  l((|i.  ."il.'i;  c|iiiiri'il  in 
Crispin  V.  llahliilt  (IHWJ  SI  N.  V.  .'.lil, 
sr  Am.  Ifi'p.  r>21. 

In  /VZ/.r  V.  ./.i(y«    (IStOi    80  N.   V. 
iCt.  30  Am.  i;o|>.  r);.'),  tlir  ci mt,  aftir  cil 
iiiy  earlier  <'ii.-.i's,  procrcili  il  IImh:      "Wf 
unili-r^latiil   tlio  |iriiiri|ili'  df  tlnso  la-^cs 
to  he  thai    arts    whirh     the   iiianlfr,   a- 
-iich,  is  IkiiiiiiI  to  (111  fill  III  I' 1  the  safctv 
and  protect  inn  of  his  iiii|ili  Vits,  eaiiiint 
lie  dele^rated   ho  as  to  eMUierate   tlie  for 
iiier  from   liahillfy  to  a   >ervaiil   who  i* 
injured  hy  thu  <imi--i<>ii  to  iicrl'oriii  the 
art  or  duty,  or  liy  it--  ne;.'li:;int  peil'nrm 
anop,   whetlier   llio    iioMtea-aiiee   or    mi« 
feasance   is   tli.it     of    a     »ii|«rliir   oMieer. 
ayent,  or  .sci\ant.   or   of  ii    ^uliuriliiiate 
or   inferior    afjent    or    servaiil    to   whom 
the  doiii^  of  the  act,  or  the  perl'oriiiaiiei' 
(if    the    duty,   has    hecn  cominitted.      In 
either   case,   in    re  ^nH't    to   »iich    act    oi 
duty  the    .■<enunt    who    undertakes,    or 
oniita  to  |><>rform  it.  is  tho  repre^ent;itive 
of  the  master,  and   not  a   mere  I'oservaiil 
with  one  who  sustains  the  injury.     The 
act  or  onii>>ion  is  the  act  or  oinis.sion  of 
the  master,  iriespe<tivc  of  the  ;;rade  of 
the  servant  whoso  ni';jli;{eiice  caused  the 
injury,  or  of  the  fact  wliellier  it  was  or 
MILS  not  practicable  for  the  master  to  iict 
IKTsonal'y.  or  wliother  he  did  or  did  not 
do  all   lliat    lie    personally   could    do  by 
-eloctint;   competent   servants,    or   other 
«i^L'  to  ^'curc  the  safety  of  hi.s  employ 
iv^.     It   is   sometimes   dilTieult    to  deter 
mine  what  is  the  master'.s  duty,  within 
the  rule.     Htit   when    it    is    ascertained 
tliat  the  iHj.'li'jcnee    by    which    an    cm 
ployee   is    injured    relates   to   this   duty, 
then  tliere  is  no  middle  ^.'lound.  and  the 
case  cannot  bo  determined  uyxm  any  dis 
linclion     founded     upon    the    particulai 
;;nKlc,  ollice.  or  function  of  the  nej;lii;enl 
-I  rvaiit  or  at'cnt." 

"Tlie  true  test,  it  is  believed,  whether 
III  employee  occupies  the  position  of  a 
Icllciw  .servant  to  another  employee,  or 
i"  llie  representative  of  the  master,  is 
to  lie  found,  not  from  the  jirade  or  rank 
of  the  otVendin",'  or  injured  servant,  hut 
it  i>  to  be  determined  by  the  character 
"f  llie  act  beini;  piiforiiied  by  the  of 
fending  servant,  by  which  anothcf  .iii- 
filoyee  is  injured ;  or.  in  other  w>  "ds, 
whether  tlie  person  whose  .status  is  in 
question  is  cliarf;cd  with  the  perform 
ance  of  a  duty  which  properly  beloui's 
to  the  master."  Schn,!  ilir  v."  Flint  if 
i:  W.  R.  Co.  (I,S!)4)  10,3  Mich.  213.  20 
'•  l^  A.  .■!2!.  01  X.  W.  603. 

The  te-^t   whi'ther  or   not  nn   employee 
by   whose   neyllyencu    another    fiii|>lo\e« 


w.is  iiijurid  wa«  n  fellow  «ervant  of  the 
latter  is  not  'a  didcreine  in  rank,  nr 
the  powir  to  control  and  direct  or  ili 
cliari.'u  from  service  the  eniployi-e  lo 
jilied."  but  "whetlicr  the  act  or  oini'--ion 
loultln;;  in  injury  iinohid  a  duly 
owim.'  by  the  iiia«lei    to  the  injureil  ein- 

ployif."    itni.ni.^un  v.  rhirii-ii,  a  /;,  n, 

fo.    (IHIM!)    Uti  liiil.   (St!.  4.-)  .\.  K.  (i.-,.-,. 

"For  failure  or  nejljyriiee  in  the  dis- 
ihar^'e  of  tlii-e  pergonal  iluties  of  llici 
master.  ii>ultiiiy  in  iiijuiy,  the  ma-ler 
is  liable  whet  her  he  aits  in  |H'rsiin  or  liy 
other  servants.  If  he  acts  by  s<.rvaiit« 
in  such  cases,  it  makes  no  dilbieiice  as 
to  the  crade  of  the  servant.  The  serv- 
ant is  ideiililied  with  the  ma>ter.  The 
master's  iluij.-  are  ca~t  u|M)n  him  and 
for  his  default  the  master  is  liable,  and 
in  these  cuse.s  the  doctrine  of  •fellow 
'■•rvant-,'  ,so  called,  has  no  application 
wh.itevcr."  Srhuiih  v.  Iliiiiiiilnil  d-  St. 
■I.  II.  Co.  (Mill)  10«  .Mo.  87,  Iti  S.  W. 
024. 

"It  is  not  the  law  that  the  mere  fact 
ill, it  an  appliance  furnished  by  the  mas- 
liT  to  liis  servants  to  lie  ii^c  I  by  them 
in  the  pro>eiiit  ion  of  their  work  has 
been  coii>lni<ted  by  one  who  has  Ins  ii  a 
fellow  serve  lit.  eti;;ai;ed  in  the  same  kiini 
of  w(irk  with  tlie  servant  who  is  injured, 
exonerates  the  master  from  liabilitv  for 
the  eonsequeiices  of  a  difeetivciies,  of 
the  appliance.  On  the  coiitrai-j'  thi'  law- 
is  that  the  duty  of  tlie  master  to  fur- 
nish rea^Hiably  safe  tools,  machines, 
and  appliances  to  his  servants,  to  lie 
used  by  them  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
work  nssiirncd  to  them,  is  absolute  in  its 
nature,  and  personal  to  the  master  to 
the  extent  of  using  due  care  to  accom- 
plish the  end  named,  .\s  this  duty  is 
|H>rsonal  to  the  master,  it  is  entirely  iin- 
material  to  wlial  yrade  of  servants  or 
employees  he  dele;;ates  its  |«'rl"riiiaiiee. 
He  may  delej;ate  it  to  bis  ;;eiii  ral  ayent, 
who  has  the  ^.'eiieral  supei  iiileiidem-e  of 
his  work  ami  the  duty  of  eiiipli.\  in^'  and 
diMhar;.'ifi^'  hands,  and  the  entile  con- 
trol over  their  niovements  and  opera- 
tions; or  he  may  deJiLiate  it  to  one  of 
llie  common  laborers  who  are  to  use  llie 
ippliaiiee.  lie  may  d(de;;ate  it  to  a 
trained  iiicchanie.  or  he  may  select  a  la- 
borer utterly  without  skill".  In  either 
ease,  as  the  duly  is  personal  to  him,  he 
iK'eomiw  responsible  for  its  proper  pcr- 
fcprmaiice  to  the  extent  of  usiii^  rea-on- 
able  care  and  dilif.'enee  to  the  end  that 
it  is  pro|)erly  performed.  In  any  of 
these  ca.so.s  tlio  p,irtieiil.ir  .lyeiil,  <  iii- 
plo\cc,  or  servant,  to  whom  he  deh;.'ales 
this  duty,  becoiiies,  for  that  reason,  and 


tei8 


AlASTlil!  ANlJSKKV.WT. 


[t  HAP.  xxxr 


3.  In  aiKitlior  it  Is  ImM  d.iuii  lluit  tlic  wro  onn.'nv  ni'^tit  nf  n  r, 


IH'tnit  pcrsiin  to  pcrfuiiii  the  .luiv  wliirli  wns  oiiiiiiiU  is  lu.l 
to  nlwiivr  tlu'  iniistcr  I'i'mmi  ii-|piiii-il»ilitv.' 


ni- 

Blliliuicii; 


4.   1 


n    anotlior  «(■  tiixl    a  ^iiii|>li>   atliniintivc  of  t}i«   rcpm-iftitnti 


I'liaraclcr  of  tin-  cinpluvco  wlm  is  iniriisicj  wiiU  tlu;  pcil 


oue  of  till!  null  (Iclcjiahie  duties.* 

a<t  to  it.  his  viii-  |iriiici|>iil.  iiiicl  \*  liil<cii 
out  of  till-  iiili';;(jr_v  iif  fi'ljiiw  scrvuntj* 
ill  ic«|Mst  iif  iinv  utliiT  -iTViiiil-'  wild  iiri! 
injured  tliiiiii;:li  llic  (Iffci'tivi'iicss  of  tlio 
iip|>liiiiici'."  ./i„„.i  V.  SI.  hiiuin.  \.  rf  /'. 
I'lirhl  r,).    (IHiH)    4.')  .\lo.  .App.  :t!tS. 

Kiir  oilier  eMiiiipIes  of  llie  snine  tum 
of  expression,  see  iS'/ocAi/K  i/i  c  v.  Herd 
Il8!t:i)  .-15  |-e<l.  ari!):  HuiiKiiiH  v.  .Vew 
York.  I,.  H.  i(  \\ .  It.  Co.  (  IMIMI  142  N. 
Y.  4l(i.  2.-.  1..  K.  A.  ;t!l(i.  :I7  X.  K.  4(itl: 
lliiriisiiii    V.    hrlrtiit,   L.    A     N.     R.    Co. 

I  ISIIII)  7!(  Mieh.  4(»ll,  7  L.  a.  A.  tiJ.i.  44 
N.   W.   lo;!4:    l.iiidnill  V.   \\„o,ls    (  IHSlt) 

II  Minn.  •2\-2.  4  I,.  I!.  A.  7!1.!,  42  N'.  \V. 
lOJII;  r,iiUf,ii  V.  \tiiUiiri  nil  III  Tilrjili. 
H.irhiiniif  fii.  (t8i)iii  d."}  Minn.  42S.  li.") 
N.  U.  Ill 4;  A<  ni,r  v.  Hnltimurr  rf  O.  .V. 
11.  /,'.  (■.,.  I  IsiiTi  14!)  Ind.  21.  4S  X.  K. 
nil;  fuji.n-  \.  I.iiiii.srilh-.  H.  if  SI.  I,. 
/■'.  Co.  I  l.ss.-,  I  lo:i  Ind.  Hn.'i.  2  N.  K.  740; 
i;,,,;  \.  Ill,,',-  (  18117 )  18  In<I.  App.  87. 
ir  \'.  K.  -IH.->;  .1,  iiLin.H  V.  Hirlnnoiiil  rf 
It.  U.  r.,.  I  isii.ii  .-in  s.  C.  .507.  18  S.  K. 
K:.':  i:nh  si„„.  II.  d  s.  .1.  W.  Co.  V. 
~  w//i  (  isiiiii  7(i  lex,  fill.  i:i  S.  \\. 
■■-•;    ././.'..vo,!     v.     \ -,;/■«,//,■    rf   ir.   /.'.  r., 

!s;'7)    4.t  \V.  Vii.  .ISK.  4t!  I..  I!.  A.  ;1.17. 

27  s.  I-;.  278.  .-(I  s.  i;.  2.58 :  i:ii  V.  v.,,/;.- 
.  >.•;  /'.  /.'.  fo.   ( is;ii )    I   X.  I).  ;t.i(i.  12 

I..  R.  A.  (17.  48  X.  \V.  222;  n,ii..i  v. 
Suiilhini  I'.  Cu.  (I8!l.li  08  Cnl.  10.  32 
I'mi-.  7iiS:  follow  iiij;  (•iiUiir  v.  Sliinhan 
I  I87.-))    .-.1   (ill.    llli. 

■1(1/1  />».<.(  H  V.  l.iliUirr  (188i)|  7S 
Mieli.  t!i2.  44  X.  W  .  ,-)72. 

'"If.  inshvid  if  |MTsoiially  perfoniiiiiL' 
these  Ipei-soMiill  ohli^ations.  tin-  master 
eiiLMiris  another  to  do  Ihem  for  hini.  he 
is  liahli'  for  the  iieylect  of  thai  olliei. 
wliieh.  in  siuh  lase,  is  not  the  mu'lecl 
of  a  fellow  servant,  no  matter  wliiil  hi" 
posilion  as  to  other  matters,  hut  is  the 
nejileet  of  the  nia-ter  to  do  those  thing's 
\vhi<h  it  is  the  duty  of  the  master  to 
perform   as  sueh."      Sorllirm    I'.    It.   Co. 

\.  I'lirr.ioii  (i8!i(i)  1112  r.  S.  rUli.  40  J,. 

ed.  !t!»4.  Ifi  Sup.  Vt.  Hep.  S4:i. 

"If  a  |M'rson  employs  anollier  to  per 
form  a  duty  whieli  lie  wdiild  have  to  dis 
eharjjp  if  nie>ther  were  nol  i-iii|i!oy[-cl  in 
do  it  for  him.  .such  employee,  as  to  that 
service,  stands  in  tlu'  in;ist'er"»  stead  with 


iil'lliailcu  Ol 


relation  to  other  |«r-ons."  Moure  v 
Mnh-i.ih.  SI.  /,.  rf  /•.  A'.  Co.  (|sh:i)  si 
.Mo,  .■)S8. 

".\t  eonimon  law.  whenever  the  iiia-i.  i 
delepites  to  any  ollieer.  servant,  a:.i  ni 
or  employee.  Iiij,'li  or  low.  the  peili.iin 
iinee  of  any  of  the  duties  aliove  ih.m 
tioiied,  wliieh  really  devolve  iijhiii  iIh 
nia-ster  himself,  then  siieh  ollieer,  s.n 
ant,  iifrent,  or  employe)'  stands  in  i|., 
plaee  of  the  master  and  beeomes  a  -u!i 
stituto  for  the  ma.stei.  a  vice  priiiii|piil 
and  the  master  is  lialde  for  his  aets  ur 
his  ne;rli^enee  to  the  same  extent  a.- 
tlioU}.'li  till-  master  liimsidf  had  |»t 
formed  the  nets,  or  was  ^luilty  of  Ihr 
lle;;liL'enee."  \trlii.ii,ii.  T.  rf  S.  F.  It.  I'n 
V.  .Voore  (188.3)   20  Kan.  Ii.l2. 

"It  is  elenr  upon  prineiple  that  wlicn- 
the  duly  res|,s  direetly  on  the  ni.ist.r 
:in(l  he  authorizes  n,\  afient  or  sen, mi 
to  perform  that  duty,  he  is  hound  to  .m 
s\\er  to  a  servant  injuri'd  liy  tlii'  iirijli 
vent  jierformanee  <it  the  duty."  Imli 
iiiiii  rm  I'o.  V.  I'urhir  (18S,">i"  lOll  IihI 
181, 

"One  who  is  plaeeil  in  ehai;;e  ri  ,i 
toree  of  men  eii;jai:ed  in  any  of  tin- 
oeeupations,  whose  duties  are  limiliil  in 
rarryiiiy  on  the  work,  or  direelin;;  ii, 
whether  actively  assisting;  then  in  cr 
not.  and  who  is  invested  with  no  ;iiitli.  i 
ity,  or  oh.ir;.'ed  with  no  duty,  in  tin 
nishini;  places  or  iippliames  f,.r  i!i, 
work,  or  in  the  employment  or  nliii 
liiili  of  eiii|>lovis-s.  is  himself  usually  ;. 
mere  eoemployii-.  His  duties  rii|iiiii 
him  to  use.  or  suiierinlend  and  direct  tlu' 
ii-iiifr  of  jilaces  ;ind  appliances,  and  to 
control  employees  fimiished  hy  the  inas- 
let.  If.  hnucvcr.  he  is  ".'iveii  ad(lilii>n:il 
:iulliority.  and  is  chareeil  with  the  iliit,v 
of  furnishing  places  to  work  and  appli 
aiiees  for  the  work,  ami  is  authori/nl 
to  employ  an<I  disrliarfie  operatives,  he 
is.  as  to  such  lliinf;s,  nol  a  eoeniplimi', 
liut  sp(>;iks  and  acts  as  a  master."  \aU 
V  l.uiiisiilh.  v.  .1,  rf  r.  It.  Co.  (1801) 
120   Ind.  2liil.  28  .\.  K.   I8:i.  lill. 

"If  tlie  master  has  delegated  to  a  serT- 
;iut  or  employee  the  r.ire  and  ni;in.if?; 
nient  of  the  entire  liiisini'ss.  or  a  ill"- 
tiiiet  department  of  it,  the  situation  be- 


I 


i  ioi\ 


\  l(  |-  l'lUX('ll'AL.smr— CHARACrKR  OK  A(rr. 


lAIft 


5.   In  nimtlior  the  non-tlolrgiiblo  quality  of  tho  uiustor'a  personal  du- 
tip»  is  eiiipliaHizcd.* 


inc  *\ieh  that  tlip  siifxTinr  spirant  Is 
I'lijiytHl  witli  llif  |a'rfiiriiiaiiri-  nf  ilutit-it 
tiiHiiiil*  the  infcriiir  servant  which  the 
l;iw  iiii|i(iM?<  ii|>iiii  thi>  niaMtcr.  then  Hiich 
-upcriiir  diTvaiit  !itan<Is  in  the  [ilacc  of 
I  hi'  mattpr,  and  thi-  nili'  of  r<  siimidial 
«M(i<  rtor  ap|>1ic'i»."  Uiinivm  v.  Itrtniil, 
I.,  d  .V.  II.  Vo.  (18!)0)  71»  Mich.  MVJ,  7 
I..  H.  A.  1123.  44  X.  W.  103  4. 

Wlicrc  injurii's  are  rau*c<l  by  nof;'!- 
;;iii<c  of  a  servant  who  it  charjicil  with 
the  [crfciniiaiiic  of  dntios  which  by  law 
it  i.--  inciiiiilH'iit  on  the  iiia»lcr  to  per- 
form, in  Ic^al  cnnti'iiiphilioii  his  ncfili- 
^•cnce  is  llic  ncftllHcncf  of  the  master. 
Ilallimon-  '  O.  U.  Co.  v.  MrKeinie 
'  ISM,-. I  SI  Va.  71. 

In  laiiu  V.  Mest  Virginin,  C.  d  P.  It. 
Co.  (lSS.->)  27  W.  Va.  14.'..  the  correct 
rule  on  this  s\ihjcct.  as  ilciliiccd  from 
the  more  reci-nt  and  hcttcrcon^iih-ii'd 
Aincriciin  cascn.  was  said  to  have  lieen 
that  statc<l  in  Wood  on  Master  &  Stv- 
ant,  5  43S.  as  follows:  '•Whenever  the 
muster  dcU'patos  to  another  the  [H'rform- 
iince  of  a  duty  t6  his  servants,  which 
the  ma.ster  had  impliedly  contracted  to 
|H'rfomi  in  |)ersnn.  or  which  rests  upon 
his  aa  an  absolute  duty,  he  is  liable  foi 
the  manner  in  which  that  duty  is  |>er- 
formed  by  the  middleman  whom  he  has 
-elected  as  his  a^ent;  and  to  the  extent 
nf  the  discharfje  of  those  duties  by  the 
middleman,  he  stands  in  the  place  of  the 
m.Tster,  but  as  to  all  other  matters  he 
is  a  mere  cos<'rvant;  and  the  ipiestion 
is  not  whether  the  master  reserved  any 
ovprsisiht  or  discretion  to  himself,  but 
whether  he  did  in  fact  clothe  the  middle- 
man wich  pf)wer  to  [lerform  his  duties 
tn  the  servant  injured." 

See  also  Corcornii  v.  Holbronk  (1875) 
.■)9  N.  Y.  517,  17  Am.  Rep.  309;  Loiiqh- 
tin  V.  S!tate  (18S7)  10.5  \.  Y.  l.'ifl.  11 
V.  E.  371;  lAmhall  v.  Wo«,U  (1S89)  41 
Minn.  212.  4  L.  R.  A.  793,  42  N.  W. 
iniO:  Marhry  v.  Baltimore  d  P.  R.  Co. 
ilSliO)   S  Mackey.  282. 

'■  "Xo  duty  requirefl  of  him  [the  mas- 
ler'l  for  the  safety  and  protection  of  his 
-ervants  can  be  tn.nsferred,  so  as  to 
I'Nonerate  him  from  such  liability." 
Xnrlhcrn  P.  R.  Co.  v.  tlrrhcrt  (1880) 
11(1  r.  S.  642,  29  L.  ed.  7.")5,  6  Sup.  Ct. 
Rep.  590,  Affirming  (1882)  3  Dak.  38. 
13  X.  W.  349. 

"The  nonfulfilment  of  a  positive  duty 
cannot  be  excused  by  the  delegation  of 
its  performance  to  another."    Pennsyl- 


rnnin  R.  Cn.  v.   Inltur   (1897)   27  T.  C. 
A.  :iil.l,  .■>.■•  r.  S    App.  20,  HI    IVd.  118. 

".\n  enipliyer  is  not  relieveil  from  re- 
sponsibility to  an  employee,  who  has 
liivn  injured  in  eonsiipieni-  of  his  fail 
ure  to  make  the  workinn  place  reason- 
ably sale,  by  proof  that  he  employnl  a 
eompi'lenl  supei  iiiteiident  or  foreman, 
supplied  him  with  nei-essim-  appliamvs. 
am!  ;.'avo  him  all  needful  i,i-.truitions 
for  the  purpo-e."  Ilaiiil  v.  Itritli/ 
(1899)  3,-1  V.  ('.  A.  78.  t)3  U.  S,  App. 
157,  92   Fed.  SH». 

"Xo  duty  beloii>;in;»  to  the  master  to 
perform  for  tin'  safety  and  protection  of 
his  servants  can  be  dele;;ated  tn  any  siTV- 
ant  of  any  yrade,  so  a«  tr)  exonerate  the 
servant  from  respon-ibility  to  a  coserv- 
ant  who  h.is  been  injuied  by  its  ni>ii|M<r- 
formance."  \liinn  v.  Drliinnir  li  II. 
Cnii'it  Co.    (1883)    91   N.  Y.  49."). 

"A  master  is  never  exonerated  by  the 
nejilifient  omission  of  subordinates  to 
perform  duties  which  are  imposed  on 
him  in  his  character  as  master,  result- 
inp  in  injurv  to  his  emplovees."  Hnitni 
V,  Rnmr.M'.  rf  O.  If.  Co.  ("1893)  1.39  N'. 
y.  ,302,  34  X.  E.  918. 

Tn  Ford  v.  Lai/  Shurr  rf  I/.  S.  R.  Co. 
(1891)  12t  X.  Y.  493.  12  I..  U.  A.  4.'>4, 
26  N.  E.  1101.  the  court,  after  stating 
that  a  want  of  care  on  the  master's  part 
may  appear  from  various  derelict iims  of 
specific  duties,  said:  '"These  are  the 
master's  duties,  and  resywinsibility  can- 
not be  evaded  by  their  ileli'tration  to 
agents.  As  to  such  acts  the  a;.'ent  oc- 
cupies the  master's  ]>li!C".  ami  the  lat- 
ter is  deemed  present  and  liable  for  the 
manner  in   which   they  are   performed." 

"The  duty  of  the  master  to  exercise 
reasonable  eare  that  the  maeliinery,  ap- 
pliances, and  place  to  work,  supplied  to 
the  servant,  are  reasonably  safe,  is  [K-r- 
sonal,  and  cannot  be  delegated  to  anoth- 
er so  as  to  relieve  the  master  from  lia- 
bility for  its  noniKTfnrmanee."  hUhinrd 
nines  l.iimhrr  Co.  v.  Ijin'i.9  (1898)  172 
111.  315,  .50  N.  E.  225.  Allirminj,'  (1897) 
68  111.  App.  .523. 

The  ma.ster  "cannot  avoid  the  liabil- 
ity by  deputina  another  to  [K'rforni  these 
dutif!s  in  his  stead."  Hrnini  v.  Wiimiin 
d  St.  P.  If.  Co.  (ISSOj  27  Minn,  H12.  38 
Am.  Rep.  285.  fi  X.  \V.  484. 

"While  the  ma.ster  may  deleprate  the 
[t.  c  a  personal!  duty  to  otiaT  employ- 
ees, he  cannot  thereby  escap<'  liability 
for     its    nonperformance."    Cadden    v. 


A    ' 


i:^^ 


16(0 


.MANTKI!  .\NUSKIt\.\NT. 


ICUAP.  XXXI. 


fl.  In  iiti'ilIuT,  tlic  liin^-iiiip'  tiiki't*  flic  sliiipo  of  n  dii-Inrnfion  tlud 
coHorvioc  will  imt  (li-t'cnt  ihc  nriii.n  wIkto  ilic  dcliiKjiicni  was  dischuig 
inj(  one  of  till-  pcrsniiiil  iliilic:'  itf  tlir  imistcr." 


;i  ,! 


I ;    • 


H  i 


j. 

1      i 

;     : 

t*''; 

U      '      i 

It 

•  i 

11  r 

di^ 

hi  ■ 

j! 

■    I   ] 

,1  ■■'*  ■ 

II  '^  - 

;: 

liJiL 

ik 

■  'I' 


\miricnn     SliH     llnnit    C„.    (ISIMI    HH 
\\  i-.  409,  60  N.  \V.  Hlt(t 

siiiiilHrly  tlic  oinitH  liii\c  «|hiI»i>ii  of  mi 
"<ililij,'nf inn  mil  Malij-lied  lr\  iliviilvin;.'  it 
iijioii    II    Kiiliiinliintr      I  It'll! fl    \.    Itiillii 

I  is!iii|  35  r.  c.  A.  :>.  (i:i  r.  s.  A|i|..  i.")T. 

!IJ  KimI.  884)  :  of  ••.lulii*  tt>  \h«-r  «.'iv 
iiij;  liiiii.  wiiioli  lie  piiiiiinl  <!(  v.^i  lilni»ilt 
111  li_v  any  deli-;;iiliiiii  In  otliii-."  {Imh 
iiiin'Ciir  Co.  V.  I'ml.ii  |1SS.">1  loll  liid. 
IHI.  i|iuitin};  from  ,iii  i--iiy  l)y  .Iml^'r 
('"iiilcv,  in  2  Smitlic  III  l.nw  Itcvirw.  N'. 
S.  Ili  [p.  12;Hip  ;  of  M  (Inly  whiili  the 
iiiii-liT  ciinnot  rill  hiii.iflf  of  l)y  ciMting 
il  upon  lUi  ii;.'i'nt,  oMirrr.  or  sfnnnt  <'in 
plovcU  1)V  tint"  {Inili'iiiii  i'm  <'<i.  \. 
i;iil:'r  riss.")!  ton  Iml.  HI)  ;  of  "iliiti.-. 
iil  wliicli  the  niifti-r  raniinl  ii'lir\r  him 
»rlf  liv  liny  di'lciialion"  ((Jiiinni  \liii.  I'u. 
V.  hilln  [IHTiM  1-2  Miili.  .14.  ;}  N.  U. 
240  1  ;  of  "»  [>rim\i>  duly,  of  wliirli  tin- 
miislcT  piinnot  rflicvi-  liim-flf  liy  olotli 
in;.'  "onir  ^rmiTiil  ii^i'nl  willi  llo'  pimrr. 
mid  ohnrjiing  him  with  tlio  duly,  if  mak- 
ing.' f«'ffiiriiinnre  for  liiin"  {Tiiiniii  v. 
Miiiiiraiinlis  d  St.  L.  R.  Co.  |ISH.-i|  .ID 
Minn.  311,  63  .\m.  Rep.  X'l.  23  .\.  \V. 
22!) ) . 

For  otlier  examples  of  llir  siiiiic  form 
of  statement,  gee  the  follmviii;;  eascH: 
Cowhrn  V.  BellrriUy  Stmir  Co.  (IrtliCi) 
.'.;>  X.  J.  L.  ?2ti.  3<i  All.  47.1:  Imliiinii 
Cnr  Co.  V.  Parker  (ISS.'i)  100  hid.  1H1. 
Ilfi-i1  ninck  Coal  Co.  v.  V-HMf/  (ISS(l) 
117  Ind.  .-|20.  20  \.  K.  !2.i:  h.hii^ini  v. 
<-lt<wi,r.ih,  ,{•  n.  R.  Co.  (1SM2I  .10  W. 
\il.  "ri.  14  S.  K.  4.12:  Vmi  Khtuhuiqh 
\.  Thnriitoii  (ISilS)  58  N.  .1.  L.  IIO.  33 
All.  .ISO:  nrnziiiq  v,  Sliinirni/  (iN.HIil 
101  \.  V.  540.  3  \.  E.  440;  Union  I'.  R. 
<■„.  V.  D'lnirh  118041  l.')2  t'.  S.  684. 
^nh  itom.  I'nian  I'.  /?.  Co.  v.  ^nifdrr 
•I'*  r,.  ed.  ."iO?.  14  Sup.  CI.  Rep.  750.'  Af 
liniiiiifr  (1800)  tl  rtah.  :i.-)7,  23  I'.ir 
7r,2:    Chinino    (!.    W.    R.    Co.    v.    A/ra/i, 

iisosi  .30  r.  r.  a.  ii.  57  i'.  s,  App. 

■>l:i.  St;  Ked.  215:  I'iKr  v.  Chini,,o  <{•  4. 
/,'.  Co.  (1800)  41  Fed.  05;  Smith'  y.  Hill 
.vu/r  Co,il  <f  /.  Co.  (18!)Si  ISO  Pn.  28, 
40   All.  287:    Rnlhoff  v.   Michigan  C.  R. 

Co.    (18051    100  Mich.  r.on.  05  N.  \V. 

502;  Ciiihoii  V.  Snrthn mtrin  Ti'lrph. 
F..rchiiiiii,-  Co.  (ISilCi  03  >!;nn.  428.  65 
N.  \V.  014:  n  111,1, Ihi  V.  Sun  Francisco 
liriilqe  Co.  (1n07)  117  Ca\.  417.  43  Pnc 
.■.")!);  .4rWr'r-;.,<t  \.  Chn-J-:/,',  (1800 1  62 
•'.  J.  L.  788,  43  Atl.  19C;  Oalirston,  B. 


it  N.  I.  R.  Co.  V.  .^Kiifh  (1800)  7«  Tev 
on,    13   S.    \V.   .-.02. 

""If  nil  emploMe   •ii«lainH  nn   injim 
lliroiifh   the   mjjli^'eli.'e  of  a  eiHMiipl".\.  • 

while  ••iirli  mployee  \»  |M'rforniiti;:  ili. 

dilliei  of  the  iim-iler.  the  nianler  ihiiimI 
defeat    lii«   leeovery  on   the  (.'round   ilin 
lliiy    are    fellciA    neivaiitH."      Wil^un    \ 
Chiilisloi,  a    .v.   R.  Co.    (1800)    51    S.  I 
70.  28   S,    K.  01. 

■'Till'  iiiylijieiiee  of  a  felliirt  servant  ii 
I'inMiiploM'i'.  ail  in;;  ax  xiieh.  will  mil  an 
Ihiui/e  :i  leioveiy  in  any  ea«e,  ailliiiiL'l 
I  he  fellow  servant  or  roeinployie  iiiiiy  In 
I  superior  ollieer.  an  a^'ent.  or  a  fim 
man:     hut.    if    the    »iiperioi-    aijem     i- 

chai'jid     with     Hie    perfiirm.im f    tl. 

imi-ter'"  duty.  then,  in  mo  far  a*  lliai 
duty  \*  eoiieei  mil.  Iiis  acti  and  liii  ii>l 
liiiinie  are  the  act*  and  the  ne;.'li;.'itii  r 
uf  till-  miiiter.  and  not  «imply  Hi..-, 
of  11  coemployii'  or  fellow  ««'r\nnl." 
/»■((«  </ir  V.  I,niii.ii  ilU\  .V.  .(.  A  ('.  R.  Cn 
III   Ind.  ,V».   II   V.  K..057. 

(  oiiipare  Sliirl.r  v.  Oihnns  R.  ('<> 
I  iNliSi    .-,0    l,n.   .\nii.    188.  2:1  So.    :U2 

The  eleliienlaiy  loiiieplion  linderluiiL' 
this  I'orm  of  slalemiiit  ix  ohservable  iii 
the  lielaral  ion  thai  a  Hervaiil  doen  imi 
.iH!<iiiiie  the  risks  of  ne^jliKent  aii-  ul 
this  class  on  the  part  of  llie  iiijim  I 
servant.  Mimntoitth  Min.  tf  l//i;.  Cn.  \. 
Hrlinii  (18041  148  III.  ,-.21.  30  N.  E.  117 
\;liriiiii;^'    I  18>I2)    15    111.   App.  411. 

Comiiiinliii;;  upon  the  last  two  "( 
Ihese  alternative  modes  of  slalenunt  in 
/••(/((. /s  V.  I.iiilloir  Mfq.  Co.  (1887)  144 
Mass.  201.  .50  Am.  Kip.  08,  II  N.  K. 
77.  the  eoiirt  said:  ".-Vs  a  eorporalioii 
iiiiist  act  liy  natural  persons,  and  as  all 
larye  eo  'nations  rarry  on  their  hnsi 
Mess  h;  'uns  of  servants  of  diiriniit 
LTiades  .«  manifest  that,  if  it  is  ImM 
lli.it  :■   are   all    fellow    servants,  and 

I  hat  eorporation    oiiii    delesate    tin- 

vlinle  luty  of  hiring  and  siiperinteiidini; 
ils  servants,  and  of  providinf^  its  m.\ 
•  liinery  and  of  keepinj;  it  in  repair,  t" 
one  or  more  principal  serk'ants,  siiili  as 
superintendents  or  managers  the  cor 
poratiiin  may  escape  all  i» -iponsibilily 
for  injuries  caused  by  defective  ma 
chinei-y,  except  in  the  few  cases  where 
it  can  be  shown  that  these  principal 
servants  were  incompetent,  or  that  thf 
direftors  of  the  eorpiii.it ion.  or  its  pii-- 
eipal  officers,  knew  that  the  subordinate 


ill 


III 


I  i'>'l  vi(  y.  I'UiNt  ii*.\i,siiii'-(ii.\iurrKK  ok  mt  nui 

583.  Subsidiary  coniequencei  deduced  from  the  general  principle.— 

I'rniii  ih.-  |iriii<-i|i|r  iliiii  the  miiHtcr's  lial.iliiv  ia  u  iM'niii|.t..rv  iiiler 
.IRC  ol  law  uiicii  ilii'  evidence  ^liou.-  that  tho  injiirv  wa^  cim-e.l  l)v  n 
vi<.hiti'>ii    ut    one    ul  his  iiMii-delegable  ilutics,  acverul  cuiis^'ciueiiee... 

t'lilloW. 

1.  If  a  iiia-ler  \\an  n«  representative  t..  di-ohnrgo  the  iien  <leleiijil 
(jiitie.-  wiiieii  lie  due,  i,iit  iindertiike  to  dischiirp-  in  pei^nn.  Im'  i 
le*ciiliialile  ilian  whiie  the  repr.'senlativeaetiiailv  Mp|i<iirtted  for  that 
|iiir|>n.se  |(ertnrni-  liis  tUni'tiiPii-.  ne^rlipntiv.' 

2.  'I  he  n'iister  i-  ncme  ihc  h'ss  n-.sjMtiisihlo.  heean><c  lie  did  nut  kunw 
I'liit  Ills  ii^cni  \va<  iialMiiiidlv  earelrsH  and  iiiitit  t'c>r  his  |)u-,ifi(in.- 

3.  The  mere  I'aei  ihMl  ,1  vie<-  prineipal  has  jriven  order.H  wliieli.  if 
iliev  had  heen  executed,  wi.nhl  liave  averted  tlie  calaMmplie  fr<«ni 
wliich  iiijnrv  resnhed,  will  not  discharge  his  oniplo^er  i'mni  liahilit^'. 
IJiiptv  orders  will  imt  .-utliee.^ 

4.  Tile  tact  that  liie  delini|iii  nt  wan  imt  tlie  sole  person  to  wliom 
ilio  perlorniance  ot'  a  noii-deleuidde  diit^  was  iutrusted,  us  i-e.-pccts  tlie 
piainiitr,  will  not  avail  the  master.* 

-.TMUif^  Mill,  iiiiiiinpilcni.  or  ttiiit  tlie  m-y  niiitt.r  for  a  iimsfor  to  osri\]>r  tin- 
ii.Hrhincry  iKr.l  wiis  .lifniivc.    To  avoid    liilii\    if  an  ihiIit  to  coii«liii.l   ,iili-  ma- 

ilii-  rr-iill.   Ni.ii lis  have  helil   that    fhim'iv      woillil      bfi      siiHiiiint,        That 

-ii|«riiiliiiiliiil>  or  iiiaiia^'crs  arc  not  fcl-  woiiMlie  equivalent  to  .Miiliiatin.'  him 
low  ».ivan|.i  svilh  the  men  emplnveil  to  eiiiiiely  fn.in  all  liahiliiv  in  ihU  le 
work  iinih'i  Iheiii,  oi  Ihat  servants  em-  ■.'aril."  Wilson  v.  Willi'mdnlir  i.in,,, 
plojiil  ill  nil.  ile|iarlniiiif  of  the  Imsi  Co.  (IKs.l,  -,()  ronn.  t;i:!.  -47  \in.  Hep 
m-s  nre  not  fellow  seivani,  with  those  .Vi.'!  (appliance  left  iniompli'lc  I . 
iiii;  In.Mil  in  another.  (Mini  courts  have  «oiii|i'  ,■  also  Flik<  v.  It'.itvii  i{  I  II 
field  that  they  are  all  fillow  servants,  Co.  (I  ,  .1 1  ,-,;j  X.  y.  :,y).  l;i  Am.  llip. 
Imt  that  the  master  caoiiot  avoid  his  ."iJ.'i  (oiakeman  who  had  heen  liire<l  to 
|ilih;;ation  to  see  to  it  that  roasonal.le  lill  a  vacancy  did  not  arrive  and  the 
iiire  sliallhe  exercisivl  in  pio.iirini,' suit-  train  was  smt  out  with  an  inMillicient 
.ihle  maeliiiieiy.  in  knpiiiL'  it  in  re-  iimnber  of  hands;  ace  S  .■.7.t.  iM/Va  I  ;  l» 
[iiiir,  and  in  liirin^j  and  ni  liiiin;;  i-mii  ,|.,.■^^,ll  v.  Mithh/.in  V  l{  Co  ils'l.-i)  107 
I'ltciit  scrvanls,  hy  eTiipii.yiii^'  a  .si  r%aiil  Mich.  oill.  (15  N.  W.  .W.'.  (assistant  road 
III  do  these  till n;;s  for  him.  and  that  if  ma,t,i  sent  section  foreman  to  repair 
lie  .|i«s  cMipl.iy  a  servant  Inr  this  p„r  d.lic;  ive  track,  but  did  not  see  that  his 
|i'iv.  and  the  servant  doe-  iml  use  due  orders  had  heen  carried  out  properly); 
..Mr.    the    master    is    ropon-ilil,..''  Hnhisso   v.    \iilio,ial   fi.    S    Co     (IHOS) 

'Wihau    V.     iri7/i»i„„(/c    l.iiir,,     Co.   27   App.  Div.   ItlO.  .50  \.   V.  Siipp    417, 
jss.li    -,»  ('oiin.  4:i;i,  47  Am.   I!ep.  (!.-,.(;     l!ehiariii{,'  .lenied  in  .11  \.  V.  Supp.  l.'lll; 
I  nsrott  \.  .1.  Oilman  l.illi»„nil>hiiig  Co.    I'lill.r    V.    ./cuctt    (18H0)    80    X     Y     4ti 
IS!'.  )  20  .\pp.  Div.  :iil7,  4li  N.  \.  Supp.    ;Ui   Am.   Rep.   675.  AlIirniinR  S.  C.   suh. 
,,  ,    ,  ,.       .  "'""■     '•«''(  r.  nsOH     V.    Jtinlt    (1878)     10 

i«:i     t;  v"  lV   '.'"'""''"    ('8!'^)    -"^  S-  C.    Iliin,  210  (here  it  was  expresslv  said  by 

*'u,,  ^     ■  ''"^   '^""''*   "f   aPPenls  t'i"t    the"  superin- 

/.,//,«,•  v.  fu„,,„„„rv  1,-r  Mill.  Co.  tendent  of  ivpairs  was  not  n...'li.'..nt  as 
lis.  1  40  Un.  Ann  l.->:i.-,.  10  So.  400.  !,.■  had  Kiveii  proper  orders,  andlhe  im- 
.M  the  cases  hold  that  it  is  nut  mediate  cause  of  the  injurv  was  the 
enmiiili  t..r  the  master  to  or.l.r  saf..  ma-  failure  of  the  mechanics  to  do  their 
'■hin.ry  to  he  onstnicted,  but  he  mii.st  work  propeilv):  McSamara  v.  «,ooA- 
CMIPise  r.asoiMlde  care  to  sec  that  the  Zi/;i  Cili,  It.  Co.  11805)  H  Mi-C  (i'i7  •!■> 
n..ioliiii,i.i  is  111  fact  safe,  alter  the  or-  N.  ^  Supp  1113 
•lerhiu  been  executed.     It  would  be  an        'fo/c  lin.R.  v."  JVood    (IS'M)    n    Ind 


<M 


i^iii.'.'iKai'JifcaWawKM 


11 


U.ii 


M.VSTHII  ANDSKKNANT. 


'Ilio 


lU'tn 


li>rli;irp'  of  a  |M'r»(>iiiil   iliitv  i«i  not  <\imi-''I   liv   |M'« 
.1 


fliut  till'  iiiii.Hlcr  riiiiiiciiili'il  ii  rule  n  '|iiirini:  iin|iliivi'«  -  to  innki'  ii  \«- 
S'l.i]  I'xaiiiiiiatiiiti  of  u|>(>liiiii<'''<  iM'fui-c  tni.<<iiiiiu'  tlifin.^ 

•'     A  (■u>tiiiM  In  |M'rf'>nii  II  |»  r-'i'iiiil  iliiiy  tlir<>ii;;li  the  iiKi'iiry  •'(  fi 
low    -icrxiiiiis    in  i'(|iiiill^  iiii'ilVi-tiial    to   bliidil    tlic    llul^t(•r,  if    it 


IK  JU" 


K'.l.' 


.'.»  I"  the  I'tTcct  of  (lilcL'aiitijj  |)('i-oiial  iliiric!*  to  ;iii  iiii|c|X'ii(Ii'iit  ,■< 
tn       ir  ■■"»>  S  .*(."iS,  ill  I  III. 

654  Kitionale  of  the  doctrine  of  non-delei^Bble  duties. — '\'\\,<  <  ' 
Ii  'mi  pf  th«' al)oV(' i!i«"triiir  lui.i  iiii(ioiilfto(li\  Imcii  lin-i  -ht  uIm.iii 


■  Ii 

|?p       'I' 


h: 


:t'' 


Ii.   ^i|^ 


A|i'      T    .1     N.   K.   10*4,  till'  court    re  tlic  otiicr.     Iii  tlii-  i  i-i'  ilir  iiiii-in 

III     I..1     ''ii'    tlif  iim«ti'r  '■<iMniil    •liiilil  iliiiiiir   ,iimI    foiiitiiMi    vmii'  larli    rlin.. 

|.  Ill  I'll    h     •     liiiliiljly    l>\    iliMiliM'.>    lii~  Hilli    lilt'   <liit>    of   I'iiii^iiiu   III!    ili-rniiii 

lilt  •'       ml      itiii^'  tlii'iii  nil  Miiiiiiii  Hiili  I'lifjiiM'M  tu  Ih'   ii  I'.iiii'il :   .iimI   IIic  f.iiliih 

III    •ill!',"      '  of  lillii  '    tn  ijii  ■       iifiii    imliii-  lit'"    III 

Till    ).•!    Ill    n  of  Oil- -linii  iif  a  riiihviiy  t'li^'iiii'   i      nut    i>l    ii'|iiiii    iiml    iiii-iii.     |. 

e«ri'li!ltiv   i<   '    1  iii"ir       friliiw   -iM:!!!!   <>(  iii'(.' !  iyilii .  .      Clli     wliiit       iiinriplr    i.in    n 

1     v          iMi        •.     :ilillll'>l        V       '■      lAjilii^loll    of  Im'      -.IICI  I  — f  IIIIv        Illll  ill !  .Ollfll        III, It        t  |i. 

%    <        >ctl         I    >i;  ii  till'     illlftiT     lalllll'c  of   till'  lllll'ttrr   llii  ritiillli'   In    I 

Di'i't  11   iii'     why     Ii               ,,.  i.iI     tHIIii'IV  i-inli  14    In    111'     illl|illtril     tn    llir    <li'ti'lhl  l  fil     ,i. 

f,i         "'■                              Kuril.      within       III-  i"'jlii:riin',    wliili'    I  lir    .iiiiii'    tailiiii'    i.v 

nil'     I'''     l^                     111    of    llir    i'nlM|i  HIV .  "  I  III'   I'lni'iiiiiii   i-    'li-.   n\\  ii    m  ;.'li;.'i'iii'i-    ,iii,| 

H(     l.'iiiii,    '             f   X.   If.   <'<>.   V.   Hill  III  r  iiot    tlml    of    tlr    ilcliiiilaiit  :      I    iniiii-. 

(!''♦•   ■•■*    'i'          ••  "'y    iiialiilitv    to    nimv.-r    llin    i|iii-ii,iii 

'  illillirh        I              /'     .■<    V.    f'liirilllii    lE  .      .      .       It    wnillil     Im-     iiinll-ll'-<ll'«    til    ,il 

A     H    ill.    (l->i"ii     '-  \\  i-,  Jsii,  iIh'iiiii  Iiih   till'  ililViiil.ini   In  nlii'M'  ii..li  hnm 

li'iitinii  w.iH  ii'ii'i'li  >i  III. It   till'  ilifi'iiil. int.  all    lialiility    fnr   ■<    linarli   nf   tliiit   iluti 

ii|ilinii;rli  it  iiii'_'lit    h  M'  lii't'U  lirlil   lialilc    liv   tiiii|rly    cliarciiiL.'   n if    it «   iiifiii.t 

II'  tlio  iinnri'|iair  nf  I'n'  .lifi'ctivc  niyii Iliri'is    o.         rMuit<    «itli    its    in'itniii 

which   paiisi'il    tlii'   iii|iiiy    had    liccn   <lii«'  aiin'.      We   Imlil,   thi'iifnn'.   that    tin'  in 

to  th(>  ni';;li;;iiii'i'  nf  it-  iiiiiKti'i'  iiii'cliMii-  sliiuti'in    was    cnin'cl. —  that    iinii..-   tn 

ir.  rniilil  iinl    lie  ir<|iiiiril  to  aniwcr    lor  the   fniiinaii    was    iintici'   to  the   ilit.iiil 

-iiiiilar    iii'>rli;.'i'iiri'    on    tin-    |ialt    of    tin-  iint,  that  tlw  iii';.'lii;  .ici-  of  tlu'  fniiMiiin 

!.hi'|>  fnD'inaii.     "Karli,    in    his    "iihri'i'."  was    tin-    nr^li'/riiri'    of    thr    ili'frmhint 

■  aid    llir    i rt .    ••wa-    thr    a;.'('lit    of    the  illiil  that  thr  lattir  is  li.ilili'  to  tin    |il.iiii 

■  lifeiiilanl.    cliar^fiil    v\illi    the    |ii  ilonii-  tilV  for  tlu'  injiirii'-.  niiiMil  by  liiiii  In 
anci'  nf  piTtain   ilnlics   which   the   latter  caii-c  of   such    iii'^'li;.'i'iici'." 

owcil   In  till'   inililic  anil   to   its   srixints.  'Ilniliii    v.     Ifmiir.     \V.     i{    ').     /•'     (' 

nml.  on  jirini  ipli'.  it   siitrs  (|tiiti'  iiiniia  llsii;i)    l:Ul   N.    ^.    .iiij,   :l|    .V.    \'.    'i|s 

tcrial   that  on<'  n|  tlniii   was  snhnriliiiati"  llnul.iuiii    v.    (Inlii  slim.    II.    rf    N.     I.   I! 

to  the   other.   "V   that    he   operateil    in   u  ('".     (lillH);    'I'eX.    Civ.     \|i|i.)    57    .s.   U 

narrower    liehl.      Tlie    relations   hetwiiii  !•!!). 

thciii  were  not  iinliUe  those  usually   ia  "  Ihnnnlhi    \      Iti'tlli     Unix.    ,f    //.    ^ 

istini,'  lietHieii  the  master  iiieihanii'  ami  (linuil,    Cn.    (IMlTi    !«l  Me.   lltl.  :i7  At! 

jieiu'ial    ni.iiiaj.'1'i    or    sn|iei  iiitemliiii     nr  hTI. 

bptwceii  the  latter  ami  the  lioanl  nl   ili  In      Hulhr     v.      /.'n.v.v      Luiiih.'r     Pt,. 

rectors.      The     funclimis    of    a    railway  ilSilOi    lllH  Wis.   ;1lM.   7!1  N.   U  .    '4.1    ii 

company   must   Iw  perforineil  by  niiiiiei-  servant    was    lieM    mil    to    be    prii  liiijni 

oils   servants   or    etnplnyees.    ami   aimm};  from  recnveriii^  for  an  injury  su-i  liiii'l 

these  there  must  necessarily  lie  a  jriaila-  throu^ih    the  >.'i\iiit;    way    of  a    wlnil  el 

tion  of  authority,  arranjreil    wiili    refer-  the  Inaiieil  waijon  nii  which  he  was  rid 

encc    to    the    business    of    the    cniiipaiiy,  iii^.',   due   tn   the   m  ^li;.'iiice  of   a    I'llinvi 

Where    two   of    these   are    charged    with  irvant,  who  failed  to  I'Jiserve  a  I'listniM 

the   saiue  duty,  no  gotMl   reason   is    per-  that    the    teamsters    slmiild    Iwik    after 

ceiveil   why  the  company  should  be  held  their  own  wa;.'nns. 

liable  foi    the  failure  of  nne   to   peirniin  .'<ee.     lioHeMi,     chapU'i     XXXil.,     Viil 

»uch   duty,  and   not   for   the   failure  uf  title  D,  /mat. 


t  .Vi4j 


Vl»  I    I'urM  II'AI^IIII'— rHAHAt  TKK  «)K  ACT. 


lies 


;i  r.i'.,|.r,ifion  ot  til.'  fat't  that,  imlc^H  tlu'  imi>tic's  linLilitv  f.>r  flic  h.-ih 
■  >i  ft  vi(f>  |»rin.-iiml  wort-  adiiiittt-d.  tlio  rul«'  tliat  ilnn;r.r-»  niiHi'd  hv  the 
iim!*t(«r"8  ni-jflif-i  u«'«'  are  net  aiiionjf  those  jismhukxI  Itv  tlii>  -icrvimi 
would,  ill  ihi-  ^fivat  ftinjoritj  (■(■  ciisi  s.  U   rci^h  i-i'd  niiiiarorv.' 


'In      S,mii      V.      II' uiiiI'Miiv      R.      Ci, 

l«li<»    H    Allffi.   4(1,   M.-.   Am.    Itir.   TJO. 

II   «ii«  iif.'iil  l«y  the  ciiiiiiM'l  fur  till'  ill- 

I.  iiiliUit   tliat  till'  Kiniiixliiii  III  ii'j.iiir  the 

llfirl     mIucIi    ihi    luiohlll    till-    iii|iiiy     »  .!« 

111!'  ii'-iilt  111  till'  iii'dhmnri.  of  the  \w\- 
"11  \ilii..i'  iliily  it  Will  til  -II  tli.it  ri-r 
lull  phiiiku  iicriisH  (Iw  hi;.'li«iiy  w«ri' 
l.r|it  ill  :i  "iifr  mill  prii|it'r  riMnlliiuii.  iiml 
ihiit  till'  Hi'i'idmil  wn«  tlii'iifiHi'  c.iii-icl 
v  till'  riir .li'suni'Hs  of  ii  fi'llnu  ■«iT\iiiit. 
I  111'  iili'.wii-  of  till'  riMiit  til  tliii  ruhliii 
mil  wii-  in  follinvM:  "This  iirumin'iit 
li.i\«'«  oiu  it  i»i;;lit  tho  iviil  ;;rimiiil  mi 
uliicli  till'  liiiliilit)  i.f  thi'  ili'fi-jiihiiit.H 
ii-t'*.  If  till'  iiicniii.iit  \*  wi'll  fdiiiiili'il, 
Ihi'ii  it  uiiiilil  fiilliiw  thiit.  ii->  .1  riir|H>' 
iiiiiin  Oiiii  act  only  '>y  atfiiitu  or  «iiv- 
Hill.  U  woiil-1  t'«i'ii|ii  all  rr~iMiii.ihilitv 
"I  I'viTV  »|ii  <ii''<  iif  iii|iiry  iiixiil  liy 
I'lirllvc  iiiarliincry  ainl  ii'|i|m  ratii«.  uV 
liiiilly  I'liii-tiiK'ti'il  trai'k-.  nr  in-iillicii'iit 
lah(!,'("<,  anil  other  !<iiiui.(r  ra»-t-«.  Si, 
an  iiiiliviiliial  niiilil  avail  hiiii-«-lf  of  ii 
-iiiiilar  iiiiniiiiiity.  if  he  niiiiliiri'  I  hift 
Ini^ini'is  I'xriiisivi'ly  liy  aj^i'iits  i.|  serv- 
•ml*.  Ihil  till'  riilp  "of  law  iIim-  not 
liiiil  to  any  sii'h  ali-ainl  ii'siilt  The 
h.iliility  of  till'  Ii  iitiT  or  I'lnpliiyiT  in 
-ii'li  ca-M  \*  foiiiiiliil.  ax  liMH  lii'i'n  al- 
iiaily  -aiil.  on  thi'  iinplii'il  ohli^'ation  of 

iii-  I trait    with    thosi'    whom   hn   i-ni- 

l'i"yi  ill  his  MTvici'.  This  ri'i|iiiri'*  him 
III  lis.,  dill'  rail'  in  siipplyin;;  and  iiiaiii. 
I  liiiin};  siiilalili'  instriiiiii'iitalitii's  for 
ihc  pirfiiiiuani'i'  of  thi'  work  or  duty 
uliirh  \\p  riM|iiiii's  of  thriii,  and  niiili'rs 
liiiii  lialili'  for  ilaniaKis  m  rasioni'd  liy  u 
Mci'li'rt  or  omission  to  fiillil  this  olili;-.!- 
liim.  ulii'thi'r  it  ari-rs  from  his  nun 
>iint  of  cari'.  or  that  of  his  a;.'i'iits  to 
vlinin  hp  intrusts  tin-  duty,  liiit  it 
■  liiis  .i(,i  extend  so  far  as  to  reiplire  of 
liii"  thill  he  should  '..••  res|ioiisilili'  for 
till  neirli^reiiee  iif  his  servants,  it  of  com 
I'lliiil  skill  ami  e\|H'rienee.  in  iisjtij;  or 
iiianaKinj;  the  means  and  ap|iliaiices 
I'liiiiil  ill  their  hands  in  the  enilKe  of 
ilieir  employ nient,  if  they  are  neither 
'iiliilive  nor  insutlieieiit." 

In  <!iUiitt,i  V.  KttsliiH  It.  Co.  llSliO) 
Kl  Allen,  VM.  90  Am  Dee,  210.  after 
livii'ii  down  the  rule  hat  the  'liity  to 
li.ivi  siiitahle  i.istriiin.  ;  I  s,  whether  "per- 
-""-  or  il'iiiys.  is  iiiiri  ,|elef;alile.  'the 
'■"iin  |,.ue,eded:  -I',,  hold  otliervvise 
Vol    II.   M.  i   s  -21 


rtoiild    Ih'   to  ('Minpl    a    ma-lir    who   se 
leeti'd    all    his    maehinery    and    »er\aiil« 
lhroii|r|i  intents  or  sii|h'|  iMlendenls,  fnaii 
all    liahility    what.M-r    li.    their    lellow 
servants,  althoii);|i    he   liiid    liei  n  ;;ri...| 
neyliyent    in  the  s,l.,ii,,n  or  kii  pin-  of 
proper   persons    jihI    means    for   euntlnei 
lll«    hi-    hll-iliess.       Ill    the   e.i.e  of   ,i    em 
jior.iti.iii.  the  pre-idi  lit  .Hid  diie.iot-.  at 
lia-l.   eaniiot    he  ileeimd   niei>    «ervaiit«, 
lint    must    In'  eoiiHideriil    as   re(.re«iiil  in;; 
the  1-  iporation   itself.' 

"It  the  master  siitfers  niaeliimrv . 
liiiiii  vM'iir  and  le.ir.  or  iitlier«l-e.  to  )«■ 
e-'im  -o  linil  Ifiat  the  lia/.iid  i-  :.'ieall> 
il". leased,  this  ii.ieaxsl  ha/aid"is  noi 
om-  of  tl'-  ne^ili^-ent  nets  of  the  fellow 
workim  i  l...  -uch  aets  are  iiienlv  part 
"f  '•"'  '  III  iry  risks  ineident  fo  the 
employ  niei, I.    Tile  inerea-isl  li.i   ard  Ihiis 

IT*"!'" I   i"   Hie  aet    of   the   m„-ler,   and 

lie   thus   enhai s   tli,-   risks    «|,iili    the 

servant      a^rreed      to      laki        II. iimmI 

then  -hift  his  res|Min-il,ilitj-  hy  iinij,,- 
that  the  workman  whuni  h,  Implnved 
v»a.  nruliKent,  To  hold  that  the  m.iMer 
«)Ui.d  do  that  would  Ik-  fo  hold  that  he 
wa,  under  no  ohli^'atioii  in  lespeet  to 
apph.iiieii  and  maehinerv."  Un.hn.i  v 
.S'(.  /.o„,.v,  /.  M.  ,f.  X.  i{\  Cu.  (|S7!I|  r, 
•Mo.  Af.p.  .3!>2. 

"If  ippears.  then,  that  part  of  t|., 
adtninisirjitive  funetions  of  the  .-.'rp.. 
ration  were  ooniided  to  siil.a«iiii  amt 
employees.  Siieli  praitiee  iiiav  he.  ami 
prohahly  is.  neeessarv  in  tli"e  eontrol 
and  Kovermiient  of  .so  larjre  a  eorpi.ia 
lion  as  a  railroad  usoallv  is.  Hut  i  |,e 
pnfirmanee  o'  such  dele^'atisl  p,,»er  l,v 
t he  -  il.a-ent  ,,r  employii^  is  the  a,l  of 
the  eorporalii.n.  ami  the  lorpmat Ion  ,, 
responsihle  f,  r  its  faithful  and  pruilent 
perfornianee  to  the  same  ■  vtent  as  if 
the  service  w.  re  |i<rfi)ri,icil 
est  ollieer  ot  the  .'orpor, 
V.  .S'()i///i  ,f  \iirlh  .  la.  H 
Ala.  .-,.-,4,  .12  Am.  K,.p.  8. 

In  thrill,,  >  tlilclnint 
Mieh.  5(i,  1.1  V  W.  82.  ^unseV-.vent  ,.. 
far  as  to  arLTie  that,  because  the  de 
linipieiit  employee  had  absolute  eontrol 
and  direction  in  and  about  the  business, 
the  defriiii  ,iit.s  Could  not  be  held  respon 
sibl.  anil  iirirpd  that  ••|!ien  i-  Rl,-.;„te 
l.y    ii'      -louml  .     .     for    any    ci.ii„, 

that  eitlitr  of  the  defendants  was  pres- 


the  hish 

(1878;    lil 

(1800)     so 


•1 

'^•m 

11 

■    ,     i'' 


Ii! 


u    ITU 


l1'  h 


IP! 


ii-. 

I  lis  1.! 


i  'i 

1  -i 

1 

;i  ■:;! 

l«24 


MASTKK  AM)  SKUVANT. 


[chap,  xxm 


But  there  is  some  (liscrejmiM-y  in  tlic  cxpliiiiiiiiniis  wliicli  ure  f<.<iii 


in  the  book.-*,  with  rcjjanl  to  its  lo-ric-al  huM^ 
The  most  siitist'acturv  stiiiidpoiiit  sci 


Id  Iw  ul)iiiin('(l  liy  coiisic 
iui< 


rriiig  it  to  k'  an  application  of  the  j;fiici-al  principle  of  jurisju-u.lencc 
that  anyone  upon  whom  a  duty  of  an  ahsolute  cpiality  is  impos*'.!  i 


mst. 


..t  his  peril,  see  that  it  is  discharged  in  a  n-a^onahly  careful  manner, 
whether  he  nnderlakes  its  performance  in  person,  or  emph.ya  a  depui.x 
for  that  purpo.se.*  That  is  to  say,  the  care  which  a  ma.ster  is  hoim.l 
to  use,  he  can  exercise  throuf-h  another  only  at  his  own  risk.' 

It  is  manifest  that,  if  the  decisive  elements  are  the  iioniH-rformanc 
of  an  obligation,  and  the  legal  signitican.-e  of  the  r.-sultini:  condiiioi,-. 
aa  betokening  eare  or  the  abs<>iice  of  care,  the  fact  that  those  c^mdi 
tions  mav  hav<-  been  immediately  due  to  the  act  of  a  human  agent  K. 
comes  an  eh'ment  in  the  investigation,  as  entiivly  neutral  and  unim- 
portant as  if  the  master  had  brought  them  about  by  his  own  manag. 
mcnt  of  an  inorganic  instrumentality,  or  of  one  of  the  lower  animal-. 
This  p>int  of  view  is  distinctly  appan-nt  in  the  statement  that,  wluiv 
the  cause  of  action  relied  .m  is  an  alleged  failure  of  the  defendant  f.. 
use  reasonable  care  to  i)rovide  safe  materials  f..r  the  plaintitt's  wuik. 
the  question  to  be  decided  is  whether  the  defendant  failed  in  that  -i" 
cific  dutv.  and  it  is  of  no  consequence  how  the  materiala  furnished  !«■ 
came  dangerous,  wh.-ther  by  the  act  of  a  f.dlow  s<'rvant  or  othenvi-.  ,^ 

ont    or   s„,H.ri.,t..ndin«    or   diroctinK    in    t..   s....   tli.t    tl,.-   pla.-..   furni.!,...!    f...    m 

person   tl.o  on-otion  of   thin  scattoM.  or    ...vn;..,!    to    w.,rl<    ...    .s    i...sn,.aM.     >.  t, 

the  seloctio..  of  tl.e  ...atorials  of  wl.iol.    is    a     pos.t.v..    uhl.jfat.m,     tovva,-.!.    .1,. 
t  wrs  con.poH...l."     The  eo......ent  of  the    se.va.jt :    a.,.l    the  ,.'"-  -^/''.,  'f ';,„" 

court    wa.s    as    follows:      "That      -.    be-    any     fa.l.irc-    1o    .l.-eharfp-      hat      l..l> 
oa..se  the  .lefe.,.la..ts  had  .lele^-ate.!   the    whether    he    .....lertakes    that     ikmLmm, 

a,thoritv  to   Mr.    Ree.l   to  selee.    p...pe.;    ''''-..P'';;''''"''>-  ";;''''•';:«; '''V'^V'l.. 
...aterials.    a...l    to    .Ureet.    eont.,.1     an.l    ';■''■  .  ,/'',r  v'' /-I', 
s.ineriiiteii.l  the  ereetion.  they  should  es-    111.  (.21.  4..  .V   f--   '^•»-  ..,,,, 

epe    liability.      If    this    were    the    rnle.        (-.....paie  .-.Iso  the  state..,e..     that     1.. 

th...  the  n.o.-etl.evre...ui..e<l  away  fro..,    faet    that    .1...    n.see.ue    en„d,t.o„    „     ,, 
their   h,lsiness.-t he  R.eater   power   a.i.l    rail.oa<l    traek    .s    re..,ot..ly    .l..e    ty     I. 
author  tv  they  m^e  a  fore.,.,in  o,    ...a..-    .,e«li«e...e   .,f    so.,,..    s.M.a,,.    wl...    .a,l..l 

acer  to  "select  material.  e...ploy  ...e..   to    to  repoit   ,ts  .....d.t.o,,  and  p..t   .t  ...  r. 

huihl   tt   safe  and    proper  scatlold.    ..p....    pair  will   not  ex.mse  tl...  e.....pa.,y  fjnm 

which     other     servant.,     who     had     no     iab. l.ty      '[':!:::'[''    '■,,'':^Z  V 
knowledge    of    the    n.ann.r    of    its    eo.,-    hi,   It.  Co.      IS..!.  I    ..!•    I'a.   2.1 ».  1>S    Am. 
,troc  ion.  were  to  be  invit..!  to  work.        I).-.   XW.     The  wo,.l   "........t.-ly     -.v,n-. 

h™  e  s     he   liability."  ••"""Ver.  to  be  Ose.     w.tl,   so...,.  w.,,t  j 

See  aim.  V"io,<   I'.  K-  ''o.  v.  Eri.ks,,,,    a.e.iraey  here.      II  the  ....nl.K'""''  '"  "' 

,ia<)4)    41    Neb.    1.  2'.t   1..   K.   A.    VM .  r.!l    -erva.it     is    "len.ote       in    the    ,..d.n.M> 
\    \V    347-   and  the  passane  .piot.Kl  be-    se..se  in  which  that  tern,  is  i.se,    .lyli- 
low  irom  the  opi..io,.  i..  hulimu,  Ca,  Co.    ....ssio..s  as  to  f^''''*'''''''''  ''";''' ;'','';',', 

V    /V.rA-cr   (ISH.-.i    UHt  Ind.   181.  ly  not   be  an  cle..,e.it    ...  the  ease  .t  .   I. 

■^Se(    1    Heven    Ne-l.    pp.   i'.V.i  rl   .•<,<,.;    instead   of  he.nn  oi...   wh.ch    ...er.l.\    'M 
Sheann.   i    Redf.  Xe^'.    8S    14.    17«i.  not  prevent  liability  f,o,,.  atlaehm,. 

'Inn  Slr,„hur„h   v.Tl.on,!,.,,    (18<).5l         'S<r'„    y.    Srars     (ISilil     1.,..    M.i" 

38  N  .1   I.  Kio  :t;«  Atl.  :w(i.  :to:i,  2i»  N.  K.  4... 

'••file  duty  to  exe.cise  ivasoi.al.le  care        (  oinpa.e  also   11...   lollowii.n   pa-^a;;.. 


i  *>■»] 


VICE  I'lUNCIl'AUsmP— C1L\K.\ITK11  OK  ACT. 


lti:!3 


The  applk-ability  of  this  eleniontary  coii(('i)tiuii,  liowfvcr,  is  not  al- 
wiivs  brought  out  as  clearly  as  miyiit  bo  ilcsiroii  in  tin-  pa.-i.siigcs  in 
uliich  judges  have  umlcrtakcn  to  state  tlie  grounds  of  the  niasU'r's 
liability. 

Thus,  it  is  soinptinies  said  that  a  s(>r\-ant  who  is  intrusted  with  the 
iliseharge  of  one  of  the  so-called  nondelegable  or  nonassignable  duties 
i.>  an  agent,  not  a  servant,  such  ageney  being  regarded  aa  a  deduetion 
from  the  fact  that  the  rule  which  imputes  to  servants  an  acceptance 
of  the  risks  of  a  fellow  s<"rvant's  nigligenee  ceases,  under  the  sujjposed 
circuiiistanees,  to  he  opei'ative  because  the  i-easons  u|)<in  wliich  its  ex 
isttiice  depends  are  not  |)roperly  applicable.  I5nt  the  extract  quoted 
irt'low  shows  that  the  eon.sideration  by  which  the  iir.plication  usually 
iiidiilited  as  tf>  such  an  acceptance  of  the  risks  is  deeineil  to  be  over- 
ridden is  really  the  absolute  quality  of  the  duties  discharged  by  the 
iigcnt.» 

"Some  plncos  of  work  and  «om«>  kindit 
i>f  niiuliiiH'rv  nrt-  more  daiiyiTmis  than 
otliiTs.  Imt  lliiil  is  soinctliiii^'  hIik-Ii  in- 
hcn-s  ill  tlic  lliiii';  itsrlf.  wliicOi  i-t  a  mat 
ter  of  ncri'-isily.  and  caniiot  !»■  oliviatvd. 
Hill  within  such  limits  the  master  who 
[iroviiies  the  plaee,  the  tools,  anil  the 
inachinery  owes  a  positive  iliity  to  his 
('ii]|iliiyce  in  respect  tliereto.  That  posi- 
tive duty  (iiM'S  not  ({o  to  the  extent  of  a 
(Iiiuraiitee  of  wifety.  hut  it  ilms  reipiire 
that  reasonable  precautions  he  taken  to 
siriire  safety,  and  it  matters  not  to  the 
cniplnyee  hy  whom  that  safety  is  se- 
ciiriKl.  or  the  reasonable  fnecaiitioim 
therefor  taken.  He  has  a  rL  to  look 
to  the  master  for  the  discliai^e  of  that 
duty,  and  if  tlie  master,  instead  of  dis 
iliarfriiifi  it  liiiiiMdf.  .sees  fit  to  have  it 
ittiiidiHJ  to  hy  others,  that  does  not 
rhaiijie  the  measure  of  oblijiation  to  the 
i'iii|diiyep,  or  the  lattei's  ri^'lit  to  insist 
that  reaMinable  precaution  shall  he  tak- 
en to  secure  safety  in  these  respects." 
HiillinwiT  rf  O.  It.'Co.  V.  Hinifjh  i  IHO.'t) 
Un  U.  S.  3(iS,  .is;.  .17  L.  ed.  "7:J.  781. 
13  Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  !>14. 

'  In  liuliiiiia  Car  Co.  v.  I'ii,l;,r 
ll^H^'i*  100  Ind.  181,  the  cciiit  said: 
"Where  the  duty  is  one  oaiiiu  l>y  the 
niu>ler.  and  he  intrusts  its  pel  fiirinance 
to  an  B^'ent.  the  agent's  nepliucice  is 
that  of  the  master.  .\s  the  master  is 
eliar^.-ed  with  the  imperative  duty  of 
prnviilinjj  safe  and  suitable  appliances, 
tills  duty  he  must  perform;  and  if  he 
intiii-is  it  to  an  a;rent.  and  the  anient 
pirl'diins  it  in  his  place,  the  -.i-jvwW  act 
w  that  of  the  master.     In   authoii/.ing 


an  Bfrent  to  perform  such  an  net.  the 
[irincipal  is.  in  Iccfiil  contemplation, 
'liiiiself  acting  v»'hen  the  ajrent  acts,  for 
tie  who  acts  by  nn  a^'ent.  acts  by  him 
>elf.  This  principle  does  not  conllict 
"ilh  any  o(  the  general  niles  we  have 
-tated.  for  the  a<rent  assumes,  by  au- 
thority, the  master's  place,  and  does 
what  the  law  cimimands  the  master  to 
do.  Me  is,  for  the  occasion,  and  in  the 
eye>  of  the  law.  the  master.  If  it  be 
true  that  the  a>;eiit's  act  is  the  master's 
act,  then  it  must  Im'  true  that  the  ncfjli- 
Kence  involved  in  the  act  is  that  of  the 
master  himself.  The  rule  which  ah- 
■•olves  the  master  from  liability  for  the 
iii'srli^rence  of  the  fellow  servant  has  no 
application  whatever  where  the  a(,'eiit 
stands  if  the  mast.  ,  place.  The  rea- 
son of  the  rule  fails,  and  where  tho 
n>ason  fails,  so  dws  the  rule  itself, 
rill'  reasons  which  support  the  rule  are 
lliat  s<!rvants  take  the  risks  of  the  cm 
plo.Miient  upon  which  they  enter,  and 
that  piihlic  policy  requires  that  fellow- 
servants  should  "each  he  an  ohsener  of 
the  conduit  of  the  other.'  h'linrrll  v, 
llostijii  ,{■  II'.  fl,  for/).  11842)  4  Met 
4!l.  .SS  Am.  Dec.  :i:l!>.  The  first  of  these 
reasons  completely  fails  when  it  is 
broiifiht  to  mind  that  the  servant  does 
not  iissiiiiie  the  ri>k  arisinj;  from  un- 
safe and  unsuitable  machinery  and  a|>- 
pliaiices.  The  second  as  siirelv  and 
completely  fails  when  we  allirm,  an, 
under  all  the  authorities,  allirm  we 
must,  that  the  duty  to  provide  safe  ap- 
pliar..-..-  re-Is  upon  the  :.. aster,  and  not 
on  any  servant,  for,  surely,  servanta  are 


t 


I'fl 


UVili 


MASTKIl  ANU  SKUVANT. 


[l  IIAl'.  X.XXI. 


m 


Anntlior  explanation  treats  tiie  niasi'-r's  lialiililv  as  the  result  of  the 
I'aet  that  tlie  eiiiployoo^  who  disuliarge  nou-ilclegable  tluties  are  iidt  in 
llie  same  ile](:irlnient  as  the  eiiiplovees  wIhi  use  tlio  various  instr\iiiiiii 
talities  whieh  are  the  suhject matter  of  tlmse  duties."     To  proiioiiiKv 


not  hound  to  be  obsencrs  of  tlic  mas- 
tci's  coiidui't.  It  is,  tlu'icfoif.  not  tit 
all  dillicult  to  cK-nrly  disfiiniiiiiitc  and 
liroadly  mark  the  I'llRTencc  liitwci-n  a 
oasi-  wlipip  it  is  tile  masti'i's  duty,  a-i 
master,  tliat  is  ni'^lcctcd,  and  a  I'asc 
wlitTc  it  is  the  fellow  servant  i  duty, 
as  servant,  that  is  negli^iently  (km- 
formed.  A  senant  has  a  lijjht.  Iiini-elf 
exereisiiifj  ordinaiy  care,  to  rely  npon 
his  master's  care  and  dilipence.  lie  is 
not  honnd  to  wateh  his  master  as  he  is 
his  fellow  servant.  The  riglits  are  re- 
ciproeal:  the  master  has  his  duty,  ns 
th(>  servant  has  his.  When  the  mas- 
ter's duty  is  ne}.'lif»ently  done,  he  it  is 
who  is  ffuilty  of  a  breach  of  duty,  al- 
lho\i;;h  he  acted  through  the  medium  of 
an  agent.  If  tho  master  were  [HTmitted 
to  escape  his  diity  by  shifting  it  to  an 
agent,  the  practical  result  would  be  his 
rntiri'  absolution  from  the  duly  which 
the  law  imposes.  The  law  will  not  per- 
mit this  result,  for  it  will  not  permit  a 
duty  to  be  evaded,  but  will  re(|uire  per- 
fiirnianee  by  the  person  upon  whom  it 
has  lixed   it." 

'  "Tlie  agents  who  are  charged  with 
the  tluty  of  supplying  safe  machinery 
are  not,  in  the  true  sense  of  the  rule 
relir<l  im.  to  l)e  ri'gardcd  as  fellow  serv- 
ants of  those  who  are  engaged  in  oper- 
ating it.  They  are  charged  with  the 
mast^'r's  duty  to  his  servant.  They  are 
employeil  in  distinct  and  indepen<lent 
d(  part  incuts  of  service,  and  tlieic  is  no 
dilli'iilty  in  distinguishing  theiii,  even 
whi'ii  tiie  same  person  renders  service, 
liy  turn,  in  each,  as  the  conveiiii'iice  of 
the  cniplover  niav  recpiiie."  I'oid  v. 
rUrhhtnu'R.  Co.  (1S72»  110  Mass.  -i-IO. 
14  .\iii.  I'cp.  flits,  l^uoted  with  approval 
in  lli>i,„li  v.  7V.ra,<  ,{  /'.  H.  Co.  ( 18711) 
lilt)  V    S.  21:!.  2.-)  L,  ed.  til2. 

•'.Ml  those  by  whom  a  corporation 
performs  its  work  are  its  servants,  and. 
thus,  fellow  servants  each  with  the 
other.  Hut  tin-  rtlation  in  which  t'.ioso 
who  together  manage  the  train  and 
the  tnick  for  the  piU'iKise  of  |»'rt'cii  ,.,ing 
transportation  stand  each  to  the  other 
is  quite  dilVereiit  from  that  which  they 
bear  to  those  who  perform  the  work  of 
its  oonstniction  and  repair;  and  tliey 
have  a  right  to  expect  the  suitalde  in- 
strumentalities and  appliances  which  it 


is  the  duty  of   the  master  to   fiinii-lj 
i::iiiir   v.    I.url.r    (  IHHIi  |     I.I.")    Ma—    :,:;, 

'  That  doctrine  |tlie  nunlialiililv  ■! 
the  master  for  the  negligence  of  ,i  1. 1 
low  servant  I  was  never  applieil  niilr-- 
the  one  injured  and  the  one  at  tiuli 
were  eiigagiii  in  the  same  general  i  in 
ploymeiit.  Whatever  conllict  has  ari-m 
in  cases  has  I,  "n  as  to  what  shoul  I  lir 
coiisiilered  'he  same  general  eni|ilcn 
meiit.  The  rule  adopteil  by  the  I'rl.rii 
courts,  and  in  most  of  the  stale-,  ml 
which  seems  to  us  most  in  edii-ininii 
with  reason  and  humanity,  is  thai  tli<>- 
employed  by  the  mastir  to  proviilr  .i 
to  keep  in  repair  the  placi',  or  to  -iiijlv 
tile  machinery  and  tools,  for  labor,  ^ii. 
engaged  in  a  dilferent  employiiiciit  Iihih 
those  who  are  to  use  the  plai'e  or  iippli 
aiices  when  providinl,  and  they  are  im: 
tliereforc,  as  to  each  other,  feltim  -nv 
ants.  In  such  case  the  one  who>i'  iliin 
it  is  to  provide  and  look  after  tlic  -ili 
ty  of  the  place  where  the  work  i-  lo  I- 
done  represents  the  master  in  smh  ,i 
sense  that  the  latter  is  liable  for  l.i- 
negligence,"  /i'OH.r  v.  Illmtiii  U  A  li 
l.iimhrr  Co.  (181)3)  1>4  Mich  liOT,  •)!•">. 
r,A  X.  \V,  492, 

"Those  employed  by  the  master  I" 
provide  or  to  keep  in  repair  the  |>l.hv 
or  to  supply  the  machinery  ami  >""!- 
for  labor,  are  engage<l  in  a  dilliriiii 
employment  from  those  who  aii'  tu  ti- 
the place  or  applianci's  wliiii  proviili.l. 
anil  they  are  not,  therefore,  as  to  p.iili 
other,  fellow  servants.  In  siirh  o^i-f 
the  one  whose  duty  it  is  to  pri>viilc  iiil 
look  after  the  safety  of  the  plaei'  «l»Tf 
the  work  is  to  be  done  repriseiits  ilif 
master  in  such  a  sense  that  tile  hittri  i- 
liable  for  bis  negligence."  Sii'hm  \ki  v. 
Michipin,  Cn-  Co.  (IHIIO)  84  .Mich.  100. 
47  X.K.  ."ins. 

To  provide  niachinerv'  and  kcip  it  in 
repair,  and  to  use  it  for  the  piir|"i-r  in 
tended,  arc  very  ilistinct.  Tlicv  .ire  n"t 
eiiiployineiits  in  the  same  conmioii  ~riv- 
ice.  leading  to  the  same  coininon  nsnlt. 
The  one  may  lie  said  to  begin  \\lrrn>  tlie 
otbi-r  eiiils.  ShiiiiiKy  v.  .1  iiJi  r)^.'|/J;)ln 
Mil  I"   i  187i>l    I'lti  .Me.  420. 

"in  the  pr<'~eiit  case  the  road  -niistor 
the  ilivisiiiii  road  master,  and  lln  -'f 
lion  toreman  and  his  assistant-  uiiiin 
one    line    of   duty,    while    the   Irairaiita 


I  554] 


VICE  i'KIXCIl'ALSHIl'— CHAU.\l  TKll  Ol"  ACT. 


102 


Mich  a  standpoint  to  be  erroneous  would  scarwly  be  ju.stifial)l('  in  view 
of  the  impo.sin>i'  array  of  authorities  by  whom  it  has  been  adopted. 
Hut  it  is  certainly  not  free  from  objection,  inasmuch  as  the  conception 
of  a  difference  of  department  is  als<i  suggestive  of  that  class  of  cases 

wire  in  another,  and  n  dilTerent,  line  of  safe  apjilinnccs  and  macliincry  is  a  per- 
iliilv,  and  each  set,  within  its  own  line  sonal  one,  which  cannot  be  deli'j,'ated, 
(.f  ciniilojnient,  represented  the  master  and  at  the  same  time  holding  that,  if 
iis  lo  Ilie  other  set;  and  the  menihers  of  the  failure  to  exeriise  sneh  reasonable 
.111.'  set  were  not  mere  fellow  servants  care  was  the  ne;.'leet  of  a  fellow  servant 
>vitli  the  n.eniliers  of  the  other  set.  The  of  the  party  iniiire<l.  then  the  master  is 
|.riiiii|ml  proiind  upon  which  the  doe-  not  liable;  "and  it  seems  more  correct  to 
liiiM'  has  been  established— that  the  say  that  nyents  who  are  cliar},'ed  with 
iMi-ter  is  not  liable  for  any  nej;li>,'ence  the  duty  of  supplyin-j  safe  machinery 
lliat  mi;.'hl  take  place  as  between  mere  and  applianei's  are"  not.  when  so  doinf{, 
filliiH  servants  —  is  that  such  fellow  in  the  true  sense,  to  1k'  refrarded  as  fel- 
-,i\a?ils  work  tofiether  in  the  same  line  low  s<'rvaiits  of  those  who  are  enfjav'tHl 
..(  ciniibiynient.  are  intimately  ac  in  the  use  of  the  same."  hUli'ard  lli'nrf 
uainled  with  each  oilier,  and.  knowini;    lAunhvr    Co.    v.    Ligus    (1S98|     172    111. 

31'),  ,50  N.  K.  22,i.  Commentinfr  on 
t'riisir  V.  Rrd  IUvrr  hiimhir  Co.  (1891) 
■(•"•  Minn.  2.t.y,  47  X.  \V.  7H.-.. 

.\  superior  si'rvant  perl'ormin<r  non- 
assignable iluties  was  sjnikeii  of  as  be- 
ing "in  a  dilli'MMit  department''  from 
men  under  him.  Moon  v.  liirhiiiontl  it 
i.  R.  Co.  (18S4)  7S  Va.  7^5,  49  Am. 
Kep.  401. 

in    Caddcn   v.    Anirrirnn    ftlrvl    ISarge 


■  Mcli  otlar  better  than  the  master  coiihl 
|.c.-,i))ly  know  any  one  of  them,  they 
take  all  risks  of  i.ejili^rence  on  the  part 
iif  their  fellow  servants;  that  iT  any 
-cnant  chooses  to  work  with  a  known 
incompetiflt  or  nef!li;;ent  fellow  sen'- 
ant.  without  infonniiifr  the  master,  he 
!iiiiis<'lf  shoidd  take  all  the  risks  ami 
i-ohseipiences  of  his  fellow  servant's  nejj- 
li^'ciice  and   incapacity,  the  master  be- 


in;;  recpiired  only  to  ii.se  reasonable  and  Co.  (1894)  88  Wis.  409.  (iO  N.  \V.  800, 
iinliiiiiry  care  and  dili;;ence  in  the  orij;-  the  court,  after  declarii;;;  that  the  de- 
iiiul  employment  and  the  siibseqtient  re-  feiidant  must  answer  for  the  ne>;li}rence 
icntioii  of  only  such  servants  as  are  of  tlie  workmen  employed  to  bufld  a 
■  niiipetent  and  habitually  careful.  Don-  scaffold,  for  the  reason  that  the  duty 
\.  A(;»s.;.v  /'.  R.  Co.  (1871)  8  Kan.  ()42.  they  were  perfonniii;j  was  non-dele<;a"- 
iilil.  Hut  where  employees  work  in  dif-  ble.'  continued  thus:  "The  scaffold 
lirent  lines  of  employ naiit,  one  having;  builders  were  not.  in  the  tnie  sense  of 
111)  means  of  knowinj,'  iriything  about  the  rule  relied  on.  fellow  servants  with 
ilii-  business  or  ipialilieations  of  the  the  plaintilV.  who  was  usinj:  the  seaf- 
'ilii'r.  and  bein^'  wholly  unacquainted  fold,  but  were  charged  with  the  duty  of 
lilli  tile  other,  they  ciinnot  be  said  to  the  master  to  the  servant,  and  were 
!»•  fellow  servants  within  the  mciiiin^'  therefore  enpafied  in  a  distinct  and  in- 
"I  tlio  fori'L'oiii'.'  rule:  and  this  stale  of  dependent  <lepartmeid." 
iliin^^s  fairly  represiiits  the  condition  of  In  .ilrliiioii.  T.  <f  N.  F.  If.  Co.  v.  f!ce- 
a   raibiiail   section    foreman   and   an   en-    In/    (1S941   .■')4  Kan.  21.  .'i7  Pae.   104.  an 

employee  intrusted  ivith  tlie  duty  of  in- 
spect iiii;  cars  was  dechMi-d  not  to  be  in 
the  same  branch  of  the  service  as  a 
luakeiuan,  thonjih  the  rest  of  the  arf;u- 
iiient  was  based  on  the  tlieoiv  that  the 
iluty  of  inspection  was  tionassiirniible. 
Ill  (Iraii  v.  Hra.t-irif  (18.-)2l  In  Sc. 
Sess.  ('as.  2d  series.  l.'J.i,  one  of  thecasrs 
approved  is  naitou.ihill  Coal  fV,,  v.  Ri  iil 
(1S.^S2  .1  Macq.  H.  L.  (as.  2li(!.  4  Jiir. 
.V.  S.  7((7.  where  the  complaint  was  hebl 
;;ood  for  the  reason  that  it  sIk.wciI  the 
injury  to  have  been  received  owinir  to 
the   ne^ilifrence  of  a   servant    in   another 


:.'iiicer  on  a  freifjlit  train  nd  the  rela- 
liiMi  (■xistin-;  between  th  ..  Tberefiue. 
«liiri'  a  railroail  coiiiiiany  deleiiate-^. 
'linitly  or  indirectly,  to  a  section  boss 
"I  sii-iidii  foreman   the  duty  of  keeping 

I  ivrtain  section  of  the  railroad  in  prop- 

II  condition  an<l  repair,  and  to  warn 
liiiiiinicii  ia  case  of  daiiiier.  and  the  .sec- 
'iiiii  boss  fails  to  perform  his  duty  in 
these  respects,  and  a  trainnnin  is  in 
juri'il  by  r-asrin  of  such  neKli;;eiice.  the 
raili-eail  is  responsible."  St.  Loui.i  d-  S. 
I'.  I{.  Co.  V,  Wrnrrr  (lS8t;)  ,3.5  Kan. 
112   j^7  ,\,M.  Rep.   17fi.   II    I'ae.  408 ^..^ 

lt;ere  IS  a  certain  incoiifrrnity  in  department  with  which  the  plaintiff  had 
i^nlihn;:  tliat  the  duty  to  exercise  rea  no  concern,  lis.,  that  of  furnishinir  ma- 
sonnlfie    care    in     providing    reasonably 


;*;a 


ehinerv. 


i! 


...  . 

1 ! 

1 .  .^ 

ii 

h 

-  r  1 , » 

KI28 


MASTKll  AM)  SK1!\ANT. 


llllAP.   \N\I 


in  wliicli  tlio  (Ii'lintniciit  ami  injnrod  Nvrvsmts  vvfro  oiiirajrcd  in  sjiIk  ii . 
of  worlv  !Sii  disconnected  tlnit  neither  can  l>o  deoined  to  liavi'  a-snuuM 
tlie  ri«ii\s  of  the  other's  ne^lijience.  See  eliaptor  xxvii..  aiilc  Mc  rrl\ 
for  the  ])ur]>ose  of  socuriiifi:  frrealer  verhai  precision,  then-t'ine,  i: 
seems  desirable  that  this  conception  slionid  he  resened  for  the  seiilc 
nient  of  these  cu-ses  alone.  Moreover,  if  the  phras<>  is  us<'d  to  desciiln 
these  two  distinct  kinds  (»f  relations  lM'i\ve<'n  delincpient  and  injun-il 
servants,  we  are  confronted  hv  the  loi;ical  ditHcnltv  that  the  dcirrcc  nt 
disconnection  which  will  prevent  t'l'  implication  may  exist  no  less 
hetween  two  servants  wli.)  are  nsiiu  n  irunientalities.  than  hptwccn 
one  servant  belon}.'in<j  to  this  catepirv  and  another  who  is  dis<'haririiii 
non-delejiaiilc  duties  with  respect  to  th<is(.  instrumentalities.  This  oIp 
jection  is  not  ohviateil  hy  the  fact  thai  -sometimes  those  relations  iiiav 
he  such  that  it  nuiy  be  e(jinill\-  possible  and  proi)er  to  refer  the  niasii  r'-. 
liability  either  to  the  idea  of  a  ditferencp  of  departnu-nt,  as  that  phr;iM' 
is  commonly  luiderstood,  or  to  the  idea  of  the  non-deleijability  of  tin 
duty  omitted.^ 

o35.  Master  sometimes  liable  both  on  account  of  the  character  of  the 
negligent  act  an(i  the  official  position  of  the  regligent  servant.— 
The  perfonnance  of  mm-delefrable  duties  is  not  infrequently  in- 
trust',h'  to  some  employee  who  controls  a  larger  .>r  smaller  nmnber  nt 
subordinates.  It  follows,  therefore,  that,  if  such  an  employee  cause- 
injury  to  one  of  his  stibordinales  by  a  deliiKjuency  in  respect  to  one  of 
those  duties,  and  the  nattire  and  extent  of  the  contml  exercised  liv 
him  is  such  as  to  constitute  him  a  vice  principal,  the  master's  liabilitv 
may  bo  inferred  indifferently  from  his  ofHcial  position  or  from  tin 

'In  ChiriKiii  if  .4.   R.  Co.  v.   Miikiiiiii  cav.  ami  H^ain  descend  and  imcmiplo  ll.p 

(IS!I7)    170    111.    'yltt.  48   N.    K.   il.'iM.    .\f-  rar  from  the  en^'ine  wlien  reqiiiiiHl.     lie 

liiiiiintr    (ISilli)     (>7    III.    App.    (lis.    tlie  was    not.  and   ootild   not   he.   ri'spoiisilile 

appt'llate  coiiit  ileeided  in  the  plaiiitilVs  for  the  defect.      Xor  should  he  lif  lul! 

t'avor  on  the  (jroiind  that  tln'  cai  penter>  liahle     for     the     defeetive     ear.     a«    li>' 

who  bnilt    a    sealfold    were    not    <Mnsoi'i  neither  furnished  it   nor  plaeed  it   upon 

ated    with    the    plaintlir.    a    nia-mn,    who  the   track.      Xor    should    he   he    Inlcl  rr 

u»e<l    it :    while  the   s>r|)renie   court    sus  -iMiii.-iMe  for  the  acts  of  tho^e  who  did. 

fained  the  action  on  the  >;nmnd  that  the  n»  fellow  servants,  as  the  fault  wa«  iml 

ciirpenters  were  discharHiUK  a  non-dele-  that    of   su<h    a   servant   enfrajred    in  tin- 

jralile  duty.  same   departnu'Ut   of   the   conuuoii    hii-i 

In  Cliinitiit  d  N,  W.  R.  Co.  v.  Jncksnii  iiess.     It   was  the  act  of  a   superior,  in 

(1870)    .'>ri  III.  4!»2.  8  Am.  Rep.  fiRI.  the  another  department." 
court  upheld  a  verdict  for  the  plalntitf.        In    .1/oo»    v.    Rirhiiionrl    rf    .4.    K.   C" 

usinp    the    following    languajre:      "This  (1884)    78  Va.  74.").  4(1   Am.  Rep.   tni.  a 

ear  was  placed  upon  the  road  by  some  section    foreman    was    held    not   to   lie  a 

<u)e    stiperior    to    ajipellee    in    authority,  fellow     sen-ant     of     tr.iinnien.     on     tln' 

and  he  was  actiu<r  under  sui'h  authority,  dotd  le  ground  that  he  was  in  a  dilliniu 

The    jury    mi}»hl    reasonaldy    infer    that  department  and  that  he  was  respiiii<ilpli 

tho-,'    piaeing    it    on    the    road    knew    its  for   tlw    proper   discharf,-!'   of   thi'   I'.eni'- 

eondition.       lie    had    no    choice    hut    to  sifrnalde   iluty   of    keeping   the   track  in 

ohev  orders,  and  was  compelled  hy  those  safe  conditiun. 
aliove    him   in   authority   to  ascend   the 


ss  5.J0.  .-.07]       VU  K  I'UIMirAI.SIlll'— CllAKACTKKOKAUT.  162!» 

cluinicicr  of  llic  iic.di^rt'iit  net.  Tliis  situiifimi  iiiny  prospnt  itself  both 
ill  jurisdiction.-*  where  the  mere  exercise  til'  ciintrol  is  lieeirieil  to  confer 
ri'preseiitiitive  eiipiieity.'  and  in  jurisdictions  where  such  capacity  is 
iidniitted  oid.v  in  the  cas<'  of  a;;ents  managing  au  entire  business,  or 
a  distinct  department  tlicreof.- 

556.  Doctrine  of  non-delegable  duties  applicable  to  artificial  personi. 
Although  a  categorical  alHrmation  of  such  a  point  might  seem 
scarcely  necessarv.  there  is  sj)ecific  authority  for  the  doctrine  that  a 
(•(.rporati<m  is  no  less  respunsjhle  than  a  natural  person  for  the  proper 
|i<'rforman(!e  of  an  employ(>r's  absolute  duties,  although  it  is  impas- 
>iltle  for  it  to  discharge  those  duties  otherwise  than  through  agents.' 
A  limited  company  created  under  the  provisions  id"  the  English  com- 
|)anies  act  and  similar  statutes  is  also  as  much  liable  as  an  individual 
for  its  failure  to  perform  any  of  the  duties  which  a  master  owes  to 


liu) 


The  reasonable  view  of  the  situation  obviously  is  that  the  impossi- 
liility  of  <'xercisiiig  ]>ersonal  control  is  an  imperative  ground  for  hold 
iiig  such  artiticial  bodies  liable,  rather  than  for  applying  a  less  rigor- 
ous standard  of  res|)onsibility.'  Manife-iiy,  if  they  e<uild  escape  lia 
liility  for  the  breach  of  an  absolute  duty  on  the  plea  that  their  agent 
was  a  fellow  servant  or  coomidoyee  of  the  party  injured,  they  <(iuld 
never  be  held  at  all.* 

557.  Servants  of  contractors,  when  precluded  from  availing  them- 
selves of  the  doctrine  in  actions  against  their  masters. —  A  contract  for 
work  to  be  done  may  l)e  so  worded  that  the  principal  has  the  right  to 
prescribe  the  maniuT  in  which  its  various  details  are  to  be  executed. 

'Sep.  for  PXiimpIe,  tin-  followiiifr  <\pri-  '  Fnnl  v.  I'ilrhhurq  R.  Cn.  (187it  110 
<ioii8  in  fiivor  of  servants  iiijiircd  l>y  M«-.».  240,  14  Am.  Urp.  .W8:  llouiih  v. 
till-  ncj.'lij.'.iiop  of  their  forciii.oi  in  the  Tuns  ,f  /'.  /,'.  Co.  (  ISTO)  100  V.  S.  2i:l. 
iniillcrs  inilioiitrd  hv  thp  ini'ni(iraii<lii  2.'>  I..  imI.  tilJ;  Conurnn  v.  Jlolhnink 
.ippinilpd  to  tlio  oitiitions:  hon;,,  v.  i  1R7.5I  .'.!»  N.  Y.  .517.  17  .^m.  l{cp.  .'JOH. 
rhifditn.  If.  rf  K.  ('.  ff.  C'o.  (IS.SHI  n.5  I  list  ructions  nrc  erroneous  whieli  de- 
Mo.  21)8,  8  S.  VV.  2;!0  (l>iid;,'e  not  re-  rlare  tliat  a  em  poration  is  not  !ial)le 
paired);  linon  P.  R.  >'<>.  v.  Finn  lor  the  ne^ili^ence  of  any  of  its  ollieers. 
(ISilO)  4.1  Kan.  7.50,  2:5  I'ae.  lOim  (der  exeepi  il<  hoard  of  directors,  h'lurfirr 
lick  ..ot  repaired):  Hininiiiiii  v.  Wn-  v.  I.ouisiilh.  V.  I.  rf-  >'.  K.  Co.  (18H7) 
hii^li  Wrsirn,  K.  Co.  (180.1)  124  Mo.  .-..'>.  HI  hid.  ■>!.  It  \.  K.  !».'>7. 
24  S.  \V.  7.tl,  Altirmed  (18(14  1  2V  S.  \V.  'Wrifiht  v.  Diiiilnii  I  W.r.i)  20  Sc. 
1144  (liralcestalTs  removed  from  f n  ipht  Ness.  Pas.  4tli  series.  Ili.'t. 
lars);  Tiiiiliir  v.  Missouri  P.  R.  C.i.  'See  ihiiiin  V.  Chiraiio,  R.  I.  d  R. 
USUI:  Mo. »  l(i  S.  \V.  20ti  (defeefiio  Co.  (1880)  .>.1  Iowa.  Sit.i.  ."IH  Am.  p. 
ciiuplinp  furnished)  :    Hunks  v.   Wahnsli  24.1,  fi  N.  \V.  R. 

Wrshin    R.    Co.     (18(10)     40    Mo.     .\pp.  'See   Monii   v.    Rirhmmul  rf   .1.    R.   Co. 

4riH:    Rirhmnnd    Griiiiilr    Co.    v.    «,,i7fi/  (1884)    78    \'a.    74.">.   4(1    Am.    Rep.    401: 

llSdii)   02  Va.  .'5.14.  24  S.  K.  212    (  rul.>  lli/.r  v.  Host,,,,  .t    I.   R.  Co.   (1873)   5.1 

al.iOL'ated  1 .  N.   Y.  .i4(t.    11   Am.    Kep.  .'-.4.5. 

■  Sej  till'  cases  cited  in  H   520,  524.  Compare  also  the  cases  cited  in  the 

II life.  preceding  Heetion. 


1 


II;: 

m 


!  i 


i.i 

:  M 


.,H-  '■: 


I 

I '"I  I  -li 

I 'i  !     i 


i'-iii^ 


iHH 


1030 


MASTKU  AM)  fiKliVANT. 


[I'llAP.  XXXI. 


If  tlie  roiitnictor  is  llnw  nMiniicd  to  act  acconlinj?  to  tlio  j)rinc'ipal"> 
dircc'lioiis,  ilic  woi-kincii  an-  <IcciihmI  to  be  so  far  tlio  (^crvaiitu  of  tlic 
principal  liiat  tlie  ciiiitnictor  is  released  from  the  dut.v  to  furnish  tlieiii 
witii  suitable  materials.  J5ut  lliere  is  no  such  e.\emi)tion  where  the 
provisions  of  the  contract  ai-e  merely  thai  the  work  shall  b(i  executed 
under  the  supervision  of  an  otiicer  of  the  fiovenunent.  who  shall  pn- 
>crii)e  the  order  in  which  the  materials  are  to  be  placed  ;  that  no  mat( 
rial  shall  be  placed  in  the  works  without  his  knowledj>e;  that  the  ci>ii 
iractor  will  remove  from  the  work  any  person  not  accepiahlo  to  lln' 
ajrents  of  the  f,fovernment ;  and  that  all  nuiterial,  suinTvision,  ai.'l 
labor  furnished  by  him  shall  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  enginc(  r 
otticer  in  cliart;e.' 

558.  Delegation  of  personal  duties  to  an  independent  contractor,  ef- 
fect of. —  It  is  apparent  that  the  ride  discussed  in  S  l.">:i,  niif( — tli:i' 
a  master  is  not  ne^ilijivnt  in  omittinjr  to  test  appliances,  if  he  purcliasi  - 
ihem  from  a  i-epulable  dealer  or  manufacturer — virtually  creates  aii 
ixception  pro  laiitu  to  the  oi)cratiou  of  the  d'X'trine  of  !ion-delcirablr 
duties;  for,  althousrh  the  rationale  of  the  decisions  there  cited  is  tli' 
absence  of  ne^lijrence,  the  rule  virtually  amounts  tit  an  assertion  that 
a  master  imiy,  to  some  ext(^nt,  evade  resixmsibility  for  the  nonjiir 
formance  of  one  of  those  duties,  viz.,  tiiat  of  supplyinj;  ])ro]ier  insirii- 
mentalities,  by  ])rocurin{;  them  from  an  independent  contractu,-. 
Sini^ularly  enough,  this  asju'ct  of  the  rule  does  not  swui  to  have  thu- 
far  attracted  the  attention  of  the  courts. 

As  rejiards  the  cases  in  which  the  liability  of  n  master  for  the  dc 
fault  of  an  indi-pendcnt  contractor  in  discharfiiufi  a  nmi-dcdcfrabli 
duty  is  in  question,  they  are  so  eonflietinf;  as  to  render  it  impossible  to 
formulate  any  detinite  doctrine  upon  the  subject. 

In  Enjfland  the  only  de^'ision  directly  in  point  .seems  to  bo  a  case  in 
which  Denman,  J.,  sitting  ahme,  held  that  a  sen-ant  Cf)uld  Tiot  rcvjivir 
where  n  sta;iing  which  gave  way  under  him  had  been  juit  up  by  a  cmi] 
pelent  contractor.'  If  tlie  failure  of  diity  thus  committed  he  re- 
garded as  one  of  management,  the  doctrine  laid  down  in  Wilson  v. 
Mcrnf^  would  obviously  ha%'c  freed  the  master  from  lial)ility,  even 
if  the  di'puty  had  been  another  servant.     But  the  learned  judge  seems 

'  Callan  v.  Bull   (ISOli)    ll.'J  Cat.  .5n3,  on  ttip  nasurancp  of  nn  in<lpppndont  coii- 

45  Vac   1017.  tractor    tliat    the    place    of    work    inio 

'  KiiliHi'  V.  fA)Vilt    (ISSil)   Tj.  Tl.  1(!  Q.  whirl:  they  were  sending;  their  servants 

n.  I)iv.  (id.'i.  .'it  Wed;,  licp.  "ilS.      In  line  was     a      safe    one.     Moorr    v.      (/i»iw»i 

with   this   ileci>ioii   i~   the  Hoetrine  that  I  1S8!M  r,  limes  L.  R.  177.  5S  L.  .1.  Q.  B. 

neither   th<'   inaxter   liini»i'lf   nnr  an   em-  li!!'-.    M'tnuultii   v.    I'limrife  (1897)  24 

ployee   for   whose    ai-ls   it    is   son^lit    to  Se.  Sess.  ('as.  4th  series.  442. 

hold  him   respmisilih.  can  lie  helil   ne^'li-  =  (IS(iH)    \,.   If.  1   II.   L.  Se.   .-Xpp.  Cas. 

gent  on  the  ground  that  they  reliid  up-  ;}2ti,  11)  L.  T.  N.  S.  30.     See  S  o2.<A,  anlc. 


J  J 


,S) 


VU  K  l'l;i.\t  ll'.\L.silll'— Cll.\l!\(  TKI!  OK  ACT. 


lesi 


taliiive  int<'ii(l(  '  ti>  t'luiiiciatc  uuciicral  jiiiiii'i|i|i 
aiipi'iifs,  liave  rciidcrcd  a  similar  (|{'i-i>iiiii  il  iIk 


ami  wuuliJ,  so  far  as 
|iiiiiii  liail  Ih'cm  taken 


iliii 


t  lliu  (h'limiiicncy  wliicli  led  to  llic  in jiirv  \va^  <>iic  liaviiij;  rcl'iTciici: 


ii'ifiiiial  const riictii III  or  llic  t'iirnisliiii<;  df  a|i|iliai 


li  this  III 


lllv  tll( 


cope  (it  the  (Icci-iciii  II  uoiild  .-ccm  in  \n-  incnncci  ii|ii>n  any 
riiiMiiialil.'  (•".ii>inicii(pii  of  tin;  opiiiions  of  the  l.aw  Lords  in  tliu  cusc 
jii.-t  iiicntioiHMl.      iScc  !(  ,")li(i.  infill/' 

III  Sfothiiiil  the  nafnial  coiiccptiun  of  a  po^iiivo  dmy  lia>  Ikcii  fol- 
[iiucd  out  |o  its  iojiical  i-.im-ju-ion  iu  a  case  ujicic  it  \va>  laid  down 
iliat,  if  tin-  defect  in  an  appliance  (iiere  a  scalTold)  coiiM  have  lieeii 
.li-cevered  Ijy  tlie  I'Xercisc  of  reasumilile  care,  a  master  is  aiisweralde 
iur  injuries  caus«'i|  jiy  its  unsafe  condition,  even  tlioiinli  the  master, 
not  lieiiifr  piojierly  -killed  liiiii>elf,  may  have  iiil rusted  the  work  of 
fiinii-hiiij:'  tlie  appliam-e  to  a  competent  contractor.^ 

In  one  of  the  Federal  cireiiii  courts  of  appeals  the  diH'trine  has  li.i.n 
laid  down,  without  <|ualitication.  that  a  nia-ler  is  not  relieved  of  a 
positive  personal  duty  by  letiiiii;-  work  to  a  contractor.* 

In  a  Georgia  cas(>  in  which  no  opinion  is  reported,  tlio  court  has 
iiiibodied  its  views  in  a  syllalms  which  lays  it  down  that  a  railroad 
(■Hiii]iany  p<'riiiitfin,i;-  aiiotlu  r  company  to  use  a  section  >d"  its  mail!  line 
\«  reach  a  terminal  point  is  lialile  to  one  of  it.s  own  employees  for  per- 
-niial  injuries  from  the  iiei;lij;encn  of  liie  latter  company  in  runninir 
its  train  over  such  section." 

In  Illinois  it  has  been  held  that  ]V'rsons  who,  under  a  license  from 
llic  master,  put  in  new  hiirners  in  a  brick  kiln  for  the  purpose  of  test- 
ing tlicir  advanlaj;es,  are  in  the  position  <.f  vic(>  jiriiicipals,  so  far  as 
iclatos  to  niakini;-  such  a|ipan!iii>  sniiable  and  safe  for  the  employees, 
"!•  givinj;  notice  of  increased  daiii;er.' 

Otliir  pases  Willi  uliicli  it  iijipiMis  to  o.'!!)    (plaiiitiir  was   injurcil   I.v    flio    fall 

ivinllii't     arc     Ihinhtl.r,-     v.     /,//■      Dist.  <.f  a    licaw    Ipraiii.  .liir't.i  Ilii> 'iic.rli.M.iicf 

!ls!in|  1  g.  li,  ;i:i.-,.  ilj  I,.  ,I.  ().  |>,.  N.  S.  „f    tl„.   .•.Milr.Htn,  s    srivaiils   ill  "leaving' 

^ii'.l.   .1   I..  T.   N.  S.   (ill.   -14    Wiik.    I!rp.  it  liH.v  uliilc  iv|pair-  \vcri>  iMiii"  iiia.lfl 
:IJ.1.  (ill  .1.   I'.    l!Mi;    (In.i-.x  V.    li;,»/,.„-,/r        •■Irnhnl    It.    .f    III.I).    i'u.    V     7>„Hsi,i„rr 

:MtS|  2  Q.  n.  MVl.  liT   I..  .).  (.1.   I!.  N.  S.  i  Isiiji   f.d  (ia.  2(i:i.  1.5  S.  K.  Tlid.  f„l|„w- 

"'■-   '5  ■""■'•">■  '!"•'■   ■'■  '"/'"').  in,^'    \l,ii;,„  ,(■  .t.   /.',  Co.  V.    1/.;,/,,,   (1S7,3) 

\l'irfl„ii'il,l    V.     ll)///i<'     llSllS)     1    .So.  4!l  (,ii.  ;!.-).->.   ].-,  Am.   Hrp,  (ITS. 
^■■".  (  a>.  .-.tl,  siTifS.  .'l:!!!.  '■  I' II It, nun    l-nl-r,-    r,i,-    Co.    V.     I.iiiiil: 

111    aiinlluT    case    it     was    ron-iiili'ied  llSilJi    14.'<  III.  IVl.  IH  I,.  I!.  .\.  i\:>.  .'IJ 

'I'liiMtiil  wlii.tlicr  the  0(>iiiiiiis~iiiiu  IS.  I)_v  N.     K.     ^S.'i.     On,.    ,,f    the    fjioiinil-     oil 

iMrnn-  iiiti)  a   Pdiitiaet    for   tlir  .-Iran-  wliidi    (In-   ilccisioii    poH il.-d    wa-*    that 

lit'  "f  till-   sliccls.    could    relieve    llieiii  tlie    licensee*    were    <li«eliai;.'in;;    a    posi 

-live-  I. f  thiir  staliitoiy  duties  and   re-  live    duty    owed    liv    tli.'    mailer   to    lii> 

-jieii-iliilMii-s.      lint    the    point    was    not  lervants.' 
iiili'il  iipc.ii._  .sVe/./ieiij'  V.   y/oo-vo   /'«/;,•.■        In    nnotlior    case    the    einplover    was 

•■;■■      ■■ 'sTiii     3     Se.     Se.ss.     Cas.     4th  iiel.l     li.il.t.      |,„     defeels     in     a     -eatrold. 

Mill-   .i4'.'.  uhiih    had    iH'eii    const riieOsl    hv   a    eon 

'/o/m,,,    Hiririi,,,    ,{    Miillimt    r,i.    V,  traitor   for   the  hrick    work    on"a    Imild 

lioH,  (liioo)  41  C.  C.  A.  4S2.  101    Fed.  in-,  ami  which  ^-ave  way  iin.ler  a  stone 


-.m 


M 

m^:^ 

H 

kA..  -^ 

1 

^^^^^^i^^^Dj^^^^l 

■ 

'■  '!! 

m 


1«3S 


MASTKK  AND  SKIIVANT. 


[chap,  xxm 


In  Missouri  it  lius  Imi-ii  dpclarod  tlmt  a  iiiustcr  cannot  rolii'vc  liiin 
self  of  the  dutv  of  cxl•lTi^illg  onliiiarv  cari!  tu  piovidc  rfas^.nahK  sil. 
appliuni-i'S  for  his  sen'ants,  by  the  i-itiploynicnt  of  supcriuteudtni-  u; 
indciicndcut  (Mnilnictors  U>  provide  «iuii  applianics." 

In  Is'ew  Hampshire  it  has  been  held  tiiat  a  railway  company  is  li 
ahjp  for  injuries  received  by  a  trainman  l)y  reason  of  defects  niirli 
gently  permitted  to  exist  in  the  track  of  aiiotiier  company  over  wlii, ! 
it  lias  running  powers,  althn\ijih  the  duly  of  keeping  it  in  repair  is  .1. 
volved  on  the  latter  company,  and  the  trainman  is  aware  of  the  m 
rangement  between  the  two  companies.® 

In  Xew  Jersey  it  has  l)een  hehl  that  a  servant  injured  by  an  rl. 
vator  which  was  in  course  of  const ructhm   by  an    in(hpendent  ni, 
tractor  on  the  master's  premises  could  not  recover."'     But  in  mi.I, 
»-ase   there  was  no   delegation  of    a  duty  in    the   proper  sense  »i  tl, 
phrase,  and  the  circumstances  were  governed  by  the  princii)le  ihat  tl 

dangerous  agen<'ies  were,  for  the  time  being,  (piite  out  of  the  ( n. 

of  the  plaintiff's  master. 

In  New  York  the  doctrine  established  is  that  an  employer  is  imt  i 
able  to  a  servant  for  the  condition  of  a  structure  erected  for  the  u-( 
his  servant  by  an  indcpen<lent  contractor."     Tt  will  l)e  ..bsencd  ti  . 


Hpttor.  and  the  Roneral  principlp  was 
Iiii<l  down  thiit  it  doos  not  iiinttor 
wlictliiT  thp  instnimpntality  fiiriiisli<'d 
to  nn  employee  was  conHtnieled  liv  the 
master  Viimself.  or  sva-<  olitaiiied  bv 
pft,  or  throiiuli  a  rijiht  arising'  from  an 
eKtalilinlie.!  custom.     Mfitcnth  v.  Rnulr 

(inon  n.i  lU-  App.  212. 

•  llridirr  V.  Hiirk'y  Stovr  tf  Riinflf  Co. 
(ISnC))  136  Mo.  :(.  .■?:  S.  \V.  ll.i:  HiniK.', 
V.  Knitsris  ('it,,.  /■'/.  N.  if  M.  K.  Co. 
(18!l.-))  12!>  Mo.  41.  31  S.  \V.  347:  Hnrl 
In,  V.  rroilirhl  (ISlli)  4!)  Mo.  App.  214 
(elevator  fell  into  disrepair).  Citinn 
\orth,ni  /'.  /?.  '■".  V.  Hirbert  (ISHti) 
IKi  r.  S.  047,  2!)  L.  ed.  7r)8.  ti  Sup.  «'t. 
Kep.  r>!)0.  It  was  further  held  in  this 
case  that  the  fact  that  an  elevator  was 
lea.sed  with  a  Imildinfj  will  not  absolve 
the  lessee  from  liability  foi  injuries  to 
his  elevator  hoy  by  its  fall,  cause<l  by 
the  lessee's  failure  to  use  reasonable 
care  to  keep  it  in  repair. 

See  also  Sackrwit;  v.  .imirirnn  Bis 
cuit  Mfg.  Co.  (1800)  1"  Mo.  App.  144. 
holding  that  there  is  a  sullioient  cor- 
respondence between  a  p<'tition  alleg- 
inp  that,  while  the  plaint ilT  was  in  de- 
fendant's employment,  slir  ««»  rri|uir«'d 
to  work  in  a  place  ren<lered  unsafe  by 
the  neplipent  acts  of  men  en};:i^e<l  in 
repairing  the  building,  and   pnmf   that 


plaintiff   was   injured   by    the   iii::li:;' 
aits  of  one  who  had  enterrd  int.i  .i 
tract     with    defendants    to    repjii     ' 
building'. 

Inder  a  statute  Rivinp  a  li^-lii  "1  ■> 
tion  against  the  owner,  a^rml.  "i  "|" 
atiir  of  a  mine,  for  injuiy  <"Mi-.1  I 
failure  to  furnish  props,  tlu'  <»uiii  '■ 
liable  even  thoufih  the  iiiltie  i>  "i"i  !'• 
by  another  \inder  a  eontrarl  «illi  t 
owner. — es|)(>clally  whei-e  such  .ciitii 
provides  that  tile  latter  sh.ill  fMiin- 
tiuitier  for  props.  l.aiHi-  v.  /,'")'  // 
I'lml  Mi„.  Co.  (1802)  110  Mo.  :il.  1' ^ 
\V.  308. 

'  Slory  V,  Cotu-tnil  A    H.  />'   '""    '  I'"" 
70  X.  li.  .3G4.  48  Atl.  2SS. 

"'Ci„iiray   v.    huisl    |18!>.'))    .'w    N'    ' 
I  .   (!4.-.,    32   Atl.   380. 

"The  question  was  very  tiillv  .li- 
eusse.l  in  Itrilin  v.  Smitl  ilssli  i 
Ilun.  20ti,  Athrmed  (  1HS2)  S'.i  S.  >.  4" 
42  Am.  Rep.  311.  Tlirre  tin  ,l,-l,n.li: 
was  employed  to  paint  a  hiuMiii^.'-  '-^ 
not  beinp  able  himself  to  l>\ii'il  i  -' ■' 
fold,  employed  a  skilful  aiid  c.miii'I'' 
person  to  laiild  it.  Held.  Ilwl  •\  «- 
not  liable  for  injuries  n'eiivi.!  I'.v  "i" 
of  hi.s  w<-  '  :m-t»  tlitonsb  tl'i-  irivi";:  "  |' 
of  the  ■■<  Id.  'I'lu'  position  \.A<-n  v: 
the  lowe:  •■  it  is  short  n  by  tlie  fnl!  ' 
inj;    passa,        >(    the    opinion    ilcllnKii; 


i  5J8] 


VICE  I'UIXfll'AUMlIP— CIIAI!.\(  TKI!  t»K  ACT. 


10:1:1 


ili(>  j'xtnift-  ;;i\i'ii  fnnii  ilu>  opiniDH  of  the  ooiirf  i>(  ii|i|m'iiU  in  tln'  imtc 
Uldw  tliut,  while  rccopiiziiijj:  tlio  aiiiiijfoiiisin  IhIwccii  tiiis  diHtriui- 
iiiul  that  of  the  nnn-dch'^aiilc  (|iialitv  uf  oi>rtuin  duties,  it  contents  it- 
self with  deeiaring  the  master's  noiiliabilit}-,  and  jrives  no  reason^  for 
its  opinion. 

In  Pennsvlvania  it  has  boeu  laid  down,  an/iinnlo,  in  a  cimiiiaru- 


'Wliciii'vcr  the  employiT  Ims  liceii  lii-ld 
liiiMi",  iiiit  for  his  own  ni'nlip-iief  but 
for  the  ncfjIij.'PlK'P  o(  anotlwr  imtsoii,  it 
wiiH  U|iiiii  the  Ki'oiintI  thiit  the  iHlter 
ua»  c'hur^iMl  with  his  liiities.  .  .  . 
Thut  is  not  the  ciow  wliere  the  employer, 
not  liaviii^'  the  rei|iii!iite  skill  (o  ilii  the 
wiirk  himself,  intriiHts  tlie  |ierf<>riiijiiee 
of  it  entirely  to  it  eonipeteiit  and  unex- 
<'i|itionnl)le  contriietor.  The  employer 
laiiMDt  eseape  the  respnnsihility  of  exer- 
cising due  care  hy  dele;;atin;;  that  duty 
to  iin  u^ent,  hut  he  ean  employ  a  eoiM- 
[H'tent  and  uneveeptionnhle  eonlraotor 
to  eonslruct  tools,  machinery,  etc..  aiMl 
•.mil  conduet  would  lie  the  exercise  of 
that  ciipi"  which  the  law  recjuiri-s.  Thii 
mipliiyinent  of  a  contractor  is  not  a 
(Iclcjiation  of  the  employer's  duty.  It 
is.  when  proi)erly  done,  an  exercise  of 
the  cure,  and  a  fiillilment  of  the  duty 
vvlilcli  tlie  law  exact:..  It  would  Im'  un 
rca.iinahle  and  unjust  to  hold  an  em- 
ployer liahle  for  the  ncKli^lence  of  such 
a  contractor  so  employed,  for  the  em 
ploynieiit  of  him  would  not  1m>  nc;.di 
!.'cnce,  and  the  contractor's  ncyili^cncc 
iiiuld  not  he  allrihutinl  to  the  employer. 
Iicttiuse  no  relation  of  agency  would  ex 
ist  Ix'twe"!!  tlicni.  Inli'ss.  therefore, 
Ml,'  employer  knew  of  the  defect  which 
caused  the  injury,  or  his  i<^ii>rance 
thereof  of  itself  indicated  a  Iprcaeli  of 
iliity  on  his  part,  there  would  lie  iioth 
in;:  of  which  nenli^ience  could  Im"  piedi 
calcil  Sndth.  having  u-<ed   iliie 

care  in  procuring  the  scatTold,  and  lia\- 
ii.;;  no  kimwIiilKc  nor  any  reason  to  ap 
piclu'iid  that  it  was  in  any  respect  <le- 
firti'."',  he  was  justilied  in  suhjectini;  it 
to    ill, mediate    use    without    inspection. 

II  1.  true  an  inspection  mi;;ht  have  dis 
clo-cl  the  fact  that  the  support  which 
i!,i\i  way  was  fastened  with  nails  in 
-iia.?  of  rope*.  But  no  rea-^on  has  been 
«lio«t  why  that  fact  should  have  ad 
nini.i-lied  Suiith  that  the  sealfold  was 
i".s:ifc.  Not  lieirp  an  expert,  his  in 
•I'iclion  must  have  hen  merely  that  of 
1  ciii.iinnii  olxcrver.  If  tit-  defect  in 
the  M-alVold    would    have    Inen    apparent 

III  hiin.  till'  <lcceased  was  eipially  hound 
lu  lake  notice  of  it;  one  was  as  oiunpe- 


tent  to  determine  whether  the  fasten- 
in^'s  ref4'irisl  to  were  sullicient  ur  nut, 
as  the  other." 

The  ar;;ument  of  the  court  <if  ap|ieaU 
proceejk  upon  much  the  same  lines: 
"I  iiiler  the  reci'iit  di cisions  in  this 
state,  it  may  he  that  if  Smith  had  un 
dertaken  to  erect  the  scaltold  through 
agents  or  workmen  aitinft  under  his  di 
rection.  he  would  have  lieen  liable  fur 
mvli^ence  on  their  part  in  doinj;  tlio 
work,  provided  that  in  doin^'  it  they 
were  not  fellow  servants  of  the  party 
injured.  But  in  this  case  he  did  nut  su 
undertake.  Steven.son  was  not  the 
a;;ent  or  servant  of  Smith,  but  un  inde- 
|H'fident  contractor  for  whose  acts  or 
omissions  Smith  was  not  lialde.  Illiike 
V.  firiis  (IH.-.M  .)  N.  Y.  -IS,  j.-,  .\m. 
Dee.  :WI4.  Smith  received  the  seairold 
from  him  as  a  (implettsl  w<uk,  and  we 
<lo  not  think  that  it  was  ne;;li;.'ence  to 
ndy  upon  its  sulliciency.  and  peiinil  his 
employees  to  ;;o  upon  it  for  the  purpose 
of  performinj;  their  work.  .Stevenson 
was,  as  appear-,  from  the  eviilence, 
much  more  conipcli.nt  than  Smith  to 
jud;»e  of  its  sulliciency.  He  had  umler- 
lakeii  to  construct  a  lirstclass  scallold, 
ami  had  ddivereil  it  to  Smith  in  piT- 
forniance  of  this  contract,  and  we  ilo 
not  think  that  Smith  is  char;.'cab|p 
with  nc^'liKcucc  for  accepting;  it  without 
fiirthi'r  cx.iininatloii.  .\|l  iliat  such  an 
examinatioii  would  have  diM'loseil  would 
have  been  that  the  upright  was  naileil 
to  the  Icd^ier.  and  Smiili,  not  bein;;  un 
expert,  would  have  been  justilied  in 
relyinjr  upon  the  jiid^jment  of  Stevenson 
as  to  the  propriety  of  that  mode  of  fas- 
leninj;.  Tin-  ihd'ist  waa  nut  such  as  to 
admonish  Smith  of  danger." 

To  the  same  rIVcct,  see  ll'i'/riifci  ri/  v. 
Fririliriih  lIH'ilii  ,S  ,\pp.  Div.  4.'t.'t.  40 
N.  Y.  Supp.  S;t.').  where  a  floor  ciiM>lrucl 
<^I  by  a  subcimtractor  in  a  building 
which  a  contractor  was  erciliii;.'  ;;.ive 
way  and  injured  one  of  the  lalli'r'>  serv- 
ants. 

These  f,i~r-<  vi'i.m  i;i;-n-i-i-!,.i|j  nidi 
1l(///)iiii/i(i/.<  I-  V.  It'll  hi  shr  (ISHiii  •!  t  N 
Y.  S.  I:.  4.-).  17  N".  Y.  Supp.  .'IJl.  u  111  IV  a 
n;uiiii  ipality    wa>    held    liable    for    inju- 


m 


siiilii 


jllli 


Ml! 


■lil' 


t'    h 


J 


■!      I' 


i!i 


Hi 


II 


1034 


ILVMKK  ANDHEltVANT. 


[iiiAP.  XXXI 


tivcly  Into  n\*o  flint  tlic  iriii>lrr,  ti.«s  lie  owi's  tu  llir  sorviint  llir  tliiiv  i.l 
priiviiliii;^  a  rciiwiimlilv  >iiri'  plnrc  in  wliii-'.  •••  w.ii'k,  iinil  rt'aT>'>niili|\ 
Miift'  ti|i|iliaiK-i'.'<,  18  tint  I'l  li('\'<'(l  I'i'iiiii  liiiliilii  III  iiijiirv  rc-'iilliiii' 

to  a  sciMint  t'riiin  m  jilcct  nf  i-udi  diiiv.  1>_\  tin-  i.,ct  tliat  In-  ddifiatrd  i' 
111  an  iip'nt  or  in(l(|M  mlcni  (■■.niriii't.ir.'-'       JJut  ilicir  i«  an  cailirr  di 
j'isiiin  111  tl)0  <'tV('ct  iliiil,    if    a    iMf.'li;iiiif    is  under  a  iNMitrat-t  for  iIm' 

worlw  ot'  ciinsi  incline  >liil.s  nt'  snilii-icni  ^ii'inulli  tm-  a  ccrlain  pni'i 

and  the  di'iiiils  arc  left  to  lii^  own  jnduniciil  and  -kill,  llif  i'ni|p|i.\i  i 
fannot  Iw  visited  wiiii  ilic  cuiisciini  iicis  nt  ids  t'nihirc.'''  'I'lic  task  m 
rewineilinjr  tli<'  fnntliciinf;  vicw.s  ilin>  <\  idriiccd  nni-t  U'  left  to  tin-  'li> 
tingiiislicd  court  whicli  is  r(-|iiin*ilil.  tor  thmi.  'i'o  iho  priscnt  wriii  i 
the  niuii'  recent  cx|irc»iuns  hI'  c>|iiniiiii  a|i|iciir  to  cndindv  the  correct 
doctrine.  It  is  worth  oli-ervin^'  iliat.  ii-  the  doctrine  ot'  non-dclcpdili 
duties  hail  not  vet  hecu  I'orinidatcd  witli  iiiucli  di-iinctncs-i  at  the  liim- 
the  earlier  eiise  wan  decided,  it  in  cxtreinelv  proli;il>lc  tliat  the  clTcci  nt 
such  a  conception  us  <jualit'vin;r  the  r\d(!  with  rcniinl  to  indcpindeiii 
«>ntniciors  was  not  considcreii  at  all  iiv  the  cuiirt.  indeed,  the  opin 
ion  delivered  jjives  no  indication  tiiat  tins  aspect  of  the  rehilinus  of  lii. 
parties  was  tiiken  into  ac«'onnt. 

In  Khode  Island  a  eonipanv  hu^^  heeii  held  rcsponsihlo  for  the  jiei: 
lijtence  of  an  independent  cuntractor  in  *)  ron-triiciini;  a  crane  tliiii 
the  hanlinjr  chains  were  nut  j)ro|)erlv  insulated  from  tiie  current  d 
electricity  whidi  operated  it.'* 

Some  hmmiaire  has  hcen  used  !>'■  the  supremo  eotirt  of  South  Cain- 
lina  which  woidd  seem  to  indicat'  tli;^t  the  niasier  is  ni>t  il'sulved  frniii 
liability  for  ;nnditions  of  tlie  jdiice,  created  hy  work  which  is  Uin:; 

rii's  Piiuspd  hy  the  raving'  in  nf  a  trcncli  to  thp  ri'^nll   of  c'ni;pt.i\  in;;  a  conlriii  l.ir. 

iiiadi!  l)y  an  inil'iHiiliiit  imit  rjiter.    lint  in     Hip     nm-t      iim  nMipi'iinii^in;,'     t('iiii= 

thiTi'     is     nci     ili^<ii'-'<i<>n    of    llir   yiinral  I'lic  iinirt    -aiil:      "ll    may  In'  icinsid.i.il 

qucsliini  inviilvi'il  in  >ni'li  a  >ilualiiin.  as  niivv  -i4tlril  lli;il.  if  a  |M'i~im  cmiil' \- 

"Tniiiior  V.  I'lnlii'lrljiliid  ,1    /,'.  //.  Co.  olliiTs.  iidt   as  -irvants,  Imt    as  nioliMii 

(18110)    137  Pa.  US.  20  All.  tJ;iL'.  ios.   or  contractors    in    an    incl..|H'n(liiil 

In    Orllip    V.     I'll  Until  I /iltiii    d    H".   C  Imsincss  ami  tlicy  arc  of  ^hmI  cliarn  Ici. 

Trartion  Cii.  (lOOl)    l!tS  I'a.  ."iSd.  4S  .\tl.  if  tliirc   was  no  "want     of    ilnc    care    in 

4!>7,   till"  court   said:      "The   u-c   of   tlio  clioo>iii^' tlicin.  In-  iiii  iirs  no  lialiilil.\   f'l 

tracks   was  unilcr   tlic   direct    iinitnd   of  injuries    ri-snltin;;  to   others    from    lli.n 

the    company's    sniMTiiitendenl.    who  re-  ne^li^'eiice  or  want  of  st^ill.     I'tnnl'i    i 

tained  ami  exercised  the  ri>;ht  to  direct  I'lllslnirrih    (lSii;!i   4l>  I'a.  2i:!.      If  I  .   n 

the  mana^TMient  of  the  lars  ami  si;.:iials.  ploy    a    well    known    and    re|iutal>li'   m.i 

In  nil  matters  ini'idcnt  to  the  u~e  of  tlic  chiiiist  to  construct  a  -leam  cii;;inc.  ami 

track  till- contractors  and  theii  Workmen  it   lilow.-i  \\\t  from  had   niatiiials  or  uii 

reiiieM-nted  the  will  of  the  company,  and  skilful    work.    I    am    not    |■c^llonsil;lc  Im 

its  ri-.|)onsiliility  remained."  any  injury  which  may  re«iill,  whether  to 

"Anil silt  Oil  Co.  V.  (lihon   (1870 1    03  my  own  servant  or  to  a  third  per-on  " 
P.l.    14(>.     The   liahility  of  the  company        "Moron  v.  Corli.^.t  Slmin    Ktiijim    ''". 

was  hriii  to  be  for  the  jury,  as  there  wa.-^  \  ISilOi    21   U.  i.  ^Jsti.    !,">  I..  U.  .\.  -''■'..   i'5 

eviilcncc   that    the   stills    were   made   ae-  Atl.  874    (the  appll.ime  U'eamu  danger 

lordin;;  to  u  plan  diriited  liy  thi»  presi-  ous  after  btiny  put  into  use), 
denli   l>ut   the  vuurt  alutud  thu  rule  a* 


9  i58J 


VU  K  l"l:i.\'  IC.\LHIIII'-ni.\l!.\t  TEH  OK  ACT. 


16;«;. 


Idiio  In  a  CMtiinici.ii'.'''      Hju  i\\v  |(i(fi.«c  |M>-iiii>ii  of  iIk*  Itarnod  judgi' 

.vll()  wrutr  llll-  i>|iillici||   i.-i  Iliil  r|c;irl\    ilflilirtl. 

In  Toxii!*  it  hiiM  lii'iii  hold  that  tlic  diilv  of  n  railroihl  coinpany  to 
III  «'iiii)l<>vi'('  to  fiirni-li  'life  iiii|(liimi-(-  nmiioi  Im-  nlTi'cfi'd  l)v  ii  coii 
iruct  iM'iwt'cii  ii  unci  ii  tliini  |><'t'don,  to  uliicli  tin'  |ilaiiiiilT  wih  not  a 

part^',  ^iviii^  -iicli   pi'i-.soii  control  of  tl ar.-^  aiiij   I'l'ijiiiriii;;  liiin   to 

make  all  repair-.'"  In  tlii*  state  it  raihoiv  <'oiii|iiiii\  lias  al-o  Ikih 
held  liabli  wlicrc  a  drrrick  n>ri\  liv  a  coiiiraclor  t^i  iiiiloa'l  sioncs  fmin 
■A  car  wa>  ina<lci|naii'l,v  scciirt'il  and  fell  i  ii  a  lirakciiian.'^ 

In  \  irf;inia,  on  llic  ircncral  jrronii'l  'lial  tlic  rtconsiniction  of  a  rail- 
way bridp-  wiiiioiil  tlic  inli-rrnplinii  of  Iratlic  is  not  an  essentially 
liazanloiis  uiidertakiiiir.  Iml  inav  he  otTecled  with  piitiro  safety  if  or 
'iinary  can'  Iw  used,  a  company  lias  I«tii  held  not  liahle  for  the  nejrii- 
:;cnc'o  of  a  repiitahle  (•••nt factor,  einployeil  to  do  the  work." 

Whichever  of  the  aiilaii'onistic  view.s  of  the  nature  of  tlic  master's 
liiihility  l>o  taken,  it  is  manifest  that  the  j^eneral  principles  which  de 
'(•nuinp  the  exlcnf  of  the  i-c-|MPii-iliility  of  an  employer  for  the  acts  of 
,i!i  indcpcndeiil   cntractor  involve  the  coiMllary   that  the  owner  of 
prenii.ses  cannot  dictale  that  his  Imildiiii;  shall  Im'  constructed  of  im- 
proper materials  or  upon  an  unsafe  plan,  ami  escape  liability  for  in 
juries  caii-ed  therehy  hccause  he  made  a  contract  with  n  third  person 
to  liuild  it :  nor  can  he,  with  kiiowlcdp-  of  a  weakness  or  defect  threat 
I II in j:  the  streiifrth  of  the  huildi'iir.  »et  a  man  at  work  immediately  nn 
ilcr  it,  and  shift  all  rcsponsiliiliiy  upon  the  huilder.'"      Similarly  it 
has  heeii  held,  on  the  irrounii  that  the  physical  conditions  cn'ateil  l>y 
(lie  iiejrlijii'tu'e  are  the  ticccssary  ri'snlt  of  llie  work  contracted  for,  that 
,in  oiiiiiloyee  of  a  stn-et  railway,  which  is  relayiiii:  its  rails  under  a 
iiiimi('i|)a'  ix'rmit.  may  recover  for  injuries  due  (o  an  ohstriidion  in 
ilio  track.-" 

A  contractor  is  not  p.xonerale<l  fi'oiii  liability  for  injury  to  one  nf 

"rimUn     V.     Chinh'sloii      (tSCiS)       !,">         "  \i,rl'<,ll:     rf     If.    /.'.    Co.    v.     .SV.  rc,/» 

i;i(h.  I..  201.  (i8!i!t)  a:  Vii.  fi.ti.  4(!  t..  n.  a.  .'tnr.  .ii 

"lliilf.  <'.  if-   N".    /■'.   //.   Cf,.   V.    Sliiiiii)  S.    K.    :,■>-,    (train    went    lliri.ii;.'li    cm.-  of 

iWl-1)    1    Tex.   Civ.   .\|>p.  .•14:1.  i\    S.    U'.  the    <|>iiiis.    owiiii;    to    tlir    fiicl    that     111.- 

i;i:i;  Iliilf.  ('.  tf  .>>'.  /■'.  If.  t'lK  V.  Ililoii'!)  fiilx-work    hail     liccii     tiikcii     away     tiK> 

(lilflO)  22  Tp\    Civ.  A[ip-  -t-".  •">■">  '^-  \\  •  "ooiil.    Tlio  court  linc^  not    ri'fi'r  to  aiiv 

't^^.     Ill  thi-  lattor  raxc  I  lie  coiitraif  for  of  tlic  aiillioritic*    o|i|Kiso<i    to    its    own 

lialla^tini;  a  railroad  traik  providcil  that  cmiclii-ion.  anil  contents  itself  with  ap- 

"tlic    omilrartor    wiiuM    cany    on    anil  |>lyin'x  the  pcneral  rule  as  to  iii<lc|H'n(I 

prcMciilc  the  work  in  such  manner"  as  ent     contractors,    without     noticinj;   the 

the  iiijiiiccr    of    the    railroad  ccunpaiiy  |>o<sil)ility  of  an  exception  to  that  rule 

-hmilil  direct,  and  the  injury  was  caiisiil  in   the  case  of  nli^oliite  duties, 
hv  a  ilifpct  in  a  derrick  u«p<l  hy  the  con-        "Meier   v.    Morgan    (18!I2)    82    Wis. 

tra-tar  in  [^rfr-rmiii^'  -ut-h  w..r'-:.  IV*.  ,'2  X.  \V.  171. 

'ii"lf.  I',  rf  S.   /.'.   /.'.  ro.   V     Diiawu        "  \orth     Ckirmio     fitrr.'     ff.     Co.    v. 

I'laoi  22  Tex.  Civ.  App.  427.  r>5  S.  \V.  Ihulo'on   (IDOO)    IS4   111.    i.r.   "if.  X.   K. 

538.  79«,  Allirming   (IS'.IS)   83   III.  App.  52S. 


=li 


m 


111:1a 


MANTKI!    \NI)  >KliV.VNJ. 


[«  llAf.   XWl 


I   '  ! 


r*.  i>]'M  I 


I         i 


IP 


Ilii 


his  ciiiffl.tvwx  hv  rrnw.n  ut'  a  dctVct  in  an  iip|)li>tnf<'.  Imm-hiw  tli.-  ..th, 
purtv  to  tiic  <'iintrnct  was  to  fiiniiMli  Hiiitulili-  ii|if>liunn-,  wliirc  tin-  •Vi- 
cn-tion  WH»  l«-t't  to  tlu-  eoiilractor  with  it't'fi-.iic<'  to  tin'  applian.-i-i*  1. 

Till-  rulf  that  u  nut^tiT  (li^-liaicfs  liiH  lintv  r..  n  S4n!mt  \>y  fiirtii  1 
iiigun  applianw  iinuU-  b\  a  ivpiital.li  maimlaciiiivr  i-  •>iilv  appliciLi. 
whfTc  it  appcuiY  that  the  applimni'  wai«  iiiadf  tor  tliv  n.-te  to  wliioii  , 

was  ptit.'* 
SS8.    Same  inbject  continued.    Oppoaing  doctrinei  diicuswd  — 'Hi 

writiT  lias  no  lifsitation  in  savitig  that  he  .on^iihis  ihr  .  a-c  ah.-.lviii. 
the  nia!*l4;-  from  n-spon^-ihility  for  the  iic^'lijji  iiri'  ..f  an  in<h|«  imIi  1 
contractor  in  tliis  cniiicrlion  liavc  U^'n  thrich-d  niton  a  fal-w'  lhtiir\     1 
thf  circninrttaiK-t's  involviil.      It  is  a  cont rail i.'t ion  in  icrnis  to  «|m 
of  an  ahsolnti-  «lntv  as  Uing  -usc«|itihh'  of  «h'h-piiion.      If  if  oun  i 
<l«'lr>rulcil  in  any  particnhir  insiaiuM',  it  ceases,  r.r  IiiijidIIkki.  i..  1k' 
solut-f.     That  tliis  is  a  ncHvssarv  corolhiry  of  tlic  tlnM.rv  that  a    liitA 
ab«>lnt<'  has  Im^-ii  fully  iv.s.jrniztHj  in  many   Kiifilixh  un<l  Aniori.-,,, 
cases,  when'  tho  complainant  was  a  stranp-r.'      Why  a  .litTer.ni  |m  : 
ciplc  should  U'  ajiplieil  where  the  injury  is  nieived  hy  a  servant 
the  partv  subject  to  the  duty  is  not  apparent,  and  no  court  has  yet  (in 
nished  anv  n'ason  for  makinjj  «uch  a  distinction.     On  the  other  hnii.l 
there  is  a  consideration  which  points  very  stn.njjly.  if  not  condusivi  K 
to  the  (inclusion  that  the  vu^<-  of  a  servant   is  preci-4'ly  lln'  one 
which  tlu'  court**  should  U'  ino-t  unwillinj;  to  allow  the  interp..>iii.  1 
of  a  contractor  to  shield  the  uiaMer.     As  has  Im-ch  >howii  elsewh.  iv  l,^ 
the  present  writer  (4(5  L.  K.  A.  pp.  ns  45.  and  pp.  K'T    1  P.M.  a  iikih 
nfact.Mrrr  who  supplies  a  chattel  to  another  |Krsun  to  Ik-  used  in  !  '■■■ 
hu.siness  is  not  liound  to  indemnify  the  servants  of  the  vendee  f'.r  n 
juries  which  they  receive  owinii  to  defcirt.s  in  the  clwittel.      Manit<  -tlv 
the  n-sult  of  ap|)lyin^  eoncurnntly  l«>th  this  principle  and  also  iIp 
principle  that  the  master  who  pimliases  an  appliance  from  n  ni;iiin 
facturer  is.  as  regards  his  scrviuiis.  entith'd  to  rely  up.  11  its  Ix-ini;  tii 

'  MrCnll    V.    Pacific     Vnil    N.   S.   I'n.  n   liiiiip  hvpt  a   ((Milpiitli   in   a   cuii.iiihn 

(1898)    12.1  rill.  42.  ').')  I'ar.  T'Hi.  "tt  ili'fiM't ivf  as  if  U'   ;t    il«n};ciiiii.   iiui 

"RUitlrni  V.   Willi,' r    i(    /'.    "/'I.    ''"■  ^anoe  was  liclil  an^uiTnlili-  tii  a   |i:i--i 

(tool)    17!»  Ma-.  :to;.  TiO  N'.   K    :S2.  liy   iMJ""""!   l>.v   it^  tall,  allli.nitrli   !■    Ii '  I 

'  Hull-  \    Silliiinlii.unK     A    K.    If     <■■'.  Iiirnl   a  <"iii|ul.'iit    rc.iiliartor  I"    i    pur 

(1S(;1)    C,    llurlst.     i     N.     4.SS.   :i(t    I..   .1.  il»:    C'Olix   v.    KHrii    ilHitli     l.-.i    M.-- 

Kxct).  N.  S.  SI.  .I  I..    T.    N.    *<.    T.-)<t.  '.I  123,  2(1  N.  K.  -121    similar  fa.l-'  :   II,' 

Wwk    Kt-p   274    (milway  c<miii.:.iiv  IhM  *iii»on  v.  luimil  Slul  rf  Si)riii(i  tl^rt" 

liat>lp  for  tlu'  art  of  a  .•..n«mr-t..r'in  .il.  1  1880)    73    Midi,    mv    41     N.   W .   )'" 

rttriiHini.' thp  tiavi^jation  of  a  river  wliilr  (huiWinf;  -o  .Ufn-livi'lv    enlist nictiMl  .<■ 

h,,iMii.K    a    l,ri.!^<-i:     T-rr'<    v.     i.hl.-.,  ..  hr  a  n-.i-am-  :  ^n<l   Hi-  n,!„.r  ..,-.^- 

(187«)   I,    R    I  l^  B.  niv.  314    4.'i  1..  .1.  ''<\  in  1  ShpAfin.  4   KcUf.  Neg.  i«   l> 

Q.   W.  N.  S.  .JliO,  34   I,.  T.   V.  S.  07.  24  176. 
Wpck.  tep.  .'"SI    I  tenant  who  maintained 


"I     .! 


Vlt  K  ll'INt  II'A) 


•Mil' 


11  Ml  \i  I  ir  I'K  \i  r. 


WIT 


Inr   rho   plll'l"!  ■-!   ri.iirliijilillcii.    llhl<-»    lli<l't-    i-   ><.i|iii  I  lii  III'    hi   |illl    lillii 

,iii  iiMjiiirv  ii-.  to  i'^  ■■iiiidiiiini,  i-  tluit   ih./sr  .crvuiii..  ari'  ii!<iiiill>    Irtl 
riiiii'lil''-»  it  'Im'V  nil    iiijiii'i  i|  \t\  rra-i'ii  <il   ■'kiih'  iIuii^itihh  pi'ip|n'rt_v 


•I  ilii'  ii|i|>liiiii 


'I'lif  wriiiT  sees  iKi  ri'iiMiiii  tor  muilifviti)!  tin-  o|ii 


ti- 
iliirli  lit'  liii»  aliiii'is  liuiJ  .III  i'|>p<'rtuiiif  <»f  pxpn-rt-iiij;  in  ntliiT 
I  ililiciiii'-ii^. — tluit  -iii'h  u  <-Miii-lii<i(>ii  is  siiiipl\  pn'p'P!iicr>>iiH  ami  'li-- 
i;rHr('l'iil  t4i  ari.v  «s-i«!ii  of  jiiri»pi- ii'li-iirc-      I'.itlirr  tlic  vciulnr  sli'HiM 

in  Inimrr  l»'  iillowcil    t<<  -lic'lliT  liim-flt    iiinli  r  ilic  sup) "I    ••irt'inii- 

-luin'ij-  l>v  tin-  «l't"iiM-  III  wiiiit  ot'  piivitv  lit'  i'liiitract,  or  it  -limilil  U- 
ii-;inliM|  as  an  iiiipliril  term  in  tin-  imiiI  rai-t  lii'twi-i-n  tlit'  iiiastir  aiiil 
hi-  -iivuiif-^  lliaf  all  iippli:M,iT,  iilitiiiiicci  t'roni  parlies  nut  in  liis  .s<t\ 
iiT  iir«'  inr  trmii  all  ili'li  ri-  wliicli  ••an  Im-  pri'  i-iitfil  by  tin-  ••xcrcisc  ot' 
iluit  (Icyin  lit' I'll  IT  ;uiil  skill  wliii'li  i~  ifiiiiircii  i>t'  pcrsnrm  fullnwiiiL'  tlw 
-.iiiif  lini'  "t  l.n-iiK  -s  as  rlic  Vfiiiiur.  Tlic  latti-r  nii'tli<i<l  "(  •■sntpiiia 
fp'Mi  till'  ali>uiil  pii'iiriiiiKiil  im  ■    viilcli  ihc  law  has  p»t  ii  "If,  at  llii-' 

H'liiiU  pi'i'it  <if  till'  priiiciplt's  iiinli'i'  'lisciissinii,  wmild  s<'riii  to  lie  tin- 
iiiii.-i  .!i«iriili|i.  \ui  i.iily  wunlil  it  nrntnl  off  and  r«'nd«'r  <'ntinly  con- 
-i«t(ir  'he  ilui-iriiic  of  ulisiiliHc  ilirifs.  lint  it  wiiiild  uliviatf  tin'  almnst 
iii-iiiH  liililr  piai'iral  ili'ii.iih  ics  wliii'li  vvmilil.  ill  many  iii^tan<-<-s. 
link  the  atuiiipi-  iif  sci'.aiil-*  tu  olitain  n-dn'ss  fnun  vendors  of  in 
-iniiiieiitaliiies  i  •  sidinjj  in  ili-  itit  iuciliiie-.  I'liep  would  lie  im  in- 
jii^fice  ti)  till'  mii-ter  in  siiili  a  i-  ie.  tor  in-  ui.rlii  siill  have  his  action 
■  ■\i  r  iifrain-i  the  veiulur  ul  li'i  >!  'Vefi  .e  apjiliaiire,  and  wiinld  almiHt 
iiivariahly  Ik-  iiiori'  favurahly  -ii  aaiia  th:ii.  hi-  servants  fur  the  en- 
turci'iiii  fit  "t'  his  ri^rhts. 

660.  Massachntetts  doctrine. —  In  son)''  nf  the  doelsions  by  this  court 
•lip  tliiiiry  of  non-delefrahlo  iluties  ha  Ikcii  proii'Mimled  in  lansrnano 
not  iiiateriiilly  ditTeient  from  that  which  has  Iwen  used  by  jndires  in 
•  itlifT  states.'      AJiire  coniiiiiinly.  huwever.  that  theory  is  cnnneiated  in 

'Ifi  l.iiw  Qtiiirtiilv  l!i-vii-\v.  p.  i8!i;  ;itl  er  -ii|m'|  inlt-ti  Inils;  tnit  tin-  iliitv  U  liis, 

I  .mill. I   I..  .1    II.  20:t.  ii ml  Mill  iiiiT.-l.v  tlii-irs.  iiml  for  ni'«lit'i'm',. 

"Kit  till'  iiiiiMiii.'riiiitit   nf  lii«   nwiliin  nf  liis  iliit.v   ill   tlii-   ivs|i<rt   111!  i^  n^po:- 

ry  mill  ilu-  i-niiiiiict  nf  lii«   ~it\    tits,  he  -llilp."    Ililniiin  \.  Fiixlini  K.  Co.  (  1S(... 

ili"'  ni;i-t<rl   Is  r»<>t    h-|miiisi1iI<-  u.  tlnir  1.1    .\lliii.    4;!.'!.   !H)   .\tii.    IKt.   210. 
Icll.nv     -irviinra:     liiit     In-    Prtliiini     iiviiil  In    hnnl    v.    FilrhliHrii    It.    Co.    (1S72) 

liiniM'lf  „t  tills  cMMiiiition   from   n-^iMiii-  I  Ml  M:isn.  240.  14  .Am.  Hi-p.  .)!IS.  it  wiis 

-il>ilit\   «lii'ii  liis  own  iii>v'lii.'i'ii<i-  ill  iiipt  lirlil  tliiil   instiiirl inii.s  hiti-  pio|i«'rly  ri-- 

•uvinc;    oiiitiililc     iii-ti  iiiiiinls.     wlii'tlur  fasi-il    wliirli    sniil   tin-  ili'fiiiilants  wmilil 

[HTsiiiH  nr  lliiiif.'s.  Ill  ilo  Ills  wiirk.  fnusr*  not    Im-   liable   fiir   iiei;li;.'riirf   of    ihtmhis 

iiiimv  lo  llii>~c  in  liis  <>niplii.v.      Ili'  I'lin-  f\miiiiiiiit;     a     Imilri        Tint   iniirt    siiiil; 

ni.t  liivi^t    liinisclf  of  his  ilnt.v    to   liiivo  '■Tlip   roi|Kiratiiiii    is   cqiiall.v   cliaiLiMlili' 

•iiilatile    iii-truTuri>ts    of    an.v    kinil.   Ii.v  «ln'tli<'r  llii>  iiryli^riiiiT  was  in  originally 

iteli'v'iitin!.'  to  an  aj^i-nt  tlirir  piiiplo.N  iiiriit  fiilinK  to  pioviili'.  or  in  afliTHarU  fail- 

nr  »i'lritii>ii    thi'ir  sn|H'rintfnili'n(i'  or  n--  in^'  to  kri'p.  il.H  iiiailiiiH-r.v  in  safr  miiili 

ii.iir      \   ..II  |..i„iiiiii   inii-l.   ami   a    ma-  tinn.     Tin    ilnty  is  i  .^.iitially  ti-.r  satiip 

li'i- M ho  lias  an  iivtfiisivi-  lnisin<|-.s  often  .  riii'  ipii'^lion    was    not    wlii'tlur 

does,  inrfomi  this  duly  tliruugli  oIliriT*  Ilu-  olVu-frH  iianipil  knew,  or  niiglit  liav? 


1  (•,.!« 


M  ASIKi;  AND  S|:K\  ANT. 


[«  IIAI'.   \\\l 


m 


* 


11^ 


a  I'liriM  wliifli  is  |Hi'iiliiir  tn  tlii-  jiirisiliciiuii.  tlif>  |K»iticm  tiikcn  \:>'\\:- 
iss(iiii:illv  llii-,      iliiil  llic  iii:i>lcr"s  cxcn-i-i'  of  n xiTcisc  uf  si  |ip.|i 

>ll|M'f\  i^ilill    liVCI-    lllc    ^ITVMIlIS    ll>   wIh^III    lie    IlilS    (ll'lcirMll'il    lllC    pclli'l'll 

iiiii'c  nl'  tlir  (liilii-.  wliicli  cl-cwlii'i-i'  arc  Iri'alfil  as  aliscihilc,  wiili..!; 
(|nalitifali>iii.  i-  ilir  iiliiiiiaif  Icsl  U>  wliicli  llic  t|in'siinn  of  liis  ri-|..:i, 
sihility  for  llic  ncp:lit;ciicc  of  tlmsc  tenants  i)ii;;lit  to  l)c  rcfcrrcil.- 


l.iKiuii.  of  111!'  ili-f(it,  iir  of  tlio  irii-om|H'- 
tfiK'V  of  llii  >c'  «lio  liiiil  ctiiii).'!'  of  till-  re- 
imirs.  lull  wlii'iliiT  tlii'  ror|n>r.it  ion  in 
liny  |iiiit  of  il^  oi;.'!!!!!/;!!  ion.  Ii.v  miv  of 
its"  il;.'cllN,  <i|  for  WMIll  of  ^i;;cllt^.  fjilfil 
to  I'XiTri-.' iliM'  ciiri'  I"  |.iiMTit  iii|iir\  lo 
llip  |il:iiiilill'  from  il(fii!>  ill  {\w  iii-trii- 
iiioiil    fiinii-liiil   for  hi'  u-i'." 

Si't>  al-(i  till-  i|iiotaliiiii  fioiii  llir  o|>in- 
ioils  in  Sniiii  V.  //i/HMi(ii(ilr  A'.  *''/.  S  -I'ti, 
notp  I.  mill  in  Wlmhr  v.  II  (/.voii  ,!//(/. 
ro.  ( iss;))   i:).->  Mii«h.  2!i7. 

''rill'  iiio-t  useful  fviiliiiiiilion  of  ttli^^ 
llicoiy.  for  till-  |>iiri«>-i-  of  roiii|>;ir.il  ivo 
jiiris|ii  iidi'iiri'.  is  c'oiilaiiii'cl  in  tin-  fol- 
low in-.'  pas^ayc  fnini  tin-  ojiiiiion  of 
I'irlij.  .1..  Ill  lliiifirs  V.  l.iiillmi'  1//;;.  Vo. 
(IMSTi  144  Muss.  IDS,  ;■)!•  Am.  \U-\>.  tW, 
II  N.  K  7".  "'.As  a  cor|ioralioii  iiui-^t 
iiH  liy  natural  p<>rs<ins,  anil  as  all  lar^'i! 
roriMiratioiis  carry  «in  tlii'ir  liiisiiii-s<  liy 
ini'iins  of  servants  of  ilillerent  j;railes.  it 
is  niiinifest  tliiit,  if  it  is  lielil  that  tliest? 
arc  nil  fellow  servants,  and  that  the  cor 
IMiralioii  laii  ilelejr.ite  the  whole  iliity  of 
iiirinjr  iiml  »iiiMrliiteiiiliii;f  its  servants. 
and  of  [iroviilin-;  its  maehinery  and  of 
kee|>iii''  it  III  n'|>air.  to  one  or  iimre  priii 
eipal  servants,  siieli  nn  siiiM-rintendents 
or  iiiana^Trs.  tlio  ei>r|Kiratioii  may  esea|>o 
all  re-|ioiisiliility  for  injuries  eaiisi'<l  liy 
defective  niachinerj-.  except  in  the  few 
eases  wluTe  it  can  lie  shown  that  these 
principal  servai  t.s  were  ineonipeleiil,  or 
that  the  direit<>rs  of  the  ctirpor.it  ion.  or 
its  principal  ollicers.  knew  that  llu!  sul)- 
oidinato  servants  were  inc«inil»'teiit.  or 
that  the  niacliiner>'  iLsod  was  defivtive 
To  avoid  this  result,  soiiie  courts  havn 
held  th.it  iiperinteiideiits  or  iiiaiia;.'ers 
are  not  fellow  servants  with  the  nun 
employed  to  work  under  them,  or  that 
-ervanls  employed  in  one  department  of 
the  liii-iness  are  not  fellow  servants  with 
tho-^i- eiiiplnyeil  ill  another.  Other  courts 
hiiM-  held  tiiat  they  are  nil  fidlow  siTV- 
ants,  lull  that  the  master  cannot  avoid 
hix  iilili,i.'ation  to  see  to  it  that  reason- 
nblo  care  ~hall  Iw  exercised  in  prm  ur- 
iiifr  siiitalde  maehinery.  in  keepiiij.'  it  in 
ri-pair.  and  in  hiriii}.'  and  retjiiiiin;;  com- 
pi'leiit  servants.  Iiy  employing'  a  seivint 
to  do  Ih'.-so  tilings  for  him;   und  that   if 


he  does  i-mploy   a  servant    for  thi>  pur 
po^e.  and   the  servant    ili»»   not    ii-r  .1,, 
care,    the    mailer    is    re-|M.ll>ilde.      .      . 
The    rule  of   i-  siinmh  >il   .m//.i  cioi .  ;i-  ,i]. 
plied    to   i'a~<.    like   the    pn^eiit.   iIk-. 
ei-p1  ion  of   injuries   railM-d   Iiy  the  n-S: 
;;en(e  of  a  ftdlow   -servant,  and  llu-  liii 
l.iliiiiis  of  Ihi^  cMiplioii   have  li.eii  ,. 
taldi-hed    Iiy    eoiiits    upon    con-idi  i  ilii  ■: 
of  piildie  |io!iey.  as  well  a^  of  the  I.-. 
principle-,  which  p>vern  ea-es  ^mn.-n'   • 
analo'joii-.      If    a    master    who  t.iK.-  i 
|per-oiial  part  in  the  iiiaiiaL'eiiieiil  ■  f  'i- 
liii-iiie-s     has     any     duly     to     pcii  i 
tiit\ard»  his  servants,  it    is    diili' ult    ' 
-ay   that    it  is  always  wholly  inihin 
Iiy  doiii;;  two  thing's,  namely,  hy  empliA 
ill};  compileiil    servants,  and  Iiy  fiiiiii- 

iiit;    ample    n ns.     In    unhr   Ihii   t^ 

liii-ine-ss   may    In;  prii|M'rly   niaii.i'_''l  ' 
servants  should   not  only  Ik'   iiiiii|ii  Ii  r 
hut  they  should  ho  numerous  cimiiu'i  ' 
do.  and   they   should  have  the  m. m- 
doinj;,  whatever  oii;.'ht  ria^mialily  te  '■ 
done;  nnd  such  reiinlations  >IiomM  Icm- 
lalili-hed     lu*     will     insure   the   io|iii-i' 
Miliie'dination  and  control,  and  llicivr 
ci-i'  of   reasoiialiln  intelli;.'eiice  and  ..ii 
ill    the   conduct     of     the     liii-iiii-~-;    ;ii 
it  is  alnio.t  as  diHIcult  to  ilcliiii'    ill  i 
dill  ie-.  of  the  nia-tcr  ill  llii'>e  re-p.  M-  i- 
to    dillne    the    duties    of    a     per-ull    111!  i  ■ 
other  relations.     If  It  is  not  the  ;il.-.ilir 
duty  of  the  master   lo   furnish   -ultill' 
machiiMTy.  and  if  he  is  not  held  t..  u.ii 
rant  that  the  servants  he  eniplov-  U<  in: 
nish   machinery   or  to  keep   it    in   n|M.r 
shall    always    use    rea>oiialile  cue.  ih.'! 
the  duty  of  .a.  in:ister  who  iIik-  not  |«r 
sonally    coiidiii  i     his    Ini-ine— .    if    he  i- 
iiiider  any   duty,    we  think,   iiin-l    !»■  ' 
use  reasonalde  care  ill  the  nian.iji  iii.ii' 
and  that  is  to  exercise,  or  li;ivc  cM-n  i-! 
a   reason;ilde    su|K'rvi~ion   over   tiic  ■'  ! 
duel    of   his  servants,   as  will  a-^  i"  <>■ 
reasiinalde  care   in   scciii;;  tl,.il   lu-  -in 
ants    arc   iiim|«tcnl.    and    are   liiiiii-'  ■: 
with  >uitalilc  means  for  carrviiiL'  ""  i!" 
hiisinc-s."     The    learned     jiidt:e    I  lull  f 
viewed   -Mine  of  the  earlier  c:l-c-  .ilnl  I'  ' 
ceedcil      Ihll-:       "  I'lie^e      dcci-ioli-     -'i' 
that    it    i-  the  duly  of  the  m.i-li  r  ti.  i\ 
erri^'  .1    ri  .i-on.ilile  siimi  x  i-imi  evr' 


■•!:    1 


i  :m)] 


VllK  rUIXCIl'ALSllll'  -(  IIAIMlTKr!  OK  ACT. 


1631) 


This  .•..ii.(.|,ii,.„  u„„|,l  scorn  to  iiivolvf  liu'  result,  that  th  :P  is  only 
..lie  (Iiit.v  wliich  is  HUM  cicl.-iihl..  in  ihc  wnsc  in  which  that  tonii  is  <.r- 
cliiiiirik  iiiKlcr-i.HHl,-  till-  .Intv.  niirticl.v,  .<(  cllicir.nt  suiMTvisinn  ..vcr 
ihf  iip'iiis  whuni  lie  hiis  ii|>|).>iiil<'<i  in  ivpiv-.iil  him  in  s,.|.injr  ihnt  tlic 
various  in^lrunicMliilitics  ..I'  work  iiro  in  n  irii<(.niiMv  siit'f  <-<>niliiinn  ; 
iind  for  this  reason   the   Miissjichnscli.s  (Irci.sions  in  rcpini  to  nc'li- 

.iiinlition  in  wliidi  (lie  iiiiicliini-ry.  •.inii-     i.Ttiv.-  riiiifltiiiiTs     wlini  lln'  dcficl   »  m 

iiircH,  ,iml  ollii'i   M|>|>li ^  ii.r<l   in   hi-    MilM;Miliiil    i,i<l     nii,l..i.Ml    th,.    nmrliii,,. 

Im-im-..   iirr   kept    l.y    In.   -.•ix.mI-.   nn.l    uiilil    f,.r   ii„..   ^illl>nii;;li    il    uiis   tl.rn,i..|i 
lint  li..  ...iiiiot   ,.i„lly.-.„|„.  ,,.,;,.„„il,i|      ||„.  „,.^.|,.,t    Mf  ,,   .•.,rri|M.t,-iit    HTV;oit    tliT.t 

Ity    Ipy    cli-lr;.ntlliy      111..      INIlHllM.ol.c    .,f     III.'   I hill,.   h;|,|    ii,,t    |„.,.,|    ,,.,Mi,,,|      „,|,| 

ihis  iliity  l,>  -iimiit-.:  thiit  th.'  n.'^-li  ll.iy  Inn,' ,il-,,  hi'M  Hint,  wh.'ii  th,- ih'fi.t 
V.'iM-.'  .,f  hiM  ..,'rv:iiitM  in  i,'p;,iiin;..  ..r  i,,  uj-  ,„„'  th.ii  must  fi,,|ii,'iit  U  nri*.'  fi..iii 
f.nliii'.' tn  K'liiii  iiij.'hiii.iy  i~  ii,>l  n,','.-,  ihi'  u-.-  „f  th,.  niii.liiii,'  aii.l  «n-  ~ii.h 
-Miilv  III.'  ti,'L'liyi'ii,','  .,f  III,'  ii„i-t,r.  I.iit  Hint  III.'  |M'r»,.ii  .'iii;,l,,v,',l  t.i  sii|Hriiil,'ni1 
that  It  IH  a!-,,  to  I«-  il,'t,'i'iiiiii,',|  in  ,';„.|,  ||,c  iis.'  ,,f  1 1„.  n,.„'hin;.  .h..ii|,|  ai|,.n.l  t,i 
i.i«.'  wh.'th.r  th.'  Mia-^tiT  has  <'\.'i,'is,.,|  a  in  ..ril.r  t,.  K.i'|,  It  in  riinniii"  ..i-.I.t  Hi.. 
ri'iisniiahji'  -ii|„'ni-i,>ii  ,,v.r  his  -.ivaiit-.  .iiast.r  |,.||.„„„.,|  hi"  «li.^..  .Iiitv  l.v 
.11.1  n'as<.nal,|.'  ,;,r,'  m  M.iny  thai  hi-  fniiii-hin!;  -iiitalih-  mat. rials  aii.l'  .iii 
iiia.hiii.'iy    I-    k.'|,l    in    |,r..|«.i    .■.„i.lili.,ii.    |,h,\  in:.  ,-.,i„|„.t, m    ..Tvaiits   to  k.'.-i.  tlin 

.illli<>ii;;h   h,'  may   h.i\ a|.l.>\.'.|  .■ |h'     ina.'iiin.iv     in     r.'pair.     Thi-s..    .h.  i,i.,iH 

l.iil    MTianl-   an.l    fimii-li.'.l    th.-in    will,    liao'    Ih.n    ma.!,,    in    ,'as,~,    «|„'i.'    il     i.,- 
-iiiliM,.  mat.iial-.,  ami    instill,'!.-.!  tlani    |„-ai,M|  that  th,'  .h'f.'.t   in  th.-  ma.hiii.i  v 

1..  k.-.;.    th.'    ma. hi.:. IN    in    r,'|,air.       A-    w.i-:    iiiiKihumi   t,>  th.-  ma-t.-r       11 li- 

«as  sai.l  in  .h.U.is.,,,  v.  /^„^,.,  /■„»/;„„(  ,'ial  .|ii.'~li,.ii  is  uhat.  nn.l.r  th.'  .  ii,-7im 
r„.  (|ss:t(  |;i.-,  Mas,,  ^l."..  4(1  Am.  I!,'|,  -tan.-.-,  th.-  nia-l.-r  ...i^-lit  r..a-.,iial,lv  to 
1..S.  'the  mast.  I  is  lial.h-  in  nil  i-as.'s  t,.i  l.av.'  kii.nvn  an.l  .l..ii.'.  an.l.  in  .ht.'i  iiiiii. 
his  ..wn  n.'vli;;.'.!..'.  an.l  that  may  Ik  iiiu'  lliis.  th,-  natiii.'  ..f  ih,-  .1.  f.-.l  ih.> 
-liiiMii  hy  a  .l.t.'.'l  ,if  -mil  a  natiir,'.  ,.i  l,ii;;ili  ,,f  tin..'  it  lia-  ,  \isi,,|  ami  th.. 
XI  Vmti  .•..ntiiiii.'.l.  as  t.,  U'  of  its.lf  .vi  m.aiis  tak.'n  I.,  r.'in.-.lv  it,  ai.'  imiK.rt  iiit 
...'lie-  <if    n.'^liv.ii.-.-    in    th.-    iiia.st.i;    ,,r    i.i.i-,"        /,'„,      ».      /,",,„,     /./,,,,,,      „,„, 

Ih.'  ii.';..|iL.'.n.-.'  ..f   a    s.'nanl    may    I i     iMSTi    In    Xl,,,,.  'j;i,i.  59  \,„     |;,.,,    ^d 

Miih  a  ihara.t.r  that    ?n  ;..|iv.'ii.-.-  ..f  tin-     II    \.  K.    Iiil. 

iiMsl.'t  may  1..'  inl.'n.'.l  |i.,„,  it.-  \\,.  "|t  is  ih.  .j-itv  of  th.-  11  a-t.'i-  I.,  .  x- 
.I.' :iH;ir.- that  this  ml.- is  -...M.'Hhal  in  .i,i-..  ..i.lin.iiv  '.mi,-  in  s„,,|,|viM-  ami 
.l.hiiit.-.  ami  IS.  |.,ilia|.-.  11..1  pn-.i-.I.K  '.i.iinl.iiTiiiiL'  m  K'hin.'iv.  anpliali.-.  -  ,,n,l 
that  »hi('h  yi'iMiMlly  |.i.'i.ii|,  in  th.  in-lniiii.  nl.ilili.'s  ;  ami  it  Ih.'  -,i\aiil  .-x- 
I  nil.'.l  Slat.'s."  \„rlh>,„  1:  It.  r„.  \.  ,i',i-iii._.  ..i-.iinaiv  .an-  is  iniiii.'.!  I,v  a 
•Irrb-Tl  lIHSlii  id;  C.  S.  (il'J.  L'd  I..,.,!.  ,|,.|l,.i.„,.v  tli.i.iii.  h,-  is  ,'i,tiih-.l  l.,'i,- 
.'.''..  r.  >-;ii|..     CI.     I!.'|,.     .V.ill:    /{,„■.,„,,   ».    ,,,v,.|     .l.iiia!...-.      Th,-     s,-rvant      .har..,-,! 

Slyninn,    ilSStl)    101    N.   V.  .-,47,5  .N.   K     «ill,    |.i.,vi,liiiL'    I  h.s,-   appli.i s    siamls 

'"',      ,  ,,  i'l  'II"  I'l  i'.'  "f  III.-  masl.'r,  an.l  iMTtuiMis 

111.'  f.ill..«in;;  .-Mia.'ts  will  also  Ik-  Hi,-  .Iiiiv  iii.'iiml..'nl  ,.n  him.  It  i-  n..t 
:.iiip| -.■ni.'.'ahh'as  ,-lm.„|atini.'still  fill-  •.ii.r„i..|,l  that  h.'  is  an  int.  Ili...'iit  ami 
lii.T  Ih.'  p.,siti.„i  ,,f  th,'  .'.aiit.  .'.•m|K't.'ii|    s.'ivant;    if    h<-    n.'.'h'.l-    Ihi- 

■iVrhap-  th..  «h.  1,-  ,pi..-li..i,  is  wli.'th     Ih.'  iiia-(.r  i-   -lill  r.'s,H,n-il,h'  iinh—  h.- 
T  III.'  in.st.-r   has   .-mtci-.'.!    r«'a-.inal.l..    -hall    niiii-,'lf   hav,'  .■\..r..i-.'.l   a   i.a-.an- 
..iro    in   .'mph.yinf;   ,..,mp..t,'nt    scrxaiil-.    I.h'    .'.ir.'    an.l    -up,  l^  i-i.,n    ..v.-r    him    in 
in  pr..vi.lin;;  -nil  ihh-   iiia.hin.'s  ami   im     .....ii,:.  that  th.'  iiia.hin.'rv  Has  in  i.r.i-'r 
I'll  111.  Ml-,  ami    in  . I. .in;;  that    pail    .,f  hi-    ...n.lil  i..n.      \.,r     is     it     ,:m,ii;;h    that    I  la- 
m-iii,--  «l,i.'h   h..  ha-   iiml.ilak.n   I..  .1..    mast.',-   has    .'iiiph.v,,!    siiilal.l,.   -.rvaiil- 
liini-.lf.  an.l   has  .'x.',.i-.'.|   .,    r.'a-..m.lil.'    .iml   fiiini-li..,|  th.-m   uith   snital.h.  mali- 
iil..rM-i..ii  .'X...   Ills  s.iv.mls  in  th.-  p.-i      rial-,   an.l    iii.lni,i.,|    ih.'i.i    l„   k.'.i.  th,- 
iriiii.i,.,'  of  Ih,.  ,1,1, „.,   „|ii.li   h.-  has   III      iria.liiM.rv   in   i.pair       II..   iiiii-t    -..'  ihat 
'iii-t...|  t..  thi'm.     Thi-   i,  ofi.'n   ..   .pi,-     -m.h  -.  1  ..aiil-  ,l,>  il„.ir  .liil  v  -      II,,.-,   v 
"11     '  r    th.-    ,,iry.      (•..iiits  hav,-  th.r.'     /.,„■/,,  1  ISS.l  1  l;).",  .Mass,  .-,:.V:  Ihih,  v.  H.,s. 
"I'     l"l.i    l!i..l    Ih.y    ,.,,ii!,|    m.t    s.iv.    a-    l,„i   ,(     I.    U.   r,,.    ilS.SHi     I  IT    Ma-     |ll| 
"'■'"'■'■   "'    '■'"      "li.il    a    ,iiast,.r    h.i.    n..t     II!   \.   K.  IKIII. 
i.-|..,,Hh|.'^  f„r^,nj,iin's  .K.-a-i.,,,,-.!  Iiy  ,le         -rh,-  v.-ry  naturo  of  th.-  iiiipli,-.!  ,„„■ 


111 

i    ; 
I' 


If 

M 


11.40 


iMASTKK  AXU  SKlt\  ANT. 


[CIIAl".   XXXI 


■xviwf  of  tlic  kiii<l  with  which  we  are  foiicfi-ncil  in  tlii<  I'lniptcr  stiiipl, 
in  Hiiiic  r(s|iccl>,  nutsido  the  Kriicral  current  of  liif  iiiiilioriiics.      V.<\< 

a  •■ciiinccliiii:  link  l)ctwc<'n  lhf>  (loctriiic  lims  fonmilniirl  mikI  ti 

wliich  prevails  in  ninr-t  Ainericnn  state-*  is  snpidie.I  liv  liie  om^iili  i.i 
li<in  llial  it  is  only  in  cases  whioli  Iiave  rei.ition  tn  ulilipitiins  wlii.-i 
are  eonmionly  viewed  as  i>eing  mm-dcli'milile.  thiif  ilu-  uili  ri<>r  diiiv 
of  sn|ienisiipn  is  treated  as  a  deteniiinant  taeiur.  i-'runi  ili 
standpoint  of  other  courts  those  cases  niav  fairly  bo  rejrarded  as  ; 


III 


friK't  oipiitcil  hy  the  hirin)?,  \vlioril)y  he 
iiiiili-itiiki's  to  iisi-  pmiHT  <'iir<>  in  iihv.iys 
prdviiliniu'  -iiifi-  tiiiiN  iiikI  ii|>|>li»nci's.  is 
iiii'ini-i^lriil  «iili  his  ili'lc;.Mli(iii  of  tlic 
(iiity  III  a  lillcjvv  :«<Tvaiil.  fur  wlm-i-  my- 
lim-m'f  III-  i-  iii'l  to  lie  rr>|inii-i!ilc.  His 
(ilili;,Mti<.n  iiiviilvi's  thp  t'xriii>c  of  every 
kind  of  liiir  loiil  ililii.'i'?ioi'  wliich  is  nec- 
psniivy  to  ;;iM'  liiiii  l.no«l<ilj.'('  of  the  roil- 
dilion  u-  to  «iifity  of  his  iiiinliiiiiry  anil 
a|>|iliaiiir».  ~ii  far  a^  -iirli  know  lol".'!'  is 
ulitainalili-  hy  ri'a^ciialih'  pfTort.  His 
duly  rclal<»  to  I  lie  loiicljl  ion  of  thc-so 
artiiU-.  whin  they  conii-  to  the  liands  of 
his  servants  fiT  nso.  and  the  pi-rfonii 
iinw  of  tliat  duty  must  carry  him  just 
-o  far  into  ih'tail*  as  it  is  ri'asonal>ly 
n<"<'i~~ary  to  yo.  in  viow  (if  the  nature 
and  ri>k  ol  tlu^  liii-inr-~.  to  ciialilo  him 
rni<onanly  li>  protirl  lii-  ~i-ivants  from 
a  ihoi;:iT  wliiili  lie  slioiihl  pri'Vcnt." 
.\l(„r,nhni,  V.  Hills  Co.    ;1S88)    146  Ma^-s. 

5!i-i.  iti  s.  K.  :.:  I. 

In  ri.iilis  V.  Iliishni  d  .W.  R.  Cc. 
(IS'.ll)  l.Vl  Mas*.  2!I7.  10  T-.  n.  A.  76!). 
•ill  \.  K  S(i4.  a  fnsp  of  an  accident 
can-ed  liy  the  ah-enee  of  a  jawstrai)  on 
n  railway  iMr.  the  court  expressly  re- 
fu-ed  to  put  it-  decision  "on  the  identi 
fieiitioii  of  niiislcr  and  servant,  and  a 
union  of  the  knowledfie  of  the  coriKira 
tiiiii  and  the  eonnnand  of  the  conductor 
in  <ine  pcr-oii.  hy  n   tietion." 

In  lli,l"(,rl.-  V.  OW  Cnlony  R.  Co. 
(ISliOi  l.-iO  Mass.  467.  2.1  N.  E.  325,  the 
court  in  di-cii  — inp  the  ijucstion  whethei 
there  wa«  evidence  to  warrant  the  jiid^i 
in  submit tinii  to  the  jury  the  question 
whether  the  section  master  was  so  far 
ehar^'isl  with  the  iliity  <if  siiiienision 
that  the  defendant  mi^'ht  he  liahle  to  one 
of  its  servants  for  his  ne;.'lip'nce.  said: 
"It  is  well  settled  that  one  who  is  in 
some  thinffs  a  mi-rc  servant  may  he  made 
the  master's  a^'cnt  to  |ierforni  duties 
which  are  primnrilv  |>i'rsonal  to  the  mas- 
ter. Moutiih.ni  y.'milM  f<>.  (18SS|  Ut' 
Mn-ss.  58(1.  16  N  K.  .">:».  and  cases  cile.l. 
If,  in  the  present  ca»e.  llie  M-clion  mas 
ter  WM  intrusted  hy  the  defendant  with 


the  performance  of  the  duty,  or  a  pn! 
..f  I  he  duly,  of  -ii|iir\  i-ion  of  ihe  tr  i-  ,- 
wliicli  a  riasonalile  rei;ard  for  Ilu.  sm|V|\ 
of  its  employees  reipiireil  the  corpi  n 
tion  to  |)crform.  the  del'cMdMMl  i-  li  M 
for  his  nc;;lij;ciice  in  Die  pel  fiinn^nirr  .  f 
it.  There  was  evidence  lemlin;,'  lo  -i,.  . 
that  ditrerent  persons  had  some  re-pmi 
sihilily  ill  repn -i  ntin;;  the  defi-iid.ml  in 
this  res|H'ct.  A  |>art  of  the  prinicl  in 
striietiims  to  section  masli  r-  w.i-  in 
these  words:  "They  will  si'o  that  im 
wood.  IiiiiiImt.  ties,  or  other  ohsi  iucti..i;. 
are  piled  within  II  fis't  of  the  track.'  h 
dons  not  very  clearly  appi'ar  what  el  her 
iiK-asiires  were  l:iken  hy  the  ihh  ihliiit 
promptly  to  asii-itain  the  e\i-l.iic.  cM 
delects  or  oli-t nations  alon;.'  the  Iruk 
The  evideniv  cai  this  liraiich  of  t'le  cc- 
is  rallier  incai;er.  hut  we  cannot  »:iy  lli.ii 
there  was  not  enou;;h  to  wariaiil  tli' 
iu(if;c  in  suhmitlin;;  the  ijUcsliiMi  In  iln 
jury  under  the  instrui-lioiis  v.lii.h  hf 
■;.ive.  it  is  the  duty  of  a  railroad  ("i 
|Miration  to  use  rea»i  nilde  care  and  dili 
•jeiii-e  to  keep  its  tracks  in  a  safe  .i.i 
dition  for  its  eniployci>s  to  wirk  ii|«iii 
So  far  as  the  wiirk  of  kei-iiin^'  it-  ti\ii!. 
in  repair  is  left  to  its  -er\aiil-.  it  i«  il- 
i!uty  to  ex<'rcise  reasiin:iMe  supirii-i'" 
to  see  that  the  work  iiitru-tiil  In  thiin 
is  properly  done.  How  fiir  into  ■Id  nl- 
ihis  sU|M'rvisioii  iiiu-l  f.'o  hefon-  i  !' 
main  which  heUHi;;-  ex<'lusivcly  i'  'I" 
master  is  pass4-<l  and  the  domain  wlii'fi 
May  he  left  lo  -ervaiits  is  eriti nil  ilr 
|H'mls  u|Kin  what  it  is  reasiaialilc  i"  n- 
ipiire  of  a  masti-r  who  is  chai;.'i-tl  »i!h 
Ihe  duty  of  providin;;  safe  works,  nii 
chinery.  tcsils,  and  appliaiico  for  lii- 
eiiiployees.  In  some  case-  this  iii.iv  !< 
I  ililliclllt  question  to  decide,  r.iit  iiii 
douhtedly  a  jury  may  find  that  a  ml 
rond  corporation  should  so  far  -ii|'  ivi-i- 
Ihe  w<irk  of  its  servants  in  rcp.iiiiii^  n* 
tracks  as  to  see  that  a  pile  of  -liiini- 
:\  or  4  feet  wide  is  not  Icil  for  .i  '>-ii: 
lime  wit'iin  18  in  iies  of  the  r.iil-  in  ''" 
freiu'lit  yaril  of  .m  important  -i.i'i.n 
('omiiientinj;  ipii  the  exception  i.iiM-nlo 


I  5tn] 


VUK  riUNfll'M.slMI'— CIIAiaCrKROF  ACT. 


IMl 


ili("ritic.-<  tor  tlio  jxisitiun  iluit  the  ul)lii;;iiii.ii8  involved  Iwlong  to  the 
iion-dficgablf  eatcp.rv  ;  ami  iliis  is  liic  t'.H)ting  ui)on  whioii  tlirv  liave 
Ikpi),  fur  till'  |Piirj)o>c.s  of  till'  im- .111  iiM|iiirv.  ('(lilalial,  as  lu  iliu  facts 
involved,  with  the  ruliiij;s  in  titlier  jurisdictions.^ 

Contrast  the  cases  cited  in  Ji  .">><!.  note  1,  /i,,sf. 

661.  Servants  may  act  in  a  dual  capacity.— In  the  last  eliajitor  ( S;5 
.•K»  et  K(<j.)  we  had  occasion  lo  eite  a  nnnilxT  of  dici-ion>  in  wliicli 
employees  who  are  deemed  to  1h'  vice  princi|ials  liv  virtue  of  tlic  extent 

■  the  control  exercised  hv  them  were  viewed  ;i>  ji'-rsons  whiisi'  iieyii- 
:;(ncc  is  or  is  not  iminited  to  the  nia>t(r.  aciM.iilin^  a-  they  may  or  niav 
not  be  discharging  one  of  his  ahsolute  duiics.  'I'he  foundations  of 
this  theory-,  as  was  there  shown,  are  h\  no  nic:in-  ^,ui>fa(■tory :  lnit  no 
nhjVetion,  either  on  the  sc<ire  of  logic  or  (.thi'rwi-c.  can  he  made  to  the 
ili(i>ry  of  such  a  dual  capacity  in  eases  where  the  vice  principaNhip 
><i  the  delin<pient  employee  is  itself  predicated  soleh  from  the  fact 
rhat  his  delimpiency  was  of  such  a  nature  as  to  constitute  a  iireach  of 
:in  ahsolute  duty.  The  doctrine  that  a  representative  character  is 
'Icdncihle  from  this  circumstance  obviously  connotes  hy  implication 
die  do<'trinf>  that  the  deliiKiuent  ( ,nph)yee  is  not,  as  regards  anv  other 
kind  of  negligence,  an  agent  of  the  masterj  and  such  is  tin;  etiect  of 
tlio  cases.' 


the  nfii-al  of  thn  trial  jiidse  to  in^tnirt 
til.-  jiin  Ihiit.  if  tin.  (IcfciKliint  liad  u-cd 
ii'i-cTiihlc  care  in  the  sii|icni-iiiii  nf  tin- 
■i'!i.  II  men  and  of  tlie  use  of  thn  yard 
I  III-  |ilaiiiliir  coiild  nut  iveovt-r  lor  ilic 
iii'^'lcit  of  llip  section  men  in  leavinj;  tlie 
tics  liy  the  trnok.  or  tlie  in;;lect  of  tlie 
yiird  nia-ter  or  the  seetion  master  or 
1111(1  nia-ler  in  failiii;;  to  luive  llieiii  re 
iiiijviil.  or  to  reiMirt  that  tlicy  were  llieie. 
thpciiiirt  >aiil:  "Tliis  instruction  eoiilil 
nr.l  pi(i|«Tl.v  he  ^'iven.  Iiecaine  it  re 
'|iiiii(|  of  the  eoriMiration  nierelv  Mi|iir- 
n-ion  of  the  seetion  men  and  of  the  use 
■if  llie  yard,  and  disrejfarded  tlic  duty 
"f  the  defendant  to  use  reaionalde  c.ii'r 
in  liHikiiii;  after  the  oonditinn  of  the 
road  in  Ciller  |i.irticiilars.  It  may  hine 
I'.vii  llie  duty  of  the  yaiil  masti'r'or  the 
niad  master  to  exiTcjse  this  siii>ervi- 
-icn.  and  if  he  di«ii\cri-<l  neyleit.  to  sw 
that  the  road  was  not  left  in  a  <laiiyer- 
"ii«  rondilion  on  account  of  the  ne^deet. 
fnihr  the  instructions  reiiiieslHl  the 
yard  master  or  road  master  iiiiidit  have 
OfA  rea^onalde  eare  in  thi-  su)>  rvisiou 
nf  the  section  men.  and  been  nc;;lij;ent  in 
ItK-  p.-rf(. nuance  of  a  part  of  the  mas 
'pr's  duty  which  was  incidental  to  super- 
vision,  namely,  the  correction  of  the  er 


rors  Trhloh  nuiiervlsion  disclosed.  Wa 
are  of  the  opinion  tliat  the  instructions 
were  corn-et  and  sullieient." 

Sei-  also  Siniit  V.  Huslini  rf  A.  It.  Co. 
(1H!I2)  156  Mn-Hs.  2S4,  ,11  N.  K.  2!»ti; 
'■o//o»  V.  Kirhiinh  (1S78|  12.1  Mass. 
4St;  .V.  KM  V.  .S(-(;r»  (1S>I2)  155  Mass. 
.to.),  i'.t   S.    K.   472. 

'  It  should  1m>  ol)-,rvcd  that  the  non- 
dele;.'alde  (luality  of  the  duty  of  sii|M-r- 
vision.  so  far  a.  it  is  coiim-cted  with 
other  duties  i.f  the  -aiiie  stamp,  is  ■..iiic- 
times  asserted  ill  tin-  opinions  of  other 
courts  heside  Massachusetts. 

"He  [u  niiister]  i-annot  claim  immun- 
ity ii[>on  the  irioiind  that  he  has  e\er- 
ci-c<l  due  i-:ire  in  selecting  iii'-ehanics  of 
eoiii|H'ti'nt  -kill  in  the  (on-i  i  iK-tion  of 
such  machinery  and  tuiildin;.'*.  hiil  as- 
sumes the  liiir'then  of  s«'einn  'hat  su(-h 
nii'<liiinics  actually  exercise  rea-onaldo 
care  and  skill  in  the  execution  of  Ihclr 
work."  I'lilhirr  V.  I'cnnnyhniiin  li.  Co. 
(ISSt!)    4!l  N.  .1.  I..  .59.  li  Atl.  4:!S. 

'■■One  who  lias  not  the  aiilhoiily  of 
a  (feiier:  I  vice  principal  may  he  iritiiist- 
ed  hy  the  master  with  tlie'di~char','e  of 
ahsolute  personal  duties  that  rest  upon 
it.  such  as  the  duty  to  use  rea~onalde 
care   to  employ   competent   and   careful 


!042 


MASTKU  AND  .SEKVANT. 


[cliAP.  :..\X' 


WlictluT  tlic  ncf;lii{<'nt  act  in  ttiiv  piiiiiciilar  iiif<tiiiH'e  did  or  ilid 
not  aiiHiiuit  to  a  brcaoh  ot  u  iion-dflcmildi-  diitv  will  Ik'  d(;t<Tiiiiiii  i 


i 

i,  1  i 


l,iil'  , 


r ' 


'i. 


¥ 


ill' 


li'llon  x'l'Miiil^:  and  in  siirh  a  oiiHf  hv 
niuy  Ih'  Ii'IIik'iI  m  itp<-<'iul  vice  principul. 
He  ■iliinilH  in  tlif  ]i\nri-  of  the  master 
ulieii  lie  iH  diseliai^'iii;;  one  of  tlie>e  pel' 
hoiiul  (liilieH  uf  tlie  inii.ster,  and  tlie  lat- 
ter is  lialil"  for  liis  iiei,'ll};eni'e  in  the 
diiehar;;!'  of  it:  lint  in  the  perforinanee 
of  hit  other  Herviees  as  a  );eiiei'al  eni- 
pliivii-  he  is  not  the  repieseiilative  of 
the  niastei.  nor  is  the  master  liuhle  for 
his  neyli^jeiioe  in  the  perforinanee  of 
them."  .Miiiiimiiiilis  v.  I.iiikHii  ilS!i:ti 
7  I'.  C.  A.  344,  lU  U.  S.  App.  24:..  58 
Ked.  r>-.'... 

".\  servHnt  is  a  \  iee  principal  only 
when  he  stands  in  place  nf  the  principal 
with  lefeiiini'  lo  tlii>  piini'ipal's  duty, 
or  in  the  exeni-i'  ol  the  prineip.il'ii 
fiinetinns,"  lliiiniii  v.  <!niii<iir  (181)4) 
IS  I!.  I.  .V)7.  JS  .\tl.  (i.V.). 

"The  relation  of  a  foreman  to  the 
other  Horkinen  is  tiiat  of  a  ciH'inpli>\ce, 
e\ci'pt  as  to  siii'li  nets  performed  lij  him 
as  Here  einliracisl  in  the  iliities  of  the 
dcfenil.ilit.  "  Miihitiiiii  V.  \iiriiiiiii  Oil 
Id.  I  1S!)4)  70  linn.  579.  28  X.  Y.  Snpp. 
I!))i. 

"If  the  principal  lie  a  oorjioration.  or 
lie  iiiialiie  for  any  reason  to  dischar;:e 
llicsi'  iildiKiitioiis  in  person.  Ihey  must 
li«  diseliaided  thioii^di  an  ollicer.  a;.'eiit 
or  foreman.  The  pel-son  who  is  thus 
put  in  the  place  of  the  principal,  to  per- 
form for  him  the  duties  wliicli  the  law 
impose-,  is  a  vice  priiicipa'.  ami  i/iiodi/ 
liiir  represents  the  principal,  sn  thai  his 
.ict  is  the  act  of  the  principal.  This  is 
true,  however,  only  when  and  so  loiij:  as 
his  acts  are  ill  discharge  of  the  duties 
which  the  prini'ipal  owes  to  his  em- 
ployi'cs.  Iteyonil  I  his  line  he  acts  as  a 
workman,  and  not  a-  a  vii'e  principal." 
/.'o.v.v  V.  \\.i//,er  (1H!)1|  l:t!)  I'a.  42.  21 
All.   I.-.7,  I.V). 

"The  lialiility  of  the  master,  when  the 
nefrliL'cnee  is  not  his  personal  act  or 
oinis-.ion.  hut  the  immediate  act  or 
omission  of  a  servant,  turns  upon  tho 
ch.iracter  of  the  act  or  omission  com 
plained  of.  If  the  coscrvailt  whose  act 
or  omission  caused  the  injurv  is  at  the 
lime  represent  in;;  the  ma-ler.  in  doiiij; 
the  master's  iliity,  the  master  is  lialde: 
if.  on  the  other  hand,  he  is  simply  |H'r 
f<irminp  the  work  of  servant  in  his  char- 
acter as  ,1  serviint  or  employee  merely, 
the  master  is  not  liahle.  The  injury  in 
the  hist  case  supposed  would,  as  lie- 
tween  the  master  and   the  servant  sus- 


taining; Ihn  injury,  be  attrihutahh'  -..|i. 
ly  to  the  inimisiiate  uuthoi.  and  ik'I  in 
the    master."      Vitto   v.    Kmiiiiii    i  \^'.>'. 
1.-.  .\pp.  Uiv.  .■i2!»,  44  N.  V.  Siipp.  I. 

"It  is  not  the  rank  of  the  employe 

his  aiillioiilv  over  other  eni|dr.\ee-.  1. 1 
the  nature  of  the  duty  or  seiviii-  ului 
he     perforins,     that     is     diiislve;     llwii. 
ttliene\er  a   master  delefjates  to  aiinllMi 
the  performaiii'e  of  a   duty  to  his  -en 
ant.  which  ri'sts  upon  himself  as  .iii  al> 
soliiti'  duly,  he  is  lialde  for  the  ih.iiiih 
ill  which  that  duty  is  performed  hy  p 
middleman   whom   hi'  has  selected  as  In- 
Mi;ent  :  and  to  the  e\tent  of  a  ill~e!i  n:'. 
ol  tho-e  duties  liy   the  micMleinaii.  Imu 
ever   hi;.'li   or    low   his   rank,  or  hiiu.v.i 
jfieat   or  small   his  authority  over  ciII.m 
emplo\ccs.  he  stands  in  the  place  ol  i!. 
master.  Imt  as  to  all  other  mailer-  lie  i- 
a    mere  eoservant.      It    follows   that    il,i 
same  pi'rson    may  occupy  a  dual  c.i|'i< 
ity  of  vii'c  principal  .is  to  siane  tii,ii;.i- 
and     of    fellow     servant    as    to    olli.  i- 
l.iiiiliiill    V.     Uoi«/s     (ISH!1|     41     Mini 
.212.  4  I,.  R.  A.  7'.):l.  42  N.  \V.   1020. 

".\ccordin>r  to  the  lirinly  sellleil  riil. 
of  law  in  this  state.  Helm.  iioi«itii 
slandiii};  the  hi;,'her  jiiadc  of  sirni.  c 
which  lie  was  employed,  was  a  1.  II'J 
ser\aiit  with  plaintill  in  so  fai  !i-  !>.■ 
servisl  in  the  places  ol'  with  '.'.i'  niuliin 
I'ly  or  appliaii..s  prepared  and  Im 
ni'shed  hy  the  defendant:  and  f<'r  l!' 
eonseipieiices  to  fellow  servaiils  i.f  !ii- 
iiCHliL'ciice  in  the  peiformiiiicc  of  sui 
services  in  the  plaics  or  with  niicliiiin 
or    appli;inces    thus    prepaii'd    and    l"r 

iii-hcd,  the  del' hint  is  not   ii'-i"iii-il'l. 

lint  in  so  far  as  Helm  was  ,\iii  limi/nl 
and  employed  to  pre|iaie  thi'  phic.s  Ip 
which    other    serv:iiits    were  to   work,  "f 

to  fiii'iii-h   the  iii;o'hiiiery  or  ap|di:ii • 

with  wliiih  they  were  to  work,  he  iv|'rr 
selitisl  the  corporate  ihlendanl.  am!  Iii- 
ne;.'li'_'cnce  in  the  peil.n  m:ince  of  tli'-' 
serviies  was  the  nej;lif;ciice  of  the  dcfiml 
ant.  lor  the  injiirioiis  c(insiM|Ueiiri-  "1 
which  to  other  servants,  witlii'iil  lli'ir 
fault,  it  is  responsilile  to  the  -  niic  ''N 
lent  it  would  have  Iweii  if  siu'li  I'li' '• 
machinery,  and  appliances  li;id  I'fi' 
prepared  and  fiirnislid  ltii..ii;rli  llic  im 
mediate  ajieiicy  of  .Mr.  ItolV.  lie  •.'.■n.'i;il 
superintendent,  or  hy  Mr.  lice  ilie  -!»' 
cial  superintiJidciit.  of  the  sil\er  recin 
Mjiiii  v.  Srlhll  S„fllill<l  ,f  /.■•'■'  ''"■ 
(lSii4i    102  fal.  4.")S,  111!  r.ic.  sti: 

A  Scotch  case  wa.s   sent   liaeU   I'T  ^^ 


:il   ! 


sj  iii-'.  "iii.tj       VK  K  I'lUNCirALSIIII'     »  II  \l;.\i  I  i:i:  ol    \(  T. 


1U4;| 


with  rclcrcncf  to  tlic  |)rinciplcs  (-.laldislu'il  l)V  tlic  cases  cited  ia  the 
lolluwint:  siiliiitle. 

562.  Pleading. — A  (•..mplaint  alle^iin;;  tiiai  tia  injurv  to  the  sorvunt 
iv^uIiimI  from  tiie  lii-i'acli  of  diie  or  more  ot  tlie  alisohite  duties  of  the 
(Icfi'iiilant  is  ;;oii(l  af;aiii«l  a  dciiiiirrer.' 

563.  Burden  of  proof. —  In  the  faee  of  jir(M>f  of  injnrv  fitmi  ill-pon- 


tiiiil  on  till'  ;,'iiiiiiiil  tliat  the  iiiHtruc 
liiiiis  had  not  Ihtii  >iirli  ,'i~  tii  make  it 
iliar  (o  tlic  jiirv  llial  tiii'  ilrlcnilaiit 
uiiiil'I  in'  lialilc  for  tlir  iic'^'li;.'riM'i'  of  liJM 
iiiiilrt;:i'oiinil  inana;!i'i  in  pioviilinu  " 
(li'fi'ct ivi!  ro|i<'  oiilv  if  siicli  in-;;liyi-n™ 
was  i-oniinillt'd  liv  him  in  lii.^  irpirsi-ii- 
talivc  cM|iai'ity.  a^  |>i  irniMiiMy  a  ■liitv 
(Iclcjiatcd  to  liini  l>v  thr  iiia>l<'i.  and  ii'|> 
ri'M'Iilin;.'  the  ina»lir  in  ihc  pel  forma  nci' 
of  that  duty.  Wihon  v.  Sm  flilmis 
ilSCifi)  4  Sc.  S'H*.  r-.t'.  .'Id  s<.ric-s.  T.'Ui. 
Sec  alno.  to  the  sam**  cll't'ct.  Mrtlniii 
\.  Sii.iis  MIn.  Co.  IIHllili  IT:'  Ma^s. 
:!7.").  ."i2  \.  K.  .")l«i  /•'')(,/  V.  h'.frlihuiii  If. 
(•».  MSTi)  110  .Mh»s,  14\.  14  Am. 
I!i|i     .'i!IS;     llll.s.yiii    V.    rmlir    (IHSII)      Hi 

\  \.  lilt,  :i  I..  K.  .\.  .">.■>!!.  2(1  N.  Iv  .•..■)ii. 
U.-Mi-inL'  I  ISHlJi  ;t!t  Iliin.  (i.'tit;  SrnilJ 
>.  ]l.t,„li  I  IsHTi  KIT  .\.  V.  21 1.  i:i  \. 
K.  Tllil;  Ihiiiiiilhi  V.  Sun  h'lniirisfii 
llrlihir  Cu.  I  ]s>.\-\  li;  Cal.  417.  4!t  I'ac. 
:,M:  (•<illii„  V.  Hull  I  l.SIHU  li:l  Cal.  .■)!•:!, 
4.")  I'ao.  lltlT:  .Imi^f,,,  v.  S'nrKill:  .(  II. 
It.  (■'..  llsnT)  4.'t  \V.  Va.  ;W(t.  411  I,.  R. 
\.  :i:;7.  27  S.  K.  27s.  .SI  s.  K.  2.W:  /■;// 

•..  \,„ii„,„  I'.  It.  Co.  (is!ii  I  1  \.  n. 

::lii,  12  I..  1?.  .\.  07.  4S  \.  \V.  222;  r/i,»/.. 
:„i,i  V.  Siiiillirni  I'.  Co.  (1H!I.->1  12  I'lah. 
:in,  41  Tao.  .'i.'il  ;  Smnll  v.  Alliiiqlon  if  C. 
\hil.  Co.  Illion  !)4  Me.  .Vil,  4S  .\tt, 
1". 

The  niomoiit  Ihnt  an  oniplnypo.  not 
■  ii'i'  ]irin<"ip.il  for  ;;i'iM'ral  parpo-r*.  hat 
nil"  lia"  authority  to  hire  an  ciiwr^irncy 
i"i-ianl.  ha«  ciinrplcti'd  >n<'h  a  hiring'. 
niil,  after  havin;;  ri'^iimi'd  liis  plaei'  a» 
-iivaiit.  iiiti'i'*  upon  till'  pcrfornianci'  of 
lii*  weak  a-  «M('li.  Ill'  ora~i's  to  icprr'^rnt 
ilio  inastiT  and  lii'conii's  ,i  ooi'iiiployi.p  of 
llii'  iiniTL'incy  assistant  for  all  piir 
|iii~c«.  MnrLs  v.  Itnilnshi  It.  Cn. 
ilsw)  41  App.  niv  (i(i.  .-.>!  N.  V.  Siipp. 
■illt  (I'nrnirr  .\p|)i'al  |1S!M1  77  linn. 
T7.  2S  \.  V.  Snpp.  .-ni.  l!.'vi'r-rd  |  |S!i.-.| 
1411  \    V.   |S|,  -10  \.   K.  Ts2i. 

.\iiy  lialiility  liryoiirl  ||ii<  "is  incnn 
-intent  with  Iho  widl  -.I'llli'd  rilli-  of  thi' 
iM;i-ti'r's  duty.  It  add-  to  and  altrr-  it 
ill  ways  tiiat  rannol  lir  forrscon  nor 
:;Miirlr.|  ajiaiiist.  ami  niaki-s  tho  ma-lcr 
liiil'li'.  liowi'vi'i  yirat  may  havo  lin'n  lii-> 
I'lif  and  dilif;cnrc  in  sidi-ctiii'i  lii-i  w^rv 


ants,  lint  It  may  lii'  said  that  tlii-  I'oii' 
M'lsi'  maki's  till'  siTvant  -iillVr.  .'So  ii 
may.  .Xrcidriit-  iirr  loiitinilally  hap 
priiin;;  fioin  siinii'lMnly"s  ('urflr'>''nrss. 
riir  lau  ftivrs  a  irini'dy  in  daina;;i'S 
apiinst  Ihi'  ;;iiill\  party.  Init  iiiil 
a;;ain>'t  an  innorriit  oni'.  As  to  -liiiii- 
;;i'rs.  upon  primiplr-  of  pahlir  polii\.  it 
treat",  a  masli'r  a-  ^.'iiilty  for  tlir  iir^li 
;.'i'iirr  of  lii-  servant  ;  hut  piildic  pidicy 
doi'-.  mil  drinanil  that  he  slmiild  In.  so 
triMti'd  as  to  Ills  own  servants,  who  IniM- 
the  opiiiin  to  exaniijie  their  sinionnd 
inys  ill  his  ser\  ie<>  ami  to  reeeive  pa\  ae- 
roidinj;  to  the  risk  they  incur.  Thiy 
may  sue  a  fellow  servant  for  his  neyli- 
:,'eiii'e  :  lint  to  make  the  inastci  lialde  fur 
it.  unless  that  servant  is  lakin;;  the 
|d.ice  of  (he  master,  is  pontraiy  to  rea- 
son and  justice."  Iliiiniii  v.  Iliiiniiir 
I  IH!i4i    is  i;.  I.  .-1(17.  2H  .\tl.  ll.V.I. 

'  l.oiii.ii  illi-.  H.  i(r  SI.  h.  Ciiitxol.  It.  Co. 
V.  Milhi  ||S!I.-)1  1411  Inil.  liH.-i.  4(1  \.  \'.. 
ll<>:  <;inii,  V.  Iloll  (I«!t7l  ;t!»  Khi.  .■>:i.i. 
22  So.  7!I2;  \\,ithir<  v.  Sliiiiilnitl  Oil  Co. 
(lS!l.-ii  (ill  Fed.  MO:  Vhirmio  .f  V.  1»  . 
It.  Co.  \.  Sin  II  (|S(i7l  4."i  III.  I!t7,  !I2 
.\ni.  Dee.  2(l(i;  Mvlliihln  v.  Itlllli mlloil. 
C.  It  i(  \  It.  Co.  ilH'.lil)  7h  .Minn.  4:1. 
Mil  N.  W.  77(i;  lliihhiiii  v.  C.i'in  Hun. 
If.  if  SI.  i:  It.  Co.  t  ISS.ti  .-,S  Wis.  .ilil. 
17  N.  \V.  17;  «..v.v,.i  V.  Cliiri,,,,  ,(  .V.  II. 
It.  Co.    (  |s7si    4.-.   Wis.  477. 

■A  dcelaialion  alli;,nii^'  lliat  he  |llie 
defendant  I     carelessly     and      ne};lij;enlly 

permitted  the  track  anil  a  cir  to  I nine 

ind  rem.iiii  defective  Mould  he  sustained 
hy  evidence  tliiit  they  hccanic  and  ic 
iiiained  ihlccliM'  tliriiuf.'li  his  |)eisiin,i| 
carelessness  and  iie;ili«;enee  in  not  ilis- 
covering  and  leniedyinL'  the  defecl.s.  if 
lie  took  upon  him-elf  that  luancli  of  the 
liiisiness:  or  liv  evidence  that  he  as- 
-iiiiiii!  the  iicneial  iiiana;.'eii..'iit  and  su- 
perintendence of  the  mail  and  employed 
:ill  the  uiiikiiicti.  and  that  from  f.'ross 
ii,.;rliireMcc  lic  ciiipliiyi'd  iio  Tcp.iir  men. 
or  an  iii~iilliiient  nuinher.  or  unskilful 
ones,  wherchy  the  tr;ick  and  ;i  car  he 
c;inie  and  reiiiMincd  defective.  In  cither 
case  the  defects  wn..  evi^tini;  hy  icasiip 
of  his  own  iir"li';""i'e  "  /'-'i. .'./  \ 
\,.illi.iii   II    i'„     I  l-<ill>i    4:1   \".   II    22.1 


n 


I*>44 


AlASTKll  AM)  Si:i!\  \.\T. 


[CUAP.  XXXI 


*'. 


stnii'lr<|  iind  niisiit'c  niiicliiiuTx  t'liriiislicd  fur  tlio  ■*t'rvinit's  n^r,  a  ('..inr 
will  iiiiliilt:('  ill  iiii  |ii'i'^iiiii|itiiin  tliiit  tin-  mii-icr  iicrfornMil  liis  diiiii  -, 
111-  iliiil  cMscrvMiit.i  were  iic;;lif;itit.'  Tlii'  iu-l  of  a  servant  in  rcpiiiiiiij.' 
nil  a|i|iiiaiii-('  will  U'  pri'^iinicil  ti>  Ix-  llial  nt'  a  vi"/<'  }iriii(-i|ial,  win n 
one  ut'  llic  priiiciiials  icstitii'tl  llial  the  a|i|)liaiifi'  was  ic|)air('il  ihr 
t-vcniii;^'  liffnrc  tin-  uc<"i<U'nt  l>v  one  >>(  tin-  liamls.  tlio  |>i-i'<iuii|>iii>n  1h- 
lUji  thai  il  was  dune  liv  llic  dirrcli'in  nf  the  |ii'iiii-i|ial.*  In  flii'  ali-(iiri> 
of  f'vidi'iii'c  sliiiwiii^  will!  dinclcd  the  Use  nt"  a  place  of  work  at  a  linn 
when  il  wa«  in  sui-li  an  iin^.ilV  cnnditiDii  that  it  slmuld  not  liavr  Ikii, 
used  at  all.  the  ncjiilij:''!"'''  inlcrahlf  i'roiii  such  use  will  Iw  attrilmi.  i 
to  the  niasici  raihcr  than  io  the  t'cilow  servants  of  »lie  injured  ein 
plovec.'  Itnt  if  the  iniiiiediate  canao  of  the  accident  may,  ii|xni  ih 
•  vidence,  have  heen  the  act  of  a  fellow  -iervant.  and  the  servant  s<h  k- 
lo  recover  on  the  ^:round  that  it  was  reallv  due  to  iieiil iirence  con-ii 
lutintr  a  breach  cd'  a  non-<lele;ial»le  duty,  he  will  fail  \inless  he  >ari- 
tie>  the  reiiuirenieiits  of  the  (»rdiiiary  rule  that  the  hurdeii  of  proving 
reiiliucnce  ho  on  the  |ier>on  who  alleges  it.* 

664.  Propriety  of  instructions. —  Any  instnic.tion  iiic<insisteiit  wii!, 
till!  doctrine  of  non  deie<;ahle  duties  is  properly  refused,  and  if  -mi 
an  instnu'tion  is  jjiven,  it  is  a  ground  for  reversing  a  verdict  iu  l;i\'  i 
of  the  defendunt.' 


'I' 
1)1' 


'  f.'Hin  V.  AVi/  York.  L.  E.  <t  W.  R.  Co. 
(1884)  9.5  v.  Y.  f,\6. 

'lluth  V.  huhli  (IHOrt)  :«  Mo.  App. 
(i'l    'ili'iiiurrcr  to  eviili'ncf  properly  rt' 

ftlHIMl). 

'  Stoher  V.  Ht.  Loiiin,  I.  V.  £  «.  It.  Co. 
(  iHjtj  )  10.1  Mo.  1<»2.  10  S.  W.  r>'.n.  First 
App.iil  (1887)  91  Mo.  .511.  4  S.  W.  ;tH!l 
(tiiiin  run  over  dpfi'Ptivp  truck). 

•In  Rose  v.  lioslon  if  I.  R.  Co. 
(1874)  .58  N.  Y.  217,  where  ttie  train 
on  u'liieli  tlie  plainlilT's  intestate  was  a 
hrakeiiiaii  wan  Hoiit  nut  within  three  or 
four  minutes  after  another  train,  and 
was  itselt  followeil  hy  a  third  train  nt 
alioul  the  Haine  distance  of  time,  and 
the  injury  which  caused  the  death  of 
the  lirakeni.iM  resultin);  from  the  trains 
iK'in;;  sent  out  so  near  tojiether.  but  l>y 
whose  direction  it  did  not  apjiear.  the 
plaint  iir  failed  to  make  out  a  clear  eas4'. 
and  the  court  renderinl  a  decision  based 
upon  the  theory  that  the  company  was 
not  liable  f<u-  nejrli^fence  in  not  observ- 
infi  the  re};ulationa  re}{ariliii<r  the  start- 
int'  of  trains,  or  in  tlie  disobeilieiice. 

\e);li}.'ence  of  a  car  inspector  as  to 
the  inspection  of  a  car  is  not  sullicicntly 
shown,  where  there  is  no  evidence  that 
the  inspection,  as  made,  was  not  a  prop- 


er one,  or  »iioh  as  a  man  of  oriliiMi\ 
prudence  would  have  made  nnihr  iIk- 
circumstances.  Oiilislni  v.  ^liyxniiii  I' 
It.  Co.  (18!«l)  l.-ill  .Mo.  I. {7.  .■||  ■<  U 
7.58.  Reversing  in  Ilanc  (18!)0)  37  S.  U 
s2!». 

'As,  for  example,  an  instiiu'ii' 'i 
which  directs  the  jury  to  find  fur  tin 
defendant  if  he  has  used  care  in  \\w  -■ 
lection  of  the  appliance  and  of  a  cniii 
petent  ins|><clor.  and  the  plaint iir«  in 
jury  was  ilue  to  the  neiilifjence  of  -nil 
inspector  in  not  makin);  proper  t'-i- 
TcxnH  a  P.  K.  Co.  V.  Ilarn-lt  Ms..:, 
14  r.  C.  A.  .373.  :«»  V.  S.  App.  VM\.  n: 
Fed.  214.  Or  an  instruction  thai  n  <i'i 
poialion  is  only  liable  for  the  ni"/!!;.'!  in'. 
of  its  directors,  and  not  for  tlie  iirL'li 
;.'ence  of  any  other  ollicers.  wliiilrvir 
their  position  and  duties.  .Xiilliniitli- 
eit<sl  in  Kiii'tiir  V.  I.iiiiisiilli-.  V.  I.  i! 
r.  R.  Co.  (1SH7I  111  Inil.  51.  II  \.  K 
!i,57.  Or  an  instrueiioii  that  an  m|i|'Ii 
anee  furnished  by  the  master  fn  lii» -ii> 
ants,  to  Ih'  used  hy  t belli  in  the  pru-,' 
ciition  of  their  work.  Ii;is  been  con-.lrni' 
ed  by  one  who  i8  a  fellow  servnnl  in 
f.'a(.'eil  in  the  same  kiml  of  work  «illi 
the  servant  who  is  injunil  (.see  clMpli'' 
XXXII.,    subtitle    C,     pnxl),    exuiurali.'s 


»  Mia] 


VUK  I'KIM'II'AI-Sllll'— CII.\I{\(  TtH  hK  act. 


K.i:. 


S64a.  Functioni  of  court  and  jury. —  (('i>iii|>ai(  <^  .Ml,  imlr,  nn<l  !; 
.V.M.  jiiisl.)  —  It'  tlicri-  is  11"!  ilisputc  as  to  llic  t'liris.  iiml  flic  iliilui'tioii 
111  In-  (Iriiwn  from  those  fiici.s  nmlcr  tlio  iliK-trincs  uci-rpird  in  ilic  jiiri- 
ijicliidi  wlicrc  tlic  caiisc  of  adion  aros*,'  is  alsi>  clear,  llu-  <|iii'siiiiii 
\v|i(ilier  till-  iii'^rli^'eiif  servant  was  a  vice  |irin('i|)al  or  imi,  as  rcuariN 
a  cci'taiji  act,  is  uiu'  of  law.'  Hut  if  tlii'  facts  are  in  eii!iir"\(  rsy,  or 
ilie  evidr'iice  is  siis<'<'iitil>lr  of  twfi  constructions,  tlie  i)ro|i<'r  course  is 
t'lir  the  court  to  tleline  the  rrhitiun  of  fellow  servants  and  leave  it  to 
ilic  jiirs'  to  (leterininr  whethci'  tlie  eni]doyees  in  a  particular  ca:-e  come 
wiihiii  the  definition.-  In  other  words,  the  (pie-tion  whether  a  par- 
ticular aci  was  one  ineiih'ntal  to  the  dutv  of  the  master,  or  to  tiie  duty 
nf  a  scr\a!it,  a.s  such,  is  a  mixed  question  of  law  and  fact,  to  Ik*  sub- 

plaintilT,  and  thp  dofcmlunt  wa^  not  re- 
s|K.nKil.l<'.  Hand  v.  Itiilhi  (  IS'.Ill)  3.»  C. 
<  .  A.  7H.  (),■}  U.  S.  Apii.  157,  i)i  Keil. 
s,S4. 

In  a  ciKo  ttliprp  no  rolinncp  is  placed 
upon  tlic  latent  cliaraotcr  of  tin-  ili'tectH, 
an  iiMti  iii'iion  in  nut  i'\liaii>ti\<',  and 
t  lull  foil'  crronpoiis,  wliicli  alluw<<  a 
iiiiy  to  infir  tli.it  a  niastor  lias  suit! 
cii'iitly  disrliarpcd  liis  duty  of  fiirnish- 
inj;  Ills  servant  with  a  »\fe  seulfold. 
wlieii  tie  intrusts  the  oiinstiiiotion  of  it 
to  a  oiiiiipetent  oontrnclor.  Miicijoniilil 
V.  ir,i///i.  (ISftSi  1  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  .'itli 
seiii-i,  H.'i'.l.      Hut  SOP  jll!  .'5.58.  ;>.">!•.  miiira. 

.All  initruetion  to  tlie  ell'ect  tliat  if 
the  roiiiii  in  question  was  a  siiitilile 
pl.iee.  anil  tlieii"  were  proper  and  suit- 
alile  iiiia:is  of  extiii;;iiishiii"»  tire,  and 
the  means  of  e;,'ie~s  and  eseape  were 
siiitiilile  and  proper,  and  in  order  and 
ready  for  use,  then  the  plaintill'  could 
not  reenvir.  is  Millieieiitly  favorahle  to 
the  plaint itr.  Kiilh  v.  (Iranile  Mills 
(IHTKi    1-Jil  Mas-.  <MI.  :M  Am.  Itep,  tiliti. 

Tii/M.i  V.  Hull  (imir.i  ll.l  Pal.  R93, 
m  V.\r.  1017;  Ihiniiillii  V.  norith  ttros. 
A  II.  I.  Ilniiiil,  Co.  (1H!»7)  90  Me.  110, 
37  All.  H74. 

'Hi/wH  V.  ChiirlislDii  rf  .<?.  R.  Co. 
(lS!l7i  .->!  S.  r.  7!».  JS  S.  K.  !)1.  There 
the  trial  judj^e  had  erruiieoii-dy  riiliil 
that  the  relation  of  the  ne(;li;;ent  and 
iii|ii?(il  servants  was  one  scdely  fur  the 
eiiiisiileiiiliiin  of  the  jury.  The  follow- 
iiifl  distiiietioii  was  drawn  by  the  su- 
preme eourt  :  "Whether  an  enj.'lneer, 
lu'aki'Mian.  or  pwitehman  is.  when  exer- 
cisiii'.'  his  ordinary  duties,  a  fellmv  serv- 
ant with  a  oar  eleaner.  is  a  ipiestion  of 
law.  Itiit  whether,  in  a  parliiiilar  ease, 
either  of  them  was  eti<.'.ii.'eil  in  perform- 
ini;  eiTtiiin  aets  which  the  law  reipiireA 
of  the  master,  and  wliieh  would  prevent 


the  master  from  lialiility  for  the 
inji-,  (ilenees  of  a  delii iivelli-ss  of  the 
:;|i|'lMllee.  ,/i/«e»  V.  ,N7.  I.iillls,  \.  it 
I:  l:,rl.rl  Cn.  (IS!M)|  43  .Mo.  App.  3!IS. 
Ot  an  iiistrmtion  that  if  the  fall  of  a 
lucit  in  a  mine  was  <lue  to  the  ni;,'liL'enpe 
n|  the  "mine  lioss,"  it  was  the  nei;li 
;:iiiri'     of     a      fellow     servant.     Itiissrll 

I'm  I.  c  I'll  Cn.  v.  \y<ih  (isns)  lie,  Va. 
in;.  31  s.  K.  1114. 

See  also,   to  the   same  ,'ieiieral   elTeet. 

\hi,ilil      V.      t'iilli.S.1      Sliillil       l'.ll(VI\r    Co. 

ls:i;ii  -.'1  I!.  1.  38li.  4.-)  L.  K.  A.  :iii7,  43 
All.  S74;  Koiisi  V.  Ihiinin  (lS!t7)  5 
K;in.  App.  .'i4!».  47  Pae.  !tS-2 ;  //.  ,vs  v. 
l!;u,<lh<in  (IS!)!'.!  1110  III.  1121.  43  X. 
K.  743. 

.\  lailroad  pompanv.  when  sued  liy  a 
-link  and  fuel  ajreiit  for  injuries  due 
10  a  difeetive  traik.  is  not  eiitilled  to 
nn  instnietion  that  the  plaiiilill'  eould 
nut  rieover  if  he  were  an  employee  of 
llii-  eiaiipany.  and  the  injurv  ivas  eaiisid 
hv  the  ne;;lii.'ence  of  a  servant  of  the 
iiiin|i;iiiy.  Ti.iiig  rf  P.  R.  Co.  V,  Kirk 
I  IsstI   llL'  Te\.  227. 

\\  liere  the  servant  injured  liy  the 
failnie  of  his  foreman  to  shore  ihe  sides 
III  :i  trench  properly  had  iiolhiny  to  do 
niili  its  exeavation.  Iiiiiiu'  merely  one 
lit  a  ;!aii^'  sent,  after  it  hat  lieeii  cut.  to 
I;iy  pipes  alon;;  it.  and  ll.ere  is  no  evi 
ilciiee  teMiliiii;  to  shin"  that  it  heeuiie 
Mii-.il'e  after  he  liei.'aii  wmk.  it  is  mil  ei 
rnr  to  refuse  to  inslruet  I  lie  jury  that, 
if  tli.y  found  from  the  evideme  tliat  the 
'lifiedi-nt  had  seheled  a  foreman  who 
«js  eiiiiipi'teiit  to  take  eharce  of  the 
Miirk.  and  had  given  him  proper  instruc- 
tiiins,  and  if  the  cave  in  oeciirred  by 
ri'ii«i>n  of  the  foreman's  siiliseipient  ney- 
111  1  to  shore  up  the  treneh.  the  iie;rleet. 
it  111. IP  was  any.  whieh  eauseil  the  aiei- 
ili'iit,  was   that  of   a   coservant   of   the 


il  ■  t.., 


!:•  m 


I  ,i 


ii! 


i 

I 


IM< 


MASTKIt  AMI  SKl!\  AM. 


|l  IIAIV    XXM 


iniltcil  to  tlic  jiirv  IIS  III  till-  I'liri  iimlcr  li';;iil  nili-',  iiikI  ii-  ilflcriuiiKi 
lion  tll'|M'||ll^  ii|M>n  til)'  i-ircniii.oiiiiii-i's  of  tlir  (mm'.'  Oii  iIic  om-  |iiiii<l. 
tlic  jiirv  iiiii.st  ilccidf  till'  iiiiistii">  liiiliililv  wIhti'  the  vice  priiiii|Ml 
xliip  of  tli(>  iic;;li;;)  lit  <'iti|ilov('i'  woiiM  In'  a  li';>itiiiiiiii',  ilioii;:li  ii>>t  ;i 
nwcssarv,  (Icdin-iiuii  from  the  fviilciii-v.*  ()»  llic  otiicr  liaiiil.  if  ih' 
facts  inf  not  in  tJis|iiit<-,  aiiii  tlirir  ^i^niticaiii-c  is  iiiiaiiii)iu:iions,  win  i, 
couMdcrcil  in  relation  of  the  tlirorv  of  vice  |iriiici|)iilslii|i  u*lo|>ti'il  in 
llif  jurisdiction  wlun-  tlic  ca-c  \n  tried,  it  is  error  to  lake  the  opinini, 
of  the  jiirv.* 

Where  there  ig  testiinonv  poiii/r  to  show  that  the  injury  was  liiii-i . 
hy  a  hreach  of  u  noii  dele-.MJile  diiiv,  it  is  error  to  take  the  case  frmi; 


thrill  from  lii'iiiK  fi-l1ii\v  sitviiiiIo.  ii  ti 
ipifstion  of  fact  to  Im-  ilcliTiniiird  li.v 
tlip  jury." 

Ill  an  iiction  by  an  niiployt'p  to  rccox- 
cr  of  n  railway  ('oiii|iati\  for  injiiiin 
■tuxtaiiit'il  liy  tlu'  fjivinv  \\:\y  of  n  ^tmIi 
iron  of  a  laililcr  on  lln'  xiili'  of  tlic  car. 
nn  in«triictioii  tliat  ilcfciiilaiit'i  iliily  to 
inspect  llic  car  «a*  »lio«  ii  to  li:nc  liccii 
p«'rfomi«(l  liy  two  iiii|icctor»  .•  Iicii  it 
WHH  put  in  tlic  train  is  crioncoii.<  in  di' 
clarini;.  as  matter  of  law.  Iliat  lii'fi'ml- 
ant  hud  (liHrliar|rc<l  its  duty  as  to  the 
iii>pcctioii  of  till-  car.  Thuiiiiintm  \. 
tlnnt  \„ilhrni  K.  Co.  (  1!H)0)  7!»  .Minn. 
21H.  M2  X.  W.  u:i7. 

'Itdiiiiilly  V.  Hoi)tli  Urns,  rf  //,  /. 
lininile  Co.  (IH't?  I  !Hl  Mc.  llll.  ;17  Atl. 
874. 

*ln  un  action  aj»ainst  a  (la*  coinpaiiy 
to  riK'ovt  I-  for  personal  iiijiiiii'i  result 
in);  from  tin-  fallinf;  in  of  an  overhang'- 
ill};  liunk  of  earth  in  a  olieet  cxcavalion 
made  for  repairing;  a  pipe,  it  appearol 
that  the  siiperintendciit.  alter  iiiakin;.' 
the  trench  2}  feet  too  far  »oiith.  ordered 
the  men.  in  order  to  avoid  opciiiii<r  a 
new  trench,  to  iindei mine  the  earlh 
north  to  the  pipe,  and  throw  the  dirt 
on  the  hank  aliove  the-  pipe.  Meld,  that 
the  ipiesi  ion  whether  II  was  then'iii  to 
!«•  re;,Mrded  as  the  iillii  ri/n  oi'  I  lie  eraii 
pany  was  for  the  jury,  and  a  nonsuit 
was  error.  Ihritir  v.  Tm  iiilnirn  if  /. 
I'liioii  (!ii.ilitthl  Cii.  (IHSIII  •_'■.>  llllii.  it!. 
In  another  case  the  court,  in  holding; 
that,  where  the  iinestinii  »ias  ulielher 
the  oonstnirtion  of  a  derrick  liy  defend- 
ant's foreman,  and  the  ii^i'  of  it  liy  a 
ser\ant  of  defendant,  for  whose  death 
dainaKi'H  were  elainnil.  made  them  fel 
low  scirants.  an  instruction  that  liny 
were  not  fellow  -eivaiit»  wa-  error. 
•aid:     "It   is   uudouhttHlly    the  duly   uf 


an    eniplover.    where    he    iindertakei    ti. 
supply    hi-    eniployeci    with    macliiiiiiv 

and  iilliir  appliance-  to  I sed  hy  tlinn 

in  I  he  pro-eeiitioii  of  his  hii-iitc-i,  to  i\ 
enise  rcasmiahle  care  and  prudence  ii; 
tiipplyili};  such  ns  will  he  safe  and  suit 
aide  for  the  purpose  for  which  they  aii' 
III  he  used.  Hilt  whitlicr  that  is  tlh> 
iiiiderlakin;;  of  the  employer  in  iiiiv 
«i\eii  case  is  a  ipie-tinn  of  fact  to  he  iIh 
tcrmined  fidiii  the  circiinislaiices.  |||. 
may  undertake  to  provide  the  inailiiii.iv 
and  appliances  tlicni-i  Ives,  or  only  iln 
iiiati  rials  inil  of  which  they  are  In  l» 
eoiistnicted.  leaving,'  their  eomitniciiipii 
to  the  Hame  employees  who  are  to  iiv 
them  when  eon-lriicted.  Thus,  for  cv 
ample,  a  |ier»on  eniployiii};  other-  I" 
erect  a  hiiildin;:.  ini^iht  iindertaki  im 
his  own  part,  to  put  up  and  siipp'y  ull 
the  scalloldinB  iieeessaiy  to  lie  ii-cl  in 
the  pro;:ic.s  of  the  work,  and  in  tLut 
ease  he  doiil>l|e«s  wiiuid  Iw  li:ilile  Tor  in 
juried  to  his  employees  resnltinj»  from 
defects  in  the  BC.iiroldin;.'  which  iia-nii 
.ilile  care  and  prudence  would  have  nl 
viated.  But  if  his  undertaking  is  inerf 
ly  to  supply  the  niateriil-  oiil  ol  wliidi 
the  einployei's  erecting  the  huildiii;;  iniiy 
put  up  their  own  sealfoldin;;.  hi-  duty 
would  only  extend  to  the  ii-e  of  ria-iin 
aide  care  and  priideiiee  in  the  ehoire  of 
materiali  and  the  -clei'tion  of  hi-  -crv 
ants."  Shiilil  V.  .Moraii  (Is.s.'i  In  111. 
App.  <;iH. 

'Mrtlii'li,  V.  Mhnl  Rrs,,i„i,  Co. 
(IHIIJl  I.--,  M:..s.  183,  2't  \.  !•:.  .Mil. 
Iiohliiir;  il  ti.  he  a  (pie-limi  of  law 
whether  an  einphiyee,  in  setlini;  a  fin-l 
for  one  of  the  i;uy  ropes  of  a  diiriik, 
acted  a"  a  fellow  servant  of  the  (il.iin- 
liir.  or  fill  the  master  in  (Ji-ili.iiL.'i-  "f 
the  master-  (Inly  to  -ee  that  suita'jle 
apjiliance-  were  supplied. 


I  jliJJ 


VU  K  l'KJ.NCJl'.\L.sJiU'-cll.\it  \     I  KK  Ul    \C[. 


liU; 


tlic  jury."  On  tlic  ..ihcr  lmrnl.  tliiiv  i>  rm  irmr.  iiiHlcr  ^iii-li  .irciim 
-tmiccM.  ill  n'lu!.iiig  i..  -in,  u»  u  umiiir  ot  law,  tliat  lliu  jiliiiiitit!  .uu- 
1.1'!  n-coviT.' 

B.   What  m  tiks  arf  dkkmi-i)  t«>  hi;  \<»\  hkifumii.e. 


665.  Dutiei  impoied  by  itatute.—  S„  f.ir  us  it  is  |...,,iM,.  to  oxtriict 
.inv  jfriuTnl   piiK-  tn.iii  (lie  cjim's.   it   iiij(.v.  |..rl  .ip-,  Im-  sai.l   tlial   tiic 

n.iiPts  pri.(»>('.l  iijiuii  ill)    <| ry  flint,  iiiilc"  tlir  ii  ;ri'i:itiiiv  liiis  ritli.T 

I  xpii'ssiv,  up  liv  rcM-ciiiiil)!(>  iiiii>li<Mti<>n,  cjcclarcil  its  iiitiniioii  in  this 
n-rai-il,  u  liiitv  iiii|i(..ril  ufx.n  u  master  liv  a  sialiilr-  sliuii|.|  U'  treated 
:  -  ilele;;al)le  or  lli.||-ile|(<;;il.|(.,  acein-din;;  i:s  it  l«luin.(.(!  to  une  catepvrv 
III-  tho  otlier  iiiicler  tlie  <m)1ii:iiii|i  law  i|.M-triiie<  ujiidi  |)reviiiusiv  jnf- 
vaili'd  in  tli"  jiarliciilar  jiiri-diciimi  |<>  uliirl.  tlie  -.taliito  applies.  '^ 

0.   Qiiallfi/  III   ,1  III  11  iiiirliiiiii/rd  hi/  .shil ill,.-    (hi  ||ie  one  hand,  tho 
l'.jrit'al  f(Hi>e(pieiie4'  iit'  the  dnetriiio  that  dn!ir>  pertaining,'  fo  inainle 
iiaiKt'  are,  as  a  cda.ss,  deli:;alil('  ( -ee  ^  f.  |>.  ii„<l),  is  consideii'd  to  In- 
iliat.  in  so  far  as  thr-  pertciriiianee  ■.('  diiiics  pn-crilied  hv  statute  ecm- 
-litiito  a  part  id"  the  operation  of  a  ^oiiifr  eoneern.  iliey  are  dele-rahle.' 

'■I  hiiHoii  v.  ri<l,l  Thiiihi-r  Cn.  1\H<.\<*]  :t||    „r    l„i«    l!.|Mut-<).    willi    rr.'ni.l    to 

ITl  .\iM,4.  4S1.  .51   .\.  K.   IS;   XciKuhll  V.  Hip    cir.-il    of    tli.'    net  nf  2.1  A   •»»   Viif 

r„Uiinl,in    Vimslr.    fo.     (IttOO)     .111    .\|.p.  vU-.xy.   \:,\.  j);   ||)  „ii(l   12.  |-,-|tiii  iii^  Mini.- 

l)iv.  :,\i.  114  X.   ^.  .Siipp.  i:\>:    Krlly  V.  nwii.Ts  tc.  keep  lip  ail  ii<lt.(nmtc  aiiioiiiil 

l!in<-  ilSfl2)   48  Kan.   120.2!)   I'ac.   144.  ..f   vrntilalion.   »i„|    iiii|„,M,,^.   „    p,.„altv 

■lh,l,.it     V.      \»rlhnn     I'.      U.     Co.  for  H  lirc-acli  of  tlii-   |)iiivi,i.>ii 

iHSi,  3  Dak.  .IS.  l;i  N.  \V.  .t4n.  .\f  Th.-Mllur  law  lord  .Iwlin.Ml  torvpros^ 
!.nii..l  in  (ISHOi  lit)  {■  S.  ti42.  2!l  I,,  anv  opinion  on  this  point.  Hut  Hi,,  r.■a• 
'  I.  ..■".  ti  .Sup.  Ct.   Ki'p.   '>!I0    (linikc  (Ic  •'oiiin;;    ami    llic    ili^ciHion    in    llnllrii    v. 

Iiilivc    tliriiii);li    ni"f;li>.M'T of    oar    ro-  I'niKurii  ,f   Sons  S.  ,s'.  Co.    [|H;H|     \    (' 

liiirerl:    l/rr,!,,/,,/   v.    S,„ilUr,„    R.   Co.  222.    .Mlirn.jpr;.'    flH!)2i    1  \}.    H.    .".S.    nip 

Is'.i;)    10  .\pp,    I).   C.   .-iliO:    Mini;,,/  v.  ipiitr  in  liarinonv  with  tills  vi<'\v     Thorp 

llnllinior,' d  i:  K.  fo.    (IHllOi   K  Maokpy.  it    «a»  holil  that   a  ship  i.s  'So  iworlhv" 

-"'i;    l.coiiaid    V.    Kiiiniiir    ||S!IS|     174  within    tho    provi-ioiis    of    tho     Kn-li'^h 

ill    'i.l2.  51  N.  E.  (iSH.  .\tnrniin>r   |18!»7)  inoioliaiil    shippin;.'  not    (.10   &    In    Viot. 

.".  III.  .\pp.  \Mi:  Hrirlurr  v.  S,,r  York  ohiip.  HI)  i .  if  it  is  proporlv  ocpilppod  for 

'     /..  fo.   (IS.O)   2  t.iuw.  .■>(lli;   HiriKiiili  tho    -alolv   of   llio  ori'W   iii   tho   lirst    in 

>    \.»    Yorl:  r.  rf  //.  H.  K.  Co.   {  IS!M)  -.  nioo   ai'ol  that  tho  iiiero  nofrloot  of  tho 

'-    lliin,    4.-.4.    20     N.     V.     Siipp.    2:t(l;  ., plain  to  nso  tho  oquipmoMt    fiirnishcl 

>>hih  V.  ffo/„.   (  ISO.D    4  MiM'.   ;t84.  24  »ill  not  ron.lor  hor  unsoaworthy  in  .iioh 

V    V   .Siijip.    IIS:     Itirhiinis    \.     Iliiii's  1   -I'li-o  as  to  ronilor  lior  oiMMT'liahh-  as 

l^tl'ii     17    .\pp.    lliv.    422,    4.1    X.     Y.  loi  an  iiifiiiiu'oinoiit  .'f  Mio.iot.     Tho  fault 

^"I'j'    2.11:   »;ii,iii,i,il,   v.  ir\,ill    I  jsOHi  in  ,iioh  a  o:i>o  ua-  i>'aiilo<l  as  h,  iiiL' I'n 

■j;    App.    Div.   4S.   .-.O    X.    V.    Siipp.   207:  liioly    that    of   tho  oaptain.   n    moio   oo- 

'.ly.Tv.  0/;,o»  Oi7  fo.   I  1801  I    .14  ,>>.  c.  sLivaiit    of    ll,o    inoniliors    of    tho    orow 
-II.   1.1  S.    K.    41!t:     "       ■  ■ 


ihk, 


ri,i 


I/,  rf  .S7.  /•.  It.  fo.    llSS.Ii    .V»  Wis.   127 
<•<  Am.    Hop.    48.1.    17    N.    \V.   870:     M, 


Thi'    plainlitr.    who    was   injiiroil    hv    II 


inn-    proporlv 


a    nio\'a 


hlo 


l/'i(i 


V.  Irin    Mill.  Co.    I  1807  I    O.'i   \Vi- 


■^'*-  TO  \.  W,  478. 


(liioii  of  tho  ships  railin;;.  ooiiIothIoiI. 
uthoul     siioooss,    that     tho    pa-o    oinio 


nil 


'•!•  rcniarks  of    Lord   Cliolinsfonl 


titliin  tho  .'ith 


•  olion  of  thi 


•^'"1   V.    l/ri;i,    I  ISIISI     I,    i;     I    II.    I.,    ii 


hippiii;.'  art    |S7(;.   whioh   proviilo-   thai 


vV.  .\pp.  C'us.  .120,  10  I,.  T.  N.  .S.  :i() 


I   ovorv   font  I  ail    o 


(p.  iinplioil,    Ih'Iwo.'Ii    the    ownor    of    a    ship 


i 


h&'  -"I* 


'^r' 


IMl 


MAM  Cll  AM)  SKI{\  AM. 


IkllAP.  kxxi. 


\ni 


m 


m 


lit;- 


ill 


Ou  till'  otIiiT  IiiiIkI,  iIic  :ii'I  -      liirll  liiivi'  lii'i  II  |>:i>M't|  in  iiio.l  i,\   t|„ 
AliH'ri"ii    i    -.latJ'H    |n|-    t|i,     |m|I'|      -i-    >>i    'i-rUVHrj.    llir    -ulrr   •Hirraliiili   c 

tjiiiica  arc  lirld  *u  pic-iTilM     !,,ilf-  nl'  lie  iil>-i.|(iii-  iLi  -.• 


iitiil  llir  tiiii>-li'r  "I  .liij  iciini.iM  tliiTenif, 
tlltTV    nlllillld    l.r    illl|llii'>i.    Iliitw  i;  ll>Mll>l 

init  aiiv  ;iuii'i  iiii'iii  to  iIm'  iHuiiiiiiy,  :tii 
iil>lij;.iti..M  Oil  III)'  li.airr  iif  till  hi|i  thill 
Ik-  and  tlir  iiniali')'  -111111111  ii-i'  .lil  ti'iwm 

Ittilr     IIMnll!^    to     illNlllr    tllf     -•'.l\\i*ll  lilfh'*- 

■  if  tint  -liip  for  tll«  V)>ui;;i  iit  tin-  liiiii- 
^v  lirii  till-  \i>\aL'i-  t'oiniiit  ii(-t"«.  inA  !«> 
ki'i'p   liiT   ill   n     •MNMirtliy   nmiiitioii   fur 

till'     \o\,l;;i'     lIlllUl^     till'     KltlK   . 

Ill  the  ni'iit  uf  ii|i|H<iil,  Kay.  L.  J.. 
ri'ii-iMit'il  lliiii:  'l^'inini.'  1  (l<"ir  op^n 
or  .1  iiolt  iiiirhnt  or  u  imiiiiltli'  r.iiliiif; 
out  of  |Mi-ili"ii.  «•  in  lliin  ciixc.  c'liMiljr 
uoiiiij  not  iiuiki*  till  -hi|i  iiiiTawortli/ 
ttilliiii  that  ih>liiiilii>n.  1 1.«  >lii|i  hrrr 
liad  nil  till  III  —<iiry  «><|iii|  lift  ri'iidv 
to   \,P   II-ikI      sIp     «ii«   II    per        '    mai'llillr 

It     U   l*i    il    I'lMC    IK     MI-;rli'.^l-lli->      .        not     IIMIIIC 

II    |iirli  r'.    iiiacliiTN'    |iiiiiH'i,  I    do    mil 

lliiiil-  Il  iM"  II,'  .aid  that  I'l  •  iiul','-'i'"<''' 
01  Ihr  iiiii-tii  III  allowiii^  a  liiHir  to  In 
Il  fl  oiH  11  lit  II  ImIt  to  be  lilt  iiiiiliot.  fir 
lilt  liiviiii;  II  lailill^'  |>la<'i  d  in  |iii-itii'ii. 
v\liiili  \\i-  iiMilv  In  liaiid.  not  Kto««il 
int.'v  in  I  III'  liiild  ulii'K-  it  could  not 
If  '.i.  .it.  or  for  any  other  remon  una 
vail  il.li-.  aiiiiainU  In  n  hreiioh  of  llio  oli 
li-a:  Ion  ti.  I-..  >  p  thr  shi|  ni'iiwjiitl.y  iin 
il.l     t|n'    arl." 

Ill  llii'  lloiiM-  of  Ixtrds  th<>  sinii"  view 
|,ii't.iili'd.  liord  IIi'ItIiiII  Kiiid:  "It  i-* 
i|iiiti'    (li'ai      .     .  that    thi'    riiMliino 

\t.i.>    |ii>l    iiiiiiawortliy    nt    tlip    tiiiii'    nht' 
lilt   llii'  |ioii  of  l/iiiiion.     .Afti'r  hIm'  loft 
thai    pnit    lii'i'    luill    ami    pi|iiipMi)'nt    rr 
iiiaiiicd   pnri.rly   what  they  were  at  thi' 
liiiii'  of  liir  ili'piirtiiri'.      Shp  wii"  in  all 
ri'sptTlM  rllirii'iit  ly  vipiipiHil.     'I'lir   fiiiill 
Wii"  in  not  iiiakiii;;  iix'  of  tlir  I'lpiipimiil 
with     wliicli    -Ih"    had    hcpn      fuiiii-liril. 
I  iidi'i    oiiiiiiii-laiici'n  siiph  a.s  lln-i-,        to 
iiiil    lliiiik   it  can   lie  Hiiid  that   llnrr   na- 
litcM  11   failiirr  to  Un  p  In  r  in  a   .cawor 
lliy  pondilion  for  ihr  voMiyt'.  williiii  tin 
liKiiiiin^'   of   the    cnarliiirnl.      Kollm'.  in;.' 
as  it  dors,  till'  ohli^'aliiin  that   Ihi'  o«  in  1 
and  the  nianli  r,  and  rviiy  a^'i'iit  chai^'rd 
wilh  till'  loading;  of  tin'  .hip  01   thi'  prr 
IKiriii),'  thiTcof  for  sea,  shall  ti.p  all  ri'a 
Monalili"   iiniiii!<  to  iiwiin-  Ihr   .iinsmihi 
ni'ss  of  tin-  nliip  for  tin'  voya;,'!'.  I  thi  ik 
tlu'  words  'to  ki'cp  hrr   in   a    sraunrhv 
condilion     for    the    voyn'^'i'    diirin;;    tlir 
same.'    point    to    an    ohti^-ation    of    tin- 
wiine    characlt'r.    and    mil    to    .1    ni'^'li'd 
piO|iPrly  to  usi>  the  ap|iliaMi'i's  nil   Imaril 
a    vcasd    well    I'ljiiipptd    and    fiuiiished. 


'thcM*  |.  illllpli'  -ri'pf  lol  Iht'  t.p,  lill.i' 
of  till'  »ii|d<  III  ipi> -I  iiMi,  r\iii  r ,,<  ;:  , 
Ihi.  iiin.liiniioii  In'  put  iipmi  Ihr  111,1,1 
mini  If  any  ol  the  iiii'.--.iry  .ii'i>!i 
aiii'iK  «iii  lii.t  or  ili'.troji'd  in  iin 
I'oiir.i'  III  till'  Miyii;;!',  il  uoiill,  i„, 
iliiiilil,  hi'  till'  duly  III  llii'  ni.i-iii  111  ii.i 
all  ri'.i-onaMi'  iinaii.  to  .npply  i.fnir.  iii 
Ihrir  plai'i',  jii-i  an  il  iiil::lii  h)'  lii'<  iliiu 
diirint;  the  \ii,\,ii'i    In  ii.lori'  tin-  hull  m 

rilHrhiiiiTy.    il    il,iiii.i;:i'il,    lo    a    i IHn,' 

■illiti'ii  to  thf  piril.  ti  111'  inroiiiiii  ii 
lint  If  thr  111  ,'  Ita  1'  .  ai;:lliiii'nl  .irii 
to  prevail,  it  vtmild  liavi-  11  much  »j!>r 
.rope  than  I  am  alili-  to  KKlhi'r  fii'ii, 
I  III-  WnliU  111  I  III'  I'll, III  lllrnt  V>a*  llltiliij 
id  hy  I'll'  lr;.'i.l,ilili«'.  The  failiin 
properly  to  .ii'iiu'  many  pnrtii  nf  ihr 
.hip  wliirh  are.  in  oidiiiary  praeticr. 
•  ipeii  from  lime  to  time,  would  no  doubt 
diiiiiiii.h  the  ..ifi'ly  of  tlioM-  Rervin;;  on 
liiiaid  her.  and  he  a  .niiree  of  daii^'ir  I" 
I  Ik  III:    lull    I   do  mil    lliink  it  could  ni 

iiahly  1h'  said  that  lieraiKO  in  nin  li  < 
1, 1. 1  I  hid'  was  not  securely  tlxed  tin 
M'--i  I  tin  ii'iipoii  hepaiiie  lin'<ea«('rlliv 
til  Iruih  till'  piiini  i.  only  of  impiui.iiMv 
U'i'.iii.i' 11;  till'  limit, iliiin  uliieh  Ihr  l,i\i 
at  preseiii  iiiip.isi's  upon  a  lialnliiy  nt 
an  employ  I  for  aeeideiilH  due  In  I!' 
iie;.'li^'i'iii'i'  nl  '.I-  serviilils;  hill  f"i  tiii' 
limilatiiiii,  I  do  ma  ihii.k  i!  wmild  li  r< 
oi'i'iiintd  to  anyiiie  to  maiiila!  Ii.i' 
llieie  had  Im'i'ii,  in  the  presiiil  ii-i. 
Iireaeh  of  tin  implied  oldi^al  imi  iimi,  1 
liv  I  f)  of  the  mereh'ilil  shippiM^.'  ,n! 
I'sTli." 

^r/oiot,,  .f  i:  roil/  it  Mm  '  .  1 
l{,iliii,i  'IMHil  .1  Kan.  App.  J'.'.  1' 
I'ae.  HMI  1  dei'ision  upon  Kan.  Ihii  Mil 
ISSII,  par.  .is.'iO.  whiili.  in  nnhr  n  (if 
mote  the  inallli  and  -afely  of  tin'  |  ■ ! 
-nil.  employed  in  poal  mines.  |ii..Milr- 
llial  the  owner,  affeiit.  or  operatnr  .liall 

■  mphiy  a  1 ipelenl  and  piaiiiei!  in-il.' 

i.Mrsei'r.  who  -hall  keep  a  eaieliil  iMiti''^ 
mer  the  Mill  ilal  in;;  apparatus,  the  uii 
ways.  traveli;i'_'  ways,  pumps  ninl  ptiiii|' 
timliers.  drain 'U'e,  and  rimts  of  tmiiu'l- 
'iid  that  thi'Ve  .hall  lie  .iilliiieiit  man 
holes  and  proper  si^^naliii;;  appaiatiHori 
iiianhnhs  on  the  traveliii'.'  way-,  .ind 
n!-o  pre-ei  ihi's  that  "ifel^  lamp.  anJ 
.iillii'ii'nt  tiinher  for  projis  shall  I"'  fuf- 
ni.hed):    Snnihur    v.    ('•iiltnn    Hill   f>ii' 

Co.   ( ls(tsi  :i'2  c,  c.  .\.  i."iii,  .VI  r.  > 

App    ."lUi.   S!l    Kill.    ">t    (coal    niltnr  iln- 


;|-i 


:!  '[^ 


I  oflij 


\  ICK  l'HI.\(  ir.\I.SI|||'-(  IIAR-UTKI!  DK  .\(  T. 


IMO 


A  Miniilur  il<K'lrino  pn-viiiU  with  n'sjM'ct  f<»  «fniufor\  «luti<*  impowil 
I'll  niilwii.v  coitiiuinit'.H  u>  Ciiicc  their  trackv  niul  to  l)l.K-k  the  fmgi  in 
lliiir  vunis  .«•  um  u>  prevent  the  aitehing  of  feel  ihei>.  iii.«  Siniilnrly, 
it  hns  l)e<ii  deniej  thut  a  stHtiifurv  tluty  to  feiiee  (iiiiijfeniim  inachiDery 
ciiii  Ik-  (h-h«nale(l  w)  a^4  to  reji.vi'  the  master  fn>iii  reH|Miiirtibilitv  for  it* 
nej,'ligenl  jMrfiinimnei'  l.v  the  up-nt.* 

b.  (Jualily  of  (Inly  ttllind. — On  the  one  hand,  fiiP  rule  whieh  ab- 
v.lvei*  fl  miHter  from  lial)ility  for  nej; I i<retu'e  in  thr-  erection  of  a  scaf- 
fold, where  Mieii  ereeiion  is  a  port  of  tiifl  work,  ium  In-en  ehaiip-.j  by 
the  New  York  Iul»or  hiw  ( l,nw<*  lst»7,  chap.  415,  §  18),  providing 
that  any  person  einph.yin^j  or  directing  another  to  [Mrfomi  hdwr  of 
;iny  kind  in  the  ereeii.m  of  »  huildinj.'  »liall  not  fiinii-h  tincafe  scaf- 
folding'. His  duty  is  not  diseharp  d  sutKciently  by  furnishing  u  gulli- 
fient  i|uantity  of  snifahle  materials.' 


IK-r-cin  hnvitiL'  (liiirj.T  of  thp  vpntilntion 
iif  till-  iiiiiii'.  uliiic  II  Hl:iiiili'  iiiMiiriM 
thr  mine  dimki  Ii>  |iiciviili'  fnr  |iii>pi'r 
viMlilatiiiM  I  :    tusln   \.   I'lni/ir  I'miil  Co. 

llHih  -.'r.  Wiisli.  I.IS,  tl)i  I'.ic.  :i!IH  ((.MS 
tr-lii  licM  to  Ih'  II  vi<i'  |>i'iiii'i|i:i|  ii-«  re 
pilil»  the  niincKt  ;  l.nilini  i'mll  i(-  l/m. 
(V  V.  l'v,H,„in  (  mill  I  11  Inil.  \|i|..  JiU. 
:i!l  X.  K.  '.'14  (liolcliii};  thiit  till-  DwniT 
c>(  H  iiiiiii-  (liM's  not.  Iiy  «iii|ilii\iii:;  n  niiii 
\\\f  lion.,.  ri'Iicvp  liiiii-i'lf  I'liiiii  liiiliility 
("r  (iiiliiii'  of  till"  lattiT  to  ii«i'  ri'nHoii 
lililo  piiri'  to  tiiiilif  till-  iiiinp  Kiifi-  to  work 
In,  iiiiiliT  Iiiil.  Iti'V.  Stilt.  IM!)4.  Hjl  1472. 
747.1.  iirovidiii;;  for  ll»>  t'liiiilovnicnt  of 
<tu'li  \n»H,  and  tliiit  for  iiiiy  violiitloii  of 
the  act  tlif  ou  iii'i'  xliiill  Ito  iinlilp  to  iiiiy 
pirxiii  rtlio  \*  injiiri-il  tlicii'lij). 

'  l/r/.i«..«.   '/'.  ,(   N.   /•'.   It.  Co.  V.  Ri,H 

win  (iHii4)  2:1  u  n.  A.  7I1S.  n  r,  c.  a. 

■Ill,  lit  I'.  S.  A|>|i.  5!Mi.  (iO  l-'rd.  :i7<t. 

*.4»*miM  V.  IHiiit  d  /'.  .1/.  It.  Co. 
Il8fl2(  ilO  Miili.  .-)l!7.  81  N.  W.  lU.'S 
(railway  coinpiiiiy  liidd  ffiiilty  of  action- 
ahle  niyli^cnci',  tinder  .Mich. 'ijiws  ISH.'I, 
p.  101,  wliprp  a  fmi;  was  siiiriTnl  to  rp 
inain  iinlillpd  ho  Ion;;  that  kimH  l.d;:i'  of 
its  ciiiidition  nii).dit  be  im'^nnicdl: 
l.i:Mn;i  v.  Canadian  I'.  It.  Co.  (  Isiini  17 
tint.  App.  Rep.  2It.t  (see  i  riti7.  imtp  1. 
intra). 

Mti  (Irorrn  v.  Wimborne  (1R!»S|  2  Q. 
B.  4(iJ  410,  «7  I..  .1.  Q.  n.  N.  S.  8112, 
J^inith,  I,,  ,r..  Hiiid:  "IJut  in  my  jiid;; 
iiicnt  tlip  defense  of  common  fiiipin-  niciit 
•"Illy  applies  where  the  apt  ion  is  l>y  n 
wrvant  asuinRt  the  inastpr  nnd'  i^ 
f'liiiided  upon  the  nejjligpnep  or  nii-pon- 
<luot  of  his  fpllow  BPi-vant.  In  such  a 
wwthe  doptrinp  of  common  i'ni|dMviiii'nt 
ait.ichps.  In  the  present  ease,  wlilch  in 
»n   action    foundrd    upon    the    ntntiite. 


I  her*  U  no  resort  to  npslispnee  on  the 
part  of  H  fellow  servant  m  aiiMnii'  pise, 
'riieie  iMiii;;  an  lini|iin!ilie(l  sl.it  iilorv  ol> 
liu.ilion  iiii|Mi..|,i|  iipiiii  III,,  defendant. 
«li.il  iin-Hei  e.iii  if  lie  to  an  action  for 
lireaeli  of  that  duty  to  miy  that  his  serA' 
aiit  was  jniilty  of  neyliyeni-e.  and  ther»- 
fore  he  was  nut  li.ilde'r  Tlie  defendant 
eannof  shift  his  respoiii.iliilily  fi.|-  the 
performance  of  the  statiitoiy  liiity  on  to 
the  shoiildprs  of  another  person.  The 
cane  of  It  j/.voii  V.  1/ori'  (IHii.Si  I..  R. 
1  M.  L.  Sc  App.  Pas  njil.  l!t  |,.  T.  N.  8. 
.lit,  W8i  relied  ii|)on  a»  showinj;  the  con- 
trary, lint  that  case  ileeifled  nothing 
of  till'  kind.  It  «iniply  deei.led  that  the 
Im«  of  SeoilamI  with  rp};ard  to  the  ap- 
plieiiliility  of  thedortriiip  of  coniimm  em 
ployiiient  whprp  the  fellow  servant  was 
in  a  position  of  siiperiiileiidi'iice  was  the 
same  as  that  of  KnKland."  I{i;.'liy,  I.,.  J., 
said:  "Where  an  alisolnte  duty  is  im- 
posed n|ion  a  person  hy  statute  it  is  not 
iiee.ssary,  in  order  to"  make  him  lialde 
for  lireacli  of  that  duty,  to  sliow  myli- 
fTPiicp.  Whether  there  can  lie  net;li);piice 
or  not,  he  is  responsilile  i/iinrun  qur  via 
for  nonperfortiiancp  of  the  duly."  Rig- 
hy,  I..  •(..  in  ilrovei  v.  Wimhornr  (ISitS) 
2  ().  M.  402.  07  L.  J.  Q.  H.  \.  S.  802. 

Where  a  «t:itutp  rp'|iiin's  the  feneing 
of  till  Kearinj;  in  maniifacturlng  estab- 
lishments, the  ne|;li);ence  of  ciTtain  em- 
ployees in  lipndinK  tlip  nsls  which 
);uardpd  Rparinf;  was  lipid  not  to  be 
ehiUL'Piildp  to  another  Pinployep  who 
slipped,  and,  in  fnllinp,  thrust' his  arm 
thrciii;.di  tlip  openinjj  thus  made.  l.orr 
V.  \„„,lr„„  Mf(,.  Co.  (inOl)  liiO  .Mo. 
(;i"<.  (11    S.  W.  ti78. 

"  Mri.iri<,i,iiii    V.    i:i,ini:   Mfmrt)    so 

App    Div.  .-,18.  tl»  N.  V,  Supp.   IIKI:   Jfc- 


MICROCOfV   RESOIUTION   TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


A  /-IPPLIED  I^V1GE     I 

^^  1653   East   Mom   Street 

Sr^  Rochester.   New   York         14609       USA 

-^  (716)    *82  -  0300  -  Phone 

^S  (716)   288  -  5989  -  Fox 


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1U50 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[CUAP.  XXXI. 


On  the  otiicr  hand,  wrtain  statutes  wliidi  roiiuiro  mine  owners  i  . 
lake  s])e('iti('(l  precautions  have  received  a  eoiistructiun  wiiich  aii|i;ii 
eiitiy  renders  their  obiijiatiuns  less  -hk  nms  than  tliey  would  liave  iiecn. 
if  eonniion-hiw  j)rincMi)ies  had  hern  iett  to  o])erate.  This  is  virtually 
theeffeetof  the  aets  in  t'oivc  in  Penn.s.vlvania  and  elsewhere,  by  wliidi 
mine  owners  are  rcquiivd  to  appoint  ei)m])etent  foremen  to  supervi^x 
the  xinderjiround  workings.  As  we  have  already  seen,  in  S  •">-'*.  U"<r 
1,  subd.  (o),  ante,  an  ajiiiointment  made  in  compiianec  with  ihr 
terms  of  these  acts  relieves  the  employer  of  any  further  liability  wiiii 
regard  to  the  defective  condition  of  this  mine,  so  far  as  that  eondiii..!, 
is  the  consequence  of  the  nonperformance  of  duties  of  the  class  wiiicji 
the  foreman  is  supjxised  to  discharge. 

566.  Duty  to  see  that  the  inorganic  instrumentalities  of  the  work  ar? 
reasonably  safe;  general  rule  stated. —  Sid)ject  to  certain  (pialitim 
tions  which  will  be  explained  in  later  sections,  the  doctrine  whicii  n  u 
prevails  in  the  large  majority  of  the  American  states  may  be  enun- 
ciated in  the  following  terms:  A  nuister  must  indeiniiify  a  scrviiir 
who  is  injured  by  the  negligence  of  a  coservant,  when  the  deliniincmv 
consisted  in  a  failure  to  discharge  properly  either  the  function  of 
furnishing  the  instrumentalities  with  which  the  bu-iness  is  cnnicl 
on,  or  the  function  of  kee])ing  those  instrumentalities  up  to  the  \fs~'\ 
standard  of  safety  while  they  continue  to  be  used.* 


Mlisirr  V.  Ferguson  (1900)  60  App. 
])iv.  .■.29,  64  N.  Y.  Siipp.  197:  iitrinirt 
V.  Ftnju/ion  (1899)  44  App.  Div.  ',H.  (M) 
N.  Y.  Supp.  42!t,  rcitcratinjT  doptriiie 
laid  down  in  tlio  first  apiKiil  (1S9H(  34 
App.  Div.  .'51  r>.  .■)4  X.  Y.  Supi>.  (11,'). 

'  ".\  railroiul  corpnnitiiin  iiiay  lie  con- 
trolled  by  <oni|K>ti'nt.  watchful,  and  pru- 
dent directors,  who  i'.\criisc  the  ^'n-atest 
eaulion  in  the  selection  of  a  snpcrin- 
tenilent  or  fieneial  niaiiajxer.  under 
whose  supervision  and  orders  it.s  af- 
fairs and  business,  in  all  of  its 
departments,  are  conducted.  The  latter, 
in  turn,  may  oliscrV';  the  same  caution 
in  the  appointment  ')f  subordinates  at 
the  head  of  I  lie  sevenil  branches  or  di'- 
partnients  of  the  company's  service.  Itut 
tlie  ot)lif.'ation  still  remains  to  provide 
and  maintain,  in  suitable  condition,  the 
machinery  and  apparatus  to  be  used  by 
its  emidoyeiM, — an  oblijration  the  more 
important,  and  the  (lc;.'riv  of  (lili;.'enco  in 
its  ix-rforniance  the  fireater.  in  propor- 
tion to  the  daniiers  which  may  be  en- 
countered. Those,  at  least  in  the  or- 
franization  of  the  corporation  who  are 
invested  with  controlling;  or  siipei  inr  au- 
thority in  that  rejiard  rcpn  sent  its  Ic^mI 


personality;  their  negligence,  from 
which  injury  restilts,  is  tin?  ncglijicmv 
of  the  corporation.  The  latter  i^niiini. 
in  respect  of  such  matters,  interpose  he 
tween  it  and  the  servant,  who  has  Iniii 
injured  without  fault  on  bis  part,  tlic 
personal  res|)onsil)ility  of  an  agent  wlm. 
in  exercising  the  masti'r's  authority.  Iin- 
violad'd  the  duty  he  owes,  as  well  In  llie 
servant  as  to  the  corixu'ation."  Ihni'ih 
V.  Tirn-K  ,{■  P.  It.  To.  (1H79)  ini)  C.  S 
•in.  -2.)  L.  ed.  til2.  To  the  same  cllVit. 
see  Xnillnni  I'.  /,'.  Co.  v.  Ilrili'i'i  Issili 
llfi  r.  S.  tl42.  29  1..  ed.  7.'i-'>.  ti  Sap.  <'l- 
Re|>.  .">9n:  Sniihini  I'.  I!.  C'l.  v.  /'. '•  r 
.11,11  (  1890)  l(i2  r.  S.  340.  40  L.  ed,  !l',i4. 
Hi  Sup.  Ct.  l!cp.  843. 

"The  rule  of  law  whi<'h  exempts  tin' 
master  from  responsibility  to  tlic  sen 
aiit  for  injuries  received  from  the  (inli 
nary  risks  of  his  employment,  includ- 
ing the  negligence  of  his  fellow  serv- 
ants, does  not  excuse  (he  emplovei  li'iiiii 
the  exerci^r-  of  ordinary  care  in  -n|)|>ly 
ing  and  maintaining  suitable  in^tninu'n- 
talities  for  the  |icrlornKini  <■  of  tin'  \uirk 
reiplired.  One  who  enters  the  einpl'.v- 
iiii'iil  of  an-'llui  lia-  the  right  to  n  wiit 
on  this  duty,  and  is  not    niinircd  to  us- 


{  5(itl] 


Vl(  !•;  I'ltIM  ll'.\r>SIII|>— tllAJUCTKR  OF  ACT. 


1651 


Jl:i!iy  of  tlio  cases  citcil  in  tlin  fullnwing  s(>flii>ii:^  directly  siii;'j;-est, 
liy  the  liicls  involved,  tlie  <'iii'i  rerice,  lieiH'aftur  to  be  oxplaiiied,  (§§ 
()(,';5,  (i\'2  t!l."i,  push  lietweeii  ilie  piisiticiu  of  scfvaiits  wlio  supply  a 
stock  of  niat(  rial,  ii-uin  wliicli  a  si|,.c(iiiii  is  to  be  made  as  ihe  wi  ;•!.• 
prniires-es.  and  of  ser\nnt.s  wIid  make  that  selection;  and  this  distinc- 
tion is  often  expi'essly  relied  upon  as  the  rationale  of  the  jiidymeiifs.' 
But  the  master  cannot  avail  himself  of  the  pi'oteefion  afforded  by  this 
distinction,  where  it  is  n(  iiliiicnt.  nnder  the  circiiinsraiieis,  to  leave 
the  task  ni  selection  to  the  i)artietilai'  servant  or  class  «d"  servants  npeii 
whom  that  function  is  necessarily  thrown  in  the  ordinary  course  of 
the  nmster's  business.*      IStich  a  situation  imlicates  a  lack  of  iluit  etfl- 


«iiino  till"  ii>l<-i  rif  tlic  iiiii-(i'i'>*  ni'^li-i-iKT 
in  this  ii-|ji(l.  'I'lii-  fiict  tliiil  it  is  a 
<lufy  wtiiili  must  iilways  Ik'  (lisclcu'^cil, 
when  the  i  iii|>lcjyrr  is  a  ciiriMiiiiliii.i.  Iiy 
(i|ll(i>is  ami  .i^ri'iils.  (Idi's  iiiil  irlirvi"  the 
(•(iipiiration  from  11ii>  (ilili;.'itii>n.  I  liii 
:\i:i'v.'  wlio  arc  cliariird  uiiii  tlie  iliity 
iif  >iev  lyiii}»  siifp  iMachiiiiry  are  not.  in 
tlip  tnu'  MM  so  (if  llio  mil'  n'liwl  on.  to 
111'  rc^anli'd  .is  fellow  servants  of  llio^c 
who  arc  cnuiiv'''  'n  o|«'ralinii  it.  Tlicy 
lire  ohar^rt'd  witli  l!ii>  master's  duly  to 
liis  serviint.  Iliey  are  employed  in  dis- 
tinct and  in(le|>eMdi'nt  departments  of 
-erviee.  and  there  is  no  ditliculty  in  dis. 
tinLMiishinL'  tliem.  even  when  the  same 
pir-on  renders  ><  rviee  l)y  turns  in  eaih. 
iis  Ihe  eonveniini'e  of  the  employer  mav 
reqi.MP.  l-i  one  the  master  eauiiol  es- 
i;\]w  the  oonseqni'nee  of  the  au'eiit's  ne;^- 
licence;  if  the  servant  is  injured  in  the 
ether,  he  mav."  I'lird  V.  Filrhlxini  R. 
Co.   (1S72)    110  Mass.  -240.  -Jtin.   14   Am. 

Pop.  .'I'.IS.     The    tl y  of    the    m.ister's 

res|M>nsiliility.  however,  wliiih  is  now  ae- 
icptcd  in  M;issaelnisetls  ilx'lf  is  sonie- 
whiit    difTerent    from    this,     (see  §   .500. 

The  dnotrine  of  common  employmeni 
i»  net  applieaMe,  "where  injuries  to 
^o^v.^nts  or  workmen  happen  liy  rea-on 
"f  improper  and  deiietive  maeliiiierv 
^ind  MppliM'iees.  used  in  the  provciilion 
I  f  tile  \\(irl;  | of  the  corporation  |."  limp- 
rr  V.  I,iili'lll,ll,nlix  »(■  SI.  /,.  A',  r.,.  (  1S7I  ) 
47  Mo.  r)(;7.  4  Am.  I!ep.  It'iS. 

■  In  J.i'hiiih    \ mil  II  Cniil  Cii.  V.  ^\'tlrrrk 

(I8n'*i2s  r.  r.  a.  .540.  .-).->  v.  s.  App.  4.n. 

St  Fill.  Siili.  1hi'e\iile!iee  was  that,  wliin- 
I'vi'r  plaintilV  m'eded  new  blocks,  he  ap- 
plied for  them  to  the  foreman,  wlicre- 
iiimn  till-  liter  liioiiiiht  them:   that. 

"0  far  ,'  itilT  was   informed,  there 

M:!s   no   -  ?  new   nnei;    froni    wliit-h 

he  I'oiild  sn  ,  ;,  himself:  that  ph'iiitilT. 
three  days  before  the  accident,  and  aijain 


two  days  before  llie  accident,  c.illed  the 
attention  lioth  of  the  forennin  ami  of 
the  oiil-iile  superintendent  to  lln'  coiiili- 
tioii  of  the  lilccks.  and  a>ked  fur  >iain(l 
ones;  and  that  to  his  reipic^t  Ixtli  re- 
plied ".Ml  ri;.'ht."  and  the  foreman  ex- 
pie-«Iv  promised  to  "ffive  him  new 
block-.'  riehf  away."  The  case  was  held 
liv  the  conil  to  be  dis|iTr/iii-halde  fioni 
those  cited  by  defendant's  counsel,  where 
the  pliilitilT  had  a  stock  of  new  appli- 
ances at  hand  from  which  to  help  hini- 
.self. 

Sep  also,  as  illustrating'  the  senile 
point  of  view.  Tlioiiin.s  v.  .inn  [rln,,  I!. 
Co.  (IH07I  114  -Mich.  .Mt,  72  N.  V. .  10: 
lliishhii  V.  \,;r  Yuri:.  I..  H.  .(  11  .  /,'.  Co. 
ilSS7i  107  X.  Y.  .374.  14  N.  K.  407; 
11  oor/v  V.  I.iiiilrall  I  IS!IM  I  t'.  C.  .\. 
:i7.  4  r.  S.  App.  40.  4H  K.'d.  (12;  \liil- 
hiiir  V.  Ildiisldii,  ir.  S.  i(  /'.  I'lii}/  R. 
f'o.  (1807)  21  Misc.  10.  4(1  N.  V.  Siipp. 
!l.">7.  .Mliriiiiiii;  (18117)  20  Misc.  4:!4.  4.5 
X.  Y.  Siipp.  10:iO;  Striiii.ss  v.  Ilnlifiiiinn 
Mf'j.  Co.  (181)7 1  2.3  App.  Div.  1.  48  X. 
V.  Supp.  425;  and  the  cases  cited  in  S 
(11 7a.  iiiiKt. 

Miiiihiilv.  in  \l<l;ix)ir},l  C'lill  ((•  r.  Co. 
V.  Mii:i''r;i  (1870)  01  Pa.  IS.V  :i(i  Am. 
l!ep.  (i(i2,  we  lind  the  court  commiltinj; 
itself  to  this  doctrine:  If  a  railroad 
ii'inpiiiiy  exercises  ordinary  care  an<l 
>kill  ill  the  selection  <if  employees  to  eon- 
si  met  a  brid;.'e.  it  will  not  be  rcsponsi- 
lile  for  defects  result ini;  from  il~  ori^'- 
inal  construction. 

Mn  MrlJIIiinill  V.  Unndolph  (1801) 
01  r.mn.  157,  22  Atl.  1004.  the  court 
rc.isoned  thus;  "While  it  is  true  that 
the  defenilants  intrusted  the  cxeiiition 
of  the  work  upon  which  McKllijiott  wnn 
enuiiiji'd  to  a  comiH'tent  superiiilendent, 
pro\  ided  him,  McKlIi^iift,  with  ciilabor- 
1  r^  who  were  fit  and  ctimjK'tt  ,it  wtien 
under  competent  su|«er\ision.  and  had 
ui>on  the  premises  appliances  and  apjia- 


tffl 


^ti^Bi 

Hi 

m 

1 

f 

'^y\\\yi 

'  -■■\-\v.\\ 

k 

i 

1652 


WASTIOIl  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap.  XXXI. 


?il'    .    .!     .' 


■\\>: 


I  pi 


i 


eiciit  suiiorvisioii  tlio  mnintpiiiince  of  which  irni^t  ho  shown  before  tli'j 
master  fan  Ix;  iillowcil  to  chiiiii  tlio  advantage  of  the  rule  which  iin- 
cludcs  reccjvcry  for  injuries  caused  l>y  the  nejili,i;ence  of  a  eoservaul  iii 
carrying  out  tlio  details  of  the  work.      See  ciiapler  XLII.,  post. 

It  is  ohserviible,  moreover,  that  the  rule  which  absolves  the  mnsfer 
from  liability  for  tlie  eondifinn  of  the  jdaco  of  v.nrk.  on  the  grii\ni.l 
that  it  is  tempnniry  and  transitory,  is  nut  available  as  a  dclVn-c, 
when  the  place  is  unsafe  at  the  time  the  servant  is  bro\ight  to  tliL 
place  of  work,  and  no  warnins;'  is  liiven  him  of  tlie  jn'ril/ 

567.  Duty  to  see  that  the  inorganic  instrumentalities  of  work,  as  orig- 
inally supplied,  satisfy  the  legal  standard  of  safety. — n.  luu/iisli. 
Scotch,  and  culoiiial  ilochiiw. — Although  the  point  has  never  biiii 
directly  raised,  or  speeitically  decided  in  the  same  explicit  biiiiiiiiur 
as  in  the  United  States,  it  would  soein  to  be  a  legitimate  d  •(hu'iini! 
from  the  language  used  by  the  English,  Scotch,  and  colonial  jud::i  -, 
that  a  servant  to  whom  a  master  intrusts  the  function  of  constructiii,' 
or  supplying  any  part  of  the  plant  is  regarded  by  them  as  an  agni;. 
for  whose  negligence  in  discharging  that  function  the  master  is  respon- 
sible.    As  the  correct  doctrine  upon  this  subject  is  a  matter  of  cnii- 


rntus  suitiililo  for  tlio  work,  it  is  £<]ually 
true  that,  diiriiif.'  I  lie  |>r()yi<'ss  of  niiu'h 
of  the  vvorlv.  and  nt  tlic  time  of.  and  for 
a  ponsidcrahlp  time  i)ii(ir  to.  tho  auci- 
dent,  the  worU  was  wliolly  williont  oom- 
prtont  SO]'' 1  i»t<'n(h-Moc;  that  there  was 
even  no  or  jireseiil  who  was  possessed 
of  mechanical  skill:  that  tlie  provision 
of  siotiitile  a|)|>lianees  was  siMi|>1y  in  the 
sense  of  thi-re  IhIii^  sueli  mar  at  hand, 
mingled  with  olhers  nnsuilable:  that 
those  appliances  wliieh  were  in  fact 
chosen  and  set  ai)art  for  the  work  were 
mainly  selected  by  unskilleil  factory 
hands,  at  randem  and  without  Instruc- 
tions. oversif.'1it.  or  cvamiiiatioii :  and 
that  they  were  adjusted  by  like  laborers 
with  the  like  absence  of  instructions, 
oversijiht.  aiul  examination.  The  acci 
dent  iia|iprncd.  in  part,  because  a  cer- 
tain Wdodcii  lirirse  or  support  was  in- 
adequate, llunninjr.  the  su|K'rintendent. 
selected  this  particular  applianie  and 
directed  its  use.  The  wheel  fell  in  fact 
tiecause  a  certain  rope  was  too  sni.iU 
and  inadetpiate.  The  defendants  had 
done  nothinji  to  provide  a  suitable  rope 
except  to  have  upon  the  premises  a  stock 
of  various  kinds  of  rope,  some  suited  to 
one  purpose  and  some  to  another,  and  to 
allow  any  chance  inexpcrience<l  laborer 
to  select  for  each  special  Use  the  laie 
which  his  impulse  dictated,  .fust  here 
we  touch  upon  the  most  significant  and 


potent  factor  in  the  sittiation.  nntiieiv. 
the  entire  absence  of  competent  sn|iir 
intendenc<'  diirinu'  all  tlie  later  sta'.'es  if 
the  work.  After  Uunnin^i's  di  partiire. 
about  miilni<;lit.  there  was  no  one.  eitlni 
over  or  connected  wUh  the  j;an^'  of  incii 
employed,  who  possessed  any  inechaiiicil 
knowledge  or  skill.  Had  Duiuiiii^'  re 
mained  present.  |)ro]ierly  executiii;.'  hi* 
master's  duly  intrusted  to  him.  there 
wotild  have  iM'cn  no  such  unintelli^'cnt, 
haphazard  selection  of  apparatus,  no 
such  inade(|uate  and  unsuitable  devicis 
of  supiMiit.  as  were  instrumental  in  Mc 
Klli^'ott's  death.  Moreover,  Dntinin:;' 
(h']>arture  in  an  instiuit  transfurnn-d  Mi' 
Kllij.'ntt  anil  his  fellows  from  lit  into  tin 
lit  ccdaborers.  The  lindin;;  states  ex 
plicitly  lliat  these  men  were  inconip- 
tent  for  the  work  assijnied  theni.  witli 
out  suitable  supervision.  During'  tlic 
hours,  therefore,  which  succi'iilcd  Daii- 
iiiny's  return  lunne,  .McKlliKOtt  w:i«  >iir 
rounded  only  by  incompetent  fellow 
workmen,  and  he  went  down  to  1iisdc;ith 
in  conseipience  of  constructions  and  me- 
chanical adjustments  made  by  bis  fel 
low  servants,  employed  by  the  dcf'tid 
ants  to  do,  in  eonii)aiiy  with  him.  what 
thev  were  unfit  to  do.  I'lainly.  Ihcic 
fore,  the  defendants'  duties  as  masters 
uf  (lie  deceased    were   r.-.-.t    perf^ri!'"'! 

'//(>.i    V.    Knsnillial    (189U)    lliO    111. 
021,  43  X.  E.  743. 


I  5U7J 


Vl(-  i;  I'UIM  ll'ALSilll'— CllAllALTKR  i)|'  ALT. 


lUjJ 


sidci'iililc  iiiipdrliiiiir'  III  liiwycrs  pr.iclisiiiji  in  that  part  "(  llio  I'liiir.! 
Stiitcs  uliicli  is  ailjarciit  to  Canada,  ilio  aufli<ii-iti(s  liavc  liccii  aii- 
ah^d  at  cuiisidcraMr  Icnijth  and  collali-d  in  tiic  ^nlijninrcl  note' 


'As  will  1)(>  "ven  from  tlii;  (]Uiitiiliiiiis 
frcMii  tlicir  i>|>i;.i(iTi.i  in  §  5-'.i.  mili ,  l.diil 
Cii.  iiii-ifoiil  .iiitl  l.onl  Coliiii-My  liiitli  dis- 
liiiiil.v  ouiui'iicil  tluit  a  ininr  ciwiitT  may 
lie  li.ililo  fur  cli'focl.s  ill  llii-  L!(ni'i-al  ar- 
r.iiiL'i'tiit'nt  (ir  ^ysti'in  of  Vfiit il.il ion,  aiul 
rriiilnistcil  Micli  a  caiHe  of  injury  with 
iliit  unili'r  cli-cM-^ion,  II  //.vim  v.  Mi  rii/ 
(ISii8)  T..  R.  1  ir.  L.  Sc.  Ap|i.  Cas.  344, 
111  1..  T.  N'.  S.  .'iO.  Till'  following  re- 
iiKirI<<  of  I  III"  lalti'r  arc  also  woitli  not- 
iii;;:  "1  tliink  tliiif  tliiTo  an'  iliifirs  in- 
ruirilii'nt  on  tnaslfis  «illi  r'lVn'iifc  to 
till-  >jfity  of  lalionrs  in  mines  and  fac- 
lor.i's,  on  llic  fiiirilnicnt  of  wliicli  thr  la- 
borers arc  ('iitillod  to  nly.  ami  for  t'.ie 
fiiilurp  in  wliipli  the  master  may  he  re- 
sjion^ilile.  A  total  iieuh-ct  to  provide 
any  system  of  ventililiin  lor  the  mini! 
may  be  i  f  that  charaitir.  CulpiMo  ne;; 
lij;enoe  in  siipervi-i' n.  if  the  master 
tak"^  the  supervision  on  himself,  or, 
wnere  be  devolves  it  on  other*,  the  hii'd- 
li's.s  selection  of  nnsUilful  or  ineoni|>e- 
tent  persons  for  the  duty,  or  the  failure 

10  provide  or  supply  the  means  of  ])ro- 
vidin;;  propr  maehinery  or  ir.cterials, — 
may  furnisli  j;riiunds  of  liability;  and 
theifi  may  be  other  duties,  varyirif^  ac- 
loriling  to  the  nature  of  tlie  employment, 
whciiiii.  if  the  master  fails,  he  may  I5e 
respoiisilile." 

Lord  Cianworth  in  the  course  of  his 
opinion  said:  "If.  indeed,  the  owners 
had  failed  ti>  take  reasonahle  eare  in 
oiuisiiij;  the  sealTold  to  be  ereiled.  the 
lase  winilil  have  been  dilferont;  hut  of 
(his  thiTi'  is  no  evidem-e.  It  certainly 
was  not  iiu'iimlK'nt  on  them  pi'r-onull,v 
to  fix  (!  ■  soatlold.  They  di-eliarj,'eil 
their  dnl,\  «hen  they  procured  the  serv- 
ices of  a  cumpetent  under;;rimnd  nian- 
ii?cr;  and  whellier  Wilson  began  to  work 
with,  or  under.  Neish  before  or  after  he 
had  prcp.ired  the  scafTold,  was  a  niatt<T 
"f  no  inipiutance.  From  the  time  when 
he  b(;.'an  to  work  he  was  a  fellow  work- 
niiin  with   him." 

I  Ids  ileeision,  therefore,  really  froes  no 
farlhcr  than  to  deny  that  there  is  such 

11  funclionary  as  a  vice  principal  in  vnt- 
tors  connected  with  the  operati  f  u 
yoing  concern,  and  leaves  the  ob  ns 
iif  the  nia-ter  absolute,  so  far  as  .  ^ards 
the  oriirinal  condition  of  the  plant  and 
the  capacity  of  tbo  pmploye<'s  at  the 
time  when  they  are  hired. 

In  a  later  appeal  from  Scotland  the 


House  of  Lords  held  that  a  complaint 
alle;jin;j  an  injury  frmn  the  ilefectiM- 
splicing  of  a  sbip'^  lackle  is  .lemurrible 
unless  lit  all  eMiiIs.  it  also  avers  thai 
the  splicin;;  was  defect  Im-  at  the  lii.;.! 
the  ve-s('|  was  eipiippiil.  ilnriliin  v. 
/'///-'/•  118112)  -iO  Se.  Sess.  Cas.  4tli  se- 
ries, 2.'?.  Lord  Watson's  gNsition  wim 
that  a  mere  defect  m  the  splicing  of  a 
ship's  tackle,  which  i;  "bvious.  docs  not 
constitute  any  defaull  of  iluly  on  tha 
part  of  the  sbipowiier.  if  he  providi-s  the 
master  and  crew  with  the  pid|M'r  mate- 
rials for  correcting  the  defi'ct  in  the 
course  of   the   voyage. 

Ill  l//i;i  V.  Ai'ir  f/iri  Co.  (1870)  L. 
H.  I  Kxch.  Div.  -J.-.l.  4.-.  L.  ,1.  Kxch.  N. 
S.  GtiH.  ;!4  I,.  T.  N.  ,S.  .-)41,  Huddleston, 
15.,  after  referring  to  the  opinion  of 
i-,ord  (aims  in  Wilmm  v.  ilirrif,  pio- 
eeeili'd  ihus:  "To  e-talilish.  therefore, 
neeligence  against  the  ilefendanls,  the 
plainlill'  must  prove  that  the  defendants 
unilertrok  personally  to  sii|M'rintend  and 
direct  the  works,  or  that  the  persons  em- 
ployiil  by  them  were  not  proper  and 
competent  persons,  or  that  the  materials 
were  inadiquate,  or  the  means  and  le- 
aourees  were  unsuitable  to  accomplish 
the  work.  The  onus  is  upon  him.  and 
failing  to  do  .so  he  fails  to  establish  iicg 
ligi'iice.  .  .  .  V>y  suitable  means  and 
resources,  we  think  must  lie  meiint  all 
that  was  necessary  to  carry  on  the  busi- 
ness, including  premises  r'lisonablv  safe 
for  that  purpose, — as.  for  instance,  in 
case  of  a  mine,  of  a  pio|x'r  system  of 
ventilation,  as  pointed  out  by  l.onl  Col- 
oiis.iy  in  IVt/mii  v.  Menu  (istlH)  \..  I!. 
1  II.  I..  Se.  App.  Cas.  .Sifi.  1!»  h.  T.  X. 
S.  .'10:  but  there  was  no  eviilence  to  show- 
that  the  premi.ses  of  the  defendants  weic 
dangerous,  that  these  gates  were  defect- 
ive in  their  original  construction,  or 
that  they  had  not  been  perfectly  safe 
when  first  put  up.  If  they  bad  fallen 
into  a  state  of  decay,  and  bad  l)c<'n  per- 
mitted to  remain  in  that  state,  it  could 
scarcely  be  said  that  that  was  the  acl  of 
the  defendants,  but  must  have  been  that 
of  the  |M'rsons  whom  they  mu-t  have  em- 
p'oyed.  and  there  w.ls  no  evidence  to 
show  that  such  persons  were  not  |)ro|H-r 
and  comiietent  for  the  ilefendants  to  em- 
ploy." 

A  similar  position  seems  to  he  indieat. 
ed  by  the  following  remark  of  Lord 
Wensleydale   in   an   earlier    Scotch    ap- 


t 


16&4 


MASTKI!  AM)  r^KKVANT. 


[CU.VP.  \\\[. 


b.  Awcricnn  dijclriim. — All  tlic  cDurls  in  tli '  United  States  seem  to 
br  uiiaiiiiiiou.s  as  to  the  doctriiie  tliat,  wlicre  it  is  a  question  of  tlie  con- 
dition of  the  insti'unienlalities,  aniniatf  or  inanimate,  when  they  tiM 


iiiii 


\\ 


m 


Mi\  "■ 


ppiil:  "Ml  that  the  ina-itiT  is  iKnmd  to 
do  IH  to  niviili-  iii;ii'  iiiiTV  lit  !>>iil  |>riip 
•T  fur  the  vvmli.  .oxl  to  tiil«'  fiirc-  to  have 
it  sii|H'i'iiit('ii(li'il  \<y  liitii'^clt  or  hi"  work- 
moil  ill  -.1  lit  and  |iro|icr  iiiaiiiiir."  Wums 
V.  M<ilhi(suii  (1801)  4  .\hi(i|.  1  II.  L. 
('lis.  215. 

Ill  Hull  V.  .fiihiixnii  (ISIi.'ii  M  llii.lst. 
i  ('.  .-.Sii.  :i4  L.  J.  Kxch.  X.  S.  2i2.  11 
Jur.  N.  S.  SO.  11  I,.  T.  N.  S.  77!t.  l;i 
Week.  I!c|>.  411.  the  court  oiii|)ha>izcd 
the  fact  that  tlic  iiiii-tor  was  not  siiowii 
to  have  liii'ii  iii'^dii.'i'nt  in  n-yard  to  piit- 
tiii;;  his   iiiiiic  in    |iio|H'r  order. 

S<M>  also  the  eases  cited  in  S  52(i.  note 
1,  ante. 

In  one  Scotch  ease,  where  a  defective 
Krall'old  had  liei-ii  ereetetl  under  the  sii- 
perintnidence  of  the  defendant's  fore- 
man, it  was  laid  down  that  it  is  a  mas- 
ter's duty  to  see  that  a  scalfold  to  lie 
used  h\-  masons  is  suineient,  even  th  {;h 
he  left  the  ehar<.'e  of  ereetinj,'  it  to  ,he 
masons  themselves.  Cook  v.  Duncan 
(IHi")")    20  So.  Sess.  Cas.  2d  series.   180. 

In  another  case  a  part  of  the  juil};es, 
vhile  deiiyin}.'  that  negligence  was  es- 
laiilished  hy  the  evidence,  admitted  that 
the  failuie  of  a  mining  company  to  sup- 
ply tinilier  for  tlie  support  of  the  roofs 
importe<l  a  hreach  of  duty.  Stciiart  v. 
CollnesK  Iron  Co.  (1S77)  4  Se.  Sess.  Cas. 
4th  series,  9.')2.  In  another  case  it  was 
held  that  a  declaration  wliich  state<l  in 
substance  that  the  plaiiililT's  .son  had 
been  run  over  by  a  train,  while  acting 
as  a  flag  boy  at  a  crossing,  and  that  the 
accident  was  due  to  the  fact  that  a  wa- 
ter tank  had  been  erected  in  such  a  po- 
sition that  it  was  im[K)ssible  for  those 
in  charge  of  the  engine  to  see  \vh(>ther 
the  line  was  clear,  or  to  receive  signals, 
could  not  be  successfully  demurred  to  on 
the  ground  that  there  was  no  averment 
that  the  engin 'ers  appointed  to  lay  out 
the  station  yard  and  fix  tlie  site  of  the 
water  ti;nk  were  incompetent.  McKil- 
lop  V.  Sorth  Britinh  R.  Co.  (1896)  23 
Sc.  Sess.  Ca-s.  4th  series.  7(18.  The  es- 
sence of  the  court's  position  was  that 
the  duty  of  placing  a  part  of  the  perma- 
nent equipment  of  the  s  .ition,  so  that 
the  lives  of  employees  should  not  be  ex- 
posed to  unnecessarj'  and  avoidable  haz- 
ard, "is  a  duty  incumbent  on  the  em- 
ployer, whether  he  he  an  individual,  or 
a  company  acting  thinugh  directors." 
and  that,  "while  the  company  wou'd  of 


course  lie  morally  right  in  relying  to  a 
laru'c  I'Xlenl  cai  the  judgment  of  i  mli 
fleers  or  practical  men,  it  is  not  n'lii\,.| 
of  its  rcspoiisiliilily  by  the  iii.ic  i.ki 
that  it  had  appointed  competent  i  ii:;i 
iiecrs  and  managers  to  whose  jiiil;;in.  i' 
it  trusts."  It  was  also  coiisidereil  th.it 
a  railway  company  is  no  more  alilc  lii.m 
a  private  company  or  a  partnii-lii|i  i.. 
displace  the  res|)<insibility  for  provilinj 
a  suHiciciit  machini'ry  plant  by  dcliij.ii 
ing  the  duty  of  selection  to  a  iniiiia;;ri 
In  rcrard  to  this  matter  the  direcli.r-  <ii 
a  rai  ly  company  are  in  the  same  [w 
sitioii  .IS   managing  partners. 

In  another  case  it  was  held  tlint  .i 
complaint  which  imputes  fault  to  tlu' 
master  himself,  as  distinguished  fn-'ii 
his  servants,  in  a  matter  which  nay 
fairly  lie  describeil  as  his  .system  ct 
working,  is  not  demurrable.  Unrnnn- 
iild  V.    VtlKton    Colli   Co.    (18fl(i)    ■>?  Sr. 

Sess,  ('as.  4th  series.  504   (iiiiiiiy  cai I 

by  failure  to  prop  a   mine  siidiciciitU  . 

In  another  case  it  was  held  ei  rdiiciiii- 
to  dismiss  the  action,  where  the  failure 
to  light  the  bottinn  of  a  shaft  was  ri  liil 
on  as  the  gravamen  of  the  Cdiiipliiini. 
I'linihiiiii  V.  \ >/(•  /{(/)//,•  Cool  I'll.  (Is;iii 
2.1  Sc.  S'ss.  Cas.  41  li  series.  -±>. 

In  I A  Villi  V.  Ciiiiiiiliini  I'.  K.  <'" 
tlH'M)  17  (Jnt.  App.  liep.  2!>:!.  tlie  lintv 
violated  was  a  statutory  one;  Imt  'In' 
following  remarks  of  llnggarty.  (  .  .1.  O. 
are  pertinent  in  the  present  rdiinro- 
lion:  "1  liKik  upon  the  duty  of  -iviir: 
that  a  track  is  fit  for  use  and  pn  |Kiiy 
safeguarded  as  requ-ved  by  law  iKl'in' 
its  being  used,  as  a  duty  v,  liich  tlic  iimi 
pany  must  perform  at  its  peril,  ami  t!ia! 
it  will  not  excuse  tlcni  t<.  pnnc  tliii 
they  gave  directions  to  have  HcivlliinL' 
done  rightly  and  legally.  It  niii;lit  pn 
sent  a  dillerent  aspect  if  the  portifin  "f 
road  had  been  all  right  at  its  npcniii<;.— 
the  frog  duly  packed. — and  that  In  soiii.' 
servant's  neglect  it  had  not  hirn  ri- 
packed.  The  original  omission  to  piict 
the  frog  cannot,  as  I  think,  he  |mipi'ih 
excusable  as  the  negligent  act  of  a  sen- 
ant  in  a  common  employment  with 
plaintiff." 

The  line  which  the  reasoning  took  in 
U'ir«on  V.  Merry,  and  the  weight  of  ju- 
dicial opinion,  evidenced  by  the  nh<ive 
eases,  in  favor  of  making  a  (listinction 
between  the  quality  of  the  duties  of  a 
master   in   respect  to  original  construe- 


T 


f'.V'!' 


i  5(:;] 


vi(  I-:  I'KiNt  ii'ALsuii'— ciiAiiAi  ii;i;  (IK  \(  r. 


ifl:i:i 


bcc'iiiii(>  a  |p;iil  of  the  or;.'  iiii.siii  tliri.iiLili  wliicli  ilif  i:i:i-.lcr  Ciiriic  s  on 
his  l)U.siiii-»,  llie  iiia-itcr's  liahililv  in  (Iclcnniiiid  liv  the  |iiiiii'iiili'  iliai 
lie  must  answer  fur  aiiv  iic;;li;;cMcc  wliic'li  may  In-  fiiiuiniticd  liv  aiiv 


(ion    ami    siihiiinii>nt    niainlriiiuni'.    Iiiii 

iiist  (l(»\ilit  U|'i)li  III )irrrliir-^  <rl'  -miw 

mrliiT  (li'(i«iip|it  uliicli    x'ciii    tu   iyinnir 
that  (li-liiM'tiiiti. 

In  diu'  it  \v:w  Imiiidlv  hiid  down  tliiit, 
in  (ndir  Id  nihlir  a  iiLi-Irr  li;il>|i-  inr 
an  injiiiv  In  hi-  ~irv:iiit.  c.iiimiI  liy  llic 
In  kiiiL'  "f  :i  ni.icliiiK'  lii'!(ini;iii'_'  li>  tlip 
ni  i-l.T.  il  i-i  nut  -iilliiiint  tn  -liou  tli^t 
till'  in.icliiiic  Wii-  ilifi'ctlvcly  cun-l  iiicIimI, 
but  tlici"  Min-I  .il-u  III'  c'viilriicc  iIkiI  tin- 
niixliT  cmiilrivril  iiiiMUniirlint  |kt<ci:is  tn 
0(in-lni(t  lln'  iniicliiiM'.  I'nUt  v.  /*'//'( 
r,i,lisl,'  hock  if  //.  Co.  (ISDO)  8  W'.ck. 
I!i|>.  5l'4.  i  L.  T.  X.  S.  2S3. 

in  anntlicr  it  was  held  tliaf  n  work 
man  caiiiiol  ircnvcr  (hiiniiuc-i  ficmi  liis 
ini|il<>viT-  h'T  injiuio  sii«lain(cl  liy  liiiii 
whili'  at  wcrik  in  llicir  mill,  and  icsiilt 
in;;  from  tin-  Iniilditi^'  liaviii"  licin  oriiji 
nally  not;li,.r'ntlv  cun-trin  led.  unless 
(KT-nnal  nc;;liL;rnc("  is  prnvcd  a^'ain^t  his 
t'ni|ilini'r-  llnMii-"lvc3  (or  apiiii«t  sdnic 
[><>r-on  actini,'  liy  tlirir  orders).  citliiT  in 
bavins  ?ivi'n  dinMlInn'^  liow  the  linililin;.' 
sbonld  l>i'  I'dnstniclril.  or  in  having 
kniiwin^ly  i!itni»tcd  tlic  oxroution  of  tlic 
work  to  an  incoin|H't<'iit  pi'r-on.  Itnnrn 
V.  Arcrhttiton  Cottfm  Sjiinning  rf  1//'/. 
Co.  |18(!.1)  3  lIiirM.  &  V.  oil,  34  I..  .1. 
Exch.  X.  S.  20!*,  13  ]..  T.  N.  S.  04.  Tli^rr 
tbe  acoiiliiit  was  caused  by  the  nc^li 
frence  of  one  Dean,  the  clerk  of  the 
works,  employed  by  the  defendant  to 
-upir^ise  the  contractors  for  the  con- 
-trnition  of  the  several  parts  of  tin' 
buildinj;.  The  position  of  t!ie  jii(I^c<  i- 
apparent  from  the  followin<»  extracts. 
Atone  stage  of  the  ai;.'\innnt  .Martin.  1!., 
nhscrved:  "It  is  necessary  to  show 
(ither  personal  neftligenee  on  the  part 
of  the  defendants  or  the  workmen  act- 
ins  iiniler  their  orders,  or  tliat  the  de- 
fendants employed  workmen  whom  tiny 
know  to  he  un-kilful.  The  plaintiir 
must  csiahlisii  this, — that  if  persons 
buibliiis  11  house  employ  a  man  to  super- 
intend the  works,  and  allow  lliem  to  be 
I'nnipb'ted  without  their  per-onal  >uper- 
intendenee.  and.  nniny  month  *  after  the 
ib'>;li':i'nt  act  is  d.ine,  the  owners  not 
hi^iii^  aware  of  it.  the  hou«e  falls  and 
injiui's  a  |HM'-on  whom  they  empioyed  to 
vi'rk  (here,  they  are  rc-i>on-il'le.  That 
i-anant,  be  done  without  >howinj.'  some 
I'litrai't  or  wairain  to  the  per-on  I'ln- 
|'i'-,M-d.  tint  the  »t,i(e  of  till'  h.iu-,.  H.is 
Mioii  that  if  was  safe  for  him  'o  work 
\'ol.  If.  M.  4  S.— 23. 


ill  it."  The  ci-e  of  liiiitnii'n  II ill  ('mil 
r„.  V.  /,',(,/  I  Is.^iSi  :;  \l.i,-,|.  ||.  |..  c,,.. 
2tlil.  -.'SH,  4  .lur.  \.  s.  7i;7.  I„.iii-  ijicd 
bj-  ciiiiii-il.  the  saiiii'  learni'd  jiid^e  re- 
miiiked:  "rhe  •lue-tien  in  that  ia>e 
«as  Hhellier  a  i,..i«tcr  was  li.ible  for  in 
jury  to  a  -ervant  eau-id  by  the  ne^li 
seiRM!  of  ,1  filloH  servant.  In  a!!  the 
la-e-  ill  whiili  a  iiia-.ter  has  bei'U  ladil 
liable'  fc^r  ill  jury  to  a  -ervant,  there  has 
been  a  waul  of  lea-onalde  care  at  thi! 
very  time  the  aiiidrnt  hap|K'ncd,  nnd 
wliicli  imiridiaii  ly  and  din  illy  ciiusimI 
it;  here  il  i-  -oiiLlhl  to  ;,'(>  far  back, 
and  1  do  not  -ee  the  limit;  it  iiiisht  be 
fifty  year-  after  the  house  was  improp- 
erly built." 

In  summing  up  the  conclu-ions  of  the 
court,  he  s.iid:  "it  is  cnou^'  to  siiy 
that  our  jud;^iiieiil  is  founded  on  tliis,- 
that  (here  was  no  evidence  of  per-onal 
neslisence  on  the  part  of  the  company 
or  any  of  the  meinbei-  of  il  :  noi-  was  it 
shown  that  there  wis  nesliL'ence  on  the 
part  of  any  per-on  act  in:.'  as  their  .serv 
ant  or  under  their  order-,  for  wliicli  they 
ari!  re-poii-ih!e.  either  by  having  sivcii 
speiilii'  direct  inn-  as  to  the  mode  in 
which  the  work  should  Im"  done,  or  by 
liaviiifi  any  re.i-un  lo  siip|«>se  that  the 
per-ou  to  uliom  they  intru-tcd  the  duty 
of  -ndns  that  it  was  properly  performed 
was  not  u  person  of  ordinary  coni|H 
tence." 

In  one  Scc'tch  ca«e  the  court  appar- 
ently aryued  u|Min  the  assuiniilion  that 
a  defect  in  con-tniction,  if  it  was  due 
to  the  neL.di;;ence  of  ii  coscrvant.  did  not 
all'cet  the  master  with  liability.  \liil- 
till  Its  V.  M'Dntiiild  (l,S(i5)  3  Sc.  Scss. 
C'as.  3d  series,  .500. 

"u  the  whole,  therefore,  it  may  be 
asserted  with  reasonable  conlldenee'that 
the  servant's  rijrht  of  recovery,  in  tliat 
country,  remains,  so  far  as  the  comnion 
law  is  concerned,  exactly  what  it  wa- 
when  it  was  dedared  by  Lord  ('ran 
worth  in  linrtoiifiliill  Cwil  Co.  v.  Ili'nl 
(lS.-.8)_3  Maci|.  II.  1,.  (as.  2()li,  4  .fur. 
X.  S.  TUT.  that  the  rulini;  in  (Initi  v. 
Itriissii)  (1S,")2»  I.")  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.'  2d 
series.  13.").  was  in  si  rid  accordance  with 
the  Knj:Iisli  authorities.  In  the  Scotch 
case  referred  to,  the'  complaint  ua-  held 
to  be  relevant,  inasmuch  as  tbe  plain- 
(if  would  be  entitled  to  recovery  if  he 
i-laliii-iu'd  hi-  alic'Miinn-  lli.it  his  in- 
juries were  due  to  the  nesliyonce  of  an 


:;r;ii 


^ips 


IlijU 


MASTKI!  ANDSKUV.XXT. 


(niAiv  \\\i. 


u 


|!:.u 


iiPiii, 


m 


•n  H 


'    1 

i   '1  I 
i    • 

1 

1- 
!■ 

I  ; 
I 

^^P^V 


tlllltlCS.'' 


lint  f.)  whom  he  ilvlfgatcn  tlii'  tliitv  of  t■llI•lli^^llill,l;  iIk-m'  iii^tniiih  i, 


111  I «  -^  > 

III  view  of  soiiii'  of  thp  decisions  c.itod  in  S  '>'>^'  xiiju-a.  it  is  huy»- 
sil.lc  to  stiiti-  tin-  priiiciplf  in  ii  more  jiciicral  form  tliiin  this. 

Soinr-  f.iurls  s«'ciii  to  limit  tlir  iipidiciitioii  of  tiii-  principl.'  to  en-  - 
in  wliicli  the  (ii'limpicnt  scnnnts  wen-  iiivcst.'il  willi  a  .•oiitn.llin- -i 
sup<Tior  autlioritv  in  rospcrt  to  tiic  Mippl.v  of  tlir  instriimciil;iliin  -.' 
Hut  thin  view  is  not  supporicil  \>\  tlio  autlioriiii-^  as  a  wli.ilc;  imr  i-  r 
consirtt.'nt  witli  the  tlioory  tliat  tii.-  rank  of  llic  otfcii.ler  is  i-ntiivlv  in, 


mate 


erial.     Sec  chapter  xxx..  suhtitlo  V,  (iiilr. 


pinployoe  whose  function?'  wi-rc  tlif  pro- 
vidinB  of  Hufi-  iiiiioliint'iy  for  tlic  cm- 
plovi'c  wtio  liiiil  to  usp  it.  Tlic  factri 
ii11«'').'(Ml  wtTf  tliut  a  bnikc  slipiwd  down 
wlii-n  plaintitr  Mt<-p|i»-<l  on  it.  in  oonM!- 
(pienct'  of  tlicri-  liciii^  no  l)l<wkinp  on  it. 

In  a  reocjit  Mieliinan  east-  where  a 
lervant  \va»  injuri'd.  wliiln  working  in 
a  tunnel  on  the  Canadian  »idfi  of  tlu'  St. 
Chiir  rivrr.  liy  reason  of  tin-  liiph  pres- 
sure of  air  riiaiiitained.  an  instruction 
that  it  was  defendant's  duty  to  adopt 
tlie  proper  system  for  niaintaininj.'  th« 
air  pressure.*  and  to  use  tlie  projuT 
locks  on  the  valves  of  the  machinery,  or 
to  give  plaintifT  warning  of  the  danger, 
was  held  to  he  improiier,  for  the  reason 
that  the  law  of  Canada  governing  the 
case  was  that  defendant  had  p«'rfornied 
its  duty  when  it  employed  comiM-tent 
Iiersons  to  control  the  wi)rk.  and  author- 
ized them  to  purchase  suitable  material 
and  maehinerv.  Turner  v.  S(.  CUiir 
Tiimiel  Co.  (  lH)t9)  121  Mic^.  Olfl.  47  1.. 
R  \.  112.  SO  N.  W.  720.  r'irst  apiieal 
(1807)  111  Mich.  57H.  .Iti  L.  R.  A.  IIU, 
70  N'.  W.  14r>.  The  court  declini'd  to  ad- 
•lit  'hat  there  was  any  distinction,  as 
regards  delegable  quality,  between  the 
ill  y  of  furnishing  a  safe  place  of  work 
a,.d'  tlie  duty  of  maintaining  it.  The 
conclusion  thus  arrived  at  is  believiil. 
for  the  ri-.isons  explained  aliove.  to  be 
erroneous. 

'  In  view  of  some  of  the  decisions  cited 
in  §  .'55H.  fiiiii.a,  it  is  impossible  to  state 
the  prineii.le  iu  a  more  general  form 
than  this. 

"The  principle  upon  which,  as  we  take 
it,  all  tl.e  authorities  agree,  is  that  the 
master  is  under  what  may  lie  teniied  an 
absolute  duty  to  his  si.rvant  of  using 
care,  to  the  end  that  the  machinery  ])Ut 
into  the  hands  of  his  seivant  for  use 
shall  be  reasonably  safe,  having  regard 
Id  Its  iiatiire  and  llie  puipiws  for  which 
it  is  liiteiiihd.  This  iliily  he  may  dis- 
charge, either  by   himself  in  person,  OT 


bv  a  desigiiatid  agent  or  servant.  If  lie' 
discharge  it  by  an  agent  or  -irvjiii.  Hi. 
latter  biH'iimes.  in  ri>speil  of  it.  Iu>  \iv 
principal,  wholly  without  nfinnn'  n. 
the  rank  which  in  other  res|Hrl-  li.'  c« 
eiipii's  in  bis  ma«ter"s  or  prlin  i|i;ir- 
si-rvice."  Oiilti  v.  «« i.srJ  (ISSl!)  2:1  M.. 
App.  (170. 

.\n  appliance  constructed  to  eiili  u. 
the  capacity  of  the  master's  work  -i.iiil 
so  far  as  "the  nondelegable  ipi.iliiv  n 
the  duty  to  see  that  it  is  t.ol  difniiv. 
in  any  "respi-ct,  on  the  same  fiitin^  ,i- 
if  it  had  lieen  a  jiart  of  the  work  v^li'ii 
lliey  first  began  to  be  o|i<iateil.  II  i/«'m 
V.  Willimiiiilic  I.iiKii  ''"•  !!><"»:!'  ■"'" 
Conn.  43.3.  47  Am.  Rep.  (i')3  (o|Hnili\. 
injured  by  the  fall  of  a  coiiiiler-linl' 
on  some  new  machinery — supirinliTniiii' 
bad  iM-en  notilied  that  collar  Wii- 
needed ) . 

The  s«'lection  of  appliance:,  out  of  .i 
stock  furiii>hiil  by  the  master  i-  m  f"'" 
tion  usually  regaided  as  rli:ir;ic  tiii-l|. 
of  a  mere  servant  (see  ji  7t' ,  mih  \.  lii.t 
in  one  case  it  was  held,  on  the  gioiniil  ii 
his  having  discretionary  aiitlioriiy  w 
the  premises,  that  a  master  was  liaW 
for  the  negligence  of  an  employee  in  lli' 
choice  and  use  of  tackle  for  tlie  |mii|..  - 
of  hmering  a  heavy  piew  of  niailiiiHn 
into  iU  place.  TiUimli  r  v.  Suiiliii  (  IH'.H 
44  Fed.  ')t)4.  Hut  thi>  deei-iuii  i- 
scarcely  consistent  with  the  geiiini'  mr 
rent  oif  the  authorities,  as  tli.'  -|iiiiiil 
factor  relied  u|K)n  for  piirpo-cs  el  ilil 
ferentiation  se«'ms  to  be  pieseiit  in  evu; 
instance  where  the  master's  duty  In- 
been  denied  to  extend  bi-yoiul  I  lie  -ii|i|'l' 
of  the  materials  out  of  whicli  Hie  -f''''^ 
tion  i^  to  be  made.  Se>>.  however.  'I'l-"' 
VorZ/KC/i  II.  Co.  v.  Mrl.iiii'ihliii  ( M'e 
17  C.  C.  A.  S.'JO.  44  f.  S.  App.  !■<'.).  '>^ 
Fed.  liCiO,  note  7.  siibd.  (,j).  'mini. 
'This    form   of   expre—ion    is    ii-id  iii 

Covf,     V.     I'il  I  :<h„, ■,,!:.    C.   <(■    SI.    I..    U.  Co 

(IS84)   24  \V,  Va.  37. 


J  5U;j  VICE  l'KIXtil'AI,s|lU'_cil.\ll.\l.'rKH  OK  ACT.  1657 

Tlio  rationale  of  tlic  princ-iplo  also  indiciifcs  tliiit  if^*  oiMniiicn  \a 
not  (!i'i>cii(lciii  upon  tlie  dclini|ii(  nt's  |H)ssfs.sion  of  the  puwrr  of  dis- 
c'liiirijinj,'  or  cnipiovinf,'  other  scrviints.* 

The  reason  assi^^ned  for  llie  principle,  liz.,  that,  "were  it  |  the 
rule  I  otherwise,  the  duty  hefore  us,  one  of  the  imwt  iniportati-  •>( 
tli(t-e  I  the  duties)  owed  hy  capital  to  lahor,  could  he  eva(le<i  l,v  ilie 
capitalist  employing  only  l,is  own  servants  in  the  ccmstruction  .>f  his 
iiiiihiinjis  and  machinery,"  ■'  >ounds  somewhat  singular  when  we  con- 
-ider  it  in  connection  wiih  that  other  rule  which,  according  to  some 
niiirls  (see  ^  5r)«,  tiupra),  aUows  capital  to  •"evade  the  duty"  in  (|ii.> 
lion  hy  the  simple  exix^dient  of  ah>taining  from  the  "eniploymiiu  of 
liis  own  .s«'rvants"and  intrusting  the  work  to  an  independent  <'oii- 
triictor.  A  theory  of  ahsolute  msponsihility  which  nuiy  Im'  so  easilv 
Miiilitied  ih  little  hetter  than  a  solemn  farw.  It  is  only  proper,  how 
ivcr,  to  mention  that  in  the  state  in  which  the  policy  of  holding  capi- 
lid  to  its  ohiigalions  has  heen  thus  indorsed,  there  has  been  no  explicit 
iidnntion  of  the  theory  which  entirely  exonerates  a  master  who  inter- 
|M-i-  an  imh'pendent  contractor  hetween  himself  and  his  servants. 
I'essihly  this  court  may  hereafter  declare  its  views  on  this  point  in  ■,\ 
form  which  will  save  it  from  the  charge  of  ineonsisteney,  from  which 
it  seems  inipossihle  to  absolve  the  judges  who  accept  that  theorv,  and 
at  the  same  time  hold  that  the  master  must  answer  for  the  negligent 
wnstnictiiin  of  an  instrumentality  by  any  person  in  his  service. 

The  decisions  cited  in  the  su!  joined  note  are  referred  to  as  illus- 
trations of  the  general  principle  enunciated  above,  for  the  reason 
that  the  use  of  some  such  word  as  "provide,"  "furnish,"  "sujjplv," 
ftc,  in  describing  ihe  duty  inciuuhent  on  the  master,  may,  in  somk! 
sens*',  be  said  to  show  that  the  court  had  in  mind  the  master's  respon- 
j'biiity  for  the  original  con(ii;ion  of  the  instrumentalities.  Hut.  so 
far  as  most  of  the  courts  are  c<inceme(l,  it  is  immaterial  whether  the 
iloroliction  of  duty  was  i  *o  original  supply  or  sul)se(|uent 

maintenance,  and  the  ab:  y  practical  necessity  for  ditfer- 

intiating  !)etween  the  exi      i  master's  liability  in  one  case  or 

ilio  otiier  has  naturally  re  .  j-  certain  lack  of  precision  in  the 

jiliraseology  employed.  It  is  customary  to  predicate  two  distinct  non- 
(loicgable  duties  in  ivspect  to  what  we  have,  for  convenience  sake, 
st.vlod  the  unintelligent  instrumentalities  of  work,  viz.,  the  duty  to 
piMvide  "reasonably  safe  tools,  appliances,  and  machinery  for  the  ac- 
coniplislunenl  of  the  work  necessary  to  be  done,"  and  the  duty  "to 
provide  the  servant  with  a  reasonably  safe  place  to  work  in,  having 

'  Mh  I'll  V.  Siiolctiiii    rails  rf    V.  A".  Co.        ■  I niiutiin    Ciir   Co.   V.    Parker    (1885) 
(IS'.Hl)  i\  Wash.  324,  58  I'ac.  241.  lUO  Ind.  181. 


IIM 


M  \Ml.ll  AM)  SKIIVANT 


[lll.\l'.   NS  ., 


« 


refcronw  to  tli.'  clLinK'HT  of  tl mplcvin.-nt.""     I'-m  tli^    ilivi-lnn  ,,; 

duties  wam'ly  waiiHtirs  tlir  (>xiK.'nci<-*  of  a  Inj-i.-iil  .■l:'--ili.  ;iii..ti.  |. 
the  reusiJii  that,  in  a  lar^M-  immli  r  of  cii-cs  i,  is  .'illi-Milt.  it  ii..|  n,, 
po!*,  ,ljlo,  to  S4IV  Willi  rrrliiiiitv  wii.ilicr  tin-  iiiil.ilitv  of  ilic  iiiii".  r  l.., 

a  (l.'tV'Hivo  apparatus  shoiil.j  1 vntod  u8  r.-sii.tini:  fn-Mi  a  vi  .hni..,, 

>)f  hirt  ciutv  to  fiimisli  tliat  apparatus  or  from  a  violaii-ai  ..f  lii>  (lllt^ 
to  w..  tlii't  thf  plaw  of  work,  uliii'h  was  rni.lcr.Ml  .lanp'ruii.  I.v  il,. 
apparatus  was  safo.  Tlu'  siil.j.,in.-(l  ,-.i<v<  in  whi.-li  fli."  inasi.r  wa- 
hf'lil  liable  are  therefore  ai  r:iii-.'<l.  without  re^tanl  to  llie  supp—  i 
ilistinclion  of  duties,  under  headinfr»  in.li<-ative  o!  the  nature  of  i|„ 
almormal  diinfier  from  whieli  the  master's  representative  fail,  d  t..  pn. 
te<-t  the  injured  person.  Wii.ther  it  is  explicitly  so  t^tate<l  or  not. 
the  master  was  held  responsil.lr  for  the  aets  of  the  9er^•ants  wlawr  ,i,  :■ 
ligence  was  the  cause  of  the  various  al.nc.rmally  daf.irerous  .M,.,difi.  „- 
mentioned  in  connection  with  tiie  citations.'  lor  other  ca.sess,  see  j 
617,  post. 

'Northern     P.     R-     Co.    T.     Pel'-rson 

(1806)    102  V.  S.  340.  40  L.  ud.  I>!I4.  Ifl 
Sup.  ft.  H.-i..  S4;i. 

»  (a)  Ucftctiic  niilirnij  track  aint  u/c 
purlvnamiH. —  (('oiii|mn'  i  '>'i>*.  ""'e  ". 
Biibd.  (11).  i»fra.)  Tnisk  v.  Cahfornia 
Soutkrrn    It.    Co.    (1HH:(i    03    C;.!.    00: 

Louisville.  N.  A.  <t  C.  It.  Co.  v.  (IrnhaM 

(ISnO)    124  Ind.  H!l,  24  -N.  K.  titW:  llniinn 

V.   £)«"""    (ISllTi    5   Kan.    App.   .">4it.   4. 

!'iic.  '.182  diicinan  iiijuri'il  liv -vvitcli  iii"„'- 

liC.ntly    cuiislnictiMl    by    division    road 

iiiasttT). 

(h)  Itiiuliiimmi  of  safiijunKls  ayniiisi 

(Itingirs    from     rx;)f<wi'<-    .Hiili^lniins.— 

((  outlast  «8  li(M),  tHM,  and  fil.'a.  note  1. 

siibd.    (c)    i.;sl.)      C.ilnunr   V     .V'"";;'" 

P.   R.  Co.    (1HH4)    a   Sa«y.   '.SS.   Is    l-.;d. 

800  (MO  siiitalilc  applinnc-  piovnlcd  lor 

thnwiiil.'    Kianl    powderl  ;     iftlomirtl    \. 

Kant  Hirer  ilaa  Co.  (IRO.-.l  !•!  Hun.  1H4. 

30   N.    V.   Siipp.   2S8    (<luty   to   pn.vid.' 

proper  appliances  tiold  to  have  liccii  vio- 
lated,   wlipre   an   eniplovci'    was    injnrctl 

while   cleaninfl  o>it   a    lioiltr.   l>y   an    ex 

plosion  of  naplitlia  nr-rlif;iiitly  Irli  l.y  a 

fellow   servant    in    a    pipe   to    wlmli    tlic 

hose  used  in  oleaninfj  out  t)ie  lioihr  was 

attached.       Fellow    servant 's    n.-li^'cuv 

here  was  in  re}.'ard  to  the  n-e  oi  Uw  de- 
fective appliance  for  work  <listinil  from 

that   upon    wl'.ich    the   plaint  ill    was   en 

gaped,  and  the  naphtha  was  exph>de<l  l>y 

tlip  heat  of  an  ailjoinin-.'  boiler  i  :  Hrr- 
,mr<ii  V.  \.H  Tor/.  C.  rf  //.  R.  /?.  Co. 
(1H04  1  7S  Hun.  4.-.  I.  20  X.  V.  Supp.  2:it» 
(no  oars  ■.nitalile  I  r  transporting  dyna- 
mite were  provided ; . 


(C)  Defective  ii/ii'l inures  for  /.•  •  ( 
.'hi;  servants  enipnied  in  ixram'  'in 
Ac'i"-  V.  LuHif  Island  R.  Co.  i  Isim 
12:t  N.  V.  1.  2i>  N.  K.  200  (senaiii  "t 
di'red  to  perform  work  as  a  niaeliini-t  i' 
iindeif;round  treiiilH--.  opened  and  pi. 
pu..'d  for  him  by  other  einplovees.  Ii.il 
not  a  fellow  servant  of  the  lattei  i.  I'..' 
lowed  in  Srinnit  v.  tlillen  (IS'.MM  II 
App.  Div.  .1112.  .'>8  N.  Y.  Sup|i.  4> 
i«iT\aiits  opeiiim.'  a  treneti  are  m.t,  i- 
regards  duty  to  -lieath  il  pri.perly.  i^i. 
fellow  .nants  of  utlier  ser\aiil-  «l" 
lay  pipi's  in  it  >  :  Ifi"  Strinhiniih  \ 
.liornton  (IHO.'O  .'iS  X.  .1.  I>.  H'li.  -■ 
All.  3S0  (foreman  of  work  of  esein.iiii;. 
a  trench  negleeleil  to  take  ine;i-iiii-  '- 
prevent  the  sides  from  falling  iin;  /.' 
,,o,lr  v.  Cool-  (IH'I'.n  -21  11.  I.  i>.  I- 
.\tl.  .")10  (no  materials  fiirnislied  f.'i  tli. 
M.rvanl-  proteetion):  Hnlnl  v.  !!■  •'' 
I  1S!)!>1  ,!.->  V.  C.  A.  7H.  (■.:!  I".  S.  .\y; 
l.'iT.  02  Fed.  SS4  I  foreman.  «ho«eiiul' 
it  is  to  shore  a  trench  whieli  i-^  luiii- 
dug  for  laying  jiipe-.  lield  not  to  \w  .^ 
eo-ervant  lif  one  of  the  pipe  hiver*.  «1" 
has  nothing  to  do  with  the  wiak  "f  i\ 
(•aval  ion  I . 

(di  Ihfcels  in  briilf/rs,  Insllr^.  rtr.- 
\  master  i-  lialile  for  the  iieL'li^'i"'' ' ' 
.■inplovees  to  whom  he  del, ..'at.'  tli' 
lunelion  of  lieil.liiig  bridge-.  eH-.  /'■";; 
V.  C'rnlial  VirnionI  It.  <'<'■  <  !•<-■-'';■' 
Vt  84.  4.-)  Am.  I'.ep.  .WO.  (h.rniln- 
llan)  v.  Vermont  rf-  C.  R.  Co.  (I'^'i"!  :'-' 
Vt.  473. 

Wlleli  ...iiir.icinr';  fot  the  -i.  ■ii""  "' 
a  railway  trestle  constitute  an  einiil")'' 


J  ,-,.;: J  Vh  i:  i'iiisrii'.\i.siiii'   rii  \t!\(^rKi!  nr  \(T.  i«sn 

Til  iiiiilic  ilic  iii;i-itr  liiililc  nti  tli.'  jii"iincl  iIimI   an  iiii|ili>vc('  ww 
■  li::(  III    ill   I  iiiiii-liiiiu  ilrtiiiivi'  iiiiiiiiiiils,   it   mn-i    lie  -liuuii  tli«t 


III 


llli'il'  l'i'|ili'>i'Mt;lti\i'.  Jllil  illl|>i»r  nil  liilll 
I'll'  iliilN.  mill  I'linli'i  nil  '  iiii  till'  iiiilliiii 

iH.  In  ■>II|M  1  \  i-r,  ilill'll.  anil  inlltlnl  jl-. 
iirll-ll  lIcliiMI.  ^iml  lii|llili'  lllr  l;llinrrl»  In 
i.l>i|  lllx  nl'lll'l-<  IIM'I  ilill'll  jnll-  ill  till' 
|iU'IIIIS<'H.  IIliI  1'I|||i|ii,H'I'  ^I;1||iU  ill  till' 
-lini'i  of  III-.  I'lllplinili.  mill  llli'.v  nil'  Ir 
,|         -illlc     tnl       tllC      I    -     'I-     n|      III.      III;;!! 

._:i  .ii'i'  ill  till'  rtiiik  »n  I'liiMMiitii'il  In  hi- 
liinliull.       sil|iil\  i-iiill.       .lllil       iniilinl. 

ii /v  V.  I.iiiiii'iit  I  isiii  I  1  c.  c.  A,  ;i:, 

I  1  .    >,    .\|i|).    »('.     I><    l-'ril.    li'J.    .Mlillliill^' 

II  Ki-'l.  H.Vi.  Tlir  ^ii|iri'iiir  iniiit  nt  Mill 
iii'^i>;a  liiiil  |irr\inii.|,v  ImIiI  lli.it  tlir  in 
liinil  >i'ivaiil  ill  llii-  i';ii'  ttii^  lint  rn 
(illi-il  to  innvir.  I, null  nil  V.  II  i««/* 
,  IsSIM  <1  Minn.  'Jl'i.  t  1..  R.  A.  Tfi:!, 
Ij  X.  \V.   Ill-ill. 

(f)    Ihl'i'ln  ill  Killl'ilils.  shliiiililH.  ilr. 

-(t'i>ntni>t  JS  til:!  lilti.  /«.«/ 1  Tlnil  tlii' 
|.;i»ti'r  in  lialili'  tfiir  tlii'  iiryliiKiil  -i  lir 
ijiiii  of  til"  niuti'i  iiil.s  to  li .  ii-i.il  in  |..Mi 

-IrilCtillt'  11  sCllirojll  lull  nil' l^iiill;ill\ 
lirlll  l'\|ilr>»ly  llliil  llo"ll,  Killisil\  I'llil 
('ill' it  I'llil  iiili  !i  '''I,  V.  Sim  fill-  (ISM.Si  7 
ixnif.  \\<\>.  I4ii.  ."•:!  I'm'.  !•!»;  ilnl'l'i  \. 
11,//,.,  ilH!i;il  ."ill  111.  .\|i|i.  -JtlT.  At' 
liriiicil  in  (1K!>4|  1.-|1  III.  .Vil,  :1S  \.  K. 
'i.l;  KriiMiiniii/  Mill.  I'd.  V  llistt 
!|S!i:ii  .'(.S  ('.  ('.  .Vli47,!IK  Kr.l.  .'ill  i«ci'V- 
•lilt  rl:iii';;c'il  liy  llic  ni;i>ti'i'  \Mtli  |irnvii| 
in;.'  liinilii'r  for  tlie  liiiililins  of  ii  Mi'iif 
Inhlii:.'  Iiy  lii:4  fi'llow  scivjiits  ix  ill  tlial 
M -|i...  I  iliscliiir^'in^'  a  |ii.|miiiii1  iliity  ol 
ll'  niaritcr)  ;  ,l/rVil/,/,/iil  v.  l/<If  /((>// 
i.uqh  (1804)  10-2  Cal.  57.-).  Mi  I'ao.  !I41 
'I'Mipi'titcr  <lc|Hit('il  to  coiistiHct  scat- 
fiiM  foi-  lirirklayiTs  and  hod  cairii'i--*  i . 
I  Hill  r  ('a«('s  to  the  naiiu-  cliVet  nrc  citi',! 
ill  5  HIT,   null'  2.  iiiinl. 

Till' ilni'liinr  tliiiv  i'\riii|ililird  is  lakcii 
Inr  ^'iiiiiU'il  in  all  tlio^c  iiimicrnils  i';i.i-. 
in  wli  I'lr  ri'asoiis  to  lie  licii'attri'  r\ 

|i|iiii'i'il,  .11'  master  is  not  rt'spnii-.ilili' 
fur  tlii>  iinproiicr  const  nut  ion  nf  tin- 
-iMffiilil  nut  of  tlip  ninteriaU  furnislipd. 
Si'  itj  (;14.  »il5.  p,>st. 

Till'  servants  ooiwl niitin;;  a  scatVnM 
IK  (lii'iiii'il  to  1)1'  virc  prini'ipals  wlicii- 
I  wi  till  niastiT  iinilirtaki's  In  fiirni.-li 
It  as  a  I'liinpli'tiKl  instriiiiK'iitality.  A'/V 
',,/  V.  fiixDH  (1S78)  12r>  Mass.  4Sr>: 
llii'l.,iir  V.  v.//  Yiiih  r.  It.  t'n.  I  l,S7lM 
'.'  l.aii*.  .■>(ll)  ( wlicro  seallold  I'rcplril  liy 
iii-irva'..  s  ooUapsm,  injiireil  ]>(>rsi)n  lias 
a  ri;;lit  to  liavi'  tlir  oasc  siilmiittiil  to 
the    jiiiy    both    on    tlio    tliroiy    that    tlir 


ii::i-t<T 
daii" 


lii:('nt     m    furni^riiii;; 


I'lis  stnictiiri;.  and  on  llie  tliooiy 


lli.it  111-  was  ii|.;;li;^|.|il  ill  klinu  iii;.'l> 
ki'ipiiiy  iiirniiipiti.iil  -irvaiits  ill  Ills  I'lii 
pl,.\  I  ;     l/>.»',„i,    V.   i.illinihi  I     ilH!l7l    !•' 

\|.p.  Div.  -^'l.  44  \     N.  Supp,  ti!i7    I 

!  Iilrd    -rallnlil    f  III  n  1-1||..I     liir    pal  I  il'lll.l  I 

v.nrki  ;     /.//,.•/     \.     \i,illii  III     I'.    It     <'■!. 

Mniiii     |ii:i    l''i'<l     4lli     I  riiiiiiiii);    lioani 

till  iij.  lii'l  liy  fnii.|iian  nf  -linp^  In  a  iiiaii 

illyil;;|.||  ill  ll'plirillU'  11  InrnllintiM'  «  Is 
.liliri  iM' I   ;     >'///„■/.     \.    ./.    I.ltllllilllll    ct    ('/,. 

I  iHtil  I    :i7    \,    V.  s.    H.   -tW,   l:t   N.   V 

s>iipp.    s."iS     (,i.|lti..|    <  ri'iti'd    wliiTi'    its 

-llppnil.-    .\i'l|.    Ilkr        t'l     H'   si  rill-k    li\    ill' 

I'l'iiilant  s  ua;:nn<i:  wki/i  v.  Iliinln 
iIHHl'i  Hi  .loins  a  S.  I.Mi.  I'liirmiii  li  I 
II.  I'll.  V.  Siiiiiliiii  (|s!i7i  17tt  III.  liii;. 
4H  v.  K.  H'Jii.  AHirniinj.'  MSliiii  r,7  III 
.\pp.  ti'JI  ifniriiiaii  c'liai;;i'il  with  dul\ 
nf  I'lrrtili;.'  sr  lllnlil,  tO  III'  flirilisliid  ill  a 
|.|,|llpll't|.    rmillif  inn    tn    Wnrklllin.    luld    tn 

Ik.  .1  vii'i-  |>i  ini'ipal )  ;  i'liiiniiu  it  I.  U.  Co 
V.  l/.,,,„„  „  I  IS!i7l  17tl  III.  .VJii.  l.-t  \. 
i;.    !!.-.!.    Alliniiiii;.'    llHlMl)     117    111.    .\pp 

iiiHi;   I/, /;,,/(//  V.  Iiiiiilr  (limii  !i;i  III. 

App      -Jl-J      tslnlli.     setter     ll«eil     s(Mllnl.l 

iniisli  mil  ll    liy    tin iitriictor    for    the 

111  ilk  uniki;  lliiiiiiilli  V.  SiirriK  Mill. 
>'i,.  ilSIlJi  h7  Inwa.  7t!."i,  51  N.  \\  .  tiS. 
t'l'i  X.  \\  .  .'t'i.">  leinpliiyee  siiperiiitiiidin;.' 
irietion    of    seiillnldi:    Sinfl    d-    f".    v. 

II  .//,(^^  (IMmi  7r>  HI.  App.  .'148  (one  in 
jiiiid  liy  a  fall  from  a  seairold.  caused 
liy  tile  tipping  nf  an  unfasti'iied  ladder, 
plaiiil  in  pnsitinii  liefore  the  nervant  was 
i'iii|.'inyi'il  and  directed  to  Use  it  held  to 
111'  inlillcd  tn  recover  therefor,  nlllioii^di 
the  ladder  was  placed  hy  a  fellow  serv 
ant  I  :  yimli.i  v.  i'mti  iiiirii  Clninli 
I  IH7li)    ll'i    Mo.   ;i-ili    (seems  to  lie  liased 

iioiia»-i;riialiility  of  the  duty  tn 
a  s.ife  scallnld.  1  <it  the  real 
;;ioiind  ni  the  decision 
sciiiet  :  lliiiiiiilh 
||S>»2)  S7  Imva,  7li5.  .')1  S.  W,  tiS.  li'.' 
N.  \V.  112.")  (  siipeiinteiiilelit  of  oon-liiii' 
tioii  of  ■•  hiiildinv'  held  In  lie  a  vice  prill 
eipa!  .^.'aiiU   the   inriinn  of  a    seaf- 

fnhll  .  ,//•/,     V.    Ilililiii^l     (1«!»0)     80 

Mich.  ..  4.">  \.  W.  S'J  (foreman  in- 
trusted willi  the  entire  oniitiol  of  tlip 
ercctinn  of  a  seairold. — injury  was  re- 
ceived after  the  scairiild  was  linishdli: 
A'rt/i.«(I«  <'ilii  Cm-  it  I'miniliti  Cn.  v, 
Siiuiiir  (lS!i8i  7  Kan.  .\pp.  14(1,  .'>.'?  I'ac. 
flu  (scallnld  already  coiiipleto  when 
plaintilV  was  set  to  wink  on  it). 

That  this  was  the  eharncter  of  the 
implied  <>tiiiliaoi  in  ii-;.'ard  to  siieli  n 
stnictiire   is      I'lallv   inferable  where   it 


nil    the 
prn\ ide 


is  sonii'wliat   oli- 
iirriH    MfiJ.    Cfi. 


m  -'«■? 


j! 


[  ailliii 


i<      ' 


r. 


.w 


u ." 


I 


li^'' 


^  jii 

if!' 


nil!'! 

i  i' ! 

!    i    ■ 

,1  i 
.i , 

i'  '  i 


■i;r 


lAOO 


MASTKH  ANI)SKKV.»XT. 


ICIIAP.  XXM 


wim  rrfctnl  liy  ii  wt  iif  •rrvniit*  ililTiT- 
>>tit   fiiMii  llhil't>i  \%liii-ii  III)'  (ilaintiir  lir 

l0M(r<"l.       <'lil"l>l)l  it      \.lt.l''l.\.     I/'IM.».  I( 

(IsnT)  iTi»  III.  .•..•".  »H  N.  v..  it:.:i,  .\i 
tlniiiiiu  ilMHi)  111'  III.  .\|i|i.  tilH  i>«'i((- 
folil  liiiill  hv  nii|i  •ntii  liii  iiiii-"!!-.  tn 
li»i>)  ;  Mr\iiniinii  V.  Miiilhiiiiiinih  (imi|) 
lUJ  Cul.  .'iT."!.  :m  I'iir,  '.III  iial|»iitfr 
i'ni|iliivi'il  li>  llie  "I  ly  liy  Jill  iiirliili'ft 
hiiviiiL'  till-  tniiiiii;.'rim  lit  of  tlii'  ciiiitt  riic- 
lliiti  lit  a  liiiililiiii.'  f'lr  till'  iiHiiii.  to  iTcft 
II  hi'iitfolilint'  (•  t'li'  iiv  of  milfoils  iiikI 
IiihI  riiiiii-  iiiij.liivtil  ill  till'  (•onttriic 
tiiii  of  till'  hill' lini;!  :  t'nililin  v.  Iimr 
,,•1111  Shil  lUii'  '•".  I  IH'.ili  SH  Wis.  Kilt, 
tin  \.  \V.  HOO  I  liM'tiT  ilimli  till'  ■'iili' o(  11 
M'-oi'l,  who  iiH '4  a  Hi'iiDolil,  i-i  not  a  tri- 
hiw  -iTViiiit  with  till'  m-iilTohl  hiiililfiH 
whom  thf  iiiiixtiT  i'iii|i|iiy»  til  inljii»t  tlif 
Hi'iillolil  for  him.  iiltlioii^^h  thi'  fmiin'r 
iiiiliciiti'w  whi'if  it  i»  to  l«'  i>liH'i''l). 

U  hrri'.  ii|ioii  till'  triiil  of  a  caiti'.  it  i* 
MJiowii  that  a  ili-fi'iiilaiit  hail  in  lii>«  cm 
ploy  n  I'ifW  of  iiirii.  wliiwi'  cxc'lilnivi' 
woik  aiul  iliity  it  w«»  to  put  up  "in  li 
Hta^iiiiK  anil  oratroliliiiK  ax,  from  time  to 
tiiiif,  wa»  iiiH'iU'il  for  thi'  um-  of  work- 
mt'ii  etiKaKi'il  in  ilcfi'iiilaiitV  tf"'"'''"! 
work  ami  liiminrH.*,  tin'  prrsiiiiiption 
arisi'M  that  a  Kta<;iiiK  foiiml  in  pimitinn 
nt  till-  plaiT  wlii'ii'  a  workman  in  rr- 
qiiiriHl  to  perform  lii»  work,  ami  upon 
whicli  111-  11  ohlip'd  to  utanJ  to  perforin 
it,  »a*  liuilt  hy  one  or  more  of  the  sta^ 
in;;  erew.  ami,  an  the  men  eoniposlii^' 
Miieli  a  erew  are  not  fellow  Bervantn  of 
men  enyap'il  in  the  ili'femlant'»  general 
work.  aiiV  of  the  latter  may,  if  iiijiiriil 
hy  defects  in  the  sta^'in^,  reeover  tlani- 
aiivn.  N'm.i  v,  .4  i/iii  leiiii  .S(€'(7  H,i,iif  Co. 
I  1804  I  .■iti  Minn.  liH.  .)"  N.  \V.  322. 

Sometime!!  the  oiroiimstance  empha- 
sized  is  that  the  scairolil  wbh  one  erected 
for  piTiiianent  ii«e,  and  is  therefore  di« 
tinjiiiishalili'  from  one  erected  an  a  part 
of  the  work  merely.  Hdn  ir,l  lliiiis 
Luiiihir  Cn.  v.  KitiiiM  i\wn)  17?  Ill.itl.'i. 
.■50  X.  K.  22,-),  .MlirmiiiK  (ISnC.)  liS  III. 
.\pp.  ."i2H  (Heatfold  erected  for  periiia 
iieiit  use  in  removing  'v.inher  from  the 
lop  of  a  pile  I .  See  also  cases  cited  ill 
i!  tilT.  siilid.  1.  ;«).i/.  In  H'llloii  v.  HH- 
III,,  Hiiilifi-  Ciiislr.  Co.  (1001)  1()7  \. 
V.  .500.  (ii)  .\.  K.  1112,  AlIirminK  (1S!I!») 
42  App.  Div.  :t!IS.  ."ill  \.  Y.  Siipp.  272. 
it  was  held  that  the  defendant  was  an 
swerahle  for  the  omission  of  the  fore- 
man in  char;;!'  of  the  erection  of  a  scaf 
fold  to  use  a  damp  which,  according;  to 
the  plau.s  furnished  hy  the  engineer, 
were   to   secure   the    roils   hy    which    the 

scutlold    was    siis| dcd.       The    SiipHiiie 

Court  took  the  position  that  il  was  the 


duty  of  the  defendant  not  only  to  |.r.> 
pare  ilaiiip»  which,  if  ll-ed.  would  h  .. 
pii»enlid  the  injury,  i  ui  aUo,  l.\  , 
pro|Mr  in»|i«'ction  of  ihi-  «ipik,  to  •■»■ 
•h,it  they  well'  propel  ly  placed.  I  h, 
act  of  the  fiilelllMii  ill  ollilll  ill^'  to  il  < 
the  il:iiii|i-  was  coii-i'lired  to  he  m  ltIi 
Kciiee  ciiiiiiiiitted  hy  him  ill  the  capiirin 
of  a  »ici'  priiiii|>al.  that  status  I.,  ii..' 
n»crihed  to  him  hieiil'>e  he  was  di-'liii; 
in;;  a  luni  ihlej.'alde  duty.  Il  was  p  .ihi,.| 
out  that  the  aulhorilns  do  imi  |i.,!.| 
that  il  il  the  master  M  duly,  even  .luicii:; 
the  prti;iii'->n  uf  the  work,  to  ;{U,ii.|  tl>< 
servant  from  risks  wliieli  are  i.'ivi.ni. 
are  unknown  to  the  servaiil,  and  r<'|iiiir 
meehaniial   knowledge  to  deliet 

If  the  seall'old  was  unsafe  for  It 
work  which  the  injured  wrvani  »m-  . 
dereil  to  do.  the  mister  caniiiil  iacii-. 
Iiiniself  on  the  tlieorv  that  il  wa<  ^iilli 
cieiil  for  the  work  for  whicli  it  w.i- 
oii^iiiallv  I'iciteil.  Nnhniils  v  lhiiii~ 
{  I«!i7)  17  Ap|>.  Div.  422.  45  N.  V.  Su|.|. 
2:1 1. 

Sonietimcv  the  foot  that  the  servaiii- 
deputed  to  erect  the  sealFold  did  iml 
possess  siillli'iriit  skill  to  ipialifv  tlnir, 
for  doiiiK  the  work  properly  fiuiii-'i.- 
an  indepelidi'iit  k""""'  '*"'  ciiiii{h  Hin:.' 
defendant    ti'    answer    for    the    ininix- 

caused     hv     defects     ill     the     stniil 

l>oi,iirthi  V.  Itiiolh  ttroH.  rf  II.  I.  Uiimii' 
Co.  I  1SI»7»  !H)  Me.  llt».  37  Atl.  STi 
(owner  of  niiarry.  who  employs  chiiiimi'ii 
lahorers  en;;aged  in  stowing  stone  pn-i- 
ill  a  schooner  to  sus|ieiid  a  plat  for  in  i" 
he  used  in  loading  the  vessel  with  \n\\\ 
-lone,  and  to  select  the  gear  hy  hIiI<Ii 
the  platform  is  suspended.  licM  liaM' 
for  injury  to  another  employee  whih-  iii 
gagiil  in  loading  the  vessel,  caiiscil  In 
the  hreaking  of  a  defective  rope  schc-ti'l 
hy  them  I. 

Compare  Hiirknrr  v.  AVic  \„rl:  I'.  It 
Ci,.  (1H70)  2  '  ans.  ,".1111.  a>'  dated  .sii/'"i 
in  this  snhdivision  of  the  note. 

if)  Ih-firls  ill  nihil-  .v/l  i/(7liii.i.— Till' 
>leliiii|lient  employees  in  the  fiillnwin;' 
ca-es  were  held  to  he  eice  priiiiii'il- 
\liC,i,„i,hill  V.  Ciiiiiiirl  S.  S.  C(i.  (IHIi.li 
ll!l  lliin.  131,  23  N.  V.  Siipp.  477  miiii- 
-ion  of  dock  siipcriliteiideiit  to  liavi'  t!ii' 
wedge  shaped  "mouthpiece"  pro|icrly  l.i- 
tened  to  the  skid  or  gangplank  ii|'"ii 
which  tracks  are  drawn  from  a  slii|i  ti' 
a  dock  I'V  s'evedores  is  not  a  ri-K  ■'• 
slimed  '..V  ♦  '  latter)  :  W'llii  \  l.-il.' 
NH/irrir  i,:iiiiil    d    Trmi'ifii     I!    ''" 

(l.;mi  !»..  Wis.  12H.  7."i  N.  W.  IH-M 
(servant  who  had  to  clinili  a  railwn.v 
-eiiiaphore  w.is  iiiii;ii'd  hy  its  ih-j't.  •■' 
construction):    luii    Diisin   v,   Lrlillur 


I  .i-!i 


I  587] 


Vl(  K  flilNfll'ALSHIP— CHAiacrKIl  nv  \(T. 


lonl 


ii«s!M  :«  Mi.ii.  nu.  »i  \,  \v.  ^:^2  ^•u^ 

tirti   in   liiiiiliir  Mini   i\'»\,  ili-o'iiMTalilc 
liy    ri'a«<>luiMr   <;iii>  i  . 

(I!>    t  iii/'iiiriliil  iiiii»ui(\i  III  /liiiiin.ilc. 

.Ii.hiiiui'i  y.  f  II  hi  III II,  hrr  rit.  (IHIIH) 
171  \la«<.  INI.  :>|  N.  K.  IS  (nn  unaid* 
iDnii-liril  \i\  rni|iliijrr  for  trap  ilnor: 
.oi'ivMiit,  in  lr.i\lii;;  liii|i  il'ior  i>|m'Ii. 
I  .III  not  to  III',  a«  Mi.ilti'i'  of  law.  uiiilty 
..|   ri( '.'iii.'iiii'i'  i'ini«iii;{  llii'  injiit.\l. 

I  li  I  III  I'll  ,  <■  /.I/Ill.  I  Ir.  —  III  I  sun  V. 
!,,..»  Umillliill  linlll  Mill.  Vii.  (ISS(l) 
.'i7  I  al.  JO  iili'fi'c'tiM'  |ii|i('  in  mini',  |ii:t 
ii|i  li\  II  niiiiri  iiiiili't'  llii' iliii'iliiin  nf  tlii' 
.ii|ii  I  inlriiilriil,  caii-cil  a  lire  I  ;  Sunn  v. 
.^.,liii  Siiiilliiiii  d  l.riiil  fi,  (l«!ln  lOJ 
I  al  li'iS.  :ii>  I'ac.  sii:i  Ixri'vaiit  ncalili'il 
l,\  ilic  -I'Miiiii;  of  a  roMiir  Iki-c  iinpro 
tj.i'il  liy  tlir  tiiii'iiian  nl  tin'  -.ilvrr  lonin 
III  a  iiiii'lliiif;  i'i>iii|i  iii.v  fill  till'  )iiir|">'<i' 
III  riiiivi'Nini,'  iiriil  iiilii  till'  »iiiti'  lank). 

rill'  ni').ili','i'ii('('  of  a  siijii  rintciiili'iit  in 
iiiniin!.'  xli'ini  inlii  m  w  |il|ii'»  lii'fiiri- 
tliiv  ore  in  proper  conilllinn  to  rrci'ivi' 
It  i-  a  liiracli  of  llii'  nmi  ilili'^ralilr  iliity 
III  |i|iiviili'  It  i'i'a'<iiiialil,v  ^atr  plarc  of 
iwiik.  l/<i7,('i  V.  ('.  II.  lii  iiiiiniliiii  if  .S'oii 
r.i,  I  MMil  I  11-2  App.  I)iv.  472.  70  N.  Y. 
*ii|ip.  1070.  On  the  first  appral  rcciiv 
iiy  »a»  ilrtiii'il  on  till'  v'loonil  lliat  tlio 
~ii;iirintiiiili'nt  whm  iirtinj;  as  n  lucre 
-inaiit  Ml  wliiit  wim  iloni"  to  tt"<t  tlu' 
I''!''- 

lil  Ihfiililf  o/i/i/id/K'i  V  ;>i/  liiililniii 
mill    inilijililiiill    r<  lliih  H.   -K  lill    V.    Siiiilli 

msih  NO  N".  V.  l.'iN  (INNli  -J.-i  Hun. 
I  Hi  I  |i;.'L'ir  ihikI  for  loailliij:  lii'av.v 
rtlnil-  ili'fi'i'tivi'  to  tlir  know  lr<l};i'  of 
\aiil  folriiian) . 

A  rniii|ilaiiit  allr;,'iii;.'  Iliat  a  forrinan 
-iliiliil  iiii-afc  skills  I'm  tlir  pin  pii'.c  of 
Miihi.iiiiiiy  a  car  lias  liccn  ticlil  not  iIc 
imiiiimIiIc.     I'iiiiiI   S'liillnrii   U.  ('it.  v.  Vc- 

hnii:iiiiii  I  iN!i.-,  I   17  ('.  ('.  A.  :i;to.  4  1  V. 

^.  App,  1H!I.  70  Kcl.  (itilt.  Hut  in  view 
iif  till'  i';iscs  cilcil  in  S  I'll",  imil.  this 
niliin;  can.  it  wouM  scciii.  only  lie  siis- 
t  lincil  iiTi  the  ;;rouiiil  tliat  the  ne^'li'ji'iit 
iiii|i|iiyci'  was  a  vice  principiil  liy  \lrtue 
iif  lii-  iillicial  pii-iliiiM.  ('iiiiipare,  liin\ 
."H.  TiliiMlir  V.  Suiiliii  (I8!tn  II  Ked. 
."iii4  I  mile  i.  siiinil  I . 

iji  llijiclivr  lorniiinlirrn.  —  Ciniihir- 
li'iiil  <f  /'.  It.  Cn.  V.  Sliili-  (lS7.-.t  44 
Mil.  •!•<•.',  (lS7(ii  4.-1  Mil.  -Jiit  la«i.tit  for 
|iui(liiise  of  loconiolive  is  a  vice  priiici- 
I'.ilt;  hiiKiiir  V,  l.iiiii.iiill,',  V.  I.  ,f  r. 
11.  Cn.  (1SS7)  111  Inil.  51.  11  \.  K.  !l.-)7 
tinilir  with  ilcck  '!  or  4  inches  hi^ilier 
tliai;  th.it  of  e  i^rinc  liroke  away  from  en- 
L'itlc  ill  i-oli-ei|ilellce  of  the  excessive  lost 
I  .'iciii  t!ii'i-..l.y  produced,  am!  allowitl 
(il.iiiitilV'x     aeeedent     to     fall     on     the 


■tra.4i;  HriiliiiK  ..  SI.  /.mm,  /.  I/.  J 
S.  II.  I'll.  I|h7|I)  t>  .\lo  .\pl>.  :W»  (af- 
fective wheel  1 . 

iki  It'll  rill  I  riiHiinii  rnrt.  —  (Utt 
also  Ji  ,"(NJ-.-iN4.  mfr'.\  LniiiHiilln,  H. 
,f  SI.  I.  Ciiimil.  I(.  I'l,.  V.  Ifi//.r  (isit.-iy 
110   Ind    liN.'!.  40  \.    K.    llii.   riiiiiiit,,  (f 

\.  II.  /.'  I'll  V.  ./,(,/,  v,„i  ,  is;i»i  .'m  III. 

4IIJ.  N  .\m.  Uep.  tUil  ;  l/iyv,.'l.  /'.  It.  Co. 
V.  ./.li'i.y  llHHN:  Trx  I  |0  S.  \V.  X\i . 
Riiliiuiluit  V.  V.  ic  1  or/.,  O.  if  U'.  II.  ro. 
I  |N!i,-,i  HI  llun.  ■-Ml.  :i.'  N.  V.  Siipp.  ,');i,-. 
(cars  tiio  sliiiit  till'  the  Iliad  to  he  plaiitl 
on  them  I  :  •/'.,/.  i/„,  11  ,1  ir.  If  Cii.  v. 
I'liiliiiil.s  (|s71i  71  111,  J!i4  (car  with 
too  sliori  n  iha^liar  sent  out  i  ;  Tniilur 
V.  .t/l,.v.,l,n  /',  It  Co.  ilNlll;  Mo.  I  Itl 
S  W,  '2011  ( defect  ive  couplin({  (llr- 
nishedl  Triijlrr  v  Siiiilhrni  H.  Cu. 
(IHPlti  121  \.  (',  IN!I.  44  I,.  U.  A.  .'ll:!. 
.'12  .'».  K.  ."l.lO  (defective  ciiliplill;;s  l  ;  lliif- 
rill    v.    Hii.iIi,,,    tt      1.     K.    I'll.     lISHiH      I4H 

Ml"  li;t.  1  I-.  R.  A.  titiH.  lit  \.  v..  liiii 
i-iiilalil"  links  for  enuplini;  cars  not 
tiirni-lied  in  siillicient  niiinlier  i  :  Mrlii- 
lilir  V.  HiiiIiiii  ,|.  1/.  It  In.  (lH!l.->(  lllll 
Mass.  !,■<!».  ,10  v.  K.  1012  nml  enough 
for  a  railway  conipan.v  to  furnish  nuit 
iilile  liimlior  for  '.'i-  siakii*  on  Hat 
cars)  :  I'riinnitlini  i  1(.  I'd.  v.  I.it  lluf 
ilNOT)  '27  v.  C.  A.  :lii:i.  .V.  f.  S.  App. 
■JO.  SI  Ked,  I4H  I  standards  used  for  re- 
taiiiiri)>  tiinlier  on  Hat  ear  deemed  to  li<> 
I  it  of  its  eqiiipineiit.  in  such  a  sense 
lliat  the  duty  to  select  proper  ones  is 
lion  (lele^'.ihle),  Kolhnved  in  I'nrt  Itlnl:, 
III  Mill  I'll.  V.  Iliirnll  (  INIHM  3S  C\  V. 
.\.  .112.  !)7  Fed.  .'5;17;  Himlihit  v.  .\Vi< 
Ynil..  /-.  /.'.  if  IV.  /?.  Cu.  (INNT)  107  X. 
>.  :i7l,  14  \.  K.  407  (servant.  char«isl 
with  duty  of  fiirnishin;?  side  stakes  for 
a  liiiiiliei  car,  held  to  lie  a  vice  princi- 
pal): lliillifllillii  V.  h'iniir.  if.  ,f.  n.  It. 
I'll.  (lH!i2l  4.-1  \.  V.  S.  I!.  l.->4,  IN  N',  V. 
Siipp.  N4I  (couisel  for  ilefeiidant  had 
aj.Ti'cd  that  wiiatever  was  done  to 
lenf-theii  thedropslakes  was  nun'l.v  part 
of  the  o|Hration  of  loadin;-  the  car.  Sts; 
i  lilO,  note  1.  suliil.  (0),  iiii.\l  I  :  Iniliiniii, 
I.  i(  I.  K.  Co.  V.  Siiiiili  (  (  !s!t.-||  140  Ind. 
1147,  :!!•  \.  K.  1112  (tinilier  known  to  he 
iinsiiitalde  put  in  handle  of  hand  cur). 
On  tile  ground  that  a  eonductt '  ■a.is  a 
vice  principal  as  rejjards  the  d  ■  o' 
providing'  a  safe  and  siiitiilile  ear  lor  ,ii 
holers  who  were  heiiif;  conveyed  from  tiie 
place  of  their  work,  a  railwa.v  company 
has  lieeii  licld  liahle  for  injuries  received 
liy  a  lahoier,  owing  to  the  failure  of  the 
conductor  to  fasten  a  gate  on  tne  plat- 
form of  a  car.  as  tlic  rules  of  the  com- 
paiiv  rcipiired  I'nuU  ripixl  v  I'liinn  R, 
Co. '(ISUti)    10  App.  Div.  207,  41  N.  Y. 


:|  im 


t 


1C62 


MAS-n:i!  AXI)  SKIiVAXT. 


[rllAP.   XX  \; 


■1  ■  :  , 


;:l: 


W' 


.!.;■ 


■It 


i  il    Id 


Siipp.  027.     liul  iHs  cliilidill   (o  src  how  Mc    4 1:>.    17    All.    Oil    (u'lindstoiK.   i.i  i 

this  (1cci>ii)ii    can    lie   ~ii-taiin-il    willioiit  |)iii|)cily  :iciju>lcil )  :  .s7m,//"  i-  v.  /'m /, .  ,: 

hrciikin;.'  in  M|Hin  Ww  iiilr  tliiil  tlir  iiui--  /..    Mi;/',   i',,.    (IS'.IS)    -Jil   A|i|>.   Div.   .;:;:; 

trT    is    licit    liiililc    uliiTc    llii'    |inivini:iti'  II'  N.   ^^  Siipp.  7S.').  AlliriTU'd  in    i  I'.inii 

ciuisc  of   till-   injiliv    was   the   iii'i;liii.t Ml    .V.  V.  ti.'iti,  57  N.  \'..   1125   (|MIiii|i  f,  II 

iif  a   fcllinv    siT\:iiil    ill    rc^|H'cl    to  a    ilc  a|>arl    liiiaii>c   not    |ir(i|)Cily    scciinil  i 
tail  of  tlic  work.  Si'c  next   cliaiilcr.  i  |>)      \ilitilh,iii:l   ins,  s   ri  ciiiiii'rjiiii   lln 

(])  Ihlii-liir  liiildi  IK. — I'limi  V.   \l  nil  r  ii<iiiiul    /)n'/ic./i/i-    iirc    llic    fiilluiru:ii. 

llSS.'t)    12  Daly.  77.  I!n-<,riiilli   v.   /,V-.'/.r.v    I  1H!I7  (    27   t '.  (.  A 

(in)    III  fi  rll'ir  ruins,  rifiiiiiiii.  ilr.      hi'  :iS."i.    ."):!    r.    S.    .\|i|>.    Ii2().    .S2    i'vtl.    HT-k 

iliiiiiii    Cur    t'li.    V.    I'liil.ii     (ISS.'i)      1(10  Miiil:i  1/  V.  Itiillliiinrr  d  I'.  It.  I'll.   {\s:mi 

IikI.       181        (dcfcclivr       ii.|m'    -.■nn.lit  ii.,i  .S    .\lai-kiy.    2S2 ;    MiCniiliif    v.    Suiillnni 

kn.iwn    Id    fii.ciiiani  ;     'I  hi, inns    \.     \iiii  /.".  r„.    ilS!i7)    10  A|.|..  1).  C.  r.HO:    l/u/ 

.\iimr  It.  Co.    (IS',l7)    in  Mifli.  all.  72  N.  ////    v.    Viitifnniiu    lliirsisliur   Cii.    ilslM 

W.At)  (ilrf.vlivc  M.K-k  cil  nip,- M'l,'.t,.li  ;  HCi  fal.    7".   .'IS    i'ac.   :i:!.5  ;    ir.7/.s'  v.  (  .,. 

riir  Jiiliii    riiiiln-    (ISIt2i    4!t    I'ol.    277  (IHsr,)   '.(('iil.i.   I.V.I,  II    I'ac.  fiO:  llnl,,,! 

(dcfictivc    To]n-    iisi-d    liy    diicf  (illiicr   of  v.  .Surlhun  I'.  /.'.  Co.    (IHS2)    ;i  Dak.  .Is 

slii|)    to    sns|M>nd    a    tii'aii;;lc)  ;   l.iinil    v.  i:i   .V.   \\ .  .'nH:   Cliiriiiiu.  II.  d  i}.  I!,  c, 

llui-yi  II  l.iiiiihir  Cii.    (ISIHh     11    Ki-d.  2112  \.-\niu      IH^^l)    1011  III.  . '11  I :   \i,il,,„  \. 

(fonnian    fiirnlslicd    dif.ctivi-    rope   ami  I  <./;/,-     (ISIt5)     hVS    ill.    402.    41    .\     K 

tarUlf)  :    V'/ir    \,,ii,-,iii   \.  .I,iis,ii    ilSOIH  lOS.",:   //<  v.s-  v.  h',,s,iilhiil    (ISIMil    llld  III. 

.">2    111.   .■t7:t    (dcfiH-tiv.-  ri^iLiiii;.'  fiirni-licd  ti2l.   4.!    N.    K.   7i:i:    Uinun,,    lt„il,  ,    (., 

f.T  il  >iii|.» :    Mri:iii,ii,n    V.    i;,i,„i,,ii,ii  \.  i:i„i.s,„i    (isnsi    7s    in.    .\pp.  :;.•.; 

(ISlll)    01    Ciinn    l.')7.  22   .\tl.    lOlM    ('li'  l\  rm  i/n    \.  l.iiiiisrilli;  \.  .\.  il-  C.  It.  C, 

fcclivi-   rojH')  :    I'riniiiti    v.    Hull    lUnimr  (ISSV)    111    I  nil.  .".I,  11   N.  I'..  !i.'i7  ;  /'■«., 

«•(/.     (ISIMl)      170     I'a.    4."ill.    ;(.'>    .Ml.    22t  siilnmin    Co.    v.     W  liilrumh    (ISS7)     111 

(ina-^tiT     hold     lialdc    for    in-liy.'nco    ol  liid.  212.  12  N'.  K.  .'iSO ;   /,i,»;.s<  i7/r.  A.  4 

ri;;irrr  (liaryi'il  with  tlio  duly  of  keeping.'  i(   ''.  /,*.  Co.  v.  ihuluim    i  ISIIO)    121   lii'l 

a  .-iippiv  of  ropi's  froiii  which  a  scdictior  sn.  24   N.   K.  OiiS:   Snll  v.   I.iiiiisiill,.  \. 
may  ho' made) .  I.  d-  C.  U.  Co.    I  'SIM  )    l:i!l    hid.  2i;ii,  lN 

See  also  snhd.  {f). supra,  and  the  fol-  .V.   K.    l.s;{,  till-         iiisrillr.  /,'.  .t  SI.  / 

lowinf;  suImI.  <'uii.^„l.  It.  Co.  v.    .. .//.  c  (ISll.-.)    I  III  ln'l 

(n)     lUfciliri'    hnisliiui    (ipi^miihiH.—  OS."..    40     X.     !■;.     110:     liilhy    v.    /,'i/,iv 

lliiiiiiiis    V.     Wimuiiis     (isim)     lit    Cal.  (IS!I2)    4.S   Kan.    120.  20  I'ac.   144;  t'lul. 

170.    4.-.    I'ao.    104     ifoiviiian    Ic-ft    out    a  v.  lUs   Moims  In    Co.    (IHII2)    SI  Iriv.i. 

p";;    from    a    l>iii    licddiiij.'    apparatus    in  .'i2l.  ')!   N.  \\ .  l.'i.">;  .•<hii-l.r  v.  Ihlinn^  /,' 

place)  ;  Lrrmiinl  v.  Kiiiiiii.;-   ( 18!)S  i    171  Co.   ( 18117  >   50  l.a.  .\iin.  188,  2;i  S...  lilii; 

III.  ."i:i2.  51    X.   v..  088,  .Mliiiiiiiif.'   I  18117)  Itk;-   v.    hiiuj   I'hilip    MHh    (1S87)    141 

75   111.   App.    145    (hl(H-k   and   tackle   iiii-  Ma~<.  2211.  11    X.  K.  101;  Smiir  v.  Ilus 

propiTly  constructed  by  dcfcndanr-.  f.iic-  Imi  .t  .1/.   It.  Co.    (1800)    14  day.  Wi\-. 

uutn)  :'  Itlumiiiiist  v.   Cliinmo.    M.  il-   N'.  Ami/  v.  Ilusloii  <t  \\ .  It.  C'lrfi.   I  Is.M  i  :) 

/'.    It.   Co.    (18115)    (iO   Minn.   420.   02    V.  Ciisli.      112;      Moiiiiilian     v.     Hills    (/.,, 

\V.    818    (derrick    ncKli-cntlv   e,,n-linct-  (1888)     140    Mass.    58(i,    U!    X.    K.   .-i7t: 

ed)  :    Houston    v.    Itiiisli     1I8IM1    (iO    W.  I.illli-liihl  \.  Kiliiiifil  I'.  Mils  Co.  {\'.\m< 

:i:il.  21)  All.  .'ISO    (pin  sei-iiiinu'  ulieel   of  177    .Ma>-.    151.  58   X.    Iv   0112;    II;,, is,,,, 

tackle  IdiM'k  was  not  pn>|M'rlv  fa-leiii(l)  ;  v.    Ihlroil.    //.    it    .V.    It.    Co.    {I8IHI1    TH 

Till,  I!      Coii'.priss     Co.      V.'     .\  rriinilon  Mich.    400.    7    I..    1!.    .\.    02:1.   44    N.   W . 

(I8IIS:    Tex.    Civ.    .\pp.)      18    S.    W.    ;->!»  IO:i  I :   /i''.»..-  v.  /.'/.;./;/'//  il-  /<.  /,i/w'.' ^  <". 

(^'i-ea-v     plank     fnrni^hol     for    Imistin;,'  (lS!i;i)     III     Midi.    007,    54    N.    W .    t:i2; 

purpii^Vs).  Ilriinii  v.  U  liioiiu  rf  SI.  I'.  It.  Co.   (  ISSOi 

(o)     Other    ilrfirts     in     innihinrni. —  27  Minn.   102.  :i8  .\iii.  I!ep.  2S5.  il  N.  W , 

noniiliiir  V.  nioiin    (18III)    154  Ma^s!  21.  481;    ImHii  v.   /-.Vif  7V/( ./.  .1    -liliiili.  Cn. 

27   X.   K.   075    (macliinciy   not   prep.ircd  (1885)     :U    Minn.    321,    25    \.    W .   7(til: 

or    arraiifjcd    properly,    so    as    to   ;;iiard  lliirprr  v.   liiiliiiiiiijioli,i  it   SI.   I..  It.  I'u. 

ajrainst  the  danpT  of  it-  >lar1iiiL'  of  it-  (1871)     47     .Mo.    507,    4    .\iii.    Itcp.    :!."m; 

self)  :  Sanborn  v.  Mailmi  riinmii-  Trml-  ■lonrn  v,  St.   l.onifi,  X.  tt  /'.   I'mli'l  >',,. 
inn  Co.   (1880)    70Cal.  2tll.  II   I'ac.  710    I  I8IIO)     U     .Mo.     App.   :ill8;      Unlur    v. 

(appliancfi    oaUcd    a    "-uord."    used    for  7';,,o;i/,    (18!t0)    .511  X.  J.   I..   ISO.  ;15  At) 

kocpin;;    open    the    channel    made    hy    a  1057;    Coli'   v.    1\  loicii    Mfi/.  Co.    1  js'i 

cintular  s,a\v  as  the   lo;;  moves  onward,  OH   X.  .1.    li.    020,   44    .\tl.   017;    /(• ..    i' / 

was     known      by      the      mechanic      who  v.  Sliininni  I  1880)    101   X.  ^'.  517.  .'1  N 

fasliioneil     it    to    Iw    unsafe);     Hull    v.  IC.  4111;   Sii,,li,iii   v.  lirir  I'n  s.  , ,  u,,,  '■,. 
i'mt/sud-A'/ftx/is    Mfg.    Co.    (1000)    94    ( 1800)   7  .\pp.  Div.  417.  .in  N    N  ^ii|'l>- 


mi\ 


Nihin 


J  5U7] 


VICK  I'RIXCII'At.SllIl'— CllARACrKU  OV  ACT. 


10t3 


biicli  ciMiildVcc  was  autluirizi'd  tx)  suj)!)!}-  tlic  iiiiiicriiils  wliicli  ciniscj 
tlic  injury." 


Iil«;  Schulz  V.  Kohr  (ISft.'f)  4  Misc.  .■!84, 
lit  N.  V.  Siipi),  IIS;  h'(„d  V.  I.i/i/iis 
ilssii)    41    lliiii.   r>l>;    Uniiiinti  v.   .\<;u) 

)..//,  r.  u-  //.  /,'.  /;.  <■(,.  ( isiiti  78  Hull. 

JJ4,  U'U  X.  Y.  Siipp.  2:iO:  irihiiiiiill  V. 
1.11.^1  l{ir:r  (las  r„.  i  |.S!i.->)  !ll  Hum.  184, 
:;i;  N.  V.  Supp.  -JSS:  (iimlri-  V.  (huitili- 
n'.U-  MfiJ.  V<i.  (IHS2)  18  S.  C.  274.  44 
Am.  Hip.  r)7.'t;  Oiili:  v.  i/o/k.v  (IS!i7)  l(i 
\\i\A\.  :ill(.  47  I'iU'.  747. 

('(iiiipiirc     iil-o     the     Maryland     p;i»os 
(itiil  ill   5   'y'.W,  antr. 

^Ilniiiiiii  V.  \Vorr)slrr  (IHS."))  140 
\h,s>.  -Jj:!.  2  X.  E.  77!).  Thcif  the  (■i>iii- 
irillcc  (in  liijilmays  (if  a  city  ilinclcd 
till-  coiiiinissidiicr  to  erect  a  Iniililiiii;  to 
Ijc  u^ed  to  oiiitaiii  a  niacliiiu'  f(jr  crii^li- 
in;;  stmic  for  the  hi;.'h\vay.s  of  a  city. 
Ihe  coiriiMi>-i(iiicrs  ciiiployed  .\,  a  ma.-'- 
fcr  hiiildcr.  to  furnish  the  lahor  and 
it»ils  rciiiiiiid  in  the  (^rcitidri  of  tli(? 
liiilMiii^'.  'ihe  city  paid  .\  and  (he  men 
iiii|il(iy(d  by  him  for  their  services,  and 
furnished  all  tile  materials  used  in  the 
iipction  of  the  hiiildiiii.'.  \  directed  I!. 
eiieof  the  men  employed  liy  him,  to  erect 
a  sta^rin;:  for  the  piir|«)se  of  .shiiii;lin;.' 
llio  roof  <if  the  liiiildiii'.'.  and  to  use 
llicTcfiir  certain  hrackels  which  lieloiii;ed 
I"  A.  I!  Used  the  hiackcl.s  for  tlie  -up- 
|Hirt  of  the  -ta^iii;;.  One  of  the  liriiekets. 
Irciiif;  dcfei  1  .-.  liri.Ue,  iiiid  tlie  st:i;.'iii;; 
upon  wliicli  (■  was  working  fi^ll.  and  he 
"lis  injured.  Held,  that  C  could  not 
iiininlnin  an  aclimi  aL'ainst  the  city  for 
liis  injiiiy.  Tlie  court  said:  "It  is 
.ir^'ucd  th.it  Oates.  in  supplying;  the  de- 
I'Hlivc  hraekets,  acted  as  the  ajieiit  of 
i!.c  ilcfiiidant  in  fiiriiishinfr  materials, 
iiid  nut  as  its  servant  to  con-tnicl  the 
-ti'.'ini'.  and  was  not,  in  that  re^j«'it,  a 
fi  llnu  -ervant  with  the  plaint  ifV.  I'.iit 
liales  hill!  no  iiiitlioritv  from  the  di^fend 
:nil  to  fuiiiisli  materials  for  it,  and  it 
«.!<  not  as  its  a^ent  for  that  purpose 
lluit  he  used  his  own  brackets  to  sup- 
pell  the  stasin;:.  If  not  strictly  tinils 
ricpiin-d  to  lie  furnished  by  him.  ihey 
■III'  iiiipteinenis  pn-pared  and  kept  by 
!iiin  fnr  the  purpnse  wf  support  ini;  sta^'- 
iiiL;~.  Hlii.li  he  iiii;.'ht  i|si>  under  his  eon- 
ir;Ml    will,   the   defendant.      He   bad    no 


ir  Miillierily   fnuii   the  defendant    for    repair  yards 


materials  to  he  furnished  by  the  defend- 
ant, and  it  pinvideil  fi.r  fiiriii^hiiij:  all 
materials  needed.  The  iic;;li;;enee  which 
the  evidence  teiids  to  prnvc  is  that  of 
si-rvaiits  in  coii-l  riieliiif;  an  iin-afe  >tae- 
iii^'.  and  nut  I  bat  of  t!ie  master  in  not 
furni>liiii;;  proper  maleiials." 

In  hiiiiniir  v.  11  efci  c  !IS!I7)  151  X. 
Y.  417.  45  .v.  K.  Si;(l.  one  of  ib,.  ^'idunds 
on  wiiiili  recovery  «a-  di'iiied  was  that 
it  uas  not  shown  that  the  pliimlicrs' 
scalVidd.  wliicb  },';i\e  way,  was  only  part 
of  the  material  fiirnislii'd  by  the  dcleiid- 
aiits  or  the  foiemaii,  «ir  that  tlicv  con- 
templated the  iiM>  of  it  for  the  purpose 
to  which  it  \\as  put. 

In  hnniiii  v.  .\ii(:  York,  />.  E.  rf  W. 
n.  Co.  ||8!I5)  145  X.  Y.  I'.tn,  3!l  X.  K. 
711.  wliere.  a  foremiui  of  ear  repairers 
was  held  not  to  be  ii  vice  princi|>al  in 
ilinHMiiij;  a  -iiburdinate  to  jro  on  a  traik 
not  ordinarily  ii -ed  for  ri'pairins  pur- 
poses, and  not  protected  'ly  any  rules, 
for  the  purpose  of  ;;ettiii;;  a  car  spring; 
wliieh  he  iicedc'  in  his  work,  the  cinirt 
said:  "It  is  admitted  by  the  learned 
counsel  for  I  lie  ap|Kdla!it  that  there  is 
no  diri'Ct  evidence  in  the  ca^e  >bowiiij; 
that  it  was  any  part  of  Tracy's  duty  to 
furnish  materials  rccpiircd  li.v  the  work- 
men miller  him,  but  be  insists  that  the 
defendant  bavin;;  failed  to  dc-i^rmite  any 
one  |M-r-cin  wbo-e  duly  it  should  be  to 
borrow  spriii;.'s  from  other  car-  for  teiii- 
IMirary  use,  and  still  continiiin;;  tim 
business  of  car  n'|iairin^',  it  not  only 
acipiie^ecd  in  the  {.''"if.'  foniiian  pro- 
curing' such  materials,  but  implieilly  an- 
thuiizisl  them  to  procure  them  wherever 
lliey  CI  iilil.  Tlie  appellant "s  eoiiiisel  .lUo 
adiiiil~  that  Tracy  was  the  fidlow  serv- 
ant of  the  intestate  in  evervthiii;:  cx- 
eepl  in  the  performance  of  a  duly  which 
th(!  law  im|Kised  upon  the  defendant, 
11-,,  piocurinfj  materials  for  use,  \\  u 
are  unable  to  adopt  these  views.  It 
would  lead  to  the  (■^taldishnienl  of  an 
1  \cei  iliii;>|y  uiLsafe  rule  to  bold  that  a 
;  in;;  bos,  (,ver  forty  or  lifl,v  men  enuld, 
without  direct  aulbority  from  i' .■  cmii- 
pany,  change  the  safe  and  prnp.  r  rules 
in   pursuanic«  of  wliich   the  work   in   the 


iiliieled,   and   di 


reet 


l¥A 


''■iiii-iiiiiu'    Ihi 


TIk 


(lefelldant 


iirkmen  to  prosecute  their  laborx  under 


'■   •  •'■    '•■'"•■>    te.    fiirni-b    tlw    1  ip.or    and    e:irs  -tandi'iL'  "ii  triioks  other  tliaii   ibi 
1"!  N  in  the  en  I  tion  of  the  biiildiii;,' from    ri  ijiilar     duly  protected     repair     tracks 


¥~\l' 


m 


m 


m 

lliii  i 

If! 


1664 


MASTi: U  AND  SKHVANT. 


[chap.  XXXI. 


568.  Duty  to  see  that  the  inorganic  instrumentalities  are  maintained 
in  a  suitable  condition  for  the  work  to  be  done  held  to  be  non-delegable. 
— Most  of  tlic  n.urls  wliicli  iipplv  tlif  (li>c-triii('  illii-trali-il  liv  the  i|( 
eisitiiis  cited  under  tlie  l:isi  sect  inn  li;iv(>  idso  adopiid  ilie  d.icti'iiie  ilui; 
from  the  nmnient  an  insiniiiieiitality  i^,  di-  \>y  tlie  e\crci-e  ol  icii-..n 
able  care  niifrht  liave  lieeii.  kimuii  t."  lie  defective,  an  absolute  diitv  i>u 
the  master's  jiart  arises  eilln  i-  tn  feioeily  ilie  defect  or  to  ce,i~''  n-in- 
tlie  instniiiieiifality.'      This  iiriueijile  may  he  expre-^.d  in  ilie  Inm. 


Tracy  was  in  no  lo^ral  sense  the  r(|iii'- 
si'iitalivc  iif  the  defendant  ulien  lie  -ml'- 
".'(•steil  to  tlie  intestate  tliat  In'  sliiinM 
procure  u  sprin;;  from  a  car  slamlin^'  on 


l^new  tliat  tllis  d,\  ici'  lllld  lieen  ll-r.|. 
and  it-  n-e  liad  Ikhii  furldddiii  l.y  liim: 
ami  lie  liad  vcrv  ii'cently  tnld  f.ii.iii.ni 
.\iideisiin  to  tinnu    it    awiiv.  and   lli:il  ii 


-ilde.  .  .  .  Tlie  olijciticn  to  il-  ii- 
-eeiiicil  tn  lie  fcmdrd  wliolly  \\\r  n  ii. 
uant  of  ell'ecti\en(-s  in  aidiiiL'  tin-  u.nk. 
No  snui;e-l  ion   was  niade  liy  .loliii-nii  it 

tlie  men  lliat   it  was  not  safe.     The  -t 

that    can    he   said    of   the   siipei  iiiliiili-iil 


track   Xo.    S;    lie   was   a    fellow    servant  lie   used    it  he  should    liold   him   r,-|«.ii 

making'    a    very    unwise    and    ilaii;;eiiais 

suj!f;eslioii." 

In  Viillniniv  V.  .l//<;i  (1><!>4)  12  V. 
C.  A.  114,  24  r.  S.  App.  :!S8.  (14  Fed. 
297,  a  master  was  dwiared  not  to  !ie 
liable    for    an    injury    to    an    employee 

throujih    the    failure    of    an    adililioiiai  is   that    he   did   not    su( d    in   -tophiii:; 

device  provided  hy  the  employees  in  vio-  the  use  of  the  ileviee.      I'rohahly   hi-  nl 

lation  of  the  ordi'rs  of  the  siiperinteiid  jedion    that    it    vetanhd    the    work    inn 

ent.  for  the  purpose  of  makinf.'  the  work  have  tieeii  the  rea-oii  why  the  iiieii  nltii 

easier     to     themselves,     althouf.'h      the  wards  tiied   to  cany   tliree  -Iriiiijir-  ^ii 

^.Tound   of   his    pnihihition    was   that    it  a   tiiii<>  instead  of  iiie  and  two    a-  lli.i 

was   a   hindrance   to  the  work,   and   not  had    done    hefure.       We    do    mil     iliiiik. 

that  it  was  unsafe.     "As  we  understand  under    the    ciniMii-lancc-.    that    tlie  ri 

the  contention  of  the  appellee,"  said  the  ceiver  slKuild  Ik'   held   lialdr  tor  tli.'  u-. 

c<nirt.  "it    is  this:      That   it    is  the  aliso-  of    this    device,       lie    neither    tin  iii-liv.l 

lute  diitv  of  the  master  to  furnish  safe  it.  n<ir  authorized   it-  use.     ll   cc  iiM  nn 

and  suit'ahlc  machinery  and  appliances;  he  expi^ctisl  that  he  or  the  suprritileiiilrin 

that  this  duty  cannot  he  delejiatcd;  and  should  lie  present  at  all  times  and  at  .ill 

that,     Iherefore,      when     the     foreman,  places  to  s<>e  that  smli  a  device  wa-  iml 

rhoinpsou     and     .Xnderson,    conslrucleil  u-cd,   or   that   they    should    take    mmmh- 

this  danfjerous  device,  and   Used   it.  the  to  destroy  it.  or  picvent  il-  ii-e  hy  i.n.  • 

receiv.T     heeauie     lialile     for     its     use.  Tlie   orders   of   t!ie   snperirtt  iidml    uiiv 

tlio\|i>h   it   was  whcdlv  unknown  to  him.  di-oli<yed  and  his  wi-he-    li-ivjanli  ,|  liy 

and  "neitlicr    himsclif    nor    his    ^.-cneral  the  emphiyees.  and  llii>  rcspeii-il.llily  fer 

superintendi'Ut.    iKir    suiMTinteiident    o*  its  Use  should  rest   with  them." 
hrid<'es  and   huiMiiif:s.   had    provided   it.        'A     nia-tcr     is     ••e(|ually     .•liaiL'eal.Ii-, 

or  authorized   its  use.     This  contention,  whitlna-  llie  iieirli.L'cnce  was  in  oie^iinillv 

we  think,   is  not  maintainalile.     A   rail-  failiiii;  to  provide,  or  in  afterward-  fail 

road   corporation   must   act    through    its  ini.'  to   keep  its   iiiachiiieiy   in   -af.-  loii 

ai'cnts    and   where  a    railroad    is   in   the  dition,"       h'oid     v.     Hl,-lihn,;i     I!     'n, 

hands  of  a   receiver,  the   receiver  repre-  (1S72)    110  Jlass,  240.  14  .\iii.  \W\>.  .V.k. 

nts  the  coniiianv.  and  acts  tlinamli  its  Quoted  with  approval  in  ('/oio/Zi  v.  /.  m- 

tents  in  the  sanie  way.     Of  cmrse.  the  d   I'.    It.  Co.    (IS7!I)    100   T.   S.  21.!.  2.. 

ell  settled   that   it  i-  tl"'  'lal} 


receiver  must  use  all  reasonalile  care  to    L.  ed.  fll2. 


provide   suitable    machine 


Till 


■It   is  w- 


enee  sho 
his  case. 


that   he  did   so   provide   in    of   the   master   to   provide   -una 


The  employees,  however,  were    safe   machinery    an 


not   satisfied    with    it: 


III    th< 


them-    use  of  his  op<'rativi>. 


ip|ili.-i 
ami 


for  till' 
think  it  i- 


selves    provided    somethinj;    in    addition    al 

that  would  make  the  work  of  lifting'  lim-    there,   hut   that 

hers  easier 


ettled  that    his  duty  does  ii.it  -tn 


it    is    like\\i-e   lii-  ilii'.> 
for  tiiem.  thouirh  the  evidence    to  keep  such  macliim  r\    in  proini'  ivi«iii 


-howi 


■d   thnt   it   was  r. 


thcv   a    hin 


ilrance    :ind    safe    woikiir; 


■de 


Will    if   tlii-c 


ithcr  of  them.  ;ire  Me.L'li:;ently 


than  a  help  to  the  progress  of  the  work,    duties,  or  i 

It  is  true  the  suiM'rintcndent  of  hridfies    iM^rfoiiiied.     and    one     of    tin 


servant' 


JU8] 


\  K  K  l'UlNtlPAI..SIIll>— CUAHACTKR  OF  ACT. 


1665 


tliat  tlio  (liify  of  furiiisliiii,^'  suital)lo  ami  safe  instruiiifntalitips  for 
tlic  iis<'  of  tilt-  sorvaiiis  iiicliidos  tho  ilutv  of  maiiitainiiif"  tliciii  in  safe 
ciiiiilition,''*  or  tliat  the  d\U\  to  provide  safe  iiistrmiiciitalitieii  is  a  cou- 
liiiiioii!!  one* 

It  follows,  tlioroforo,  tliat  tlio  defense  of  eoniiiKin  employment  is 
not  availahle  wliere  tlie  defeets  wliicli  caused  tiie  inji'ry  would  not 
have  existed,  if  the  sersant  whose  aiipropriale  fnnclicni  it  wa.-  lo  keep 
the  defective  instrumentality  up  to  the  lei:a'  standard  of  safety  and 
(tlii-iency  had  «de(]uateiy  diseliarj-cil  Ins  duty.*  The  master  must, 
;if  course,  also  answer  for  defects  result iii";  from  the  neglificnce  of  a 
^(■rviiiit  in  alferinjr  a  machine.     Compare  S  •"•"*•,  Infra. 

It  is  j)roper  to  draw  attention  here  to  a  doctrine  to  which  we  shall 
icciir  in  a  later  suhfitle  (see  §  M2), — that,  even  if  the  daiificroua 
(liiidit'oiis  which  cau-ed  the  injury  were  originally  due  to  nejiliirencc! 
which  is  deemed  chariictiM-istic  of  mere  servants,  as  distinuiiislied 
friim  a  vice  ])rincipiil,  the  respunsihility  for  those  conditions  is  shifted 
III  the  master  as  soon  as  he  has  ascertained,  or  mifjlit  hy  the  exercise  of 
rciisonable  care  have  ascertainf^d,  that  they  exist.  The  jivneral  jirin- 
fiplo  which  tlms  becomes  controlling  has  been  fully  disctissed  in 
(■li:i|itci'  X.,  aiifc. 

The  master  is  chargeable  with  knowledge  which  any  employee  in- 
trusted with  the  duty  of  keeping  instrunientalities  in  repair  may 
:i((|iiire  regarding  their  condition.' 

tliiTctiy  sustiiins  an  injury,  the  iiiiistcr  is  100  Ind.   181;  Nail  T.  Louisville,  V.  A. 

lialilc.    even    tli()\if.'li    ho'iiiay    liavr    in-  <(•    C.    I,',    t'o.    (1891)    129    Ind.   2(>8.   28 

InistcJ  tlip  txTfijiinanci'  i)f   such   duties  N.  K.    18.1,  611. 

to  sulionlinatcs,  by  wlialrvrr  name  thoy        '  An    instruction   that   "the   dcfcnilant 

may  111- Ciillcil,  and  even  th(iu;;li  the  mas-  unuld     bi>     r('s|Kjn»il)!c     for    tlic     conse- 

tcr  may  have  exercised   due  care   in  llie  (|uences  of  any  want  of  dili;;ence  or  due 

sclccliiin  of  such  sulxirdinates."     Iliinlir  lare   or    oaiition    on    the    part    of    those 

V.  Cmnilirille    Mfi/.    Co.    (1882)     18    S.  whi.s,-  duty  it  was  to  make   repairs"  is 

C.  274.  44  Am.   Hep.  .■)7.{.  coiml.      (\iitnn    v.    riiiliiKinii    I'lilj)   Co. 

The  non-delejrahle  <|ualily  of  thi>  duty  I  1S!I7|    111    Me.  20.  ft!)  Atl.  iw. 
til  (li-iim(inue  the  use  of  iiistruiiienlali-         '•Ohio   i(-     1/.    l{.    Cn.    v.    Shin     (1894) 

liis  known  to  he  defective  is  sililiini  ad-  110    liiil.    lit.    :i!l    N.    K.    240:    Slniiins   v. 

virlcil   to  explicitly.      See    liiiliniiii    Cur  Ihiln  riiiuii  Mfi/.  Co.   (IS!t7l   2.'!  .\i>p.  l)iv. 

Co.    V.    /•((/■/,.)■     (I'ss.-il      lull     Ind.     181;  1.   48    N.    V.   Supp.   42.').      See.  ^'cnerallv, 

/Mi/k;   v.    .Vcir    York-,    O.    d     II.    I{.    Co.  cliapter    X.,    subtitle   1).    ontr.      Kven    in 

|1S!I7|    l.-)l    X.    Y.   ,")79.   4."i   N.    K.    1028  cases    where    it    may    he    conceded    tliat 

iihity  to  aliandon  a  danjienius  system),  there  was  no  duty  of  re).'ular  iiispiH'tion 

llul   tlie   predication    of   such    a    ipiality  of   the   tools    in    use    iuipu-cd    upon    the 

i-  Ml  ein  iiiusly  a   m^cessary  corollary  of  su|H'rvisinf,'    otTicers    of    the    defendant, 

tlip  evistciice    of    a    duty    as    to    main-  ami  hl^  trusts  to  the  daily  inspection  of 

ti'iiiiiKc,  tliat  specific  authority  for  it  is  the    man    who    uses    the    tools    for    in- 

-larcily  riijuiied.  formation   as    to   their   condition   of   re- 

'  "Kepairiiif;"  is.  in  a  sense,  ■'furnish-  pair.    yet.     when     such     information     is 

iiij;."     Tiiriti !i  v.   .l/iHH(<//io/i.s  i(    SI.   /,.  ;;ivi>n  to  them,  tliose  ollicers,  and  not  the 

/•'       .1.    !l«s:ii    :!:!    \tinn.    :!11,    .">:!    Am.  plaiiitilT.    are  the   prr.p'-r   ;ij;e!its   to   ful- 

l!i'p.  3.-),  23  .\.  W.  229.  til   the  master's  duty   in   furnishing'  rea- 

'Indiuiia   Car   Co.    v.   Purkvr    (1885)  sonably  sale  tools.     Ltlttyh   \  alky  Vual 


iGoa 


MASTKR  AND  SKH\  ANT. 


[chap.  x.\.\r. 


'i  I 


i.; 

1 

"■', 


1*1' 


piii 


SI. 
Ma 


rllr 


■,1 1.1 


\, 


Tlio  illustrative  docisions  cited  below  are  arr!iii,i;<'d  under  liciidiiiL;- 
which  correspond  as  closely  as  may  bo  to  those  enii>loyed  for  the  imr- 
l>ose3  of  classitication  in  the  preceding  section,  and  indicate  tli,> 
nature  of  the  specific  dereliction  of  duty  involved."  ior  otlier  .  m-i- 
sec  §§  582-584,  infra. 

Co.  V.  W'arrek   (1808)   28  C.  C.  A.  540, 
.-..-.  V.  S.  Ai>i>.  ^-IT.  84  Fed.  86t). 

"(a)  DcI'Vlirc  rniliniii  trarkit. — In 
-(  mo  cawM  under  tlii;  head  in  wliicli  lia- 
liility  has  bwn  imposed.  Ilie  ilolimiiient 
has  oeeupied  a  position  liiiilier  than  that 
ol  servants  acliiallv  eii;.'a^;ed  in  the 
manual  work  of  lepairin};  track.  Atclii- 
sini.  T.  a-  N.  /■'.  A*.  Vu.  V.  Miioir  (1884) 
:!!  Kan.  107.  1  Tac.  644  (road  master 
was  dcliii(|uent  here);  .l»r/.  (■.«■»  v. 
Micliiiiiiii  <'■  .(■  I'o.  (ISn.l)  in;  Mich. 
,">!»l.  fi.')  \.  \V.  5S5  (cnnpanv  licid  liable 
to  n  brakeman  on  the  ^jroiind  thai  the 
a«sist,ant  road  master  had  sent  the  sec- 
tion foreman  to  repair  the  track,  but  (lid 
not  see  that  the  defect  was  reniedii-d)  ; 
I'almrr  V.  Vtah  <f  N.  R.  Co.  (1887)  2 
Idaho.  2!t0.  13  Pac.  42.5  (station  a'icnt 
failed  to  report  condition  of  track  I: 
\,is)nille  «f  V.  A*.  Co.  V.  r.lliolt  (ISliO) 
1  C.ildw.  fill.  7S  Am.  Dee.  .">ltli  (cn-inec^r 
did  not  re|>ort  defects  in  track)  :  Colo- 
riiiio  C.  K.  Co.  V.  Ofi'f'n  (1877)  .3  Colo. 
4!i!l  (assistant  superintendent  had  notice 
that  track  was  defective)  :  l{tss(.e  v. 
rl,l<ii,io  <t  X.  ir.  K.  Co.  (1878)  4.".  \yis. 
477  (yard  master  is  a  vice  principi'.  .is 
to  (lie  act  of  leavinfr  a  dan}.'crous  oli- 
sl ruction,  like  a  pile  of  luml«'r,  near  tlie 
track!. 

ll\it    the   application    of    the    s''"''"""' 
priniiple    is   hv    no   means   restricti>d   to    / 
MUch  employee's.      That  the  master  innsl    ."> 
answer  for  the  nef;li^'pnee  of  the  track 
men  tlictnselves.  and  more  cs|ie(ially  of 
the  foremen  ot  i^an-.-s  enijaped  on  repairs, 
has  b.'i-n  frcciu.jitlv  alhrmed.     Loiiiinllt' 
d   Y.  R.  Co.  V.  Wn'nl   (  1S!»4)   10  C.  C.  A 
IS    r.    S.    .\pp.    <i8:!.    (il    K.'d 


I  ■ 


K'l*; 


027 


((lanL.'crons  hide  left  by  ballast.injL;  crew)  ; 
t<(,iillii  rldiid  V.  \f-)7/i('C(i  /'.  R.  Cii. 
I  I.S'.IO)  43  Kcd.  64ti  (pile  of  aslies  ft 
on  the  track)  :  Ao"'<"s  Citii.  ft.  S.  <t 
R.  Co.  V.  Aier  (1880)  41  Kan.  fiOl. 
21    Pac.   770    (brakeman    stunililcd 


(i71 


1)11.       £1        i   «U.        (IV         (..l..rv.    .1. •- 

over  pile  of  cinders  deixisitcd  near  the 
track);  St.  Louii  <t  S.  I\  R.  Co.  v. 
^Vcin■n■  (188(i)  35  Kan.  412.  57  Am. 
Rep  170.  11  Pac.  408:  Kniliirhii  C.  R. 
Co.  V.  Ri)le  (1802)  13  Ky.  1..  Kcp.  81)2. 
18  S.  W.  9.18  (tie  left  on  track  threw 
brakeman  ofT  of  a  switch  e]i;.'ine)  ;  Siioir 
V  lluuKiitoiiir  R.  Co.  llSlUl  H  Allen. 
441,  85  Am.  Dec.  720;  ItiMojl  v.   I/ic/ti- 


</io,  C.  R.  Co.  (1805)  lOfl  Mich,  fine,  « 
X.  W.  .")02  (failure  to  level  depre—idii 
caiisiil  derailiiiint )  ;  DriimiiUi  v.  Tltump- 
son  I1H70)  20  Minn.  40.  1  X.  \V.  -i:,:,: 
(rail  taken  up  without  setting-  |>r..|i.i 
si^xnals  to  warn  approaching  Ir.iiii-'; 
lliiU  v.  l/is-vi/iiri  /'.  R.  Co.  (IHSji 
Mo  208  (obstruction)  ;  Yuiilrnin  \. 
l.oi,i.t.  I.  U.  it-  fe'.  A*.  Co.  (188(11  i 
.\pp.  'tM  (danj^'rous  hide  left  by  xm 
hands)  :  I'ifuUl  v.  yorllnrn  /,', 
(18(!0)  42  X.  n.  225  (track  allow 
become  blocked  witli  snow  and  ir 
Wclhiioii  V.  Oregon.  Short  I, in,  d  I 
R.  Co.  (18021  21  Or.  .".:!(».  2S  l>.u. 
(failure  to  report  defects);  Cnrh'-i 
Ori'iion  hVioi/  l.iiw  it  U.  V.  /,'. 
(1,h'!I2)  21  Or.  450.  28  I'ac.  407  '(i.h,, 
repairer  killed  by  derailment  of  r.ii. 
while  lie  was  beir.n  conveyed  to  In- 
work)  ;  Cairo  v.  Clinrlolh .  I\  ,(  I 
A'.  Co.  (1885)  23  S.  C.  ."i2(;.  r,:>  Am, 
Uep.  28:  (liilf.  C.  cf  N.  /'.  A'.  <■'■  > 
Jolinson  (1H02)  1  Tex.  Civ.  App,  1":! 
20  S.  \V.  1123:  Moon  v.  R,rhn.o,nl  .(  I 
A'.  Co.  (1884)  78  Va.  745.  40  .\ni.  l;.|. 
401:  lliilliniorc  li  O.  R.  Co.  v.  l/r/\. »: 
(18851  81  \'a.  71  (nif-ht  walcliiii.in.  :i- 
well  as  section  foreman,  here  lirM  (■-  i- 
viee  principal):  Uiitnion,  v.  /'../..., vi'.r 
A".  Co.  (1H!)8)  20  Wa-li.  l:i:!.  ■"')  1'^' 
00(i;  llilldinii  v.  f?/(iii  ISini.  11.  i(-  .^'. 
/'.  A'.  Co.  (  18S7)  (18  W  is.  .Vjn.  ■il  S.  W 
20  (obstruction). 
In  the  foUowiu'.'  cases,  al-o.  (lie  iioii 
dele^alilo  quality  of  the  duty  ol  iv|i;iii 
ini:  tracks  is  asserted  in  perfi'ctly  pii 
cral  terms.  Illinois  C.  I!.  C".  v.  I''i' 
hrsoi,  (18731  (iO  111,  (l.'iO:  S,l,aiih  v 
Ihniiiihal  d  St.  .7.  I.'.  Co.  I  lS!n  i  Hi'; 
Mo.  87,  Ifi  S.  \V.  021:  ^\'ri^|hl  v.  )^;nti>- 
,rn  R.  Co.  (180S)  123  X.  C.  2sn.  .SI 
S.  K.  (;.-,2  (1001)  12S  N.  C.  77.  :iS  >, 
K.  283;  Missouri  !'.  R.  Co.  v.  ./'i/..'- 
(188H:  Tex.)  10  S.  \V.  332:  7'.  .i™  .1 
/'  R.  Co.  v.  Kirk  (1881)  (12  Tcv.  -li;-. 
Ronston  <£•  T.  0.  R.  Co.  v.  l)u„h<U' 
(1878)  40  Tex.  181:  dalnslo,,.  II.* 
S.  \.  R.  Co.  V.  I'itis  (1S()7:  Tr\,  C\y. 
\pp.)  42  P.  \V.  255:  Tori'in  v,  Ituh 
n,o,ul  rf  .1.  R.  Co.  (1SS7I  S(  V;l.  \K. 
4  S.  !•:.  330;  MrfloriKii  v.  (7ii.  ■•',■;".  Jl 
if  St.  I'.  R.  Co.  (1801)  sO  U:-..  27.. 
40  X.  W.  003  (snow  v  as  ;ill"U,ii  to 
accumulate.  :inil  caused  derMilnniit  i. 


,i»J 


VltK  l>l!IN(  ll'.M.Sim'     t'llAI! At  TKIt  Ol    AiT. 


IC.iiT 


The  ln'ciicli  i)t'  till'  (Intv  icj  kcip  nn  iiistriiiiii'iii;ilit.v  in  sjil'c  cMiiili 
tion  iiiiiv  (il)viinislv  lie  CMiiuiiiitccl  lint  iiiily  h\  I'iiiliiii;  tu  iT|i;iir  it.  Imt 

iiv  rciiKivilii;  triiiii  it  sipinc  ('ss«iili:il  piirl,  the  vviilit  ut'  wliicli  rciiil'T-  it 

An  action  liy  a  <iaiiiiiiiiti  fur  iniuiir-<  Ih)  Ihiiifiirnun  ninilitidiis  iih.itiixiilr  m- 

rwiivfil  friiiii  a  ;;ii\    wliirli  tin-  iailici;i(l  iihun-  inilinn/    Inicl.x. — A   railwiiy   <iiiii 

(•<>iii|iiiiiy    iMTiiiitlcii    a    lliiul    |ict-iiii    to  piUiy  i<  lhilili>  to  a  tiaimiiiiii  for  injiirii-- 

^trctcli  ;ii-ii'--  tin- track  (lot-  not  |iri--i'iit  iliic    to    an    ohstnic-tion    near    a    track. 

Iliu    qiu-lion     of     coinint ni|iloyiiirnt .  wliicli   fell  after  licin;;  allownl  to  rem  lin 

>iiiri'   it    inviJvo    tlic   iliity    i>\    llie   cm-  an  nnrca-onililc  tinii-  in  -^ui'li  a   |io«itioii 

|>l(iyi'r    to     priviilc     safe     traeU-'.       A  i /(•  tliat.     if     it     fell,     it     wonlcl     ncee^-arily 

Vii'ik.    .V.    //.    it-    //.    It.    <'u.    V.    O'l.iiirii  iMil.mjjcr   llie   -afcty   of  >iieli   a    sen, ml. 

isli'.ti  .'l.'i  (  .  (  .  .\.  ji;2.  !i:i  Kill.  7:i7.  Tliat   the  ili  rrii-k   «a.-<  orijiinally  ^et   m|> 

Win-re  a  defect    in   tin-   planUin-,'  <i\ei  liy    lii~    fellow     -ervant-i    will    not   alleet 

.1   riilroail   r-ro>~iie.'.  Iiv   rca>on  of   wliieli  llii-*  re-ull.      Ihndi  ii  v.  I'ilihliiirii  I'.  Co. 

A  liiakrnian   ua-^   injnred   wliile  .-.aiplin^'  ilHSOi    l-i!>  .\la-s.  -JCH.  :!7  Am.  Itep.  :iin, 

c;irs.  had  i\i-le,l  for  so  Ion;;  a  time  Ihat  III    Tii'is    ,{     .V.    O.    /,'.    di.    v.    I'.rhnix 

the  oom|iaiiy   may  Ih-   prc-nmed   !••  lune  i  IS'.IT)    17  'I'cn.  Civ.  .\|>|i.  (177.  41   S.  \\  . 

had  neli-e  of   it."  tin-   fai-t    llial    I  lie  -ee  4S8.  it  was  sIk.wii  that  a  remmint   -I. ok 

lion    foreman    was    fi.ini-lied    with    m.i  of  tic-n  was  lialdc-  to  tipple  over  and   fill 

lOTials.  and  instriicled  ;;i'iie»ally  to  niaki-  upon   men   at   wurk.   wliieli   ri-iidered   tln- 

ii'imirs  wlii-n  ni-edi  d,  (loe»  not  relieve  the  piemiscs  uiisaf(-.     The  coiirl  said  that   if. 

(iiiiipany  from  the  chir.^^i-  of  nculii^eme.  l>y  tin- e\ereisc  of  dnc  i-are.  ''its  servar.ts 

I  liihrrr  v.    I,ii!:r   Slimu    iC    .1/     .S'.    A'.   Co.  and    aj:ciil-.    ehai^'cii    with    the    diMy    of 

(1S!M))    121    Mich.  :ilJ.  Sll  N.   \\  .  S.i.  kcpiiio  the  prcmi-es  in  a  safe  condil  ion. 

In  swell  of  the  alii\e  ca-c-   the  ah  knew   or  would   have  known  of  the  d.in- 


mmial  daiejcr.  it  will  he  ohsi-rvi  d    arosi-   ^■ero'is 


I 

fnmi  til 


hiiti 


i'jli;.'enee  of  tin 


rackmen   in 


ck  of   lii 


in   which   the   rc-nmant 
as   left,   in   time  to   have 


avin^  temporary  olisli  net  ions.  etc..  < 


Ml    removei 


1  the  ilanoer.  and  failcil  to  ih 


the  track,     lint   aceordin;-  tt 


rilling'   tl 


II-  eoiiipa 


mv  would  1m>  lialdp.' 


Tlh 


llie    trackmen    theniselve-    are    not     vicn    si-cnrily  wa~  deenied  to  lie  a   merely  tc 


princip: 


in    re~|K-et     to    tin-    duty    of    |Nirai-y  condition. 


defects    produced    hy    tin 


•Ihn 


lit  the  tr.iek. — such  as  pili-s  of  a>lii 


iniilV 


to    n-covcr    in    Sdiilln 


also    held    i-iitillcd 
'.     /;.     Cn.     V. 


pany    should    not    In-    held     l/.nV,-.,,     (|Hll-_>;     Tex.)      10    S.     \\  .     .■!!i-.i 


and    the 

liable  unle.-s    the    condil  ions 


have    1 


I  liral 


fell 


i\"r   a    pi 


if  tinilii 


hrou^rht  to  tJie  knowledge  of  siaiie  super-    lying    near    the    track):     /.< 


ng  ollieial.    like   the    road   mailer   or    l.milx   d    I. 


n 


V.      SI. 

1 1H7.'>)   .in  Mo. 


line  of  hi 


■issi,taiits.  and  lie  fails  ti 


V  IS  aiip 


liid.     .\i 


in,).   -21    .\m.    i;«-i>.   JiS.'i    leveavation    left 


ir  tiack  1  ;   <! 


V.  l-h 


that  the  proper  reniiti 

(Irr.scin    v.    Micliiiinii    i'.    It.    i'<i.     (IStl.'ii 

in7  Mich.  ')'.H.  ah  X.  \\  .  .")><.■>   llJrant.  •!..    '.i(l7    (no  one  depiit- I  to 


itinin 


I/.   .( 


/■.    It 


(  1S!I-J|    ■>  S.   I).    \ll.  ."ill   N.   W. 


liis.-enteil).  rt  is  snlimilled  that  this  doe 


neiir  a  track  was  prii| 


-  tlial 
i-rlv  -c 


lie 


Irnie.w 


liich  s(vms  to  represent   the  re-iilt    when   not    in   use;    iron   Imok   su,|M.ndcil 


iif  an  atti  nipt  to  <-oniprom 


I.etWI 


the    ii-oin    tl 


le     a 


nil     slniek     plaint  ill' 


vhile 


liiiiirv  Unit  the  diltv  of  repairing  is  non  -tanding  on  a  (la^sjng  c;irl  :  Ihiiinlnir  v. 
ilili-i;,'ili!e,  and  the  iheory  that  trainmen  /(o.s/oh  if  .1/.  /.'.  r„.  I  llMIl)  17^  Ma-s. 
,niil  iriii-kinen  an-  not  in  distiim  depait      li.'il.    '><)   X.    !■:.    lid.'!    Ijiile   of   stones   1,-ft 


iiiriits.  in  ^neli  a 


that   the   former    in-ir  track)  :    Ui 


I'.  It.  Vi 


U„inl 


do 


not  assume  the    risk   of   flu-   hitters 


IS'.i:!) 


Tl 


\.  Civ. 


App.  int.  20  s.  \v. 
Hilt  (  pile  of  cinders  left  near  the  track). 


I| 
'llie   failure  to  see  that   the  i;ii 


if 


iiv 


iii-gligciice.   is  wholly   illoi^ieal. 

I'ndi-r  the  .Massachusetts  doctrine,  ex- 
nlaiiied  in  «  .'idO.  siijira.  it   is  held  that,    derrick,  which  extends 
if  a  section   master  was   intrn-led   liy  a    track,  is  hi-jli  enoii-jli  to  oliviateihe  ri«k 
r.iilrnnil  com|ianv  with  I  lie  )icrfnniianee   of     injury 

iif  till-  dntv  '  -    -.       .  

-ii|:i-n'isiiin  o: 


to     trainmen     i~ 


ni-i;! 


I    part    of   the   duly   of    which    i-   impiilalile  to  the   riilwa,    com 


f  the   tracks,  which 


\'- 


\,ir   Yorl.-.   \.  //.  d   II.  It. 


^oiialde  icgnril  for  the  -afety  of  its  em-    iri.air;/  (18!«l|   ;!.->  C  C  A.  r,t\2.  ill!  i-'ed. 
ployi-es  rcipiired  the  c(ii|Hiration  to  ]u-r- 


':i7 


lunii.    I  Me    company 


is     lialile     I'd 


h 


fcl    Orfiil.^-   ill   'illiir  liiiils  Ili  Inifl.i 


nogligciic 


ll,il,r,,rl.-    v.    Ulfl    CiiU, 


It 


-T! 


'eo\er\'    was    a 


lie 


■d 


III   Hiiiiii 


<'i).  I18:K)|    1.50  .Mass.  4ti7.  TA  S.  K. 


I!riitiil,  rilli      Mfg.    i'l 


11SS21     18   S.    C. 


.J 


J  -? 


m 


16flR 


MASI  i:il  AM)  .SKI!\  ANT. 


[ciiAr.  XXXI 


i  I 


■U 


.i(V2,  44  Am.  Hi'|>.  .">7:t;  l.tfinr  v.  Ili<i,nli- 
rillr  Mill.  *'o.  (  ISVJi  IH  S.  C.  JT.') 
ilniiiiwiiv  iiti  wliiili  pliiiiililV  «ii*  wliccl- 
ill;:  IimIi'.  of  niltiill  <'iilhl|i-nl). 

I  (I  I  Ihficliir  Iniill.illh.s. —  A  r;lilrii:lil 
riiiii|>iiiiv  ii\\r»  it^  riiii'lo.vci-^  till'  cliily,  iml 
only  til  riii|ili>y  "iiitalilr  pn-iMi^  In  kn'|> 
in  repair  »iilU.t  ii|kiii  «liiili  tlnir  diitir-^ 
rail  tliiiii.  lull  iiNii  til  ii'i'  iiM^riiiilili- 
ilili;.'iiiro  to  «<'i'  Hint  tiny  iHTtonii  tlicir 
ililtv.  Stniil  V.  Iliisliiii  A  I.  A'.  Co. 
(  IHliJ)    l.-|ll  Mil".  2S4.  :n   N.  K.  I'M). 

(t>l     hlllthlllKICtl    of    WI/(  (/l/il/l/v    lUlllillsl 

iliimjrrs  fiiiiii  CJiiliisii-f  siihulitiifn. — 
(Sri'  iiIho  siiliil.  (;.M.  iiMil  S  .'i7!'.  ii'fitl.) 
In  MrlhiiiiiiHih  v.  lli'iil  \iiilhi,ii  If.  Co. 
( IHnc.)  l.-|  Wiisli.  244.  4(i  I'm'.  •■'.:(».  wliirc 
til-.  iilaintilV  was  iiijiirnl  liy  Mliikiii;:  his 
ilrill  ii;.'aiii>l  an  uiir\|iliMli'il  iIiim;.'!'  I'f 
(lyiiaiiiitr.  Till'  n"iit  -.iriiis  In  lia-i'  its 
(locisidn  Imlli  on  tin- ;.'ciirral  >.noiiiiil  that 
anything  wliirh  the  foreiniin  did  in  the 
ilisoliart'e  of  his  fiinetioiis.  as  a  depart- 
mental  vice  principal,  was  ponstriietively 
the  net  of  the  railway  eonipany  (see 
$S  H'.i'l  rl  mil.,  ante),  and  also  on  the 
special  ;.'rmnid  that  he  was  intrusted 
with  the  particular  nonassijrnalile  duty 
of  seeing  that  the  place  of  work  was 
safe. 

See  also  Sliinirt  v.  .Vric  York.  O.  rf 
U'.  n.  f'o.  (  ISSltl  JS  X.  Y.  S.  R.  21.5,  8 
N.  Y.  S'ipp.  10  (explosion  of  dynamite 
while  lieiiiir  thawed). 

(fi  liiiiiliiiiiiirii  of  protrrlioii  for 
xrrriniln  i  niiniinl  in  rjdiriilion  irork. — 
(See  aKii  S  .'if'.i.  hijin.)  It  is  orly  at  his 
own  ri>k  tli.il  a  persmi  eiigageil  ill  exca- 
vatinjr  a  ditch  can  depute  to  another  the 
task  of  keeping  it  in  a  safe  condition 
for  the  -ervanls  whom  lie  pnts  to  work 
in  it.  V  nil  Stiiiiliiiiiih  v.  Thornlim 
(18!!,-.)  TiS  X.  .T.  L.  lV,0,  3.1  Atl.  :iHO 
(sewer  trench  fell  in  for  want  of  ade- 
quate means  to  shore  up  the  sides  prop- 
erly). 

On  the  ground  that  the  work  was  par 
ticularly  dangerous,  and  the  foreman 
was  the  only  person  on  the  ground  who 
could  discharge  the  duty  of  siipenision. 
it  has  lieeii  held  that  the  foreman  of  a 
gang  of  twenty-five  or  thirty  men,  who 
has  charge  of  drilling,  blasting,  and  re- 
moval of  material  from  a  liank  of  hard- 
pan,  and  indicates  the  places  when  the 
men  under  him  shall  use  their  shoveK. 
and  who  hires  and  discharges  men.  and 
alone  gives  orders. — is  not.  as  matter  of 
law,  a  fellow  servant  with  those  under 
him,  and.  as  such.  di^oharge<l  from  any 
duty  of  HUpervisinm  in  order  to  protect 
them  against  iiniicccssaiy  dangers  from 
the  fall  of  loose  eaitli.  llitl  v.  Wiiixtuii 
(1898)   73  Minn.  80.  75  X.  \V.  1030. 


To  the  same-  pirect.  see  Vmit-.m  v. 
7'i7/i/  /■-«/. r  /i«(i  ;/'».  «'o,  llss:,,  nil 
N.  S.  :iilS.  2  .v.  K.  21  (earthslide,  dm 
ger  lit  which  was  appaieiit  loolVuiil  In 
control  I  ;  7'/i'ii/i/«ii/i  w  t'hiiniio,  1/.  d  si. 
i:  It.  Co.  (ISHDi  IS  Ted.  2:i!>  (hank  in 
pioci'ss  of  exi'avatioii  iiinler  road  iii,- 
Icr's  diieclion^  fell  iiil:  I'lliilijr  v.  \./ 
lii.iiiil  filii  .(■  »>.  It.  Cii.  1  l-^i:ii  loo  (  ,il 
2.S2.  .14  I'.ic.  720  I  road  inastir  licl.l  tir 
he  \ice  principal  as  -eganls  kce|iiii:; 
place  of  w.iik  sale  for  men  blasting  rn.l. 
from  a  el  ill  I . 

(g)  liiiiili  iimiri)  of  iiiiitifliiiii  f:,i 
sijfanis  innl.iiiij  in  minis. -- i)tii'  nii 
ployed  to  tiiiibei  a  drift  ill  a  mine  -" 
as  to  provide  and  keep  a 
other  employees  working 
vice  principal  as  to  them. 
nry  (18!l.->)  21  Cohi.  .120. 
Itiis-till  ('ml;  Colli  I'll. 
\W,  Va.  410.  .11   S.   K.  Iil4: 


safe   place  Im 
therein,    i>    i 

illlllll    V,    I  III 

40  I'ac  ::i 

With    I  I  MIS 

f'0)I.V.)/li/i|/../ 

Conl  Co.  \.  Scliiibir  (ISOO)   O.')  111.  .\|i|i 
.104. 

.\  gas  tester  is  a  vice  principal.  Cstn 
V.  I'liri/in  Const  Co.  (  ItlOl  )  2(1  Wa^li 
l.tH.  11(1   I'ac.   .108. 

A  miner  intrusted  by  the  mine  Im-. 
with  the  duty  of  making  and  inaiiitaiii 
ing  safe  entries  is  a  vice  principal.  11.// 
ston  Colli  Co.  V.  .S'»ii//i  i  1001)  (l.-i  (llni 
St.  70.  .55  L.  R.  A.  00.  (11  N.  K.  14:1, 

The  negligence  of  the  boss  of  an  nil 
going  shift  to  inform  the  iiiemlici«  ui  an 
on-coming  one  of  the  existence  of  a 
"missed"  hole  is  the  negligence  of  tin 
master,  and  not  that  of  a  fcllmv  s,.|\ 
ant.  Shannon  v.  Conmiliilnliil  Tiii^ri 
/•oonniin  Min.Co.  (1001)  24  Wash.  11!'. 
04   I'ac.   1(10. 

(h)  Ihfrrtx  in  hrirlijr.i. — The  dit.inl 
ant  was  lield  liable  in  Chiriufn  <1.  II. 
//.  Co.  V.  //..(/)/  (ISOSI  :iO  C.  C.  A  11. 
.57  r.  S.  App.  .511.  S'l  l-'ed.  24.5:  r/i'.i.;.. 

if  .V.  IV.  It.  Cii.  V.  Sinft  (iH(i7i  -;.-,  in, 

lit".  02  .\m.  Dec.  20(1:  Tulnln.  I'.  A  11 
R.  Co.  V.  Conioii  (lS71i  (IH  111.  M) . 
Hnurn  v.  Chinnio.  H.  <(•  K.  C.  It.  fn. 
(ISSS)  0.5  Mo.  2(1H.  8  S.  \\.  2.10;  '.'.i/ 
rr.s(r,H.  //.  rf  N'.  I.  R.  Co.  v.  Il,i„„ls 
(IH02I  1  Tex.  Civ.  App.  (105,  20  S.  W. 
05.5:  Knn  .\ntonio  <t  .1.  /'.  It.  Cn.  v. 
.\iliin:s  (18114)  0  Tex.  Civ.  Apji.  102.  ■.;4 
S.  \V.  810;  /)(iri.s  V.  Crntriil  \'rniH,,it  I!. 
Co.  (ISS2)  55  Vt.  84:  45  Am.  1!'  ■''■»' 
I  road  master  was  negligent),  i'  ml 
ing  llitiil  v.  \'irinoiil  C.  It.  Cn.  <  Isilii 
12  Vt.  471:  liiilrninn  v.  I'ltiinxiihi.  I! 
Co.  (ISOSi  20  Wash.  111.  54  V.u:  '.W\. 
(i)  —  in  sriilJolil.'i.  iiliilfoiiiix.  ill'.— 
iConlrast  85  (1I1-(11(1.  y.ov/.  i  r.,/.  v. 
Wiiinn  Mill.  Co.  (IS!)!!  I  (11  .\.  .1.  I,. 
(12tl.  44  .\tl.  1147  (master  liable  for  fail 
lire  to  maintain  in  safe  condition  a  -caf 


if  308 1 


VI.  i;  ri!l.\(  ll'ALSIIII'— C'II.\1{.\(TKU  OK  AlT. 


10tt9 


foM  fiirni-licil  foi  tlir  iHr  of  a  inill- 
\\ri;.'lit  ir'|iaii  iiii;  ii  -linfl  )  ;  Chrssiiii  v. 
.lulni  I.,  li'iii-'i  I  iinihrr  Ca.  (ISMlJl  MS 
N.  ('.  .".It.  r.i  S.  K.  !IJ.".  (pliiU'drm  luil 
rt'p.iii'til  liy  "■ariH'iilcrs  I'liiplovid  tor 
that   piM|i">iM. 

{jl  —  iti  otlirr  st nti't tfi'rs.  —rnris  V. 
II, III hIk  11,1  liiiix.  ils!t!i|  .">!  1^1.  Ann. 
I7S,  il  So.  771  (  |iiil;.Miicnl  for  •lilciiiliiiit 
liv  jinlf.'r  «iltinj:  ;n  jiirv — ri'\  cr-icd  on 
cviilriic'c  -.liiiw  iii^'  ili-.it  :i  stiiiiuMV  liii'l 
jHit  licrn  ki'|il  in  ri'|piiir)  ;  \ii,i  Dukih  \. 
Lrli'lliii-  is.s'.h  7h  Mill,,  1!1J.  44  N.  W. 
.■)72  |fni|.  vie  ri|):iiriiiv'  ilockt  in  a  mill- 
y.tril.  Iwld  a   vice  |iriiici|ial  I. 

A  PI  n|ilHinl  for  injnrlr?-  to  a  scrv- 
iint.  alli'f.'iiiL'  tlial  tlif  latter,  in  tlic  per- 
fiirnianci'  of  lii-*  ihitv  foi  ili'fi  iiilant.  w  ii 
n(ci'>sarily  rciinircd  to  .^taml  ami  woik 
at  anil  near  an  crnlianUnirnt  of  lartli  on 
df  fpiiilaiit  V  la  nil:  that  snrli  rinliank.nrnt 
was  siip|)ortcil  liv  I  ilicrs.  WriicT".  ami 
jilanks;  that  >aiil  .snpport^i  ;,'.ivi' wav  ami 
lirnkc  li\  ri'a»on  of  llirir  rottrnncis  ami 
insuHicii-nrv.  tliiirliv  ran-in;;  tlir  injiir- 
ifs;  ;'mt  >aiil  support''  li.nl  lirrn  allowi'il 
tn  ri'main  foi  an  iinii>>iall,v  lon^r  tinn-. 
anil  a  nnicli  lon^ri'r  tinir  tlian  tliry 
"limilil  )ia\r  lii'i'n  prniiilli'il  to  rrniain. 
anil  that  thi'V  wrri'  not  propfrly  in- 
-ppctfil  liv  ili'fiiiiliiiit.  ami  hail  lii'conn' 
worn  ami  lottcii.-  siillicii-ntlv  allr^-rs 
that  (li'frmlant  was  <;iiill.v  of  iir^'liL:i'nci' 
in  failing'  to  fMrnish  a  safe  plarr. 
Sichuliii  V.  Iliiili>i;ilnii.  V.  It.  <t  .V,  It. 
ro.  ilsti'i.   TH  .Minii.    i;t.  Sii  N'.  W.  77(i 

(ki  Otl'f'lirr  inttiiiiil  :tl  ttiHiliiiij  riirs. 
-i(onli:i-i  cas.s  citcil  in  S  lilll,  noti' 
-nliil.  II-  .  ami  S  (IMI.  iioto  4.  snlwl.  (fi. 
I«isl\.  It  lia>  liri'n  held  that  a  railway 
iiiiii|i.niy  i>  lialilr  for  an  injury  to  a 
liiakrniaii  raiiscil  liy  his  l.citi^'  thrown  o!V 
.1  car  and  iindrr  the  wlicrU  liy  thr  rirjrii- 
^'int  loading'  of  nnioki'starks  on  Ihr  ear 
l>y  a  station  a;.'ciit.  Mdiison.  '/'.  <(■  .v. 
F.n.  Cii.  V.  Siiliii  (ISll.il  .-.4  Kan.  21. 
.17  I'ap.  104.  The  eoint  said:  ".\n  an 
ihnrity  is  ritnl,  to  the  ctVci-t  that,  where 
the  oiMhjiaiiy  has  employed  a  ooinpetenl 
in-pietor  to  see  that  the  ears  are  prop- 
erly  Inadid  and  in  jjood  ronditioi'.  it 
canni.t  he  held  liahle  for  the  ne.i.'lij;enee 
<'f  tlie  inspector  in  f;iili]ii.'  to  oliser\e 
'liat  tile  e.ir  wa.s  iinproperlv  loadi'il. 
I>:,>,;i  V.  D,  troll,  a.  II.  d  .\l.  It.  I'o. 
>is!i:ii  !I7  Mieli.  :!4:i.  il  L.  U.  a  '<)>, 
lii  L.  K.  A.  .142.  ,-,2  X.  \V.  !»42,  M<  X.  W. 
7."itl.  This  authority  is  not  s;!tisfaetory 
to  n«.  nor  in  line  with  the  decisions 
tli:it  liavo  heen  cited.  We  are  unahle 
tfi  -(■(■  any  reason  for  :i  dislinelion  lie 
twwn  the  pv.'paration  ami  inspection  of 
the  oar  itself,  as  a    fit   instrumentality 


to  lie  placed  in  a  train,  iinil  the  prep 
aration  :inil  inspection  of  u  loaded  car 
III  lie  placed  ill  the  train  for  transporta 
tion.  Kaih  is  an  instnimeiilality  to  he 
Used  in  eonneclion  with  the  services 
iieeess:iry  to  lie  perfomieU  liy  the  train- 
men in  it-  transportation,  and  no  dis- 
tini-tlon  liilweeii  them  is  seen,  so  far 
as  the  oldii.'al  ion  of  the  conipiiny  or  the 
sifety  of  the  employees  eli^'ii;.'eil  in  liaiid- 
liii};  it  :iic  coneenied.  The  inspection 
in  either  ease  is  made  with  refeienec  t.i 
tlie  same  end,  :ini|  the  person  to  uhom 
this  duty  is  ilelcf;atcil  st:ini|s  in  the 
place  of  till-  eoiMpany,  and  the  latter  i~ 
respiiMsilde  for  his  acts." 

To  the  same  elicit,  see  Inhir  v.  I'liiil 
a  /'.  I/.  It.  Co.  {  ISlll  I  S!l  .Mich.  41(1.  .Ml 
\.  W.  lims  (held  to  he  the  duty  of  a 
railroad  company  to  see  that  its  ears 
are  -o  lo.'ided  that  a  liiaki-man  will  have 
reasoiialdy  s:ife  aci-ess  to  the  liriikcs: 
(lali,ilo>i.  II.  d-  N.  I.  A".  Co.  V.  I'm  III,  I- 
(ISs'.n  7,-!  Tex.  S.-,.  11  .S.  \V.  l.-.C,  (ear 
loaded  so  that  liimher  projected  over 
the  end)  ;  Ki-liiuiUin  v.  \iir\uiK\  It.  ,t 
ir.  It.  Co.  ll,S!l,-,i  HI  llun.  2;!1,  .■!2  N. 
S.  Snpp.  .■i.(."i  (liMilinj;  a  car  held  to  he 
;in  act  of  the  employer,  where  it  make- 
conplini;  more  dan^'cioiis  than  usual, 
and  there  are  no  rules  providing  for 
such   a   ease). 

(I)  l'ilf,flls.Siiiiii<  1/  v.  Ilott  (|SS:!i 
!.■>  Kid.  S.SO  (jury  char^red  that  a  poller, 
whose  duty  it  is'io  li^rht  the  hatchways 
of  a  sl'iji,  is  a  vice  prim-ipal)  ;  Siiiiiiioii.i 
v.  r.lir.s  il.sit7l  211  .\pp.  Div.  2.'>l.  4ii 
N.  \.  Snpp.  SOD  (servant  chai;.'cil  wii;, 
the  duty  failed  to  li^flit  a  pis  jet  which 
was  intciided  solely  to  ;;ive  employee  a 
safe  means  of  access  to  an  elevatori  ; 
lliilf.  C.  d  S.  /•'.  A'.  Co.  V.  Itniilfoitl 
I  Isill)  7!t  Te\.  111!).  I.-.  S.  U.  r>(il  (no 
lights  provided  for  phice  of  work  i  : 
SiiiIiiiikKi  \.  Miiliiiimi  C,ir  Co.  (ISIIOI 
Sf  .Mich.  IIMI.  47  N\  W  .  .-.lis  i  person  eni- 
|ili;y(-d  to  lay  a  water  pipe  in  a  ditch 
tliroiiLrh  a  y:ird  left  the  yard  in  a  dan 
;rcroiis  cimlition  ) . 

(ml  ir<(H/  o(  niliiimilr  pmlrrlioii 
iiiliiiii.sl  iiijiirirfi  from  fiilliiiri  hodici. — 
Siirlhuinlrni  I'm  I  Co.  v.  Dmiirlso:, 
(  IS!i:t)  (i  C.  C.  A.  ti.ll!.  12  I".  S.  App. 
(i.'<S,  .j7  Ked.  Ml.")  (fellow  servants  of  a 
wcirkinan  held  to  be  the  n  .ncsciitatives 
of  the  employer  in  rcmii\in>;  tinihers 
standing;  over  the  head  of  such  work- 
man); WilKOii  V.  ^yillillllllllic  Linen 
Co.  (1SH.1)  50  Conn.  4.!;).  47  Am.  Rep. 
().■>.■?  ((-mployee  en>;a;,'ed  in  setting  up 
machiiierv  injiii-f-l  l.y  a  eouMtershafl 
which  fell  owiii;;  to  the  negligence  of 
the    superintendent    or    overseer   of    re- 


1 

Iff 

\'  -■ 

1  ■  ■ 

i_, 

i 

1    ■' 

:  I  ;" 


tUi.,i  ;; 


ie7o 


MASIKH  A.MJ  SERVANT. 


[CUAP.  XXXI 


pail'  in  n  fiu'loiy)  ;  Shiilii-iis  v.  Unit- 
KOI)  \iill,ti  Knilli'iiij  Cii.  (lS)i;ti  lift  Hull, 
375,  •-'.t  N.  V.  Sii|ip,  (i.'iii  (injiiij  was 
ruu-ii'd  liy  tlie  fall  of  a  |illi'  ot'  lolU  c>t 
clolli);  Cninn.iiih  v.  (>\<i7(  (isiisi  ll 
App.  Uiv.  48,  M  N.  V.  Siipp.  207,  \f 
firiiicil  in  (lliotii  Itil  N.  V.  i;.'.7,  ">7  N. 
K.  lUMi  (fiiipliiyi'c  in  a  Htmc  iiijiMid  liv 


7,    or.    till      •iKiiml    tlial    tlic    iiPts    llnr. 

cliar;;r.l,  iic.  Ihr  'liiiliiij;  i<t  i tiiiim 

anil  lln'  failure  tii  w.iin  tlii'  plaiiiiiii 
rtrn-    silili    as    lial  111  ally    ilcvolvcd    un   ., 

frllow   -iiTvant.     Till'   mily    priiiii|il 

which  tliis  ilccision  can  he  siistaiiuij.  ii 
at  all.  apl'iais  to  lie  that  the  ililtv  n| 
iMilifyin;;   an   ciiiphiyi'"-   nf   any 


III 
til*' fall  of  a  liiv-s  lorni  niiHl.l  i  ■'siintiii'r    of  ilaiijiir  in    his  iiivliniMiii'iit 
V.  rxrhs  if   /,.   Mftl.  Vu.    (ISIIS)    -.jr.    \pp.    -iyiiahl...     S,,.   «  .-.Til,  mini 

Div.  ;i;);j,  4!t  N.  V.  Supp.  7h.-i  (pan  of 
machine,  not  '..cin!;  propiTly  sociiksI, 
fell  on  phiintill)  :  lllomliii  \.  Ouliliv 
(Quarry  Vo.  (18!)4)  11  Ind.  .\pp.  'Mi:>. 
37  N.  K.  812  (stone  n(«li^.'riitly  sd  on 
eilLTt'  hy  one  servant  fell  on  aiiulher 
working    in    the    same    yani);    I'idi    \. 


IllClr.i 

IS  null. 


III)  W'Kiil  III  ailiiiiiiiti-  iiiiiiiis  III  /...,. 
iiiUiiinj  ciiiw  si'iliiiiiiii  II  iiliiii  lint  I,. 
iixi  .-III  11)11  \  Wnli'isli  Wi.ilirn  R.  fi. 
I  ISlll  I  lllii  Mo.  4«H.  Ill  S.  \V.  •.'.I'.l  I  Mil 
«ay  riaiipiuiy  eaiinol  ii'lie\e  il-ll'  lion 
liaiiilily  for  iiijiliiesto  a  hieonioliM'  lih 
man    hv    a   eollUion    Hilh    a    fniylil    in 


doliliii"  Tiiiiiiil     I/iii.     Co.     (  li'ttl  )     '24    placeil  on  a  sjile  tiaik.  l«y  ileli-.M 


Wash.  2';i    <i4  Piic.  174    (no  pieeaiilions    a    sirviint    its  iliity   of 


taken   to   prevent    rocks  tikeii    out   of  a    car    is    propi 


Iv 


:>pli( 


eiii;r  111. It    >iii- 
I    with    l.iMk. 


miniii:;  tunnel  from  rolling  ilown  on 
men  workin;?  helow)  :  Saelcinitz  v.  Am- 
erican Hisaiit  MIg.  t'o.  (IH't'.M  78  Mo. 
App.   144. 

It   seems    .scarcely    possihle    to   recon- 


anil  tliat  olhi'r  means  are  iiseil  Ic.  |ii. 
vent  it  from  heiiij;  rcmoveil  liy  il^  imn 
w.ipht  or  hy  wind  upon  the  iiiiii 
track ) . 

(o)    Ih'fi'riiyr  locoiiiulirrii. — In   7'',/;. 


cite  some  of  the  ahove  cited  cases  with    .{  /'.  It.  Co.  v.  Ilnrrrlt  (JH!t7  I    H.ii  I 


(117,  41  Ii.  eil.  li:«i,  17  Slip.  (I.  i;i.|. 
707,  the  followiiif;  inslrmlion  wm-  ii| 
proved:  "If  the  jury  helieve.  i'miiii  lli. 
evidence  under  the  foie^'oiiif;  lii-tnn 
tions,  that  the  hoiler  whieji  e\|ihidiil  aril 
injure<l  the  plaintilV  was  defeeli\c  ;iii.; 
unlit  for  use.  and  that  defendant '^  -m 
ants,  whose  duty  it  wiui  to  re|i,iir  ^i:'., 
machinery,  knew  or  by   reason, iMr 


some  of  those  cited  in  Sii  (il<>.  note  I 
subd.  (2),  and  012a,  note  1.  siihd.  (ci, 
post. 

In  Frcrman  v.  <!liiis  I'nlls  I'liji-r 
Mill  Co.  (1891)  01  lliin.  I'.i''.  l-'>  ^'•  V- 
Supp.  6.17,  it  was  held  that  a  servant 
was  entifle<l  to  recover  for  an  injuiy 
caased  hy  a  hai  -id  wtiich  fell  on  him. 
The  theory  on  which  the  court  procied- 

ed  was  that  the  l)arrel  had  been  left  in  niiKht  have  known  of  such  dilni-  i 
a  position  which  allected  the  safely  of  said  machinery,  then  siieli  iiepl.rt  ii|i.' 
the  place  of  work,  and  that  this  created  the  part  of  its  servants  is  iiii|iiil:il.li' t 
a  risk  of  which  the  plaintilf  was  shown  the  defendant:  and  if  siiid  lioihr  .s 
by  the  evidence  to  be  ifjnoranf  Tliis  ploded  by  riMsmi  of  said  defnts.  anil  iii 
doctrine  was  not  noticed  on  the  s.-cmd  jured  the  plaiiitill'.  the  defendant  wnl  i 
appeal  ([IH!*.-?!  70  Hun,  r,M.  H  S.  V.  be  responsible  for  the  injuries  inllicl.-i 
Supp.  40.'}),  which  was  taken  from  a  upon  plaintilV.  if  plaintilf  In  no  \\,iy.  I; 
judRliient  entered  on  a  verdict  for  the  bis  own  nephet.  contributed  In  lu:*  in 
defendant,  which   found  the  plaintirt'  to   juries." 

be  iipi'liL-ent,  ami  seems  ini|possil)le  to  In  Fiilirr  v.  .Inn  It  (ISSD)  ^0  N.  \ 
reconcile  with  the  more  recent  riilini.'S  4(i.  30  .\in.  Uep.  ruS.  Allirminj-  viW,  ii',i  . 
of  the  New   York   court  of  appeals.  ,s7>T(»s«/i    v.    .Ii'inlt     (IS, Hi     Ih    Ilmi. 

In  Co/r /{ro.i.  V.  Woo,/  (1894)  U  Ind.  210,  an  action  against  a  raili...i.l  n 
App.  37,  30  N.  E.  1074.  it  w:is  held  ceivcr  to  recover  dama;res  for  the  kill 
(Ross,  J.,  di-ssentiny)  tliat  u  foreman  inj,'  of  a  hiconiotive  engineer  hy  tli.>  .x 
in  a  manufacturing'  shop  is  a  vice  prin-  plosion  of  a  boiler,  there  wa-  ivnldHv 
cipal  and  not  a  fellow  servant  of  an  that  the  boiler  had  been  frei(iiri!lly  r- 
employee  ordered  by  him  to  work  in  a  porte<l  and  sent  to  the  repair  slmr-i  l"r 
space  just  larpe  emainh  for  one  per-  repairs,  and  the  defendant  was  lull  mt 
son  to  work  in  safety,  with  n'spe.a  to  to  be  excused  from  lial.ilil.x  b.v  the  [i"- 
his  act  in  "oiii;;  into  such  place  with  an-  that  there  was  no  ne-li-eiire  in  i  !ii|.l  i 
other  without  such  employee's  kiiowl-  iiif:  the  superintendent  of  repaii>.  "r  i;i 
edffp  where  one  of  them  comes  in  con-  makinp  proper  re<;iilatioiis.  tliMt  i.k 
tact  with  and  displaces  certain  tuUiiifr.  master  mechanic  in  char;.'e  -.mm'  )>ii'r'i 
caiisitiL'  n  to  f:ill  and  seriously  irijiiie  iii~l  nielii.iis  lor  the  rrpairiii:;.  :^ti.  • 
«iich  einplovee.  Tile  court  distiuL'tPshed  the  ne^di-ence  was  that  of  the  wnrkm.i 
\cir  I'lllyliiinih  I'ual  rf  Ciil-i-  Co.  v.  direeteil  to  make  the  repaiis 
1>,I,, sun    (IS94)    130  Ind.  398.  35  N.  E.        Where  there  is  evidence  that  tlie  fn 


:,M] 


\  K  i;  n.'ivt  ir\i,siiii'   ( ii AiiAcrKR  ok  act. 


1«71 


L'itH'     Wllicll     Cllll^ld     lllc     illjIIIV     ";•»     (lilt 

III  rc|iiiir.  to  llu'  kninNli'tlni'  of  tlir  i\v 
IVinlniil't  tiiii«lcr  tiii<li,iiiir.  ii  liLiI  jml;;'' 
i-  rii>t  jiiMtilinI  ill  iiiiii-.iiilini.'  Ilir  |il^iiii- 
lill  nil  till'  uniiiiiil  lliiil  till'  iliH'triiii.  of 
iiiiiiiiKiii  (>iii|ili\\  iMi'iit  in  ii|i|ili('ilili'.  'I'lii' 
i|ur-lii>n  still  I'i'iiiiiiiiM:  |)ii|  llic  iiiii-< 
1(1  ixciciw  due  rari'  to  fiiiiiiHli  a  t:\fr 
il|i|ili:ll'ccr  A'/lH  V.  Siililll  lIHSI)  2."> 
Hun.  Mi;,  Alliniii'il  in  (Iss.'i  sii  \.  N. 
:i;.'i:  lii'lli'liitiii;;  iliii'liiiii'  of  lIHSIIi  M(l 
N.  \.  4M.  Wllicll  Ki-vriscl  (I.S77)  II 
liiiii,  r.52. 

To  the  siinic  pfft'ct  arc  tlio  fnllciwltijt 
cii^r^.  in  wliirh  the  riiii»t(iyrrM  in  cluir;;*' 
iif  till'  roiimllimise  or  oilier  pliicc  hIhtc 
ri|iiiii!4  of  locoiiiotivc«  iiri'  excciitril  wcir 
Ik  111  to  bo  vipc  piii;ci|i;il><  as  fi'^,MiilH 
iniiniiion.  fit.  Lniiiii,  I.  .1/.  rf  S,  It.  I'ti. 
V.  Ihiriiir  (IHH4)  44  Ark.  524  ( fon- 
ninn  of  sliops  nnil  music,'  media nir  liotli 
viri'  piincipiils  in  alio  lin;;  ii  (lilVitivi' 
ilcilli'  to  ^'o  out  on  til,'  loail)  ;  t'liirmin 
i(  I.  /■■.  f'o.  V.  Sill,,  ,11,11  (ISI17)  43  III. 
:i:iS;  Ohin  ,(  M.  V.  It.  Co.  V.  Shin 
(IsDIi  140  IikI.  11.  .m  X.  K,  '_>lil: 
All/.".  V.  I.ciiii-i  li\  V.  1.  if  r.  If.  f'n. 
ilssT,  111  lii.l.  -.1,  II  N.  K.  !l.-,7;  r.iiir- 
V.  /)./.!... 11..  /,.  ,f  ir.  It.  Co.  (IHWOi  HI 
V.  V.  -JiMi.  .■!7  Ai,i.  Rep.  4!»1.  Allliiiiin;.' 
ils7S|    1,")    lliiii.    172;     I'riii:   iihiiiiiii    A 

V.    ).    filinll    .(     It.    I'll.    V.     l/.l.i<i,ll     (1,SS.-)I 

\m  I'a.  2!H1.  ."iS  Am.  Hep.  722:  Itinhhiln 
V.  C!,<i;iiii,  .f-  .V.  W.  R.  Cu.  (1875)  :5S 
Wi-.  2S!i. 

Tluii'  is  also  niitliority  for  holdins 
a  riiilvMiy  poiiipany  lialilc  for  tlio  fiiiliirc 
"f  an  i'ri'.;iiin'r  to  report  that  his  engine 
«a^  .l.lcctive.  Ti.rii.i  <f  \.  i).  R.  Cii.  v. 
Iliiiiili  ilS!l7)  111  Tex.  Civ.  App.  ti.i.t. 
41   S.   W.    !I0.    Writ    of   errui'  ileiiie.l    In 

!tl  Ti'\.  2S7.  42   S.  \V.  071.   Vni r  Ap- 

pi'iil  i|N!l.-)l  !l  I'ex.  Civ.  .\pp.  .122.  2!> 
S.  \V.  1174  (roiiipany  lielil  to  he  lioiiinl 
liy  |iriiniise  of  eii;.'ineer  that  repairs 
«i'Illil  lie  clone);  IliiihliS  V.  Sf.  l.oi,i.\, 
.'.  1/.  .(■  .v.  R.  Co.  (1H70)  (i  Mo.  App. 
•IS!).  '1  he<i'  ileeisions  would  lianlly  lie 
"iiiniriel  in  liy  many  of  the  courts 
wllicll  .iilopt  the  ^'eiieral  principle  iiiuler 
ili«i'ii--ion.  Hilt  the  imposition  of  re 
"p.in-iil.ility  to  the  extent  here  predi- 
I'liti'd  seems  to  lie  quite  jiistilhilile,  on 
Ifi^'ic.nl  L'loiinds.  if  the  eii^rinecr  he  re 
■.'lulled  .1-1  till'  pers.in  who.  for  the  time 
licinL'.  i~  in  full  diaifre  of  the  pieoe  of 
miioliincry  operated  liy  him. 

(p>  hijirls  ill  iiiili,n;i  ri;is. — That 
railway  companies  re  responsilile  for 
the  nccllL'cnee  of  employees  whose  duty 
it  is  to  keep  ears  in  repair  was  hi'ld  in 
the  fnlliiwin;.'  ca>es:  \nrthrni  I'.  It.  Co. 
T.  Hrrbrrt  ( ISSti)  111!  U.  S.  642,  2!)  L. 
Vol.  II.  M.  i-  S.— 24. 


I'd.   7."i."(.  ti  Sup.  rt.   Rep.  ."iftO.   .Vfnrniin).' 

I  ls><2i    H    Dak.    ;W.    1.1   N.   \V.    HI! ir 

rep.iiier  failed  to  miiedy  defists  in 
hriiki')  ;  l'ii,h;il  Trn.Hl  Co",  v.  7'..ni.«  it- 
SI.  1..  R.  Co.  (1SS7)  ;12  I'Vd.  44H  die 
feel  in  lirake  due  to  lle(.di;.'ence  of  fore 
man  of  roiiiidlioiise  i  :  MmKiii  v.  llnlh 
(..oil  ,{'  /'.  /,'.  Co.  IIS'IOI  H  >jickr(.  2S2 
ideleetive  liiakesi  :  rliinmn  ,(•  \  .  11  .  /,•, 
Co.  V.  ./.i.7,v.,„  I  1H70I  .■■.■>  Ill  I!I2.  s  \iii. 
Hep.  (Hil  ;  rhii-ii/i,  ,(.  /.'.  /.  /,•.  f'„  ,  It,,-: 
roll  l|S.|7i  7ll  III.  .\|,|,.  HI;  s-'.,,il,  \, 
lliliiiiiliiil  il  SI.  ./.  R.  Co.  I  IS!)|  I  lllll 
Mo.     S7.     Ill    S.     \V.     !)2|;      l/<\,.,„„i.i     ». 

lli„;l.li,ii  rill,  If,  r.,.    ilMii.-ii    II    Mi.,'. 
1.117.  .T2   N.   S.   Siipi.    >i|:t;    l//«v.,„i,    /■. 

R.    Cii.    V.   ■himiH    llHSS;    TeX.  '     Id  S     W. 

.):i2. 

In  itiiiiii,  II  V.  SI.  i,„,iis  s.  ir.  It.  Co. 
(1S!I.-))  127  Mo.  11711.  2S  S.  W.  SH7.  :iO 
S.  W.  l.'.O.  the  iliity  with  le-picl  to  a 
oar  .liseovercd  to  he  defect  iie  iias  dis 
cii-sed  as  follow.:  •' riie  defendant  did 
not  (llsolnirL'e  its  full  duty  to  the  plain 
till  \>y  inspicliiiji.'  :nid  iniikiii;.'  the  ear. 
The  (li)ty  to  fiiiiilsh  rea.oiialily  ■.afi'  ap 
plianees  and  iiiachinery  fo,  the  ii.e  of 
its  «er\aiits  in  the  course  of  their  em- 
ployiiieiit  was  not  only  an  inipeiative. 
luit  a  continuous,  duty.  It  ran.  so  to 
speak,  with  the  defective  car  froiii  the 
inoiiieiit  it  was  discovered  to  he  de- 
fective, oontiniially  callinfj  upon  the 
mii-ter  to  repair  it.  or  to  w;irii  those  of 
its  servants,  whom  it  re(]iiired  in  the 
course  of  their  employment  to  handh' 
it,  of  its  dan;;erous  oharaoter.  These 
duties  Were  not  only  imiwrativo  and  ion 
tinuoiis.  Imt  they  were  personal  duties 
of  the  master,  to  whoiusoi'ver  dcle}.'ated, 
.111(1  if  nej.'lccted  liy  those  to  wliniii  they 
were  .leh';;.itcd.  their  nc;;li;.'eiice  was  the 
lie;;liiren('e  of  the  master." 

The  failure  of  .i  conductor  to  see  that, 
when  the  red  liL;lit  ordinarily  cirried 
in  the  calioose  of  his  train  wa-  reniovcd 
for  repairs,  it  was  replaced  hy  aiiollier 
one.  is  the  hre^ich  of  a  lion  dcleyalile 
diltv.  n,„'rr  d  R.  II  R.  Co.  v.  Sijirs 
I  l.sil!))  2li  C.do.  17.  .'i.-.  !'ac.   ln!l.1. 

Trainmen  charKcl  with  the  duty,  upon 
diseoverinfi  the  defcclive  condition  of  a 
ear.  to  report  it  to  the  master  for  re 
pair,  and  to  diseontiniie  the  use  of  it 
until  it  is  restored  to  a  reasonaldy  safe 
condition,  are  not  fellow  servants  of  a 
section  foreman  killed  in  conscipienee 
of  their  re^dcct.  Cl,ii;,,i<i  <(■  .1.  A*.  Co. 
V.  C„lhn  (limo)  S7  111.  App.  :!74.  Af- 
liimed  in  (11100)  187  III.  .52.1.  ."iH  .V.  K. 
4"). 

Like  principles  are  controllinpr  where 
the  defective  apparatus  is  a   hand  car. 


w 


1072 


MASTKI!  ANDSKUVANT. 


[chap,  xwi 


!  ;-ii 


!  .': 


/»««*»  V  II  .(/.-(.«*  »',»»rifi  It  Co. 
(1K!MII  til  Ml).  .\|i|i.  4."iH.  Tlii'li-  ttii-  lie- 
lirii{iii'iil  «nn  till'  fDii'iiiiiii  iif  ii  -I't'lioii 
(•rr« .  mill  thi-  ilii'iiion  an  to  oiu'li  ii  tuni' 
tiiiniiry  it,  pi'rliii|i-'.  iint  onp  wliirli  vmhiIiI 
rvi'ijvvlirii'  nirivi'  up|iroval.  In  ""im- 
rniirtu  it  wiiulil  diiIv  Ih'  miittiiiiiiil.  if  at 
III),  on  till-  Hiiini-  Kruiiml  iih  that  aii^' 
jfi'itiil  for  thp  Hiinilitr  Jrci'ioii  ax  to  ,< 
liMomotiM'  iMi^rinitT,  In  the  prfoclinjf 
iiiliili\  i->ion  of  thi*  not<>. 

I'nli-H  it  In  a  part  of  thi-  iliity  of  llip 
tr.iinniin  thoniMi'lvf*  to  niaki'  t\w  a<l 
jiiFliiii'iit  of  Ihi'  liraki*  rinis  of  a  rail 
way  car.  nn  iiiipio|icr  adjintnii'nt  i"<  a» 
inurh  a  Iiiivh'Ii  of  tlii'  nonilclfjfubli'  iliily 
In  ki't'p  llic  appliaiK'i'  in  Hufi-  I'limlilion 
as  if  wonu'  part  of  it  \»i'»  tli'ffctivi-  in 
iharoctt-r.  or  wantinj,'.  Wnaih  v.  ho:  g 
rslnml  l(.  Co.  (1H!I!I)  .!•  N.  V.  .-.4(1,  r>A 
\.  K.  l(«l.">.  .VtliiniiiiK  (lsmi»  11  .\pp. 
Div.  1(1,  42  N    ^.  Siipp.   140. 

(ql  In  otiiir  nliirhs. — Unelter  v. 
KoMs  l.iiinhrr  Co.  I  WW)  Wi  \Vi«.  324. 
70  X.  \V.  24:i  (fori'iiian  pi-rniittiil  use 
of  wajjoii  rcportfil  to  Ih-  unsafi'l. 

(r)  Ihfirtiie  hoiUm. —  ( Sci-  nI«o 
suliil.  (k).  Miiiini.)  Milihrll  v.  Kaliiii- 
son  (IHSl)  80  InJ.  2HI.  41  Am.  Hep. 
812    (ili'fiitivc  lioiliT  ;'xpliHli>il). 

(s)  lUjiclin  lioixlihii  afifMiriiUiK.^^ 
Cirnran  v.  Holli,;t(,l:  (isTS)  S»  N.  Y. 
."il7,  17  Am.  Ri'p.  :ili!l  (mill  ownvr  \va« 
Ill-Ill  liable  for  tin-  iif);li({i'nci'  of  liii  yi'ii- 
iTal  nj.i'nt  in  oiiiittin;;  to  ri'pair  a  rliain 
liy  which  an  firvalor  was  rai^iil  anil 
liiworMl,  nftiT  111-  hail  iM'en  notitii'il  that 
fho  apparatu-^  was  in  a  daiiijcroii'*  <'«n- 
ilitioii:  Million  V.  /.iiinxiiKiiirsIci 
(liMIl)  192  III.  328.  fil  N.  K.  413.  Af- 
firminj;  (IHOO)  !i|  III.  App.  4ti2  (ilifi-nd- 
ant  hi'lil  liablo  for  tin-  iiffili^fence  of  an 
pn^riniiT  in  failing  to  attiiih  -k  h\U'ket 
■*d'iin'lv>  :  riiiiiii  I'.  It.  C'  V.  Fray 
(18!H)|'  43  Kan.  T.">0.  23  Pao.  U>31»  (fon- 
man  in  chiiryi-  of  ili-nii'k  failed  to  keep 
it  in  .safe  condition  ) . 

T    Ciitirlnrii    V.    roi;i,;f     (1883)     IT 

.1       *4  S   280.  the  majority  of  the  court 

helil    that    the   ownir  of   a   derrick   was 

liable  for  the  nefjlijlenee  of  his  foreman 

in   befrinninp  work   with   a   derrick,  the 

rip;;in<;  of   which    wa-    drfrrtive,   owinj! 

to    the    fact    that    flu-    ropes    had    tii«'n 

strelchi'd   by    a   rain    which    fell   din  in;: 

the  night  Ix-fore  the  accident,     Sed^'w  ii  k 

dissented  on  a  ground  which  would  ]>rob- 

ably  lie  now  deemed  controlling  in  New 

York    (see  next  chapter),   ri:.,  that  the 

'     ntitr  "accepted  the  risk  that  would 

r  olved  in  arranging  the  derrick  and 

■everal  attachmeu       "-ora  occasion  to 

.i.*ion." 


(t)    Ihfilliir  ililillKliili  lit  of   thr  /Kill. 
of     iiiiiiliini n/.    -lUmiiiilner    v.     Illim,,, 

Sill  I  <;,.  I  iMiiDi  IM  Wis.  70,  3t  I..  I;  \ 

.'i03.  tin  v.  \\ .  iM\  (oiler  uuh  injuivil 
through  the  negligence  of  u  carpi  Mi<r 
gang,  whiisi-  duty  it  wu»  to  ri|.l.hr 
planks  ilioiit  a  niailiine  eallid  ih,. 
"bomn  toll'*,"  after  their  reino\al  foi  ihv 
puriH'-e  of  attaching  new  mlNi  ;  I/.... 
iiiiiiilli  \tiii.  rf  Mfil.  Co.  V.  I'.iliiii)  (Is'ii 
'.4H  III.  .-.21.  :)»  N.  K.  :i7.  Alliriniiii' 
(IH!I2(  4.".  111.  .\pp.  411  (enipl..vir  I- 
Mot  relieved  from  liability  for  iiiiiirii' 
to  an  employee,  caused  by  the  -u.M.n 
itaitiiig  of  machinery,  due  to  thr  ,il 
'M  lire  of  a  nut  from  an  evelmll  iim'.|  Ii. 
hold  .,  lexer  in  place  to  keep  the  m.i 
ehinery  stati'in;iry.  where  the  mil  li.i  I 
been  gone  for  several  weeks,  and  iiiinilMr 
empliivit)  having  charge  of  the  niariiin 
ery  knew  of  suih  defect,  and  did  ii"i 
ri'i>ort  it  or  see  that  it  was  n'piiiriili. 

Inspii'tiiiii  and  repair  neeessary  to  tli>' 
safe  support  and  maintenance  of  uvit 
head  shafting  in  a  factory  are  not  nnri 
ly  iniideiilal  to  the  running  of  the  m 
gine  with  which  it  is  connected,  wiilim 
the  rule  that  the  insprt'tion  or  repiiir  In 
eideiit  to  u^e  by  a  servant  o,'  iiiiii  liiiiin 
is  the  servant's,  not  the  master^.  clui.\ 
lluKti/t  V,  .lomiH  i.  linnislrr  Cu.  (iH'.iIti 
43  At  I.  051.  f.3  N.  J.  U.  4tl.">. 

The  tightening  of  a  Is-lt  wliieh  is  lia 
ble  to  slip  is  a  part  of  the  wnrk  wliirli 
devolvi-s  on  the  master  in  the  pirfnriii 
ance  of  his  duty  to  keep  the  iiiiirliimrv 
in  safe  condition.  KIUh  v.  I'iiiii  (isiis 
172  Miuss   22(1.  51  N.  K.  074. 

(11)  Othi  >■  iltfirl:  in  miuUiinrii.- 
Purlin  V.  Oiiih  m  (IS(il)  23  l)iinln|i.  S.' 
Sess.  ('as.  2d  scries,  ,')2!l  I  fi'lieiii;;  i.'iniii 
niaehiner)'  allowinl  to  bemme  difniivi' 
S'U  5  ")2(!.  note  I,  oiid  )  ;  I'n'  v.  h- 
Comli-  (l8!M!i  2  .\pp.  Div.  01,  37  N.  V 
Supp.  310,  (power  press  so  'lit'iriive 
that  it  nioviii  without  pressure  in  tlir 
treadle)  .  Cartir  v.  OUrcr  Oil  Co.  t  ISO! 
31  S.  ('.  211,  13  S.  K.  419  (servant  win"' 
duty  i(  is  to  repair  sacks,  whiili  ari" 
dangeniMs  to  use  when  torn,  held  to  ^c 
a  vice  principal  iis  reganls  iinolliii  -in 
ant.  who  handles  (hem  in  opirntin;;  ii 
machine)  ;  Siiifl  it  Co.  v.  .short  (ISHt' 
34  C.  ('.  A.  .'>15,  02  Keil.  .■>li7  imt-  "f 
fellow  servants  of  a  pir-mi  iiijurril  Iv 
the  living  of  a  shot"  forming  part  of  ;i 
clutch,  frnni  a  rapidly  revolving.'  wlnil 
in  wiring  the  shis'  to  make  it  -Mfc.  jiflir 
it  is  cracked,  held  to  be  the  art  of  the 
master)  ;  .laqurs  V.  Cirnil  I'lilln  Ml'!- 
l-o.  (  IS'tl)  <m  N.  H.  4H2.  13  1,.  K.  A 
H2t.  !■-  Atl.  ri.'yl  I  employer  liiililr  fm  J" 
injury   received   by   a   weaver   in  cenifr 


I  .-.imj 


VH  K  I'lllNl  ll'.\I.S||Il'— tllAKAtTKUUK   vCT. 


I  DM 


iliiiiinri'ii-  ill  iiM'.'      An  fiiiidipvi'c  !■<  u  \  i.c  jirincipal  hh  ri';.Miil»  lln' 

(•.-,  wliiili  are  gixcii  into 


•III'  II 


ml  ('ii^ii:il\  lit'  dm 


I'  "rmis  iii^tniiiiciiiiiiilii 


!.■*  cliiiriii', 


569.  Same  duty  held  to  be  delegable.—  'I'j 


!<•  r;i»rr»   in    w 


l.i.-l 


II'  Hue- 


iriiio  tliiii 


iiiii^ii'i"  1^  hut  lia 
I'l 


lilc  |iii'  I  lie  ni'uiiiii'iii t 


'I  r\:iiil-  l'>  M'liiiiii 


|>llt<'^  llir   tiinclli'ii  III    j^ii-|i 


tl 


ic  lii-l  niiiH  iitiililii-'  ill  :\  |ii-..|iri- 


iinliiiiin  liiis  liicn  iiM.wiillv  lie  iiniilirdlv  ii(lii|iii  il  nrt-  I'l 
l^,  post. 


uiiiri' of  till'  uii-kill'iil  iii;iiiiii'i'  In  wliii'li    !<' 


\;.l, 


ilii'  liioiii  liiiil  liri'ii  rf|i:iiri il  In   till'  nil'     liii    M.'.    l_'ii;    /; 


mil'  to  wl'uip   till'  iluiv   iii 


ii;iil  I n 


ii--iL;iii'il  I . 


ii'|i;iinri'j 


I  II    Ml 
II    \     y.    Illl  :    /. 


r<l/l/lll       Ul7/<l      I  lS7li( 
Aii;i/    /'/ii/iyi     \hlh 


-•■i'.l,   .V.I    \iii.    I!i'|. 


All    ill  jury     iiii'iiiil    liy    i...i' 
iliriHiL'li    till'   fiiiliir.'   iif   nihil  h,  I 


iv.inl     ''.,.    I  Is  i|  I   H!i  \,ii'l, 


«/.. 


Ml   \. 


/, 


till'    Iii 


if   II    liui-tii 


IM.IIll       /> 

I''   iiiijia      I 


■r     V. 


I! 


''I'll     it     /*.     I.iimhir     I'll. 


l:llll»     ill     lr]i:iir     Wi'lllii     In 


toll 


il     :!•. 


'•'•■■:\i    111    Micli.   i;ii7,    r,i    S.    W .    I' 


l/iiA 


II-  li";ll'ui'lli' 


f  .1  virr  |iriiiii|iiil.    SI    Mi.'li.    IIN).    17    X,    \V. 


'/'Ill    Vii,    Cn.     I  ISIHl  I 


I'lH;    .l„i/, 


Hut    If    till-    injury    i^    riii-iviil    liy    llii>    v.    \l irhi'inj  V.  II.  Co.    (IS!l.-,)    !o7   Mid, 


lirL'li;.'l'Mri 


II'     Illl 


mil 


•i\;uil    III    n 


li-.i^iiiiT  t  III    III'.' 


u  hill'  hiUiii'.'   Ill  iii'liM-    /.     1," 


ill  I.  Il.-i    \.   W,  .-,S.-);   /;,!,/,/ 


V.  ,S7.   /.I 


p.irt    in    till'    wmkiii'j    if  tin'   m|i{i  n.il  n^ 
the  iii'L;li;jiiiii'   U  'li.il    iil  a   inrn-  I'i'IIih' 


.'>.    /.'.    i 


o.    tH7!tl    II    Mo.    A|i|i. 

V.  I.,  IS.  I  I  Ism;  I  -j.'i  \|,,,  Ajii 


'■r.iint.      iir   v.    s 
ISill  I   8!l  Miili.  .'IS 


I'lni 


7    /.I'/.i'    / 


. :/«'/  V.  .s'/. 


'Ill   I  jHSiii    nil    V, 


run   t  'i 


A  iiiillwriLflil  rnll'il  in 


."ill  N.  U.  S72. 
-triii'..'lil' 


ilT.   ."•    \.    i:.   4111:    li,ill,ir,l  V.   Il'hh- 


I/,' 


\.  \. 


-Iiiift  iinil  till' -I'H  Illl,  iif  I  mill  nrriiiii  I'l      I/;-/,  r 
iiiil  liiiilili'i'   iiTi'ii-l  nhliiiL,'  till'  liiiililiir      \.    ^ 
ui'ii.  sail!   to  III'   |ii'i.!i,il.ly   nut  co^itn  .i  iil  -    .v.   (' 


r„.  I  isii.-ti   71   III 

iliji.   mil  ;  Slriiii^.t  V.  //i(/)i 


IS!i' 


M   A|i|..   Div.    I.    IS   N. 


ij'i 


Cdlr 


\\  iiin  II   Ml'/.   Co.    (  jsiiiii    ii: 


V.  .1.  lijii,    (4   .Ml.  I!  17 

(V)  Itifiiliir  liiihlii,'!  ,,f  III, 
"'il.-.-~\\  liils  lici'n  hi'lil  llhit  till' 
I'f  a  ..I 


\|.|..     I)i 


IN'lii 


.\|i|i.   Div.    Ill 


•il   s. 


■il     \.    V. 


ili'iiiiil    in   L'S 

ii|i|i.   i;tii 


1.  (;/;,,■;■  Ihl  <•',.   I  IS'H  I    .'It  S.  C. 


Ill)  raiiniit 


Mii'i-    -Jll.    !.■)   S.    I';.    4I!»;    II'. 


•ishin  .(•    7',   C.    n. 


r»ra|i<'   111-   ri'-|iini^iliii 


iiv    fur    till'    iiiiliijliiMJ    I'liiiilltiun    nf 

I'l-sajrinvay    In   I'nil    luinl. 

.1  il;irk  niulit  wliili'  th' 

liy  fiinii-liiii;.'    liiiiliTiis    tl'    Il 


I'l-      III      ll'^C     111 

IC   -niii  is  f'oaliii'. 


I-",,!', 
\\i\>.    .-1(11 


I/i(/<'  Ills    (  lss:i)    5!l   ''"i 


11 : 


I  isii;! 


u. 


rii 


I'.  r„.  ( isi'.-i)   \z  ihih 


1/11111111     V, 

:io.  41 


itliiinl 


11111"^  iiiii   I'liri'  Il 


[iro|M'ilv     li'jlili'il.       'Ill'-     .s', 


Ilia!    tlii'V 


I'l.ijiliiyi'c    cliiU'j.'1'il    «iili    Illl 


I  mil    I  1    u. 


ill    till'    all. 


iH'is,   S7  l-'i'il.  .'till,     lint   Ih 


I  nil  mil  I     li 


II.    iiiil   w  illl  tlic  iliily  of  ii.|i; 


in  f'liiilliit   uilli  I  111' |i;  inrijili' ili-i'iK-iil  ii 


i-  rilling'  i-i    iiiarliiiii'iy    uln-n    iiii'ilnl.  'not     a    till 


!i|iiii'    .\xxil..    siilitillc    il.    /,. 
-iii'iially.  IS  (ill),  note  I.  .siilnl.    (r), 

i-.vi    (i(/(r/'  iiiiU'i.iilirn  for  lln    lln,' nil    ,s   ^i, 
rii,r:,,l,  „rr  llir  fiilli..'  i a,/ :      W,  //v  v.  Ci 


ivanl    of  anolliir 


li-  iliil\ 

\li:il..   li 


lili.y,', 


Hull  I 

rl.''\',    '.is:! 


I'liiir-  i~  I'.ii 

t  a-  /'.  It.  fi 


I'l'iii'il  I  : 
(  IS'.IIM 


ISSili   !1  Colo.    l.-|!l.   11    I'ai'.  50;   /*■ 

Tiiiiiiiniii  C(i,   V.  i'r"i!'liiiiiiili    ils!i7)    \i:', 
I'i'lii.  .Iilii.  4S  I'ac.  .->ii:!;    I,,',,', „//,    i/;„. 


\    jiid.^iiiii'iil    t'oi-    [ilaiiitiiV   is    |iiii|ii'ilv 
iirir    I'lili'i'i'il  on   a    llialinu  tliat   tin-  liamlli'  if 


I    lianiniiT   n-nl    fm    liroali 


iiii;  III    -loll,. 


it  ,1// 


.<;   ''o.  V.  Hiliiiii   (ISilll    14S  111.  ajl      liiok 


worm  r  III  n. 


■M  X.  .'.  ii; 


i.i>i  II 

/'i|,'«r, 


\  III  Inn   V, 


\i,l:l,r    (  ISll. 


4n2,    41     V.     K.     Ills.-,:     I'liHn 


li 


I'll;-     i; 


111-  -M.'.  IS  1..  I!.  A.  :il.-|. 


I.ililrl:      I  IS'.l'Jl 


r.iih.i-  Ir 
Ml. 


Murl.s  V.    Ill  II' 


I  \.  i:.  ::■ 

/■    I  ISs!'  I 


X.  K.  s.-,l 
■/{;■.,,- 1. 1 
I  Silt)     j.M    M, 


I  IsdSl    -JO    hill.    A 


nd      ili'fi'i'l  ivi'      an 

a   O.  .S-.   u.  A',  r, 


pp.    .'tiS. 


Il'(/m.s/i   II  ,',v/i 


/.'.  I\ 


!l    S.    \V.   7;{1.    .\l- 


Ml  hi 

I  i^s: 


'/•.  .( 


.'il     tiriiinl  in   I  ism  I   1-  s.  W.  t;44  d 


/'.   /■'.    killi"!   o«int   to   Illl 


(1S1IL>1 


l-il:    /,. 


V,    //,/., 


J    stalls  hv  a  roail  ma-ti 


in    Kv.    5!ll, 


/i'»..'/i 


iiiioval    of    liraki 
r  I . 


l,ijl:iiii<    I'l. lis  .f    V.   II.   Go. 


■M    S.    \V     704:     (11)00  J   23  \Va.sh.  .JOl,  03  V. 


IC.  500. 


Mill 


1 : 1 


,-.ih  i 


1674 


MASTKKANDHKUVANT 


(rii,»i' 


570.  Duty  to  tee  that  worr-ont  or  otherwiie  defective  parts  of  iuttru- 
mentaiities  are  replaced  by  ittitable  lubititutet. —  riic  i|niilii\  .1  nn- 
iluts  iiiiiv  U-  xiiiil  hi  tl<  |i<inl  ii|Miii  tin-  i-Miilial  ii.uiirf  of  llif  "(m  i.iii.  i 
l)V  wliirli  till    n-pliKMiiifiii  i-  ciyfctcil  ill  iim-Ii  |iiii'liiMiliir  in-ii <: 

In    Miiiif    c'ar*i's    tliat    oiMTiiiiiii  in,  li'j;ii'iiilv   -[Hakiiii;.  i'i|iim  ;il.  i 
to  a  iliM'har;.'!'  i>t'  tiic  t'tiiu'lii'ii  i.t'  siipplv  iiijt  u  siiilnl.'i'  iii-Himi.  niiili: 
rmlir  -iK'ii  cii-ciim-iaiKo  tlic  lialiilitv  ..t  liic  iii!i-»i.  r  for  tin-  n  -l 
f^ciici-  C.I'  nil  ciiiplKvcc  t"  wiiniii  that  fiiiH'tiuii  i,*  i|(|iiit«'cl  i-atiiioi  Im  ..,i 
^istciitlv  ilciiicd  l),v  iinv  court  wiiirli  cniM'i'ilcs  tin-  iliiiy  of  -upplv  !■•  !■ 
iioii-ticlciiaMc.      For  llu'  piirpc-ts  of  tliis  priiiciplr  it   is  plaitilv   im 
iiuilcrial  wlictlirr  tli(>  siilHtiiiition  is  that  of  an  niiiri-  iii^lriiiiiciii:ilii; 
or  iiHMf'lv  line  of  its  (•oiisiitiiciit  parts.'      I'poii  ;:iiici-ai  priiicipli-  i 
woiihl  M'i'iii  tliat  tiial  species  of  ii'piaccim'nt  whicli  woiihi  he  iiii'iil( n' 
to  thi'  pn'|iaratioii  of  iii-.lniiii('ntaliti<'^  as  part  of  tlic  woik.  or  io  ni, 
of  ihr  otiici  opcratii  .i>  ilis«'iiss(Ml  in  chapter  xxxii..  woiiM  net  i'.,ii-m 
tiitc  tho  fxcii-isc  <if  a  non-dolcaahlo  fiiiH-tioii ;  hut  :io  case  is  known  i 
the  wilier  in  wliich  tjiis  pn'cisc  ]'oint  has  \ioon  considcrod.' 

In  other  cases  the  ojieration  of  rephiceiiieiit  is  associated  \vit!i  flu 
function  ..f  .lintenanco  in  this  rospcct. — that  suhstitnlion  n'[iri-i  ni- 
the  most  iipprupriale,  as  possilily  tlie  oiilv  avaihdile.  inetlioij  \,y  whii' 
a  (h  fi'ciive  instrumentalitv  can  Ik-  preventeij  from  failin;:  hcluu-  i|,. 
leual  standard  of  safety.      So  far,  flierofore,  as  tlie  doctrine  thai  th, 

'l.ih'tih     \iilliii   Cfiiil    Cii.    V.    W'linrK-  (iitliiiiu y  r('i>:iir  fniiii  (liiy  to  iliiv.  «tii.:' 

(ISliHi    -js  c.  ('.   A.   'itn,  .■>■>  l".  S.   A|ip.  liiii.v  Ik'  intni-liil  ion  -.iTViiiil,     Ihr  i|. 

i:iT.   SI    I'rij.   siiii    (liliNks  luriiislicil   lor  iViiiliiiil    i..\il(l    iml.   ttnii'ldii'.   inciil   i 

iliickiiijr  till'  .jircil  of  idiil  e.\i*  were  <lc-  »ii(iii«iliility    liv    ilrlcj;;il  iiiM   llii>   iliilv    i 

fcili\f  to  till.    kiii-rtli'il;ro  of   the   »ii|ht-  |m  r«oiH    wlmiii    it     l«lii\iil    to    !«■    i>i 

iiili'iiilint)  ;   Mii',,111  v.  /i'/i"</i    Isliiml  l.n-  (icti'iit.  iinii  «lio  in  f:irt   witi-  (•c.ii.|»1iiiI 

v.inolirr     W  oil.  :     (1SH:||     \^    I!.     1.    204  to     |i  rfoiiii     it.      If    tin'    iiijinv     to    tli^ 

is;i|K.|iii(ii:i|.iil    liul  until'!'  Hint   an  I'lo-  pliiiiitilV    va-    iliii'    to    »    iIiImI     in    ll' 

•.iilor  rhiiin   wm~  .1.  Iiitive,  but   fiiilcj  to  piiinli.    vvliii'li    iiii'^lit    Iiiim'    luiii    iii-'  ■> 

fiiMii-li  :i   iii'W  on.-i.  iTi'il    liy   tin-  I'Xi'iriM'  of   ri'.i-nii.ilil'-     ii' 

All  I'Mcployic  III  rliarj.'!' of  thi>  iiioi'luin  on   llnii    ikuI,  lint    wii*   not.  (In'  il.i.ii,! 

Ii-iil    (li'iiailiiiiiit    iiprixi'nts    the    niiistiT  ant   is  li  ililr  for  il'i'ir  iii  L'livi  im  .'      /- 

IS  rr,!.'arils  llir  -iili-l  ii  iilioii  cJ'  an  I'ssi'ii-  v.    t'liilid   Siuhs   fnrlniliti    fi,.    i  iMi:; 

tial   pail  of  till'  iiiailiiinry.     Siillcni  v.  l")!l  Ma^s.  .■!1.!,  :l«   N.   I'..    Illl. 

Wiill.ird  I'.    Uf<i.  I'll.   MlMll)    17!)  Mass.         Sit-  also  llir  (piolalioii   from  ll I'm 

:',II7.   lio   N.    K.    7S'.'    ilar^:c'r  siziil   clu'i'k  ion  in  Uniiiiilinii  y.  Hills  <'i/.  ilsssi   Ui; 

valvi-    in-irti'.l    in    iin    air    lioi-t).  .\la-s.    .-.Hli,    Hi    S.    K.    .■>74.    as   •;ivi'ii   m 

"A    niailiiiii'    may    lio   so  eonstnictpil.  S  01!'.  jiii.il. 

and  its  opi-atioii  ii'iay  lip  such,  us  to  call         '  Tli introl  of  the  reimirs  is  ijivm.! 

for    a    fri'ipirnt    vcplaii'iiii'iit    of    one    or  to  Im-  ratlicr  witli  tliosc  hIio  arc  li    |.i 

iiorp    of    its    ponstitiii  lit     parts.       Such  vide  tin-  apparatus  tliin  witli  tlc-c  \\!i.. 

pnrtK,  when  ailjustcil  in  tin-  iiiiicliinc.  lio-  arc  to  work  willi  it.  wlicic  tin    iinaii-  if 

coniK  as  niucli  a  part  of  it  as  if  inclinlisl  replacing    ilcfcdivc    parts    arc    ii..t    -iiji 

in  the  original   cnn-tnut  inn     nul  a  il<-  plii'il  to  the  pcr-.on  in  «'harj:i'  of  it.  until 

feet  in  one   of  tlicm    is   a    ilcfcct    in  thp  lie   asks    for    «liat    is   iiccdcd,      li'il^'i  <■■ 

machinp      Thr  duty  of   -.tIii;_-  that  such  llu-Nin   d    .1.    /«'.    fo.    (18SS)    147   .Ma»s. 

pnrtw  ari'  not  dcfiKlivi-  is  one  inounilicnt  101,  10  N.  K.  (iilO. 
on  the  master.     It  is  not  a  matter  of 


)    iTI,  iUi       S  H  i:  I'lilM  ll'.\l,N|lll'     (  II  M!  \t   I  I.K  UK    \l   I. 


m:.) 


Iiiiii'liun  i-  I'lif  iii'i'tiiiiiiiiu  tn  ilir  iili-"liiii'  ip|>lii;iili<iii<  ••(  llii'  iiiii-lt;' 
i>  ii'jI  liiiiiti'il  li\   ilii'  |)riiii-i|>l(' i-\|ilMihril  in  i£,i  •ii).'i,  •i.'l,  /»'«/.  ii   i- 

iliiil'  tlllll    till-  llilKlff  lilll-l   im-«'T  tor  llir  liciiliuilH'c  lit'  III!  <lll|>luyic- 

wliii'f  tliitv  it  i-.  to  ^<'i-  iliitt  ill)'  iii-tniiiit'iitiilitii'«  nr  iliiir  pMi'i-  nn 
iiiiiwi'cl,  w lii'iii'Vcr  lliis  is  till'  ciiiii-c  wliicli  a  |iiiiilriii  niiin  v\inil<l 
,M|M|it  ninliT  till' cii'i'iiiii^iniK'i's.-'' 

571.  Duty  to   lurnith  proper   medical  treatment   to  tick  or   injured 
servant!.— A  •liiiinwnir'  I'liiiin't  i'-.i'ii|ii'  liiiKilitv  t'.ir  tlu*  in'ijliiiiiirc  ct' 

ihi   r;i|il.'iili  lit'  a  >lii|<  ill  lailiii;:  to  ti>li'>\\   tlic  aih  ii I'  a  |>|:N>ii'iali  a~ 

M  till'  |ii'i<|>rr  Ircatinciit  ■>!  a  im  iiiln  r  >il'  tlii'  iti'W  who  in  iitjiii-i'il  in 
ilii'  nilli' t'  ill's  «'iii|>|i>yiiii|it.' 

672.  Duty  to  hire  luitable  lervanti.— Tn  ilir  initnrf  of  tlio  pnso  fliis 
iliuy  iiin^l  Iw  fr;;aiiliil  a*  miic  wiiii'li,  t'or  ilii'  |)iir)"'-ii'  m|'  prai-tii-al 
lili^;ii  ioii,  lias  rt'lali'iii  soli'ly  to  oriffiiial  -ii|)|ily,  or  ri'iiliii'i'iiniit.  'I'in' 
huiiiiii'iiani')'  of  a  liiiiiiaii  luinju'  in  :i  niiiilitiun  of  clliriiiii'v  i-*  not  .i 
liiiii'iiMii  wliicli  can  1h'  vifwcii  as  tlio  siilijcct-iiiattcr  of  an  nliIi::alion. 
ill  till'  saiiii'  .'^cnsc  as  that  uliirli  is  (■oiiicniplati'il  hv  tlif  law  whi'ii'  uii- 
illti  llii;rlll  ap'lli-irs  of  Wui'k  afO  rolli'i'flii'il.  To  nuikc  out  n  rrrtaiti 
|i:ir:illcli-iii  Ih'Iui'cii  tlic  two  rasi's  woiijil  ilniiliticss  Ik>  imissHiIc;  hut 
ilir  iiniilo:;ii'-  f'volvcil  liy  .-.iich  an  iiivcsti^^aliiiii  woiilfl  U'  of  im  rrlv 
■ilii.jiisiic  interest.  For  eNaiiipii'.  it.  may  fairly  eiioiiuh  he  niiiin- 
!:iiiii'i|  tiiat  n  nia.stcr  whu,  iii>irail  of  r('-oi'liii<r  to  the  eiistoniarv  ri'in- 
I'lir-  ol  ii-iiiissal,  >i\\7-\)'  i-ion.  or  elianp'  of  work,  wlicrn  n  servant 
lins  h  i'orie  so  '  •apalile,  tliroiiy:li  hoilily  or  iiieiifal  iritiriiiitii's,  as  to 
iiiiliiiif;,-  the  sal'i'ly  of  liis  colMhorers,  i-elaiiis  him  in  tiie  same  eiii|)loy- 
iiiiiit,  is  siilijei't  to  till'  iliity  of  .seeing  that  exerythiiii;  is  iloiic  thai  ran 

n:i-'.iiaip|y   iie  done   iiiiilor  the  eireniii-tai s   to  liriii;:   him   hack   to 

liinlili  mill  vij;iii-  hy  a|)|>ro|iriafe  treatment.      lint   the  writer  is  not 

iiwarc  that  tlie  enfoi nunt  of  such  a  liiity  has  ever  heeii  ilisciisseij. 

Ilic  iihlinal'oii  of  the  ;aster  to  proviijp  meilical  treatment  for  a  sick 
"f  iiiinieil  servant  has  never  hcen  \ii'wi'i|  as  one  creatinfi  lejjal  rif;hts 
in  tiiviir  of  ciiser\aiits,  except  under  the  special  circnnisiaiices  aJ- 
urtcij  to  in  the  pri'i'i'diiij;  section.  Tlie  mdy  alisolute  oliiiy:ation, 
ilii  ivfiiic,  to  which  il  is  ni'i'i'->ary  to  ad\i'ri  in  tlie  present  coiiiicctioii 
i?  that  of  ''exercisinu'  pniper  ilili;;ciice  in  the  eiiiplnyment  of  reason- 
"lily  siifc  and  compciriit  men  to  pei'l'orm  their  rcspeciivi!  duties."' 

The  American  courts  are  in  full  ajireement  as  to  tlie  doctrino  that 

'Sii'.  f(ir  ox;>iii|ilc,  llmislt,}!  if  r.  ('.  n.         'S'-nrff   v.    Vrlnilf    (1SS7)     lOT    \.   Y. 
<'".\-.  h'dih.ini  (|:-!7S)  4!>  Tex.  IS!    i  mil-    :il!.    i;i    \.    K.   Villi. 

'"•"1   CI!!'!!:!!!)-    Ilcli!    !i;ilili'    f.ir    :l!i    iiijlliv  '    l'!ir:l-i'     llsnl     in      \'.-.i /.';<  i  ;■     /'      I,'      t^/y. 

'"  ii  liraUi'iiiiiii.    ri'sultiiiy    from    faiiiiri'    v.  I'lliinun    (ISIMi)    \{\Z  I  .  S.  :i4r>,  40  L. 
"f  thf  roail   iii.istcr  ati.l   wcliiui   iiicii   to    cd.  Wi.  Iti  Sup.  Ct.  Uejj.  843. 
replace  rutteu  ties  witli  auuiul  oiiesj. 


'i     " 


■<  t 

1','        » 


!i' 


Hi 


1676  MASTEll  AM)  s|:k\  ANX. 


[(  llAI'.   NWI 


HuioiK'o  of  lino  ulic)  l■opl•o^^on^s  tln'  (in| 


i|ii\ci'  in  liii'iii;. 


ic  :icri'|)l;ilic( 


tllO  IlCi"' 

cliMi'iiiiii;  men  is  pliargoablo  to  tlio  oniplnvcr.-     'I' 
(li)i-|i'iii(>  involves  tlu'  I'oiirccniciicc  that  it  is  (iiiito  iimiiaii 
iiii>  iK'i^liucnt  ppr.-on  was  a  pai'tiicr  nr  an  ciiiplovcf;  ( 


,1'  il, 


il     !i 


tl 


ic  ucK  •]  hin; 


tlio  servant  must  suececd  on  citlicr  tlicury.''      X<'t;lii;iMK;e  wli 


<•llll■i^ls  in  translrrrinir  por-ons  alri'ady  in 


th: 


service  from  (Inli 


iliivli  t 


lev  are  <'(>inp(Iiiil  lo  |m  il 


lilted  is  (licmetl  to  he  a  ha 


inn  to  (Inties  for  wliidi  tliey  a 
tlie  pcr-oiial  oi)lii;alii>n  now 


;!h 


li 


yM 


ni ! 


■Oh 


\inlr 


i  IKfCl 


;'t;i.  17  \.  v..  w:  /; 

I  I'^'.iT)    L'7  C.  ('.  A.  :: 


rlh     V. 


Ills    M;,->.     |,li.ill- 


(llll'd    111   i\* 


tn  ttii 


hi   1.1 


\\  tin  '■    it    w  ; 


■  I   i|isi;j| 


N.   V. 


(i:;!!.  SJ   I'id.  !i7 

V,    llrilllH 


l;.:,l' 


.(  n.  i: 


I  1S!I(I!     IM  (  '.  ('.   A.  I'.S't 


I 


S.   A,.,., 


1  I  .-t. 


f.  .1.  t::i!:   II- 

\1  ,.    :!■'!:     V 


n -;ioii   iMIil  V    II    III''    iiii-lir    wm- 
lillt:il>lf    c|llr-ti.i|l.       Illll     it 
11!    llir    ('\  ill  lln 


/;.l7. 

^■'.,(/;l   d    \ii,lh  Ala.   I'.   <•- 


111   I. 


I'\i  1,<  -    111)  11 

,1  .if  t' . 


-1 

i!.-l 


Hint    llirn 
'A'  I" 


.1  .ll: 


:l~    r.'-ll.l-    II 


.\l,i 


.1.   :i2    Am. 


/.'■(//    lIs'lT 


r..|. 


l:.|.. 


\hiii: 


IMi|iH'lll    -^rrv  '  II' 
^    III. IV    111'    11 '■;! 


.1 


17     I' 


I/. 


lii 


•i|i|,-.t    li,.!,r,lt  V.   II'. 11. 1. .n  ,1 


/,/„, 


V.    //i'.//ii 


I  ISI.Si 


I      I'iMlll.      I  D.I.I       '/.     \.    /,', 


W. 


i;U 


!l:;.  F.M 


•.■.•ill,  in  All.  1H7:  ■/»> 
(■„.  (  Isii-Ji  l:io  ii.il. 
(liiiiirii  Mill.  Co.  V 
.Vii.li.ru.  :t  \.  \V.  L'lii:   /i 


.    V.  /'. 

.'I.  ■■'■!>  \   i; 


.-/, 


iil>.      .Nil.      (.1.1..     w  lllTI'.     in     lll-i  11    -II'L' 
l'lil;!i'lltinll    iif    '.I  ;  ml  ill'-    rfii;i:--l    lli:lt    l' 


h  ills     I  |S7;|)      IJ    ,i\i  I I    111   tl 


I" 


:i  i'.n.  rh    r;;iii'.:  i. 


rniril    V.    ii'l 


i/.,i.s/    I  IS'lll 


SO  Mlih.  .-.li,   tr.  \.  \V.  s.!; 


itunl     111'..:)! 


Ill 


i  111   !h. 
li      III. I 


d-  SI.  I'.  I'.  Co.   (ISSII)     liiiliits  of  .<;ii<i  I'.ir  iii-|Krliir, 


.Mi 


Hi'. 


IS    .\iii 


W,  4Ht;   Ihiii-r  V.  Iii'li' 


IU-|.. 


N.    fail'il    mill    ri'fii-i'il    to    (li-^c)i:ir^i- 


'/j/i//i,s  a-  NV.  /,.    fiiUi's  til 


is  rii-i'  oi 


Il  of  tlip  I'riu'i.il 


/,•.  ('.;.    <1H7I)    47    Mo.  r.r.7.  4  Am.   liij). 


Ih 


criiiiviili'iit  to  .1  cliiir,!.'!'  Ill  it   til 


(coiii!>iii.\   prvmilli'il  rnj;iiiri'r~  111  ill     comiiii  v  liiiil  ciiiiilnyril  an  iiii-1-ili 


li'U   llicir  liri'iiK 
mill   il;iiiri:;i'    \mi 

|«'l('ll('\'    of    oi 


U  to  ll:lllilli-  loriillliit  ivr.^.     JIKOllIln  trllt     Clir      ills|>ri'tiil-.      till 


jf  thi'iii 


■il    liv   Ihf 
1/ri 


ill: 


'Tlio  elmri'r  tlius   v.iyiirlv 


I.I.- 


V,   I>rl     ~ii'ins  to  mo  oiilv  to  miiiiuiit  to  :i  I'hii'i: 


u'iiir  ((■   //,  Ciiiinl  Ct 

4!iri     I'liMlllU'llT    |lllt 


I  'ss:ti  111  N.  Y. 


ol   III  l;I|'.;cii('c  on  I  In'  ] 


111  it    of    till 


II  urn.    Ill 


^li'ii  lii'.iKiiiirM.  witliout    111      iiii]iiii-.v  lis 


till'  list  of    iiii'ili.iiiio  in  nut    lopri  I  iiii;  tlio  ilinrirl' 


of    till 


to  lii'<  mi  ililii'ili 


ir  iiisjH'itor 


III  till 


II'    Ollircr-    lil    111 


or  iii-tnii'l  ill;.'  liim    I'oiiijiiii.v,   nml   ili«'-.    not.   tln'ii'fi'ri 


to     till'     mil"*     of     till'     (•iiiii]>:iiiy)  ;     -titiilc  nn  o.\<'i'|it  imi  to  llu 


I   nil.. 


f)7.«"(//'J 


\nr  YiiiK-  C.  d  II.  A*.   I!.    Hint   a    riilrniiil    ooiii]):iny    is    imi    liiihl. 


I1SS7I    :!? 


N.  V.   Work.  l)i^'.    101),   !l    t 


o    nm>   o: 


f   its 


•1111 


OS      fl, 


V     V.  S.   K.  :!S|.  A> 
N.    Y.    liL'^i.    20    X. 


'Jin   (iss:>)    IK!    iii'L'li,i;iii''c' of  miolliiT  oiii|ilii,vi'( 


It  ,1.> 


870;    Siill! 


M,lri.:i<,lil<i 


Slyiit    A'.    Cii. 


nut    ii|i|u';ir    ttiiil    tlio    iii.i-lir    iniicliiiii- 


( 11100)    T).'!    \v:is  miylliiii.i;  iiiori'  tliaii  a  frllnH  -iiv.i 


l)i 


sn.  li.-)  N.  Y. 


I'iiil  point  niisi'il  was  Hint  the  ililiniiinnt     wit 


ip|l.    SI'i     (s|.;'       iif     till-    riir     il!s|),rtor     mill     till'    I'l'illli 


iT 


lii'lll   till' 


|)o\\rf  I 


-fa,, 


|inllltl,:i  111    'T  11' 


7l 


lit  lii'Voiiil  till-  .scopo  of  Iii-  priiji'i'  llu  iimval.      I'liilcr   tlii'so   riri'iuii-l  inn'-   Il 

II  r    V.    I'liniKiili-iiiiid    It.    I'll,  il,  finil.iiit    <'oiii|imiy   omiM    nut   lu'  iii.uli' 

;  liiililo." 
e        .\  complaint  frami'd  on  llio  Ili.'i'tT  of 


■  1  :    /')•" 
IS(iO)     ;!S    Pa.    lot,    HO    Am.    Doc.    40: 


Ml 
iss:ti   .-.,s  Tl 


/,'.      Cii. 


Whili, 


2Tii    I  fiiri'i:' 111  of  liriil.L:''    nr.jIiL'i'iii'o    in    rctaiiiin,;;  nn    iin |«  li'iil 


^.'ani;  know 
was    inconi| 


in'_'iiiii'r  <i 


lli.it 
'lint  I  ;    (lull- 


f  pill'  ilrivi'f    .~i  rvaiit  iiocil  not  ciiiit;iin  a  .-p.  lillr  .iH' 


//.    if    .s'.    men 


t   tlinl   ill'  hail 


III  inn  il  V,  ii\   \  iiliio  oi 


1.     A'.    Co.    V.    i:<l.h:i     (IIHIO)     '21     Ti'\.    Ills  I'lnpliiyniint.  to  do  till' act   \Miiili  pro 


liv 


App 

lind 


I7;i.  00  S.  \V,  S:iO   (yaiil  ma.s 
IT  to  iii-1'Iinrf.'i'l . 


I" 
The  Now  York  cnscs  citcil  alinvo  arc  in    .iH 


li  wiiii   I  111'  ill' 
rl    in    l\'/i'//i'  V.    V( 


.1  Itii 


ipi 


)•..(■/,    C.   I,' 


iijurv.     (liilf,  ''■  'f  '^^  '•  '''■ 
I'inre    I'lSill)    7   Tex.   Civ.  App. 
i  S.  \V.  lO.Vi. 

i/i. ;..ii     V.     Dtnidson     (l.'^iJ7)     !2 

;{,j7,  (Jil.  2:i2. 


(IHJS)    2>i  liarb.  80,  wliicli  was  not  ex- 


Ill  i 


r,72j 


VICE  l>lilNCIl»ALSim'--CllAl!.\(  TKU  OF  ACT. 


1677 


i-pvirw.  Ill  sufli  a  ciisi'  llic  iutcrciicc  of  liaMlitv  follows  iiiiiiipdiatul^ 
uiMiii  priM)f  that  tho  otlieial  who  iiiadi'  tlu!  traiislVr  was  actiim;  within 
liic  scope  of  his  |)owcrs.^ 

hi  the  doctriiK'  now  iiikIoi-  review,  wliicli  was  ii(lo|)ted  at  a  very 
larlv  stafre  in  the  (levelo|iiiieiii  of  the  law  of  eni|>loyei-s'  liability,  we 
liiid  the  first  reco<>iiitiori  of  the  fael  that  there  is  a  lof^ieal  incoiisist 
( iicy  involved  in  deciarin};'  a  nia-ter  to  he  snhjeef  to  an  ahsolnfe  duiN, 
iiiid  vet  not  resj)oiisiip|e  for  the  nejfli^ifiice  of  the  person  to  whom  thai 
(hity  has  heen  delepiied.''  That  tlie  principle  to  which  this  faci 
points  was  ap])lied  to  the  dnty  of  liiriiis  siiitalde  servants  >eveni! 
vcars  heforc  the  courts  advanced  to  the  eincepi  ion  i>f  a  p'nerali/.atioii 
i^n  the  same  lines,  willi  re-pecl  lo  the  entire  class  of  ahsolnte  duties, 
^(■cnls  to  have  heen  a  re^-iili  of  the  prominence  which,  fitmi  the  very 
outset,  was  given  to  the  coiiccjition  that  the  doctrine  of  common  enj 
plovment  is  subject  to  thi'  (pialitication  that  the  servant,  "when  he  en 
fjajfes  to  nin  the  risks  of  his  wrvice.  inclndinj;  those  arisinj;  from  the 
neirliiicnce  of  fellow  s<>rviints,  has  a  rii>ht  to  nnderstiind  that  the 
master  has  taken  reasonable  care  tx^  prote<'t  him  from  such  risks  by 
ii-isociatiiii!  him  oidy  with  jiersons  of  ordinary  skill  and  care."" 

' ISIacLnKiii  v.  Tlii>iiiy(iii-lli'ii:~liiii  I'.Ui  diilv     i:\\   ill   other   words.  cUm-s   not   use 

IricCo.   I1S!I7)    102  (Jii.  tit.  J'.l  S.  K.  I'iO:  due   r;\\f     wlicii   lie   cvihiscs    tin-  si>iv;iiil 

llitrf^r  V.   hiiliiuKijxiUK  <(•  .V7.    f,.   Jt.  Co.  to  danger  by  iissoci:iliii;;  with  liiiii,  in  n 

ilHTli    47    Mo.    5(i7.    14    .\iM.    I'>'l>.    ."i.'i.'t  sirvir^'df   |H'iil.  tlid-c   ulio  arc   waiitiiif; 

iin^'incpr  vicwt'd  ns  a  vice  primip.il   in    in   ordi y  .-l<ill   and    |iruilcnco;    and   if 

IHTiiiillinu' a  tinman  to  run  tii<  (  M^'ino)  •,  tlie    mailer   cIkk  m-j    to   do    tlii^.    or    lii- 

l.illll,'  \.<'hir<i(io  d-  W.  M.  II.  ('".   (IS!M)|  aircnt    d.ii-    it.    Ilic    fiirinir    will    1h'   licld 

m  .\liili.  2811.  47  N.  \V.  571    I  (ironii-c  of  acconiilalilc.  and  it   is  no  cNciisr  for  liiiii 

vanl  niaslcr  that   a    nrcinan    -hoiild  not  to  say.    I  dcli^iati-d  a  duly  aiisin;;  fn.iii 

imi  an  piininr,  hchl  to  li<>  IdiidinK  on  a  tin-  rclatimi   1  4ii(\i|>y.  to  a  tliird  ix'isdii. 

1    ilway  ((iiiipany  I .  wlm    was    in    all    ri-|ic(ts    ciiniiMtcnt    In 

S(('  tlic  opinion  of  Sliaw.  C'h.  .T.,  in  discliarj.i'  it.  and  liis  iicylcct   was  one  id 

furinll  V.  Iloslim  rf  W.  /*.  Corp.  (18421  llic  risl<s  wliicli   llir  scrvanl    took.'      I'lic 

4   Met     411.    :)8    .\ni.    Hi'C.    .'!.'1!>.  answer   would    he    that    file   anient    nni-l 

' //    '(7ii»v'i/i   V.    Ynil:.   \.  if   /{.    A'.   ('".  tie    rei;ai(h'd    as    tile    master,    and    not    a- 

.  18."ill      .1    i;\eli.    :i4:i.     ll!l    ]..    .1.     1'Ach.  t  lie  sii  vaiit .  so  far  as  this  duty  w  as  eon 

N'.  S;.  2!Mi.  14  .liir.  8.'17.  jht  Alderson,   M.  ceriied.      In     the    piesenl     ease,    tile    e\  i 

See  iiiiti    to  48    L.    K.   .\.   p.   Itii!'.      The  deuce  slio\'^  yie--  iie).'lj;;eiiee  and  a  eriiii 

riiiinediiiii   lietwiH'ii   the  doitriiie   eonsid-  iiial  iliatteiit  ion  In  his  dill  ies,  on  the  |>iirl 

I  Oil  ill  its  pi.-itive  form  and   as  a   mere  of  the  ensjineer.      It    was  the  duty  of  tin- 

i|U;ilitiiiitiiin  of  the  iloelrine  of  eumiiion  lapt^ain      to      proleel      the      siiliordinate 

eniployiiient      is      elearly     indicated      in    aeents.   employed    in    the    com ii    Inisi 

Wiiltir  V.   lliilliiHi    M8.i:l)    22    ,\la.   2!it.  iii-ss.  from   the   pri'li.ilde  coiis(i|iii'iicc~  id' 

Tliere  I'helan.  d.    (p.  .'('      .  after  -latiiij.'  -iieh  nc^jlect  !»y  the  pionipl  disc|iaii;c  of 

llic    two    (hictriiies    est     .jishcd     liy     the  the  [lerson   wtio.  liy   his  carelessne-,  ami 

ciiilicr   cases    to    lie    that    tlie    iii.isler    is  reeklessiiess.    was    endan^'ering  the   lives 

iHiiiiid  to  Use  ordinary  care  in  proviiliii^;  of   all  on    hoard:    and    this  duly,   as  we 

iiiiii|i,ii.nl  servants,  and  that  llic  servant  have  alnvidy    said,   dc-volved    iiiMin    him, 

inipliedly  stipulates  to  run  the  ordinary  not   as  the  -crvaiit.  Imt   as  the  master — 

'isks  (if   the    service,    aniontr    which    are  as     the     leprc-eiitat  ive     of     the     owner. 

i;i  !4>  .^.n-ideivd  acts  of  ne;.'li;;enre  (»ii  the  'I'hisdiity  lie  did   iinl   (li-.i-!i:uj.'e  :  and  for 

|iiirl  of  a  fellow  servant,  prncecdeil  thii«:  the  injurious  c'l  ii~i  |iicnces  of  this  iicl;IccI 

"liul  the  inustin   does  not  discharge  thi-  Itie    o«ncr    is    ic-puii-ilije.     .     .     .     Uiil 


lili' 


■iitetH^' 


i 


KiTS 


MAS'KI!  AM)  SKKVA.NT. 


I  ( ) '. 

i' 

1 '  ■ 

iiil 


ICUAIV  XXXI 


In  niio  F'!n:;lisli  ciisc  it  was  iicld  tlmt  llic  niii-^tcr  was  nut  cliin-jiciiMi- 
witli  llic  kiidwli'iljic  ol  liift  t'orciMiin  tliat  a  >iilii)iilinat('  wa^  incuiniH 
!rnl.  llic  ni'^lii;iiico  ot'  the  t'lirciuan  in  I'claiMiiii;  tlic  .snlioiiliimii . 
under  >n('li  circnni^laiiccs,  i.s  ^iniplv  that  ui  a  rclluw  scrviiiii.'  Tlii- 
ruling-  is  an  cxcniplitication  of  tlic  ^ii'iici'al  lU'liiciplc  c-taliiislicil  I.' 
Wtlsoti  V.  Men//.      Sic  ^  ."):i'.i,  anlf. 

'I'iic  niiii-ilcicjiaMc  (iiialitv    ui'  the  iliitv  lu  liirc  coiiiiHlriit   sci'wuii- 
is  iisiiallv  (■(iisidcit'd  in  ci.tiiu  I'limi  wiili  injiiiics  rci-cixcd  liv  a  lclln\, 

sci'vanl  lit'  ll lie  allcjii'il  to  l«'  iricMnii)cicni.      liiit  this  diiiv  is  aU 

ti'catcd  a.s  alisciliilc  wlici'c  llic  master  lia-  set   a   vuiiiru  and   iiiexiji  r 
ienceil  servant  to  a  task  lu'voiid  liis  >lriiiiitli  and  skill.      In  sneli  a  cii-i 


('■II J  I 
III! 


nil  iiii|ioi  unit  in(|iiiiv  iiin'ts  iis  iicri'.  not 
I  ailiniri'il  \i\  tlioc  |ii  iiicipU-s.  and  wliicli 
we  do  not  lind  to  lie  covcri'd  liv  iiiiv  of 
the  adjiidioated  eases.  It  is  this: 
\\  lien  tlicii'  is  a  f.'eiieial  inana^'er  or  sii- 
jHTiiitendent  of  the  service,  with  inferior 
afieiits  or  servants,  or  classe-  of  af,'ent-< 
or  servants,  tinder  him.  and  siieh  {.I'li 
oral  iiiana'ier  or  sii|M'riiitendeiit  is  in 
vested  hy  the  coninion  i'liiilover  with  the 
duty  and  aiifhoiity  of  eiii|pl(iyiiij;  and 
dismissing;  those  wlio  are  under  liim,  are 
aets  of  ne;;lif,'eiiee  on  tlie  part  of  sueh 
j/eiieral  nianaj;er  to  be  consich^red  as 
falliii<;  within  tlie  ordinary  risks  of  the 
serviee.  for  which  tlie  common  emphiver 
is  not  responsible?  And  aftain:  Kven 
if  other  acts  of  nef;lif;ence  will  be  so  re 
Sardinl.  are  we  so,  likewise,  to  re^'iinl 
his  acts  of  ne<ilif;ence  in  not  exereisin;; 
rejisonabli!  care  and  diliponee,  in  not  em- 
ployinj;  competent  inferior  otiieers  and 
servants,  or  in  not  dismis>iiii;  such  as 
prove  ineoni])<'tent  ?  In  re;.'ard  to  all 
ether  acts  of  iiei;ligence  (m  the  part  of 
the  u'eneral  manajier  or  superintendent. 
I  (lecline  to  express  an  oiiinion  until  the 
case  arises.  Hut  with  respect  to  the 
hist-meiitioned  kind  of  neyl  i^'enct". — 
namely,  that  of  failinf;  to  exercise  rea 
sonable  care  in  j)rocurin}r  coni|H'tent  in- 
ferior elUcers  and  ap'iits,  where  that 
falls  within  the  sco|>e  of  his  duty,  or  in 
ilisiiiissinii  such  as  prove  to  Ih'  incom 
petent,  I  must  hold  that  they  cannot  In- 
included  anion<{  the  risks  for  which  the 
master  or  commiiom  employer  shall  not  he 
held  rcsixinsihle.  To  hold  othenvi.se 
would  be,  as  1  maintain,  to  destroy  the 
valuable  fieiieral  principle  reeo;.'nized  and 
established  in  the  very  cases  which  have 
been  (piot"d.  in  which  it  is  lield  to  he 
the  duty  of  every  master  or  principal  to 


provide  iiH'M  of  ordinary  care  ami  -kill 
for  each  |)arlieiilar  station,  for  the  -aif 
ty  and  pidlediiai.  not  only  of  -trMiiLri- 
biit  of  thiise  eiii;a}.'wl  in  his  -i.m,,, 
This  duly  of  the  master  is  expri'~-lv  iv 
lained  in  the  vitv  <'ases  where  lie  i-  lii'l,| 
not  to  be  suliject  further  than  this  foi 
injuries  whiili  may  result  to  on,.  „.|v 
ant  from  the  acts  of  iie^li;;eMec  of  In, 
fellow  servaf.  Whether  the  niasit  r  u  ill 
do  this  or  in  :  is  no  part  of  the  imliiMrv 
risks  of  the  service:  he  is  strictly  hclil 
to  the  performance  of  it  at  all  tiiiic- 
.  ,  It  follows,  also,  that  the  law  will 
not  allow  any  shift  by  which  that  m.iv 
he  done  indirectly  which  caniml  he  (Ihiic 
din'ctly:  in  other  words,  the  law  will  nut 
allow  a  master,  whose  duty  it  is  to  em 
ploy  none  hut  men  of  ordinary  cut  iinl 
skill,  in  all  bniiiclies  of  the  servid.  in 
di'volve  the  duty  of  niakin;;  such  im 
phiyment  on  his  ^.'cneral  matia^'er,  who 
may  he  irresponsible,  and  by  -m-h  iii.nii- 
hecome  iricsponsihle  himsidf.for  the  ne^' 
lect  of  this  imiiortant  duty.  .\s  to  that 
much,  the  ;;eneial  nianaf;er  must,  ii|ii  n 
iriiiciple.  be  held  to  be  the  a^rent  of  tli.i 

•ler,  not  only  to  the  work  at  Imi;;i 
I. lit  to  his  inferior  olliccrs  and  serv.mt-. 
and  his  neglects  in  this  rej.'ard  will  I,- 
the  ne<.'leets  of  the  common  eniplivii. 
even  as  to  tlieiii.  If  he  eniplnys  oi'  ic 
tains  incompetent  siibordinalcs,  (In.  mil- 
ler will  be  rcspiiiisihle  for  -iich  an  1. 1 
of  ne^di;;ence  on  the  part  of  hi-  ;;iii 
eial  m.ina^'er.  even  to  a  person  en;;.iL'iil 
in  the  same  serviee  with  the  friiiri:il 
mamifier." 

See  also  the  commeiits  on  this  im-c  in 
Ti/soii  v.  Sdiilh  tf  Xiirlh  \hi.  I!.  I'l,. 
I  ISTSl   (11    Ala.  ,-i,-.4.  :iJ  .\m.  l!e|i.  s. 

'.Vm;7/(  V.  Uuwaid  (l«70i  22  L.  T. 
N.  S.  130. 


«  573] 


VIlK  IM{IN(ll'.\l,S|ll|'-('||Ari.\tTKU  OF  ACT. 


1670 


he  eiiiim.i  oscnpc  liiibilitv  (ui  \hv  fiTonml  tluit  flic  porsoii  dircctlug  tho 
-crviiiii  wlicrf  to  work  wiis  ii  follow  scrviiiit.'* 

573.  Duty  to  .mploy  servants  suflScient  in  number  for  the  work  in 
hand.—  AiKiilicr  alisuhilc  <iiit.v  is  tliiit  of  scoiiiu:  iluit  tiio  immhor  of  pcr- 
-Mii-  (•iiii)loyc(l  is  siiiriciciit  to  ])rcvfnt  c.icii  of  tliciii  from  bfiiig  ex- 
pnscd  to  tliat  class  of  ri>ks  wliicli  results  from  an  iiiailccjiiafv  of  the 
t'orco  availal>!o  for  ilio  work  in  liaiid.' 

Wlirro  no  cmplou'c  at  all  lias  boon  assiji^iod  for  tho  pcrfornianco  of 
a  duty  connoctod  with  tho  o]>oralion  of  niachincrv  tho  mastor  cannot 
take  advantago  of  the  rule  that  the  iic^loct  of  an  oniplovoo  who  is  fur- 
iiIsIumI  with  tho  moans  and  convonioncos  for  koopinj;  niachinorv  in 
[iivpor  cxnidition  for  safo  operation,  and  charii'od  with  that  duty,  is 
not  ('hargeai)le  to  the  master  in  case  or  un  injury  to  another  em- 


ilovec* 


^  \ulilisiillr  Fiiiiiitffj  <f-  Much.  Cii.  V.  A-i  well  niijrlit  flio  ((iiiipaiiy  be  roliovpd 
Ymniuii  (  IS'.H  I  :J  liiil.  A|)]i.  .')il,  :i(l  X.  if  llic  liiiiii  ua^  -tiirtid  witlidiit  an  cii- 
K.  10.  }ri»<''>'-  or  Mitlidiit   hni !«■■<.  nr  willi  a  do. 

Mil  /■7i7,<'  V.  ttimltiii  &  A.  II.  Co.  fc<livc  ciijiiiic.  Tlu'  Siiiiic  duly  routed 
lis;,"!)  ">.1  N.  Y.  ."(IM.  l.T  .\m.  I!i'|).  .">(.■),  ii|)(>ii  tlic  iiniiiniiy.  thcmjtli  cvitj-  iiiiu 
llu'  liMiliiiLr  I'aso  on  llii-  doilrini'.  it  as  i-niiili Mil  li^il  died  <ir  niii  iiwav  "diiriii" 
iniitcnilfd  liy  cciiiM^.d  fur  iliiViidai;!  M)  llic  iiiulil.  and.  if  nrjili^cnt  in  discliarj;- 
lliat  the  iMunpany  was  iki!  liabli-.  lncaii-(>  iii;L'  it.  citlicr  liy  sets  of  cciiMniis-ion  or 
llic>  a^iiil  liad.  ill  '  '.  pnipliiycd  a  lliird  oniissioii,  \\lKllior  in  eiii|>I(iyiiij,'  iniprop- 
l!Kik(iiiaii  1(1  ir<)  ti  tliis  train,  who,  liy  cr  liclp.  nr  not  i'iii)iif:li  of  it.  or  in  not 
n^ivrii  of  ovi'is,  ..ii^r.  faili'd  to  i;ot  iinpiirin;.'  tlwir  pn-ciiK.  upon  tli<>  train, 
iiliiKird  ill  tinic.  and  l>inii'.  that  tin;  in-  it  is,  iipoi'  cvi-iy  just  nrinciplc.  re.spon- 
jury  nniNl  lir  alliilmlcd  to  his  nc;,'li-  -ihlo  for  tlic  oon-icpiciiivs.  .\"<ir  is  the 
t'l'iioi'i  and  1 2)  that  such  iicf.'lij;(ni'c.  if  company  ndicvcd.  althoniih  ncfiligence 
allrihutaldc  to  the  yi'iii-ral  ajicnt  in  not  may  Ik-  iiii|niti>d  to  the  dcfanltin"  brake- 
-ii|iplyiii','  his  place'  with  aiiolliiT  iiiaii.  man.  Tin.  only  cllcct  of  that  circiiin- 
ihii^t    he   rc;;ardcd    as   cdmiiiittcd    uliile    staia-o  woiihl  he  to  make  the  ni^j-liia'nce 

iiilinj.' ill  tile  capacity  of  a   mei i-itv-    coiil  i  ihiiti.iy    nith     the    brakcman,'"  but 

ant.  lint  tln>C(iiiit  said:  '■.Neither  of  woiihl  not  ailed  the  liability  of  the 
tlic'M.  pii.it ions    is   icnahlo.      The    hiiinfj    company." 

iif  a  third  lirakeman  was  only  one  of  tho  Thi>  case  was  followed  in  Booth  v. 
>lc|H  proper  to  lie  taken  to  ili-(  !iai;.'e  Unxlmi  J.  .1.  ]{.  Co.  (l.ST.S)  7;i  X.  Y. 
the  principal's  duty,  which  was  to  .tip-  .')S.  )i>.t  .\m.  Hep.  117  (involving'  similar 
|ily  «itli  ■iili'.cienl  help  and  machinery,  facts):  llcinirv.  Ihucclmaii  (1879)  13 
ami    piopeily     <le.~patch.     thi-     train     in    .lohes  ^  S.  8S. 

'luc-tion.  and  this  duty  wmained  to  be  Si-e  al-o,  to  the  same  elTect,  l!<„1cit  v. 
|»rfiiriiiiMl.  altlioii;:h  ihc  hireil  brakcman  Daiiriilf  (18!i:i)  oli  fed.  SIO;  I  Incur i/ 
(ailiMl  to  w.iko  np  in  tinio,  <ir  was  -i.-k.  v.  Ocmii  s.  S.  ('u.  (l.Sll.'?)  1)2  (ia.  72(i 
cr  faileil   to  appear   for   any   other   na      HI   S.    i:.   .'i.'). 

■iin.  It  was  ne;;lif.'cnt  for  the  conip.iny  On  the  anlhority  of  this  l.ist  case  it 
111  start  the  train  without  sniHiieiil  help,  has  been  held  that'an  employer  does  not 
Tlic  acts  of  Hockefeller  [thi'  head  cull  di-iharue  his  foil  (lnt>  in'  keepinj;  a 
iluftiirl  cannot  be  divided  lip.  and  a  part  place  reaxniably  -afe  by  •.•iviii;;  wiriirii;.'s 
iif  them  fcj;arded  as  thus.,  of  the  cein-  .f  t lirealened  "  or  iniiH^ndin'j;  danpiM-, 
|MMy.  and  the  other   part   as  tho-e  nf  a    ulieii    the    employee    charf;iMl    with   Ihe 


II  crvant  niendy.  for  tho  obvious  reason 
iliat    all    his    acts     con-til iited     but 


Inly   of   <;iviii;r   the    wainint;s   is   .lo  en- 
,L:iir>seil   and  busy   with   his  other  duties 


■iiisle  dnty.      His    acts    an>    indivisilde.  ili.it    he   c.innot  'pro|>erly   and   eHiciently 

anil  the  iiitempt  to  create  a  di-liic!  ion  ■.■ive  i  he  m  ci  s^ai-,-  waiiiini's.      7'/*.    pir,- 

in  their  character   wonld    invnlvc   a    re-  imr    (lSit7)    7S   l''<.il.  (idd. " 
fail  iiient  in  favor  of  cor|)orate  immnnily,        '  I'nsrntt  v.  ./.  Ultihci   f/i/lnniniiihiiig 

not  warranted  by  reason  or  authoiiiy.  Co.    (1S!I7I   '20  .\pp.  Div.  31)7,  4ti  N.  Y. 


1  '■" 

\  '' 


I    Y 


m 


iil!  > 

MM  I 


1680 


MASTEl?  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap.  XXXI. 


574.  Duty  to  frame  rules  and  regulatiuns  for  the  conduct  of  the  busi- 
ness.— All  the  American  onurts  Imld  that  tlu  dutv  of  I'rainiiii:  smh 
P'lioral  rules  and  rcjiiiiatioiis  a;*  a  prudent  man  would,  under  the  «ir 
eur.ifitances,  consider  nei-essarv  for  the  elimination  of  dangers  of  ccr 
tain  fhisscs,  lx>l(>ngs  t<>  the  C4iteg<>ry  of  those  which  the  master  cauiioi, 
except  at  hia  peril,  assign  to  a  senant.*  If.  therefore,  he  ch<M.s<'>  tn 
leave  to  an  emplovee  the  regtilation  of  matters  which  he  ought  to  liaw 
provided  for  by  specific  rules,  such  employee  will  be  regarded  as  hi- 
re, iresentative.'' 


Supp.  812  (no  oiler  appointed  for  ma- 
ehincrv),  Di»tin^ii»liinfr  Webber  v. 
/.'(>t"(18S8)  109  N.  Y.  40«.  17  N.  E. 
21U.  and  similar  ciust-s.  See  8  621,  pout. 
'  "It  is  the  duty  of  the  master  to 
siipervisc,  direct,  and  eonliol  the  opera- 
tion and  management  <if  liis  Imsiness,  «o 
lliat  no  injury  sliall  ensue  to  his  em- 
pU)yecs  throujih  hi*  own  enreh'ssiiess  or 
ne-jlijience  in  carrying  it  on,  or  else  to 
furnish  some  person  wlio  will  do  so,  for 
whom  he  must  stand  sponsor."  nunn 
V.  Mirhii/iin  C.  R.  Co.  (ISSII)  78  Mich. 
.-.|:{.  7   I-.  R.  A.  500.  44  N.  \V.  502. 

To  tlie  same  effect,  see  \(i>tli<rn  P.  R. 
Co.  V.  I'tt-rsoii  (1890)  102  1'.  !S,  340,  40 
1„  c-d.  '.104,  10  Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  84.1:  Itnna 
V.  S\w  Yok  C.  rf  H.  K.  K.  Co.  (ISSI!) 
»2  N.  Y.  e3!»;  Sherhan  v.  .Vrir  Yorlc  ('. 
d  H.  ft.  ft.  Co.  (188.!)  01  N.  Y.  3.32; 
Sliilvr  V.  Jeirett  (1881)  8.".  X.  Y.  61,  .30 
Am,  Rep,  027:  Ford  v,  Lnl.r  Shore  «£•  M. 
S.  ft.  Co.  (IHitI)  124  X.  Y.  4!t3.  12  L, 
R  \.  454,  20  N.  K,  1101:  Hii.sin,rth  v 
Ropers  (18P7)  27  C,  (',  A,  38."..  53  U. 
S.  App.  020.  82  led.  !I75;  and  the  cases 
cited  below. 

The  earliest  suggestion  of  the  doctrine 
s.ems  to  be  that  re|)orted  in  l.ittlc 
Minmi  ft,  Co.  V,  .Sfci;oi,i  (  1831)  20  Ohio, 
41."),  where  the  Ohio  doctrine  as  to  su- 
perior servants  was  hiid  down.  Chief 
.lustice  Tlitchcock  tho\ight  that,  on  the 
facts,  the  case  might  !«•  decided  in  the 
same  wiiy  without  running  counter  to 
I'liriirll  V.  Iliislnn  rf  U  .  ft.  Curp.  4  Mel, 
49.  38  .\m.  Dec,  33!),  iind  others  of  a 
like  character.  He  considered  that  the 
negligence  was  really  that  of  the  com- 
pany itself,  or  its  immiiliate  agent,  the 
suiM-rintendent.  in  omitting  to  see  that 
(he  engineers  and  c-omhictors  of  both 
trains  had  the  same  time  i-ards. 

'  Uaniiihal  d  St.  ./.  ft,  Co.  v.  Fox 
(1884)  31  Kan.  58(i,  3  Pac.  320  (car  re- 
pairer held  entitled  to  maintain  an  ac- 
tion, where  the  wmipany  had  made  no 
rules,  and  furnished  no  Ihigs  as  sigiiiils. 
and  left  everything  which  conr.med  the 


work  to  tlio  management  of  the  fnn- 
man);  Pool  v.  Sijulhrni  P.  Co.  MS!P!i 
20  Utah.  210,  58  I'ac.  320  (similar 
facts);  I.ouinriUe.  K.  d  SI.  /„  r„„.s„/ 
ft,  Co.  V,  Ihinning  (1802)  131  Ind.  ,Vj'( 
31  X,  E,  187  (fereman  of  C4ir  ii-|Mir.]- 
did  not  s<'t  a  signal  (lag  to  protict  a 
workman — no  rules  on  the  snlijcitl; 
I.uehke  V,  Chicago,  M.  £  St.  P.  It.  <;,. 
(18S3)  5!l  Wis.  127,  48  .\in.  l!ep.  4h;) 
17  X.  W.  870  (employee  not.  as  iiLiltir 
of  law,  free  from  liability,  where  the  in 
jury  was  due  to  a  lack  of  prii|ur  pri' 
cautions,  though  the  immediate  imii-c  .f 
the  accident  was  his  obedience  to  tli> 
order  of  his  foreman,  a  fellow  si.|v,iiii, 
in  directing  him  to  work,  witliout  ^c.-iii^ 
that  he  was  protected  in  some  \v:ivi; 
Ilcdiiifitoii  V.  'I'cir  I'orA-.  O.  d  11'.  U.  (''• 
(18!).)')  84  Hun.  231,  .32  X.  Y,  Sn|.[..  ,->,•!.■. 
(no  rul(>s  provided  for  th"  loa<lin^»  of 
cars  in  such  a  nninner  as  to  pre\(iit  iin 
necessarj-  daue  to  servants  cou|>1in; 
them ) 

In  Tu'  V.  \rir  York  .f  T.  S.  S. 
Co.  ('  .)  10  App.  Div.  4ti3,  42  X.  V 
Supp,  20,  the  plaintiff,  owing  lo  tliiT' 
iH'ing  no  light  between  tne  difks  (if  ;i 
ship,  fell  into  an  uncoverwl  hiitchw.iy 
ami  it  was  conteti<led.  in  behalf  of  tli'' 
defendant,  that,  as  it  had  proviili.l  >iil 
ticient  lamps  for  the  use  of  eiii|il"yi(- 
the  want  of  light  was  aitributiil.lc,  rift 
to  its  negligence,  liul  to  tlieirs,  l!ut  tlw 
court  said:  "Tlii're  is  cvidi^nce  tiinliii;' 
to  prove  that,  when  a  vessel  iirrivis  at 
tlie  dock,  men  appearing  about  llicre.Trf 
emi)loved  to  take  off  the  cargo  iitnl  to  ro 
load  it  with  freight,  and  that  ,licy  may 
lia\e  h;iil  no  experience  in  the  \\iiii<  tliey 
are  called  upon  to  pi-rform  in  that  scrv 
ice.  Tiiey.  unadvised,  may  not  kiimi  of 
the  facilities  which  can  be  alfonlid  thiiii 
when  circumstances  render  lliiir  use  ami 
application  desirable  for  -afcty.  Con- 
ditions  like  that  which  caiiscl  the  fill 
lire  of  the  pkiint  iff  to  avoid  tlir  i!;iii^'-r 
which  he  encountered,  it  may  Im  a*- 
-unied,   are    liable  to  arise  and   he  |rn> 


Mi 


i  o74] 


VlCli  I'llJNt  ll'AI.MIIl'— CILMUCTKI!  OK  AtlT. 


lOS) 


A](|iiiri-iitlv  tlio  siiiiir  |>riiicM|)le  is  ii('('<'j)t('(l  in  Kiiuliiinl,  tluinjfb  tli. 
>lH'cilic  iiiillioi'itv  on  tills  jiMiiit  is  sonicwliat  Ic^-  cxjilicit  than  tliai 
uifii  rciiai'il  to  tlic  noii-i|cl(i::ilil('  (pialitv  of  tin-  duly  of  siipplyiii,!,'  safe 
iii.sinniiciilalitics.     Sec  ^j  .".liT,  a.  siipia.'' 

It  ha.s  ai~ii  bi'cn  iiitiinati  J  tliat,  if  the  servants  whoso  acts  causod 
the  injury  were  "actiii;:  witiioiif  any  kni>wn  rnlo  or  r(\i:tilation,  and 
-iiii})ly  foliowiiifi  a  danutTous  practico  sanctioned  l>y  time  and  custom, 
tlic  ri'>iilt  niiplit  lie  ini]iut('d  to  tlio  n('a:l(ct  of  tlic  did'^ndant  in  omit 
liiij;  to  cliangc  tlic  mi'tlioil  of  doing  the  wori;,  and  adapting  a  safer 
ene."* 


iliiicil  in  like  manner.  It  \v<iiil<l.  tliore- 
t'l  If,  si'ciii  to  !>(•  rc:i>i)ii;ilil_\  in<-uiiit>«*ni 
upon  llir  (Icfcli'liint  to  hiivr  xirrii'  ~v-t('in 
l.v  Uiiy  (iC  rule,  ui  i  I'^'iiljt  ion-..  'I'lic 
av;iilii!iility  of  |irotcit  Im'  iiic;mi>  and  ;i[i 
|iliiin('i'-  to  llic  worlinii'ii  i>  not  no'os 
virily  of  any  lifiiclil  to  tln-ni  unliss  tliey 
;ir('  ailviscd  of  it.  It  may  !>"  'liat.  if 
tlio  dofcnilant  liail  |iioviilri!  iiilos  whicli 
i(i|Uiri'il  llio-i'  in  cliai};i'  of  tin-  work  to 
;-.i|vi-«'  till'  uorktn'ii  of  tlio  |>i'i'caution 
;in  nii'ans  of  iirolcclion  »liii-li  could  be 
li.i.l.  tile  pliiiiit ill's  ini.sfortuiic  ini;^lit  not 
liivc  "V'liuird.  ...  It  di»'-  not  a|> 
|"ir  ;aat  Iko  ilcfi'ndant  hnil.  Iiy  any 
nilc-i  or  rpj^iikr  [S  whatever.  n(|iiirfil 
•  ir  diiritcd  till'  Myi'iits  to  advise  work- 
iidii  teiiiiioiMrily  cniployed  to  work  iipoii 
l!;.'  -ti'Miii^liips.  in  loiidins;  and  iiiiload 
ill'.',  of  any  preiaution.iry  nieaivi  wliieli 
!■  iiiiplil,  for  tlirir  ^af.ty.  be  or  becunie 
■ii--ii:ilile  to  iiM'.  l''or  tliis  reason  we 
tliink  lliat  tile  i|iie-tioii  wliellier  the  de 
fmilaiit  was  eliar^eable  with  ne^dif,'enee 
u:is  for  tile  jiuv." 

In  lliiylibii  v.'.Vf  (/•  Yorl:.  I.  K.  d-  11".  />'. 
'■.,.  (1837)  107  X.  Y.  374.  14  X.  K.  407. 
ulii'ie  the  plainliir  was  injured  tliroiif;li 
l!»'  (lifeitive  io.idiii^'  of  a  railro.id  ear. 
■.!"■  'lei'i  nilaiit  reiiiil  upon  its  ■"M-leiii." 
uliiili  was  to  lot  llie  shi|>per  load  and 
-mIm'.  while,  as  to  iii-|x'elioii,  it-  evi 
'I'la'c  only  tended  to  show  that  if,  in 
Hie  _'ei,eral  perl'onnaiiee  of  the  diilies  ol 
tluir  eiiiploMiieiil.  the  slat  ion  a;;eiii 
!( mill  aiiyiliint;  out  of  the  way.  he 
-liiiiild  i-iiiiict  it.  or  if  the  eomliietor  or 
lii'aki'iiiaii  saw  a  defeet.  he  should  report 
il  to  the  st:'tion  master.  No  >iieeial 
'luty  was  inipo-ed  on  eitlier  in  re;.'ard  to 
iii>|iiitioii.  nor  direetieii  ^.d, eii  a^  to  il^ 
iiiiiiiiii'r.  The  court  said:  "The  .  . 
|>l'ii|«i-ition  of  the  deleiidaul  is  that  'il  is 
not  noccs>ary  in  thi~  la^e  to  d.c  ide 
"lu'thcr  the  stakes  in  iinestion  were  or 
"iTc  not  appliance- or  iMacliiiai  \  uilhiu 
''II'  li.caiiiiij;  of  the   rule   iiivukwl   I.y   I  lie 


supreme  eonrt   at   the   jii'iieral   term.' 

•for  the  reason  that  the  >y>teni  un 
del  which  they  were  fiirni-lied.  in^peel 
eil.  and  eniployeil  wa^  iierfeel  ly  well 
known  to  the  plaiiititr.  .and  he  took  the 
li-ks  of  the  coiiscipicnocs  of  that  >y~tcm.' 
Tlore  wa«  no  .«ysleiii  as  to  this  matter. 
If  the  evidence  -hows  that  such  prai'tiees 
had  obtained  before,  it  merely  >liows 
that  the  iiefeiidant  cho-e  to  ilele- 
LMle  a  duty  to  the  shipper  which 
the  torpor, Il  ion  should  have  perfornieit. 
It  is  ei|ii.illv  re^piiii-ible  for  his  neijli 
'.iciicc :  his  nce|i;:eiici'  is  its  nej^li;.'ciice." 
'■  In  Siiillh  V.  liiiiii-  [ISilll  .\.  C.  .tj.".. 
.•!.-.3,  (iO  I..  .1.  y.  1!.  y  S.  (is:!,  ti,-)  L.  T. 
X.  S.  407.  .")5  .1.  1'.  OOO,  Lord  Watson 
laid  it  down  that  tie  nia-ter  is  "no  less 
res|>onsilile  to  his  workmen  for  per-onal 
injuries  occasioned  1  y  a  defective  syslem 
of  usiiif,'  machinery  than  for  injuries 
caused  by  a  defect  in  the  maehiiierv  it- 
•clf."  'i'his  rciuaik  was  made  in  a  case 
tried  after  the  passable  of  the  employers' 
liability  act.  Hut  the  an'liorities  cited 
were  the  statements  made  by  Lord 
('helm>foid  in  lUirtmisliiU  Coiil  Co.  \. 
Mcduiir  (18.-.S)  ;i  Mac.).  II.  L.  ('as.  :ilO. 
I   -liir.  N.  S.  77:t.  and  by   Lord  WViisley 

dale     ill     Wkiiis    \.      MdOlirMiii      (ISlll)     4 

\l.n'i|.  IL  L.  Ca-.  IM.  both  decidi-il  nn- 
'iei  common  law  priiieipb-^.  The  ob-er 
valioii-  of  l.oiil  (  .Miwoilli  in  linildiis- 
Inll  r,„il  Co.  V.  l;.  Ill  I  ls.->si  3  .Mac(|.  II. 
I..  Ca^.  -ZiV  4  -lur.  N.  .'S.  707,  in  wiiich 
I  lie  lua-ter's  liability  for  an  unsafe  -y- 
■.••III  is  ieciij.'ni/ed,  are  also  pertiiieiil  in 
I  hi-  connection. 

■  Doiim  V.  V.  ir  York.  O.  ,f  1\  .  /.'.  Co. 
IsilTi     L-,1    \.    V.   .-,70.   4.->   X.    K.    lO-.'S. 

'this  i'  t  he  rat  ionale  rf  t  he  deei-iou  jn 
Sin, 111  V.  Ciiiniroii  (lS:i!li  I  Sc.  Si-". 
t'a-^.  2d  series.  40;!.  where  the  master 
■.\as  held  to  lie  liable  to  a  qiiariyniaii 
win)  was  injured  by  the  lirin;.'  of  a  blast 
Selore  he  had  time  to  reach  a  place  of 
-belter,  the  evidence  bidii''  that   the  shot 


/. 


Sli 


1:^ 


'  M 


n\  ^ii 


H 


Hi' 


1(182  MASTKl!  ANU  SKUXANT.  [cUAP.  xxsii 

A  Bcrvnilt  wlin.  iictiiiji  upon  ilic  niitlmiitv  cniifirrrd  on  liim,  Iki- 
iiiiulc  a  rule  wliidi  is  niisotuililv  nccosarv  lui-  ilu'  innici  lii.n  uf  in- 
^tlb^ll•(liIlilt(•s.  is,  of  iMiiii-M'.  ii  rcid'csnitativc  <'t'  tlic  iii:i-ii'r  in  vv^-aui 
111  tlio  sus|)('iisiini  ur  iil)nii;:ili<m  i>\  liiiil  nilc' 

575.  Duty  to  bring  rules  and  regulations  to  the  knowledge  of  em- 
ployees.—  'I'lic  liiilv  i>(  triiiiiiiii;  siiitnl>lo  nili'>  licinj;  ccTiiiiiilv  ii.,|i 
assimialiic,  it  would  seem  to  lie  a  ncci'-sary  inlcri'iiiM'  tlial  tlic  -iil.-iil 
lan  (iuiv  of  piildication.  \viiliu\it  the  pertnniiaiicc  of  wliicli  ilic  Inim 
iiiL:  would  l>c  an  idle  fonuality,  must  also  l>c  nonassijiualili'.  Tli. 
iiuihoritiiis  upon  tiu-  subject,  however,  are  very  niea{;re,  ami.  surli  ;i 
liiev  an',  eoutlictiuf;. 

On  the  one  hand  it  has  boon  held  that  a  section  forenuin,  on  wlmn 
i.~  devolved  the  duty  of  infonninf^  his  hands  of  the  contents  of  a  ni! 
iliai  exira  trains  nuiy  be  i  spected  at  any  time  without  notice,  is  /;/■' 
li'd-  rirr  tlie  representative  of  tiie  company.' 

( )u  ilie  other  hand  the  supreme  court  of  West  Viririnia  has  (piotcJ- 
wiil,  iipinoval  the  fidlowin.u'  pa<sai>e  from  a  reee!it  textbook:     "It  i- 
II  il    iv|iiired  that  the  nia:-ler  .should  see  to  it  personally  that  imtic, 
iiiiu;-  to  the  knowledge  of    '1  those  to  be  poverneil  thereby.      If  tin  r 
i>  diu   can'  and  dilif^ence  in  cluK>siru^  coni|)eient  servants  ti)  ivciv 
:  iid  traii-iiiit  the  ncc<'ssary  orders,  the  nej>lij;cnce  by  them  in  tlic  pi-, 
|c  ri.iiMice  of  it  is  a  risk  of  the  employment  that  the  coemployee  i:iki  • 
V, !  I  II  lie  enters  the  service."* 

'I  ill'  leiiined  author  considers  that,  "after  the  jierson  whos<^  diit;. 
<  II  the  ])ait  of  tlie  master,  it  is  to  promuijiate  rules,  or  to  comniiinii'Mi 
'liciii  to  those  eiiiiaficd  in  the  service,  has  perforni(>d  his  duty,  by  (cii; 
iniiiiicatinji-  them  to  a  .servant,  who  in  tuni  is  to  observe  tlicin.  "i 
coiiinninicate  them  to  anotiier,  then  the  omission  or  neglect  of  >ii(i 
other  is  tlic  omission  .ir  nejilect  of  a  fVdlow  servant,  to  the  same  ixici: 


in    ! 


iiiiii 


WMs   filed   ill  acconl.uipc  with  tlic  r.-ii:il  find    in     Hnilnnxhill    Cmil    Co.    v.    1/ 

mill    iiiviti  rate    prucliir   of   tlir   (|iiai  n  .  iiiih-i-   I  H.")HI   3  Miicq.  II.  L.  Ciis.  ,'!in.  ' 

riii>  (M>-i'  was  citi'd  in   Itdrloiishill  i'mil  liir.  .\.  S.  77.'t. 

To,   V     Uiiil    ll.S.-jS)    3  .Miioii.    II.    \j.  (as.  IlirliiniDid      llniiiilr      ('«.      v.      /(-n/' 

liiili.  4  .liir.  N'.  .S.  71)7.  in  sii|i|ioit  of  the  i  iS'.Mi)    92  Va.   ■).">4,  '24  8.  K.  ■l->.t- 
liiii|Hisilion  that  tin' ilncliini' nf  eiiniinoM        '■  Ohoii    v.   .S7.    I'liid.   M.   d-    1/.   I'.  ''■ 

t'iii|>1iiynirMt   was  uiikiiipwii  ti>  the  law  of  ilSSSi    ,18   Minn.    117,  3.")   N.   W  .  ^iiii'. 

Scotlanil.    lint    l.oid    Cianwoitli    |iointril        (  (laic   till'   aivmni'iit   of   the  ei)iii' 

out  that   the  il' ci~ion  ilicl  not  turn  u|>iiii  in    /'/(////   \.    Vi  »     1  oi7.    tf   T.   >S'.   .'•■.  ''" 

the    in'^ilijirnci'    of    Ilir    frllow    wovUlui'n  (ISilli)    10  ,\|i|i,  Div.  4li3.  42  X.  V.  Siipli 

who  iiii'il  till?  shot,  ami  cxiircssly  stiitpil  29.   as   (|uotcil   iiniUi    the   pnMcilin^'  sci 

ihat    it   was   justitiulili'.   on   tho    irrouii.l  tinn.  note  2. 

that   "till'   Injun'   was   i-vidrntlv   Ihi'   ro         -  Sco    Olinr    v.    Ohio    fHirr    Ii.    Cv. 

suit  of  a  d.'fiHivc  system  not  ailiM|ual(ly  I  IS!Mil    42  \V.   Va.  7(1.1.  2(i  .'^.  K.  444. 
prolcitiii^'  the   woiUmi'ii   at    thi'  tinir  of  Sec  liailcy.  Masters  Ijahility  tor  In 

the  ex|dosions."     .\  similar  eonstriietion  juries  to  Scjvant,  ^\t.  77,  S5. 
wa.s  put  upon  the  case  by  Lord  Llielius- 


I  370] 


Vl(  i:  I'I!IN(I1'AL3H11»— CIIAIiACrKU  OK  ACT. 


IfiH.I 


iin  liis  diwilieiliciicc  o(  jin  orJor  or  rule,  after  ro<'i'ii)t  nr  T<n<iulo(lir(>, 
.  .  .  wniild  lie  >ucli  all  uet."  Vet,  a!  llio  saiii''  tiiii>',  lit-  ilcclai'fs 
tliat,  "an  to  tli'isc  onlcrs  i>r  nilcs  n'lafiii;^  tn  tlic  appliaiifis  aini  wav^*, 
it  liciiig  tlic  al)s.iliit{'  duty  ui  llio  inastor  to  sec  tliat  siic'.i  aiipliaiii-crt 
:iMil  \va\;»  arc  reatioMaLly  sate,  tlio  master  slimild  1k'  held  to  a 
-ii'ict  lial)ilily  to  see  that  tlicy  were  actnally  received  and  known." 
With  all  (h'l'erenco  ir  is  suhniitled  tliat  liio  distiiietiuii  here  relied  on 
Is  l(ij;i('aliy  unsotuul,  and  wliolly  ini»nsi>fent  villi  the  theory  wliicli 
iiiak(«  the  duty  of  prolee.fiuj;  the  servant  hy  sniiahle  rules  an  indi>- 
Mindeiit  ohlifialion,  co-ordinate  with  the  ohlijiatiuns  of  seein<;  th  the 
iiijilerial  sniistanees  whieh  compose  the  instrumentalities  tliemvUes 
innie  up  to  the  rocjuiroil  .st:indard.  If  the  master  is  lidund  at  all  to 
proserilio  a  wrtain  system  for  the  fjuidancc  of  his  senants,  it  surely 
(•Mil  make  no  ditl'erenco  whether  the  ohjeet  aimed  at  is  that  the  instni 
mentalities  shall  he  of  a  certain  quality  or  that  they  shall  be  use<l  in  ii 
certain  way.  In  either  ease  the  oljlit-ation  is  referahle  to  the  jreiieral 
principle  that  he  must  use  projK'r  care  to  secure  the  safety  of  his  >en- 
anU,  and  it  se<'ni.s  impossihle  to  ar-rue,  witli  any  show  (>f  reason,  tha' 
i>no  (il)lijration  arising  out  of  that  principle  can  he  less  ahsohite  than 
ilic  other.  'J'he  true  doctrine,  we  take  it,  is  that  the  duty  of  hrinjrini; 
die  niles  to  the  kuowledge  of  the  servants  is  eipially  tionassigmdile, 
whatever  the  suhject-nuitter  may  be,  and  that  the  ([uesiion  whether  it 
has  been  performeil  is  to  be  determined,  not  by  ajnsidi'ring  the  vM\k 
nr  number  of  subordinates  through  whom  they  are  transmitt(>il  to  the 
persons  conci>rned,  but  by  considering  whether  the  ste[«  taken  are 
such  that  the  senants,  if  they  exercise  ordinary'  care,  cannot  fail  to 
ascertain  that  the  rules  have  been  framed,  and  that  obi'dienco  to  them 
is  expected. 

It  tnay  be  remarked,  moreover,  that  if  this  duty  be  removed  from 
the  class  of  those  which  are  non-delegable,  there  will  be  (jonsiderable 
ilitiii'ully,  not  to  say  impossibility,  in  avoiding  the  virtual  niiUitica 
fi'iii  of  another  doctrine  which  regards  the  subject  from  the  st;nid- 
P'lint  of  the  sen-ant's  ()bligati(m  to  observe  the  rules  made  for  his  ben- 
efit, viz.,  that  his  failure  to  comply  with  a  rule  not  bro\ight  to  his 
niitice  is  not  contributory  negligence.     See  §§  3ti.").  ^iM,  anir. 

576.  Duty  to  carry  out  regulations,  how  far  absolute;  generally.— 
Tn  some  cases  it  is  laid  down  in  quite  general  tenns  tlsat  the  master  is 
absolutely  botind  "to  exercise  such  ?a])ervision  as  will  make  it  reason 
ably  certain  that  the  business  is  being  carried  on  pursimnt  to  the 
lilies,"  as  framed.*     But  a  more  exact  statement  of  principles  would 

'McElligott   7.   Randolph    (1891)    61    Conn.  157,  22  Atl.  1094,  Quoted  in  Qer- 


i  ■;! 


:r 


nv 


1684 


MASTKIl  AM)  SK.liV.wr. 


[tllAP.  XXM. 


i!it 


i::iP 


\\m 


i.li 


aeem  to  Ix'  lliis:     Tlio  «iiiiilitv  of  llio  diilv  in  .|iir-.iiMn  .Icix'ii.ls  ii|)nii 
the  essontiul  olijcfis  ..f  iln'  if.milulic-iis  wliidi  I  lie  iill<'f;cc|  r.|.icf(iit,, 
tivi'  of  till-  master  has  faiir.l  \,>  ciiriv  i>iit.      All  ivi;ulati..ns  il  in  iii;p 
ifost,  iiiav  1k^  divided  into  two  eati  ;:nrie.s.      In  one  we  iiavc  a  -' "■ 
nieiit  of  the   method   l.y   whieh   the  employer   proixvseH   U>  di-'i,i:.. 
mmie  noil  delegal.le  ol.li;;al  iuii.      'Die  other  reliile>  lo  matttM's  ..I  <\<-\:i.: 
with  whieh  servaiitH  may  h  ;iiiimately  he  left   to  deal,  exi'ept  win  i. 
the  unusual  c-omiiU-xity  of  the  l.ii^iiM--  oriL;aiiism  ereate-i  a  dniy  ,11  ti, 
master's  part  to  inform  them   in   wlial   manner  lliey  slmuld   p.  ,1 
thoir  respective  funeiion^,  to  the  end  that  they  may  avoid   injiiiih, 
themselves  ami  their  eoworkers.  The  propriety  of  ai>plyiiii;  a  dill.  :,  1, 
standard  of  res|»)iisiliiliiy   to  ea.^h  of  lla-e  eale^-ories   is  snliliinii 
ohvions.      It  cannot  lie  ejnitemled.  with  any  show  of  Iciiic.  tlmi  ;! 
ohlifTBtion  of  the  nui>ter  in  respect  to  the  Mipervisi,,n  of  mere  .|(  liiii 
is  rondorcMl  more  extensive  liy  the  mere  fac-t  tli:;l.  niider  the  ciivin 
stances,  he  was  hoiind  ti«  sv-iemaii/.e  the  esecntion  id'  tho-e  deimU  |. 
issuing  "remTal  orders  for  the  jiiiidaiice  of  his  servant-.      Such  -.ini;: 
orders  do  not  alter  the  character  of  the  act-  to  which  ihey  re!;i'c.= 
The  situation  which  >npervenes  upon  the  is-mince  id'  re-iilmi,  1, 

risk  V.   yen-   Harm   Icr  Co.    (IHim,    .13  lis  V.  V.  ViT.  2:J  X.  K.  slJ      (Tl„.  .,., 

lonn.  9,  l.i,  27   -Ul.  i.ir..  oHth.s-  nf  tin.  o,...  .-  ,Im„.,i,.,|  ,.  / 

It  has  l..-.'ii  laid  down.  -()./». -"/o.  I  hilt  l,r   v,    \  -  "■    \''il-    C.   <■(    'I-    ''     ';    ' 

arailrondcoinpanyisiiotoMl.vlMmii.lt..  |isn21   \M  N.  ^.   ,,,  :i.  N.   K,     ".'. 
adopt   proper   nilea   for   tlit-   niMiiin;.'   of        ()l!..r   .ni.-;  1.  in.l.l.'   riilniL--   i.:.-  i'< 

its  trains,  but  is  bound  to  iMif.irr.'  ili.ni.  .-it.d   ;il    tl iid   .if  tl.c   11. aI    -...i..., 

Xohni  V.  y,;r   row,-,  .Y.   //.  d   II.   U.  Co.         S.mir    u<    tlir    hu,-;K...r    u-,  I      .v    ■ 

I1811S)    70  Conn.   15«.  4.'}  L.   I!.   .\.   -Wo.  .-..iiit    in   <..</ix/(   v.    \.,.    '/"-"'"' 

TO  \tl    115.    The  quf'sti.ni.  how.v.T,  was  (  lS'.t3)    0.'!  (oiin.   !>.   2,    All.   -.  >.  mi::' 

not  ao'tuallv  involved  hrv,-.  M-"  -"i'"  •"  '^'.v  Hi.'  comiI   ..|"  I;  I"  '- 

•This    considiT.it ion     -.■.ins     ti>     have  -Mine   inipnt:ilion   as  the   <■■---    in-'   "■ 

l^'cn  ignored  in  .l/.i.vf  v.  \.„ll,<rn  /'.  I!.  Ii<-.'.l.     Th''   point    .l-.i.l.d   "'-  ti.il    .• 

fo    I  lH!i:l)  .")T   l-Vd.  2S:i.  when'  the  <•. Pint  iv    eonipaiiy    was    ;.'iiilty    ol    iijli;.   ■ 

took    the   111.  id   frround    thai    any    -eiv-  ipnd.-riii,Lr   it    li:il.le   t.>   an    .■nii.l..v,,.  v 

i;nt    to    whom    is   .|ele(,'aled    the   duty    of  iui.'.l    hy    the    -l.utiiiL'    up    "'    ill.'   iii.i 

-cein"  that   a   rule  is  oh-iTve.l   is  a   vice  einii.ry  in  a  sli.le.  wliil.'  Ii.'  >a  1-  ;it  \v..i 

piin.'Timl     and    lield    thiit    the   duty    as-  iheiviii.  un.ler  onlers  in.ni  I  lie  -ii|i.:r 

I.i.rni..i    to   a    railioad    employee    l>y    the  tend,  lit  an.I  u'.'iieial  iinuiii'j.'i'.  »li. '.■  H:. 

rule-    of    the    eoMipanv.    not    to    lenv..    a  e\i.leiiee    showed    thnt    th.'    I.mi.t    a-: 

suileh    whieh   has   lieen   oiieiied   until    it  auny    from   his   po-l    iit    a    I..1I   .-nl  "v 

is    elo-ed    or    he    is    relievrd    hy    another  ten. let    tii    iiolity    the    iMi-un'el-    «l"n  t" 

..niplov.>o.    is    one    of    the    noii  dele- ild.'  -tart,   and   faile.l    to  eoiitorm   to  ;i   nil. 

iluties  ow.'d  by  the  employer  to  its  em-  of   the   company   rciuiri'i..'   tl iii.aiii.r 

ployees  "  to  •"'   aii'it'ed   when   any   p.i-ori   u;i.  111 

\noth.-r  decision  which  ap|H-iir9  to  he  the  -lide.  so  that  the  en;:in..  nm.uI.I  ih.! 

of  diihioiis  correctness  for  the  same  rea-  he  stiiit.'d  at  a  sifrniil  from  the  h.ll  Hill;. 

son  is  one  to  the  ctVeet   that  a  railway  out  such  orders,  an.l  that  the  iiiinry  w.i- 

(wmpanv  is  not.  as  matter  of  law,  fn*  caused  by  the  falling'  of  a  piecv  nf  mi- 

from   liability,  where  a  car  repairer  is  terial  which,  beintr  thrown  hy  -mti  on- 

injured  bv  n  car  which  a  conductor  neg-  ployeo   from    the   slide,   stnuk  tlio  b.11 

ii.'entlv    shiiiiled    onto   the    rep;iir    tvacK-  .-ord.   rant'  the  bell,   and   e:nH.'.I  tlie  .'n- 

without  anv  biakenian  upon  it.     Miiri,l:;i  jiineer  to  start  th"  innehinery.     V.'.'  ■■'■'' 

V    iVetc  I'orfc  C.  <t  U.  Ii-  Ii.  '^o.    (1890)  case  was,  it  would  seem,  reiilly  drtiLl 


«  STfll 


VII  K  IMUM  ir.\I..Sllll'— CIIAKAt  TKH  OF  \(rr. 


inss 


rxpn's>i\r  of  llic  iiH-tlinil^  liv  which  the  iiiii^icr  think-*  fit  to  ixrfi'nn  it 
pprsonal  diitv  is  precisely  tlie  converse  of  this,  nml  may  ren-iiiiialily  b" 
regarih'd  as  entailini;  eiitiroly  ditVerent  ci)iisei|ueiices.  'I'lien-  WdiiM 
lie  a  |ial|ia1ih'  iiMoh^i.-'tency  in  asserting  that  tiic  ithli^ation  to  |iei'l'<>nii 
the  acts  luescrihed  hy  siicii  reitnlation.s  is  not  us  ahsuliife  us  the  ohli- 
^'ation  III  iiirord  the  servants  tlial  partii'iihir  liind  <»t"  |)n>iectii>ii  whidi 
ihey  will  nn-eive  if  the  duty  to  which  the  reuuhitions  have  ref.i-ein'.' 
is  ad''  .'iv  dischariicd.  lleiu'i;  the  uccepted  doctrine  is  ihal. 
r  tilt  act  is  tiiat  uf  the  master,  or  the  dtity  to  Ih-  |icrfcirnied 
I  ■cnlariy  his  tiiity,  the  liability  re-liny  upon  him  for  the  prupf 

pcrfoiiiian'e  of  <he  ai't  or  duty  is  i\nt  sjiified  hy  the  adojiiion  nt  itilc- 
ur  rojriilulioiis  proxidin;.^  for  tliP  i)ori'cirniane*;  of  the  act  or  duty  hv 
tlip  agent  of  the  masier.'"''  Or,  as  the  doeirine  has  al-o  Ih'cm  put  in 
iiiuitJier  case,  a  ma>ter  cannot  relieve  himself  from  liability  for  an 
injury  to  an  employee,  i-esulting;  from  a  failure  on  his  |»art,  thiMni;'i 
iiis  agents,  actually  to  use  such  care  for  the  safety  of  employees  a-  the 
law  makes  it  necessary  for  him  to  use,  by  any  n-gulations,  however 
-rringent  and  however  completely  enforced,  which  do  not  actually  re 
-ult  in  the  use  of  such  care  by  his  agents.^  A  inast<'r,  therefore.  i< 
liable  for  the  negli.eence  of  an  employee  to  whom  is  dep\itecl  the  jn  r 
fciniiance  of  the  one  s-,>eeial  act  withotit  which  a  nile  prescribed  "  ii' 
a  view  to  making  the  place  of  woik  safe  would  be  wholly  iiictlicacii'U-. ' 
The  great  <'Xten>ion  which  the  master's  responsibility  for  diingers  of 
tlio  transitory  class  receives  as  a  result  of  conceding  a  right  of  acii>;i 
nn  such  a  ground  is  maile  esju'cially  manifest  by  the  decisions  ihI- 
vorted  to  in  the  following  sections. 

Attention  may  here  be  drawn  to  the  fact  that  in  any  case  where  the 
ilclinqneney  complaiiie(l  of  was  that  f>f  an  employee  who.  a< rdinu 

i  the  view  accei)t<'d  in  the  jurisdiction  where  the  accident  occurrec! 

vas  a  vice  principal  by  vii'tue  of  his  sui)erior  raid<  (see  chapter  xxx. 

"n  tlip  cioniiH  that  the  i)<;.'liL'<'nt  iict  was  llic  coinpnny,  that  an  pnpiiu'  was  ahniit 

i!ni!p  hv  the  -iiprrintoiiilciit  in  his  Dllicial  to  cntiT   upon   the  track    wIk  ic  hf   wa-. 

i-ilKicitv.     'Spf  S  .">4'2.  ante.  uoikin;;. 

'//'/>/';,  i/iv   V.    Wtr    Yorl;    h.    E.   A    W.         Compair   Chiraqo  .(     V.    11'.    /?,   Cn.    v. 

irCn.  (1SM4)   142  N.  Y.  410,  25  L.  R.  A.  Tnyhir   (1^73)    tin  III.  4ii1.  IS  Am.  H.-p. 

iitil,  :17  X.  E.  4tlf).  ('>2(i.  wliorp  the  S(T\anl    riTuvciccI.  whi'ir 

'  l/'sioHi-i     /'.     li.     Co.     V.      MrKtijra  thi"   injur}-  was  to  a   stution   ^lu'i'nt    inn! 

jsssi   71  Tex.  380.   1   Ti.  R.  A.  411.  0  swildiman   at  a   way  station,   and   was 

s.  \V.  31S.  oansfMl  Iiy  tlic  np;;li;.'(  ncc  of  otlicr  scr\ 

'  Sii-  y.i  ii.isrilh  ,(■  T.  II.  It.  Co.  V.  Ilol  aiil-i  of  the  company,  wliosc  iliity  it  wa<. 

'imh  (ls;t4i    ii  Iml.  App.    108.  .1(1  N.  K.  nridiT  the  nilis,  to  icc  that  cars  in  pus*- 

■in.  wliiTc  n   railroad  company  was  Iicid  inp  trainx  should   not    ffo  out    upon   the 

liatilc  for  the  injuries  received  hy  a  car  road    without    proper   lights  and    proper 

rppairer  in  coiweipietice  of  the  nc;.'lijjcncc  brakes,   the   common   master   being  held 

nf  s  hrak.-m,)n.  who  «a-  direrlcd  to  no-  liahle. 
tify  him,  in  accordance  with  a  rule  of 


•tf. 

'* 

1  »i!>,  ;i||||aa 

■■ 

:;| 

■    ini?;,:i5Hi 

m  ■ 

i  : 

i 


I  J' 


I 


hrniji 


1A86 


M AM  Kll  AND  ••'•:i!VANT. 


[lllAf.   XXII 


mile),  tlif  iiiii«t.i-'«  liiil.iliiv  is  vr\  ..il.lo  iii<litT«'iTHtl.v,  fitlirr  t"  tli^ 
tlioi.rv  that  llii-  ••iiloictiiiciit  •>!'  riilr-  is  a  n..ii<lcicfrabi<'  olili^:ati<'ii,  <•. 
to  tilt"  tli<'..ry  that  n.'^^lip'tifc  in  cairviiig  mil  nil.'.i  U  ivcli..iii'.l  aiiinn 
llip  otlicial  ai't.H  of  a  vi-c  piiiL-ipal." 

It  sli.Mild  al-.i  I.C  nut.Ml  ihal  l>,v  thii-  >.',i;iv;;atiiiiir  rc-iiilatiniH  ii,;,^ 
two  rati-^'orii's,  .lclrnnin<(l  ii.v  their  ^^uhjc.-t  iiiait<r.  a  faifl.v  -.itj- 
factorv  ^ri>iiml  in  .'l.laiiir.l  on  wlii.-h  to  inert  the  |M.int  iiia<i<'  li.v  -.n, 
j.,,„,.,^'_ — ilijit  111,'  •MiiMiinr  ..■I'vaiit  liot'trinc"  U  h'viiiniatelv  .I.mIu  iK! 

fi tlie  doctrine  llint  an  eni|.l..ve<'  \vli..  |in.nml-aie-4  or  .■anii  -  •  n 

rrjiuiatioiis  is  a  vice  |)rinei|.al.'      The  analojrv  liin-  eniplia-i/e.l  (  ,i 

•Tim-,  if  on.'  of  llir  ral.-  of  tli.'  inil-    rnr  to   prnvnlr   for  lli.ii    -nlViv.   .hi  r 

lo..(l     ronipaav       llll  lli-llcM|     Ic.     ,1     -.ct  ion  !«•    tll:ll     ll.r    fi.lr.M.Ml    111. I     no    .Mill 

fon.rn.iii  for  I'.i-  ..oii.l  imv.  ,„...  i.l,-  Uml  in  nn  ..iiMrL'Wi.'V  lo  a-r  :,iiy  oil,, ,  ■ 

"oMn  Irniiw  iiMV  iMi-«  ov.r  llll-  mail  at  lliaii    IIm.-c    mi1o|i(im1    I>v    tlir    ,.iiii|.i, 

aiiv   lini...   willioul    pi.vioii,   no' i.v.  .iii.l  ri.al    ti,,'  ivl  I|i.}.'h.  ami  iiotliiit:  l.u.  .i. 

Ou-    fornnali    (of    a    ■-'am;    of    I  r.irtxiiali  1  '-I   Ha^'-.   "a»  111-  niraii-  lir   »,i-  t,  ,,. 

must     1.0    always    pi.  |...r...|    for    ll.nii;"  pln.Vl'      If.    for   an.v    •'■H-.n,    I  ,.il    >.., 

mill  aiiollirr  rill.'  i.iovi.l.s  t!,..t  -ii.'  iiiii-l  -•l.'arly.  m  a  t'lv"  '■a-'-  <'■')<■    ■'  "  "i-  ' 

run   ll'i-  liaii.l   <-ar»   «itii    •.'oat    .Million,  li.'i.iit   as  a    warmiiL'.  laii   H    I"'  l"-ii'i 

lUiil  lio  iiiii>t  not  iMTiiiil  iImmi  to  l...  ii„..l  lliat   tlir  forinian  «oiil,l  1,..  ir-lii.i.l  t 

li,.    a.roiiiiKiiiv    llhiii;"    ami    an-  llir  us,,  of  tlir  i   .1  lla-s  ^     Oril.iii-n 


iinl 


ip 


otli.'r  nil,.  r,,niii,-  liim  "to  ,-..i.i|iai,-  liis  i ,  lie  lia.l  lia,l  ll».  iv.l  lla;; 

tini.     <a.li    <lav    «illi    tl.,.    ■•lo-k    at    tli.'  ■■nr   of   tin-  ni.Mi    \va-    in.|iii,.l.    in 

nrar.st  t..|<"'ia|,li  ,.lli,',..  <ir  «  illi  llic  i-on-  .|ii,no,.   of    its    iii»iilli,M,i„.y    to    ;;m.  il 

,luHor    on    th,.    train.-    -til.-,.    rnl,.s.    as  ,^all,ill^:.    tli»l    tli.'    roiupiiiy    «,.ii.    ii- 

well  a^  the  law.  iv.piii,.  Iiiiii  to  ii-,'  111-'  I"'  liil>l«'  to  tin-  inini,.!   parly;     III-  i' 

op|,ortiiniti..s    tliiis    .liilv    airor,l,-,l.    or  .li<,l,.ii-nl    its   ,liily    l,y  pimply    i.l..i' 

liny    otlirr    oppoi  iiinili.'s.    to    as.vrt.iin  iiii:    a    ni.ans    of    pi„l,',l  i,,ii.    ..nlni.uiK 

wliat    trains    aiv    .spi.tnl    to    nm    ov.'r  -iilll,  iriil .  wl„n  tin-  p,-r~..ii  in  .liu-.n. 

liis  scot  ion  of  111,.  tra,k  l.v  pivvioiis  ai-  tli,-  wmk  kno«s  that,  in  I  In.  paiti.ul.,( 

ran.'..inriit>.  an.l    '.xlan.  so  tlial    la iv  <'as,..  it   is  iiol   a   ■.iiili.'iiiil    w.irniM.,-      I. 

1,0  pr,-par,.l   tor  lli.in  a«  n,ll  as  lio  oan  llir    for,-nian    lia-   aullioiity    in   «u.li  m, 

ho    anil  tliii.  .liii,ini-li  llio  ri-k  of  a  ool-  ona.i-,n.y.   Iliat    aiillKinty    n-iilts  fr,.,„ 

lision  l,olw,,Mi  i\li.i  liaiiM  ami  tlio  liaiiil  liis    u',ii-ral    aiilliorily    to    pirPTiii   I  i. 

oar      If  li,.  m"l,,-i-  lliis  iliitv.  ami.  with-  amy   of  tlio  ooinpany    in    pr.,l,-,-ti,i-  tii. 

out  anv  f.nilt  of  om'  of  lli,'  lalHmrs  nn-  ,  iiipl-.yivs  iiml.r  In-  .•..iiti.il    iii  th,'  [-r 

ilor   liiin     his   '-m.!    oar  o, -    into  o,,!-  forniaiio,'   ol    a    ,laiiu..i.,u-    u,,rk    t.n   I  :■ 

lisi.ni    with   an    oxtra    train,    whioh.   ha.l  .■oiiipany.  ami  h,.  ua,  aiitlion/,..l  .<■  m^.k. 

ho  p,.rf<irinr.l   hi-  ilnlv.  woiil.l    not   hav,.  ilio  promise  to  llio  plainlill  tm   II, ..v,,! 

oooiinoil     ami    lli,'    lal'-ior   on    th.'   lian.l  paiiy.  ami   iiml, 'l.n.k  to  s,.t  ,,iil    ll„.  i,  I 

■■ar    is    kill<..l    or    in|iiiv,l.    iho    railioa.l  llai.'s  in  hi-  p.,-.— ion.  or  to  a.l..|.l  ,ii,< 

npinv   will   I.,,  liahlo  for  Ih.'  .laina}.'os  olhor     im'aii-    m.-.-ary    t.,    -,.ui.'    H" 

sii-taim-.l      Crisnrll  v.  I'illshiirqh.  I'.  salVly    of    tli,.    im^ii.    lh,r,.|,y    al,-nhi,;: 

rf   R/     /      /,'     C"     llHSSi    30   \\.   Va.   ''■I'^.  thilii    flolll    till'   illlly    of    s,.ttlll,i.'   out   ill,- 

g^'j.-"..,'  Hay.  or  -itliiif;  the  watch." 

So    '.Iso'in    l/oon    y.    \V„h.iyh.   SI.    I..         ^  S,.-  ^  .VJ-.'.  ,/.,;„', .       Ux  C<ml  v.  i:.hh 

rf   I''  It    Co     (IHS.-.,    H.-,  Mo.   .'iSS.   whor.'  .l.S!>.!;    .\lo.  1    24  S.  \V.  74ti,  It   wasWl 

it  was  hohl' that    tlm  -orvant    of  a    rail-  that    a     -nlion    for.nian    in    oliai-,.  -i 

wav  ooinpaiiv  may  rely  on  th,-  vio,.  prin-  a  f-an-  of  lahoivrs  at  work  aloi.L'  ••  ™ 

oipal-s  proni'iso  to  proto.i    liin.  while  at  way   i-   not   a   folloNv   servant    »iti  a 

work   on  a   si.lo   track,   mitwitlislamlin-  .■onioluc  lir.niaii.  wliil,.  the  lat»,  ■  i- ,1- 

of  a    rule  ,,f  the  coinpany  liv,.riiii;   a    im's-a!.'e   troiii   J'."', '_"'"'  "''" 


ooin 
so 


the  oNistcnoo 


roouiriii"  servants  to  protect  thciii>elv,"s  I.t.  hy  throw  in-  it,  while  tieil  to  a  Inn 

l,V   ptittrns  cut    flafis   while   on-a-.M    in  of  coal     from  a    passnifr  tram,  a^    iii^ 

4^,^^.„rk      The  court  s,,i,l:      '•It   l„.inK  .IdivrmL' tho  messa-o.  ho  iopi.-,Mt>  t! 

ronood^,  as   it    must    he.   that    the  .oni  inasti'i-.      Keplyinp    to    ih..   aiy.i ul  ■•, 

pany  owed  a  duty  to  the  men  under  the  .Icfiialants  eounsol,  that  the  tiie,„:,n,  is 


pany 


\  .-."l 


Vlt  K  ntl\ni'\l>llll'— lIlARAt  TKIt  ttK  At  T, 


1«H7 


iliiitlv  l(i«o<t  iir  Icii-t  II  piirf  of  il^  fnrcc.  wlicri  wc  iidvcrt  fo  f!i(<  furt 
iliMi  ilic  (|iiiilitv  ul"  ilic  iiiii-'tfr''*  rplili^iitinii.  with  ii'«|K'ft  !••  piuTiil 
iliri'i'iiuiiM   tor  tlic  cotiiliK't  (if  till'  wiirk  viirifs  u< niiii^  to  cirvotii- 

-Illtll'CH. 

077.  Duty  to  carry  out  regulation!  with  retpect  to  the  movement!  of 

train!.—  Tlir  prinrijili'^  i'\|iliiiiiril  in  ilir  inrrriliiiir  si'ciitin  Iuim'  Iwcii 
>  \ti'iisi\('ly  i|i'>cii''>«'il  in  lliat  iin|M<rliiiit  cIihs  of  im-cs  wliicli  ileal  willi 

ilic  liiiliilily  of  niiluiiv  ( pnnic-i  fur  tlic  nc;;lijri'n f  nMplovi>- 

niiiccrni'd  wiili  till-  niiiN cniriit*  of  t.  ■''•\y.      'I'Ih'  caso  rrlVrnil  li>  iir 

!iiw  ?*lio\v  tliiit,  on  tilt'  whole,  til MirN  ,ire  uyrectl  n>  to  fhc  |n'.i|irii'iy 

if  tritikini;  a  tli.stini'tiMn  U'l  ween  ilit-  otlieiiiU  wlio  are  onjinai-ilv  kii'iwn 

;;-  train  (le«)>ateliers  ami  (lie  employee-  wlio  eonimiinieate  llie  ilii'ei'- 
lioiis  of  tla^t'  train  <le-paieliers  to  llie  -er\iintH  operalin;;  tlie  trains. 
I'liif  it  is  often  i|iiile  (litiieiilt  tti  say  wlieilier  tlie  aft  wliifli  eaii-i'd  i!ii' 
injury  slit'iiltl  lie  treaii  "I  a-  one  incident  lo  fiinetioiis  t)f  coiiii-ii,  or  to 
'lie  ilisfliarp-  of  iniiii-terial  duties  merely. 

n.  J)i>ihnii  Hull  Infill  ih  siiiihln  IS  nif  nrc  fii  nirijinls  ;  fjrHcinlh/. — 
It  is  a  seltled  law  in  iiio-t  jnrisdietioiis  in  llie  I'liiteil  States  iha'  any 
'  iiiployee  who  is  iini'sied  wit!  a  disereiionarv  power  to  re^'iilaie  the 
Miiiiiin;r  ot'  the  train>  o\er  an  entire  railway  sy.-lt m,  or  one  of  ii-  -iih- 
ijivisioiis.  represents  the  railway  company  in  respect  to  anyiliiii!' 
wliicli  he  does  in  the  e.\erci>e  of  that  power,  whether  the  de- patch  <<i 
M'liins  is  his  sole  i'liiiction,'   tir  that   fniietion   is  comliined   with   the 

111  thf  nrt   in  ijilcstion.  wiw  tciiipiirarily  |">inls  wlicrr  0\o  fmi'iiii'ii  witi'  workiiia. 

in  till'  iiiiiij  ili'|iiirtiiiriit .  mill  tliiK  ;i   frl-  'I'lii-    |irii"tirr    ua«   »"  ;trniTiil   aii'l    Imis 

Iciw  F<'rvaiit   iif  till'  iirlion   fmriiian.  tlic  rout  iiiiiril  that   it   iiiiylil    faiilv  lif  I'iumiI 

I'oiirt  Haiil:      "lliit   this  liiir  of  ai  ;.'iiiiiriit  Ilia!     tlir    iiia»t<'r    »a«    rliar^'ralilc    with 

ii    int('r<'i|il<'il    hy    aimthrr    |iiii|Hi»iliiiii.  kiiiiw  lrii;;f    of    it.      Thi'    priMif.    hnvvi'vii 

It  i«  Ilic  inaslci's  pcisiinal  iliily  In  yivc  \ii»—    fiiilh'T    than    tlial.    iiinl    |iii~illMly 

iliiirtiiin   t      (he    wiii'k    in    hami.   ami    in  -huvv-  thai     '  c  pracliii'  \\a«  pail   nt'  Ilic 

till-  matter  'if  ciiiiiiniinicatiii^'  n --.niy  iiiclliinl  ailiipic'  liy  the  mail  ina-tci   liiiii- 

ilircclions   fur   that    wink,    hy    aiilhinily  -ilf    fur    ciiiniiiiiniraliii;,'    miliii    In    hi» 

"f  the   mailer,    all    cinplnyccs    represent  ■iulinriliiialc    forcnicii.       .'<iicli    hciii;;    I  lie 

the   ma«ler.       Kor    a     uaiil     of    onliiiaiy  ea-e.    it    ■.leins    In    ii«    Ihal    ill   ilili\  n  in;; 

■  are  in  tlw  transMiis7.iiin   of  such   iline  •<iieh  iiie-.<a;;cs  thiiiii;rh  llie  n;;eiiey  nf  tlie 

liiiiis  p;    iinlers   the   nia-ler   is   liahle.   if  Iraiiiiiieii.    the    riNiil    nia-tcr    n  |iie-.eiilril 

iiijiiiy  re-iills.     It  has  lnen  e\pre->ly  ..o  the     ilifiTuIaiiU,     anil     Ihal     the     laliei 

liclil   in   lliis   vlale.    where   the   iie.;li;;"nt  shinilil  he  lielil  answerahle  fur  ne;.'!i'.'enee 

apt  \sa<  perlin  iiieil  hy  a  li  liii  ih-pileher  in     the     tiaii-'iiii>-.iiin     of     -iieh     nniei-. 

in  triin-mitliM;.'  mi   onler   tor   llie   mine-  wheiehy     the     plaintilT    siid'ereil    the    in- 

nicnt  nf  trains,      Sniilli    v.    Wnlinili,   SI.  jiiiy   which    forms  the  basis  of  this  ac 

/,.  <(■  /'.  H.  r,j.    (IHSTi    'Xl   Mo.  :).">!».  4  S.  ti<iii." 

W.   I.'!l.     The  principle   iimhrly in;;   that         'i;ih,„   v.    Harbison    (1000)    44  C.   C. 

iiiiiL'ininl   is  applicahle  lo  the  facts  now  A.     ISS,     1(14     r''e<l.     7.17;     Oiriimi     Slmrt 

liit'iire  lis.     There   is   positive   proof   here  l.iiir    it    I  .    \.    H.    Co.    V.    h'ruxl     (IS'.Mi) 

lliiit   fur   many    years    the    piacliee    hail  -Jl    ('.  ('.   A.    ISIi.  44  T'.  S.   .\pp.   I'llKi.  74 

Iircvailiil    to   I'leliver    oi  iters    to    the    see-  I'cil.  illl.') ;  f'lcic  v.  St.  I.oiiif).  I\ .  ,i    \.   11'. 

linn    fiiieiii.'n.    while    i  ii;;av.'eil     at     wink  If.  <'ii.   (Issti   Jtil  Vn].  H7  :  Clmlr  \.  I{iih- 

.llelHj    tl„.    roail,    hy    the    i,,!  .-.i ,..,( i,,,,    „f  ni'mtl  ti   l>.    I'.   <'•:.    ilH!!,!!    ti!>    Kc'l.   >u^: 

ni]|il"\,,,    oM    the    ir, litis    to    iias»    the  l.itth-     liock    i     M.     U.     Co.     v.    Uaiiij 
Vol.   II.   il.  i    S.-25, 


i  V 


i.'^ 


Itisit  MAMKK  ANU  SKUVANT.  i^UAV.  wm 

.liiti.M  of  sum.'  oflirr  ..lli<'<'.''  Tli.-v  uiv  ivp.nl.-l  .i-.  iit:.  iH-'  to  wlioin  i- 
••.L'tipil.-,!  »in.r.'iii.-  iiulhoritv  in  ilu-  xiMfiul  iwrvi.-c,"'  an-l  l.»  wli-m  i- 
i;iv.n  full  (•..iiin.l  in  tin-  m.in.ip  an-nt  of  triiin^  tlir.-mrli  lli"  t.-l.-ni|.h.« 
riirir  .luty  iMTtains  l..  hKinii^-.nK'nt  .  .1  ilir<vti..n,  wUile  tlu^  diiu  cf 
iiiiinnnn  pi'iluins  to  oUiiitni'i'.' 

'I'll.'  pliiintitf!*  in  ni.mt  of  lii<  :r.  wlii.li  fix-  .•oni|mn.v'(i  liiiMIit.v 

ix  aUiriM.Ml  ^^vro  train  lian.U.  t  ..  the  ri>.ht  of  otl.-r  .■inplu.vMw,  ,„.l, 
lis  traik  rciiaiinrs,— to  recover  for  netrliK.  nee  in  .iiiv.tini;  tlie  iimv,- 
■Ileitis  of  a  train  is  equally  ummestioiiable.' 

h.  Train  drsiiahhrm  irjinsrut  llir  comjuiiiii  '»>  '"  Kp<'<tnl  or^ln. 
s„.si,rn<lin,i  miiilnr  ti,r''tahlrs.—'S\o%to{  tlio  aeei.lent.  duo  to  •!„ 
M. -lip  nee  of  train  ile^pnteLer-  an-  naturnllv  the  result  of  s]..  ,•,.,! 
orders,  r.'n.lere.l  inreHsary  hy  tho  nioveirionts  of  extra  trains  not  pp. 
vi.i.d  for  in  the  regular  tinie-tahh*,  or  by  the  faihiro  of  the  tmin 
s|,r,iii,.l  it.  Muh  time-tahles  to  arrive  at  certain  gtjitions  nt  tlie  I1..111- 
appointe-l.  That  Huch  orders  are  issued  by  train  de«pat.li..rs  .l 
(1S031    .-.H   Ark.    I!t8.  2.1   t..   R.   A.   380,        Or  of  division  ii!rp»riiil..i<!.-nl      V.„f/. 


T7,  in  so  fiirns  it  r.--..Kni/..a  .,oai-..nc-    A,.,.   1. 1.,  24   S.    \\     .1.)  i    "'L''"";^  « 
,.,1 ai.l,  oiMiatnis,  ;  llannibnt  Jk  SI.  ./.    lo'l  (,.ssist;i.,t  s.i|M.niit..|..l.iit  ImI.I  f  l» 


)t"v»"V  a'.(»',".V.  1/   1  I'rtHH)  Mlt  Kiiii.  1.  17  vi.v  priticipal  in  n'spoK  I.,  .ivii../ ..,,1,  i- 

Pnr    :l>4-    l.ouisnlh:  f.  A   I..   It.  ''',.   v.  a*  t«  Hie  niiiiiinj!  of  a  wild  tr;iini 
ravens,   (1S7:1>   «  H...1..  .^I!):   \t'l..,.,l  v.       Or  of  nmsfr  ■'"";•'';•"'•■•),''';''''''., 

V.  /»</„»,„•,    a-  //.<■-.«;./  <'o.   MS!..l)    l.i7  M    V.    S     A|.|..    ..S.i.    ...     H.-l.    ssl       /; 

,r,;A-'"rf    (J.'W.'CO.    (IHS.l,    2«    W.    V.,.  IIHS:,,    .1.1  <;.l.   ;102    ."i    I'ae.    4S2    ..r, 


It   Kilt   wil limit   a  linlit  i . 


jiriik 

till).   57    Am.    R.'p.   «!).-■:    ami   Hu-   easpn    ■•.■i  ,      v     „     <    r    /•    ;/    f., 

ruiik  ( iH!i:ii  .!  f.  c.  A.  iM.  ir,  r 
hVil,  1-2.-.. 


iMtod  in  the  foUowinj;  iintrs. 

A   woiil   KDiiietiiiii's   iKi'il    .(i  ili'«iv'iiati 


train     dt'spatcli.Ts     is     tn.iii      iiia-t.T.  App    1.,.)-    Hnl.    1-. 

(18!».i)    Ifi7   I'a.  :i:l2.  ill   Atl.  liTii;  '',,»■  .S  .Mini.  .>i:i.  ,    L.  li.  A.  ..n...  U  N   u 

V.  St.  hoiiis.  h.  if   .V.   W.   K.  Co.    (1SH4)  r.()2. 

20  Fed    87  'Smilli  v.  H  ii'i'i.v/i,  N'.  /-.  if  '     "  '" 

'As   that     of     sii,M.rint.-nd(.nt.      /-«»/,  v  ( IS87 )    !"2  .\lo.  ;t.-.!l.  4  S.  W.  lj!!t. 
V.    ram.rfi.o.    i:    It.   Vn.    (1«!H)    SI!    M.-.        Coiiipar..  /*-n./._i»  v.    \  .,r    1 ..,/,.!  V 

4.11     -ii    Atl.    ;1.17;    0-l.,iH,iUHn    v.     Vri.-  H.   It.  Co.    (1S8..1    ..2  .  omm    >...    >-    \" 

»or*-  ('.  .G  //.  H.  It.  Co.    (1887*   27   .\.  Y.  Hop.  :.!•.».  wli.rli  al-.  duvN  .m  llw  t.ut 

Wc'k     Di".    IOi».    !)    N-    V.    S.    1!.    :I84 :  tliat.   in   .Mii.t-ciwi.'s.   -.iiili  an  .mi."" 

Hfli/"'''   V.    /;.i.v/    Trnurssrr.    V.  .f    ','.    ff.  mu^t    promptly    ol...v    tl...   oiilri-  ol   In- 

Co'.   (ISllt!)    3  foMw.  222:   W.(.s/i/,"i/i  v.  siipcrioi^.  ^  -,   n  r. 

Vri*hn7;r  .f    C.    ff.   Co.    ( IS.Wl    I!    II.Md.        '  lln/tn,,  v.  Fast  Trnmssr.   ,i^r  R.'  ■ 

i;:!s.  7:^  A,,.,  n.r.  7S4:  rn,r.„m,/-.   V.  O.  :  \w>u    :?   <■..!.!«•.    222    (  phomur   «.- ^. 

,(    7'     /•    /.•    Co.   V.  r/,n/,-    (lS<i:ii    .i  C.  C.  track    ivpaiivi  I  ;    Unhrslon.    II.  .1    ■ 

A.  281,  1«  U.  S.  App.   17,  .-,7   IVd.   12.'..  II.  Co.  v.  Smith   (!«"«)    '"  i''     ^"    '' 


■jji'M'li 


■1 


\  n  i;  i'UiN<  ii'\i.Miii'    tn\i;\i  ii:i;  III-  At  r. 


1i;h!) 


r\\t*  i<(  tin iiip!iiiii'.t  I*  n'ci.L'iii/i'il  liv  all  til nil*  wliirli  rcjriinl 


ImIII    .|H    VMM'    [irllH'lI'l 


III    liict    the  re    \\iillli 


I  In 


itiiit 


II  V 


'lillli;;  llniii  (i>  Ix'  vice  |i|-ilii-i|(itl?<  il'  llir  iliictiilii'  wire  liikrii  tii  In- 


iiiii|i|ilicMiiir  under  Hiii'li  circiiiii-iMii 


I.  tniiiiiiiMii  liiH  aiiv  viiii'c 


"^  \\ .  '»i'i  ( (iliiiiil  ill  Max  It  liiliiinr  ii^iv-    ijiiiii   lt«  iiinti'iiiiiii*  fmiii  lii<  iiilicr  In 


.III 


In    /.. 


.1   »iiik  t  mill  I. 


I'liilinli  liilii.i.     V\  lii'ii  III    i'<'<iii'il  .III  uiilir 


V.   \.  ,/.  )7    (HM7I    nil  I'b.    (Ill-  iriiii   \»ii«  I ii 


III  til  III 


ih 


i;.'"<.    M      Ml.    .'il  I.    till'    coiut    n-M-.iiii-d    n-iil.     Tl ii^fiiutr  uihI  cm   i  u-lur  IhhI 


ihiH 


ilhl    |>l'i 
III,.,     fn 


■Il       i. 
I 'I 

iml'j.iii 


l|i:lllV 


ciriir     tluit     It    lillt 

lilltV    to    fill 


iliit\ 


ml    lliiil    \Mi 


'ilu'ilniK 


Il   I-  Inn-  till 


ilil-   in    till-*  l':l-.i« 


lli-ll    Illll'X    mill    «i-lii.|      W.I-    «i'Mt    l>v    .Inlin    .1.    N.lliT*.       Hut    .S'l- 


iM    .ilTiiiil    f 
il 


-..M.lM,. 


1  I    I  III.,       IIM 


III. 


i.iini-.  uli.i  wrir  iiitri),'.  .1   III  niiiMhi;    jiiumim 


•.il'.lv    til    till-    in 
I 


Tlii 


III-    .  llii-  i|.-i.|,lllt  111'    ll.lt..lillr,  mill 

lii»  iiii»<  Ml-.    >\,i-  cliillii'il   with  nil   liiK 
vMiM.      Kill    III..   |iiii|ii.-<ri«  of  llii»  Citite 


iliii'il.   |iii-iiii'  .Inly,    S-llrri    win    I!,  ri.ili  th-    iiiul    Itiirtnli-ltt' 


\tiiii|   llii'  nini|i;iii_v  owi'il   il«  riii|.liiv.i«.     \\;f    llii'   riiiii|iiii\ 


III  Imi    |Iii.  fiiiliiti'  to  |ii-i  I. 


iliii'li  it    t»<' 


III. I 


,il.|.-  tl 


I" 


liil'>  till'  nil.. .lull 


111.,   .li.l 
.111    ilr-ji.itrlH-r- 


iMliiin    Ih* 


.    wlio 

il  iif  nil  till'  trniilH 


iiri'l  11*  II  r.iii.i'i|ii.iii'i-  tliiinil'.  wliiilii-r    upiin    (Iir    i.'i.l     mill    llii'   I'l.ihliiitiir   or 


I'll     [M 


1.1 


|iii..i'ML".i    iir    nil 


iif  II  11 


Il      tMHlM     III'     II     lllllll.l  1 


to    I1..M    Hint 


Mil 


runt 


iiM  liiiiii 


pIi  h,'1i..|,iIi. 


,|,,i- 

i|i  iiiy 


li'i    li. 


niii  14  niiiiiil'i.i .     Till'  lilt- 


till'   diil\    III   iil.'.'lii.ni 


'I'll. 


i»    I. 


III. 


11      llllllis     II 


lliilT 


.111. I 


-.1. 


vii.il.ly.  Ill-  .  H'li  |iri>'.iil.l.\ .  r.  -lilt   in  I'ol 


li-i..ii.  mill    I..."  II' 


f  lit.. 


from  till'  il.-.|>iii  liiT.  iiinl   if  iin 
i«  iiiiiiir.l.  ;i.  till-  n  >iill  (if  lliiir 


il. 


Till-   i.  11  |i.'i''    iii'-jli'^i  iiri'  till-  <>iiin|iiiiiy     i-    not     Inililr 


|>M.|ll\l 


iliilv:    nnd,    rtliili'  a  cor-     Tlirv   im-   in   tin'  smin- 


I'.'iiiiiion  (' 


|.i)r;iliiin     i<    riii"[ii 


'll<-.| 


I'l    I  111 


iii't    lliriiiiL'li    iii'iit. 


III 


III. 


lull. 


in    |ii'i 


mil'   I'liil.    iiihlir 


■il.. 


niplii 
ti'-jitlnr  I"  till' 
III. Ill    iii|ii'riiir 


..111 


nf    llii't    rliiinii'l' r.    nlmiil    111    lln-    niilluiiily.      Tlii'  111^:111111. iil   for  tlir  |iliii 


..f 


I.I    n 


III  I  il.i  r  MMiiU  II'. 


I'l' 


till 


If  il 


|ii  iiii'i{i  il.    tiiF   in 
pi  in.  ill 


if 


irii.il    to    its    liM.'ii'.il 


ill 


(■oiii-lii.niii, 


WnllM     »lliillv     olilil 


Clllll' 


ill 


|lii'   iliU-    10   nriitiilc  M-lii'iliilrn    ili.tiiiri  imi    li.la.-i'n    nil 


I 

.1   it.  I  iiiins  uliii'li  .I'lill    II 


iiiiiil    en 


III',    il    fiilloaH    liiL'ii'iillv    nil    I" 


■liiil 


I'-i    are   ili 


tnr  iIm-  iii..\  11"^ 

Kf  rri.'iniiMv    ! 

iliiit,   ttlii'ii    I  111' 

from,  wlii'n  triiins  luc  iciit  mil 

l....lnli'.  mii'li  onliTt  slnnilil  lii 

iiv  us  will  iilVi.iil  rr  1 


I'll!     II 


pn-lilrlll     lIllWI 

ill   tl>  III'.   ill   III 


III. 


ploVii 
y  inn;, 
'in   tl."' 


il    ,<miif  CI. Million  iiiipliiyinrnt  uiij  paid  liy 


It    11 
.1 


II'  ■<iinii-  i-.ii  porn  lull. 


•rill 


l.v  Ih, 


has    liron   ndoplid    in 


up; 


i.ilili'    Ni'Si    ^llrl'..    Hliiri'    a    rnilroiid    <-i.ii 


|in.l,rliiill    to    till'    I'Mipluyii.-l    fllu 


iiLTil   in    liii 


III 


Ill-Id   liiil.li'   for  tlip  ni.^li'ji 


ip.iTiy 


111*  running  of  such    Irnins.      1    iiiii   not    of  a  train  drspalilnr.  the  r<'ii.<iiii 


.pi'lllNth'^'    ' 
lil-,.l,|.,iii'Il 

i-iin.liti'li.ii 


nf   nilli.iiiiis   caused    liv   a    the 
a!   or.liis    on    the    part    of 


rl     In 


Ml. 


i'l'. 


foil. 
W'liild 


nf 
'III     tills 
I'lii  til  1m'  quite 


nnd 


.'iiii'crn.   liiil    of  colli-    oom-lii.ixc  tlinl  the  lUl'i'inl  i.it   had   fii'lv 


Otill 


i-iilellts    till 


«iic|i    (ir.li'rs. 


.\t    till 


II  -lilt 
I  iiiii' 


of     di.l'lll 


of 


ij.'1'd    the  duty    wliieli    il 


-.1    it- 


nll 


ision    n-li-rrml    to.     Welliiiu'ton    pi 


Ih,. 

Ri'ttiiii'lte    wns     the 

,'f  till' defendiint  conipniiN'.  an. I  tii'iit  his 


eMiplny. I 


.  in  till 


nf  i..lalilislii 


111 


ilt!.itii  J  appioprinte  and   siilliiient 


I'lienil   lii-pnti-hrr    nili-,    nnil    reunliil  imis    fur    tin 


il  mill  upnntiun  of  the 


vniiuii.  trniiis 


p  11- 


'Mlioo  in    I'liilmli'lphia    had    the    ;ri'iieral     iipun    its    luad.   and    its   furiii«liiii'/ 
piiwir    mill     aiilliiiiity    of    niuviii<i    the    eml      tinie-tahles      pcrlainins      tlierc'o. 
tiiiini.      In    this   he    was    iiol    interfered    \\  hither    the    train    despatelicr   violat  d 


>ilh    l.v    till 


I-'. 


if        t': 


ip. 


miioiie    else 


me  or  all  of  such  riihs  is  not  ninteiinl 


pilipi.-e     ot 


.'li 


lit    the    ill  till 


Mi-w    we 


tnki'  of  the  case,  liecaus 


triiii,-.  II,.  ui,.l,l,.,|   nil    Ih, 


II.. 


IMlhl 


I" 
1,1    a    111 


i-r  of  the    the    ili-feinlnnl     liinl     nul 


rfuriiied    ils 


nut    whule  duly   in   pi-i>iMiil;.'aliM,_'  rules:    nor 


"11  ^chiilnli'    liiMC,    or    li,-    puuhl    In, I, I    it    is  a  ilefetise  niiid.'  out   when  it  is  shi 
ik.       lie    eoiihl    chaiiL.'!'    the     sclie.iiile    tli.it.  if  the  tiiiiii  ile^patcher  had  oi.eycd 


liniP  or  ninki'   iie 


i-tle. lull's 


Ih, 


the    Mill. 


the   iieciiti  ill    wiiiild    nut     h. 


plicy    (if    Ihc    cn-e     reipliled.        lie 


ihl 


iirreil.     If  the  del.. mlnnt  owed  n  diilv. 


inni  a  train  out  without  schedule,  and  as  luaslcr,  tu  iinucuutcl  uidcis  tu  llica« 


II 


i^  Ij^ 


:rt- 


IHI^ 


Ui:iO 


trmiH.  or  iil 


M.\sTi:i{    \M)  sr.HVANT. 


],'\ii    tn  t:\kf  line  ;inil    r 


iiiililc  r;m'  l<i  i;n<'  tlifiii 


I  Ik 


■a-    pii|i:in-  11  I  inn-  l;il'l<'  :"i''  'I'lj 


[<  MAI'.    NW 
1  atliii^t  t In-  niM 


lilmi'  tu    iiiiii:  I 


I'l'iiuriii   I 


lint  iliil  ;  i-  tlir  liiiliiic  of  tl 


f    it>    lIMills    S(i    11-    Id   ilVd'.i 
II    inii>t    al-ii   cIiaU 


II      lli^      i-|i:llM<-i 


h.    al-    alil.'  and    >\fr    iirtlicid   liv    wliicli   In  mu 


lliiaiirli   he  inl>rii>tiil   llic  iinlcii  iiiaiK 


IJK 


lllltV        tl 


tla 


train 


(Ir 


'riii'-f  liaiii>  will 


lii'in;; 


■  of    >|n'(ial     iiiil    ir 
luT.    lai    tiaiiis   \vl 


H"iilai    trains 


III 


iilV  til. 


Ir^'llla 


nil   Hillioiit    re-     Tlial    cannot    lir   dour   liv 


ll    ml. 


Uil  111  tliiir  oidinaiy 


tiini'talili's:  tlir.v    Kiiiii yi'iii'irs  will  iiii~i' 


wiTi-    -•■\'-i:\ 
d 


I    lioiirs    latr.    I 


loi-iTdinv'    ill    of  riilr~  can  antii'i|iati'  and  proM 


wlllrll    no    •.\  -Ir 

I  p, 


itc    diiirlions 


1    racli    wa-    ap-    in  u  liii-li  tli iip-m 


III!'  other  ill  cntirr   iL'iioranci'    p | 


>tl\ 


y  nmst   aiM.  an. 
I    ..linii.'ntlv.       In    llii- 


of    till 

lu'i'i'ssaii 


vlii 


alxiiiN. 


liolli    were    tlii'    -<lii' drvi-rd    ua-    ti 


del*  till" 


ly    drpi-niliiit    U| 


tl 


11.    -pi-cia 


,d  from    llorn.ll-\illi'.    po-ilioi 


,\s  was  said  in  Slnti 
8.1  N.  V.  (12.  2it  .\in. 


V.   .Inn  II     (  ISSI  1     on 


1    trains  controllid   liy   oth'   who  ki!.«    i 
u!    inoxi'ini'iit    of    r\tr\     ttj 
the    road    lialdi-    to    hr    all.ii.il 


u..,. 


(liT.  till'  ina- 


tlii'in.— a  train  drspatrhrr  ar 


had  till'  rii;lit  to  vary  from  tlir  ri.^'ii-    nana 


lar  ti 


rhnlnlrs    laid   down    tor 


thi 


inti'iidi 


,d  hy  the  anilioiity  of  lli.- 
■I .     Is  Ihrri'  not  a  w  idi-  nii. 


It   was  part   of  tin-  details  im 


i-    ifrst  dill'i  reiice  lietwri'ii  the  dnl>   I.I  -.. 


dent    to   the   operation   o 


f  thi 


I:    lint    an   a|;enl    am 


I    till 


uf  a    li. 


when    a    \aii:itioM.    or. 


n    other    wor.N,    en.iiineer 


\lien    a    speei; 


ll    tini 


lal.le 


lie    out  III     llilllinh 


II.  <(  s.    1.  ir 


for   two   trains,   by    w 
run.   it    is   the  d'.ity   o 


hieli    thev    are    to    .^milli    (  l>*!Hn   TU 


f   the 

ilile   eare   t 


ster.   not    the   eoiirt    sa 


id: 


Tes.  till,  l:;  ^.  w.  :«•: 

•rpon    the    liy;...lli.-i- 


alone    to   talie   reason: 
alteration   shall   he    iii;ide  known 


p:irti 


es  m 


to    till 

teiested.  hut    also  to  l:ike  re: 


hilt    the    that  the  eoin|i;iny  is  lioiiiid  to  inl. 


ants  and  w;irn  them  of  wlial    i-  m 
1    eolli-ions    willi    ti  .i. 


lllhle   e;ir. 


that    the  vari:ilion 


irderiKl, 


^:iry    to    avoii 

id  tli:it   it  e:innot  shift  its 


III   hv   which   the  tiMiiis  are  run 


iin.   s|i;ill    a    servant,  anc 


1   then,    in   iM-e 


a^ter  v\  hell  I 


i-saiily  or  [ 
ohediellth 


rohaldv   le:iil    to  dis     ehiiiii    Unit    it    w:is    the    re-iilt    M 


■ll  out.     liea-    ;;eliee  o 


f  a   felh 


W     sl'l\.l!t 


I.    the   I. 


iiiKihle   1  ire  ill   ori:;in.it  m^'  am 


I    forum-    oases   will   stand   iipi 


till 


hitiii'j  the  order  is  iieei 


id  is  till 


|)le.      A   f:iiliire  to  perform  this  iliin   ii 


ilitiv 


if    til 


e    iinister. 


Wlie 


the    tr:iin    creases  the  risk  of  eiiiployi 


lespiiteher   orif.Mn:ites    a 


^1 

eh  or 


lid    pn 


ilers  as   were  <;iven    111 


llll^':ltl' 
this  eas. 


er:il  in;;  t  runs.  :im 
ill 


M" 


tin 


h..    i 


s  act  iiii;  a; 


the 


ster,  or.  as   it    is 


ll.    his    allr 


III    till 


master 


li:ihle    for    the    lie 


;li.jem 


iif    the    atreiit    know 


not    enilir:iei.il   in   their   iiiiplieil  c..i:i:i': 
The   eoiiip:iny   onf;li1    to   kno  v    wli.:..  i' 
are.  and   it    the  oper;  Inr^  .l"  ij.'' 
it   is  the  (liitv   of  the  rii!iii.iii>   <■ 


is    ti:iin- 


hi    I 


l:is  <  nip 
la 


lov 


■ll  to  do  his.  the  master' 


iiiforni    them    and    </\\ 


eh 


p:irticiil:ir     work. 

>■.„/,.  /..  /.'.  d    "'.  A*. 

Y.   41li.  -2.-.   1,.    i;.    .\.  :!!»tl. 


Ill(llhill-f       V. 


leir   are    reiisi 


iinihlv    neeess:iiy    to    ai. 


i.l    ii; 


ilSIU)    112  N.    ere:ised    jieril.' 


;!7  N.  1-: 


MW. 


See 


also    the    followinu 


iNS'.l  I 


llun.  .->1, 


N.    V.    same  yener:il  ellict 


\l,x 


K.  .1   ■/ 


Snpi 


A",   r. 


i:ni,.ii   I  I'.iiioi    12  (  .  I .  \ 


Siniihiriv    it    is    held     ill    (  onneet  icitt     ISS.    102    Ked.   W :     \,.l 


lli;il .  wliere  one 


rule  :is  to  rnnnin^r  tv:iiiis 


\.  //.  a  //.  i{.  <•• 


liy  spei 
dels  sli 
or  hv   a 


ll    oidirs    pi 
III    he   I 


ide-    th:lt     :lll    or-    4" 


I.,  i; 


I  Isnsi    ,0  r. 

:!!!  All.  li.-i 


hy  a  sn| 


npcriiitenileiit.    iiali.    1.    N' 


I..    .1    '•.    /,'.    i: 


Iteher    luul 


ler  the  direction    (IfH!))    lis  Ind. 


;i  N.  K.  :iiT 


ipi 


ntendelit.    iiiid    another    l>ro-    ] 


1 1. 


th:il 


). 


h:l!:.l 


,ii|i-s  tli:it    super 


inlendeiits  an 


sll| 


ireiiie    si 


their  ow 


tl  di 


and   res] 


sihle    aloilfj 


lOnt   hy   a   spciil   order  on   :i    I 


the    track    i~    not    e\po-cil    I"   I'l'' 


ilv   to  the  inimiL'enien 
*  iliev 


t    fo 


ich  orders   dant.'er  of  :i  colli 


illi-ion  with  :i  uil. I  tiiii:! 


iiaiy 
to  the  tr:uii 


..i-  e.  t!le  ellect    i' 
lisp:ileiler  ihe  i 


to  |lele;.'ate    Mi 


.(■      ■/•.      /.' 


Co. 


i:ii,' 


Uiole 


ir    ( ISllll)   2  Ind.  Terr 


4(17.  ."ll   S.  \V    Uii. 


n{  the  eorpor;itii 


the  train 
hill 


s  salil 


,peet   to  moving' 


Mcl.iiiil   v.    (I'lii 


llu 


I  1SS2I 


Kv. 


1  therefore  to  make    ( tele._'i:iin   worded    so  :i-   to  i 


tiie   repiescntiilive  of  the  rompany   eomliietors    <)f    t 


that   re'Mrd.      />iii 


y<iih-    .Michiiinii    (' 


ti:iin-i  ;     //  I 

|ss!ii     Ts 


.{•  V.  K.  li.  <■■ 

.\lll.     I'vl'I 


( ISS4  1 
The  court    s 


t  onn.  -Js.).  .ij 


-,i:!. 


1. 


lid: 


/.'.    Co. 

\     .-.ltd     1  !    \     W. 
iiuincer  to  w.ii 


the   duty    of   a   railroad   eoriior 


■•|t    is   s| ruction  to  i 
itioii   to  train  at  a  eerl.iin  point) 


t  f.. 


1.1  til.. 


Mi.'li. 


,.t!.,f 


:  .Vi.  J/.  V.  Ho- 


f  S 


in 


I  577] 


VICK  1'U1N(  ll'Al^llll'— CIIAUAC  TKl!  tlK  A(X 


IG'.il 


in  ruimiii;;  a  triiiii  liv  spcciiil  (irdcr.  Init  is  >iiii])lv  ciuiiiiril  wiili  tlio 
(liitv  of  ciiiTN  iiij;  (Pill  liic  unk'c-.  tiiat  (•tniiu  ti>  liiiii  fmiii  liic  train  ilcs- 
|i:iicli('i''s  (itli('('.'' 

'I'lio  lucre  t'iicl  tliiit  tlio  orders  given  bv  tlie  train  ilespatelier  wero 
M  ilial  insleail  of  ui-ilieii,  where  the  rules  call  for  tlie  hitter,  makes 
no  ililVerence,  so  far  as  tlie  eonipany's  lialiilitv  is  enneerned."  Hut 
;lic  riiilit  to  I'ely  iiii|ilieitly  upon  tiie  |(ro|)''iety  of  a  s|iei-ial  order 
Ipiiii  a  train  <les|iatelier  cannot  he  extended  to  (  i-es  mi  wiiicli  liic  eir- 

( iinistances  are  such  tlial   a   prudent   man  won'  i    ',  ,  :    : .d   to  seek 

Millie  fnrliier  information  as  to  tlie  reason  wiiy  he  icunia:-  i'mi,  i  u;  of 
ilie  liii-iness  lias  heen,  ill  the  given  instance,  -.pa -'ed  from.' 

One  form  of  special  order  coiisi>ts  in  flie  :  I'ii  ti'nl  ii'ti  of  a  teiii- 
|i..rary,  for  the  regular,  tinie-lahle.  The  prnmnlgation  ot  il,  former, 
nil  less  than  liie  latter,  is  deeim  d  to  he  an  act  done  in  pursuance  id'  the 
ceiiipany's  ahsolule  chity." 

The  comiianv  is,  of  course,  no  less  iiahh>  where  the  train  desitalchcr 


1 


iosh.  St.  I.,  d  I'.  A".  Co.    (1SS7)    !12   Mo.        '  H'iiil:iii.i  v.    \i,r    )<„/..    /,.    /;.   ,(    II. 

:i.Vi.  4  S.  \V.   I2!l;   SIk.Ihiii  v.    V.  »    >  i,(7.-  I!.  Co.    llSft4l    142    N.    ^.   41ll.   i:,    L.   H. 

r  i(  //.  tl.  />'.  To.   (  ISSlii   111   X.  V.  .i.t^:  .\.  .iliii.  .IT   N.  K.  4ilii.     (  oinpnic  iilso.  as 

Mi-rli.siii  ji  V.  I'liiiiniiii  It.  Co.   (ll^'-'-l    4!t  to  lliis  con^idi'ial  ion.  tlii'  Uui.L;iiaL;i'  ii-i'd 

N.  V.  S.  1!.  14S.  21   N.  Y.  Siipp.  207    ( ir-  in    t)ic     l'<'nnsyl\iniia     ami     (  iOii licnt 

nunlar   iniin   so   run   as  to   caii-i'   ai-ci-  caso  citcil   in  tlic  last   nolc. 
ilt'iil  I  ;  lliKithiiiiii  V.  Ihhiiniri'  A  II .  Ciiinil         '  S,iiilh   v.   Wiilmxli,  SI.  I,.  <(■   /'.   R.  Cu. 

r„.    i|s;i.-,  I     l(i7    I'a.    .•i:l2.    :il    .Ml.    liTil  Iiss7i   1I2  Mo.  :!;-.!'.  4  S,  W .   12'.i. 
<«ili|   Ir.iin   sent    out.   colliilctl    with   an-         '"In    Wisholl    v.    \iic    Vtnl;   a-    A.    /■.'. 

.tliril;    Wiishliin,!   V.   A  .iv/i  (■.//.■  .(■  C.   /,'.  /,'.  Co.    (IS'.Hl    !.">:!    Ma>s.  4(1(1.  27    N.    I".. 

I'ti.    i|s."i!ii    :;    llcail.   (i:!S.   7.")    .\ni.    Dec.  1(1.   tti(>  t'oiKJnctor   of   a    train    \va-^    lii'M 

.'■-I   I -n|ii  riiitcnili'iit  siarlcil  a  tiain  out  lo    he    ncyiiiifnt     in     stalling;    a    train, 

Mi    ijini'.     willioiit     any     {oicaiitiini     to  wln'ii  he  kmu   tlial .  unilcr  tin'  iiilis.  In- 

ivniil  a  I'ojji-ion  witli  a  train  coming'  in  liail   no  rii^lit   to  i|o  -o  until  Ilic  arrival 

•111    ii|i|iu~it(.  iliiii-tioii  I  :    ll.iiiiii    \.    I//.V-  ol'  a  <i-itain  train,  uillioiit   inc|nirin^;  of 

■■■11,1.    I\.   ,(■    7'.    A*.    Co.    (IS'.i.'ii    SS    Tv\.  (lie    <l<"^|iatiliiT    on    dial    Miction    of    tl»' 

iT'.i.  :i2  S.  \V.    lu.'i.">:    lliih-ishni.   II.  il-  >s'.  roail  ulii-llici   lif  liail  rcc.'ivi-ii  any  --iiiTial 

I.  /.'.  Co.  V.   .I)i,v/ic    (lS!i:ii    ">  '\r\.  Civ.  inlorniation    wliicli    would    make    it    safe 

A|p|i.  lill.  2.'i  S.   W.   !I2S.   Kclnaririi.'  dc-  to    li-a\i'    tile    -lation.      Tin'    lonrt    saiil 

lii.l  in   (IMi:!)   ."i  Tes.  Civ.  .\|i|).  (il7.  24  tlial    I'Ven    ~ii|i|io-ini.'   that    it    was   oidi- 

'-.  \\ .  :):!    I  loiillic't  i':'_'  oniric  eaii-cl   eoi  narily    his    duly    lo    oliry    (he    orders   of 

li-iiiiii  :    lluml'iii  ,(    7'.  C.  A'.  Co.  v.  S/ii-  the  cles|i,iiiher.  I'Veii  if  1  hr\    weii'  in  \io- 

■'    ils;iS:    Tex.    (i-..    .Vlip.i     4S    S.    W.  Iati(ni  of  the  rule-  of  the  road.  Ihi-  jiai- 

.W.     IhveiM'd     on     other     ^ridiind>     in  tieiilar    <niler    was   so   ohvion^ly    wioiij;, 

IsiiHi  112  Tex.  .")4o.  .'id  S.  W.  ;!:!:i;   I'hil-  and   was   likely  to  involve  such' dreadful 

'',  V    V.    I'hiriiiiti,     \l.    i(-    .S7.    /'.    A'.    Co.  <on>ei|Ui'nees.  that  it   was  ni!  nife^i  ly  ui'j:- 

Iss.'ii   1)4  Wis.  47.").  2.">  N.  \V.  .544.  Iif,'ent  to  act   upon  it  without   iieiuirin;^ 

liy  some  rules   it    is  e\|iies.ily    stated  the  leascui   for   it. 
tliiit  tliey  may  he  sii?,|iended  hy  llii'  spe-         "  l-'rosi   v.  itn  (\itii  ffhnit  f,iii<    if   '".    V. 

liiit   oiih'r   of'  some    particular"  a^jenl    of  R.  Co.   (1SII.-)1   (ill  I'ed.  !•:(().  where  it   was 

the  cniiiloyir-.     See  I'il  Islmri/li,  C.  <(■  SI.  held    that    a    tcdt';rrapli   oper.ilor.   in    j.'iv- 

/..  A'.  '',,.  v.   Ilrnili  isiiii    i  1SS2)    .'i7  Ohio  iiifr  noliee  to  an  eiifjiini'er  of  a  temporary 

^1.  ."ii!l.  uliere  the  rule  under  di'^eiw-ion.  eliaiij.'!'  in  the  runnini;  time  of  his  train, 

"li;ili      reu'ulated      the      nioveineiils      of  was  perfonniiifj  a  duty  of  the  eompany. 

foii'lit    traiiii,    provided    for    its   <ii<peii  The  distiiietion  taken  in  Hull iniurf  ,1-  II 

»i"ii    l>y    the    ronipany's    su|ieriiiteiident  A'.  Co.  v.  I'lini/i   (IS'.l."))    l;i  ('.  C.  .\.  2.'!:!. 

Mi:d   fur  the  precautions   to  he   ohserve<l  :tl     V.    S.    App.    2i;i.    li.")    Vvi\.    '.Kti    (see 

iliniii;;  siioli  suspension.  infiu),  was  disappiovi'd. 


ii  :. 

Iff  i< ,, 


!  1 


iP 


!■;!' 

U'     ' 

1' 

■I'M! 


!;J 


f! 


T 


1002 


or  t4i 


MASTKI!  AND  SKIIVANT. 


[(  n  \i'. 


ll..i.,,|I 


irr  to  issue  llic  orders  nMiiiii' 


,1  i.v  r 


If  <  iiiiTi:' 


th 


rnc  ol)ln;;iior_v  iiiidniiiiiiuii  as 


to   til 


O    lllMVfllll  111 - 


'I    ir.ii! 


liin  II   IS  tor  Ills  ii('i;Iil;i  luu'  iii  -ciHiirn;-  iiiipnijicr  order.-. 
Tlie  sintile  prere(ini-ile  of  li;ilulii  v  nmlei'  tlio  iilio\-e  (Joel 
the  (leliiii|iieiit  slionlil  liiive  liccii  mi 


mil' 


lovee  liilru-ted  with  sik 


is  tlii 
li.li 


c'rolioii;ir\    |M]Wer> 


to  re;;iil!ite  the  iiioveiueiits  of  the  trains  as 


soeiii  iiio-t  conilneivc 


to  H 


le  in'cri'-i.- 


if  tlie  conipaiiy. 


11 


S   lilli;li 
elice,  a  tlMi 


T  \\  lio  IS  I' 


UL'spat. 
in  tlie  latK 
])laee  lie  takes. 
l>ilitv  siiiii)l_v  111 
"   tl 


liitlied  with  tlie 


^ci's  of  a  li'i-iieral  I  rain  ile-|Miclii 
vi('(^  l)riiici|ial  tliaii  ilie  oilicial  wli.- 
.Noi-  is  the  <'oiii|iaiiy  ailoweij   to  escaiie  re>]inii< 


liseiK'e  is  no  le-;-  a 


is<-  tl 


le  part 


V  wlio  sell! 


Is  the  onlers  v 


trams  issues  tliem  iii  the  name  ot  some  suiii>nnr  o 


f 


divi 

less 


;ioii    -uperiiiteii(ieiit,'"    or  an    assistant   snperiiiteniiiiit 


■espeetiiiu  tin 
.il.  siicli  11-  ;i 
17     s,;; 


snel 
if 


1  a  cireiini-lai 


ICO  a  bar  to  the  action    wher 


■e    tlie  ipriiiii;i 


routine  ot  a  railwav  oltn-e,  aci|iiii'-fe( 

and  other  oilieials,  is  that  the  de-pa'ciics  are  sent  in  snch  sii])eriiiiiii 


1  in  liv  llieacniM'al  superin 
h 


ten 


'  Ch  I 


II.  d-  Q.  A'.  Cn.  V.  Mcl.iilhit    ciiiplovcd  on  a   pertain  sicl  ion  infi'iin. 


llSTii)    S4    111.    10!l;    Siilluil'iiiil  V.   V'l'ii/    :i. 


to    llic    iiinvciiii'iit    of    lr:iiTis   inn    ii. 


d  II.  /.'.  (■ 


(ISSIIi    -JS   N.   V.  S.  R.  -JOl.    !\m\    tlK;t    it    is    t! 


Iiiil.li'   fnr  in 

inln  \]u 


H    N.    Y.    Siipp.    S:!     (ilcs|i;itc)h'i-    slioiilil    JMiii's  ii'-iilliii;,'  to  our  of  llinn  f 
have  sent  oniiTS  to  liiivc  a  train  stopped    iieirleet   ot  a   teliL'rapli   o| 


'latiir  tn  Oil 


liv    siL'iial    ill 


eerlain    -talioii  I  ; 


.I/.' 


tiimueate 


swell 


Miloi mat  I'lii. 


Til, 


t'h, 


V.  I'liiiiinin  It.  Cii.   (  IsilJl   40  N.    tior.  of  tlie  re- 


in-iliilit  ie-   'teller. ilh'  v} 


tele 


e;.'rapli      opcialor     \va- 


Y.  S.  It.  1  IS.  i>l  \.  Y.  Siipp.  io:  :  (  1S!I3)    a 

~l   Hiin.    1.')!).   2li  X.   N.   Siipp.   24.'i    (in-    waived,  tlie  ea-e  lieiii^r  deei.leil 

jury    paillv   eaiised   liy   llie   iii-l  niclinii-    inarrer  to  a  coiiipl;iint  wliicli  alli '."il  ll 


1   partly   liy  ilie  lack    e\i-liiieo    of    lue    aliove    dui> 


aeUially    i-sned. 

of  full  instnietioiis)  ;   l,iiiii.'<i-i 

If.  Co.  V.  r.o./i.v   (is;,'!)   0  liiisii.  .5r)n 


id    it- 


llr.  C.  ,f  /,.    breaeh. 


.le 


ilclier   taile.l    to    -top    a    Iraiii    fed-     MtCh 


Tliis    coneeplioii    is    empliasi/e.l    it: 


/'. 


II  n    n.    Vi 


I  1" 


:  aiiot'ier  w 
.'radient  ). 


Iiieh  liad  lieen  '•-(ailed"    4!l  X.  Y.  S.   P     148.  21  X.  Y.  Sn 


"  L(>ulsr:ll<:  .V.  .4.  if  C.  /.'.  Co.  V.  Ilrrl.- 
ISnSI     1.->1     Ind.    202.    .W     N'.    K.    OSS 


See  also  till 


Kiijirn. 
15  /,„ 


\tracts 


I. led    ii 


V.  f;,ifert  (1SS71   lU;  I'. 


i  ImldiiiL'  tliat   a   train   di-pali 


ii^iird  of  a   nile  pn-eri 


Ira  train 


lie 


111 


iilr 


il\ 


.pateiii 


d  afli 


that 
work  trai 


di-      11    All.    .".It.      Coinpire    aU 
L'\     cited  in   the   fnlliiuiii 


till 


'  l.on 


ill. 


A.    .f    ''.    A'.    Co. 


me  out    on 


tie  notilied  to  proti 


et   it-ell 
Ii 


d  sli.ill    llrclc    (ISIiH)     ir,l    Ind. 
st  siieli    OSS. 


.-,0   N.   K 


>rk    train    is   sueli    ni't'liiieiiee   as    wi 


ill 


"In   riii 


Ii.  if  0.  ir  '• 


eiider  the   coniiiany 


liable    for   injuries    Lallrn  {IS.tl)   K4  III.  llHt.  tin 


'd   bv    a   colli-ion    lietween   the   two   soiii  d  thus 


.-\s  heti 


I  hi 


V.  ih 


iihiai'ti'i 
,iiiii-ri!! 


tiralnsi  ;  Chtdr  v.  UUhinoixl  if  />.  ff.  Vo.    and  the  company,  the  a  —  i-iani 
tlS!t5)    (i!»    Fed.    (iT^!    (en;iiiirer    injured    teiident.   to  wli(>-.e  order-   the  ti.iiiisni 
owinf;  to  the  fact  that  a  station  master    all   snliji.et,  is  tlie  repre-etilatiM-  of  tLi 


not  notified  as  to  ttie  i-iniiiiii;  of  an    eoi  pi 


Hi 


ders    to    till 


'ht   trainl  :    Ciih,  ston.    II.    if    diietor  of  a  train  are  e-sentiallv  ilii'in 

ti,- 


extra 

S.   .4.   R.  Co.  V.   iSnii/ft    (ISiMI)    70  Tex.    ders  of  the  employer.     This  rule  api'li' 


on.  13  S.  W.  502. 


ell   to  all 


(lers  )s-iieil 


Sfic  also  Xorthern  P.  If.  Co.  v.  Char-    sistants   in   liis   olliee  and    i--iii  d   in 


h.->.i  (1S02)  2  C.  C.  A.  3Sn,  7  1^  S.  App.    name.     The 


orders  were  a 


II    -i-'iel 


.'i.'in.  .SI  led.  .'i(i2.  where  it  was  laid  down  the  n.mie  of  (  happell.  tlie  n--^:-'  im  - 
in  irei'i  rat  tenns  that  it  i«  the  duly  of  perintendeiil.  If  (hose  intrii-i.''l  hy  '' 
a   railroad   company   to  kei'p   the  hands    with  the  minairement  of  the  |iii-ii:i-- 


mm 


i  .>77] 


VUK  I'KINrll'AI.SlUr— t'M.\l!A(  TKl!  OK  AlT. 


1693 


cut's  11111110.  mill  tlic  evidence  is  that  lie  wns  iilseiit  wiien  the  dosptit^h 
ill  (piesl  iciii  w  a-  sehl.'^ 

Aiietiier  u.iv  i.t'  iirriviiiL'  iif  llio  same  rer-nli  i>  to  say  tliat,  for  tlio 
|iur])ose  (.1'  fasteiiiii;:  lialiiiilv  on  tlie  cciniiiiiiv,  aiiv  otlice.-  acting  l>v 
iho  antliorilv  of  liic  >ii|Hi-iiiieinieni  i>  i-ui  upon  tlio.  name  footiiif;  as 
the  .siijierinteniient  liiniselt.''' 

e.  Dorlriiii-  Hull  Iniiii  di  snii'.i-Ju  rx  an'  ii'-l  lirr  pnnriftuh. — Tlie  ilo- 
cisions  in  wliicii  siiperinteiiilents  ami  train  (lesp^iclieis  liave  been  held 
lo  he  mei'e  eo<evvaiiis  of  traii'inen  are  either  ntliiiirs  hy  courts  in  whicii 
ilie  general  doctrine  of  coinnioii  eiiipNiyiiieiit  was  reli(>d  on,  and  tlio 
I  rtVct  of  tlie  distinction  heiucm  tlie  iiia>ier's  assif>nahle  or  non-as- 
sienalde  duties  was  not  adverted  to  or  discussed.^"  or  are  cases  in 
which  till'  iie^lijienee  aileficd  had  no  relation  to  tho  operation  of 
iniiiis,-'  or  wliii'h  tnriied  upon  some  -jiecial  ground, — as,  that  tiie 
|ilaintifT  did  not  offer  evidence  teiidiiiu  to  show  that  no  cosen-ice 
existed.'" 

d.  Lin'iililiJ  of  raUirivi  rntiiiiiini>s  for  llir  }ic<jli(]riiri'  of  scrrnnis  irhn 
Ininsniil  the  onlrrs  or  sir  llnil  llni/  nic  rarrlctl  mil. —  hi  a  ease  al- 
iciidv  cited  it  was  iaiil  down  that  a  train  despatchor.  in  devisinir  a 
iii)i|iorarv  time  tahle,  which,  in  a  >iiddin  (Miiergeiicy,  is  to  take  the 
place  of  the  regnlar  tinie-tahle,  and  in  issuing  tidegraphic  orders  for 
■lie  operation  of  the   trains   iimler   the   new   schedule,   act.'?   as  a  vice 

ilie  (■orponition  In    orders  is-iiicil   in   liis  npiiiit<'Tiili'iit's     namp     eoiicliisively     im- 

iniini'  nc^'licl  t(i  i>«iii'  a  iici-c-Kaiy  order.  |M>rt>    iuitlmrity.    unless    it    l)e    forped. 

Iliiit  is  iris  ne;;leel  and  the  nefjliin'nee  ot  Tlie  servant   inii.^l  olxy.  or  t)e  diseliarfied 

the  porporatioii."  from  liis  eni|d<i\n;ent.     It  would  greatly 

"111    LntKi/    V.    Ciuinrfian     I'.     R.    Cii.  demoralize  the   service  if  it   were  other 

1 1S!I1 1    8.S    Me.    4r.l,    22    .\tl.    .'ttlT.    the  wise.     I'erformanee  of  duty  to  the  road 

(■(iiiit  said:      "The  del'endaiils  a>sail   the  plaees  all  coiiseiineiit  liabilities  upon  the 

plaiiitill's    case    from    another    position,  roail." 

Ina^lnuch  as  the  despateli  to  the  plain  'O'l  "■   V.  »    Yml:  C.  rf  //.  if. 

liir  was  reilly  sent    ill   the  siipeiintend  /'.  Cn.   ■  ■      N.   ^'.  Week.   Dif;.  109. 

lilt's  name   hv   the   train   despateher   at  n  X.  V.  . 

I'.ruwiivillc.   the   superintendent    not    he         ■"  l!i>lii  r     .„    v.    Terra    llniite  if    J.    R. 

ill-  tlieic  at  the  time  and  not  eoirni/anl  Co.    (ISSl)    7«   Ind.  77.  41   Am.  Rep.  5.^)2 

iif  it,  the    plaintiir    himself   heinfr    fully  loverniled.  a<  noticed  siiiirn)  :    I/i7?«i;j.< 

aw.irc  of  tlie  facts,  it   is  contended  that  v.   I.oiii.siillr.    V.  O.  d-  T.  R.  Co.    i  ISUl  ) 

the  plaintiir  cannot  prevail  in  tl;"  .ctioii  (l!l    Miss.    42:{.    1:1    So.    ll'.lii:     llo»'/(  r   v. 

tMr;iii«|.  he  and  the  train  ilespa'.,.i>r  were  linllimorr  A   (>.    It.   <'<>.    ilS7(l)    32   Md. 

fellow  servants  in  the  same  cmplovmenl.  H'..   3   Am.   l!cp.    U.i. 
W'p  do  not  assent   to   this   |io>ili(m.      It        "Srnfol/.     ,{     11'.     R.    Co.    v.    Hoover 

appears  that    it    was  customary   for  the  (lSn4l   70   Md.  2-).'!.  2.")  I..  1?.  A.  710,  29 

train  despateher  thus  to  use  the  super  .\tl.  !<il4. 

iiiteiidem's  name,  and   that  the  praetici'        --Ithi^xinfj  v.  Rt.  l.oiiis.  K.  cf  C.  -V.  R. 

was  aci|iiiesced  in  by  the  superintendent  Co.   (IHSU)   77  "'^    410.     It  seems  doiiht 

and    other    ollieials    eonneeled    with    the  fill  whether.  .n  Missouri  itself,  this 

ii>;ul.     .\n  act  done  for  the  superintend  casi'  would  now  he  followed.     .See  SiiiiUi 

I'nt,  iiv  his  authoritv.  either  general   or  v.    Wnid.ili.  St.    I..  <(•   /'.   R.  Co.    (18871 

^lH■cl,,'l.    is    his    act.'     The    emptuNee     is  <12   M...   :r.a.   4   S.   \V,   120.      Hut,  at   all 

not    leipiired    nor    pi'iiiiilted    to    investi-  events,   it    carries  a   useful    warning   to 

^'ate  the  question  ot    oithoiity.     The  su-  praetitioneru. 


hill 


I 
•I 


-^iW 


;ll    '« 


•  •      I   1 


I 


Ml 


'■  i' 


«  ll'i 


yl^,: 


n:   ! 


4\ 


mi 


l(ff>4 


MASIKli   AMI  SKU\  ANT. 


[lllAP.   XNXl. 


|)ritK'i])al :  l>iit  tliiit  n  Iclc.nraiili  ii]U'i-iitor.  wlio  iiion-ly  tvan-iiiits  to  ili,. 
traiiiiiicii  ilic  <linftiiins  lie  receive-  from  the  train  de^patelier  a-  i.. 
l]io  niovciiieiils  i>(  tlic  trains,  is  a  t'elluw  servant.  <<(  tlie  ennineer.-'  A- 
alreadv  reiiiarkecl,  tlie  line  wliicli  sejiarates  tlie  two  lireaelies  of  ,liit\ 
here  (■ipiilra>le(l  is  sometimes  ratlier  lliin,  Imf  it  seems  more  tliaii  lunl, 
ahlc  that  tlie  i-ases  ret'erreil  to  in  the  sulijoined  noto  would  not  1» 
a]>]>roved  in  all  jurisdictions.-^ 

578.  Duty  to  impart  information  as  to  permanent  dangers  normally 
incident  to  the  work  at  tht  time  it  is  entered  upon.—  (Contrast  ^  *w< 


'    llillliniflr     <(      O       H.     Co.     V.     f'.l»i/i 

f  IH!'.-.  1  i:t  c.  c.  A.  ::i:i.  .'ll  V.  S.  Ai.p. 
■il;t.   i<rt    Kfil.   '.i.Vi.     To   tlu'   siiiiK'   clVcot. 

■<(■<■  riiiriiiiiiiii.  \.  n.  tt  T.  I',  li-  <'"■  V. 

Ciiirk  (lS!i:ii  l>  C.  C.  A.  281,  Hi  l'.  S. 
A|i|i.  17.   'u    IV.I.  12.V 

'Wlicll  tljc  iiKipiT  ■irrvniit  is  so  iii- 
foriiieil  iinil  ordiTi'il.  iiinl  lie  iIhmi  iii'K- 
li'Ols  his  <liity  or  violiitcs  Ills  iirdcrs. 
iMii^iii';  iiijiiiy  to  iinellicr  scrviiiil.  tlic 
iicj;lii.'inr('  wonlil  lie  liis.  anil  tlic  iloc- 
tiiiii-  of  fellow  sciMints  woiilil  ii|p|ily." 
(/.Wi,  Wf)».  //.  d  S.  I.  R.  Co.  V.  Smith 
I  IHliO)  Tli  Tc\.  (ilH,  l;i  S.  \V.  rM>.  vvliciT 
i:  wiis  hrlil  tliiit.  if  till'  (liliiii|m'iit  loiul 
muster  liiul  eoiitinl  of  tlie  irninini'ii  op- 
eiutliif;  n  work  train  ami  its  moveiiieiits. 
anil  was  (.'iiilty  of  iie;;li).'<'iuv  in  moving 
ilip  tiaiii  li'oiii  a  ceiiaiii  station,  witli- 
iiiit  r.otilieation  as  to  tlie  appinaeli  of 
specials  witli  wliieli  there  was  daiifier 
of  eollisioii.  or  if  his  ne^'leet  eoiisisled 
in  liaviiifi  the  train  stopped  at  another 
station  for  siieli  a  time  as  rendered  the 
daiifjer  of  Kdlision  with  other  trains 
inimiiient.  the  iiejjflitrenee  would  be  his 
own.  as  a  servant  of  th  ■  eompany.  and 
not  the  ne<;li^'enpe  of  the        .ipany. 

"The  omission  of  a  telegraph  operator 


The  tidegr-jdi  oper^'.tor  in  cliarj;e   il  :i 
signal    stalivin.   who   eunliols.   hy   ~i_'iiil 
orders,    the    running    of    ir.iins    om  i    ,• 
hloek    section   of   a   railroad,   is   noi   th. 
fellow    servant    of    a    lirakeman    iiiinri'l 
on   siieh  section  hy  the  oprrator's  mjli 
gent     niaiiagemenl     of     the     iiimhiiil'    "I 
trains,      rinini'  iimi   v.   f '/k  Aii;i<y/,.    A  n 
U.  Co.   (lS!l.-)»   40  \V.  Va.  4:;ii.  -.'I  S   I 
KUS      I  l(d lowing     the     last-eited     o:i-. 
The  court   said:      "In  this  casi^  the  d. 
fendanl.    seeking    to    discharge    it-    pi'i 
sonal    duly,    ami    provide    a    saic   tr^iik 
and  at  the  same  time  facilitate  the  nip 
id    movemi'iit   of    tr:iitis.    e  it  uhli-hel   tic 
signal   station   and    placeil   the   opii,ii'i 
in  charge,  with  full  authority,  hy  iii.^ii- 
(if    a    code    of    signal    orders    e<pi;ill\    .i- 
elective  as  any  other  kind  could   |i"--i 
hly    he.    to    control    the    running    "I    ;ii' 
trains  over  this  block:  ami  all  tr.iiiiiiiiii 
of  every  train  were  under  ahsolnie  iiilr 
to    watch    for    ami    obey    her    oidii-   l»' 
fore  they  dare  enter  upon  the  binrk.    If 
she   had'    been    atteiitivi>    to    her   dulii- 
slie  niiisf   h:ive  known  the  block  u:is  ■" 
ciipicd    and    obsliucted.    and    her   kimw! 
edge  was  the  knowledge  of  tlii'  ini-M 
vet.  in  the  fa<e  of  that   fact.  -\\<-  iii:;li 


at  a  way  | 


V  platform  to  see  tliat  a  despatch    gently  gives  a  peremptory  sigii.il  foi  \U 


was   nil 

train,  bv  whose 


lersli 
h. 


tl 


le   engineer    o 


id   by   the 
neglige 
f   another    train. 


idiiclor    of    a    train    to    proceed.       In    what 


tl 


le  p 


laintiir,    she  possibly  be  the  fellow  servant  of  tin 


tram  men  who 


are  eiitirelv  at   lier 


lurei 
is  res| 


ct   fo 


vhicli  the 


iinpany    mar 


imi  wh( 


lo  can  ncithi'r  inliiicinv  ii 


ible.     Md'Idi  II  v.  C/k .sii//c«i/,c  <t    control    1 


own    iiiilepeii 


lent 


/?.  Co.   I  IHH(l)  2S  W.  \n.  tilO.  j"  Am.    She  is  as  much  the  master  of  her 


tni.>. 


.Ncithi'r  the  conductor  of   i  train  com 


block 
r.iad.' 


till 


master    is 


f    th( 


ing  into  collision  with  a  car  having  si 


A    station    agent    charged 


wlioli' 
iili    tlip 


tion  hands  on  board,  standing  u|M)n 


the   duty  to  see  that  all  cars  were 


l.lrc-a 


at  B   station,  because  i 


if  such  coll 


>n   th. 


lie   tracks   as   to  be  chai    frem 


diictor's    disregard    of    signals    displayed    trains    pas-iug   on 


It  the  station,  nor  a  telegraph  operator    a  filhi 
at   such    station   who  displays   ini|iroper    a   win 
signals,  c:iii  be  regarded  as  a  ft  How  serv- 
ant    of    slleil    section 


the   iiniin    line  i*  m 
rvaiit   of  a   s,.elioii  ImihI  ii|w 


k  train   |pas.iiig 
,  .1.  .f  T.  II.  il.  c 


vh  stiiii" 


li.uids 

I'in^hiiniU.  C.  C.  d-  SI.  /„  A'. 
38  VV.  Va.  .570,  18  S.  E.  748. 


Iliiiirn    v,    ,■):)   111,  A 


(18!):))         Sol 


!'!'■ 


.")(>, 


other     ill 


I  fill     d 


iMi-iiiijs    nr 


noted  in  the  ineciiliii; 


\  l(  K  I'IIIN(  irM.slIll'— C'll  \i;  At  IKl;  oK  ACT. 


Iti'.i.'i 


I  i7Sj 

Mst. ) — In  any  cax-  in  wliirli.  t'nr  nno  or  ciilni-  .if  the  i'i'ii-on>  cxplainci! 
in  cliaptcr  .\\  I.,  (//)/'.  a  nia-tcr  owos  liis  ^n-Viiiit  \\\v  ihiiy  of  cxplainiiij: 
to  liini  tlio  nature  <>(  ilic  d:  iiucrs  to  wliii-li  tlic  w  n-k  will  ici;nl;irl_v  am! 
iioniially  fxposc- liiiii,  atiil  tin  mi-i  ctVcciiial  iiiiaii>  liy  which  tc  avniil 
iliciii.  tliat  iliity  is  not  (li>cliar,;iil  \<\  (lcli-:ii  i  ii^  ilic  pirtoniiancr  of  it 
to  an  af;cnl.  It'  ln'  cannot  iiiil'onn  the  <liii.v  hini~clt'  lie  iiin-t  pfoviclc 
a  eoiiipclcnt  ii.'i--cii;  to  yiM  -iicl'  nccc->afy  insi  I'liciion  ;  ami  wiictlici' 
ilie  prT-ion  silcctcil  for  tliat  |)iir|)o.-.("  ho  a  coi  iiiip|o\rc  of  ilic  s(r\- 
;iiit  of  not,  the  ein|iloyer  niiisi  -ee  to  it  that  lie  is  a  coiiipeu  tit  utnl 
inistworthy  in-lrnctor ;  otlierwi-e,  lie  will  he  liahle  fur  the  conse- 
.111  nces  of  liis  incon'|ielence  of  ne.^lij;ence.  The  pefsoti  to  whom  ihi 
.intv  of  <;ivini;  tlie  neeessai'v  in>I  I'liet  ion  in  sncli  cas(  s  is  (l(lc;;afe<l 
represents  the  employer,  ami  pro  line  ncc  occupies  the  po,-,ition  of  vice 
jirincipal.* 

'In  ll/i('/<r  V.  ll'<7f.</»  M!n.  Co.  inii-tpr  is  not  inoroly  one  of  ro;<-<>niititc 
,lss:!i  t.'t.'i  Mm-~.  -I'-u.  llw  i|Ui-li<)M  Uii'  liiii'  iiii.l  ilili^ji'iirr  to  yivi.  |iii.|.ir  n'.tiii'; 
irc-i-ntod.  wh.'llicr  Ilic  iiKi«!i-r'>  iliilv  of    liiii    tliiit    lie    is    rc~|ii>n-ilili'    in    i-A.-i-   tin- 


I  (if  ri-k-  iiiiil    -rrviiMl  «iilVi'!<  tliroiii;li  a  \\;\nX  of  ri'c.'iv 


;;i\in;.'  iKilii-i'  lo  )iis  -i-iv;iM 

|Mril^   to   wliicli    tlic    l;iilcr    «ill    I \  iiiL;  |irui>iT  iicticf  ..f  tlic  ri^k^  to  wliicli 

|i.-cil  in  tlic  coin-i-  I'f  lii>  ciii|il(  yiiiciil.  lie  is  c\]io-i'(!,     'I'lic  MTViiiil  ilocs  not  ii-- 

ulicn   siuli    duly   ('si<t~.    i~   an   ali-ol\itc  ■.iiiiu',  ami  Is  not  to  licar  ttif  ii~l<  of,  un- 

.111.  or  wlicllurit    i<  iiicrciv  tlic  ihity  of  Uiioun  ami  iimli^clo-c^il  |icril<;  lint   he  i* 

t;iliiii^   rca-iii:ililc   iinil    |>ro]HT   pains    to  licM  to  tal.c  tliosc  ri>ks  which  lie  Unow*. 

infill m  the  -civant  of  thctii.     'I'liiv  i|iics.  or    wliicli.    hy    the   c.vcrci-c   of   onliiiary 

•ion  aro-i'  ill   llircf  form-;      ill    In   the  care,  he  oiifiht  to  know,  to  he  imiihiit  tn 

rcfii-il  to  in-triict   the  jury  that,   if  the  the   nature  of  the  hii-iii.-.-^    in   the  placi! 

.li'fiMiilanfs    foo'iiian    ilirccieil    a    co>er\--  where  ami  the  nianniT  in  which  it   is  car 

lilt   if  the   iilainlilV   to   u'wv   pioii:  r    in-  lid    on.     Tlic   imis'cis   dim    i-   to   pro 

-Inictioii    and    ciiilion    to    tin'    plaiiitill'.  vide  iiiichineiy  which  is  reasonalily  -afc 

ihc  latter  could  not  id'ovcr  l>y  lea-oii  of  and   proper:   and   if  the  n-.c  of  it    i-  at 

■  mil  roservanfs   failure  to  (fo  -....    if   In-  leiideil    with    special    iM'ril.    -ucli    as    lijs 

u;is  a   ciinipelent    |«.rsoii    for   that    |iiir-  servants    oii;>lii    to    know,    and    if   theri' 

|Hi.o;     (2l     in    the    instruction    that,    if  i-.  .iccordini/ly,  under  <!ie  pircuinstances 

til. Me     wi'i-c     daiiiicrs      in      the     linsini-s  of    the    partiinlar    i-ase.    n    duly    itsI  iiej 

IvWiwii   to  the  ih'Icmlailt.    which    liy    rea  npici    him    in   re-peel    to  f^iviyii.'   notice  to 

-mi   (if  Hie  plaiiilill'-    iiicxpci  lcnc('    were  llii    -,  ixaiits   of  -iich    spcci:il    peril,   that 

iiiiknimn   to  him.  ami    wliiili   li\    the   ex  diil\    i-  nd   discharL'cd  hv  dide-.itin^.' the 

.rci-e  of  orilinarv  care  he  could  not   have  pel  firniaiice  of  it  to  a  third  person.     The 

l;ii.i«ii.  the  dcfcii.lant    was   tioumi    ill    its  -civ.inl-    should    not    he   held    to   a—nnie 

|icril  to  fiivc  liiin  reasoniilde  Hiiriiini'  of  .Mid  iindcitake  to  Inar  the  risk  of  latent 

iliciii;   aii(4    C!)    in   the  exelusioii   of   the  and      concealed    )icrils.    iiicnly      hecaiis- 

.\i.l.Mii-e  of   what    the    for.a'iaii    told    the  the    master    lakes    reasonalde    care    and 

i.i-irvaiil  to  do.  in  inslriictiiiy  the  plain-  pains  to  L'ive  notice  of  them.      It  is  more 

tilT.     The   court    said:       "Thai    ipicstion  rcasonalile  to  li.d.l   tli.it.   where  the  ilan- 

n;i-  seiiiewhnt    considered    in   i'miiiihs   v.  "cr  is  known  to  the  master  and  iiiikliowii 

V.  »■    Itiilfni;!    I'lmhiiif    Co.    (ISIill)     102  to  the  si-rvant.  the  master  slidiild  he  hidd 

M  i-s.    .'iT'J.   .■)!l(i.    ;{    .\ni.    Hep.    50li.      Hut  to  se,    to  it   that    the  servant,   when   ]>ut 

the   i|ii.--lion    here    is    the    more    ^'eiieral  n]ion    work    which    exjioses    him    to   daii- 

.  nc.  whither  it  is  ;in  anirnialive.  |M>sitive  ■;er.  -lioiild  he  informed  of  it.     The  uias 

.hity  re-till^'   upon    the   master,   for   tlio  ter   niiist    not   expose   hi-  -eivant    to  an 

ii'viiperforniance    of     which     ho    will     he  iinreasonahle    risk.      \\  her,'   the    servant 

li.ililc.  or  whet  tier  it  can  he  deh^-ilcd  to  is  as  w.dl  ac(pi;unled  ;i     the  master  with 

;i  ii:-.ip.-r   -nh-titute.    and    he    he    therehy  the  iian:;eidiis   naiiirc   of   liie   iiiaci'"i-r.\ 

ri-lieuil  from  respon-ihilily.     We  arc  of  or  iiist  i  Miiient   ii-el.  or  of  the  ser.      ■  in 

"pillion  that  the  duty   restin.u  upon   the  which  he  is  (•ii,2:ij;eil.  he  Oiinnot   recover. 


m 


w 


'    i:    .« 


11 


1806 


MAMTKR  AND  SKUVANT. 


[cnAP.  xxxL 


I 


i'       I 


M-ti 


m 


It  folluus.  tlicroforo,  that  in  cases  where  the  injured  eiaployi^'  i^ 
;in  iiifai'l  or  incNiH-rienced,  the  nilc  iis  to  fellow  servant*  "only  lioM- 
j-ood  when  it  appenrs  that  such  enii>luyee  liHS  heen  properly  inslnulcij 
hy  his  enipl  yer  as  to  the  dangers  of  his  eniplovnicnt,  or  has  acfpiin  .1 
knowledge  ol'  such  dangers  from  other  sourees,"^  i,nd  that  the  nieiv 
fact  that  a  defect  in  a  niaehine  is  due  to  l!:e  fault  of  a  coeinployce  will 
not  ahsolve  a  uia?ler  from  the  duty  of  instructing  a  son-ant,  where  ilic 


But  where  the  ma>tiT  ('inploys  a  servant 
in  file  use  of  inacliiiic-iy  which  he  knows, 
liiil  llie  senant  dues  nut  know,  to  l)e  at- 
tended with  ])pc'uli!ir  diinuer.  we  are  all 
of  u|>iniun  that  lie  inii>t  he  held  respon- 
sihle  for  an  injnn'  wliieli  oceiirs  in  con- 
seniieiice  of  hi-i  failure  to  »ee  to  it  tliat 
a  pio|)er  notice  is  fiiveii." 

In  IfrriiiKiii  v,  (iiinlnn    (  ISilO)    118  N. 
V.  48!).   8    U   1!.   A.   HIH,   2.J    V.    K.   810, 
it    was   held   that    there   was   error   in    a 
chart;c  ^'iven  at  the  r<i|ne«t  of  defendant 
that  "if  the  jury  find,  as  matter  of  fact, 
that  the  plaintiit  was  put  under  iiislme- 
lion  of  a  eoni|H'tent  instructor,  and  that 
the  instructor  was  as  well  acquaintcil  a? 
defendants    with    the    nature    ami    char- 
acter of  the  service  whi^'h  he  undertook 
to    pirfoini.    he    caniiol     recover."      The 
court  said:      "The  jury  could  not  other- 
wise   understand    this"  iiisl ruction    than 
to  me'^r.  tli.nt  the  defendants'  whole  duty 
to  the  plaintiff  was  rieiforiiied  when  they 
as,i;:Med   as  comp-teiil    an    instructor  to 
plaintilV  as  the   dcfcmlant.s   were.     This 
was  crroiie(nis  in  two  respnts.     The  de 
cree  of  the  instructor's  oomiK'tcn<y  was 
jiau^red    by    the    eom|>etcney    of    the    de 
fen(f::nts."   The   jdainliff  was  entitled  to 
have,  and  tl;     defendants  were  iMaiiid  to 
pniviile    him    with,    an    instiuetor    eon:- 
IK'lent  to  teach  the  art  of  manajjin^r  an 
elevator,    regardless    of    the    comiH'tcncy 
of   the  defcndanls    in    that    rcsp<cl.   and 
of   which    there   was   no   proof   whatever 
in    the   ease.      Hut    the   ilcfcndants    were 
not  only  bound  to  furnish  plaint ifT  with 
an    inftruotor    absolutel/    eompetcnt    to 
nianape  an  elevator,  but  the  defendants 
were  also  hound  to  provide  -uch  an  in 
struotor  for  a  reasonable  hii;.'th  of  time 
to  teach  the  plaintiff  how  to  mana^'e  the 
elevator,  and  that  the  instructor  should 
be  guilty  of  no  luplijience  to  the  injury 
of  the  plaintiff  while  he   was  bein>;  in- 
struct(xl.     These    relations   spring   from 
the  fact  that  during  this  period  the  in- 
structor is  doing  the  work  and  standing 


ill  the  place  of  the  defendants,  the  ma- 
ter-," 

To  the  same  effect  are  the  folhnviii:; 
ca>e-:  Siilliiiiii  v.  Iiiilia  Mj'l  ''" 
il87:ii  IK?  Mass.  :t!l(i ;  Vinl'Ui  v 
(iitiii's  ll'irlinr  ('iiiiiiiirnial  ('"■  ilsnT 
ll.-i  (  al.  ,->17.  47  far.  .■)li4 :  /'-/.Vc  v.  \.. 
\,><k  r.  d  II.  K.  li.  Co.  (18!t:i  It  Apj. 
niv.  34.-).  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  ^^■l■>■.  Km,,., 
CdlliJll  Si  III  Oil  Co.  V.  //(//(•  "'S'.i-i:  .•ii 
.\rk.  I'M.  1!1  S.  \V.  fiOO;  I'lillnnin  l',il,i,. 
Car  Co.  V.  I.ioi'l,-  I  I8!V2)  111!  Ill  Jt;: 
18  f..  R.  A.  21.-..  32  N.  K.  2S.-. ;  A.//.,  i 
dirihill  (18ilS)  2(1  Ind.  App.  Ml.  TiO  N 
K.  3(13 :  nl.'-iiii  \.  St.  I'inil.  M.  ,(■  '/,  ;,' 
Co.  (1888)  38  Minn.  117,  3.->  \.  W  .  s';i;. 
Coiimiliilnliil  Coal  Co.  V.  \Viiiiil„ii'l„; 
(18!I0)  13»  111.  -.7.24  X.  I"..  (127  :  7/r,„... 
V.  Ciiii-iniiiili,  A'.  0.  <(•  T.  I'.  I!  C' 
(18!t!l)  07  Kill.  24.'.:  Aililnl."  \.  '  '  "■ 
lofih  (ISMHi  (12  N.  J.  I..  78(1.  t:i  .Ml 
UMi:  l.ilitiiiiiiii  V.  SInilhii.s  (lS!i.;i  I.".; 
I'a.  312.  27  .\tl.  720;  Sniilh  v.  ll,ILi,l- 
Ciiiil  <f-  /.  Co.  (18!1H)  ISli  I'a.  2s,  111  ,\il 
287;     Stiuu.'<.'<     v.     Iliilii  nioiii     l//'/,    ''■. 

ii8'.ri  23  App.  niv.  1.  48  \,  ^,  si,,,|, 

42-.;  Hn.tthiiiil  v.  Cliirl.r  ("."Hi  '.■•■:■■  N 
Y.  420.  jlt  X.  i:.  2(r2  Itcvcr-in,'  1>!^ 
28  App.  Div.  (121.  .'il  .\'.  Y.  Si,|.|i,  II  I" 
Tiilfonl  V.  Lo.s  .\iiiiilis  KUihii  '■■ 
I  lliOl)  1.34  Cal.  7(>.  .-.4  1.  1!.  A  s.",.  w. 
Tac,  7(i. 

■■lours  V.  Floirnir  Mill.  Co.  (  Issi;-  i;>, 
Wis.  208.  .-.7  Am.  Itcp.  '2(l!l.  2S  \,  W 
207  (minor  I  ;lt<'.'.''i '■"  ('■  Tih,h  c,.  \. 
liiirilisH  (  lilOl )  47  C.  r.  A.  KiS.  los  VA 
2('>  (ine.\|>cricnccil  servant  n.it  iii-trmi 
ed  as  to  the  proiKT  nictlmd  of  s;i\\iiif.' dl 
■-cclions  of  poles  which  were  liciii,L'  taki'ii 
down)  ;  louinrUlc  A  .V.  It.  Co.  v.  \l,U,i- 
t  11100)  43  C.  ('.  A.  43(i.  101  Ic.!,  IJt 
I  in-.xpcricnced  servant  not  iTi-lriHtfl 
as  to  new  and  dangerous  duties  i;  \<i 
hmk  V.  Chainpaqnr  l.iimhir  Co.  illWl' 
48  C.  C.  A.  fi32,  lOlt  Fed.  "32  iin.\|KMi 
enced  servant  not  instructed  as  to 
method  of  operating  a  slab-cutting  ma- 
chine). 


S  57»]  VICE  PRlM'll'ALNlia'— CllAKAC'l'KK  OK  At  T.  InfiT 

.hiiip  r  rcsuliiiig  from  the  Jeft'Ct  is  ono  \. .lidi  is  not  wiiliin  his  cum 
[inliciision.'* 

Onliiiiirily  tho  employee  who  wns  in  control  of  tlif  iiijnnMl  soniiiii 
i\ill  1)0  rcgiU'iltHl  us  ilio  person  upon  whom,  as  the  lll:l^I(■l■'s  agent,  the 
iliilv  o*  instruction  devolved.'' 

A?  in  the  c.ise  of  other  ah-^oliit©  duties  the  control  exercised  by  the 
ciiiployee  upon  whom  (h'Volved  the  fiuietion  of  giving  instruction  may 
lie  of  such  II  charncter  that  he  is  a  vice  principal  simply  hy  virtue  of 
liir,  position  of  superiority.  Wherever  the  thlin(|uent  is  deemed  to 
lie  a  representative  of  the  master  on  this  ground,  the  liahility  of  the 
iiiiis'er  may,  it  is  obvious,  be  referred  either  to  the  theory  that  the 
.lulv  of  instruction  is  iion-delegahle,  or  to  the  theorv  that  the  function 
f.l'  instruction  is  one  of  those  which  are  oiticial  in  the  sense  explained 
in  oha]>ter  xxx..  subtitle  G." 

Indeed,  a  tliird  basis  of  liability  is  predicable  in  such  cases,  since 
;iri  order  to  do  work  for  whicli  the  subordinate  is  unfitted  by  ivason  of 
ills  iiinoninee  is  itself  n  negligent  act  of  a  manifestly  official  character, 
iiiiil  it  is  therefore  not  necessary  to  i-ely  upon  a  specific  duty  of  in- 
st  met  ion." 

Under  the  general   rule  stated  above,  the  superior  employee  will 

'Hjhii'iii    V,    M'oinifiorl.rl    liiihhrr    Co.  App.    812,    Atliinir<l   in    (ISOSt     176   111. 

llSlir.)    KU  Mass.   214.  41    N.   K.  2(\r>.  270.     .52   X.    K.   li.'.l!;    Ciiticliiliiliil  Coal 

Mt  was  ilduMlf-s  this  ciistoiiiary  itp-  Co.    v.    U'oi/ihiif7i(T    (18!)0)    134    HI.   67, 

IhTtioiiiiieiil  of  fiiiictinns  wliiili   lias  in-  24  N.  K.  627. 

thi'iKcd  tlio  otiuico  of  pliras<-<>lo'.'>-  in  the        In   another  slate   where  the   efti'ct  of 

iiiiiaik  of  llie  siipnnie  court  of  Imliana  vestinjr  a  superior  >er\ant  with  the  pow- 

tliat.  "if  tlic  a<.'c>iit  or  scrvaii!  upon  wlioni  er    of    eiuployin;;    and    distliar;.'in^    his 

llu-  power  to  eoniniand  i<  ^'ivcii  i\crii>es  •■iiliordiiiates    is   to  make   him   the   nms- 

tlie   power,    and    fails    to    dischar^'o   tha  ter's  alter  tgo  as  to  them,  it   has   lH>en 

111  li.atifin.   to   tlM-    hurt    of   the   senant  held   that  the  siiperior  servant   is   none 

wli.i  is  without   fault,  the  failure  is  that  the   less   a   vice    principal   in    resiwet   to 

iif   tlie   niastir.    and   he   must    r<!s|>ond."  the  duty  of  instruction  because  tlie  eni- 

\n:n  KiKiitii    U-i/As  V.  ltiii\ihiU    (1885)  ployinp"  and  discliaririnfr  are   suhject   to 

1(10  inil.  2!lli.  50  Xm.  Rep.  7il8.  the  consent   and  approval   of  the  super- 

'llius.  in  a   state   where  the  doctrine  intendent.     hihriintionul  tt  (1.  V.  /.'.  Co. 

of  ilepaitiuenlal   control   is  appli.d.   one  v.   }ihi-ic   (IS!)U    82  Tex.  C2.S.  IS  S.  \V. 

ill. it  hiis  power  to  enii)loy  and  di-cliari.'e  fi81.  where  tlie  plaintiff  was  ordrrcil   to 

hiliorers,  and   is  llie  forenian   in   in<   de  paint   cars    without   being   instructi-d   a-^ 

(KUtinent,   has   tlie   duty   of   the    iii;i<tir  to  a  rule  ve(|uirinK  men  working  on  side 

ilcvolved  on   him   to   in'stniit    einplo.vees  tracks  to  set  out  siinial  lla<rs. 
;i*   to   tlie    daii<;er    of    the    cinploviiient.        "  .'v'e.  'or  e.vaniple.    l/ivsoi/ii   P.  It.  Cn. 

II.  Smillt   Oil  l-o.  V.   Slorer    (18113)    58  v.  Peiefjoi/   (1887)   36  Kan.  424.  14   I'ac. 

.\rk    l(!3,  24  S.  \V.  106.  7.  where   the  coi.rt,   while   adverliii!,'   lo 

Siniilaily.  in   courts   where  vice  prin-  the   duly    to    instruct    an    ine\|)erienced 

r'|i;i1~liip  is   inferred    from   Hie   n-cre  ex-  bov.  seems   also  to  consider  tlie   defend 

ii<i-e  of  ccnlrol.  the  master     ■•  deemed  ani   liable  on  the  ground   tliil    the   fore- 

iui^wiiahle  for  the  failure  of  con!  rollintr  man   was  ne}.'lit;ciit    in   dincliiiu'  the  hoy 

iiiililiivcc-.   to   iii-truct    (he   subordinates,  to    obev    an    uii^Uilleil    iii.cli.iiic    in    the 

\' rh,'„   V.    Val-J.r    (IS!)."))     1  .■')S    III.    402:  |icif(irmanee    of    work    which    demanded 

';    \.    \:.    10S.">:    .!//<. /I    I'lirimi.   Illihi.  it-  expert  knowledge. 
t'irc  llricK  Co.  v.  UuUson  (1S"J7)   74  111. 


ii^ 


1 

M  \sri:ii  AM)  si;i!\  AM". 


ItUAl'.    XNM, 


m 


I; 


lf^' 


j;  .li:  ■■ 


i:' 


l•(■^•^il|■ilv   Iw   ll'Cilhll    il>   tln'   rt|H(-('llliltivc  111    till-    llia-icl'    ill    ll~]licl 

tur  III liir  |iur|i.i--r-, 

ll-r   I'i    ilcliiill    ;iri-'  - 


llic  (liilv  iii'  iii-iniriioii,  (>\('ii  tiiiiiiyli  lie  iiuix 


luciH'  s('r\iiiil    III 


till'  ji 


llri -lllrl  lull     will 


th 


'I'liii  1' 


lilni'r  I't  illl  ;iji  III   III  iii-tl'llrt  II   liiliiW  >(l'v;illt   lis  to  ill.-  illlli 


iiiiliinillv  ri'.-iills  111  iiiilliii;.:  .iii  ilii'i>tn|i>'li'iit  ('.ii|iIiiM'I'  iii  a  |i< 


-II  lull    in 


wiiirji 


H    Willi 


t.  1. 1'  -kill  will  lie  ihil 


11.1  i'l'll- 


ti.   I 


II- 


■  hll 


lill'I'IV 


-lirli  circiiiii.-l.iiiiTs  II   I- 


r 

II'  lliill   I  III    li.iliililv  III'  llii'  iii:i   ;i'i'  In. 


mli'i' 


ii't'cri'i'il  til  liis  I 


iri'iii 


li  i>t  ciilii'i'  mil'  111 


II  111)11  ill 


ll'-ill.lc    111 


As  ilii'i'c  is  1 
lit  Work  wliifli 
1 


illtV   til   ill-U".lct    il   MTMIIII    il-   In   til 


111-. II ; 

ll    li: 


iiiilsnii'  till' 


llj'.;i  T- 


llis    iil'li;lli,'ll    l'llllili>\  lliciit    .III 


lit  wliU'li  Ills  siiiMiiiir  liii-  II"  iiiiiiiiii'ily  til  ii>-iuii 


ti 


II'  ll('j;lli;il'i- 
<i  ;i   \r 


•  if  till'  snpcrinr  in  iinli'i'liii;  him  tu  iiri-t'oi-iii  -luii  wni'k  is  ilmi 
liiw  siTViilit  iiirli'lx-.  Ill  -mil  a  i-ii-r  liic  iliiinilliil  v  nf  t||i'  luii-ii  r  i- 
iii)viiiu-lv  ilii'  irsiiit  (if  a  I'liii-iiirriitii'ii  wiiirii  rriiilcrs  it  wlioily  nn 
tii'rrssary   tu  uilvi'iT   to.  ami   iiii|i:'s-ii)li'  to  fi'ly   upon,   tlic  imn  .h  ir 


liii 


Lialiii'  i|iia 
rlllll-laiici' 


iitv 


>1'  tlio  iliitv  of  iiisinii'tiiin.'-'     Oiir  i'Mii|iiiii'iiiiii  ul'  ri-- 


ill  wiiicii  tlii- 
ti 


prini'iiilo  iijii'i-afcs  iii  tiii'  iiiasir 


axiiP  1- 


pi'csi'iitcil  III  tiiiisc  cases  wlirrc  all  niiiii-tnii 


■fi'ii 


■civaiit  nil 


ii'i'iaki 


iitv  wliicli  lie  was  imt  autliiui/.iil  tu  muliT 


riaki' 


"Till 

rvant     ti 


-tiT    liininij 
till 


iiliji'ittHl    the    lir    fniiii     liiiMlity 


M 
111     iif     iilliitlirr.     Ill 


iiiK    "lit    of   tli. 

if     fl'llnw      -rlAlllll-     i-     li.l-i 


witliiiul   infuriii.itiini  iir  iMiilinn  Milli  ii'-    ii|i'ii   tlir  ii— iini|il  imi   l^v   tlir  -i  r\  ivt  i-i 


-|H'rt  tn  .ill  -aril  dill iiiiiliolis  a- 


till'  III 


tl 


11'     OIllilMIV 


ri-k 


if    hi- 


tlT     OWI' 


till 


'Illl. 


iiU  ill  till 


tcr's  |iliii-,..  .iiiil  tlii-  i-  -<)  iKitw  illi-tiiiiil     iiot    ciiiiti'iiii 


liiit  liiis  fill  a|>|>lir  it  inn  to  risk 


lll|i!i;'.  liirnt. 


iti^'  till'  twi 
('iiiiiinun    i'ii;|i 


I  TViiTil-  an-,  il-  ri 
ll. 


tTiinl-  illl 


111   till 


l>hiti'il    liv    liiiii     il 
'  II  III- 1:, 


1    .■i.iii.iii 


.'lit,    fcllinv    -I'lViiiits."     |IS!I.-,)     1(i  C.   C.    A.    t4'.',  :!(    I',   s.   Apii 


MIos  i: 


liijt , 


Wiiil.a  V.  Riiiiil'ill    ilHs:.)     l:i_V  Cll  IVil.  HH   iwlii'ic  til. 


Inn  Mill.  ji.i:;.  .")0  Am.  l!i'i>.  Tms 


n  -lick  of  lUniiinilc  iimlri-  ii 


A|.l. 

1,1.. 


..r 

fr..iii 


ll-l,  lll.t 


V.  St.  I'liiil,   i/.  i(    1/.  /.*.    tlic   pick  of 


ll   (■(.'lilni'll 


l.lli. 


Co.   (IHHSI    :>«  Minn.   117.  •'!•">  N.  W.  Stifi    liiH>n   -I't   to  work  iifli 


1. 1,1-1. 


oi'pinaii  iif  iTiii''  -liiivrlii^U'  -m 


-vii'o    anv    warning;    a'*    ti>    tlir    |io--ilii!ily   i.f 


■riiu'iiial   in   ir^'anl  to  llii'  iliily  of  imti^    (ti'vil    froi'i    iin. a|i1(>,I.i|   -Ik.'-.    \\a-   lii'M 


fviiu;  Iii 

V.     lt( 


iiliiirilinati'-  of  nilc-i  :  /(/7i/i 


ri,V,-.7    Kiihhr   r. 


(ISO 


1(14 


to   1m 


1/r/,- 


an   I'M  n. or 


ell 


til. 


■,/;7./ii 


liiiMiy  ri-k  I . 
-iliialioii  ill  Siillii  ii'i  \. 
rrl    /,'.    C. 


I!lllll 


I    .1.1 


Ma— .  214.  4  1  N.  K.  Jli.')  (man  in  cliaif.'c 
of  niai'liini'  liki'  that  wliii-li  plainlilf  was 
lianillini.'.  'n'M  t"  ln'  vi.o  |itiii<'ii>:il.  wlii'ii 
ili-|iiilr.l   iiv   111.'   fiiri'iiian  to  iii-tniit   tliB   4.'>ll.  :i."i   N.   K.   f)4H.     Coiili.i-t   uitl.  tlii* 


A|ip.   Div.  S!l.  r..-.  \.  Y. 


t'Ktirn    V.   Or 


i|.p. 


I  is:i. 


il    Mil   N'.  Y. 


plaiiiljll  I 
(  l.Sli 


\i-.,/;i 


../«(;-,/  Oil   Co. 


.-<'  r 


/'.  /.' 


ri,,i  .  b 


i)  i: 


liii     Ki'd.     2(10:     l\liirhiiish-i     v.    Wall,   'i'lli.  21    I-.  cil.  7:!!l    wli.ri'  ili-  nn 


Sliort-.t  1,1!  Ill  III  r  Co.    i  IHlMi 


!i;t  \\  i 


411 


tiioritv  of  Ihi'  foii'iiiiiii   ill   tl 


li 
Kla. 


\.  W  . 


||:il :  Cum  It 


V.  Hull  1 1H07)  ;tn 


taken  lor  mail 


ti'il.     (■ 


I'l 


..:!."•.  -iJ   So. 


!l-i: 


\iiiliiii   V.    l/"»'i-    4.")7.  «»'.' 


III! pa  re  a 


a  No  S 


iirllr  d-    M.    I'li/ii  r   Co.    (  IS'.o 


7.->   Wis. 


'Plaintiir.    a     strci't    car    dri 


70,  44   \.   \Y. 
Unbr 


I)i 


(  foroillali 

Mf(j.  Co.    (isn7 


SliniifiK    oros-iiifr    an    cveavalioii.    was   olilij;i'il  to 


1.  48  N.   Y.  Siipp.  4-2.-)    (fo 


'.'^  App.    iiiiliitcli    Ills    t 


11.1  ll' 


til. 


iiii.liT    till'    roiilrol    of    till'  coil. 111. t.ii'.  to 


irCiiDiiiir  V.  liiiilrr  (1,H!>S1   2.')  .\p|i.  Oiv.    ('<inic  ilowii  tin 
121.  4!l  X.  Y.  Supp.  211    (door  foii-inan    pa-l     tli-    .  \. 
in  fai'lovv  I 


.nil'  of  its  ow 


n  wi'ii-'lit. 


.li.ill.  to       L'ftlillJ 


loam    avoiiii.l    tin'    <  .cravat  Ion.    pLiiiililT 
The  doctrine  wliicli  cvi'iiiiits  the  mas-    stiinililoi  and  fell  iicvo--  the  track,  aud 


J  .-,7(1]  Vlt  I.  nilN*  ll'Al.silir     (  llAIiAtlKUor  ACT.  W>'> 

579.  Duty  to  impart  information  as  to  permanent  dangers  superadded 
to  the  environment  after  the  work  has  begun. —  Si>iiic  cnnrts  liavp  dc- 
tfiTcd  re,  till'  force  (if  till'  .•niisiilcnitioii  ilmt  llicrc  !■*  iipiiiiri'iiilv  m. 

Injrirlll     ir|.,,,|llc|     ll|M.|l     wllicll     It     Is     |Ml--il.l(.     t.l     MSCImIk'     11     IK  >ll-«  1.   1.  ■■Till  ill 

i|n,ilify  ii>  till'  iliilv   (lisfii-'rtl   in   tlif   |)rrriiliiii:  sci'tiun.  nml  ill   tin' 

-illlic  tillU'  li>  rrfll^c  lu  iircilii'llli'  such  ll  i|lliililv   ti>  tlic  illllv  ot    ilM|i;ilt- 

'n\H  ti>  II  M'rviiiii   >iicli   iiifniiiuitioii  as  is  |irii|M  r    iimliT  ilio    circuiu 
-tiiiiccs  with  iiiiiinl  f"  new  iliiiiiicrs,  wliich  iiii-  '<f  siicli  a  iiiiturc  fliiii 

his  siifct\   will  i      iiimioiislv  iiii|ii  rilrd  niitil  the  ininiiai  ciniilMiciis 

iif  his  (Mivifiiiiiiiciit   have  hccii   ri-t..i   d.       A  inastcr.   it  is  Iicld,  can 
ii(,t.  liv  dfli'iiatiii^  111  a  servant   ilic  diitv  of  notifviiiir  aii"iiri<r  -;iv- 
ant  of  incivasiil  daiim-r,  al)M)ivc  hini-clf  from  liahililv  f.ir  tlic  nc>n- 
traiisiiiissiun    uf    the  iri|nisitc  i-ifniinalinn.*      T'c    rule  is  tlic    same 

whcthor  tho  iiicrea f  ilanj;er  ari-.es  \'\;nu  so       .xtriiisic  alteratiuii 

in  the  cliaractcr  uf  the  envirtinnieiit  iNell',^  ..r         ;i.  the  fact  that  tlie 

tliH  (oiiiliicidr.  will)  li.iil   liKl  Ix't'ii  liinvl.  fonii  siiili    ilniv    or    to    siyi>  ncitirc  or 

iind  had   i ivrd   im   in-t  i  ml  imis   ii«   to  warninj;  of  ii  muMi  ii  <liiinj.'i'  in  the  coikII 

111,,  u f  ihc  IhmIx.'.  Iimnd  il  Ihi'  \.  ii'i!-  Hoti    of   lhc>   (■oiM|.:inv'-'    pri'iiiUc'*,    which 

«iiy.  HlhT.hv  tlic  ciir  i:iti  over  plaiiil  iiV  iiilndiicis  iii^cciirilv  into  u  phicc  wliiih, 

iind  iiiiurcd  liiiii.      It   «ii-  >lio\vr>  on  the  lioiii    hi-    iH.vioiis    ji(|nniiitam'p    llien- 

trial  that  the  contractor  niakl        ''•     ex-  nitli.  an  (ni|iloyc«'  has  rea-oii  to  lielicve 

(Mvation  pKnidi'd  men  to  pi  .ir"  to   he   triM-   from    danjicr.      Ad/i.svi.v    filii, 

;;uiii-    up    yraile    pa~t    the    cm  ,i .  ,it  ion.  /'.   S.  d    (1.   It.   Co.   v.    A»t    (ISSIH     )1 

llehrtlial  this  fact  did  not  tcml  to -law  Ivan.   (Kil.   (171.  21    I'ac.   77(1    (hraUctnan 

that  it  was  not  the  diilyof  the  conductor  injiiicd   liv   -tmnldinj;   in  tlw  dark   U|i"a 

Intake  clriij.'e  of  tlie'car   while  comin.L'  a     pili'    of    i  indcis  dcpn-ilcd   Inside  lln' 

down    j;r.idi'.      Snlllnin    v.    M i  lifiifliUiii  track  since  he  had  pa—itl  the  spot  a  few 

Strnili.  i'u.   (  It'llO)   i").'!  .\p|i.  Div.  S'.l,  ti.'i  houi*  hel'orel. 
N'.  V.  Suiip.  SI-.2.  Tlie  Icstiuioiiv  of  the  foreman  of  a  fac- 

'  I'lilliiiihi    I'lihir,     rnr    Co.    V.    l.tKiik  toiy   that   .i   trap  ihior   in    i   passaceway 

il«!l2)    I  ♦:(    111.    212.    IS    I,.    1{.    A.   21.'>,  was    Used,  on    an    avi-ia^'e,  ahout    three 

.(2  X.  K.  2S.">   ine'jliucnce  (  f  piTsons  who.  times  ,i   week,  anil  from   live  to  ten   niin 

under  a   lic-iise  from   the  master,  put   in  lites  at  a  tinu'.  iiislili..s  an  inference  thai 

new  liiiiiici  -  in  a  brick  kiln  for  the  pur  it   was  e\|icelcd  to  he  used,  and  that  the 

iwsc  of  I,  Mill};  their  advaiilajics  i .  ad   of  a   scrxa-it    in   oiHiiin;:   it    was   not 

'Sic  the  case  last  cited,  and  also  ('<■/  unautliori/ed   in  such  a   scn-c  as  to  pre 

rill„>,  Iwil   It.   Co.   V.   Disiniiil  ||SI)7)    0  vent    recovery    from    the    employer    liy    a 

\.  M.  411,  4!l  Par.  ;ifl7    I   a  tire  ho-s  in  a  fellow  s.nant  injured  l.y  fa  I  lin;;  through 

mine  is  a    vice  i>limipal    as   to  the   ^*-\-  the   trap   door,    upon    ihc    i;ri.UTid    of   the 

foriiiinco  of   tliediity  of   informing'  miii-  einplovi  r's  iici;li,i;eiice  in  maiiilainin;,' Ihe 

ITS  wliero  thiy  may'  work   without  lieili"  door    in    the    i     --aiieway    and    failiii;;   to 

cnilaii;;ereu    li'v    aciiimulat  ion    of    "as);  notify    him     I    -i.of.     .Jnlin^uii    v.   /■(././■ 

f.lliiliir    v.     \iiHnii<;l    Cilii  d-   it.  It.  Co.  riiiiil.rr  Co.    (ISIIS)    171    -Mass.   4S1.   51 

ilSIWi    100  I'al.  2.H2,  ;!!   i'ac.  720   (fore  N.  K.  18. 

iniin    siipeivisini;    work     of     excavation         In   S„,illi   v.   Oxjuiif    'nni   Co.    (IS.SII) 

liold  to  he  a  vice  principal   in  retiard  to  42  X.  .).  I..  4li7.  .'iO  Am.  Hep.  .'i.k-..  it.  ap- 

waniiiis;  lahorors  as  to  any  special  dan-  pvaii^l  that  one  Scranton,  the  pipsid..nt 

L'cr  of  a   snhsidenre).  of  the  ilefemlant  company,  to  whose  care 

.\   r^iilroitd   conipiny   is   liaMe  to  any  wa.s    committed    the    superintendence  of 

eiie  iif  iis  employees  operatinji  its  roail.  the   luisiness   of   the   cor|Kir.ition.    intro- 

for  'he   ne^^li^ence  of   either  one  of    its  duced  the  use  of  f;iant  powder      It  wa« 

nlliirrs  or  employees  whose  duty  it   is  to  clearly  shown  that  it  was  a  hifjlily  dan- 

k  i|i  llie  road  ill  a  rca-oiialdy  safe  con  gerous  explosive,   and    that    tiie    proper 

million,   ivnd    who    eulpahly  fails  to  per-  uianut-r  of  using  it  was  not  made  knowa 


it« 


•t    I! 


1700 


MASTKI!  AMI  SKltVANT. 


[lllAP.    XXXI. 


1.' 


I  '■ 


l!.l   il 


•i'i     ■ 

(It;- 

1|     '.< 

f ; 

Imw 

■  i  ; 

i '  ! 

iiii 

! 

aerviiiit  liii-^  fwni  trim-i'irn'.l  to  ;i  luw  pliico  of  wm-k.  wlicii'  In-  will 
l)e  .'Xiiosol  to  > !•  iil>iioi'iiiiil  ri.'k  «f  tlic  kiii<l  now  uii.lir  .li^cii-sici,, 


to     tlll>     (dllilltiir,     ilUlliill;.'ll      prilllnl    ill 
struct  il  nil    Hill'    ill    till-    |HP"r«-lnM    (if   lIlK 

ciim|i;iiiy  'I'lic  nmit  Hiiid:  •■I'wfini'  at- 
lowing'  this  new  n>iii|i()iiiii|  to  lie  iiilm 
(lili'ctl.  it  Wiis  II  iliilN  uhiili  till'  ciiiii|i'ii.\ 
oweil  111  till-  pliiintilV  In  n-iirtiiiii  iiinl 
niiiki-  kiiinvn  ilt  |(rii|n'itii~i  uml  it"'  iii'"li- 
of  iisiti^'  it.  eitliir  to  llii'  |iliiiiiliir  liini 
-iflf  or  tlio-ic  iiniliT  wliii-i-  iliri(tiii;i  In' 
worki'il.  Till-  olili;;Mtioii  to  do  «o  rfwliil 
upon  Scr.uiloii.  lis  llir  lii'iiil  iiliiiiT  of  tin- 
rom;>;iiiy.  uml  hi*  iii'L'lrct  in  lli;it  ti'<iiiii 
was"  tin-  iu';;1r<t   of  till-  loniiiMiiy   it-i-li. 

It   WHS   trioss    111  ;.'lil,'i'lll'i'    ill    lllr   ti)lll|i.lllN 

to  fiirni-li  such  nn  iirlirlc  for  ii  lilKinr's 
us(>  vvitliiMil  L'ivinv  liiiii  ttio  ri-i|iiisit<'  in 
forniiiiion.  \\  liitliir  llic  ooiniitny  wi- 
aware  of  its  il;inL'i'i"ii*  i[i!alily.  or  fur 
nish»l  it  for  u-i'  wit  limit  having,'  lal,iii 
steps    to    olitiiin     -iii-li   kuouliil^'i'.    it    i 


il.'!  N.  \V.  Oil.  wliirc  till'  court   n  i- m-  I 
lliii<:      "If  llii'  iniluic  .ml  iii.i;;iill  ii<l<    nf 

llic  li-r'-  w.'ik.  ulicllicr  il  lie  Ihii  ,.( 

cLMilnii'l  ion  or  iillicrw  i-c.  iiinl  llic  iiiiii 
Kci    of  iiicii  cii;.'.i'.i'i|    ill   il-  i\''iilii'ii    II.' 
-iicli    lliiit    llic   c\cici-c  of   or.liii.li>    .  ill. 
for    tlio    siifily    .mil     inoliclii.ii    if     I.. 
workiiiiMi  fioiii  niiii-iiiil  mill  miini     -m 
iliUM.'cr-  rci|iiiics  tli.cl   llrcy  tic  ^Imh  ..  . 
~iiii  ililc  onlcr,<.  Mini  lli.it  liny  lie  mi  m 
ill  Icil  (rem  one  pari   nf  llic  work  In   .n 
oilier,    williiiiit    wariii'i'-.'.   into   pl.o.-  ..i 
niin-iial  iliiii;icr  ami  ri-k^.  wliich  .ir.-  1. 1 
iili\ioiis  to  ttic  -en-c>  unit  knowii  'h  I'm  ' 
lillt     wlliill    iniylll    lie    :i>i|.ll.illlcil    li>    li- 
iiia«lcr  liy   a    pro|ier   iii-pci  i  ion.   III.     i'. 
-iiliilc  duty    ic-l-  upon  the  in.i-li  i   li.  :n 
-mil   rc!i-i.iialili!  onlcrs.     Con-iil.  ^,lI|..ll- 
||f  jii-licc  and  ii  sound  piildic  |><iliiy  iiii 
pos*.  llii-  duly  upon  llic  nia-lcr  as  -iiiii 


onu'ally  liaWe.      It  was  a  duty  wliich  tlie  whicli  lie  c.innol  dcli.;.Mlc.  so  a 

eonipanv.  Iliroio.'li    Scraiilon.' was  liound  liini-i  If  from  Hie  ciiii-ci|Ui  inc.  of  a  i 

to  perform,  to  sec  tliat   siirli   rca-onalde  gent  di-i  li.irKc    of    it.      WliiTc    a 

c  demand 


rare  n.s  tlie  r\iL'cncy  of  111 
e«l.  was  taken,  ami  to  imparl  to  the  -uli 
ord'  '  -  full  infiiiiiiation  a.s  to  the  man- 
ner M.  iipplyiii^'  the  new  eiimjMiund.  Iic- 
forc  plaein};  it  in  the  tiamU  of  an  i;.'lior- 
ant  laliorcr.  This  oliliiiation  restiiij;  on 
the  eoiiipany  itself,  the  pre-idcnt  could 
not  shift  its  lialiilily  hy  refcrrin;.-  the 
matter  to  one  of  his  siiliordinalcs." 

See  It'll  II:  r  v.  h'ns.s  i.iiinlf  ■  Co. 
(18!l'J)    103  Wis.  324,  TO  X.  \V.  :"    • 

It  would  seem  that,  if  then    wi  iV 

object  in  doinj;  so.  all  the  e.ises  in  .\!iich 
the  master  has  been  held  lialde  for  the 
failure  of  a  -crvaiit  lo  lii-.ovcr  dclieis 
in  an  instrumcntalily  which  he  has  to 
sujienise  might  be  iiriiUf.'ht  under  this 
principle. 

•In  McMnhon  y.  Ida  Min.  Co.  (IH'IT) 
95  W..,.  308.  70  N.  \V.  4TS.  it  was  lid. I 
that  a  master  was  '•not  to  set  a  man  at 
work  ainoii};  latent  and  extraoi.|inaiy 
danyeis,  of  which  the  cmplov(.c  knows 
nothing  and  which  he  eaiiiiot  a-iiii.iiii 
by  exiH-rience  or  oli-crvation."  ami  that, 

"in  taking  the  phiiiiliir  fr one  part  of 

the  mine  in  which  he  had  liccn  a-    wmk 


iiumlMT  of  men  are  cmphycd  upnii  ih. 
same  work,  it  is  cs-enlial  that  iia-..ii 
able  order-,  rceulaling  their  c..ii.lii.'. 
and  as-igniiig  to  I  In  in  pro|M'r  plm  -  m 
which  to  work,  should  lie  gi\cii  11  i- 
tlie  duty  and  the  right  of  the  nii-l.  r  i 
give  orders  and  direct  the  place-  uim 
his  ser\aiils  -hall  wiuk.  Their  ilui\  i- 
instant  and  alisoliite  olirdiriice.  mil.--  i' 
be  olnious  to  lliiiii  thai  -inli  ulicliii;.. 
will  i-.\po-c  llieiii  to  unil-ual  .Ijiil;.i- 
Pi  patch,  ili-i  ipline,  and  llic  -ii.n  .■ 
p.r-on  and  property  in  the  e\ecii|i"ii  .1 
work  inifM'i.ilivcly  r.'ipiire  that  'I:.-  im- 
ter  should  or.ler  and  the  serva  i!  ..lev 
It  would  be  practically  iiiipii--ilili'  !  ■ 
carry  on  a  work  of  any  ma..'iiiiu.l..  .m 
aiiy'iillier  base.  .\  workman.  «  hen  m 
deied  from  one  pari  -.t  the  wml,  l.i  .m 
ollnr.  eanni.l  lie  iillowed  lo  -l.ii.  .  \..i" 
liie.  and  e\|.eiimciil  for  him-.Il.  in  ■•! 
iler  to  a-ceri.'in  if  llic  place  .i--iL.ii.'l  '" 
liini  is  a  safe  oin. :  and  (herrhic  In 
olicying  the  onlcr.  while  he  a  — iiiii.-  i!. 
villus  and  ordinary  li-k-.  he  ha-  a  nu'' 
111  rely  U|ion  a  faillifiil  ili-dniv.j'  il  lin' 
master's  duly  to  u-e  onliiiaiy  e.n-  t" 
uani  and  pioln-l  him  au.iin-i  iini-ii. 
.Any    rule 


and  setting  him  at   work   in  a  diircicnt 

place,"  and  not  warning  him  as  to  cer-  dangers.     .Any    rule   or    doclnnc   \Mii 

tain    unex|ilodisl    blasts,  the     .hift    boss  d(.prive-i  the  workman  of  tins  u-M  ;u'. 

was  plainly  and   palpably  acting  in  the  protection     when     the    nia-lcr    ilel.ji'.- 

capacity  of  the  master.  the  power  and   duly   of  giviii-  -ii.li  m 

This  phase  of  the  master's  obligation  dcrs   to   a   Hulionliiiate.   no   in.illn    In" 

to  warn  WIS  rercntly  c.m-idcrcd  at  great  !ii-h   or    low    his    mnk    or    er.nl.-,   i-  nn 

len"th   in   fnrh'm  v.    \iiilliin  at'  rn    Til-  -upporlcil  hy    rea-eii.  violate-    ill  nii-i 

if,h  i:.n-h,i„yc  Co.   (l8Ut))   03  .Minn,  4',J8,  orations  of  justice,  and  is  not  -ni.ii.iri 


»  -mUI 


vu  i;  iM!i\t'ii'\r.siiir   ( ii  \i!  \i  i  Kit  ok  \(  t 


will 


In  soiiii'  iii'taiifr*  it  i>  ililhiMill  i-.siiy  wlictlifr,  I'mni  n       hIn  1..;;i,mI 
-liiiKlpiiiii'.  tlic  liiiliililv  of  till'  mii^tt'i-  should  1«'  iffcrrf     '<>  tlii>  in'-' 


f,l  t)y  the    wci^til    nl    uiitlioiity."     Tlic 
^tHnltH>int     lit    iIh'    ii'iirt    will   In-   iiuuli! 
.oinf«hiit  ili'iini   Ip.v  .|iiiliii«  llu'  li>ll<iw 
mi;  |)ai>tii«<'    friiiii    tin-   coiuiitriiiu   o|iiii 
i„n     i>f     Mitilifll.    -I.:       ■rtif    |»iiu'i|>li' 
which  Ihi'  iiiiiit   liii-    always  aiUKMiiniMl 
j<   the    test    in    that    il     i*    imt   1hi>    iiu'li' 
rink  or  gr.»\v  nf  llu-  >u|M'riiir  finiilnvc-f, 
lull,  till-   iiiliuv   (if    I'll'   iliil)    or    ~ri\iii> 
which  he  w.is   |ifrt'<>iiiiiiin.   which  dd'T 
Miiiici    the    niii-tiiili;    that,    whiiicv    i    n 
iiiii«t.T  (lih  i-ati--  to  aiiiilhiM  tlu'  |ii'ifniiii 
,inr«  of  a  duty  which  hi>  <ihc'<  aliioliitcly 
10    hit     -crvaiit^.   or     wliicli    wimlil    (.ill 
nilhiti  the   line  nf   hi*  (Inly,  as   iiia-lii. 
i(  i«Tso-,  illy   prcsctil.  then,   in   the  |ht 
(nniitilicc   of   inch    act-    sifh    nlliii    |icr 
ton   woiilil    he.    at    to   ntlnr    -civaiit*.    a 
vice  |>riiici|)a1.    inil  not   a   fellow   servant. 
Whether  we  hiivc  always   iMirn^clly   ap 
hliid   tlii"    test    to  the    f.icts    is    anolhri- 
iiiicslioii.     I'or   e\ani|ile.    in    hiring'   ami 
i|i»char!.'iri(.'  workmen  the  titreman  in  the 
|ir«seiil  I'ase    wdiihl    ie|pii-iiit    the    i.ia» 
ter.  anil   his   m-;;liHiiiee    in    the   piviiiises 
wnlilil  Ih>  eharyeahle  to  the  master.      So, 
.ilso.    iu   the   matter    of   ^eleiliny  or    in 
<(jectin;.'    im|)leiiient»    and    other    in>liu 
mentalities   for   the    |M'rlormanee   of    ilic 
work,  iu»..iniiinjj  that  this  duty  had  lusn 
ilele^'uteil  to  him.      .\nd  wheie.  as  in  thi.s 
c.i«e.   he  had    las-n    uiveii   eiilite   control 
.if  the  work,  and  of  all  the  woiknieii  en 
;.MHe(l  iti  it.  with  alisolute  and  snpreme 
.o-'hority  to  jjive  them  orders  liow   to  do 
tht   work   and   where   to   work.    I    thiiik 
that,  on  exactly   the  same  inineiple,    in 
'/n'mg  these  orders,  which  the  wnrkiiien 
were  hound   to  obey,   he    repioeuteil   the 
Miasler.    and     was     pel  foi  iiiinj.'    ii    duty 
which  would  have  devolved  on  the  mas 
icr.  if  |KTsonaMy    present." 

In  Hiiil;r  V.  jii</((.so.i  ilH'.l.")!  Hi  C. 
C.  A.  442.  :!4  V.  S.  App.  Uli.  till  IVd. 
K14.  HJieie  a  sii|M'rinteiidiMit  of  the  work 
"t  excavating;  for  a  railway  wa^  held  to 
Ke  a  vie."  principal  as  ii'eards  his  nei;li- 
u'eiice  in  failing  to  nolily  a  laliorer  that 
:i  portien  of  the  explosives  has  not  liecMi 
.xploded,  the  court  said:  "The  master 
proviilcs  the  place  (or  his  servant  to 
vvork.  and  if  his  acts  create  a  sjH'eial 
iliiiijler  he  is  not  alone  charj.'ealile  with 
the  |(ositive  duty  to  exercise  the  utmost 
rare  and  eveiy  available  pricautioii 
a^Minst  ixioilile  injury  to  those  who  are 
til  work   there,   hut.   if   daiifrer    impends. 


formiitinn  iiiid  finiely   wariiiiit.'  to  th. 
ill   his   service   who  an-   ignorant   of   i 
extent,  hefiire  calling'  iipi'ii  them   to   in 
cur  the  risk.      In  ii-jH'ct  of  the  emph  y 
meiit   of  the   plaintill   and  the  diniiion- 
for   hi-   work,    it    is   iim|Ue-tion.ilde   .ind 
cdiiednl  that  the  sii|«'rintenilenl    repre 
.eiiled  the  inimtcr  as  vice  prim  ip.il.      I'l 
the  -ame   relation   he   is  eli.nye.ilde   wil!. 
knowleilye    of    the    daii^fer    in    u-iny    the 
explo-iies.  and  with  the  iluty  to  proiiii 
empliiyee^.  and    notify   thciii   of   li-k.      It 
the    plaiiitiir    was    not    infnrmed    of    the 
|>eril    which    compi  'ince    with    the   i.nler 
involved,  or  if  it  was  not  clearly  appir 
ent.    the     ri-k     thus     ereiited    cannot    l.e 
held    to   ha^e    lieeii    cunteiiipliled    in    the 
service   in   whiih  he  enjiau'isl.  anil  there 

(ore  it  wa-  not  one  mud  hy   him    in 

his     eiiiploMiieiit.     The     instruction-    re 
ipie-.led   oil    hehalf   of    the    principal    de 
linilant.  and  the  thiory   of  the  whole  tle- 
leiise  as   well,   rest    upon   the  claim   that 
the   operation    of   Idastiiii;    was    comiiKHi 
lahor.   and    not.  the    w..rk    of   a    -up  lin 
tendent  or   vice   princi|»iil;   that    it-   \<rr- 
forniance  hy  this  ^uperintemlent    i\  i-   in 
the   chui.icter   of   a    fellow    -ervant.     ui  i 
the  ma-lei    was   not    liahle   for  an>    ney 
leet  therein   lieyonil  the  exerci-e  <^f  ordi 
iiurv  lare  in   -elect in;;  his  serv.inlj*.      In 
the' same    connection    it    is    aryued    that 
the  use  and  care  of  the  explo-ives   were 
not      a     |ier-onal     duly    of    the    ma-ter. 
Whether    these    el.iims    could    he    main 
laineil    hy    the     ma-ler     in     any    ca.-e    in 
which  he  brink's   into  his  work  the  dm 
;;ei'o\|s     na-an-      which      pri  dms'     iiijiir\. 
and  whether  the  rule  of  strict  care  .hs - 
not   impo-e  u    |>o-itive  ohliyation    which 
lie   cannot    evade  hy   dele;;at  in;;  the    |h-i 
forinainc.  are  qin-stions  of  interest,  hut 
ihev   do  not    reipiire   con-ider.ition    here 
It  is  sullicient  that  the  ri-k  wa-  cie.iled 
liy  the  nia-ter  or  for  his  piir|si-e-;   that 
liiere   is    Ie;;itiiiiate   tiinliny  In    the    jury 
of    ne;;li;,'ence  on    the    part   of  those  en 
ea;;ed    in    the    |K'rforniance.    cau-in;;    the 
injury:    and.    tiinilly.    that   the    plain! ilf 
wa.s    i;;norant    of   the   risk    ;ind    liad    nut 
assumed    it.     The     doctrine     which    e\ 
einpts  the   master  from    liability  aii-iiii; 
out  of  the  ne;;li;;eiice  <d'  lelUiw    -ei\aiil- 
is    ba.sed    ii|Min    the    assumption    by    tin- 
servant  of  the  ordinary  ri-ks  of  his  eni 
ployinent,    in     which     tin?     neylieeiiee   of 
fellow    -ervaiils    is    included,   but    it    ha- 


iilwitli-landini;    the    pieeaiitioiis    taken,    no    applu.ilual 


to    ri.-k-    .vhich    are 


I       • 


he  i.s  further  obligated  to  give  due   in    contemplated   by   him   in  entering  upon 


I 

i 


\un 


M\Mi:i!   .\i)  m:i!\  \\r. 


[i  II  \r.   \  , 


.1 
1^: 


I  ;" 


ill  i 


,,r  \n  ill. II  wlii.  Ii  r<'.|iiiiv-  liiiii  I.'  iiii-vvr  l'..r  llic  iM-li:;rii.r  ..|   |,..i     ; 
,|.  I„iii-.l .in\    -'iir    ivi:iil.iii..ii-.      S  ■■•    r; ;5    -"Mti.    "-T.'.    vi//-/".      M 

illtitllllK'    a--     ■ilHi-M    LrlUrrll    llll>    lU.i .■|.li..|l.    i-    1-1 M  viil  1 1  \     In, Hi 

t■<•^-!  ill  .•!!><•»  liiiiiiiii:  ii|'<'ii  ill''  iiui-t<'r'«  ■.l.lijiiiiioii  t(.  .•..hii.pl  liif  11, 
iiiiiii-.  iif  iniin-'.' 

Til.'  ii.hiiiilMjc  wliicli   ill.'  MTViii'.t   m-fivc^   fr..iii   'li.'  .l-M-triiH    ,, 
.'iiipliti..!  ill  this  Hi'tiuii  i-^  ii.r>—iiril.v.  Il.w.'Vit.  j:iviiil,v  I'liriiiil.  •!  I 

ll ii-irii.'ii..ii  w  hi. -lie  hii-  l"''ii  I'lil   "i"'ii  •'"'  "•'"■'••ii"'  i>'  '"  'I'  ■  'I 

..f  \v..rk  (  -.•>■  .'-|..'.'i.ill>   ^  i.'il.  1'"^'  >•      -^  pi.rli.iii  .'I'  ll ii-'-  '■•'■  I  '■ 

this  s<('ii..ii  w.iiihi  iui.l..iil.i.'.llv  liuvf  Ix'cii  ilci'i.h'.l  .lilT<'i'tiil!.\   in  -  ;,, 

juris.iicii.iiis. 

thf.s..,v .  \..,fh.,„  r.  It.  ('».  V.  n.<n,    (isa-,i  to  w,  v...  njr,.  a  s  i:  x'l  , 

hhi  lls'il]    i:.l   I'.  S.  :il!l.  Wr,:.  :m  I.,  c.l.  w^s  ln'ia  tlml   tlii.uuli,  m  *<m»-  r..|..' 

liidli     liil-i     II   *<ii|..   n.    l!i|p.  !iM:1i.  mill  ll ii^itiiiT  iiii.l    liii'iiiMn    iifji     -!.,H 

(■.Tliiiiilv  "■iiiiM..l    v.'ViTii    f..r   lliii  .'Xlrii  ni^^iii.-  aiv   Ml""    -.ni-i,!-   i.|   n    -.,  i,.  n 

.ir.liii.irv   vi~k    iiil.T|...-.'.l   l.v   tli.'  iim.l.r  lin.'l.  v-t   in  (.'ivim.-  hiin  «,innM;j  .1  ih 

"ilhi.iir  vvarniiiH"  "-•  "'  '1"'  •'■"'^  ''V  "  -I';;''''  "■""  '"" 

S.V    iil-i    Wi  l/'i/"..i    V.    /'/.I     l/i'<.    '■"•  .li-'liiir'Ti'    ■!    ii..M:i"i'.'n.il.l<'    |Hi-.iiiil  V, 

(IMMTi   !».-.  Ui-    MIW.  70  \.  \V.   ITH  Iniiti  j-  -ilivc   Inly  uf  tlic  r.iilr.'ii.l  r..iii|.;iiii  m 

or   Hiiii    Hitlioiil    w.irim!«  to   «.>ik   in  ii  ii  -  r.iriM.iai.'  .^ijM.'ity.     Tli >iiii   -u.l 

nlii.c  vvl.'iv  lli.i.'  ».'i>'  ■'  miiMli.r  .if  uii  -It    liiis    li.>.  ii    «.'ll    -iii.l    II. at    it    u..ii.! 

;.M.l..,|..l    l.la-IM.  l-  "   iii..t.-t...u-  il.Ml.iii..   I..  I...M  tl,.i. 

'  l/.».«      V.     ir«lit,u,nil     if      I.     /.'.    r-  riiili-.«i(l     .'..iiiiMiiy      .•..iiM      fniin.        u 

(isxil    7S    Vh.    71.'..    »n    .\!ii.    I!.|..    »01  -.•li.diil.  -    .i~    w<.ill.l    iii.Mli.My.   c.l    HI. 

(s,vlinn    foiTiiiiin    fiiil.-.!  I..  si«ih.l   Iniin  |.r.t..il.ly.    i—iill    in   ..'lli-i.-n^  ..r  L-.f 

|<,  -Ini.  .It    p.    j.lii.-.'   wh.T..  Ir.i.k   lipi.l   Im'  lif.v      /...'..•'    V.    .«../.,7    I  IMS.  I     in;    1', 

,..„„,  Iluilvi....-.!.  'H:-   II    Atl.  .-.t«.     Ilpivin-  |,ir|,.,rpM  ,,..! 

Ttir  *iim.'  -Ml.'  of  fii('t<  iii.iHMr.-l  al-«i  |pr<.Miiil'.'.it('.l    it.'    mIkMiiI".    il   ii.n-t    M 

in    7'.;n./.i     V.     IH'hiii.,,,,!    d      I.     /.'.     Co.  lure  t.i  it.  iUiiI    if  it    Mi.ik.»  :i   .ln.ij.     r 

(IHSTi    ><»    \'ii.    t!>'J     t   S,    K.   ;i:!!i.   wlific  \i<pliit.w  such   ••(tpcdiil.'.  it    w  il-  i«    iii^  ■ 

«i.   liiKl   tlu'  .■.nirl    lining'  .l..»n   tli.-  law  .Inly  1..  notify   all   «l...  may   !..•  .iil.rf.i 

thus-      'll    wa-  ll..'  .'liilv   ..f   the  ilrfi^nil  lli.'i.liy  .if  -u.l.   .liaii;.'.'.      U  li.'ii.   in  •  "i> 

iint   rrmpjiaiiv     .  i"    n-.-    all     r.'a  I  lawnli.ii    of     its     -cIicmIuI.'.    it    -.iM-    : 

-oniil.li-  pn-.aiili..ns.  iiirln.liiiy  ii.v.--sary  'wiM  ciiiiin.''  ov.  r  its  Ira.k   nn.\].  ...'i 

,i„n.,U    Im     vinu    trains.  ,.-«.'iilial   to  ly,   it    i-   in  .tiily  l.'.nn.l   I..   »ain     i'  ii- 

iIpT'    iiriilclioii    .>f    ll..'    liN.'s    .111.1    lin.'.s.  .•n.|.l..y.v-     win.     arr     n^liljnll.\    .m  H'i 

iii.l    oiilv    .pf   .ihipIppvip's.  Ipiit    l.>  111.'    pro-  .i-inj.'     H.''     •'■"■k     al..>iil      il-     Ipii-iip  -• 

t.Tliipn  '.pf    all     |..r-"ns    lawfully  .in    its  rvlii'llpia-   in    <l;.r^'.'   of   .■iij.-iii.',    ii.i!'    ■ 

riiiii      Tlio  il.fitpilPiit    i-onipanv."  l.v  an. I  lian.l  car.  of  Hi."  .Iian^i'  in  lli>'  -I.-  !  il 

llir..n"ti    til.'    ni-li'j.n f     its     apjcnt.  an.l   if   it    inlni-l«   tliis   .lnt\    t..  .ii,i- 

ll,-rniT..n.    in     fp.ili.ii;     tip    -i-nal    111.-  ap  l.y  Ix'U.   wlii-tlc.  .ir  o.Iiptvm-..    il    m;pI..- 

pr.ia.'liins.' train,  an.l  warn  il  ..f  tl..' .Ian  siicli    (.tlip.rs    i|s    vi.-c    pnn.ipal-   '     iii:i' 

.'or   in    its    iialli.   was  niiihv  of  I'lilp.ilil.'  ixl.nt.aml  if  111. -y  fail  to  .li-       '-    <'■'" 

no.'li.'..n.-.'.    wlii.'li     .'aiisod  'tin-    a.'.-i.lont  duty  111.' .■.>ni|piiiy  niiist  ..iwu,      i,,p  I'l.'ir 

that    n-iilloil   in  tlio  .latli  nf  tlio  plpiin-  ni--liL'<'M.'.'.    iiiil.'ss   ii    hi-  -liuuii   'hit  t  •■ 

tilT's    inli'stato.   an.l    tii    tliat    ii.'^'li;;i'ii..'  injiiri-il  i>.-rsiiii  iipiitnhiit.-il  llii-nt..     1- 

an.l    tliat    r.'siilt    tlio    loinpanv    is    lialilo  instan.-i-,    if   tl onipany    lia.l    f  iil.-i  '  ■ 

in    dp.ina..'os.     That    iii--li^'.n."o    was    Ih.-  notify    Kor.-nipin    .Ml.-y.  l.y   b.ll.    a'ii-i  ■ 

proxiinalo   opinso  of  tlio  doath   of   plain  or  oll..-r«  is*-,  of  Iho    pn-.  i.i.    ni    i  -p. 

lifT's   inti-stali'.   wliii   was   not    tho  cooni  cial    Iniin  or   ..tp-tru.'ti..ii    .m    lii.-  '.."> 

plovoo  ..f   (l.'inil.pn.  l.v  whoso  m-^ili^'.n.'.-  an.l    ho    hail     lp<-.'n     iiiiiin-.l    tli.-i.!'v.  I" 

the"  ai'oiili-nt    was    i-aiisod.    in    tho    si-iiso  i-oiild      n-.ovor     nnl.-s     lln-     .I.mi.Ipii! 

which  n-lii'vi-s  tho  .-niplovor  fiotn  lial.il  sli,,wcd    tli.t    li.'    wa-    iiii.l.  r   .a|-i,--   n; 

ilv   for   iniiiri.'s   t.p  nno   s,-rvanl.  l>y   an.l  -trm-l  ion-  I"  Ip--  -n  iho  hM.koiit   1.  r  ■"• 

thron   h   Hi.-   ni  ;;li--'.-nt     act    or    omission  special   iiain-.      •nl.  i.s  a    Hi.ili-i   -  t  i-; 

of  his    fidlow    servant. ■•  .inliip.i.    ti.     ll..;     pin.nn.l     <-i'y-      '' 

\n  Turner    v.    ^or|ulk    rf    W .   II.  Co.  Ilirongh  ,uls.      In    -lu  li    .■..-.'    li.'  «■  ^  ' 


iHdJ 


Ml  K  »'KI.V(ll'.\l,sHll'-Lll.VI!\l   11.11  OK  ACr. 


1703 


580.  Duty  to  warn  at  to  dangers  of  the  traniitory  clau,  occaiionall> 

lupervening  during  the  progreti  of  the  work. —  In  •iin'  in.Htiiiu'i's  tli  ■ 
iiiiifhT'it  liiiliiliiv  tor  till'  tiiilnn'  »{  uiu'  (■rii|)l",v(«'  t<>  warn  iiiioilicr  n- 

I.I   U    |Hril    <>t'    llic    llificiv    llilh-iti>r_\    rlil'«    lilll.^     Ih'    |>riM|ir;itiM|    III!    till' 

^roinul  iliiit  till'  ili'ii'lii'tii'ii  nl'  iliii\  v\a'  iin  ultii  ml  m-t  nf  :m  iijL'iiit  who 

\y:\n  a  vici-  prini'i|(iil  1p\   siiiiu-  <<(  !ii-<  rank  as  a  jmicial  or  (li'|iaii 
iiiciiral  jiiaiiMUi'r'      lint  ^vli|■|•l•\l■l■  tliiTi'  i-  no  »iii'li  -niti'rinrity  i.t  raiilv. 

mil  till'  jilaiiitilV  imi'f  nlv    -.1.  Iv  on  tin'  cliai-ai-tfr  <><  tin'  ni'iriifri'nt 

.ill  it-i'lt'.  IIS  a  uriHiml  <•(  fi'mvcrv.  if  -I'l'tii*  pjfar  that,  in  thi'  alxmci' 
..f  Minii'  ^pi'i'ial  cjin^iiliiaiiiiii  hriiiL'iiii;  llii'  I'ai-I-  \\itliin  tlio  (iinnaiTi 
..f   -.I. nil'  iliiiv  I'linci'iji  il   Id  1h'  nmi  ilili 'jalili',-   the   nia-<tpr  rannut  hi' 

•'inilM'ilrd   to  inilcninilv  a  -iirvaiif  I'm-  injuries  can-nl  hy  this  kiml 

I. ill.  iii.t  iKi'iiii-r  i>f  licin!.'  n  frili'i*   •'•n-  <iri'    to    I'mulmt    the    work    up    i   a   mitn 

ml     v\illi     Ihi-     iiiaiii'i-i'.    I'll!    Il'i'iii    i"i'  \v-lrlii.      Sic  f.'niii   ,(■//,  Til.  V,       •idiiiIii 

Uiliiting    (o    hi-.    ii.'^'li^;(iii'c.      IIh'  .•..mi  iUhmii    II)  C.  C.  .\.  tl!».  !Mt  I'.'il.  liT!'.  .\! 

|i.ihV  iiiii-i     pr.il.'il     il-    i'lii|il..\. '  -   In. Ill  III, II. ''I    ill    ll>!M'i    !>'.i    l''.'<l.    1  111.   wlnir   u 

:ill  ".l;lli;:.r-    ili:ltl'.l    I"      it^llf    III     i|-    lltl  |iil-iill    i'lll|ili.>  ill','    IIH'll    ll>    Hiilk    nil    lull 

ih.'ii'.'d   Mi.'i'iil«  I'f  11^. mil--   wlijrli   -mil  liiiilii'i-i  iiliiiM-  ,1   «iili'».ilk.  wlii.li  iin-  ri' 

.•in|.I..Mi'-  I'.iiiiiiil   tli.Mi-cIvi-i  fill. -.■.■,  i.r.  iiiiinil    III   III-    -ii|i|i..rli'i|    liv   (.'n.v-   iiiT..-- 

i,\   till'  n-.'  .if  iir.lin  iiy    |ii  iiili'iir.'.  .niiiil.  I  ln'  -lir.l.  \>.i-  lii'lil  li:ilili'  lur  lii-  fiiiliiii' 

r..r  II   iiiii-l    fiiiiii-li  iliiiii  a  iiili'  (>l  111'  III  fiiiiii-'i  uiilcliiiHii  III  «:iiii  iliivi'ii  ill 

III   w.irU.       T.i    -••ml     'uilil     <'li;.'iiii'-'    iiml  .'liMit.'!'   'f    viliirli"<     ii|imi     I  lie     -IiitI    Io 

irains.  willmnt    iiiiy    huiiiiht  uf  \v;iniiii^'  nvniil  llu'  '.'ii.v-.  -n  ns  In  lir  lialili-  f<ir  Ilii- 

IT  (iii'iaiili.iM.  over  Ir.ii-kH  iilrr.i'l>    li-lil  fill   '.    n    Hinkiiiiiii   i-.m-nl   liv   u    vi'liicli' 

tiilly   i«'i'ii|iii<l     liy     HlliiT    riii|ili.y ' . -.    i-i  -I  liking'    .i    'jiiy,    nil  huiivli    f.'ll.iw    uork- 

M'L'iiL;ciic.',    ill    lln'    lii;jlii'>.l    ili'urir   I'liiiii  nun.    ill     innviiii.'     Ilii"    J-'ilv   :i-   llir   work 

M.ij.  ill  nlliT  ili-ri'yu.l  «.(  Iiiiiii;ni   lif.-  or  |>iii;;ir--i'-.  mic  alio  rii-}.'li'.'iiil    in  iiliniii;; 

liiiili.  Mill!    iMirlhy  nt   llir   -cvi'n-l    iiii.il  it    hIuti'    it    will    Im    -I  iin'k    liy    |iii--iiin 

!ii.<  till'  law  fan   ii..---ilily  iiillii'l;  ainl    it  wau'ini".      In  lli'  lnwcr  (iiiirl   |lu'  r.iliim 

I-  in.iili    li'-i  criniitiiil   I'ly   tin'  iI.l'Iii'  of  al..  of  tlu'  .ji'i  i-imi   was  that   tlu'  ••|.l.iii' 

|irii'aiiliim    laki'ii    In   ;:i\'i-   tin'   iiiii--ary  «a-   mail.'   iiii-.if.'  liy  tin-   kirk  of   warn 

■laniiiiL'.    iinil    only    In . .  mi'-    ivn.-il,!..  Ihl'.   «illi    wliiili   tlio   wmk   in   wliiili   llin 

whon  llii'  iiii'a-iiii-  ,ii|i.|ili-il  ai.-  ^iiilir.int  pi  linliir   '\a-     iii}.mi.'i'.I     lia.l     imlliiiiL'    I" 

to  iniiti'it    -mil   .iiiiilnyi'i'-    Innii   lliir.it-  il'i."  ami    it    was  oIi-i'ImiI  tliat   tin-  iliity 

I'liiil    i|aii'.:.r.    |ii.  \iilril      iIh-v    ari'     fri'.'  nf  |irii\iiliiiL'  for  the  safi'ly  nf  llin  |ilaii' 

iniiii   fanll    llniii-ilvi-i."  of  wmk  rr  I-  a-  u   noii-ili'lr;;alili'  i)l«li;.'a 

'Till'  p'liiial    iirini'lplo    a|i|>liialilc   to  timi  i||>i'ii  ili.'  iili-Iit.  "p\ci'|iI  a-  il   may 

Miph  a  ca.tp  ha-t  Inin  stntt'il  lliii-:      "It  t)R  cl.aiiui'il  I'y  H"'  firnj.'ri'--  if  tin'  vnik 

i"  II    umiitr   on    tlm    part    of    tin'   ayi'iit  il-ilf."      In  llii-  imnt  of  app.-.il-  lln'  lii 

ii:i\irii;  till'  ri.i'lit    In  niiirr  a    scriant  In  l.iliiy    wa.-    pmli  .ilnl    ratlirr    frmii    tlm 

'ill  iirtain  =|H'iilic  wnik.  to  inrn'a<i>  tlm  Ink  of  a  prn|nr  -y-li-in,  ami  il  wa-  laiil 

|iiril  of    till'    -inirr    liy    lii-^   ihmi    m^jli  .Inwn  that  the  ma-itiT  cannot  c^rapi'  lia 

'.'I'liri'.     Till-   ciMplny.'i'  "ai  I  iii^;   uiuliT   tin'  l.iliiy    umli-r   I'm   iiili-  that    ilm   iliily    nf 

-|iii'lii'  iiiiliT  lia-  a   ri;;lit   to  a--iinip,    in  llin    nia-tiT   In    pi'.iv  iilo    siifc    plarr-    il<«'- 

llii'  a'l-i'iHi'  of    wninini'  or  notice,   that    imt    a|  ply    wliiTo    llir     pk originally 

hi.!*  -iipiiinr  «li.>  ^.'avn  llio  onliT  wonM  fui  ni-lail  is  safe,  anil  bcconici  uii-afn  in 

mil.   hy    hi'-    own    iii'i.'lif,'i"nro.    niako    tlir  III"  proi;M'-<  of  tin-  work,  or  liniii-i'  of 

mik   iiii-afiT."     Ti"  li.r   v.    I'vunsiillr   it  Ihi'  niannnr  in   which  the  work  is  done, 

7,    H.    It.    Co.     iHHOl     121     lliil.    124     6  vimi'    it    ciniiot    U'    -aid    thai    llic    plart! 

1..  I!.  .\.  ;')Si.  11  N.  K.  870.  (the    stri-l  I    ori;.'iiially     furiii-hcd     wiui 

Nc  nKo  ;    r)42.  <inU\  safe,  uiile--    il    ua-   prnlccted   hy  danger 

■  Sui-li   a    case    is   preseiitiil    where   the  sif:nals  or   walihiinii. 

real  -ra\, linen  ol   I  he  .iciiiin  ja  tlie  fail-  Under    tiie    thcoi^-  that    the  uiust«r'» 

W/i.  il.  M.  i  b.— ^U. 


ilJi' 


I     ' 


1704 


MASI  i;i!  AND  SKKVANT. 


Ull.M'.    NNM 


if  IlCfrliurlKC,  \V 

is.  at  nil 


III. lit  ItrciiKiiiir  ill  upon  tlif  |.iin(  iplc  ili;it  tlir  iii^ 


cvciil-,  u- 


llilhlc 


•\-   IlIIV   (lilllill' 


WllIC 


MI'C   (lllc   l<>   llll'   IIKIII 


HIT   III    wliii'li    llic 
w'lirli    iiri'    iiitiiii 


scrvMiii-     ilirin-i'lvc 


ilciil 


Willi     iiisirniiiii 


il:ill 


it.ililf 


liir    iis    till'    wnii 


k 


llnW 


III  ilic  I  in  III 


wliii'li  tlic  iiiiish'i'  liiis  liiTii  iiflil  liiililr 
on. mill  tli:il  lie  iiin.-l  :ili>ucr  fur  llu'  Mi'uliui'iicr  <>(  n  -ii\ 


liicrc  is  iHilv  mil'  ciisr  iii 


lit  clKiriiiil   uilli   llii'   I'lilirlii.li  of  Wiiniiii.i;  ulliri'  iMn|i!iiV('cs  || 


il, 


iiisiniiiii'ii 
iiiviruiiiiiciit  iiiisii 


Ijililii's  iirr  iiliiiiii  lu  lir  nscil  ill  :i 


iiv  wliirii  will  ri'MiliT  ill'  il 


t'c  for  !i  lirift'  iii'i-iiiil,  <>t"  niiiTrl;iiii  iliiPiitinii. 


iliiclniii'  ii|)|ilii'i 


1   ill  tlic  liiruiT  inuiiliiT  of  tlic  ilrcisidus  is  si;iii- 


•'id  I, 


si. 


581.  Duty  to  inspect  instruientalities;  generally. — Simc  luiilicr  \\h 


.llll' 


ill"    lliiil    t!i(>    iii.--iriiiiiriit:iiiliis    of    wurl 


IIS    iinL'.iii.ii 


Mipjilic'l.  siitisfv  Jlic  li'iiiil  sl:iii<l:il'.l  i,f  s;ifctv,  iinr  llic  diitv 


o!    -ITIIII; 


lllilt     tl 


•V  (■iiiitinnc 


liilc   ill   use,  t«  siitisfv    tli:it   staii.laiii.  imii    Ir 


lllltV 


n    I'lilmrr 


ml 


ll'S      IS      llll 


III  ili'l('';ilili' 


:,I-.i     |i. 


-il,li.    II.    jii^lilv    llll-    ilrii      -i-ls    tliiiii    II 


iijijl'   i';irr   ttllll    lllr    |illlri'   wlli-li-  li. 


ill     III.'     IniliMii:! 


Alii.'li  \\:»  jI-i.  Iii'lil  lliiil   :>   ni 


Mill     of    :l|>|.ril 


U.      I  1  .1 


II    Sit'  nliti 


lU     'lliill    ill'    Im  |.l     -II.' 
■.//.    V.   Tin, i,ih,„    I  IS'i 


ilrnad  coiii-     .V.  -1.   I-   \<'''K  :>:!  All.  riSd).  llic  i.i..|.ri'' 


liiil.li'  I. 


.mil    iiijii 
iiikiiiL'    rrpiiii- 


.■|)Mir.  T 


for  |« 


i>f   ill 


rlll.li 


llirii'iii   till'  iliilv  I.I'  L'nini; 


rii's     ii'i'i'iM' 


I     l.v    liiiii    «liilo    wiiniiii;.'  in  siuli  i-iriiiiii-liiinr'-  ;i 


lis    III. 


Vll' 


liriik.iiiiiii    I"    iiiiw 


1.1  fiiri'   ii»    I.I 


III 


illlU 


'!'• 


\    i.f   i.i'l  ii'viii' 


riliii-liil   till'   int.      1 1"'    iliin;.'"" 
111.,    wiirkiii.-ii    111;. I    11     frniiu-ntly   iriiil 


I. Ill-tin;: 
nil   it- 


ili-li  I'l 


;;iiif  i-.  al..iiil   I"  .'iilir  ii|.i'i 


111! 


mill     iilw; 


III 


IK  .  iinciii' 

11.. I     l.v    till 


cU-  1:  iU  tl)  iiivi'  -mil  niliri'.  i 


f  II   nilc    wi.rkiiii'ii  M-.itti-ri-.l  uli'iiit  llic  i|n.in,v.  I.iit 


i|iaii\    ri'<{iiiii 


till 


III    l.v  any   |iir-i.ii 


i-h: 


il   will,  till'  iliiM 


L!i\i'ii.    am 


I    .1. 


II. .1    i.'.|nii'. 


111.'   ro     w'alrliiii''  fur  it.      If  tin-  .lanv.i    «.i-  H"' 


|.;iir.r   III    laki-   any    -li'|is    fur    liis   own 


fnri'si'i'ii   ami   tlii'   |>r..|i.'r   waiiiii 


|.ri.Ir.iii  n 
III. I,  ■.III 


I'.liliisl  i 


'III  c(-  7'.  //.  /.'.  '■".  V.    till'  ((iiarry   l.i'raiin'  an   iiii-af.'  | 


f.'     llll.lT     fli 


(,    I  IH..M)    !)   In.l.  Apii.   1!IH.  :!ti  N.    Il 
\,'W  .l.T<i'V   it   liiis  lii'i'ii  li.'lil  that    It   '-.(■Ills   iliarly   In   fi.l!i.« 


l.h 


ifr    It    -mil    \\aitiin;i   \mi- 


iiikiiii'ii:   l.iit    it   \M 
•  ml 


'  li 

fiiliii f  a  .|iiany   f..i'iiiiaii   ti.  ;;iv.'    « 

liis  il'ily    I 


thai 


11 


lii.-i-  iliilv  il   was  til  laki'  ran-  llial  tin 


r.f  a   l.la-l.  as   il    w. 


ijari'   \\-.\- 


ki|.t    saf.' 


■a-t    III."  .Iiilv 


to   -.-I     .'1 


Il   ..f 


1" 


il    till 


aim.T.  IS  ni 


ini|>iitalili'  111  II 


.'li;;.' 


ik n    I.f  ;;i\  iiiK  liiii.ly   warniiif;. 

uliicli    Ili.'r.'I'iir.'.    tlial     il     Has    p, 


\\i 


'    ,-,,lirlll,lr 
Hi     l!ir    ill' 


1(1  is  n 


I.I    I'm. la  Ml' 


I.f     till' 


k-    a  — 1 1    l.v    till'  rin-    |>ii.|.iT  ri 


till'  ii'-iilt  liiin^;  till'  saini'  wli.tli     iiij:    «ai 


till'  Tii'i;lit;i'ni'i 


.irii-.'  fn.ni  a  il.fi'.livn    I/.: 


iliily     ti>     till'     |>laiiiliir     tl.at 
-h'.nl.l   I..'  .'M'r.'i-.'.l    in  l'L 
.■l.il     l.l.i-l   " 

f...    iis'.;. 


.if 


an      i'\|i 


V.     /;.  Ui  lillr     Slum 


-\-l.ni    with    r.fiTin.i'    In  wainiii^'s.  or 


Cl    N.  il.  I.,  -i.'.;!.  ■•!'•  I..  I!.  A.  s:il. 


from 

ill' 


111.'   fi.r.iiiair-    failuii-  to   |ii..|..i 


Iv 


It,    AllirniinL'    (  1H!I7)    llll 


N.  .1.   1. 


-iicli  -v-lini. 


llll.  Il V  of  the    ;m  .Ml.  HX-i 


il.'fiiiilaiil    thai    Ihi-  yiviiiL'  of   Ih 


in;;  was  on 


Iv  iii.i.li'iital  to  111.'  f..r. ■man's    ilii.trini-    i.f    ci'iiinioii    .'iiii. 


('i.ii-iili'rin;;  the  ri^-.ir  \vi 
f 


:lh     ullirll    till 


I.I. 


\v..rk  in  pn^iKiri 

I  111'  fuse  >vas  ii'jiiti'il  l.y  I  hi' 

thus  cxplnincil  its  |i..sitiiin 


11'.' llll- l.la-t  mill  li^ililiiiK    ii-iially    Ik'iii    ciin-triird    in 


r1.  which    In   Ihc   servant'-   .li-ailvantaj. 


Ill      ll: 


III.'  alii 


"When  HI"   tmic  I.f  111. 


.iirt    in  till-  paiiii  iil.ir  in- 


■i.n-i.lcr    111 


lal    iliilv    I. well    I. 


stance  is  sonicwiial  suipri-i 


i'ni|>lu>ur    to   liis   emiiloyccs   tu   exercise 


t  .'Hi  J 


\  l(  K  IMilNCII'AI.Sllll'  -CM M! AlTBU  (IK  ACT. 


170-. 


iiilt(|iiiit('ly  pcil'oniicil  witliipiil  a  jxnpcr  cxiniiiiiiilioii  <>f  tlio  siilijcct- 
iiiiitlcr,  il  wiPiild  scrm  tliat,  in  iiii_\  cii-c  in  wiiii-ii  an  iilisulnic  t|nality 
is  asc-i-ilio(l  to  tlic-t-  dulic-,  a  like-  ([iiality  oniilit  a.-  a  ncci's^arv  l.jjrical 
(■(ms('(iiicnc<',  ti)  1)0  a-i-i'ilii'il  to  tlic  tliity  of  rxainiiiatiini,  Imtii  a-;  ft - 
spccts  tlio  time  wlicn  tlic  instrnnK'iitaiitics  arc  tirst  fnrnisjicd.  and 
;is  rc,i:ar(ls  tlic  |KTiod  dni-in^  wliicli  ilicy  remain  in  n~c.  IWil  a  com- 
parison of  the  dc<-isions  cited  in  tlic  following:  sci-tiniis  willi  llmsc 
noted  in  S  '••"•'■',  ■'*"/"■"•  """'  '"  cliaptcr  .wxii..  sniilitic  1),  //o.-/,  slmws 
that  the  C4)ni'ts  have  not  always  deterred  to  the  loiiical  lorce  i>\  liii.s 
consideration. 

582.  Duty  to  inspect  instrumentalities  at  the  time  they  are  first 
brought  into  use. —  So  far  as  rcfjards  the  orii^ina.  iidiiinn  id"  sndi 
iiistnimcntalities  as  arc  fnniishcd,  an  entirely  symineirical  dinMrine 
imvails.  If  a  master  undertaken,  or  is  legally  iM.nnd.  to  -iipply  cer- 
tain in-inimentalities  to  his  servant,  h<'  must,  at  his  peril.  s<m'  tliat 
dicv  arc  pro|)crly  insiK'ctcil  before  heinsr  lirnMi;lit  into  ii-e.  ( See 
!;  \'f2,  aiilc.)  "Inspection  to  discover  whether  an  appliance  is  dc- 
tcctive  is  as  mnch  a  part  of  the  work  of  fnrnisiiini;  safe  appliances  as 
reparation  after  the  (hdVct  is  dis<Mivcre<l."'  So,  also,  if  ai'ticles 
wliicli  arc  stored,  after  heiiijf  inirchas^'d,  and  then  hroujiht  into  nsc  as 
ilic  iicce-~iiics  of  the  work  may  demainl,  arc  liahle  to  ileierioratc  with 
ilic  lapse  ui  time,  the  person  who  has  tlu-m  nndi'r  his  cliar;ic  is  rc- 
;;ai-d('d  as  the  master's  n'prcs(>ntativ(>  in  rcs|H'ct  to  the  duty  of  scciiifj 
liiat  none  which  have  l)c('onu'  untit  for  use  arc  liirned  over  to  tli<'  serv- 

Tlu-  doctrine  that  a  master  is  liahlc  for  a  defect  in  one  of  tlic  coii- 
-liniciit  parts  of  a  machine,  which  is  snlistitnted  for  a  discardcil  one, 
nliviniislv  involves,  in  t.lio  present  connection,  the  coridiarv  that  the 
iiiasier  is  liable  for  'he  careless  ]ierr'oriManco  of  the  dnty  of  inspeclinjr 
ilic  new  materials  ihns  intnidiiced  into  tlie  machine.' 

On  the  other  hand  the  ctTcct  of  th<'  dc<'.isions  cited  in  ^\.>'-\,  niilr. 
isllial.  to  the  extent  there  shown,  the  master  is  not  rei|uired  to  answer 
tnr  li.e  inade(piacy  of  an  inspection,  where  the  person  who  made  or 
iinf;ht  to  have  mad<'  it  was  a  mannfacturer  or  dealer,  on  whose  skill 

'i:(ilr,„    V.    \nr    Vorl:    C.   rf    //.    It.    R.         "I'oii   v.    Vtiital   SItilis   Ctirtriili,-   i'n. 

Co.  ii!ioo)  inn  X.  V.  :i!ii.  .-.7  N.  !•:.  lio'.i:    iIshhi    i.-.h  Mn^^.  :ii:i.  :u   N.   i:.   tni. 

I.dfni/illi  Itridiic  Ci>.  \.  Olsi  II  (111(11)  ."it  (  Si  .•  i'\ti;i(l  in  S  ."i7(l.  mi /in/ 1  ;  llms  v. 
I.  I!.  A  :!.!.  17  C.  C.  A.  :tii7,  HIS  ImmI.  tlcm  s.  S.  r,,.  [\'Mm\  T)*!  A|>|>.  Div. 
■H:1."i  ifiir-iiiiin  iic^'li;iriil  as  ri'^-nrili  in  IMK  117  N".  ^■.  Su\>\i.  7NJ  i  iii-.|ii'iliiiii  of 
s|iirtiiiii  of  plank  fiiniishcil  for  falsi'  inaoliiniTy  a  part  of  which  hail  lii'rn  re- 
work). Mi'Wi'il.  for  Ihr  |>iiipo-r  of  «iiMiiu  whi'th 
'  \'ii(l  liciilxchir  l.l'ii/il  N.  N.  Co.  v.  In  or  il   i*  in  iii»»\  onln.  was  ili-iliii;.'ni-hiil 

r'""/^''"  I  isrn)  ri7  N.  .i.  i,.  102.  ni   rioiM  that  iii>|>«riion  Hhirti  i>  in.nii-  in 

.Ul.  lilfi   (<(iiii'k(>i|MT  ilellviTi'il  a   rusty    Ilic  ordirary   routine  of  work), 
cable  tu  a  stevedore  J. 


11 


•t.  :'\-m 


m 


§ 


m 


!;        .     ! 


r\  •        ''■\ 

i  i  ^  ■ 

I 


1    i  ! 


1700 


MASTKR  AND  SKRVANT. 


[lIlAIV    XXXI 


and  judgment  he  was  entitled  to  rely.     Conii)iiro  also  S§  558,  'iWx 
.supra. 

683.  Duty  to  inspect  instrumentalities  during  the  time  they  are  kepi 
in  use. —  Kxcopt  in  .so  far  as  tin'  servant's  riglits  of  recovery  iimy  1« 
limited  by  the  applieation  of  the  doctrine  as  to  details  of  work  ( -( i 
next  cliapter,  subtitle  U),  the  duty  of  iiisiiectioii  is,  by  most  eomi-, 
treated  as  non-delef,'able.  It  may  be  said  that,  as  a  general  inle.  th. 
duty  of  inspection  is  absolute,  in  so  far  as  it  has  relation  to  iuliiii-i. 
defects,  and  delegable  in  so  far  as  it  has  relation  to  defects  whiili 
arise  in  the  daily  use  of  the  instrumentalities,  and  which  are  of  nnii 
a  nature  that  the  necessary  remedy  can,  without  ditiicuity,  be  a|)iili(.l 
bv  the  servants  tliemsdves.  .V  differeiitiation  based  upon  a  tlici.n 
so  extremely  vague  as  this  is  naturally  anything  but  satisfactorv,  ami 
a  comparison  of  the  cas^JS  cited  in  tlie  sidijoined  a!id  following  noti - 
with  tliose  tabulated  in  §70,  anlc.  sliows  that,  between  the  two  y.mv- 
of  facts,  with  i-espect  to  wliicli  the  theory  yields  detinite  and  lo-ic;i' 
results,  there  lies  an  extensive  del)atable  ground,  which  forms  tiic  <u\>- 
ject  of  decisions  wiiich  reilect  little  more  than  the  tendency  of  tlir 
various  court.s  to  favor  either  the  master  or  the  servant  in  the  clh.i,, 
of  the  particular  principle  to  which  the  rights  of  the  parties  sliall  1« 
referred.' 

•The  following  oases  were  deeided  on  40  t'.  S.  App.  349.  "fi  Fed.  HIO  (em 
llie  broad  UToximl  tliat.  in  the  laii'-Uiige  plo.v.c<  charged  with  '•tlic  diilv  nt  ;;,mi: 
of  the  ooart.  in  Hiiilit/  v.  l{omc,  \\  .  rf  thriiii!.'h  a  mine  inspcilin^'  it  and  mhii. 
I>.  It.  Vi).  (1S03)  13!t  X.  Y.  3112.  34  X.  whi-thi-r  it  is  frw  from  cNiiln-ivc  ;;;i'<  n- 
K  !US.  "proiMT  inspection  to  discover  discharyin;^  a  perxaial  duty  of  tlii'  i?!.i- 
di-feets  is  a  part  of  the  master's  duty :'"    tei'.    and    are    not    fellciw    servant^  „f 


7V 


if  /'.  It.  I'o.  V.  Iliin- 


II  118!)."))    14    miner   in   that    respeil"!;    11 1 


0.  r.  A.  373.  30  r.  S.  App.  1!H).  t) 


Ked.  if    \lin.   Co.   v.   Iiiiinihii 


I  is;i:ii    i:  I 


214.   .Mlirined   in    (18il7l 


41    I. 

( wea 


•d.     Il3t>.     17     Slip.   rt.   Rep.   70 


Ititi  I'.  S.  til7.  V.  .\.  71.  3«  r.  S.   .\pp.  1.  70   Iv.l.  21' 


MiiT  <if  a  Heine  eannot 


kness 


i^'ht   ha 
test  \  : 


of     hoiler     whieh     e.xploded  ~iliilit.v    for   ne;jle<t    to   niak 


1>< 


dixdvered  by  a  projier  - 


t  ion  ot  the  liniliers.  walls 


!•   tiiii.lv  111 

1.1  Vocf- 


Mrl'l 


T.   rf    .'<.    /■'.    //.    Co.   V.  by  the  ilevolution  of  the  duly  oi 


Miilli<liiii    (ISil.>)    14  C.  C.  A.  547,  34  U.  |M'leiit  niiiiiiif;  boss  or  font 
S       Kmt      1       67      Ked.     nCt'.)     (enjjinecr,  hti  v.   Sciillirrii   It.  Co.    (is 


lit  .\ 


ehnrped    with     duty    of     ins|ie( 


ting    his  n.  C.  .illO;   Hoi  I  i  more  <f  /'.  /.'.  C 


i:i 


not     a     fellow     servant     of     a  Hull    (l,S!Mi)    9  .\pp.  D.  ('.  341    terror 


hostler     injuria 


1     le 


I     defective     foot     direct  a  verdict  for  the  defendant.  vvIup' 


board):    Tcxii.t  <f-    P.    R.   Co.   v.   Thomp    there    is 


(ISn.i)       17     C.     C 


evidence    of    ne;.'lii.'ence  in  in 
I)  Cnln 


.524,     30  ^pection)  :    WcUs  v.  Cvf    (Isstii 


f.   S.    App.   r>4'.».   70    Ked.    944.   lleiterat     ir>!l.   11    I'ac 


the  doctrine  of  T(X<is  d  I'.  It.  I'o.  v 


Hill  rv 


It    (1H!I.-,)    14  C.  C.    A,   .373.  .30   V .    V.. 


■)0:  Ciiirinio  i(  /.'.  /.  /'.  C" 
I  1H94)     1.52    111.    4.-.S.  :!!!  N' 


H:   Clinhiiiil.  C.  r.  .(■  SI.  I..  It. 


S     \pp    19(5.  t'>7  Fed.  214    (boiler  explod-   v.   U<(/</   t  1S97)    147   Ind.  2.'ii;,   I'l 
„,i_Sp(.er,   D.  .1..  dissented,  but  only  on  32,5.   46    X.     K.    462    (dcfclive  le 


).-,  V.  K 


the   Krovii 


d   that   the   theory   of   the    do-  five):    llhi:,iiic  v.  luim  ,(■    U.   '' 


;l  r. 


fendant  as  to  the 


ase  of  the  accident    t  1H97 


102    Iowa, 


72    N".    W. 


lK,d    7)ot    liei-n    brought    to    the   attention    i  ..MiplMVcr  appointed  to  iiiM.ii  I  Hiy  l'"'i 
f    the    jury    by    proix-r   instructions! 


il  tunnels  in  a  mine 


);     \hlii 


llotcen  V.  BiMh"(1896)   22  C.  C.  A.  196.   /■'.  li.  Co.  v.  .WcAee  (1SS7) 


7  .  .I' 
37  K.'ii.  i'fl 


583] 


VICE  I'RIXCIl'ALSllir— CIIAliAt'TKU  Ol'  AfT. 


1707 


Tho  nature  of  tlio  liabilil.v  iiiii.iitcd  t(i  the  master  for  iiogligonce 
in  regard  to  iusixH-li.ni  ia  soiii.-tiiiics  .IcHiied  lo'  saving  that  the  em- 


15   Pac.   484;    AihI'isdii   v.    M irliiiimi    C. 
II   Vo.   (1H!I5)    107  -Miili.   "•'••1.  05  N.  W. 
.■,S5;    Cule   v.    ILimth    "/.'/.    ''c-    <1H'I'') 
(i;t  N.  J.  U  C2(i.  44  All.  (U7    (ciiipld.v 
iiMiil    of   an    cNiH  It    mill    anliitcrt   and 
huildiT  in  the  iiK.n-tiiictinn  of  a  mill, 
udt  a  snllioii'm  .liMli:n;.'i'  <>t  tlio  mii-tcr's 
ililtv)  :    frrntUis    <'<hiI    I!.   Co.    v.   Ilm't- 
„„(•  ilSli;)    9     N.     -M.     4!t.   4!)    l\i.-.    S(|- 
ilire  boss  in  a  mine,  wlin-c  iliily  it  is 
to  iiis|M'Ct   tlie   woikiii}:   |iI;h',s   and   in- 
Iciiiii  miners   who   work   liv   iciiitinot   as 
to  the  i-afrlv  of  tluir  wiirkiMj;  pliui's)  ; 
F<inn  V.  Vnj   l>"il..   /;.    /(.   il    It.    U.   Co. 
liS'.lti)   12  Ai>i>.  Da.  :).Mi.  42  N.  N.  S.inp. 
188     (boiler     eN|>l(Ml((l;  •      .Mrhmiil       V. 
Ilroohhm     lliitihls     It.     Co.    ilH'.iS)    23 
Misc.  527,  51   N.  Y.  Snpp.  7;tH    l  in-peet- 
ors  of  harness   nsed   In    -IreiM    ear  coni 
paiiy   not    fellow    serviiiil-   of    drivers)  ; 
Mrlimilht   v.    liruolltin    Ihi.ihl.s    l{.    Co. 
ilSiiSi'   2n    .Misc.    .-.27.    51    X.    Y.    Snpp. 
738;  Chisxn,,  v.  .loliii   /,.  /.'<-;"'■  l-'n.ihrr 
(o    (ISIMI)    lis   N.   f.   .-.!).  2:!   S.   K.  !)2.-. 
ic.irpiMiters    emplo.ved     to     in<|X'<t    and 
iii^ike  iinv   niK'ded    r<'ii:iii>   in   ii    pl:itlorni 
a|»Mi   wllieli    .servant-    are     rc<iiiired     to 
Hcirk    are    vice    principals)  ;    lisher  v. 
iii,-nii     Short     l.iiK-    «(     ''.    A-    R.   Co. 
Il»(12)   22  Or.  5:W.  If.   I..  R.   A.  .".Ii).  .10 
fill-.  42.">    Iscetiin    foreinau  lield   to   rep- 
iis.nt  tlie   master  in   not    diseovcriiii;  a 
ihiii'eions  defect    on   a    railway   track.: 
\h(Unn  V.   I'hihcl'lphia  <f  *.'.    1'"''  «•  *>'• 
25.  21    .\m.    l!ep.  " 


Cn.    I 


1875)     . 


S    I'l 


of  proper  inspection)  ;  Trar;/  v.  Western 
v.  TeUft-  Co.  (  IIMII)  110  Fed.  Hi:t  (fore- 
man intrii-tcd  with  tlie  duty  of  inspcct- 
ini;  lele;,'rapli  poles  held  to  be  a  vice 
principal). 

In  a  case  whore  the  plnintifT  waa  in- 
juri'd  by  tlic  fall  of  a  pile  of  timber  in 
a  railway  Inmlicr  yard,  it  was  held  that, 
if  the  char;,T  of  the  foreman  (  here  treat- 
ed as  a  departmental  maiiajjer)  involved 
the  duty  of  maiiilainin;;  an  ins|H'clioii 
of  tlie  piles  so  as  to  previiit  thi'ir  be- 
eominn  diUitrerons  to  the  wurkiiicii,  \w 
wa.s  in  the  pciformanre  of  sii<h  duty  as 
sniM'ri  )r.  An  iiistrnetion  that  tln'  plain- 
till'  could  not  ni'over  nnlcss  the  fore- 
man's iii-f;lit.'ence  had  relation  to  the  <>in- 
ployminl  of  olhir  servants  or  the  fur- 
iiishiii;;  of  improper  materials  was  ac- 
corilin;;lv  held  I<k>  broad,  liiililiriii  v. 
SI.  I.'unx.  h.  •(•  V.  K.  Vo.  (18H5)  03 
Iowa.  :!7.  25   N.   W.  018. 

In  the-  followini;  cases  oar  inspectors 
were  held  not  to  lie  fellow  servants  of 
liainnicn  or  other  employees  exposed  to 
dan<;er  from  di'f<'clive  cars:  I'liioii  I'. 
II.  Co.  V.  D'iiikIx  (1.S!)4)  1.j2  r.  S.  US4. 
Ktib  notii.  I  iiiiiii  I'.  I{.  f'o.  v.  Siiifilir.  H.S 
L.  e<l.  5i)7.  14  Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  750.  .\lliriii- 
inj;  (1H!)0|  f.  Itali.  357.  23  I'ac.  702: 
l/dci/  V.  SI.  Viiul  d  n.  It.  Co.  {  1880) 
.•!5  Minn.  2i)i),  -'H  N.  \V.  24!t:  Ohio  <t  M. 
It.  Co.  V.  I'liinii  (18111)  128  Ind.  l'J7, 
27  N.  K.  470:  l.illlf  ItocI:  J-  1/.  It.  Vo.  v. 
1/o.sfo//   (1803  I    0  C.  C.  A.  225.   12  V .  S. 


l!r\cr-iiij 

Ch. 


(1872)    !) 


I'hilrt.    Hi:    (l(il<.i  v.    .\pp.   514.   5t>    ('"ed.    lOOi);    Ciiiii.iiKili,   //. 


.1/. 


<t.   P.    R.   <• 


(  1 8!)2  I 


i(-    /*.    /.'.    Co.    v.     \l, ■Uiilh  II     (188!))     li; 


1).   422.   .50   X.   \V.   007    (derrick,  n 


ot    Ind.  430.  -20  N'.   K. 


1/- 


/'.  A' 


tieins;  ]irn|i 


rlv  fa-lcned.  sw\in).'  ro\iii 


1  so    Co. 


(I88(ii    30    Kan.    .58.    12 


1. struct  railway  Iv.ick)  :   lluiisli.n 


as  to  < 

.f  T.  C.   /?,   Co.   \. 

Silhilli 


Pac.  3.52: 


To 


XH: 


Mil 
it     f.'. 


,//,■.,   (188:i)   50   r, 


l8S!)i 


nf"  nl'r  V, 
10  l-cil.  315 


I/. 


\ol.  It. 

1'ill.x- 


T.   R.   C' 


r.iliini    \  18M'il 


1    Tex.  riv.  A  pp. 


.531.  21    Va.    37 


S.  \V,  700    I  defective   locoiiiotivei  : 


/•or-     (1800)   on   Ky 


ufii  r  \ 

.  .1  SI.  I,.  /,'.  Co.  I  1884)  24  \V. 
Illiiiiiis  C.  R.  Co.  V.  Hilliiiiil 
l.iini) 


084.  37   S.   \V. 


ihirr 


Ciihrr    (  1803)    2  Tex.  f'iv.  .\pp.    v. 


22  S.  \V.  237:  .1/' 


A',  .f  T.  R.    <•• 


l'ii<l/ic    R.    Co.    (1877)    05    Mo.    225; 
lilnil    V.    .Ul.s.s'OOl    /*.    R.    Co.     (I88:ti 


,h    I  1808)     18    IVx.   Civ.    App. 


78   .M(i 


nil 


i.v  C.   R.   Co. 


It: 


|i;.  44   s. 


W.    31; 


lliKinInn    V.    f{|-»s/i    iloii    (181)4)    50    111.   App.   542:    Itr 


;S!)4)    fiO  Vt.  331.  20  .\tl.  3.80    (i 


bfcci      Chiniiii..    R.    I.   rf    /'.    R.    C' 


( 1 8S0 )    53 


tnckle   block    pin    iml     prop 


rlv    fas 


lov 


ttiii 


di 


rioil     V 


l«/c 


Iron 


11  nrl.s    St.    I.I 


3li  .\ni.   I!ep. 
.4.    cf    7'.    R.   i: 


•13.  0  \.  \V. 


I'liliiam 


I'.iDlj    100  Pa.  0 


10.  40  All.  330;   Htilli-     (1802)    I     Tex.  <'iv.   App.   142.  20  S.  W. 


£  0.  R.  Vn.  V.   Mr  h 


(1885)     1002:    I!.     II.    11"  II 


III    C, 


\l  ti.*ion 


81    Va.  71    (sis-tion   ma 

wntcliiiian    failed     to     discover    a    ro< 


stcr    and     nifilit     (1805)    12   luil.  .\pp.  400.  40  X.  K.  042 


k      Wc/n 


it    .S'.    h\    It.   c. 


V,    Srrlttf 


uld.-h  had   falh' 

/.'.    Iiilllt.riiiii    V. 


a   railway  track)  ;     (  1804) 


.4    K;i 


21.   37    Pac.    101    (hero 


,f  I  III 


Co.  (1001)    the  duly   was  preilic;ited  on  the  manner 


111)  l-cd.  070    I  defect   in  si,.,ini  drum  on    in    "liicli 


the 


loailisl  1  :    A,'n- 


p  waa  not  discovered,  owing  to  want    linl.ii  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Cmr   (1807)    10  Ky. 


fl 

1 

i' 

I 

M 

_! 

^' 

i    ■  I 

1- 

i 

ji 

11'  a 

If 

.1 '  i 

i    J  i 

i 

,■  ■    .  s* 

H 

ll  - 

; 

J 

',  « 

'  r 

i 

ill 

1708 


AlAM'Kli  AND  SKItV  ANT. 


1<| 


XXXI. 


|)l<  Miiciit  uf  a  ('ciiii|ict('iit  iiis]>('ciiii'  of  its  ii])|iliiii)('f's  (loos  not  rolirvp 
tln'  iiiiisici-  trmii  liiiliililv  lor  injiirirs  rc-iiliinf;  I'roiii  ilet'cct.-*  in  thr 


L.    Ki'l>.    IIT-J.    4'1    S.    \\.    l!i:l;    Hnlon    v. 

\.»  )(-./,■  c.  d  II.  I!.  /.'.  cii.  (I'.ioO)  lii:t 
N.  V.  :;iil.  .'iT  N.  K.  (1011.  Hcvi'i-in^' 
(18!t7)  H  A|ii>.  Div.  ill.  4:)  S.  V.  .Siipp. 
titili  I  SIC.  11-i  Id  this  ca-r.  $  (iJ2.  pout)  : 
ill, III, II  V.  Itrlruil.  It.  f.  rf  .1.  ff.  Cii. 
(IHilOi  SI  .Midi.  4-j;i.  4li  \.  \V.  Ill; 
.]hlh,ii,ilil  V.  Mirlii;:ini  f.  /.'.  «'').  (ISII.")) 
liiH  Midi.  7,  »>.)  \.  W.  M'l  :  t'<,i,,ilr  v. 
l/,s.«oi(ii  /'.  tf.  »•«.  (ISim  lil  M(..  (M-i. 
2(i  S.  U.  (ill I  (iliitv  lii'if  clcli-niitiil  to 
ciif-'iiiicil  :  Cliiiiiiiii.  It.  it  V.  H.  Co.  V. 
h'lliiijil  (IHUS)  rU  Ni-1).  127,  74  N.  \V. 
4.")4  :/.'■///»  7  V.  Ill, III, .  W.  A  ().  K.  Co. 
(IHlKti  l;t!l  \.  V.  :il)-.'.  :i4  N.  K.  <U8  (dp 
fi'Ctivc  liriike)  ;  •liiiiiiiiiiH  v.  Vi/r  V"i'/.. 
.v.  //.  d  II.  It.  Co.  (1H!I.-)|  12  Misr.  4(IS. 
3.1  N.  Y.  Snpp.  .5H.>:  Cinm  nut  v.  fiinil 
Sorihrni  K.  Co.  (ISIW)  8  \.  D.  124.  77 
X.  \V.  lOlti  (steps  had  hci'ii  removed 
fioni  a  carl  :  Coliiiiihiis  d-  .V.  I{.  Co.  v. 
\\<hh  (IS(il)  12  Ohio  St.  47-'>;  Intinia- 
lioiKil  d  (1.  S.  It.  Co.  V.  hifiiiiii  (ISIlOl 
7S  Tex.  2!I4,  !t  I-.  15.  A.  7(i;i.  14  S.  \V. 
titiS:  .S')/ii7/i  V.  Chiiiiiio.  M.  it-  SI.  I'.  It. 
Co.  (  1877)  42  Wis.  .)2I»;  Kiiiri  v.  Dliio  d- 
J/.  It.  Co.  (1882)  II  liiss.  .'{i-ri.  14  IVd. 
277;  (liilii:ili,ii.  H.  d  N.  I.  It.  Co.  v. 
\ii.ss  (I '.MM):  Tex.  Civ.  .App.)  .57  S.  \V. 
!)10:  Sorfoll;  d  II.  It.  Co.  v.  .4»i;».i/ 
(18!l(!)  !):!  Va.  I  '8,  2.">  S.  K.  22(i  (here 
tlie  diitv  of  iiisji  •  lion  was  delef;ate<l  to 
the  eoiidiictor). 

In  Til  null  V.  .Uitiiiciipolin  d  St.  L. 
ft.  Co.  (1885)  :l.3  Minn.  .'Ml.  .'i:i  Am. 
Hep.  :!">.  2:t  N.  W  .  22!».  it  was  held  that 
where,  hy  a  rejiiilalidn  ;.'overiiin}»  the 
employees  in  the  transfer  yard  of  a  rail 
way  company,  car    in>|K'ctors    were    re- 


i>ii;.Mi;,'d  in  liandliiiy  cars  and  opi-ratin;; 
trains.  It  is  not  tlie  same  in  kini  .i- 
lliat  of  the  -\^itl'hman,  lil'aUeniaii.  iir 
other  ojH-r.itive.  Wvilitiruotl  v.  Cliiiu'ii, 
d  \.  11.  It.  Co.  (  1878)  44  Wis.  (4. 
Srliiilt:  V.   Cliiriioo.   .V .  d   St.    /'.    It.  I;. 

(  IH7!n  48  Wis.  ;'t7.5.  4  N.  W.  :t!i!i.     lii,- 

s(-i-»i( f  the  f.'i-incr  <-lass  rc-lUcs  \ih.illy 

to  tlie  matter  <f  the  cate  and  )-c|).iii 
of  machinery,  the  use  of  wliich  is  .!i 
tended  with  constant  danger  to  elli.j 
eniployces  nnle>s  maiiitaii;ed  in  a  smIh 
conilition;  and  they  lepreseiit  tile  unis 
ter,  not  in  the  I'apaeity  of  siipciinr  ,,f 
licers  pla(-ed  over  other  einployii--.  Imt 
he<ai|se  performing.'  the  master's  .Inly 
in    re^jK-it    to  safe   iiistrnmeiitalitii-^ " 

S(>  also  the  cases  in  the  lollnuin;; 
.section  as  to   foreign  cars. 

In  an  action  liy  an  emplovt'e  to  rci-ov 
or  for  injuries  caused  by  the  f;iviii^  u.iv 
of  a  ;;r.ih  iro'i  of  a  holder  on  the  siili-  of 
the  car,  an  instrnctioii  wliich  dc;iU  uiili 
the  method  of  inspection  adopted  hy  tli- 
company  is  prop.-ily  refnsed.  v\hiic-  (In- 
issue  is,  not  whether  the  system  i.f  hi 
s|>ection  was  the  proper  one,  Imt  wlnlh 
er  the  insjKstors  properly  cxecnii.l  tlu- 
systeni.  Tboiiipxoii  v.  Iliinl  Vin/A.i/i 
It.  Co.    (lilOO)    7!)  Minn.  2!)1.  82  .V    W 

(i;i7. 

It  is  not  error  to  refuse  an  iii»  rm 
tion  that  the  master  was  not  liahle  if 
it  furnished  a  siiflicient  nnnilHr  i>f  :imi{- 
for  tele'.'raph  [Kiles  from  which  werk 
nun  ccnihl  scdect  ;  that,  if  the  defc-.  I  «ii- 
visilile,  the  wcirkmen  who  scdci-lil  tin- 
arm  was  ne<>li.L:em.  and  the  iiiasti  i  Wii-i 
not    rt^sponsilile ;    and  that,   if  coHi|i<'lent 


iiMinL'  cars 


(|uirecl  to  inspect  iiicc 

ntely  iijion   their  arrival,  anc 


li-    inspectors    were    emplnycd.    the  iimMit 


I.   if  out   of    was     not     lialilcv 


MiDoniilil     V.     /'. 


rc-j 


air.    to    mark    Ihci 


lic-atiii''  that    thev  were  to  he  sent  to    .\tl.  407 


had    order."    tal   Tilig.  Co.    (  IHOO)    22    U.    I.    I.'il.  4i: 


the 


epair     tract 


nc'i;! 


i;;cnce     on 


the 


T\ 


case-a.  Floofi  v.  U'c.v^c 


/■.  7Wm 


part  of  the  inspectors  in  failing  to  prop-  Co.   (I8n2)    IHI    N.  Y.  lid.!,  :iO  .V.  I-'..  I'.i 

erly    discharge   this   duty,    hy    reason    of  and    Mchnac    v.    \orlUinit iiUtii    !■:'■•  h 

which     plaintiir    was     iiijnrc"'d   while  at-  l.ifihlimi   Co.    (1811.8)     172    Mas 
temptiiiir  *o  couple  a  damaged 


ith-    X.    K.   524.   were    clistinguislicd    en    tin 


out  n< 


f  its  condition,  and  without    ground     that     there     had    not    hern 


fault  on  his  part,  may  he 


[im| 


Th. 


imp 
lid: 


ited  to  tlie    iirc>;ic-h  originally  of  the  duly  of 


'In 


tion. 


11 


lis  circuins 


t:ince  is  siii-elv  licit  a 


ncct    tci   i>atent    defects   in   the   coupling    ~nHicient    clifrerentiiiting    cdcmciit 

'  '      .         .  ....  .      ._.      -.:   .1.*     ;...l.l..   1 1 ,1... 


ipp 


brake 


11,  it 
licM'ls.  etc.,   we  niav    might  ccmceivablv  have  been  the  duly  "f 


iiiic-  lliat    the   defendants   had   under-    t  !»•  employer  to  liavi 


dc 


lb- 


taken    tlie    duty    of    inspi-cticm.    and    in-    inspectii 


-ciin'ii' 


It  will  lie  seen,  however,  liy 


rub- 
the 


il-o.  tbi-ri'  is 


nil.  that  the 
list inct ion  between    real    rationale   of  the  decisions    nfirn-.l 


trusted    it    to   the  proper   agents.     .\s  a    referring  to  §  414  T    (4 


K'cial    dutic's   of   such    persons 


nd    to    was    that     the    servant    was    liini-ilf 


Ci'  of  other  employees  who  aj-e    charged  with  the  duty  of  inspectii 


.-i8:tj 


VU  !•:  1>I!IN(  ll'AI.SIIIl'— tllAliACTKl:  dl'  ACT. 


1:0  t 


lilipliimccs,  wliicli  would  liavc  l.fcii  ili>n,v,Tc.l  bv  11  iv.i-  luiM.v  ciin- 
fill  iiir-iM-c'tion,  1)111  whicli  wen-  imi  in  tact  ilisccivcnMl.- 

Tlic  ina-icr  will  ii..t  !>.■  allowcl  U>  escape  eii  llie  liicurv  ilial  ilie  per- 
,.,n  wli..  actually  made  the  neirliiieiit  iii-pecti.ni  was  umI  tlie  euipl-Aic 
,,|,,„,ii,ted  l.y  li'im  to  di-ciiai-c  llie  dul.v  nf  iiis|,..cti..ii -'  and  if  lie 
.•li.H.ses  to  ilevolve  tlie  duly  of  iiispecliiiii'  ail  iii>t runieiitaiiiy  up-ii  tiie 
riiii.loyee  whose  function  it  is  to  use  it  for  the  purpose  of  his  work. 

,i,d   provides   II Iwr   method   of   inspection,  h.-   must    resp,,ud    in 

.laiiiaues  for  tlio  nef.di^i'ii«'«'  <'*'  tiie  employee  in  coiitiiiuin;:  to  u-e  the 
iiistniineiitality  after  ho  has  learned  that  it  is  datijrerously  d.'fective. 
Mild  has  hail  an  oi)por»iiiiity  of  .liscanlin^-  it  or  report  in?;'  itscoiidiiiou 
In  the  employee  whose  duly  it   is  to  make  tlie  neeilful  repairs.'' 

\  pon.-lu-i..!.  siniilnr  t..  ll.nf  stat.-.l  in  pnny  is  injur...!  or  l<ill..,l  In  r..ns.q.ione.> 

n,P    text     is     r..i..l..Ml    v.n.l.r   llu-  *l>.-r>  «f  On-  ^-ivinu'  wav  ..f  a  ,l,.f.l.NV  l>n.l^'.'. 

ilnl    inM...ct..i«   ar.'    in     a     .lillVivnl    .1.-     tl..'     <■<  1 n.v    '""'"..t      ;-<;.;|h.     liaLilUv 

„.ulinri,l  f.-...n  11...  s.-rvanls  wl..,  ns..  tl..-  fion,   tl,,.   fa.t  that   t,,-  l,i„li:,.  «a.  .-..n- 

i„-,,.„,M.ntalili,.H    i„-|,...t,..l.       Thus.    i„  -ln,.t,.,l  ,„„,„.,ly  in  tl„.  I,r-t   I>  ■>'■'■  ""'" 

,,,,.  .as,,  it   was  lai.l  .l"un  that  th.-  n.'^-  it   ,.,„|,l,.y..,l   skilfnl   an.l   .■,.iiii«.1,„l    >,i  >■ 

i;  ,,i....  of   tl...    s...vant>    .f    a     railr..a.I  ,„,ll;,Mt,.s     t.,     insp..!     a.,,1     n.pa.r     Us 

,,:,M|.anv  liavinj;  .hai-..  .,f  th..  in>l...<ti.m  l.ii.l.^-.      7o/.,/„    /'.  .t  11  .  A.  '  o.  v.  I  <,n- 

„„1  ,..,.air  ef  -ars  i»,  as  n.^anU  a  l.rak..  ,„.-/   i  is,:i)    t,S  111.  .,l.n. 

„„„.  ,|„.  ,„':;li^...no..  <.f  a  s„,,..ri..r  in  an-  l'„.    ,.lh,r  ...xaM,!- hs  .,f  tlu-  san„.  f„rm 

„.h,.i-  ,l,.i,aiti,».iil       f/o. ..,/.,  A    V.  11      /.'.  .,f  s|at,.ni..nt.  s.k.  /..«,»   v.   Ilri,  lt;rl..  I.. 

,'„  V  ./,;,/,..„„  (IH70,  .-..--  111.  VM.  H  ^v,.   /(.  .(  //.  /,'.  (■".  (IS!..;,  ij  App.  I»v,  :,.-„,. 

|;,.„    11,11       ?n  an-.th-.i.  Ill,-  ."ri, 1,1,1. 'lof    42    N.    V.    Supp.    IHH;    liuxhlu,    v      \ ,  ,/• 

!,.„  ,.:,vanl  ..fa  .ar  i„sp.,.t.,r  hv  «l,ns,.  ,  :i:4.  14  N.  K.  40.:  l-.hnrr  v,  „-■  ;. 
,„..li;r,.„..„  in  failing,  t,.  i„-|H.,t  tl...  la.l  (lss:i)  1.)..  ^I'"--  •''•';'"','", '^,"  .'.'-• 
.|,;.:f  ,n...  ..f  th,.  .ais  tl.,.  fnr„...r  is   in     r„.   v.    /.„,.•„    (IS-ll)     \j^    ln,l.    l!",.   J. 

:1h%)  ml  Kv.  .iS4.  :tT  s.  w.  7.  ,s,.,v     MSMO,   th   iVx.  4s,;.  n  S    \y.  :n:  /,,- 

,„ls    sai.l    t<i    bo    ••a.'li..^'    in    .lillVnnI  .linn.,   Irun  Co.   v.   r,„„    (IS!),i    Id   ln.l_ 

''',,,,r,.;..V  App.  .ill.-..  4S  \.  K.  X(»:i    ifa..ts  in.h.at,..! 

{•lrr,h,,iil    ('.  C.  .(■   SI.    I..   I!.   <;,.    V.  thai     a     pr,.|M.r     iiisp...li,iii     wuiihl    l.av,' 

ir,n,/MSliili'l47   ln,l.  -J.Vl.  4.-.  N.  K.  .^ir,.  ,lis,.h.~,.,l    tl.,-   .laii^.n. 
i;,.l,..aiinc  l)..ni..,l  in  147   l..,l.  211.-..  4.1  N.         ■  .s„/,o»     .(■     /;      /■     A'-     '-'•   V-    /v<"",f7 

K.    4112;      |.-..ll.>«illt;      IhirLiii     v.     .sA-o  ;>  ilS!l2l     I     \t\    «  iv.   App.   d.il.   ll    >-.   \\  . 

,1S<M   SS  N    Y    .J'i.i.  \\l...|o  it  was  li..|,l  7(10. 

Ill  It'll...  insn,..ti.in  of  a    iailr.,a,l    tia,l<        'In    MrDnnnhl  v.    \lirhi.,.in   C.   li._Cn. 

»Ms  a  .l.itv  ,.f  th.'  mast,..-.  a..,l   that,   it  ils!..-,,     I.IS    \li,li.    7.   ;'•'    N',.  ^     .-,!»..   a 

it    »as    ,a'r,.|,.sslv  an  '     i...-Ii'.;<.ntlv    \<vT  lailuay  .■,i..ip;ii.y   was  lii.|,l  liaM,.  to  im,. 

,,,,.„i,,,|    ,.v,.n   l.v'a   '  •'!    i..sp..<t.>r.  .>f   its   In  lU........    f,  r  an    injury    r...viv..il 

,1„.   ,„ast,.r     w.uiUl  -M':     T,.  lhr.„i.:l.   th.-  failuiv  <.f  tl,,.  ru':>nr  t,.  r.'- 

,.Mu-,.    him      from      ...    .il.  m'    track  .p,.n,l   pnm.ptly  t,.  tl...  a.r  hrako.  wh.jh 

i.jiist    l.av,.   iMM-n    ..ar.f.illv    .„spi...t..,l    hv  ,l,.f,.,l    was  known   to  tho  <.|ij;in....r,   who 

a  ,-,.,i,p,l,nt    insp....|,.r.      '  liin.Ml  l„  ,...,.  ll;,;  ,■,.•..„..•  ali.T  lsn,.A 

Tho  siinici,n<.v   of   tl...    nunih.T  of    in  ii,..' ,.f  111,.  ,1,.|.<I.      1  h.- .oiirt  sai.l :     •  1 1„. 

-iHctois  nf  lailr'oa,!  ..ars.  ai.,1  tl.rii-  .-oi.,  i...'.ir.l    shows   that    ll.,.|-,.   was    no   provi- 

l,'t,iii-v    furnish  no  ,l,.f,.i.-,.  1"  an  a.liiai  sion  for  iii-|..ili...i  ,itli,T  than  iiis|H.,.t.on 

fui-    iii'|inii.s    causcl    hv    a    ili.fr.t    whi.'h  l.y  tho  ..n,L'i.i.'..v  .ilHt  .t.n.;  tl...  t  ram.    lI.- 

1.  1. 1.1  lia.c.  lM'..n  ,l(.t,.,.|,.il  hv  a  prn|x.r  in  was  oxpr.'tcl  lo  ii.spivt  liis  ,.|ii;.ii..  at  all 

o,  ,ii,.ii.     (  im'oh    /'.    /.'.    ''o.    V.    I>(iiiii\>t  pra.ti.alilo  liini.s.  an, I  lo  rip,irl   ,l,.f....ts. 

I'ls'.ili    l.-)2   r.   S.  (iS4.  yiih   ikiki.   I  iiioii  This    was    no    in.ir,.    than    .■,..i.m,ii    p.ii 

(,    i;    c,.    y    siitfiltr  .IS    1..  ...I.   .■>!'7.    14  .li.n.o  ,li..lati.s  shoiil.l  h,.  i-.,i..ir,.,l  ,if  all 

!s..|i.  Ct.  H,.p.  T.-.ii.  op..rali\,.s   ,.f    railway    lii.iiis.   ai.,1    it    is 

Wl.oro   a    sorvant   of   a    railroad    <«ni-  to  bo  ..oiisiihi.'.l  as  a    pait   ..f  their  du- 


I* 


V. ' 


»  I 


1710 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap.  XXXl. 


The  antithesis  between  inspection  which  conwrns  matters  of  ilc 
tail  and  inspection  which  has  rehuion  to  intrinsic  defects  (.-M-e  §  (Jl'.i. 
post)  is  tlie  basis  of  the  decisions  cited  below."     In  other  cases  tli, 
consideration  upon  which  stress  is  laid  is  the  analo<,'.tus  one  that  tin 


lies  in  and  nhoiit  the  operation  of  their 
train!!;  and  this  is  as  true  when  tlio  rail- 
road coin|>any  makes  no  other  proviiion 
for  inspiKl  1(111  as  when  it  lias  annllui- 
refjiilar  ins|H'<ii)r.  Suoh  inspiH'tidii.  In 
the  onliiiary  ri|H'ration  of  tin-  idmiI.  is 
the  art  of  a  fellow  ser\ant.  a^  Ulueen 
the  en^iiiieer  and  brakeiiiaii.  ami,  as  1m' 
tweon  them,  doi-s  not  con^liliite  the  en 
HiniHT  a  reprix-iitalive  of  the  iTia»ter. 
To  sav  that  an  cnpinevr  who  should  err 
in  atteiii|ilinK  to  make  the  next  station. 
after  his  en^iine  became  liioUen.  luleil  a~ 
the  repre-eiitati%c  of  hia  ma-^lir,  thus 
holding  the  latter  liable  to  the  II reman. 
who  was  injured,  woiihl  be  carrying  the 
rule  too  far.  An  unrei^rted  iiijuiy  of 
the  brake.s,  known  to  the  brakeiiian. 
would  he  another  illustration.  The 
duty  that  the  master  owes  to  his  pat-ons 
requires  viftilance  and  care  upon  the 
part  of  the  crew,  and  the  master  should 
be  permitted  to  r'-'iiire  it  without  suh 
jectinp  himself  to  all  the  consequences 
following  negligence  by  an  inspectcu 
proper.  ...  But  if  the  rannpiuiy 
makes  no  other  provision  for  ins|«-clion. 
and  choosi's  to  rely  upon  the  re|Mirts  of 
its  men.  deferring"  rei>airs  until  lireaks 
occur,  or  until  the  o|)erator<.  in  due 
course  of  business,  report  defeets.  we 
must  either  say  that  it  has  negleeted  the 
duty  of  insiK-ction  altogether,  or  that  it 
has' imposed  one  of  its  duties  upon  it- 
operatives,  and  that  it  docs  not  fall 
within  the  limits  of  fellow  senice;  or 
that  it  may  avoid  the  duty  which  the 
law  imposes  by  invoking  the  rule  of  fel 
low  senant.  So  long  as  o[)eratives  do 
report,  and  the  master  rei)airs  pr(>nii>tly, 
the  jury  may  properly  say  that  there  i^ 
DO  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  m;:> 
ter;  hut  if  defects  are  not  seasonably 
repaired,  the  master  neglects  a  duty, 
and  we  should  not  split  hairs  to  deter 
mine  whether  it  was  his  personal  care- 
lessness, or  that  of  the  agent  whom  he 
appoints  to  apprise  him  of  his  impend- 
ing duty  to  repair,  although  such  agent 
be  a  feiloH  operative  of  rne  who  is  in- 
jured by  reason  of  a  wunt  of  seasonable 
repair." 

The  reasoning  in  this   case  seems   io 
be  sounder  and  mure  in  oonformi<y  witl> 
general  principle's  tlian  tliat  of  the  fol 
lowing  pausage  in  Thclvman  v.  M oilier 


(1887)  73  Iowa.  108,  34  N.  E.  76.V 
where  the  cotirt  said:  "It  is  the  mlf 
of  tliis  court  that  an  employee  caniml. 
in  an  action  against  liis  employer,  ri- 
icpviT  for  the  negli;;('me  of  a  coeiiiployc.- 
engaged  ill  the  pin-ecution  of  a  comniiui 
Ini-iiuss.  Hut  tliis  rule  does  not  exliii.l 
to  an  employee  who  is  charged  wiHi  ii.. 
other  duty  than  to  inspect  the  ni;i 
eliinery,  in  the  operation  of  whirli  the 
iiijurv  ociiirs.  Itiinni  v.  Cliiiiiiin.  U.  I. 
d  r.' U.  Co.  (issni  oS  Iowa.  '>'X>.  3ii 
.\m.  Kep.  21.1.  6  N.  \V.  H.  Hut  the  en 
gino-r,  it  will  he  seen  from  the  sl;itc 
iiieiit  of  the  eviileud'  jii-t  iiiaih",  w,as  not 
eonlined  by  his  dr.ty  to  the  mere  in 
-IK'ction  of  the  macliiiiery.  lie  had  it 
ill  charge,  was  rei|uire(l  to  see  th;it  it 
was  in  good  condition,  and  to  repair  it 
when  broken  or  deflective.  These  <liitit- 
were  not  separated  from  the  o|M-ratiijii 
of  the  maeliinery.  The  engineer  iiii.l 
]>laintitT  together  operated  it.  The  en 
gine  furnished  the  motive  power  pro 
pelling  the  saw.  which  did  the  work  nf 
sawing,  —  the  very  purpose  for  wliiili 
both  engine  md  saw  were  used.  iln' 
saw  could  not  be  operated  without  tlu' 
engine.  The  engineer  was  eng.iged  in 
ojierating  the  saw.  He  was  theniniv 
a  coemployce  of  plaintiff  in  the  common 
business  of  both."  There  is  no  rea-on 
why  the  engineer  should  not  have  ti(rii 
regarded  .as  occupying  the  dual  position 
of  a  vice  principal  and  of  a  mere  .si^n- 
;int.    See  §  561.  supra. 

"■  ilnyrr  v.  l.ichmann  (1807)  16  .\pp 
l)iv.  54.  44  X.  Y.  Supp.  106"  (owners 
of  a  brewf rj-  held  liable  for  an  injury  to 
an  employee  caused  by  the  fall  of  a 
lieer  keg  througli  a  run  in  which  the 
ke;;s  were  lowered  into  a  cellar,  result 
iiig  from  the  rivi-t  holes  in  tlie  r(«l- 
and  brackets  of  tlw  run  becoming  en- 
larged by  use  a"  I  rust,  where  the  de- 
fect could  have  been  discovered  by 
jiroper  cxaminationi. 

In  hoa  V.  Le  Comtc  (1806)  2  .\pp. 
Div.  61.  37  N.  Y.  Supp.  .Tlfi,  the  court 
remarked:  "As  t«  the  defendant's  neg- 
ligence, it  is  undisputed  that  if  the 
lihinirer  moved  without  pressure  on  the 
Iri'ndle.  the  press  was  defective.  It  w;h 
;.l!i'_-eil  Hint,  though  tliis  wa-^  Mie  i-.\m\ 
llie'ilefeiidaiit  had  no  km  « ledge  of  the 
fact.     It  was  not  necessary  that  the  de- 


ill 


I  583] 


VKK  I'KINC'll'ALSllll'— CllAKAtTKIl  OK  ACT. 


1711 


fendant  nhoiilil  |H'r-i<iiially  have  such 
Iviidwledjir.  'I'Ih'  repair  «if  tin-  pr^s  wan 
not  a  incre  detail  of  tlip  wcnk,  as  in 
Wtbber  V.  /'i/xr  (18S8)  in!»  N.  Y.  ■!!»;, 
17  N.  E.  'illi,  lint  a  ]iait  of  tin-  nia-iii's 
tluty  to  u-i>  rra-i>iiiil)le  care  to  pro-  :ili' 
-afe  uppliancrs  for  his  sorvaiit*.  This 
(Inly  wa:^  coininittcd  to  thc>  mm  liliii-l, 
liiit.  bpin<;  the  master's  duly,  thi>  ma- 
cliinist  in  the  dischar^'e  of  it  was  not 
a  oo^erNant.  Init  repre-i'iiled  tlio  nia-lir. 
I'lir  his  ncjilect  tlie  nia-ler  was  liaM  ■." 
The  improper  ad jn*1iiieiit  of  n  Inalie 
rod  constitutes  a  "ihfeitive  npplianw," 
;uiil  not  a  mere  "ni'tjlccl  or  tailuie  in 
ttip  detail  of  the  v\i  rk."  within  the  rule 
i.Oatin;;  to  tlie  liahilily  of  the  mailer 
fer  defects  in  appliances,  where,  acconl- 
in"  to  tlip  reguhir  course  of  the  hnsine-i. 
it  was  the  duly  of  inspedor-  lo  make 
the  adjustment,  and  not  the  duty  of  the 
train  cmplnvees.  Moods  v.  I.oiiti  t  sin  ml 
It.  Co.  (isnc.)  11  App.  Div.  18.  42  N. 
Y.  Supi>.  140. 

In  liu.ihh<i  V.  Ncv:  York,  h.  /■.'.  <?  Tl'. 
]!.  Co.  (ISR.i)  37  Hun.  104.  it  was 
ir^'ued  hy  the  defendant's  coun-el  that. 
IIS  car  stakes  are  unifornil.v  fiiinished 
liy  the  shipiMT.  the  defendant  wa>  iindi'r 
f  ohlii;ation  in  respect  to  them,  except 
l.i  insp.cl  them,  and  that  that  duty  was 
p;  rfiirincd  in  tlie  jiresont  case:  hut  the 
nurt  held  that  the  defendant  could  not 
ilivi-st  itself  of  the  duty  it  owed  to  its 
(■iii]ilny(es  by  Icavinjr  that  duty  *o  be 
liirforiiied  by  the  shipper,  or  hy  ninkinj; 
111  arran^'eiiient  with  him  whereby  he 
iinilcrlook  to  perform  it.  This  view  was 
i.lopted  bv  the  court  of  apjieals  in 
1SS7)  107  \.  Y.  374.  14  X.  E.  407. 
Danforth.  .T..  rcniarkinp  that  the  defect 
niiii|>lained  of  was  not  in  the  liMidinj.'. 
'ul  in  the  preparation  of  the  ear  to  re 
nivc  the  load, — that  is.  in  the  car  as  a 
hiinher  car." 

rniiipare  also  Mclnh/i"  v.  lii.slon  if 
•■'..  li.  Co.  (1805)  10,3  Mass.  ISO.  30  X. 
i:  1012.  where  the  defendant  was  In  Id 
li.ihle  for  defective  side  stakes,  tlie 
Miirt  sayins;:  "Th<'  case  is  not  one 
"liere  an  iiiiiilement  desi;;ni'd  for  re 
|iiMti'd  use  had  been  weakened  and  made 
unlit  for  further  service  by  such  ii>e:  it 
is  rather  the  case  of  the  furnishin;;  of 
nn  implement  never  fit  for  use.  and  evi- 
ilpntly  unfit.  Such  a  stake  could  not. 
without  ncfili^reiice.  have  been  placed 
where  stakes  were  kept  to  be  used  for 
the  purpose  to  which  this  was  put.  \\  (• 
iiocil  not  ini|uire  whether,  if  it  had  been 
taken  from  a  number  of  sduikI  nnd  -nil 


e<piip  the  car.  llie  ciieless  taking  of  tlii~ 
stake  would  have  bivn  ne;;liyence  ul 
a  ftdlow  workman  the  ri-k  of  uliiiii 
the  plaint  ilf  musi  .•land,  or  wlictlier 
lic;;lii.'enie  in  eipiippin;.'  the  car  with 
slakes  is  :-oiMlliiiiy  lor  wliii'h  llie  de 
feiiilant  ia  re»|ioiiNilile.  whether  it  in 
1 1  lists  the  work  lo  one  person  or  an 
other." 

A  niasler  cannot  i~.ca|i<'  lialiility  to 
servants,  for  the  nonpei  loriiiance  of  his 
duty  to  use  rea-onilde  care  thai  o\er 
head  shafting's  nhall  be  supported  ami 
mainiaii'eil  ~o  as  not  to  eiidaii;,'er  thi'ir 
safely.  Iiy  di!e',Mlin;.'  its  perfnniiini'i'  to 
an  en;.'in''er  placed  in  charj.'e  ol  I  hi-  ma 
chinery  in  llie  fa<li  i>.  Iliisti.s  v.  .Iitimn 
I.  It<uii«lrr  Co.  (  Hllo)  fi.T  N.  .T.  I..  4r;.'>. 
4.T  Atl.  (i.'il.  The  coiili  dis|MiMil  as  fol 
lows  of  the  I'onlention  that  the  lase  fell 
uithin  the  dislineiion  drawn  in  certain 
ca-es  cil<il,  I'r...  that  ins|Mcl  ion  or  re- 
pair, incidental  to  use  by  a  servant  of 
iiiachinery  or  implements,  is  thi-  serv- 
ant's, nut  till'  niii^li'r's.  duly;  "Ilf  ne<; 
licence  in  the  p>  1 1>  i malice  of  :.ueli  inci 
ilental  duly,  otiiei  «eivanls.  :is  in  case 
oi  any  ne^li;;ence  of  their  fellows,  take 
the  risk.  To  illustrate. — an  eii;.'ineiT 
.ihile  running;  his  locomotive  niii-t  nol 
only  watcli  its  steam  f;aii;;e  and  the 
wcirkiii;;  of  its  mechanism,  Init  miy  also 
iiee.l  to  have  resort  to  his  repair  kit. 
For  ni>;.'liHl  of  such  duties  his  ma.>ler 
is  net  liable  to  other  servants  in  com- 
mon eniploymeiit  with  him.  Simple  ot 
complex,  the  use  of  any  instniiinnliility 
of  human  action  involves  Mime  inspec- 
tion, and  may  invidvc  repair  because  of 
that  ver.v  use.  It  is  with  sudi  ins|«e 
lion  and  such  repair  only  that  llie  law 
charftes  the  servant  to  the  relief  of  the 
master,  and  it  is  plain  that  the  use 
iiiUst  be  direct.  The  engineer  runs,  and 
therefore  must  inspect,  his  eiieine.  hut 
nol  tlie  sliiiftiny  or  niachiiieri'  to  whir-h 
be  tran-!iiils  power.  The  tiiiiier  runs, 
and  theiefoie  must  inspect,  his  lalhe. 
lull  not  till'  siiiifl  tliat  briiij;s  hini  power. 
lllspeelioM  while  ill  Use  and  ill-peelioll 
inciilental  tn  ii-e  are  not  convertible  e\ 
piessi(,ns.  There  may  be  iiis|)eetion  of 
ii'.ovin;;  iiiechaiiism  devolvinj.'  on  no  serv- 
ant, but  on  till'  master.  If  so.  n ';;li 
^'cnr-e  in  that  ii|s|keet  ion  or  '.liliiie  to 
properl.V  repair  ilefeits  disco  .>red  will 
I"'  charecable  on  llie  master.  altheii;.'h 
he  may  select  as  tlie  aj;ent  to  perform 
his  duty  a  fellow  -ervant  of  lhos(>  to 
whom  he  owes  sndi  iluty.  The  test  is 
.ilwavs  wlielher  or  not  the  diitv  left   uii 


I        'IB.', 


"I  ::i. 


i.Ie    sUke 


bv 


pre 


ideil    fur    ihal     piirpi 


a   workman    whose   duty    it 


I" 


H'lloiniei 


Ihl 


to    the  case  in  hand  it 


prcijierly  left  t< 


!   ,!, 


i* 


-liM 


'm\ 


in, 

il; 


1712  MASTKU  AND  SKKVAXT.  [cllAP.  xxxi. 

dcffM'tivp  n|)|)1iiiiic(>  whm  pcniianciit,  ami  imt  ono  incri'ly  for  tonipiiiMn 
iiso." 

584.  Duty  to  inspect  instrumentalities  belonging:  to  another  person. 
but  temporarily  used  by  the  master. —  As    rcfriinls    iii-iiiiinciiialiiic 

not  l)c|oii<iiiii;  to  till'  master,  but  temporarily  placeil  iimler  his  ( n,,] 

tor  the  purpose  of  facililaiiuf;  the  trausactiou  of  Im-iui'ss  in  uhirii 
liotli  lie  ami  tlie  owner  hav(>  u  eonunon  interest,  the  only  ralioinil  ;itii| 
lof;iciil  doctrine  sikmus  to  bo  that  a  servant,  inasniueli  as  lie  has  ii.tijiin;; 
to  do  with  the  arran<;('inents  which  the  master  uuiy  make  with  a  iliinl 
party  for  tlieir  mutmil  convenience,  should  be  entitleil  to  hold  thr 
master  resjM)nsible  for  the  ncfjliyent  inspection  of  the  thinf;  so  mmh- 
ferred,  in  all  ca.ses  in  which  lie  wcuild  hos'e  been  able  to  recover  if  ili;i' 
thinf;  had  been  o\\^^od  by,  or  permanently  in  the  possession  of.  ili. 
master.      And  thi.s  is  the  view  adopted  in  several  jurisdiction.'*.'     TIk 

llic  jury  to  say  whfthor  r<>iisoiiat)lo  rare  siiitablp  workiiipn  .nnri  materials  arc  ■  rn 

for  i lie  safety  "(if  Uif  wiirkmi'ii  in  till- lie-  vidcd      tiis      ol)lii;ati<>n      is      di^diMri^Ml 

fciidanl'i     factory     reciuired     iiis|ir.  I  ion  HInirr  \.  I.orl.i    (ISSH)    1,1,'i  .Mii--^    ."i7.') 
anil    repair  of  llie  line  of  sliaftiii);  that        '  Tliat  i>  ear  inspector  is  a  vie  piiiui 

fell    and    injnred    the    plaintifT.       If    so.  pal.  wlictlicr  tlic  ears  \vlios( mliliniii. 

tli.it    duty    ciiidd    not    he   discliarj;cd    by  in  question  are  foreign  or  dimiolii-.  lii- 

delei.'atioii.  except   at    the  master's  peril,  been  diK'laied  in  Ttrre  Ihiviv  A  I.  I'.  ('■■ 

altlionyli   11 L'ciit   eliosen  was  a   fellow  v.    Miiiifihi  ifii  r    (1S!I.))    12  <'.  ('.   A    ."iTl 

»cr\;iiil    of  tlie  plaintiir.      Properly,  tliis  24  t'.  S.  App.  S.51.  (i.>  Ked.  ]'M\.  l!.li.  n 

c.-Kc    -111  n Id    not    \te    considered    as    one  in;;   Denied    in    (IHlt.j)    14   (',  ('.   A    ;;Mii 

iiivilviii^'    the    iiperation    of    inucliinery.  24    I'.   S.    App.    liHT.  (i"    Ked.   (17:     [t<h 

Iml   :i-  one  involving;  a  place  of  workin;;.  xmi.  T.  <(■  S.  h'.  A".  Co.  v.  Miins   i  jsiu 

IlLit    till'    -iippiMt    of  a    sn-.i>enileil    i)iece  11    C  ('    .\.  4:10.  24   I'.  S.   App.  2!i.V  K', 

if   inn    w.i-   rendered   preio  ions   by   its  I'ld.   7!t.'t.    disapproving'    tlic    Ma—icliii 

ni'lioti   in  cnniiection  with   niaeliiiiery  is  -^etts  doctrine   i -tee  $  (IIM.  note  1      • -/ 

:in   iininalerial  circiimsfiince.     The  ipies  \ .  »    (hlitiiis  rf    V.  A'.  K.  f'o.  v.  VI.  .„■    ' 

liciri  for  the  jury  was  whether  or  not  the  illiOO)    4(1  V.  ('.   .\.  4ri.-).   lllll   I'd    4I'. 

defendant      n-ed     reasonable     care     that  I'nii    v.     Miiiiiiiiiiolis    d     SI.     I,.    I'.    T.. 

whiit  il  -il  up  over  the  heads  of  its  serv-  llSS:il     :tO    Mitui.    2:11.    l.")    N.    U     ;i)l 

ants  should   not   fall  down   upon  them."  Jours  v.    \iir    Yoil:.  \.  II.  if   //.  /'.  ',, 

•' llomiliirhi    V.     Milium     (1H!1S)     2(1  (1S!)7|     20    R.     f.    212.    .T     All,     ln:;;i 

.\pp.     liiv.     :iS(;.     4!)     \.     Y.     Su|)p.     !H).i  /■'. 7/o(i    v,    litilloril    llSHiti     1:17   (      ( 


(duly  of    an    cni|doyer    to 


that   an     1.  "It  Fed.  7«1    (ileclinin<.'  to  lojir 


M.I 


eyelioll    to   which   a   ^iiy    holding'  a    pi-r-    >achu->etts  decisii 


/.. 


;//. 


aiieiit    derrick    in    jHisiti 


fa«l. 


•d    <(•   i\    II 


Huh 


i  IS'tlii    1 411   hi<l 


is   a    reasonably   <:\'r  and    proper   appli-  .")li4.  4.'>  N.   K.   I(iH:   Cliicniio  d    V.  II.  /.' 

ance  cannot   lie  dele;;ated  to  a   servant).  I'o.  v.  dillisoii    |1S!17|    72   111.  App.  2117 

When  a   sp.ur  track  is  eonslruded  for  tldln.ilon.  H.  <f  N'.  .1.  II.  Co.  v    T'mjih 

[lennanent    iise.   it    is   an    inslrnuient    for  Ion    (1MII4I    87  Tex.  42.  2(i  .si.   \\ .   lUiHi 


till 


of  tl 


lose  who  com 


hid 


nil   man     SI.    I.i 


I.  <f  r.  If.  c 


I' II  III 


till-  train-,  and   the  liability  of  tb 


I  IS! 


1   Tex.  Civ.   App.    142.  2U  S.  W 


er  is  referriil  to  the  principle  that     1(III2;    f/.i/rcWoii.    //.   d-   .v.     I.   It.  Co.  v 


be  cannot  esca|H'  ri-spon 


ibililv  where  it    Suss    (lilOd:   Tex.  (  iv 


is  his  duly  to  supply  suitable  structures.    ItlO. 


App.) 


S.  W 


inslrunicnlalitics, 


iippliances. 


See    also    Itnllh 


<f    /'.    ff.    Cn. 


proving    that    he   delegated    to   a    proper     Mnrl.'ii    i  IS 


•  •"il 


l.)7    r.  S.  72.  •Ill  b.  fl 


a"ent     their    construct  ii 


aix'rintend     (124.    1.5  Sup.   Ct.    Rep.  491:    7'. 


.f  /' 


1    not    to    the    rule    It.   Co.    v.     \ivlnbnlil    i  1«!IS  i     17n   I     S 


ence.    or    repairs,    am 

under    which    it    is    held. 

ti'inporarj'    slapin^s    erected    for   tb" 

pair  or  completion  of  building's,  that  if    decided   is 


rard    to    t>ii.">.   42    I.,   ed.    llss.    Is    .>siip.   i  i.   liif 


vh, 


iilthiiii).'b    the   precise   |" 
elv    llial    a    ralb 


I  ■'»*] 


VICi:  PI!l\(II'.\r,SllI|'— CIIARACrKUOK  ACT. 


1713 


iliitv  cxtf'iid^,  lit'  cipiir.-ir,  to  ilcl'ccis  inlicrciit  in  tlic  ciri^in.il  f'<>iistnu'ti(»n 
lit'  till'  iip|iliiinci',  ii-i  well  as  tn  (Irfci-ts  wliicli  may  liuvc  su|i('rvoiic<l 
wliilc  it  uas  in  ii-c.'-' 

Iii  .Massacliiisctt!*,  wliilp  iiicii'  owiuT-ihip  is  in'i>lml)l_v  not  rcjjarded 
a^  Ix'iiij;,  >>f  iisi'lt',  H  ilitfi'i'riitialiii;;'  t'actur,  tiii'  ilnctrinc  wiiicli  will 
lie  cxplainctl  at  iciij;ili  in  !^  tllH,  ;((;.s/,  tliat  u  master  is  nut  lialiic  for 
iic^lip'ticc  in  the  in.-|>iclii)n  ut  insii-nnn'ntaiitifs  in  tlicir  unlinarv  ns(> 

t'niiii  ilav  to  (lay,  involves  flu nsecjnenee  tliai  tlie  em]iloyees  <lei>nte(l 

to  exaniitu'  I'ofeijin  ears  ari'  merely  follow  servants  of  the  trainmen.* 
rntler  this  theory  it  is  i.iHreiieil  that  the  neeixiiii;  company  may  ho 
lield  responsilile  \\|iere  it  has  omilleil  to  provide  for  a  proper  system 
iif  iiispoetioii.  and  for  its  neiill^ence  in  thi-  sidection  of  an  inspei'tor.* 
Tliis  represents  the  fnll  extern  of  its  liali''ily.'^ 

|iiiii,v  owes  i'iii|ilov('('s  II  duty  tii  liiivi'  for  lm>iii(s.i.    will    kiiiiwn    to    tin-    pliiintitT, 

I  i^ii  iMis  IIS   wi'll   as   its  own    iiis|>rrli'il.  iiiiil   noloi  iniis.  tlir  ili't'i'iKhitit   was  in  tliP 

till'  flirts  invojii'il  iiiiil  till'  !iiii;Miii;;i>  iisril  liiiliji  of  |< iviii;;  iiiiiiiy  surli  ens  iliiily. 

Iiy  tlx' oiiii'l  ~Imivv  tliiit  tlir  iliily  wiis  ic  iiml    ilmwiii;;   tin  in    omt    its    mail    as   a 

L'liiiliil  as  iiiii' 111'  tlir  1:1111  ili'li'u'ililirliiss.  pari   of  its  IriiLiliI   trains.      Kvi'ii   in  tlie 

'I'lii'  liiiliana  I'lisr  ritril  aliiivr  nvi'iitlli'S  alismrr    of    any    statilti'    iir   sprrial    run- 

ihi'  sii^';.'rsi  inn  til  till'  iip|pii«itr  I'lliil    in  li.irl,  iru'i'laliiif,'  I  ho  terms  of  rrriivinj; 

I'lii'-'iiiii'li.  II.  it  I).  It.  ''(I.  V.    \lf\l  iilli  II  ami    ilrauin;.'    siuli    cars,    tlif    ili'fcinliint 

ISMh    117   Inil.    l.ill.  ill  N.   K.  isT.  ami  was  lioiinil.  ns  a   roininon  rarriri.  to  n>- 

i'\|ilaiiis   .\tiilz  V.  Jiiil.siiii    llill  Ctiiil  A  ccivc   uinl    iliiiw    tliciii.      Viiiiiinit    t{    J/. 

r„;,i  I'll.   ils!i4)    l:i!i  Inil.  411.  .i.H  N.  K.  /•'.   *'».   v.   yilrlihiini  U.   Cu.    (IHli7)    14 

:U4.   3!l    N.    K.    147    (  s.t    »   <il!».   iiotr  4,  .\\\i-\\.  Mi*.  <I2  Am.   IW.  7«.">.     Tlif  olili 

-iiliil.  III.  I'lisi  \ .  as  a  I'lisi'  In  wliich  tlir  Ration    of    ilrawin;;    oars    ovor    itM    road 

mil'  as  In  llio  lialiility  of  railway  roni  woiiM  not  i'\tfiii|  tn  siiili  as  woro  in  an 

[Kinit's  fill'  llio  ilrfootixi'  I'liiiiiition  of  for-  iinsafo  roinlitioii:    hut.  as  to  oars  so  ro- 

li^n  cars  was  not   applii  ililo,  as  tin-  ilo  loivrrl,  tho  iliily  of  tlio  ilofnulant  is  not 

lirlivo   oar    \va-    nii'itly    ililivoroil    to    a  tliat   of  fiii  nisliinir  proper  instrumental- 

nial  conipaiiy  to  be  Inaileil  with  ooal.  itiis  fur  servile,  hut  of  inspection:   anj 

•Tims,    a    railway    company    is    ahso-  this   iliity   is    performoil   hy   the  oinploy- 

liilily    lioiniil   to    use   oiilinaiy   anil    rea-  iiient    of   sullieienl.  oompetont,  ami   sui't- 

Miiiiilile  care  to  see  that  a  foreign  oar  is  iihle    inspectors,    who    are    to    act     !  'uler 

I'liristrucleil     safely. — as,     for      e\aiiiple.  proper    siiperintemleiice.    rules,    ami    in- 

tliiit   it   is  fiiiiiislieil   with   such   appuito  sinielioiis;    anil,   however    it    may    he   as 

nances    as     hamlles,     linhlers,     or     other  to    oilier    oars,    the    inspectors    must    he 

siifi;;iiarcls    in    comiiion    use,      lhi<iiii  r    v,  ileeiin  cl   to  he  eii'_'aL;is|   in  a  oommwn  Ofii- 

Ihhiiriiri-   if    //,    Ciiinil   Co.    (1S!14)     ItU  ployiiient   with  the  hraUomiin  as  to  such 

I'll.  17,  :W  .\tl.  2iilt.  cars,  while  in  transit,  ami  until  read'- to 

Mn    Miii:hiii    v,    Huxlnn    i    .1.    H.    f'o,  he  inspecleil  for  a  new  service."     To  the 

(ISH^i     |,'l.-,    Mass.    Jul,    the    oouit    rea-  siinie  elTect ,  see   Krilli    v.    V.  »■   Ilnren   .f 

simeil    thus;      "Althou'.'h.    |Mrliaps.    the  V.   Vti.    ilss.li     140   .Mass.    17."),    3   \.    K. 

mere  owiicisliip    is    not    material,   a    ear  2.S :    Lilllr   Miaiiii   It.  I'n.   v.   I'il-pnlrirl: 

so  roreiviil.  while  in  transit  to  *ts  ilesli-  ||SS4)    Ai  Ohio   St.    .SIS:    St.    /,01/i.v,   /. 

nulien.  anil  until   ready  for  such   in-peo-  1/.  cf  S.  H.  Co.  v.  (Iiiiiir.i  (18S."))   4ti  .Vrk. 

tion  as  would  he  suitahle  and   neci-sary  ."i.">."i. 

in  iireparation  for  its  return,  would  not         '  Ki  ilh  v.  \nr  lliinii  ((■  .V.  Co.  (1885) 

come  within  the   rule  applioahle  to   ma-  till   Mass.    17.").  ,'t   N.    K.  iJH. 
I'lun.ry  .iiid  appliances  furnished  by  the        'Tlnimj    v.    I'ilrhhiiiii    li.    Co.    (1892) 

defendant    According  to  the  course  of  15(i  Mass.  13,  30  N.  E.  7t>9. 


I.'|J 


m 


I     '  iTSfl 


■'■'^-Mt' 


1^ 


til."    ■ 


1    ■:.  (■• 

i 

i     iJ 

1 

:i 

CHAPTER  XXXIL 


KXTENT  OF  AN  BMPI-OVKIfS  IJAniLITY  KOH  NKfiLlOENCE  IN  REGAIiH 
TO  THK  DETAILS  OK  TllK  WOIIK. 

A.  Uenehally. 

S85.  Difficulty  of  d'dnin^  boundary  line  between  the  domaim  of  lliilpilit 

and  noiiliiibility. 
680.  Supervision  of  ilitails,  not  a  miixtcrV  duty. 
ft87.  Merely  trunsitory    perils,  niiwter  not    bound    to  proteet    the  sit   ciii 

Hjriiinj't. 
688.  Dnii^iTs  cuiHeil  t>y  tlie  progre»»  of  the  work,  master  not  boiiii'l  Ici  pro 

(ect  servant  ajjainst. 
68'J.   Preparation  or  earn  of  instrumentalities,  master  not   re>|Hin-il'li-  fni. 

where  tlie>e  functions  are  a  part  of  the  work  to  be  dune. 

690.  Negligent   u-e   of   safe  applianees   by   fellow  servant,   nnister   nut   r. 

sp<msihle   for. 

691.  Rationale  of  doctrine  exemptin;;  master  from  liability  for  negli;,'i  ri.. 

in  carrying  out  the  dutaiU  of  the  work. 

692.  Pleading. 

a.  Declaration. 
6.  Plea. 
593.  Iiuatructions. 

694.  Functions  of  court  and  jury  In  passing;  upon  the  evidence. 

695.  Kxplanation  of  the  classification  of  the  cases  cited  in  the  ensuinj;  ace 

tions. 

B.   Nl»L10ENCE    or    COSKRVANTS    INVOLVINC     MKRFI.Y    TIIK    ISK    OF   THE    INSIBLMKi 
TAUTIKS.    MASTKIi   NOT  KK.«l'ONSIIlLK  KOR. 

696.  Orders  respecting  the  use  of  the  instrnmentalities. 

o.  Generally. 

h.  Order  accompanied  by  an  assurance  nf  safety. 

697.  Choice  of  particular  methods  of  work. 

508.  Disposition  of  the  force  of  employees  available  for  the  work  in  hand 

59!l.   .\ssi;;ning  servants  to  work  for  which  they  are  unfitUxl. 

COO.  Negligence    in    sen<llng    servants    into,  abnormally    dangerous    pl:iLC- 

without  warning. 
COI.   I'ailing  to  warn  servants  as  to  dangers  arising  from  the  execution  of 

the  details  of  the  work. 

602.  Absence  from  the  post  of  duty. 

603.  Seleeting  an  imperfeet  appliance  from  the  stock  available. 

604.  Vailing  to  use  the  instrumentalities  f   rnishcd  by  the  master. 

805.  Negligence  in  failing  to  discard  a  defective  for  a  suitable  inj-truffl?n- 
UUty. 

1714 


iilli 


\  l(  i;  l'i:iNrtl'\l,sllll'-  DKTAILM  OF  WollK. 


17)5 


I  S85i 

UUU.   I  "iiiK  iii-tiiiininliilitii-  ill  u  uiuiiner  not  coiitPiiniliiliMl  or  uiiiIhui/*!! 

Iiy  till"  niii-tiT. 
0(17.  (lit ill;;  of  -i^imlii, 
UOH.  Ntylip  Iter  III  iiiir\iii«  out  th»  exnreM  ordtr«  or  rtKul.iiioiii.  of  the 

Ill.l'hT. 
8()!>,   I'liiliiii'  to  ;;ivi'  iiistrmtion. 

610.  .Maiiiiml.i i  (if  itii!  in-tiiiiii.'ii(iilitl.-«  (liirliijt  t.lic  pn>;fri""«  of  llir  work. 

Ul.     NittliK'""'  i"  ""'  tiali-iiii-«ioii  of  llif  lim--<lfr»  ordiT     to  otlnr   -<rv- 

Bnt«. 

C.  NKjLIUI  Ntl.  OK  COSHtV.VMS  1>  HKSI'IaT  TO  Till:  FRKrAKArloN  oil  Hllll  c  II  llAh 
MOKIHIAIInV  Ol  I\HIUIMI:XTAI.II1KS  OH  TIIKIU  I'AHIM,  WHIN  NOT 
IMI'I  Till  TO    nif     MASTKB. 

812.  Irtioiliii'toi}. 
fll2u.   Ncyliv"  III"'  «lit<'i  (Mii'liirrM  Mti'ui'liirul   iin*afi-ty  of  a   l.iii|K«r.uy  clinr- 

llrllT. 

81:1.  Xr«liy.'ii«r   ill   f.iiliii;;   lo  adjust  or  !<i'curf   iiistniiiiriitalil ii^  or   llicir 
part!)  uliilc  in  line. 

614.  Xi'^'lip'iuc   ill   till'   (irrparation  of  ti'iiiporar.v  striictiirns   or  otlirr   ill- 

slrmiiiiitalitii  ~  a-  a  part  of  tliv  work;  irciu'rnl  rule 

615.  Kutioiiiilr  anil   limits  of  ii   iiia^tfr's  rxoiiiptioll   from   lialiilily    fm    lii(« 

ailjii'liiiriit  or  pnparutinn  of  in-.triiiiiriilalilios. 
61li.  Spi'ii.il  ririaiiii4aiice>  iml  .ilfi  clin;,'  tin-  cxtfiit  of  thiMiia-tcr's  liahility. 
o.   Superior  rank  of  tlir  (li'limiiicnt  i-inplnyi'c. 
6.  Similarity  or  ili«-iinilarity  of  tlic  work  in  wliiili  tlip  diliinpi  lit 

ami  injured  .siivaiiti  wt-n-  I'lijjayt'il. 
0.  C'oiiiplelion    of  appliance  before    pluintifT  entered    I  lie    iiiipliy- 

nient. 

617.  Wlieii  the  ili'liiiqiieliry  is  deenutl  not  to  lie  in  respect  to  tlie  ilri    I'-  •  ,' 

t!ie  work. 
a   NeoLIUKXIK   ok   tO>KltVAXTS    WIIOSK   Ul'TY    IT  JH    TO   KKK.P   TllK    1  Ssnil   MKN  I  \l.' - 
TIKM   I.N   PHOI'KR  fO.MilTION,   WIIK.N    NOT   I.Ml'1  TUl  TO  TllK    MAHTI  I!. 

618.  Theory  tliat  a    mailir  is  never  lialile  for  neglipMiee  in   regard  to  111 

speetion  and  rep.iirx. 
810.  Theory  llial   the  lialiilily  of  the  nu-ler  depends  on  the  ^iilijeit  iiialtrr 
of  till-  iii-piitiiui  or  repairs  ne^ilicled. 

620.  MastiT  li.ilde  wlien^  the  delimpieiit  servant  was  enga^sl  in  ii  difl'eiiiit 

clnjs.s  of  work. 

621.  XejL'li^renee   in    lailing   to    repl.ice   an    un.soiind   hy  a   Miiind    nppliaiii'o, 

when  master  not   lialile  for. 
022.  All   employees  engaged    in   repairing   regarded   as  coscrvants   of  each 
other. 


m 


s- 


A.    Gr..\I.l!-VI.LY. 

595.  Diffl'-n'ty  of  defining  boundary  line  between  the  domains  of  lia- 
bility and  nonliability. —  \',y  tlint  of  niuiieroiis  clocisiims  diiriiiii  tlio 
last  tliirt.v  vears  with  rospoct  to  tlio  snino  or  similar  groups  of  fticts, 
the  bouiiiliirv  lino  Ix'twefii  tlio  rospcctivo  dninaiiis  of  tlio  (loctrino  of 
common  employmont  and  tiie  dnclriiie  of  non-delcgablo  duties  iiiiiy 


mKi 


: 


1, 

f|:l! 

■J  ' 

"M 


I     !| 


17  M 


MAMKI!  AMI  ^i;l!\  ANT. 


[ruAr.  xwn. 


n«»w  1m'  tnHcd  with  rciMHiuihlc  pn  ■i-ioii  iiloiijj  a  laifff  juiri  nl  iu  i\ 

trii'd-iliiiiirilv  ili\  i<>ii>  ciiurtM'.  Umi  i'  u-iiial  |>i.^itii'ii  i-*  *iill  *>  l.n;;.  1\ 
It  iiiiiiii'i'  iif  I'oiilriivcrsv  ill  iiii\  jir  i  I'tidi  in  wliicli  liif  tael^  .  li' 
pus-cii  u|iiiM  arc  ii'it  cDVi'mi  l)\  a  pn  •  diiii  wi  t-liwe  us  to  bt*  di  li-ii.r. 
lliat  llii'  vdIiiiiic  of  litiuulhiii  rcl  (tin.:  ''>  liii-i  tlfpartnu'iit  of  ili.'  law 
of  cini. lover's  iiiiliiliiv  Mciiis  Ix'  '  ilv  ^rnwiiijr.  Nor,  wli.n  v... 
coiifidrr  ilic  cxliTtiic  va;;iii'ii' --  >>{  i  •  i  ■sN  i.ni|Miiiii<i(Ml  for  ilic  piv 
])(»«•  of  (li'itiiifiiiisluii^  acts  uliidi  an  ,  fi'in  ai't«  \vlii<'li  aiv  iioi 
Itv  a  .servant  as  the  iiiii-t'i-'-  i('|ii<'-riif .1 


I'xpf'otina;  tliut  the  fmilur  <•!  n-iti. 
will  Im'  iiialrrinll^v  acirliiatod.' 

'  "Thi-  hiiiindiirv  lino  iM'twri'ii  the  n 

of  H  niiiiln    ;iiicl   llir  iiil   cif  i tii|il(iyi- 

I*  Mniiicliiiic«  i|Uil<-  \;i;,'iii'  mill  ^,lml|l>WJ•. 
HaiikiiiH  V.  .V.H    )<,ik.  I..  H.  .f  11.  It   »'o 

(lt*!»l|    U-.'  N.  V    4111.   )J1.  r,  \j    It.  A 
antl.    ;IT     N.     K.     4i;'i;     \itl(i    v.     Kmiin 

(  imtTi   15  .Npp.  Div.  :f.M»,  »4  N.  V.  Siip'i. 


i.t  ilicri'  aiiv  m'oiiiiil 
l'riii.'i|ili'-'   ill   till'   li 


I'lii 


( 

in.l 

■(• 


I    t'  • 

IV. lilt-      f 

liyr.'.  h 
o  is  I' 

illlTi'.i'll     I 


Minn.  311,  .->;i  All!    n.].  ;;■■ 
•il'.K   i-   «i'i  ili>    I  f    1'  'I  I'      I- 

IITIIP    1    1"    til.-    illllillllt  I'   -    I.t     I   \ 

1  ri-iiiii   '  fii'   i\\\  i-i.  r    liM    I 
i|i.|..jr|||.  ,.      iliiiii,      ^'inl     r . 
:   "-w  ■llii-    I" 

I.,      r.  '     ■      .         ,!■     lllllil  >        1    . 

•1-H--  il|i'l'-Ili'  ll     ll-     llii    I'   I 

.i|    ■      "h      ri*-|liilIoil)t''     'i'     '': 

t   ■    •  ni  ■.''i^ji'iM'i'  lit'  I'M'i  V  1 11. 

'  .  i  lilml  illtllltr    Ili*    »I.(I  i"  1 

II     l'"l  Il'l'lllill^,'    till'         1  -' 

\, .   Ill    "    .III  ii-  ill  till'  iii.i'  •'  I 


In  Friisir  V.  Hill  Itiiir  l.iinilnr  f 
(lH!tl)  V<  Minn.  •-':(.">.  47  N.  W.  is:,,  th. 
pourl.  :iftfr  ri'I'iii  in;;  III  till'  nili-  iImI  tin- 
qiii-tioM  wliilliir  till-  ^irvaiit  i»  a  viro 
prini'i|ial  iiiii-t  lir  ilitn  iniln  1  li.V  tin" 
natiiri-  nf  the  iliilii-  uliirli  :,!•  is  (mt 
forming,  prnnrilril  tlni*:  'Wliili'  we 
have  no  ili-i  n-it  imi  l.>  impinyi-  iipuii  tin- 
jiisl  anil  ^aliitiirv  luli-  ilial  niiikiH  it  ini.:ipprilii'nNiiin  cif  llir  nili>.  hIihIi  Ii.i- 
the  pritiiiirv  iliil.v  nf  llir  min-ti'i  to  liir  -iiintiiri-i  ari-iii  fioiii  lii«iiit'  'i.lit  ■■' 
■     ■  •    ■'     ilii>     ilistini  lii'ii      liitwi'cii      niii'  wli"     i- 


if  t'l'pairiii);,  rv  n  liniii;;.  oi'  wntiliiiu  tli. 
iii^ti  iiiiirnt;ilitii-  itili  mliil  fm  I  In-  ■■•- 
otIiiT    wrMiiit'"        I    tliiiik    till-    1-    I 


nisli  t<i  111*  .i-!Viiiii^  *.ifc  in-tniiiirn 
Ill's  anil  |.hnr^  fur  work.  Vfl  wi- 
satinlii'il  tluit.  in  iniiiv  i:i> 


rllitlli 


till 


illll".     Ill    tllr    ruMlri 


lilll     till'    piiuiT-    I  I    tllr    in  i-Ii  r 
ill     Ml|KTVi-iiin     "1     -I'll!! 


irol 


iiliili; 


:ti    1. 


i.y 

Hrtitlciiil     ica-iiiiin^'.     Iiavi- 
riilp  alli 
h(-l(l    till 


ill    irliii.il    ami    ilrpiiitiiK'nt   of  tlir  liii-inr".  ami 


vli. 


I'tlli 


ton 


fa 


mil   111 


1  villi     til'-    ;i;i<   liitr   liir 


H-    ll'pi 


I'titativi'  or  'i"i 


oft  I 


if  llip  ma-ti'r.  ami   oiii'  «li 


o  ^imiif,^ 


-trr    li.ilili-    in    ra-^-s    hIicic    piironiis  what    may  lio  tcriiii'il  tmii'  f\ 


(lie  iiiitiitoiiil    niinil*  nf   layimn.    in    ll ru'ivn 


ll, tails 


ri'i 


exercise  nil 


ilv  of  I'liiiinioii  -ens 


iM 


lit   of 


liki-  III. 


iir'iesilatin;;ly   *ay   tli.it   tin-  master 
not  lioen  ilinliil    in   tlie   |»rforiiia 
any  ilul.v 


hail    of     o|H'rati 


a     r.iilii'a 


ll.     inrlii 


■lU    ll 


servant" 


Will 


if    many  ilepMi  1  until*  ami   -o  many 
hat    it   niav  not   al«ay- 


oF  *er\  11 


it    is    eonsiilereil    thai.    Hliire    iiiiiiieious    ea-y    111 
enipIoyi*«'s  an 


itler    to    ilraw    the    line   hi  i     '•  'i 


the 


ill  eni;:i.l.'eil  in  pii-.e(iiliiiu'    1ho-e    « ho  are  to   lie  ileeineil 


general  oliieit.  there  i-.  Iiaiilly    ii|.al-.'  or  repre-enia 


tlVl 


f  till 


one    of    them    whose    iliitiis    ilo    not.    in    ai 


111    III! 


to  he  ileenii'ii     )• 


p» 


ft.  at   least. 


lonie  wav  ri 
fthi 


(Tert  the  safely  of  the  in-triiii 
with   wliieh.  or  <if  the   pi 


late   to 
i-ntaliliis    fact   of 

iL-iii.' 


lllN.'    1-  to  oilier  elliplnyi 


vhi.li, 


I'll  a  ili-timt  nii   is  evi  n  « 
■ll.      To  hohl   that   the  mi-ti 


liiit  III.' 

lliTv 


the  others  work,   it  is  easy    to  s.m-  that    lespoii-ihle  to  his  s.Tvants  fi  r  t 
the  nile  referred  to  may  tie.  as  it   often    ;;eiiee  of  every  eniployn 


has 


heen. 


irrie<l 


far 


a.s    to    praet 


rally    niropate    the    whole    doctrine    of    partnieiit      o 


if  the   nie-l   -Ul' 

liiiate  ratiii  who  is  en;;a;;i-.l  in  lln    '!■■ 
e.xamiiiin.' 


'common  employment.' 

The    follow  in;;    pa>-.iRe 
senting     opinii 
7  icrnry  v.    If  inn 


tch 
frr.m   the   dis     taliti 


f       repair 


irdini.'    the    instniiiuM 


■i!    hy   other  emj-.h' 


in     of     Mitel 


.1..     in    virtually  ahmgate  th 


.,1.1 


vholi'  iliiilriii"  it 


rnpnlin  rf  St.  /,.    /?.   fn.   'iiommon  employment.'     There  is  hinlly 


Vrci:  I'lIIVt  ll'\f,^l|(l'-l»KT\ll->  <•»•"  VVnl  K. 


I7J7 


J  ah:.  I 

It  is  -xirtluii-tiilv  rvi<lciit  tliiit.  for  tlii-  il.'i<riiiiniiti"ii  -t'  ilif  .|iir.iiiiii 
wliat  wiirk  mil-.  i>r.liiin  rilv  U'  iiilni-lnl  l..  ■mt  ml-  w  itliMiit  linliiliiy 
ui  tluar  I'llluw  ".ciMiiir-  I'lif  tlnir  lu'^lijiriiri'.  tin  ,-..  ini'  .it  i1h» 
iin.liliin  i*  In  ili-if'i  v(  r  -miw  ndi'iiiiil  lia»i<  iii«p|i  uhii'li  ilir  iliinrv  iliiit 
iIm  iiiii*t<r  i>  ninliT  ail  iilwiiliiif  i'i)lit;Mii.iii  in  ii»i' .liic '-iiic  in  |ii  x  iijiiiii 
;iiii|  iiiiiintiiiiiiii^  a  ^at'f  ciix  irciimi'iil  t''>r  iii-'  «<'r\aiit-  -i.ili  !«■  ail- 
jii-ii .'  til  the  |>riH'ti<al  .-ilinilioii  'viiii-h  r. -nit"  ffu-u  llic  fai'i  iii.it  my 
.IrlitKUK'iu'.y  of  II  -cfvaiif  wliicli  M.tiiallv  (•vcntuait-  in  injnrv  t.,  a  li  1- 
liAv  servant  mii-l.  in  ilu'  vcrv  luiturr  of  tlic  I'lisc,  i.|icral('  xo  a-  t"  rdi- 
ilc;  tin-  i-nviruiiiiii-iil  <■  llir  -iitfcrcr  un-atV.-  It  i-  i-lrar  tinii  ili" 
|iiiililciii  i-i  not  *it-<'rj  :il>lr  of  tlic  HJinplr  ■<"lntii>n  -nniclitiii-  r\ 
|,liii!U  -iiliniilti  <|  liv  I'onii-i'l,  ati'l  still  nioiv  fri'iinfiilly  r<'|iinlialf.!  liv 
jinjiri'*  ill  »lnir  oiiinions,  that  a  ilriini|nrnr\  may  ••.m-liintc  a  linai'li 
f  till'  jiia-tfr's  'Inly  lu  ftii-ni-li  a  -afc  placf  -if  WMi-k,  iniTfly  l>cfan-« 
tiip  placf  ■  :   vvoik   is  llicnliy  ni:nlc  niisafr  t'>.r  llif  tiiiii'  U'iii}:.'      All 

an  cninlnvcp  in  tdf  -cn  i   >•  of  uny   mil  nt'iinl  In  siirli  n  poiil'Htiiiii :    "'i'lic  wnnl 

rrail    wli.i-f   .lulii-    i\«    n..t.    ill    [..ilt.    ,il  iil.i'i-.'     ill     i:  v      |ilcl;;MMnl.     iikmii^     tlii' 

lii-t,   nliilc  111     lie  'ii;illi'r  iif  in;iiiil:iin  |iri  iiii-(-«   wImf..  iIii-  \»,.iI.   i-      ■  iiiir  i|..tii' 

iiii;  ill   *'>1v  riiiiilili.iii  the  trark  or   mil-  iiml  iloi-s  not   inTi)|irilhfiil  Ilu    iifi^lrj.-'it 

ini;  ^li"k.      If  till'  nilr  111'  tliMt   ill!  Ilii's"  mt-    of    fi'ljciu     ,ii\:iiit-     'i.V    ».:i-ii|i    nf 

,11.,  hill'   11..    rrfiri  -.III    till'  inn-liT.  :iii(t  will   li    thi-    |>liiii'    i-    li.|i.|.'r>'<l    nn-iifi-  or 

,iri.  in'ifiirihiiiB  lii*  .liitv.  tlii-  -iiiiii'  riilft  iImii  .•■•riiii-i.     Tlir  fjrt  thit  flu-  m;.'ll'jiiit 

Miii-t    ill-    ;i|i|>lli'il    til    :il"l    iiiii-Irr-    alike,  act    ,if  ii    fi'lliiH    HiiAanI    rrinlcr-.    .    plaii- 

Suih  11  Mill',  if  aiipliiil  to  fariniT".  iiiami  of  ">.rk   iiii^aff  i.-  no  -iiif  .mil  -     .    ti'-L 

'idiiiii-.    and    iilliiT-.    VMiiilil.    I    Ihi'ik.  of  tlif  iii.i   li  i'- diitv  aiiil  liaMlilx    .-i  lliis 

,t  a  railii-al  rliiiii>;i'  in  hIi.iI   lia-  Imii  ri-|"'t.  lor  it  !■     ■    "I'll  Im.  -ai.i  II. ii  .my 

.u|i|iiiMHltii  Iw  thi' law.     Aii.l  >.  I  Ihi-  i-.  iii  jl.  .'i.t'ci'    wliic,    ir»iilt~    in    iliiii.iL'i-   to 

I  llmik.  till'  lii;.^!;!!   ii-iilt    to  «iiicli   lli im^i.tii'     iii.iki'-     i     |iarl  iiiilar    -|>iit     or 

.  |iiiiii>n  in    lii.<  I'a-i'  wmilil  -iim  to  li-ail :     |il. laiiu'iTiau  or  iin-afr.      To  ~i'  li  I'l 

tVr  I  laii  -I'l'  no  ili-tini'tiiin   in   |iriini|ili'  w.nilil    viiliially    tii-   inakiii'.'   tin-    ni.i-lir 

Utwi'i-n  tlii'^i' "far  ins|ii'rtiir-"  and  -will  li  n -|H.ii-ilil|.   tor  any   ni'yli^i  iic  c  uf   a    dl 

tiiiilii-.    -tat  inn    a«i-iit-.    ciiaid-.    watili  low    -iTvaiit    wliiili    rindn  -    a    plaii'    "f 

ni.n.   and    thi'    liko.    in    -ii    far    a-    tlnir  umk  iin-afi'  nr  dan;;i'iiiii-.      Ii   wi.nid  lir 

•  lutic-  ri'l.iti'  to  inaititainiiiH  i"  -afi-  mil  dniii'.'    Ilii'    vi-ry    tliiiiL'    wliiili    it    i-    tlir 

.ill!.. a   till'   inai-liiniTV    and   otliiT    in-liil-  pnliiy  and  ulijirt  of  the  I'l'in  :  .1 1  iilli'  ii"t 

i',..iil.ilili..<    of    till'    Ina-tiT,    ili'-i^'iii-l    to  to  do.      It  woiilil  crcali' a  liiliilil>   wliidi 

U-  ii-i'd  liy  hi-  i'ni|iloyii's."  tlii'  ma^trr  rmild  not    ivoiil  In   tJir  1  \(r- 

Mn    a    VI  ly    ii'ii-nt    la-o    wi'    t\nd    tln'  li-i'  of  any  div'ri'i'  of  fnri-i:jlit  or  i.iii'." 

\'..»   Viak  ciiiKi  of  app'aln  I'oiiiiiii'iitiii;:  In    Sluiiihiiiliii-    v.    HinnLhiii    I'ihi    It. 

n\mn  111.,   tart   tliat    "aniliT  tti.'  ii»i->'  of  '".    iH'.tti)    !»    \p|>.    Hiv.    IJ'i    41    \     V. 

;iii  appliiiilinn    of  the   ralr   riipiiriii";   a  Siipp     I'JS.   tli..  .onrt.   in   di,|.ii->iii;;   llio 

n  a^li.f    to     fun  i-li     11     ri'a-onalih     wafo  ii.iiti.nt  Ion  of  t  lir  pi.,  iitiir  t  l.at    tlii'  .a-i' 

|.l,i(T  for  'li-  -iTVant-  to  work  in.  otlior  till    within   tli..   priii.ipli'  tli.it    a    nia-lrr 

iillciiipt-  111  fi.ri'  tlii..   lia\,    iinn   inadi-  lo  i^    lioiiii.l    to    I'liiiii-li    a    rra-oiialdy     -afo 

ili|iriii     a    ijilpnilant     of    tin-    hfiii'fit    of  plavi'    for    lii-    -irv.ml-    to    wiik.    -ai.l: 

iiM..|li..r    I'lpially     woll  -i-ttl|.d      iiid     jii-'  "If  tlii-  nili'  i-  appli.  .ildi-  to  tin-  |  L'-i'iit 


mil'  of    th..    law     of    ii..;;liyi'nri'.    tliat 
pirty  .<liall  not  lie  In  Id   ii'spoii-ildi'  to 
-iivaiit  for  an  injury  ..ii-.i^ioiifd  liy  tli. 
nidlict     of     a     ooin|Htriit      iiM'tiiployi'i'.' 
I'nij,  V.   11(1111  rs    (1«!W|     157   N     Y.  2.">1 
■A  N    K.  \\V2.\. 
Mn  Hermnnn  v.  Port  UlidcUj  Mill  ( 


ra-i'.  tlii'ii  it  would  folli  w  tlial  for  I  lir 
III  uliiliiiii'  of  .iii\  -irvaiit  to  wlioni  tin' 
iiia-tiT  li.id  |.iiiiiiiiitti.d  tlir  diil>  of  pt" 
vidim;  a  -afi-  plarr  1  lio  ina-lrr  liini-rif 
would  111'  lialdr.  1  I'  ink.  liowrvrr.  Hiat 
Ihi..  i..  Tint  till,  i-asr  .1  'a  pla.-f'  wililitl 
thp   uifaiilnL'  of  til.    ml...      .\-  -taii'.l    in 


18'J6)   71  Fed.  8.13.  the  court  said  Willi    liutlcr   v.    'Juii  nirml    (ISHl)     120    X.    Y. 


:i!': 

ljii;i- 


I 


is  ;h 


1718 


MASTKIt  A  NO  SKUVANT. 


[chap.  XXXil 


the  authoritios  arc  agreed  sis  to  tlip  general  pnipwitic.n,  that  a  mastor 
who  has  furnished  a  veiisnniiblv  safe  place  to  work  in,  and  reas<>iiably 
safe  appliances  to  work  with,  i-iinnot  be  held  liable  to  a  swM-vant  wliiw 
ooser\-ant  has,  by  his  negligence,  rendered  that  place  or  those  aji 
pliancos  unsafe,  without  the  matter's  fault  or  knowh'dge.*  But  linn 
are  too  many  latent  anil)iguitie.s  in  such  a  statement  to  admit  of  it- 
being  used  as  a  serviccaiile  dilTerentiatiiig  test  of  liability  or  tihh 
liability.  Nor  is  the  situation  retidered  at  all  clearer  by  laying  dnui, 
the  rnle  that,  if  the  iiciiligeiit  ai't  or  omission  of  a  servant  was  in  tin 
discharge  of  the  sen-ant's  duty,  the  master  is  not  liable  to  cwrvani- 


in  tJie  same  employmeuf  for  such  negligent  act  or  omission."     I^i 


iMllKlllv 


tt 


106.  2B  N.  K.  1017,  ilinil.tli-x  in  one 
seiiHC  of  tliii  tvnn  tlir  I'luployre  inii-*t  al 
w.iy8  be  in  some  place,  iiml  Umililli"*-'. 
also,  the  place,  in  a  '.I'ltain  sense,  is  not 
safe  if  an  acciJent  oeeiiis  tlieie.  But 
the  nile  that  the  nia-ler  nni»l  provide  a 
safe  place  for  work  onlv  a|>|>lies  where 
the  work  and  the  place  aie  not  con- 
nected; where  the  work  is  not  in  the 
construction  of  the  place." 

"The  ne;»li({ent  use  liy  «ine  employee 
of  perfectly  safe  machini'iy  \>ill  sel.loni 
be  adjud^'id  a  breach  of  the  iiiasler'n 
duty  of  providing  a  safe  ptiee  ti>r  other 
empIoyecB.  Such  a  cons, nut ioii  woiihl 
make  any  nejrliRcnt  nii-ipl:ui  ment  of  a 
switch,  any  nefrlijjent  eelli-^lon  of  trains, 
even  any  ne<;lijr<'nt  druppinj.'  "f  tools 
about  a  factory,  a  breaeli  uf  I  lie  iluly  <tf 
providing  a  safe  place."'  Ilmiurd  v. 
Ihnvtr  d  R.  a.  R.  Co.  (ISHr.i  -.iO  Fed. 
837. 

"That  it  was  the  duly  of  ap|>ellant  to 
use  ordinary  care  in  fiiriii-liini;  ap|)ellce 
a  suitable  "track  ami  otiier  applianei'S 
>ipon  and  with  whieli  to  do  his  work. 
Itiero  can  l)e  no  question;  but,  if  his 
fellow  servants  nejili^'ently  encroached 
upon  this  trii  .  while  he  w:is  al  work, 
it  must  bo  re-iarded  as  their  nefili;.'eiiee. 
and  not  the  net'liueiiee  of  the  masli'r. 
Were  the  rule  ditfiTent.  every  servant. 
profHTly  enj.'a-.'ed  in  operating.'  cars  upon 
the  track,  who  reei'ivcs  injury  throujili 
the  neplifjence  of  another  servant  in  ini 
properly  running  thereon,  would  lie  en- 
titled to  recover  against  I  he  master.  In 
other  word",  in  every  case  of  collision  of 
two  trains,  those  employees  receivii  g 
injury  who  were  not  in  fault  would  hi 
entitled  to  recover  against  the  master, 
by  reason  of  the  negligence  of  those  who 
were  in  fault,  upon  t!ie  theory  (hat  the 
duty  of  the  ma,--ter  in  rel'erc>nci'  to  the 
track  applies  aa  well  to  the  acts  of  fel- 


low servaiils  as  to  strangers.  We  in 
I'lini'  l<i  tliiiik.  as  an  original  pio|in-i 
tion.  that  this  would  ll:l\e  heill  till- 
pro|«'r  rule  for  our  courts  to  hiivc 
adopted,  hut  the  advi'r~e  deci^iiins  jp' 
iiii»  toil  numerous  to  umlertakc  to  nwr 
turn  them."  Tt.ais  rf  /*.  li.  Co.  v.  ('(irii/i 
hrll  (!8!>4:  Tex.  C'lv.  App.)  .'Ill  S.  U 
IIIM. 

Compare  the  language  \i>ed  in  .I'lr 
man  v,  Clnnnii)  d-  <!.  T.  It.  f'li.  (Isii.-, 
98  .Mich.  l:i.">.  .17  N.  \V.  K:  \hirh,i  » 
Atchiiinn,  T.  <f  .*>'.  /■'.  R.  ''«.  iisuri  H,'. 
f.  S.  :t!m.  41  I.,  ed.  IO,-)l.  17  Sup.  (1 
l!i'p.  tiO:t:  lliihmiiud  l.<i,;,ni',ln :  ,1 
\l<i<li.  ll(,/7,.s  v.  roid  (iHUTi  IM  V,i 
(127.   'i7    S.    K.    ."illll;    .hnl.ills   V.    Itiihm..,' 

.(■  II.  R.  <'„.  (  IHiCii  .111  S.  ('.  .'.07,  IS  s 
K.  182;  ami  also  the  iax>s  as  t<i  the  il 
iu>tment  ol  railway  s\\i;"|ie~  cileil  in 
S  flIO.  note  I.  sulid.'dll.  i„frii. 

•"When,  however,  it  a|i|>ears  that  th>' 
working  place  originally,  ami  when  tin 
«nuployee  was  "ent  t*>  dit  the  wnrlv  i''.-). 
was  reasonably  safe,  hut  ticcaiiie  uii-if-' 
at  the  particular  timi-  of  tin-  a'ciii.ii! 
by  causes  that  eiaild  not  have  h.vii 
anticipated,  by  c.vigeiieies  creatcil  in 
carrying  out  the  details  of  the  «iirk  er 
by    the    neglect    of    a     tcllow    servant. 


dilTercMit   rnle  is  applicald 
U'iltii    (IS!l!l)    -A-)  V.  ('.   A.  7S 
App.   I.">7,  '.'2   Kc<l.  884, 

"If  a    master  provide  a   safi 
wvrk.    it    is    the    iluty    of   a    s 
attention  to  details  of 
c.vecution.  to  guard  it 


H.ilnl  V 

f;:t  I .  s 

placi'  1   I 

TV  a  HI    ''V 

iirningi'iiicii'  ;<'"' 

agaiii-l    iii-ciiu 


dy :  and  if  a  servant  he  injured  hi 
neglect  of  such  details,  no  matter  hv 
whom,  the  negligence  is  that  of  a  fell"« 
servant."  (Imgheguii  v,  Mln.s  S.  H.  '■ 
( 18!i:i)  .1  Misc.  224,  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  74'" 
'  Snilrlil  V.  (lU)HIiilhriiil  Siii'li iiiil  >''■ 
i  1900)  04  N.  .T.  L.  (i05,  50  L.  K.  A.  417. 
40  Atl,  711. 


imk 


5  .-.HtiJ 


\  U  K   l'l!l\(  ll'.\l>llll'      DKTAII.S  III-  \V(»1:K. 


I7in 


in.lctillit,-   i^   llir   .liK-tfilir  lIlMl    til.-   Il.-liji.'ll.v  .if  : -rrVMIl!    wliicll    TV 

lirvi's  a  i.ia.-KT  iVuiii  li;il.iiitv  i^  llir  ..iui-si..ii  ,,f  -ii.li  ,-,,Mrv;mi  t..  \n-v 
form  some  ii.-l  wlii.'li  il  i- lii^  .liity  t-.  pcrf-ini."  In  imiciiral  lil  i,:;;iii..ii 
ilicrcforc,  the  courts  liavc  liccii  :ic.n~i..iii.Ml  lo  ivlv  railin-  uim.i.  . •.■!•- 
l„ivi  siilisitliarv  c.nic.i.i  inn-  wlii.-li,  wlini  it  i-  an,il,v/..Ml  frum  vari.-ii-^ 
|'„,inU  of  view,  till'  fi.iinal  |ii-iii.-il.lc  iMi.l.ilv  iiii:  ilir.-.,.  ami  similar 
l„riimlarics  is  f..mul  to  iiivnlv.  I'lio  vari.ii-  -.f  |il'rascul..i;v  in 
>,  liicli  111.'  r.'Milts  .,f  this  analvsis  tiii.l  (•:;|ir."i..ii  arr  iinil*'  iniiiirr..iis. 
I,ul  iiiav  all.  it  woul.l  M'ciii.  li.'  gnuiiica  iiiMl.r  on.'  ..f  tlu'  lica.l.s  m.li- 
cal.'.l  ill  ill.'  f.ill.iwiii;;  -.(clions. 

"One  .lisiiiii;iii>liiii^  f.atiiiv  wliidi  i-^  «>ft.ii  lu'lpftil  in  .loiilitfiil 
.MM's  is  ilial  ..f  staliilily;  if  lii-  iin|il.iii.iil,  aiipliaii.'.'.  or  stni.Miir..  is 
,„,,.,„aii.iit  ill  its  .•liara.M.'r  lli.'  .Inty  of  .■xcivi-iii^  a  ivas.mal.l.'  .l.'iiivc 

..tcaro  in  iis  x'l.M'ti.ui  ai  .1  iiiaiiit-Miaii.'.^  is ■  fp.iii  wlii.'li  iIh'  iiiast.'r 

,,„mot  ••s.'apo.  Wli.ivas.  if  it  Iv  I'-naM.'.  ii-  ..iv.'ti..n.  l.«-au-ii.  ami 
„,„.rnti..ii  ii.av  I..-,  ami  j^.^iwrally  an'.  iv;'anl.'.l  as  iii.'r..  .IctaiU  ol  tli.' 
w.irU.  wlii.-li  JM  riaili  lo  ill.'  .■iiipl. .>.■.■."' 

586.  Supervision  of  details,  not  a  master's  duty.—  The  hl.m  -.n.ial 
..„•„,  ill  whi.-h  til.'  iiiiiils  of  a  iiiasfi--.  ..Miualioiis  ar-  ~m-.',.|,I  il.l.'  ..f 
1,,'iTi!:- stat.'.l  is  til!"  '"•  '^  ""'  '""""'  '"  ^"I"-'-^'-''  "I"'  >'"■'•'■'}■  'No-iitiv.' 
il.fails  «i  ihc  w.uk  lo  h.'  .loii.'  h.v  his  »,r\  aiil.-.' 

'nm,.  V   rinr.niu    1/   .f  si    I'.  It.  <',..   ,\r\:n\.     It..  I  V.   \"-  y.„i:  r.  ,(  II    If. 

.  ■,;,.',•      11/,,/ .H'.»'.,     m    A,-|..    M,    I,.  .M.I    ,„  |„,.-,.,,S..   !,..«    „,;,„>    n„M 

|,iv      2.-,.  .11    v.  V.   S,,,.,..  T:!I.  l.-aM   I'-   -"t    -l'  ;•    •-'••  "'   -'•-  "" 

V    l/,f;,„(/.    (IH!..-,)    .W   N.  .1.   I..  -I.i'.i.  ■■••■.    ilH-ii    .m„  -..,-,■-  .1.  11,.'  -.•l,H,...i  ..    II..- 
.   ,    ,   '.  l,ii;il     ..HI     .il     til.-     ill,."     |>r..w.l,..|     f..i 

,,,..,.,1   t.,  ..   •■,...rM.,.n...il    ,,tl  ..'. Ill"    ill    ii-"l>  ■'-   '•'  ""•  '";",""■'   ',     "■";"':,      f 

,.1,.,,,,,..  „n-  ,.N..  .■...iii..~t,.,i  ill  \,„' 1..^  .•"i|.i...v.-<.  ,'.';.■'•;■',"','",." 

r.n.hnoh    r.,„l   .(■    r.    (■.,.    V.    /•,/,,-.„    I.I...V.-.-  1-  I-  -l^ill'il  il'^'i'  ,..i..l  li.i.  -'■ 

K.h    l:'.i  in.l.  :!"S.  :!.  N.  K.  7.  Il-    li-l    U...I..--    p..-n-i.-.    -I.I    -    - 

-It  »,...i.i  1...  ..M.'.i.ii.i;i  11..-  ii.'i'iii'\  'i'"-'";'  "■  ''■^-  ';'.'"'•-■  """  ""',.  ''  'n 

,.,f    |1„.    ,„.i~..T    1m-v 1    ,.nv    ..^LiMi-li.'.!    Ill-    .vl:,n..M    to    111-   .■ii,i....v,.,    ...I..   In- 

..,,!,„,,, ,.,,,,  ......,i,.,i  -m  iiii.i.T  i.i>  -III  \M..'"  II..'  .I...-.-'. I  ..t  H..'  '■"-;•,-;;;. 

;i,„.|,   „Htl,„.i/.-.    il."      //.— V    V.    <:,.,.r    1..   |.r..vi.l.-   Ill-   "...kill.'"    "I'll    ^'    "■•'-" 
ilss...,    112    \.    V.   (ill.  :<   I..    K.   A.  .-..v..    ,.l.l.v    .■..•..(..■l.nl    •...■.■..i.ni    ,1-    (.'    po'^  'j' 

(1,,.!..    with    I.1.1K:     ll.lt.     Ill    .llllIT    .M-l'.    I.H 


i'»  N.   K. 


Ill, 


in,wt.'r  I 


^   ilii.lir  i.i.  ili.l  V   til  11.  . 


ll;illtlilV    .■.•.-.•-    « 


•^    wlllll    11  ■    Il 


.1.. 


..'^.il:il  i'.iis    im 


to     lll.ll.TS     .if     (.\..<ll 


liv.i    ,.lil>'    seli'iti.iil.       Wli.'f     riiii,iiiis    lo    Ix' 


il 


'I 


\..l,   II.  M.  A 


1720 


MAKTKI!  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap.  xx\ii, 


|jbi|  :  ^ 

! 

iSW  i    ^ 

I  \ 

Hit     !^ 

■iff' 

1    ;l 

I 


11 


SI  i! 


;fi;l 


A  doiiiil  (.f  the  work  in  litis  sense  lias  been  defined  ns  inivtliiii-  .<.. 
"conn.Tted  with  work  being  done  as  to  be  an  essential  part  of  its  ji-i-- 
fornianec"  and  "neeessary  tx>  in.>nre  its  safe  coinpletimi."*  IJnt  \hU 
detinition  is  not  of  mudi  assistance  except  in  so  far  as  it  is  explainr,! 

done  is  tlmt  liich  workman,  wtintovcr 
hU  nitik  or  skill  or  expt'rii-iici'.  ^-Iiall, 
with  riMsoiiiihtf  (lilifience  iiiiil  iiitclli- 
Bcnw.  (iisclimye  his  duty  tnttaids  lii.s 
enii>l<iyiT  aiiJ  lii^  Mlows. 

"We  are  not  di^iHwed  to  discuss  tlie 
question,  on  wliieli  some  courts  liave 
difTiTed.  how  far  down  in  the  cliain  of 
delet'atod  appointim-nts  the  master  is  to 
be  lield  .is  hound  to  personal  su|H'r- 
visiim.  The  start infj  point — that  he  is 
only  liahle  for  his  own  neglect— is  one 
from  which  we  have  no  right  to  depart. 
And  it  is  plain  ciiou^'h  that,  when  he  is 
held  to  anv  personal  su|>ervision  which, 
from  the  nature  of  his  business,  is  im- 
practicable, the  rule  is  violated,  and 
there  is  no  tjiimible  distinction  left  be- 
tween liability  to  servants  and  liability 
to  strantit-rs.  "  We  think  some  of  the  de- 
cisions have  led  very  far  towards  de- 
strovinj;  all  means  of  discernment." 
Miv'higan  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Dolan  (1875)  32 
Mich.  ."ilO. 

"It  would  be  absurd  to  say  that  the 
owners  owimI  a  duty  to  the  seamen  that 
too  lonj;  a  hawser  sliould  never  be  used, 
or  that  signals  in  a  fog  should  he  prop- 
erlv  given  hv  their  own  vessel."  The 
Qiinn    (  ISS!))    40  F.mI.  694. 

A  railway  ctimpany  is  under  "no  posi- 
tive duty  to  supervise  the  details  of  the 
operation  of  switching  cars"  in  its  yard. 
rriilriil  II.  Co.  V.  K'lirin  (ISO.'i)  HIO 
V.   S.   2.')!»,   40  L.   ed.   418.   10   Sup.   Ct. 

.\  railwav  company  cannot  he  hela 
liable  for  llie  iicgligi'tice  of  the  foreman 
of  n  gang  of  HMck  rejiairers  in  failing 
to  set  a  lookout,  as  prescrilK'd  by  a  rule 
of  the  company,  upon  the  theory  that 
some  one  else  should  have  liKiked  after 
him  and  seen  that  he  did  his  cUity. 
Ituthie  v.  Ciihildiiinn  I',  f'o.  (1898)  24 
Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  4tli  scriis,  934. 

In  /i'i/"»  v.  Ciiiiihirhind  VnlUn  R.  Co. 
(1S,")4)  23  I'a.  3S4.  the  court,  in  dis- 
cussing an  allegation  of  the  plaintiff 
(a  laborer  on  a  construction  train  who 
was  injured  bv  the  carelessness  of  the 
engineer),  that  the  neglect  of  the  engi- 
neer in  failing  to  sec  that  all  the 
cars  were  safely  coui)lcd  before  start- 
in"  bis  tram  was  chargealile  to  the 
companv.  oliscrved :  "This  alleged  duty 
did    not    grow    out    of    any    contract 


between      the      plaintilT     and      the     il( 

feiidaiits,    else  the   contract    wiaiM    li.n.- 

been      charged      as      an      esscTitial      aii.l 

relevant    bond   of   their    relation,    »Iiiili 

has    not    been    done.      If    it   w.i-   a    <\n\\ 

which  the  engineer  owed  to  the  pl.iiMlii'i 

in  any  way,  tlicn  the  action  ought  to  !,.■ 

against    him    for    the   bn-ach    of    it.      II 

he  owed  it  to  the  defendants,  then  tli.v 

alone  can    eoni|dain   of    its    nonprfumi 

anee.       The    duty     must     tluivff.r.'    I.c 

allegM  as  that  of  the  defendant"  to  th.' 

plaintitr.      In    what    form    shall    wc    pui 

it.    or    how    shall    we    dcline    it?      N   it 

that,  when  persons  arc  cmplojcil  to  \\.^\ 

for  others,  the  employi^rs   are  boiiii'l  t'l 

see  that   the  instruments  of  tlair  work 

arc  and  shall  continue  in  a  coii.lition  t.. 

be  u.sed   with    safety?     Then   the  c.r.i,!i 

man,  the  wagoner,  and  the  carter,  v.li. 

ought  to  know  more  about   the   \cliiili- 

which  they  use  than  their  cniplnvcr^  il" 

have  a  priutical  warranty  that  llnv  ^ii" 

in    gooil    order,    though    practically    «■ 

know    that    many    of    them    ar-    iiciilv 

worn    out  :    the    wood    chippixr    ami    iIm' 

grubber   are    insured    that    tlieir  a\c  cr 

mattock  shall  not  iujure  them  by  ll.Ninu' 

«ilT  the  haiiille;  the  engineer,  the  mill.'. 

the  cotton  spinner,  and  the  wiwl  eji.l.r 

have  a  gu.iranty  for  the  acddents  il.;ii 

may  befall   thcni   in  the  us.-  of  the  m  i 

chinery    which    tiny    profi -s    to   inil.r 

-tand.  and  which  they  ought  s,i  i,,  nal.  i 

stand    ."US    to    be    able    to    inform    th.ir 

cmplnyi  rs   when    it    is   out  r,f  enbr.     If 

this   lie    so,    then    llie   care   and    -Isill   M' 

quircil  of  workmen  i-  reduced  vi  ly  minli 

Ih'Iow     what    is    ordiiiiirily    e\piite.l    I'f 

llicm.       If    there    be   any    di-timli.  ii   1" 

twcen  any  of  the  ca-cs  put  ami  llic  en- 

in    hand."  it    is    ti»i    iiarniw    to  lie  m  m1.' 

the  foundation  of  a  new  rule,  or  In  m 

eel  the  firee  of  the  analogy  uliiili  tin 

iitl'ord.     Certainly  such  a  ilnty  \i-  ii.i.i 

been  considered  as  belonging  I"  li"-''  f; 

lations,  and  therefore  it  cannot  In-  law.' 

Other  illustrations  of  the  smiii' plir^i-'' 

ologv  mav  be  f<Mind  in  I>i  nmfi  '     v,  Ihin 

wa»n  {  ISIt9|   40  App.  Div.  ."iil2.  ."iS  \.  V 

Suiip.    110:    Hurt  v.   .V<  »■    Vml:  llu:,lim 

IhU  nmk  Co.  (  1SS2)   111  .baics  A  S.  4liO: 

/•■ni.-.r   v.    Shilt    (IH99I     I'JH    Mich.  <<li. 

79  N.  W.  s;(ti. 

■<lnlihn  V.  Sii;ilifir(ll    (IS'.iSi   :!:i  .\p|' 
niv.  IGl,  .')3  N.  V.  Supp.  41)0. 


j  587J  VKi:  IM!IN(ll'.\l-SIIIl'-  DKTAILS  (IF  WORK.  1721 

by  the  mure  cati-gorical  stuteinent!)  of  priiu-ipU-s  in  flic  following 
-wtions.'' 

In  iicarl.y  all  the  cases  in  which  this  rule  as  to  (h-tuils  of  work  con- 
stitutes a  protection  U>  the  master,  the  eviilence  shows  actual  ncgli- 
:;ciicc  on  the  part  of  the  feUow  servants  of  the  plaintiff.  Uiit  it  is  a 
mistake  to  lay  down  without  (iiialitication  that  "the  nejrlificnce  in  suc-h 
II  case  is  said  to  resolve  itself  into  the  nei;lifience  of  a  fellow  srrva:)f."' 

Sometimes  the  ciivunistances  seem  to  he  such  that  the  masii'r"s 
immunity  may  he  referre<l  indilTenntiy  to  any  one  of  tliv.'c  (-"n- 
ceotions,  viz.,  that  the  servant  was  himself  a  i)articii)ant  in  'he  aci- 
'f  negligence,  that  his  fellow  servants  weiv  negligent,  or  that  the 
negligent  act  was  an  incidental  detail  of  the  work,  as  to  which  no  duly 
oil  the  master's  part  can  hi'  predicated.'' 

587.  Merely  transitory  perils,  master  not  bound  to  protect  the  servant 
against. —  (See  also  S  '>'>1.  '"/'"•) — -^  form  of  expression  which  is 
iiften  met  with  in  recent  cases,  ))articiilarly  in  Mas>acliiisM'tis,  is  thai 
dierecan  he  no  recovery  where  "the  danger  to  which  the  plaiiililV  wa> 
( xposed  was  merely  a  transitory  one,  existing  only  on  the  sinule  oc 
casion  when  the  injury  was  sustained,  and  due  to  no  fault  <>(  jilaii  or 

'It  may  be  reninrki><l  tliat  liy  piml-  «itli  tlio  work  u\nm  flic  i>l:itf(iriii  tliii 
ioatinf;  tlii"  iiiin<'xi>li'iice  of  a  liiily  on  tlii'V  lud  cnctcil  to  »uit  tliiiii-hi - 
the  i>iirt  of  an  ciiiployee  allc;;iil  to  lie  a  If  his  jii(!^'iiiciit  was  wionir  «illi  ii->|.  .•: 
vice  ]irini'i|ial  to  sn|MTvisc  liis  snliordi-  to  the  sulIiriciu'V  of  tlir  iilnlfiriii.  ~o 
nates  in  tlio  ix-rforinancf  of  tlirir  «ork.  was  that  of  tlir  «orUiiicn.  Tiny  kniw 
the  noocs^ily  of  in(|uiriii^'  into  tin-  cor-  as  iiiiiili  witli  rc-^pot  to  tlic  safety  of 
rcctticss  of  that  allcfration  is  soim-tinieu  the  place  wlicic  they  stood  a>  he  did. 
disiK-nscd  with.  .\  conductor,  for  in-  None  of  thi>  iiiu-i  ns  Mi;;L'i-tcd  to  my 
stance,  is  bound  to  }.'ive  orders  as  to  tie-  one  that  the  scalTipld  wa-  uii^ife.  WIimI 
movement  of  the  sj'Veral  parts  of  a  ever  was  »aid  on  that  -iilijecl  \\;i-  l.y 
freiKhl  train  at  a  station,  i.'it  he  is  not  one  of  the  ]>liiiiihiis  ulicii  he  sau  i  h.- 
in  (filly  nijuircd  to  fidlow  U|i  i  oh  loakc-  men  iisin^,'  their  scalTold.  If.  iiiidei 
man.  and  soo  how  each  inoveiuei  t  i-  lliese  ciicuin^tanccs,  the  fmeiiiaii  h^d 
executed.  I'lh/m  v.  /woivov  I'ihi,  I'l.  refused  or  declinccl  to  interfere  uilli 
S.  it  (.'.  R.  I'o.  ilS!l2i  112  .\Io.  Hii.  IH  what  liail  Ikcu  dune  by  tlu'  Hnrkieui. 
L.  R.  A.  81".  2(1  S.  \V.  JS((.  where  it  and  he  Iriistcd  to  their  juilynieiil.  it  wa- 
was  held  not  to  be  iie;.:lijiiiii-  for  the  ii.il  "iicli  iie;;lii:eiicc  as  to  charfie  (tie  de- 
iHMidiictor  to  leave  to  the  lir.ikeuian  the  fi  iidant-*  with  the  r-'  ;ilt  of  ihe  acciilciit. 

work    of    secin;;    that    the    lirake-    were  It    was.  at   ^1.   '     ■    an  error  of    iudj.' 

prripeily  set   on  each   <f  Ih irs  which  iiieiit   on   the   par     of   the   foniiiaii    willi 

were  left  standing;  on  a  ;;rade.  reaped  to  a  det.iil  ot  the  work  in  which 

'■Itiiiis   V.    .S.'.    I.iiiiis,   .V.   i(    /'     I'm  1,1 1  Ihe     masons     were    enj;aged.        lie    con 

Co.    (1801)     4.1    -Mo.     .\pp.    :i'-is.    cilin','  iluded.  as  the  wiirknicn  theniMlves  did, 

Boirrii   V.   Chicofiti,    li.   .1-    K.    ''.    /*.    ''<i.  that    the   placi'   was   safe,  and    in   deter 

ilSSSi    O,")   Mo.   2(18.   277.   8   S.    \\  .   2;!l).  iiiiniiif;  that   (|Ue>tion  they  were   all   co 

Cnmpare     also     the     folliiwin:;     p:issnfT(>  -ervant-.' 

frciii  the  opinion   in    hiniiinr   v.    W  tbrr        Mil    llniian   v.   f'i'lil    (1887)    44   Hun. 

(l!*!l7l    l.'il   X.  Y.  417.   -l.'i   N.   K.   8(i0.  72.  the  ai'tion  was  held  to  be  barred  on 

".\ssuminj;  that   his  atteiiliiMi   was   so  (he  lir~t  of  the>^'  ;;rounds;  liiit.  upon  (he 

n)\nl  to  the  matter,  as   te-tilied   to  by  evideiic...    the    other    two    would    nppar 

till*  ttiliie-s,  was  the  forciiiMe   L'liiliy  of  nil  ly    have   been   available   as   valid   de- 

tic^li;;ence    attriliulalde    !o    the    iiia~lcr.  Iiiivs. 
in  permitting    the    workmen    to    )>o   on 


I' 


:ii  I 


1722 


MAMKl!  AMI  M;K\  ANT. 
1  t< 


IcUAr.    XXMl 

'lit  (IctV"!  <if  want  111 


(•(•nstnicticii.  or  luck  nf  rcpiiir,  iiiid  to  iii>  |htii 
safety  in  tlir  dctVii. hint's  wurU  or  in  tlir  iiiami.T  in  vvlii<-li  tlu'v  li;i,l 
b<"on" ordinarily  ns...!."'  Dr.  as  the  rule  has  also  l.r.-n  .•nun.-hit.-.l. 
"the  ahsoluic  ol.iifration  of  an  eiiiplovo,'  to  sec  that  due  care  is  iim-I 
to  iirovid.'  safe  appliMiu-.'s  for  his  workni.-n  is  not  ."xtcnd.-d  to  all  tl. 
i.assiiii;  risks  which  aris<'  from  short-lived  causes."^ 

588.  Dangers  caut3d  by  the  progress  of  the  work,  master  not  bound 
to  protect  servant  against. —  One  sjiecial  ajiplieation  of  the  gen.in 
eunception  iinde>  Ivlnf.  the  rule  stated  in  the  pivce.liiiir  s<vti..M  is  tiiiit. 
vvliere  the  work  is  of  such  a  character  that,  as  it  proj:re.s<.s.  tii,  , ,, 
vironmeiit  of  tlie  s<rvaiit  must  necessarilv  undeiyo  <"re.]Uent  chan::.  v 
the  master  is  not  l.'/.ind  to  protect  the  s..rvanis  enpiired  in  it  a;;aii,-: 
the  danji-ers  respiting  from  those  ehaiifres.'      The  cases  in  which  thi 

>  M,rl,„„    V.    .S>r.is   Mf<l.   Co.    (IS'.llll    ini;    fioin    a   failure   to   provide   a    -,,h 

n\!,inahry.  Iln,t   (ISHT)    HIT  Mms-.   .■nfipiise   in   the   pros,..Mili..ii   ..f  «l,i.h 
.5SS     111   V     K.    1-21.  IMT  Holmes.  .1.  oil    H'c    worktuen    are  eii^'aj:...!.        f   il.. 

.'wiHr-tlM-  pbue  as  ft  slan.ls  when  liM.  th-  ma-ter  is  linld...  .■ve"  t  „  u-, 
Ihe  «  .Ik  lH..i,s  i.  iH-rfeCly  <af.  .  an.l  (he  „e.^ll^'.■.u•e  .s  .a  of  a  .ervan.  I,. 
Z  .h,.,...,  .an  onlv  arise  as  the  work  ean.e  the  ,t..ty.s  that  of  the  n.aM.r  !■ 
1,.,L:..  an,l  he  Vau.e.l  hv  the  work  the  sceond.  it  |.<  the  ne^h.en.e  o  ,,  .. 
1„„7..  it  i.  not  the  ,lutv  of  the  emph.y.r  >eivant.  ..n.l  Iho  ,na<te.  is  not  h:hU-  t, 
,.  stand  l.v  .luring,  the  pro^Mess  of  the  it."  .V/„»W,n,/,,r  v.  «'''oU;/"  ''/' 
„„vk.  to  >;.e  when  a  dan-er  ari^.s.  It  To.  JM.  tl  App.  Div.  12!..  41  N.  ^ 
j,  snlli.  lent    if  h..  provides  against   such    Mipp.   1-8.  ...         ,   , 

|.,„."'is    .,s    mav    -ssihlv    or    piol.ahly         The   rule   that    a    master  is   horn,.; 
.  H.;    and  ..iv.-s'the  workmen  the  mean-    tuinish  his  s.-rvant  a  safe  pla.r  in  «  mh 
;:  'p,H..,lin.  themsoUes.     „ursl  v.  Cm-    lo    do   h.s    work    does    not    u,.ply      »   ,  ,■ 
,„,,,    .V/,,7  VV    (IHtMl)     173   Pa.    Ki'i.  .'t.-i    Ihe  pros.-iM  ...ii  of  tlu-  «oik  it-e  t  nuk, - 
.,;     ,,,,.,  Ilic-     place     and     <i.'ale-     its     ilaiiL'T- 

The'lutv  of  a   master  to   provide  his    „'r.,n,.V^^Io.l:   MS!.;.   22  A,.,.    !>-' 
>civants  a'  -af.-  place  in  which  to  work     Kl.i.  4S  X.   ^.  Supp.   <4 
.  .  .s       ot     attach'  -wheiv    the    place    '„•  I  he   rule  that    the  duty  of  f.irnM,     . 

.  „„es  danf:erous  in   the   progress  of  toe    an.l    mainta.nin,'   ^V  -'■. '•-;"•;,, ' 

-  '  appliances  is  noil  ih'h'i;al«h'  eantiol  ■<]• 
ply  t.i  a  eoiidili.)ii  of  dan;.'ci-  In..!!;;'. 
aliout  hy  the  iicL'li^'cnt  aits  of  a  scrv.m 
or  n  f.dl.m  servant,  for  wlm-e  a.i-  !• 
is  res]H)n-il.h>.  nor  to  th.'  Iiaz^ril-  ■<" 
daii'MTs    ari-iii;;    froi'i    11 iiiplnviiH 


wo;:,,  either  ni'cessarily  or  fr.im  .hi- 
manner  in  which  the  work  is  ihme " 
r7.r./.i-i./.  '".  r.  rf  St.  I..  K.  f".  V. 
Ihuin,  (H!«il  20  C.  C.  A.  147.  34  I  .  S. 
App.  7r.!>.  73    f.'.i.  !.7(». 

••Th.' I'Tiiiilover"- olili'-ation  towarils  an    ^  , 

,„„1     c       h.es    m.t    ohli...    him    to   keep    a  n.l  ^.•h.n..in;;  to  the  ,„.  nliar  ...  .•..,.a, 

o    wTKiii.'    place    in    a    saf,.    ....n.iit i..ii    in    whic.,    <h rvan      i-    ,.n,-a....l    .- 

,t  ev,.rv  m..m;.nt  of  th..  work,  so  far  a-    which     --in I    "I"-'/'"  •;"""' 

its  s«f..tv  .1.  ,-n.ls  .i,H,n  th..  ,l.ie  pcrf,.n„      mast..r  s     s.jn  ic...  -  .v.-    \-    f^; 

anoe  .>f  the  w.rk  hv   felh.w   servant-  ..I     \hn.   (  o.    (IS!..)     H-    Hah.   -V   ■'" 
the  emplov....."      /{.or./   v.    /,'..//..;    I  1S!I!1 1     Sl.^ 

1%  r  r    x  -n  r.3  r.  s.  App.  157.  ni      i"  '"''"/"  v.    i""""  '"''.""' 

""it     makes    a    va-t     .litlVi-.-nc,.    in    Ih.'    -t    N.   W.   335.  liO   V   )\;  ''•-'■;";;;,;;; ' 

,,„e>'i.'     .>f   the   liahility   ..f    th..   niast.r    ,,.iMni..nt,-.l    upon    Hi.'   taili t   .'  "' 

w'heth 


a. 


vWu^na 's.-rvant    m.vts  with  an    I.,  .ile  any  ..as..s  -,ipp..rtin-  the  tli.-n 
„cvi...i-    of  the  plaint  ilV  -that  a  mast,.r  i-  Mv'>''\ 


•cid.'iit    from    a    .l..|'.. 


urnti'j   throM^'h   the 
of  a  servant  eii^ai;..!  in  it- 
the  iii^diHeme  is  to  he  .lecmc 


I' 


Ji 


.n-trii..ti..ii 
d  as 


I. 


<.ti. 


th. 


,hi.h  "i. 


anil   ."•.■npi.'s  a- 


ris     iloing  his  work,  or  which  r.^siili 


5,S!IJ 


VUK  IMIINv  ll'.\l>llll'— DKIAII.s  (>K  \V(ti;K. 


|.i-infi|il("  i«  inu.-ii  n-Miillv  :i|i| 


ilv 


.lir.l 


in 


tli< 


lllVilVllli 


ll 


10  vnriou: 


17i:» 


ipf  n>ii-iiiii-liiin  wiirk.'- 

It  slionl.l   1 l.Miv.l  tliiit   in  «>\uo  casrs  uf  lliis  clii-s  the  olci.i.'iil 

nf  a  f.'ll.-w  -..rvMiit'--  ii(-li;;<'iirf  is  iK.t  involve!  ;ii  ;ill,  and  m-ovcrv  i- 
.|,.ni«'(l  on  tiir  I'l'.iMl  i;i.,niHl  iIimI  iImtc  is  nn  l,iv;u-ii  ..f  iliil}-  on  lii-' 

i.iM-ii'r's  |.iiri.' 

589.  Preparation  or  care  of  instrumentalities,  master  not  responsible 
for,  where  these  functions  are  a  part  of  the  work  to  be  done.— (  Sec  iil>  > 
Mil.titlc  C,  /■;///'(. )-  'I'Ik'  i-m-i-  <lfi<'nnin<'<i  l.v  ili.'  (•..nccpticn  advcrli.i 
t..in  till-  pncclini;  s..-iiun  ufirn  involve  fads  wliirli  may  also  Ix'  <li-^ 
,.,|..-c<l  Willi  relation  to  tlie  ininciple  that  the  nia>lei-  is  not  liaMe  a- 
(or  ne^rliy-'iK-e  in  faiiin,;:  to  i.rovi.le  or  maintain  sifp  instrnnientali- 
ijes  in^'ain  ea-e  wlieri'  tiie  preparation  or  eare  of  those  instrnmeiitali 
lies  oonst'ittites  a  part  of  llie  work  whieli  the  injinvd  servant  or  his 
,,„.,„pl„voes  nnderlnok  to  do.'       liotl.  aspe<-t^  of  the  master's  n.mlia- 

inoi.lont  ..f  th.-  «o,k.  nlth,„„l,  it   mo,.-      I  IHmi,    ITS  IV   in2.  Xt  Atl.   H^^;  /'- 

;r;w,;•^^'■^:,^;;^i.;::^l.;':.;^:;:;r''•^;^,;■t;^^:ri;:^ 

,,....,  .in  tli.t   tlH.v'ni.kr  tl,-   ^A.u-r  .-r  t.>  w,..!.,,,.,,   ua  k..,^'  ..„   tl...  k.-..l<,.., 

.,fo    s.,  that    .I..-V   or  -.„„.'  of  tl'.n.    !"•  'f  ■'   l"";^'-   »>'"l'   H'-.v   «-"  <-iV^i^'\'> 

,  ,t    inin....!'"        ■  ,Mil.N.,liM....    ..^M.l^'    m    tl..'    fiilMlii.-    t..|. 

n    .  I'.tl.T   .N..r   ,.    ......I.a.t    is   .Ir.un  tl,...-..,.f.  i-  not   -m.;  for  «l.i.l.  til,.  nia^l.T 

.,.."..      ,H.v.,...,.M.t    ....n.li.i...,.  .n.l   ...n  i-  n.~|,..,,Ml,l...  ...  it   is  a  .■,„.,l.ti.M.  w  .i.-t, 

.liti„.,>  ii    tl„.  |.l...-.  nf  woik  .•.-al.'.l   l.y  tl».    «..,k.„.;..    .T-atj.    a.    tl,,-    w..rU    pn. 

^e  «nrk„,..n  .  ,..n...lv..s.    a,    .l.-.w.,rk  ,1.;-,-     .,,,,1       he     k-';™  ,  ';^    -P;;-^- 


I'" 


vl.icli 


til. 


it    till 


iilimiiillv  ct.anj,'      h'rJni 


Hi 


uI.Ih 


(liisliiihl 


ni\.  til.  41    N.  V.  Sii|.|..  (if.. 


Iln.i,l.hi>i  (Uislujlil  Co.    llSllili   i1  Ap|.. 


l)i\ 


!»t.  41   N.  V.  S.ijii..  tlli. 


Sii.  a     master    is     ... 
failiiii'  I"  iM.i.i.li  a   .-a 


it     lialili'  as  for  a 


if.'  |.l 


r.f 


Tk. 


(■|HMH;.l'i 


lis,.   ;   .■.H.->.  ivilo  7. 


stiftrn. 


ih, 


ll, 


ilcn-il  the  iMiinf,l  «ir\aiit   to 


••111, 


Miyat'on   of  a    master  to   pro     pi 


-ll    a    ili.ifl    of    l.ali's.    which. 


vhih.    it 


viilo 
luri's 


ri'a-iiiialilv    sal,'    i 

f,.r  hi 


i.la 


.11,1    -trill' 


1.,'it 


i;   l.,.isti.,l.   I. ail     ca.i^rhl     in     th. 


ivaiits  to  work  upon  ilo,-    ..•ai.iin;;-    ot 


hatfli. 


Ill 


not     iiiipo-.'     ii|K 


III 


hi 


the     iliilv 


-    l,al,-    f,'ll 


thi 


s,'i\ant. 


,f    th.' 
,11   V. 


lowav.ls    thpni.    of    ki.'pi 
which  they  ar.-  pniplo.vc 


-at,'    cir.ilition    at     cvciy   iiioiin 


^a 
llii-ir  wiirk. 


far  as  its  sa 


th.-  lino  pcrf^oiiian. f  that    w.ii 


up, 

liv  llifin  anil  their  f.'lh 

( issji  111  r.  S. 


,v    a     linililin-    C'"-/.    ilH'.liii    11   App.   Div.  .-l.t,  :i!t  N.  N. 
.,1   hi  rr.-.lin-  ill    Mipp.    4.-.4    ils'iT,    •^•J   App.   Div.   4tiil.  4H 
111     \.    V.   Siipp.    74. 

\,U        '  In  /,'<i/o//v,.i,  V.  (;,■,.),/.    /■'.  Illiil,r  Mfij. 

•„.   (IHSTi    ll.i  Ma-.  .VJH,  in  N.  K.  314. 

t/dirii/r  V.    the  -'lint   thus  ,i  il  iii-i'il  all  ilistrii.tioli : 


f,.|y  ,li|H.ii 


:113,   -iS    I..   , 


4.'iS. 


Hull 

44(1.  4  Sup.   Ct.    Rep, 

'•The  ,liity   of   a    ina-it<>r  to  furni 
life  pla,(.   f,ir  tli,'  |M'if,>iinaii,  e  of 


,1.    ••|l    is  n,,t   a   iinner 


-al   rill,'  ,>f   law    that 


nil  iinplicil  il.ity  r.'sl-  upon  an  piii| 


lover 


.ll    a    to     furnish     siiitahl.-    in.'aii 


i.rk 


,1,1 


lol    iiipiiii-   it    to   keep 


that    pi 


iiplenients.     ami     iiist  niiiieii 


•.ife  iinih'r  th, 


stantlv  ehanL'iii; 


rk.      This 


talili, 
it 


for 


niiiv    ilepen,'.   on 


,li1i,iiis   whi.li    the    p 


:'rf,i 


it 


iirk  ,is   th,'  ronstnulion   o 
Miiiiiiiipnlis    V 


f  a 


ilSi«l    7   0.  C.    A.   :!44.    Ill  r.   S.     \pp 
i4.-.. 


.tin,-   of   the   »Miipt<iyni,'nt    all,!    th 

The   natural 

;hl    Iw  that   th,' 

l,,vi',l  was  to  fur 


if  th, 
r.iiii   thi'se    nil: 


,ii'euiii»tani 

ilifi'reiii 

servant   oi    [lers..!!  eiiipl 

iiisli   his  iiwii   t.iols  aii.l  ap| 


ilian,' 


K.,1.   .".li.". 


ih 


e  :iatiiri'  ii 


f  111, 


tk    !••    Ih-  'I'll!.' 


Or 

i.'hl 


tk'.'  also  ihiist   V.   Ciiiniij 


r  ^hrl  Ci,.    be   siieli    that    it    wouM    U-    natu 


turiil    lUid 


I'l 


1724 

bilir.v 


MASTKl;  AND  SKIIVANT. 


[chap.  IXXII. 


ro   soinctiiiics   nssdciaicd    cln-clv  tnjictlicr,  ns   wlirre  a   cfuir' 
f  a  pliUT  ill  wliicli  cnii.liiioiis  arc  cuiistHntly  chanjriiifr,  atid  df 

wliic'li  till'  fiiriii>liiiifr  aiwl  |)n|)arati..ii  was  in  it.<clf  part  of  the  work 

the  oiiipliAccs  were  rc<niin'il  t<>  pcrfnnii.* 

The  coiuHidpration  of  tliis  principle  from  a  slipjlitly  different  stand 


til  ill  1)1  )th  partips 
uiidfr-liMMl  tliiit  till'  xTvniil  -liiuild  pro- 
oiiri'  wIiiilcviT  iiii;:lit  |iniv<'  In  In-  nwilcH. 
iipconliii};  to  \\\<  "iTii  iud^'iMoiit.  iih  n 
part  of  hU  piiipN  MiiiMil.  If  a  pt-rson  is 
I'liiploycd  to  do  a  pii'ci'  of  Hoik  liiiiwolf. 
witli  till-  iiiidcislaiidiiii;  that  lie  »hull 
pioiiire  «ii(h  iiicaii-.  inatfiials.  or  im- 
plcnit'iits  as  111'  finds  to  be  ncrdcil.  and 
if  he  cut  IIS  upon  (ho  i-xi'cution  of  the 
work  and  piiMuros  insullifiont  or  drfi-ct- 
ivi'  niiMiis.  ninlcriaN.  or  iiiiplritii'iils.  it 
iiiifjht  he  fiiiiiid  that  tht>  master  did  not 
iissunu"  any  vrsponsihility  to  smli  serv- 
ant for  the  snllieieney  or  quality,  even 
thou^di  he  was  to  pa'y  for  them.  Nor 
is  the  ease  neeissaiily  different  if  the 
person  so  i-mpliiyiil  is  aiilhorized  to  en- 
jja^.'e  others  to  help  him  do  the  work, 
ns  well  as  to  proeiire  means  and  appli- 
ance-s.  If.  for  example,  the  work  to  be 
done  with  the  use  of  a  aiiiipU-  fiilrnim 
ing  of  a  heavy  artiite.  whieh  eould  be 
done  with  the  use  of  a  simple  fuleruni 
and  lever,  and  the  employer's  foreman, 
in  ehar).i'  of  the  work,  should  he  left  to 
provide  tliiMi  at  the  plaee  where  the 
work  was  to  li<>  done,  nnd  he  should 
take  a  euiiiiiion  stone  for  the  fulerum 
and  a  pieee  of  sciiitlin;;  or  a  rail  frmii  a 
neighboring;  feme  for  the  lever,  and  the 
stone  should  roll,  or  the  lever  break, 
nnd  one  of  Die  men  engaged  in  the  work 
should  be  htirt  thereby,  a  jury  would 
naturally  find  that  sueh  selivtion  of 
materials  and  appliances  was  a  part  of 
the  work  to  be  done,  and  not  within 
the  implied  duty  and  undertaking  of  the 
emplovei." 

"The  rule  that  the  master  must  pro- 
vide a  safe  plaee  for  work  only  applies 
where  the  work  and  the  plaee  are  not 
oonneeted:  where  the  work  is  not  in  the 
oonstrtietion  of  the  plaiT."  Slourhriihie 
V.  Itronl.!,;,,  Cilii  U.  CiK  (ISlHi)  9  App. 
Div.  12!l,  41  X.  V.  Supp.  128. 

"A  distinct  inn  has.  however,  been 
made,  so  that  where  it  ai>|K'ared  that  as 
a  part  of  or  an  ineiileiit  to  the  work 
which  the  employee  was  to  do,  such  em- 
ployee was  reipiired  to  erect  a  scairold 
or  "other  .ippliiinie  r-'-ee-snry  to  d.->  t!ie 
work.  ne.L^liil  in  the  ere<>tion  of  such 
siall'old  \\  I-  not  a  iiegli-ct  to  perform  a 
vluL^  that  ilie  employer  owed  to  his  em- 


plovee."      HivhnrdH  V.    tliiurn    (IRnT)    17 
Api>.  Div.  422,  4.">  N.  Y.  Supp.  2.i4. 

"'I'lie  rule  that  a  niastei  must  fiiriii-li 
suitable  tiiids  nnd  appliances  nnd  a  s.ife 
plaee  to  work  is  (|unlilied  by  another- 
Ihat  where  the  master  furnishes  »iiit 
able  appliances,  and  the  duty  to  ailju-l 
tiiem  pri>iH'rly  to  work  of  a  tenipni.ir.\ 
character  is  neglected  by  a  worKriNin 
whose  business  it  is  to  attend  to  1li.it 
detail,  the  master  is  not  liable  to  a  fil 
low  workman  injure<l  by  that  ne.'l'it," 
/>irfei-  V  llnll  (1H!»7)  21  Mi-c.  4.VJ.  47 
N.  Y.  Supp.  t!30. 

"We  shall  not  attempt  to  do  what  im 
court  has  yet  been  able  to  do.  n;.,  tu 
formulate  a  statement  of  the  rule  tli.n 
will  funiish  a  test  by  which  to  dilir 
mine  every  case:  but  we  may  sui;;;i-t 
that,  in  our  opinion,  an  important  rnri 
sideration,  often  overlooked,  is  wliellur 
the  structtire,  appliancv,  or  instniiiini 
tality  is  one  which  has  tM-en  fiirni^lnd 
for  the  work  in  which  the  .servants  mi' 
to  be  eng.igiMl.  or  whether  the  fnrni-li 
ing  and  preparation  of  it  is  itself  p:irt 
of  the  work  which  they  are  ini 
ployed  to  iK'rform.  If  it  \w  the  h  tier, 
then,  as  is  well  settled  by  o\ir  own  lii' 
cisions.  the  master  is  not  liable."  t'ltimr 
V.  li'iil  Hirer  l.iuiihir  Co.  (IS'.ll)  4."> 
Minn,  2,35,  47   N.  W  .   7.S5. 

The  rule  ns  to  nondelegable  diilii- 
does  not  apply  to  a  case  "where  «iv.i;il 
persons  are  employed  to  do  eertain  \\uik 
and  by  the  contract  of  eniploviiienl 
either  express  or  implied,  the  eniplnyio 
are  to  adjust  the  appliances  by  wliiili 
the  work  is  to  be  done."  Iliiriix  v.  Sni 
,„lt    (ISO;!)    90  ("al.   :!li.1,  ;i;i  I'ac  Ojii. 

To  the  same  etl'eet  si.o  llie  fnllnuiiij 
cases:  Itii-ilrti  V,  /■'.  It.  ll'/ni  d  r  il  I'"- 
(18!I4)  10;i  Mich.  lOli.  27  1..  H.  A.  2tlil 
ni  X.  \V.  (i.")S:  Ix'liiin  V.  Aiirnrn  Iri'i 
Mill.  Co.  (ISm!)  lot)  Mich.  4i;!l.  :ij  1. 
1!.  A,  4.39.  06  X.  \V.  n."il,  Alllrniing  wi 
rehearing  100  Miih.  4(i:!.  32  1..  H.  A 
4:!."k  (14  X.  \Y,  ;(:).">:  Siiiix  v.  Amiiirnn 
Slirl  linnic  Co.  (IH!M(  .">«  Minn.  H^-  'i" 
X.  \V.  '.Vi-l:  M'irsh  v.  Hfiiiinii  (ISHl' 
47  Minn.  .">:{7.  .">n  X.  \V.  (ill:  Cilhni  v. 
Il:ill  (IH'.iti)  l!:t  Cat  -Vi:!,  4.->  I'ac.  11117; 
and  the  cases  i-llnl  in  subtitle  ('.  /'"«'■ 

'Cuiil  it  Mill.  C(i.  V.  Cl'iii  (  IS'.tli  .■>1 
Ohio    St,    542,    sub    num.    Coii.s'ilnlit'il 


t  600] 


VICK  l'l!INtll'.\L.SlllP— DKTAILS  Of  \\i>l!ls,. 


172S 


point  yields  tlic  nilo  that  it  is  always  a  ciindition  jm lent  fi>  the  ex- 
emption of  the  nia-ter  from  liahility  that  t  ,o  operations  wliieli  wore 
the  iiimiedinte  cau.-e  of  the  injury  were  a  part  of  the  regular  duties 
i.f  the  servaiu    iheinselvos.^ 

590.  Negligent  use  of  safe  appliances  by  fellow  servant,  master  not 
responnblc  for. — (See  also  suht.itle  IJ,  infra.) — An«>tiier  ;;r«)iiiid  of 
ilistinction  adverted  to  l>y  tlie  eourts  is  based  upon  the  theorv  tiiat  the 
uia.-ter,  while  re-iiiiiisilde  f«»r  iiiiritisic  defects  in  the  instnimeiitalities, 
wliieh  would  not  have  existeil  if  the  sen-ants  intrusted  willi  the  fiini- 
liiins  of  snp|)lyinf;  or  nniintainin;;  tlieui  had  exereised  proper  eare, 
cannot  1k'  held  lialile  for  injuries  caused  hy  the  niainier  in  which  the 
>crvants  use  those  instnuuentalities  for  the  performance  of  their 
work.'  That  is  to  say,  the  master  is  deemed  to  have  performed  his 
whole  duty,  where  he  has  supplied  an  instrmnentality  which  is  re.i-oii- 
;d)lv  safe  if  it  is  earef\dly  used  hy  the  fellow  servants  of  the  iiijure<l 


i-uol  tf  ilin.  Co.  V.  Floyd,  25  L.  R.  A. 

S4S.  .w  X.  I-;,  c.io. 

'  MiUiiilii  V.  Mini  [{rstiioir  Cn. 
(18!>->)    l.^'i  Mn«.  183.  2'J  N.  I'..  .'.10. 

'  Till-  (lutv  of  tlio  inastiT  ■ilm'-  not 
lAlciid  so  far  lis  to  rc()uir('  of  liini  tliat 
'■..  ■jlioiild  1)0   riH»^-i-ilili'   for  tin-   iifjili 


.\  iii:i~t«r  is  lint  liiililf  for  the  "iiciili- 
piicc  of  tlio.<c  <'iivii;;iil  «illi  till-  plainliir 
ill  iiiakili;,'  u>i'  of  a  place  ailinittcilly 
-afc."  Itiiniii  V.  Ihlri.il  c(  ''.  Sluun  \  lo  . 
(■>:.    iW^-1)    111    Mich,  .-.S.-,.  r,l   S.  \V.  ±2. 

"If  i.  no  part  of  I  lie  iliily  of  llin 
master    to    dircil    workiiien    in    the    ii»e 


of   his    servant-^,    if   of   coiiipi'tciit    of   the    tools    willi    wliich    Ihev    perforin 


-kill  and  <'.\perieiicc.  in  using  or  iiian- 
ijjiiiir  Ihe  nieiins  and  applianecN  placiil 
in  lliiir  hands  in  the  loiii^e  of  Iheir  'i^M 
employ  iiicnt,  if  they  are  neither  defiet 
ive  nor  insiinicie;il."  •Siinir  V.  Ilniisit 
/.cor  II.  Co.  (lSti4)  3  .Mhn.  441.  H.". 
Am.   Dec.   720. 

•I'or  the  inana'jeiiienl  of  his  ma- 
iliiaciy  anil  the  Kindncl  of  lil<  -ervant- 
;i  master  is  not  ri'<poii-il>lc  to  their  fcl 
lew  servants."  Ciiiinni  v.  Iliislirii  It. 
Cu.    (IHlilii    la  Allen.  VV-i.  !>0  Am.   IVe. 

■Jin. 

•The  ni,1.-tor  ha>  done  liis  whole  duty 
vlieii  he  supplies  the  proper  appliances, 
!lie  eare  ami  n-e  of  which  iiiil-.t  lie  ni'i-,- 
-;irilv  intrusted  to  hi>  servants.  .Iums 
V.  (,Vi(Hi/c  Millx  (1S78)  12()  -Ma 
.10  Am.  H.'p.  tilil. 


(heir   work."      Hii.tsui   v.    fmiir    i  ISSiii 
112  N.  V.  1)14.  3  L.  i{.  A.  .-j.V.l.  20  .\.  K. 


"The  line  of  demarcation  here  between 
llie  al)-oliile  duty  of  th"  master  and  ihi' 
duly  of  the  servants  is  the  line  thiit  sep. 
urates  the  work  of  const  ruction,  pii-p- 
ar.ition.  and  preservation  from  the  work 
ot  opci.ilicn.  Is  the  act  in  (piesiimi 
work  r<^plired  to  construct,  to  prcpaii'. 
Ill  place  in  a  safe  liKalion.  or  to  keep 
in  repair  Ihe  macliiiiery  fiirnislicil  hy 
Ihe  cmi>loyei  V  If  so,  it  is  his  pci-oiial 
duty  to  cMici-c  ordinary  care  to  per- 
form  it.  Is  tlie  act  in  ipie-tion  rispiind 
III  properly  and  safily  operate  the  ma- 
chinery  fMini-hed.  or  to  prevent  Ihe  -ale 
.S4.  place  in  wliiili  it  was  furnished  from 
lieroniiii,!;     laii^eroiis    throiieh    its    ncLdi- 


.\  masler  is  nol    lialdo  for  acts  'inei  f.'cnt  oper.ilion?     If  sn,  it   is  the  duty  of 

.l.-iital   to   the   maiia^'cmenf   and    Use   of  the   sorvant.s   to   jicrfonii    that    act.    and 

Ihe    apiilianees    fiii  iiished."       MiKiiiiioii  ihcy.    and    nol    the    master,    assume    Ihe 

\     Vo/c.s.v    ilHHlM    14S  Mass.  53:!.  3  L.  risk   of  iiPKli^'cnce   in   its   |HTforiiiance." 

I!    .\.  320.  20  N.   v..   1S3.  St.  I.diiix,  I.    I/,  d-  S.  I{.  fa.  v.  S'rilhinii 

"IMie  line  of  dislinelion   hetwwn  vice  (  H04 )   25  T,.  H.   .\.  «3:i.  II   C.  V.  A.  oi;. 

|.rimipals    and    ciicin)iloy«'s    is    in    the  27  I'.  S.  Aj)p.  227.  Ii3   l-'ed.  107. 
.Iiity.  ill  one  instance,  to  supply  or  main-        After    rejeclin!,'    the    Iheory    that    the 

l.iiii    inslninientalitirs    of    the    service.  iieylij.'eiil    lisp    of    materials    can    1h'.    in 

and.   in  the  other,  of   iisiii;;  Ihe   inslni-  Ihe   niaiorily  of  eases,   a   hrcach    of   the 

,,,  i;t  ilitie-  supplied."     Vcj.-'-v   .h:r!.ini:  iiiasler's    duty,    the    court    said:       "Tlie 

/(((/  (■„,,/  ,t  r.  Co.    (18i)4)    13!t  Ind.  411.  true  idea    is   that    the   place  and    the   in 

as  N.  K.  324,  3!l  X.  E.  147.  strun.ents   must    ill   thein.selvea    U;   safe. 


m^* 


ii 


'4    t 

M      I 

•i 

1720 


MASTKI!  ANDSKin  AM". 


II.M'.    VWl, 


XM'SllIl. 


Or, 


III  otlicr  WiidI-i.  where  illi  ;i|i|ill!inep  i-i   {■e.i-i.iiiililv 


to  Djiel'iile.   :iiiil    lis   (i|)erillliill    liefe--;irilv    rests   ll|iii|i    the  eiire,    llili] 


itPIlee,   iilid   tiilelilv    ot    tlie   1i 


serviiiils  III    tlie  |iersi.ii   injiiii 


IllilstiT  will  nut  lie  iielil  respuli    ilile  I'm-  illl  ;i"'ci(|elit  llle  Iiiltlire 


-f 


UK 


liciltes  tllilt  it  llill-t  lilive  Keen  illle  ti>  tile  lliillllier  ill  uilieli  llie  ii|i 


tuwo  was  (i]M'i'iit( 


Illl'  111   lliii-.e  wul  kllletl. 


Till 


Uses  (le<-i(lei|  mi  fliis  iliem  v  ii 


i:i\ 


>liii 


■limes  iiivnlvr  facts  wl 


tlh 


siiow  tlie  ma 


ister  t(i  lie  free  iVem  eiilii;i'iilitv  l<ir  tlie  I 


licli 


eii-Hii  thai  till'  III 


sinimeiitalilv  in  (|iies|iiin  was  aii|ilieil  to  tlie  |)iir|iiise  nl'  the  work  uitli 
I'Ut  liis  aiilli'iritv.      ( 'iiiii|pai'e  S  "''m.  ml  fiiirni .  mih  . 

^'e;;liueliee  as  fe-iarils  tlie  Use  iif  ilist  niiiielltalilies  mav,  it  is  elear, 


lie  c'oliimit!e(l   111  ("lie  II 


f    the    fiilli.wil 


lu  wa\- 


It    is  iil'tili    ilillieilll    I 


av   preeisi 


lion 


lioii 


hi 


\y  iiiidef  wliieh  of 
.1.  1 


he  caleiiiPl'ie-   ihe  ilel 
liti 


lllijlleliev    III  ({III" 


ehi-seij.  hill  in  praetKal  litii;atiiiii  tins  is  not  a  iiiai 


of  aji\   imporlanee.  sinee  the  result  is  the  s;inie,  whatever  may  1k'  tlii 
strictly  liijiiea'  ile-ii;iiiition  of  the  ueuliiicnt  act. 

(a)  The  <leliii<iiieiil  coservaiit  may  ha\-e  handled  or  placed  a  sat' 
instrumentality  su  carelessly  as  to  euiivert  it,  for  the  lime  lieiiiir.  iiii 
uii  in  jiirioiis  ayciicv.* 


(1))    The  deliiii|iieiit  may  have  created  tlie  ahiio 


il  dii 


I.V   111 


iieirlii-ence  in  selectiiiu'  ihe  defective  iiisirmueiilalilx    from  the  stml 


of  materials  sup) 


tiir  this  is  what  the 


ilied. 


-ti>r's  iliitv  fairlv 


itiiriiiiqinn.  r.  /,'.  .f  V.  ){.  r,,.  (imn; 


'I-;   :incl   iKit   llril   Ihi' 


llll-IlT    1MU> 


lilll  II 


•20.5.  till  \.  W.   \>>:   lloW,.,,/. 
(t-    t'nn mini   To.    (  jsSS  I 


is<i,nn    I  iir 


-II'  tJKit  no  iii'i;liL'i'iil   h;iiiillin;^  Ky  Mil  ciii 

|iliivi'i' of  till- iiuiihiiiirv  sliiill  cii'Mli' ilan      'M    Mi>.    Aii|i.    'M'u  :    Milninihliii    v,   ('. 

j;i'r'."     Ih,,i,ti;l  >.  /»,„,',,•  rf-  /,'.  f;.  /,'.  f,,.    ■I,„  lr;,i    Wurhs   (IHIITl    lid   \.  .1.  I..  ;■ 

(  IHSlii     >\\   l-'cij.  SUT.  -is   All.   liTT. 

Ill     //»/./     V.     \  ,  i-mi-.iii    «f     r.     /,'.    »  (,.        "Aiiv 

(ISiilM    •■i-2    \t.    47:t     the    niinl    inlvirl-    if 
111    till'    ililli  iiiiri'    iM'twii'ii    till'    iiiM~t('r"s    till 
elilij.'aliiiii    ii'^    to    i'<|ui|i|i{iiL 


iiiu'liini'  iiTii 


V  h.. 


ili-il: 


in;jrniii- 


iij.-fully  <ir  ni'ylli;riilly  ii-ril."   r,i/ 


1  Ur 


I  isiui  I-i  c.  r.  A.  in. 


ii|ii'i  ill  illl.'  a   railway 


III    as    to    -24  \  .  S.  .\|i|i.  .iss,  (i4   fill.  L'liT. 

Si'i'     c-ni-i-ialh'     tin*     ra^i'-i     ritnl 


S***  al- 


itli 


i: 


III  l>tn 


Ti 


s/i.  Cii.    i  till.-),   iiifr<i.  ami  the  follu 


(■„/;„„ 


(1S!I.">)  S!l  lluii,  .-iS.S.  :(.-.  N.  ^  .  Sii]i|i.  .-):U.    v.    Hull    (1S1II-.)     I  I.I   (  al.    .■i'.i:i.    i.-i    v. 


liirfi'i-    V 


( 7i ; 


.(     \.    11.    It. 


lot; 


nnh 


Hush. 


•(    I.  /,'. 


ilSS4)     lit     Wis.     I.V.I.     -Jl      \.     W. 
Iliiiliiii   V.  Hmilh    llSill)    12.'.  N.  \. 


40: 


I  issH)    w;  Ma<s.   101,   111  N.  I-;.  i;iii); 


Vi 


2ti  \.  !■: 


742. 


lliS   .\Ia 


11.1/    V.    Itf.-ih, 


.(■    1/.    /.'.   r 


I  isii 


il:i.  4(i   \.    !■:.   1)24:    h< 


'  Itiniii      V. 


/•i 


'/      Irn 


II     I'n.    \. 


(18!i;t)    .■)!    N.    Y.   S.   R.   2:!H.   22    N.    V.    K. 


Siiriiifi 


ISIK!)    lilll  .Ma- 


l/i/w 


\  iirrn 


2o:!.  :i.".  \ 

,>S'     llSSUl 


Siipi).   4.')."). 


t4H  Mass.  ->:i;t.  3  T..  H.  A.  :t20,  2ii  N.  K 


till- 


iws   riti'd   nliiivc   anil    also    IH.i 


thf    fnllinvi 

/,.  u.  <;,. 
147,  :t4  I 


Ch  11  III  ml.    I' 


.(■   St.    I  IH'.il  I    4.")    .\li 


l;<il    I!. 
n.    2.i.-i. 


II,-    /.:i,-'„ 
'7    N.    W. 


1 1  Slid  I   20  ('.  (' 


l/cfi 


Al>|). 


ill. 


■;i    Kill.   !170:    I)i' 


V.    <:,:lh,i,h> 
44  N.   V.  S 


/■    I  ' 
ii|)|i.  Ii'.i7 


ii;    \,, 


/Vim'  V.    hill-    (1SII7I    2li  C.  C.   .\.  2lll.     l/.V-i'/     i  ISliS)     .'I.t    .\|i|i.     Wn 
."ili    v.    S.     .\\t\i.    Sill.    HO    l-i'il.    HIi.'i;     rill-    X.    ^■.    Sii|i|>.   !l.->li:    11  iiiiiii  nil  illl 


iss!ii    111  l-i-il.  i;:iii    t/,7;. 


V.  / , 


(Ix'is)  11: 


.1,  i.. 


".i. 


V.  ItuKlun   (1SS2)    IX!  .\lii 


.•till;  TniM    41    All.  S44.  42  .\tl.    14.->:    Willis  \.  Ore- 


ill 


(i  .VllJ 


\UK  I'KINt  II'M.MIII'     DKIMLSOK  Uiii;|\. 


IT;;; 


((•)  Till'  (lililii|llrlit  I'ux'i'Viilit  liinv  liuvr  I'liilcd  to  n^^r  llir  ili-lru- 
iiiciitiiliiit's  tnniislii'il,  iiiid  mi  rriMtt'd  tlic  aluuiniial  (iiiii;:i'r  wIiIl-Ii 
ciiiiM'd  ilic  iiijiirv." 

(d)  'I'lic  di'liiii|iii'nt  iiiiiv  liiivc  liccn  in  (iiiitrnl  uf  ilic  injured  s<t\'- 
iiiit.  sind  ciiiiscd  tiic  iiijiirv  iiv  jriviii;,'  his  t'cllow  -iT\:iiits  MHiif  dinr- 
lidii  as  t"  lilt'  use  uf  llic  iiiii>liiiiii'(-,  iir  hv  .Hfiidiiiir  tiic  injured  >erviiiit 
Id  wui'k  iti  a  speriallv  diUifierDiw  |p|iice  wiilinnt  due  warninj;,  or  witii  a 
|in-iiive  iissnraiice  llial  lie  would  lint  Im'  put  in  peril  \ty  ciiiiiplvinf;  with 

liir  iircler.' 

591.  Rationale  of  doctrine  exempting  master  from  liability  for  neg- 
ligence in  carrying  out  the  details  of  the  work. —  Viewed  (mm  tlip 
-i:iii(l|iiiiiit  i>(  the  extent  of  a  master's  eliliuaticin-;  to  his  servant,  the 
iliietrine  that  there  ran  he  no  reeovcry  for  the  ne;;lii;eni-e  of  a  co-erv- 
iiiif  in  res|)eet  to  the  details  of  the  work  has  heen  repirdeil  as  one  de- 
duced I'.r  in'iisxildfr  /•('«.'       It  seems  ditlicult,  liowever.  to  eoncoih'  that 


,li.n  n.  it  \ai-.  Co.  (last)  II  Or.  i.^iT. 
4  \'.\t:  IJl:  If'iss  V.  Wiill.ir  I  IHOI  i  IH'.I 
IM.  42.  21    .Ml.    LIT.   l.'iil. 

"To  pidviiK-  tlicso  su|  |>li)''<  (i.  r..  new 
wicks)  fur  IH|.  w;is  ttir  mki~Iit'<  ihlty: 
to  take  tliciii  a*  tlirv  wile  iiciilcil  lor 
ii-c  \va.<  ilii-  ^'rvaMl'x  iliily."  .s'm.i/ivuii 
V.  f'liilrill  Vrlnli.nl  It.  fii.  (ISIItil  5 
.\|.I..  Div.  1)14.  .'(:>  \.   \.  Sii|i|..  4tit, 

"  Sh'.  fur  i'\aiii|ili'.  >lril}ilhn  v.  (liillnir 
ilH.-.S)  3  lliirl-l.  &  N.  (its.  27  I-.  .1. 
i:\rh.  \.  S.  401:  Clrrrlaml.  C.  C.  J- 
St.  I..  It.  i'o.  V.  Itiiiii  I,  I  isiiti)  2(1  ('.  V. 
\.  147.  ;i»  I'.  ^.  .\|'|>.  7">!i.  7:i  K.il.  !i70; 
hiMVC  V.  Triiii  Ski  I  .f-  Irmi  Co.  llSli:!) 
Kill  \.  V.  .iti!),  ;t4  N  K.  1101  ;  lliflsnn  v. 
Or, .III  .S.  S.  *•<).  ilsssi  111)  N.  Y.  i!2.">. 
17  X.  v..  •142:  Ifni,,-  V.  lliiU  (1S!I7) 
21  Mi-c.  4.V2.  47  X.  V.  Siipii.  li:!!).  lie 
vir-iiiL'  20  Misc.  C77.  411  N  ^'.  Sii|>(>. 
.".:i:!:  \lr\iiitn  .i-K  V.  lUiiiis  |1S7())  :!!• 
N.  .1.  I..  117  iiiiiii-.^inTi  t<i  cliliM-r  lii'ici  : 
luimiU-  V.  r.,„/,-  I  1SI)!)|  21  I!.  J.  I.">s.  42 
.\ll.  .'iin,  and  the  casc>  citiil  in  §S  ti04 

noil.  ;,i/,-,i. 

Till'  duty  of  a  foreman  in  iisini;  tlic 
iiiiiiM"  anil  appliaiircs  |ii-ii\  iili'd  for 
sil'ily  and  lunpi  i  ly  cariyiii!.'  ">n  tin- 
>wirk  is  111  it  (if  a  wriiint  <'ii;;aj.'rd  in  tlii' 
>:iiiic  lin^ini-«s  with  the  pl.iiiiliH'.  rvcn 
if  lit'  nctcii  asi  tlif>  rppvcsontativr  i>f  the 
ii.ii-liT  in  fnrni^hiii;;  -ui'li  iniMii^  anil 
iiplilLinco.  I'liit/d  V.  HiK/ilin  (IsHIJ) 
i:i4  \hi".  ,-.r,:t. 

'S„.  Il,„l(;ii„s  V.  F.oalviH  II.  Co. 
Ms;  til      HI)      M-is^.      4l:):       M.itl.n      v. 

<' "-.i,,,,  fi  A.  It.  t'u.    I  isii.-,i    ti.,   \;-\. 

'-'  V-liitfti      \.     I  tnli't  Hit  fKili.s     i'lDil     d 

.  fo.    tl8<J2l    5    liid.   .\pp     4,S2,  ;i2 


v.  K.  .'i7!l:  Tulhi  V.  Srir  York  rf  T.  S. 
s.  rii.  ilSliti)  10  App.  Div.  411.1.  42  N. 
Y.  Siipp.  2!l:  ('mill  v.  Vhiviiiin  rf  .1.  It. 
I'll.  ilS'i.-li  .'-,4  Mil.  .\pp.  52:t;  anil  tin' 
iMM'..  cilfil  in  5S  ."lOil  ililil.  infill.  Ctiiii- 
pari'  iilxi  S5   V.t'y,   lis.  nnlr. 

'  '■Siinic  (if  till.  i!i.|ail>  niust  ni-ci'ssarily 
rpst  ii|Hin  the  inlcllificncc  nnd  carp  of 
the  -.crvanl.*."  Stilliniii  v.  \iii  Ynrl,-, 
\.  II.  a  //.  It.  Co.  (lS<t2)  (12  (  unii.  20!l, 
•zr,   .Ml.   711. 

"T'liat  apjiollrc  did  mit  owr  to  appel- 
lant, as  iN  enipliivfc.  under  the  eirciim- 
slanees,  the  Ic;.m1  duly  tti  siippiirt  the 
rims  in  qin^litiii  liy  the  hands  <if  .sonic 
one  of  its  ayents  or  representatives  in 
the  manner  as  lluey  was  doiiiL'  jusi  pre- 
vious to  tlie  aciiiii  lit.  is  eerlainlv  evt. 
dent.  If  it  comIiI  he  said  to  he  ehar'jftl 
with  that  duly,  then  even-  eorporalioii 
('iii;a;;eil  in  the  sauif  lin(^  of  liiisiti(~s  as 
it  was  v.tiiild.  in  leu.il  eenleinplalitm, 
1m'  nijiiird  to  he  pic-iiit  at  all  limes 
and  plai-es  at  its  faili'iy  wlieii  liimher. 
limher.  or  iron  or  oilier  lieav.\  nialiii.il 
if  like  eliaraeter  «:is  hein;.'  liandlt'd  or 
n.o\eil  h.v  some  of  its  empliiytis.  and  hy 
thp  hands  of  such  a;;ent  or  represeiila- 
tivis  prcM'nt  suih  iron,  tiniher.  or  luiii- 
Ikt.  or  other  material  innneeled  there- 
wi'li  from  slippin;;  iind  falling  upon 
s.ij.!  employees,  anil  llicrihy  injurin;» 
them."  IhiililiS  v.  Sliiiuliuil  Wlml  Co. 
I  IS'lll)    I,';2  ind.  (ISO.  (iSll.  52  N.  V.    ani, 

.->4  .\.  i:.  :is;i. 

"When  proper  tools  and  appiiiineeft 
are  pimideil  iipun  llic  pi>ii,i«r-  I'm  the 
Il-i'  oi'  iMipIiiy  11-.  Mil  ;  lIlii'Miv  ctll  he 
li.illld    fur    iliipii-il:^    up>  II    the   ellipln^Nii 


■;i;i:rr!*a 


;  1 


M 


1788 
siticl 


MASTKU  ANU  SEKVANT. 


[t  II. MV 


xwiu 


1  a  <'iiii«ii 


liTjitiiiii  li:i-i  liny  real  wciiilit,  i'Xi'i'|)i  in  *•>  f.ir  a-,  il  iii.i' 
.|<  III 


n  stcji  towani-  llif  I'nm'hi'iun  that  the  xTvaiil  ii>»iiiin'-'  llif  fiiii-ii|nr  ir 
risks.  Sii'  U'Ic.w.  Takiii  by  itsilt'  it  may  U-  -nJil  ii>  In'  (•(|ii;ill\  |.  • 
ti'iit  as  a  na-nii  for  iii-i-iintr  that  llic  iiia'ttM-  >li'iiilil  1m'  <'liai';;v.il,'„. 
witli  flic  iic_:ili!;ciicf  wlii.li.  iiiiiliT  till'  airaiiui'iiHiits  wliirli  lie  ii.i, 
fliiiscii  tti  make  tor  carfyiiiu'  uii  hi-  ini-iia --,  lir  kiii>\\-  In  I"-  iicim-i..ii 
allv  iiicv  itahh".  (J'li  sinlil  riniiiii'i'liini  iiii  in  srnhrf  ililnl  il  iinu.s. 
Ill  whati'vcr  cloak  i<<  \-ciliia^r  it  may  l>c  wrapt  \\\t.  a  ilocirinc  ha\iic 
lio  iiiivrc  siilid  fiiiiinlalii'ii  than  ilic  hy|ioi|ii-is  thai  "Hc  n|  ihc-i'  inl,  i 
dices  rathiT  than  llic  other  >honiil  he  ilrawii  from  the  exi-tin.,'  ..|  ih.. 
conditions  adverteil  to  is  merely  one  lormiiiainl  r.r  aillhilni.  ('•[;, 
j>arc  remarks  at  the  end  of  ^   IT"',  iinlr. 

A  mmli  more  sali-faiMory  rea-on  tor  ah-oUin^'  the  ma-ter  froni  li;i 

bilify  for  ne;;liy:eii f  this  de-eriptioii  is,  thai  tlie  serxanl  is  eli;ii-ji 

aide  with  nti  assnni|>lion  of  siu-li  ri-k<  heeaii-e  he  knows  them  i>p  i™ 
incident  to  the  performance  «(  the  diiiiis  volnnlarily  nndertakiii  l.v 
him.  This  is  e«|iiivalent  tx>  sayinj;  that  in  ca-es  in  wliii'h  ilie  -.  i\ 
ant's  riulit  to  recover  is  denied  on  accoimi  of  tlic  nature  of  liie  injur: 
oils  act,  this  conclii>ion  is,  in  the  last  analysis,  referahlo  to  |ireci-i  Iv 
the  snmc  rleinentarv  conce|>iion  as  that  which  nmh'rliis  the  d"iiiiii.' 
of  common  employment  itself.      See  S  ->"-.  "'(/'■.-      In  this  p.mit  i.i 

the  fiirfhor  duty  of  wcinp  tlmt  <h<>  wrv  to  pcrfMiiii   it.  iiiul  the  iiw-tiT  i-  wt  ai 

lint  il(H>s  nnt   <('lcil    fniiii  aim  iij;  ii   iiuiii  fioill     ia     fuiiiisliiii^'    |>ic'|iir    in  it  li.il- 

Iht   (if   iii>|(!iaiic("-    till-  iini-   lint    iiiliiirtcil  lli.  re  is  tm  liii-iicli  of  cliil  v   un  llir  |.iil  ..( 

Ill   llic    NVdik    in    ttliicli    for  tin-  tiim-   lie  llu-    liillrr."       "Tlir    -iMlVi'Miiiu    ',.,>iii.' 

iiiiiv    l>«  o(iiii>if(I.      If    surti    11    r(»|Kiii-i-  liH'ii  oiiii-liiictril  Ky  lli.    \\i..:v?m  n  il 

liility  is  <>ii-.t  ii|iiMi  IliP  muster,  it  would  kcIvc",  or  iiiidn-  (lirii-  .lini'^ion.  il  :!|  ili 

lie  iiis-.'r..-ary  in  lii-  |>n>ti'<lion  to  liavo  tin  uiici-s  wliicli  tlity   iiMil,-  ':-c  o ■  l.ii' 

ullcr    ci/i)  "to     iitliiid     coiistiinlly    u]M)n  piirposi'  were  in  nil'    ic-|i<c:    1. 1     i    «-r 

iviT.v  workniiin  in  lii<  -riviii'.  to  m-i-  tluiT  iiwiiHii-iriit.  tiny  IihI.  so  far  as  a|  ,<;u-. 

Ill-   did    not    use    an    iniplniH'iit    uiilitli-il  1  In-  siiiiu    iiii'aii-  ot  Kiimvin^'  that  fait  ,i- 

for    liis    \V(nk  "       (lii<iii>  iilii  (III     Siiiitliiii)  llie    ili'f.ndants."         Kiniiinr    v.    Wibtr 

Co.  V.  Ilniiii,,in  (l.siw'l   {\1  .S.  J.  L.  3ji,  (lsi)7)    l.-.l  X.  Y.  417,  4.^  \,  I'.  SCO. 
41    -Ml.  S44.  42  Atl.   14.').  In  iiiii'lli''r  case  tin-  sniic  court  <|H'itk« 

In  a    Ddawiire  rase  the  court   speaks  of  "a  dct.iil  of  the  working;  it  nimii^v 

of  a  "duty   iiiiiiistcria!   in   it-  character  mint  of  llic  luisiiicss.  the  ri-k- attciiliiiL' 

and    of    executive    ilctail    in    the    ojn'ia-  wliiih    have  tvcu   a>-iiiiH-d   hy   llie  puny 


tion   on 


the  road   «hicl'   iiiiist.  of  iicccs-    tiiki 


iployiiicnt."     I'lilh  II   V 


.V.,f('. 


«ilv.  U.  vested   in    [and   tni-lcd  to]    Mie    (isiili    liil  N.  V.  1.  2«  X.  ¥..  W 


faithfulness  of  the  eniplovet^."    \yhiiili<-ij        In  IIhIId 
V    I'hitiKl'liil'iii.  If.  .(-  «."  I{.  Co.   (ISIU)     (1S!I!I)42  App, 
1  .Marv.   (I).d.)   :i0.1.  .10  All.  nCiO 


V.  Ililttin  Itiifhir  r„n-tr.ro. 


Piv.  4n:!.  ."ill  X.  V. 


S<i'  also  to  the  same  i 


•2'2.  the  court.  uftiT  ciliny 
licet,  hiiilik  V.    as  to  details  of  work,  said: 


.1 


"If 


■111. 


L,)iiilh    VnUiii   It.   Co.    118114)    78  Hun,   thorities    refer    t 


402.  2!)  N.  Y.  Supi 


diirinj;  the  pro;'rcss  of  the  \vi 


iilcnts    of.iiiTiii.- 
rk,  whiTr 


•The  mas 


ster  is  not  resiKinsihle  for  the   the  servant  is  necessarily  aw  an-  nf  tin" 


poirlijrent   performance  of  some  detail  of    dan;.'cr:    where    he    k 


the  work  intrusted  to  the  servant,  w 


I.UL'lil    to 

hat-    know,  as   much    in   re^ranl   to  llic  safdy 


ver  mav  have  !>een 'he  .rraile  of  the  aerv-    of  the  place  where 


he  is  called  l.i  wcrk 


unt  who  executes  si 


wur 


leli  detail.     If  it  is  the    as  the  master:  to  c:isi.s  v  In  r 


'   till-  IMII-lii 


k  of  the  *ervant,  anil  he  volunteers  has  j>crfi)riiicd  his  duty  of  f 


uriii-liiMi;a 


aiiJ 


I  »f»-'l 


vit  V.  im;im  ii'Ai-sHii'— ?)h;rxii-s  uv  whuk. 


ITtO 


view  it  will  i.l.vi..iisly  lie  iniitfriiil  in  iluiil.H'iil  fii^i'^  In  iii.|iMro  wlicflicr 
ilif  o|"'riiti..n  wlii.-ii  wiiH  llio  oinwo  i>(  Oiu    iiijmv  was   (.niiiiarily  ui- 

>to(l  to  tin'  cmplovcrs  tli<'mstlv(s.' 

598.  Pleading. —  a.  Ih'rlnivHnn.—X  <W]  >!•»{]< ^n  nlV>;rinff  fart* 
wliicli  sliow  lliiit.  if  thcrf  win  any  nr;;lijr'ni-i'.  it  ri.ti^i-itii  in  llif  ..mi.*- 
sijon  of  sui  ic  (Ini.v  clianicti'ii-'tic  of  ii  uuri-  Mrvniit.  a<'titiir  ii^  ^■ii'-li.  is 
Jpiiiiirralili .'      'ilir  <>iHTali<>n  of  this  nilf  caiiU'it  \>v  imvciilr.!  liv  tli«^ 


innintiiinini;  n  •••(c  jiLtcc  fur  tlip  M'naiit 
III  |x'rfi>iiii  lii>-  wiiik  in.  iiinl  >iifi'  iiini 
|ir(>|»T  in..tiiiiiii'iiliilili>'<  IlK-ri^fur.  .\(t<>r 
tlint  clillv  liii-"  Ixfll  1>  ■ifi.iiiinl.  Ihiy  lie 
li  rinitii-  lliiil  if  II  •'in  III'  i»  iii|iiiiMl  1»'- 
iMUo-  lit  Ihi'  iiiiinncr  of  tlip  in'ifi'iniiiiiri- 
(if  till-  work,  the  niu-liT  i*  tml   linlili'." 

In  '/'.'/'Ml  V.  /'i. ''/  I  l«>«7)  44  Hun,  72. 
the  [pliiiiliir  WiW  liflil  nut  I'lililliil  In  ri- 
(iiM-r  fur  tlip  riNi«on  tli^t  wliili-  llir  inn 
-triHlinn  of  till'  ili'I'iTtivc  siMtrold  ttii". 
nil  part  of  the  liii-iiir««  of  Hh'  |.'.in«  "f 
wdrknicM    to    wliiili     lir    li<'liiii;.'i  i|.   Iliiv. 

■Mli.lHlt  olljlMtjlin.  llllcliltiiok   till- iTl'll  inn 

lif  it.  mill   liail  till!  I'oiitrol  uiul  iniinnp'- 
iiiiMil  of  till-  work. 

In  l/«r.,iir  V.  r,iiU<i,ihrr  (1«!IT)  1(1 
\lip.  Div.  X'.X.  44  N.  V.  Sii|.p.  ti!!..  till' 
f.i.t  uii-  I'lnpli.i-izril  tlint  tin.  ^i'i\iinf* 
kniiwUilL'i-  of  till.  ililaiU  nml  riiiiiiK"- 
11.1'iitri  of  the  tiMniHirary  applianri'  wliicli 
till-  «fiAiintH  were  lift  to  «on-liiiil  ii>  a 
purl  if  tlip  work  was  as  conipliti-  as 
iliat  of  llio  nia-lt'r. 

In  l/i()oT  V.  Mrtliiilh  (isniii  .-.s  N'.  .T. 
I..  4ii!l.  .'13  ,\tl.  IM.-i.  till-  error  in  tin-  loii- 
-trnilion  of  a  ^^i-allolil  «a>  >aiil  lo  Im- 
iitii-  '■loniniittcil  liy  workiin'ii  witli  wlioin 
he  Itlii-  plaintiiri  Va.i  «. irking-  in  a  roni- 
iii.m  i.|nployini'nt.  snlijrrl  to  a  coniiiinu 
ilanp'i  wliicli  all  ri|nally  kni'W  iim»t  re- 
Mill    I'pMi  a  ni'^'lij.'1'nl    (iiii^tnul  ion." 

In  lli'.lliirs  V.  rnilhr  ilHTHi  .V.i  Mo. 
3:2.  :iT."i.  14  .\ni.  Kcp.  724.  tin-  court 
''iiiil:  "If  a  workman  or  -ii-rvant  i.<  to 
work  in  cnniiiml  ioM  witli  oIIiim>i.  lif  Miu-I 
know  that  tin-  car.  Ir-'«iir~'  "I  '  'n'  of  lii:- 
fillnw  HTvantK  may  Ik.  priMiirt  ivo  of  in- 
jiiiv  to  himself,  ami  In-  iiiii-t  know  that 
ricithiT  rare  nor  ilili'j'  nc-.-  by  the  master 
1  Ml  pivM-nt  the  wail'  of  ilue  eare  ami 
cant  inn  on  the  part  of  liin  fellow  serv 
mil-.  The  servant,  on  entering;  upon  the 
cnipliiyincnt.  i<  Kiippiwed  to  know  and 
ii"iiii».  this  risk."  Tills  stateiiient  was 
iiihi|«ticl  in  linnrn  v.  U  i/i"i";  <(:  ■*>'.  /'• 
/.'  (■',.  I ISSO)  27  Minn.  lt)2.  38  Am.  Rep. 
2S.-,.  (I  N.  \V.  484. 

'■  \s   tielw|.<.II   tlieniselvos,   TIO  OHO   Tiion- 


raoli  takes  the  ri-k  of   the  ,,t|ier'-  nii'li- 

j;eMie."      77l<    Vionl    (|SS!li     )ll    l-ed.    (IHI. 

S.e  al-o     lli/o."/-  V.    Ililh,,    llSStI     III 

1     S.  ;il.l.  2S  J,,  ed.  440,  4  Sup.  t  t.  |{il» 

i:i:i,  the  ill' -it  of  whicli  is  statisl  in  | 
til2a,  note  I,  siilid.  id  I.  imtn;  Mivnr- 
aiH.lis  V.  I.iiiiiln,   (Ism:|i   7  »'    r.  ,\.  ;i»l. 

Hi  I'.  S.  .\pp.  Jt.'i.  .'iS  I'ed.  .Vi.'i;  «>i"/«n 
Sh'irtl.iiir    i    I  .     N.     It-    ('"■    v.     hriiot 

lISlMii  21  C.  C.  .\.  l>*ll.  44  V.  S.  .\p|). 
tiiMl.  74  I'ed.  nfi.'i:  Simliir  v.  t/ieii.  .i/.'./it 
Inlnrntn.iuil     Hl.ihif     t'<,.      l|S!i:i      l!H 

Minn.  Is.  70  X.  W .  7IMi:  Sl'iir,  v.  ./.  ir- 
,11  IIHHl;  85  V.  Y.  til,  2!l  \lii.  l!ep- 
1127:  Tiilhi  V.  Vnr  JorA  rf  T.  S.  S  f.i. 
I  IsiMii  Id  .Vpp.  Div.  4i!:l.  42  V.  Y.  Siipp. 
2":  lliiiiiiilly  V.  'Iiiiiiii  llS!s7i  411  Hun. 
47(». 

'This  was  tlir>  ceimplion  present  to 
the  mind  of  the  court  in  a  rricnl  New 
^olk  case  when  it  ti-el  I  lie  phrase.  "One 
iif  ihe  details  of  the  liii-iiie.s  that  is  ^-n- 
erallv  left  to  the  wnrkiiiin  lliiiiiselves." 
Aiiemriv.  Wrhhrr  l|H!)7)  l.'il  N.  V  417, 
4.'i  \.  K.  silO.  So.  a  I'Vdi-ral  iniirl  -|>iMks 
of  ails  which  "may  Is-  all  perfornied. 
and.  fur  thi>  most  pari,  usii  illy  are  di 
riited  and  performed.  I.y  nllurs  than  the 
ma-lir."     Tlirifmrn   (IHS'll  4nKed.  H'.U. 

'  lliriiir  V.  ,\  III!  lint  II  H.l/l.  I'll.  ||S!I2| 
S2  Ui  .  .107.  .V2  \.  \V.  .'101:  Itnrlir  v. 
\l,'  iilithill  l|Sfi:!l  21  Se.  S.-s.  ('as.  4th 
Si  1  ii-s.  l.'iO;  Ciii'.hin  v.  Smitlirin  I'.  Co. 
ilS'.l7i  H»  l''ed.  SI:  /»''ii\-  v.  \l iisnuii,- 
I//','.  I'll.  ilHlKi  lOli  Ca.  12(1.  ;12  S.  K. 
:i(i:  Km  V.  r,,,irii  I'l.lliiii  Milh  (ISOS) 
lo.-i  (1,1.  .-iHI.  .'11  S.  !•:.  1(1(1:  hiiilil-  V.  I.I- 
hi.th  \,ill>ii  II.  I'".  ilS!»4l  7H  Hun.  1!I2. 
2!(  v.  N'.  Siipp.  ."i:!:!:  I'niirliii  v.  Slu  lilmi 
(HUT)  20  ;;.  I.  2.-iS:  ;!S  .\tl.  .170: 
Iti'iinir  \  KiiKI  I  I'.HlOi  40  V.  ('.  .\.  .'U.-i. 
100  I'ld.  ;j(il  ;  llii.rti  r  V.  .llii  lllilhtf 
(IS!'.'!)    21    Sc.  Se-s,  (as.  4th  series.   Llll. 

A  I'oinplaint  in  an  ail  ion  to  recover 
frmi  ;i  cimtractor  for  the  masnn  work 
id  a  liiiildiii;.'  for  in  juries  caused  I.y  the 
fall  of  a  wall  is  demiirralili',  when  it 
allei.'es  (1)  th.it  tho  nmrtar  was  hadly 
iiii\id.    hut    does   not    aver   any   want    of 


tlii 


nthi 


iiavmal  mn  repn-i 


I  111 
ills  II 


•ilinarv    wnik    of    due  ..iiiii-rvisjiiii 


le  owner,  or  per 


ll-ll!l 


I" 
ii  iiiil    size 


(21    th; 


is  of  ar 


ii-id    I'lir    headers, 


m 


fur 


U16  au  uwiier  a 


Uutv;    and   Uierefuro    but   I'.ot-s    not    aver    that   the    defendant 


!l 


:f; 


III 


It 


n\ 


ilM 


MXSTKIt   \\l)Si;i!\  \NT, 


l<  MAP.   X^  \ir 


nil' 

II'  I  \ 


i|i'\  i.'O  (.f  nn  nvcniH'iif  n-iilmj:  ll»'  iiijinv  t"  llic  ii<"ilii:.ii.'<'  «\  li., 
iiia*lfr  liiiii-i'lf."  Wlini  ilic  i->ini|iliiiiii  |»'«i(i\<l\  iilli'i;.'^  ili;il  lln'  :i''. 
iiikI  oiiii-Hinii..* npliiini'il  ol'  \m  ic  l.\   llir  ilcfcliil:ml.  it  ciimi.il  Ik'  pi. 

sIllllCll   thilt   llll'V   \V(   If  lIllWIM.f  a    t'.'llnW  ClllltloVlO  llf  lll(>  <l(Mril-l'l|.' 

(,.   /Vert. — Wild.'  n  «'<Mii|'litiiil   1-  ilrmnn'iiMc  l>.'.;m-<'  it  ^ll..^\^  tl,;,t 
llio  plniiititr  wiw  iiijtiffil  1)\   llu-  inplipiii'<'  i<\  a  IVIIkw  scrvimt,  ili.n 

I'licf  II I  nut  llf  |ilfii<lf<i  ill  MM  iin-wfi-.*      I'lMiii  II  plfii  tnivfi-in-    m - 

liufiiff  liv  ihf  .l.'fi  n.liinf,  llif  <iflfii-r  llmt  liif  injiirv  foiii|iliiiiii  I  - 
WHS  ciiiiHil  liv  till'  iifuliL'fiiff  »f  M  I'flinw  »fr\iint  i*  "■|>iii.' 

893.  Instructiont. —  i  Sf  c  siU"  S  f.!  |,  imtf  1,  siiImI.  {h):  i  <;i.'  n.' 

/Iiirni.  si\u\     S  '"'IT.  Il"tf  2.  (((/    /(/ir/(i.  ()//■//(.  I— will  If    ll| liif    .'M 

ilfiK'f,  ilif  injure  iiiiiv  [Ml   ,ilily  linvf  liftii  "liif  to  iiii  iifi  ><\  ilif  kiii'l  l^r 
wliifli  tlif  iiiii^ifi-  i-  imi  rf-iM.ii-ililf,  ii  i-  frmr  (i>  rclii-f  iii-inii'ti..ii 
niilxitUiii;:  ilif  nilf  ii|.iiri.|iii:iii    i"  *iifli  »  fH'i:^      It  !■«  iiNu  •:!■ 
f.ir  rfVfi-iil  il  siifli  iii.trnflioii-  arf  .iiniiifl  wlifiv  llic  -fiiif  >>t'  il 
iilfiicf  !.•<  >nfli  tliiit  lilt'  jiirv  nmy  linvf  lifcii  iiii>^lf<l  iiv  -iirli    niii— i-n- 

ili.l  niit  siipiilv  -iiiliiM.' »«i>ii''^:    (3)   (lia)  HC.    il    vmi"    ar!.'ii'>l    tlut.    if    IIii- 

llu-   cniiiniilcii    for   ilir   iiir|»nlry    wmk  ■nv.l   in    iu  I'liii^i',   ili;il    iivr  .ImI   "■ 

<lr<ivc  ••il.K.k'."   itifii  till-    «:ill   li.'fMn'   llii'  |ii('|ii.lice    (lir    .•.uniMiiy,    Ih'i.mi--    Ml  i' 

\\,ill  «;i-  |>iii|Milv  .i'(.  lull  ili'i'-  mil   ;n.'i-  wii-  uiiKiiilriiiliil.il  ti'-liin(ii\    1      i  ''    i 

llint    llif    il.'f.iiihilil    kill"    llf    till-    liiiii«  «  I-   II"  liilV'l    "111  llir   -»il''i   wlu'li   ». 

.lour    mill    fiiil.il    In    liikr    -li'l"*    to    pre  li'fl     ii|»ii.    uml    tlii-     jinv    w.H'    .  Ii  nj.  i 

vi'iil    it.      Itii,     V.    Wi/(i.     (|J*ti(il     a    Sr.  Iliil     if    tlic    -uil.li    wii-    iii.l    ill    I  "  1'  1 

Si'-M.   (ill.    Mil   -rrii'-i.    Hl.'i.      S.T  iiNo  tin-  (mill    ln-'ini-r  il    liml   no  tiir;;il    iii".;   I 

(ii-l  of  till'  .Miiliiiimi  i'iiM-<  riti'il  in  8  iil>*.  miil  fir  iIimI  r ti  tin-  iii|iir,\  1  •\    ^ 

notf     I,     iffril.  "Ill'     i:lll«<'ll.      III!'     <111ll|l:III.V      HM.      Il' 

•  Kiii'iii   nil    :illi-;.'iiliiiii    tli;it    till'    iiiinry  HiH  tlii' inurt  -li.l:     "Tlii-  |ii'-iii 

«i|i  ciiii-i'il   liv   till'  ii."^'li;:itiir  of  IIh'  ili"  nol      I"'     ^iin  r"foll.V     mniiliiiii'.l         II. 

fiiiiliiiit    ill  iillowiliu  11    liaiii  to  iill.iin  a  Ir-liiniliy   «;i-  «iii  li  Hint   tin'  jiii.v  iri:  ■ 

.liiii.'iiiiil-    lilt"'   of    -|Mi-il.    il    Hill    111'    ill  "I'll     li'iM-    fiiiiii.l    tlial     till'    ihiiin     «i- 

fi'ir.il    llial    llif    iiijiirv    «:i-    iliii-   to    llic  iii'il  liir  cau^iil  iioi   cinil  i  i' iiii  .1  lo  I'V  t' 

lii-jlij.-i'iu-.'    of    llic    -finiiiN    of    llii-    ill'  iiliNiiKi'  of  till-  liii;;il.  ami  llial   ii   i.-ii;i 

fl'llihllll.      .S/oi/IKIII    V.    l:>iih,shl-  a-   N.    It.  I'll   -olil>    fliilll   til.'   lli'>;li;;i'llri'  il    lli.-.  'ii 

(•„.     (isri.'ll     i:i    Itiiili.    ."l7^.    .Mlinmil    in  ilinlor    wlm    li'ft    llii'    -«ilrli    '  I'<  "       I  li 

(IH.'iSi    IT    N.   V.    1."i:!.      .\   -iiiiilai    iiifi'f  ilifiinlaiil*   in  i-rror  iliai;;.'il  In.,  .'i-  ■'■ 

fiiri'  will   111'  ilrauii   mIh'It  llu-  avrniii'iit  ni'-li'.'i'iiii-  ii|".ii  tlii-  i'i.Mi|iaii.\ .     ili.'  iiil 

is  lliat   till'  (.laintitr  «a<   iiiinnil  In    II to  |>rin  lili'  llii' larL'il.  .in'l  l':"  I  nl"" 

iiianiii'r  in   wliirli  lar-  wi-n-  looliil.     hi-  of  Ilir  n  n.liirlor  to  <li'-.' iIh'  -»  H' li      I- 

ilr'.iiiii'.lii   a    SI.    I..    U.    i'li.    V.   ./o/iiiwiii  *in'-    ".ir    rai-i'il    an. I    -iiliiiiilt.il   i"  iV 

(lss;n    1112  hill.  :i.")'J.  'Jii  \.  K.  'iit'l.  jiiiy  to  (lilirniim' uln'tlii-r  rilliii  >  f  ili.-' 

•  lliiiir,)   V.   <'iiihiil   I'.   It.  rii.    (ISS.-))     art'.,  caii-i-i!  or  ('i.ntiiliiili'il  to  III.' iiiiun 
OS  Cal.    171.  8  I'ai'    H-J,><,  Tin'  Vflilirt  «a'<  p'tirral,  ami  it-  ;;.  ii.i  il 

'  l/</»ii   V.  n'Siilliiiiii    llH!K)|    1-211  Cal.  ity    (urM-iit-    ii-    from    ili-i  .mriii-   ii].  n 

01,  .'iH   I'ac.   'i^'t.  uliii  li  of  tlirii'  arts  of  iir;.'lii;iMri.  .  !i.irj..l 

'•  M'CdilIni  V.  Itrisliil  Sliiintntn  r.i'  <'i>.  it    \ia<  foiiniliil.     .\  yji-mral   \ii.li.l  im 

(18S:!)     Ir.    I.,    n.    in    C.    I,.    .■!S4:    .S.    /'.  lint    111'   lliilnlil    wlirri'    tliiTi'   ar i.nl 

llynii   V.  ftiDiill  (1SS2)    Ir.  1..  H.  ll>  ('•  ii-ur-  trinl.  ami  iiimii  any  om-  if  H"  m 

j^_  31)-  iTinr  i-  ooiiiniilliil    in   tlio  ii.liiii--i ' 

'Itriihrl  V.    \fir    Vol/,-  f    <f    H.    It     It.  ii'jiilion    of    i-\iiliiiri-.    or    in    nn    .iiir.' 

Co.  nsilj)    i:il>  X.  Y.  liH-.'.  2!i  N.  K.  Tti.'l.  of  till'  I'liiirt.  lu'iaii-i-  it   may  U-  tin'  '"'' 

'In    SI.    /.(iH!i.   /.    M.   it-    >'.    It     >'<•     V  jniy  fi Il'''  th.ir  M'l.liil   ii|«.!i  tin-  mi^ 

\V..(/;i(i).i    (1S!)4»    U.-)  I..    H.  .\.  ><:!••!.    II   <'.  i-'K-  I"   "lii'li    II"'  ill  .iirin-   mil"-  " 

C.  A.  50,   27    U.  S.   App.   -227,   <ia    Kwl.  latoil,  and  lliat  tlu-v   wnu  i-onlioU..U  m 


I  •■•"•) 


\  U  I     l'i;IN«  !!•  >l>llll'      1-1    I  Ml 


iih    Will  K 


17:11 


Oil    tlir   .illi.r   llllM'l.    ull.M-    llii'   r\\>\'  ell  .ir|\     -li.   iV-    lli:ll    llir    HI 

,iic^  Wii^  .Mii-r.l  li\  11.  ylir'  II.'.  ill  ri-p..t  t-.  11  .l<iiiil  ..t  llif  u..rk,  it  i!> 
,  ,r.n-  I..  ;:iv.-  iiii  iii-i  rmi  i.'H  i<.  ihc  ctl.ii  tli.it  a  iii.i-HT  is  l...iiiul  to  \>v>>- 
\  iilc  II  -lit'-  |iliiir  111   \V"ik. ' 

594.  Function!  of  court  and  jury  in  passing  upon  the  evidence.— i  S(.«' 
;,|,..  ;$   t'.'...  null.  S  illT.  ii.it''  •..  "'/  /(//.„(.  infni.)  -  It  i-  itriiiiai-ih   l.>r 

if...  jiiiA   I.,  -iiv  wImiImi'    111    iiijinv  iT>iiltfil   In.t 'lilipi  ..■  in  tnr- 

iii-liin;-  tin-  uiiilri  i.il-.  nf  111  iimiii;  iImih.'  I'm'  w  Inn- tlir  .x  iilrlH-i- ..t'- 
'n-iMl  l.v  til.  |iliiiiiiiil  i*  -lull  thill  It  i«  ii'it  n;i-..iiiililv  mi"'<  Jilililc  nl 
;,iiv  iitliir  .■..iiMnii-ti.in  lliaii     tuii   ih.    iiiiiif.v  um,  •■hii-.imI  .s..l.l\    l>.v  im 

a.-l  1«  l-.ti^iin:  i.i  til.    i-i\\,-'j.-i\     ■!    tl ■  .I..' 1  t..  Iw  .-li.ir  n    .ri-tic  nl' 

i.ii'rr'  siT\iiiii«,  'lir.M^i-  -li-iil.l  Ih'  iiikcii  Ir.'i.i  '111'  jiirs  liv  ,1  .ii>iiii-iil 
„f  til,,  ciiniiiiiiii!.-  tir  1»\       ii..ii-iiit,''  or  liv  .lin  .tiii^'  a  vmiirt  fur  liic 

llwir    (111. I  11^'    l.V    111.'     nilmi.'"       H'"'  ...in-.-  i-  1..  :.iv   it  ,|..«ii    ii-  n  tiiiill.r  ..f 

C/iiir  I  ■•,.iMi/.  \'.  ./'./'"    ••..    lis'.:),   (it.  I  iiiw.  that    lli.-  iltllv  .  f  ll.i-  .Iff.'liiliill       i- 

V    IIH     I.'  IS,   A|.|.     l'«>.  ."I'i   li'il.  Hid  I..  -ii|.|,ly   111!'  -.rvi.ii!    -Mtli  .iiilalili'  jml 

\l„n,hi„J   I's.     i,f     I/.,,/./..*    V.     Ilnhlmn  -.!■      iMxIiiiuii       ili.l     .ipiili."!'-''"-     '^ilh 

IHHJi      IIJ    I        S      J..NI.     J-»    I.,    r.l.    ''iJ.  lull.      I. Ill    all'l   -i.llfill  c.H.'lk.  1  •.  .IM'I   I" 

■|  S.iii   (I     I'l-ii.  •-'T'*,  '""'^     .111.1  |ir<'iiiiili:iilc -mil.  ii'iii   .  nl.- .i.i.l 

;.'i»i'."'     \.'  l/.v«r,,,,..„     /'i.  t-     «■((.    i.--iil:ilt<iii-  for  n mill.  '   .■!  1',.'  liii-i 

I'Hiiii    T_'  \'l.  -"H.   IT   All     l">*"i  '"•■"•  i"  ''"  i'i.li'ti'>    "HI  111  ■!  l"i   ■'">  "^ 

■;•;..,.. ./s  V.    I"<i    l''".<    /.'.  '"       iO'l  iin..|.liiiaiy   ■».  .-..-ii*   thai    iiiiv     '"•    i< ,. 

ll»   Mich    M    TJ    N.   \N-    •'•;    /(.."''/   »  -iiiial.l.v   Hiili"i|i   '-'I"    ISIiii'i    v      '•aril 

\.„.r,...H    ilH'i'.li     IT-I    Ma-     U-i.    .-|»    \.  llHSli    H.-,    \      ^      lit.    7:1.    ill     '.Ml      i;.p. 

¥   H't-  l>i.„.„l!>i  v.  It.,i,th  Itn.s.  tl    II    I.  '■■■JTl,  aii.l     Ih.'ii     a-k     Ih.'     iniv    r,,    ini.l 

(,Vii,ti/r  r..    ilHi'T)    !M(   Mr.    11"    :1T    .Ml.  vli.'lli.T  ill.-  .l.'f.ii.laiil   ha.l   fail,,!   i-   1 1n- 

HU:    .\ilr,s,,,i    \.    Ihiiiiis,,,!    MsT.'.i     117  I- it.iiiiiaii.  .•  Ill   il^  .liilv    ill  an^     'I    1 1.    •• 

\1iiii«.  407 ;    W.i./inn./ V,  //..<;.iH   I  HTtil   7K  r.-|"-«<--      "'"'    »      ^"'     ''"'■    ''      ""' 

N      Y      lil.'i;     /i/:m. .."■"«     n       hninl',,,  /».  v    /»."'.     I'<:     |1HH2|     lli     "..iii-    :.     ^. 

ilSil.))    Hlt»    Ma-.-,   tl-l   .IJ   N     K    •■'«'';  "i" 

Tnulur    V.     Shir    Cnal    r„.    (IH..l!t.      110  s...  al«.)  8  !ll-''.  ""'I'-  -•  I-'-  '""•"• 

l,i.,,l    40,  HI    N.   \V.   -Jl!!  Ihlml      V.      Cn.ir,,      l'u,„l      Im,,      Co. 

Til..  .iii.-ti,.ii  «h,tli.T  ..   ,n,.-  , ,!.■.•.•   ill  ilHiW,     .-.I     \.    Y.    ^     I!.    •-':!><.    -J    N.     S 

..  la.M.r  l.r.ik.- iiii.l.-r  til.   w.-ii'hl  i.f  plain-  Mi|i|>.      t'i">;      lh„.„i.l,l     v       /(./«.,....,,. 

lilT  wrvaiit   l...aii-..-  a  i.ait  thai   f..    l.'H.'il  I  IHIHh    HI    S^'    Din.  Ml.  .iH  N.  N.  Su|.li. 

its  left  i-n.l   111  till-     i.ti'    pi »■>-    '"••"■  ""     """"    *     /.'./•'''.""I'  '■"     il"*''Hi    ■.;. 

-u.h   a    l.iu.t    ill    111.     -i.li-    !•*«■'■ "1"  M'l'-  »'v-  ■i'"-  •"•"  N-  'I     ^"VV    '•"•'■    "'' 

-liiittii  t.i  hav.-  .-\i-|..l.    i-    fill-   till'     iii.v  ^'■"     V.    Ihi.Uu,,    /,'ir.r    11 -i/'  •     /'.,...<•    cf 

H;,ni,„„    V.    r,ui,,„„h'im    Siii'lh,,,,    f    •  /'.(/-.  r   Co.    il-<!i:ii    71    Mini.    1'>1.   lit    N- 

tS!l!i|    li:l   N     .1.    I„   1117.    It    All.    7ii:i  V    -«iipp.   HIT.;;   .s....,i.,(/  v.   /■.'./.    i|s;i_M 

Wl,..!...  at   III.-  '■1.1 f  111''    plaiiilill-  'W    Him.    ITii-    H    \.   Y.   Siipp    still;    r,.l 

1-.-.    it    i.i    appannl    llial    ll »i.l.n,,'  /.,.s   v.   St.   I';'<l  .(   S.  C.   K.  To.    l\Hf-2) 

.liii«   far    iiitr.'.lii.-.nl    i-    .•.m-i^'liiit    wiHi  -"   Minn.   'H.    It    N    W.  UO. 

ill.'  tli..<irv  that  Ihi-  injury  «  i-  .•.iii-.il  '-.v         1  pi-ii  app.-.il,  uli.ri-  ll innplaint  hiM 

Ih.'  iifjjliv.'iiii'  "f  a   f.ll..'«    -.■rvanl.   it    i-    :.-'ii   .li-im 1.   Hi'-  plaint  ill'  i-  .■ntitl.Ml 

.rr.ir  t'ti  Till.-  tliil    tin'  ilii.triii.'  nf  .inii     m   Hk'   ni.i-i    finoral.h-    inl'.r.i -    In   li'" 

iiion  .■niplovin.'nt    i-«  ii'it    applii  il.h'.   .in.l  liavMi    frniii    lh<-    <-vi.l.-nii-.      Mii'uii,-    v. 

\,|ii,l..'th.'   .lof.'ii.lant    ti..in   ..tl.riii-  u>ill,i,iU,  i    I  1H!I7_I    1«  .\pp    I'iv.   -7J.   44 

inv  iviih-iici'  1.1  sii-laiii  a   .t.f.n-.-  lia-.-.l  \     \.    Siipp.   Iitl7. 

mm' lliat   (I.Htriiii'      fdufirr    v.    Ilii„iiln,,i  Mrrnilliii  \.  IIiihIhI  Sliiimnnris'  Co. 

\Uf,.  Co.   (18(171    14  .Xtl.'n.   1113.  '  ISH.'l)    Ir.  1..  It.   Kt  f.   1..  -IHl:   ll,;,,,.'  v. 

It   is  .'vnir  1.1  l.'rtv.-  it   .'iilinlv  t.>  IIk-  I'unrll    i  lSS2i    Ir.    I..   1!.    10  <'.   1..  .'itC  : 

iiirv  to  (lot.Tinin.'  what    a.t.-  :iiri   .iiili.-.  />.  "or.iii    \.    I'-iii-    .i;"!".     i.:x   I  ..t.    t^ 

111.' .I.t'i-ailanl    «a-   i-.-.piir.-.l    to  (MTfuii.  Cn    I'a.-.    -.Itl:    A'v"'.    i-    UiCiillii    ilS!l|i 

ami  aischurKf  as  priii.ipiil.     Th<-  |.r..|«  r  I'.'.l    Mo.   (i.td.  27   S.    W  .   5X1:   -hidnuti    \ 


ll 


-4^ 


i     I 


i;:i2 


MAsii:i!  .\M)sr.i:\  ANT. 


[(  ii.\r.   xxMi 


.lcr.li.l;ilil.''      AikI   if  II   viiilict   liiis  l-ccli   himI.iimI   I'.if  llir  phlilililT  vn 
>hi'li  i'\  iilnicr,  ii  .-liciiilil  I'l'  .-<'l  ii.-iil<'." 

Ilh.n,    ,ISS!M    Jt;  N.  V.  S.  I!.  TMH.  JJ  N.  mi-Ill     luiv..    Uon    r.v..lily    rxtin-.ii-!,..l 

|-     ,-,->     (■.,/,    \     /.•.,„...    II.  •(    ".    /.'.   (■■>.  «li<n    lii'l    ili-.r"v<i..l:    lliiil    111.-  .1.1.11.1 

(  IS...:!,':-.;  Ihm.  1117.  ■-'.-.  .N.  V.  Su|.|..  iT"!;  .nil    li.i.l  ii  .i.l.rM   « ill.   |..|..h  Ii.;..Iii.-  t„ 

Ihr.rr   v     //..//    .  IH'.T)    11    .Mi-.',    I.-.-'.  47  .-a.-l.  «t..l)  ..f  H..-  null.  I..  «I.I'l.  w.iv  ..t 

N     V     Si.|M«    •■..III     II.a.'I-.hI    ill   Jil    Mi-i'.  l;.il»-.l  lii.f-  .'t   I'"-''-  I'H'   "<   »»'•  ■" ' 

i;7-     Hi   \     v.   Si.pi..  .Vl.l;    /,...,./  V.   /,.-  I!,.-  lin-  II..-  «..l.-r  .li.l  i.-.l   m"  »1'-"   '' 

;...//(   !  .(//  7  /,'.  «-...   I  H'.'ti   Ttl  11.111.  57."..  i.-i.il't  w.i^i  ii.ii''.-  I"  <i-'-  I'-     "•■''I-  '"  '   •■ 

•>»  \    V    Siipp    1S7:    W./A. /  ».   I."-"  ..l>-'.i.-.'  "f  .M.!...'-.-  <.l   ..1..V   i.-M-....    .»   V 

ImOil  r„.   '  IHIIK    71-.   l!i;!:,  .-.7!l.  -2S   N.  II..-  ».il.r  .11.1   ....I    rm..  H.-.l    H    nii.-l   ■;- 

V    Sii,.,,.  |..i(l;  //.,.,, ,rv.  /(.../.  <■;../.■  A',  atl.il.. 11. -.1  u,  il..-   ...■^l.-i;...v  ..(  ll..^  i  i 

(.,     .IS'.iti     I.->1    I'a.    .-111-'.    --'Il    All.    ;il.-.-.  Iu»    -..riaiil^   ..f    II..-    |.l.....llir   U.    far, 

r.,»7.r    V.    rhi,„,,„    .1      \.     II.    II.    (•"■  '"   k<'-l'    :li'-   "I'l'^'i^'l'i-    11.   .'r.!.'-.   "I    ' 

1IS.SI1   111   Wis.   I.Sll. 'il   N.  U.   tO:  (-.,../<  lailii.i;  I..  |>iil    it   i"  ..|»ial  1..11 ;  a.i.l  11..; 

,T  V      Uilir.iul.,;     .(■     /'.     ./"    rh.     It.  Cu.  II...   .l.lV...laiil    «a,   ....I    l.alil...     ./..„.  ^   i 

(ISIilM    -J:!    \\i-.    til-.H;    Shilz   V.     l.m.,«;-  «;.-..'."'.     \l'lls    ils.M     l-il.    Ma--    s  I      .n 

lS<t:il    S4    Wis     r.'.l.   .-.I    \.    W.    IIMMI.  Ai...  l!.-)..  (H;l.      II..-  > '   iv..iaik..l  th.ii 

.  \\i„ ,-,    V    ./,/„   1  IS.MI,   .->  Kn.Ii.  .-!.■>«.  il  «as  ...I  "-alW  i'"  I"  .l.-'i'l'-  "li'll"-'  ■'» 

in  I     .1     l-'x.l.    N    S    -J!«i.   14  .lur.  H37;  r..i|il».VOT  was  Imhiii.I  I..  |ir<in.lf  |...-.iii 

/) ';,■„;,    v.    /.,...•<    il'.lOl)     I-JS   (al.    IH,  ii„i,s  f..,tl..-|.r.x.nl....  ..f  lin-.  <.r.,i.aM. 

Ill)     !>..■      .-.Ill-     Cannll     V.     U.shiH     1.  I,.r   fa.ilitatii.y  11 .apr  ..f  .1.11. 1. ■>.•.- 

7'W,.i    r<,     (1H!1.))    lt!0  Mass.   l.Vi.  .-!.-.   N'.  fnim  a   lir.-  »l..<-l.  I.a.l  slail..l.  a.i.l  |.... 

K       4-,r.-       Hrlhll      V       /I..V/..H      l.ruil     t'".  <-|.<-l'-.l    II..IS:       "Kv.-I.    .f    «.■  a.ss,il,l.'   Ihi' 

'■       ■     '  (-..-.■      HiniKilii    V.  siK-li  .J.Ii^'ationH  rest   ii|MiM  the  i-i.ipl..>.i 


(ISSi.i      12s     M 


Spriini    ( 


IS!.:!  I    ICO  Mass.  -Jiu.  :i.'.  N.  I- 


i.li'li. 


..Ilcr.-.l  Ivn.lii.y  1. 


77!l;      Yullliil     V. 
|1S!I7>     Ills    Ma 


,(      I/. 


A".    Co.    li.al  ll.i-  .l.'f«'ii.la..l.  fail.-.l  lo  lak.'  |...  |. 


■Jl!>.    4li    N.    K.    l>-24;    prfca.itii.iis  to  pii-vi'i.l    lir^ 


...■    Iliat    til 


//. 


iriirt 


I    V 


//,„,./  I  is'i-ii   i.v. 


Ma 


:i!tl,    liiiw,  laiiks.  and  oUior  applia.i.o  t. 


■2>.)  N.   v..  li.'lll; 

I  l«7si 


Ma- 


ilh   V.  1,1 
111:   1^ 


II  Mj<i.  Cii.    linfjuisliiiiK   il    w<>r 


i.i>l 


ill    Uiat    I. 


V.  I'liiil    any    c-ir 


A  1:    1/ 
N.   W.  I!!'.".; 


A'.  »■(..    (Hill)    HI!  ^t.il..  7r..  4rt    Tl..' <'\  iiU'iic' 


laii.'.s    wii.ilil    Im-    r.-.pi.r.  ■ 
ollVri-.l  was  simply  llial  tli 


1. 1 


V.   SI.   I''iiil.   M.  A   ii 


It.  Co.    (lS!t-JI   Till  Minn.   IiHt.  .".-i   -N.  W 


r  iliil  not  nil.  wli.ii  the  f.-ll..si 
Ills    iif   the    plain!  ill'    alt.'iiipli.l    1. 


.-t7S:  Itniil,  II  \.  Ciilliini 
31,  51  N.  W.  ;i.VI:  /(.( 
r.  Sim  III 


ISM-Ji   'to  .Mich.    il.    'I'l.is  wa.H  i.Dt  s.illi.i.'i.l  pr.'.'l  "I 


III  Iriiil    •?    ;.'.-m-<'  to  i-li. 


till'  .li'l'i'iidaiil.      I'll.'    I' 


1S!.-J|    111    Mil)..  5S5,    li'i. 


lant. 


in  any  a 


.■<l   of  the  cas<>.  Ii. 


5-J  N.  W.  iZ:   Kill,., 


Mil 


{  I  Sl.-J  I    !t'i 


il.iiii 


IhiIi-   .l.ilv    wl.en    it  s..p|.li. 


Mich.    nil.  .Vi  N.  W.  7111;    l/«/r.v/i  v.  II, r 


I. SI. I  I 


Mill. I 


.III  ii-i 
.V)  N.  \V.  (Ill ;    of   wlii.l.   .ii.ist   lit'  nc.-.ssarily   iiilin-t.' 


the  pii>iMr  iippliam-.s.  Ilii>  care  a 


/(.; 


/..  .1  n .  It.  I 


to  it.s  servants. 


'11. 1'  f.iil'.irc  nf  III. 


IHOI  I     l-ili   N.   V.   r.73.  -'   N.   y-    "^-2:    '•■'T  '"  •■""  """*     tli''i''-f"'|'''  '"'  iit'.ili'i 


I 

llrnimi 
('..,   (1S!)4) 
•110;     //ill/    V 
/»..<-A     (■■ 
Mli'llo 


lull    V.    7,(i/.(    Sliiiri- 


(C    M.    S.    R.    to    tho    nc^-'lij-'i'iiic 


(if     iVIln 


!j:i  H.tii,  :H!.').  ;U  X.  Y.  Snpp.    .illu-rin  failii.«  to  l..-<-|.  tin- appai 


)..i7.    I  lull  I  i  nil   hill    pr<>|xT  indcr.  or   i 
(ISS-J)     l.i    .l.incs   4    S.    4r.O;    it  in_  op.rali<>n  " 
//..//. 


ly   piiU 


Ituliiin   (ISSS)        Whi-.ri' thc!.'vi<lcni-p  ii.iTi-ly  sli.iw 


IIS    I'a.   -i.:!.    11    -Ml-    :s..l:    riniiiur 


d    V. 


honcvcr   the   l.alil. way 


tli..t, 
(llliillj.'li    will.'' 


;irl    (  1SS7 


I'a.  I    Ii  (-.'nl.    Hep.    140.    Il.c   plainlilT  f.ll    Wi.s  1  i^.l.lf.illy  i.| 


S    .Ml.   5;    I  iiii   '/. 


//. 


1/    V.    Vii/ii(ii 


11/    it    wa.s  liy  Hi 


.c  iir.lcr  ol 


/••: 


|S!t:!i    S4  Wis.  li:itl,  .->»  N.    iif   a    pail  Miliar   a^'.-ii 


i>f  III,.  il.'f.'i..|..iil  .r 
rit.   anil   lli.il    in  tl"' 


W.    lOHt;     liAuM.s   V. 


Niiim-    (liMIOi     100    latU-r 


III.    ai;i'i. 


I  al 


ways 


W 


l». 


\W1,  HI  N.  w.  !is;i. 
1 


it    when    i'    was   i>|m 


to   \i»;iv 


sliMlll    I'V 

.liii-'t 


111  an  aeliiii.  liv  an  .-...plnyiH' 


.'iiii.st  a    ace. 


Ie.lt- 


.11.1    tli.il    on    the 


iiifa.'l.iri.ij.'  (Ill  |>.. rat. 11.1 


..IJIl.le 

e-eapi 

it  appear. 


1    while    enilejivoriny 


fi 


its  mill   which   was  on  tire,    lar  aj/idl  or 


IIS     (>|H'lle.l      H.llli.lll      til- 

to    knowleiU^'  or  permis-ii f  -m-li  |>:iihm. 

I'  the  ilefe.i.laiit.  a.i.l  l.>  th. 


.  for  iM'i-sd.ial    i|..<.s(i(i.i     it 


il  tlial    the  lire  « 


as  ..'anse.!  Iiv    ..na.ill.ori/.eil   i.el   of  a    I'ell 


\\\f  heali..^'  nf  a   liearin^;  mi  on 


if  Il.c    Ihe    ili-e.a-.'.l.    Ill ilii-ii... 


iiachincB 


ii-eil   in  the  mill,  un. 


1  that  it   Unit  the  plaint  ill'  was  iiiji 


-.•i\.iiii  "I 

1,1     l:iu     I-. 
1,  net   li>  till.. 


jti  .-.ns,  sne]     vu  i:  ri!iN(ii'.\i-siiiP— r)KT.\ii-s  of  work.  1733 

595.  Explanation  of  the  classification  of  the  cases  cited  in  the  ensu- 
ing sections. —  'llic  (Iccisidiis  rcfiiirding  iicts  of  iicfilijioiu'c  which  arc 
Diit  rcgiirdrd  as  (•'•nstitutinp;  ItrcacliO!*  of  tho  iinii-dclcfriihlc  duties  seem 
to  1)0,  broiidlv  spciikirif?.  susccptihio  of  cliissiticiitiou  under  the  catc 
^c-rii's  indicalfd  iiv  tin-  iicailiiiL's  of  tho  iioxt  thr.'i-  siilititlos.  But  in 
niiiiv  iiwtaiicis  it  i~  oliviouslv  jinptHsililc  tu  say  p<isitiv<'l_v  that  a  case 
bolonjrs  to  one  catofiorv  rathor  than  anotlior.  The  arraniromi'iit 
adopted,  thcroforo,  is  iik  rely  to  ho  rci^anjcd  as  a  cjiuvoniciil  motliud 
(if  showiuir  tho  oifoct  of  the  enormous  mass  of  maloriais  with  which 
we  have  to  deal. 

B.    Nk«L10KN(E  OI    <!()SI,I(VANT.S  involving  MRUKI.Y  Tin:   I  SIC  OK  TUK 
IHSTUt.MI-NTAI-rriKS,  MASTKlt  NOT  KESi'ONSIHI.K  Idlt. 


598.  Orders  respecting  the  use  of  the  instrumentalities. —  a.  Grnr'- 
,ill.,/. — Tho  ofToci  of  tlic  cases  cited  in  diaplor  xxviii.,  .\,  oiilr.  and  S 
."i41.  atitr,  is  tlial  an  m-der  is  not  deomP<l  to  l)o  <rivon  in  a  n-presonta- 
live  c^ipacity,  nnli'ss  llie  eniployoo  irivinir  it  is  a  vice  principal  by  vir 
tue  of  his  rank.  Otlier  case.-  illn-iratini;  mori'  direi^tiy  the  prineiph- 
that  a  niMster  is  not  liahle  merely  for  tho  reason  that  llie  nofjlijreni'c 
was  coiiiniitled  in  tho  giving  of  an  order  are  cited  in  tlie  foilowiim 
four  sect  inns. 

h.  Unlcr  iirroriipiDilrH  Ini  nii  niyi(ranrc  of  safrfi/. — fSie  also  5  4  1>^, 
nnff.)- — In  an  <arly  Knglish  case  it  was  laid  (h)wn  limadly  that  a 
workinan  is  entitled  to  rely  ><n  tiio  repri'sc  illations  of  a  tVllow  work- 
man wlmse  province  it  is  to  infonii  him  whether  he  can  or  canm  i 
-afoly  wcirl<  in  a  certain  place.'  As  the  neirnaoiit  servant  in  this  case 
was  an  iinderiinnind  iiianai;er  in  a  mine,  and  such  an  iiiiployeo  wm.> 

nj^lwt  <ir  rlifiMiIt  of  liis  «Mii|>li>vi'r.  tmt  tlic  fjx'ls  .iri^  left  to  n  liia!   jiiil«P.  in  or 

liv  tliiil   iif  lii->   filliiw  »iiv:inl.    ' Kml  v.  ilrr  IImI    In-,  iiitiiif,'  ;i-<  :i    jiin-.  inuy  liii'l 

itailliiiil   (IS.-iSi    n    ll(i-w.  ;■)!»!.  wliiit   tlicv  wrrc.  it   i^  nut   f.ir  a  ciinrt  nf 

^  Omiiiillii  V.  San  h'liiiiii.srit  llii^hff  Cn.  ii|>|)c;il-<  to  ciiii.ijili'r  wlictliiT  llu'V  wimld 

ilSliTi    117  Cal.  417.  A'.f  I'lic.  :<:>'.>:  I.iniii-  lia\c   finiiiil   us   Ik-  diil,  Imt    wlicllicr  lii- 

I'lis  V.    l/.ii.K    r.   It.  fii.    (is^iii    Ht    Ml',  linilin;.'  is  s<>  fur  wron),'  llial   llicy  uhl'Ii' 

161.  24   All.  sn4:   .lannun   v.   rlnruqo  <t  lo  <i't  it  iisidi-.     Churlrs  v.  Tni/hr  (IH7S| 

a.  T.   It    r.,.    ilS!i:t)    lis    Midi.    l.'t.V   .'i7  l..    li.   .l  C   l".   Div.   AK,  .1R   I..  T.   N.   S. 

N.  W.   ;)•_';    Itrirhil   V.    \,;r    York  (\   rf  77.).  --'V   Wi-.-k.    He)).  :\1.  \n-r  ItMt,  [..  .1 
n.  K.  It.  f'o.    (lS!l-2)    lliO  \.  Y.  »W-.  'in        Wlii-n-  the   nonliuliilily    is   llms  clear. 

N.   K.   "11.1;    Ihirliy      .   Hiifliilii  I'lir   Mfg.  as    n    matter   <if    law.    it     is   error    In    in 

Co.   (l,S!Ui    141!  \.  Y.  :tl.  .'tli  N.  K.  Hi:i:  siniet  llie  jiiiy  lliat  it  is  for  tliein  to  -.iv 

MiDnniilil  V.    \i  ir    Yark  ('.  it   II.    ^f.   It.  whether  any  nejrliL'eiicr  is  to  Ik>  iiii|>iiteil 

I'll.  (IM'.iJi   (!.1  llun.  ."JS".  18  N.  Y.  Su|>p.  f<>   lti<'    niaMJT.      llnU    v.    I  iiilitl    .sr,i/,s 

iinU:    \l,i;,n,iil»H   V.    Cunnrd   S.    S.   <'<>.  Itailialor   Co.    IIWIO)    :tZ    .\|vii     Div.    ilO. 

'IS".-)|     144    V.    V.    rt't'i,   .19   N.    K.   fiS7;  04  .V.  Y.  Siipp    Ino.' 

I'fy.hrl  V.  rUirnqn.    M.  •(•   HI.   I'.   It.  Co.        '  I'otcrium  v.   Wnlhice   (185t)    1   Maic, 

(1HS.-,|  (li  Wis.  :i:ts.  il   N.  \V.  20it.  II.  L.  Ca».  748. 

Wlicre,  by  af^reemcnt  of   Uie   pertiea, 


i|f  !' 


m  ^ 


liii 


,11! 

Sin 


vs 


I 


il 


^  -xi 


il , 

il 


.1: 

m  r 

nil 

MM 


MASll-.i;  AM)  SKI!\  ANT 


[cliAr.  XXXII, 


tiriiii'il  til  1m'  a  vic<>  princiiml  in  I'.if  more  recent  ilcci.-inn  i>l  II  '/v"/(  v. 
Mm-;/-  it  wniilii  Mcm  iliat  sii.-li  ii  niliiif;  i>  in  <tTi-ft  cqiiiviileiit  tn  a 
(Iccisii-iiliiiii   lliiit.  ;is  to   tli<'   fiitictiiiii   ill   i|iit-li<iii,   lie   i^   ll'"'   iiiii-i' i  - 

agent.      Tile  pn-citic  ■rrDiimls  ii|"in  wliicli  tli iriicr  ilci-i-iiun  \>v .1- 

arc.  lii.wcvcf,  .|iiit<' (ilwciiri',  ami  it  is  cxtivinclv  (Imiliifnl  wln'tiiii-.  iij. 
on  this  ]i:irticii!ar  [inint,  it  can  b*'  rctHincilcd  witli  llic  |jniiei|ilf>  hii.; 
(Idwn  in  |1'/7no/(  v.  Mcnij. 

Sniiic  Anierican  cases  ulsn  seem  tn  treat  file  asstiraticcs  nf  an.v  i  in 
pliivee  wlio  is  in  liie  exercise  of  eiintrol  as  lieinu;  liindiiiir  on  liic  iini-!.  i. 
altliiiiicli  for  otliir  |)iirposes  lie  iiiav  lie  a  mere  servant.'      Itiit  ilic  ..y 

posite  conception  of  tlie  (jiialitv  of  an  order  ; iipaiiieij  liy  an  a-m 

ance  lias  also  lieeii  aiiopte.l  in  several  decisioiH.'      In  tlie  oi)ini..n  .' 

"(IStiS)  \,.  V\.  1  II.  I..  Sc.  .\(i|i.  t'ns.  iiill  to  niiici'ivf  of  cirouiii-tiiM.  -  m 
.TJfi.   Ill  I..  T.   \.  S.  .'til.  wliiili   till-  injurious  tir;;lii;i'iui-  khI.I  ' 

''l'„<i,    V.    rhitilll',.    \l.   .f    SI.    l:    It.    !'<•.     Illiin-     |.!:lilllv     lllllt     of    11     fril.iu     -ilv  m,' 
(1882)    5tl  Ui-.  2J7.   It    N.  W .   J(i   (rail      lliiiii    Ilii'   ii<l«   "f   <.iiii"ion    Inn-   in  ,\, 
\\:\\    niiiil.iiiiv    imiihl    1>V   a>-iiraii<i'  of   a    .li'iuc.     Tin-  plaro  of  »oiU  wn,    |,.mi.,' 
scrVaiit    ill    I'liai;-.'   of   ii    liainl    <ar   to  a    ly    safe   v\rv\,\    in    m,    far    a-    lli.v    «.. 
<lH»rtivc  in  tin-   n)ni|iaiiv'-.  .•iii|iloy  that    rt-ndcicd  in-i'iin.'  liy  tlic  iiiiiiiiml'  nf  i' 
li('nil"lit  -afrlv  ri.li'-itlini;  ii|>on  llii' ivar    <ar  and  III.'  -lailini.'  of  tlir  cal.lf.     If!' 
ciul    of    the    I'ar    «illi    lii-    fi'"'!    lian^iii!'    folVMian  liini-.lf  lia.l  o|i.-i:il.iltli..  .    i  ■  i 
over);    HkkIUi,   v.    V.  .r    \ink   l\    I!.   Co.    >lartr(l    1  lir   .mIiIi-.    tlio   .Irl.'ii.laiit    u^V 
I  1S74I  :(   riioni|i.  \  <  .  jssilrack  niaslcr    coitaiiily  not  liavclHiii  litiMi'.   i  Sii' i  . 
Its  inriilint  to  lii~  riulit  to  .'niiilov  lalior     /<i"   v.   Il'ihhill    |ISH(I|   H\    S.   V.  .".H;    ■: 
..fx    liclil   to  lie  aiilli..ii/r.l  t4i  ;iiw  lli.MM    Am.  I!.'|i.  -".^ill  ;  ami  it  s.viii-  iiii|».--i  i. 
an  assiiian.i-  that   In-  «ill  warn  IIkmii  as    to  aruuc  that   tint  failiiir  to  |.|,»   iil  .,' 
to   th.'   aiinroach    of   triin^ii    II, ,,111    v.    othrr  srrvaiit   irom  doin-  th.-f  m.i.  , 
Third  .1 '<■.  It.  (<,.    (  IH'Hil    10  A|.|..   Div.    U'   m-;:liL'iii.i'  of  an  fs-rntialh    .jill.t. 
308    41   \.  Y.  Sii|>|i.  7''2   (workman  wriit    quality. 

iiMilcr    track    in     rcliamv    on    foivmaii-s        'The  oi.l.i-    of   ..    s.Ttion    foivniin  ! 
stafj-nii'iit   that   no  car  wiulil  |>as>  iiiilil    a    hilior.r   « lio    is   with    liiiii   on   a    li.ii 
a    timr   niii.h    Intor  than   that    at    «lii.li    .-a r.  that  lif  .hall  mit  hu.k  hack  1..  « -i^ 
the     acci.h-nt      iMi'iiricih  :       Viillnii,      v.    for  a  train,  ami  a^iiiaiio.  that  the  ir 
III. list', II.    W.   Strril  rf    /'.    /■'cnv   It.   Co.    man  himself  will    vv.ildi  ami  ;;i\.-  «.h: 
ilS'tTi   "I    \li»<'    10.  4fi  N.  V.  Siii-ii.  !i.'>7    iiii;  of  any  (l.iiiL'cr.  ilo  not  make  ilir  m- 
(asMiraiKv  l.v  track   mi-t,r  of  a   -ti.vt    tcr   lial.lc  for    an    injury   1..   the   l.ih;.,.' 
niilwav   .■omi'ianv    to   ii    workman    iimlor    n-nlliiif;  from  the  im-Ii^m  ii  .•  of  iiic  l..i. 
hix  control    to  ii'i.liicc  the  latter  to  ciil.r    man    in    lailiiiL'  to   watch    ferthetrn- 
a    hole   which    was   daii-eions    whih.    the     l/'o/o-    v.     t  ^ /o.y.o,,    7     .(    N.    '''■'., 
eahl.-    was    in    olH-ralion.    ll.at    he    wmiM     llsil7l     HWi    I       S.    :i!l!l.    41    I..   e,l.    I1...I 
oriW  the  cneinxT  not  to  -tart  the  eal.le.    17  Sii|..  Ct.  i:e|i    (iOIl. 

held    to   Im'    a    matter    iHit.iiniiv'   to    the         One   of    two    fore n    of    cori.tni  ).  h 

.liitv  of  a  master  to  pnAide  .1  safe  phi,,-  uoik  acts  „s  a  mere  ...servint  ..l  .1  ->' 
of  work,  an.l  not  a  men-  .letai'  of  work  ordinate  in  iliiMtim;  him  I,,  woik  n  v 
within  the  functions  of  a  felhm  -erv.  ha>e  of  an  owrhanyMii;  hank,  aii.l  ,-1,1 
,i,i^.  in;;  him  that    he  can  -.ork  lleav  ni  -.1 

The     first     of     til. ei.ioMS     eit„l      ill       ty.       It.llrh    V.    //.,.,v     IISIMI,     -[O   '      <       ^ 

volvco.  it  will  he  o rve.l,  the  ehnient  of     l.-.l.  :!i;  V .  S.   A|.|..  (1!1.;.    .:!   ted     1, 

a  dilTenMice  of  ,h|Mrtme„t.  and  may  1"-        In    Missouri    it    was    held     at    ,,    nv,. 
justified  on  that  L'lumid  .ihiiie.     The  -ec      prior    to    the    adoption    of    the    -r,.,,... 

ond  i«  cor.trarv  i incipl..  t«  Ih.^s-  col-    servant  doctrine    lh,.t  a  v.nW  n  >.  ,-  |. ' 

Iwtcd  in   S  till'l.   ii'l"i-  and  on   the  facts    any  more  houml  liy  tlie  a--iii  in. .- "i   1 
rannot  h..  r.s-omiled  with  the  ruling-  -f    eondiictor  that   a   rope  wa-  -O  •  1  i.n    - 
the    Supreme    and    circuit    couiN   of    the     those  of  a   lelh-w  laho.er  .1  I  he  ,.1  h„ 
l„„ed    Slates,   citl-l   iMdou,  Mr,!,„n„     V.    Sl.h.ins    rf    /.     1/.    L  i  . 

\,  to  the  third  and   fourth,  it   is  dilfi      i  Is7tl;    hi    Mo.    .JS 


I  61(7] 


VICK  1'I!I.\(_I1V\1,S11I1'     DKTAILS  OF  VVUllK. 


1733 


tlie  pn'.sciit  writer  iIkm'  ciiilMidy  ilic  tiirrcct  doctrinp,  liz.,  that  an  as- 
surance oi  siifetv  is  H'lt  an  act  wliicli  constitutes  tiie  einployeo  giving 
it  a  representative  nf  the  ina-ti  r  ./</  hn.ic  vl((  in,  l>ut  merely  an  act 
which  is  official  in  tlu'  ^^ense  tlial  an  empluvee  wiio  is  a  vice  principal 
ly  virtue  of  his  rank  is  renanled  as  fiivin.^  it  in  the  capacity  of  un 
aijont  of  the  nnister,  ant!  not  of  a  mere  servant.'' 

597.  Choice  of  particular  methods  of  work. —  (  See  als..  §S  ;'f)S,  '.OH. 
(;03,  610,  infra.) — The  genera!  rule  is  that  the  nia>ter  is  imt  respnn- 
sihle  for  the  errors  which  a  serva-it  of  snitirior  grade  may  commit  in 
regard  to  the  choice  of  methods  for  carrying  out  the  work  intrusted 
to  his  management.' 


The  last  two  of  the  New  York  docis- 
iiins  citoil  in  note  1,  nuprn,  luive  Ix'cn 
l^itoly  (littinpiislind.  not  very  supccss 
inlly.  ill  a  caw  wlicre  it  was  hi-M  that 
the  file!  that,  on  phiintilT's  (itijrctiii;.'  to 
clcnwnding  into  a  tri'noh,  dcfiMnlaiit'!* 
foiiMimn  assurrd  him  it  was  safi-  and 
tli;it  tie  nouhl  stand  and  watch,  ilid  nut 
riiidiT  di'fendant  lial.tc.  since  the  fore 
man's  assiiranee  was  merely  as  to  the 
ilctaiU  (if  tlie  vMirk.  j.'iven  in  his  imlivid- 
nnl  eapaeity.  and  not  fur  the  |>rin(i|ial. 
Sih'itt  V.  Oniiiiilniia  i'lmiilu  Unr.  Ilmilc 
>  l!Ml((|  49  .\i>i>.  Uiv.  503.  f.:i  \.  Y.  Sii|.|). 
i;ni. 

'  In  the  fcilhnvinfr  eases  the  assuranco 
iiiiiin.iti  il  friiMi  one  w  ho  was  n  viee  j.rin 
lipal  in  tlie  jinisdielions  mentioneil,  Imt 
llie  qui  >l  ion  whether  it  was  an  ollieial 
■irt  was  not  disiiisscd.     (lunriin  V.  I).   If. 

(hiionii  ,(•  r«.  (iH'.tm   ii."i  (ill.  4r?T.  47 

i'lie.  2tS  (loeal  manager):  MdhhIuui  v. 
Au.i.v'i.v  rill,  Cliiii  it  Ciiiil  r„.  (IHMl)  ."iS 
Mo,  .\p|>.  (>8  (fiireman  of  mine)  ;  W<7i 
i«'„i,  r.  rf  X.  F.  K.  Co.  V.  I/i  A.r  nss7) 
.17  Knn.  502.  l.i  Pae.  484  ( siip..rintend- 
ent)  :  .'iiiK'ii  V.  St.  /,</i/i.«,  V.  it-  /'.  I'lifht 
Cn.  I  I8!ll )  4.t  .Mo.  .\py.  :i!"S  i  -viond  mate 
I'f  -hip)  :  X'hiiii  V.  .S7.  I'aiil  I'tuir  Wnrks 
i\\'M\  Tu  Minn.  43.  ."iS  N.  W.  8(iS  (su- 
|»  rinlendent )  ;     Ih  If' iftriit     V.      Midiirt 

iis!Mii  i:!(i  Mo.  .'-.!•.-..  :iti  s.  w.  Rii.t.  :iT 

^J.  W.  S29.  3S  S.  \V.  204  (suiierinlend- 
.iitl  :  Unphrrsl'iii  V.  nrrtih  ^\HW,\  ITS 
Pn.  4ni.  3,5  .\tl.  1000  (sii|ierint.'ndent ) . 
'Tlie  iimdiietor  of  a  frii;;lit  train  is  a 
more  feIlo>v  servant  with  a  lirakeman  on 
the  train  in  delermininp  not  to  apply  fur 
nwre  lirakemen,  or  set  off  ears  from  his 
train  liefore  proeeedinp  down  a  sleep 
graile.  under  a  rule  of  the  company  eom- 
niiltinn  to  his  jiid^niient  the  quesliim 
whet' -^r  he  shall  make  siieh  apidieatinii 
wlicn  there  i*  nolliinj;  nnusiial  alMnit 
tho  train.  lVoo,/r  »  v  Wrxli n,  V.  )'.  rf 
P.  H.  Cn.  (180,1)  147  N.  Y.  508,  42  N. 
Vol.  II.  M.  A  S.— 28. 


K.  loo.  Rever-iniL.'  MSnil  43  \.  Y.  S.  R. 
2ls.  Id  .\,  V.  •siipp.  H40  IIS02)  46  X. 
V.  S  R.  77.  IS  N.  Y.  Siipp.  708.  Thn 
court  said:  "Tlie  duty  of  llie  company. 
as  of  aii>  iitlur  m,i-ter.  to  its  servants, 
was  piTli.i  nicd  if  it  furnished  adeqiintn 
mai'liiiiirv  and  -iiitalde  appliamis  for 
the  work,  and  iiiipliiyiil  competent  fellow 
servants,  under  piupir  rales  duly  pro- 
miil;.MteiI  and  adapted  to  the  end  of 
niiM'tin;;  |His~ili|c  eiiieij'encies  of  an  ordi- 
nary or  extraordinary  oliaracter,  which 
mifrht  lie  I'orescen  to  arise  in  the  eon 
diii't  of  its  operations.  It  is  only  when 
the  duly  to  he  |H'rforiii.sl  is  one  wliirli 
the  master  is  siip|»is(.||  tn  i|ii  in  person 
for  his  >irvaiils  satVly  in  his  place  of 
work,  that  it  cannot  he  delei.'afed  to  an 
other  so  as  to  free  the  ma»'iT  from  re 
sjMinsiliility  for  the  eon^ispienccs  of  .^ome 
neglect,  'llie  duty  here  was  not  of  that 
eharaeti-r.  It  relatMJ  to  the  pel  form- 
ani-e  of  a  part  of  tlie  si.rvaiifs  ordinary 
work,  and  was  rcL'iilated  by  the  rule  and 
pulili-lnsi  iiDtlcc." 

.\  railway  cuinpany  is  not  liahle  for 
the  deci-iiin  of  In  id'.'c  carpenters  to  raise 
a  heavy  pile  hy  taiUle.  rather  than  in 
some  other  way.  to  fa-lin  that  tackle  in 
a  certain  way.  and  In  iinil  to  lirai-.-  it 
while  it  was  ln-ini.'  raided.  I  hirh  v.  \i  ic 
)(,/•/,-  a.  d  II.  /.'.  /.'.  r„.  (IHOS)  25  .\pp. 
Div.  4(15.  51   X.  V,  Siipp.  a. 

Where  a  lar?e  metal  appliani^'  called 
n  dust  colhsli.r  was  iK-iiifr  h.ii>tcr|.  and 
siiildenly  fei!.  in\  ini;  to  its  hein;.'  iiii|ier- 
fcelly  secureil  when  the  preeess  nf  lini«( 
in^  hail  to  he  suspended  for  a  -Imrl 
time,  it  was  held  tliat  the  mailer  wa- 
not  lii'lile  for  the  ne;.'lij.'ence  tif  his  ~M 
perintendent  in  hrini.'in';  nlnnit  the  ac- 
cident. S'diiiII  v.  MIiihiIiiii  rf  ('.  MfiJ. 
Cn.    (inon   01  Me.  551,   18  .\tl.  177. 

The  failure  of  a  directin<»  niaeliinist 
who  was   holdiiii;  a    tnlcll.  to  sii'_';;e-t    til" 

danger  of  striking'  a  driving  spring  w  hii.  h 


1730 


AlAMKIt  AMJ  M:I!\.\.\T. 


[cllAi*.    XNMI 


If: 


Vf 


Hi 


!i| 


H;i! 


Mi 


1 


-i 


598.  Ditpoiition  of  the  force  of  employees  available  for  the  work  iu 
hand. —  One  s|ifciiil  iipiilicatinn  of  the  ^'iicral  priiifipli!  fiiil«iiiii(l  in 
the  ciiM'.s  ciU'il  in  iIk'  lant  ■'fciimi  ii  iili-ci\aljlt'  iu  Uic  rule  tiial  wh.r 
fvvT  tlic  nia>icr  litis  fiiiplnvcd  an  adi'ijiialc  {mrt'  of  servants  of  u  -ii! 
ticii'iii  <li'j(i'i'f  iif  skill  and  <-a|iacitv,  and  furnisiicd  tlicni  witli  all  ihi 
nit'aii>  wliicli  arc  rssfiifial  for  a  |iiii|icr  discliarfjc  of  tlicir  scvciai  <lii 
tics,  ami  the  idri-iiiiislaiicfs  an-  siu-h  that  tlic  sanif  niiiiil>cr  ><(  im  n  :iimI 
the  saiiif  (l(f>i('<'  itf  care  art'  imt  .ilwavs  r((|iiirid,  lie  is  jusiitiid  in  |(ii\ 
inj;  to  lliciii  tlif  <'\(rci.-<-  of  tlicir  >>\vn  diMictiou  and  jntlgniciit  in  tin 
dis]K>siii(iii  and  distrilmlion  of  tlic  fon-i'  availalilc' 

599.  Assigning  servants  to  work  for  which  they  are   unfitted  — 


was  lioiii'_'  plnccil  in  a  Icudmotivi-.  is  not 
un  i<iiil--iiin  of  iliitv  ill  lilt-  i'a|i:i>'itv  of 
II  vice  i>riiiii|>iil.  hmirr  v.  Hiilliiiiini  A 
0.  S.  W.  U.  Co.    (18!l7l    14»  In.l.  Jl.  4S 

v.  K.  .tin. 

Tlic  nun-  fiiit  tliat  an  cinpliivrc  licM  a 
Atii'k  of  iio/i'ii  (liuiliii  tiviT  a  till'  to 
tliiivv  it  will  not  sii|i|>oit  an  action  by  a 
follow  "iii|ilovfi'  a};iiiii«t  tlio  nia-lcr  fur 
Injuries  rr-ulting  fri>ni  an  i-xplosion, 
ii|ioM  the  tlii'ory  that  the  ad  itself 
slioHt'd  that  tlic  I'lnplovcc  was  an  uii- 
suitalilc  person  for  tlic  master  to  liave 
in  his  eiiiployiiieiil,  wIuti'  lie  was  cm 
ployc<l  niciely  as  a  <(iiiimon  laliorei.  ami 
was  ailiiii;  iit  the  time  In  pursuance  of 
a  ilircctiiMi  for  wliiili  llic  iiiasler  was 
not  rcspiin-ililc.  !/<  I/.i»hv  v.  Shifilm 
(IHiiSi    171    Ma".   laO,  .'lO  N.   !•'..  .">:17. 

Diii-ctiny  a  uoiUman  in  a  -.'an;;  which 
in  taking  down  a  liuililiii)i.  to  chop  a  |«ist 
at  a  paiiiciilar  coiiiiiiicliire.  is  a  mere 
il.tail  of  work.  rl,iilii,i<l,  C.  r.  a  SI. 
I.,  ir  r<i.  V.  Itioin,  ilHlHi)  20  ('.  ('.  A. 
147.  -14    t  .   S,    App.   7."i!l.   7;i    Ke<l.   !I7II. 

The  Ml-  of  one  who  is  siiperiiiti'iHlin}; 
the  pullini;  up  of  an  elevator  in  a  hiiihl- 
injj  in  process  of  construct  ion.  in  ile- 
t<'rniinin;'  when  the  ini'asureiiients  «1iall 
he  taken  in  the  iip|»r  floors,  itml  how 
far  the  coiisirilct idi  of  the  hiiililin^'  shall 
progress  111  fiirc  tlicy  are  taken,  are  tlioso 
of  a  felliiw  seriaiil  with  a  wi>rkiiian  in 
tli<>  employ  of  such  company,  who  is  in- 
jured while  tnkinp  a  nieasiiremciit  un- 
der the  iliri'ction  of  such  sn|MTiiilend- 
ent.  H 7i(i//oH  V.  Simifiur  Hhilrir  I.U 
lal'ir  Co.  (ISOtli  1  .\pp.  l)iv.  -Jlit.  37 
\.  Y.  Supp.  174. 

Where  a  ser\ant  is  injured  hy  the 
falliii'.'  of  a  stauiiif.'  which  h;id  tic.  ii  prop 
i.rly  1(111-1  riiited.  ami  was  aihtpiatc  fm 
llie  piir|>oscs  for  wliich  it  wa-  iiitcinlcd 
an!  had  lu'eii  used.  Imt  which  fell  liv 
reason  oi  the  nei;li;;eTicc  of  a  fclliiw  -ci\- 
anl  iu  taking  it  down,  the  master  is  not 


liftlile,        l.ihiini''     v.     Hirlin      \tilh    f, 
I  l,S!l.-.|     08   S.  II.  liT.l,  44  Atl.  .-..Tl. 

.\  scr\aiit  <-aiinot  ri ver  where  hcw.i. 

injiiieij  lliroiiyh  the  act  of  a  fcllmv  -i-rv 
ant  lakiiii;  down  a  tre-lle  as  u  wlii>l> .  in 
sicail  of  sepaiatin;;  it  and  lakiiij  il 
down  in  s(Hlions.  ('iniini  v.  Hiiinhn,,, 
I  Is'iiii  17.'>  .Mass.  .•i!l|.  .')()  \.  K.  .is.'i 
No  reco\ery  <'an  he  liad  aj;aiii-t  an  citi 
ploycr  for  un  injury  to  an  otii|iIiyii' 
caused  )>}'  the  sudden  fall  of  a  frn/rii 
crii-l  of  ;;niiiiid  on  the  employcp  wliil' 
iiiidcrmiiiin^'  the  same,  where  the  iicjii 
Veiice.  if  any.  which  caused  the  i  iii-l  t" 
tall  without  warning.',  wa-  ml  lliil  nf 
the  siipci  intciidciit.  lint  of  cirl.iiii  fillnu 
servants  who  were  driving;  »cilt;i-  iiil" 
the  hank  aliove.  (loimtiii  v.  II  .,i..//;'/ni 
llNM'.M    1 73   -Mass.   ISO,  .Vt   \.    K.  .•JT.I 

Am  employer  is  not  lialde  for  tlie  m^li 
^'ciioe  of  a  foreman  ill  prciii.it in ily  ili 
riiliiiij  his  -uluirdinatcs  to  Id  ;;ii  a  file 
phone  pole  which  was  lieiny  taken  i|i\>i; 
Minin  iif(fr  V.  i*niritlrnrr  T' !•  i>li.  Cv 
I  ISiiHi  -jo  K,  T.  3Sii.  .Ill  .\tl.  .'t^s. 

.\  lahorer  onh  red  to  hi  Id  a  hetit  fi-h 
plate  in  n.  lerlaiii  |io-il  ion  while  tin' 
foreman  endeavors  to  sti  iiii;litiii  it  witli 
a  hamiiicr  iMiinot  recover,  if  he  i«  in 
jureil  Ihroiiyh  his  compliance  with  ll 
order.  /.(I'/cm  v.  Muliili  if  ().  H.  ('" 
I  IS!:ili   (i7  Mis-.  Mi.  7  So.  .->.•>!. 

.\  iliiiction  to  put  powilcr  iiilo  ii  li"!'' 
witliiiiit  waitin-.'  a  snilicieiil  time  lei  tin' 
hole  til  cool  after  ejaiit  |kiwi|ci  hail  I'"M 
cNpliMU'd  there,  is  not  di-cmcil  tn  Iiiim' 
lieen  u'iven  hy  the  su|ierior  ciiipluvii'  in 
the  capacit\  of  a  vice  principal  I/""' 
V.  Ai/H  I  I  SOS  I  :!4  Or.  -J  17.  .".4  !'.»■.  M.-.n 
'  No  ne;;li;;ciiie  can  lie  imp'it'il  tn  a 
railway  cunipiny  for  an  iitiii--ii'ii  te 
make  reyiilaliiiiis  as  to  the  iiuiiilur  ni 
lirakcmen  to  !«'  sent  on  a  Ir.nii  of  ilr 
tacheil  cars  when  on  its  way  In  the  n' 
pair  track,  ami  in  -.vliat  pi.-iiimi-  tli-v 
should    be    plflci-d.      Hence,    an    anitifiit 


i  OlHtJ 


VI«.K  I'KlNCll'AI.MIll'— DKl.MbS  OV  WUUK. 


1737 


It  liiH  liccn  Ih'M  tlutt  tlioro  cnii  be  no  rccovcrv  for  noplij^Ptirr  of  tliis 
(l(sci'ii>tion,  eitlir^r  in  cases  wIk  ri'  iliu  iiiitinu-s.-.  was  tlic  cause  of  injury 
to  ila-  uiitif  iM'i-sun  liiui-cH,'  or  in  cases  where  the  iicfrligonco  with 
which  it  i-:  soiiuhl  lo  cjiar^ie  l!ie  ma-Ier  con^i-teij  in  iillowiiii>;  tlic  unlit 
])crs4>n  whi'se  ads  were  tiie  direct  cause  of  liie  iiijurv  to  iniiiertai<e  du- 
ties whicli  he  was  incapalile  of  jierfonuinj^  properly.-  It  is  clear, 
however,  that  noniialiilily  caniioi,  in  cases  of  tiie  latter  class,  ho,  predi- 
cated, except  wlioiv  the  clianj;u  of  funclious  was  allowed  without  any 
iiutliorily,  express  or  iniplieil,  from  the  masier.  The  decisions  I'iied 
ill  §  .^T-.  aiilc,  with  rei;ard  to  such  ne<;li^(.Mce,  show  that,  if  tlio 
cliauire  was  made  by  an  otiicial  who  had  the  power  to  make  it,  the  cir- 
ciuustances  are  controlled  hy  the  ddcirine  that  the  iluty  to  employ  eom- 
[letent  servants  is  iion-dele<;alile. 

800.  Negligence  in  sending  servants  into  abnormally  dangerous 
places  without  warning. —  (See,  however,  J;  '>'[>.  ante.) — Several  do- 
cisiois  endxidy  the  ])rini-iple  that  an  emplnyee  who,  in  the  exercise  of 
siiprintendence.  sends  a  siihunlinate  to  perti>rin  his  duties  in  a  placo 
nliore  he  will  he  exposed  to  a  specilic  peril  due  to  cuudiiions  which 
li:ive  arisen  in  carrying  out  the  executive  details  of  the  work,  acts  as 


iliii"  to  the  fact  ttiat  tlicrc  uorc  too  few 
Imiki'iiicii  on  a  |iaiii<'iilai'  train.  anJ 
iiniic  at  tlif  rear  cud.  will  In-  liclil  to  l>r 
attriliiitalilc.  not  to  the  n<'i;li;;i'nd'  of  llii> 
iiiiii|>.oi\.  Iiiil  to  that  of  oni'  or  oiIht  of 
llio  rin|>loyt'Ps  ( iiL:af,'i>il  in  ili-l  rilnil  inj: 
the  car-.  Iliscl  V.  \iii  Vnrh-  ( '.  ct  //.  A". 
/,".  (■.,.  I  1877)  70  \.  V.  171  (car  ri-pairer 
injiiri-d). 

.\  railway  oonipsoiy  is  not  liable  for 
the  ni';;li^cni-<'  of  the  foii'iiian  of  a  tlrill 
i-ri'W  in  M-niliii;,'  a  ilitaehccl  ear  alonj;  a 
track  wlicri'  other  ear-  are  lieinj;  cou- 
pli'il,  witlmnt  stationing  a  hrakeinan 
upon  it  to  control  its  movements.  Crii- 
Inil  R.  r„.  V.  A'... /nil  (ISil.^))  Kilt  V.  S. 
■IM.  40  \j.  e.1.  418.'  Hi  Slip.  Ct.  Hep.  '2m. 

In  IhisM'n  V.  fni/ir  (1880)  112  X.  V. 
lilt.  3  I..  !{'.  .\.  .)o!l.  20  X.  E.  5.'>«,  where 
ilic  pliintilT  was  injiirrit  throujili  the 
mj;|j..'(  lice  of  some  of  his  fellow  ser^■ 
Jilt-,  the  court  na-oneil  thti'*:  "It  was 
nn  piul  of  the  (lutv  of  the  master  to  re- 
move hatches  or  ilirect  the  particular 
nifiile  of  (loin};  so.  any  more  than  to 
direct  workmen  in  the  use  of  the  tools 
with  which  they  |>crfornieil  their  work 
There  were  i  ii-toiiiar\'  nnd  estahli'^hed 
nioilc.,  of  pirfomiiiij:  siii'li  -erviec'*,  ami 
cich  employee  was  expeetiil  to  do  his 
woik  ill  the  manner  and  style  to  which 
he  was  accii-teiiiiil.  without  -ix-.ial  di- 
rections in  n-iM-et   theretu.      It    was  en 


tindy  immaterial  whether  the  "iipei  In- 
teiident  iindcitiHik  to  |ierforiii  the  wurk 
iif  reiiiovin}:  hatihes.  or  ordered  it  to 
lie  doiiehy  oilier-;  he  was.  in  either  case. 
en;;a;;e(l  in  pel  f<irmiii<;  the  duly  of  a 
workman.  The  master  had  fiiriii-hed 
aliiindant  help  to  do  the  work,  and  had 
done  all  that  was  reipiired  of  him:  and 
it  was  the  fault  of  the  -ervants  thai  a 
-iillleient  niiniher  liid  not  i-o  o|«'ratc  to 
pel  form  it  -afely.  or  do  it  in  the  m.iiii»  r 
pie-eriU'd  hy  custom." 

'Where  t  hi'  act  alle^red  lo  have  ili 
redly  resnitiil  in  injury  was  that  of  a 
fellow  serxaiit  in  nipiiriii;.'  the  plain- 
tiir  to  lift  1  v""l  I'ts  slieii^.'lh.  no  breach 
of  the  ma-lir's  duly  to  supply  a  safe 
place  of  work  or  safe  instriiiiiciitalities 
i-  invcdved.  The  i—ue  prescMOcI  is 
iiiiicly  one  of  the  manner  in  which  a 
servant  eniploycil  a  proper  instriim<nt  of 
work.  Ituhi  risiiii  v.  Ihirtnv  d  H.  A'.  <<>. 
I  ISilli)    140  Ind.  tSi;.  4r)  X.  !•:.  li.'i.J. 

'A  railway  company  is  not  liable  for 
an  injury  to  n  brakcman  eaii-ed  liy  the 
ne'jiiyeme  of  the  eii;.'i!ieer  in  pho-ln};  his 
iiii-Uilh-d  lireman  temporarily  in  the  |K-r- 
formame  of  his  duties  in  handling'  tho 
enj^ine.  Smilh  I'Uiriiln  I!.  I'o.  v  I'rirK 
I  I8!t.f  |32  Kla.  4fi.  l.i  So.  i;:iS  :  I'lri  rhh  v. 
I'riisilrnl.l  d  1.  /{.  Ci,.  I  I  SKI)  .'8  Fl». 
■J.-.l.  <)  So.  ti'.Mi;  llullsh,,!  ,(  r.  f.  K.  Co. 
v    Myers  (1881)    iV)  Te.\.   110. 


r 
hi 


■  i 


.J 


1738 


AU«TKK  AND  SERVANT. 


[(  IIAI'.    XXMl 


a  iiKMT  fellow  <or\init  of  siioli  siil«>nliiiatc  in  giving  tlic  kvAvi  wiilioia 
wartiini;  liiiii  of  iliu  I'xislt'iico  of  llie  peril.' 


|r': 


■  i 


I 


'  Till'  iiio-l  iiii|ii>itiint  c;\*e  on  thU 
|Mriiil  U  <-,iil<ii  V.  \-///oii  (1S!»I)  12t'.  \. 
^  .  !.  -ill  N.  K.  !l(t.').  Ih.i*'  llic  iiliiiiiliir'H 
ilriTtli'iil  was  i>iii|)luytMl  )ty  tlt-h  titl.int  lut 
a  liil"  irr  ill  liN  iiiiii  III  i|iiaiiv.  ami  was 
(•ii;a;;i-.l  in  iliilliii^'  mrk  liir  lila-liiij;  |>ur- 
jHi-cs  iiikIi  I  till'  ilrffiiil  iiiI'h  fi>n-ihiin. 
I'rior  III  llic  airiili'iil,  ilivcn  IkpIi-  had 
li«'n  .irilliil  ill  a  iiicrc  of  rock,  and 
rliar;;"'!  and  tiird.  Imt  niily  ten  iif  lluiii 
(•\|d(MliMl.  The  fiMiiiiaii  cNaiiiincd  tlic 
iiiii'\|il(ili'd  liidi'.  ai.d  found  tlit;  fu>i'  un- 
o<iii>uiiaii.  liiil  I'.iilitl  to  ii'iiiovo  it.  'I'lii' 
next  iniirniiii.'  lie  dii'ilnl  two  of  tlir 
workitii-n  to  drill  la  !c  ■  in  tin-  roik.  with 
in  a  fti't  of  till-  uiili-i  liaryi'd  lioli-.  anil 
at  till-  «anii'  time  iniliinl  the  ilinMscd  to 
drill  -20  or  .10  ficl  indoH.  Tin?  nmx 
[iloilcd  fii>f  vlimlly  afirr  in  >oiiic  w.iv 
iyliitnl  the  iliar;!!'.  wliiiH  cxidudrd  and 
threw  a  nia-»  of  iick  in  the  dirraM-l. 
l'j)on  thi'ic  fail^  I  ho  trial  judye  dis 
IIii«<rd  the  c'o!ii|daii't .  Thi-i  jndjiini'iit 
waH  rrM-r-id  hy  llic  >ii|ircnic  court 
(ISaO;  .V2  lliin.'t,  I  N.  V.  Sii|.|).  774  1 
on  the  1,'roiiiiil  thil  the  I'meinan  was  the 
ie|>resenlal  ive  of  the  i  iii|diiyer  in  re;.'ai.l 
to  fiinii-hini.'  the  |d;urilill  wi'li  a  mi  fe 
place  of  work.  At  the  se. mid  trial  the 
plaintilT  had  a  verdict,  and  the  judf-iacnt 
thendn  was  alliriinil  h\  the  "iiineiiie 
conrt  lIS'lO;  -.".I  N.  V.  s.  l'.  ;()0.  '.I  N. 
^■.  Supp.  174  1  on  a  tlniny  of  the  cvi 
deuce  tlilH  explained  hy  I.andon.  .1. : 
"The  rule  leipiiiiiiL'  the  iiia^ler  to  pro 
tot  hi«  -.en. ml  fioni  the  known  and  in 
licrcnl  ilan;;ei-i  of  the  -.itiiation  inidnde-; 
Iho-c  rea-onaldy  to  he  appn  heiidi^l.  Ili' 
caii>c  (lie  carelcs>nc~s  of  fellow  s(•rvanl^ 
in  -inch  a  ^il  nil  ion  is  not  to  \»:  ri'ason 
iildy  appri  lieiided.  the  ina.stor  mny  <»sca|K- 
the  eoi!«ci|iii  nees  arisin;;  from  that  pftril 
Mill  if  it  was  lea-onal  Ic  to  apprehend  a 
premature  explo-iin  from  sonip  other 
caii-e.  Ilicn  the  masiii's  oare  and  prn 
deuce  -hoiild  have  jiroiiitid  thi>  intest^ite 
from  it.  Till'  forciiiin  wis  his  only  To\i 
re«iiitalive  to  act  for  iiiiii.  and  the  jury 
have  found  that  he  not  only  failed  to 
rxercise  thai  care,  hut  artiially  did  witii 
ri-pcct  to  llic  intestate  wii.it  ordinary 
laie  should  have  le-traiiicd  him  froin 
doiiit'-     l.i-iiiHiiil  v.  Cnlliiis   (1H77)    70  N 

V.     00.         It      m.iy      he     collirded     thilt     tin 

distinction  lid  ween  the  d.in.;erous  nature 
111    the   eiiipliiMiicnt    am!    I  he    daiip'rou- 
milurr  of  the  place  of  eiii|doy  iiient  is  not 
.ihvays    cIimiIv    )>erc>  ived.       We      .      . 
Iinzanl    the    illiislraliou :      Supiiosc    the 


place  is  a  rock  in  a  mine,  and  the  ui.rk 
is  the  pickiiii,'  out  of  i  xplo-ixi-  pi.u.lir 
from  the  hole  of  an  uiidi-i  harmed  hli-i 
in  till!  nek.  The  place,  a«ide  ficnn  ilie 
naliire  of  Ihis  pailiiular  v\oik.  I~  .;ii'.'. 
hut  the  Hnik  is  nils, lie  and  il.injei' m- 
iii  l!  e  e\ireme.  If  an  cxpln^iun  ii-nl'- 
from  Ihc  .vork  and  iiijuns  the  -ei\,iiii. 
I  he  injury  is  plainly  all  rilailihle  lo  i!,.. 
work,  and  not  lo  the  place,  jiiil  ~ii|. 
po^e.  while  eti'jaL'iil  in  ihi"*  d.inv  i"'i' 
work  an  overhaii:jin;j  rock.  ;.'radu.ill>  In- 
coiniii;;  loo^ein  d.  now  f.ills  iipeii  lli.' 
^(U'xaiit  ami  kills  him,  lli^  ilei'h  i-  n 
trihiilaldc  to  Ihe  place;  and  Ihc  iiii|iiiiv 
would  he  pcrtiiirnl  whether  his  iii,i-iir 
was  iicL'li'jeiil  ill  a^sii^iniiii:  liim  lo  -n. 'i 
.1  place.  \;;ain.  siip|i<i-i-  the  worl  iniii  I- 
I'Xirai  t  iii^'  Ihe  iKiwilcr  from  the  hli-l,  ;i- 
iu  Ihe  (ir-t  -iippiisil  ion.  and  Ihc  il.inj.i 
is  incident  only  to  the  n.ilure  of  l.i- 
work,  and  the  mi-ter,  with  know  li'l;:" 
111  the  situ, it  Ion.  dirccti*  a  sec, ail  ..vi.|„ 
111,111  to  drill  a  new  hole  in  Ihe  s.imc  im  k 
I  cir  to  the  one  upon  whidi  the  lir-t 
.Milkman  i>  cmphivcd.  rlciily.  uiOi 
ic-pcci  to  the  -cciiiid  workman.  Ilie  pi  hk 
is  a.  dan^eiiiu-  one,  wholly  ini-|iiiiM 
of  Ills  ovii  empliiy  nil  III.  .\-  i-  iri.-ii.-j 
in  //i/svi.y  v.  Ci'ifir  il^^lli  IIJ  N.  V 
1114.  :i  f..'  I!.  A.  .'i,')!!.  JO  N  r.  .•..■.!;  III. 
ei{i»ler  owes  till-  duly  to  lii^  sin. mi,  in 
furnish  a  -.ife  and  prii|ii'r  place  in  uhic'i 
to  prosecute  his  work,  .iml  to  c\ri.i.,. 
care  and  prudence  in  the  prntciliiii  cf 
his  servants  tioiii  the  kimuii  an  I  in 
liereiit  daii'.'r'rs  of  the  -ilu.ition.  ' 

in  the  court  of  appeals  I  Mnl  ;  I  .T,  N 
^.  1,  M  N.  K.  !ili."ii,  the  |U'l-iiiiiit  «.i- 
leversed  on  the  i.Tound  that  lli"  "iiii- 
ler  furnislteil  the  mine  as  a  pi  mi'  fer 
labor,  and  it  was  -nlely  on  .icciiiiil  el 
Ihe  maiin.  r  in  wliidi  the  foiein.in.  a  id 
low  ser\.inl.  pirfnnrcil  the  work  or  ili 
lectcd  it  th.il  Iheaccidiiit  hap|i.if  d.  ni  i 
happened  in  the  course  of  the  |Hrliiiii 
.mce  of  the  very  kind  and  diar:i.'.i  .-! 
w<irk  which  the  plalntiir's  iiitc-l.ile  leek 
Ihe  risk  of  liy  acoplin^  ciiipliivniiiit," 
The  foUowint:  extract  froiii  the  opiiiiiui 
allows  that  the  din'crent  condu-ii  ii-  ir 
lived  at  by  the  two  court-  wire  nui  -■■ 
mnrli  due  to  a  doctrinal  disai'ieeiii.  iit  ii- 
111  Ihe  eircnm-tance  that  Ihe  ellcri  i.f 
the  eviiience  was  coii-idcied  by  ci'li  "I 
Ihcm  from  es-cnlially  dill'i  niii  -'■'!!! 
poie'-:  "If  n.iran  ad.d  .is  ma-l.r,  tin- 
dcf.  II  l.iut  is  li.ihic;  'Ailile  if  Ic  "'"I 
ill  his  capacity  a-  an  ciiiploycc,  anl  nut 


Vli  K  IM;1\{'1I'.\I>:III'     DI.I  \II>  "!••  Wtil'K, 


I  GOO] 

It  is  I't'lcn  <|lliti'  ilillicllll   III  (Iccicl 
lir  ntVl  !•  (I   til  llir   lililli-i|ll('   ilhisir; 

to  llio  priiiciiil''  licit  till'  iliitv  iif  in 

as  a  ri'|in-.<iiliil  li  1'  i>f  llii'  iiia»lir.  lii-i 
iic;.'lii;rtiii'  il«i~  ii"l  >■'■-)  "I"'"  ""'  '"•"■ 
li-r.  I'll"  i|iiiiriy  w.ii  llii'  pi  ici-  niiirc 
ihf  Hull-  »,i<  111  ;;ii  nil.  mill  111!'  iii.i'liT 
»Mis  Ipi.uihI  til  iii;'Ui'.  it  n  lrii-i'n;iMv  >:i  iV 
hliifr  I'mi  Niicli  uiiiU.  I  oii-iili  riiiL'  il* 
I  hirirlrr  mill  lln'  nri  i'-».iril.v  ilmi;ii  H'II- 
1I..II111'  if  111!'  viiil»  i«-i  ll'-  I'lii'  '111'  'ii:'"- 
iirr  ill  wliiili  llii-  |i'  i-iiii-  i'iii|ili'yi'il  in  (lie 
i|ii.iiry  ^Imiilil  tliiiii-ihr-  |iirl'iiriii  llii'ir 
Hiiik  111!'   iiiii-l<r   Hii^   ni'l    liiilili-.      It   i> 

ni.l  cl.iii I  Hint  llic  iiiii-ln- iliil  iml   I'lii- 

iii-li  i  [111  |iri'  |iliiii-  til  uorU  ill  III.'  lii-l 
iiisliiiii  ■•;  lliMt  i».  vvliiii  llir  ilii'.  iimmI 
».i.  I  iiipluyiil.  llir  i|liiri>  «ii-  a^  .-mi' 
a,  ii|i\  qliairv  i>  wliriv  tlriinrll! 
1.1  i~l-  ,111'  lii'iliL;  liliil  I'ir.  I'm  I'"'  III'"' 
nil  111'  till'  pii  liiriiiiniii>  of  I'licli  "f  tin- 
villi. Ml-  ilfliiils  of  till'  vMirk  tiy  wMrli. 
.1-  ;i  ulii'l.'.  it  wii"  til  1m'  . -.111. 'ml. . I.  11-1 
I.I  iii.i--ilily  ll|Mili  llir  ililrllil,'!  till"  mill 
I'aii'.niil  liilciily  I'l  llii' m  i\aiil- ti>  uIh.mi 
llli'M'  illllir-  "I'll'  illl  lll-li '1.  ll  I'lll't 
I..  Ilial  ivi'iy  liiiir  11  lila-t  "a-  rx  plmli'il 
mill  111.'  tiM'ii  i-iiiir  l.aiU.  till'  iiiiiiiii  I  111 
llii'ir  ili-lril'Uliiiii  fm'  mitI.  ».'-  i  ilii'y 
i.f  III.'  iImI-Iit.  mil  till'  till-  I'lili'i-  111'  a 
liir.'iiiaii.  ii.i-l.il-i  nly  m  in  ;;li;;riitly  ;;iv 
111.  iiiii-i  111'  ri;;i:ili-il  a-  llir  nriliT  (if 
I'll'  iiia-ti-r  in  fiillillin;;  a  iliily  to  fur- 
iii-li  a  -af.'  plair  In  wmU  in.  II  i-.  n- 
it  „.|.|ii~  li>  nil',  a  ili'tail  I'f  IIh'  uiil.iii'; 
111-  iiianaLi'iiii'liI  I'f  tin-  Im-inr--.  tin-  li-U- 
;;t(iii'liii'.'  «liirli  li'ivi-  lii'i'ii  a--iiiiiiil  li\ 
till'  party  t.iUiiiL'  I'liiplny  iiu'iit ." 

A  I'l'ili'ial  liii'iiil  riiiin  of  apfK-aU  lia- 
iil-ii  rriiili'iril  a  similar  ili'i'i>iiiii,  ImMiiii; 
tli:it  a  fnri'iiian  if  a  ii:\i\i:  of  iiii'ii  i'n','.i,L.'i'il 
ill  I'liii-lniil  ill'.;  a  -i'"rr  mul'T  llir  -nprr- 
\i-!i'ii  of  -  MiTal  -iiprriiiti'iiiliMilH  is  nut 
.1  spiiiiil  viii'  priiii'ipal  so  as  to  ri'inliT 
till'  litv  li.ililc  to  mil'  of  siu-li  nun  in 
Miiril  in  1  iiMsi'<ni.'iiri'  of  till'  nri'liil'iii'i' 
iif  siii'li  i..i.iiimi  in  ilirrrlin;:  surli  man 
1.1  r.l",i<l  ll. ill's  iliilli'il  fur  lilaslinu'.  with 
out  i.iliiii,'  him  I  hat  tin-  pi'i-mi  who 
li'i.l'.l  llii'in  ami  was  alii.ilt  torlran  llirni 
I. Ill  ii.i.l  <\i<]  tli.il  the  ilyiiaiiiili-  ill  our 
i.f  tl.i'ir.  hail  111. I  iNpli.lii'l.     Mii'icoiH.lin 

V.  ;,■,».;;„  i  mtim  :  c.  r.  .\.  :iii.  m  f. 
-s     .\|.p.    lii.-.,    .-.s    rill.    r,-2r,.      rill 

11  lilt  ii'isimiil  thus'  ''Tlif  iluly  of 
I'll'  ii.i-i.'r  to  fiirnisli  a  saf.-  plar.' 
l.'i-  111.'  piTformaiiii'  of  work  ilm's 
I'!  ni|iiii.'  it  to  keep  that  plair 
-:ifi'  miilir  thi'  conslantly  rliaiiL:iii^' 
chihUi  inns  wliiih  tlii"  pi'rf.irniaiui'  nf 
iurli  a  work  as  tiie  coustriu  lion  of  a  sew 


1730 


r  wiii'liirr  I'.-l-c-  lit'  lilis  tvpi'  -lliilllii 

iti'il  liv  ihi'  i|(ci'-ii.ii«  jiisl  cili'ii.  If 
;lriicli<iii  is  ni>ii-ili'li'::iilili'.      -X  vcrv 

.'r  nil'. -sit..l.s,  'I'll.,  lily  fiiiiilshiil  a 
-li.it  ill  whi.li  it  «.i-  -.It.'  Ill  .'.  n-lrii.t 
a  si'wcr.  Thi*  riiiiiiMi'al  i\  I'  -af.-ly  nf  thi' 
plan-  whi'ir  I'aili  man  wniki-.l  «a-  inr 
I'ssaiily  rnii-taiilly  \aiiri|  hy  llm  pm'j 
11 -s  nf  till-  «nrk.  mill  till'  iliily  ..f  tin' 
masti'r  iliil  not  i.\lrnil  to  kiipi.i;.'  I'Miy 
pl.iri'  wli.ri'  rarh  wi'iKiiiaii  I.Jn.i.il  -.il.' 
at  i-Miy  mnmi'iil  of  il-  pmiin— .  It  was 
till'  iliily  if  I'.nh  Hnikm.iii  In  ii-i'  riiisnii 
alilr  rmi'  til  so  ri'iiilir  his  s.iNi.c  tiial 
till'  plan'  in  whiih  hi'  anil  hi-  f.'llim 
-iTMllils  w.'li'  I'l'iplil.'.l  to  l.llmr  -hiilllii 
lontiiiiii'  111  In-  rra-nn.iMy  safr.  ll  Ha- 
tlll'  illlly  nf  till'  fnnili.in  tn  so  .lirirt  till- 
work  of  .'\.avaliliy.  nl  laxiiii;  I  hi'  PM"'. 
.mil  of  ;llliii^'  till-  trill. h  ihal  it  uniilil 
iniiliinii'  In  U'  rcasDiialily  -afi'  fur  i-viTy 
man  in  hi-  rrrw  In  ri-mlii  the  s|.r\  ii-c  as- 
si'.'ii.il  to  him.      I'.iit    till  -I'  wi'ii'  pi  1-.  iial 

lllllii'-     illl|in-.'.l     l4|>oll     till-    Wnlkllli'll     mil 

ill.'  fnii'iii.in  liy  llirir  rmpli'\ nl    in  ihi- 

I'.imiiinii  -ii\in'.  ami  imt  liy  thr  ilclr 
i^atinii  In  Ilii'in  of  Ihi-  |ki  f.i  maiirf  of 
any  ah-nliili'  iliily  nf  tin-  mastiT. 
Till'  St  nil  nri^'iiiallv  fiirni-hril  liy  tin? 
lily  «a-  -afi'.  The  tiiiirh  in  wliicli  thr 
]i,]s  ua-  to  lie  l.|:i-l.-.l  was  oii;;iiially 
...fi'  fnr  till'  lila-liiii,'  of  ruck.  If  tin- 
-all'  plari'  iiri;.'iiia liy  fiirnislii'd  liy  tin' 
lily  luianii'  iiiis.iii'  in  thi'  pin^rr.---  nt 
th.'  work,  it  was  ii'inhr.'il  so.  not  hy 
any  ni".;li'j'mi>  nf  ihi-  rily  or  its  su 
ixriiil. lull  lit  in  fiirni-hiiiL'  it.  lint  liy  tin' 
lilts  or  m"jli;.i'n('i'  nf  tin-  Inirmaii  ami 
his    wi'iKiiiiii    in   ili-'haiLiin;.'   the   ilutiis 

im|«i-iil  npnn  tin  iii  Ky  ihiir  i nmn  .'in 

ploymi'iit.   anil    for   tl.i-i-   aits    anil    this 
lll'^jli.uilic.'  till'  rity   W.ls  lint    ri'-pnlisihli'," 

.\  inaslcr  wild  prn\iiliil  a  skilful  fori' 
man  anil  ('iim|i<'li'nt  fill.iw  workman, 
with  nt'i'.'ssary  ami  pii>|H>r  npplianri^ 
ami  tnnis  fnr  tin'  nnioval  of  fra^imcnls 
of  stiini'  aftir  a  Ma-t.  is  iint  lialih-  for 
injiiiii's  -ii-laiinil  Iiy  an  iinplnyiv,  lie 
i':.ii-i'  Illl'  fnii'inan  omitli'il  In  L'i^i'  him 
lintici'  111  pry  oil'  tin'  pii'.i'  of  rnik  that 
fill  ami  hit  liim.  in-l'.i'l  nf  ^.'oint:  to 
work  iliri'itlv  umlrr  it.  I'inii  V.  /.''.i/ 
rrs  (ISlisi  r.-|-,  N.  V.  J.-.l.  .-.I  N  K.  lii-.'l. 
IIi'v.r-iiiL'  llSIT))  ni  Iliin.  2i:t.  :iii  X.  V. 
Supp.  JOS. 

'I'll.'  f.ii'l  th.il  a  ira-trr  pir-nmiDy  ili 
ri'cli'il  a  si'r\ant  In  i;n  In  wnrk  wllli  a 
L'aii^r  vnIio  (Irani]  up  at  nii:lil  tin'  fhhrls 
..nisi-,1  liy  l.l.i-iiiiL'  111  III.'  'lay  t  illl..  will 
i:i  I  iii.iki'  him  lialili-  fm  iiriiiii.'s  In  the 
>ir\,iiil  11. '■.i-ii.n.'J  li\   till'  l.ill  '  f  .1  roi'k 


:   f 


1740 


M\STi:i!  WDSKIIVANT, 


[(MAP     XVX?t 


I 


slifrlit  clianjio  in  ilir  >t!iinl|M.iiit  fmni  wliii-li  ilir  cvitliMUM'  is nidiii  d 

will  siitlirc  to  throw  tlic  farl-  on  ..nc  sidfi.r  llic  uilirr  of  ihc  liiic.-' 

601.  Failing  to  warn  servants  as  to  dangers  arising  from  the  execu- 
tion of  the  details  of  the  work. —  TIh'  jri'lirl'iil  |H-illfil>lc  tliill   the  ln:i- 


t«'iit  HiirkiiiiMi,  u  »MII<il  I'liniiiiiii,  ami 
Hiifu  iippliaiK'cs  MiTi'  fuini-ln»l.  I'liiui"' 
«u  V.  WDiJfiill,  (1!MKM  Kill  \.  V.  47i.  .■>" 
X.  K.  70O.  lU'MTsiiii;  {\^:^>ii  1')  .\]>\> 
Div.  •.•:U.  -lit  N.  \.  Sii|i|..  Kill.  /'■(/.I/  V. 
A'o./ics  lISlW)  1.-.,  \  V.  J.'.l.  .">!  N.  K. 
lO'JI.  M</i;ii.  «iis  iiilliiwi'il. 

In  like  iiKiiincr.  lln'  iic-li;;iiiic.  of  a 
(ui't'iiiiin  ill  ilinrtiii;;  a  iihiiiihui  l.iliun  r 
cinpliiyiil  ti)  ilrill  Imlrs  fcir  l>la«liiii;.  t" 
draw  '  an  iinrxplcHlnl  cluu};!',  willniut 
Haniin^  I'ii'i  ""  •"  •'"'  l^i'"'  "'  "'Np'" 
Hive;  ii*ril.  or  insliiicliii;.'  Iiiiii  in  tin-  way 
of  liaiidliliK  it.  i'  Itiiil  "f  ii  frllciw  hiv- 
ntit  nii-n-lv.  \  illn  v.  I'nrUii  [\^'^:>\  !."> 
.Misf.    l.">:r,    :iii    \.    Y.    Siipp.    I  111.-..      I'lr 

iliciHidii    w.is  1 1   im   till'  ;;iiiiiliil    ti   :; 

till-  dirci-tinn  nlalid  to  a  iiiiTf  ••drt.iil 
of  the  Hork  inliii-li-"!  to  (!»•  jiidi:iin'iil 
and  ilisiiTlioii  of  tlic  forcinan."  ai,  1  llial 
till'  ••inctlmd  to  Ik'  iMiiployi'd  was  lil'l 
fntiridy  to  the  foniiinii." 

'  In  a  very  I'lo^i-  lasc   il  \va-  lit'ld   l>y 
a  (lividinl  iciiiil    that   an  ciiiployn-  ohm 
in?  a  nml  iloik.  Ilic  sIriKtuics  and  nia 
cliinrry   upon    wliirh    arc    niiilri;.'oiii;:   ir 
pairs  and  ri'luiiMiii;;  niadi'  iii'ii-^iry  I'y 
a   storm,   is   not   guilty  of  nc^jli^irmi'   in 
failing  to  warn  a  ih'w  and  iiir-.pi'rii'iicrd 
cinployiv    it    work  upnii  a   cluili'.  <d'  tlie 
prcst-nce  in  ^lU'h  clinic  of  tin-  slack  of  a 
raldi>  attaclicd  to  tlic  niailiinci\    of  tlio 
dix'k.  and  of  tli.-   tlan^'cr  of  il-  suddenly 
liftin};  by  tlu'  starlin;;  of  the  inacliincry. 
when-  tho  niacliinciy    is   not   in  regular 
o|)fration.  and    -mcIi   lifliii'.-  of  the  caldi- 
is  not  ono  of  tlic  inciilcnl-  of  such  o|Mr- 
iition.    rp)riilarly    or   occasionally   oociir 
rinfi,  Iml  ,iri-cs  from  the  cn;;iiiccr"s  ad 
justin«   the   calile   upon    the  drums   and 
Icavin;.'  it   for  a  time  tyiii?  in  the  chute, 
and  plaint iir's  position  is  safe  until  the 
startini,'  of  llic  cn^'iii(>.  and  tho  employ 
cr  has  no  notiiT  ot  the  presence  of  the 
caldo   in   the  chute,   and   cannot    reason 
iihly      anticipate      it. — especially     where 
such  employee  is  not  ordered  to  take  « 
i>osilinii  over   the  cliiito.      I'lir'.ir   v.   Kil- 
i-iT  Crc'l;  d  \l.  r„iil  Co.   (lS<»:tl   H4  Wis. 
418.   54   K.    W.    101!i      The  majoritx    if 
tile  court  reasoind  thii-;    "In  the  course 
of  the  eli;;incfrs  work  (lie  cable  wa>  foi 
a  time   lyiiif;  in  the  iliute.     He  -tarlisl 
the    en;;ine    and    drew    it    up.    and    thus 
made    the    plainlilf's    po-ition    over    tho 


chiilc  danveroiis,  while  a  moincnl  hefon. 
il  WIS  eiilirely  «:ife.  The  c.ilile  h.i- 
nevcr  in  the  coal  chute  in  the  oi.lin.i. 
coiir-e  of  the  liii-iiicss.  but  Mas  alu.n- 
far  abo\c  the  chulc.  No  oilici.il  or  sup.  i 
iiilciidiii^'  ollii  rr  of  the  lomp.iiiy  km  > 
of  the  (act  that  the  cable-  wa..  In  tin 
chute  or  Wlls  liilble  to  be  tllere  il  i  l 
bred  il  put  there.  It  v.a-  oiil  "I  Ihc 
ii~iial  courM-  of  bii-inc--.  an  I  -.■nM  ii..i 
reasonably  \tf  anticipated.  N-r  «.i- 
Ihe  plain'lilT  dincled  to  take  tli.'  p. -i 
lion  whiih  he  did  o\er  llie  chilli-,     (n 

lailily.   the  ib  fi.inlanl    i II    not    be  li.M 

to   Ih"   ob|i;;eil    to    waril    Ihc    plailltilV  nl   .i 


dinger    wh 
anlicip.ite." 

I'wo  jiid;.'e< 
that  the  mii»li 
the   math  ill!  iv 


\i    no   one    could    i'e.isi<riai>lv 


di->ellti-d  on  the  ;;r.illlMl 
r  was  bound  to  k!io«  ihii 
mi;;hl  start  at  ..n;.  im. 
iiiciit  and  imperil  the  plaiiililf.  il'cui 
pare  the  rca-oiiin;.'  of  tin.  -  iprcnic  iniiil 
in    I'lilli  II    V.    \<iiliiii,   as   (jiiotcil   ab.i\c 

I  In  the  whole,  this   seems  to  !»•  tli i 

reel    Iheory   of   tl vidence      The   inli- 

a«  to  di'lails  of  Mi-rk  bcin;;  ,m>ed  ( •- ii 
ti.illy  on  the  li_\  |>ollic-is  of  an  a-Miii(|. 
lion  iif  Ihc  ri-k-.  invohed  in  the  vi\cii 
c|«-ra1ions,  it  i-^  maiiib^tly  a  picrn|iii 
site  to  its  appliiMlion  that  tlio-c  !>•',.- 
should  hive  been  under-(o<id  by  I  Irx  :n 
jiinil  s-rvant.  If  il  i-  a  |Hriiii--l!.lc 
infcniice  from  the  evidence  tliil.  f'lr 
some  s|M(ial  reason,  eilbcr  ijinni:!  /ci- 
\':iiiiiii  or  'iiiiiiiil  ns.  he  did  nol  iiiidi  i 
stand  those  risksi.  nml  his  want  f!  com 
prehension  w.is  e\cusable.  it  is  iliiliiull 
lo  admit     that     the    <-ase  is   not    one  in 

which  the  jury  should  at  lea-t  1 allcil 

upon  to  say  wli.lher  tiinler  tin-  ciniiiii 
>t.iiiccs  a  duty  of  iiislniction  -hoiild  b. 
pndiciteil.  The  objection  to  the  vie* 
of  the  iii.ijorily  of  the  jnd;:!--  is  lli^il 
the  eoii^idi-ration  mainly  reliisl  iipnii 
riz.,  that  the  -vent  wlihh  caused  the  ir 
jury  was  not  one  which  the  nia-l  r  liicl 
reason  to  anticipate— was  scaKcly  one 
«iiich  a  court  of  review  u  i-.  lui'l-r  tin- 
circunistances  shown  by  the  rccor.l.  war 
lantisl  in  makiiif.'  the  ba.-i>  ■>!  a  pcTiiii|i 
tory  inference  of  fact.  If  llnre  "ii.--  im 
cviilcni-e,  or  insuHicicni  .i  i.bti.e.  nii 
this  point,  tho  proper  cour-c.  il  i-  -nl' 
milled,  would  have  been  I.-  -ml  Im' 1^ 
•he  case  to  the  trial  eo.iii  f"i  liiitlicr 
investigation. 


»  60IJ 


VICK  l'l!ISlll'AI,SIIII'     1)1.1  \II,s  n|-  UdUK. 


lTi» 


trr's  <lnlv  I..  pi'.N  i.lr  11  siitV  plii.T  ..f  \v..ik  is  nut  .Irfiiif.l  t..  liavr  Im.ii 
viohiti'.l  wImiv  tin-  iiiHiilViv  i*  «'anH..|  >..|,.|v  l)v  ili..  arts  of  .-.^nvaiits 
ill  .•arrviiiji  oiil,  tlir  .l.laiu' ..I'  llir  v..rk  clrarlv  iiiv-lvrs  the  curullaiv 
that  til.'  iiia-K'r  !•<  not  rL.u-.al.l.-  wiili  the  failniv  ..f  tli.^r  smaiits  to 
warn  e>a<-li  "lin-r  as  U>  \Ur  rxiMrii.'c  ..f  .laii,i;vr..iis  ,Mii,|iii,.iis  wlii.li 
l.iivc  aiiva.lv  ,ii|)..i-v.  ii.-.l.'  Siniilariy.  all  tlir  aulliorilics,  with  tlir 
,Af«-|.ti..ii  of  til.'  sin;:!.-  N.'W  .l.-i-.-v  ca-r  cil..!  in  S  :.>tl.  „nlr.  sc..,ii  to 
U-annril  that  a  iiiasi.T  is  n-.t  lial.l.'  I'm-  lli.-  iir;;lipii.<-  "f  a  s.Tvnnt  in 

fuiliiifT  to  iiotifv  i ■mi.loycc  of  tlir  approa.-h  of  a  transit. .ry  p<Til 

wliicli.  MS  111.,  w.'.rk  pf.,fir.sMvs.  will  ivn-l.T  il..'  .■iivii-..nin.nt  unsafe  f.-r 
a  |,ri,.f  p.Ti.Ml.  l.ut  ulii.-li  may  .'asily  !«•  av-.i-i.-.l  if  .hw  waniinn  li 
;riv..n.      ill  S..I11..  ..f  tin-  .-aM-s  illnstiiitiii.;  this  principl.-.  tlu-  l.fcach  ..I" 

,luty  was  .•.nmiiiii.'.l  hy  iailinj.  t lify  ih.'  injun..l  s.-nant  hinis-lt 

that  hi.s  safety   was  inip.'ril.'.l   l.y   lii.'  parti.Miiar  p.ril   in  .in.'Mi.m.- 

•A  n.iln.».l  io.ni.any  is  not  liuM.    .or    l-r  t..  f'""''''^''''''  {'''''V.  !";,;'''■  ^T 
■  .,.  ^   I,.  ..    I.rik  .111111     nil I     .V    t  !<•    iiiil    to  \v..rl<    in   liii«  Hi.-  -Ii;:l.'.-t    ii|.|>ll- 

;;;^ "r..V',;.il;^;)::;; i" -.  .i^in^ •'«••■  -.-»..........(..•.- ..f .i.^- .-.  Th..re 

7    .     ,.«     railH    t.Mn     iil>     f..i     r.|iiir-.  U  no  intiinil  ion   in  tlu-  .■M.l.n.c.  nor  is 

"  I  1    r,,,  a    /■  \lu.    C.    A',  anv  .lain, !.■.  H.at  tl..-  I.aii.l  .o   ii i 

•T   S,-,..,     M  Vvi'    .l.iS  «lii.l.    II"-  l'l'""'ill    »--   'i'''''^-'   "^'^   "V^ 

'il.    roa.    nla-l.'fota   rai:r.m.l.  .linft  |.i..|«il.v    i,,,..-!    ami    in    i.'.,.«l    npair 

i,j     »    vork  of  ..aiin!-  .I"«n  a  t.ri.l^n.,  in.l  in  .v.iy  «a.v    i.  f..r  tlic  |..ii|.,w.    ,  r 

1,,     tl.rv'.v  piin.i|.a!  ol  tli^  .mi.loy.T  ulii.l.    il    »a,   n-.l.      It  «"s  a    ,H.it.Mll.v 

,  X.  .xtJn.    thai    I'i.  ..n.is-..Mi   ...  «iv  safe  iin.l    pinl-r     in.,ins    of    "•"-;»•" 

ilrli.n   I  ■  "aniin..  ol  a  .Mai:  tli-i....!  ami  ..f  it-lf.  from  ll„-  elation  a.    At  ..^ 

i„».t»-r   I'al.l..  l..r   l>i»  oiiii-»i..ii«   in   llial  was  i-oin^'  t..   ».,rU  .      ""'■'; 

r    ,    .1  'V.   /    V      <ln,il     S„rlh,,„    U.  sv.i..  mi.l.T n>al...  .1  wan  m.l  l.v  oa^ 

r*       Mm     s.      tinn     'r,.  51   1..  1!.  A.  .VI-'.  -«"  ..f  ai.v  la..k  of  .lili;:.'n....  ..n  tl,..  ,.a.t 

:VT     n^i;      HaT^iitV   .a,i,M    ..V    a  of  .1,..  .l..f.;..lanl    in   .....vniiii,  a    ,....,..r 

i;.U   wl,i.li  lia.l   n.;.    1..-11  .l..nvn   Iroiii   a  .ar.    I.iit     t  .o    ''^'"«:7.'''7';,;  ''■,,,, 

An   .•in|.l..v..i'    i.-     not     lial.U-    for   II..'  wat.liin^-     tot     II..'    a|.|.roa<li   of  a   train 

.Ifiitli    of    an    (.nipl.iv.'.'.   ■■aiisi.<l    l>y    llo-  from  llu'   -..iilli   ' 

l.louin-  ..fT  of  a    .loor  ..f  a    l.la-t    ^tav.'        A  train  ina^t.r  «lio  ..r.lns  par*  to  l« 

wliil..  Tm-   wan   ..nva;;.-.!    in    ti);l.t..iiiii(.'    a  (..i^,.,,   ,,,,1    ,,f  „   train    «nl..ait   not!.-.'   to 

mil  on  it.  «l...if  ll.i'i.-  «"-  ""  "li""J."'r  '"  a  InaU.iiian  .•iiirai-""'!  ">   making  n  .oiip 

u..ikin;.' al  til.,  .loor  mil.-* '•'"'''"-'  "■'■■  lin^'   I'.i^    as    a    f.ll.iw    M-ivaiil    ..f    -<i.  Il 

■  n    aniT  ..f   that    fa.l    h.'    «a*    iKii.'raiH.  |„.i,i^,.,„i,n.      \hiihn  v.   ihumio  A   .1.    /•'. 

-r   I.;.   -...,„„  ,  IH.I.-.I    r..-.   I'...l.  n«4. 


-„l..h-  throii;.'h  Ih.'  ii..L'l...t  .if  his  oociii 
iiliiv.'-  iin.l.T  ul.ox'  ilii>>ti..ii  h.'  wa- 
,.  rViii".  /).//./.',■  V  ///iii'-i<i  Xlirl  <'» 
1s..m"iiiii  W  i-  .).tl.  Tti  N.  \V.  :illJ. 
Ki,.  m...^li-<.nn  of  a  -...ti.ii  f..i.tMaii 
ill  failiii);  t..  n.il..  an  appnia.-hiii;;  Iraiii. 
,111.1  to  niv..  111.'  pi.i|Mr  MarniM^  -o  that 
a  h.in.l  I'ar  iiiav  h.'  lak.ii  fonii  I  h.'  track 
i>  not  111.'  .'mission  of  a  .Inly  whi.h  tli«- 

n.ilni.iil  I i|i:i?i>   •  ".-s  as  ina-l.r  to  on.' 

lli  the  «an^'.       ,l'/iii'i"     V.      l/.'/iii.'M.     7. 
(I   .V    ;     U.  Co.   I  18it:i    Miti  I   .  S.  :ill!l.  41 


Till'  .lut*'  of  warning  siTvanls  llial  a 
hlasl  is  iilioiil  lo  l>f  lir.'il  in  a  .jii.irry 
ihn.s  not  U-lonK  to  th.'  ii.m  .hi. -ahh! 
class.  Ih,m„„„  V.  /•'."«  I  lllOih  l-'H 
fat.  4?^.  .itl  I'.o-.  ."'l'-';  '/""".'/'i"  ^  "'" 
l/»/;,»  ili^tWi  '.'.-1  .\pp.  Div.  .'.Tl.  4..I  N'. 
V.  Siipp.  7.14  iwarniiiK  not  t^wvn  in 
liiiH'l . 

Thcr.'  lan  !).•  110  rce.iv.  n    «liiri'  an  .'n- 
iJiinT     with. lilt      "arninji     iihimI      .'.irs 


I.  ,..!.  l...-,l.  17  Sup.  ...  l!-p.  r,..:l.  "W-  av.iin  aft.'r  li..y  ha,  .■.  11  -.  ..  -  -. 
■1,,  „,.,  ,«.,....i,,.."  sai.l  tl,..  .■.lurt.  "that  a.ainst  an.,  h.r  ,ai  ';"''■  ''^^ 
Ui..  .I.Kliim-  as  to  till'  .iiit>    of  III.'  mas     „,an    wa-    al-onl npl.'    Ham.     I  "'••J 


174t 


H    t 


M.XSTKI!   XXI)  S Kin  ANT, 


:  ii     I 


*;  1 


;  :i 


[CIUP     XXMI 

III  otlicc  c;!;.!',  till'  i|rlllli|Mi'|if_\    ri.||«i,lf(l  (  --i  111  iiillv   in  ilh  i.i'ilit.Mii.i,      , 

'    •IIWV   III  llli'  n  .-iTMIIll    \vl|((-i'  nrl  was  till'   il  .lllfijillti'  iMllsr  iif  llii       n 

».   r,„,,,i„ih,   It.   Co     ll'^'iJi    lifl  (V||,   Slid,  ilrM    ii|i|<     1    il>l»4;i:    ,V>   \\  i,     ij:.    i;    \ 

II    rar.    170.  W  .  ■(7ii|   (In-  jiiil;.'ii;iiii  i  I   tin    |.,       ,  ,,.ii,r 

Till-  lli';;liui'lli'c  lit    III  I'liipliiyi'i'  illtni'-t  Ihul    l>i  i  ll    ri'MI-'il   nil    lllr  yrollli.l    ;  l|  il    ,i 

I    nilli   till'  iliily   '  I    \\ariiiii!'  nllii'i'  i-iii  liml    iml    Ihm-ii   '•liimn    lliii    llii>  ii>iii|>iiiv 

|>liT^ii-<  if  llii-  .|;iiiiii^   •(   Miiirliiri  IV    i»  li  III  |ii  i  i..riiiiil   i{»  ilmi   ni    liiriii-liihi-  !i 

lii.l    ilii|iiitMl  III  till.  ••iii|il.,yir.      I'i,,l',iiii;-  >    I.  iiinili  i       !!•  t    V.     '/'ii//., /"ii\     /'.i '"   ,. 

V     /../,,.,/-    1.///,,,  (■.,.(/  ( '.,.    i|s!,'i,    MM  r„,   <■„.   (iHfiTi   •>  Murv.  il).-l.|  .i;!;    n 

W  i'.  .iTI.  77    \.   W.   h7."i.   »■-,/.    /;,...«.   V.     Ml.   .'Hi.      In   iliv   lullir  ™-.    Hi. mi 

IImi./   ils'iii    II   |||,|.  .\|.|i.  till.  ;in  N    hi    .,n,|    III    till'   r.   II f uil   .h.M... 

I'*7I.  rill-    ;.'i\ill^    III    IImIIiT    111    till'    ,l|>|i|.Mr|i    .1 

riiiii|>aii'  till'  niT-   11^  III  sliiitiiii'  iiKi  iliili;;i'r,  « liriv   it   ilm-.  inj   iiil    i    mi'    I  li. 

rliiiHis    »illHiiit   \\:iriiiiiu.  ■>>  i  *>l'l'  ii"IJ'  iri'Mlimi  ><i  m  tlir  iiMiiili'ii  iii<"  ui    i  .i|. 

I.    -llliil.     1  j),    iilfni.  |il.lii'.    in    lint    llri'i'i.il  I  ily   li    li|    iKlly    ijiilt 

Olii-   iiiiiiiT   ulm-f  iliii'i'tinii   II    liiri'i 'I  nf  tli.     iiiii»tir  Imt    u   ■n'lmiiliirx    iji'iii.  >.. 

tiT   \*   Mnikinv  iijMiii   II    l.iii'lir   in    front  li>  <|ii';ik.   wlilili    inuy    Im'    ili'ii".'.iii'i|    i. 

iif  a  I'ar  -t.iiili',  wlm  |iriiiiij-i  >  In  niiuiin  <'i>iii|a'lt  nl    frilow  scrv.m'-  iimlri    |>iii|iii 

111     till'    (licit      iif     till'      l.iilili'l'    til    yivi-    lllr  iiilt'.        Ni.liic    I"    <niii.  I  uiii'^     . 'i    in.il.iil 

wiiikiiiaii  niitiri' hIiimi'MI   it  I-  iii'i  •■~-ai,v  to  tin'  ^.ifity    iif     In     jiLut.    ■               i    ,.i 

III   Irllliivi-   lllr   lailili'l     ill   null  I    In    ;'  Itllil  I'Xri'lll  IM'    ill  I  ill.        Ilirll    nrill            \\     ujll-l 

till'  lai-.  Ill    a  I'ail   In  |ii»-'  in  or  .    ii   of  of    niir-'ilv.    in     i|MTatiiii.'    I        ,    I'.i.ili 

till'  »tiilili',  iloi'H   nol    ii'|iif<i'nt    till'   iiia«  li'«liiiiiiii«.   Ill'    iMlia-li'il     to                 in. I. 

lev.      ItiiiHis  V.  Ilriiiil.liin   lliiiilits  It.  >''i.  iiiiiiliiit    lilini.iii   will   otlii'i'   i  li    i     liiii   ,i| 

I  |.><ll!l)   ;»;  .\|i|i.  I)i\,  .'I.Vi,  ri.'i  N.  X'.  Siiiiji.  IIh-    hm-Iit.     iii,.iii     IIm'     failliluln.--    .11 

2tiU.  tvliii'li    will   in   tin'    jirtfoniian. .    ot   iluM 

\\  lii'i>'  a  wniiiit   iiinlirtiiki's  ihi-  work  it   i"  riii«.inalili'  to  rrl.v." 

of    |iiiltiiit'   ilaniani'il    i.ir-   on   i ilain  Thii  nf);li;ji'iin'  of  a   iiKiloiinan  in  .li- 

tiark    in    a    yaiil.    tlu'    iii'.'ijit    of    iii'.iilli  .lUyini.'  .i   nili'  .if  tlir  riiin|iaiiy   i.  i|iiii  m.. 

1  iriil   ii.itii'   a-,   til   till'   priri-ii'   ili  liil    In  llin«i'  in   iliari,'!'  of  \\*  lai-.  In  ^i\i    lim. 

-.'iiii-    paitiriilar    rar    wliicli    hi'    liai    to  ly  waiiiin^  of  llii-ir  .i;'|ii'iiai'li  to  ,i  ii.i.;. 

Iiainlli'    ii    III   111'    tnatril    an    lllr    mylrrt  .rew    !■«   not.   rhirp' ililr   to     hr   .•nmi     i:v 

of  a    frlloH    ^I'rvanl.  iiinl  llip   ri»k    iiiiist  is  u  viiilalinn  nf  it-  ilnly  to  iix'  i    i-nii 

fall   williin   tlir  onliliiry    riilr.   iiia«iiiurli  alilr  rarr  to  |ii'n\  |i|.'  a   -aft'  |ila.r  t.r  tli" 

as  it.  i"  an  iiniili'iit  nt  ilir  -MTviri'  wliiili  Irai'knian  to    i(o    hi'-    wnrk.     /.inn/.^n    i 

«as    iiil.r.'il     ii|Miii.     I'lal      linikrn      rar-  wlhiliilli   Shirl  It.  t'n.    llSltIi)   lij  Miiiii 

inivlit   Ik'  |iiiI    in  tin    Hinii;;  (ilarr  in  III.'  :!S7.  117   N.   \\ .   lIMIii. 

yaril.   iiinl    in-iilli.iriil    imli.-r   of  llu'   ilr  Tin    failiirr  nf  a    li.ilrli  ti'ii.lrr  to  ili- 

li'i"ti  in  tli.'iM  iiii;;lit   111'  ;;ivrn.      Sii.li  all  iliarjrr    liis    iliity    of    yivin;;    warning'   In 

oiiii-iiim  of  noli. 'I-  irlati"'  to  inallrr-  ot  tlir   -rrvanti-    in    Hi.'    liolil    lii'l.>»    tl.al    .i 

ili'tiiil.  and  i*  on.'  wlii.li  raiinol  li.'  n|M'n  lialr  i>  ali.nit   In  Ih'  tlirown  il.iwn  I-  ml 

ill  a.lvani'r      it   i-.  Iliirrfnrr.  not  likr  an  iirnli;.'i'nrr     wlii.'li     is     iiii|iiitalilr  In  lli.' 

.i|iii--inn    to   !.'i\r   iiwlrin  I  i.iiis   to  an    in     -lii|i  owiii-r.     Omni  S.  S.  t'n.  v.  I'li / 

r\|K'rirn.'..l  liaii.l  a>  to  111"  n<-ii''ral  .Ian  i  IHIMM    Mil  (!a.   •J7M.    \->   S.    F.    .'I.".! 

i;.'r  to  wlii.li   hi-  w.irk   wi  '  r\|in.i'  him.  An  I'li.jiloyrr  is  not  an-wiralilr  fm  lli 

)  ■iiluii  V     /(i.wnii  if   /,.   It.  Coil).    I  ISS.'tl     iirKlit'i'iiii'  of  mil' rvani   in  f.iiliii;;  In 

I.'IS   .\la'<s.    IIS.  notify    unotlirr     that     llir     o|M'rati"M   'I 

Traininrii    ni^a^ri'.l    in    switrhin)!   i'ar>  |iiilliii^'  ilown   a    jiilr    i-   almiil    In  Ik'.'ih 

art   as   frllnw   -iTvaiil-   in   failinj;  to  ^'ivr  llii.iin    v.    Siiijiiiii     illlOli     ll.">    Inwa     '. 

notiii'    of   llirir    a|i|iriiai'li    to   a    car   r.'  XT   N'.  W .   74"). 

jiaiiiT    at    work    nii    mi.'    of    thr    lra.'ks  Tlir  failnrr  of  .in  riii|>l.i\.i'  to  |iiiiiinii 

Vi.r.i.v   .1-   /'.    It.   I'll.   \     i'liinpliill    ilHIU:  lii.s  iliit\    of  yiviny  iliir  w.iriiini.   Iliil    i 

I'.'X,    I'iv.    .\|l|>.)     .•ill    S.    \\.     IIIK.  |iirri'    of    tillllirl     lias    Inrll    pla.i  .1    In    111.- 

\    raili.tail    i'oiii|>aiiy    uliiili    has    pi.i  i  hiitr  wliirli   r.  iivi'V-   it    t.i  a   -liij.   i-  lli.' 

\  ill.  ll   wat.'hnirii  t<>;;iMr.l  a   .ar  r.pairri  ninli;.'rnri'   of   a    iiiri.'    f.llnw    -iixiiil    nf 

frniii  .laii;.'.r  wliilr  al    unrk  i-  m  t   lialili'    III.-    worknii'ii    on     linavl       // i""    > 

III    him     for    an     iiijiiiy    ii'siiltiiin   from  /'<>//    Itlnkihi     Mill    <'•'.    ilsiMli    71    I'l-I 

ilirir   lailiirr    to    warn    him    of    an    ap  ^<.'i.'S. 

|iroarliing  train.      I.inlil.i    v.  I'liinnr.,  M.  .\  .nnlrai'lor  rnL'a>.'i'.l    in  thr  l.ii-iii.-s 

>l    SI.    I'.    R.   f'n.    (lSS."ii    11.1   Wis.   Ill,    "i.'l  of  altrriii"   ami    npairin;;   \o--il-   i-  imt 

.\iii.    Uei>.   iilill,   'lli    X.    \V.    131!    (iiii  ttu'  liahlr  for  the  fiiiliiii'  of  his  snpiriniiiiJ- 


Jl  flW.  0«;ij        \K  K  IMilM  irAI->llll'     IlKTAILH  l»l    \\(»i;l\  IT4:i 

jiirv  .tiuili  iiil'..riiiiiii(in  an  wuulii  Imvo  cmililcd  liiin  tn  ii\..i.|  imli'tiii^' 
ilif  injury-.* 
Tliiit  ilii-  fiiiliir"  to  Willi)  MTMiiiN  iH  til  iiMii-itiiv  i!,iii;:ii--  i,  ir- 

pinlcil  us  tillirial  llf;;liythiT  in  mi  i  IMJiIoVit  wll..  i^  a  \  ire  Ju  iliiii.:il  l.\ 

virtiir  iif  hi;*  milk,  ^I'l'  ^  ••  \2.  iihIi  . 

602.  AbMiice  from  the  poit  of  duty.— A   niM-n.  r   «li..  .«i.i|.!m,.    -   a 

-iilliciiiit  uiiiiilH'r  of  M'l'vaiil!*  i>  iioi  liaM..  l"(,r  :iii  iitjiiix  ii>  ,iii  •  m 
plovcc  cansi'd  lis  ilir  lriii|i<ii'ar\  ali»<iii'r  of  a  ('c«iii|>|m_\)('  I'i-mih  a  ii .  ; 
of  iliitv  williiiiii  aiu   I'anll  mi  llir  |'arl  nt'  llic  riii|.|..\,.r.' 

603.  Selecting  an   imperfect  appliance  from   th;  itock  available.— 

<t'i'iiii>ai aM'si-ili'il  ill  ^  :,'.>'.  siiju-i.  )      Ii  it  will  -iIiIkI  ilial,  uImT' 

TJir  iii.isl.'i'  Inirt  |>ro\  iiliil  all  ai|ii|i).if.  iikI  rcmlilv  an-i«-il.|i'  -liM-k  of 
•■iiitalilf  a|>|>liimi'<-  in  pH.il  I'l.n.liiinii.  Iriu  wliidi  i,,  iii:ikc  a  -(■itction. 
nil',  tlif  iin|Mrl(M'iioii  of  an  in-iiiimi  nialitv  hcIimMimI  ilii'n  from  was. 
iif  oii:riit  to  liavi'  l«cn,  »]>]>. inni  to  tln'  -iir\aiil  wlio  <(li'<-iiil  it,  tln' 
iiia«t(r  <Miiiiol  Im'  Iii'M  ri'-|iiin-ililr  fur  iiijnrii-i  uliii'li  aif  >ii~faiiii'r|  Ii\ 
ilio  iHc  of  iliai  iii-lniiniiiiiliiv,  wIhiIm  r  llir  sutlVirr  !»•  iliu  sfrvuiit 
liiiii-rit  who  niaiio  tin'  sf-lciiiun.  or  a  ciuniiilovrt'.' 

•  til  to  w.ini  Hip  iiii'Ii  M.nkiii;.'  in  tlip  'Tin-  oiiii-^iiin  nf  n  fi'iviii.in  i.f  triirk 
mI.I  that  II  liiiti'li    U    iiIh'Iii    til    111'    ri'-    rrpiinr-   to  -i  i   a    {....Kimi    ,,   ii<,|    ui'ah 

IllnVlll.  IIUKSlll      V.       f'l.lM       l|KS!t|       \\>     pllll'    Wllilll    lilll    U'    illl|.llli-,|    to  till'    I'UIII 

N.  V.  (ill.  3  I,,  n.  A.  .I.'.H.  -.'1.  \.  !•:.  ,-..-■(!  |..iiiy,     hiilhi.      V.    f„:.,l'„n.i,i     U.    i'». 

Iniiili   i'«i'ii|K'il   from   llii-  liiiiiiN  iif   the  (iH'iSi   i^  Sc.  >>r..    i    i..   m,  .i.rii-<,  !i:u. 
""';''»»■»'  A  r.i.,«;iy  i«  ii  i   ll.il.l,    f,  r  llii'  fiiliiir 

The  II.  ;;liL'i'n<'0  of  a  sii|mi  iiilirnl.'iit    in  if  II  viol   fori'ii  m  In  jiIhi'  a  signal  llay 

'li.iij.'    .(    wiirk    ui'ili-r    II    niii-lniilii'ii  in   frmil     of    Hie    .ar*    ii|i<>ii  fin-  ifnair 

'I'lili.'i.    ill    ri'lilviiiv   IP     'p  alliriiialivf  trark.  ~ii  n«  to  |,n  \iiit    aii.\    nlliir  Iriiii 

111  llii    <|iii'.liiiii  ulirthir  il   wa<  clrar  Ih'  fniiii  ii>ii|>llny  mi  In  .iiili  cir,  atiil,.  .lalil 

liiw,  III    an  ciiiiiliivii'  Mill,  was  iliiir.v  in^'  .i^riiaj    i\aH    cli-|il.iMi|.    tlii>   ri-^iill    luiiij; 

Inuii  1,1.  ,k>  liniii  a   liii^'lil   III  till'  «..ik  dial   i-   car  ri-|iaiM-r  \\:\*  iiijiiiv.l   liy  tlio 

mill    ImIi.w.    ii-<ii1i  in;;    in    an    injiiiv     In  i  iiijiliii;.'  of  a  train.      I'^his,,,,  w  rhini 

-iiili  WMikiiiiin.  18  mil   ill  irmaM.-  to  tliv  ,i„  ,1-  .V.  \\  .  K.  fo.   (ISST)  (17  Mi.-h.  102. 

im;|4|(t.     DiiiiiirHi/      V.      .S-.//I      l-rii  III  It,  I,  ;||   X.  \\  .  JIMI. 
/In././.'  Co.   (lH!i:')    117  Cal.  417,  -tH  I'ai'.         '  U.iihil  v.    V- ic    Y„rl:.  V.  ,f   W,  R    ff. 

'''•'  ''».  (iH'ij)    i:t()  X.  Y.  lis-.',  «!•  X.  K.  7ii:i. 

WliiTH  an  pm|iIi..M«'  was  ininn.!  in  nt         Tin,  al.-iiir.-  <.f  u  In  iKcMian  ii|him  nir^ 

'•■ni|ilui_'  to  pri-^iTM'  llif  |irii|icrt.v  nf  his  shuiitwl   williinit   an   iiijiiu-  is  tin?  ni';:li 

iiiii.t..r  fnmi  lirr.  an, I  tin-  iiijiiiv  ri-iill  l'imiii-    of    ii    (•i,>,r\aiil.   ami    nut    of   tlir 

III  fri'Ui   Ihf   niyli;ji  iiri'  of   tin.   fi.ninan  railmail  ooiiipaiiv.  vihni'  t!ii'   IiIIit  has 

in  fiiiliii!..  to  notify  IIii-  -.i  rvaiil  <,f  a  |«iil  .  iii|i|,.y«.,l  siilliiii.'nt  iiml  rc,iii|Kli.nl  lirak«'- 

•  lii.h  hail  iliv,.|i,|„,|  iliiriiiy  lhi>  tin-,  tin-  iiirii  to  ilo  »iiili  work,  and  thi'v  air  pni.- 

ii.rlit'i'iiin  is  nmsiili  ivl   to  Ih.  thai   nf  a  ,nt    in  lhi>  varil   ut  Iho  tiiiir'nf  II,,.  n,.- 

IpIImw     ><,.r\ant.        Mnllhir      v.      /.". /,/.  ,i  ,  iilmt.      fii'llir    v.     \rir    \,.,l     C     ,(■    // 

'll"M)    lf,7  X.  Y.  .107.  5»  I-.  U.   A.  .V.'.  /,'.  A'.  r„.    i  IsilJ)    |;ir,  X    ^     77'  .■)•>  x" 

'I'l  X.  K.  tU.",.  Rrvir-in-  (IHtm)   V>  App.  I-.    tiO:i.     fho   court    ili-l  in.|ii-lii.,l    Fiikf 

lliv.  :iHl,  (ill  X.  Y.  Siipp.  H_'».  V.  //n.s/,m  .C  .1.  /.*.  fo.    (  IS7.1)   5.3  X.  Y. 

In   Uii-   ahsi'm'.-   of    an    i\pii.ss    ni'tiv  r,4'.l    l.'t   .\ni.    Hrp.  .'>4"..   ulirri'   the  iiii«s 

"iHnl.  oni>  eniplnyiil  to  n-pair  an  I'l.va  inf  liiaknnian    iliil     nni     |,i,„iit  himself 

lor  i~  not  i-nlilli..l  to  waniin-  ti.,1,1  tin-  for  duty  at  nil.  ami    inliinalisl  a  iloiil.f 

'>iii-l..r  wlirn   the  lOivator    is    almiil     to  as  to  tin-  nirrf.lm-s  of  .I/ki/,/,,/  v.    V.ic 

-t.irt.  whi-rc    he    rolii's    ii|>on    a    I'lllnw  Ymk-  ('.  ,f.   //.  I{.  /,'.  (-0.   (IHltO)    IIS  X. 

-iTviint   whom  he  has  rpqiit'sti-,|   to  ^..ivn  V.  ."rJ7,  2^  X.   K.  SI2. 

>ui-li     warninK.      M'lnn      v.     (fSiilliriin        ■  riiiiv   11 ■   iin"ri-..iv,.,v   «Iiiti-  tlii- 

Omt    lid  Cal.   fit.    .-.S    I'ao.   .■!;.-,.  thl.l    -1 ,  in!,  i„l,.„t     nf    a   ■naliir.il   y:u. 


■:J,j 


■H-i'l' 


MICROCOPY   RESOIUTION   TKT  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


A    APPLIED  IIV.^GE 


1653   Eost   Main   Street 

Rochester.   Ne.  York         14609       USA 

(716)   482  -  0300  -  Phofie 

(716)   288-5989  -  fa» 


In 


1744 


MASTER  AND  SEH\  ANT. 


[CIIAI-.   XXXII. 


mm 


M 

ni 

1  : 

k. 

;  i 

i' 
i: 

■ 

Onp  coniiiion  variety  of  ncjjiigont  selection  consists  in  the  use  of  an 
instninientiility  wliieli  is  safe  and  ixleiinate  fur  tlie  purpose  wliidi  >vii- 
(•ontoni plated  l),v  the  master  when  lie  supplied  it,  Imt  which  is  danger- 


rtuiipany,  whoso  iluty  it  was  to  shut  in 
,nid  tos't  wells,  was"  injurid  by  an  I'X- 
|ilosiiiii  due  t<)  his  selei'tiim  of  a  valve 
too  weak  to  l«'ar  the  pre- sine.  Tuuhvij 
V  h:<iuilahh-  (Ian  Uu.  (18U7)  17'J  Pa. 
^;t7.  3(i  Atl.  314. 

An  employer  is  not  liable  for  an  in- 
jury to  an  eni|>li>yee  eaiisecl  liy  the 
'breaking'  of  a  plank  while  piilliii};  a 
tank  in  i>osition,  where  siieh  plank  was 
seleeteil  by  the  employee  and  his  fore- 
man while  employ«l  in  the  same  service 
with  him.  Mdliom  ii  v.  Vacuum  Oil  Co. 
(1S'J4)  70  Hun,  571t,  28  N.  Y.  Supp. 
l!Hi. 

.\  molder  working  tiy  the  ilay  in  a 
foundry.  fre<iupntly  called  upon  to  assist 
in  pouring  heated  metal  iiilo  molds,  is 
a  fellow  senant  of  an  employee  who 
made  the  molds,  and  cannot  reiiiver  for 
injuries  sustained  by  him  by  the  escape 
of  heated  metal,  due  to  the  use  of  an 
imi>erfect  flask  in  making  the  nadd, 
where  numerous  llasks  were  proviiU'd, 
and  the  emplo\ee  was  not  reipiired  to 
use  an  iu'perfect  one.  Krhoc  v.  Allen 
(18!«)    !t2  Mich.  4(!4,  5:!  X.  \V.  740. 

The  duty  of  selecting  stakes,  and  plac- 
ing them  "in  position  on  a  platform  car 
to  hold  ties  in  place,  is  incident  to  the 
work  of  the  servant.s  operating  the  train 
and  loading  and  unloading  the  tics;  and 
the  railroad  company  is  not  liable  if  an 
injury  is  causiil  by  their  carelessness  in 
pp'rfo'rming  it.  Kn'ituds  v.  Carter  (1001) 
(14  Me.  530.  48  Atl.  17.5. 

In  Crcgaii  v.  .l/f/r,v7on  (18ni)  12(i  N. 
Y.  568.  27  X.  K.  n.">2.  where  the  contro- 
versy was  as  to  whose  duty  it  was  to 
observe  and  examine  the  condition  of  n 
ro|)e.  and  change  it  when  so  worn  that 
it  iH'came  unsafe,  the  court  explained 
its  position  as  fidlows:  "It  is  c<mcedpd 
that  the  defendants  kept  on  hand  and 
ready  for  use  at  any  moment  an  ade- 
quate stipply  of  these  falls,  and  of  the 
b<'st  and  most  approved  character.  .  .  . 
If  one  was  wanted,  word  was  sent  to 
the  olFice.  and  the  new  fall  at  once  sup 
plied  for  use  at  the  dock.  I'siially  the 
engineer  or  his  assist-int  made  the  ap- 
plication, hut  anybody  engaged  in  the 
work  could  give  the  notice  and  get  the 
new  fall.  It  does  not  apjiear  that  any 
such  application  coming  from  any  of  the 
workmen  was  ever  unheeded  or  refused. 
Tlie  workmen,  therefore,  were  left  in  a 
position  of  perfect  safety  as  to  the  sulli 


'•iency  of  tlie  falls  against  everytliiii;; 
savetlii'ir  own  negligence  or  error  nl 
judgment.  The  ro|ie  was  swinging  lie 
fore  their  eyes,  anil  would  disclose  it- 
:i  jiproaching  weakness  on  the  surface  )»■ 
foie  it  became  rotten  or  pulpy  witliiii 
and  they  were  able  to  know  how  Ion;; 
it  had  been  iis"d,  and  so  whether  |iru 
(h'lice  rc(|uired  it  to  he  changed,  liny 
were  at  lilMMty,  and  knew  they  wer.-  -.a 
libc^rty,  to  supplant  one  which  exliilii'e.l 
marks  of  weakness  with  a  tlier  ImlS 
new  and  suMicient,  from  the  supply  i.rpi 
on  hand.  They  were  in  the  daily  Inihit 
of  olwerving  its  condition,  and  it  wn- 
specially  the  custom  of  the  engineer  to 
do  so.  He  had  examined  it  a  day  or 
two  before  the  accident,  and  deciiied  ji 
safe."  On  this  state  of  fads  if  was 
hehl  that  the  negligence  of  the  enginiiT. 
if  it  existed,  was  not  that  of  the  'la- 
ter. 

In  l.i.i,/  v.  fit.  I'iiul.  M.  d  .1/  /.'.  <'<■ 
(18!t2)  50  Minn.  If.O,  .V2  X.  \V.  :17S.  th. 
mint  thu:.  explained  its  reason-  fm 
holding  that  a  master  is  not  resiion--ilili 
to  a  servant  for  the  act  of  a  fellow  serv 
ant  in  negligently  selecting  from  a  nuiii 
Ikt  of  those  available  an  iron  hmk 
which  was  broken  and  unlit  for  ii>e,  t" 
which  to  attach  a  pulley  to  raise  n 
heavy  weight  in  a  boiler  shop:  "It  i- 
very" apparent  from  the  ease  that  wlicii. 
for  this  or  like  purposes,  it  becaine  ili' 
sirable  or  necessary  for  the  boiler  inak 
ers  and  their  assistants  to  resort  to  tlu' 
mechanical  aid  of  a  pulley,  it  was  a 
part,  of  their  duty  to  consider  whcnv 
under  the  circum-l  inces  relating  to  it- 
use,  they  would  fasten  or  andior  the 
pulley,  anil  the  means  by  whiih  tlii> 
would  do  it.  To  illustrate:  It  \va- 
not  the  legal  duty  of  the  deleiidaiil 
towards  these  mechanics,  as  their  ma- 
ter.to  direct  them  whether  to  make  their 
)Uilley  fast  to  the  crown  sheet  over  tin' 
tire  box.  or  to  use  a  timlM-r  for  tl  '  pur 
|>ose,  or  as  to  whether  they  slu  u.d  ii-c 
a  hook  of  one  form  or  another,  an  eye 
bolt,  or  some  other  means  of  makliic  it 
fast.  It  was  not  a  part  of  the  alisoiiilc 
duty  of  the  master  to  provide  the  |Mr 
ticular  simple  instrunienl  or  thin;; 
which  should  be  used  for  such  a  |i>ir 
pos  .  That  was  a  part  of  the  very  Hatv 
which  the  mechanics  were  to  thenisclvo* 
pciforni.  The  deiendant  pinvideil  the 
means  whieli   nii:;ht   be  necessary  to  uU- 


S  004  J 


VICK  rJMXCIl'Al.SIIU'— UCTAILS  OF  WORK. 


1744 


oiis  or  in.ndoquatp  wlun  used  for  tho  work  to  wliicli  it  was  actually  ap- 
]ilio(l.-     Coinparo  §  ;{42,  ntilf-. 

Tlio  solpptidii  of  an  article  from  a  sii]>ply  of  suitaMo  matrrial,  to  be 
taken  away  ami  nscil  at  a  distance,  has  liecn  held  to  he  distinjruishable 
+'rom  tho  selection  of  stich  an  article  from  materials  on  hand  at  tiie 
]ilace  of  work,  and  to  he  done  as  an  incident  of  the  perfonnance  of  the 
Mon-delegahle  <hity  •*  furnishing  ap]>liances.^ 

604.  Failing  to  use  the  instrumentalities  furnished  by  the  master. — 


iible  the  mechanics  to  do  what  was  thus 
1  i'(liiiiv(l  of  thoni.  If  IliiMi'  was  not  at 
hind  siicli  a  thini;  as  niiylil  he  nooessarj' 
to  fasti-n  the  pulley  in  ixf-ition  for  use, 
they  could  have  it  made  liv  the  hlack- 
>inith.  But  tho  evidence  snows  conclii 
sivelythat  theie  were  enoutrh  hooks  \\ 
ins  ahoiit  the  shop  fit  for  this  |mr]Ki-i', 
wliich  nii<{ht  liave  heen  scleetetl  and 
lined.  The  accident  occurred  from  the 
fact  that  whoever  procured  this  hook 
ne<;lected  to  ohserve,  as  he  mijiht  have 
ilone,  that  it  was  broken  and  unfit  for 
use.  It  doi's  not  app«!ar  who  did  this. 
There  is  no  reason  to  presume,  even  as 
a  matter  of  fact,  th.tt  the  foreman  did 
it.  rather  than  the  boiler  Liakcr,  liren- 
nan.  or  imo  of  his  helpers.  But.  while 
much  attention  is  given  to  this  matter 
in  the  aifjument  of  the  apijellant.  we 
dcen'  't  to  be  of  no  consequence  whether 
the  bor.i-r  maker  or  tho  foreman  was 
the  person  who  neplii;ently  selected  this 
particular  hook  and  put  it  in  position 
t'nr  use.  In  either  case  this  was  a  part, 
a  mere  detail,  of  the  work  which  these 
mechanics  were  employed  to  perfonii. 
and.  whether  done  by  the  foreman,  boil- 
er maker,  or  a  help<'r,  whatever  ne<{li 
}.i'nce  there  may  have  been  in  select  inf.' 
the  liroken  hook  was  the  ne<;li;;enee  of 
ii  fellow  servant,  and  the  plaint itf  can- 
iKil  recover  from  this  defendant." 

Recover^'  has  hwn  also  denied  where 
a  fellow  servant  was  ncM;lif;ent  in  select- 
ing the  following;  articles:  A  ro|><' 
il'irsrolt  v.  Hall  ICnfjiiie  Co.  [18!)f)]  17ti 
I'a.  4.-)!l.  .lo  Atl.  224 j  :  a  bii<;yy  f,->r  eon- 
vevin^'  irini  (Ucinisch  v.  Robcilx  |1S!)I1 
14:]  I'a.  1.  21  Atl.  imS)  ;  a  coupling;  pin 
that  was  too  short  {Tliiin(j  v.  h'ilvhliiirq 
It.  Co.  [18H21  inti  Mass.'  13.  30  .V.  K. 
109)  ;  a  defective  link  for  coupling  cars 
{Ymng  v.  /fusion  rf  .U.  R.  Co.  flSOT] 
IfiS  Mass.  21<»,  4fi  N.  K.  624)  ;  a  defect 
ive  hammer  (/{nirlru  v.  Colliau  [1892] 
90  Mich.  31,  51  X.  \V.  350)  ;  appliances 
for  supportinfi  '"id  stoailyin;;  a  heavy 
iron  structure  which  was  being  hoisted 
{Ludlua    V.   Orolun  Bridi,.-  d    Mfi/.   Co. 


11S!)«|  11  .\pp.  niv.  4.12.  42  K.  Y.  Siipp. 
343.  previous  proeeedinjrs  re|Miitiil  in 
[lS!l,-il  71  X.  V.  S.  It.  .-)10,  31)  N,  V. 
Siipp.  4,"i2.  new  trial  denied  in  [IS'.Mi]   Ifl 


.Misc.  222,  37  X.  V.  Sii|. 


'>',)o)  ;  an  im- 


perfect plank  upon  hImi  u  to  walk  from 
a  car  to  a  shed  into  which  it  is  heint; 
iinlo.iileil  (  V<iii  fit II  lli'iinl  V.  Xiilifiiiiil 
h'lirniir,  Co.  [1SII3]  84  Wis.  (i.'Jti.  ",4  X. 
W.  lOI(i):  portiins  of  a  derrick  em- 
ployed ill  stone-settinf.'( //orins  v.  Sulli- 
raii  [IS7S]  I  111.  .\pp.  ■>:,]):  a  skid 
(O'fiiiiiiiji-  V.  I'liiiisiiliuiiiii  I'.  Co. 
[inoo)  48  App.  Div.  244,  ■■;■>  X.  \,  Supp. 
723|;  the  (loir  of  a  grain  ear.  to  In- 
used  a~  a  platl'onii  for  tran«frrrin<;  a 
bale  of  wool  ( I'liinm/lniiiiii  Co.  v.  Lipich 
[1.S7S1  90  111.  3;!.!)':  bl.Kking  for  frogs 
iltiijiitte  V.  Caiwdiiiii  I'.  It.  Co.  |l,SS!l|  5 
^laiiitoha   L.   Rep.  305). 

.\n  employer  cannot  lie  iield  liable  on 
the  ground  of  failure  to  repair  a  defect 
in  a  gang  plank,  where  it  is  shown  that 
he  kept  an  extra  one  which  might  have 
been  substituted  by  the  plaintilf  for  that 
which  was  defecli\e.  O'Connor  v.  I'rnn- 
.■<!llnnn<i  It.  Co.  (11100)  48  App.  Div. 
244.  ()2  X.  Y.  Supp.  723. 

'Cm  roll  V.  U(.\7(Tn  U.  Tclri/  Co. 
(18931  1 00  Mass.  l,-,2,  V)  X.  V..  iMi: 
Muhiui  V.  Kiiiirs  Mf;/.  Co.  (1899)  172 
-Mass.  37.'>.  .")2  X.  K'.  518;  Diirfiin  v. 
1/h».vo»  (1804)  9  Allen.  390.  85  Am 
ne<'.  770:  Thr  I'rr.iiiiu  Monarch  (1893) 
5  v..  V.  A.  117.  14  f.  S.  App.  1,5.S.  55 
Ked.  .333,  Reversing  (1S92)  49  Ked.  0(i9: 
Mdlier  V.  riiroiip  (1890)  59  N.  J,  L. 
\m.  ,35  Atl.   1057. 

An  employer  who  furnishes  safe  and 
suitable  appliances  to  the  employee 
with  which  to  do  the  work  on  which  he 
is  engaged  is  not  respimsible  for  inju- 
ries fnmi  ilefeets  in  appliances  substi- 
tuted by  a  fellow  servani  for  thos<>  fur- 
nished by  the  employer.  Cnmpliill  v. 
Xrir  Jersey  Drii  Doric  it-  Trnii.ip.  Co. 
(1898)    fil  X.  .I.'l,,  382.  .39  Atl.  O.'iS. 

'  Tlinma.t  v.    hi'i  .\rlior  It.  Co.   (1897) 
114  Mich.  50,  72  X.  W.  40. 


.Ml 


m^ 


iWti. 


1740 


AIASTKK  AM)  SKItX  ANT. 


[chap,  xxmi 


M 


J 


Anotlior  kind  of  flrrcliction  of  duty  wliicli  is  rcfriirdod  ns  cliMrncli  r 
istii!  of  a  seniiiii,  ;uid  not  of  tlic  inastor,  is  that  wliidi  L-on^isi-;  in  t],, 
failure  of  a  fellow  sci'vnnt  to  iniikc  use  of  suitabli;  app!i;iiice3  fui 
nisliod  l)v  the  niastor  for  the  work  in  hand.' 


'A  itiastor  who  i>invii|ps  a  pro|ior  np- 
piiratus  to  pii'Vfiit  ;i  tiili  I'lnni  I'alliiiK 
hack  into  a  pit  from  wiiicli  it  is  to  be 
lioi-^li'il  wlicii  full  of  carlli  is  nut  lialile 
for  an  iiijinv  cMiix'd  hy  tlu'  failiiri'  of  a 
fcUnw  Mrvaiit  to  use  tliat  apparatus. 
(IrilJitha  V.  Oidloic  (1S.')S)  ."5  lliulst.  & 
N.  CIS,  27  L.  J.  Kxoh.  \.  S.  40  4. 

A  brewer  cannot  be  held  oulpaWe  on 
the  ground  that  he  did  not  furnish  prop- 
er appliances,  where  he  scnl  his  men  to 
a  customer's  cellar  with  the  usual  ap- 
paratus for  elevatinjT  barrels,  and  the 
men,  findinj;  the  apparatus  could  not  be 
used  on  aeco\int  of  the  nanowness  of 
the  cellar,  prueceiled  on  their  own  re- 
sponsibilitv  to  lift  the  barrels  without 
it.  Katnsini  v.  Jtnhin  (1SS9)  16  Sc. 
Sess.  Cas.  4th  scries,  690. 

A  bridjre  liuildir  i>  lurt.  liable  where 
a  forcMiaii  of  a  briiljxe  ftanji  injures  a 
su'Mirdinate  by  bis  failure  to  use  the 
braces  fiirnishe<l  for  enablin.^  the  work- 
men to  move  a  heavy  piire  of  the  struc- 
ture willi  fr''*'i'''''"  safety.  Liirllow  v. 
(Irofoii  llriihir  <i  Mfg.  Co.  (1806)  11 
App.  T)iv.  4">L',  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  .•?4.'?. 

A  .servant  cannot  recover  for  per- 
sonal injuries  where  the  defitt  rem- 
plaineil  of  is  the  want  of  a  jianfr  plank 
at  till-  side  door  of  a  car  inln  which  he 
was  helping  to  load  a  niacliiiie.  when 
it  is  not  .shown  that  a  suitable  jranir 
plank  was  not  furnished.  I'linillr  v. 
niiiliii  Mnch.  Uo/As  (18!18)  172  Mass. 
I,->().  -,l  N.  ¥..  403. 

.\  enii)l(iyer  is  not  liable  for  an  in 
jury  cavised  liy  the  breaking.'  of  a  derrick 
from  the  lack  of  jruy  70|m's  to  previ'iit 
tlie  swiiijiiiij;  of  the  article  hoisted. 
where  there  was  rope  on  the  premises 
which  mi^ht  have  been  used  as  <•»}' 
rojics.  but  wliich  the  fellow  servants  of 
the  injured  i-iiiplovee  neglected  to  use. 
Clink  V.  h'ilci-Ci'iiih;/  Co.  (18!l!l)  30 
App.  Div.  iillS.  r>'  X.  Y.  Supp.  7.5.). 

I'nder  the  Pennsylvania  statiites  of 
1877  luid  ISS:).  wliicb  merely  reipiire 
mine  owners  to  furnisli  a  siiU'n'ient 
nur  *  props  for  the  tunnels,  a  miner 

car  .('Cover    if    the    evidence    shows 

that  .a  rfMif  wliich  fell  and  injured  him 
would  not  have  fallen  if  a  single  prop 
had  be<>n  jMit  in  bv  the  ''boss."  /,'( <  sr 
V.  liiddir  (ISSC.)  li2  Pa.  72.  3  Atl.  S13. 
Compare     Hall    v.    Jolmxun     (1805)     3 


llurlst.  &  C.  .5Sn,  31  T..  J.  Kxch.  \  S 
222.  11  .Ti'v.  \.  S.  ISO  M  I..  T.  \.  •< 
770,  '..!  Wi'ek.  Uep.  41  1.  wlrn,.  ,i  i„ii,.  i 
wa.s  held  not  to  be  eiiiille.l  lu  riei.wi 
for  an  injury  due  to  the  mi;lii;.nc.-  ,,( 
an  undcrlookcr  in  I'liiilliiiL'  (o  -ik>  iliii 
the  roof  of  the  mine  was  proppi  d  ^iif.l' 
Here,  however,  the  [point  of  view  «.  • 
not  the  same.  n.s  the  essence  nf  I  In'  ct 
cision  was  that  the  d(diii(pient  \\,<-  nui 
a  vice  principal  by  virtue  of   lij-  r.mk 

An  employer  is  not  liable  I'di-  :ni  in 
jury  to  a  servant  caused  by  thi'  ;;ivin;; 
way  of  n  belt  fastener,  due  to  the  u«' 
of  an  insuflicient  number  of  fastener,  in 
splicin<;  the  belt,  where  it  keeps  on  Ininil 
a  larfre  qu.intity  of  such  fasliner-.  ami 
the  failure  to  use  a  sullicient  nundnT  i- 
dtie  to  the  iie;.di','enec  of  his  cixiic|di  vie- 
n aril  II  V.  Hiijjiihi  Car  Mfii.  Co.  (Isiii 
142  N.  Y.  31.  30  N.  E.  813. 

An  employer  who  acts  as  his  e. 
su|>crintemlent  in  the  work  of  excavatin, 
a  tunnel,  and  furnishes  ]>roper  a|>|iii 
anees  for  snurin;;  the  .s;ifcty  of  li'  ^  1. 1- 
who  are  to  be  lowered  into  it  I'V  ,i 
shaft  leadiu'.'  into  it.  is  not  liable-  fm  ,ni 
injury  caused  by  the  nei;li;.'>-'i(  onii--i"ii 
(f  one  of  his  su<H>r<linafes  ii>  i|eli\ii 
|Im)-.<'  a]>pliMnces  at  the  nioulli  el'  tlir 
shaft.  Mc.\iiili'  iiK  V.  fliiniK  ilsViii  :l:i 
\.  J.  L.  117.  See.  however.  >;  (117 
note  1.  suhd.   (c),  infra. 

A  shipowner  which  supplies  and  lia- 
on  hand  fi'ndeis  and  a  j^'Oiy  |i!.ink,  lli.' 
use  of  which  will  render  ~afe  the  nii 
loailin<r  of  the  ship,  is  not  liaMe  fi  i-  an 
injurv  to  an  cmploye>>  causid  by  tin 
failuri'  of  the  stevedore  who  -n|ii'iiii 
ten<ls  the  unloiulini;  to  use  the  ^.iiiii'. 
/■'Iiftiii  V.  Maim;  H.  H.  Co.  (is:i."ii  14 
Misc.  440.  3.5  N.  Y.  Supp.   1031. 

.\  railroad  eniplovce  cannot  rocoviT 
at'iiin-t  the  company  for  injuries  cin-iil 
by  the  ne;.'leet  of  an  cnL'ii'.ii'i  or  lii.'inan 
in  f.iilinfr  to  have  sand  in  the  dome  ef 
the  eneine.  on  the  eround  of  the  cum 
jiaiiy's  failure  to  provide  safe  ways  ami 
a|ipliances.  liliiiois  C.  It.  Co.  v.  ./oiii , 
i  ]S!)4:  Miss.l    16  So.  .300. 

The  failure  to  provide  a  headlight 
renders  a  railway  eoiiipany  'iilile  to  an 
employee  who  sullcr>  iiijh.v  throu^'li 
>Mi-b  failure:  but  it  is  not  liable  to  tli>' 
person  injureil  for  (be  failure  of  the 
men  on  the  ei.yine  to  liylil  the  uiie  pro- 


SS  (iO.->,  000]       VJli:  l'riN(  il-ALsilir-UETAlIiS  OF  \\(il;l<..  1747 

605.  Negligence  in     'i       to  discard  a  defective  for  a  suitable  instni 

mentality. —  in  smin-  •  u  tliL'  class  vc\ic\v(cl  in  tlic  twD  incciMlini; 

-rciiiin-!,  tlic  cviclcnc;  ...<  icalcs  a  lirciicli  ol'  iln'  dnty  to  ili-c;ii-il  a  «!>■- 
Icciivc  iiii]iliiiiic''  .111(1  r(>]ihiC('  it  \>y  a  s'HukI  oih\  as  wd!  as  a  hri-iicji  of 
ili(  duly  10  uso  the  ai)|>liaiici's  lm'!ii>li(-l.  Tlic  ctrc-t  of  ciiiisiilci-iim- 
ilic  !na.--t(  r'.s  res-puiisihility  from  tliis  slaudiioint  is  ili^cii^scil  in  a  later 
Mction  (CJl). 

606.  Using  instrumentalities  i,i  a  manner  not  contemplate.'  or  author- 
ized by  the  master. —  A  ma-icr  who  lias  fm-nisiicd  sullici:  ;  .iinl  siiit- 
:'li!("  instniiticiitaiifios  is  not  lial)le  for  tlio  injuries  wliieh  one  sipvant 
uiiiy  receive  from  the  nei;!ii:(nee  of  another  in  sclcciinjr  for  tlio  pcr- 
foriMaiK't?  of  th(;  work  a  parti'  iilar  instriiinentaiity  whicli.  tlioii^h  snf- 
'icjciif  in  itself,  is  not  adan'cil  to  the  piir[)ose  for  whicli  if  is  used.' 
To  tills  head  may  ho  referred  those  eases  in  which  it  lias  liecn  held 
that  a  servant  who  is  respoiisilde  for  a  f(dlow  workman's  iis(i  of  a  tem- 
porary makeshift  eontrivanee  dnrinir  the  progress  of  the  work  Aw^^ 
not  represent  the  master  as  regards  the  fiirnishiiiir  of  that  eoiuriv 
iince.''     The  position  of  tlie  injured  servant  is  not  improved  hy  the 

vidod.  riilliiis  V.  f!t.  I'inil  <f  f?.  C.  R.  Co.  dlitv.  iind  i«  not  lioiind  to  scp  (liiit  f  vfiv 
(1SS21   »)  Minn.  ;n.  14  X.  \V.  CM.  Runl'  of  <v..ikii!.M  t  iko  iis  iikiiiv  tn,,ls  -.U 

Xi-,L;li;'i-npe  ciinnot  \w  iiiipiitrd  to  an  ttm  ivnit  irniy  ^Inw  to  liiivc  licfii  .|i'- 
onii'lnycr  on  iipcouiit  of  tlic  aliscnrc  of  sirnl>l!>.''  I'fii'n,!!  v.  M'isit  ni  I  .  ft'';/, 
lijjlits  from  tlio  pliH*  of  wuiU,  win  it  Co.  (IS!)."?)  KiO  .M;i-i.  l.">2,  ;!.".  \.  K.  -!.">(!. 
torclips  iiro  fuinislipd  wliiili  niiiy  he  A  st(:iii>lii|>  i«  imt  li:ililo  for  itiir,,ii  i 
ii-((l  by  tlic  pnii)loy('C-<  if  tiny  so  <l(-irp.  to  an  cxiHiiciKcil  sfcvcdore  !iv  th-  .jiv 
K't'ire  V.  Tniy  Sinl  <(•  /.  Co.  (18!)3)  in;r  w:iv  of  tlif  umiv  r(i]ie  of  a  d.-nii'; 
1.39  X.  Y.  .-Jlirt,  .*»4  \.  i:.  !:ni.  inii>ro|."rly  used   liy'  sii.li   "tivc.loi,.  ,in  I 

'In  holdin?  a  tcli'L.'r,i|)li  company  not  liia  fo(ii\|ilr  vi-ca  in  liniilin;;  a  vi--vl 
to  lio  liiiMc  for  the  fill  of  a  |>ol(>  upon  alongside,  wlicrc  tin-  dirricU  was  not  in 
an  (■ii:|«lo\c(>  cnjraL'i'd  in  raisiujr  if,  duo  toiidol  for  that  purpoM'.  Tin  I'm:',,,) 
1.1  tlic  -^lippins  of  tlic  pole  ii|)i.ii  a  sliovc!  Minuirch  (lS!ir,)  .5  C.  C.  .\.  117.  II  I', 
with  prilled  end,  diivctcd  l.y  tlio  fore-  S.  .\pp.  I;j8,  ."(."i  Fod.  333,  Rovcr-i;r: 
iiiici    to    be    u-cd    in-itc:id    of    a    enitr-h,    (]8!l-i)   40  Fed.  (iO!). 

vlii.'h  has  hioUcn.  the  court  said:  •■\\c  \n  employer  is  not  liablo  for  injiules 
:i--iiiiie  that  the  shovel  wis  not  a  picper  to  a  paiiilcrin  his  emplov  caii-i  1  liv  the 
too!  for  the  purpose,  but  it  "ms  net  fur-  b-  ikin;;  of  a  defective  plank  \v',;liii  hi- 
iiisliid  for  the  purpose  by  the  defendant,  foii'innn  placed  in  position  and  dincled 
The  pkiintill'.  as  wo  undei-liind.  con-  such  piinter  to  pass  over  for  the  pm 
leads  llint  his  party  was  reduced  to  pose  of  reiiiovlii;,'  n  ■icafToId.  where  I  he 
usin;:  it  hy  the  breaking  of  the  deadman  plank  was  not.  fii'niished  by  the  pni)iloyer 
and  the  ab-cnce  of  other  tcolsi,  coupled  for  such  use.  Iliillrj  irorili  V.  Clnrluii 
with  the  fact  that  the  pole  was  to  lie  (]S'I3)  3  Misp.  3:iS,  -Ji  X.  Y.  Siipp.  714. 
lai-i.l  at  that  lime,  and  thus  that  tho  'A  foieman  kncviiifr  of  the  e.xJMmee 
ihl.-iiilant  was  n  -piisildc  for  the  sitiia-  of  a.  ladder  placed  upon  a  roof  as  a 
tien.  Ihe  short  auswiT  is  that  there  is  tem|Hir.iry  contrivance  for  a  special  pur- 
no  eyhhnee  that  the  defi'ndant  did  not  po-e  is  a  fellow  .servant  with  an  em- 
furnish  a  suni(iec,.y  of  i)roper  t<Hjls  at  ployeo  whom  he  directs  to  assist  ini'Mii,' 
tlie  depot  from  which  those  which  were  ii|Min  the  rcof  to  adju-t  a  collar  to  a 
used  were  taken,  or  within  ((mvenieiit  recently  cri'ded  smokestack.  Kil]hi  v. 
reach,  and  that,  when  jiidix'r  appliances  ^\^clnll'  (ISiilM  3ft  App.  Div.  229,  57  x! 
nf  this   sort   are   fiuTrMicd   by   the  oni-   Y.  Supp.    Hill. 

!>lr;y,r  within  convenient  reneli  in  a  case  .An  cinpl.-.yer  who  furni-lics  a  supply 
like  the  preaent,  he  has  done  his  whole    of  ladders  fiom  which  employees  are  to 


M 


m 


1748 


il-\M  KU  AMJ  SKllVANT. 


[CIIAI-.    XXXW. 


if 


l!ll: 


ji 


fact  tliiit  lie  liihl  rciition  to  believe  that  tlie  dctVctivc  appliaiico  wusonp 
of  those  fiuiiis'hcd  hy  the  master.^ 

Tlie  evitl('iu!e  in  tiiis  <•la^^s  nf  cfsos  is  nlsd  sii-cc|itil)lo  of  bcitiu 
*>nH'tiniC(*  viewed  from  ilic  siiiiidpnint  of  tlic  phiintitrs  (•iiniriliiiiniv 
neplificiii'c.  and  tiie  master's  exeiiiptioii  from  liability  is  .suiiieiiim  > 
predicated  on  tiiis  j;r(.uiiid  * 

607.  Giving  of  signals. —  Ficpient  attempts  have  been  nimle  to 
brin^  the  negligence  of  servants  deputed  to  give  signals  wiiliin  ilii' 
scop<'  of  the  princi|)le  that  the  duty  to  maintain  a  safe  place  of  \V(jik 
is  non-delegable.     Jiiit  this  contention  has  always  been  rejeeteil.' 


lelert  InddfiM  to  l>o  xmed  in  ptiintiii^  i» 
nni  linlilo  for  injury  to  nii  ciiiployj'e 
caused  liy  tin'  hii'Mkin;;  of  the  lower  of 
two  ladders  splietHi  fojietlier  by  tlie  em- 
ployees ill  siu'li  11  iiiaiiiier  tiint  the  foot 
of  tho  Indtler  tiad  to  he  plaeeil  some  dis- 
taiioe  from  tlie  biiildinf;, — e-|>i  linlly 
wlierft  it  d(ws  not  npixiir  that  the  hiddrr 
which  broke  would  have  been  insullieient 
if  used  alone.  MiKay  v.  Hand  (IS'.IT) 
168  Mass.  270,  47   N".  E.   104. 

An  employer  who  furnished  a  pixjd 
Kidder  is  not  liable  for  an  injury  to  an 
employee  cau.Je«l  by  falling;  from  a  de- 
fective ladder  man\ifaetured  by  and  ii>ed 
at  the  aii};;iestion  of  another  employee, 
without  the  knowledge  or  diie<tioii  of 
the  emplover.  Ilalloii  v.  (liuyiiin  I'.  If. 
fo.  (188i»)  83  Ga.  t!.)9,  10  S.  K.  :!.->2. 

Where  a  tree  usihI  as  a  tackle  post  by 
workmen  pn};av:i'<l  in  loadiiif;  a  j)ile 
driver  hnmiiier  on  a  wajron  was  not  an 
appliance  furnished  by  the  defemlaiil, 
but  a  mere  temporary  instnimeiilality 
provided  by  the  servants  themselves  (hir- 
ing the  i)ro}.'ress  of  the  work,  defendant 
is  not  liable  for  the  injiirv.  Hell  v.  Lung 
(1901)   8.3  .Minn.  -JiS.  S(i  N'.  W.  95. 

'  OiifliiDihriiii  Simlliini  Co.  V.  FIdni- 
nnn  I18!»H|  02  X.  -t.  L.  .i>4.  41  Atl.  844, 
42  .\tl.  145,  It  will  he  observed  that 
the  facts  presented  by  these  cases  bring 
us  very  dose  to  that  wliieli  is  the  sub- 
ject considered  in  subtitle  ('.  infra. 

'  Horati  V.  liroini  (ISS7l  27  Mo.  .\pp. 
487.  See  also  the  extract  from  the 
opinion  in  Durfiin  v.  Miiiiaon  (IStU)  !> 
.■\llen,  3!in,  85  Am.  Dec.  770.  a.s  quoted 
in  §  l><)8.  not?  2.  infra;  and  the  case 
cited  in  §  .342.  ante. 

'  An  employer  i.s  not  liable  where 
trainmen  cause  injury  to  one  of  their 
nundjcr  by  failing  to  give  pro|)er  signals 
to  a  following  train.  Hoorr  v.  Hrich 
Crrrk  It.  Co.  (1893)  154  I'a.  .3(12.  2fi 
\tl.  315;  ■Tn,l-in.<!  v.  Uirlu»'r,i,]  rf  f)  f}. 
Co.   (1893)    39  S.  C.  507,    18  S.  E.   182 


(first  train  had  broken  in  two)  :  Mlunt 
Jew  v.  Philadilfihii.  IV.  rf  It.  I!.  (  ., 
(i8!t4)  1  Marv.  Del.  305.  .30  All.  (liliV 
Xor  where  n  fireman  omitted  to  -.iiunl 
a  bell  or  whistle  for  the  pur|M>»e  ef  imti 
tying  the  injured  employee  of  tlu'  ny 
proi.eh  of  a  iiioviiig  engine.  Ilnrmnil'l 
V.  Marquitlr.  II.  rf  O.  U.  Co.  (1SS2|  V.' 
.Mich.  197.  13  X.  W.  513.  Xor  wlie-v 
one  brakeman  caiises  injury  to  anoilnr 
by  giving  a  signal  which  causes  a  siul 
den  reversal  of  the  engine.  f../.  \ 
Itunif.  II.  rf  O.  It.  Co.  (1893)  72  lliin. 
4t>7.  25  X.  Y.  Siiijp.  276.  Xor  where  l\v 
result  of  the  marner  in  whieli  a  sii.'iMl 
was  given  to  a  yard  hand  by  his  fme 
man  was  that  he  did  not  u'ldeiNiaiirl 
that,  the  car  he  was  onlereil  h>  eonpl" 
WIS  to  !)<■  SI  nt  to  the  repair  tnuk.  ;iiil 
.lecordingly  actinl  less  cautiously  lli.iii  Im' 
would  have  done  if  he  had  realized  lln' 
danger.  I  nikir  v.  *S7.  Vaul,  .U.  .(•  I/,  I!. 
Co.  (18S4)  32  Minn.  .54.  19  X.  \V.  .34'i 
X'or  where  a  conductor  or  oilier  cillnhil 
in  contnd  of  a  train  injures  a  linikeMKiii 
by  his  negligence  in  signaling  In  liaik 
up  cars,  .hickxon  v.  Xnrf'/llc  <(  l\ .  h'. 
Co.  (1S97)  43  \V.  Va.  38(1.  4ti  1,.  R.  .\. 
337.  27  S.  K.  278.  31  S.  K.  2'>S;  Mr 
t'lyxlcr  v.  I,(in<i  Ishind  K.  Co.  (ISSI)  !<4 
X.  Y.  77.  KeviT-ing  (ISSOi  21  Hmi.  ."iim. 
In  the  last  case  the  court  said:  "Hi'' 
yard  master,  thriiugli  wlio~e  ne;;lii;iiiie 
the  injury  oceinred.  must  be  deeiiu'il  I" 
have  been  a  fellow  servant  of  tlic  lie 
ceased  as  to  all  acts  done  within  tt"' 
range  of  the  common  cnipluyinent.  ex 
cept  such  as  were  done  in  the  piif'rn; 
nneo  of  some  duty  which  tlie  iniusir 
owed  to  his  servants.  The  act.  in  tli' 
present  case,  was  very  plainly  ri' i  "i 
that  character.  The  yard  master  \n- 
charged  with  the  duty  of  iiiakins  up  tin' 
trains  and  distributing  the  cars  in  anil 
about  the  yard  and  'he  repair  shops  el 
the  defendant,  and  '  ■  <li  eased  '.'.as  em 
ployed  by  hii.i  to  i       st   in  that  senice. 


(508  ] 


Vlt  I-:  l'l!l\(  ll'AI.MIIi-  -DKTAIUS  OK  Ui»l:K. 


1740 


608.  Negligence  in  carrying  out  the  express  orders  or  regulations  of 
the  master. —  In  imv  cnsc  in  wliidi  tlic  mustor  lias  issiinl  din-ctions 
for  till'  ;;uiil:ini-c  «{  his  scniinr",  rcspiTiinjr  tlic  niiinncr  in  wliid.  tlip 
work  is  to  Id-  ildMc,  wliclluT  ilio-c  (jirci'iioiis  inki'  ilic  sliaix'  of  jioicrnl 
rules  or  ot  !<|icfilic  unlcr.s  ad  limn  rinni.  any  il('lini|iirni'ic.s  uf  which 
iiii|)li>vc«'s  may  he  j^nilty  in  n'i:ar<l  in  \\\v  mere  dflail-;  uf  \\h-  wurk  to 
wliicli  those  onliTs  or  rules  relate  are  lieeiiieil   to  be  enmniitted  by 


liieiii  as  iiirre  servants. 

in    many    in>tance.i 

from     the    eonce|pi  iiiii 


'*  i>  easy  to  deiliie(>  iniiliility  to  recover 
that  a  fellow  servant's  di-cilicdience  to 
orders  is  not  one  of  those  events  which  a  nia-ler  is  hound  to 
anticipate  as  likely  to  ma!;i  the  place  of  work  nn>afo.'  Kvidence 
tiiat  tlio  ma-ier's  d'reclions  were  not  followd  will,  under  such  cir- 
cnmstancos,  bo  vie\,ed  as  simply  nefrativin<>'  the  existence  of  nejrli- 
^'cnce  on  his  part.  I5nt  a  coni|iarison  of  the  cases  cited  helow  with 
those  reviewed  in  the  |)receding  sections  shows  that  all   the  various 

As  a  riccfss.iry  coii^oimcnoo.  lirokon  and  Lialiilil.v  liii-  nl^io  tipcn  dfiiicd  wlicrf  a 
(lisilrlol  cars  liad  to  Ik-  liandlcd  and  s«Tvaiit  (!it.iili.d  to  ^ivi'  warning;  to  tlip 
Minvcd  to  till-  ii'|>air  hIio))*,  and  wljatrviT  iiii'ii  on  lioard  a»  to  \\v.'  nniviinont  of 
nf  risk  was  iiisi'iiaialili-  from  tlicir  daiii-  arti<'1('s  wliicli  air  licint;  liiisli'd  on  Ixn-rd 
ii^'cil  innilitioii  and  the  ini'onvcniciicr,  a  "liij)  oniits  lo  |h  i  form  llial  duty.  Hit- 
;inil  wen  daii;;ci,  of  K'ttinj;  tlicm  to  tlii^  miiini  v.  I'urt  UlaUiUi  Mill  To. "( ISIlli  i 
-lio|H.  was  an  o|>eii  and  palpable  risk  71  IVd.  K.').'!.  And  Hlii-n.  tin-  plaint  ilT 
(if  his  pniplovnicnt,  wliicli  the  dccfasml  was  injiiri'd  wliilo  assist jn^'  in  laying 
iis^iiniol.  It  i-.  of  conrse,  no  ;;ri>iiii('  of  iron  pi|K'  in  a  ticncli.  liy  llii-  pipi-  swiiii; 
lialiility  of  (lie  coni]iany  that  the  in;:  a;;,iiii»t  lom  as  it  was  lowcreil.  in 
IniniiMTs  of  this  car  were  broken,  and  con^'riiiciicc  of  tlio  ncvli^iiicc  of  one  of 
it  could  not  bp  coupled  in  llie  onlinary  liis  fellow  servants  in  ^jiviny;  the  >iu'nal 
way.  Tlip  deeeaseil  was  employed  to  to  hmiT  the  pipe.  Hiinnflii  v.  Mlcii- 
haiidlo  and  move  to  the  repair  shops  toini  I'ljiiiiilii/  d  Mark.  11  o/As  (  lilOO) 
ilaina{,'ed  and  disai)led  cars,  and  took  the  49  .\|)p.  Div.  78,  fi;5  \.  Y.  f^iipj).  1!>5. 
risk  of  his  employinent  in  that  res|)ect.  Anil  where  the  pro]M'r  si^iiiajs  were 
While  en^aK'ed  in  attaching'  the  broken  omitted  in  navi^'alin^  ships.  The  <'il<i 
car  to  the  one  in  front,  with  the  aid  of  of  \iir<rall:  ilH!i:{i  .").")  Ked.  !W ;  77i(; 
,1  chain  and  by  direition  of  the  yard  (fin'm  (ISSII)  40  I'ed.  fi'.U.  Where  brake 
inastcr.  the  latter  ne^'li^ently  and  at  chains  were  ^o  defective  Dial  a  hrake- 
tlio  wroni;  nioiiient  si^'naled  to  the  en-  man  was  frequently  compelled  to  po 
^'iiieer  to  back  his  train,  and  as  a  con-  under  llie  car.  ami  while  he  was  there 
M'(pi(.nce  the  diceasc<l  was  crushed  be-  the  conductor  si^^nalcd  for  the  train  to 
twoen  the  cars.  The  nc^ilip'iice  which  start,  and  so  injured  him.  the  con- 
raiiseil  the  iiijiiry  was  in  no  sen~e  that  ductor's  n<vli;.'cnce,  and  n<  t  the  broken 
nf  the  master.  In  moving  this  train  chains,  was  re;.'arded  as  the  proximat" 
llio  yard  master  was  acting,  not  as  the  cause  of  the  injury.  I'lnsr  v.  Chirajin  li  \. 
,\'^f\\t  of  the  master  in  the  iierforniance  U.  Co.  (  1884 )  (U  "U  is.  lb.'?,  20  X.  \V.  !»()S. 
nf  the  master's  duties,  for  it  was  not  .\  conductor  of  a  train  when  signal- 
the  hitter's  duty  to  elTect  the  coupling  ing  io  the  engineer  to  go  forward  is  a 
nf  till  ~e  cars  and  their  movement  lo  the  fellow  servant  of  the  ingiiieci.  ind  also 
re|i,iir  shop.  W  hat  the  yard  master  was  of  the  llreinan.  who  was  injiirtnl  by  the 
lining  was  the  work  of  a  servant  in  the  neglineiit  acts  of  the  comliictnr  in  niak- 
<!' liartmcnt  nf  labor  and  duty  assigned  ing  the  sigii.il  and  the  engiiie<'r  in  obey- 
t"  liiiii  a.s  such.  No  duty  which  the  ing  it.  (IralliK  v.  Kdiisnx  Cihi.  I'.  cC 
iii.nslcr  owed  to  his  servants  was  being  (7.  U.  Co.  I  1000)  1.5.3  -Mo.  .380.  48  L. 
(lime  hy  the  yard  master  from  the  neg-  R.  A.  .111!),  55  S.  W.  108. 
li.ffcnt  performance  of  which  the  injury  ^Ihnlnt  v.  Snr  Yurk,  \ .  II.  <f-  II.  li. 
resulted."  Co.  (18!)7)  20  R.  I.  136,  37  Atl.  670. 


]l 

i 

\f 

1780 


MASTKU  AND  SKU\  ANT. 


!••) 

l!i^ 


III: 


I     I 


[(  II.VP.   XXMI. 

proiips  of  f;ti't-  :n  to  wliicli  nuiiliiil)ilify  liiis  \»i  .licafod  oil  tlii> 

^Toiiiiil  liiiv('  liccn  of  jiicli  u  oliii meter  tluit  tlic  .mit  would  liiiw 
l>een  niuiMe  to  rreovor,  (|iiite  in-espeeiivo  of  ilir'  eireiiiiistiinee  tliaf  tlic 
no;;li<renee  oommiiie.l  eonstiintei!  iiii  iiifnieiion  of  tlio  iiui>;it".s  orders. 
Indeed,  it  is  elear.  Iiotli  upon  j)rinei|ile  and  anflinritv,  lliat,  so  far  ;k 
tlie  availaliilitv  of  tlie  def<MiM>  of  ennniiMii  eniplovnienf  is  coiieei'md. 
llie  extent  of  tlio  iiiii-ter's  lialiility  i-i  iiieasii:ed  l>y  (lie  -anie  stand;ir.| 
•vlieilier  tlie  act  wliieii  caused  llif  injury  was  or  was  not  e\j)re--l\  f.i'. 
Iiidden  bv  liini.- 


•WtuTp  tlio  oviilcnrp  is  (hhiiiIIv  <"on- 
sistinl  villi  tlic>  lluniy  tliiit  III!'  iiijnry 
HUH  ciiii'^cil  liy  ni'f,'liyiiioe  in  -.iiix-iv  i-iiiy 
llii-  ii|irriilioii  of  liiiiii-.  and  witli  tin? 
I'.Hiry  tliut  it  was  can-cil  liy  the  f:nilt 
of  a  cnxTviint,  tin-  plaint  ill'  cannot  rc- 
idvir.  I'lisf  V.  Ittishni  it  .1.  A".  I'll. 
(ls:»)  .-,S  N.  Y.  217.  Th(!  cunt  -.liil: 
"In  tiic  ('ar»c  hif«ii-('  n-*  il  a|>jN',(ri-(|  in 
pniipf  that  tli(!  train  on  t\lil<'li  tlie  (il.iin- 
tiir^  iiiti'-lali>  wa-  a  Inakciiian  went  out 
within  thii'c  or  four  ininvitvs  after  an 
otliir  train,  nml  was  it»clf  followiil  liy 
n  third  train  at  alnuit  lla>  same  ili^l.ini'i* 
nf  time.  Tin-  injury  wliiili  ri'snltiil  in 
the  ihatli  of  till'  |il. lint  ill's  intc-tatc  «as 
the  ciirfirciiii'iici'.  a>  the  jury  lia\r  found, 
and  as  they  niiL:lit  ii'.;lil  fully  tind  from 
the  evidence,  of  llm-i'  trains  Immh^  sent 
otit  so  III  <r  to^'cther.  Ity  what  direction 
they  started  so  iiearl.v  at  the  sanie  time 
do<-<  not  apiH'ar.  .\11  the  priMif  that  rc- 
lalos  to  the  point  is  contained  in  the 
sinL;le  pliri>e  of  one  of  tin-  witnes«is, 
who.  spcakin;;.  not  of  the  time  of  the 
accident,  hut  of  the  time  of  his  tcstifv- 
m<I,  says:  •The  head  c.iniliictor  who  has 
rliarp'-  of  senliii!.'  out  trains  is  .\Ir. 
liocliifelter.'  What,  cliar-e  Ko<'l<efellcr 
has  '  nit  shown,  ncu-  whether  he.  in 
f;  .  .  •  ,  '-cd  the  trains  in  question. 
I'  ipcar  w  lilt  her  he  was  in- 

*•!•..  .    any    ilisiretion    upon    the 

.■■      |i.  artiti;.'   trains,   or   whether 

c  as  on  the  siihject.  either  liv 

a  I  .ll  lime  talile  or  otherwise,  had 

iK^en  iiuuie  hv  the  cen!]ian.v.  I'ut  it  is 
olivious  that  the  cmiipanv  ma.v  Iiave 
]ircscri!ied  prr)|NT  and  safe  rules  in  re- 
sjioet  to  the  startini;  of  tin— e  trains,  and 
that  thos"  nilos  may  have  lK*n  disre- 
garded li.v  the  persons  who  actually 
started  these  trains  so  near  each  otlu'r. 
It  may  he  conceded  that  it  is  the  duty 
of  a  railroad  corporation  to  pivscrihe, 
either  by  means  of  timetables  or  tiv 
other  suitable  modes,  rcsiilations  for 
nuininfl  their  trains  willi  a  \  iew  to  Iheir 
safety;  but  it  is  obvious  that  obedience 


to  thesfl  reL'iilalions  must  he  intiii~i  .1 
to  the  eiiiploM^s  haviny  eliar;:e  of  il,.. 
trains.  Such  olicilicnce  is  Matter  it 
eMciiiivc  dilail  which,  in  the  ii;itiiii  ii 
thines,  m»  corporation  or  any  ;;iii.  iil 
a^ent  of  n  em  pnrat  ion  can  per-oii:ii;i 
o\crsce.  nnil  as  to  which  iniphi\ees  nm-i 
be  relied  Upon.  .  .  .  N'othini.'  i|' 
pears  in  the  evidence  indii- il  iii;»  tlit 
anv  dislinelion  exists  hclwil'll  the  il;il\ 
of  the  CI  iiii'.iiiy  in  slartin;;  train-  .ii,.i 
in  snlisci|iii  :il  ly  running'  them.  In  i!ii' 
absence,  ti.iel'ore.  of  any  Mich  pr.  1. 
and  of  ai;.\  proof  .iliowin^'  neyli^^eiin-  in 
this  resp  ,t  on  the  part  of  tlioihliM.l 
ants,  till  ease  must  lu-  (b-terniiiieii  1  \ 
aseeitainiii!.'  on  wbicli  parlv  the  liiiiliM 
of  iiriiof  rests." 

'I'he  principle  that  the  I'arryini;  mil 
of  rules  is  a  "matter  of  detail"  \.  i- 
also  reli'i)  upon  in  Itnimil  v.  \  i  n  ) ,  rl; 
('.  A  II.   n.   U.  Co.    (IHIII)    HI    Hun.   lilt. 

;io  N.  Y.  Siipp.  7;)7. 

When  the  master  has  fiiniisheil — to 
be  ohserved  by  those  hnvin;;  the  inanajo 
iiieiit  of  his  liiisiiicss--sucb  rules  a-  may 
he  reasomitily  essential  to  ^he  safety  of 
bis  employi'cs  in  any  emeri;incy  or  Vim- 
(lit ion  which  may  be  npprehcniled  in  tin' 
service,  he  has  iliseliar;.'iil  his  duty  to 
them  in  that  respect,  and  liny  a-siiMii> 
the  hazard  of  the  observance  of  the  re;.Mi- 
lations  liy  tho-e  with  whom  the  iliily 
lists  to  execute  them.  7  »//i/  v.  Vmr 
J'l.W,-    <(■    T.    S.    S.    Co.     (I8!l(i)'    10    .\p|i. 

Div.  ^^■,^^.  -12  N.  Y.  supp.  29. 

See  al-o  Ihal.-c  V.  \  ( ir  York  C.  if  //. 
/.'.  /.'.  <■„.  I  lH!t-l)  80  Hun,  I'JO,  30  N.  V. 
Supp.  ti7l. 

In  Inh  niiilidiial  d  G.  .V.  R.  Co.  v. 
Hall  (ISliO)  78  Te.x.  (157.  1.5  S.  W.  ins. 
the  follow  intj  ehaifre  was  approveii; 
"If  defendant  bad  established  or  pro 
vidcil  such  rcasonalile  rules,  rcjula- 
tioiis.  etc.,  ])laiiitiir  cannot  reiovir. 
thoufib  he  may  have  liecn  hurt  tliriMiL'!i 
failure  of  one  or  mere  of  his  fellmv 
servants  lo  do  whai  was  rn|Ui!"cti  'f  liiiii 
or  them  under  the  rules  of  that  busiucss. 


1- 

i  12 

1 

i 

«  tioii] 


Vll  K  riMNl  ll'.M.sllll'   -DKT.Mt-S  OF  WoIlK. 


ir.-ii 


609.  Failure  to  give  instruction.— Wli.iv  a  «.  iviint  Im^  notice  of  tlm 
•;('iirnil  i-i>k-<  iiiid  (iiiii^crs  <>t'  liis  riiipliiviin'iit.  ili(>  iiia-ti-r  i.s  tint  j^uiltv 
lit"  iii'ji;li;r(iieL'  in  failing  to  noiitV  iiiin  of  cacii  partifiilar  ilctVct,  as 


In  oilier  worilx.  if  ilcfciMlaiifn  i-«tiili- 
li-lii'il  iiii'tliiMlH  of  iiiiOiiif;ciiiciit  tif  tlint 
lunncli  iif  its  liii-.ini.'<^  \\cTr  ri';i-.iiM;ilily 
ftullK'icnt,  liiid  ilH  >  inployi't'M  olisciviil 
and  fiillii\vi'(!  tliiiii.  to  linvr  iitrni'lcil 
pliiinliir  Mil""!!:!!!!!'  inotci'tioii  :ii;,iiiist 
the  diiiipT  lie  ini'urr  <l  « lira  working'  on 
tli(!  i'i'|inir  tiiick.  (Ici'iikIimI  wciiiIiI  nut 
Ik>  liiilili-  wlitllifi-  it  <  otluT  i'ni|iliiy((« 
did  tlicir  duty  or  not." 

In  Oiiiiji-i  V.  Miiiisiiii  (IStU)  fl  .Mien. 
:ttt(i.  H->  .\iii.  !)<■(•.  TVd.  tlic  il.'f.it  in  tlm 
ini^inc.  wliicli  t)ii>  phiiiitiir  all(';:i'd  hh  tlii! 
(■aii«c  iif  liU  injiiiy.  wai  tlii-  in-nlliilciicy 
(if  till'  liriikn  to  pri-vi'nt  the  i-nyiiir  Iroiii 
ninnin;.'  otT  wliilc  it  \\a.i  tariii'il  i>ii  the 
tiiriilalilt'.  The  ilrfrnil.iiit  ]H(i|kim'i1  to 
»1  m  that  th"  |M'r<iiii  hIiu  hail  iliar;;!' 
fur  him  of  all  thi;  i'n;:iiii  ~  on  thu  road 
had  given  instriictiiin!*.  iM-loie  tho  aiii 
dent,  to  the  engineers  to  have  the  wh<i'l< 
iif  their  engines  "elKHkiil"  while  tarn- 
ing  on  the  tnrntahle.  and  that  this 
iieciilent  ocrnrreil  hy  failure  of  ^onie 
servant  of  the  defendant  to  ol)ey  »iah 
instruct ioiH.  It  was  held  that  the  ex- 
chiidon  of  this  evidcnee  was  error,  as  it 
wax  not  shown  that  the  iastriietion  was 
({iven  or  known  to  the  plaintilV.  The 
court  said;  "I'riHif  that  the  aiiident 
•-hioh  caiisol  the  injury  (n  the  plaint  ill' 
was  caused   hy   the    in  irleet   of   a    filluw 

servant    would    have    I n    a    defense    to 

the  action;  and  the  otl'er  went  to  that 
extent.  The  defeets  of  the  engine  in  the 
ahstract  were  not  the  gist  of  the  plain- 
tilTs  complaint,  hut  its  deferts  at  the 
time  and  for  the  service  in  which  ttiH 
ilcfeiiilant  allowed  it  In  he  used  when  it 
ran  on  to  the  plaintilf.  If  it  were  lit 
and  snilicient  for  use  in  the  inanner  in 
which  the  defendant  then  allnwcd  it  to 
lie  u.sed.  its  insuHiiiencv  for  uther  -.I'rv- 
icp.  at  other  tiines.  would  not  concern 
the  plaintiff.  Now.  it  is  plain  that  a 
machine  may  lie  safe  and  lit  for  one 
use.  when  it  is  not  for  another.  To 
put  an  extriMiie  case,  hy  way  of  illus- 
tration: Snp|M>se  the  defendant  had  a 
worn-out  engine,  unlit  for  any  service, 
and  he  had  given  orders  that  it  should 
not  be  run  at  all;  yet  some  workninn 
had.  without  his  knowledge,  undertaken 
to  run  it.  Coulil  the  inastev  lie  held 
rc<|Kin-ilde  to  the  fid  low  servant  ?  S\i)i- 
po-e  a  car  that  was  nut  lit  to  run  with 
«teani  power  was  kept  for  I1»e  only 
wiicii  drawn  liv  hur-es;  or  an  engine 
Vol.  U.  M."  &  S.— itt. 


which  had  not  the  pro|>er  appliances  for 
a  liiciiiiiiilive  was  eiiipliiyisl  ..ulcly  as  a 
>talii>iiaiy  eiiu'ine.  Would  an  utiaiithor- 
i/cil  change  of  the  use  make  the  master 
liilih-r  11'  this  engine,  when  'cliiMkcir 
Ujion  the  turntalile.  wan  ali-uliiti  ly  safe 
ai.'ainst  the  pii>>iliility  of  Miiiniiig  oil. 
-o  that  it  nii'ded  no  lirake  at  all  in  thai 
|Hi-iliiiii,  and  it  wis  not  iN'rniittcd  In  lie 
tiirnnl  until  the  Idisking  was  applied 
to  the  wlmds.  if  would  he  a  ipieslion  fur 
the  jury  whether  the  want  of  n  luake 
was  the  cause  of  the  injury.  There  i* 
no  alisidiite  riijuirenienl  of  law  that 
the  iujuriiius  action  of  a  hn'oniiilive  en- 
gine shall  Ih'  prevented  hy  the  s|m-i  ilie 
ex|Hilicnt  of  a  luake.  If  other  siillicieiit 
means  of  safety,  equivalent  in  ctfect 
wile  supplied,  that  is  all  thil  is  m-ces- 
sary;  anil  the  jury  were  to  judge  of 
their  sntliciiniy.  The  fact  that  the 
nidcis  III  Ihe  engineers  were  not  known 
to  the  plaiiitiir  would  not  be  decisive. 
Iiecaase  the  i|'iistiiin  on  that  part  of  the 
case  was  whether  the  engintvrs  were 
careless,  and  hy  their  failure  to  ohiy 
instructions  the  accident  oceurrtnl.  The 
evidence  which  was  rej.-<'ted  should 
therefore  have  bi-en  received,  as  having 
a  direct  t.endeni'.v  to  show  whether  the 
defendant  iisiil  such  precautions  and 
gave  siu'h  rules  for  the  use  of  the  engine 
in  the  condition  in  which  it  was  at  Ihe 
time  of  the  accident  ns  made  it  then  a 
prii|ier  insirument  for  the  ser\ioe  to 
wl:!ch  it  was  to  he  applied." 

Where  all  the  testimony  shows  that 
a  spei'ial  order  lo  an  engineer  to  run  his 
train  "two  hours  late"  was  to  Ih>  read 
in  connection  with  the  general  rule  of 
the  company,  and  was  so  undcr<tiMMl  hy 
all  the  employees  poiicenicd.  and  that 
~uch  order  meant  that  the  train  was  to 
run  with  reference  to  the  schedule  of  all 
passenger  trains,  and  never  to  encroach 
U|K>n  the  time  <if  the  train  which  it  fol- 
lowiil.  the  company  cannot  be  hidd  lialile 
for  injuries  which  a  brHkeinan  on  the 
train  in  front  recidvt-d  through  the  neg- 
ligence of  the  engineor  of  the  following 
train  in  running  it  t<x)  fast.  Kinutliii 
V.  Iliillini'ir  it  O.  R.  Co.  (1895)  160  Pa. 
(!0.  :m  .\tl.    I(»14. 

Where  a  railroad  company  has  em- 
ployed a  siilllcicnt  ntiiiiher  of  roin|ietent 
-ei\anls  to  ^hift  its  curs  in  a  yard,  and 
has  proiiiiilL' itcil  prop  mli's  for  the 
iManajjeinenl   ul    the    buMiieias,   it    ia   uut 


'^1 


ITMI 


M  \S\KH  AM)  SKUVANT. 


[<  IIAI'.    XWII 


1!  : 


rir 


# 

^1 

■   ■'"     -i 

( 

■  ' 

1 

i 

1 

,»  ' 

i 

li 

liiililo  for  till"  i'iiii-i'r|iii'nn>«  of  a  linikt- 
niiin'it  (iiiliii«  to  tnki'  lii«  i>iii|i<t  i»i«iliiiii 
IJII  llir  liip  of  iimviii;;  I  ar-  I'ollii  \.  A  ■  ic 
Vorl.  r.  .(  //.  If.  U.  In.  I  ISll.'!  I:iii  N. 
V.  "7.  'M  N.  I"'-.  ''I>'1.  I)i-«tiii;.'>ii.liiii»f 
//i/,.    ».  Ili.^h.u   d    I.  K.  Co.    {\-'h    J3 

N.  V.  ■.Ill,  K!   \iii.  I{.'ii.  :>*:>. 
1.1   II  (/;W.'  V.   \m/    ><i(fc  r.  w.  Co. 

(IHCiJ)  2.S  v.  V.  .MIS,  it  was  -.iMIKlit 
•<>  iiliilMii't  Mif  iliildliiflit  nil  the  ;.-li>iind 
vf  the  iiii|)ri>|»'|-  iiriiiii^i'iiiiMit  iif  tlif  tiiiie- 
talilri*  m  lliH  i»Miil  wliiTi-  till-  i.illi-iini 
UH>k  ]>\:\rf.  Till'  niurt,  howi'ViT.  Iii'lil 
that  till'  liiiii' laMiM  with  nut  in  fault, 
liiit  that  tli<!  ciilli^ii'ii  yrr<-  i;  '  ■>(  tin- 
rarolc»«tir«<  of  tlic  tiii|>l<)ytM's  i  r'r.uiiiu 
tho  train  not  in  loiifminity  willi  the 
time  tal)l<"<,  ami  that  tin-  fault  wa<  ihrrt'- 
foru  to  1»!  rt'p"''''''  us  that  of  ii  f"'l- 
low  hinaiit,  ami  that  the  Jefi-iiihiiitii 
wero  nut   rMiMmr-ihlc. 

An  iMiiplncT  i»  nut  liuhle  for  the  di-ath 
of  an  I  iiiiil'o.M''  killed  by  the  fall  of  a 
i-oniioc  which  !<■  was  eii;.'a);t!<l  in  put- 
tinj;  iii>  wilhoul  anchors,  where  he  vol- 
untarily assumed  the  risk,  iiiul  the  fore- 
man in  charge  of  the  work  haJ  no  au- 
thority to  go  on  with  it  exce|it  in 
acconlanii'  with  the  plana  and  h|Miill- 
cations,  which  provided  for  tho  um-  of 
anchors.  Humirxku  v.  Winkle  Terra 
rolla  Co.  (18!Mt)  ITS  HI.  r.(!2.  53  N.  E. 
340,  Allirmin},'   (IH'.W)   77  111.  Atip.  42. 

The  duty  of  a  railroad  company  to 
provide  its  employees  a  rensonahly  safe 
place  to  work  docs  not  render  it  liable 
for  injuries  re<'i-ived  hy  a  brakcinan  in 
a  C(dlision  l)etw<-<>n  his  train  ami  an  cn- 
pinc.  n'sultinn  from  the  ne};lij,'ent  disre- 
gard by  the  cii}.'iniH-r  of  such  engine  of 
his  oriicis  to  proci.sl  on  a  track  other 
than  that  or  which  the  train  was  run- 
ninp.  Ilcoliii  v.  .Vt  in  York,  .V.  //.  if  If. 
R.  Co.  (1897)  20  R.  I.  Kltl.  :17  Atl.  (17,.. 
Kven  if  it  Ih-  assumc<l  that  rules  for 
signal>-  at  crossings  and  as  to  speed  are 
available  to  an  employee,  the  ni'nlij;cnce 
of  the  conductor  and  cnfrineer  of  a  train 
in  failing  to  maW  -ich  sijjmals,  and  in 
running   at    exci -,  s|)eed.    is   that    of 

fellow    sen-ants  regards    a    s.^ction 

hand.  Mriijht  v.  L.,athKin  R.  Co.  (18U7) 
80  Fe<l.  2tio. 

The  defendant  is  not  entitled  to  a 
nonsuit  where  the  cvidetRv  leaves  it  un- 
certain whether  the  in.jun  was  caused 
by  the  niiswmduct  of  the  plaintitl's  co- 
servants  in  violating  a  duly  promulgat- 
ed rule,  or  whether  at  the  time  the  in- 
jurv  was  received  they  were  acting 
witJiout  any  regulations  and  simply  fol- 
lowing a  (iangerous  pr'  ire  sanctioned 
by   time    and    custom.      Oumy    v.    Atit; 


)f,r/,.  O.  rf  M.  It.  Co.   (18!»7)    151   N.  V 
.•.7!i.   4.-I   .\.    K.    litis 

A  railriuid  company  is  not  liable  f<>r 
the  ileath  of  a  br.ikiiiian  ill  a  collision 
<iii  the  ^louiid  that  the  train  dcspatcli'i 
shoubl  have  wuriN-d  the  condiiitnr  I'l 
thi-  following  train  of  the  prei-edin"  one, 
where  u  de-p.ilcli  had  been  toiuarmd  lu 
the  «iih' tiai  king  station  in  ample  tin.' 
to  afford  an  opportunity  to  «ide  traik 
the  llrst  train  but  for  it»  delay  in  re.o  !i 
ii!g  the  station,  and  the  loii.lnclor  Im  I 
Ihs-ii  warned  to  yuaid  a;,Mi  i  •  the  to! 
lo«iiig  train,  and  knew  of  tin  iinreii-.l 
danger.  .Hid  took  no  precautions  i,i 
aiiiird  against  it.  Ilirrimilo  i  v.  I.nl.i 
Shui,    it  M.  H.   H.  Co.    (1»!!4)    8;i    Hun, 

.ii;.-..  :il  N.  Y.  Supp.  !M0, 

In  one  case  it  was  held  that  the  ni".' 
h'ct  of  the  duty  of  U  telegraph  opei.it.r 
to  put  out  a  pro[>er  signal  for  pa-in.. 
trains,  ko  iu  to  prevent  a  train  p.i--in.' 
u  station  within  ten  minutes  of  uii 
other,  ill  aerorilanre  with  the  rule-  .i 
a  railroad  i-ompany.  was  negligence  it 
a  fellow  servant  of  u  brakeman  iip'in 
one  of  such  trains,  ami  not  a  failure  to 
(lerform  a  duty  of  flic  master,  and  u,i- 
not  a  cause  of  recovery  for  the  cl.'.iii, 
of  sin  Ii  brakeman  in  coiisi-ipniiiT  tlno- 
of.  Iniiinmlli.  .V.  O.  d  7.  /'.  It.  C„.  \. 
Chirk  (1893)  (I  C.  0.  A.  2S1.  10  1'.  v 
.\pp,  17,  57  Fed,  125.  Tie  court  .1. 
(•lined  to  enter  into  the  qiiesi  ion  wlntlin 
the  telegraphic  service  constituted  a  ilc 
partment  distinct  from  that  M  trnin 
luen.  and  decidi-d  the  ca,se  on  the  -|«ii..; 
and  very  narrow  ground  that  the  Ji- 
play  of  the  signal  waj  an  act  which  dil 
not  p«-rtain  to  the  duties  of  the  opcr:it"r 
./i((i  ojierator.  The  ruling  in  l/cA'i"/  i 
S<„th,rn  I'.  K.  Co.  (1S89)  42  IVd.  !>■;•< 
however,  seems  to  have  bei-n  appimi  1 
of.  Sorlhrrn  I'.  If.  Co.  v.  rh,irl'- 
(  |S!i2)  2  C.  C.  A.  380,  7  U,  S,  App,  r.:' 
51  Fed,  507.  was  distinguished  on  th. 
LMOund  that  it  was  a  ruling  on  'I' 
iiiurrer.  the  court  assuming  that.  uncl<T 
the  allegations  of  tin-  is-tition.  the  ikl' 
ligencir  of  the  opiiator  was  the  same  ,i- 
that  of  a  ilespatcher. 

Tlie  plaint iir's  action  was  also  lii-H 
not  to  \<e  maintainable  on  similir 
groumls  in  the  following  cases:  /'i/f-- 
biiri/lu  C.  rf  St.  L.  K.  Co.  v.  ',.H././^  II 
(1882)  37  Ohio  St.  54!»  (trainiiun 
injured  through  collision  resulting  frum 
the  negligence  of  u.i  employee  ~inl  to 
flag  an  .ipproa<hiiig  train)  ;  Vi7r,9  v 
\cw  York  C.  rf  //,  U.  K.  Co.  MSKT)  It 
.\pp,  Div.  58.  4:1  S,  Y,  Supp.  7."il  (eni;i 
ncer  ran  his  train  past  a  block  -ii.ii.il 
so  that   it  came  into  CullioiuU  vvilii  as 


w^^ 


I  tlUUJ 


\  l(  K  I'HINC  ll'.\l>mr     DKT.MLS  OK  \Vtt|:K 


iT.-.n 


I  »hiT  Htiimlliii.'  "11  tilt"  In.ik  I  ;  Uriiiiniilh 

.(  /.  //.  II.  r„.  \.  Tuhiii  I  H'l.M  ii:i  1)1,1. 

I!i.  41  N.  K.  Toil:  llrhiMiiii;:  Dniiiil  in 
li:t  lit.l.  m.  \i  \  v..  :i.Vi  (n.lli-i..ii 
iMiiM'il  liv  nuiiliK  li>i''<  runiiiii;.'  train  p.i-t 
•lit lull,  i^'^^.lll  iif  xiilr  iriii'Uliiu.  a»  ri' 
i|iilriMl  Uy  the  K'yiil.iliiiiMl  ;  .Vidi/iw/h  v. 
Ci.i'i.)/  r»//ii</H/  II.  I'll.  (H'Hli  ."i  ,\|i|>. 
T)iv.  lilt.  30  \.  Y.  Sii|i|..  4tll  («iiiiir 
.|«HiiH  of  iipcidiiil  I  ;  \i,ilhirii  I'.  K. 
lu.  V.  Viiifiii  ilSUTi  Iti;  I'.  S.  IH.  4-J 
I,.  Cll.  7J,    IT   Sll|i    Ct,    Itrj..  711     (collisii,,, 

^■aii«i'il  liy  iciiiiliiclui'i  iji«iii,'.iril  <if  ruli' 
,i>  til  riiliiiili^'  a  I  lain  <'li.-rly  luliinil  an 
iithtT)  :  t'liiil  \.  I.iil,'  Sliiiii'  t(  1/.  N  It. 
I -I,,  (tssfi,  117  N.  Y.  ins,  2>  N.  K. 
!U0  (ili«ii';,'.iiil  liv  f'in|)li)yiii(  iif  riilo 
icjiul.iliii;.'  Ilic  Ii>:ii|mi;,'  iif  I'm")  ;  lliinii - 
\.  \n,  Yiirk;  I..  /.'.  .(  W  .  If.  ','o.  (isstll 
11.1  N  V,  •2I>\.  4  I..  It.  A.  I.-.I.  21  N.  K 
"lO  fi  lili'iiail  oiMn|>any  nnl  llaMc  fur  tin- 
iii'ylii;i'iirr  nf  ii  -  I'liijiliiyi'i'-  in  iimkitijj 
inH|H'i'liiin  of  luailiil  rai"  viliiili  i'<  ini 
p<i"ril  im  lliiin  l),v  it  •  nili'sl  :  li'nlli  ihn'  \. 
Mia.v.iiii  I'.  If.  j'l..  I  IS'ili  l'_>;i  Mil.  1-JI. 
•i  S.  W.  1033.  27  S.  \V.  ;i27  (hiak.Miian 
ilii'imn  nil'  til  liy  u  ^inlili'ii  iliick  in  il~ 
iiiiivinii'iiti  ciiiKifiiirnt  ii|h>ii  a  fi'lliiu 
-iTvant'-i  uivini;  a  '■iyiial  In  the  I'li;;! 
tiivr  in  lip-acli  nf  lln'  {■u-loni  in  ii^M  : 
hnirir  .f  If.  H.  If.  Cu.  v.  Sipm  l\HWii 
2-.)  Coll).  JJii.  47  I'ar.  2S7    -  iiiliua.l  i.iiii 

|iiiny  iii-i   liable  for  llie  < -i  i|iiiiiri'-  of 

a  rnniliii'tiir's  neylii,'i'nie  in  I'.iillny  In 
c'li-iTvr  a  nile  iif  Hie  i'nni|iniiy  «illi  re 
-[HM't  to  the  pli)«ini.'  of  ~\vilrlies)  ;  Ihll  i.i 
V.  Stiiliii  l-iliinil  Ifii/iiil  Tiiiiisit  If.  I'o. 
ISWil  I  .\|ii..  Div.  ITS,  .17  N'.  V.  ""iiiili. 
I.'>T  (switch  left  ni>en  liy  ciiiMliirl. n  : 
(■nkeninn  injiiri'ill  Mmlhi  ..  /).  / 
inntvi:    I.,    if    II.    If.    <  (  1S'I7|     1.-!    .\|)|i 

Div.  4i'iT.    i:i   X.   Y.   Siiiip    i;ii:!      ..ir  ic 
pain'r  injiiied  Iiy   fellow  ^in mt       f.iil 
iirK  to  pnt  out,  a  siynal   llayi  ;    i:,iiniht 
V.  Tokih,  A.  A.  a  .V.   If.  If.  Co     (ISifii 
!«  .Miili,    JOn.   5.3    N.    W.    .'i:!!!       ■....j;,. -r 
ili-ire^Mtilcil  nile  reqniriii'.'  fii^ii'!,?  tram- 
'H    a|piiriiai'li     nlatinll>        'iih  r     lull     i-"i> 
trol)  :    I'lirr^i  II    v.    n      .,..,o   ,f    V.    f      .' 
r,.   (18ST)   07  Mi.'       iii.  .14  \.  ^\    Jill) 
ino  signal   fliif;   |,!,,iil.   a*    ri-i|iii;  i-.l   l.y 
riili's.  tn  protect  ear  re|i:iiiii' i  :    !'■  .ifr'i. 
\:   rhicnqn.   If.    I,    .i    P.    If.    r  „.     (  msr> 
Sli  M.i.   :ill2    (breach   of  ml.'-   mail.'    f. 
the  iiretietinn  of  car  repair. t-)  ;   hull. 
V.  fiiliiliiiiiaa  If.  Co.   (ISItSi   ■.; !  So.  Si- 
Tits.  4tli  .series.  0.14.  3.")  Sc.    I,    l<e|..  ;  li 
(hreaoli    of    inle    re<)iiirini;    i'..ieiii.n    el 
tnickreiiairinR  pnifts  to  <et  a  lueknut)  ; 
ll'/i'i('ii    V.    Midiiiian    ('.    If.    Co.    (ISOT 
114  Mich.  .-,12.  T2'  \.  \V.  323    (brakeinan 
fT   nnnduct.u     faileil    tn    pull    aiit..inal  li- 
iiaii   whn   brikes   were   whi-tleii    for); 


l.iiiiiiiiisi  V.  Ouhith  Sim  I  If.  Co.  (  HlHI) 
II.")  Minn.  3S;.  (IT  V.  \\ .  Iimhi  iwarninj.' 
-i^'ii.il  lint  ;;i\i'ii.  UK  iiri'"!  riliiil  l>T 
Mill-.  :  Mrlh.ii.ilil  V.  V.  i(  »,„/,  C.  a  II. 
If.  It.  Cll.  (lHti2)  ii.1  lliin.  .-iST,  IS  V. 
^.  >iipp  iiiitt  I  enj;inei  I '«  li..irli  of  iiiln 
reipiiilii'j  him  tn  evaniiiii'  in^'ini'l; 
Ihll,  I,  \.  /,.(/,.  Shi.ir  ,(  W.  S.  It.  Co. 
(ISSJ,  |!(  Mlrli.  i!i.-,.  i:i  \.  \\.  h:i2 
(rnl.->  ri'iniriii;;  eiiL'ii r  to  nliey  cer- 
tain si^iLiU  rtiri"  \ii,lali.<l  by  an  vnit\- 
iieer)  ;  7'(ii  lliiiilr  d-  I.  If.  Co.  V. 
Lii/nr  (\H'.i:,\  till  111.  \pp.  Iti)  (.iirnalH 
at  Httilili  ili-ii.i.Mr.le.l)  ;  Mill.  ,  V.  .\..,iih- 
•  rii  I'.  (•„.  I  Is'.il  I  21)  dr.  J>.  2ii  I'ae. 
T<>  iliieaeh  of  itile  ii,<  to  ailjiiitnieiit  of 
-i^ltelietl  ;  r'..../,.i-  V.  Vcic  )iirl:.  O.  d 
U.  /,'.  l„.  (l.ilisi  2.'^  App.  Div.  .•!S3,  40 
V  V.  Siipji.  4SI  ifiiiLilil  car-  left  en  ii 
-iilinj;  uiliioiit,  >..iliiiL'  Inake).  A  rail 
way  cniiipaiiy  i-  nni  liable  fm-  an  injury 
line  to  the  in  j|.  if  niilei-.  prnpirlv 
eonininnie  iliil  by  the  eniplnyil't  ripn'- 
-enlaliie.  .i<  to  l!ir  rnnnin;;  nf  train!". 
Ciihinliiii,  II.  if  .v.  I.  It.  Cu.  V.  Smilh 
(IH'.IO,  Tli  Tc\.  iHI.  1.1  S.  U.  .-,ii2;  rhi- 
riiiio.  .SI.  I,.  ,(  ,\.  n  If.  f„.  V.  /Mi/fa 
ilHS3|  tiO  .Mi—.  OT.  iioiiiliiiii.r  went, 
oil  p.i-t  a  "tat  inn  wilhoiil  ;;ellin;.'  >ii 
■itructinn-i.  a-  tin-  train  ih -palchcr  had 
dirceled.  with  iiL'ard  to  the  fii'  e  move- 
inenti    of    the    liaiiil. 

.\  railw.iy  ennipany  is  not  liable  for 
injuries  due  to  I  he  ne;jli;;i me  nf  an  en 
'jiiinT  who.  again-t  ordiri.  in. mil  a 
train  out  of  a  xidiiiL.',  and  thiis  laiised  it 
to  collide  with  unotlnr  owiiij;  to  its 
beilip  piiivided  with  a  dcfeelive  head 
li^'ht.  \iir  Yi.ik.  r.  d  .'>«.  I,.  It.  C,i.  V. 
I'l nil/Ill  I,  HIM)  I3S  Ind.  414.  34  \.  E. 
..•33,  3T    \.    !■:.   fiTii. 

.V  railway  cnnpany  is  not  liabln 
where  an  in|iirv  i>  nciiviil  by  u  train- 
man.  .is  a  re-iik  of  the  road  .-ilperin- 
tendcnt's  tikin;;  a  liMin  am.--  a  difec 
live  bri.lye.  in  contiuintion  of  Hie  maii- 
aj;.  -  e\press  onli-rs.  Curmi  \  Cnra- 
■III'       v.  Co.    (ISIIOi    20  X.   1!.   42.%. 

■■        -itioii    is    maintainable  where   the 
■  •r    I'-    ai-iLihnt    was    ihe    snd.leii 
ijr   of     I    trap   door   in    n    passage, 
fi  hidow,  by  a  coservant  of  the  plain- 

'iH       n    ili-.i''(  ■li.'ni'e    to    e\pri's>    orders 
'>.v.M;.in.  I  lie  n-illt  iM'ing  that   the 
fell         Si"i._'h      the      openinj;. 
/  '     .  HK7)     105    X.    Y. 

."ill  I. 
■    of  a   brakeiiiin  on  a  train 
aiii.'   wl'-n   he   'I'l's   a   f.'llnw 
I!   a  railroad  bri.l.'e  in  what 
n'i  .  .|.in;.i'ioii»  position  if  the  train 

!"■•  by   r.-i^on   of   which   such   fel- 

low   -         'it    i-    injured,   will   not   renih  r 


i  iff 


'i  '?: 


'i!^ 

i'*ii 


m 


1754 


MA-HKIt  AND  «^l  l;\  Wr. 


(l  HAP     XXMl 


■*iicli  iliilv.  if  r(M|niri'i|,  it  unc  iii'c(--;irilv  iIcvuIn  in;;  nii  fillnw  -^crvniii-, 
fur  wl [I'li'iit'iiliii  iict«  lit'  iiii:rnriiu'f  ilii'  iiiji-ti>r  is  nut  rripi'ii-ilili 

l'!\  iili'iici'  iliiit  Mil  fiii|i|ii\iT  I'l'l'i'i'ii'il  II  «ir\:iiit  til  an  <'S|M'i'iriifi  i 
fclji.w  ciiipliivci'  fur  iiit'HrMiiiliiiii  a-i  tu  tin-  |ini|ii'r  miiiiiHT  uf  dcali' j 
wiili  fcrtaiii  ilany;cniii>  cuinlilidii,*.  aii)l  lliat.  in  <'iii-i<'t|ni'iii'('  <if  tull" 
ing  till-  instruction  given,  flic  servant   was  I    Aod,  i«  iiisiiHieient  t 
siip[Mirl  a  cliarye  of  ncfjrliiriiicc  nii  tin-  iiniiluyer's  part.' 

610.  Manipulation  of  the  initrumentalitiei  during  the  progreii  of  the 
work. —  III  tlie  siilijiiiiieil  noto  arc  ralnilated  niulcr  licailinp>*  calmlat. ' 
to  facilitiife  coinparisini  witli  5  'I'lT  ami  >!  .'<''<,  ante,  n  nuinlier  <•(  i-,\-  - 
illiistrntiii;;  tlic  iniiilialiililv-  i>t'  tiii>  iiia»ter  for  i.  .'liireiiee  in  iiainlliii. 
tlio  instnuiicntaliries,  under  vnrimis  cireunistanccs,  duriiifr  tlie  aitiii! 
pnijrress  of  the  work.  The  cu.scs  cited  umU-r  §§  601,  (]i»2,  .sk//  i 
shoulil  also  he  ((iinpared.' 

the  n.ni|iiiiiy    lialili-.   iilllmnv'li   Im  i»  dt-  s|Hii,il  duty  inrunilicnt  on  tin-  cnL'iiiiri 

rw'toil    liy    ttii!   sit|M'iinti'iiilint    to   jno-o  in  <liin;;r  t<i  r<i-<' tliiil  llic  cm-  ».  i.- -ni  I. 

the  tiiiiri   iiiro^x  Ilii"  liiiil;;''       lu««in  d:  i<iii|ilf(l  licforo  staitiiiK.     Ilii'in   \    i',i,.. 

V.    H.   /.'.   Co.  V.  Ilnillii    (IS'.U)    0  Tc.\.  Ii'>hi„,t    Valley   R.   Co.    (IS.M)    j:!    (• 

Civ.    \|i)..  li.V..  24  S.   \V.  '.i:t4.  :iSt. 

At)  riii|i|Mycr't  imltT  to  hmi  iciiiii        .\   tniintinnd  ciimiot    ticn.ir    fm-    j' 

ihiriiii;  till'  (I'li-lnirliiiii  of  ii  In  iil^i-  ilm-n  jiirio    ciiii-rd    t,y    llip    act    of    tlie   (r.li 

not  iciidii-  liiiii   lialili-  for  llii>  ait    of  an  nary    »fi\.ints  of  Ihf   roni(i.inv    in   inik 

i-mcliivii'  iliarjicd  witli  tln'  cMiMitioii  nl  inj,'  np  a  train  of  oars  with  |ilaif,.ini-  ••< 

till    iinliT.  Ill  '  Aviiin;.'  the  Iwani  so  rarr  nnri(Mal    hiiyht.    iiihIit    thi-   iliiicliiii  ■■f 

h's^lv  as  to  inllict  an  injinv  on  a  fi-How  tin?  ^laii.in   rii  i  t.-r.     //o././/.  ./i«   v.   /■■i 

w-rvant.      If;i<in   v.    MrCiilh)    (1S!M)     l'i;t  .("   /.'.  C".   (I,s,«)    11(1  Ma-..  41!1.     \.- 

Mo.  Ihili.  27  S.  W.  .").'i:l.  Ii;.'i-Mri-  in  niakiny  up  a  train  «  is  (i,  ii.  , 

In    ».r.i.si/    V.    \\<h<r     (IRimi     70    Mo.  as  a   iirciili   of  a    iion  iliK  ;;alili-  .liil.v.  i 

.\|il>.    •177.    a    tli'iiniiTor    to    \\\f   cviilini"  \orfiill.-  d-  11.  I(.  t'n.  v.  Smkuls  ilS!i, 

«as    "list  liniil.    as    plaintill's    o«n    cvi-  '^\   \'a.   111').  21   S.   K.  .142.  i'\|ilaiiiiii-  .m 

lienor  :.lii\w<l  that  liis  injiiiy  was  ransiil  lllis  fhroiy     !/>;'. ii    v.    Uirhiiinfl  >l     1     /■' 

hy    a     fi'llow    sorvaiii's    (lisolicdii'iico    to  f".    (1SH4|     7S    Vn.    745,    4ft    Am.    1;., 

Ilic  iiiilirs  iif  till'  I'liirnian.  401. 

^  i  l{< siifMohr  A   it.    H.   Co.    V.    lliiiiKs-        X(»    action    ran    be    niainlaiiH.I    t>y    i 

(•(.V  tli*"'!   ;l^  ''.  <'.  .\.  307.  I'll  l-'i'il.  7l;i  lirakiinaii    fur   injuries   ran-    1   \'\   a  r.' 

(s«TN ml     Kn.w    tlial    many   of    tlio   .mis  siivanl's   iiiyl.il     In    iili«,i'         lir    .-u.i 

whii-h    hi'    liol    to   haiHllo   as   switchman  cnsloni  of  rhainini;  up  a  il.  .r.:i.i" 

w-cri-  ilifirliM'.  head   on   a    ear.       \i..',lil   \.  /.-  //     .• 

'Wilrh     V.    Hiiii;      I1S07)      Ili7     Mass.  //.   Connl   Co.    'IS:.|i     I2."i    ;       ..    iV  - 

.">!I0.   411   \.    K.   :W7    iniisspfMt  cIliiijc  of  N'.   K.   10114. 
dvnaiiiili'l.  No  aition  can    •     niiintainrd  hIiiP'  ■ 

'(a  I    Ihtiiilli.iii  roihin;/  r,ir.t  and  locii  rollision    is    caiisi  '    '  •■    thi     nikl.— n.— 

motifs. —  .\  lailmad  company  may.  sail  of    '  'i    - 'i^iinccr.      '    .c',/    \. 

ii'ct  to  its  duly  to  pnnidi'  prii|M'r  riili~.  C.   /.'    c       (  1811:^)    :''    \.    \. 

commit    the   handlini;   of   its   trains   an  1  wher.     ,   triin   is  ii'ii  at   i\.i-..       , 

e.irs   npeii    its    ro.id  ami    in   its  vards  t.i  ind  so  ile. aileil.     Slilhi   \    chuiifinii  \ 

its    emphiyeis.    ,«   as    to    avoid 'liahilily  II.  A'.  '".    (187!)|    4(!  Wis.    ln:.  I   N.  U 

to     cniplovies     fn.in     nivlii;enre     in     the  112;   Sin  nniin   v.  Uoilii  si  1 1    «(:  .V.  A".  '• 

handlin::  of  the  same.     S'ni.it  r  v.  Ah-li-  (!8-"i:)l     l.'i    Ihilh.    .■)74.      Vor    hImiviii. 

i.vOH.  7'.  i(-   N.   /■'.    A'.  Co.    (ISII7)     17   TfX.  in;;imii   runs  his  en^'ine  a;;aiii-l  a  IiriA. 

Civ.  App.  .337.  4.1  S.  \V.  .i:):).  man.      /•■ei'/,  r    v.    Chn-.nm    .(       \.    II 

Snch  a  company,  therefore,  cannot   he  A'.     <'o.   ilS'<|i      (11     Wis.     1.   i.     21     1- 

hold    liiihle    for    an    injury    to   a    lilicirer  \\.     40.       N'or     where    a     ciin.lmter   ii 


."iilJ. 
,-iv. 


Vt 


on    1  .••<>ti-trie!i.-!i  triii;.  wl; 
liUT  seeks  to  r.cuMi   on  tin 


|.Uiii>     ;i      ■.i.-i!-:      Miiii      nms      it 
i.iy   of  a    lij;ht.    ami     injuries    a    traekn f«' 


«  «1I1                Vlt  I.  I'llINt  ll'.\U><MI!'-  DJTAIUSOF  WoUK.  17.V5 

611.  Ntgligcnce         ).?  trantmiuiun  of  the  maiter't  orders  to  er 

servant!. —  (('inniinic    va^i;    h-*     t>>    'i;;liiil-<     in     jj     00",    *u/J/i».  in 

liiiii'^iiiitling     ilii'     iiia.iicr's     (iiilcr«i    u>     nthcr     scrMint."*,    iin  .  m- 


1       S.lfllllsr      ^.      (,'.      K,      1'n.        lS.,1  )      6 

N.  \.    I!!.!.     Xiir  wlicn-    mi  m;;  mrr  ili- 
i.j.iiil-  till"  "iij."i,iU  III  II   -uilili.  iiml  *i> 
iii'i-    Uis    Iniiii    un    tu    a    Kiiliii^.      'Iiiir 

i:,ii(i'  a  /.  It.  >ii.  V.  I.I- 1       'Hii.ii  m 

Ml.    .\|i|(,    l!'l.      Nor   « 111  .       Ill   •11,'' 
I  iiiM'il    till-   iji'illi    of    II    liii'iiiiin    '  ,     '  ' 
liiliii'c  ti>  iiiiliri'  II  rt'il  liuhl  lu  a      .iiili. 
/'  ,„.,r  r  r.   I,'.   »•-..   V.    Ilushr   (1N!>J(    45 
III.   \|.|i.  ■-'0.-.. 

Ill   II, .Html   V.   /*.«..,    (f   It,  n.   It.   Vi.. 

.|«i>iii   .ill  I'ihI.  h:i;.  111,. It  riiri'i-.l 

I  I  ..  ■'iihtrlll  ii'll    tllltt.   lii'i'MlIT    llii.   liM'iiMlir 


ll\l 

III.' 


tl 


H|lililllil    lp.\     (lie    ill  lllli|ll|.|ll     Hil»    ill 
\t    <      •>■:  I     riilliili'il     uilli     lli'('|.||r||t'4 

II'    tiiirk    \\.\*    iKil     I'li'iii'.    mill 
till'   iiiM^liT   Iniil    fiiili'il    ill    \\\* 
I  ■  I     |-ri»iililiy    :l    -I'll'    |ilil(i'    fill     till' 

I...  .■  lu  wnik   ill  mill   ii|Miii.     Sii'   I 

.i>,i,  11. ill'  .'I.  nii/./ii. 

A  yiHT'il  ili.iiin-  ill  fiiviir  of  ili'fi'iiil 
iiril  ill  an  iK'linti  liv  ii  lirakciiiMii  ai:iiiii-t 
.1  I  lilnuiil  roiii|iijiy  fur  jiiTsoiial  iiijiiiji'i 
.illi';;i'i|  III  liavi'  liiiii  rmiHcil  liy  a  ili'lVct 
:vc'  ,i|'|iliaiii'('  for  ri.  ilroiliii);  tlii'  iniitjuri 
i.f  llii'  iii;jiii<'  slioiild  111"  iiivcii  wlii'rc  tin- 

I  ;ilv  ili'li'i  t    wiM  111  till-  liraki'  of  tl ii 

;;iiii'.  anil  llic  sliiirU  ciiU''lii;.'  tlii'  iiiimy 
u.i-i  riu-iil  liy  |illltill','  I  ho  I  IlLMtlr  III  llio- 
li'  II.  anil  llirro  i*  im  rviili  nii'  tliat  the 
.lifiiiivi-   hrako   roiilriliuicil    to   ■      ^ini; 


liii- 
'u. 


injiirirs.       'liiihlinid    .In.    ,(     i.,     i;. 
V.   Milht    .     ;'iH)    J20  Aln.   r.'l.-..   24 
S>    0,").'i. 

'  lirnkoiiian  on  a  (niin  onlcri'd  to  run 
'Ii  .1.1  of  .inoltii'r  Iri'iii.  iiiuli-r  clrciiin 
l.iiiii"<  in|iiiriii^'  III!'  i'iii|iliiyi'i'<  in  i*)n- 
III!  to  IcKik  out  f.ir  -mli  train  am!  kii'p 
I  lit  of  it*  wi'v.  raiinot  ncovcr  fur  a 
...Ili-i'in  raiisiil  hy  tlii'  failiirt-  of  llio 
i"iiiliii-lor  ami  cr'.'iiii'i'r  of  hi.'*  train  to 
•i.li'  Ir.iik  till-  otliii  train.  Iluunr  v. 
/(..W,  fV.-/,  /,'.  Cu.  (lH!i;t)  ITiJ  I'a.  302. 
■M  All.  31.1. 

I.iavin;;  cars  '^taiidin;;  on  niilc  frackn 
in  iMi'li  ■4iili.  of  till'  main  track  in  a 
Kwilrli  yanl.  in  >iii'li  cld-i-  proviinity  t\* 
\f,  oli-tnii't  till'  view  of  a  \vaf.'iin  road 
irii«>ii,}r  tlio  track'*  at  riu'lit  nii;.'li's.  in 
r..ii-i.|ii.'iiio  of  vvliich  a  furcnian  of  a 
LMii!.'  of  nipii  in  the  yard,  wliosp  Inisi- 
iii'ii  it  was  to  locate  tho  stored  cars 
Mild  "pp  that  tlic  w.igon  wiy  wis  left 
i'|ii'ii.  was  killoil  liy  a  collision  net  v.  i  in 
an  iiiL'ini'  on  wliicli  ho  was  ridinir  an. I 
ii  liriih'd  wa!.'on.  is  ni'.L'lijri'ncc. — liiliiT 
II  colli  liiiiiiorv    ni'''li''i'iii'('  or   tin 


iie;;;i'.',.iici.  of  his  follow  .servants.  Uchirt 


V.   h,l,in„n    ,t    II.   (Mh.i/  r„.    llSdl)    41 

N.  V.  ^.  i:.  hi;  ,   iti  \.  V    --i.|.|i.  i-iiit 

.\n  "ii:;iii.er  caiiiioi  ii'nu.i  ..Inn  I.. 
iit  injiiied  liy  running  his  iiain  a;.'aiiisi 
■ore  liiiv  e.irs  lell  ■taii'liii;.'  on  tlie  leain 
tni'k  owill;/  III  the  ll|.;.'lli..i|iie  of  the  stil 
li<  M    a),'eMl.       Iliniin    \.     V  ,,ii.,tll,i,liH  tt   St. 

I.  If.  ru.  llHSl)  .il  .Minn.  .V>;i,  in  V. 
\\ .  h:U. 

Tlio'i'.di  an  eni.'ilii'cr  may  Ih>  cliuryeil 
"ith  the  dill.v  lit  iii-ti  iietiii;;  an  eiiL:ilie 
«i|ier  when  the  hitter's  foii'iii.in  is  ali- 
ment, the  fomier  diMs  not  stand  in  t  he 
relation  of  vice  |>rinei|ial  to  the  latter 
in  ii'L-'ird  to  his  work  of  sl.iitin;;  ,i|i,| 
niiikin;;  up  tr.iins.  Smlh  ll,„i,lii  It.  i  u. 
V.  \\,,-i,    (IH!i:li  .'I'.'  Kl'i.  i.'IJ,  I.I  So.  l:i(l. 

.\  railway  foni|>aii\  i-  nut  lialih  for 
the  ileatli  of  a  lii.iUeiiian  who.  i.  er  ti 
train  had  si.|Mrated  owinj.'  to  a  deleri   in 

til iii|iliii--   of   one  of   the   leir  cars. 

had  iiiiilerl.iken  to  lepair  the  ilel'eit,  ami 

wiis    Mllid    hy    Hie   IHLdiueii f   the  eii- 

^'iiiivr  III  liaekiii^'  ii|i  the  cars  in  tlia 
forw.ird  |>art  of  the  train.  Ciiurm  v. 
\iir  Vnrk,  I..  H.  A  11.  /,'.  In.  (ISH.Si  I7 
N.  V.  S.  H.  7I.-1.  2  N.  V.  Siii.i).  ;tl'.>, 
Mliriiiisl  (1«S!»)  117  N.  V.  tiJ2,  22  N. 
K.    1  I.I.I. 

The  releiili.in  of  a  car  of  another  road 
in  Ihn  yards  of  a  railroad  eiiiii|i,inv  after 
it  lias  liii.fi  ordereil  lo  lip  retiirnisl  u.s 
ilefeeliM'.  hy  the  yard  Ma«ler  or  crews 
in  Hie  yard,  is  the  act  af  a  fellow  serv- 
ant of  II  switilinian  i'i|iireil  while  at- 
teiiiptiiif;  to  couple  siicli  car  to  another 
for  the  piir|Kwe  of  nniinin;;  it  from  tliii 
yard.  Alrl,,s,,ii.  7.  A  .s'.  f.  It.  Co.  v. 
.MciirwK  (iHlllll  22  ('.  ('.  .\.  2ii'<.  4li  W 
S.  .\pp.  22li.  7ii  Kc'l.  41.'!  (previoiis  ap 
ixal  II.SIK]  II  C.  C.  .\.  4.111.  24  U.  S.  App. 
2!l.-i.  ti.'l    Ked.   7!».'l ) . 

'1  he  court  said:  "Tlip  only  vice  prin- 
cipal or  rpprcsentatiM-  of  tlie  railroad 
I'oiiipany  in  the  occiiriiiices  of  the  day 
was  till!  iii.|>"i'lor,  and  lie  rcpn-ente'd 
the  company  only  in  the  in.|ieci  ion  of 
'lie  car.  nnil  in  the  ^riviiiL'  of  notice  of 
defects.  Thp  conipany  mvi-d  to  the  ilp- 
fendant  in  cnor  no  duly  in  respect  to 
the  tinip  or  ni.innor  of  retirn.  If  tho 
car  had  hc<'n  retained  in  the  Santa 
yards  hy  the  order  or  authority  of 
t'enerHl  su|iprin(pndent  or  other  j:«>neral 
ollicpr  of  the  conipany.  and  the  plain- 
tiir.  iM'ini:  rei(iiired  to  work  iiliout  it.  had 
sutlered  injury  hy  reason  of  its  defect- 
ive condition,   he  would  douhtless   havf 


f 

•1  L  '  UUBKfl 

1 

SK^MiLHiiL 

! 

1 

1 

'  ! 

1 

i  ;      i  , 

i 

'^     i' 

r 

\'l 

it 

I'i     li 

1730 


MASTKU  AND  SKItVAXT. 


[l  IIAIV    XXXII 


ploj'ce  is  rojiiirdrd  as  bciiiir  in  tlic  pcrforiiiiiiico  of  a  lacrclv  iiiiiiistcii.n 
duty.  Ko  diiiiiiigi's,  ther.'t'ure,  can  l)e  rtrovcrcil  i'm-  injuries  caii-co 
by  negligence  in  tlie  discliarge  of  that  duty,   wlialever  may  be  tli.^ 


had  cause  for  complaint;  but  the  crews 
i'iifl;i;;c(l  ill  tlio  viiiils  lit  Strciitcir.  inclml- 
iii";  vaid  iiiiistcr.  forciiiaii.  and  cn^iiiiccrs, 
wi'ie  all  his  I'clliiw  M'lvants,  and  for 
what  tlipy  did  with  the  car  after  the 
hispeelion  ami  after  nut  lee  that  it  was 
to  be  retiiiiied  to  the  other  roail,  the 
|>laiiitilV  ill  el  ror  is  nut  aineiiahle." 

A  streel-railway  einphiyre  injured  in 
a  collision  with  an  cinplv  I'ar  which  ran 
down  an  ineliiie  iH'cau-e  tile  liraUi'  was 
not  pro[H'rl_v  set  liy  a  fellow  servant  can- 
not r<'<'over  tlierel'or.  Iluniir  v.  Ciiilnin 
Cuiiiitii  r.lvcinc  It.  Co.  (18!l!»)  101  Pa. 
140.  43  Atl.  74. 

(h)  ()}>•  iiilinrf  hanil  cars. — The  ne;;- 
ll^'ent  operation  of  a  liand  car  hy  a  si'c 
tiiiii  foreman  is  not  a  <!eliiii|iieiicy  ini- 
pntalile  to  the  company.  Miiiliii  v. 
.Mdiisini,  T.  <f  .S.  /•'.  U.  Cn.  (IS!17»  \fM 
U.  S.  3!)9.  41  L.  cd.  Iiir.l.  17  Jsup.  Ct. 
Uep.  (iO.'i  (see  aa  to  this  case,  S  liiH, 
sitpra)  :  Xorllirm  f.  I'.  (' i.  v.  Chin  litis 
(ISyO)  llii!  I'.  S.  :t.-.!l.  40  I,,  ed.  !•!)!».  Hi 
Sup.  ("t.  l!cp.  8  IS  (e\ce>-.ivi'  spei'd); 
Ohon  V.  Sf.  I'livl.  I/.  <(•  1/.  /.'.  ro.  (  |88S) 
.•!8  Minn.  117.  .1.5  N.  \V.  SliO  (foreman 
look  no  pieciintion  to  secure  his  hand 
car  ai.Miii-.l  a  collision);  Justice  v. 
I'cniisiilni.ii.i  Co.  (ISHiil  1.30  Ind.  .321. 
.3(1  N.  K.  3113  (workman  struck  by  lever 
<if  hand  car) . 

(c)  Iiiij)r<i]irrlji  placing  the  luinh  on 
ruilirnii  rues'  niiil  other  rrliirlrs. — 
iCoinpare  §  til!),  note  4,  suhd.  (f).  tii- 
/nr.) — That  a  railway  company  is  not 
liable  for  injuries  due  to  tlie  improper 
manner  in  which  railway  cars  are  load 
e(l  has  been  hehl  in  ('imntr  v.  I'liiil  .f 
P.  .If.  /.'.  Co.  (1.801)  8fi  Mich,  70,  48  \. 
\V.  G'J5  (carelessly  placed  >ide  stake 
allowi'd  lo;;  to  fall  so  that  train  was 
derailed):  l.illis  v.  Mirliiiiuii  C.  R.  Co. 
(lltOO)  li4  .Mich,  37.  82  X.  W.  828; 
Tnilintiap'ilis  cC  fit.  h.  U.  Co.  v.  Johnxnn 
(18815)  102  Ind.  3r,2.  2(1  N'.  K.  200; 
rUzqirahl  \  Uoston  <f  .4.  U.  Co.  (18(12) 
1. 'it!  Mass.  2  '.!.  31  N.  R.  7  (hales  of  hay 
carelessly  slowed);  f^inrniit  V.  ['npe 
(1802)  (it  Thin.  172.  18  N'.  \.  Supp.  800 
(car  jnlt4'd.  throwing'  a  hcivv  stone  for 
ward,  the  result  being  that  the  |)lain- 
titr  was  pushed  olf)  :  llnili  i/  v.  hrlairarr 
rf  //.  Cnniil  Co.  (1S!I8)  27  .\|)p.  Div. 
30."i.  .-)(!  N".  Y.  Siipp.  8"  (loacie(l  car.  as 
n  whole,  iiiit  an  appliance.  a«  thi'  liial 
juilpe  laid  down  in  his  char^'o:  pnoi'ct 
inj;  tinilier).     In  the  last  cited  ca~e  the 


court  said:     "It  is  the  clear  duty  of  ili,' 
master    to.    at    all    times,    fnrnisli    ili. 
servant  sale  material  with   which  to  ilu 
the  work  rei|iiired.  so  far  as  the  exer.-i-i' 
of  reasonable  care   in   selection   anil   in 
spection    can    make    them   so.      lint   tli.' 
US4'  of  such   material   is   necessarilv  tin' 
work  of  the   servant.      Whoever  aiVi|il- 
service   under   the   master   does   ~(i  wjih 
the  knowleil'^e  that  it  is  the  servant,  ainl 
not  the  master,  who  will  cause  am    in 
jury   that    may    result    from    a    caicli-- 
use  of  the  material  so  furnished,     .\iii| 
so   far  ns   protection   atrainst   such  caiv 
less  use  is  concerned,  he  can.  in  rea-nM. 
expiH't   no    more   from    the   master   tlhiii 
that   competent  coservants  he  emplovc.j, 
and   a    jiidieioiis   system   lie   adopteil   fur 
eariyiiii.'  out   the  work.     The  car  is  far 
iiished    for   the   e.\press    purpose  of   Ir. 
ins  loaihil   and   run  over  the  road.  :iii'l 
the  bralicman   is  one  of  the  ciii]il(i\  c-: 
•ind  the  man  who  load-  and  in~|«(t-  lin- 
loadinjr  is  another  wlm^e  duty   it   is  i.p 
cany    out    that    piir|M.-e.       Kach    ii-i-, 
within  his  own  .sphcri'.  the  ear  fiiini-'i.-l 
by  the  master,  and  both  are  eiif:a;.'e.l  in 
canyiiiLT  out  the  piirpuM-  for  wliicli  it  i- 
fiirnished.     Surely  the  loadinp  of  the  Ciii 
w.is  not   an   act   pertainin;;  to  the  dniv 
the    master    owes    to    his    servants,   ain 
more  than  rnnniiiK  it  over  the  road  wa- 
such  an  act:  and  hence,  within  Ion:.'..! 
till    rules,   the   master  is   not   liable  tci 
lajrlij-'cnce  in   loa<liii;r  it." 

The  failure  to  ballast  a  snow  plou 
siilhciently  is  the  nepliu'ence  of  a  hi 
low  servant.  I'lulm  i/  v.  Ihimiiiiun  A.  H. 
Co.   (18or>)   27  Xov.'Sc.  408. 

Jn  .l^/ii.vo)i,  T.  d  8.  F.  n.  Co.  v. 
S,;l,,,  (1804)  .')4  Kan.  21.  37  V.n:  Wi. 
the   court   declineil   to    follow   /*•  ./•  v  v 

ihiroit.  a.  rf  //.  .!/.  /,'.  cn.  (isii,!)  o: 

Mich.  320.  22  L.  R.  A,  2!12.  .ill  X.  \V. 
7.')(>.  and  held  the  company  liable  for 
improper  loadinj;.  See  §  .'itiS,  not*  1 
subd,    (k),  aiili. 

\  similar  jirinciple  is  applicaldc  with 
rr_-ard  to  the  loiiiliii};  of  otiier  kinds  nf 
veiiiclcfl.  Thus,  it  is  held  that  llie  su- 
pervision of  the  loadiiiif  of  an  ihv  iter  i< 
a  mere  detail  of  the  work.  Ihiu  in'rl,!  v. 
Itinimonn    (1800)    40   App.   Div.  .'inJ,  .'i'* 

N.  V.  Supp.  no. 

So.  a  proprietor  of  iron  works  is  net 
li:ibl(»  for  an  iiijiirv  to  an  empl")''*'. 
caiisei]  by  the  neHli;;ent  iiiaiiiirr  ill  vhiri 
ciK'inployees    loaditl    iron    u[«iii   an   inn 


i  '!■ 


an] 


VICK  IMUNCIl'AI.SIlir— UKTAILS  OF  WORK. 


its: 


agency  omplovcil  for  bringinj;  the  orders  to  the  knowledge  of  those 
whose  actions  will  bo  affected  by  them. 

Most  of  the  eases  illnstratinfj;  this  prineiplo  relate  to  the  position  of 


nn^'on    or    l>iij;}r\'.      Urniisrh    v.    I'obcits 
(ISDl)    U.l  I'a.'l.  21  All.  !HIS, 

So,  an  (Miiploycr  is  iicil  liiililn  for  in- 
juries to  an  eniployep  tliioiifili  tlie  cap- 
sizing of  a  car  liavin;,'  a  sti|«'r>tni(liirn 
for  lianillini.'  tinilicrs.  not  daii'iorous  if 
properly  us<>(l.  due  to  tlie  overloailing  of 
siii'li  ear  l>v  eiM'nipli>vet«.  ('dlldinii/  v. 
Mien  (lS!li)  12  C.  6.  A.  114,  24  t'.  S. 
App.  3SS,  ti4  Fed.  2!)7.  The  court,  said: 
■Tlie  primary  cause  of  the  actich'nt  was 
the  careh>ss  and  nefrligent  use  of  the 
car  by  .Anderson  and  the  men  under  liim. 
The  weight  of  evidence  is  clear  that  the 
car,  with  the  added  su|H'rstructure,  was 
not  ordinarily  or  nifes^arily  dancerous, 
if  carefully  handled  and  not  overload- 
ed. .  .  .  The  evidence  shows  clear- 
ly that  the  car  was  overloaded.  The 
timbers  were  too  heavy  for  the  roun- 
terbalancing  weif;ht.  and  that  was 
the  fault  of  coi>mployccs.  and  was  the 
primary  and  controlling  cause  of  the  ac- 
lident." 

Cases  involving  injuries  from  the  im- 
proper loading  of  cars  oft<'n  turn  ujion 
the  question  whether  the  senant  as 
■iiimed  the  risk  as  one  of  those  ordinarily 
incident  to  the  service.  With  these  we 
are  not  c<incerned  in  this  note.  In  other 
cases  the  liability  of  a  railroad  company 
for  injuries  caus<>d  liy  f<ireii.Mi  ears  so 
loaded  that  the  freij.'ht  upon  them  pro- 
ject.s  over  th(>  ends  has  lieen  referri'd  to 
the  consideration  whether  it  is  nefjli 
iicnce  to  receive  into  a  train  cars  loaded 
in  this  manner.  In  one  case  the  <rronnd 
has  been  taken  that  its  acceptance  is 
merely  :i  fnct  bearing  upon  the  question 
of  the  companv's  nej;lij;ence.  hmiiiiillr 
<f  .V.  K.  Co.  V  <li,ii-n-  il8S7)  S.'i  Tenn. 
473.  3  S.  \V.  824.  In  others  it  U:\-  U-vn 
held  that  the  court  may  pioiiminie  the 
company,  as  ,n  matter  of  law.  not  to  be 
Kuilly  of  ne^diyeiii'e  in  exposing  a  serv- 
ant to  a  risk  of  this  character.  Xnrlh- 
rrii  C.  K.  Cn.  v.  //«.«<.»  (18S2i  ini  P.a. 
1.  47  Am.  Rep.  fi!H);  Oni)  v.  TnUiln,  C. 
S.  rf-  I).  /.'.  Co.  (1880)  42  Mich.  523.  4 
X.  \V.  203. 

Rut  this  theory  of  the  circumstance^, 
involved  in  cases  of  tliis  class  suggests  a 
stiindpiiini  difTerent  from  tliat  (wcupu'd 
in  the  cases  in  which  the  rcsponsiliility 
of  the  master  has  been  disius.sed  with 
sirtsiiil  ri'fi'renee  to  the  exi^leiiee  ■>(  a 
duty  to  as<vvtain  tlie  conditiim  of  the 
cars  allien  the  servants  are  ri'quired  to 


h.indle.  and  the  right  to  maintain  an 
action  is  tcsle<l  by  all  examination  ot 
the  cpiolion  whetiu'r  that  duty  is  as- 
•  ignalde  or  abscdute.  This  question  can 
only  lie  material  when  it  has  lieen  de- 
termined that  there  has  hcen  a  breach 
of  duty.     See  §5  .'>Hl-.")84.  mile. 

In  a  later  section  it  will  be  shown 
that  the  negligence  of  an  employee  in 
iiis|>ecling  a  railway  car  with  a  view  to 
ascertaining  whether  it  is  piiipi-rly  load 
ed  is  that  of  a  mere  eo«ervant  of  the 
trainmen.  See  §  010,  note  4,  snbd.  (f). 
infni. 

\  master  is  not  liable  where  his  fore- 
man, in  helping  to  unload  liimlier  from 
a  wagon,  allowed  a  roller  to  fall  olV  upon 
a  servant.  I.uiidbirii  v.  Hhiiliii-I'nr 
pnil(T  Co.  (1807)  68' Minn.  135,  70  N, 
\V.    1078. 

(d)  Miiiiiiiiilatinfj  sirilchcs. — Theduty 
of  o|M'niiig  and  dosing  a  switch  in  the 
ordinary  o|)eration  of  a  railroad  is  not 
one  of  the  personal  <lu(ies  of  the  master, 
but  a  dutv  of  operation.  St.  I.intiii,  1. 
\l.  rf  S.  if.  Cn.  v.  \i., 11,11,11  (ISiM)  25 
1..  R.  A.  833.  11  r.  r.  R.  .50.  27  U.  S. 
.\pp.  227.  03  Ked.  107.  The  court  said: 
■'Tile  roadbed,  ties,  tracks,  stations,  roll- 
ing stock,  and  all  the  appurtenances  of 
a  well opiipped  railroad,  together  con- 
stitute a  great  machine  for  transporta 
tion.  It  is  the  duly  of  the  railro;ul  com 
pany  to  use  ordinary  care  t/)  furni.sh  a 
sound  and  reasonably  safe  machine,  to 
Use  due  ililigciice  to  keep  it  in  proper 
repair,  and  to  use  ordinary  care  to  em- 
ploy reasonably  competent  servants  to 
operate  it;  but.  when  this  duty  is  per- 
formed, the  duty  rests  u|>on  the  serv- 
ants to  o|>eiate  it  carefully.  In  the  case 
iK'foro  Us  there  is  no  •■vidence  that  the 
conductor  who  negligently  left  the 
switch  o[)en  was  not  select^'d  with  rea 
sonable  care.  TiK-re  is  no  claim  that 
there  was  any  defect  in  the  switch  that 
hindered  or  prevented  the  conductor 
from  closing  it.  The  company  furnished 
a  switch  sullicient  to  iiioM'  the  rails, 
and  Hseil  ilue  care  in  selecting  the  .serv- 
ant to  operate  it.  Ihfore  this  servant 
commencol  to  operate  it,  tlie  switch  was 
closed,  so  that  the  pas-eiiger  train  on 
which  the  decedent  was  killeil  niight 
have  pas-ril  in  safety.  It  U'came  the 
duty  of  the  eonduct'ir.  in  the  operation 
of  ihi'  railmad.  to  open  this  switch  and 
to    run    his    train    thioiigh    it    upon    the 


17.-)8 


MAsri;i:  axd  .skuvant. 


[chap.   XXXII 


the  tclofrrii])Ii  oju'riitors  of  niilwiiv  (•()in|)iiiiios.  In  so  fur  an  tliose  em- 
jiloyccs  iirc  iKit  cxiicisiiijr  iiiiv  (liscrctiniiarv  jiuwor*  in  rciiulatinp;  tli.- 
iiiovciiiciits  of  tlic  trains  (  i'ul,  a,  b,  aitle),  thoy  are  by  all  the  courts 


tiiHIil 


mi. 


-\>\iT  track.  TIo  did  so.  It  tticn  Ihvuiih- 
liis  duly  til  tnl<c  liis  tniiii  oir  tin-  s|>iir 
toick,  iiiid  Ici  f\iy<r  tlio  s\\  iti'li.  lie  t(i<ik 
)iis  train  oM'.  and  |>riK'i'<'(l(Ml  smith,  lait 
caiidi-ssly  lift  I  111'  switfli  iipiMi.  Ili< 
iii't;li^'riiri>  wa>  nut  in  tin-  constnul ion, 
liri'iiaiatiiin.  or  rrpair  iif  tlie  rnilroail. 
Imt  in  its  niitiatiun.  Tlir  railroad  wax 
safi>  licforr  In-  iiiailr  it  iinsafi-  tiy  liis 
III  ;.diK''nii'  in  ii|iriatin};  it.  and  hi'  was 
discliar^'lii;.'  iioni'  of  tin-  |H'is(inal  duties 
if  tl.i»  niaslcr,  liiit  imi'  of  tlic  duties  of 
the  M'rvant,  when  he  In'oaiiie  ftiiilty  of 
the  fatal  nejiliyejiir.  .\iiy  other  liiitd- 
inu'  wiiiild  annihilate  the  now  sellled 
rule  of  lialiilily  for  tlie  ne;;lij;inic  of 
fellow  servants.  It  will  not  do  to  say 
that  tile  timely  movement  and  fastening' 
of  a  switch  ill  the  ordinary  operation 
of  a  railioid  is  reipiisite  to  provide  a 
safe  place  for  the  next  train  to  lie 
operated  in.  and  hence  is  one  of  the 
personal  duties  of  the  master.  I'nder 
such  a  rule,  it  would  liocome  the 
alisoliite  duty  of  the  master  to  so 
o|iorato  all  switches,  all  turntaldes,  the 
levers  of  all  eii:;;iiies.  all  lirakes,  all  cars, 
and  every  appurtenance  of  the  railroad 
that  every  place  ii|Min  it  should  at  all 
times  lie  safe,  and  no  nefrli^ienee  of  any 
employee  could  ever  cause  an  injury  to 
another  servant  for  which  the  master 
niijrhl  not  lie  held  liahle.  At  the  in- 
stant of  the  injury,  every  place  in  which 
an  injury  is  inflicted  is  unsafe.  The  test 
of  lialiility  is  not  the  siafety  of  the  place 
nor  of  the  machineiy  at  the  instant  of 
injury,  but  the  character  of  the  duty, 
the  nefiliijent  performance  of  which 
caused  the  injury.  Was  it  a  duty  of 
construct  inn.  preparation,  or  repair,  or 
was  it  a  duty  of  oix'ration  of  the  ma- 
chine?" 

To  the  same  efTect  see  l'lriii<iiiili>  v, 
Kniriiih  ,f  1.  Mr-Liiw  A'.  Co.  (  IHOT)  121 
X.  C.  -I'.l^.  28  S.  K.  2(!7;  Diivrs  v.  Soiith- 
irn  ]'.  Co.  (ISIKI)  08  Cal.  in.  :!2  Pac. 
708  (train  ran  tliroiii.'li  the  swilch  on 
to  the  sidiiif;.  and  killed  a  track  repair- 
er) ;  Chrciiidii  V.  Ih  tinniiT.  /-.  if  II  .  K. 
Cn.  (isni)  120  \.  Y.  riT,-?,  27  X.  v.. 
1022  (car  allowed  to  run  on  to  repair 
track  1  :  /)i»r<r  if  ff.  f,'.  R,  To.  v.  .S'i/jcs 
(18!Ci)    2:i  ("olo.   22li.  -17   Pac.  287. 

In  MilUr  V.  Sniillirni  I'.  Co.  MSHI) 
20  Or.  2S,'i.  2<i  I'ac.  70,  the  sjKKMal  con- 
t<>nlion  was  put  forward  that  the  ell'cct 
of  u  general   rule  of  the  company   pro- 


vidinjr   that   coniliictors    would   be   helii 
ji.-rsiinally  ies|Hmsilde  for  the  i>ro|)er  ail 
jii^tment     of     switches     used     by     tlnir 
trains  was  to  create  the  conductor  wlm-i' 
nejilijieniv  caused   the   injury   vice  pi  in 
cipal  as  rcfrards  the  plaintitf.     The  coiiit 
rejwted  this  contention,  reasonin;;  tliii-: 
■•The    ar^iiment    for    the    plaintilf    pi.. 
eeeds    upon     the     assumption    that     tli.. 
switch  was  broken  and  disarranj;ed  hIhh 
the     Lebanon     locomotive    used     it.    ami 
that     Huston     [the    conductor]     had    ilc 
volved  upon  him  the  duty  of  seeeini:  Unit 
the  switch  was  properly  adjusted,  wlii.li 
lieiu};    .a     personal     duty     the    comp:iii\ 
owed    to   Miller,    that   the   ne<;lij;ini..  lii 
Huston    in    failitif;  to  iliscover   that    ilir 
switch    was  out  of  order  was  the  ncjli 
ireiice  of  the  company,   and   rendcicl  ii 
liable    for    the    injurious    conseipiiiici.s 
which    ensued.      The   rule  was   a    pinpii 
and  needful  regulation,  and  obedieiic- t.i 
it  was   well   calculated  to  insi  n-  saf.ty. 
but    it    was   not    designed   to  create  aii.v 
new  or  distinct  liability  other  than  tlio 
law  established.      .\s  a   rule,   it   did  n..i 
operate  to  clian^'c  the  rule  of  law  wliiili 
j-ovcrned  the  relation  of  the  parties  ami 
fixed    their    liabilities.      The    comliiitiir^ 
were  not  expected    to    perform    the    ilii- 
tics  of  switchmen:  someone  under  tliiiii, 
usually     a     brakeman,     discharjied    this 
duty,  by  their  direction:  and  the  nlijict 
of  the  rule  in  niakinj;  them  responsilili' 
was  to  secure  the  best  possible  [lerfnnii 
ance  of  the  duty  of  a  .switchman  to  in 
sure  safety  in  oix-rating  trains.     It  .i.M 
ed  no  new  or  other  element  to  the  li;;:il 
relation    of    the    parties   concerned   tlnin 
already   existed.     The  whole   duly   cum 
bined   and    to  be    performed    in   this  re 
pard    by    conductor    and    switcliiimn    in 
o]H'ratint;    the    switch    only    const  it  iiteil 
the   proper   dischaijie  of   the  duly  of  a 
switchman.      It    is    not    the    duty   of  r. 
master,    'as   with    a    personal    siiiht    anil 
touch,'   to  operate   the   switches   on  the 
mad.     ...      If  we  take  the  cliaraitcr 
of  the  act  performed  by  such  serv:int  tn 
(let ermine    whet  her    he    is    an    a^'cnt     r 
representative  of  the  company  or  a  f.I 
low    servant,    what    is   theie    in   the  iirt 
of  o|>eratinf;  a   switch  so  as  to  pnT|M'il.v 
adjust  the  rails  for  the  passau'c  of  tniiiK 
which    may   be   considered    in   any   sciisf 
to  im[H!se  or  delej/ate   the  duty   to  -Hi'i 
employee  to  furnish,  coiistrii.l.   k(c|i.  "f 
maintain   in  re|Kiir  such  switcliT     IIuw- 


ti     I      .    ( 
t»       :  it 


di:] 


VICK  IMtlNcll'ALSlIU'— J)KTAILS  OF  WoltK.. 


175!) 


ever  lilirrnlly  wp  may  (■nn-tnip  flip  riiln 
111  to  oiiscivmits,  it  is  (llllicult  to  ix-r- 
(c'ivp,  if  the  nile  its<'If  is  to  rciiLiiii, 
lliiit  a  scivinit  pn;raj.'<il  in  Hip  opcratiini 
of  a  iwitcli  is  n  ri'inociitatiM'  of  tlio 
master,  or  otlipr  tliaii  a  I'lllow  servant 
cnfriit'c'il  in  n  poinniiin  pniployimnt  f<ir 
llip  Biicppssfiil  inana;.'i']iirnt  of  tlip  train. 
[lip  act  lip  pprfornis  invulvcs  no  dnty 
if  oonstriii'tioii  or  ri'pai  or  oilier  duty 
In  re;;aril  to  the  swilelies  of  the  road 
if  out  of  rppnir  or  iintit  for  usp.  wliptlipr 
liy  wear  and  tear  or  liy  tlip  eriniinal  in- 
terfeienpp  of  sIraiiL'ers.  than  to  prompt- 
ly notify  tlip  company  of  its  eomlilion 
-o  tlirit  it  may  he  repaiml  or  its  plaep 
«np;ilied."  Tlie  faets  and  ileeision  in 
llutlirie  V.  Soiitliirn  P.  11.  <'<>.  (18!»1; 
Or.  1  2t>  Pac.  7tj,  were  tlie  sanm  as  in 
tills  ease. 

(e)  railinf)  to  preirnt  Ihr  nirirnin  iit 
lit  hiiuij  pieces  of  iiiiiiliiiicrii. — 'I'lie  ney- 
ll^^•nel!  of  a  servant  in  laillii;?  to  se- 
inre  railway  cars  on  an  incline  so  far 
:n  to  prevent  tlieir  niovin-i  is  not 
(■li:ir;.'eal)le  to  tlie  oonipaiiv.  KikIH:  v. 
I.rhiqh  Valh;i  It.  Cn.  Ils'!l4)  78  Hun. 
4!I2,  20  .V.  Y.  Sujip.  .533. 

A  train  liand  cannot  recover  for  tlie 
Pi.^ljironcp  of  a  co~frvaiit  in  failing'  to 
Mock  the  wlieel  of  a  railway  ear  so  as 
to  prevent  its  niovlnj;.  Dmliii'  v.  Ilnxlmi 
,i  A.  U.  Co.  (18!)2)  l.->.-.  Mass.  448.  2i> 
X.  K.  1080. 

.\n  averiiicnt  wliieh  sliows  that  tlii' 
].ro\iiiiatn  cause  of  I  lie  injury  was  tlie 
iiiiiviii;;  of  a  traveling  crane  shows  that 
it  wa.s  due  to  tlip  act  of  a  fellow  serv 
lint,  and  no  rpeover>'  .^an  lie  had  on  the 
Ihcorv  that  another  crane  was  (hfi  r(  ive. 
Hiirh, ■  V.  .ihrnitllni  {W.V.U  21  Se.  S<>ss. 
(as,  4th  series,  liifl. 

.\  servant  who  was  injured  while 
Horkinfr  in  thp  elevator  of  a  mine  which 
lie  had  liecn  ordered  to  clean  cannot  re- 
cdvir  where  the  cause  of  the  injury  was 
the  startinjr  of  the  en;;ine  which  nitrates 
the  hoist iiij;  machinery,  and  the  acd- 
ilcnt  nii<;lit  have  l.is^n  ]>ii\enleil  if  thp 
fnii-iiian  had,  as  it  was  his  iliily  to  do, 
ihlac'licd  the  endless  chains  u~cil  in  nin- 
iiinjr  the  elevator,  and  thus  discoiiiiected 
it  from  the  iiiacliinerv.  \iir  I'illsbiiriih 
Cwl  if  ToAr  To.  V.  P>1er.-«>n  (180»)  130 
Ind.  .'lilS.  .35  N.  K.  7:  S.  O.  ( 18!)0)  14 
Inil.  App.  034.  43  N.  E.  270. 

(fl  Ojii'rutiiin  of  huistixrj  mnrhinrry. 
— An  eiii))loyer  is  not  liahle  for  injuries 
to  a  worUinan  handling  the  crank  of  a 
inine  hoistinfr  a  lipavy  weiylit.  caused 
hy  the  slippini;  of  the  shaft  from  slow 
^far  into  fast  year.  rtMpiirin;:  iiiuch 
greater  power,  U\ie  to  fellow    workmen 


statioiiiie,'  tliiin-i'lven  upon  the  side  of 
the  crank  oppoile  to  the  fast  year,  and 
the  ines»iiie  ciii-id  liy  their  i»i-itiiin. 
fl'iihiir  V,  Sliiiiilniil  Sh:l  Ciisling  Co. 
(  ISIHii    l.-)4   I'll.  1311.  2(i  Atl.  12. 

.\n  ciiiplnvi  1-  i^  not  lialde  for  the  nec- 
lii,'ence  of  fellow  servants  in  iiverload- 
in;;  a  derrick.  »o  that  it  lopplcd  over. 
/I'.isd  V.  \fll:i  ■iliiii  MIMII  )  tit  .\pp.  Div. 
420.  72  N.   V.  Siipp.  23li. 

The  ahsence  of  a  clutch  to  a  iiiacliinH 
does  not  reiuh'r  an  eiiiployer  lialde  fm 
nn  injury  to  an  eni|iloyee  while  en- 
tanylid  in  a  rope,  where  the  injury 
wiiuld  have  heen  prevented  if  the  em 
pliiyee  had  held  the  r<i|ie  tiylitly,  or 
if  a  fellow  employee  at  the  ma 
chine  had  done  the  same  Ihlny. 
and  there  is  no  reason  to  helievo 
that  he  would  have  li^n  more  likely  to 
use  the  clutch  if  there  had  Iieen  one. 
.iiiin-iiini  illiii-iisf  Co.  V.  {.mill  (IH'.IS) 
81    111.  Ajip.  482. 

The  death  of  an  employee  caused  hy 
the  failure,  either  of  himself  or  a  co 
employee,  to  take  the  twist  out  of  a 
chain  on  a  windlass  used  in  operating' 
ma  'ry,  will  not  render  the  eiiiploy 
er  ii.-.l.ie."  Ihliiiirii  v.  Iliiirlt  (IS'.Mli  32 
N.  Y.  ,<.  R.   4!l!l.    1(1  \.   Y.  Supp.  .5115. 

I'lainlill's  intesliitp  was  €'ni]iloyed  hy 
iletriidaiits.  at  the  time  of  his  death,  at 
the  liottoiii  of  a  mine  •ili.ift:  his  duly 
heinj;  to  till  the  ore  Inicket,  which  was 
hoisted  hy  a  hor-e  led  hy  a  hoy.  The 
cmploviH"  at  the  top  of  the  shaft,  whoso 
duty  it  was  to  diiiiip  the  ori'  hiK'ket  and 
let  it  down  to  deceased.  driip|><-d  it  with 
out  liHikiny  to  see  whether  the  hoy  had 
Imnked  the  rope  to  the  horse,  as  was  tin- 
cii~loiii.  ill  order  to  let  the  huiket  down 
siciiilily.  which  he  had  not  ihme:  and 
tlie  huckit  struck  decea-ed  and  killed 
him.  Held,  tliat  though  the  Imv  was 
inenm|>ptent  to  manage  the  hor^e.  ^iich 
iiieiiiii|i(tcncy  was  not  the  caii^e  of  the 
accident,  hut  that  it  was  caused  hy  the 
ncLdiL'eiice  of  decei-ed's  fellow  servant 
nt  the  top  of  the  shaft:  and  hence  there 
was  no  error  in  diieiliii};  a  verdict  for 
(lefeiiil.inls.  .\(l  ii,i>!  V.  Siioir  |l!l(t(l)  lOli 
Wis.  1.52.  81   N.  U.  !tH3. 

.\n  employer  is  not  liahle  fur  the  ncjli 
ffT.t  operation  of  an  elevator  which  is 
safe  if  carefiillv  used.  Whih  v.  i'.nilil: 
(1807)  10  App!  Div.  2.50.  40  X.  Y.  Supp. 
184:  Trriniihii  v.  IliirhniKiii  Ci'ihl  Mill. 
d  Mi!'  Co.  (1802)  90  Cal.  494,  28  Pae. 
571.  31   Pac.  501. 

The  servant's  action  is  not  maintain- 
ahle   where  uikhi  the  evidriice  the  cause 

of    Ilie    illilliy    lllU~t     hii\i-    In,  11    till-    lleyli- 

geiu'c  of  one  fellow  servant  in  leaving  uii 


w 


'•III 

%. 

•  Hi- 
ll h 


&i- 


V    J 


iii!^    i^' 


17(10 


MASTKR  AND  SKRVANT. 


[rilAP.    XXXII. 


plcviitor  -ii><iMM('pi!  nt  tlio  floor  from 
whiili  it  fell  wlii'ii  aiiotluT  fi-llow  serv- 
mit  p>t  on  it,  oi  in  Icavin);  the  rope  out 
of  RiMr,  or  in  (Ipsccndinf;  on  it  while  (he 
ro|)c  wiis  ont  of  jjciir.  lielUi/  v.  Boston 
Lead  Co.    (ISSO)    128   Mass.'45(5. 

The  mate  of  a  V("sscl  in  a  fellow  serv- 
ant of  a  boatswiiin  in  mnnafrinn  the 
rhain  in  lowcrinj;  the  topmast,  whirh  the 
lioatHwain  has  pone  up  to  unfasten.  The 
Miami  (18!)8)   87  Fed.  757. 

An  emphiviT  is  not  liable  for  injury 
to  an  eniplovcfl  in  the  hold  of  a  vessel 
hy  the  ovcrdirninj;  of  a  loaded  buoket 
whieh  hit  the  coiMbiiijjs  of  (he  hatch, 
where,  on  reaehinj;  the  coinbinKs.  it  was 
pulk'd  sidi'wise  by  an()(her  eniplovee,  to 
be  dumpicl  on  the  dock,  and  there  is  no 
odier  showing  of  neijlificnce.  Mr- 
Jhiiioiiqh  V.  Walsh  (1802)  49  N.  Y  S, 
R.  3(il.  21  N.  V.  Supp.  .103. 

A  foreman  of  a  s(evcMlore  gan;;  nets 
as  a  fcHow  servant  of  a  stevedore  at 
work  in  the  hold  of  a  ve«s(d.  in  stopping 
a  draft  of  loaded  ba^js  as  it  comes  over 
the  vessel's  side  to  have  them  made 
tighter  in  the  sliii','  before  being  lowered 
into  the  hatch,  ni.d  the  ship  is  not  liable 
for  injuries  caused  by  their  being  h'ft 
unsecured,  and  falling  and  injuring  t'le 
workman  below.  The  hciisinriton 
(1808)    91    Fed.   «81. 

Recovery  cannot  be  had  for  the  death 
of  an  employe*'  on  a  steamship,  caused 
by  the  falling  of  a  barrel  from  a  sling 
while  being  lowered  into  the  hold,  where 
the  negligence,  if  any,  causing  its  fall, 
was  that  of  a  fellow  servant.  Moii  v. 
(Irrnn  S.  H.  Co.  (1805)  1.  .>lisc.  37,^.  :i:t 
N.  Y.  8upp.  5(13. 

The  captain  of  a  lighter  engaged  in 
dcdivering  boards  upon  a  vessel  cannot 
recover  for  injuries  from  the  f.ill  of 
boards,  due  to  the  insecure  manner  of 
fiistening  the  rope  holding  them  while 
(liey  were  liein;,'  liois(ed,  where  the  fan  It 
Vis  that  of  one  of  the  wdrkmen.  Thr 
Haieusdale  (1804)    (l.'J  Fed.  (124. 

.\  ship  is  not  liable  for  injuries  to  a 
longshoreman  engaged  in  the  luild  help 
ing  to  unloiid  iron,  caused  In  the  fall  of 
iron  from  a  skid  throu};h  llie  corner  of 
which  a  lanyard  pulled  out  when  the 
skid  caught  through  the  negligence  of 
the  guy-tender  or  engineer  as  it  was 
coming  up.  The  Srrvia  (1801)  44  Fed. 
043. 

(g.  h)  Oprrnliov  of  marhinpyy  in  nair- 
niillfi. — I'laintid'  was  thrown  on  a  trim- 
ming saw  which  he  was  operating  in  de- 
fenclant's  sawmill,  and  injured,  having 
l't-!i  -1 1'.ick  by  one  end  of  a  pbmk  lying 
on  n  II-.  the  other  en<l  of  wliicli  had 
been  cau"lit.  on  the  carriage  of  (he  niaiii 


^aw.  It  was  the  duty  of  a  fellow  oerv 
an(  to  see  tha(  the  plank  was  so  phuiil 
on  the  rolls  that  it  could  not  be  caiiyht 
by  the  carriage,  and  of  another  felli>\v 
servant  not  to  run  the  earriaye  unless  it 
was  clear  of  (lie  planks  on  the  rolli. 
Held,  that  the  injury  was  caused  by  tlie 
negligence  of  one  or  both  of  the  fell.w 
servants.  Itniirrn  v.  Dviiimj  (1800)  li.i 
Me.  272,  44   Atl.   922. 

(i)  Oprialiiui  a  fire  hosr. — The  fail 
ure  of  water  to  rtin  from  a  hose  will,  in 
the  absence  of  positive  evidence,  be  at- 
tributed to  the  negligence  of  fellow  mtv 
ants  in  failing  to  kivp  the  njiparatn-  ia 
pro|)er  onler.  or  in  negligently  jaittiir.' 
it  in  operation.  Jones  v.  (Iiunili-  MiiU 
(1878)    12(1  Mass.  84.  30  Am.  Rep.  w,\. 

(j)  Sliirliii(]  iiiarhiiiery  uithout  inmi- 
(111/.  —  ( Compaie  8  (101.  suiirn.  )  In 
several  cases  the  principle  is  npplieil 
(hat  there  can  be  no  recovery  where  tin' 
injury  was  caused  by  the  mgligeiice  <if 
a  I'o-ervant  in  skirting  machinery,  witli 
out  warning  or  notice,  at  a  time  wlim 
the  plaintiff  was  in  such  a  position  that 
he  was  safe  as  long  as  it  was  not  in  iimi 
(ion.  Ilenisl  1(1)11  v.  Staphs  (ISIlfli  s.' 
Mich.  e,r>A'.  4(!  X.  \V.  1035;  /)»,/«,-  v. 
V;.ro«  (1001)  47  C.  0.  A.  (lilfl.  UH  Fed 
751:  Qriqliii  v.  I.eviiiug  (lOllli  li'iT 
X.  Y.  58.  54  T,.  R.  A.  (12.  fiO  X.  K.  ■.'7i;, 
.Mlirniiiig  (1000)  ."iO  App.  Div.  :i."il,  (i:i 
X.  ^'.  Supji.  10.">!l;  I'liiiiitii  r  v.  t'lihiiii- 
biaii  Mfa.  Co.  (1800;  X.  II.)  44  Atl. 
104;  O'lirivn  v.  American  J)n<l'!iii'i  t^o 
(180H  .53  X.  J.  L.  201.  21  .\tl.  :!-.!l: 
lliiisl:aif  v.  I'ovil'a  Kxtraif  Co.  i|s:i;;i 
.lO  X.  Y.  S.  R.  2(;3.  21  X.  Y.  Sn|.|.,  ITT 
(oiler  injure<l);  Wliatliif  v.  Hlncl; 
(IH04)  0.")  (!a.  15.  21  S.  K.  085  lel.'va- 
t4)r)  ;  I'orter  v.  Silver  Crrel:  A  M .  ('.■'/ 
Co.  (1S>)3)  84  Wis.  418.  54  X.  \V.  101!' 
(sudilen  s(aiting  of  maehineiy  tanfinnl 
a  slack  cable!  :  11  ilmni  v.  Ilinlynn  Uinr 
Water  I'oin  r  <£•  t'aiKT  Co.  (ISIKil  71 
Hun.  202.  24  X.  Y.  Supp.  1072  lu.ilcr 
turned  on  to  a  power  wheel  I  :  an' ihcr 
case  involving  similar  facts  is  N'l" 
I'illsl.iinih  Coal  ^i  Cole  Co.  v.  }':trr^..:t 
(1803)  13(1  Ind.  398.  35  X.  K.  7  (ma- 
(er  held  not  liable  for  the  nejiligrnie  ef 
a.  foreman  in  starting  maeliineiy  wliilc 
the  plaintifl  was  working  in  an  elevitnr 
which  he  had  been  ordered  to  eleiii  ; 
Dari  V.  Miiseoflee  Mffi-  fo.  I\HW\  I  nil 
Ga.  12fi.  .32  S.'  K.  3()';  Knr  v.  Cnern 
Cotton  Mills  (ISOS)  105  <!a.  510.  31  S. 
E.  l(i(i  (petition  alleging  that  steam  Ma» 
turned  on  from  an  engine  so  la  L'lipent- 
ly  by  the  engineer,  or  some  other  oni 
ployie  of  the  defenditnt.  that  tlip  plain- 
till,  who  was  washing  a  windou.  wa^ 
injured,  showa  no  <aiise  of  action). 


I      I 


I  811] 


VICI'   rniXCll'ALSHll'— DKTAILS  OF  WORK. 


1T61 


An  (i|M'i;ilii-  III  a  sjidkc  lutlic  who  wan 
injured  wliilf  niliiij.'  it.  Ijy  tlic  furunian's 
nenliMiiiii'  in  sliiitiiig  it  sUilUrnly  witli- 
mit  warnin;;.  for  Itii'  purpose  of  soeiny 
wliothor  it  (lid  tlie  wink  propc  riy.  enn- 
iMil  reeovpr.  Willilinii  v.  \(itii>n<il 
Wlnvl  r„.  (1!)0|)  \iH  Midi.  I,  87  N. 
\\.  7.i.  Till'  oinirt  sai<l  the  result  liii^'hl 
have  heen  diiriieiit  if  the  foreiiian  hail 
Ikc'Ii  eiifiiif^ed  in  repiiiriii^  the  iiiaehine. 
i'lir  the  purpii-es  of  this  ease  tlie  I'  re 
man  was  appavenlly  reyani  .l  as  not  '  e 
iii'^'  11  vice  )>rineipal  by  rea-  in  of  his  of 
lieial  position.  If  he  had  ln'cii  sueli  an 
dllicial,  he  would,  aeeordii;;  to  the  au- 
llioritie.i,  have  represented  the  master 
as  regards  the  art  in  question.  tSee  8 
■>4.').  note  ;i,  «»/<. 

(k)  .Mdiiiig  hrnvy  nrticlrs. —  (See 
also  SS  5!)7,  003.  Ii04,  mifjia.)  .\  eon 
(hiiliir  of  a  freight  train  in  helping  a 
hrakenian  to  unload  a  car  acts  us  a 
mere  servant.  l.uiii.iLille,  .V.  A.  d  ('.  U. 
Co.  V.  Siiiithtiick  (1896)  16  Ind.  App. 
ISti,  H  X.  K.  2ti3. 

A  railway  company  is  not  lialde  where 
injury  is  received  by  a  section  hand  ow- 
iii^'  to  the  way  in  which  his  eolahorers 
lifted  a  rail.  Cuyiir  v.  I  iiimi  f.  It.  Ca. 
118110)  i:W  r.  S.  :)70.  Xi  l..  ed.  Oal.  10 
Slip.  C't.  Rep.  382. 

.\n  employer  is  not  liable  for  the  r  'p 
liueiit  manlier  in  which  a  foreman  eon 
ducts  the  o]H'ration  el'  meviii;;  a  heavy 
vvlleel.  Ilichiiliiiiil  l.'iriiliuiliri-  J:  Miicll. 
Co.  V.  Ford  (1807)  04  Va.  027.  27  S. 
K.  300. 

.\  lunil)er  company  Is  not  liable  for 
an  injury  to  a  lunilierinan.  caused  by 
the  iie;;lij;ence  of  eociiii'loy.cs  in  failin;,' 
t(i  keep  rollers  at  ri;;li'  anodes  with  a 
piece  <.f  timber  beinj:  moveil  thereon,  in 
consociucnce  of  uliieh  it  ~le\\eil  arounil 
so  that  the  end  ~tiiick  a  liiinber  pile 
fidiii  which  planks  fill  on  his  lej; 
\V<rl,lii)iil  v.  Stjiilhi-ni  Ortifiin  Cn. 
(ISill)  20  Or.  M\.  27  I'ae.  200  ( care 
],....rll--  of  WdiUiiieii  ill  ii^inu'  chute,  nut 
iie;;li);eiiee  in  its  const ruil ion.  declared 
In  lie  the  proximale  cause  of  the  in- 
jury I. 

Tlieic  can  be  no  recovery  for  an  acci 
cicnl  cau-ed  by  the  slackiii!;  of  puy 
ropes  in  the  hands  of  the  plainlilfs  fel 
low  sirvauts,  while  a  heavy  piece  of  a 
li""  Il'c    was    heiii;;    moved.       IakIIoic    v. 

■I  /(/»/.(.•  ,1    I//'./.  :;,.   I  iHOOi    1 ; 

,)iv.  4.V2.  42  N.  Y.  Supp.  343. 
servant    has    no    cause    of    action 
nL';ii.i-t    his    master    for    an    injury    re 

'■ri\(il  while  iissistiiii:  to  hai:il!e  :'■  lie'>> 
.■•t.;iii'.  thrniij.'h  the  nr_'h'i  I  of  his  fellow 
workii.cii   in   letliu"  the  stone  down  too 


-oon      l.a  IMle  v.  Uoiilaque  (1809)   174 
.Mass.  453,  54  X.  K.  850. 

(1)  Causing  i,r  alluuing  heavy  oh/rrta 
I')  full. — .\n  employer  is  not  liable  for 
injuries  caused  to  •  ■  servant  by  the 
carelessness  of  anoti.cr  in  pullinit  away 
a  chockinp  (.niard  in  a  pile  driver,  anil 
thus  allowing'  the  hammer  to  fall.  Mr- 
I'liir  V.  .sVi(»i/  (1805)  103  Mass.  210, 
.JO  N.   K.    1007. 

A  brid^'e  fmenian  is  a  fellow  servant 
of  a  earpenler  in  ncfilifienlly  and  care- 
lessly permitting  a  jackscrew  to  fall, 
which  was  set  up  by  the  two,  and  whicli 
llie  foiinian  a;,need  In  watch.  I'linc  v. 
nliid-  11807)  18  Ind.  App.  87,  47  X. 
E.  485. 

A  iiia>ter  is  not  liable  for  the  death 
of  a  servant,  caused  by  the  fall  of  a 
sliding  door  in  a  stons  where  it  fell  ow- 
iiift  to  the  careless  manner  in  which  it 
was  opened  by  the  men  in  char};e  of  it. 
I'olli/v  V.  I'fiiiisyhniiia  R.  Co.  (1880) 
49  X.  .r.  T,.  50,  0  .\tl.  437. 

.\  labiircr  cannot  re<iiver  where  he  is 
struck  by  a  ]dank  left  loose  on  a  scaf- 
fold by  ills  forinian.  and  thrown  off  by 
a  t^nnk  which  was  being  hoisted  thronyh 
a  window  by  himself  and  his  coservaiits. 
lintjli  II  V.  i'miKulidaled  (I11.1  Co.  (  1800) 
5  .V])p.  niv.  432.  30  X.  Y.  Supp.  302. 

.*.  superintendent  in  an.sweiing  in  the 
allirmatixe  when  a  laborer  was  about 
lo  throw  down  a  block  of  wchhI  anil 
askiil  if  all  was  clear  below  acted  as 
a  mere  servant.  Doiiiully  v.  Sun  I'nin- 
risco  Hridi/r  I'o.  (1807)  117  Cal.  417, 
40  Pac.  5,50. 

The  negligence  of  a  foreman  in  drop- 
ping an  implement  and  injuring  an  em- 
ployee under  his  direction  is  that  of  a 
fellow  servant,  and  net  of  a  vice  prin- 
ii|)al.  I'rniiUi)  v.  Shrldon  ( 18117 )  20 
I!.  1.  258.  3S  All.  370. 

.\  'uiniiig  company  is  not  liable  where 
a  miner  is  injuieil  by  the  negligence  of 
a  blaik-iiiith  wlins"  duly  it  is  to  sharpen 
the  tools,  in  loweiiiig  them  down  a  shaft. 
Kni;<lir  v.  Vinhi  Min.  if  Sniiltinfj  Co. 
(1801)     2    Idaho,    771.    20    Pac.    127. 

.A  foreiiiaii  in  a  machine  shcp  is 
deemed  to  1h".  with  respect  to  his  own 
negligence  in  Ihe  iiianner  of  bracing  a 
siK'tion  of  u  heavy  condenser,  a  fellow 
servant  of  an  eniployee  who  assisted  him 
and  who  was  injunil  by  the  section  fall- 
ing ii|>on  him.  lilUail  v.  ^\'lix<l  if  1. 
l//«/.  Co.  (1803)  84  \Vis.  14S.  .".3  X.  \V. 
1110. 

.\ii  injury  causei'  by  I  lie  fall  of  the 
iloor  of  a  freiglit  lions...  -imck  by  a 
V.v'ji  of  n;iils  which  w::-  'i;  i;:::  i^'ltd  on! 
by  the   plaintili's   eoM'i\aiils,   is   leganl 


t       '1; 


i>t    ^ 


.tf:.  fi 


■:    ! 


II*! 


*■ 

^ 

t      '•     '■ 

1 

■    .  1 ;  '  ■ 

1702 


MASTKlt  AND  .SERVANT. 


[chap.  XXXII. 


'  iIIh 


i  ■       i  i  ■ 


Ml 

r' 


ifi;- 

w 

-i: 
I  i 


ed  ad  iM-iii^r  diK-  to  the  nciL'liv'oncc  of  the 
Ir.ttcr,  1111(1  nut  ti>  llic  m';.'lij,'in(c  of  tlit; 
(oiiipuiiy,  uliriT  clic  t'viilriur  sliiiws  that 
thn  door  wlicii  roUcil  liu'k  Iffl  ii  w|i:i('i> 
of  about  H  feel  for  tin-  uiiloailin;;  of 
fr«'i>{ht,  aiiijilv  suHicMciil  Idr  I  lie  pa^^aj:*' 
of  t)i(>  kefi  it  it  had  hiKii  liaiidlcd  with 
rt'iixonahli!  can'.  I'liiiinin,  It.  I.  »(■  /'.  A'. 
To.   V.   «.■</,,/•    lIHlKii    :W    III.   .\\>\y   .VJIi. 

All  Piii|iliivri  cnuMf-i'd  with  nil, it  ••hi 
ployo'S  in  hoi>tiii),'  ice  to  the  to|>  of  a 
car  liy  iiicain  oi  a  lar;.'('  »avvlii>r-i-  |i|ai.i| 
on  the  topy  of  two  cars  staiidiiiu'  --iili' 
liy  side  cannot  rwovcr  for  an  iiijuiy 
nufcd  by  thp  hcirsi-  tippiiif;  over  bc- 
ruusp  of  his  nc;;li;.'ciicc  or  that  of  liis 
fellow  Mcrvaiil.H  in  |nilliii;.'  laterally,  in- 
stead of  porpcnclicularly.  in  hoist  Inu'  tliii 
ico.  Tuhin  V.  riiiiliiiun  Mff/.  Co.  i  IKiKi) 
87  111.  App.  14!t. 

Whcri^  a  master  supplip.f  niaehiiiery 
which,  if  duly  oiled  and  cleaned,  is  safe, 
for  thr>  purpose  of  preventing  a  trolley 
from  runnin>:  oil'  a  traveler,  he  is  not 
liable  for  injuritw  caus«"d  to  an  eni- 
ployen  by  failure  of  a  fellow  .servant 
to  oil  and  clean  it  properly,  though 
thero  may  be  a  standard  i>rticlp  in  use 
whieli  would,  if  the  master  had  pro- 
cured it,  have  prcvenli-d  the  accident. 
QuUih'ti  V,  LevvriiKi  (I'.tOI)  1(17  X.  Y. 
58,  r.4  I..  R.  A.  ti2.  (id  N.  K.  27li,  Amrni- 
ing  (1000)  60  App.  Div.  3r>4,  63  N,  Y. 
Supp.   10,-)!). 

Injuries  sustained  by  a  railway  em- 
pleye*'  who.  with  otiier  hands,  was  carry- 
ing' a  rail,  cause<l  by  the  hands  at  the 
other  end  dii'|)piiij.'  it,  uiMin  tho  .swtion 
boss's  urder.  Iufnic  he  and  the  other 
hands  at  his  eiiil  were  ready,  are  not  duo 
to  the  order,  but  eitlier  to  his  dwn  dis- 
obedience of  the  order,  or  to  the  ne;,'li- 
pence  of  thc>  otiier  workmen,  (''iffiiiiin  v. 
Loiiiavillr  rf  A.  H.  Co.  (I«!I2)  13  Kv. 
L.  Rep.  StiC.   18  S.  \V.  1012. 

An  eiiiplciyer  i-.  not  lialdo  for  injuries 
sustained  in  renioviiiL;  pieces  of  IuiiiIht. 
the  cause  of  tho  acci(h>nt  beinjj  the  act 
of  one  k'ft  in  cliar^'e  of  the  wiirk  by  the 
foreman  while-  he  was  teiiipoiai  ily  ab- 
sent, in  releasing.'  his  hold  u|iiiii  a  pile 
of  riiiis  which  he  was  support  in;;  whilo 
tho  employee  was  reniovin^'  the  luiii- 
her.  Il'idijcs  v.  Htcuttnril  Whiel  Co. 
(lS!l!f      '■.ii   Ind.   (i.SO.  52  X.   K.  301,  54 

N,  K.  .:sn 

An  e.nployer  is  not  liable  for  the 
death  of  a  workman  caused  by  the  fall 
of  a  larfie  mass  of  caked  lime,  which 
was  imbediled  in  a  hn;je  pile  of  cinders 
which  deceased  and  others  were  em- 
phivn!  -t-  la'iir't-rs  in  ii-m.rvin;;,  .«uch 
fall   having   lieen   caused   solely   by   the 


metlKMl  Adopted  of  ii'iunvin;:  sin'h  *na-s 
of  lime  by  di;;uiiii.'  oul  the  eiii  lers  fr.jiM 
beneath  it.  llie  f.nl  that  the  nia-s  |ij,| 
been  partially  iindtrmineil  by  the  nieiii 
Ihtm  of  allot  hei  uaii;^',  wnieli  had  pii- 
viously  bieii  at  wc^rk  »a^  held  to  be  Jin 
material.  Siiiiniir  v.  Kirl:  i  1001  1  57 
App.  Div.  4lil,  (i7  .\.  V.  Supp.   1010. 

'I'he  duly  of  a  ni.ister  to  pKA'ide  a 
-afe  plii-e  fur  the  enipli.yi-es  in  whi,!, 
to    do   their    work    doe>    not    eM.nd    In 

(ondiliiai^    which    the    pli.yee^    eii.ile 

ill   the   p.Tfiirniaiiee   .'inil   a~   a    detail   ci 
their  work, — .is,  where  III,'  I'nipli.yee-  in 

shiivelin;.'     il      leave     an     i'\  erhaii, iijl' 

friizen  crii-t  of  coal  which  falls  aiel  in 
jiii-es  one  of  them.  Milhr  v,  'J'hir.ni. 
IIH07I  15  App.  Div.  105,  44  N.  \ 
Supp.  277. 

Where  a  servant  of  a  railway  nim 
paiiy  is  injured  while  piilliiii.'  a  lio-e  mi 
.111  en^jiiie  teiidi  r.  by  the  falliii;;  of  li«  -.■ 
i-iial  (lishidp'd  by  another  seiianl  sl.iiifj 
in;,'  on  tin-  tender  to  receive  the  huse.  ili,' 
eiimpany  is  not  liable,  its  iiei;ll;;eii<e  in 
ii\erl(>adiii;,'  the  coal  mit  beiii;;  I  lie  pmxi 
mate  cause  of  the  accident.  He/s./  \ 
I'.iiKlirii  It.  Co.  (1900)  70  Minn.  245.  Si 
y,  W,  570. 

.\n  I'liiphivee  of  a  railroad  eciiipniy 
lannol  recover  dama;;i's  of  the  compjny 
for  an  injiiiy  reeei\ci|  l.y  the  I'alliii;;  .if 
a  pile  of  lumber,  eausnl  by  iIh'  iii'i;!! 
;.'eiice  of  hiiii~eU'  and  of  his  ccxieplinee-. 
I.iini/lui.i  V.  Miiiiir  r.  It.  Cv.  I  ISIL')  SI 
-Mo.'  llil,  24   Atl.   <in4. 

A  labore-  injured  by  the  fall  of  a 
-tiel  iii,:jot  from  a  mass  of  j-iu'li  iiiLiel- 
eareh's^ly  piled  by  his  fellow  labniii- 
in  the  «anie  einployiiieiil  e,ii"'i  I  iii-in.r 
of  the  emplover.  \iikIi  v.  .V.;~/(/;i/  Inm 
,(■  .S7<y7  fo.    ilSS-Ji    II-.'  \.   II.   JOi;. 

A  laborer  eii;;a;:e(i  in  toadiii.^  Iinx.  .  on 
a  railway  ea I  e  uiiiol  recover  for  iiiiinii> 
due  to  the  f,:et  that  they  were  iiii«:ifi'lv 
piled,  and  fell  when  he  climbed  en  tlirm. 
Such  a  danyer  is  one  ineideiil  to  Ilie 
prot;ress  of  the  work,  ('(inihiii  \.  Scii/h- 
<ni  P.  Co.    (IS07)   Si   Fed.  H4. 

An  oniployer  is  not  liable  for  the  in- 
li;,'once  of  a  servant  in  ]>iliiiL'  clolli  -o 
Ihat  a  portion  of  the  pile  slip-  jinl  l:ilN 
on  another  ser\aiit.  Iluli  v.  Wnu^i:!' 
Kiiiltinq  Co.  (1001)  50  App.  Div.  :1W, 
110  X.  Y.  Supp.  404. 

A  servant  cannot  recover  for  an  in 
iiiiy  caused  by  tlie  fall  of  bays  of  iv- 
iiient,  which  were  piled  niidei-  the  -iipir 
vision  of  the  einpIover"s  su[>eriiitrii'leiit. 
I'neic  V.  \riiiiilil(i}i  (1001)  (i:!  .\pp.  Div. 
:'.77,  71  X.  Y.  Supp.  503.  In  thai  ei-^e 
it  was  ill.so  hell!  tiial,  as  the  piii'„'  uf 
'.af.'s  on  a  Hoor  is  the  act  of  a  eo~erv.iiil, 


611] 


VI(  i:  I'lMNCII'At.SlMP— nKTATI>S  OF  WuKK. 


17fl1 


■  virlcnci-  iricivi'd  nil  tile  (|iiotion  of  tli" 
,,ii-..  iv''l|  w  liirli  I  he  liaj;-<  wric  pilcil.  iiiiil 
:iiiii^  Kiw  tiiiit  till'  lliior  »iik  out  uf 

iivd  ami  oliakv.  wiiiiM  not  Nii|>[Kirt  a 
iii>li.'iiii'iit  till'  iilaiiitill'.  (Ill  (III'  llii'iiry 
.  Ii.it  ili'fciiihiiits  I  ili'd  to  fuiiiiMli  a  safe 
l>liio<'  to  work  in. 

An  I'liipluyiv  is  a  fidlciw   servant  with 

a  fon'iiKin  liy  wli iirjiliLii'iicc  in  tlirow 

ill'.'  11  ii"\  upon  a  pile  <if  irmi  posts  the 
tiriiiirr  is  iliiiiriil.  vvhrio  the  latltT  was 
iliilii;;  notliiii;.'  whiili  it  »:is  thi-  iiiasti-r°- 
liulv  to  ilo.  hi  Miiiihii  V,  Ituilfhrs  Iron 
lui'iinlii/  (18!)1)  Is  l;,  I.  314,  28  All. 
mil. 

A  foreman  act^  as  a  felhiw  servant 
of  his  siiliiiiilliiali'-i  in  iiicivini;  loose 
atones  which  >iip|i(trl  a  lariji-  riHk,  and 
theri'liy  oaii-iiif;  it  to  fall.  Kuss  v. 
I'liiijii'  Ct  ,111  III  dc  I. inn  Co.  (11100)  25 
Ind.  App.   4(i.),  58  N.  K.  500. 

('onipare  caM's  cited  in  ji  012a,  note  1, 
-ubd.    (c),  iufra. 

fm)  FiiiliiKj  to  fill  ii'iil  csfifnsioHS. — 
A  rallniad  eoiiipaiiy  is  nut  lialile  for  the 
death  of  a  lireiiiiiii,  caused  by  the  ex- 
|)lo-'inn  of  the  liiiiler  nf  a  liieninoti\'e 
en,i.'ine.  where  such  e.\|>h  sjnn  was  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  water  u.is  permitted 
liy  the  en^iineir  to  ^'et  tiio  low  while 
ninniii;.'  at  iii;.'lit,  if  the  lioih  r  was  prop- 
erly .-iipplieil  with  fjau;;!-  cooks  to  test 
the  liei;;lil  and  adeipiacv  of  the  water. 
I.eiiry  v.  I.tliii/h  Viillni  it.  Co.  (1894)  70 
Hun.  575.  2S   X.  V.   Supp.    IS7. 

.\n  eiiiphiyee  in  a  fruit-canning  fac- 
tory does  net  cease  to  be  a  fellow  serv- 
Mit.  of  another  employee  merely  liecause 
he  is  directed  by  the  sii>.riiil>ndent  to 
look  after  a  barrel  ti^ed  for  he.iliiif;  wa- 
ter with  steam:  and  the  cmplnyer  is. 
tlierefitre.  nut  liable  for  his  neyli^^euee  in 
inserting'  or  failing  to  reiiiove  a  plug 
from  the  pil«'  through  which  the  steam 
escapes,  causing  an  ex;>ln.-,iiin  of  the 
Iwrrel.  Ciomll  v.  Thoiinix  (liS07)  18 
.\pp.  l)i\.  520.  4(5  N".  Y.   Siipp.   1.37. 

Ill)  Work  of  hhixliiiij. —  (See  also  %\ 
.'lOV,  (iOO.  .luiiiii.)  To  place  and  set  oft 
blasts  in  a  mine  is  the  fiinctiiii  uf  a 
iiipre  spr\aiil.  and  the  mine  owner  i~  nut 
liable  for  its  negligent  pi'rforiiiaiiei'. 
Aii.tT.inn  V.  Ihili/  \liii.  Co.  (IS',17)  10 
Itah.  28.  50  I'ai'.  815:  ^Vi.sl.■i,■  v.  J/oii- 
trllo  Oriiiiite  Co.  (I'JOl)  III  Wis.  443, 
37  N.  W.  461  (bla.st  improperiy  pre- 
|.:;ivd). 

Where  a  servant  of  a  person  engaged 
in  blasting  rock  was  injured  by  the  ex- 
phwion  of  an  open  banel  of  gunpuuder 
miller  which  a  piece  of  lighted  fuse  bad 
lu-cii  tlirown  by  a  putr  <>f  w  iiitl,  be  can- 
not recover  on  the  theory  that  the  em- 


|>loyer  should  have  provided  small  flasks 
III  which  to  cany  the  powiler  from  the 
sturebuuse.  The  leaving  of  the  barrel 
in  a  dangerous  |><>sitioii  is  not  a  neces- 
sary incident  of  the  »yst<!ni,  but  rather 
atlribiiliible  to  the  negl'geiiit  of  the 
worlviii  in  biiiKclf,  MiiUiijan  v.  M'Alpin 
(1H88)  15  ft.  of  iSess,  Cas.  4th  series, 
78!l. 

(o)  /■'iiiliiiii  to  licit  fooliriniK  secure. 
-.\n  einplnyce  was  injured  by  falling 
ii|Hin  a  slippery  Moor,  rendered  so  by 
grease  left  therisin  by  two  other  em 
pluyees  who  hud  been  directed  by  ile 
fenilnnt's  foreman  to  clean  out  a  pit 
formerly  occupiwi  by  the  gearing  of  a 
maebiiie.  Held,  that  the  injury  was 
c.iusi-d  by  a  fi-llow  servant,  for  whose 
c.irele-sness  the  master  was  not  liable. 
Ilinl.c  V.  \alioniil  li,tlia  Uiihhrr  Co. 
(IS!»7)    21    li.    I.   440,  44  .\tl.  :t()7. 

No  action  can  be  niaintaincil  whern 
car|HMileis  had  piled  planUs  in>ecurely 
during  the  day,  and  plaintiff,  a  night 
watchman  in  del'eiid  int's  mill,  on  his  sec 
ond  pas«ii<;e  over  them  at  night,  caught 
his  foot  and  fell.  Uoiluell  v.  Sashiin 
Mfij.  Co.  (IHOO)  70  N.  H,  390,  47  Atl. 
013. 

(p)  Exposing  the  servant  to  erccssiri^ 
heat. — .\n  employer  is  not  liable  for  the 
death  of  an  empluyee  engaged  in  clean- 
ing an  oviii  used  fur  heating  air  to  be 
blown  into  a  blast  furnace,  by  the  unex- 
plained opening  of  a  cock  letting  on 
through  such  oven  the  blast  of  air  heat- 
ed to  nearly  1,000  degrees.  Oiina  v. 
Cruirii  ruint  lion  Co.  (IH!t3)  51  N.  Y. 
S.  U.  2.i,S.  22  N.  Y.  Supp.  455. 

(q)  I'liiliiif)  to  Kirp  place  of  work 
piiipirly  iciililiilid. — An  employer  who 
fuiiiishes  a  suitable  place  for  a  given 
machine  and  a  particular  kind  of  work, 
and  instructs  his  foreman  to  ventilate 
the  room  by  ojiening  the  windows  when 
the  machine  is  in  use,  is  not  liable  for 
an  accident  to  a  workman,  caused  by  the 
foreman's  failure  on  a  partii'ular  occa- 
sion to  ojM'n  the  windows.  McOuerti/  v. 
Iliile  (18114)  101  Jlass.  51,  30  N.  K.'ti82 
(pliiinlill  became  dizzy  from  the  smell 
of  benzine,  and  was  injured  by  uncovered 
gearing  while  he  was  attempting  to  ad- 
just the  parts  of  a  niaeliiiie). 

(r)  Failing  to  keep  place  of  irork 
p'oiicrlij  lighted. — Where,  in  an  action 
by  a  servant  against  his  master  fur  an 
injury  partially  resulting  frum  a  dark 
molding  room,  it  apjiears  that  the  com- 
pany furnished  an  adeipiate  lif;hling 
|ilant,  and  that  the  gas  cmilil  have  been 
lighted  by  tlte  si'fvant,  it  i-  error  to  in 
struct  that  the  question  of  the  gas  bo- 


fc.  •  -1| 


17W 


MASTKR  AND  SERVANT. 


frHAP.  XXXI 


;;    I; 


.11 


.,.,.,,, 


ing  IljtlitiHl,  and  whMlirr  any  ni't'ligenoB 
was  to  Im>  inipiitiil  to  the  tli'ffnilaiit, 
i*  for  tilt'  jury,  ux  the  iluly  to  lijjht  tlie 
liun  wiM  not  on  the  ilrfi'mliint.  U'lll  v, 
L'niird  Slittr:t  Itiiiliiilur  ('«..  (1000)  .Vi 
Ami.  Div.  IM),  04  N.  Y.  Siipp.  lOOi. 

TIh'It  can  In"  no  ninvi-ry  for  injiirii-t 
rcociveil  by  a  ttti-viKlnrf  or  other  I'lupldyi'r 
on  u  ship,  who  fallt  through  :iri  ii|ii'ii 
halchwiiy  which  is  h'ft  in.siiirMi.ntly 
liyhlfd  llirough  the  nr^li^'i-noc  of  a  oi 
eniphivif.  WCaillii)  v.  lirislul  S/iip 
iiuner'i'  Co.  (lH«:t)"  Ir.  K.  K.  10  C.  I.. 
.184:  »,>//».•  V.  Fiinirll  (1HH2I  Ir.  h.  IX. 
10  ('.  I,.  :!it7;  Millin  v.  'I'h'iiiin.i  Wilxcn 
Stmt  it-  Co.  (181I.1)  I.IO  MaxH.  KS,  .'H  .\. 
E.  06  (injuries  received  hy  fallin<f  down 
a  dark  Imtchway  usually  li^hteil  by  eltc 
trie  lights,  bi-ause  they  were  not  Koinj* 
at  the  time  owin);  to  an  aeeiih-nt  that 
niijflit  have  bwn  rcincilled  by  the  e'ljji- 
neiT,  and  other  lifihts  availabb'  were  not 
put  in  place  owina  to  the  nej,'lij,'enee  of 
another  eniployii' ) . 

(»)  Expusinij  Ki  iiiint  to  pt'iil  from 
uncoil  rid  lialvliiniiifi  or  other  dninii  i'Him 
oprniiiya. —  (See  also  last  gulnlivision.) 
Krarit  v.  .V«.i/<  i  (IKSIli)  !)2  Wis.  'yz.  (i,-. 
K.  VV.  10.')2  (existciiic  of  ne<rli;.'eneo  on 
owner's  part  denied,  as  the  stevedore  and 
his  fellow  servants  had.  unibr  the  cus- 
tomary procedure,  full  control  of  the 
physical  condit  ions ) . 

The  owner  of  a  ship  is  not  liable  to  an 
employee  for  nejili}.'ciice  of  the  master, 
mate,  or  other  olliccr  in  failing  lo  close 
the  doors  of  the  },mn;,'ttiiy  at  ni^iht. 
Oeophtgnn  v.  Atlax  «.  S.  Co.  (189."))  148 
N.  Y.  3t;!).  40  N.  E.  507 

The  failure  to  secure  a  removable  sec- 
tion of  a  ship's  railing;  is  the  nef;!ii;cnce 
of  a  mere  servant.  (Jmbic  S.  S.  Co.  v. 
^Irrchant  (1890)  \Xi  I'.  S.  .•!;.-).  3.3  L. 
ed.  05(1.  10  Sup.  n.  Rep.  3!»".  <\mi- 
pare  the  niling  in  llitlUij  v.  I'iulnrii  d 
Sons  H.  S.  Co.  tl8'.»-i|  I  <^  »■  ■'>^-  ■^''■ 
firmed  [1894]  A.  C.  222,  that  to  leave  a 
removable  railing  out  of  place  wi'ile  a 
ship  is  on  a  voyage  (tin-  consequence  be- 
ing that  a  seaman  is  thrown  overboard 
by  a  lurcli)  is  not  a  brciich  of  tlie  iiiiT- 
chant  shipping  act  of  1876.  I  .").  «hich 
imposes  on  the  owner  and  master  of  a 
ship  an  obligation  to  put  and  keep  her 
in  a  "seaworthy  condition." 

There  can  be  no  recovery  for  injuries 
caused  by  the  failure  of  a  fellow  serv- 
ant to  replace  the  planking  which  is  used 
to  cover  a  pit  when  it  is  not  in  use. 
Boficld  V.  flunqrnhrim  Smelling  Co. 
(1900)  64  N.  .)'.  1>.  (iO,5.  .50  T>.  K.  A.  417. 
46  \tl.  711;  Filliirl  \.  It,  III  II  nil  it  II. 
Canal  Co.  (Io90)  121  X.  Y.  207.  23  N. 
G.  1104. 


There  'an  he  no  recovery  for  injurii* 
ren-ived  from  a  fall  through  a  scuttle, 
where  the  inference  from  the  evidence  is 
that  the  cniisi'  of  the  accident  was  ;i 
teMi|>oraiy  mispliieemciit  of  the  cover, 
which  pi'rii'itled  it  tu  tilt  uiidi'r  thi- 
plaintitl's  weight,  and  that  the  cause  .f 
thu  misplaei'iiient  was  the  hitllliii;;  I'l 
trucks  over  the  cover  by  the  plaiiiliil- 
fellow  wiirUmen.  The  'I'hin  liiia  (ISsTp 
.11    Ked.  00. 

The  leaving  open  of  n  hatchway  li\  a 
scpiad  of  lalHirers  is  the  act  of  a  fillmv 
er\ant.  which  will  prcclmle  rcsuveiy  liv 
.1  meiiilMr  of  siiih  s(piiiil  for  iiijuriis 
Irom  falling  llirougli  siich  hatchwiiv. 
where  the  duty  of  covering  and  uiichm  r 
iiig  it  rested  iipun  soeh  sipiad.  I  In 
iM-ihiana  (ISlHi)  21  ('.  < '.  A.  00.  .i  L 
S.  App.  324,  74   Ked.  7)8. 

.\  shijiowiier  is  not  liable  for  an  in 
jury  leieivi'd  by  a  member  of  the  (  nu 
thriiugh  the  negligence  of  an  dlliiir  ei 
another  iiM'mlier  of  such  crew  in  li':niii- 
a  hatchway  open,  the  navigation  of  tin' 
ship  during  the  voyage  being  a  (oiiiiniiii 
undertaking,  for  which  all  the  sliip> 
company  in  their  several  .stations  ;iri 
employed,  and  in  'espi.t  of  wliiili  llii> 
are  regarded  by  the  niaritinie  law.  as 
well  OS  the  common  law,  a-  fellow  s,rv 
untfl.  Olson  v.  On  yon  Coal  d  Xiii\  ('". 
(1000)  104  Fed.  .574,  44  C.  C.  A.  .->!.  .\i 
tirming  (1899)   01!  Ked.  109. 

(t'onipare  cases  cited  in  i  5211.  iich 
I,  siibd.    (p) .  mill). 

Other  illiistr  >tive  decisions  witli  ro 
gard  to  injuries  of  this  ><irt  are  Kml  \ 
Mailliird  (18.-)8)  3  Iksw.  .501  (stivs- »^i- 
laid  on  the  I'.ict  that  the  liatcliWiiy  h.i- 
opeiied  without  authority);  llmini  v. 
Drlniit  d  V.  SInim  .Vur.  Co.  ().S02)  91 
Mich.  585.  .52  \.  \V.  22. 

(t)  Ilandliiiij  xliip  in  docKs. — ;\  fun' 
man  of  a  dock,  who  at  the  time  the  Mici 
dent  occurred  was  engagcil  in  su|k  rin 
tending  the  raising  of  a  vessel,  is  nut.  ;i- 
to  such  act,  the  alter  ego  of  the  ilmk 
company;  and  it  cannot  upon  tii.it 
ground  be  held  liable  for  bis  iii'^'Ml;'  ■:"• 
or  for  his  errors  of  judgment  in  clir.t 
ing  the  work.  Hart  \.  \'  .  Yuri:  I  halt- 
ing Ih)/  Ihick  Co.  (  !SS2)  Ki  .Tones  ,!v  S. 
400  (vessel  suddenly  careeiml  and  ftil 
on  plaintiff). 

(u)  yniipating  shipa. — In  Tin-  {finni 
(1889)  40  Ked.  (104,  it  was  s,,ii-lii  lo 
hold  the  ship  liable  for  the  iic;;li;.'in.i' 
of  the  ofl'icers  in  hanging  too  Icii.'  ;i 
haw-iT.  in  a  dense  !"<;.•,  in  a  f;(!i--v.v,  n:-.:! 
in  not  having  any  whistle  or  othn  -i,'- 
nal  to  indicate  her  presence  in  a  very 


I  811]  VIlK  l'ltlN(  IfALSIIIl'-  DKT.MLS  «»l'  \V«»l!i;.  ITim 

liold  to  be  fellow  sfivnnt.-  of  tniiiiincn.'     But  tlip  priiiciplo  itself  is 


ilanRcToun  pliirp.  The  ooiirt  miiil:  "ThenH 
f:iult»  nnw  in  tlii>  ili'liiiU  <if  ii:ivi;.';itii)ii. 
— u  work  ill  wliicli  nil  tlii'  Kiiiii'-  nun- 
imny  wtTc  iiliko  ciniilinid  in  llicii-  sev- 
eral grudi''*.  Ast  to  siiili  ilcliiils  llit<  «ea- 
iiien  lis  ffllinv  BciNaiilt  luiik  liii'  li-'k  of 
cucli  ofht-r'n  Mi't'liKi-nrc.  ...  It 
would  be  al)Hiird  tu  xiiy  tliiit  tin-  ouihm 
owed  a  duty  to  the  sciiiiicn  tliut  too  Imiu 
a,  hawiter  hIiiiiiI(1  nevrr  In-  u«hI,  or  lliiit 
signals  in  ii  fog  slmiilil  lie  pro|icrly  wivi-n 
l>v  their  own  vi'^nel.  'I'lii^c  ili'lailn  ho- 
Ion);  to  the  onliiiary  work  of  navi;;atiiin. 
anil  to  the  men  employed  to  ((iiiiliu'l  it. 
Ai  to  Ihi'*  work,  the  owners  owe  no  iliity 
to  the  (illiciTs  or  seamen  to  see  il  pii>p 
rrly  perfdi  iiii'd.  The  duty  lies  the  oiIut 
wiiy.  I  /:.,  from  the  ship'-,  iiiinpiiiiv  to  llie 
owners.  None  of  Muh  arts,  ninii  iiver, 
lielon);  to  the  ninsler  In  dc  as  the  ullir 
ego  or  si)eeial  n^prexiilalive  of  the  own- 
er, as  in  I'hkuyi.  M.  «t-  SI.  I'.  U.  C-i.  v. 
Uos»  (1H84)  112  I'.  S.  ;i77.  28  L.  ed. 
;S7.  ri  Sup.  rt.  Hep.  184.  They  may  he 
nil  perforini-fl.  iind  for  the  nio-t  part  usu- 
ally are  dincted  and  perforimsl,  hy  oth- 
ers than  the  master  Tlioiii.'li  there  are 
ninny  aots  in  the  eare  and  maiiMjieiiieiit 
of  the  tihip  anil  of  the  voyaye.  in  wliieii 
the  master  aets  ns  the  repie-ciitafive  of 
the  owners,  anil  |H'rfi>iiiis  Ihe  duties  and 
functions  of  the  owiu-r-i.  such  as  the 
niaintenance  of  the  ship  and  her  apparel 
in  a  safe  aiid  sj'aworthy  rondition.  pro- 
puring  repairs  and  Hiipplies,  freidhtinjf 
the  ship,  arrnnj/inK  her  voyajjes,  her 
times  and  plaees  of  sailinj;  and  stoppin};, 
and  the  diseliarj.'e  of  all  the  ftenernl  du- 
ties and  lejinl  old ij,'at ions  of  the  ship  to 
the  seamen,  for  whieli  ails,  if  n<-jj;lij;ently 
[lerformed,  tlie  owniTs  are  res|>onsible  to 
the  seamen  injured,  they  are  not  resixm- 
sihle  for  negli;;enee  in  the  mere  details 
(if  the  ordinary  work  of  navi;,'atiiiii  on 
hoard  the  ship;  because  these  aets  are 
not  at  all  duties  of  Ihe  master  as  thir 
iiihr  Kjo  or  ri'pri'seiitative  of  the  owner, 
nor  are  they  acts  us  to  which  the  ownei 
owes  any  duty  to  tin-  seamen.  As  to 
third  ]M'rsons.  all  the  ship's  company 
repie-ent  the  owner  in  the  work  assifined 
them,  and  tlieir  ni'yli;.'cnce  makes  the 
owner  liable.  .\s  between  Iheniselvcs,  no 
one  more  than  ani-thi-r,  in  the  ordinary 
work  of  navigation,  represents  the  own- 
er or  (lerforms  an  ownt  r's  duty,  and 
tlurefore  each  takes  the  risk  of  the  olh- 
ei's  ni'i.'lif.'ence."  The  judyMient  accord- 
int'ly  lucividcd  that  ihe  seatiMii  on  hoard 
one  nf  Iwii  vessels  who  had  licen  injured 
in  a  collision  caused  by  the  negligence  of 


holli  erews  roiild  only  reeii\er  one  half 
of  the  sums  re-«|K'cl iv(  y  a~«e«ed  and  al 
losved   to  Ihem  a»  ilaiiia;,'es. 

.\  mate  in  mana^in'^  a  pilot  boat  nets 
a.s  a  mere  nervaiil.  t'tirlHun  v.  I'nihtl 
Viic  VorA  Siiiiilit  Hook  I'iloiit'  .{hud. 
(I SUM)  n:i  Ked.  4118. 

(I  Ihiting  horsm  —An  employer  in 
not  liable  for  injiirirs  leeejved  liy  ore 
scrvanl.  owing  to  the  negli(.'iiil  diiviiit- 
of  aiiollier.  hnitii'  V.  .1  *M»7-iV'/'i  I'rft. 
Co.   (  1H!I2|   Si  \\  i<.  :i(l7,  C>1  \.  W.  .'ItU. 

'The  whole  liity  of  a  railroail  oom- 
pany  i^  pcrl'iM  mi  d  when  it  has  promul- 
galed  rules  which,  if  ohsened  and  fol- 
lowed by  the  sulMirdini'-s  who  have  to 
carry  them  out,  will  bi  ,'  |Mr-'onal  no- 
lice  to  everyone  eoiiierni'd  of  any  s|>ecial 
deviation  from  its  timelahle  in  rey.ird 
to  Ihe  ninning  of  its  I  ruins;  and  it  is 
not  liahle  fur  an  injury  eause<l  to  a 
tireman  by  Ihe  careles-iiess  of  o|M'raliirs 
and  eoniliiilMis  in  cMi-iiting  an  order  of 
Iho  train  despatcher  to  stop  a  train  at 
a  ecrlain  station.  The  servant's  action 
cannot,  under  sneh  eiicumslaiiees,  lie 
maintained  on  the  tliiiny  that  the  order 
-io  given  was  a  change  of  the  rules  of 
Ihe  road.  Slulir  v.  .hiirlt  (ISSI)  S."> 
v.  Y.  fil.  3't  Am.  Uep.  fi'i".  The  court 
-aid:  "It  cannot  be  c(uileiiiled  that 
there  was  anything  refpiired  of  the  con 
diietor  that  raised  him  out  of  his  rela- 
lioii  to  the  intestate  of  a  fellow  servant. 
The  act  required  of  the  comluelor  at  the 
p.irtieiil.ir  lime  was  to  nei-ive  an  order 
from  an  authorized  soiirci-  of  command, 
.ind  in  a  prescribed  mode  to  acknowledge 
Ihe  rcH'eipt  of  it,  and  then  to  fcdlow  Ihe 
direction.  This  was  service  merely. 
.  .  .  Tli"re  is  more  plausiiiility  in  the 
position  that  the  act  that  was  to  he  done 
on  this  occasion  was  so  i-ssciilially  one 
for  the  uiii.-tcr  to  do  in  his  duty  to 
liis  servants,  that  whatever  siiboidinate 
was  tnken  by  him  to  do  it  came  to  be 
the  master  in  doing  it.  It  ij  t'rgi-d.  and 
with  reason,  that  (learly  arranging  and 
promulgating  the  general  time  table  of  a 
L'reat  raihva,v  is  the  duty  and  the  act  of 
Ihe  niu-ter  of  it;  that  when  there  is  a 
variation  from  the  general  time-talile  for 
a  special  occasion  and  purpose,  it  is  ns 
much  the  ij,ity  and  act  of  the  master, 
and  he  is  as  much  reijuired  to  perfonii 
't;  that  it  is  the  duly  anil  act  of  the 
■iiaster  u^  se«>  and  know  that  his  general 
lime-table  is  brought  to  the  knowledge 
iif  his  servants  wlio  are  *o  square  their 
aclions  lo  it;  that  the  same  is  his  duly 
and  aet  as  to  a  variation  from  itj  which 


-^riil 


"M 


|3 


iTfin 


M.XSTKIl  AM)  SKKVANT. 


[(■ii.\r.  XXXII 


I       \  •'■ 


i<  lull  n  -piiiil  liiiii  t,ilil<-:  nn<I  t'mt, 
tliciifiiri'.  uliiii'ViT  111'  ii-r-  !■'  Iiriiia  lln>»e 
1nn>  hililc..  to  iIh-  mil  ill'  111'  liir.  -  •i\.iiil^, 
III'  |iiitx  tliiit  |H'riiiii  in  lii'  pliir  i>  iln  .in 
lilt  in  liis  KtiMil  iiiii-niiirl:  iH  IIk-  ri'-'|>iHi 
kiliilit)  i->  ii|Hiii  liiiii  til  Ml'  aii'l  '  now  that 
it,  i*  ili'iii'.  mill  ilnni'  ilTi  rlii:ill\  ;  hik! 
lliiit.  if,  iU'-lriiil  of  iliiiii),'  >l  >»  |>i'i-<>n.  he 
I'hiMi-'ei  ti)  ilo  it  thiiiii;.'li  all  ii;.i'iit.  Iliut 
iiHi'iit,  /'<i<  hue  lin  .  ]■>  lir.  tin-  niii-'ti'r.  iiml 
he,  thi-  iii,i-tri',  it  ri'-iii'ii'-iMp  fi>r  ii  nrj:!!- 
jp'nt  ai'l  thill  ill  I'f  Ihil  iil:'|M.  «li.ii-!iy 
a  fi'lliiw  ■*t'iviint  of  lilni  \*  li,ii  imil.  Tin' 
rule  li,i->  Im'i'M  laid  ilnun  in  r.  lualnl 
niiM's  in  tliiN  ciiiiit.  in  ti'rnio  •«  hmad  ait 
to  ('(line  I'liKO  to  tlii^  ri'-i'.      /7i/.i'  V,  llos- 

Ion  d  .1.  /.',  Co.  iis::ti   :<:\  s.  V,  r>4n, 

13  Am,  l!.'i>,  34."i:  riill<r  v.  .f,i,,H 
(ISHOi  80  N,  Y,  til,  :lll  Am.  Hop.  .")7i'>: 
C'-isphi  V.  lUihhilt  (IKSih  SI  X.  V,  r.lll, 
37  Am,  lii'p.  "ii'l,  ,\tliiilivi'  con-iili  ra 
lion,  howiviT.  will  [mtci'Ivi'  h  ili»tiiuli»>n 
lietwii'ii  lilt'  i'a«cn.  'Iliat  tlio  iiiastir  lias 
the  ri;;lit,  n»  rrjfnnl.'t  his  srivantt,  to  varj- 
from  till'  time  talilc  that  In-  has  »e.t,  can- 
not  Im>  iloiiliti'd.  It  is  at  timi's  a  nccps 
nit}-  so  to  do.  and  a  nrcrs^itv  so  frpniicnt 
aK  to  fall  within  tlii'  ocriiiirni'i's  that  a 
ruilwa.v  servant  is  l«>iiiiil  to  eNjU'it  in  the 
course  I'f  liis  eiiiplii\  iiient.  Kven  as  re 
f(urils  t'-  '  piililir  and  pa— i'ii;;ers.  a  rail 
way  m.iiianer  has  a  riyhl.  when  neeils 
press,  to  vary  from  his  jjeiieral  time- 
table.  .Ml  that  ran  then  lie  re.,iiiri'il 
from  him.  liy  the  piililie  and  pa'"en;.'ern, 
is  that  when  he  makes  the  variatimi  he 
ai'ts  niihi  it  with  icasuii.ilili  laie  and 
diliyeni'e.  Niiir.s  v.  f-!iisf'in  U.  (^ti 
(18<i7)  14  Allen,  43.1,  'M  .\m.  IVo.  7S0; 
aoriloii  V.  l/i(.i(/ii.s(ir  if  f,.  II.  ro.(lS7.1) 
fi2  \.  II.  r.lHi,  13  Am.  Hep.  (17.  That  is 
to  say,  line  (are  and  dilij:i'noe  in  (rivin}; 
notiee  of  the  ihaii'.i'.  am!  in  running.'  the 
train  upon  the  ehanvnl  time.  A  servant 
cannot  ask  for  ni  e\pril  iimre  than  this. 
.  ,  We  think  that  it  is  a  miseon- 
coption  of  the  ease  to  hntd  that  the  or 
der  of  the  train  de-p^iliher  wn-n  a  ehanj."' 
of  the  rules  of  tlie  v.iail  as  estahlislnil 
and  proimilfiitiil  liy  the  superintendent. 
The  train  desp.itehei  aeted  in  exact  ae 
oold  with  the  general  rules  and  refjula 
lions,  "hieh  foresaw  and  with  minute 
vided  for  such  an  cH'casion  as 
ininh  and  as  fully,  so  far  as  we 
from  the  case,  as  for  the  ordi 
ruiininj;  of  trains  on  the  (p'litrnl 
time-card.  The  order  of  the  train  de 
Hpatcher  was  hut  n  eanyinj;  out  of  thos, 
rules,  and  an  application  of  certain  iiro 
visions  of  them  to  a  case  for  which  they 
were  made,  and  the  .iri-ing  of  which  had 
hean    foreseen    as    probable.       In    what 


ness 
this, 
can 
narx 


other  way  lotil.l   they  le  carried  out   in 
the  di'laii  of  Iheiii.  hut  th.-<'i;;h  the  >"i\ 
iiv  of  the  •ir\aiils  pro  ioii'-lv  rhu-iii  an.| 

insiyneil    to    their    (xirts?       .\nd   eaii    it 
itli  piopriily  lie  "aid  that  the  |»irt»  .| 

hat  del.iil  are  acts  of  the  master.  Ilii 
lie  iiiiist  do  hini-etf.  or  he  liable  fur  th. n 
ni';:li;,'iiit  doiiiK?"  .\fti'i  l.iyin;;  iIhum 
tlie  prineiple  that  the  ma-'ter's  lialiilil\ 
ili'|ii'iids  on  the  I'hanieter  of  the  ne^li;.'i  in 
act.     the     eiiint      plorie  led      tbils:       '    I  ' 

iHiery.  then,  is  in  the  cnso  iM'fnre  ii-    I- 
it    the   duly   if    tile   master    to   L'ive    ]■  i 
sonal     notice    to    cMTy     o|M'raliM'  if    i 
train  of  a  special  ileviation  from  an  e- 
tnblished    (.I'neriil    tiiiii'talile?   or    i«    Iik 

"  done  when  he  has  iNforehainl  pi' 
■  ..u  rules,  minute,  e\plirit,  and  i-l'^ 
eieni,  and  made  them  known  to  his  «l■l^ 
.ints,  which,  if  ubscrvcd  and  folhiwed  In 
all  eonii  rncd,  will  hriny  such  in'r-mtil 
notice  to  every  one  entitled  to  it?  Wi- 
think  that  in  the  cireiiiMstani'e*  of  ilii- 
cise  the  latter  clause  of  the  ipnry  pro 
|HiuniN  the  true  rule,  and  should  I"-  m 
swennl  alhrmatively.  It  Is  the  diilj  nf 
the  master  to  provide  rules  and  rej.nil.1 
tions  for  the  running  of  the  trains,  lie 
has  done  so  here.  One  of  them  is  Ih.ii 
by  telojjraphic  messaire  seir  at  any  liim 
throUKli  o|M>rators  at  the  ends  of  tin- 
wire*,  to  the  vondiictor  and  enciinsi-  if 
a  train,  that  train  may  he  stopiK-d  at  .i 
station,  or  hurrinl  forward  fo  unollni. 
or  made  to    go    out    of    general  onlir 

These    rules,     with     that     provisi n- 

made  known  to  all  servants.  If,  wl  illii' 
intestate  entered  the  oniplovinent  oi  tin- 
ili'fiii'lant,  these  rules  had  Imi'ii  ii-il  ■  ' 
him,  and  hia  especial  attention  calhl  ii, 
Ihis  one.  and  he  had  agrei'd  to  sitm  uii 
der  it,  '.vonld  not  he  have  taken  the  ri-k 
if  the  carelessmws  of  the  operalui"  iiii'l 
conductor  in  carrying  it  out?  1- Ihl- 
caso  any  diireieiit  in  substince  lr"i 
that?  Really,  by  enterin;,'  the  einpl'iv 
ment  with  these  rules  in  force,  he  'li'l 
in  efTect  agree  that  sjiecial  orders  iiii;;lil 
lie  so  sent.  The  bargain  bi'twi'i-n  liini 
and  the  defendant  was  not  only  thai  -|»- 
i-iat  orders  might  lie  given  inti  rfi  liii;; 
with  the  general  timetable,  hut  lluit 
they  might  b..  givin  in  this  way.  It  i« 
this  feature  of  the  case  that  di-tiii- 
giiishcd  it  from  some  of  tho-e  tli.il  ui' 
have  cited." 

One  of  the  Federal  circuit  cmut-  nf 
iippeals  has  al-o  held  that  a  loeil  ti  li- 
graph  o]M'rator  receiving  and  delivri"- 
tlie  orders  of  a  train  despateliir  to  tln' 
|ierson  in  charge  of  a  train,  in  n^i"'! 
ti)  ;;  rh:r!i,:;f  in  fit.-  ->h.-dule.  is  a  t'>-M"'.» 
servant    of    the    latter.       Ornjoii  Shml 


V  ! 


i  811) 


Ml  K  l'l!IN(  ll'vr.smi"— DKTAIt.s  OK  WnllK. 


ITtir 


hiunl    i  \H'M\)   21     thf  o|. 

Iiiioh,.-' 


I.iiir  if  I'.  V.  i:.  i; 

r.  i".  A.  isti.  I J  1  .  s,  .\|.|>.  i;iii;.  :»  i\.i 

:i(i."(  ( Di.-.-iiiiiii.'.  ii.iulcv.  .1.1.  I  111'  c  Hit 

ri{     ili-iil--lli;;     I  lir     i i.i(ic.-«     iif     I  lit. 

rhiirui'  "f  'Ik'  Iriiil  jimI'ji-  .Imt  il  tviit  llit> 
.IllIV  <if  till-  lilllli  i.l  nj|ll|..ih)  111  Kin- 
imliir  tliiil  il  IiikI  I'liiitiL""!  III!'  liMi.'  of 
riiniiliiu    llic    li.iiri-'.  hikI    Hi, it    if   it   In 

llll-trll    tllllf    cllltV     111    till'     ti'l     Jl:l|ill    l)|M  1 

itnr.  hi.<  iicN  Hill,  till-  iirU  111  l!;i'  ni|t|. 
I'liiy.  anil   IIimI.   If   In-  w.i<  nr^Ljiiit    in 

III!*   Ill.ltti  I.    Il    \\ii«   till-   |il./liyi'llr|.    if   till' 

riiin|>iinv.  "iiiii:  ■  Tin-  iml  ii.iry  niiiMiii|{ 
iif  tlic  tniin  il  i>liilili<lii.<l  liv  II  liM'il 
-rlinlillp.  of  uliiili  II, I  i>|'i  III  ivi'i  liilVH 
iiuliri'  iinil  liy  whirti  tlii'M'  ml.  iini<t  1»' 
;;ii>i'rilfil,  \\  lii'ii  <N'i';l4iiin  .lli'r>  Id  ili» 
lurli  till!  ri'^'iiliir  ki'IiiiIuIi-.  llii-  iliily  n-l* 
ii|"pn  the  (•iiiii|«iiiy  to  xivi-  tiiiirly  nolii'e 
I"  Ihoio  thiit  iir«  to  bc!  iiM.iliil  'lunliy. 
I'liin  it  i«  thi>  ollliv  of  tilt*  train  ili'^jMilrh 
If  to  ilo.  Itul  uliiTi  lie  hiiH  yivi'ii  tliut 
iiifiiniiiition  t/i  a  local  o|R"'.iti>r,  i..  that 


ihity  ili«'hiir).'ri|.  or  ilufs  tliiir  rrst  ii|iiin    tinii-  lanl.    lull    i' 


III  of  iill  riiilri>nil«.  I 
■  -•iiry  111  i«"iM'  «|«'c  I 
ili'iH  fi  r  lliilr  iliiiH  tiim.  (  i  ml 
iiiu'iiirii -,  anil  l.raki'iiifti  liavi' 
ti|;;i'  of  tliiit  f^iil.  mill  tliry  kinm 
tliiv  ciiliT  inlii  ihc  fiii|>li'y  iiii'iil 
riiliio'iil  iiiii|iiiiy  tli.it  fhrir  n.  i 
Kinli  1  r.lii  •  ihii-l  I'lMiif  llin  iiyli  lli 

ll'll   JIMI.Il      IrlNLlllir     .it      llu'      -I    Mil   I 

lliil  ilii'i  iiiiiir  tlir  ri<k  iif  ill 
iliii.ii..!i  hi-  iii.-liL'i  111 '■  or  iiil-liiki'  ' 'm 
-|Hii,il  iinli'ii  i.-iii-  In  till'  lir-l  iii-i  1. 1 
fniii  till'  ir.iiii  .!i-|iiii.|i..r.  It  i»  i.i.«i 
I'li-ly  iiii|ni--ilili  fur  him  to  yivi'  |i..i-  ii 
il  imliru  to  all  >v  Im  arc  to  Ih'  ;;i>vi'|i  I 
llii'ii'liy.  'Ilic  nrilir*  must  of  ni.i.<...  v 
Im'  ripin  >.i|  111  -i.iiic  one  in  li.  h:ilf  i 
llic  iillii.f-.  Till-  liirjl  ti'l.yraiili  i.|ii.|  . 
tor.  the  ii.niliiiliii-,  Ihc  ciiyifito,  ami  thi 
lir.ikniMii  ,irc  nil  i'ny.i;;ii|  i,.  ii  cmiiMion 
ini|ilii\  nil. lit.  -Iliuf  of  in 
Ihc  ii|M.r:ili>r.  it  i-i  Irii.- 
|i<'i>iiiial    ri  K    fii.ii 


I  III. II 
or 

iiir-. 
iiul 

vlli'll 

lili' 

■  i 

•  a  I 
nil 
•nl 


in^'  the  tiiiiii 
iiliiii',  to  nil 

•lire    ill     111.- 


the  ciiiLpany  the  further  olili;;:iliiin  'o  mi. 
that  all  of  il-  -rrv.iiiti  thiiiii..'h  wlm-i- 
hiiniN  t  lit  nir-.ayc  •.'ix-.  on  iln  way  to 
the  cni|iliivi'cs   -hall   ilelivcr   it  »* 

jrivcn.  and  t'al  in  i-ii-m  of  any  failure  in 
the  line  of  coniiiiiiiiie  itioii.  th.'  inniimiy 
«hall  Ix!  lialile  fur  Ih-  ic-iilliii^'  inj.iiy'; 
In  sii|i|iort  of  llie  huter  vi.u  it  i-  ,ii 
ttiril  that,  if  the  ilnly  to  nolify  the  train 
npcralivos  of  a  ihin.e  in  the  tiinetalile 
\*  per-nnnl  to  the  riini|i,iny,  atul  e.iniiiit 
lie  ilrle^'atcil  to  till'  >i'r\ant  "o  as  tn  ex- 
(Use  the  c  •ni|»any  froiii  lialiility.  it  fol- 
l(iw<  that  Mich  imuer,  since  it  may  not 
Ik.  ilile^'iitoil  to  one  servant,  may  not  lie 
ilcli'^'ateil  liy  hint  to  anither.  ami  that 
the  rrasons  which  leail  to  the  riinihi-icii 
that  the  train  i|c-|iatcher  is  a  •.  iie  pnii 
cipal  loail  diiiitl\  to  th(>  further  con 
I'lii-ion  that  the  Imal  toli".'ra|ili  .i[>era- 
tor  .stands  in  the  -ame  attitirle  to  tlie 
company,  and  that  thi»  duty  the  com- 
pany owes  of  fiiriiishiii},'  a  safe  plicc  of 
ojicralion  to  its  eniployivs  cannot  he 
ilisrliar^i'd  short  of  actual  iiotico  to 
tb<i-e  who  are  to  lie  alTected  ther  .liy.  and 
whose  ]KT.iiiiial  safetv  is  n  lei'dent 
thi  '  '       ■   - 


trolliiiL'  line 

low     sen  a  lit 

point    where 

ii'inpaiiy  c,  ,i 
the    lime 
llie     Opel 
CiiiiM    it 
leei  i\    d 

from    the 

f.lilell   ti. 


tie 


dis'lii 
Til,.. 

h 

when    infill 
alor.     wli 
he   s;iiil    ;  f: . 
from    the   1. 
train    i! 

.'Iliile  hi- 


lot 

!«•  hi- 
lic     - 

ily   .  ■ 
''ce 


•on 
fcl 


.It 


1  'leri-itV 
:  riMcip;i 
mkcni.i 
1'   injiin 

if     the 


It      , 

iHlor       ■"' 
t     llles-      :i 

^tll" 
111 
•  1 


"rls 
'  fie 


(ieren|ion.     After    a    careful    coii-idcr 

tion  of  the  question   and   of   the  stionj;    leitiiii;  smh    Incal   o| 
rcnsims  that   may   he   iirired    in    f^upp-rt    in-t.inee.  and   lias  net 
of  eilhiT  view  of  this   pr.. posit  inn.   it    is 
eiir  conclusion   that  the  hettcr  dnctrino 
is  that    th"   local    teliijiapli    operator    is 
till'  fellow  iMirvant  of  those  who  are   in 
tlip     iiiiilrol     and     manaL'cnient    of    the 
'r.iin.      it   is  evident,  and  the  court    will 
tile  jiiilicial   notice   of  the  fact,  that  a 
iii-;iiiliMiiee  ill  (he  leyiilar  lime  -elieiiule 
nf  trains   is    freipient   and    nwcssan-    in  pi.iee.   fur 
Vol,  II.  M.  &  S.— 30. 


ill   the   ri'lat  inn   of  i 
iiilldlletor,    eliyillen 
other  tr.iiii   » lio  ni.? 
:ii-;ll'.:r-ncc?     Or.  Il', 
shiiiild    rei'cive    in-t  rintiiin' 
train   ile-patrher   '       -end   niii 
to  siL'iial  an  appr.  ,1.   hin^  triin 
piii>    is  ri-piinsil.|t     ^  -r  the  • 
-iii'li   lliiimian    ill         -lie;;    <■ 
-iii'li      instruct  iim-         |t     imni 
principle  to  li.ilil         ,t  tb*"  c 
i|i-.i'liari:ed    il-  whi"     ii 

infennatioii    t'  of  i 

is  en^'aeiil    in  coninv 

ef  tile  others  it     are    ti 

thi'ieliy.   and    '',i-    in-trueti 
I  ily   his  coempl'iyee-  ;  anil 

ompany    has   eNercisinl    i|i 
at. 

(„.    T'       .1, 

eiiipliiyinfr  or  retainiie,.'  liii 

it   has  di-ehar^'isl     it-    dnty 

such   operator  stand-    In  tlie 

a    fellow    servant    to   the  train,      n." 

Very    siMij|;ir    is    the    rea-inin;.'    in    a 

ca-e    decided    in    another    einiiil  :      ■'He 

and     the     eiej-ineer    and    the    c  ihlnitur 

work    to;;i'ther.    at    the    same    '  inie    and 

I  common  eniployci,  ,>ith  an 


I     that 
tmlc  of 


^ 


iraa 


MAMTKR  ..NDSKUVAXT. 


[ci:ap.  XXXII. 


1: 

111 
i 

1 

1 

■ 

II  .1 


111  i: 

1-1  ■ 


imniiNliiili-  (Miiiimon  (iKji-ct,  luinH'ly.  the 
pri'lM  r   iiiiiiiina  n'   ir.iin«.      Il    l<  !■»■«•« 
liill,    III    till'    ■•laiiiliii;;   iU>i>.irtiiii'iit    >i(    ii 
riiilroii'l   ri  iniKiiiv.  tlml    llun-  >lii>iili|  ha 
|>r<>\  i-ioii     li>r    riiiiiiiiuiili.il  iiiK    to    tiiii-M' 
In  I'li.iip'  III  ililli'iiiil  trails  the  »lii-ii- 
rilnMit-   "it    iillirr    tniiM-.,    to   nvnl'l    nilll 
■ion.     Tliix    inriiiiiiiitiiin     I"     uIm-ii     l>y 
liii'itim    <i(     till'    piiiTul    liinr  t.ililf   anil 
mmnil   nili'-i   lur  tin'   iiimiiiiy  of  triiiti'> 
witli    ii'f'  ii'iiii'   til  I'lirli  iilliiT.   uliirh   t  lif 
t'liiiiliiMi-    III   ih.iiyi'  III  ('iii'li    Ir.iiii   .If 
•>lili!.''il  liiiiiliiill.v  to  "Ik'V.      liiit  it  iifli'H 
hiil>|ii'ii'>    tliiit     till'     p-iii'ial     tinii' l.ilili- 
inuiit   !«•   Miiinl    lii'Mi,   mill   tln'i(    N.iria 
liimi*  niii!-t  In'  I'liiiiiiiiiiiiiatiil  til  tliiitv  in 
<hiir;;i'  iif  traiin.      'I'liU    I-  i  itirliil   mil 
iilly  l>v   trli'Kta|iliir  iirili  i>   fiimi   tin'  ku 
|Mriiit.'iiili'iit   iir    tli<'    I  rain     ili-|iatrliiT. 
who  Into  Kii|inMii*  iniitrii'  :■(  the  ninniii;' 
of  trains.      I  lir  iiifuiiiiiit  i   ti  i«  al-n  mm 
miinii'ati'ii    liv    I1UMII1     ol'     lli'jiiirii,     !)>■ 
nMMiii-.  iif  toiiii-loi-.  liy   ri'il   liulit«  iiinl 
grrfii    li^'lit*    ii|K)ii    traiiii.   liy    Itu'   liloclt 
HJ^'iial    -y«triii.  iiiiil   in   nllu'i    «a.\x.    'I'lic 
•ulioriliiiiit«>  i'in|iliiyi<'»  ulm-i-  iliify  it  il 
to  t.raii-iiiit  till'  iinlii-  I'f  tlic  nitiriT  in 

control,  or  to  ^-ivi-  Inf aliuii  a-  tu  the 

pn'wnri-  of  liain«  ii|iiiii  iin.v  part  of  tliii 
trnrk,  witlioiit  -iiin'ial  m.l.  i-.  nn"  cn- 
imK'ed  at  tlii'  *aiii<'  tinn-  aiil  pliiri-  with 
the  |H'rHons  ii|i<'ral  in^  tlir  train,  in  a 
ciiiiiniiiii  cmployinrnt,  liiuiii;;  an  iiiiiiu'- 
(liatf  coiiiiiiiin  oliirrl.  nanii'ly.  tlial  of 
tho  ninnin;;  of  train-*,  anil  tlii'ii  Iitc 
iiTP  fi'llow  servant-.  Tlii'  man  ulio 
nuiki's  tlic  si;;iial  at  tin-  --latiiiii  to  the 
i'nj.'ilni'r  mi  the  apl'Iuai'liinj.'  Iiain  to 
stop  is  as  much  i'iii;a','i'il  in  tlio  nimiinj; 
and  0|«'ratiiin  of  tli:it  tr.iiii  iis  tlir  lla;:- 
man  smt  out  iihi'ai!  to  signal  tho  con- 
ilition  of  a  -.witdi  .  .  .  'Ihi'i'i'  lan 
lie  no  sciiiratinii  of  the  oigiial  ilr|iiil- 
mont  nml  tin-  .ipiratinj'  ilopartiiirnt.  fur 
the  ompliiyct's  onira^'i'il  iil"'n  II"'  train, 
in  the  ailnal,  manna!  opcratinii  of  the 
train,  aro  i'\|ii'ili'il  to  he  jMilt  of  the 
si^'Tial  ili'partiiiriit  of  the  roiii|Kiny.  The 
Mian  will)  puts  out  the  irrri'ii  liyhl  at 
the  lia"k  of  the  train,  to  inilirate  that 
a  train  is  fullnuin^r.  romniunir  it<-  to 
pvpry  -tat inn  a^'i'ut.  every  coihlmtor. 
and  every  engineer  who  set-s  It.  knuwl 
edf.v  upon  nhieh  (hiy,  eaeh  of  tliein. 
must  not;  nini  vet  it  (\\n  hardly  tie  ■^aid 
that  the  hriiUeinan.  in  di-playiiiL'  'his 
(»reen  li^hl.  is  ..rtiii'.'  in  a  dillriiiit  de- 
partment fiiim  the  man  "ho  opir-  and 
elose.s  the  thnatli'  v.ilve  of  the  en^iine." 
ntillimoiv  i(  ".  /;.  (•').  V.  fiimp  (IHIi.M 
i;!  (\  (  .  \  ■':i:i  :il  I'.  S  .\pp.  2i:i.  ti-i 
I'l-d.  <r.J. 

Sie    i.l-i>  llliiioia   V.   II.   Co.   V.   ninU 


(  IINMh  10  f.  ('.  \.  M.  '.m  Kill.  il.'iT  nail 
rnad  i'iim|Niiiy  is  not  li.ilile  f  t  the  deitii 
id  ail  rliMiii"'!'  Ill  "  •"lli-ioii.  due  tn  Ii" 
iii-j!ii;i-iii'e  of  an  f,  latnr  In  failini;  !■ 
ri'i'Tt  the  |>a>'<iii;i  ui  a  train  at   his  -i  i 

lillM  I  . 

When'  .-in  cnjrim-er  vn-  killid  thniii.li 
the    Ml  ^'lii.'enii'    of    H    teli'jnipl'    o|>i'r.ii..r 

ll    mil'  of    III'   -l.llliill-   OM   I  lie  lie  fin.  I  III 

iii.ul.  ill  filllnii  to  iiiMify  the  I'lMiilie  !•  i 
iif  the  ti.iin  iif  a  fart  li  liv'iaphi-d  tu  hin. 
iKiiii  the  -laiiiiii  .ilii.iil.  >-,liiili  «iiiil.|  n 
ipiire  him  to  sl.iikiii  spud  and  to  ii.  - 
ii\er  u  -wilili  onto  aniitlier  traek  iil  .i 
■_'iven  |Mi|llt.  Ille  liinsiipli'llie  lull.' 
that  the  iiiLiine  driven  hy  the  Inl' - 
tulo  jUlll|M'il  llii'  tlaiU  and  I'.lllsed  In- 
death,  the  is.urt  In  Id  that  the  tele'.'ri|.i 
ii|H-ratiir  was  a  fi  llmv  servant  with  il" 
eri'.dnitT.  limit  II  \.  I'liiltlili  l/thiil  if  /i' 
fi'  r-i.  (  iHSr,  ;  I'll  I  ,1  t'ent.  I.'i'p.  II.'  1 
All.  170.  In  tlii-  else  the  eniirt  eiin-il 
I'li'd  that  the  main  duly  of  a  t«li';:i  ip'- 
iiperaliir  i-  the  ri-ei  ipi  and  delivery  it 
mi— i;.'i's  reirnrdiii'-'  the  runniiiL'  "' 
tr.iiii-  upon  the  roaiKviiy,  in  «liii-li  li' 
i-.  iiiiiely  the  automaton  or  eiiiiimiiiiii  i 
lor  tn  ;;ive  the  infi  i  iiiation  a.,  to  l!t. 
eiiriilit  inn  ')f  the  tr.ii!^  alii'.id  of  the  ii"  \ 
in;;  triin.  uinl  part  of  the  yi  ti nil  iiii 
eliineiy  liy  whieli  the  v,  linle  ro.idwuy  mi- 
eper.iled. 

Iti-i-oM'iy  wn«  nl-o  denied  in  the  fel 
lowing;  ea-i's:  l/iAi"/  \.  \i.;'/iirii  /' 
/.'.  »■".  (H><!)l  i-2  I'eil.  -JSS;  I/.,/(.i.//;.i.i 
V.  Siir   Yuri:  <\  rf  //.  h'.  /.'.  '■".   i  IssT- 

4.j  Hiin,  ll:l   (I'm viii-tni-s  i.f  this  il. 

ei-ii'ii  sis-m-  rillier  i|ni-l  ioiialile,  as  tin- 
oper.itor  had  the  duly  of  eiinlrolliii'.'  t!:- 
miivemeiits  of  trains  at  a  pailiiiilu 
point  miller  a  teiiipmary  -y-triii  iir;;aii 
1/1  ll  liy  the  eiimp.inv.  in  '-  Iim  of  I  lie  fm' 
thai  the  priiu're—  of  eeil  iln  alleratieii- 
in  the  traek  rendireil  it  neies-iry  le 
mil  all  trains  ^inini;  in  'iiie  direitii-n  on 
a  siii;;le  tj'ack  I  ;  Ituiin  V.  ')'•  Vi..  '' 
cf  //.  /.'.  It.  lo.  I  HSI)  i  Him,  47:: 
(iiii-s-ave  misiii!er|  iteil;  on«e  \\a-  ii|> 
pe:'leil.  lint  ineiely  on  the  qiie-liiii  ot 
the  in-ulHeieney  of  the  e.iii'|iiiiy'- 
ruli  si . 

See  also  Ciiifiiimili.  .V,  ().  <f  T.  /'.  /•' 
Co.  V.  rliirf-  (18>i.1)  fi  C.  C.  A.  1^\.  IS 
r  S,  .\pp.  17,  ■>7  Ked.  12"),  where,  ii"" 
e,er.  the  nonliahility  was  pretlinti'l 
dire<tly  from  the  fa"l  that  the  i.|vii  ili  r 
was  at'  nil  events  a  fellow  servant  a-  to 
the  ne;;li;.'ent  act  which  caused  the  in 
jury. — I  i:.,  in  not  |iulting  rut  pi'i|«T 
-i'jiials  for  ]>assing  trains, — ami  tlm- 
<is'iiij:  that  nn  train  pas-ed  witliin  le.->» 
tliau  ten   iiiiniiles  of  unulliur. 


i      I 


I  «I21 


VH  i:  I'niM  ii'M.siiii' -i)Kr\ii>  <»k  work. 


iron 


(i{uall}'  ii|i|ili<-iililt'  wilt  IT  iiilit'i-  nirtliii<l<4  ui  tniiiitmittirig  tho  uuHtcr's 
I'ouiniundit  uw  involvid  iu  liu'  cii 

('.  Neomoknce  ok  ('0!*h;k\ a\T!»  im  ni-si'mT  to  rirp  furrsnxTio:! 

OR    HTKltllltAI.    MOIHI  l(  AlIMN    OK    I  .\.>*  lUI  M  1  N  lAl.mta    U«     IIIIJU 
rABTM,  WIIK.N  NOT  IMl'l  VIM  To  Till:  M  \f<Tri!. 


All  to  niw'H  in  wJiich  tlic  ili'lin<|iii'iicv  l•(-i(l|\l•^  it-'lf  inin  niirlip-ntly 
sflirtin/,',  or  failin-j  to  use,  tlic  iiii|iliiiiiris  u,  lie  nilju-ii  >l,  -ic  iil>.i  J;i 
(103.  004,  Hiipia. 

618.  Introductory.—  Onlin.irily.  n»  lias  I.  n  ^Imui,  nlx.vr.  i  SS.'.nC- 
.IfiH,  anle),  tho  duty  of  tiikinjj;  fiiri'  flmt  the  Hiviini  i,  imi  cniii^ciI  to 
iliiiiffjT  from  what  may  Im-  ciilli'd  inirinsio  dcfict^  jn  iln'  iii«ti'iim<'ntal- 
iiics  is  «|ppmc(l  to  \h'  noii-<l('I<'j;iilil(',  Hut  this  iirinciph'  is  siil>Mcf  to 
viiiic  importnnt  qniilitifiiiii.nK.  'I'lic  in-i'dsc  cxfciii  i<(  which  is,  us  th<i 
aiilhoritit'.s  uow  stmnl,  a  matter  of  luuirtainty.' 

!t  may,  iH'rha]!-.  Iw  fakon  ns  a  ;'ro|to-itic.ii  iiiiiMr.i,illy  foiiccdcil.ilnit 
liic  ri;;hls  and  liahilitirs  of  thr-  ma>l<'r  and  scrvjuil  arc  to  \w  piiipd 
with  rofcrciK'"  to  rho  [trincipli'  that,  wlicro  tlm  master  fiirnislic^  tho 
materials  for  si'ciiri'ij;  the  safety  of  tii,'  servant,  as  t!ie  work  pro;;re*se;, 
ill  a  [ilai-e  the  condition  of  wliieh  is  coiistantly  eliaiiirinjr.  the  iwe  and 

■In  Curd  v.  Kihhi    IIHIU;   Mti.  i    ■2H  S.  mils   inn<t   look   to  furli    ntliiT    for    nro- 

\V.  !l7n.  11  st-ction  forctimn  wiis  liilil  not  liHtiini   in   tlic  iMTfeiiniiiiri.  <if  tliiir   n-- 

tii  111"  rnlitlcd  to    iirnviT,   wiii'ic  ii    lire  ~|M'ilivc  ilutlfj.     'I  lii'  liiiiiian  liiii  Im'  ro- 

iiiiin  iiiiiliTtiKilx-  to  (lilivir  III  liiiii  a  li-If  ^miiI'iI    ii"    llii'    lejiiit    or    viii'    |>riii(i|ial 

;;ni|>liii'  (!c»|>iil(li  tiy  tviiif,'  it  to  a  Iiinip  of  tlir  hiiIvit^  iiiiilir  no  lr«t   wliirli  Ii:m 

lit  coal,  anil,   in   tliinuin;;  tlir   lump  oil.  imi    lnin   a|>|ilinl   liy  tlii'  I'eiii'ts  of  tliis 

iniiilviTti'ntly    slriuk    liiiii.       Tlir    roiirt  -lati-.  or  il-rwlnri',  ■^  i  far  a>  I  liavo  Iiirii 

-uiil:     "rMi'    art     till'     llniiian    was    ri-  alili- to  ili-iover.      Ili    \\a~  ;.'i\i.ii  no  (iiia. 

iiuiriil  to  iHrforni  \\a~  tln'  ili'liviry  from  it  tn  siiim>i  iiilfiiil.  riiiili.l,  or  ilinri   tlie 

.1  niiuiiiif.'  train    of    a     iiir^^a;:!'   to  thi>  |>laiiiliil. --» liirli   i..  Iln-  ii-h.iI  |i,|  ;    nor 

plaintiir.     It  cannot  mattiT  how  iiii|Kir  uas  In-  prrfoniiini;  a   iliily  tlii'  m.-ivirs 

taut  tlie   nie>*a):i'    may    liavr   Imimi.    noi  owoil  to  pl.iintilt'.  otlu-r    tlian    »iii  li    as 

that  it  containiil  an  onlor  thi'    ini^iMTs.  llicy   owiij    to  cuiy    otliiT   I'lnptovco    in 

lliroiiL'li    thoir     roail     master,    or    other  llieir  servifc." 

iV-pnt.   wore   rii|iiin'ii   to   ^'ive.      The   in  '  In   one   ea<f>   it    has    iH'en   laid   ilown 

iiiry  iHcI  not   result    from   the   nature  of  that    Iln-  iiia^ler'^  lialiility   may  lie  te-t- 

Ihe  miv^ajie.  or  from  ii  failure  to  trans  nl     liy    loiiHiileriiiL'    uhetlier    the  injiiiy 

init  it.     'Ihe  serviiT  requireil  of  the  tire-  was  eaii-eil   In    a   lireaili  of  the  ilnty  of 

TTian  was  that   of  a   servant,   whieli   any  eiiii-tnntioii.    preparation,   or   repair,  or 

iiies«eiij.'er    eonlil    have     perfornieil,   ainl  Ky   a    Imaeh   of  the  iliity  to  operate  the 

the  manlier  of  its  ileliverj'  ilid   not    per  applianee  with   proper  eari'.     St.    l.ciiis, 

tain   to  the   duty   tho   receivers   oweil    |o  /.    .1/.   ,f   d.    If,    (•„,    y,    \riilliiiin     (IS;)4) 

|ilaintiir.     Tiny  owed  him  the  duly  onl>  u'.i  I..   H.  .A.   H.'l.'i.    M   C.  ('.   .\.  .'>(!.  27    I'. 

iif  ii-in';  reasonable  eare  til  si.liH't  a  eoni  S.    .App.    227.    (i:t    led.    1117    (see    5    tilO, 

P'tent    anil    eareful     messenjier.      After  note    I.smImI.    i  d  I .  M///ri;  p  .    Iiiit    in  view 

the  master   has  di-ehar}rnl   the  duty   he  of  the  deeisions  cited  in  ,he  present  suh- 

owes  his  servants,   sueh   as   proper  eaie  title,    this   stateineiit    eaiinot    he    ~aid    to 

in  the  s,.l,<.tion  of  thos<.  with  wlioni  they  express   correctly   the   doctrine   uecepted 

are  nipiind  to  w.irti.  providing;  -iiitalde  liy  many  Judges, 
tools,  and  machinery,  etc.,  yet  the  serv- 


It 


fii^j 


yi 

<fmF 

i 

.le'; 

liil 


1770 


MASTKU  AND  !SKU\  ANT. 


Ic'ilAP.   XXXIl. 


til 


appliciition  of  those  niatorials  accortlinn  to  the  exigiMU-ios  of  tho  work 
is  the  function  of  the  servants  themselves,  u»U-ss  that  function  is 
si)ecially  assumed  by  the  master.-  Hut  tlie  practical  construction  oi 
a  rule  so  bro:i<lly  expressed  as  tliis  obviously  affords  scope  for  infinii. 
differences  of  opinion. 

'i'he  reports  carry  us,  by  gradations  sometimes  almost  impencp 
tibie,  from  cases  involving  groups  of  facts  which  may  be,  without  dil 
ficulty,  admitted  to  be  such  that  recovery  could  n(jt  have  been  alloucl 
consistently  with  any  reasonable  interpretation  of  the  doctrine  of  cmii 
mon  employment,  to  cases  which  virtually  nullify  in  some  very  imimr 
taut  respects  the  theory  that  the  master  must  answer  for  the  neglignin 
of  the  employees  who  provide  the  place  of  work  and  other  applianns 
Judicial  ingenuity  has  been  taxed  to  the  utmost  for  the  purpose  of 
discovering  distinctions  of  sufficient  importance  U>  take  the  evidiiic 
out  of  the  operation  of  this  theory.^  The  desp«>rate  predicament  in 
which  the  i^mrts  sometimes  involve  themselves  in  the  attempt  to  din; 
with  antagonistic  principles  at  jjhices  wliere  they  overlap  has  as>iir 
edly  never  In-en  more  strikingly  illustrated  than  by  the  n>cent  rem:irk 
of  a  New  Jersey  judge  that  "a  duty  may  be  ambiguous,  or  nuiy  haw , 
double  aspect,  and  be,  in  some  sense,  incundx'nt  on  the  master  ami  "H 
the  fellow  servant,"'  and  that  "such  a  pi-ol)l(  i  may,  p<'rhaps,  be  solve! 
by  determining  which  <luty  is  paramount  over  the  other."^  \Vli;i' 
more  "lame  and  impotent  conclusion"  could  be  reached  than  the  cnii 
cei)tion  of  a  duty  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  master's  or  the  -ii 
'-ant's  ac«"ording  to  the  standpoint  from  which  it  is  viewed,  and  iln 
suggestion  that  the  rights  and  liabilities  of  the  |)arties  should  be  si' 
tied  bv  an  unintelligible  method  of  analysis  <  When  such  a  contV- 
sion  of  hel])lessness  is  forced  from  a  judge,  it  s<'ems  to  be  higii  tiiiif 
for  the  legislature  to  play  the  part  <d'  a  finis  ex  miirliina. 

612a.  Negligence  which  produces  structural  unsafely  of  a  temporan 
character. —  li  seems  to  be  well  settled  that,  in  the  absence  id'  eviilomv 
going  to  show  that  the  conditions  which  caused  the  injury  wimv.  ": 
ought  to  have  beoii,  known  to  the  master  or  the  eiiii)loyee  whose  spiim 
function  it  is  to  see  that  the  instntmentality  in  iiuestion  is  reasntialily 
safe  for  use  (see  chapter  xt.i!..  /ms/),  im  action  C4in  be  maintaiiUMl  fir 
injuries  caused  by  details  of  work  which  temjiorarily  result  in  iiitr- 

•Floyd   V.   Sugdrn    (ISS.S)     1.14    Mass.  to   provide    siiitalili-   appliiuin-s.    mii'I  ti" 

5(53       '  <in<'  wlio  hiis  IkhI  nciM-ion  to  imi  i\  <■''' 

•In   llnwillini   V.   Hirh   Mill  Vonl   Uin.  nny    «'\ti>ii<ivi-     icsciiiilics    aiiimiL'     l''' 

Co.    (ISfll)     lOH   Mo.   304.  IS  S.  \V.  977.  ^iims    of    tliis    il;iss    will    sav    tli;il    tin- 

iin      cniiiiont     juilfri'     protested     iiiiainsl  iiiilioTi  is  iniiiiir-siuv. 
"wliittliii"  awav.  Iiv  rrliiicil  cNOi'iitions."         *  Fhininnn      v.     Iliiiriiiil"  nii     .Si/c"i»'' 

the  rule  by  wlii'rb  t'tir  mast<>r  is  nriuirril  r„.  (\H>M))  63  N.  ,f.  I..  047.  44    Ml   iii- 


il 


s  ei2u] 


VICE  PRlNCll'ALSUll'— DETAILS  OK  \V()I«K. 


V7\ 


(lufiiif;-  soiTiP  structural  nicHliiieatiou  into  the  ciiviroiiiiicnt  of  tho  iii- 
jur('(l  person-' 


Ma)  DifiCis  in  rnihntji  trmkn.  — 
iCiintriist  iMKi'n  ill  «  ■>iix.  iKitc  li.  siibd. 
Ill),  (bl,  ante.)  WIhti-  IIio  cvidiiiro  in 
lli.it.  in  the  opi'mlimi  of  ii  lailroud  at 
a  certain  point,  it  w:ih  frequently  ncceM 
>aiy  to  rfiiiovc  frMi|«)rarily  the  phinks 
eiiveriiiB  a  pit.  for  tho  imrpo-e  of  niali 
in;!  repairs  tliermn.  and  that  the  oni- 
nloyi-es  wi-ri-  repeatedly  in-.tnietcd  to 
eovei  the  pit  when  the  repairs  were  (in- 
i-lii(l.  the  ellieient  eau-io  of  an  accident 
leMillin^'  from  the  pit  heiii;-  h'ft  iiiieov- 
cred  is  tli«'  eareUones^  of  ooservants, 
and  not  an  iniperfe(  t  ion  of  the  road. 
rUhirt  V.  lUliiiKitr  iC-  //.  Cuitiil  Co. 
(18110)    121    N.  V.  21)7.  2:!  N.  K.   11(14. 

A  hrakenian  who  knows  of  a  liinilM'r 
pile  near  the  track,  and  is  injured  in 
jiiiiipiiiU  upon  a  train  moving'  liv  tho 
pile,  cannot  rooovei  if  the  piling'  of  tho 
hniiher  «as  nn  act  of  a  follow  servant. 
iUiflif-y  V.  .Vtio  VorA:  <i  S.  K.  11.  Co. 
ilssTi    15   I!.   I.  45(i.  7   Atl.  2.S4. 

\\  hero  a  do|Kisit  of  siind  al(in^'~ido  a 
iMJlway  track  results  in  injury  to  a 
'.'akciiian  tho  injury  is  ri>^'arilo<l  as  ho 
in^'  duo  to  tho  act  of  a  more  follow  sor\ 
ant.  It'dbin.sdii  v.  Hiiimliin  d  T.  C.  II. 
Co.   (1S77)    4r>  Tox.  r>io. 

A  hrakonian  who.  in  coupling'  cars  in 
11  yard,  slips  on  a  pile  of  wot  ashes, 
Jiop|M'd  from  a  loooinotivp  firo  hox  and 
left  hotwii'ii  tho  rails,  onnnot  ni-ovor. 
Ilii'ili<:i  V.  \\  iniwa  it  8t.  P.  R-  Co. 
(ISSO)   27  Minn.  137.  0  N.  W.  .5.rt. 

.\  railway  company  which  ha.s  em 
jildved  .1  ooiiipotent  workman  to  keep  it.s 
tniik  in  order  is  not  liahle  for  injiirio- 
nccivoil  hy  a  train  liaml.  owiii^'  to  its 
clefedive  condition,  while  he  was  on 
;;ii;;iil  in  coupling'  cars.  Wood  v.  Caii- 
iHlinii   i:  I!.  r„.    I  IWI!))    6  B.  r.  .'ifil. 

A  railuay  comp.iny  is  not  liahle  for 
the  dcatli  of  a  hrakonian  who  was 
liriishod  ofT  the  train  hy  a  car  placed  hy 
fellow  sorvaiil«  i>n  n  side  track  in  dan 
scrolls  prosiniity  to  tho  main  track. 
Srh.iKh  V.  Ihn'nnlKi}  A  St.  J.  II.  t'n. 
ilsiiM    intl  Mo.  7t.  Ifi  S.  \V.  1124. 

1 1)1  DiKiihiri  mi  III  iif  iiiinriix  jiniiiiird 
fur  iliiiK/irdiix  HUH  hint  III. — Tho  ni'^di- 
;;ciire  of  servants  cliiuyod  with  the  duty. 
iicn>..sarily  involved  in  the  ordinary  use 
i.f  iiiaohiiies.  of  oiliiif;  tho  same  ami 
chan^'inv;  tho  rolls  operated  in  coniiec 
tieii  therewith,  in  failing  to  replace  tho 
^iiaiil  over  tho  ^eariii;;  aftov  oilin;;  it.  is 
nut  chargoahlo  to  tho  master,  so  as  to 
remli-r  hi?»i  lialdo  for  injuries  to  another 


workman  oniployod  to  tend  the  machine, 
where  tho  oiling'  of  the  macliinoiy  and 
tho  chan^inK  of  the  rolls  riiinin-d  no 
special  skill  and  mi;.'ht  pro|H-rly  have 
he<>n  intrusted  to  the  |H'r-oii  injured. 
M'oshigian  v.  U(iv/i(iMr«  it-  M.  Ml;/.  Co. 
(18!)(i)  lt!7  .Mass.  20.  44  N.  Iv  10.">S. 
The  court  said:  "'riio  nion  who  teiidiHl 
the  machini'S  wore  not  accu--toiiied  to 
oil  thorn  and  cliaii;;e  the  ridls.  Init  two 
other  moil  wore  n^rnlaily  employed  to 
do  this.  Wore  tlie»e  men  doim:  .i  part 
of  the  «ork  that  was  within  the  depart 
niont  of  the  master,  whoso  duty  it  was 
to  fuinisli  his  servants  with  to(ds  and 
mai'liinery  as  siiitahlo  and  safe  as  llie 
exorcise  of  reas<uialiie  care  would  socur*', 
or  wore  thov  doiii;;  the  work  of  mere 
Kor\ants  in  making.'  iieicssary  clian^'os  ot 
parts,  incident  to  the  manap'iiiont  of 
the  machines  in  the  ordinary  use  of 
them?  If  tlio.se  chanfTos  ha<l  ro;;ularly 
Ik'oii  made  in  tho  ordinary  course  of 
their  hiisines-s  by  the  |)orsons  who  fond 
od  (ho  maehincs.  there  would  have  hceii 
no  doubt  that  in  niakinp  them  they 
would  have  Ix-en  mere  .s<'nants.  for 
whoso  iie^li^'onco  the  inastor  would  not 
be  liahle.  and  to  whom,  if  coni|>otont, 
he  c<Hild  trust  the  work  without  any 
other  duty  than  to  furnish  them  proper 
materials  and  appliances  for  carrying 
it  on.  The  only  Rround  for  doubt  arises 
from  tho  fact  that  the  work  was  done 
by  machinists  who  wore  s|M'cially  em- 
ployed for  that  pur|iose.  Hut  it  ap- 
|Mvirs  that  there  was  work  to  be  done 
in  repairing  the  rolls  which  were  taken 
out.  and  in  tilting'  thorn  for  use  a^'ain. 
which  could  not  be  dime  by  ordinary 
persons  who  wore  only  taiifiht  to  lend 
(he  machines,  and  wh'  'i  called  for  the 
employniont  of  machinists.  So  far  as 
appears,  the  ehan^'iii;i  of  the  rolls  and 
oiling  of  the  machines  was  a  siniple 
kind  of  work,  which  the  machine  ton 
dors  might  have  done  as  well  a~  others. 
We  are  of  opinion  that  these  changes 
were  iwcessarily  involved  in  tho  ordi- 
nary ii-o  of  the  niaehine~.  and  could 
propi'rly  lie  loft  to  coni|«-tent  servants 
as  a  part  of  (heir  work  of  managing  the 
machines,  (hat  called  for  no  attention 
by  the  master  if  he  kept  the  workmen 
pro|H-rly  supplied  with  suitable  rolls 
and  other  nocossarv  artiilo-." 

.\ii  oniployer  cannot  ho  held  liable  for 
the  nogligonce  of  a  co>orvant  in  displac- 
ing a    plank   which    forms    |urt     of  the 


W!^^ 


in. 


1772 


.MAislEK  AM)  ISEKS  AM. 


l(  llAl'.    XXXll 


m 


iiii 


613.  Negligence  in  failing  to  adjust  or  secure  instrumentalities  or 
their  parts  while  in  use. — Anotlu'r   groiip  of  cases   may   be   cuiucn 


fi-ni-e  by  which  danpoious  machinery  is 
l)r()t<'(ti'd,  ill  accordaiu'i'  with  the  jnovi- 
>iuii  of  u  sliitutc  Iriiuii'ilijt  such  piotcc- 
timi  to  Ix'  furiii^hi'd.  Iluiiur  v.  Al- 
Uriijlilun   (laSO)    li:i  I'a.  473. 

(c)  Uaiiijiis  «iijti  1 1<  iinifi  in  excava- 
tion worl;. — iKinlus,  minis,  quitriicK, 
fic. —  (Contrast  cases  citcil  in  §  568, 
note  (i,  anti-.)  A  master  is  not  liaMe 
where  ii  forcniaw  or  otlier  eiiipKjyee 
wliosi?  duly  it  is  to  sii-  that  tlie  sides  of 
a  tn-iich  are  |)ro|Hrly  sliored  and  braced, 
eitlier  fails  to  use,  or  Uses  improperly  or 
unskilfully,  the  materials  proviih-il  for 
tliat  purpose,  and  causes  injury  to  other 
servants  who  am  at  work  in  tlio  trench. 
Floyd  V.  Siiqihn   (18S.T)    i:U  Mass.  .'iliS. 

In  XciriUr  v.  Day  (1S77)  123  Mass. 
152,  a  case  invoIvin<r  similar  facts,  the 
court  said:  "The  work  was  conunilted 
to  the  supervision  of  a  skilful  and  com- 
petent superintendent;  it  re<iuircd,  for 
the  rotectinu  of  the  uu'n.  the  fr«K|uent 
Us;-  of  temporarj-  striielurcs.  the  loca- 
tion and  erection  of  wtiich,  as  the  dif;- 
■.'inf.'  ]>roj,'ress<'d,  was  a  part  of  the  work 
in  wliich  the  superintendent  and  the 
men  under  him  were  alike  employed, 
and  for  the  |>repuralion  of  which,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  sea  Hold  of  the  mason  or 
car|Mnter.  the  master  is  not  liable,  un- 
less there  is  somcthiiij;  to  show  that  he 
assumed  it  as  a  duty.  inde|M'ndent  of 
the  servant's  employment." 

To  the  same  cil'ect  an-  the  following 
cases:  Diihc  v.  I.tnislnn  (IS!)1)  83 
Me.  211,  22  Atl.  112:  hurst  v.  Carmqir 
Slrrl  Co.  (18%)  173  Pa.  162,  33  Atl. 
1102  (plaintilV  was  himself  excavating' 
the  trench);  l);i„r  v.  Hiclclcr  (ISOU 
(3  N.  Y.  S.  R.  221.  16  N.  Y.  Supp.  814 
I  same  facts);  licniijiiist  v.  l/iii;/«  (//)o- 
lis  (laitOl  42  -Minn'.  471.  44  X.  W.  5;{0 
(plaintill  wa.s  laviii<;  pipes)  ;  Lajinyln 
V.  Cooh-  (  11101)  22  1!.  1.  5.-)4.  48  Atl.  703 
(sides   of    trench    inadequately    shored). 

It  is  error  to  refuse  an  instruction  to 
the  efl'ect  that  the  sheetpilin}:  in  a 
trench  was  a  detjiil  of  the  work,  and 
that,  if  the  failure  of  tlie  foreman  in 
charjre  to  use  such  ]>ilin}.'  was  the  cause 
of  the  sides  of  the  trench  falling,'  in.  t)ie 
plaintilT  could  not  recover.  (loUUn  v. 
Sirqhurilt  (ISltS)  33  App.  Div.  161,  53 
N.  V.  Supp.  4tiO. 

The  ncelij.'erice  of  a  foreman  in  charjie 
of  workmen  en^'ai^-d  in  excavating  a 
trencli.  ill  coiitinuinjr  to  driv(>  curbing 
timbers   into  the  ground   in  close  prox- 


imity t«  a  laborer,  after  discovering 
that  they  were  tlnoMiii;.'  i>ll'  splinlci-, 
is  thai  o"f  a  lelhiw  servant  <  f  the  hilmi 
er.  whatever  may  be  his  relation  to  him 
in  other  respe<*ts.  ''fit 'Irlrh  v.  N/.  I'niil 
(1H!I7|    lis  .Mil   ■    402.  71    N'.  W.  387. 

Sic  however  nrain  v.  /.k/k;  IslntiJ  I!. 
Co.  (IS'IO)  123  X.  Y.  1,  2.")  X.  E.  2mi. 
§   Iil7.   note    1.    infra. 

Since  I  be  dangir  tli.it  a  bank  wliiili 
is  iH-iii;,'  lakeii  doun  in  a  ^M'avel  pit  in.iv 
fall  at  any  moment  is  o|n'n  and  oK\  i 
ous,  and  the  servants  en;;a^'ed  in  the 
work  have  ample  faeilitii'^  for  disiuvcr 
ing  and  removing  such  danger,  the  iii;i» 
tcr  may  fairly  be  allowed  to  iiii|»isc  up 
on  the  servants  them-elve.s  the  iliilv  el 
))roviding  against  such  an  oceurriMn' 
l.orsson  v.  McClure  (18!I7I  n.'i  \\  i- 
■);!:{.  70  N.  \V.  6(i2.  The  CMUil  said. 
■■  The  pre-  -nt  case  does  not  seem  to  tall 
withi:'.  ihii  rule  tliat  the  master  iiiii-l 
furnish  the  servant  a  reasmiiibly  ~:\i<' 
place  in  whic!i  to  wor.  ,  ina-^niueli  ;is  iIm- 
plaintifT  and  his  fellow  servanK  pin 
tically  created  the  place  and  its  iiiti ml 
ant  [x-rils  from  hour  to  hour,  in  lliv 
prosecution  of  their  labors;  and  tin- 
condition  w.is  constantly  shifting  by 
reason  of  their  own  acts,  of  which,  a- 
well  aa  their  probable  consequenci^. 
they  must  be  held  to  have  had  notice. 
The  negligence,  if  any,  in  this  view  of 
the  ca.se.  would  lie  that  of  the  plaintitf 
and  his  fellow  servants,  and  the  risk  of 
it  must  be  regarded  as  assumed  by  th(> 
plaintifT  as  incident  to  his  employment; 
and.  in  any  view  that  may  be  taken  of 
the  case,  it  must  be  regarded  as  a  risk 
assumed  by  the  plaint iir  as  incident  to 
his  employment." 

A  tunnel  in  a  niin;^  ii^  course  of  exo.i 
vation  being  a  place  vt  -.'hich  conditiim- 
are  constantly  changing  and  of  wliiili 
the  furnishing  and  jireimration  is  in  it 
self  part  of  the  work  the  em])loye(s  an 
required  to  perform  is  not  a  plan'  fur 
nisbed  by  the  masU>r  for  empliyiH- 
within  tiic  spirit  of  those  de  imi- 
whicli  deny  the  right  of  the  master  I" 
(ielegiite  to  a  serviint  the  duty  of  pre 
vidiiig  a  safe  place  for  his  eniplovces. 
Coal  li  .Will.  Co.  V.  Clay  (1804)  51  Ohin 
St.  542.  xub  nom.  l'(in,tolitliil<d  Cniil  il 
,1/in.  Co.  V.  Floyd,  25  L.  U.  A.  848,  38 
X.   K.  lilO. 

As  to  the  incidents  or  means  of  exoii- 
valing  ore,  a  mine  owner  has  only  the 
duty  of  luriiisliing  comiKflent  men,  and 


:i' 


§  613] 


vicK  I'UiNcirAi.siiir— UKTAiLs  oi"  \vi)i;k. 


17; 


ipiitlv  rolcrrod  to  tlic  jiriTicipIo  that  "the  iliiiv  of  tlic  ina-tcr  to  soo  to 
it  that  the  iiiachincry  liiiiii>hcil  for  tlu;  use  of  liis  >ii\aiits  is  reason 


suitable  niat(-ri;ils  for  the  use  of  those 
cn^a^'id  ill  till'  coimiion  t'liiployinciit. 
Ilciicr.  (lie  ii(j;liL'iiK'e  of  a  mint'  foiv- 
iiMii  ill  liaviii^'  icjo  large  a  s\t.ivr  iiiiiifii 
iKt'ore  |irr|iaiiii;,'  to  .set  the  siiii|niits  is 
that  of  a  fillow  servant  of  a  miiiir. 
IMiijii  V.  .\utiirii  Iron  Mill.  Co.  (IH'.ljl 
IDil  Mirh.  4liit.  32  L.  U.  A.  4:iH.  Ilii  N. 
\\.  li.'il.  Alliriiiinf;  on  rchiMrinn  lii(i 
Mill..  Iii3.  32  1..  R.  A.  r.W>.  lit  N. 
W .  :i:!.').  the  eourt  said:  "It  is  111 
|>,irtiit  that  if  we  are  Ici  adlieri-  to  the 
lieliliiig  that  miners  ami  tramimrs  are 
fellow  scrvai.ts.  and  that  the  shift  hoss. 
liUe  the  foreman  of  a  section  fiaii^'.  is 
mil  an  exception,  there  can  lie  no  theory 
uiKiii  which  the  plaintill'  can  recover,  <'\ 
I'pt  that,  immediately  the  room  was  in 
readiness  for  tiitihers,  it  was  the  duty 
lif  the  master  to  se<!  that  they  were 
imipcrly  set  and  maintained.  .\nd  it 
is  obvions  that  this  claim  must  he,  as  it 
is,  |ilanted  u|)on  the  rule  thai,  in  ap 
propriate  cases.  ri'<iuiies  the  master  to 
provide  a  safe  place.  The  op;  ration  of 
iiiiniiiH,  in  this  and  similar  nnnes.  is  to 
-ink  a  shaft,  and  from  the  shall  >tart  a 
drift,  from  which  sIo]hs  or  riKuns  are 
excavated  across  the  vein,  from  the  low- 
er to  till'  upper  or  han^inj;  wall.  It  is 
iircuniplislied  hy  caviiiLT  down  and 
removing  the  ore.  It  is  nianif<>t 
that  this  cannot  piocc^ed  unle-s  the 
roof  is  supported  heliind  llie  niin- 
■  s.  and  this  is  .lone  hy  piiltinu'  up 
tinilx'r.s  to  supiHirt  tin?  roof  until  the 
.re  shall  bo  excavated  lii\v.iml.  It  i- 
-nid  that,  when  the  room  has  li.en  e.x- 
c;iv^i!.'d  su.licienlly  larg.',  it  is  tin-  |irac- 
li.e  to  cave  the  r(H)m  down  into  tli.'  min 
iiiL'  sets,  and  place  nmn-  liinlii'is  on  top 
of  the  first.  Now.  if  this  room  can 
pro|K'rly  he  said  to  1m-  a  plac  liirni-hed 
to  the  st'rvants  in  which  to  carry  on  the 
iiiiisl.-r's  lir.siness,  and  which  h.'  must, 
lit  his  peiil,  kee|i  in  ri'asonaldy  >;\te 
innililion,  as  a  factory  or  warehou-e. 
then  the  case  shoulil  have  goi;.'  to  the 
imv:  tint,  if  it  is  not  such  a  place,  tlnai 
it  fnlls  within  that  other  lul.'.  thai  the 
iluty  of  the  miist.-r  is  pi'rfoinic.l  !■>■ 
\isiiig  reasonable  care  in  furni~hin^  siiil- 
iihle  niat<  ri»il  and  iMiiiihiying  capable  and 
ellioicnt  men  to  ilo  the  work.  .  .  . 
As  we  un.ler-tan.l  from  the  brief  of 
.'.iunsel  and  the  record, — and  w.'  do  not 
ili-iover  a  denial  of  it. — this  sl.ipe  ..r 
r.ieiii  starts  fi-om  a  .Irift  at  or  near 
what  is  called  the  'foot  wall,'  which   is 


the  bottom,  as  distingui-li.'.l  from  the 
overlying  stratum  of  the  vein  of  ore. 
Iloth  foot  wall  ami  top  wall  .Icpart  fmin 
the  li'vel.  an. I  .lip  -haiply.  .so  that,  in 
running  lli.'  stop.'  on  m  hud,  it  .in  yo 
hut  a  short  distance  until  the  l.ip  i>r 
.iverhanging  wall  is  r.a.he.l;  and  tliiii 
the  op.'iali.m  is  repeat. '.l  ab.ive  the  lag 
.L'ing.  removing  the  lagging  ami  caving 
down  the  roof,  -uppoiting  th.-  n.-w  r.iof 
thus  form.'il  by  new  sets  plac.'d  upon 
the  liist.  'Ihu-.  so  far  as  the  laiigini:  is 
.concerned,  it  has  a  tenip.irary  u-e  mere- 
ly to  enable  the  miner-  to  pii-h  the 
breast  through  to  the  ov.  rhanging  wall, 
by  supixuling  thi'  i.i.if.  It  is  a  put  of 
tile  ojur.iiioii  .if  mining,  as  imiili  as  u 
blast  or  a  sl,i;;iiig.  ami  i-  not  a  part  of 
the   p.iinanciil    slruclur.'." 

.V  mine  owner  cannot  be  held  liabhi 
lor  the  negligence  of  his  employ..-  in 
failing  to  prop  a  ]>assage  se.intly. 
SI,  Hint  v.  Ciilhify-^  liiiii  Co.  (1877  1  ■* 
Sc.  Si-s.  Cas.  4th  seri.-s,  tl.'ri. 

On  th.'  groun.l  that  "the  d.i.trin.'  that 
a  master  must  siippiv  a  safe  pla.-.;  for 
the  .-ervant  to  w.irk  d<H"s  n.>t  apply 
where  th.'  place  beconi.-  unsafe  .luring 
the  progri'ss  of  the  work''  it  has  been 
b(dd  that  a  min.'  owniT  is  not  liabh-  for 
llu-  n.'gligence  of  a  servant  in  taking 
.lown  a  pillar  of  .'oal  which  sup|)orteU 
I  he  roof  of  a  room.  (>/.  von  v.  Mnple 
Cron-  fuiil  it  Min.  Co.  (1!)01)  115  l.iwa. 
74.  87   -S.  \V.  73li. 

Til.-  c.isi-  is  for  the  Jury,  wh.'re  the 
.•vi.h'iic-  is  contli.ling  as  to  whether  the 
plaint  iir.  a  miner,  was  making  his  own 
place  of  work.  J'./i/Zo/'  v.  Slur  Cuiil  Cu. 
Il8!l'()  110  Iowa.'  411.  SI  .\.  \V.  24!). 
.\s  to  r.'s|)ective  iirovinc.-s  of  courts  and 
juii.'s,  -i-c.  g.Mierally.  5  r)',)4,  suina. 

One  employ.'il  by  the  manager  of  a 
mine  to  take  d.iwn  lo.>se  slate  whi.h  is 
liabh'  to  fall,  but  not  investe.l  with  any 
i-reater  authority  than  any  other  labor- 
ir.  is  not  a  vie.'  jirin.'ipal  whih'  so  en- 
gigeii,  but  is  a  fellow  servant  with  the 
iiiiTi.'rs.  FnKlmni  v.  rhUliiin  I'tui  Co. 
(ISlMi    03  Iowa,  r<4,  r.l   N*.  \V.  400. 

.\  workman  employ.'. I  in  a  quarry  in 
wbiih,  by  reason  of  t'le  .•.instant  re- 
moval .if  sloni'  th.'refrom  in  th.'  c.iurse 
of  its  operation  by  binis.'lf  iind  his  f.d- 
low  servants,  the  cnn.litions  ami  sur- 
roundings are  constantly  changing,  as- 
sumes till'  risk  of  the  place  Iiecoming 
unsafe,  and  cannot  rec.i\.r  for  an  injury 
due   to   !h.'   falling  of   a   mass  of  sloin- 


■•■':!| 


|f| 

m 


11  •!        !l  ill 
i.  II.,-   .1. 


! 


li 


1  , 


1774 


MAsTKI!  AM)  S|;K\  AM. 


l(  IIAI'.   .VXXI; 


ably  safo  docs  not  fxiciid  so  far  as  to  rocjuirc  liiin  to  atti'ud  to  tin 
pri)j)('c  rt'^iiilatidn  of  llm-c  purls  wliicli  iirc(->;iiilv  liii\c  in  lie  adjushti 


looHi-ncil  by  succrtiliny;  l>lii>ls.  MirlI.e 
V.  Ch  iriK/t' il  X.  If.  A".  Co.  (ISIIil)  KC! 
Wi».   1.  Til  .V.  W.  22. 

The  liMiioval  of  Ido-c  rixU^  friiiii  the 
tdgf  of  a  olill  to  wliicli  tliiy  liavr  Ijirn 
thrown  in  llu-  coiiisr  of  (lie  work  in  a 
(juarry  is  a  niirc  di'lail  of  the  uoik,  ami 
the  ••n:|iloyir  is  not  li:'Mi'  to  a  worUman 
who.  uliilo  working;  \iniii'riii'atli  thr  <'liir. 
is  »ti\i(k  li\  a  piiri'  of  that  roik.  ouin^ 
to  the  no'ilij.'i'Tioo  of  thi'  luiciniii.  I>i 
Mto  V.  rnt;ic  (lltol)  It;.".  N.  V.  .ITS. 
59  N.  K.  141  lioviTsinj;  ilS'.iHi  :!.->  ,\i,|i. 
Div.  I.'i.").  .■).>  N.  Y.  Snpi).  (il. 

Coin|ian'  also  the  cases  citcxl  in  S  t!10. 
note  1,  snhd.   (a),  mipiii. 

(d)  lliiDiiirs  aiisliiii  I  rum  llu  ihuiiii- 
ing  roitililiiiii  nf  h'lililiiuis  ami  ulliir 
glriiclui'i  s  irliilr  in  rhitrsf  of  crrrtitni  iir 
ripiiir. — 'I'he  fad  that  a  master  faileil 
to  comply  witii  a  reijiiest  by  an  etnpl(p\ei' 
for  mati  rial  to  make  a  new  fliKir  in  oni^ 
piece,  to  ii'|ilai'e  a  seeticn  of  iloor  whieh 
it  had  been  iieee-sary  to  fnipieiitly  le 
move  and  ii'iilaec.  iUk's  not  render  him 
liable  to  a  fillow  servant  of  ~iieh  eni- 
[•loyee  for  injuries  due  to  the  fact  that 
such  emplcvec.  in  rcplaeinj;  the  old  ll(jc>r 
without  instiuetion-  to  do  so.  failed  to 
nail  down  the  boanls.  wliere.  bad  that 
t)een  done,  the  llcor  would  have  been 
entirely  s;ifi'.  yoniir  v.  Ititii  ilStiT) 
179  Pa".  557,  Sli  Atl.  :!3,-). 

The  owner  of  a  steam  prop.lli  i-  i^  nc  ' 
liable  for  an  accident  to  an  ci  pkiycc 
en),'aj;ed  in  paiiitin;,'  the  im.i  I'.oor, 
eansij  bj-  the  fall  of  a  seeti<ii'.  if  ,i  plank 
tloor  whieh  had  been  safely  plaeed  on 
end.  but  which  was  rendered  unsafe  after 
the  eiinimeneenient  of  the  work,  owin^' 
to  the  fact  uhat  fellow  servants  removed 
other  sections  which  hel]«d  to  snpport 
it.  Smith  V.  Hii,i>iri-  I'riin^p.  Co. 
(18951   .S9  llun.  .WS.  .I.',  X.  Y.  Siipii.  .^..-il. 

In  Ar„iour  v.  Ilahn  (18S1)  111  V.  S. 
313.  '2S  L.  ed.  440,  4  .sup.  Ct.  Kep.  45."). 
the  plaint ilT,  a  man  of  full  ajre,  was, 
with  one  of  his  comrades,  directed  by 
their  foreiiiati  to  push  a  joist  out  on  the 
sticks  of  timlier  projecting  from  a  wall 
in  course  of  eiielion.  Tlie  iisu\l  course, 
as  he  bini-elf  testifit^i,  wa,s  to  ]>ut  the 
timber  in,  and  li'avo  it  in  that  way  tern 
porarily.  r.rd  aftorvvards  build  tlie  wall 
np   over    il.     The    court     sai<l:      "If    il 

(the    stick    of    tiuilil'v';     v,;;-,    ;■'     I'e'    t'Ule. 

insecure,  it  was  either  by  reason  of  the 
risks  ordinarily  ineid,iit  to  ilie  ,.!,ile  of 
things  in  the  unfinished  eojulilion  of  llie 


buildinj;,  or  cNe  by  rea  -^n  of  some  ne;:li 
;;ence  of  one  of  tlic  c.ii|irnlei^  or  brick 
layer-,  all  of  whom  wire  eniplo_M-il  and 
paid  b;,  the  s.inie  ma~lei.  .'ad  «ere  woik 
in^'  ill  the  colll-e  of  tliiir  einpl.iynient  ^n 
the  same  place  and  timi'.  with  an  im 
meiliate  common  object. — t  lii' erect  ion  of 
the  buildinj.'. --anil  theiel'ore,  uitliiu  the 
strictest  limits  of  the  rule  of  law  ujumi 
the  subject,  fellow  servants." 

The  -eleetion  if  sound  be. mis  out  nf 
a  siiHiclent  quant  ily  of  propir  and  -tut 
able  material  furnished  by  an  I'liiplim  i 
for  the  erection  of  .i  stiiieture  is  ll,e 
duty  of  the  fi  llou  servants  of  one  ein 
ployed  on  such  structure,  in-lead  of  ihe 
duly  of  the  m.ister.  Ileitee.  there  em 
be  no  recovery  where,  an  employee  is  in 
jureil  by  the  lu'e.ikiii;,'  of  ti  cross-lie. in. 
upon  which  he  was  sitliiiL'  wliile  ••ii;;:i;;.ii 
iti  woik,  where  sueli  In  am  forms  put 
of  the  -truetnro  on  which  he  was  ai 
work.  Slourhriihic  v.  lliuoLliin  Cily  II 
'■o.(lSliil)!t  App.'Div.  129,41  X.  Y.  Siii.|. 
128.  There  tlu'  master  procured  ili- 
timber  for  a  structure  from  a  rcpulaWli' 
dealer,  and  a  "lot"  or  quantity  of  it 
was  i.'ooil,  but  some  of  the  sticks  wiv 
foimd  di-fective,  or  with  curls  in  tlieiii 
It  wa.s  therefore  necessary  to  test  the 
timber,  so  that  knots  or  curls  should  \v 
cut  oir  or  rejected.  With  resiii-ct  Xfi  tlij- 
test.  the  court  said:  "We  think  tliat 
the  iiia-ter  diseiiarf,'!^!  its  duty  when  it 
■lipplied  a  sullieient  quantity  of  pri').et 
and  suitable  material:  that  the  clioiic 
of  materi:il,  the  selection  of  suuinl 
beiims,  the  reji^ction  of  such  beam-  ei 
parts  as  were  defective,  work  neces-.irili 
involved  in  the  election  of  structures  if 
wood,  were  details  of  the  work.  aiiJ 
strictly  the  duly  of  the  fellow  servants 
.  .  .  It  is  lj,"re  that  the  vital  di-lim 
(ion  occurs  between  the  question  of  n 
place  to  ^' '  rk  and  that  of  a  part  of  \\v 
work  it.sell:  a  qui-ti<m  of  liability  te 
iiiiployces  who  mi;jht  use  the.  struclurc 
when  built  and  the  liability  to  thfcc 
eau'aited  in  b.iildinjr  it.  It  may  well  I* 
tli.it.  aft<'r  the  construction  of  the  Irelliy 
e.iiTier,  the  defend:;nt  would  be  li.ilili' 
io  .iiiy  lineman  who  niiu'ht  be  injureil 
from  its  delect ive  c-ondition:  wlic'thiT 
oeeasioned  b;  t''''  lejiliirence  of  thi-  em- 
ployecs  who  ;'  up  the  stnuliM'e  or 
these  who  selfHU  d  the  materials.  Sm'' 
iiile    dix's    not    apply    to    the    plaiiiiill 

n;    ;  ,1  — ill','    the     ecilit.  IlliiiU    of    the    1.1  Mil 

till'  that  th.  Ci..e  fell  within  the  priueipli 


I 


ii  (>i;ij 


VIC  K  l'UINCIl'AI,Sllll'— 1)KT.\1I>  OF  WORK. 


17: 


in  tilt"  course  of  the  use  and  witli  rc^ml  in  tlic  imi-iiciilar  work  to  b,' 
(lone,  and  tlio  udju-stnicnt  of  wliicli  is  incidont  to  tlic  ordiniiry  use  ot 


'  'M 


that  It  muster  is  Iminil  to  fiiriii>li  ii  ron- 
~rrii,iMy  sufc  pliici-  for  his  MMViiiiU  to 
\Mirk.  till-  (•(luil  -iiiil:  "If  tliis  rule 
is  applii  mIiIo  to  tlio  |>ics('iit  case,  tlii-n 
it  woiiM  follow  tliiit,  for  the  ni'^-li^jrncc 
(if  any  servants  lo  wlioin  llir  master  had 
ccitiiniitleil  the  iliily  (pf  |ir(i\  iiliiii;  a  safe 
|>lare.  Ihi?  master  hiiii-ill  woiilil  Ih>  liahle. 
I  think,  however,  tliil  this  is  nut  thw 
ri^f  of  a  ■i>la('e'  uilliin  Ih^-  MM'aninj:  ot 
the  riili'.  As  st.-iieil  in  lliilli  r  v.  Tmni- 
s. /!./  ilsttll  I2(i  N.  \.  l(t,-,,  2li  .\.  !■;. 
II1I7.  ilonhlh'ss.  in  one  sense  of  tlie  term. 
ihe  eni|iloyee  iiinst  always  he  in  some 
|il:i<e.  and  donlille-s.  al-o,  the  plaee.  in 
:i  certain  sense.  Is  nut  -aiV  if  an  .uii.lent 
i«(nrs  theri'.  lint  the  rnli'  that  the  ma> 
tir  niii-t  provide  a  safe  pi. u-o  for  work 
I  Illy  applies  where  the  work  and  tin- 
pliiee  are  not  wmneeli'd;  where  the  work 
i~  lat  in  the  oon^l  i  iiei  ion  of  the  plaee. — ■ 
iis  in  the  case  of  a  mill,  a  faitory,  mine, 
-hip.  Well.  etc.  In  the  present  case  the 
en ->  heani  was  not  fiirni-hed  for  the 
piirpo-e  of  prcividinfr  the  plainliir  a  place 
lo  uciik.  Iml  as  a  part  of  the  strinlure 
Hhi<li  he  and  the  other  workmen  were 
eiiLMircil  in  creeling.  The  defendant 
i!ii;;lil  have  provided  a  Ixsini  of  such  di- 
)iieiisions  as  to  have  been  wholly  vinahle 
III  -iHtain  the  plaintifT'.s  wcii;hl:  yet,  if 
^'""d  '•■'■•     ter   an(i     sullicient 

fur  the   I  ended,   there   could 

have  hecii  no  Iiai  'y  on  the  part  of  tlio 
■  lifi'iidant  for  tha  reason  alone.  I  do 
mt  iiiciin  to  fijiy  that  the  defendant  owed 
no  limy  to  it.s  workmen  in  the  premises. 
It  thiie  wa.s  a  l.itent  dan^'er  of  which  it 
liMil  kn(mlcd;;e.  it  should  have  appriseil 
Hiewiiikni9n.  l!ut  the  distinction  I  seek 
to  iiiipriss  is  that  here  the  he-am  was  a 
pill  of  the  structure,  the  common  work 
ii|»'n  which  all  the  cmiiloyces  were  eni- 
pliiyeil,  and  the  use  of  it  hy  the  deceased 
I'l  -upport  the  mere  incident.  In  tlie 
r:i-i'  (if  nearly  all  liiiilili:i;.'s  or  structures 
il  is  the  common  practice  to  use  I  lie  part 
if  the  structure  that  may  at  the  time  Ik; 
ciKicd  as  a  means  to  enable  the  wurk- 
iiicn  to  obtain  po-itions  from  which  to 
piii^MUte  the  remaining  work.  It  makes 
I  v;i,t  (liircieiice  in  the  question  of  the 
liahility  o'  the  master  whether,  when  a 
servant  meets  with  an  accident  from  a 
ilcfoct  in  the  previous  work,  occurrinj: 
thrniie'i  thi-  neijliprcnce  of  a  servant  eii- 
pirjod  in  its  constructien.  the  ncgliL'eniH- 
i-  '->  lie  ihctiicii  as  arising'  from  a  f.iihiro 
to  provide  a  safe  place,  or  as  negligence 


in  the  general  enterprise,  in  the  prosccu 
tion  of  whieli  all  the  Wdrkmen  are  en 
;.,ige(l.  If  the  lir-t,  (he  master  is  lialde 
even  though  the  negligence  is  that  of  a 
crvant,  becaii-e  tin-  duly  is  that  of  the 
master:  if  the  second,  it  is  the  negligence 
of  a  eoservaiil  and  the  master  i-  not  lla 
ble  for  it.  If  the  wdrknian  who  placed 
the  beams  on  the  llanges  of  the  elevated 
railroad  had  bei  n  negligent,  and  improp 
eriy  fa-l,neil  them,  and  fnnii  Ihi-  cau^e 
the  accident  to  the  plaint  ills  inte-late 
had  (icciirnsl.  and  if  the  case  is  one  of  u 
safe    i«Iaee.    the    dcfenilant    v.dllld    have 

1 n  li.ible.     ■■still,  I  think  such  a  projio- 

-ilioil  Would  hardly  be  contended  for. 
Would  it  not  be  cli'^ar  that  it  was  the 
iiegligenc(?  of  a  fellow  wdrkmanV  It  is 
al-o  clear  frem  the  same  rea-oning  that 
I  lie  beam  was  not  an  appliance  the  fur- 
ni-hiiiLT  of  which  was  the  master's  duly." 
To  the  s.ime  eircct  is  Crillnii  v.  Hull 
(  ISIKl)  1 13  Cal.  ,->!i;t.  45  Pac.  1017.  where 
a  laborer  was  injured  owing  to  the  in 
sullicient  -liength  of  one  of  the  caps  of  a 
jetty  in  course  of  construction.  It  was 
(cntenih-il  by  the  plaintilV  that,  in  neg- 
lect iiig  to  provide  a  cap  of  sullicient 
strength  to  sup|)ort  the  mat  U|x>n  which 
he  was  wdrking  at  the  time  of  Iiis  in- 
jury, the  defendant  failed  to  comply 
with  the  non-d<>legalile  duty  to  provide 
a  safe  place  of  work.  After  laying  down 
the  general  principles  already  quoted 
(§  614,  note  1,  infra),  the  court  pro- 
ceeded thus:  "The  work  U]K)n  which 
the  plaintiff  was  employed  in  the  pres- 
ent case  was  to  const lucL  a  jetty  extend- 
ing from  the  shore  several  thousand  feet 
out  into  the  waters  of  the  bay.  JIani- 
fostly,  the  place  at  which  the  work  was 
to  be  done  was  not  provided  by  the  de- 
fendant:  noi  cm  it  lie  said  tliat  differ- 
ent portions  of  tlu!  work  in  which  the 
hilmrers  might  lie  engag(sl  a.s  it  pro- 
gre^-ed  wa.s  the  'place'  furnished  by 
their  employer,  williin  the  meaning  of 
the  above  rule,  or  that  the  bent  or 
trestle,  from  which  was  susjiendci!  the 
mat  on  which  tla-  plaintiff  was  at  work 
at  the  tiiiK?  of  his  injury,  was  one  of  the 
appliances  to  bo  furnished  by  the  d.> 
findant.  On  the  contrary,  the  making 
of  this  bent  was  a  part  of  the  wdrk  to 
Ik>  done  by  the  laborers  themselves  in 
the  construction  of  the  jetty,  and  the 
bent  was  in  fact  made  by  tli(>m  out  of 
Ih.it.liaU  furni^iieil  li\  The  defendant." 
If   the   appliance   is   furnished   by   the 


''''»» 

.•H; 


A 


(■. 


II 


m 


1)    i  \  ■ 


m   Mi 


h 


i  1  ,1 


ii 


t'l 


III! 


1770 


MASTKll  AND  SiaiVANT. 


[l  llAP.   XNXII 


the  miU'liiii.'."'  It  will  bo  obscivod,  howcvor,  thnt.  ns  ro;.'ar.l:*  tin 
I'lictrt  staled,  iiuniy  <>f  tlic  cases  cited  below  apprnacb  quite  dose  i., 
those  wliicli  are  review.^  ill  the  Iwo  next  scctiens,  while  othei's  iiii-in. 
perhaps,  with  i-iitial  piopiieiy  be  associated  with  the  .lecisious  wliiiji 
treat  the  duty  of  iininienaiiee  us  deh  j;ahlc.     See  suiiiitlo  i).,  infiv.- 


nmstor  fur  the  |>ur|M.si.  of  ciiiiMiiij.'  tlie 
MiAiints  1(1  |>,r;<iriM  llic  work  in  wliicli 
tlii'V  iiri'  til  lir  iii.LM^'i'tl.  lit'  i"  ri'<niiriil 
to  'mv  tli:it  il  -luill  be  riM>i)iial>ly  safe 
for  that  iiin|.ir;  Imt.  if  tlio  i>n'|>ara- 
tii.n  of  tliat  ii|i|iliaii<v  is  a  part  of  the 
work  which  thf  sorvaiil  is  ri.M|iiiriil  to 
I»>rli>ini,  the  iiia-tor  is  not  lialih-  for 
any  ilcfcct  in  its  pn-paration.  Thf  rtih; 
(liii-s  not  apply  to  a  cas*-  where  several 
ix'r-ons  are  einphyed  to  ilo  certain 
work,  and  by  the  eonfraet  of  employ- 
iiient.  I'illier  e.\pie>s  or  iiiipli.il.  the  em- 
])loyees  are  to  adju-t  the  appliances  by 
which  the  work  is  to  he  done, 

■|  he  owner  of  a  buildinj;  upon  which 
oxleiisjve  repairs  an'  ln-iiij;  made  is  not 
liahle  for  an  injury  to  an  employee, 
eaii-ed  by  .steppinj.'  u|Km  a  roof  board 
which  is'laid  in  place  on  the  roof,  hut 
which  ha.«  nut  heiii  nailed  down,  jx'iih- 
o/i/.sort  V.  Aiiiilij-.imirican  I'rovision  Co. 
(ISllV)   72  111.  App.  77. 

le)  Diinfirrx  iiicidtnt  to  the  drmoli- 
tUiii  (if  buildings. — An  employer  of  a 
;i:n  j;  of  men  en^ia-red  in  taking'  down  a 
liiiiidlni.'  is  not  liable  for  an  accident 
CM, -C.I  by  the  tippinj;  up  of  a  joisi  iiom 
whicii  tlie  supiiort  at  one  end  hail  licon 
removed.  Cl'iric  v.  I.ixton  (1S91)  54  111. 
A  pp.  578.  The  eoiirt  said:  "In  the 
dc-lruetion  of  a  buildiii';  there  is  not  an 
allciiipl  or  ohli^jation  to  make  it  or  any 
part  thereof  secure:  on  the  innlraiy, 
the  work  of  lemnval  is  one  in  wliich,  in 
turn,  each  part  of  the  structure  is  ren- 
dered in-cdire;  this,  every  workman  un- 
der~lainl-." 

' /.'ic/i. /. /■  V.  nnnq'ji  (18S0)  40  Minn. 
aM.   41    N.   W.   075. 

-The  nc;jli;.'eiice  of  a  fellow  servant 
on  one  oec.i-iou  in  failing  to  readjust 
the  cylindcis  of  a  madiine  after  oiling 
it    cniino'w  imputed     to    the    ma-ter. 

wlierc-  he  was  e<uii|H;tent  wiieu  scdii'ted. 
lijhiidH  V.  l\<)0  HS()c/,-c<  Itiil'hfr  Co. 
(1S!I5)  1(U  Mass.  214.  41  X.  K.  2(i5. 
I'he  frround  of  the  decision  was  that 
'•the  oilin^r  of  the  machine  is  one  of  the 
daily  mailers  rcjiilarly  incident,  to  its 
ordinary  u-e.  wliich  must,  be  intru-teil 
to  servants,"  This  case  was  fidlowcil  in 
M'nr.hiiiiiiii  V.  WiiKhliinii  rf-  ,1/.  ,l//,f/,  To. 
(IsnH)  U)7  Alass.  20.  44  X.  K.  1058. 
See  §  G12a,  note  1,  subd.  (b),  supra. 


The  ehanp'  of  rollers  in  a  fnd  niill 
for  those  that  arc  -hariier  is  a  mm-  d,' 
t.iil  of  work.  /■■/-:.  c  V.  Sh,H  i  ls:i!ii 
I  ilieh.  ()24,  7'.»  X,  \V.  HlHi, 
..  machine  nianufacturiii;.'  ceni|>iii\ 
is  not  liable  for  injuries  sii-lMiiiid  l.y 
an  employii'  by  tlie  lallin;;  upon  him  .: 
a  section  of  a  heavy  condeiisiT.  cmu-'1 
by  the  failure  of  himself  and  bis  c...  in 
idoyees  to  retain  wcoden  braces  hclMiiii 
the' various  seitins  until  the  e,Mii|.li  !.■ 
removal  of  a  hciidiT.  raised  at  tlic  (  ihI- 
cf  X\u:  several  seel  ions  on  one  si,l,.  l,y 
a  crane  and  tackle,  and  then  coupled  or 
bid'.cd  to  each  of  the  sections,  altlicu^'li 
if  a  b(dl  which  he  was  eii;;a','ed  ill  diiv 
iii^'  out  had  been  put  in  in  a  diirercni 
ma  liner  by  tlw  foreman  the  injurv-  wc.iil.; 
not  have  eiisiied,  HVkH'I  v.  U  ■  i\r(  j 
r.  Mfy.  Co.  (ISlt:!)  84  Wis.  14S.  .-,:!  .V 
\V.  1119. 

A  foreman  in  a  mine  whose  duty  it  i- 
to  employ  and  discharp  workim  ;i,  i; 
reel  tlicni  in  their  work,  look  af.er  r 
niacliinery.  and  direct  when  it  >li  i 
run.  is  afelh.w  servant  with  a  workiii,i! 
emploved  by  him  while  the  two  arr 
ele.iniiij.'  the  sprocket  whcils  useil  in 
ruunin;.'  an  elevator  in  such  depai! 
ment ;  and  the  employer  is  not  liable  for 
an  injurj-  to  such  workman  by  the  m.- 
lieeiice  of  the  foreman,  caused  by  tl- 
failure  of  the  latter  to  detach  ciidl.- 
ili:iins  used  in  ninninj;  the  elev.ilor.  a- 
it  was  his  diitv  to  do.  \cw  Pitlyhufv 
C'liil  iC-  Cukf  Co.  V.  I'ricrxnn  (l»ini,i  H 
Ind.  App.  ti;U,  4.3  N.  K.  '270. 

.\ii  ciii|iloyer  is  not  liable  for  an  l^ 
jiiiy  resiilti'n;;  from  a  defectivi'  lili- , 
iiiui  hook  sehxied  from  a  numtier  avail 
able  and  arranged  by  a  fellow  seivaii' 
as  "a  temporarv  incident  of  a  pailirul.ir 
i.,b,"  ]hnii;in'  v.  rulliuy  (ISll'.i)  174 
Mass.  3!)S.  54  X.  E.  SI2. 

.V  servant  cannot  recover  for  an  in 
jurv  caused  by  the  ne'-di,L:ence  of  a  fil 
low  servant  in  setting:  him  to  work  on  .i 
mcvable  platform  without  secuiely  fa5 
tenini  it,      lh.,n:id  v,   lload    1 18112)   155 

ilass'.  :{til.  2!)  X.  I'.,  i;:io. 

Kmiiloices  enfra;;ed    in  loadinj;  or  W' 

loadin?  coal  are  co-erv,iiits  of  c.m'Ii  c>t!!'-r 

as  repjards  nej^iiyeiee   in   the  S|>iii  ni;; '; 

pieces    of    rope    upoii    buckets    in    wlii' ; 

coal  is  hoisted,  for  the  purinjse  of  puii 


t  014] 


VlLK  I'ltl.NCU'AhSUll'— UKTAILS  ()!•    UuUls.. 


ij; 


614.  Negligence  in  the  preparation  of  temporary  structures  or  other 
initrumentalities  as  a  part  of  the  work;  general  rule.— We  now  (..iiic 
to  the  (Jccisidiis  wliit-h  cut  ino.xl  dccjilv  into  tlu'  (lnctriiic  of  nou  dele- 
gable duties,  those,  liauu^ly,  in  which  the  prcparaiioii  of  entire  iii-iiii- 
nientalities,  and  not  merely  their  arranjieinent  or  the  adju>Miiiiii  <•( 
their  parts,  is  treated  as  the  function  of  the  servants  tiieni-elvis.     'I'lie 


ing  the  buckpts  toward  tlic  (luiiipcrs. 
Uyan  v.  Smilh  (ISliS)  :>9  C.  C.  A.  427, 
.5U  II.  s.  A|)|>.  i;ni.  h:,  I'..,!.  7.is. 

The  tasix  of  sittini;  up  or  riu'^ins;  np- 
pliiinccs  for  stuvi'ilorfs  and  .■.;ifily  main- 
taininK  them  is  a  part  of  the  duly  iif 
tlie  fellow  employees  of  a  stevcdori'  who 
U  injured  tlieri'l)y,  where  thry  are  all 
under  the  char<re  of  a  ftiroman.  who  di- 
rect.'*  scvera.  jf  them  1o  riy  th(>  ve.iiel. 
Uurns  V.  SiiitirtI  (IHlHi;  Cal.)  44  Pao. 
lOlW,  Reileraliii';  (i|iiMi(m  on  rornicr 
Appeal   {\y.'Xi)   !l!t  Cal.  aii.'t.  33  Par.  '.Uli. 

•'l'ro|HTly  to  >ise  pulleys,  bloeks, 
rope.s,  and  other  ordiuarj'  tools  and  ap 
pliantos  which  have  been  furnished  by 
;:  iiia>tiT  '•>  the  workmen  eMipWiycd  up- 
on a  derrick  is  a  part  of  the  duty  of 
the  workmen.  It  is  ineidciital  to  t'"- 
nianaficniert  ai.d  use  of  the  derrick, 
working;  with  ii  derrick  the  foreman  ; 
his  a.ssistants  are  fidlow  servants,  and 
tlie  nia-l.T  is  not  responsible  to  any  one 
of  them  for  the  nejrli;.'cnee  of  any  other 
in  the  use  of  the  materials  an<l  imple- 
nients  which  the  nra.«ler  has  supplieit." 
McKiiDwii  V.  Xoiritms  (18S!M  1-lS  Ma.ss. 
.Vi.i.  3  I.,  n.  A.  320.  20  X.  10.  183. 

The  work  of  pullinj;  tii;;ilher  and  >cl 
ting  up  a  movable  derrick  iu  such  po-i- 
tion.s  as  may  be  rcipiired  is  a  duly 
which  may  i  i^'htliilly  be  eommiltcd  to 
the  seivants  themselves.  KtUii  v.  Julie 
rf  F.  Co.  (1000)  44  C.  C.  A.'  274,  104 
Ted.  Oao. 

Where  the  niovinj;,  adjusting,  and  se- 
curing of  a  derrick  is  one  of  the  ngular 
duties  of  worknum,  any  negliyciu-e  in 
the  manner  or  place  of  pultiui;  down  a 
post  to  which  one  of  the  ;;uy  ro|)cs  is 
fastened  is  their  own  negligciue  or  that 
of  the  superintendent,  and  the  latter  is 
a  mere  fellow  servant  of  the  workmen 
in  securing  the  post.  ilcUinlii  v.  Mhol 
Hcsenuir  Co.  (1892)  155  Mas.s.  183,  2!) 
X.  K.  510. 

The  omission  of  workmen  to  fasten  a 
ffuy  rope  of  a  properly  constructed  dcr 
rick  which  is  in  process  of  being  moved 
is  negligence  which  cannot  be  imputinl 
to  the  master.  ilaivm  v.  MulUi 
(1881)  25  ITun,  1G3. 

An  employer  who  furnishes  with  all 


the  iiccc-sary  appliances  a  dcrrii'k  in- 
len.lcil  lor  u-e  in  dillcp'iit  p.iii-  i  i  ,i 
building  in  the  |irocc~~  of  its  uni  .  run  p  ii 
ddi's  not  owe  to  his  emploveis  ihc  duly 
of  poipciiy  silting  up  and  supporling 
it  at  each  place  where  il  may  lie  re- 
iiuiritl.  I\i)iiii(hi  V.  ■hifl.xfin  il-  .|(//i. 
Irun  n'uil.s  (IS'.lo)  12  .Mi-c.  ,!3li,  33  X. 
Y.   Siipp.   (i.-iO, 

An  emphjyer  is  not  liable  for  an  In- 
jury resulting  from  the  fall  of  a  diriick 
(Hcas lined  by  the  absence  of  a  check 
ro|M-  which  a  coscrvant  in  chargi-  li.id 
forgetlen  to  attach  thereto.  Jml.iHxdti 
V.  Ciirliii  (18!I4)  10  .Misc.  22.  ;10  X.  Y. 
Supp.    .-.:!0. 

Ill  on-  Xew  York  ease  it  was  held 
that  the  owner  of  a  derrick  was  llaide 
where  a  wcirknian  was  iniuicd  by  its  de 
fective  rigging,  the  rojies  having  become 
stretched  by  rain  the  night  bel'on!  the 
accident,  the  starting  being  superintend- 
ed by  the  fnn-irian  who  had  charge  of  it. 
Ciiiirhicy  v.  Canii  II  (1SS3)  17  .tones  & 
S.  280.  Sedgwick,  lb.  .1..  disseulcd  on 
the  ground  that  the  plaiiilill  ''accepted 
the  risk  that  would  be  involved  in  ar- 
ranging the  derrick  and  its  several  at- 
tachmeiils  from  occasion  to  occiision." 
This  view  seems  more  in  harmony  with 
the  later  eases. 

An  eiiiid.>yee  injured  by  the  falling  of 
a  derrick  on  accouiil  of  the  iii'ghct  of  a 
fellciH  servant  to  fasten  a  guy  rope  can- 
not recover  of  the  master,  who  had  cau- 
tioned the  man  never  to  let  go  a  guy 
rope  after  it  was  untied  until  liad 
been  tiol  again.  \iilsi,ii  v.  Cillml 
(188.-,)  tm  Iowa.  li'.II.  23  X.  W.  600  (all 
the  negligent  acts  anti'ccdcnl  to  that  iif 
untying  the  guy  roi*  and  leaving  it  un- 
secured held  to  be  remote  causes  of  thu 
nccidciit ) . 

In  I'isrhfl  V.  Chlcafio,  M.  rf  St.  P.  /?. 
Co.  (ISS.-,)  02  Wis.  338.  21  X.  \V.  2li0, 
the  ap|)aratus  used  for  raising  a  ])art 
of  llw  framework  for  a  water  tank  con- 
sisted of  a  windlass  crab,  tackle  blocks, 
ro|>es,  the  tank  itself,  and  an  anchor 
lM)st  set  in  the  ground,  the  whole  of 
liiese  being  placed  in  position  and  ad- 
justed under  the  direction  of  the  fore- 
man.    The  plaintilT,  a  uiasuu  employed 


I  '•/ 


j:.H 


1778 


ALVtsTUR  AM)  tiKUV  AM. 


[CIIAP.    XXMI 


}r,.|„.|iil  nilc  to  which,  for  rons^ons  to  Iw  oxphiiruMl  in  thn  followii ;. 
neclioii.  ilu-  ('"iirt:*  hiivf  now  ccmmittcil  thfiiisclvcx,  may  bo  staiiil 
thus:      It'  till'  iiiustiT  supplies  suilahlG  inutcrial  for  the  construftii.ii 

with  olh.T  itia.ons.  carrx'iitcrK,  and  MC-  be  prnctiortlly  nulliflpd.     If,  «n  tho  .ul 

tiuii   in.M    ill    til.-    i-riTti..i.  «f  III.-  tank,  ju^tni.'nt    of    this    niucliiniTv    a    pull.  v. 

wnH    iniiiml   l.v   the  fall  of  th.-   franie-  althoiij-h  ,H.rf.-f   in  it«-lf.  >""!»''•;•"  "» 

work.  n«lMu'  l>;  the  fact  that  tho  amlior  protK^ily   lilaml   or  >'ocm,-i\:   if  t he   m 

iHHt  wax    not    set    deep  enough  in  the  .lior  rotie.  allhouyh  proi^r  and  -uHk.  ni 

Kround.  in    '♦"'■''•    •"!''  ,!«•••"  ,  '"■«•'";■'•'>•    «"';'    '" 

\  vrr.li.t  for  the  phiirtifT  was  iet  tho  |Kwt  an<l  slipped  th.-irfroiii :  if  ■  !»■ 
aside  for  reasons  explnin.,1  an  follow.:  of  the  men.  furnished  with  a  pru|..r 
The  court  said:  '-rhe  «tross  of  the  ar-  rn.ulmr.  had  neRliRpntly  held  it  at  il,- 
cuinent  is  to  l.rinc  the  <asr  within  the  foot  of  the  hent;  if  the  liain.wo.k  iiii.l. 
rule  which  char;;.«  the  ina.tir  with  thn  by  the  men  themselves,  in  the  sha|..  „i 
dutv  of  supplviiiL'  the  s<.rvant  with  rea-  timliers  underneath  the  iK-nt*  an<l  u|-  ii 
homil.lv  safe  "and  suitalde  machinery  which  they  rested,  had  Ix-en  impn.|"  ih 
and  appliaiues  to  do  his  work.  Hut,  as  made.-the  loRio  of  the  jhisi  i..n  .i 
I  have  -aid,  I  see  no  sulliriint  reason  plaintiir's  counsel  would  make  the  in.i- 
for  saving  the  defendant  was  under  ob-  ter  liable  in  all  the  cases  supi".-..!  i.-r 
liontio'ii  to  furnish  the  men  emplo.ved  to  an  injury  '  us.-d  by  such  iHrli-.nr,  w 
..Rft  the  water  tank  and  windmill  with  a  fellow  v.vant.  This  is,  in.le.,1  .- 
a  machine  or  instrumentality  for  rais-  tendina  the  liability  of  the  master  fur 
in-  the  bents  in  a  complete  condition  ther  than  the  adju.li  ations  of  Un- 
ready for  use.  There  is  no  claim  that  court  have  carrieil  it.  a .  d  furlli.r  Ihn, 
the  materials  and  appliances  provided  the  law  will  warrant." 
were  not  suitable  an.l  sutlicient  for  the  Wh.re  a  piece  of  iron  us.;<l  as  a  .nun 
pur|K.-.e  intend.Ml.  They  were  in  a  d.v  ter  UaUhav  of  a  lathe  llies  oir  aii'l 
li,  ' 
1 


iiell.sl  cMidition.  an.l  necessarily  had  to  stnki«    a    servant,    he     cannot     leinv.r 

.H'  ailiusle.l  on  the  Rrouiii! ;  but  the  .le  whne  the  evidence  shows  that   if  lli.iv 

frii.laiil  .lid  not  contract  with  the  plain-  was   any  nefiliKi'iice   it  was  that   ..f  ih. 

tiir  tliat  thiso  variou.s  appliances  should  foreiii:.n  of  the  lathe  in  n.it  se.iiiin^'  tli. 


b.-  a.lju^t.'.l  and  put  in  or.ler,  tit  for  use,  weij:hl,  an.l  that  this  weifjiil  was  a 
bif.iiv  he  went  to  work.  On  the  con-  as  any  oilier  piece  of  iron  if  it  lui.l 
tiarv.  it  was  -..liat  the  foreman,  Krooks,    pro|H-Hy      seciinvl.     Fiiher     v. 


Al! 


with"   his    Ran-    of    men.   includinj;  the  Mfg.  Co.    (IMH!!,    120   I'a.   3H7.    17  Ai! 

nlaintitl'.   was   emidovisl    to  do.   to  take  1)21. 

the  materials  of  stone  an.l  «..od.  ami  all        An    employee    cannot    recover    fnr  iii 

other  appliances,  and    build    the    piers,  juries   which.   ui>on   the  evi.l.-i...-      null 

construct  the  tank,  frame  the  bents,  ad-  have  been  occisioned  only  l.y  th.' h- -m 

iust  the  macliincrv.  an.l  hoist  the  bents  inp  of  a  button  up.m  a  car.liiiR  mi.  nm, 

to  their  proiK-r  p.isitioii.     All  this  labor  owinjr  to  the  neglect  of  a  fellow   s.  l^.nlt 

was    luc-ssaiilv    inv.ilv.^.l    in    what   they  to    ti-lilen    a     screw.     Nmi//i    v.    ;.,„r.  ' 

undertook   to  ("lo  ami   w.re   paid  for  do-  Mfil.  Co.    (IH78)    124  Mess.   114. 
inir       It    is    uiisoiin.l    v.a><>iiiii«    to   com  A     foreman     superintcniliiif;    l!i.'    c»i: 

Dire  this  hoi-tin''  apparatus  to  a  steam  struction  of  a  brnlLf  n.'ts  as  a  ni.  re  -'H 

engine,  a   niilroad  car.  or  to  some  ma-  ant   in  choo.  iiiR  the  mctlio.l  of  f.iM,-,,ii,; 

chine  which    is  all   adjusted  so  that   its  the    tackle    <;>"1' ;>.v<;'l-      ,     '' ' V' ./.     .\, 

sulli.i.iKV  can  be  as.vrtained  before  the  \u,k   r.   d    II.    I,'.    Co.    (IH'.IS)    l.>   Alt 

servmt    is  calL.I  upon  to  use  it.     Here  Div.  4fi.i,  51    \.  \.  Supp.  ... 
the   materials    lia.l   to  be   pr.'parc.l    and        A  master  is  not  liable  tor  the  m-ii 

imt  to.'ctli.r.  frami-s  ina.le.  an.l  lioiMiii-;  aence  of  a  fellow  servant   in  so  pLuiii: 

'ippan'rius  a.ljust.d— which  in.lu.hMl  thn  a   suitable  ro]*'  as  to  U'  cut  am.  «._•. 

scttinj;  of  the  aii<'li<.r  |Kf^t.— by  the  men  end      unnecc 
themselves;  and,  to  use  the  forcible  and 
inrtiiient   l.iii^uau'e  of  d.-fen.lanfs  attor- 
neys (111   this   pciint.  if   placing  the  post 


ily.      f'nsiDll    v.    /ii' 
/•;»,.7i)ie  Co.   (18!l(i)'  176  Pa.  459.  3.-.  At: 

Puttiiif;  a  pangplank  into  po-itmii  t.r 


in' the   LTourid.   in   this   particular  case,  the  purp.ise  of  loading  a  li.'avy  pio.v  ..t 

„.3s  „   ,,,,,v   wbi.-h   the  master  owed  to  machim^iy  in  a  railway  car  is  the  fun. 

the  senant.  then  in  doing  work  of  this  ti.in     of     a     mere    ;^.''vant.      /».".".•    ' 

.ind  the  nil.-  as  to  m.iiliability   for  the  Whitiii   Morh.   Worhs   (1H!W)    lii  -MJ»-- 

■"li.'eiit   ails  of  fellow   siTvants  would  150,  51   N.  K.  403. 


ii   'I  I      I 


DM] 


VICK  I'KIXni'AI-Sllll'— UKT.MLS  OF  VVOltK. 


UTtt 


of  an  a|>|iliiuico  wliidi  lie  is  not  oMipMl,  nnd  hm  not  i;  '.Ttnkcn,  to 
tiirni>li  ill  a  completed  I'tiifo,  and  the  workmen  thomseives  constnier 
it  iiirordinj;  to  tluir  own  iniljrineiit.  tlic  miiHter  is  not  liiililo  for  tlii' 
iiiuniier  in  wliioli  tliev  \ised  tlie  miiteriuls  tliiia  supplied.* 

A  mnxter,  nnt  Inmiik  rfsiMmtililn  for 
(lifi  arraiiKi'iiicnl  of  iimli-riuU  for  ti'iii[)«> 
rary  piii|Mi«i"..  ii  not  Ixiiind  to  irnlrni- 
iiify  a  tiu'IiiImt  of  ii  »liii>|>iii(;  hiimh  for 
ili'firtx  in  the  rotwtiiic  i  imi  of  >kiils  on 
which  Hiioh  LMii!.'  i«  tini\  Iiil'  iron  licniiis. 
wheri*  the  nuitcriiilH  Inivc  Ih-c!)  sclit-ttMl 
iinil  llic  xkidn  liiiill  hy  *\irU  ;;,oia  iiniliT 
i'l'iuTiil  onlcrs  fniM  Ihc  iiiiisIit.  not 
liiiiiliii;.'  Iho  iniitiriiils  or  nioilc  of  rcn- 
■.Irnction.  ('iiii:iiii;hiiiii  v.  /■''.  I'ilt 
Itruldi  WoHh  (limil  11)7  Pa.  «2.'>.  47 
All.  S4r,. 

An  rniployre  pnyn);'""'  i"  unlomliM;;  a 
»iiiir  fioiii  A  »fo«  iMiiiiol   rciiivcr  for  in- 


»|iiir  tiiiiii  :i  »fo«  iMiiiiol  rciiivcr  fo 
jnrir^  iliic  lo  llii-  fact  tliat  a  slid  over 
wliiih  the  «|iar  was  ticiii;;  hanliil.  and 
which  liiid  ln'1'n  placed  hy  th(  workmen 
theiiwclvei.  (Imv  up  and  »lnick  him. 
l.iiriii'iiiii  V.  .Uihiiiiil.ie  l>ni  llmlc  Co. 
lllMll  I    110  Wis.  .->!MI.  Uti  N.  \V.  1H2. 

f)lhrr  ciMs  which  proi'i-otl  upon  tlie 
theory  lh.it  an  employer  is  not  linbln 
for  injiirii«  caiHed  liy  tlio  failure  of  n 
fellow  -I'rvant  to  adjust  or  fa.sten  prop 
erly  a  plank,  or  other  similar  appli- 
ance, whii'h  was  Ix'in;;  used  as  a  tenipo- 
rarv  lprid,;.'e  fi>r  the  passnfje  of  the  work 
men  tlieiii^ilves.  or  f<ir  the  purpose  of 
tr.in^ferriii;,'  yoods  from  one  place  to  an 
other,   are    the    followiu',':       Thr    Ishiii-h 

\HM\,  •»«  Kod.  47S  (here  it  was  shown 
tluit  the  usumI  practice  preferri-d  hy  the 
wnrkiiicM  themselves  was  not  to  tie  the 
skid  I  :  lliiilsiiii  V.  Otiiiii  S.  It  Co. 
(is^^i  lin  v.  Y.  625.  17  \.  K.  :U>:  M<- 
Cnn<jfl,ill  V.  Ciiiinrd  N.  S.  Cn.  (1H!I.")I 
144  .v.  V.  -..52,  39  N.  K.  (l.'iT  (some  stress 
w,Ts  l.iiil  on  llu'  fact   that    the  appliam-e 

-;i  -kill-  was  of  sim|.le  construction, 
h'lt  tlii,  fjctor  is  not  material,  as  is 
-liewn  !)y  the  iiuthorities  hi-rc  referred 
III.  ;  llir,,,-  V.  //(///  (  ISOTi  21  Misc. 
t.VJ.  17  \.  V.  Supp.  ii;m.  KeversinfT 
i|S!i7i  .'II  Mise.  «77.  4(1  X.  Y.  Supp. 
.■>:!:!;    C.innni   v.    Veil-    Yiirk    f.   rf   //.    /?. 

n.  r„.  i\H>.)r,)  i.t  misc.  .w,  .14  x.  y. 
"^iipp.  li:i.  iJeversinir  (IS!),-,)  n  Mjsc. 
lill.  :V2  \.  V.  Supp.  !H|;  frC'„i:u,i-  V. 
llnll  iionoi  .-,2  App.  Div.  428,  65  N  Y. 
^\i['\K   l:tii. 

All  employer  of  longshoremen  is  not 
liMlde  for  the  death  of  one  of  them  re 
Miltincr  from  the  failure  to  lay  t!ic  iisiwl 
iilnnks  ahout  the  platforuior  "stoid" 
'■n  which  they  stand  in  [XTforniinf.'  their 


work  of  lowering  merchandl«n  into  the 
hold  of  the  vessel,  where  if  is  cusloniary 
for  Iheiii  lo  la_\  «tich  plank,  and  is  not 
the  diilv  of  thi'  master.  //o(/""  v.  Snnlh 
(1H!)|  )"l2,'i  X.  Y.  774,  211  X.   K.  712. 

An    elllplo\er    is    not    liillde    for    defects 

in  a  "trussf.d  plank,"  a  teiii|MPiary  con 
trivance  coustnicled  out  of  mnierials 
seh'Cted  hy  the  woiknien  thcin-iKcs 
while  littinu  a  roof  <in  a  liuiMiii;.'.  hin 
slam  Hritlfie  Cu.  v.  \ciihi  nil  i  mSI  )  !l(i 
I'a.  24(1.  42  Am.  Rep.  34:1  '  plank  -ave 
wny  while  a  rafter  wnn  bein>r  carried 
acroMs  it). 

Xo  action  can  Ih>  maintaineil  where  n 
servant  was  injiiri'd  hy  i  cnstinj;  which 
fell  out  of  a  truck,  owinj:  to  tin.  fact 
that  the  wheids  of  the  truck  pressed 
downward  the  end  of  a  plank  laid  hy 
himself  and  a  fellow  servant  across  n 
soft  picei'  of  yioiiiid.  Sliiiiikf  V.  I'liitiil 
Slaltn  Ihule,  Co.  (1!)()0)  12.'>  Mich.  ,tlii. 
S4  N.  \V.  28:1 

A  master  is  not  liable  where  a  cox  i\ 
ant  of  the  injured  person  cau-ecl  the  in 
jury  Ipv  iin|)rop<ily  sc'tfinj;  a  laddi  ■ 
Trckd  V.  Ifvrtiii'ilo'ii.  C.  ff.  rf  V.  It.  c, 
ilHlKi)  100  Iowa.  2ll,->,  (i!l  X.  W.  4J.'. 
tlr    hy    insecurely    fiistening    it.     (^inm, 

V,  rish    iis!i:ti  V.  .Mise.   in,-.,  ■>(;  \.  y. 

Supp.  10:  lliill'iiij  V.  Vfir  ).,;7,-  ,(  C. 
Mfi'l  .-!.  S.  Cn.  (lS(i!)i  2H  Misc..  2:!S.  ."cs 
X.  Y.  Supp.  1074;  Miiiiniini  v,  Miiiii-lus 
III-  Mills  iinoOl  70  X.  II.  ,->H2,  4!»  All. 
01. 

The  plaeinp;  of  planks  across  n  coal 
chute  unihr  the  direction  of  a  foreman, 
lor  the  purpose  of  fiirnishiii;;  a  phicc 
for  an  employee  to  sinnd  on  wliile  pris- 
inj;  open  tlie  lioltiuii  of  a  irondola  car,  is 
merely  a  detail  of  the  work.  \\'iii:i:iiii- 
■sl.-i  V.  1/cll  i/dViMM  (1001)  04  App.  Div. 
i::),  71   X.  Y.  Supp.  (ISO. 

.An  employee  whose  flufiers  were  sev- 
ered while  oiH-ratin";  a  machine,  molding 
the  top  of  a  piano,  cannot  recover  there 
for.  where  the  defect  complaineil  of  is 
that  a  iruard  upon  the  machine  was  too 
narrow,  when  it  formed  no  pait  of  the 
maihine.  hut  was  attached  liv  the  work 
men  as  a  protection.  (Hiukhii  v.  Smilli 
lISOS)    172  .Mass.   50,  51    X.   E.  4t!0. 

'  Kiinmrr  v.  Wehrr  (1S07)  151  X.  Y. 
417.  45  X.   F..  S(in,  l!,-.v,.r-ir,i;-   .ISii)',    m 

iiiin,  :^w    n  X.  Y.  Supp.  ii():i. 

Persons  ged  in  the  same  general 


Ii' 


1780 


MASTKU  AND  SI'.UVANT. 


[«  IIAP.    XXXII 


M,!r 


It 


|ii 


iiii 


615.  Bfltionale  and  limiti  of  a  maiter'i  exemption  from  liability  fur 
the  adjustment  or  preparation  of  initrumentalities. —  'I'lio  liiniiM  of  m 
innstcr's  lialdlitv  tin-  un  iiijiirv  cuu^itMl  by  u  sciitTold  or  ntlicr  iippliimrr 


work  nn>  fellow  m-rvjiiitH  i  .  n-i^rt  to 
llii'  ni'Klipi'iKT  of  iiiif  i>(  lln'iii  III  I'oii 
striictini.'  ii|>|iliiiiirc<  with  whiili  lliry 
iiri'  to  «(irk,  "l.i'ic  tlii-ir  \M>rk  incliuli* 
tlio  ron^lriiil 'nil  (  -mil  ii|i|ili,iii(i'<. 
Marsh  v.  Ilrn.nui  (  IHfll  )  17  Miiiti.  .'iIIT. 
.-.0  N.  \V.  (111. 

'■'rill!  iiiKtcT  N  tiivcr  liiililt!  for  fnil- 
inft  to  ^ti|i|ily  n  "nli'  plMrc  fur  tlii-  scrv- 
lint  to  work,  wliiii  llii'  work  ciinii»l"  in 
iiiiikin;.'  Hiifi'  till'  pliii'i-  till-  riiiiilitii.il  of 
whioh  III'  ooiii|i!iiiiii."  Itii!  ii'l  llilt  K. 
Vo.  V.  Itrnim  llS;i.->)  Ui  Iml.  I'm!".  42 
\.  K.  :i.V.l. 

"Tlio  riilo  wliiili  rninirr*  tin-  iiiiistpr 
to  pro\  iili-  II  siitV  |ilaii'  anil  >ifi'  iippli- 
nnci'i*  for  flif  srrv.int  is  apiiliiii  wlii-ii 
the  (>liiri.  in  wliirli  till'  work  i^  to  Ik- 
iloni'  is  fiinii-liiil  or  |irip;ii' il  by  !'.  ■ 
mii.M.r,  as  in  tin-  ii-i-  i.f  >lii|i  or  ii 
mill  or  a  faclurv.  or  wlirii  i  ir  iiiacliln 
ory  nr  ollii-r  applianct's  with  wliiili  tlic 
KiTvaiit  i..  ('iiiiilovril  to  work  art'  fur- 
nisliisl  liy  till'  mailer;  luit  it  lias  no  a|> 
]>lii':itioM  wIh'II  till-  plai'i'  at  wliirli  tlu- 
work  is  to  III?  ilniii'  or  lln'  ap|ili.iiiii's  (or 
iloiiif;  till!  siiiiii-  .iri-  to  III-  pr.i.ari'il  by 
tlip  -orv.int  liiiii«rlf.  If  tin-  ap|>liaiiri' 
in  fiirnislusl  liy  llir  master  for  tin-  pur 
pose  of  cnaliliiiL,'  llie  srrviints  to  |H>rforni 
the  work  in  wliirli  tiny  an'  to  In-  i-n 
t;ii},'<il.  lie  i  rripiiriil  to  .-i'<-  that  it  sliall 
bo  rtasonalily  -ati-  lor  thai  piir|H>-.<-; 
but,  if  till-  pii'paralio  of  that  appli 
nnce  is  a  part  if  thr  «.  rk  wliiili  tln- 
si-rvant  is  nipiii'l  to  iHitmiii.  the  mas 
ter  is  ml  li.iMi'  lor  any  iblii't  in  it- 
prrparal  ion.  'Tlii!  rule  ilm-s  not  apply 
to  ,t  ea~e  when-  -eviia!  persons  are  em 
ployi-il  to  ilo  ei  riain  work,  anil,  by  the 
contrnet  of  emoliiyiiieiil.  I'itlier  expres- 
or  implicii.  tin-  eiiipluyie-  aie  to  ailiii-l 
the  appli, inii>  by  wliiili  the  work  i-  .'o 
be  iloiie.' ■■  (•if//./»  v.  liiiH  'ISlllii  II:. 
Cal.  ".!•;!,  -!.">   I'ae.   KM7. 

"Where,  however,  the  nia~ter  iloes  not 
undertake  the  iliity  of  finnisliii^^r  m- 
adapting  the  applianees  by  whieli  the 
work  is  to  be  performeil,  but  tlii>  duly 
is  intni-ted  to  or  assiinieil  hy  the  work- 
men tliem-^elves,  within  the  seope  of 
their  eniploymeiit.  he  is  ex-inpt  friini  re- 
,sp<insibility  if  suitable  materials  are 
furni.shed  and  suitable  workmen  are  em- 
)iloyed  by  him.  even  if  they  iii'LdiL'ently 
do  that  which  thev  thus  iinilerlake." 
KiHcy  V.  A'orcros8"(  1877)  121  Mass. 
308. 


nil 

ml 
I.  I 


■V 


111 


(a)   .lpp/ii«/io»    of    the    rulr  in   Ihf 

MIS.      of     srtllh'l'f^,     shlfnuffx,     iff.    —   Till' 

iiirliest  re|>orti-<l  i-ase  turning'  il|Hin  tin' 
liiibilitv  of  a  ina»ter  for  a  ilefectixe  -•  if 
f,  l.|  i»"ll  o/ii.oi.  V.  .1,111  (1S.-.0)  .-.  I  \.  !i. 
.•!.">l.  I»  Iiir  H:t7.  I!l  i..  .1.  I".\eh.  \.  ■<, 
:i(MI.  There  the  plaiiililfs  liil-haiiil  »  i- 
oil.-  of  the   liriiklavii-.   einpioytd   li.\    ■!. 

I'endint  for  tl.       piiipo-,'.     'Ill ill 

was  ereelisl  iiiel  r  the  siipei  inteiuli  in 
the  defendiinl  s  foreman,  the  ilefeiel 
not  lieiiij;  pre«ent,  and  was  lon-ini. 
by  men  in  the  employ  of  the  defeiil, 
who  used  an  iiie-oiind  led'.'ir.  in  i" 
queiiee  of  wliieli  the  -ealfolii  broke  w 
the  plaint  ill'-  hil-band  was  at  wi  il, 
on  it.  'I'lie  iiii'-iriiiiiliie--  of  the  i-'ile 
iH'eii  previously  poineil  out  to  the  f 
man,  but  the  dree.i.ed  eoiilil  not  -i'' 
ill  feet  on  aeeoiint  of  <iiiiie  planki  l»  iii^ 
l.iid  iirr<i.>s  it.  l!i-<oveiy  was  denl"!  mi 
the  yroiinds  tint  tlie  ilefrmlanl  had  in  i 
personally  siipei  inteinlc  i|  the  eri-i  I  imi  of 
the  struetiire.  and  that  his  foniiijii  m.i- 
a  felhiw  -.ervani  of  the  plaint  ilV-  iiiir- 
tiite.  and  not  -hewn  to  have  heiii  "a 
person  delieient  in  -kill,  or  an  iiepi"|i 
er  |H'r-on  to  be  iiiiployisl  for  that  pur 
|Kwe."  'I'he  imiiii  iiiiilenliini  of  plii" 
tilT's  counsel  wa-  lliit  I'liinlln/  v.  /  .'• 
hr  (1^:17)  .1  Mees  &  \V.  I.  .Miirph.  * 
II.  .111."),  1  .Iiir.  !is7,  had  no  applii.iM.n, 
for  the  reason  tli.it  tlie  per-oiis  ernlinL' 
a  se.ill'old  are  not  li  II  iw  lalmreis  ..f  .i 
III. Ill  who  is  merely  e  llployed  III  work 
thereon,  am!  the  ease  fiilbmed  «in 
lliili-liiii,t(w  V.  Yuri.-,  V.  rf  /{.  A".  <'n. 
(ls,-,0)  .-,  Kxeh.  :u;l.  lit  I,.  .1.  KmIi.  V 
S.  Jliil,  14  .liir.  s.'>7  (where  the  pl.iiiilil! 
»as  tr.ivelin^'  on  a  train,  and  the  ilelin 
ipienls  wen-  the  traintiieii  I .  Tin'  ailii.it 
iliei-iiin  lliii-  nndeicd  is  ipiile  in  h.ir 
moiiy  uilh  the  more  recent  aiitliniiiii-. 
but  it  will  beeonie  dear  a.s  we  prui'i"! 
with   the  review     of    the    eases  eilid  in 

Ihi^  1  the  ne\t   -eeti.  lis  that  tin    ti-H 

at  pii.-int  aiiidied  for  the  pur|Hi-e  of  il.' 
teriiiiiiin^:  tlie  ri^ht  of  the  sirvanl  te 
iii.iiiit:iiii  lii-^  action  iiie  in  some  iiiipir 
tant  re<|H'eti  iliMeient  from  tlio-e  re 
ferred    111  by    the    r.iiyli-h    jilil^es. 

The  doctrine  wliieli  is  now  re:.Mii!.''l 
as  deliiiiii:,'  the  nature  and  extent  of  tin' 
imuster's  lespon^ibilily  under  .^iii'li  li' 
cumstanei-s  as  tlio-e  involved  in  Hi') 
mure  V,  ■In/i,  .■iiiprii.  is  that  wiiiili  i-  »' 
forth  in  the  follow  in}.'  extracts  fimn  tho 
opinion"  in  various  eiises. 


I  8151 


VICK  l'ltlN(  ll'\l..Sim'— l>r.lA!l,.'i  OV  WoliK. 


I7fll 


i'(iii<lnifi"i|  itr  ii'l  ill  -ii  1 1  !i>  II  (iiirt  <>('  llir  wiirk  art'  ilctcriiiini  ■!  ii|x«n  fhr 
liypitlH'ii'*  tlint  it  i-  iii-t  ilutv,  iti  tlif  ultiTiiativc,  "tu  fiinii-li  cillicr  a 


Wliin"  tlic  -rn  lilt  l«  Injiiri'il  lij-  dc- 
lirl<  ill  :i  trin|.i  r.ii.v  -I  ".'iiij'  iiifi'iiilfl  to 
lie  ll-Mil  I'llly  in  lilii^lniiL.'  till'  lilliMill^ 
vvImti'  it    .vM-  ci.iHlriiiii  cl.  "If  tin-  pLiiii' 

|jll'<       I'tlijpha'li         (lirili-ln  >l         •llllirirllt 

i|iianlil  if'<  <if  -iillilili-  ni;ilii  ImW  fur  itii;; 
ini,',  iiii|>li>vii|  »iiit:ilili'  wdrJiiiM'tJ.  itiiil 
ili.l  iii>l  tlii'iii«-lvi"4  iimli'il.iki'  tlii>  duty 
.if  fiiiiii-liin^'  till"  stnffiii'.'  iw  ii  -Iriiitiirr. 
hilt  i>iil>  "it  »ii|i|«Ix  ill','  Mi.itiTiiil-.  Jill)  la 
Ki.r  liy   nliicli     it     iiii'_"lit     !•(■    Imilt    iiiul 

fri'Tii  li ti>  til Iipli.l  III  till-  work, 

uml  if  ll»-  iliilv  of  liiriii-liiiiL'  nr  iiil:i|it- 
in?  till-  «liiL'iii'.'  ii»  iiii  ii|i|pli.iiHi'  for  u-<n 
ill  ilic  wiirk  iif  tlni>liiii'j  tlir  nunii  wim 
int"i-(i'il  to  or  iK-iiiiHHJ  hy  tlu'  wnrk- 
MIC  ||iiiii-iIm-^.  «itliin  tlic  siii|k'  of 
thiir  ciiiplin  iiiiiit.  till"  Piiipliiyrr-  iirti 
not  iii'«'MTiilili'  to  till-  pl.iiiiiiir  inr  lii'* 
injury.  .     .     <>ii    tln'  <:lli.  r   IimimI.   if 

Ihi'  si. i'; ill'.'  Uii"  fiiriii»hri|  liy  Ilii'  iiii 
[iliiyer*  .n  ii  imiiplt  liil  -ti  iirliin'.  or  if 
lh.\v  tt>iMi»<'lvr«  Mipi  I  \  i-ii|  ^in<l  cliri'cliil 
''•  ron-iriictid'i,  or  if.  ri'lyiiid  upon  it-i 
iHii-tiiMi  ion  l>y  tln'ir  workimii  for 
lh('iii-rlvc'4,  thn  piiiployiT'i  ni'.'lii;intly 
f.iilod  to  prnviilo  "iiitnlilo  :infl  iiitli.icnt 
mitlrri:il-',  or  tii'i-livi'iiily  liii-i'il  iin.nii- 
IK'li'iit  VI  ikiiicn.  thr  ciiiplnyrm  piiL'lit  he 
;lllHW('rillilr  tfi  tlic  pi  lilll  ill'."  Iliilihi  V. 
V.,i<iv,w  (]8il»)  172  -MiKs.  3.11,  :Vi  M. 
K.  .v.;s. 

"It  wns  rnt  pnoiiirli  to  pjiAi-  tli.ii  the 
■riitT'ililinj.'  iriivc  A^iy  iiihIit  tin-  ciicinii- 
■itniicea  roiiltiti;.'  in  nn  aociilnit.  or  th:it 
it  wait  in  fiict  ih  f.  itivc,  unh  --  it  wasi 
Miiicli' to  .ippiMr  tli:it  thi'*  \v,'i«  ll"'  proti- 
iiiiili'  P  -lilt  of  -.lino  onii--ion  of  duty  on 
th(>  p:irt  Of  tlip  drf  tidiinl-  or  tln-ir  fore- 
tnin.  If  they  fiirrii-hcd  >iiil  ildi'  iirilc- 
riiN  for  till'  coii-l. ruction  of  n  pio|K'r 
pblform.  nnd  tho  workmen  thcm-ilvos 
nm-iniciid  it  nccoriliiiL'  to  their  own 
jiiiLtii'tit ,  the  (lcfciiil;iiin  well-  not  lia- 
hie  for  the  niaiiiicr  in  which  tliey  ii»c<l 
thf  .nateniil  so  furnished."  Kiiiiniir  v. 
1IWp-t   (I81I7)    151   N.  V.  417,  45  N.  E. 

8i;n. 

"Where  :in  employer  employe  mociinn- 
i("»  to  do  a  rerliiin  ariioiiiil  of  work,  the 
ileitis  of  which  reiiiiires  tho  use  of  scaf- 
iiM*  M)ii;-h  it  is  a  part  of  the  work  of 
ihe  mechanics  so  eniploynl  to  ciii,iiiict, 
and  llie  employer  furni-ln-j  projier  iiia- 
teriiils  v.ith  which  to  con-lniel  the  <caf- 
fiild'-,   tho    ne;;liL'ent    ii'e    of    siieh    iiiate- 


rii'j  either  hv 


!ii!|i!'opei-!y  mill 


tlictn 


toL'ithi'r   or  hy    sclectitie    niateriits    not 
prop«:r  for  the  particular  use  for  wlich 


I  lay    are   .H<drcti>d,    whercliy    line  of   .iicli 

I hiiiii-'    is    injured,    as    the    aeei.leiit 

v>ils  not  the  re-llll  of  the  Mi-.'h  el  of  It 
duty  that  a  mailer  oweil  lo  Iih  eiii|>lo\ 
ee.  till,  iiia-ter  is  not  lialde;  ami  tliil. 
In  est.ilili.h  II  cause  <if  action  for  .<iicdi 
an  iniiiry.  the  |  ..lintill  must  |irove,  in 
addilioii  to  the  tact  th.it  then-  was  uix 
li;.iMiee  in  the  «e|eetiiin  of  the  imiterial- 
for  the  hiiildiiiL-  of  till-  siatridd,  tie  nd 
diliniial  fact  lh.it  the  m.i-ter.  or  sonii' 
one  that  st>s«l  in  the  lel.ition  of  repre- 
-dilative  of  llie  ma-ler.  a-'r.iimtil  to  ion 
-triicl  the  -eair.dd.  and  then  ilireile.l 
the  employees  to  use  it  ait  iv  constnictisl 
-eallold."  l/ermif  v.  ti'(ll,i,il,,r  ilH)i7l 
HI  .\pp.    Div.  :.'7J,  44   \.    \.  Siipn    iltC. 

"If  tlii-  jd.iiMliir  and  his  .■i«niplo\ee-. 
Iiad.  without  ^is'iiiie  iii-t  met  ion  from 
llie  iiia>l<  r.  or  one  .letinL"  for  tho  mas 
ler  nnd  under  his  aiithiiity  in  Ihe  |M'r 
fermaiiei  of  the  duty  vhirii  ho  ow.sl  lo 
his  employees,  con-t  nn  leil  this  scallcdd 
of  impiiiper  material,  it  would  nndoiilit 
islly  ho  a  iM.'i'  where  the  iie;.'lip.n(v  was 
that  of  a  fellow  ompjeMo  or  ei>ser\ant 
with  the  pl.iintill'.  for  uliich  the  ma-ter 
would  not  he  lialde."  Hirlmritu  v. 
lltiitrs  (|S!i7)  17  App.  Uiv.  ^i>.  45  N. 
V.  Sii|ip.   lMI. 

"Where  the  master  em  pIo.\  s  eompidonl 
workmin  and  provides  suil.ildi-  iii.iterials 
lor  Ihe  ne(i.-»ary  sta^'iii;;  to  lie  tinod  hy 
them,  and  intrii«ts  tin'  duty  of  creel  inu 
it  to  them  as  a  part  of  tho  work  wliiiJi 
they  i^re  oiilm;;isI  to  |«iiorMi.  he  is  not 
lialde  to  one  of  lie  in  for  itijiiiios  re»iilt- 
ine  to  him  from  the  falling,'  of  the  sl.i"- 
ini;."  ./ones  v.  Ht.  I.hiiik,  V.  rf  /'. 
I'dH'l   Co.    (IH'il)    n    Mo.    .\pp.   SfH. 

"lor  an  injury  received  hy  one  work 
mm  fioiii  the  no..di;.'eiiei'  of  oiliers  in  in- 
enasinj;  the  scall'old's  hi  iLdit,  the  em 
plover  wouhl  lie  no  inon^  liiildc  than  h" 
woiihl  lie  for  the  fall  of  n  ladder  fur 
nished  hy  liim  to  lii»  workmen,  when  the 
fall  wa.»  tho  riwult  of  one  of  tliom  neirli 
;:entlv  plaeina  it  in»eiurolv."  Mahir  v. 
Mrc'iolh  (LSftfl)  .->8  N.  .T.  L.  469,  3.'! 
.\tl.  !II5. 

"With  lespcct  to  the  hiiildinc  o*' 
ordinnry  sea  Hold  injrs  and  other  siniph 
struct II res  of  that  nat'ire,  which  I  ilxm 
and  mechanics  are  in  the  hahit  of  con- 
struct injj  for  thcm-rlvcs,  .  .  ,  the 
master  is  tinih'r  no  oldiijation  to  do  more 
llian  to  .iiijiply  !i  siilliiieti!  rjiMntily  of 
material  vshich  is  re.i-onaldy  well 
adapted   for  the  making'  uf   such   struc- 


i      i  i 


i,  kSLlUliJiitj  ,'1 


\:w 


MAHTKK  ANDWKKVANT. 


[('HAI>.    IXXl 


I  II 


i  ■!■ 


.Jim 

mm 


ii: 


mital.Io  plnfforiii  or  m-uUM  f..i  -Ininj;  tin-  \v..rk  tliMi  tlio  plnintifT  an 
hii  ••wmiili.v.M'*  \Miv  r.-.|iiinM|  h,  .1...  or  pioiH-r  aiul  -iiiiiil.U'  matnri.il 


liinw."     hrrr  Uurrmi    !//</.  fo    v.   Hr»« 
(imiK)   3H  ('.  C.  A.  IU7    'IH  K.".l.  .-111. 

"A  r'  >lti»a  tiiiilt  iiiiil  ii-t'il  li.v  iiii 
lilcvviH**  i>riKii''<l  '"  <riilin«  u  liiiililinv  = 
not  u  pliin-  |>iii\  lili'il  l(.v  III"  iiiii-l"'r  !•  • 
lii'<  xi'ivniit*  111  Hork  ill.  Iiut  iiii  iii-tni 
iiii-iilality  priK 'Iril  dy  ^\»■  -iimiiiI"  n-  .1 
iiKHlin    o(    <;n  K    I'll    ll"'    »'"''    ''"> 

Inivi-    iiiiiliTliiki'll     lo    iIm  "       UmiKii-     v. 
l»i/;.r   (I'.MMh   72  VI.  iHJ.  47    Ml.   I0H7. 

In  //(i/./»/i  V.  H..M,>/rr  (  IHS.-.i  l»(l 
\lii««  '222.  2  \  K.  77t».  «  rity  fni|>li>vi>l  a 
iiin»ti>r  biiililiT  I"  fiinii-.li  lulxir  miil  lo<>N 

iiciiiiri'"!  ill  ll mil, .11  nf  ^1  lniil.liin;  !■> 

Ilip    i"ity     tii;.'livniy     iiiiiiiiii-Kiiiiiii .      IIm' 

lity    (iiriii"li>il    tlic    inatiTJaU    ii -".iiy 

jii.'l    piiicl    llii'   huililiT   ami   tii»   iiifii.      A 

iliiirtcil    M.  < of   lii"  iiK'i    '"  ''ni'l   a 

-laKiinr,  and  the  iiiaii  umiiI  a  clclVitivi- 
lirioki't  lifliiiijrinK  <"  A.  wlici<'l)y  im 
A'«  workmen  wa«  injiinil.  It  «a-  lifld 
lliftt,  thi'  nia«lti-  liiiilil'-r  mil  lia\iiiy  lii-l 
.my  authority  (rniii  the  riiy  in  iimii-li 
ili<"'  bracket,  "••MT|''  ""  iii'l>l'''l  ("Tini- 
-ion  to  line  it  uihUt  hi*  contrail.  (In-  lu'y 
li«<'nc«  via*  held  tu  l>c  lli.it  "f  -irvantx 
in  conrttriictinj,'  nn«a(c  •lii;;iny.  and  not 
Unit  of  a  nia-itfr  in  nol  fiinii-hin;.'  iirojKr 
niatrrialit. 

Other  cane*  In  which  the  prin(i|ilc-. 
thus  net  forth  have  Imch  held  fo  prevent 
the  injured  servant  fmni  reiiivii  iii^'  are 
Ihe  following:  ,V<-i/c.<  v.  Wuml  (1K!H) 
102  Cal.  :JS9.  30  I'ac  76ll :  l'<iu.li>  v. 
liidiatmjHiliii  Itnitiii'j  Co.  1  IHllii)  21  Ind. 
.\pp.  3:m.  S2  N.  K.  402  (injury  wa.t 
caused  bv  the  removal  of  the  .iip|Hii1» 
liy  a  fi'ih'-,.  -er\-.int.  plain!  itf  havi' ,; 
notice  of  what  wati  ;;i>in;'  '"i:  ^'H- 
,/crfi/  r.  Si>iin(l  (lan.l)  lti(»  Ma>H.  20.1, 
M.5  N.  E.  779  iniii-on's  "tendei"  injui-«l 
by  netrli;:ence  of  in.',  ion  in  wli-ctinu  im- 
p'riiiMTinaterinls  or  in  iiiipr(i|i<rly  fasten- 
ini;  Iheiii)  :  (hhrhl,<i<l  v.  ('/ikvi,</o  (/.  11'. 
A".  Co.  (ISiiS)  7;i  Minn.  327,  7fi  N.  W. 
56,  400  (nef.'li(;ent  selii'tion  <if  plank  for 
temiMirarv  sealloldt:  Miirsh  v.  Ilirmait 
(1801)  47  Minn.  6.17.  60  N.  W .  Oil; 
Itershu  V.   /■'.    II.  Mh'tirr  rf  To.    (1801) 

01  N.  \V. 


I  18HIt)    11  rt  N.  Y.  1155,  23  N.  K.  ftSft, 
\er.iiiu    rlHHrti    41    llun,  0.17 ;   /I""' 


i;. 


■/., ,,,„„,/    ilHOl)    1211   N.  Y.   lO.V  21!  N 
K.  1017,  l!evcr»in(j  I  IS!M»)  ,12  X.  N    S  l; 
lO.V).     10    N.    Y.    Siipp     «Olt;     //."/.-I,    V 
Smilh    (  18!lll    125    N.   Y.  771.   20    \     I 
712;  Ihiiiiiilhi  v.  /lnii/-»  (1H87I  4:!  IImi. 
(70   (liKil  of  l.iddor  UNi-d  for  mippoTiin 
.1      -calfidd      wa»      lnnccurely      pln.V 
//.,./.!«  V.  Hi  Id  (1887)  44  llun,  72.   W. 
r„)'„MicA-    v,    rniufi.rd    (I8H1H    «    N    V 
S.   K.  8.1.1;   Thomp»t>n  v.  I.ihhi  11    I  Is'ij 
40  S.  V.  S.  It.  324,  10  N.  Y.  ."^uiiii   i.vi 
Siiuin  v.  Hitioklyn  A:ralraz  , I  «/■''"''  ' 
(  liiOl  )   57  Mtp.  Div.  50,  08  N.  V.  >u|  ]i 
."lO    (plaintilT    wan    me   of    «'ver,i!    cir 
iriilern  engapcd  in  'akiiip  down  a  l.iul ' 
In    )  :  I'friffir  v.  lunlogue  (lOOOi   i;i  \ 
.1     I..    707,   40    All.    772    (plainlill    «  ,. 
iif    lielling  iron  platen  to  a  ve^..el     wliili'  li. 
-Iixid  on  a  sealfold  which  win  iticn-;!-.! 
ill     heiuht     UM     the     work     pro;;ii--  .1 .  ; 
I'l  III""""    V.    fliilt    I'ltbtie   Hrhuiil   /d  1.  .' 
.lOlMii    27  Out.  .Vpp.  Kep.  480   i|iliiik> 
).'an;i\vay    enn^lrurted    by    a    ma -on    ml 
IkhI    carrier    wa«     in-iillliieiilly     nul.-.i 
and  (fiivi-  way  under  I  he  latter  1  ;   S'li; 
V.    Anin.iir    (1803)     81    \Vi».    ti2:t.   .M   N 
\V.    1000    (fcireinnn  diiceled    pt.iiiilill  te 
udju»t    a.   plank    in   a    H<air<ddi;    ('•i.hl.- 
V.    imeifiii  Still  /I'l../.    lo.    (IMM,   " 
Wis,   (00.  00  N.  \V.  .SiMl;  I'llJir  V,  fuil'f 
(1.>(II2)    83  Wis.  281.  .Vl  N.  W  .  .VIS. 

.\  ma-. .11  canniif  reenver  f..r  iiuurii* 
..ii^laini-d  by  falling  fr.mi  a  *la;;ire.'  .In" 
>*iilely  lo  the  eande-.-ncsjt  of  a  l.il..  1  r 
iniployi.*!  to  assi.-t  liini.  in  pla.ii  -  .mi' 
of  the  lianelM  suppoitinji  the  st.i_:iii-  -'' 
thiit  it  r.-sted  unevenly  on  some  1  n  '  I'l 
on  the  lli...i-.  n-r„„,i'„r  v.  \.<iJ  (IvHi 
153  .Miu*«.  281.  20   N.   K.  H.-,7. 

.\  master  i~  not  reipiired  to  -.i'  ili«' 
plank*  laid  wiibmit  f.i>il.'ninf.'.  in  i!'' 
ii^ual  manner,  upon  a  sealli.l.l  eri.t.  1  '> 
his  direction,  are  at  all  time-  pin|,  1!. 
adjii-t(?d.  Such  duty  falls  ll|"'a  tli" 
-erx  ml  using  Ihe  sealTold.  ./()i«./.;»v 
Iruii  Itini  Co.  (1891)  47  Minn.  111,4" 
N.   \V.   085. 

.\n  uni]ualilied  instruction  that  it  w  i- 
if  the  employer  fo  furni-li  ■ 
Hold   in  eiiuntou-i   whiTc  l!i'- 


103  Mich.  100,  27  1..  K.  A.  200  ,  ,^       ,    . 

058    (riveter   and    cai|)inter-    under   Ihe  the  iluty 

same    suiH-rintemlent.    en(.'a^'efl    in    ship  piojx'r   « 

building,  held  to  be  fellow  servants,  go  evidence  is  that  it  was  part  of  tlieetn 

OH  to    precluile   recovery  by   the 


veter    pluyinent  of  the  'njured  persoi 


iiiiJ 


for  iniuries  caused  bv  n.-iiKemv  of  the  workmen    to    erect    the    scalTi.l.l-^   up- 

carp<.nters  in  eonstruetiiiL'  a  s.airold  01-.  which  they  worked,    Bntizhaf  v    i.i«/..i:/ 

which  he  works,  ;  0/.e«  v.  Y;.c.,„  1  IS'lH,  i  is;w    28  .^'i^""-    ^|>3.   5?    ^;    ^Jj-i^l 

fll    N.    I.   T..    071,   40   All.    Ofl4    I  part    of  .-ila.   Uever-m-;    (1809)    2i    Mi-'.  *<-i.'' 


w'    k;   no   undertaking;  I.,   liuiii-ii;    -liip 
ca.pento-    injured);    J  ml  sun    v,    O/cun 


N.  Y.  Supp.  828. 
Where  a  workman  was  injineil  l.y  tlic 


w 


I  'ii:.j 


VhK  I'lMNt  IIV\l,->llll'--  DKl  \II.S  UK  WiiiiK. 


1783 


f..H     of    «     ►"■''•.Ifl     nct.-.l     iiii.l.  r    )>!«  iiti,|  -iilli,  i,.nrv  of  flip  c^.l.ilt.     Tli.'  .Illll 

.ii|.iH  iM.iii  „i  111",  (i.iiiiii n  Ihc  l>iii|,|.  ciillv    .«ii,.i'  fiuiii  (III-  (iiliin-  I iinlv 

itl-    |.li.yl. --<m1,    uII    ill-tlllili..||    lli.lt.    lliK  f,|.|.||    it    ill    ll»'    r.lllm;    fur   tll<t   |iltl|MiiN< 

iiii|.l.._>i  I-  |4  Ijmiii.l  to  (iliiii  li  .1  «.if.' |.l:iii.  ili-i  ml.      If    ilii.    pn  jMialiiii    fur    tlio 

i.f  Hi.rk  U  err..ii...ii-«.     l.-i,„l„,i  v.    l/i'»-  work  i>f  li.i-i  ini.'  tin-  |>iiiii|i  «j.  uilliin 

M..,.'"    /'''/'  '  "■    (IIKMll    7J   Vt,   J:s.    17  111.'   ilmi  —  .if   llif   ill  r.  !i,|.iiit<,   lliril    hImi 

All.  Itis.-)  I -i.i.'iiiv*  tTiftr.l  iiii.liT  Mj.  r  iMT   .li.l    it   ri|.i .   •  ii  1 1 .1   ih.iii,   mill   ilir 

vi-ii>n   vl   (uri'iiiaii,   ua   a  tiiiijiliiij^   j>io  t limiM  «,!■.  ili.  ir-.     Tliin  l-i  flip  din- 

^'''■■"').  tiiiijiii    iif    till-    |il.iliiiiir'4    cciiTi-i-l,    liy 

lllh.r    ennrn    ri|i|.!>  in;;    tin"    >.iit>Mi   due-  uliniii    it    1m   lii-i-li  ,|    lli.it    tlh-v    l.iilnl    to 

tiiih-    ill    Kiir    iM     iiHiri'    of    iu    \.iiiiiiii  utii'  II ri-  rii|iiiri-.|  i>f  tlinii  to  .iir.inl 

jiU.i.r*  iiri'  rii..|   in  flip  tifNt  tlii.e  mo  Ii>  the  [.Iiiiilill  11  >..iIi- |il.i<n  lor  liii  work. 

'''!"■  W  lull     tllM     MMIl     li.lOIIHlI'llI     flic     lnrflTIII 

I'Miih    on    tlif    ;.'!. 11111.1  ri'Ii.il  iifwni  in  iiihc  of  llu-  wiik  .u'  iiiliii«liii.nl   .if  tho 

ll^     ■!•    ..ll<     ^llnl     ,ll-o     .HI     lllr     yi.     !,hI     of  |MIOl|l     III. -I.'     H,l«     IKI     W.ihl     of     Hufl'ty     in 

till'  n,i.iiilli.iri/i-il  ii-f  of  111,.  .;|.|.l,  UMV,  a  th,.  Mill, li. 11.  or   in   lln  ..xi-liii^  .•imili- 

1.11  1  iiliH  «ln)  [ill.  i.li's  a  -ii.li.iiiil  siiif.  ||on<,  nl  lli..  i-li...  wIhtp  this  wim  to  b* 

li.Iil   for  l.ii   woi',   i*  tint  li.ilil"   for  llii  ilono,   nor   «.i~   ilnro  imy  ilil'.rl    in  the 

iliMili   of  an  i.iii|il.iv.i.   from   fhi.  v;ivin«  npi.jianr.w  .mi.!. .Mil  in   llic  \Mirk.     Thfl 

w.i.v    of    iin     in-iiili.  J.  lit    -.■.illiiM    .-on-  Hiiiilrnf  in.i-i-  ii.'ini  tin-  fiiliirf  to  make 

-liiuliil  fur  fli."  II-..  of  iinotlHr  .uiiliait.  kihIi  ii-p  of  linin  u»  to  yivi'  -if.-tv  to  itj» 

..r-  .1111.1.  \.n...  ami   iml   ii.li)|il.il  l.y  liini  (m-i  fi.iniaii, -.     It  j.  nnl   iin|M.rtaiit  to  in- 

f.ir  III..  II-..  of  hi,  \\.mI.iii(.|i.  il|...ti  «lii.li  ijniip  Hh.lli.r  tli..  f.iiliiip  of  lli..  (.y..|ii>|t 

mill  w.irl.man  t:.  .■»  in  iti..  (hi  i.iniiai..,.  to   r..laiii    lU   pko-o   in   tin.,   c.  ilini  "iw 

i.fhi-noil.      \hi!i  ,  v. /,,.,■.,..„„  ilsiij,  atlril.iil.il.l"  I..  |iii.  ii-i- of  a  l.ir;..rr -izi..! 

41  \.  V.  S.  R.  :i;j.  IT  N.  V.  >.iiipp.  ai;i.  hit  tlim  -h.  nM  havo  I n  u-iil.  or  to  nn 

(h|  Ai-i,lU:itii,ni,l  III-  ml,   ,,i  //.,■  ,.,.,v,-  iiii,ul„i:,nt  i.il   1..1..I1I  ion   at  tli.'    plaiv   in 

of   iilhi-r    iii..h:'i,i,  i.liiliii.s.^  -.\    railu.iy  llir   Mi-i.'.n   ci  ilin.,'   hIiiti'  Um   h.ili'   \vn« 

c  nlr.utiir  i.s  not   li.il.lo  for  d.f.ils  in  a  n  al..   l..r   it.      liii.  ..\,lioll  wnn  not  dn- 

tn-lli.    «liiili    i<    11. ,t    a    Hliii.liiro   fur  sifiml    as   a    iM.nn  in.  nl    iiliinhni.-nt    in 

ni-liiil  ii.r  ..iiipliiyr..-  to  work  on.  Iml  is  tl,,.  ..lillnj;.  .,i   for  .iil,.i.ipi,.nl  iiw-  in  th.> 

il-.'lf  a  p.irf  of  till.  Hnik  whiili  tiny  aiv  liii«iiii.«s    of    tin-    iliiiii.iants.       It    \vii» 

iiiL...i;,.iil  111  [wrf..iiii,  mill  is  a  lliiiiu  wliirli  ,iil.ipl,..|     is   a    ti'iiiis  r.ii  v   |.x|KKli.-iit    for 

th.-y  llii.iii-i  h..,   ni.iki..   ami  -a-   inu'li   a  II .■i.i,i.in--i.in|.li.\.,|   as   a    nirans  to 

p,iii   of  till,  .■ori-lnii  li.  !i  of  111.'  ii.,i.l   .1,  iii-,...|„plisli    till,    piirims.'    fh.'n    in    vii'W, 

\v.i.s   .li)..-..iii^'    in    till'    pit,    loa.linf;    ..in,  ami   (It..  11-.'  mail..  ..f  it   was  within  lhi> 

ilnviii;;   t.iii,-.   or  tanipliij.'  diit  .■!     tli..  .Iiialls  of  \Uv  work   wliiili  tli«  woiktiini 

iliniip."     1. 1,,,!,, ill   V.    U.,..,/»    (lis'i,    41  „,,,.    pr.M,    ,lin._'    to    (HTforni.       In    that 

.Minn.   L'l_'.   4    L.    1!.    A.    7:i:!.   4:!    N'.    W.  viiw  any   n.L.li..  ii.o  to  ttlii.h  Hip  plain 

1<I:;m,      A.i   to   this    (.nso   in   the    K.il.r.il  tiir's  iiijiuy   mn    Inm.  Ins  n  attrilml.il.li- 

,,.iiiu.  <,v  §  (ilii.  m.tc  I,  infra.  was  nil   Ih'af  of'th..  ili-fomLints,  Imt  was 

■|  111'    makiiif.'   of    tho    pioji'i'lina   Mo]tA  tlial.if  hi-  i-i..iiiplii\.. .»..•' 
ill  a  pill'  of  liiiiil,.'r  l.iiii;;  11   put  of  1  liii        .\  in.  iiilK-r  of  a  l.'ii.l..-i.  ..Mnff  Mnnof  re 

ttiirk    whii'h    the    in...    in    tho   janl    an;  11  \i.i     for    inimii.s    caii-nl    hv    Hi.'    fact 

hind  to  iHTfunii.  iiom;  of  tlinn,  wln'lliir  ili.ii  a  wiiIl..|.  ii-isl  in  ciir-inni  injr  ,1  tciii 

piliTs,    siirtrrs.    or    ni.'.i-iir.  is.    nin    ir  is.iaiy  tr.uk   t..r  the  ci.nM-vanp.'  of  ma 

liver  fur  iiijiirii-s  ..aii-isl  l,y  tho  s,.I,...tii.n  t,  rials    s|ip]„,|    ,„it    of    plaV...      Hi, Id, 1,1 

iif  a  knotty   pl,,nk   fir  on.'  of  tlir  s<i.ps.  .     H    /,'.   <  „.   v.   Itnucn    (IH'.ir.)    14J    Iml 

/Visit  V.  /.',,(  /,'.,,    I.,ii,il,.r  Cii.    il.SllO)  i;.-|l.    12   \.    K.  ,•).■>!». 

4:;  .Minn.  .520.   4t    N'.   U  .  S7S    (ISiU)    45        A  trian.Ii-  ninl.'  from  ulank  nml  u-.d 

Minn.  •_'.•!.■..  47   N.  \V.   7*<.">.  for   Mi-ipii..-   a    ma-t    is   1,1    -iwh    -impl,. 

A  ma-t.-r   is  nut    lialili-   for  nn   in.jiiry  pon-li  11. 1  ii.n  thai   it  is  nut  iii'i:li;.'rm.i.  on 

to  a   »ir\  int.    (•.•iii-..l    l.y    the   f.ill    of   ;.  Hi,,  part    of  Hi.,  own. 'is  of  a'vi'-i-l   not 

liiavy  pump,   ihn-  lo   llii.   .,.ivin;_'  way  of  to  li,i\.'  a   ..i.nn.Ii.lid   Irian^jl,.  on   hoard, 

nn  .yil.ojt  in-  (ui.ly  f.i-l.  nn!  in  tin.  >.|  il-  if  .-uil.ilil,.  iii.itiriaU  an-  pi.,\iilisl.     h',il- 

ill'.,  l.y  a   f.lli.u   sin;. lit   fur  thi'  piir|H.-i>  /.r/,'   v.    It,,iiiit}    (I.SHTl     |i;!i    M.i-s    200 

of  nii-inL'  Mi.'h   pump.      \\,ill,<  v.  Jl,  .,,,1  47    V.    K,    cim,'    Forim-r    Appial     (1S1I4)' 

(J ^''7)   18  App.  Div.  24.1.  4.j  X.  Y.  Siipp.  llil   Ma-s.  4r.:i.  .IT  X.  K.  4.-,0. 
•'  'I'lie  ih.eiiinns  ,.ii,.,|  in  this  note  should 

^^  •■!!:.-ri.  i-i  nn  qor.-»mn."  sni.!  th^  .%-'iin,  Kr-  .-..tnjiaiL-d  with   thu.se  cited  in   j  6i3, 

_iiiiiiii     till'    1-1  ii:|.|.|(.ni'.v    of    .ill.    plain-  sujjia. 
fill  .s   (■i>,.m|,|,i\, ,-.    nor   i.f   the   blr.n.'th 

Vol.  11.  M.  &  s.~ai. 


tl 


U84 


MASTKH  ANO  SKRVAXT. 


\ 
I 

i 

m 

1 

1 

i 

i 

iU 

■"  u 

;.:i 


1 

; " 

■ 

■ 

:  ■■;■  I 

1  ■! 

[chap.    XXXII. 

for  tliP  coiislnicltdii  of  siK'h  a  jilal  form.""  Un.lor  tlio  Kciicnil  prin 
ciplc  statc.l  ill  S  -'''-'l,  >->■"/"",  till'  (lui-lion  whether  tlie  one  or  tli^' 
other  of  these  duties  was  chavycahle  to  the  master  is  piimarily  oin' 
for  the  jiir.v,  under  proper  instructions.-  So  far  as  rc-anls  the  con 
trol  <.r  review  of  tln^  conclusions  of  a  jiirv.  the  essenlial  matter  tor 
tlie  con-idcration  of  a  court  is  tho  etl'.ct  of  ihc  evidence,  as  indicalinu 
the  rehition  wliich  tlie  ■.■.■■  .t  respoii>ihle  for  tiie  defcct.s  in  lh. 
instrumentalit.v  hore  ,•  tiie  iii:ni.'  ^V  nid  the  defendant,  either  in 
direelin,!;  the  work  w  ic'i  •c-uIm  d  i;  :lie  production  of  tliat  instni 
mentality,  or  in  pruv.  !^!,4  tlie  :!Mte  iaU  of  which  it  was  to  be  con 

structed.^ 

What  that  relation  is,  may,  ns  an  analysis  of  the  cases  shows,  b, 
dcteniiincd  hy  follow  in-  either  one  of  two  lines  of  investifraf  ion,  t.. 
each  of  which  certain  l..i;ical  conceptions  are  peculiarly  appropriate. 
For  the  sake  of  clearness,  therefore,  it  will  be  well  to  ditlVrentiatr 
between  the  alterinitive  theories  of  the  evidence  which  is  customarily 
pres(.nt(Ml  in  cases  of  this  class,  thou-li  at  the  same  time  it  shoidd  I. 
remarked  that  the  interval  between  them  is  so  easily  brid.-cd  that  tli.' 
courts  cpiite  conmonly  pass  from  one  to  the  other  in  the  course  of  tli.' 
same  o|iiniou. 

The  start  ill--  point  of  one  of  these  lines  of  invest  ipition  may  h 
said  to  be  the  (pi(-tion  whether  the  coii.<t ruction  or  ailjustment  of  tli. 
defect  iv..  in>triinieiitMliiy  was  a  function  which  the  master  w:is  ju-ii 
tied  in  h'aviiiu-  to  tho  servants  themselves.  Thus,  to  take  the  inn-t 
numerous  fr,,,up  of  cases  und.'r  tliis  bead  for  the  purposes  of  ilhi- 
tration,  the  mere  fart  that  a  sta-in^'  was  not  built  under  the  iiniiii' 
diate  personal  supervision  of  the  master  is  manifestly  not  siiilicieii' 
to  justify  a  trial  jud-e  in  rulini;-.  as  a  matter  of  law.  that  the  plain- 
iifT  cannot  recover.  The  omission  to  exercise  such  sujiervision  mny 
itself  have  bee,,  nei;!i-ei,t.*      That  the  delegation  of  the  function  w;is 

>Mrr„„ey.  C.nUanhrr  (ISllT)    10  App.  a  q,„-tion  .,f  fact  for  thfi  jury  n^Htb.r 

Div    "T"     It  N.  Y.  SuiM..  il!,7.  that  ney1,j..rno(.  v.,s   ,n  it>I«'"   "f  "  " 

%ir,:.lh,    V.    li„u,h    n,.,s.    d    II.    I.  uas  .to,,,  or  ,>,„1..,-  ak,.n  hy  th..   T.l  j 

arniiitc  Cn.   (IS'iV)   'JO  Mf.  110.  37  Atl.  xverl<tn.;n,  or  was  tl,.'  „.-I,t;r„.v  ..,  th. 

874  (ii.^li:;i'M.'(>  here  was  in  tli.'cr.rtion  i"iisl';i-." 

:,„.!   s„,r,H:it    ef  a   run    fer  lar-e   -l.m..>,        '  l!,n,nr,h  v     Ihu.^    {ISJM    1-    Api'. 

,   a  in  the  set,...tion  of  llie  „.;,.•,.  Citing'  Uiv.  A'i.  4.1  N.  V  ^up|..  i.^t. 

407      «l.e>e    tl eiMTal    rule    wa.s    laid  Ma-s.    407.      There  the   ,.la„,lil1.   h.    '.i 

lev'n      rf,lln«-        -Wl.eu  tl,e   ,m.,,u>a-  n.lien    of    hi.    e,u,.h.yer     «ent    oat. 

ion    o      tic    a,.|.lianee.    is    neiU.et    in-  sta;:in,L'   uhieh,  heiu^'  e.the,-  en„~t,„.  - 

\Z\M    to    n/.r    ,.-u,ue,l    hy   the.n,    the  of  un-uitahle  n.ater.als.  or  .umiH.  an 

^aJr^nlav  he  held  .uilty  of  ne;.li,eMee  fash^a-d     to.etl.er,     v..s     >"---  -,,:^  j 

if    defeetiN"e     appliances    n,e    f„rni-ae,i.  ^Ih.I,     .^.,-.     hu,U     '"-f"  ••■''■'._,     ••.;;.;';' 

even  t hou^-h  the  work.nen  llaan^.tves  are  beo,.n  ^vork  hy  pers,.ns  «h      v         •    > 

emnh.ved    iu    the    prepaiatien    ef    tla',,,.  uaol-  his  lellnw  «orU,„.  „,  Ihe  .h  h  n    '•' 

Vn'.u.V.  case,  ne,d'«enc.  npp.a.ing,  it  i.  direeling   what   lun.her   was   to   he  U.cd 


8  i;i:.] 


VI (K  1'1!IN('IP.\I,SII1I'--I)KT.\IT,S  OF  WORK. 


1785 


iiitt  (riil|);il)Ii'  is  sdiiiPtiiiics  iiiforrcd  t'nuii  jmsilivo  fvidonco.  slinwinj^ 
tliiit  such  wurkiiicn  as  tlmsc  in  ([ncstion  gciicrallv  cniistnict  tlicir  own 
sciilTolds  and  adjust  their  own  apjdiaticcs.'"  I!ut  s|ic('.itif  testimony 
(if  s\ich  a  custom  is  not  necessarv  to  nciiafixe  fault  in  this  veirard. 
The  virtual  effect  of  the  aulhoi-ili<'s  is  tiiat,  \\  iiciievir  the  dit'ectivc 
■iCittfold  or  otlier  apjiliance  was  e-sentiall_v  one  of  a  IcmiMU'arv  char 
acter,  constructed  or  adju.st(Ml  with  a  view  to  some  |iarticular  piece 
of  Work,  tiio  master  cannot  he  held  neglifjeiit,  merely  for  tlie  rcMs.ni 
lliat  he  left  such  constructifm  or  adjtistment  to  the  servants  them- 
^olves."      Accordingly,   whenever  the  instrumentalitv  is  i'n<'  of  tlijs 


therpfor.  iind.  nltlioufjli  tlip  Ktajiin;.'  was 
not  liiiilt  iinilcr  his  dirrct  iM'i-ional 
-iipi'ivi-iim,  sn]u>riiiliMiiliiii.'  1'"'  wmk 
f.fiiciiilly.  The  court  said:  "WhctliiT 
a  paitiiiilar  str\ictinv  or  appliauco  is 
(ine  for  wliioh  the  ina>t('r  is  r<'»jH)nsil)li' 
to  his  sorvant  may  dcpiiid  upon  finiiiii- 
-t;iiiro»,  iiii'liidiii^  the  ii.itnrc'  and  scope 
if  the  piiiphiviiiciit  of  those  ciiyaj-'od  ill 
its  prcpiiralioii  mid  use  It  may  ilepend 
iipiin  tlie  question  vvhctlii'V  tlie  dircelioii 
and  ihar^'e  of  the  work  is  eonlldcd  to 
the  Wdikiiien,  or  some  of  tliem.  or  re- 
Iniiipil  Iiy  the  eiiiplciyer.  or  li'fl  iiiipro- 
viih'd  for.  If  the  iinployer  directs  his 
workmen  to  do  certain  work.  le:'viiifr  it 
to  tla'ni  to  provide  the  struct uics  anil 
appliances  re<niircd  for  its  prosecution, 
he  may  he  respon>ilde  only  for  care  in 
selection  of  the  men  and  material  as- 
sifmcd  for  it.  Hut  if  he  simply  employs 
them  to  work  under  hi>  diicillon,  ;;iv- 
ins  them  no  eliar};i>  or  re>]Minsiliility  in 
rc;:ard  to  the  result  to  he  accompli^licil 
or  the  npplianci»s  to  I>e  iise<l,  that  rcspon- 
sihility  remains  with  him.  I'he  nef.di- 
};erce  of  fellow  workmen  for  which  the 
master  is  hcdd  to  he  exe;npt  from  respon- 
sibility is  ne;.dit:ciice  in  ii'spect  to  that 
which  the  workmen  umlertook  or  were 
M't  to  do.  .  .  .  It  Wduld  have  hi'en 
competent  for  the  jury  to  tiiid  that  the 
defendant  had  not  intni^te<l  the  prepar;i- 
tion  of  the  slafjinfr  to  aiivoiu'  idse.  anil 
therefore  that  he  retained  the  cliarire  and 
direction  of  it  himself,  and  was  bound 
to  exercise  simie  depree  of  enre  in  rejrard 
to  it.  which  he  netrlccted  to  do." 

"When  the  selection  of  material.s  or 
const  met  ion  of  the  appliances  to  the 
liii'^iness  is  such  that  it  may  pro|ierly  ho 
left  to  the  workmen,  in  their  capacity 
as  workmen,  and  within  the  scope  of 
their  employment,  and  it  is  so  left  hy 
the  mn-lcr.  he  is  relieved  from  rcsjionsi- 
biiitv  '  ■■     " 


liixith  Hi-nR.  d   II.  I.  tlniiiile  Co.   (isn7) 
on  Me.   I  in.  .17   .\tl.  874. 

"The  li.ihility  of  the  master  cannot  he 
determined  merely  hy  >howiii;r  that  the 
place  where  the  workiian  were  en;,'a;:cd 
in  his  service  was  a  sciiU'otd.  hut  it  mn--t 
de|K>n(l  upon  the  nature  of  the  -.call'idd 
and  the  purposes  it  is  to  -iiN-iive. 
whether  it  could  'e  pro|K'rly  left  to  the 
workmen  to  dci  I'line  and  contiol  the 
method  of  its  eii  ion,  and  whether  they 
dill  ill  fact  control  its  erection,  or 
whrlhci  the  m.i«ler  had  charjre  thereof." 
/•'.  <'.  Alls-tin    \lf(i.  Cij.  V.  .hihn.mn   (  IS'.IS) 

:i2  I",  c.  .\.  .'inn.  m  V.  S.  App.  iitii.  sii 

Ked.  (i77. 

See  further,  as  to  this  case  in  S  S17. 
infra. 

.\nother  ease  reeopnizins  the  criterion 
advcrti'd  to  in  the  te\t  is  It'CmnKtr  v. 
IHih  (lS!»r>)  If.l  Mass.  -,(in,  42  N.  E. 
111. 

'In  Kimimr  v.  W.lnr  (1S07)  1.51  N'. 
Y.  417,  45  N.  !•:.  Slid,  the  court  remarkeil 
that  "when  a  ;.mii;.'  of  masons  are  en- 
paired  in  pla-^tcriiin  or  )>i>intii|i;  a.  room, 
the  construction  of  proper  i)latfi>rms  or 
places  upon  which  to  stand  while  iloinj; 
the  work  is  one  of  the  dclaiU  of  the 
business  that  is  ;;cnerally  left  to  tlie 
workmen  thcmselve-." 

In  Mifiiiir  V.  Hiilhiiilii-r  (1S07)  16 
App.  Div.  272.  44  \.  V.  Supp.  (107.  one 
of  the  evidential  factors  enumerated  was 
that  it  was  "customary"  for  c.ir|K-nters 
employeil  to  do  the  particular  kind  of 
work  in  question  to  construct  the  neces- 
sary    sCillVohl, 

See  also  Aoi/e*  T.  Wood  (1S04)  102 
Cal.  .'isn.  3C,  I'ap.  7fifi.  where  the  same 
coneepticin  is  adverted  to. 

•  In  a  recent  ease  it  was  ohsprved  that 

the  courts  draw  a  distinction  between  a 

scafrold  which   is  n  permanent   platform 

furnished  by  the  employer,  on  which  he 

lor  their  negligence."    Uuinully  v.    invites  his  workmen  to  stand  in  doing 


i 
ft 


]:; 


,1     !'    „ 


p 


i  M 


•ft- 


f 


f 


I'll  ' 


1786 


MAM  i;i!  ANU  SKKVAM'. 


[l  11AI-.    \\\ll 


.'hai-act.T.  tlio  l.nnlcn  of  pn.nt'  lic3  on   tlic  HTviiiit  tn  ovrcuiiie  tli.. 

l)nsiiiiipti..n  of  noiiculi.iiliility  l)y  iuMncing  s..m.>  |H>sitivc  ovi.l.i 

fruiii  whi.'li  an  ohliiiatioii  on  the  master's  part  to  furnisli  sneh  in-trii- 
ni.'ntalitv  ii  a  e<mii)li'tpd  state  is  roasonal.ly  inferal.le.^  Ou  th. 
..tlicr  liaiid,  [l  is  also  dear,  liotli  upon  princij.le  aiul  authority,  tli;it 
:!„■  fa<-l  of  an  appliance  beiui,'  ordinarily  preparcl  l)y  the  plaiiititT'^ 
f..|l,,xv  .irvai.ts  is  not  necessarily  a  bar  to  the  action.  Since  the  diiiv 
tn  funii-h  safe  ai)pliances  rests  upon  the  master,  he  must  disehar-.- 
his  dutv  in  the  premises.  Nei-ligence.  howcvr.r  often  n'i)eated.  wi!! 
nut  ripen  into  an  excuse  for  a  nedeet  from  wlii.-h  injury  result..^ 
Tt  will  he  observed  that  the  theory  upon  which  recovery  is,  fmi,, 
this  standpoint,  pennitted  or  (UMiied,  is  simidy  that,  as  there  is  im 
.-ulpahilifv  on  the  nu.ster's  ,.art.  the  nen.'ral  principle  is  left  to  op, , 
ate.  that  in  sel.'ctini:  and  using  the  materials  the  workmen  act  as  carl, 
other's  fellow  servants.* 


11i..ir  work,  nnd  a  temporary  ami  inov- 
iilil..  |iliitfiirin  to  hp  iiKTeuscd  in  licifrnt 
;i.i  t'nc  work  projrrossps  l>y  tin-  woikuicit 
llicTii-^i'lvcJ  US  their  nccils  rcfiuin-.  .l/,J/i>  r 
V.  Mcdriilh  (ISilti)  -,H  S.  -T.  I..  MVX  IW 
\tl  i)4.">.  Coiitra-itiiifj  Muhhty  v.  Uilhu- 
.list  h'rliijioua  Soc.  (1878)  12.5  Mii.ss. 
4S7. 

In  MtCoiic  V.  (!iiHii<lliir  (ISMTl  16 
Ann.  Div.  i:-!.  44  N.  V.  Supp.  (J!>7.  it 
was  considcrca  tliat  the  rases  .■ontainm^' 
the  hite-l  cxpnssions  of  opinion  ot  tli« 
eourt  of  apiM-als  i-stahlishwl  this  pnnei- 
ph':  ••Wliere  an  employer  eniphns 
mpehanios    to   do   a   certain    amoniit    of 


work,   the   doin;;  ''' 
nse  of  siiilVohls 
work   of  the   mi 
ron-lniet.    and    . 
pro|H'r  materials  w 
llie   sealtolds.  the  m 


liieh    reipiire-    t  ho 

is  a  part  of  the 

)   empUived    to 

>\iv    fnrni^hes 

.  ,iieh  to  con^tniil 

li;.'elil    use  <if   -iiih 


materials,  either  by  improlKrIv  iinitinK 
them  to;.'elher  or  by  seh^ctinn  materials 
:.  ,h  pro|HT  for  the  juirtii'iihir  u-i'  for 
whieh  they  are  seleet<'d.  whi'rehy  one  of 
siieh  meehinies  is  injured,  as  tlie  aeie 
dent  was  not  the  result  of  the  neglect  of 


a  dutv  that  the  mastvr  ow. 


(I  to  his  em 


the  prounds  on  whieh  it  was  heM  that 

the  plaintilV   failed   to  make   out   ;i  c 

for  the  eou~iilerati(in  of  the  juiy  wi- 
that,  he  had  not  shown  that  it  wi-  lli 
duty  of  the  master,  under  tlie  (in  in.. 
stanei-s.  to  oonstruel  tin'  iilatforni  nii 
whieh  the  masons  were  to  do  the  wink. 
luit  that,  on  the  <-oii1rary.  the  |in«'l 
sliowed  that  this  duty  was  a-Mun.'.l  hv 
the  workmen  as  one  of  the  details  of  tlr 
work. 

'  niiiiiiiUii  V.  lioiitli  llnis.  if  11.  I 
amiiile  Cii.  {WM)  '."0  .Me.  110.  HT  .\t! 
874. 

•In  lloxs:  V.  Wiillrr  (ISIIM  l^in  Pn 
42.  'il  .\tl.  l.">7.  l.')il.  where  the  arti" 
was  held  not  to  W  iiiaiiitaiuahle  f.>r  ."• 
injury  eausi-.l  liy  a  defe<'tive  faKeuurl, 
tlie  court  >ai(l:"  "It  is  not  inal.ri  il  !' 
this  imiuiiy  to  know  whethir  •|liill'.> 
had  entire  ehar;.'e  and  <miiiI  rel  of  1" 
work'  as  a  foreman  or  not  :  nor  (o  kiini 
whether  he  seli-cteil  from  the  mas-  fiir 
nisheil  by  the  eniplo.xer  the  iiiatirial-  I" 
W  used  for  any  parlimlar  |mriiesi' . 
not:  luu-  whether  he  hireil  ami  lii- 
ehar;.'ed    men    or    iK.t.      The    iiKpiiry  i- 

li;ni!i. 


Was  it  th 


hivei's  duty,  afti 


ploy 


es  the  nia 


iter  is  not  liable. 


\  servant  cannot  reeov 


er  for  mpiries 


hv   the  fall   of   ■•    sealfold.   wh<re    of  every  s- 


pro 
ni' 
f 


e  i'm|i 
Ided    materials    au\ple    in    ipiuili') 


al   quality,   to  su| 


,ise   the   srlirti.. 


tick  out  of  the  ma—  for 


•r  it.     This  wa 


the  evid<Miee  is  merel  a  T0\*-  which  purp( 

should    have   secured    a  spar   slipin^d   or  answ 

came  untie.l.     l!„-Wtt  v.  .1//-/.S-  N.  N.  To.  for  that  leas.m 
(1SS4)   12  Daly.  441 


?     To   state  this   quc-licii  i»  t" 


not   his  daty.  ai;.. 


DulTev.  if  he  did  ><1< 


the  timber,  which  is  more  tin 


,l(iiil'tli 


Compi 


Iso  the  rulinjis  cited  in  the    un 


ler  the  tj-stimony.   did   not   repn' 


fnUowinL'  notes, 
'  Si^o    hiiiinirr 


Walker  as  a  vice  principi 


i1  in 


wucli  ^H" 


V.    Wrhrr    i  1 SUT  I     1.'>I     t  ion 


He 


I   his   fellou    u.>ii,na-ii  •«'" 


V.  Y.  417,  46  N.  F.  S'lO.  where  one 


of    lo  judge  of  the  suita 


bilitv  of  the  |)i«« 


I     I 


«  lii:.] 


Vl(  K  1'1!1N(  ir.\I.Sim>     DKTAII.S  OK  WORK. 


1737 


'I'lic  cssciitinl  (|U(stii.n  to  lie  (Ictcriiiiiicd,  if  \v(  flhmsc  tlio  iillcriiutive 
lino  of  iiivc-iii;iiiii.ii.  is  wlictiicr  ilio  luiistcr.  as  a  iiiiittcr  of  fiict,  as- 
>iiiiK'(l  to  furnisli  iIk:  sciiffold  or  otiicr  iii^lriiiiiciitiilifv  in  a  coiiiplricd 
i'onii,  or  iiicrciv  fiiriii-ihcil  t!ic  niatcriiils  tiiid  left  tlicin  to  bo  iisol  liy 
;lii'  servants  tliciiisilvcs.'"  (  Icinlw  if  siicli  a~-^iiiii]iti<)ii  is  ostablislicd, 
'ho  iiiastor  will  lu  liMl.lc.  as  for  iii'iili;;vMco.  <\i'-a  if  tiic  (•irciiinstaiK'<'s 
woro  otliorwiso  such  tiiai  lio  wmild  lia\(>  Ix-cii  jiisfificd  in  leaving  tbo 
-irvanf.s  to  |)re]»ai'e  tlio  d<  leciive  iiistrnnientaiitv  tlioniselves.*' 

Tbo  caso  is  fur  the  jury  win  re  tlio  evidenee  is  coiifiietiiif:.  or  reason- 
:ilily  c'diisistent  eitlior  witii  tiie  liypntbesis  tbat  tbo  dofoctive  appliance 
was  constrnctocl  by  tbo  felluw  sorvanN  of  tbo  injiireil  person  out  id' 
iiiatorials  funiisbed  by  tlio  niasier,  or  wilb  tbo  bypotbr sis  tbat  it  was 

of  tinilicr  tliey  iisrd  for  llip  usos  to  wliiili  417.  4r>  N.  K.  H(il)  (whom,  houi-vor.  tin? 
thiy  put  tliciii.  iind  tlirir  ci  ror  in  jinl;;  ncliun  w:is  !ii'M  v  '  to  lie  maintain. ilili' 
iiit'iit.  or  tlioir  cairlc--^  ilis(|iar<.'('  ot  (hi-  for  (In-  ri'ason  (!i:-.  (Iicrc  was  no  cviihiiii' 
duty  «as  (lioir  lanlt  or  failure  ami  not  that  Ihi'  (li'fcnd.ints  actiiall.v  ron^lrncti'il 
Ih.it  of  their  »MM|ihiyt'r.  Hi-  hail  ili~-  ir  iliri'ctril  tiio  con-truclion  of  thi;  |ilat- 
char^i'cl  his  duty  whrn  ho  fnrni-hiil  an  fnrin  whiih  ^ravc  Hay):  \ilnsl.rii  v.  <!il- 
iiliundanco  of  materials  from  nhiih  Ihcy  l,i  it  (IHtKJi  l(l.-|  Ma.-s.  -14:1.  l.'t  N'.  V.. 
(diilil  sidoot  what  was  needed.  riii-  Id'.l;  llimli/  v.  \orcross  ll.HilH)  17.' 
udual  selootion  out  of  tlii-  -tock  of  the    .\l.i--.  ;i:tl,  .V2  X.  K.  528. 

■•\\  here  an  em|>loyiT  en:|doys  men   to 
do     |iarti(iihM'     woik,    furni-hiiij;    tliein 
with    a    eoni|dete    seatVold    a-    an    appli- 
ance willi   whieh  to  <lo  the  work,  if  tliat. 
phtnl    >ea(r(dd    i>    an    un-  ife   or 


"ticks  needed  from  time  to  time  wa-  not 
hi-  liuty  hut  that,  of  the  workmen  tlnni 
selves.  If  there  was  a  \i>ilde  delni  in 
a  stick,  eommon  prndi-nee  ami  eiiiiiniiui 
care  on  their   part    would   have  rejected 


it  and   >npplied    its   place   with   anolher  iinprnper  applianee  for  the  puri>ose  for 

out   of    the    stock    lit    thidr    command."'  which  it   \\a-  to  be  used,  tlii'fe  is  a  V'ola- 

It  was    held    error   to    have    refn-ed    to  lion  of  the  dnty   impo-^ed  iiimhi  the  em 

iiistruot  fh('  jury  that,  if  (hey  fo\ind  the  phiyiT  to   fnrni-h   hi-  employees   projH'r 

ilcfcnilaiit   put  the  work   in   elnn;;e  of  a  .ippljance-  with   which  to  do  the  work." 

c(iiii|Hlent   foreman,   and    provided    suit  Uiff.io     v.    Iliillfiiiln  i     (18117)     10    App. 

idili;  material- for  the  srall'oldini;  in  sulli  l)iv.  ■2':l.   14   \.  \.  Supp.  t)l)7. 
cieiit  quantity,  then  he  was  yiiilty  of  no         In   Mith  r  \.   l/i.woHn'  /'.  I,'.  Co.  (I8!1I) 

nif;lij;enee  and  the  verdict  must  be  in  hi-  l(t!l  Mo.  :!."i(i.  Ill  S.  W.  ^H.  tin-  eouit  said; 

f^iver.  "Ci-e-  often  ari-e  where  the  ma-ter  1m'- 

Sci>  al>o   (he    lanpuajre   used    in    hiii  cone-  lialdi>  hv   rea-on  of  (he  fact   that 

xtiiiir  liiuhii    Co.  V.  Srirhriry   i  I SS 1  )    Oti  he   Undertake-   hy   liim-i-lf.  or  threuf-h   a 

Pa.  24ii.   12  .\m.  Rep.  :>t:\.  n^prc-enlal  ive,     to     do     certaii.     thin^'- 

"  In   one   of    the   cixs    already    ritcd.  whiili   mifiht    have  been   left    to  the  serv 

it   was    laid    down    that.    X''uerall;  .    'to  ant  topcMform.     Thn-.  where  the  master 

I'-tahli-h    I   e,ni-e  of  action    for  >uch   an  provides  -uitalde  niati'rial-  for  a  "ta^iin^' 

injury  |)laintill'  must   prove,   in  addition  and    intru-t-    the   duty    of   erecting'   t.ie 

tn  the    fact    that    there    \v-a,s    neyliyenei?  struc'uri'   to   tin.   workiiu'M    a-   a    part  of 

in  (lie  Bchi'tion  of  the  ni.iterials  for  the  the   work   which   they   undertake  to  per- 

liuililin^'  of  tin'  scall'old.  the   adilitional  form,  he  i<  not   liable  for  iniuri<'s  re>iilt- 

t'lKl   tliat    the   master,   or   sonKime   that  ing  to  one  of  them   from  the  falling'  of 

>too(l  in  the  relation  of  representative  of  the   staying;:    but.   if  the  ma-ter  unJer- 

llie   iiinsier,    a^isumed    to    construct    the  takes  to  lurni-h   the  sta;:e,   he  must  use 

.■■lafToM,  and  then  directed  the  employiH'-  due  care  in  it-  erection,  and.  i:  thi're  is 

to   use    it    a-    a    constriicti  d    -c.iirnjd."  ne;;li<.'ence  on  hi-  |>art  or  on  tin    part  of 

MH'diir    v.    liiillinilur    (18117)     It)    .\pp.  one  repre-entinj:  him   in  that    rcfjard.  he 

Uiv.  272.  44  \.  ^  ,  Supp.  filtT.  i>    liable    for    injuries    resulting    to   the 

"hn,,,,:,,   V.   Wtb'f  (1S!!7|    15!   \.  V.  servant  u^ini;  Ihi- ..,lrueluiv." 


i  m: 


ih-ff 

1st   f  t»-r 
*!  hi 


I  f*^ 


■  i 
:  hi 


w 

!|^! 


;V'-i  -i 


I'i' 


-I  v 


iliil 


1788 


MASTKR  AND  SKU\  AST. 


[chap,  xxxii 


e^mstniclcd  iiiidcr  tlic  <lircctinii  of  the  ilotondant  or  h'.s  n'prcscuta- 
tivo.'- 

Thc  jir.i|Mr  in^ructioiTi  to  bo  given  for  the  guidance  of  the  jurv 
lire  eialinriiich  disc\isscd  in  ihi-  CT  a;  cite.l  Ix-low.'^ 

"Bniir  V.  t'lirrxtrr  (ISftfi)  9  App.  dciing  as  any  porson  of  orclinary  pnj 
Div.  512.  41  N.  Y.  Siipp.  017.  (Icikt   woiil.l    ii^c    in    piovidinj;   mh  h  ,. 

"In  nillDii  V.  Ulrliurils  (187S)  12;t  slnicturi'.  and  tlnit,  if  lie  was  only  (., 
M:iss.  4S4,  tlu!  cviilriKi-  tindcd  to  sliDW  I'umisli  niateiinl,  lie  was  to  uscovlniin 
that  tlio  sta;.'in^'  was  elected  liy  fellow  <'are  in  the  seli'ctinn  of  iiuiterial:  tli.i' 
worUnien  of  tlieldaiiitiir.  out  of  iiiaterial  if  he  was  to  furnish  this  pulley'  ;i.-  ., 
fiiiiii-hed  hy  the  defendant:  tliat  the  nianufaeturer's  utensil,  he  was  to  u-' 
sta^'iii;;  was*  insecure  hy  nason  of  a  oidinary  eare  in  so  loin;;."  In  'ln'  -u'l 
small '^pieec-  of  ilefeetivo"  tiinher.  ealleil  slilution  of  these  instructions  for  tli.i- 
a  putlog',  on  which  the  tl.u.r  of  the  sta^-  re<iuestcd,  there  was  held  to  he  no  crr^r 
in^'  rested,  and  whieh  had  been   in  use   and    that    the    jnry    must    have    f.uii: 

hv^the  defi'ndant  about  two  years;  that   either  that  the  defendant  did  not  a-i 

the   material   for  the  .statin;;  was   lyin^    tli<'   alle^"pd    duty    in    any   of   the   f.  rii- 

on   the  Kreund   in   piles   near  the  build-    sug^i'sted.  or  that  the  duly,  whal<>vir  i' 

in^',   and.   from    the    mass,   persons   who    was.  was  faithfully  performol. 

were  afterwards  the  fellow  workmen  of        There  being  evideno/.  in  tli'   sMine  oas 

the  plaintiir   S4lccted   such   material   as   which   the  defend'.:,[  eontemld   >lif.«.-: 

they   wanted,   including    the    putlog    in    that   he   did   not    superintend    tlu?  er« 

.|ue"stion:    that    some    of    the    workmen    tion   of   the  staging,  the  judge   also  in 

Here  journcvnien  whose  trade  it  was  to    structed    the    jury,    at    tli"    dcfciid.im - 

learn  to  build  safe  and   proper  staging,    reipicst,  as  follows:  "1.   If  the  dcfcn.lu,! 

and   that    they    superiiit<'nd(>d   the   erec-    emi>lo.ved  eoni|K'tent  men  to  take  rliaiv 

tion  of  lliis  staging.    The  plaintiir  a~ked    of  the  erection  of  this  building  aii.l  .t 

the  judge   to   instnu-t   the    jury   as    fol-    the    n<'cessary    staging,    and     fiiriii-lir; 

lows:     ■■].  It  is  the  duty  of  an  "employer    suil;ible  material   for  building  the  st,i;' 

to   provide   re^isonablv  "safi>   and   proper    ing.    o\it    of    which    mati'rial    a    f.lN" 

material  and   impb-niVnts  for  his  work-    workman,    not    under    the   supcrintin.l 

men  U>  uork  with  and  use,  and  his  fail-    enee    of    the    defendant    or    hi-    apiit 

ure  BO  to  do  is  negliiicnce.     2.   If  it   was    selected  a  defi  "live  putlog,  whicli  brik' 

the  dutv  of  the  defcnd.int  to  provide  for   after  the  staging  was  erected,  by       Vii 

the   plaintiir  a   completed   staging  as  a  the    plaintitf   was    injurcil.   the   dc.     1 

structure,  as  an  implement  ^r  appliance   ant   was   not   liable.      2.    The   del,  ii4,\i.; 

to  can  V  on  this  work,  then  he  was  bound    is   not   liabie    if   he   used   onlinaiy  can 

to   see' that   the   staging   was   a    re.ison-    anil   prudence   in   the   seleetion   of  com 

ably   s:\U'  and   strong  one,  and   suitable   petent    workmen     ?.nd    material-,    from 

to  "the   work    required   of   the   plaintiir,    which   this   staging   wa.s   made."     After 

and    the    fact   that   fellow   workmen   of   these   in.stnictions   had   been   -ncii,  taf 

the    plaintiir    used    poor    malirial    fur-   court,   at   the  defendant's   rci|o.-t.  fur 

nishe.l  bv  the  defendant,  in  the  erection    tlier  niled,  in  substance,  that   it  the  d- 

of  such  staging,  is  no  defense.     3.   If  llie    fendant    employed     competent     men   to 

putlog    was    a    manufactured    and    com-    take  charge  of  tlie  erection  of  this  l)uinr 

pleteil    implement    or    utensil,    and    wa.s    ing   and   of   llu-   staging  necessary,  an- 

furnished  bv  the  defendant  for  the  pl.iin-    furnished  suitable  material  therefor,  h.' 

tilt's   use.   iie   is   liable,   even   thoiijh    it    would  not  be  liable  if  a  fellow  workr.an. 

was  put  in  use  hv  the  act  of  the  plain-    not  under  the  sujierintendencc  of  the  ae 

tiir's    felbnv   workmen."     The   judge   re-    fendant  or  his  agent,  selected  a  drfidivf 

fused  to  give  these  iiist  met  ions,  and  in-    putlog,    by   the    breaking   of   wliirli  th» 

structed  tlie  jurv  that  the  plaintiff  cotild    plaintiff  was  injured;  ai.l  added  that tfc'; 

not    recover,    unless   they   were   satislied    dideiidant  would  not  be-  liable  if  lie  u-. ! 

that     the    defendant    did    net     exercise   ordinary  care  and  prudence  in  tlie  win 

ordinary   care   in   the   select i.n   of   men    tion   of   comi)etent   workmen   and   iiiatf 

an.l  ma"terials  to  erect  the  stjiging.  and   -''Is,  from  which  the  staging  "'is  n"''' 

that  such  want  of  ordinarv  care  eausod    ..    was    objected    by    the    plaintitf  IM' 

the  accident  ;  and  thai,  if  "the  defendant    this   last   and    addiiioi:al    sciitenrp  ia«-r 

was  to  furnish  a  sta^'ing  as  a  ecunpleted    not  stale  t!ic  full  measure  of  the  clofoiU- 

structure,  he  was  to  use  such  care  in  so   ant's   duty,  when,   as   master,  he  U.k« 


i  am  V1L1-:  IMtlNCll'ALSUir— DETAILS  OK  WUllK.  1789 

616.  Special  circumstances  not  affecting  the  extent  of  the  master's 
liability.—  (As  to  tin;  etTi'ct  of  an  expross  \imlt'rtakiiig  on  the  master's 
pail  to  funiish  an  appliaLce  the  con-lructinn  of  whieli  he  might  have 
left  to  'lie  M'naiiiri,  .-r  'mo  preceding  section.) 

a.  .s'i//»  //uc  ranh  of  (he  delinquent  cmploijce. — It  would  seem  that 
iiitViences  uni'avoralde  to  the  defendant  will  more  readily  he  drawTi, 
where  the  di'lini|i.(iit  o.^ervant  was  in  a  petition  of  cnntiul  whii'h  nor- 
luallv  .■'ft  him  iwc  U>  arraiigi'  the  details  (if  tiie  wik  at  liis  own  dis- 
ereiiun,  witlmnt  any   inlcvlVrcLce  on  the  ma.<t(>r".s  part.'      But  it  is 


upon  liiiiis<'lf  tlio  linsinis-"  of  fiiiiii-liint.' 
II  ciiini.li-lcil  sliiyin;;  (it  the  iHi!  of  lii-> 
v\..rkiiHit.  Tlio  court  -aiil;  "In  siicli 
(•:i-c,  it  iniiy  iiiilcid  lie  i  iiii'  t.iiit  tin-  rx- 
crii-c  of  ili'ii'  (Mr  in  .-I'lictin;;  iim'h  mikI 
iii.ihiials  will  not,  always  >ati-fy  tlio 
<iMii;ati<m  as.sinm'<l.  It  may  ^lill  !«•  hi* 
iliitv.  espciially  wlieii  lii-  Mipi'iiiitcii.l-i 
till'  work  lliIM^■^•lf,  to  at-o  tliit  tin-  roiii- 
pliiid  struoturo  is  in  it-iif  n-a-nialily 
sail'  anil  til  for  tlio  iisim  lo  wliirli  it  is 
(Irvo'cd.  lUit.  tliiM  la^t  slatrinrnt  ap- 
pears to  have  Ik-imi  only  inti'i,ur.|  lo  aji- 
plv  to  a  case  wlicro  tlu^  duty  of  tin-  ina^ 
tii-  ili<l  not  ini-luilc  tin-  Imildiiii.'  .-f  th.- 
>lajjln<.'.  Iiiit  ended  with  the  supply  of 
iiKiririals.  'I'lie  jnlf.'c  lias  just  told  \\w 
jiiiy  tliat,  if  I  lie  dilenilniit  was  '.„  fur- 
iiisii  a  completed  stafiin^'.  he  was  iMHind 
Id  \i-e  siieh  eare  as  a  |H-r-on  of  la-.linar} 
pnideiiee  winlil  use  in  [irovidin;;  sucli  a 
stnidiire.  'I'liis  was  siiirieienlly  dilinite 
in  tlie  ulisence  of  any  reque-t  for  nioro 
siiceific  instrtielions.  Tlie  pLiitititV  re- 
lied on  tlie  deli-ndant's  neulect  of  duty 
in  several  foniis.  as  we  have  seen,  and 
tlie  inslrui-tions  astced  hy  the  defendant, 
liiken  toeellier.  imiily  lliat  they  all  refer 
imiy  to  that  wliieli  related  to  tlie  -ui-ply 
ef  suitalde  material  for  the  work.  '!"  'V 
e\]iressly  n-Ier  in  terms  to  t.iO 
uliere  the  |ilaii]iilV  and  his  fellow  wo 
men  are  (Mnjiloyed  to  lake  char;.'!'  li- 
only  of  the  ereetion  of  the  buiMini.'.  b\it 
of  till'  necessary  stairins  also,  and  wliere 
the  defective  tinilrt-r  is  select<^l  liy  a  fel- 
lew  workman,  not  workins  under  the  su- 
perintendence of  the  (h-fond.int  or  his 
:i;.'eiii.  As  applied  to  siieh  a  e.ise.  all 
pirts  of  the  in-trnelions  jriven  at  the 
defendant's  reipiest  are  rorreet  and  eon- 
si-teiit:  and  the  plaint  itf's  ohjiclion  is 
not  well  taken." 

'In  ^y^JOtls  V.  LimhaU  (1801)  1  C. 
".  A.  37,  4  I'.  S.  App.  49.  4S  l-'ed.  02.  a 
contractor  for  railway  con-tnictinn  was 

hel(|   lialde  for  defects'm  a   tri'slle  erected 

for  the  pur[)ose  of  the  work  by  his  su- 


iwrintcndent.  'the  court  said,  speaking 
(.f  this  ollicial:  "He  had  autlo;rily  to 
dircft  all  the  men  on  thai  section,  be- 
tween Ihiity  and  forty  in  niimher  when 
to  work,  where  to  work,  and  how  to 
«(Tk,  and  it  was  their  duty  tii  obey 
his  onlers.  lie  superinlemled  and  sn 
|ier\i-ed  all  the  wink  on  the  -cction.  and 
liiiiil  and  diseharj;ed  workmen  at  his 
di-irelion.  In  the-i-  rcs|M-cls  ho  was  in- 
ve-lcil  with  all  the  power  and  auMior 
ily  his  piinciiiaU  po^~e~-cd.  He  did  not 
ordinarily  do  manual  labor:  his  chief 
duly  was  to  su|>ervi-i'  per-onally  the 
w'l'k.  including'  the  biiihliiif;  of  the  tres- 
tle, and  to  <.'ive  direi  lions  how  all  parts 
of  the  s.inie  should  be  done.  He  went 
back  and  forth  bctwii-n  the  places  where 
till-  diiVeieiil  crews  witr  at  work  on  the 
section,  directi'iv'  and  instruct inj:,  and 
occasionally  ^is-i-tiiii:.  each  of  them  in 
the  wo-  tiioy  were  ihdni;.  .lohnson.  who 
franieu  he  bents  and  put  up  the  tres- 
tle, woi.vcd  in  obedier,i-i!  to  his  orders. 
as  well  ■  the  other  men.  .\s  the  plain 
tilVs  as  .mod,  Iliinu;.'li  Murdock.  the  su- 
pcrintcndeii.-e  and  coiitnd  of  the  con- 
struction .if  the  trestle,  they  were  bound 
to  exeiii-i-  ordinary  care  to  maker  it 
reasonably  safe  and  secure  for  those 
called  to  do  wciik  u|«a\  it.  In  the  ilis- 
ch.irL'e  of  Ibis  duty  \lurdiwk  occupied 
the  place  of  the  idainlilfs  in  error,  and 
,.'iy  failure  on  bi^  part  to  exercise  or- 
d'nary  care  in  the  di-eliar^'e  of  this  du- 
ly is"  imputable  to  them.  Whether  the 
Irestle  was  one  of  tlio-e  stnictlires  the 
biiildinf;  of  which  the  ma-ler  mi^rht  have 
committed  to  ordinary  fellow  laborers, 
without  any  in~l  ruelions  or  ^iiper-ntend- 
in;;  care,  by  simply  providinj;  them  with 
adequate  materials  and  toids  to  do  the 
work,  need  not  be-  diseu-sed.  The  plain- 
tilfs  in  error  did  not  attempt  to  build 
the  trestle  in  any  such  way.  They  did 
not  leave  the  mode  and  manner  of  its 
ronstruction  to  the  diserelion  or  jiidf;- 
nieut  of  the  laborers  doing  the  work,  but 


k  'i 


M 


t   :|l 


Of 

II 


m 


17'JO  MA.Mi;U  AMJ  M;I;\  ANT.  I.  iiAi'.  xxxii. 

drill-  l'p>|ii  lli(>  ilrci>li.ii-,  lli;it.  it'  llic  rcnl,  (il'  the  Hirl-;  slloW  lli;il  lliC 
wi'ik  lit'  ciii-ini.-i,.  II  Wii,-,  inini'vd  m  ilir  mtmimi^.  ;is  |i.!rl  ol  llirir 
(iiiiics,  ilic  liitTc  i'lici  ili.il  ilir  .i;;ini|iiriii  ciiiipliivcc  was  a  t'un'iniiii.  <'\ 
(■^<•i^inl^■  .■idiiic  cmiH"!  ii\<.'i'  lln'  iiijurcil  pcr-'iii.  is  imt  sullicifiit  tn  Amw 
lliat  the  niastrr  as-iiiiird  ti)  I'uriii-li  llic  .-ci-vaiii.-  uilh  sueli  a  strucliin' 
us  was  iicccssarv  tu  do  tlif  Wdik." 

b.  Siii:il'inli/  or  ilisyiniiliii  i' n  "f  Ihr  irorl:  in  irliirh  llir  d  Innjii'  iif 
(iiiil  in  i  II  nl  scrni  !(!.•<  inn  (.;;;'/;;'•/.--(< '..:;i|inv  ?  ^'<-'K  iiijni.)  In 
liiaiiv  III'  tlio  ca-i  s  hrlnii-iii;:;  i<>  tlic  ("i|.'u,,i'y  imw  iiinli-r  ivvicw  llio 
.■curl,  lia.>  laiil  iiioic  uv  Ic.-,.  ^ii'-s  ii]'nii  ihc  fact  lliat  tl.o  i.taiiiiitT  liiin 
sell'  was  Olio  ..f  lliat  paili'Miiar  set  i>r  pruiip  of  servant-  to  wImu'i  iIk- 
(•(rii-tniction  of  tlic  (Icl'cciivc  iiislniiiiintality  was  inli-ii-icl.-'      It   i> 

tti.'V    rnn-tiliiliMl    Miir.li-1;    tlwir  r.'pro-  Tn   KilUii  v.   /••'i.rou   (ISTS)    125  M.i->. 

x'li'l  ili\i-.  Mild  iiii|>o-r,l  III!  liiin  111     .'iil>.  -ISr,.  ll.,    .I.'fi'ii.l  ml  (>iiip1i\ccl  a  i-iniwiiiii- 

1111,1  i.i';f.irr.!   en   liiiii   111.-  ;iull;i':  ii\ .  ii'  tn  >ii|.i'i  intrii'I  tlio  oiitiri-  joli  of  ri'|>iir- 

-iil.'rMM-,    (liirct.    iiiiil    I'ciitri'l    ll    'I'oti-  iiij;  ;i  iMiildiiiL'.  fiiiil  (liri'<-lril  liiiii  to  n-ii-t 

-liu.liuii.   mill   |-i'i|uircil   tlu-   1:,!. n  r^   to  a   -ta-ii;,:.'.   wliii-'i   was  sidi-ly  for  i>iittiii;.' 


im  lln>  iruM'i--.     Ill  ilniiii.'  -11.  Ill-  iii-rciir... 

ly  fa-ti'iic.l  till'  lir.ifU.'t-i  l<>  111!'  liiiil'liiiL'. 

iliM-k    (lid    ni'l    su-taiii    tlio    r.h-.lioii    if   a    ' 'n   llip   ii.-sl  il.iy   llic   il-fiMidaiit  orilircd 


(iliry    111-    oi-ilrr-i    and    din  ci  ii'ii-    ii'    tli« 
lin-'iiiiscM.      rndcr    llii'-i>    irlilimi-    \lur- 


fidli.w  scnaiit  to  tlii'  drfrii.la iit   In  r-irur  .opivr  ^.'iiltpra  of  a  iiiiviur-iiiidi,  and  di- 

in    n-|.iil    to   till-    uorU.      Ilr   ^l'lod    in  r.itid   liiiii   to  .."riiil  a    niaii  to  put  ih.iii 

\\\v.  >lii.i'>  of  his  omidoViTs,  anil  n  i-  iliriv  o".     'I'lii-*  man  w.i-  -i-id  ai-ronliniily.  ami 

r.'|in-<i'ntalivi-.  and  tl'iry  aro  i;'-|i..ii-il>lo  was  fliri'itril  liy  tin-  r-rp.-ntcr  \v1»it  tn 

"--'•-  tlifi  ;.'o  on  till- ata^jiiiLT,  «lii'-li  fi-ll  anil  iiijiiivd 


for  till?  results  of  his  iii'^di-  iif 

work  so  coniniitti'il   to  lii~  ilji.rlion.  su-    liiin.     Tlio  conrl    -aid:      --riiiTo   w.i-   im 

|ioivi-ioii.  and  c»-in(rol."     A  iliiV-Tont  i-on- 

idu-ioii    uilli    i-ot;aid    to    thi'    -,iino    f.:i    -^ 


rvidi'iioo   wliifli    would    jii-tify   tlio   jiirv 
in   finding'  tiiat  oillioi-  of  tho'ilofon.liiiw 

\m;^  n-arlioil    liy    tlio    ■^I'linini'    ooiiit    of  n;idi-iirok  to  fni-ni-li    a    sla;iiiii.'  for  llm 

Miiiiii-ota   ir.  I'.iiiih'ill  v.  W'linih   (IsS!))  pliinl  ilV.   or  to  a-.-iiiiio  tin-   ri^k   nf   its 

II   .Minn.  21-2,  4  I.,  li.   .\.  7i)^.  42  N.  W.  safily.      It   was   liko   I'lo   ordinary   oasi) 

1020.  ulioro  a  man.  in  Iniildiii.'  or  ropairiiij  a 

111  Hloriiiiiiinf  V.  I'liiriiijo.    I/,  if  SI.  P.  Ik. u-o.   oinploys  varioii-   -^orvanls  in  dif- 

A'    To.    (18!>r))   00  Minn.  420,  62  X.  W.  f,.ront  doi.irliaonts  of  Inlior.     N'oitla  i- of 

sis.   a    foroii.an     oi     a     crow    of    -^tono-  f),,-.   ili.fni.laiits   rotaimil    any    ili.ir:.'.-  it 

Mia-iiii«.   with    powrr    to    liire    .iiid   di-  diioition  of  tho  work  of  piiltiiif:  tip  tin- 

oliai-:;o    the    woi-kiuon.    wi--    la  Id    t.i    bo  -taL'ini;.  Imt  inlni-tiil  it  to  llii;;;in-.     il.: 

,1   viio   prinoipal   in   rospret    to    a    ooiii  umi    t!io    plaiiitilf   woro   follow    sorviiiN 

iiion  lalioror  aiditii:  tlio  mason-,  who  was  (.nipli.u-d   in  tlio  saiiio  sovvico.  and  oaii, 

Iniurod  liy  tho  iio;jii;.'oii1  iiiannor  in  wliioh  took    tho    i  i-k   of   the    iiofrlii'onoo   of  the 

a    di-rriok    was    oon-truo(od.     wlion     the  i,tluT.      It    i-;    not   contoiidid   that   tliore 

foroinan     iliroolod     wiioro     and     ho.,     it  „.,,,,   .,„y   ,.vidonce   of   noj:li-oiioo  on   tlio 

vhimld   1.0   huilt.     Tho  oa-p   was   distin-  ^,.^^    „f'  t|„,   ,Iefon<lants    in    tho   oniploy- 

jjiii-hoil  fiom  Lhidviill  v.  V.  ooi;.')   (188!))  ^.,^,^^^  ^f   ]ii^mi„n,   it   npiioariii;.'   that   lie 

41    Minn.  212,  4  L.  R.   -V-  TlKi    42  X.  W.  ^^.,.  ^  gi^nfiil   and  conii.tint  oarpmtor. 

1020  (.se<>  S  014,  note  1.  siil.d.  [li  .  .si<;«-a) ,  ,^  f„llows  that  the   plaint  iir  Ikw  iifM-d 

on     the     .ground     that     tho     jdaco.     the  ^^  ,„.,,, ;  „.,„.,.  f„r  which  tho  dof.ai.l.int^, 

P' in    and  the  manner  of  putl,n^'  np  the  ^__  ^.^^^^  ^    ^^^  ^|^^_^^     ,^^   ri-poi.-ihl.-." 

„p|ili.::ro  had  boon  ospooialy  and  niioon.  .                     Kichard,  ( 1878 )    12:1  M..>.. 

dmiitially    delo..,tod    to     the     foreman.  ^^^^    ^.^            ^_     ^,^^^,.^^^^,     ,,^..,     ,^,, 

X   Y    417.  4.i  X.  I-:.  SCO;  MvC.nc  y.  a<il-  H'^'    Ma-^s.    44.1.    4.3    N.    F„   }'-^-     ■"'['• 

;■,„.,    ,iSO-)    ifi  App.   !)iv.  -272.  44  N,  v.   .l/r.Yri7    (1S!.S)    .1.-5  App.  P.v.  .Vl-.  .i4 

Y'  Sin.p    .-.(•7:   ftinili,   V.   lin.nlUin   Mr<i-  X.    V.    «iipp.    -.I.itl ;    Whali;,,    v.    S,,r,',jne 

tr,r     I  '/.■■,;/    (V.    I  Mini  ,    .-,7     \l>p.    Div.  l.hclnrlUnaii.rro.   (IS'.Hii    t   App.  Div 

.-id.  ii.S  N.   V.  Snop.  .■.0.  -.'114.  37  N.  V.  Supp.  174:    \...".v  v.  \\<,u,l 


S  liliij  VltlC  I'ltlNcll'ALSHll'— DKIAII.S  (>!■   Udlti;.  KlU 

iiiii1(iu1mc  ll\  nii.lcr  sncli  ciroiiiii^tinn'os  tliaf  tlic  rule  opmitc-:  Iciis'l 
li;ii-lilv,  ('-|><'ciiilly  it'  tlic  iiijiin<l  person  wiis  liiiii^dt'  nii  i'\|icTt  ii-  re 
i;:iiiis  tlic  ciiii-i  nicl  inii  lit"  tlio  ii|i]iliinii'i>  \\lii<'li  pnAcil  (IcficMvi'.'  In 
^|  iiic  .-itiifc's  III  tlto  c'\  iilciico  siifii  a  sitinitiiin  himv  fvcii  niidi'i-  tlic  dc 
It  ii-c  (if  ciitilriliiilorv  iicL;lii;ciicc  nviiiliililo  t'l  ihi'  iiiiist(>r.'' 

liiit  it  ]n:\y  !)C  ini-.v  tiiLcii  as  ■settle!  law  tliaf  the  mere  fact  tliat  tlic 
iiijiirc(l  ami  iic^liLiciif  |ii  r^mi-;  were  nut  dnini;-  the  >aiiic  kind  ot'  wmk 
i-  imt  (pf  itsijl'  a  sullicicnt  ground  for  predicntintr  a  rij-iit  of  ro(u>v'erv." 

(isnn    102  Cal.  :isr),  nr,  Viu-.  7i;(!:   Vuh  he.  ,T<  w.'Il  ns  Jiii  ontiilmn.rH,  was  -.Miilly 

f,   \.    Ilt'liiilh    ilsiMli    ns   N,  .1.    I,.  4ti:i,  of    iii-L:li:jcnce.      Iluiiim    v.    Fi'M    <  IHs;') 

3:;    Atl.    !>!.">    (iiiii~t.r    net     li:iMi>    to    a  II  Iliin,  IJt. 

Iiiiil  cMiiiir  fur  an  iniiiiy  from  tlic  iicj;-  "In   Unsliji  v.   A'.   II'.    II/ki/it  rf  I'n. 

li'jiMl    iiriiiiici-    in     wiiicii     ma  .I'll-    roii-  (ISlUt    lo:i   Mirli.   l!Hi.  l'7   I,.   I!.  A.  'Jilii. 

■.inicliil    a    sea  Holding:)  :     Cniiifnnl     v.  (!1   X.  \V.  (l.'iS.  it   was  held  that  livilfi- 

si'iiiiil    (ISSli;    I'a.)    (i  Cciif.   |;i-|>,    1111.  «•  rkinj;  on  a  slii|>  oonld  not  ifcovir  foi 

S   All.   .":    Siiilr   V.    Annoiir    (ISll.'l)    St  l!ii'  nc^'lif,"'""'"'  <'f  tin-  rarpiMitiTS  in  roii 

Ui-.  r.j:i.  .'1  X.  W.   UmO;  »•,.•//,<„  v.  Iti  ll  -ini.'lin;.'  a  scilloll.      Tin'  court  reasoned 

ll-i'il)    !  ill  Cal.  i•i'.^■!.   l.'i  I'.ic.  1017:  /'"/i-  lliiis:     •llcic  the  rlifcmlant  \va«  cii;L'a'.^cd 

iiiJIji  V.  /.'i  iilh  liriiK.  cf  //.  /.  (liiiiiili   i'li.  ill  Ihp  enl(i'|iii-c  of  liiiihlin;,'  a  shi|).     Ar 

ilsnT)   !io  \lc.   no.  ,",;    \il.  ,srt:   WUHn  ti-an.s  of  v.iriom  kiiid<   were  ciii|.lci>cd 

V.  ''I'.'r./,   H.  cf   .Viir.  t'o.    ^ISS1)    II  Or.  to  do  their  rc-|>ictivp  slians  of  the  vMirk. 

•J.'iT.  4  I'.ip.   1-Jl.  'Hie  liuihlin^'  i.f  slaf.'inirs.  the  (  nilion  of 

■lI    till''    plaint  itr   niid    liis    rni>ni|>loy  di  iricks,    and    the    laisinjr   of    inalciiaU 

CI -i.  «ilhui!t  >|pc(ilic  iii>liii.  '  iin  from  the  were  parts  of  thp  ncces^iary   uork.   inci 

ii.:i-lcr.    or    one    ailii.'_'    f.       ilic    nia.-tcr  <Ierit.  to.  and   sniniltancons  »ilh.  anl   in 

aii'l  miller  his  aiillii  rily  in       .■  perform-  f  ipt  a  part  of.  the  hnildini.'  oi  the  r.hip. 

iiiipe  of  the  ilnty   wliiia   h.-       .,d   to  his  Slau'iii;;s    were   for    teinpor.iry    u>e.    and 

(■lii|iluyces.    con-truilril    this    scairelil    nf  iiiili>pea>MMe.    .\11  was  niiiler  the  cliar).'c 

ii;i|iri.|irr  miterial.it    v.  mild  undouhtedly  <if  "lie  snp:.iinlciiili-iit.  who  djiceleil  tlie 

lie  a  ii-'>  where  the  nij;li^'enie  was  that,  iliirereiit    "anss  Ihron^'h   their  r(~|>iM-tivn 

if  :i   fillmv  piiiploviv  or  ooM-rvaiit  willi  foreman.     Tlieie   i-   nothinjr  to   imlicato 

111' plaintiir.  for  which  the  ma -iter  would  a   contract  to  provide  B   safe  scatl'idd   to 

iinl     he     liahle.''       I,'i<liiiiils     V.     Il'iiir^  w ork    upon,    or    an    n'<iimi>tion    of   that 

ilS!»7)   17  App.  T1i\.   IJJ, -15  N.  Y.  Siipp.  duty  liy  the  ma^t'-r.  and  the  ca-c  seems 

2:!l.  lo  ix"   cle.irly   within    the   rule  of    Killni 

'S'h:  for  rxmiple.   Ih,i,piii  v,   ll'orrr9-  v.    I'd.rtiii    (is7S)     \-i:,   Ma<i.   4S.').    which 

/.I-  ilss,-,)    110  .Ma-.  122:^.  2  \.  K.  770;  it     clo-elv    re-emhies.    and    of    Hum-  v. 

I  .ri.    ,1  V.  M'iiiltisl,,ck    (1SI1H)    .'lO  Ajip.  Mr,,ifi    'HS^(J)    (!2  Mich.  ;tSfi.  2(1  N.  W. 

I)i\.  ■IDS,  ■)!  N.  V.  Siipp.  -int:    Miri:iii  V.  1.")   (see  hcUiwl.  The  duty  was  one  whii'li 

i;,u,,Kr    (1S!I7)    Hi   .\pp.   Div.  272,  -II  v.i-    left    to    tho-e  en/a'trcd    in    the   pnn- 

N.  ^.  ^n|ip.    0!i7:    Uii'lilhn   v.    Vi  le  .hi-  si  nict  icai  of  the  ^hlp.      It  is  helii'vcd  that 

",'/  i(    \.    V.    A'.   '■„.    ilS'.M)    8   Mi-c.   :!.  thi-  ih'v<  no  violcice  to  the  rule  of  <.ife 

•JS   N.  \,   Sinip.   7."^    .\nirmiii:;    (IS'.i:!)    5  place.      The  Oa-e  i~  dill'rrent  from  tho-e 

Mi>c.  ,'!20.  2.")   N.   V.   Supp.   812:    I'ltitjn  where  the  master  fiiniishes  a  |K'rniaiicnt 

V.  SiiiHiiiiiij-i.lis    'iiiiriu'i  I'o.    (lS!i:i)    21  place  io   work,  as   in  a  ship  or   I'arlcny. 

Iiul  Al.p.  ;;:!8.  52  \.  K.  4fi2.     In  all  these  A  m.i~lci  s   ilnly    in    sneli    a    case    is   to 

OHMS  111,.  pl..ii,ili;I'.i  and  their  fellow  scrv-  make    and     kii'p    the    place   rea-onahly 

ntiu  Hero  cai|>eiiter-  ,ind  had  thcnisclvcs  safi':    hut   that    rule   winild   apply   as  to 

pinlcj  or   modiiicd    tho   soafl'old   which  those  workinj;  in.  hut   not  ni'i-c*«,'irily  a.n 

''"•  to  those  coii-lriictinp,  the  factory.     Such 

'It  h.is   been    hiid    dimn    that,    whero  iMnpleveo   wiaihl   iml    lie  fellow  "servants 

till'  well. II, en  of  wl'nin  the  plainlill'  was  with     e.ich     ntlicr.     fur    thp    Piiterpvisiw 

one.  alllioiij;h    the    con -1  met  ion     of    the  would    not    he  Hie  same.      The  service  of 

ai'|li.uice  was  no  put  of  their  Ini-iii.ss,  one    would    he   the   erection   of    the   com- 

till  i'li  link.    willi.iMt     (ilijeclion.    to    con-  plded    factory:    that    of    the    other    its 

■ "'■     '••"■'  for    the    purpose    tor    w''icli    it    was 


arcle>-lv  that 


ftiiiit  it.  and  did  Hi 
It  '....s  iri»e(ii|e.  till 
batriil  fiuin  recovery-  on  the  jjroiind  that    aiul  I  he  riveter  uic  en-ayed  in  llie  coin 


uiiV 


de 


■d.      I'.ut    I 


lere  the  scallnlij   Imilder 


1' 


liU2 


MAKIKU  AND  SKltVANT. 


[clIAP.    XWIl. 


li      1 


i   :  ' 

1  : 

tip 

; 

!-'  1 1 

i  ' 

in 

■:            .      . 

: 

Nor  i^^  iinv  inrjrfr  nioiisnro  of  liaMlity  imposod  f)n  llio  niii-'tiT  im  n  !■. 
for  the  rca^'on  tliiit  tli(>  appliiiiico  wliicli  provod  (Iclcciivo  had  Ih'im  c.!; 
Btnii'IccI  liy  anotlior  Ml  of  servants  for  tlicir  own  ii>c,  niul  at'tci'waril 
Int'orporatcd  with  the  api^lianco  whicli  tlip  injured  sorvnrt  and  lii^  cu 
hdxircrs  conHtrnctcd  for  th^ir  own  purposes.'  Tlio  fact  tliat  tlir  dr 
linipiont  and  injuied  porvaut^t  were  en!;;a,a<>d  in  ditTermt  kin  I-  i.; 
work  uiay,  however,  he  material  a-!  tendinsr  to  hhow  tiiat  the  ip..!.  r 
taking  (d"  the  master  was  to  furnish  tlie  instrniiieiilalily  in  a  ( m 
ph'ted  condition.* 

C.  Coinitlclinn  nf  (tpjiHiiiirn  Irfurr  plnhilijj  ( iihird  fhr  fNin'mi 
nirtit. — Tlio  pstahlished  doefrino  is  tliat,  wlierev(>p  the  (■ircniiistiiiH- 
vern  otherwise  .'•  i  that  tlio  injured  serviint  eould  i,  t  have  remv,  n^ 
if  he  had  enl'Ti  'i-^  defendant's  service  before  t!  ••  defective  ait'i 
his  position  is  not.  in  any  w;!^  iniitroved  hy  tl- 
)ei;an  work  after  such  strutiure  was  cinnplctnl. 


nnco  was  cum]''' 
uiero  fact  tluit  h 


rion    sorvirp    of    hnitdin'.'   a    ohip.      TtiR  plfiintilfs  --crvico  involved  no  ii<i.  nf  •!> 

Willi;   of    uolli    jtov*   iitoii','  tnycDicr.   ami  slnjriiii.'    tliiii     w.is    iii.l,>|>ciictc'!it    oi    Uv 

it   Mccins   to  us   tliiit   tlic   casi-  i<   clc-rirly  \Mirl<   of   roii^^trmt  ion,   iiinl    it    li.i.l   li.' n 

\il1iin  the   nilo  of   /V;<s'/'i/   v     /'oic/.r  i.iip;irc.l.   iiol    liy  »l\<«    niii-t.r    :;-    -^  u 

,  1S.17)  n  Mcos  A  \V.  1.  Miiri.li.  &  II.  30.5,  tliinj;  «liic'li  1h>  uiidcito<ik  (o  pnvidr  i..r 

1  .Iiir.  1)S7.  and  l:indrcd  oa-^.^s."  tlir   pliiintiir.  l.iit   t.y  his  uoikir.n  n-  i 

.\  Iiiinlior  ooinpaiiv  is  not  linlilp  wtiore  |viit    of   tlic   p^iicral    work    wlmli   tirv 

n  knotty  plank  nccl'iyi'ntly  si'lrdnl  hy  a  had  iin.'.Ttakrn  to  do,  and   noon  m'.i 

servant  pilincr  liinihor  to  sfivo  as  a  step  ptiinlill     ontind.       W .'    think    tint    n 

for   persons    having'   oecasion    to    inciimt  a--('(iatini,'  liinindf  with  tlie-c  uirkiii.ii 

the    pile    cives    wav  timlcr  a   sealiT  and  for    the   eoinplction    of   the    liniM"'!.'  Iv 

Titca^iirer.     Frarsrr  y.  Ur.l  Ifirr'-  Jiimhrr  tla-   use   of  the  sta<;in<;   already   ei.-.l  4, 

t'o.   (ISill)   4,1  Minn.  2n.-),  47  X.  \V.  7H.5.  th<-    plainlilf    as>uni(  d    the    ri-k-    wlii.i 

See  aNo  hilUn  v.  /•'(i.foii    (1S7H)    I'J,")  alt.iehect  In  the  workmen  -:ener:illy.   1:- 

Ma-is.  4S.'),  cited  in  snlw.    In),  nui,rii.  te'.t    of    the    master's    liahility    i*    n"' 

'A-;mm.TV.  1V<7,er   llS07)    l.'il  X.  Y.  vhrther  the  servant  ean:e  1.' fore  er  nfi.r 

417.  4.')  N.  v..  S^liO.  the  stai'in?  was  Imilt.  hnl    the  ril^ili.i'i 

An  aetilm  has  heen  held  not  maintain-  wliieh    t'le    -(rnelnre    sii-tainrd    to  li" 

nldc    where    a     seatTold.   eandes^lv    eon-  relative  diitie<  of   iiia-ter  and   -erviin'. 
Btrneted  hv  carpenters  for  their  own  nsn        An  eiii|iIoyer  "owes  one  who  i<  al"  "t 

from  stiitiihle  materials  fnrni<ho<l  hv  llie  to  enter  hi<  "-.rviec  no  duty  to  nispwt 


nia>1rr.  is  snl.-(Mi\ientlv  used  hv  painters  all  the  work  \(hicli  has  h.>en  done  l.y  In- 

vorkiifon  the  same  buildinp,"nnd  falls,  servants   prcvioii-ly.   and   whieh   on  iiu- 

injnrinu  one  of  tl      '.     Unar  v.   Mmitt  rily   may   he   intrusted   to  them  witliniit 

()8SU)    fi2  Mich.  :isii,  20  X.  W.   15.  liahility  io  their  fellow  servant- for  tlinr 

•See  ?  (!14.  s\iniii.  and  also  the  cases  ne-li.L'enei-."      0'(''»\in,r  v.    /,'m/i    'l^'i" 

cited  in'§  (120,  ii,f,-a.  Hit  Mass.  ,5fiO,  42  X.  K.  111.  "';"';'■ 

•In   l.dwhnt    v.    Mxnninq-    i    Pulp  Cn.  !'er\nnt    was    injured    hy    \h.-   f:ll   eti 

(inOO)    72    Vt.    2S2,   47    Atl.    lOS,').   tho  sealTcdd   erected   hy  his   frlh.w   v.ii,ii,.n 

c<mrt,indisenssin;r  the  elTcct  of  evidence  ii   few  days  hcfore  he  entered  *'''■  Yf>' 

that  the  workman    had   come   upon    the  ice.  from  suitahle  niatevnils  .supplied  W 

job   after   a  deflective  scafl'old   had  he<'ii  the  m.Tstcr. 

hiiilt,  said:     "it  is  true  that  the  plain-  See  also  .1  r/,rr,»on  v.  n-Hiii.'oa   (l^.ii 

tilV    sustained    no    relations    to    the    dp-  117   Alass.   407;    ONch   v.    \  i.n;,i    lls>i 

fendants    or    their    workmen    while    the  fit  X.  .1.  L.  071.  40  Atl.  00 ) :   .l/cr..«>  v 

sta-in"  was  lieinj:  huilt,  and  that  as  far  diilhtihrr    (1S07)    10  Apii.  Piv.  -.-.  " 

ns  "his"  service,   considerpd   individually,  X.  V.  Supp.  •m7.      In  this  la-t  c-.Mif 

was  concernca.  lie  went  to  work  u|«.!i  it  iiidu'es,  wiiile  not  .liiTrrin-  in  '■;•-:"•''  "' 

as  a  place  prepared  for  his  use.    But  the  to   the   general   principle,   di-ayicoJ  « 


I  uitij 


VICK  i'lilNl  ll'Al.Sllir-   DKIAII.S  1)K  \\<»I!K. 


171.3 


Thp  only  pcriMiiptory  inference'  whii-li  c:in  l>e  drawn  t'miii  -iieli  a  cir 
cnnistiinee,  couplod  with  the  scrvimt's  i;;niir  inee  of  ;he  defeefive  con- 
.'tniftion,  is  that  tlie  servant  was  not  ,!;nilty  of  eontrilmfory  negli- 


to  the  ipiopricty  of  iipiOying  it  tiiidor 
llic  riii'iihi-<l;iiir('»  ill  <'\i(l('iic<'.  I'lii'  ii"ii- 
■iiininy  wliicli  Inl  tlu'  iiiiijnriiy  tn  the 
iiinclii-inn  tliat  tin-  servant  cinilii  iitd 
ri'Ciivi'i'  was  as  follows:  "(Irrat  ^tn-ss 
is  laiil  in  tlii-  casi- upon  tho  fait  that  tliB 
|ilaintiir  was  iniploycil  to  <Io  ttic  carpcn- 
Iff  work  aftiT  tin-'  tinilnTs  or  sli'ipcrs 
ii|ion  wliicli  tlif  planks  wen-  to  !«■  put 
laid  U-cn  plaoiil  in  ni>siti(in  liy  the  oar- 
|Miit<r^  nriployiil  liy  tli«  difi'mlant  to 
.If)  tlii^  work;  Imt  it  sismiis  to  nii'  tlmt 
that  fact  i»  not  at  nil  matorlnl.  Tlio 
c|iir>ti()ii  is  not  so  mill  li  as  to  wlii'tlicr 
till'  particular  nc^ilict  or  np;;li^'i'nco 
uliiili  scliKtcil  this  impiii|icr  pine  of 
linilHT  anil  placisl  it  in  tlii>  pu-itioii  was 
he  nf;.'liyi'nci'  of  a  fcllnw  -<  rvant.  as  it 
i-  whether  it  was  the  duly  of  tlip  ina.stpr. 
as  master,  to  funiish  those  rnrpontors, 
1  ruplovitl  by  him  to  do  car|«iilir  wmk. 
v>  hull"  work  involviil  the  placing' of  thisi- 
limbers  in  the  |wi«ition  in  wliicli  tlioy 
HiTO  placi^l,  n  ooniplelod  slrueture  or 
"cafl'old  for  the  purpo.<  of  doiii^'  the 
work.  .  .  .  Sllpposo  one  of  these 
planks  which  ho  u-eil  in  this  way  had 
iirokon  and  the  iiijiiiy  had  resulted 
Ihon'froin, — it  is  clear  that  the  tiiastor 
would  not  hnvo  bi'cn  liable.  I|hiii  what 
principle  then  can  he  be  sihl  to  lie  lin 
lile  because  one  of  tlio  timbers  that  the 
plaintilT  used  tn  rest  the  jdaiiks  upon 
was  insuflicient  for  the  purpose?  Is 
it  because  the  timbers  had  be<>n  |daee<l 
in  tlip  position  in  which  they  were  when 
the  plaintiff  used  them  tiy  some  men  in 
the  employ  of  the  defemliiit  who,  when 
the  accident  happened,  were  the  plain- 
tilfs  fellow  workmen';  It  seem-  to  me 
clear  that  no  liability  of  the  defendant 
cpuld  be  preilicaleil  upon  such  a  distinc- 
tion. t'i>on  what  principle  can  it  1m- 
said  that  this  jdaintilf  was  not  as  iiiiich 
liouiid  to  examine  those  jwrtieiilar  tim- 
bers which  had  been  placed  in  this  po- 
sition by  others  as  he  was  bound  to  ex- 
amine the  |)lanks  iiiion  which  he  stood, 
iind  which  he  shiftisl  as  the  necessities 
of  the  work  reipiired?  I'otli  the  plank.s 
and  the  timbeis  were  materials  fur- 
iii-hi'd  by  the  master  for  the  use  of  his 
111111.  An  examination  of  the  timbers 
would  have  disclosed  this  knot  whii'h  it 
is  alleped  was  the  cause  of  the  pl.mk's 
brcakinp.  It  was  not  the  master's  duty 
to  examine  each  timber  before  it  was 
put  in  place  by  the  carjMMiters.  nor  did 


ho  as-unie  that  task.  If  the  nia«t<'r  fiir- 
iii-hod  for  his  woiknioii  pro|ier  tiiiiborii 
fur  the  pnri'o-r— mil  it  i-  ciaieidi'd  that 
llie-e  liiMlur-  were  pio|«r  if  Iboy  had 
U-en  of  ordiii.iiy  stron;.'th  and  without 
knots — and  i  mploycd  com|i<leiil  men  to 
put  the  limber  in  ))liice.  he  bad  |ier 
formed  his  duty  to  the  nun  who  used 
them.  It  -eem-  to  me  that  this  is  ex- 
pressly within  the  principle  eitlablished 
by    the    ea-es    biiore    eitcil." 

The  fidlowiii;;  passnjie  from  the  di»- 
-iiilinL'  opiiiien  is  well  wmlli  ipmliii;;  aa 
an  eMreiiiely  able  expo-itinn  of  the  oth- 
er po«-ible  thisiry  of  the  oviileiiC(>:  "If, 
with  the  latter,  he  and  his  fellow  serv- 
ants, as  n  detail  of  their  own  work,  had 
umb  riaken  to  enn-d  net  the  scallidd.  and 
had  selected  impro|i<  r.  where  they  niielit 
have  ehosoii  proper  materials,  the  de- 
feiiilant  wfiiild  not  be  liable  for  inju- 
ries resulting;  fiom  such  defis-live  con- 
struction. Here,  hiiuever,  the  scallold 
was  ereeteil  ten  il.iv»  before  the  accident 
and  one  wis-k  bi  fine  the  plaiiiliir  went 
to  work  iijion  it:  and  the  plaint ilf  was 
diieeted  by  the  defendant's  fureman  to 
uet  on  this  scatlold  to  do  the  eeilint? 
work.  The  scaffold  was  about  10  or  11 
feet  above  the  llnor  at  the  wall  and 
about  7  f(>et  above  the  llnor  in  front, 
and.  unless  properly  con-triicted,  was 
necess;irily  a  dnn;.'cri>us  place  for  tha 
plainlitr  and  the  other  carpenters  to 
work.  That  the  knot  in  the  slee|M'r  made 
it  dan^eioiis  to  use  in  the  oon-l ruction 
of  the  seairold  was  fairly  to  be  inferred: 
and  it  is  iimli^puteil  that  the  plaintitT 
had  no  part  in  the  selection  of  the  do- 
feet  ive  sleeper.  When  he  went  to  work 
h.  found  the  scaffold  already  erected; 
anil,  havinjr  been  ordered  by  the  foreman 
to  fxo  to  work  thereon,  he  was  justiticd 
in  assuming  that  the  master  had  dis- 
(■haij;eil  the  duly  which  le-ted  U|miii  him 
of  supplying'  a  safe  scall'old.  1  do  not 
think  this  inference  is  in  any  way  weak- 
ened by  the  fact  a|>|M'arin;.'  tliat  the 
scaffold  was  actually  con-tructiil  by  the 
other  carpenters  who  had  preceded  the 
plaintiff  upon  the  work.  If  the  plain- 
tiff had  assi-iid  in  its  construction,  or 
had  boon  present  and  workin?  at  the 
time  it  was  erected,  a  different  ques- 
tion would  he  presento<l.  Where,  now- 
over,  as  here,  tlie  plaintiff,  under  what 
must  be  rcfiarded  as  the  ma-ter's  in- 
structions, went  to  work  upon  the  scaf- 


!  it  i^ 

If 

m 


m 


11'' <' 


Tir 


1:;!. 


l-ii 


i!|: 


17!M 


iLVSTKh    vNUSKItV.wr. 


[(HAP.    XX.Xli 


inMci''"      Kviilciifo  of  till*  chnnu'for,  h<'W>     ^r.  likr  tluit  skImiIihI  Ui  in 
III'  lii^t  Hiilfsifiinii,  iiiHv  K'ihI  to  sliow  tlio  h    .iiil  cliunictrr  of  the  mu.- 
iir's  iiiKlcrtiikiiij;  in  rt>gnrd  to  tin-  dcffi'tivo  iii-tniin«iitiility. 

617.  When  the  delinquency  ii  deemed  not  to  be  in  reipect  to  the  de- 
tails of  the  work. —  'ILe  limits  of  tlic  (ioctrinrs  discussod  in  the  pn 
c.MJintr  section!*  of  tliis  subfitlf  will  he  niorr  cUiirW  apprchfiidcd  ii 
uc  o/)ntrn^t  tho  situations  rcviowi'd  with  thow  in  which  tlie  8erv;iii 
Ims  irt'cn  hold  fniitiod  to  nvovrr,  viz.: 

1.  Wlicro  tho  instniniontality  which  cnuaed  the  injury  was  fiii 
niched  hv  tho  niiisfor  him.  "^If.' 

2.  Whore  thoro  wns  an  iinpliod  niidortakinp  on  tho  mn.ster's  pjin 
to  supply  that  inslnimontiility  in  a  complotoil  condition.  Soe  uls"  •" 
."ifi",  noto  7,  suhd.  (o).  aiitr.  and  oomparo  snbds.  5,  6,  infra.' 


fiild  iilrciiily  prrctod.  hv  IkhI  a  TiflM  to 
.i-^iinic  tliiii  tlic  iii:i-l(r  liiul  (liscliar^'iMl 
thf  iliity  of  MU|>|>lyiii<j  .1  "iifp  McalTiild. 
If  till'  iiriifliiit,  iTHlcad  <if  occurring  <in 
(liis  .iriiimy.  Iiiid  iKciincd  «Mli-i'<ni<'ntly 
I'll  Illicit  her  Imildin;:  wliicli  the  di'fi-nii 
ant  was  cnpiycd  in  ciui^lnictin;;.  ami 
til  and  upon  Mliirli  lio  liail  fiiriii^lird  for 
llr  ii-r  of  till-  woikmcii  llii*  di'fcrtivi' 
-(.illiild.  I  do  Mill  think,  as  a;.'aiiii-l  a 
(iiknian  who  had  no  pri'vioii.s  kiiovvl 
iil;;i'  of  how  or  liy  whom  Die  si'altohl 
ua>  construoird,  tliat  the  ninstiT  coiihl 
•  liiiii.  as  matter  of  hiw.  that  hr  was 
n  lii'ved  from  rcsponsiliility.  iM'oausp.  as 
,1  iiialti'i  of  fact,  at  ^omc  (Mi'vioiis  liiiu( 
till'  ^raltohl  liad  hiin  constructed  liy 
wiikineii  in  his  employ.  I  can  see  no 
ili-timtion  in  principle  between  Um-  ))o- 
^ilion  of  tho  plaintitV.  who  e:iiiie  upon 
the  liuildins;  after  the  scall'ohl  wn.s 
eiiitid.  witli  no  knowledge  of  its  prior 
liisliiry  or  liand  in  its  con-triK'tion,  as 
ciiiiius'ted  with  tliis  arnioiy,  and  his  po- 
.-it ion  as  atl'i'clcd  hy  a  defective  scaf- 
fohl   furnished  in  aimlher  liuihlin«." 

"  IhiniiH   V.   UmitU    (I8!tl)    125   N.   Y. 
771.  21)  X.   E.  742. 

'  W  liero.  in  unloading  n  vessel  in  a 
ship  yard,  an  iron  hook  wa-  fustened  hy 
the  owner  of  the  yard  to  tlie  wharf,  to 
lioKl  a  rope  and  tackle  iisikI  for  the 
work,  ninnin}*  from  the  ship  to  the 
wharf,  the  hook  must  he  considered  an 
appliance  used  in  the  busine-s.  for  n'a 
sonable  care  in  maintaining  the  se- 
curity of  which  the  owner  of  the  yard, 
for  whom  the  work  wa.s  done,  wa.s  re- 
siMinsible  to  hi.s  employees.  Ohen  v 
si„,in  (1809)  43  App.  Div.  J22.  00  N. 
V.  Supp.  134. 

See  also   Colion  v.    Richnrda    (1878) 


123  Mass.  484,  where  the  elTcct.  of  ,i 
jiersoiial  superintendence  by  the  nia-i.  i 
is  adverted  to. 

-  .\  sciilVcild  which  is  in  the  natiin-  ■ 
an  appli.ince  furnished  to  the  workiiM  • 
to  enable  them  to  ]>iit  in  place  the  >li  i 
superstructure  of  a  bridge  is  net  wiili 
in  the  scope  of  the  diK-trine  ilint  tl" 
ma-tiT  is  not  liable  for  the  unsafily  .  t 
a  stnicture  the  erection  of  which  is  paii 
of  the  work  to  be  done.  F.  ('.  Aii^ti'^ 
Ufa.  Co.  V.  .lohnmn  (18'.IH)  .12  C.  I 
A.  :il)!l.  tin  r.  S.  .\pp.  fitil.  8rt  l-'iil.  tiTT 
The  court  said:  "On  part  of  the  cdin 
|)any  it  is  claiiiiccl  that  the  sciilFold  vi;i- 
of  sucli  a  character  that  it  comes  willi 
in  the  exception  to  the  j'eiicral  rnli', 
which  relievw  the  master  from  liabilin 
for  staginpt  or  8cafroldin}:s  ercclid  I'.v 
laborers  who  are  to  wmk  thcriM.ii,  ;iiil 
wherein  it  is  held  that  the  master's  duty 
is  |>erformpd  if  suitabhi  niat<-riaU  af 
furnished  for  the  erection  of  the  -ciif 
fold.  This  exception  orij;iii;ilcil  in  in-i- 
wherein  a  servant.  su<'b  as  a  brickliwr. 
lea-oii.  cariwnter.  or  the  like,  iinilcrtukc. 
the  performance  of  some  work,  like  tli.> 
erection  of  a  wall,  shinfilini;  a  riMif.  cr 
pninfing  a  house,  \vhi<'li  of  necessity  re 
quires  the  construction  of  a  scalVnid  or 
staging  upon  whicli  the  workmen  niiiy 
stand  when  engaged  at  w-ork.  and  where 
in  it  is  customary  for  the  master  to  I'ur 
nish  the  materials,  and  the  mecliiiiiios 
to  actually  construct  therefrom  tlicslad 
ing  necessary  for  the  work.  In  this  cIa-< 
of  cases  the  workiia'n  will  know  the  ex- 
tent of  the  burden  to  which  the  staL'in;; 
will  be  subjected,  and  they  are  at  lil'cr- 
ty  miike  the  ^-.iiiic  as  strnriL'  u.-.  they 
deem  necessary.  The  method  of  the 
construction    of    the    scaffold    is   under 


"I 


I  «i;j 


vii  I,  ri;iM  ii'\i>mi'    m.i  \ii>  i>,  wukk. 


i;i>j 


fhclr    rillltrnl,    Illhl     lln-y     IhiM'    tllr    IpiK.  . 

■ary  kn(>»liMl;i<'  of  tin-  ulniin  it  will  hm 

<i|ll>j<'Cl<'ll    III    wllrn    III    ll-i'   |4>   I'li.llili'   llii'lll 

by  thp  iHi-  <i(  iliii'  ciiri'  mi  tliiir  imii  purl 
to  mifi'ly   i'iiii-l  nict    llic  -iiin".    and.   uii 

(Icr    Mllrll     ('ill  IIIM>l,lllri'>,     if    (III-     •iMll'ilIll 

liroM'"  I"  1m'  iii-iillirli  lit.  it  will  !«■  iliH' 
III  tlir  lark  III  |iiii|ii'i  <  iri'  mi  |Mit  nf 
the  wiirkiiirii.  .i-iiiiiiiii;;  tliiit  tlii'  m.i^ti'r 

IlilK  rXITrl'-l'il  illli'  r.iif  III  flllMI'-liind 
Mile  iiiiitiTiaN  fur  the  f<»li'<liiirtii.ii  of 
the  iitiiuiiij,'.  Ill  Hill  h  cKi'-i  till-  iihi^tcr 
i»  ri'lii'Vi'U  frmii  ir-|>mi->iliilil\,  imt  U'- 
iiili"!'  till'  iiliUt'  »inrr  Ihr  wmkiiii'ii  iin? 
itiijili'ViMl  iM  a  "riilfiilil  i.iiM|i!y.  Inn  1h'- 
laii-r  till'  iii.i-lir  illil  nut  in  tail  ninliT 
tiiki>  III  tniiil>li  llii'  '•ratriilil  fur  till'  ii-i' 
of  till'  wiii'kiiirii  whin  ill  hi,'-  i'in|iliiy. 
riif  lialiilily  lit  I  III'  iii.i-tir  niniiul  \ir  ili' 
lirniiiiiil  >iiiiiil.v  li\  -Inniiiia  that  the 
plai'i-  wlii'if  till'  wmkiiii'ii  wrri'  rnyaiji'il 
in  hi«  Mrn  ill'  mi-,  a  ^lalVolil.  but  it  imi-l 
il('|it'nil  ii|iuii  till'  initiii'i'  ii'  till'  >rall'ii|il, 
the  |iiii|»iiit<  it  i-  til  -iili-iiM'.  ulii'Mu-r 
it  piiiilil  III'  |ii'ii|ii  I  ly  l>  11  III  till!  wmkiiii'ii 
III  ili'tn mini'  and  loiilnd  llii'  nii'llii'd  ul 
iN  t"rr<ti<in.  and  mIhiIht  tlioy  did  in 
fart  Ciintliil  its  iTirliiill.  Ill-  vllrllnr  1  llil 
inaittiT  had  thai;;i'  llii-niif.  In  tin'  ri-ii' 
at  liar  Ihr  Hi'allidd  »as  iiilindril.  nut 
only  ua  a  [ilarc  whcri'on  tlu'  uuikiiiiii 
vMTr  til  ->laiid.  but  an  a  -n|i{iiii'l  ii|iiiii 
which  wa-.  tii  bi'  plai'i'd  tlir  iiilir,  .ii|iii 
-Iriutiiri'  III'  the  liiidj:i'  dm  inu'  I  hi  i  uiii-e 
iif  its  iri'i'llmi.  It'  it  .-hmild  fall  thimi;.'h 
faulty  C'lin-trin  I  iiiM,  it  iiii;.dil  rau-i^  the 
entire  or  |iai'tial  di'^lnirl  imi  nf  the  -itirl 
work  finiii-hrd  by  the  riiiii|iany.  and  the 
I'oinpany  wniild  In-  iiiiii|ii  Hid  to  inake 
(,'oi>d  all  daiiia;.'!'^  tliu-t  ran-iil.  It  I'i 
clear  that  sueli  unrkini'ii  a>  I  lie  difeiid- 
ant  in  error  lunld  nut  be  exiieiti  il  to 
know  the  strain  that  wmild  be  pland 
ujnin  thU  -loairold  in  the  iintimi  i>f  1  he 
■*leel  superstnietiire.  It  is  eiiii.illy  rlear 
that  it  would  nut  have  been  ii|i<'ii  to  the 
ill  I'lndant  in  ermr  ti>  excni^e  any  eoii- 
tiul  over  the  nnthnd  in  wliiih  the  -raf- 
told  was  erecli'd  or  the  iiiati  rial  ii-eil  ill 
it.s  ciiii>triii'timi.  The  |iiii|io^i'  fm  uliiili 
this  sealliild  was  to  Ik-  ii~id  lenders  in- 
a|i|ilicabli'  the  reason^  ii|ioii  which  the 
lule  is  ba-iil. — that  oidinarily  the  mas 
ter  id  not  ri'~|nin-.ible  for  tlie  safety  of 
sla;rinf,'s  which  the  woikineii  piU  up  as 
aids  in  carryins;  out  the  |iailieular  work 
they  are  employed  to  iH-rfm  in.  The  u-e 
til  which  it  was  intendnl  to  siilijiii  this 
structure,  in  that  tlieie  would  be  pi  iced 
thcrion  not  only  the  dead  Hei;.'ht  of  the 
iii:;icrial  coniposinrr  tiio  briii;.'c.  but  also 
the  strair.  can— d  by  phiciii;.'  the  dill'er- 
enl  jiarts    in    iiroj)(.'r   ijo^ilion,  cle.uly 


"liiiw-i  that  llie  rrnliuii  <'f  t'  ■  •■I  >  iiia 
wan  not  a  niattei  that  emild  In'  -alily 
lift  to  the  emiliol  of  oidiniiy  lilmicrs, 
but  ii'i|iill'ed  skilhsl  ii'iilii'l  by  |>i-'ii|M 
who  fioiii  px|>iriiiiee  would  know  nliat 
^tr.iiii  Would  be  pi. mil  on  the  >t,ivini{, 
.Hid  the  evidiliie  -lows  lh.lt  in  its  ili'C 
lion  the  defendant  in  error  evrni-id  no 
iiiiiliol  or  juil;;iiii  lit.  but  on  the  eiiil- 
traiy  It  wa»  eiiitid  -oh  ly  under  tli"  di- 
rect ion  of  I  harles  Killifcr.  who,  a-  a 
skilled  e\|M|l.  hid  Ih'i'II  sent  out  b\  the 
isiiii|iaiiy  to  eicit  the  biidi;i-  and  -i  1 1  le 
for  It  with  the  ciiiinly  aiillimilii's.  Iiir 
thiriiiiiic,  it  lb  irly  appears  th.it  tlie 
sciitlold.  as  eoii-t  I  iieti'd.  was  in  tin-  na 
lure  of  an  appliance  furiil~hci|  to  the 
workiiien  to  enable  them  to  put  in  place 
the  stis'l  siipii-ilrui  tiiro.  'I'hii  lb  of 
Imiiii».  side  biai'i'S,  trii--'i-s.  and  other 
parts  of  llie  biid'.i'  |>rii|>ir  wire  eariid 
out  on  the  -I'lllold.  |iut  in  place,  .iiid 
boltisl    to;..  I  her." 

I  be  failuie  to  brace  the  IhiiIs  of  a 
f.il»i'work  eiiiiiil  III  -ii»lain  a  li.  i\y 
'  traM'ler"  ii-i  I  ill  building  u  lirid;;i'  le 
killts    in    a    >i     iiliiial    ib'li'ct.    for    which 

the   linployer    .•    re-poll^ible.       Hi, Illil     V. 

l-.ili/i:  Muijr  lliiiliii  Wniks  (IIIOli  lit:i 
I'cd  'i.'!.'!.  To  -anie  eircet,  -.ii'  l'iii-l<ii 
V.  /.'i/.'/i  l/i/'/r  lliiiliji  WurLs  i  IHOI  i  Ili-* 
N.  \  .'  ."iSli,  till  N.  K.  mil.  .Mbiniiii;; 
1  liioiii  rii;  A|,p.  Div.  71.  t'lT  N  V.  Siijip. 
7ll>  (iliMihin;;  e— -inl  iaily  the  •anie 
fai't^  with  the  aihlilliMi.il  '  fc.itiile  that 
the  piles  of  the  faUewmk  wcie  Iaio 
Hhorl  I . 

A  »ei\aiit  who  is  set  to  Work  in  a 
ch.iihbii  of  a  niiiic  afli  I  it  b.-i"  alicoly 
been  tiiiili.ied  may  reiovcr  for  iiijuics 
c.ni-iil  b\  111.'  f.lil  of  the  loi.f,  if  the 
dcfi'ilive  ci'iiiiitlmis  oiiiild  Ihne  ben  di-- 
eoM'Icd  by  a  liiii.ly  ii:-pi  cl  ion.  II  .  s^ 
I  rii  Cunl  d-  Mill  I''-  v.  /.o/iii/miiii  ilSli.'ii 
17  C.  C.  A.  71,  'M  L.  is.  App.  1,  70  I'cd. 
210. 

In  Tiiiii'iiilll  y.  John  fliifjilhi^  I'urln 
f'..//i.  ils:iiii  !i  App.  Div.  l-.'7,  l-'s!  11 
\.  V.  Siipp.  .'il.  iili.iiititr.  after  he  liad 
I'll  II  in  ih-f.nd, Hit's  employ  a  day  and  a 
half,  was  cilli'd  to  a-.si-l  about  the  rii.^- 
iii^'  of  .1  liii\y  bo\,  cont.iiiiiii;;  niati'iial 
nianiifactuicd  by  defiiidant.  from  llie 
basement  of  the  Iniii  lliiy  to  the  -hh' 
walk  above.  The  elcv.itor  by  which  ihis 
lliatelial  wa.--  ll^tially  lii.i^l  'd  was  out  if 
repair,  and  the  shippjnjr  i|,-ik.  liaviii,^' 
the  nutter  in  cbar^ie.  dirislcd  and  as- 
sisted alsHit  providing  a  tiiii|Mir.iry 
lioistinpr  appar.itu-  for  rai^injr  the  bo.v 
in  the  elcv.ilor  sh.-ift.  'I'hi-;.  when  ron; 
jilefe.  cnnsi  led  nf  a  piece  of  iron  'il 
aciosd   the   &|)aee  and  lusting  ui«iii   ihu 


Kim 


HAMI.ll  AM)  SKUVANX. 


[(  II. \l'.    XXXII. 


l.i*t£Hli  { t 


Id! 


M(iiiliin«  I'f  Kif  ilniitiir  uliiifl  on  riil»T 
niiliv  rill-  luikli'  to  l.iiiit  wi"  »  M'"!^ 
|»lllln.  viliiili  w.i«  iill^iilii''!  t<i  the  iriii, 
■nil  11  i-liaiii  run  llirHui.'h  llu-  |iiill.\^, 
wlii<'li  thv  iiii'ii  |>iill  .1  iip-'ii  in  li«>l-liii:i 
till'  Im.x.  I'laiiililV  li.iil  iidOiinii  it>  i!" 
Willi   iKiiitf  lliii  ,i|i|>nMtiM,  iililii.iii;li   Im" 

■,.1>V  llu-  irnll  ;ill.|  l.ll.'W  tJfllr Lilly  xvli.il 
it  Hii*.  VMiilp  th..  !.."<  ";!•<  I'linu'  lifi.l- 
eil,  the  iii'ii  III'  Ui-  anil  |il.iiiilill  "h"  |'I'' 
ii|iil,ilril  mill  'lie  cillar.  11"'  «'>iiil 
!.iii(l:  "It  it  ■piilc  i\  ill' lit  iKini  tliii 
ti>»liin')iiy  Hint  till'  cim«triii  lii'ii  of  lli« 
tiiiUlf,  bv  nil. lilt  lit  «lii.li  llii-  l"'\  «ii» 
to  111'  ru!«i'il.  wai  not  a  di'lail  of  llie 
ttiiik  wliii'ti  |p|.iiiitiit  »ii«  rri|niiril  i  r  ia 
ix'itiii  ti>  |i.  iliirni,  liiil  «a-  .nt  ,i|i|.li.iiirii 
liy  niiMi:'  I't  '.\lii(li  lii'  |»  i  ti'i  imil  tin- 
labor    mil.      il   of   liini.     '11 lili^Mlimi 

wilt,  tlii'iiliri'.  iii.jiii-i  il  uixiii  '111!  ill  ii  ml- 

ant  to  cxfiii-i-  r<M- iMi-  <ii<'  "nil  i>iu- 

(Icnrc  in  the  ,4linlion  of  tlii>  aiiiiliaiice, 
anil  to  tci'  til, It  it  wat  n-a-i'iialiiy  "uit- 
able  ami  -nlV  for  tin'  |.iir|i<i-ii  to  wlilrh 
it  wa.t  iipiiliiil.  Tlii-  iliily  »  it  priiniiry 
iiiid  ooulil  not  ln'  cli-li  ,Mt<il  to  a  tiiN^int, 
so  HM  to  tliiilil  III'-  nia>trr  friiii  lialiility 
for  (laniaui  •■"  :  '"iifl  tlinniili  an  oniii'- 
sion  of  till'  sinaiil  to  piopiily  ili-iliarge 

A  torv.int  ordiiiil  by  tlie  nia-lcr  to 
|M-rfiinii  Mini:  at  a  iiimliinitt  in  iiniltT 
l^ri'und   tiiiirlu't    opi-mil     anil    pripiml 

for  liim  li.i-  a  ri-.'lit   li>  a  —  ii tliii    tin' 

plaiv  hnx  bii'ii  i b'  na-oiiably  mUi'  by 

tbi'  nia^l.r,  tliroiij;li  oIIkt  anil  iiiiii|ie- 
tnit  ^I'lvaiii-i  riiipbviil  by  bini.  ami  ilor< 
not  adMiiiii'  till'  rir^k  of  ni'^-'btt  of  tbc 
lattiT  to  bi.iir  or  prolifl  tbc  sbb  t  of 
till!  trcnili.t.  Ai.i/.r  v.  /.oiitf  Islnml  It, 
t'o.  ilsiHii  ]i:\  N.  V.  I.  -iJ  N".  i:.  ■-l'•'■ 
("ontratt  la-'-  ciiiil   in  S   812a,  nolp    1, 

>llbil.     (C).   S'ljl-il. 

Mi-n  r.iiiipri>in<,'  n  rn  w  if  worUnion 
iM'li|tivi-ly  i!i,L'a>;<-il  in  piillins  up  -lU'b 
^tiiifinK  anil  siMlVuliliii}.'  a-  is  ni'cibil  for 
the  u*r  of  wnrkiniu  en- '•.••ii  in  tin-  v'''if 
eral  bii-im--  of  a  ^blp  ImiMin^'  coin- 
pany  arr  not  fi-Unw  -^iMaiit.s  with  nion 
rnjiagi'il  in  ttir  u'l-m  ral  work  of  tin'  loni- 
p.iny.  M/ii.i  V.  Aiiirriiiiii  Si'  (llln:  Ill- 
Co.  (H!»4)  51)  Minn.  US.  .^)T  N.  W  .  :t-- 
l(li-tinpiithin«  tin-  I'a-c-.  in  which  the 
fiiini^iiinf,'  nnil  prt'paration  of  a  striic- 
tiirc  is  part  of  ttip  work  which  the  em- 
uloyii"  nrn  bircil  to  prrlurm). 

A  iiKitliT  it  liable  for  ilifiit^  in  a  lad- 
der niaili-  at  hit  rarpenler't  tbop  nml  is- 
sued for  (be  lite  of  the  niatoiit  in  bis 
employ.  FlnvUimi      v.      (luyjnihiim 

ftii'tlluin  «'".  I  l«!iiii  ''•'5  N.  .1.  I..  l«4T.  44 
Atl.  Tlii    Inline  ili-tiiietii'ii  relied  on). 

Ill    JicC./ii.     V.    ViilhKjhcr    (18'J7)    10 


\p|..  Div,  27 J.   II   N'.  V,  Siipp.  I1!I7,  the 

iiilirl  itl't.lfliid  Ibe  ea-e  ill  p.lllllern  em 
|iliiyi'.|  ti>  paini  the  iiit'ide  of  a  binbl 
ill'.'!  who  are  ri  ■  lired  to  luuk  upon  a 
Kiiipleted    te.illi  :'     built     for    that    piir 

|«   -    .    wlliell     it    lewilnl    or    rili-ed    .1-    III! 

«iiiU  pro;,'!  1 --«'-..  iind  t.iid:  "II  it  (pule 
•  /bviiiiit  that  It  It  the  duly  of  the  lu.i^li  i 
111  fiiiiiitb  -inli  an  appll.ime  ;  andwInMc 
Ibe  men  niii-t  nly  upon  the  laie  nf  tie 
lll.i-ler  or  Ibote  ilnplined  by  billi  I" 
piilliii;»  tocellnr  ii   proper  -Iruilure  nee 

e.^.iry    for    lb eii    to    ii^e    ill   tlie    pi  r 

funii.'inee  of  Ibe  work  upon  whieb  Ii..  v 
are  elllpbiyed.   ami    where  any    lle;;li;;i  h.  . 

ill  lb liilii'ii  of  tile  iiialerialt  or  lie' 

pioiier  lite  of  llio-e  niiiteriiilt,  in  emi 
»  lietiliJI  the  eoiiipleleil  teulTold.  wniil.l 
ex^  -e  the  men  to  terioUt  duiipT,  lU  J 
lee'l  ill  till'  pi  rIoiMianeeof  that  duly  will 
render  the  matter  liable." 

Ill  c.r.oii  V.  f<.<il  llill  riial  Co.llS'lTl 
101   low. I,  2Jt,  70  N".  W     IH."i,  in  tiiM.mi 
in;,'  an  in-lrmljon  to  the  eiriet  that   tlie 
iiwtier   of   a    (I'll    mine  having  a   t|i)|iiiij 
eiitiy.  thro.iKh  v  biili  the  eoiil  it  bn  ii-hl 
to  the  tiirfaeiv  owe*  to  an  employee  inl 
iuK  in   the  eart  tliiiiiij;h  tiieh  entry  tbe 
duty     of    exi  11  i-inn    reatonable  eaie  I" 
have  the  root    of    the    entry  tulhiiiiili\ 
pri.pped    so   that    ri"  k    will    not    fall    nil 
the  ir.iek.  tlieei.iiii   -iiid:      "The  rule  it 
the    in-lnietiun   :ipplie^   to  a  ea-e   wli.r. 
a   place    i»   fiiniitlied    fur  the   -crv.inl    I" 
do  his   work,  and    Ibe    k.fpinj:    nf    lie- 
pl.ice  in  repair  it  mil    incidental  to  lli' 
\ynrk  to  1«'  p  rfurmed.      .      .      .     The  nil 
ditpiited  failt  of  Ibi-  cate  bring  it  \ui!i 
in  Ibe  liiller  rule,  -o  far  .i-  concern-  tic 
duliet  of  the  partii't.     The  dutiet  nf  ili 
pbiinlitV  bad  no  cniicern  \yith  the  pi.|" 
lalieii  or    lit^kin^'    after    the  entry      It 
was  the  general  pat<:i;;eway  to  and  fmiM 
the  mine,- a  ciiinpleleil    work;    a    pi  i"' 
in    whicli    work    wat   to  l>e    done,    iii    ii" 
way  K'lineeted   with   its  eonttriiclinn  nr 
prc-iiyation.     It    was   a    place   for   -mli 
work     a.s    the     plainlilT   was   dniii;;.  .iii'l 
fiirnitiied  by  the  employer.     'I'liit  linM 
ill"  is  not    aj,'aintt    that    in  /•'d.s'.mii/  v. 
/■/nf/i/is    l'l«l    <'».    (IH'.M)    !»3    lima.   ,it. 
(il    N.  \V.  400.     That  case  was  expri---ly 
determined  on  the  rule  as  to  the  iic:;li- 
pence  of  a  fellow  tcrwint.      .\s  the  wnrk 
,of  ridiii},'  the  trip  was  di-connectc.l  frnm 
diilies   .IS  to  the    roof    of    the  entry  in 
which    plainliir    was   ridiiit;,    it    wa-  .!•■ 
fctidant's    duty,    through    a    e(iiii|M'i.;ni 
]«  r-on,   to  look    after    its    safely.      1 1"' 
case,  as  now  presented,  does  not  invelvi' 
n  qiir-tiim  at  tu  the  n(-j;lii,'enre  nf  ;i  fel- 
low  servant." 

Where    a    lirenian,  while   working   in 


I6i; 


VK  i;  i'i:is»  (rM.--iiir    iii;r\ii.s  ok  uh'm. 


KDT 


ihe  1.1. ill  r  r. '  1"  fif  i:.,-  .!.  f.  n.l.inl,  fi'II  In- 
10  a  l.i'l''  i''i<  ''  'I  \»in  iliiu'  and  li'ft 
,i|)fn  in  fi.'iil  "I  llii'  1n>iI,  r  I..V  \Ue  ili' 
(inliilit'i  I  iiFpI.  MVH,  wImi  wi'ir  iii.il.ili)i 
1  f,  mill  iiii.ii  111  r.'  f..r  sin  "ciimh mi/iT," 
inning  lliu  li'iit'  iiiuncriMl  iir  tin'  exca- 
..iii.iii  ill  nil  nil- ifi!  ri.iiiliiiiin,  it  »ii* 
i,.I,|  I..  I  .•  iIm.  ii.-:i'ji-ii.  ■  i.(  till'  ni.i-tir. 
fryty.  Ildlh  <,'(iw  »l  i:i"'ncro.  (JIMIO) 
•It  Mr.  17,  til  All.  ""'l  iii|Mr,ilii.n  of 
iliL'i;iiiU  till"  liiili's  ..liil  to  !«■  iiiiiitiilfil 
Willi  iifiil  u  j'ait  i<i  llif  I'liinl   il-.'lf). 

When-  a  |Hiinii  'it  luiini'l  i<  ntiilcr 
con-lnuiioii.  a*  f:i«l  •<"  I't.iiipliti'il  the 
tinUliiil  |i;irl  lifi'iii:.-.  nn  ".i|>|>liani'o  or 
iiifutu  fimii-lii-l  \>\  111.'  niM-l.'i-  liy  xvliii'h 
the  ri'iiMiiiiii;,'  work  ii  In  I"'  |.r(i«i'<'iili'il." 

Ihliilfll    V.    I'ah'uniiil     111    il'/f     i(    Ciiltltr. 

Co.  iHiMii  ]■::  C.il.  -J:'.-'.  IT  L.  H.  .\. 
,'i»7,  5!l  I'lU'.  577.  liiiMiiii.'  Hill,  a*  tlnri- 
«,n  miiliiii'c  tliiit  a  I  null.  1  hurt  Un'n 
ilri\rn  in  .ilioiil  IS  ffct.  :iii.|  tlmt  it  wiis 
,il«.iit  8  fi'i't  Willi'  nil. I  n.'iii  !•  lo  10  fii't 
lii);h;  tlmt  a  rii.'k  wliirli  li  II  iiti.l  inini"'.! 
ii  w.iikii'iin  Wii.<  iiliinil  III  I'll  fiKiii  the 
motilli;  lliiit  Hie  tiiniul  li  hI  iiii-wnl  Iho 
pl.iri!  wliiri'  till'   rurk  »:i'  llmi'  <tr  four 

illlVH,    it     VM.UllI    In'    lli.MllllK'.l.    (in    .1    IIH.liilll 

for  iii.ii-iill,  tlmt  tho  liimi'l  wiii  ^Imwii 
10  have  li.i'ii  I'liiiipliMi'il  al  the  |Hiiiil  in 
.|ii(~ti<)n,  so  that  it  wa-*  liin  <'iii|iliiyt'r'.i 
.liitv  to  Mil'  lliat  it  w.w  ii'i-imalily  wife, 
tliiiil;;h  tliiTi'  w.i-^  -utile  iliiexplaiiie^l  e\  i 
•  li'iKi"  thai  III.'  -i.le  i.f  the  tiliiiiel  eplHi- 
-ite  tlii-<  |ii.iiit  li.i'l  lieen  blailed.  wiiieh 
"li^'lit  [nisiilily  itii|ily  that  it  wa«  not  en- 
I  inly  iiiiii|.leti'il   there. 

.\  lindiii;,'  hj  the  juiy  that  it  was  a 
(iiirt  of  tlie  eiii|iloycr's  (Inly  to  put  up 
.1  tinilii'r  In  which  wa-*  I'a^l. mil  a  roal 
liui'k.'t  ii-i'il  for  <'(.iiveyi!i^'  eoal  Irnni  a 
l.in  into  a  luailin,;;  cliiile  is  •iu-taiii..l  tiy 
I'viileiH'i'  Hull  in  all  nlln-r  cl.iile,  liel.in^' 
inx  til  tlie  I'inployer  a  pel  man. 'lit  Imoiii 
Mill  iiv".l  in-l.'ad  of  -11.  li  liiiilier.  that  ii 
|ifr-oii  s|ie('i.illy  einploN'il  to  ilo  nioilian- 
ii'iil  wiirk  was  iliredeil  to  put  up  the 
linili.T.  anil  that  sin  h  tiiiilMT  was  not 
iupluilisl   in  the  nppli.ini'es   u-iially  put 

up  liv  ll nipli'vi'i-s.     .Iiiriirl;  v.    l/.nn'- 

(.iiK.c  ('(,.1^  c(-  Di'.rk  i'u.   (1SII7I   !t7  Wis. 

537,  t:;  n.  w.  i;-i. 

In  Mnmiiitq  v.  llixtan  (l.S7'.l)  7S  X. 
Y.  fil.").  the  eviileii.i'  was  that  il  was  n 
liirtii'iiliir  liranrh  of  nieclianieal  oe.U|.a- 
tinn  t.)  put  up  a  sealVolil  like  the  one  in 
'liieslimi  ( i.  c,  for  doin;,'  the  plaster 
«..rk  ill  a  huiUlin;;!  :  that  the  [H-rsons 
(•mployf'd  wore  not  of  that  oociipalion ; 
an. I  lliat  it  was  built  of  insiillieient  inn- 
tiiiii.  imlii  in  quality  ami  (juanlily. 
il  was  lield  "that  the  iiuestlon  of  \\.-^\\- 
,'i'nce  io  building  the   scalTold   was   for 


the  jury;  thil  it  him  n..i  -n'lieienl  thai 
tliero  WiM  tiiiiiiyh  of  suit  I'.le  in  ilerial 
pM.\i<l.'il  to  build  the  >..ill..l.l.  Il  nei.l 
.d  tll.lt  there  sliolllil  lie  skill  lUlil  JU'I^ 
iiieiit  in  the  u«e  thireof."  Hill  tlu'  e.is.- 
i*  not  fully  ie|«iiii'.|,  and  it  iii.iy  iil-o 
be  ie;:ir.li.|  as  liiviie.'  Iimiisl  upmi  the 
fiiiliiii'  ,.f  the  iii.i-lir  to  eiiipli.v  i'..iii|«'- 
teiit  serv.inl"  the  eons' nn  I  ion  pl.nid 
up.  11  it  in  III  >  lit  II  V.  /'.  II.  U7o  > /.  r  d 
i;,.    liS'.tl)    103  Mi.h.    r.Hi,  27   L.   11.  A. 

■im.  ui  N.  \v.  i;.-.s. 

.Vni.llier  iloiil.l  I'ul  ease  U  flinii  V. 
Ilinili  ilHHi)  Hi  .li,iii-«  A  S.  I.Ml,  whiili. 
ulijl.'  it  ii->erted  the  e\i-l.iiie  of  a  ilulv 
I'f  fiuiii-hini;  a  -if.-  -eaire'il.  d.K'O  not 
-I. lie  wliitlier  suili  .lilty  nriise  by  ex- 
pr' SB  ei.iiiiiet,  by  iieee-s.iry  iinpli.-.ilion 
troiii  the  pi'i'uliar  faets,  or  U|N.n  the 
Iiri'iiil  };iouii.|  thai  a  »e.illi'!.|  buibl.r  and 
a  plast.'ier  are,  uinler  no  ein  iiiii-laniei*, 
fellow  ser\,ints.  lint  prulialily  this  de- 
eisioii  is  to  U^  i'\pl..iii.  .1  ir.  •.he  saiiin 
w.iv  a-"  the  one  l.ist   eiled. 

In  MrMiihnn  \.  Milhili-  (1800)  174 
Mass.  ;1J0.  ."it  N'.  K.  M.M.  Ilie  ina-ler  was 
belli  liilile  f'T  il.'l.ii-.  in  a  derriek  on 
llie  iironn.l  Hi.. I  it  "was  a  pii-ce  of  ma- 
.  Iiini  ly,  part  of  the  flllin!»  uji  of  a  stoiie- 
yiird,  ,  .  .  rather  than  an  nppli.inrn 
io  be  put  foi.'elher  and  sil  up  and  iimveil 
I  ruin  pi  lie  to  place  by  workmen  who 
ui-re  11-  iiiL'  it." 

"W  lure,  however,  there  were  fiir- 
iiishcsl  to  the  pl.iintilV  and  his  cih-iii- 
ployees  inaleiials  with  which  to  eon- 
striiot  this  .soitTolil.  which  wen"  not 
proper  for  the  piirpnsi-.  ainl  wliieli  nunle 
llie  seairolil.  when  eimsl riicted.  an  un- 
safe ami  inipn  per  appliiine  lor  the  do- 
in;;  of  the  work,  ...  it  Hie  -iiaster 
i'iii|.l.ye.l  a  person  to  art  in  his  pl.iei-  to 
I'liniisli  such  material,  the  iieLdi^'etiee  of 
-111  11  jierson  '-0  app.  iiileil  to  nei  fm-  tin- 
iiiii-ler  in  the  di-iliar;.'e  of  Hie  duly 
uliich  he  owed  to  his  eiiipl".M.^  v.,i-  Hi.' 
!ie;.div'ene.'  fif  the  nia-ler.  f.n  wlii.li  Hi" 
master  was  respnn-ible."  Hihuiil  \. 
Iliiws  (1S!17)  17  App.  Div.  Ul.  I.".  N 
V.  Siipp.  '.Ml. 

('oni[iare   also  the    rule  th.it    Hi.'   fm 
iii^hiiiv'  of  side  stakes  for  ri'liiinir..'  iln' 
load  of  a   railway  ear  is   in  I    a    pm    •  I' 
the  ii|iiial  ion  of  lonlin;.'.  such  -i  'k.-  1- 
iiiC  a   part   of  the  eipiipineiit  of  lln-  i  n'. 
S.'i'  §  .")l)7.  Hole  7,  iiii'e. 

Whether  or  not  it  is  the  duly  of  the 
nia-ler  to  cnii-trinl  an  nppli.in.e  to  he 
ilsi'il  by  the  senaiil  is  in  each  pirtiiil 
lar  else  a  inixe.l  quesli.n  of  law  and 
f.ii't  fill  ii'.r  jurv.  />...;.'/.■■■'  •.  .  liunth 
liius.  ,(  //.  /.  C'rnnile  Cu.  (1'''''')  U" 
Ale.   no.  37  All.  871. 


lH'i| 

iiu-ii 

1 

'f 

J 

1: 

i 

^ 

'^t 

I 


170S 


MASTKUAXnSKUVANT. 


[(  IIAP.    XWII. 


3.  Wlioro  MiitiiMo  niiit<  riul  was  not  luniislicd  fur  tlic  prcpariiiinu 
of  tliii!  iii>tniniciitiilitv.^ 

4.  Where  the  scrviints  worn  not  loft  free  as  to  tlio  selection  of  tlu 
matcrii.ls  from  wliicli  that  instriiiiienliility  was  i>repare<l. 

Some  cases  emhodyinK  the  doctrine  that  the;  fact  of  an  injury  liv- 
ing been  cansed  by  neiiiiizinee  in  n-pect  to  a  detail  of  the  work  uil! 
no't  preeliule  recovery,  if  the  master  or  his  representative  prescril«,l 
the  niann(>r  in  which  the  operation  in  question  was  to  be  perforn;.,!, 
are  collected  in  chapter  xi.ii.,  snbtitle  (',  yjw/. 

5.  Where  liability  s  imposed  because  of  the  permanent  cluir- 
acterof  that  instrumeiiluliiy.^ 


In«trii.ti<.iis  assuniiiif;  ttmt  the  duty  «..il<n.,.n.  o.iiKod  liy  the  rnvm!.' in  of  j. 
of  f.irni.lnnir  suitMl,!.-  Mc^.'urio^  for  tho  tnn.l,  in  whirl,  l,.-  «-is  .l.^'^-mf...  .„ 
,K.,fonn.t„-,.Mf  ,1„.  wurU  n-l-.  ns  „  mat-  tlu.i.rli  I  .riv  vv.;,-  malriniN  2  „„  ■ 
UT  of  cmrs...  on  tl..>  <mi|.1ov.t.  nro  .-r-  :i«ay  «liicli  tlio  loninan  liiid  autlM.,., 
ronroii^.  wlwiv  tl»-  fM.ts  arc  cm-.i-litil  to  u-^r  (<>  sliorc  n|> 
with  thp  hviiotlipsis  tliat  tlio  furnisliim.'  tin-  tr.-ncli  -ifo.  simv 
of  siuli  nf-riioies  was  a  inalirr  left  to  !"•  ]>ro|HTly  fnul  tliat  tiny 
iliiiii'  in  (111-  ixi'ciition  of  llic  uiirk.  ami 
as  a  iiart  of  it.  Itut.iiison  v.  Itl<il:r  Mfij. 
Co.  (1SH7)  143  IMass.  r,-.".l.  10  X.  K.  MU. 
V\\o  ('<»irt  saiil:  "A  \*-\<m\  is  oni 
plovi'il  to  do  a  pii'ic  of  work  liipii-*rlf, 
witli  tlK-  nnili'islandini;  tliat  lie  shall 
idiiiri^  siieli  iinaiis.  iiiatciiiils.  or  iin|>li'- 


I" 


>  fho  sidi-s   and   i',,i  ■ 
(he     jury  mij! 
WfVi'  |>r:ictii.il!v 
inaofi'^Mldi-  on   aicoimt   of  the  di~tiiiiv, 
as  in  such  ca-^c  tlio  n<'j;liL'riiri'  is  tinil  "' 
thf!  city,   and    not     nicrily    of    a     fcll.u 
servant'   in    failin-;  to  use  the  iiiiil.ri;- 
at  his  poniinaiid.      I'il:^iiiiiiitiiis  v.  Tn 
Ion  (laiKi)    KM)  Mass.  2-2;!,  35  N.  i'..  .">l'' 
"On    this    view    of   the    facts."    said   i! 
■onrt.    "lliP    plaintiffs    intestate    [wink 
I  to  work  ill  a  jilacc 


I  di 


iiients  as  lie   finds  to  be   needed,  and    if 
ion  of  I 

t     or    < ^-  ■,.,,.  , 

iniplcnicnts.     it    for   his   safely   which   his  eiiiiilipycr  « 


he  enters  upon  the  cx<'cution  of  the  work    man]  \v,i  .•         .    ■       ,  i 

■■,.(,,,,1     or    deleft ive   «er  witlioiit  the  precautions  iHiii- tiik 


and    procures     insiilli 
means,     material 


might   Ih>  found  that  the  master  did  not    liouiid  to  see  taken, 
assume  anv  responsihilitv  to  such  serv-        An    eic|doyer    who    er.cts     a     w.-wM 
ant  for  their  siillicienov  or  .luality.  even    falsework    for   the    purpose   of   Mi|T"rt 
thouL-h    he   was   to   pay   for   them.      Nor    inR  the  materials  and  parts  of  ah... I.; 
is    the   case   n.--essarilv   dilT.-iviit    if    the    .lurin.;    the    pr.Kcss    of    its    er,.!."..  ) 


person  so  eniployinl  is  authorized  to  eii- 
^asTP  others  to  help  him  du  the  work,  as 
well  as  to  procure  niiiins  and  applim- 
ces.  If,  for  example,  the  work  to  ho 
done  should  iiiclinle  the  iiiovinfr  or  rais- 
ing of  a  hiMvy  article,  which  could  he 
done  with  the  use  of  a  simple  fiihi  iiiii 
ami  lever,  and  the  employer's  foiciiian, 
in  eharare  of  the  work,  slioiild  he  left  to 
provide  them     at    the     place  where   th<» 


!-.oiind  to  fiiinish  timber  of  siinic..ii- 
strenj.'lli  to  bear  the  wci-ht  to  wWv'i 
the  falsework  will  be  suIij.h  tcl.  f.nf.n 
cite  Itnifqc  Co.  v.  Ohi-n  (  ItlOl  1  5»  I 
U.  A.  33.  47  C.  i\  A.  3(17,  W^  l"''.l-  "•■■■■' 
»"If  the  implciuc!!.  appli  .".•<■.  t 
structure  is  |H>riiianeiil  in  its  ch.i.M.lrr 
the  duty  of  exi'ieisin;.'  a  reasniiah).'  il 
;.'rp<>  of  "care  in  its  selection  and  iii:.i;i'' 
nance  is  one  from  which  the  nia-l.r.i' 


ork  was  to  he  done,  an.l  he  sh.nil.l  take    not  .>seapc.     Whereas,   if  it  h,'  p  .it 


a  common  stone  for  the  futcrum  and 
piece  of  scantling'  or  a  rail  from  ii  nei^'h 


its  erei'tion,  location,  and  opi-ralioi.  iiii; 
Ih',  and  •.Till  rally  ar.'.  re^iardi-.l  as  \\« 
rk.  which  perlaiii  t" 


boring  fence  for  the  lever,  and  the  stone   details  of  ll„.  work.  ^^''I'' '.  I";';''',"'    ';; 
should  roll,  or  the  lever  break,  .md  one    e.iip  oy.v."      >-..r    v.     '''"".""^      <''':;, 
of  the  men  enga^-d  in  the  work  shoiil.l     Ifi  App.   Div.   42'2.  (.1  ^C>-   >■;;''':.; 
t  hurt  therebj-. ;  Jury  would  nalmallv    Affirmed  in  MtU.)  .10  V    v  1    -2,.      - 
find  that  such  8ele<-tion  of  materials  ami    a  derrick.  ,'-"m^-i;<i;'.'-;  "f  ■'  "';',:',.';;,'',;;, , 
appliances  was  a  part  of  the  wi>rk  to  be 
done,  and  r.ot  within   the  implied   'iuty 
and  undertaking  of  the  employer." 


•A  city  is  not.  as  mailer  of  law.  free 
from  liability  for  personal  injuric-s  to  a 


squpre  and  40  feel   loiiL'.  "ith  a  heel.. 

same  dimensions,  was  linnly  alta.'l.>.l   ' 

the  groiiml  l>v  planks,  in  which  .i  i"'' 

plate    had    bc<Mi     imbedded,   an.l    "I" 

\\.-re  weiglited  down  with  lie.oy  stuin^ 


'^\A\ 


i  OIH] 


Vl<  K  I'lllNl  irAl.sMll'— 1)KT.\II,S  ()|-  WOUl-L 


17TO 


0.  AVlicro  linliilitv  \v:is  iiiiiioscil  ..u  ilic  jji-uuiid  Uial  the  operation 
was  not  one  ul  llio  lniu?ilor^'  elii^s.'' 


1).  KwiI.TflKXCF.  Ol-  <  OSKKVAMS  WIIOSK  I.ITV  IT  IS  TO  KF.EP  TIIF,  1  \- 
STIU  .MKNTAI.lTIKb  1-S  I'KUl'l-.U  CO.NOl  IIU.N,  \V11I..\  .NUi'  iAll'Uil.D  HJ 
TilK  .MASIKK. 

618.  Theory  that  a  master  is  never  liable  for  ne-ligence  in  regard  to 
inspection  and  repairs. —  One  view  Un-  wliii-li  tluif  i-  ii  (•i)ii>iiiiriilplo 
1,imI_v  of  jmlicial  aiilliority  is  siiin>ly  tli;il  a  iii:isi<t  is  liaMc  fur  ili.-  iicii- 
li"cnce  of  fii(>  a,i;ciii>  li.v  wliuni  llic  iiisU  iiiiiriitalitif-  wrvo  .iri;;iiially 
suppliffl,  but  not  t'ni-  llii'  ii(\i;li,iiciic('  of  llic  asjinils  t..  wIkuii  lie  Iims  dc- 
putod  tho  fiiiH'tioii  of  seeing  that  lliey  e(iiiliini('  !>  -;iii-.fy  tiie  Iciial 
j^taiidard  of  .safety.     Sm-h  a  coneei.lion  lias  tlie  uk  rit  of  siTrii)lieity, 

Tho  (Icrrirk  nniai I  in  tlii^  pl^'W  Jnf'r  two  minute  hofiHc  llic  iK-cirlcnt.     Held, 

Iv  liu-  ni.ilillis.  mid  iiMlil  the  r.,i>i|.l.'lion  tluil   cl,f,ri.l;iiil    «ms  ;;mll.v  .H  n,   .liu'.'in... 

,;f  till,  wdik-  for  whi.h  il  wii^  ummI.    11, M.  /J-m./v.    \  Ihi.ilir  Sl',nn,r  r„.   {  W:m>    .>0 

lliiil  it,  was  ,a  iM-iin.nii'iil  >triicliirc.  witli-  Api..   Div.  .".'.in.  (il   .V.   \.  Siipii    ::'.i-2. 

ill  thciulf  tliiit   a   iiia-l.T  must   use  lea  On,.  ,if  a    iimnlMT  of  cliaiiis   fiiiiii-li,',l 

-,.ipil.l,>    can-    ill    |)r,iviiliii,.'    his    servant  for  u-,.  as  i,,|iiii,Ml  is  rc^'ar.lcl,  wli,ii  it 

uith  snitnble  api.liaiMvs  and  in  krcpiii^'  is   a|.|.licKl    to   tlu-  pur|i,.-...   for  wlii.li    it 

lli..m  in  r.-pair.  »■•-    a,-i-,i,.,l.    as    a    p,i.i,ai„.nt    iiMnr 

In    fuinnimluim     v.     Sirilinn    .\.<<i>hiiU  ni,Iil:ili1.v.    aii,l    not    on,'    of   tti,-.'   sniall 

/•arinij  Co.    {VMW)    4'.l    \pp.  Div.  :!SI).  f,:i  tliili-s  wliicli   ^'o  tlirou-li   a   lapi.l  cmix- 

V    V    Siipp.  :!.">7.  till'  ,|.f,'ii,lailt  wa>  hold  of    wrariii-   out    an,l    i,-da,  .iia'iit.    a-    to 

lialil,'.  fur  <lrf,Mls  in  a   i.latf,.i-ni  r,-iilar-  which  th<.  nil,-  is  that    il    may  he  h-ll   to 

Iv  iimmI  hv  lalMiiiTs  f,.r  -i.indin-oii  while  the   jiMlvmi'iil   of  the  uoikim'n   when  ,.iii' 

,'li,.v  wiv  iinhiailin;:  •.ii>.      iln'  fa<t  thai  of  th,-iii  is  t,>  h,.  ,lis<-Mnl,d.     1  h,.  malsHi-,' 

Ihc'phinUs  wiTi'   loo-f  and  inovald.-  was  of  a  link   f,>r  >ii,li  a  rliaiii.  tli,n-foi,-.  is 

,1,-nifd    lo    be    material.     The  stnietnrp  not    oii,>  of   thos.-   nuMily    tniiiMtoiy   a,l- 

was  said   to   be   ••p,.rmar,'iit    in    it^    na-  jiiMniiMts  whi.h  the  iiiaM.r  w  iin.ler  no 

tiire,"  and  dislinmii-JH-d  from  nn  ",.rdi-  f-'isonal  eMi-ati,in  to  mv  .aivfully   per- 

narv  'aindiane,.'   ridaliii;.'  to  nn   i-olat>'<l  l,>rnw,l.      Ilnstrll    v.    fVi;,,      Ihii    -\nrli„r 

j,>h"<,r  a   transh.nt    iHi.l.rl.kiii.j"  lt.„/,.s-    (I'.lOl)    178   Ma,s.    ts."..  .-,!»  N.   K. 

Plaint  ill     was     tak.n    hy    defi^ndant's  lIKt.                           _ 

fnnnian  from  oiitsiil,.  the  jxraiii  -•hvatur,  "An    omph.yir    i»    n,it.    as    matter   of 

wliere  he   wa«    a,eii>t.iii  ,.,1    lo    w,>rk.    to  law.    free    from    liahilily   >:ni-.i;\   by    the 

;\  place  within,  .■ompirat  ivelv  dark.  and.  fall  ,>f  sliallin,'.'  wliieli  lia.l  l"','n  attaehed 

li,in"instrueted  tostep  on  a'rai-,.d  plat-  t,.  Ih.-  e..ilinL'  hy  tli,'  .■aipnt,.r  the  day 

lona.  walk  to  a  liin.  and  aseirlaiii   if  it  l.,f,iiv.    on    llie   th,',My    that    Ih,.    piittini; 

>  >  ..  t e  ...A.        .  I...  I't  :>..r      K.  J.  .iiir^      til     iixt* 


platfn 


•n.  start. 


,1    to    do    so.   wli,-ii  the    up 


if     siieli      -haft  in; 


h,l. 


lo    th. 


11aps,,l.  and  one  of  his   l.;.'s     •transitory    r 


sh,.,! 


lass,     f-i 


\hiih      the    el 


III   a    hop|M'r  twin  ill  II 


nil. 


Th. 


le    pliiM-r  IS 


ilatfiirm     was    eonstriieteil    nearly   iiim-    m^  a 


,'h< 


not  i,'spiiiisiM,.  Iiivond  furni-li- 


evi,iiislv.  ami  until  a  f,'W  wii'ks    sH  iinientalit  ie 


li,.,'  of  proper  niiilena 


i/hi: 


hi'fore.  its  sole  usi'  was  to  en 


iihle 


iirk-     (ist)!))    17.!   Mass,  4110.  .-):i   N.  K 


V.   Il'iiih) 
!t|.-|. 


men.  nn 
the  iiiDV, 


renioxiiii'   the   rover,   to    wa 


I  eh 


'I'll,'  insertion  ,>f  a  iii'W  link  in  a  i-)iaiii 


ent  of  iirain  throu^di  tin-  eon     is  n' 


it    a   iiH-r,'  transit, irv  a,liiistiiieiit   of 


clllfte 


Sinee     then.     temiMirary 


hi 


th< 


iistiuiiii'iilalil  V. 


1,1    th,>    1 


were  constriiete,!   on    that    lloor.   an, I.   to    answiTable   for  tlw  n,j.'li;;,n 


nasl,.r    is 
if  a  serv- 


0|i<'n  thi'in.  il    was  ii,' 
the   1 


lopper  box,' 
ev,T  iiiaile  of  th, 
ntiil  the  onlv 


i.liti 


ny  to  st,.p  on    ant    in    usint.'  ohl.    insl.id   ,if    ii,'«.    iron 

inspect!, ,11    was    for  the  0|MTali,in.      //(i.vA  ■ //  v,  Cii/"     l"'i 

f  the   Ik>\.     \,ichnr  \\,„ks   (1001)    ITS  Masa.   IH.",,  .jO 


evi,l,'n,'e 


that 


■,1    N.  K.   1113. 


wiLs  that  the  fon-inaii  had  sttxiJ  tliereon 
Vol.  II.  il.  &  S.— 32. 


'nil 


18(10 


il ASTKU  ANU  SKI!\  ANT. 


[CHAP.   XXMl. 


III!! 


Imf  is  iipiidcd  l>_v  tlic  wriicr,  for  reasoiKs  ulrcady  oxi>laincd,  to  br 
wliiillv  ilidgiciil.     St'c  S  ."i;!l,  aitle. 

The  ilci-isiiiiis  wliicli  aiv  eitiuir  avuwcilly  l.iiscj  on  tlie  distinrtinn 
thus  tiikcii,  ur  wliicli  i;an  cuily  be  siippoiinl  l>.v  a^simiinir  it  to  bo  iin 
pliedly  adopli'd,  arc  eolli'ficd  in  tbt-  iiutc  bilnw.  It  sliuukl  bo  ol. 
served,  huwcvcr,  fliat  somo  of  tlii'  Anicriv'aii  cases  have  been  exin-cs-U 
overruled,  wliiio  (.iImts  have  been  greatly  qiialitivd  by  later  ruiiiii;-  in 
ihc  same  juriMlii-iidU,  wliicii  reflect  more  or  less  stronf!;ly  tlie  iullueiir.- 
of  the  theory  that  tlie  duty  of  maintenance.  n<>  less  than  the  duty  nf 
supply,  is  ab-«dute.  Whenever  there  has  been  a  mendy  partial  rccnj; 
niti  I  r)f  this  theory,  the  siination  is  pmbably  duo  to  the  fact  tiiat  tin- 
<'ourts  have  been  iinabie  to  i>nak  away  altopther  from  existing  ]>ri  .v 
ilents.  which  date  I'l^  iii  a  period  at  which  the  eliarneter  of  the  iieuli 
"•ent  act  had  not  yd  assumed  its  pres^ent  importance  a3  a  differentiat- 
ing element.' 

^ITvllcd    KiiKiiIom.  —  A    mi\^t(r   h.i*  so;  nnd  if  he  did  oiiiploy  »iioli  a  i«t<"ii, 

lipon   licld   not    iialilc   fnr   llic   m  };li;:i!i(v  iiiid    ii    v\<>rUiiii(ii    «;>-    iiijini'd    in    <■"•<-<■ 

(if    :iii    (.iiipldvci'    ii|>i>(iiir    '    Id  c\  niniio  inionw   of   that    p<T-(in's    noplcct   <•!   lii= 

inatciials    {(h;ii',)„l    v.     Ih.tliniil    |  H.">S1  diilv   in  that   r<'s|.i-<-t.  tho  iiiaslcr  wmiM 

Kl     lit    A    Kl.    111:2 1  ;   nor  of  a   rliiif  in-  not  !«•  liaUl.>  to  one  of  his  servants  (t 

fjinoiT   who   allc.uril    dotVctive   tacklf   to  surh    ni-jliu-iiro   of   a    fellow   scrvani    iii 

he    n>«il     {S,;irh     v.    f.iiiilsin)    llS(il|     II  tlif   pal  t  i.iihir  ii     MiT." 

C    n    X    S    4-"l    S  .r\iv    N    S    TKI.  hi    I..  in    W'ilmn   V.    iliiiy    (ISfiSt    T,.  T!.  1 

j'  C.   P    N.   S.    liHi     10   W.ck.   R.p.   SO,  TT.  T..  Sc  App.  fas.  ,'?:>0.  10  L.  T.   N.  S 

5  T,    T    v.   S.   4J7i  ;    nor  of  an   "nn  Irr-  "o    it    v-.is  In  Id   that  a  mine  oumr  wi- 

looker"  in  a  niiiu'.  ulio<e  dnty  it  was  to  "ol    liald.-  for  injniii's.  due  to  an  expli 

keei)    the    worKin;-    in     ^afe'    condilion  ^ion   of   lire  damp,   which   rcsnilid   11,111 

I //.(//  V.  ./.Jo/s-..»   |IHti.-)l  3  lhirl-1.  \  r.  the   fanlly  e.aistrnrtion   of  n   !•  iMpn t 

.'■SO.   34    I..   .1.    I-'ai1i.    X.   S.   -I'l'l.    II    -lur.  sead'old  liy  llie  nianai^cr  of  tli<-  pit.    l^i 

N'.  S    ISO.    II    1..    i".   N.  S.  770.   1;!  Week,  a    full    review    of    this    ease    see    §S    r<2-' 

i{ep.  4111.  ■"•"■  ""'''•     -^   similar  ruling  had  pii' 

In   ll'/,(.  V    R,,n,ir    llSfi.->)    4  Fo^l.  4  ou-ly  heen  made  in   l\)i'//i/  v.  /,'.-.W,i.,.  ' 

K     fins     Co.khnrn.   Cli.    .1..    ehai^ed    llie  (lS(l!t    2  Se.   S.-...   Cas.   .'id   series.   ,  is 

jiirv  a-  f.llow-:      -  In  the  ease  of  a  man-  Ne-li-.^nee    in    allowln^'   ■>1riietmv-  m 

ufi'el'ii.T    empl    Niii^'    niaeliinerA-     which  f.ill   into  a  -(ale  of  decay  mimMo  ohkiiii 

mi-Ill    he    allind.  il    "ith    dan-er   to  the  in    lli^U    stale   was    re.^'aiihd    a-*   the  :i.i 


Div.  2.M.   I'' 


iHT^niis    eniploved     ahout     it.    a     daii;^er  ot  iiicre  I'liiplo.  ces,  in    t '/' / 

which    mi<;ht    1«'    ■■leatly   aj;^Mavaled    hy  Co.    (ISTlli    I..   I!.   1    Kvh. 

the  maehinerv   ml    Udnj,'  in  proper  con-  I..  .T.  K\e)i.  N.  S   b()8.  M  1..   1.  N.  >  -'ii 

<lition.-ns.  tor   in-tance.  in  the  ca>e  of  ItrilisI:  r„h,,:l,s.  —  An  in.inrv  .  n,-,  ,1 

(he   hoiler   of   a    ~l.ain    engine  hur^tin;;.  hy   the  failure   of  hrakcs  to  w.  ik   ]'r«\' 

,19  it   would  H-  1 e  likelv  to  do  if  in  eriy.   m>    that     a    trair-    runs  (l..«n  t«n 

an      improper      condition,— the      ma-ier  tiaekmen.    i~    eoii'ln-ivcdy    piiMinied   \'^ 

inannfaetiirrr   might    have  no   means   of  have   hc'ii   due  (o  the   negli-eiev  el  ei;,' 

persoiiallv  kiiowinu    i(s    condition    liim-  of   (he  (rainmen.   where  (lie  eM.lencc  1- 

-elf    and'  tlie  (pieslion  Indng  whether  he  (hat  an  cxamiiiaden  at  the  la-t   in-|«ri 

had   n-e(i    iva-..malde   care  and   dili'.'cnce  inj.'   station    had    not    di-elo-ed    any   <W- 

(o  asccHain   i(.  all  (hat  could  he  iviM.n  feels,   tha(    the   d.'feets   which    pnv.MtW 

ed   of  him   would  he  that   he  the    hrakcs    from    working   wen^   of  (lie 

iiliviou^  charaeter.  capaMe  of  Ik'Iii'.' 

l«.ll 


ahU-  expc'cU 


.should    eniph.v  >oiiic    competent     |«M<on  in.ist  ol.viou-  cliara.-ter.  capai.h- .n  ikit 

from   time  (o'time  to  examine  it.      I'he  reinedi.Kl    narely    hy    (igMeiiiiig  a  l«>i 

,„a,(er   nni-(    eidaT    a^eerlain    the    >Iale  and    taking  up   a    n-d     an.l   ll..!|    -■••'•■■, 

of  the  maehinerv   or   appara(us  him-elf.  hef-re  the   accident    the    train    had  hr  1. 


or  eniph'y  -oaic  i-oin 


"(ent  person  to  do   ea-ily  kept  uiicUt  coi.dol  upon 


i  «il!)] 


VJC'K  PK1X111».\I,SI1II'     DKTAII.S  O''     •  >RK. 


1801 


619.  Theory  that  the  liability  of  the  master  t      ^d«  on  the  subject- 
matter  of  the  inspection  or  repairs  neglected.— (  See  txUo  §  583,  note  5 


i>nt  n»  stcop  as  the  iiiic  where  tlie  injury 
was  rwivi'il.      riiiiit  V.  flrand  Trunk  l(. 

Co.  (isi;7i  1-  V.  c.  Q.  B.  :s. 

A  "riiiini?!^'"'  foreman  wliose  duty  it 
S-i  to  look  aftir  the  eDinlltion  of  loeunio 
(ivi>s  is  not  a  vice  piinrlpal.  Ilrmin  v. 
Iliimd  ill  \\iirl;K  (IHH-.')  ■>  Viet.  I,.  I{e|>. 
414    ((ll-s^iitin?,  lli':<;lnl)f,tliani.  .1.). 

In  tile  I'Vi  tit  of  a  master's  not  |M'r-<in- 
ally  su|M'riiit(iiiIin<;  the  repairs  of  his 
machincrj-.  the  limit  of  liis  duty  is  to 
select  eoiupetent  jiersons  for  this  pur- 
[icise.  and  to  furnish  them  with  all  ade- 
•piMle  materials  reciuln-d  for  the  work. 
Ildird  V.  Dunn    (lS!t.">)    X3  N.  13.   l;->fl. 

AUihnma. — In  a  ve  /  recent  Alaliania 
case  it  was  laid  down  thnt  the  eoiiiinon- 
law  duty  reslini.'  \i\mn  an  employer  of 
ni;iiiitaininj»  ways  and  appliances  reii- 
srTi.ilily  safe  for  the  employi'cs'  use  mav 
111'  delegated  to  competent  a{;ents;  and 
that  a  complaint  which  avers  neslipencc 
in  respect  of  -mli  maintenance  to  have 
lifn  lliat  ef  a  |Hr-on  in  the  same  coin 
iiion  sirvic...  who  is  intrusted  by  the 
cinployer  with  the  duty  of  maintenance. 
ilni.s  not  show  a  lire;ich  of  such  com- 
inon  law  duty,  when  there  is  no  aver- 
ment of  neirli}.'ence  in  the  selection  of 
siich  person.  Wijinhinnl  Iron  Co.  v. 
'■ook  (1899)  124  .\la.  .'U!).  27  So.  455 
feniployce  intrusl(.d  with  the  duty  of 
'iiin;.'  tliat  a  tram  track  in  a  n  ■  •<.  is  in 
prnjicr  condition  held  to  be  a  feliow  serv- 
Miil  with  an  employee  enf;aKed  in  sprag- 
^.'ing  the  wheels  of  the  tiam  cars,  for 
the  purpose  of  checking  their  speed  on 
the  truck). 

This  rule  said  to  have  been  established 
hy  Mi,hUf  it-  0.  R.  Co.  v.  Tliumtm  ( 18GH) 
42  Ala,  072 :  .Uo&iVe  d  M.  K.  Co.  v. 
Siiiilh  (1877)  59  Ala.  245:  .ilahama  G. 
.*•'.  A'.  Co.  V.  Carroll  (IS'.y.i)  97  Ala.  126, 
18  I..  R.  A.  433.  11  So.  803. 

In  fmoot  V.  MohUe  i  M.  R.  Co. 
(IS><n)  67  Ala,  13  (negligenci-  in  in- 
s|i>iliiii;  loading  of  cars)  the  court  said: 
■■\\liin  such  appliances  have  been  fur- 
ni-hcd.— when  diligence  has  been  ob- 
scrvid  in  procuring  them. — the  use  of 
them  is  necessarily  intrusted  to  tlie 
sery:ints  of  a  railroad  company,  as  is 
their  cure  and  inspection,  nrd  the  repair 
of  tlieni,  an. I  diteniiiiiing  wli  u  the  use 
iiiiwl  be  abaniloned.  until  rejial-s  are 
iiiii'le.  This  duty  may  be  intruslcii  m 
lliir-..  iiixrating  the  appliances,  or  con- 
Wed  to  other  sen-ants  having  no  other 
duly  than  that  of  ins|>ection  or  of  re 
pair.    However  this  may  bo.  the  several 


servants  are  in  the  same  circle  of  em- 
ployment— derive  duty  and  com|)eiisa- 
tion  from  the  same  source,  and  are  la- 
boring for  a  eoiiiinon  purpose.  'I'hev 
are  fellow  s«'rvaiits.  and  th aster  can- 
not be  made  answerable  to  the  one.  for 
the  negligence  of  the  other.  . 
Knowlidge  of  the  defective  condition  of 
the  car.  a  want  of  prudence  in  its  use, 
is  tnieeable  only  to  fellow  servants  of 
the  ;ippellee,  whose  care  and  diligcTire 
he  is  presumed  to  have  conscntiil  to 
risk;  whatever  of  guanis  again-t  the  use 
of  di'fictive  ciirs  were  reasonable,  so  fa' 
:is  the  evidi  nee  shows,  and  to  which  i 
could  justly  lie  exiMcted  the  appelhint 
would   resort,  were  ado|)led." 

Iniliaiia. — A  master  mechanic  was  de- 
nied to  l>e  a  vice  prineip;il  in  Culumhm 
li  I.  C.  It.  Co.  V,  .\rii(,l(l  I  I  Still  I  .'U  Ind. 
174.  Il!l  .\iii,  Dec.  (11.5,  but  this  decision 
is  no  Iciigcr  good  law  in  Indiana,  See 
hiler  la-es  cited  in  it  5(iH,  anic,  esp<'- 
tially  Indiana  Car  Co.  v.  I'urkcr  (1885) 
ion  Ind.   181. 

I.iiiiiiiana. — .\n  engine  driver  and  an 
fuiplo.vie  whose  duty  it  was  to  keep  lo- 
'omotives  in  rejiairwere  held  to  1*  fel- 
Uw  servants  in  II iib<ih  v.  Svir  Orlnnis 
A  C.  R.  Co.  (1851)  (i  La.  Ann.  4!m.  .'54 
.\m.  Dec.  5tl5.  This  is  (me  of  the  cases 
which  antedate  the  formulation  of  the 
rule  as  to  a  gcner:il  class  cf  non-delega- 
ble  duties,  and  which  do  not  advert  to 
it.     The  decision  was  a  simple  applica- 

lion  of  the  doctrine  of  con m  emphiy- 

nient. 

\liiiiir. — lu  Beaul'.^u  v.  I'orlhinrl  Cn. 
(18(101  48  Me.  291,  it  was  regarded  as 
will  si.ttlel  that  the  responsibility  of  a 
toaster  is  n'stricted  to  tlic^  empliiyinciit 
<.f  ciiiiipetent  servants  an<l  the  provisiim 
of  adc(|iiale  appliances.  liut  the  doe- 
trine  of  nondelegable  duties  has  since 
l)een  adopted.  Shrnnn/  v.  .{inlro-sciig- 
nin  .Mill.1   (1870)    C(>  Me,  420. 

itari/ldiiil.—A  m:ister  meclianie  of  a 
railway  was  denied  to  be  a  vice  princi- 
pal in  Shauck  v.  Xorllnni  C.  II.  Co. 
il.8(i6)  25  Md.  462:  Cumhnlnnd  .f-  P. 
If.  Cn.  V.  State  ii.sr  of  Monui  (  IS75I  44 
.Md.  283.  The  distinction  bctwiiii  abso- 
lute and  deleg.ible  duties  was  not  dis- 
ciissnl  by  the  court,  the  nonliability  be- 
in;'  referreil  to  the  eonciption  that  tho 
plaintiir.  a  train  hand,  and  the  delin- 
quent, were  in  the  same  general  service. 
In  Wiiiiilir  V.  HdUiwnn:  rf  0.  A'  Co. 
118701  ;i2  Md.  411.  .-J  Am.  Rep.  14:!.  a 
railway  company  was  held  not  to  bo  lia- 


A-i 


'1 


'''m 


1S(I2 


MASTi:i{  AXU  SKltVAXT. 


ill 


ICllAP.    XXMl. 
l)OtV 


niilr.) — Acconliiifr  to  another  theory,  which  is 

iht'  doctrine  npplicil  in  tlic  cases  jn-t  cited  and  that  \,.iicli  (Icclarcs  the 

diitv  of  iiiaiiilciiancG  to  bo  non-dclcj;al>lc  (see  §  508,  aiilc),  the  (luc: 


oiiiproniwe  l)et\vorn 
•h 


!>lc  f.ir  injuries  to  a  brakpninn  rosult- 
iii;.'  Irimi  a  dcfictivp  liriiki'.  wliicli  it  Wiis 
the  duly  of  fclldw  servant-  to  kee|i  in 
re|>nir.  The  lliciirv  Ihiit  tlie  oliariietiT 
of  tlie  net  ill  ieriiiiiiei  wlietlur  tlie  ne^jli- 
ireiice  i<  tliiit  iif  a  vii-<>  |iriiiii;>al  was  not 
nodeiMl.  The  ea-e  fdllowi-il  was  Snirlr 
V.  I.imlx.nj  (IH(il)  11  C.  I!.  X.  S.  VIW. 
S  .lur.  X.  S.  Tlii.  :U  L.  .J.  V.  \\  N.  S. 
100,  10  Week.  Itip.  S'.i.  5  L.  T.  N.  S.  427 

(-ee  XII lira  ) . 

In    SliitP   use   of    Jfiiniilin    v.    Mitlsti  r 


onii-  ;i>ii  was  the  edieieiit  eniisc  of  thi> 
aeeiilent  and  of  tlie  iiijurv  to  tlie  i>I,iiii 
till',    he   nii^'ht   niaiiilain    lliis   ailinn." 

In  C'Ki/i'/-  V.  Ilaiiiilliiii  Ml'i.  Cu. 
(1HI)7|14  Allen.  l!):t.  it  was  laid  .1.  Mi 
that,  allhc  \i;.'li  a  nmster  was  re(|iiir.M  t.. 
use  |irii|>er  eare  in  firder  to  -ee  tli;it 
his  111  iirs  were  of  suMii-ienI  streTi;;lh  \i< 
-u|>|iort  anv  iiiaeliine  \vhi<'li  it  was  mci- 
sary  to  niove  over  or  upon  them,  'tin 
nature  of  this  earo  whieh  they  iir.' 
Iiound  to  use  was  sueh  that  the  defiinl 
ants  [theyl   nii;;ht   have  perfornuil  ilnit 


iii.l 


(ISSI)   :>!  Md.  287.  the  nia>ter  «  is  held  ... 

to  l)o   lialde  only   for  the   ni-ii.venee  of    le,L'al  duly  by  eiiipluyin;;  suilaMe  p.  i - 

an  onipliivee   to'whom    is   intru-led   the   of  <'oiiip(teiit  skill  and  experieme.  \\li 

s<deelioM  of  suhorilinates  and  the  proeur-    husiiii"    it    was    to    keep   the    11. .or-^   in 

in;;  <>f   iii>triinieMlalities.  suet nditien   as   to   repairs  thai    lli.v 

That    the  dtilv   of  repair  is   dele^>able    were  fit  and  »afe  for  use  for  any  of  tin- 
is  also,  in  part"at  least,  the  foundation    purposes    for    wliieh    it    nii;.'lit     lin.  iin' 
of  the  deeision   in    \nlrs  v.    \hCiilli,ii<ih    ii.'ees-ary    to    appropriate    tlinii. 
/(<.»  <'o.  (I><8'^)  <i'.>  M<1.  n7o.  Itl  .Ml.  -iSO. 
*-'ee  >i<ii<-  to  (t'\iil  v.  llii'iil  \urllii  III  It. 
f:,.    (UlOO:    Minn.)    r)l    L.  U.  A.  .")t;7. 

.l/((.s'.«((7i7v< //s.  — In  htiiiii  v.  liiixhin  £ 
W.  It.  Cor/i.  (IS.ll)  9  Cu-h.  IIJ.  it  was 
held  that  keeping.'  a  railway  in  projKT 
repair  is  "the  work  of  servants  or  la- 
liorers.  as  nunh  as  any  other  part  of  the 
liusiness  of  the  corporation."  and  that 
the  company  was  not  liahU-  for  llie  iie^'- 
lip^nee  of  the  repairers. 

In  Siiinr  v.  linxhiu  d  .W.  R.  Co. 
I  ISllO)     14    r.rav.    4ntl.    a   servant    of    a 


I'lat  "if  they  were  diligent  ami  canl'iil 
to  this  extent,  and  any  want   of  ri|niii 

had   not  exi-I^Hl   for   so   long  a   tiiii 

to  show  alsoliite  negligence  on  ihe  pirf 
of  the  defendants  [master],  tinn  tlic 
accident  wiiuld  have  been  ntti  ilmtaWi' 
to  the  negligence  cf  an  agent  or  -irxjiit 
in  the  service  ol  a  common  employer 
with  the  plaint  ill." 

The  fact  that  water  failed  to  nin 
from  a  hose  during  a  tire  is  prima  faiir 
attributable  to  the  negligence  of  tin 
servants    in    not    keeping    it    in    pri'|i  i 


railroad  company  was  held  unable  to  n;-    order  or  in  putting  it  in  o[>oratii.i 


cover  for  an  injury  caused  solely  by  the 
breaking  of  an  axle,  where  the  failure 
to  discover  the  flaw  resulted  from  the 
negligence  of  the  employee,  whosi-  iliity 
it  was  to  examine  the  cars  and  other 
running  apparatus  of  the  road  and  to 
kee|>    them     in    proiM'r   repair.     In   this 


Iocs  not  constitute  eviileiice  siillii  i.iil  to 
justify  holding  defendant  n-pon-i'ili' for 
injuries  caused  bv  a  fire.  .Iinirs  v.  (Iniiiitc 
Mills  (1878)  1215  ilass.  84.  30  Am.  Rep. 
t'ltil. 

In  the  next  section  we  shall  sec  hou 
far  the-^e   de<'isions   have   been  qiiililiiii 


.„-,    the  disiinet'ion' between  furni-liing  by  the  more  recent  ones.    i«ee  also  §  oiiO. 

and     maintenance     is    distinctly   drawn,  niife. 

the  iii-l ruction  approved  being  that  "the  Missin.sippi.—tn    AVip    nil,ai,.i.    •/.   (< 

corporation,    in    conveying   the   jdainlUr  (I.  \.  /?.  <'<i.  v.  Bufihin  (lS7:ii   t!(  Mi-v 

in  their  cars,  acting  through  their  agent.  J.'iS.  and  Ihnnl  v.  MisKixs.iiiii  C.  U.  I'd- 

whc^e  dntv  it   was  to  provide  and  keep  (1874)    50   Miss.    178.  it   w:is  held  tlwt 

in  use  safe  and  suitable  engines  and  ten-  servants  engaged  in  repairing  a  r.iilni'il 

ders  on  the  road,  were  hound  to  u<e  due  or   its   appurtenances   are   not.   in   eiir 

and  reasonable    care    in    proviiliii'j    and  to  hold   the  company   res|Minsilile  te  an 

using  on   the   road   engines   ami    lenders  employee,  representative  of  the  coiiiii.ir..v, 

suitably  constructed  with  all  the  appli-  In  the  latter  e.ise  the  rea-oniii-  nt  1;'' 
anees  and  safeguards  nei'e-s;iry  to  ren- 
der them  safe;  and  if  the  oniissi(m  to 
provide  a  safety  beam  to  the  lendiT  at 
the  tini'  of  the  accident  const  it  nteil  a 
want  ol  due  and  reasonable  care,  which 


court  was  as  follows:  ".\  railrn.i.l  in'i;- 
pany  is  bound,  in  the  oriu'inal  ceii-tnio 
tion  of  its  road  and  apjuirteii.iin'--  '" 
make  it  rea-nnably  sciMire  tor  tin-  ■'if' 
tran-porlatifin    of    trains    upon    it.   ■>'"' 


rendered   the   tender    unsufe,   and    such    also  to   keep  Uie   track   in   repair. 


In 


'  I 


t  610) 


VK'K  I'lilM  ll'Al.s||ll'--l)KrAII>  OK  UOIlK. 


1M3 


tioi'  wlii'lliiT  nil  ciiiiilnvcc  <ii,:;;i;ic(l  in  iii-|icct iii^'  nr  roiniiriiii:  in>lni- 
iiiciiliiliiitrf  is  a  vice  iiriiici|iiil  ur  ii  inert!  .-.civiini  liijuMnis  uihui  iIk-  na- 


(inltr  to  disohnrgr  the  latttr  diitv  flic 
iiiil  iir.ilion  iiiiKl  oin|il(iv  ^inliMc  |>  r 
M'li-  Hiul  >ii|>|>ly  tlic'iii  witli  iii'<<lfiil  i.ia- 
liri.il  lip  iiiiiUc  r.iMirs;  iiiiil  -limiM  al>o, 
lliriiij;li  its  ii^cnt  or  iiyml-.  Ii.ivc  a 
-ii|n  1,  i-'ii  n  over  tlic  roiiil.  In  (inlir  to 
liiiM  the  rdliipaiiy  lc^|>iiil-iil)l('  1(i  an  eni- 
{iliiyn'  <:is,  a  I'ondiich  r  mi  its  liain) 
f(ir  iiiriiiics  «ii>laiMcil  lic(aii~<'  of  ll]c> 
Miail  HI  its  a|i|>llitciiaiic'('s  liciii^'  oiil  of 
r-pair.  it  iiiiKl  Ix'  slmwii  tliat  llic>  ((nn- 
|iaiiy  is  in  ilrfault  in  its  (l\My.  cither  liy 
Ihe  schclioii  of  incdiiipc'i-til  >  rvaiits  or 
;;ii  iii-iiliii'Iciit  iiiinihcr  to  do  the  work, 
c  I'  f illiiic  to  tiiriii^li  piopir  ii:at(M'ial,  or 
Ihiit  llic  company  hail  m  I  i -c  of  the  had 
ci'iiilitii/n  of  the  road,  or  i-  chari;c.'Mi' 
with  nryli^'i  iicc  for  not  knowing'."  'I'lic 
inrporation  will  liavcdoiic  all  that  could 
lie  rcasoiialily  riipiiicd  of  It,  uhcii  it 
lias  exercised  oirciiiii^prclion  and  pin- 
il' ace  in  apixiiiiliii;,'  iiii|ili:yiM~,  to  oli 
-eiM'  till-  road  and  make  the'  rep.iirs. 
Mild  \vlicii  it  has  |iut  at  their  dis|<i»al 
-uitahle  material  for  the  work,  and 
eansed  stiitahle  sup.  r\  i-ion  to  Im"  hr.d 
over  thc-c. 

Mi.is'.iiii. — The  nilincr  in  Mrhminilt 
V.  i'lU-i/ir  K.  Co.  (1811(1)  •■!0  Mo.  liri, 
thai  the  ni';;lij,'cncp  of  a  sii|>.'rilitendcnt 
ill  allu\tiii;j  a  hrid;.'e  to  ;.'el  into  had  re- 
pair was  not  inipiitahli!  to  the  empUiyer, 
is  no  longer  law  in  this  -tate.  Sjie 
la.-cs  cited   in   §  oliS.  niifr. 

\'cir  Jiimii. — In  /'.'sM.r  Cdiiiilif  Eli  c- 
trie  Co.  V.  K<lly  (ISHt)  57  N.  J.  L. 
1(10.  iiO  All.  -1:27,  it  was  said:  "It  is 
M  iieiltiT  of  judicial  ilisajn'rement 
wliellicr  a  iiiiistcr  can  di-char^ie  tlic  duty 
.  .  .  [of  <\aniinin<,'  and  asiortainin^ 
whither  ap|diances  liave  Ijcenine  unlit 
or  iiii-afe  frian  wear  and  tear  or  other- 
vise],  and  the  similar  duly  of  keeping! 
liioU  and  appliinces  in  repair,  hy  »e- 
hitin;,'  and  "mployinu'  competeiif  per- 
sons to  make  iiis(Mielions  and  repairs. 
In  our  eouits  it  is  held  that  I  lie  ina^ 
ter's  duty  may  he  thus  diseliaiL'id." 
The  court  eiled  /'o(/('i-.«  l.iicii-.ii'^tiif  if 
Miii-h.  ir-;7,-.v  V.  Ihiiiil  (18SSI  M  X.  J. 
L.  404.  14  .Ul.  7110,  and  Ihini'^.m  v. 
C>:nir,a  R  Co.  (ISi;.",)  31  N.  .1.  L.  im. 
Ill  the  latter  of  these  cases,  where  the 
plaint ilV  was  injured  hy  the  fall  of  a 
hrid^'c.  (he  court  remarki'd:  "Kroiii  the 
relation  between  the  company  and  their 
hrnkeni.in.  the  I.-lmI  cuiisifiienee  -.ieiie. 
to  have  lieen  deduced  by  the  pleader 
that  the  forinor,  with  regard  to  the  lat- 


ter, was  ImhiiiiI  to  keep  the  hrid;.'!'  in  a 
-afe  eoiidilinn.  This  i-.  not  a  triir  stali'- 
iiieiit  of  the  o!ili;.Mt  ion  of  the  loiiipiny. 
It  was  not  near  «o  alisil'ile;  fur  if  the 
hrid;.'!'  was  iii-.ei'iire  from  .i  seirel  d  feel 
which  the  company  wa^  not  ahh"  to  dis 
rem  hy  the  exercise  of  rea-on.ilih-  dili- 
^.'eiiee  and  skill,  no  re-pon-ilolily  would 
have  fallen  on  the  deiendanl  on  account 
of  it,  defiiiM'  state.  If,  as  was  stati'd 
on  I  lie  ar.;iiiiieiit,  the  ctniipany,  in  |M>int 
of  f.icl.  dii.eted  its  a-ji  ills,  who  were 
possevM'd  of  competent  -!sill.  to  examine 
at  stated  |M'riods  tin  liii^lie  in  ipiestion, 
and  such  a:;enls  re|iiiriiil  lo  the  rumpaliy 
that  the  structure  wa-  in  a  sreiire  eon- 
ililion.  and  no  circiim-t  n.ces  existed 
\>liieh  wile  calculated  to  impair  a  rea- 
-oralde  conlidenec  in  su(  li  report,  I  thi.ik 
it  is  plain.  U|>on  the  priiiei|dis  cf  law 
aliove  pro|Hiiiiided,  that  even  if  ''•<' 
i.L'cnts  makin<:  -uch  report  acte  <^iii' 
le-sly  in  the  iliscliar:;e  of  their  duties. 
<r  even  f.il-ely  re|M>i'ted  their  conclu- 
sions to  the  Company  lliat  under  such 
a  ~-\i.\v  of  facts  the  pl:iiiitill  could  not 
sustain  this  suit.  To  warrant  a  recov- 
ery in  t-i-  case  in  fa\or  of  the  em- 
])Ioye»'  who  is  here  represenleil  by  the 
phiinliir.  the  fault  which  forms  the  basis 
of  the  action  must  he  that  of  the  com- 
pany, and  not  simply  the  negli^'ence  of 
a   fellow   servant." 

*  m.ister  is  not  liilde  for  injuries  to 
a  workman  in  a  tii:inel,  laused  by  the 
iie;:lij.'ence  of  a  la'.i  i,  i-  w  ho>e  duty  it 
is  to  deliver  on  the  -.iiiiaee  at  the  shaft, 
or  till  re  use  or  keep  in  rcpuir,  the  in- 
strumentalities pio\  ided  for  the  safe 
tran-|M)rlati(m  of  the  workmen.  ilc- 
.\iiilrirs  V.  Hums  (  IS7(i)  .•ill  N.  J.  £. 
117. 

lint  see  the  lat.^r  New  .lersey  cases 
cited  ill  this  note,  iiifrn. 

Siir  )'//■/,•. — In  iliiij.ntnn  v.  Erie  II. 
Co.  (1S7.)I  1  Thomp.  &  C.  -tic.  the 
o|iiiiion,  after  i)iiolin;.'  the  headnote  in 
ll.(i/irr  V.  l.'rU'  I!.  Co.  (ISOSi  lill  X.  Y. 
KiS.  to  the  eireet  that  the  only  };rouild 
of  liahilily  which  the  law  reeoLinizes  is 
tliat  which  ari-.es  from  the  pergonal 
ne,i;li;:eiiee  of  the  master,  procceilcd  to 
critii  Ize  the  case  as  fidlows;  "The  rule 
as  thus  stated  is  olni.ai-ly  of  small 
coiise(|uenee  as  a  protiitioii  lo  the  serv- 
ants or  einployn'^  if  a  cm  poration.  when 
it  is  coiisidend  t)r:t  a  <  I'.tjuvriilir.n  acts 
entindy  tliroufih  olhiers  and  auenis,  and 
there    can   be   no  other   personal   nejjli- 


1804 


M.\sli:i!   ANU  Si:it\  AM". 


turr  f>i'  tlic  (Icfpcfs  wliit'li  \v<  n-  left  iiiuli 


Icll.M'.    .\XN 

iir  iiiiiciiicdicd  iiw  ii 


!   Mr    J 


to  his  rciiiis.-iii-is 


it  i.s  a<liiiiii<'<l  iliiii  ilic  (lci-i-ioii3  in  which  if 


i:i- 


ffcnco  <(iiiiinitti'(l  by  or  iniput<'<l  tu  it, 
i-xc.'|>t  111!'  iii'f:lij;i-iuc  of  siicli  i.lli  ir  or 
I'tJcMl  ;  ami  wIh-ii  it  i«  licld  al-o  tiiiit 
ull  tlie  n<!Piit-<  and  (■ni|ili;\i'<':<  of  u  cur 
I><;ialiiili  are  fellow  ■^crxMiitt  of  a  coin- 
nioii  master,  it  is  (lilliiiili  to  sec  «liy. 
wnder  such  rtiles.  corpoiitions  arc  m.l 
virtually  absolved  from  all  the  eoiiiiiioti 
law  lialiilily  of  a  master  to  take  earn 
of  his  servants,  and  proteet  them  from 
unjust  and  unreasoiialde  dandier  and  in- 
juries result iuL'  from  th'  Me;.'li;ri'nee  of 
others.  But  the  recent  case  of  l.niiitifi 
V.  .Vfic  \<:rk  C.  H.  Co.  11872)  4it  N. 
Y.  ."i.'il.  10  Am.  Kep.  417.  shows  that  the 
present  court  of  appeals  is  reccKlini;  ficm 
this  extreme  ground.  This  ca«o  asserts 
a  sounder  and  more  reasonahle  rule, 
.ludjje  l''ol<;er,  who  •.'i^es  the  opinion  of 
the  court,  says:  'The  duty  of  the  mas 
ter  to  his  servants  is  to  use  r.'-asonalile 
care  to  provi^le  and  employ  noiu-  hut 
com|K'tenl  .ind  skilful  servants,  and  to 
diseharire  from  liis  ser\iee.  on  notice 
thereof,  any  who  fail  to  continue  such.'  " 
This  criticism,  however,  appears  to  he 
based  on  a  misajipnln  nsion  of  the  line 
puri>ort  of  the  e.ulier  case,  which  inerely 
decides  that,  in  the  ah^enee  of  testimony 
ilinw^  to  prove  nepligence  in  the  con- 
struction of  a  hridjie.  or  in  the  sch'ction 
of  the  senants  employeil  to  supervise 
and  ti-st  it,  or  in  the  perfo;  tnaiice  of 
their  duties  by  these  s<rvants.  the  in- 
jured servant,  must  fail  in  liis  action 
unless  he  shows  that  the  manauinf;  olli- 
cers  of  the  corpoiation  had  uolic<\ 
actual  or  constructive,  of  the  defective 
condition  of  the  hriilire.  In  other  words, 
there  are  several  stales  of  facts  uiK)n 
which  an  eniph  yer  may  lie  charized  with 
)Mrsimal  nejjlieeiice.  and  if  the  evidence 
is  inconsisti'iit  with  the  theory  that  he 
was  nefilifrenl  in  certain  speeilied  ways, 
the  servant  must  fall  hack  upon  some 
other  theory.  I'nder  the  oircumstanees 
in  Warner  v.  Kric  II.  Co.  (lSf>9)  :!!'_  X. 
Y.  408.  where  the  testimony  show<i'  that 
due  care  had  heen  exercised  hy  the  \i- 
vectors  themselves  in  seeing  that  sou  id 
stnictuves  and  comiietent  supervising 
agents  had  l«'en  provided,  and  that  the~o 
agents  theii:selves  had  not  heen  guilty 
of  negligence  in  the  premises,  there 
was  no  th<s)r>-  to  fall  hack  u|Min.  except 
one  hased  u|)<m  the  hypothesis  that  tlie 
directors  had  knovVh-dge  of  the  decayed 
condition  of  the  bridge  iliriMi;.'li  some 
other   avenue  of   information   than   the 


supervising  agents  appointed  by  thiiii; 
anil  with  aii\  >mh  liypi'll:csis  thi-  .\i 
dcnce  wa-  (piite  itieou-isieiit.  Th:.!  i!h- 
case  really  go 's  lui  fuit'nr  than  ihi- 
so  far  a--  the  actual  d.  i  i-ion  is  umi 
ceiiic.l.  is  (piite  ap|':ireut  from  the  opii 
ion.  lint  it  must  he  admitted  tli.M,  i\ 
citing  "i'h  ai»pio\al  the  ruling  in  \\:i 
mil  v.  Mrrni  (lH(i8)  L.  1!.  1  II.  I-.  >>■ 
App.  Cas.  SJC.  1!)  L.  T.  \.  S.  :W.  \\i- 
court  sliowed  a  ili~|Kisit  ion  to  I'luili- 
n.ance  that  nuich  more  swi'epiiiL.'  ih"  nin,. 
iiiiiier  which  a  master  is  net  lialile,  eM'ii 
for  the  negligen<'e  of  a  servant  to  uheii; 
he  deputes  one  or  more  of  the  diiti.- 
whieh  the  law  imposes  on  him  for  llir 
benefit  of  all  i«>rsons  in  his  employment 
The  extent  of  the  liahility  of  e  ma-tir 
for  the  negligent  act  of  a  ciMM|eicrit 
servant  i».  however,  a  very  diilirenl 
(|Uestion  from  that  rai-ed  in  ll'iMerv. 
i:rir  If.  Co.  (ISliH)  :)!»  N.  Y.  -iCS.  and 
the  approval  of  the  Knglisli  ease  may. 
for  this  reason,  be  ri'garded  as  quit, 
supererogatory.  ICxeept  in  so  far  as  tli. 
broad  principle  of  It  i/voii  v.  l/n/ . 
(ISiiS)  1..  U.  1  H.  Ii.  Sc.  App.  Cas.  ;iji;. 
1!)  I..  T.  N.  S.  .W.  may  he  supi"-.-! 
to  have  been  niIo|>tcd  by  the  court  iii 
Winner  v.  F.rir  It.  Co.  (ISliS)  W  N.  V 
4ti8,  ii  cannot  lie  said  that,  as  was  mi;- 
gcsted  in  Chnpimtii  v.  h'ric  II.  Co.  i  |s;:i 
1  Thoiiip.  &  C.  'fHi,  tlie  court  of  ajp.-il- 
has  ch.iuged  its  gidund  in  l.mmni  v 
Yrir  lo;/.-  C.  R.  Co.  |1S72)  41i  N.  V 
,"i.'?l,  10  Am.  I!ep.  417,  for  tlieic  tli. 
master  was  held  liable  for  the  rea-eii 
that  personal  ni'gligence  was  shown  li\ 
the  retention  of  an  incompetent  serv.iiii 
— a  species  of  negliveiiee  whii'li  «;i- 
negatived  bv  the  testimcmv  in  W'linirr 
V.  Hric  II.  Co.    (18118)    :i!)  N.  Y.  4118. 

In  Mnhmr  \.  Ilalhairaii  (187tli  fit  X 
Y.  a.  21  Am.  Rep.  07.1  (C'hiinli.  Oh.  J. 
and  Hapallo,  .1.,  dissenting),  it  was  liolil 
that  an  employer  is  not  liable  for  tin 
iiet.digenc^'  of  a  carpenter  eniployed  to 
(>>  amine  and  make  repairs  in  the  hui!4- 
inu'  in  which  his  business  is  carrieil  on. 
The  majority  of  the  court  cited  with  ii]y 
proval  ivilion  v.  Merry  ilStlS)  L.  R.  1 
II.  L.  Sc.  App.  Cas.  32ti.  I'.l  I..  T.  N.  != 
•lO.  It  seems  to  be  iiiipo~-ilile  to  neon 
cile  the  ruling  with  the  otlier  .hei-ions 
of  the  same  court,  referred  to  in  S  JoS. 
oiile. 

Oliio. — In  this  state  a  car  iii-pictyr 
is  hi-ld  to  ho  a  fi  ilow  >vy\:".-'.  '-i  '■■'•'' 
trainmen.     lAttle  Minnii  U.  Cu-  v.  hi:- 


8  >ili 


Vl(  K  I'lHMIl'Al.sllll'     DKIAII.s  Ml'  UKKK. 


ISU.'i 


P" 


Irirh    (1S,S4)    42   (Hiio   St.   ;nH:    t.nl.i 


lint 


thi-    .!(• 


[)f     ttlH     OHirt 


Khun-    d-     1/.    •'»'.    /'•    ''o.    V.    I.iiiiiiihire   ciliil  in  tlic  m'\l   -i-iiimi. 


ISlMl   '.I  "liiii  ('.  <'.  -ti^,  lidtli  fii'liwin; 


( 
Ciillllillills   il 


7. 


>.((.-  Ill  \iisi,i  iii< .  r.  .1  .s(.  /.. 


1    A.   //. 


11.7)/,   I  I  Hill  I    A',  i'li.  V.  Fi,slii-  (  ISS-ii    10  I. .11.  :i."il.  Ihf 


12  iiliio  St.  )::>, 


I  \\.\- 


Upilll 


Dniiiiiiil 


vhic'l 
lli,ltint,l 


it>i'll'  l>a«i'il 
1S.-,S)     Kl.    V 


lilt    foll.i 


lit.  4    i:i.    Il>2. 


llir    riiliii;:^    ill    lliiit  a 


wliicli    till-    ilrci-iciii    lit'    tilt 


III 


lit'     fl'lln 


il     l/.,/,i7.     ,(■    II.    II.    Ci,.    V. 
jHCiS,    l-J    \l;i.  (172.  til  the  ij.iiiil 
iii-|M(  lur  mill  liiMkriM.iii  \Mii^ 


»rl\iilil- 


l.ords   ill    11  i'.>ii> 


l/i 


Mi/irii. 


pat  ml 


ny   \\ii»   aiilici 


suiirii 


\  ina.stcr  h:\>  iil-u  I.i'imi  Im-M  nut  linlih' 
for  a   fiiiliiri-  li>  irtriii|iir  kiiivi-.  <if  nail 


I'liii tuliiiiiia. — In  lUiiiinrh  v.  Rohiiln    marliini'^  at'lir  lniii;;  luatnl  fur  the  pur- 

|Mi»r  of  -hai  iK'iiin;.'  lliciii.  if  tli.'  oiiii-~ii  ii 
was  that  of  a  frllo»  si'ivalit.  I\  iiii.n  illr 
hiiii  C(i.  V.  Uiilisuii  (ISSI)  7  l.ia,  iltiT 
I  ili»ru-.-)iijj  oli,ii;;r;  no  O|iiiiioii  r\ 
pri—iil  as  to  wlictliir  llic  act  was  tliat 
of  A  filloH  M-rvanl.  Tiiiiicy.  J.,  ilis- 
Miiticj.  hulilin;;  lliat  a  -rivaiit  liaviii^ 
~iiili  a  iliily  to  perforin  was  not  n  frllow 
-iivaiit    of  u    fcidcr  of  the  iiiailiinr  i . 

1  '  / /111),//.-  Ill  //,(),/  V.  Vvrmmit  i(  f. 
/.'.  c...  (ISlKM  ;t2  VI.  4:;l,  a  diii-ioii 
which,  as  iiiav  lip  siirnii^til  fioiii  I  hi' 
I'itatioa-  of  iiiinsil.  was  hasid  iipoM 
I  III'  Iji'.'li-li  ilirisioiis  wliii'h  priisiliil 
anil  ml  ii  i|i.ilril  ihi'  niliii;;  in  WHsnii  v. 
l/.,-,i/  I  ISi,Si  I..  I{.  1  II.  1..  So.  .\pp. 
fa-.  :l2li.  lit  I,.  T.  \.  S.  :iO.  it  was  hchl 
that  an  i'n;:inri'r  iiijiiivil  lhioii<;li  tin- 
iH'i;lii;i'iiir  of  a  nia-lrr  iiirrhanir.  wlio-i' 
diilv  it  is  to  spc  that  tlir  i-n^iincs  am 
ki'pt  in  repair,  eoiilil  i  .it  leiiner  daiiiaj.'es 

from   III Miiiioii  eiiiployer.      The  eoiirl. 

ui;.'iied  thus:  ■•jt  is  iii-is|ei|  thai  Ihere 
Ih  °an  implied  warranty  on  the  part  of 
tli6  prineipai  <if  the  <oiiiiiliir-.«  of  tho 
niaihimry  wliieh  ho  puts  into  the  hands 
of  hi-  -ersaiil-.  so  far  as  any  iiii-uiiiiil 
iioss  tliereiii  may  ho  di-i'iiviieil  In  I  he 
i'V<'iii-i-  rf  proper  rare  ami  ilili;.:eiiee.' 
Tlii-   riMe    is   iiiiiliiiilitiilly  eorieel.   a-   we 

liave  air ly   -eeii.   and    a-   is   shown   hy 

the  aiillioi  ilie-  eileil  in  support  of  it. 
iSiit  Ihi-  i-  true  only  of  tie  state  and 
I'oiidilion  of  the  niailiiiieiy  at  the  time 
it  is  put  i.ito  thi'  hand-  of  the  .servant. 
The  piiiii'ipal  doe-  not  warrant  that  the 
servant-  -hall  fail  i.  fully  di-iliar;.'e  their 
ilut>  in  keepiiiy  I  he  maohiiiery  in  its 
original  -afe  eonditinn.  To  estaliKlh 
this  priiii'lph  would  he  to  ahro^'ale  the 
iiile  and  make  the  principal  the  war- 
rantor of  tho  f)iithfnlni—  of  all  tlio 
-orvants."  lliit  Ihi-  deci-ion  is  practi- 
cally oxerrnlod  liy  1)111  is  v.  I'riiliiil  I  , /•- 
„io)')/  /,'.  (V,.  i1s'h2i  ."i.'i  \t.  SI.  4.'>  .\iii. 
I'op.  ."I'.H).  JKilliiir;  that  a  railroad  com- 
pany is  lialiie  for  injiuies  caii-<Hl  by  a 
difcctive    eoiidiliiin    iil    its    track,    wh'ch 

would  hii\e  1 II  known  to  the  coinpjny'ii 

liriilu'o  huilder  and  road  niastor  if  pio|H'i 

:;l    [?ei-fit!tl     h:td     heeri     e\efci-et!.        In     the 

latter    c.         tin:    court     remarked    that. 


(l«!lli  14.1  I'a.  1.  21  .Ml.  llttS.  the 
court  approved  of  an  in-t  ruction  in 
which  the  jury  were  told,  anioiie  other 
thin;;-,  that  the  di'fendaiil  was  not  liahh- 
for  an  accident  caii-ed  hy  a  defect  of 
which  lie  knew,  or  ou^rlit  to  have  known, 
pri  villi  il  lie  had  a  per-iii  In  his  employ 
whose  duly  it  was  to  kocp  tin-  iippliaiice- 
iii  jiie.i  condition.  Itiil  there  wa-  no 
lostinioiiy  -how  in;;  that  the  eniployer.  or 
any  aHoiil  of  hi-  having  cent  ml.  had 
anv  know  lcil'.;i'  of  the  defiit.  and  the 
la-e  was  iilt  imatidy  inado  to  turn  ini 
the  facts  that  the  state  of  the  appliance 
was  a-  o|M-ii  to  the  <>h-erv.i1  ini  of  tin' 
plainlill  a-  of  the  defendant,  and  that 
the  piii.\iinale  cause  of  tlie  accident  wa- 
the  Iie;;liKcllco  of  the  plaint  ill'-  fellow 
-ervaiils  in  silcctiii;'  an  un-oiind  appli 
anco,  when  they  had  tho  opportunity  of 
seU'otin;:  one  that  was  in  ;;ood  condition. 
A  car  inspector  was  held  to  he  a  fi  1- 
low  servant  of  a  hrakeman  in  I'hihnhl 
phin  <f  /.'.  It.  Ci).  V.  IhKjIw    :  IHSHi    II!' 

I'a.    .'tni.    13    .Ml.    2«li.    tho    >■ I     -ai.l 

"If,  however,  the  ciiinpany  einplov  n  iii- 
|H?teiit  and  skilful  person^  o  •  ,.,.•  pin 
|«se  of  inspection,  and  all'ord  theiii 
reasoiialile  op|uii  I  unit  ioii  and  faiilitie- 
fi.r  the  work,  under  proper  in-t  met  ion-, 
the  coiiip:iny  will  not  ordinarily  lie  lia 
hlo  for  tile  iic;;li^i'iil  porfoiinance  of  I  In- 
work  hy  their  eniplove<'-.  to  a  foil  iw 
employee,  unless  the  coinpany  knew,  or 
hy  ordinary  dili;;once  oii;;lil  to  have 
known,  of  the  defective  inaiine-  In  which 
tho  insp'ition  was  conducted.  Wo  are 
clearly  of  opinion,  too.  that  a  hrakeman 
and  a  car  iii-iM'ctor  are  in  the  saini*  cir 
cle  of  iip|Kiinlnient  ;  tiny  eooiHiale  in 
the  same  hu-iness.  and  the  former  knows 
that  the  eniploynieiit  of  tho  latter  i- one 
if  the  iiiciileiils  of  their  eoinmoii  service. 
Ihil  while  the  performance  of  the  duty 
of  ins|)ection  inil-t  iiece--arily  lie  com 
niittid  in  detail  to  the  einpliy,  c-.  th, 
;;enoral  re;;ulation  is  in  the  liainU  of  the 
eoinpany.  and  it  is  the  duty  of  tho  com 
pany  to  provide  siiilahle  per-ons,  in 
■ullicient  nnmhers  at  pro|MM-  places,  with 
i"i-.iinl>ie  epiJorliiiiilifTs  Lo  accoinpli-h 
I  lie  work." 


m 


•■'.    «!     I:J<     iK;«l!: 


m 


m^ 


ISOO 


WASTM!  AM)  Si;i!\  ANT. 


[niAP.  XXXII. 


i 


■  tri    I- 


i  '• 


iM  I 


k'Cii  utt<'iii|itc(l  to  give  ftlVct  t«>  lliis  fliiorv  arc  inoiii^iii.nis  uiul  in 
t'iin>isiciii.' 

1  ho  fim<liiiii(iital  priiicijilc  upon  wliidi  ili*^  cmrts  rc-lv  is  iiidicit.  ,| 
li.v  tlic  stulciiicnt  that  "one  line  of  (li>tiiiriion  hcuvcon  vice  piii..iiMl- 
iiinl  einphivccs  is  in  the  duty  in  one  iifiimci-  to  suppi.v  or  inaiinniii 
in.sfruiiicntiililics  of  tlic  scrvici',  iiml  in  ilic  other  of  u>iii,^  tlic  itwini 
nicntiilitics   >u])pli('(l."»      Tliis  (listinriion    is  iircdiciit.Ml    t.p  some  rx 


wlien  the  pic\  ion-"  (Icpi«ii>n  \v;is  ren- 
(I.Tcd,  •llir  liMliililv  of  (lie  niiistcr  was 
liplil  to  1m'  licpnulrnt  ii|m>h  wIicIIht  fho 
«erviint  «Iiiimj  ii<'u'li^'<'ii<'i'  omiwd  tin-  in- 
jury mill  tlic  sf.vunt  injurt'd  wi-rc  fi'l 
low  Hcrviiiil^  in  a  common  oniiiloviiiciit 
or  work."  and  prorfcdiHl  tliiH:  ".Mak- 
inR  thii  tlic  test,  for  determining  tlic 
mastcT'n  lialiility,  and  the  rcasoninn  anu 
conohisionM  of  tlic  Intc  Cliicf  .liKtici" 
Picr|M>int.  are  unonswcralilc.  Hut  tliis 
test,  while  detcnniniitivc  in  ii  great 
number  of  eases,  ni^  we  liiive  seen,  ha.s 
been  abanil.nied  both  in  Kn^'lainl  and  in 
this  oouiitiy.  and  in  lieu  thereof  the 
master's  liability  has  iM'cn  made  to  rest 
upon  w  bet  her  the  iicj!linenee  arose  in 
the  iMTf'irmance  of  a  duty,  for  the  care- 
ful diseharso  of  which  he  liecame  re- 
is|>oiisil>le  when  he  a'siimcd  the  relation 
of  master  to  the  injured  servant.  On 
the  jirineiples  which  we  think  furnish 
the  true  firouud  upon  which  the  niastcr'.s 
liability  rests,  and  on  the  .\meriean  ap- 
pliealioii  of  them,  the  charge  of  the 
county  court  in  the  particular-,  to  which 
exceptions  were  taken  contains  no  error. 
The  .\merican  doi  !  ine  holding  the  mas- 
ter liable  for  the  mj.'li^'encc  of  his  serv- 
ant while  dischar'-iii^'  a  duty  which  tlie 
master  owes  to  a  };eiieral  workman  is 
niori'    consonant    with    reason    and    the 

jfi lal    safety    <if    the    travclinj;    pulilii' 

riian  the  Kn^'lish  doctrine  annouiuiHl  in 
Wilson  V.  Mr, rii  (18(18)  1..  K.  I  II.  1.. 
Sc.  App.  ('as.  :iJtl.  10  L.  T.  N.  8.  .10." 

'See  the  remarks  of  the  court  in 
Von/  Ihulnchir  l.loiid  8.  S.  Co.  v. 
Iiuichnnsliu  (18it4)  57  N.  J.  L.  402.  31 
At'l.  (il'.i. 

Contrast  the  case-s  tabulated  in  note  4. 
subds.  (a)  (f).  infra,  with  those  re- 
vicw.d  in   §S   .")(>8,  .")70.  581    .■)S4.  aitlr. 

''  Will:  V.  ./(/c/.-.fon  Hill  Coal  rf  Co'-'' 
Co.  (1804)  139  Ind.  411,  38  N.  K.  324. 
39  X.  K.  147. 

"On  this  topic  a  rational  distinction 
wouhi  seem  to  be  that  when  the  em- 
ployee's duty  to  in-spect  or  re|wir  the 
apparatus  is  incidental  to  his  duty  to 
use  the  apparatus  in  the  comnuni  em- 
ployment, then  he  is  not  inlruatcd  with 


the  muster's  duty  to  his  fellow  servjiit, 
and  llu'  ma-li'r  is  not  n  ~|M.n-ible  to  lii< 
fellow  serv^int  for  his  fault:  but  (ImI. 
if  the  master  has  cast  a  iliity  of  iii.|»i 
tion  or  repiir  n|Hin  an  eniployii'  wlm  i- 
not  en!.'a):ecl  in  u«inir  thi'  api'anlu-  in 
a  common  employment  with  hi*  fi  llmv 
servant,  then  that  employi-c  in  that  iliilv 
represents  the  master,  and  the  iii;i-ler 
is  chargeable  with  his  default."  \o/./ 
Ihiilsrhir  l.linid  .S'.  S.  >'».  v.  Inqilm'i- 
st,i,  (I804)  .'•7  X.  J.  I..  1112.  ;il  All.  illii 
It  was  considered  that  the  di-limtinn 
was  noliceable  in  Mc  \  mln  tix  \.  Hi,.,^ 
(18711)  30  N.  .T.  I..  117;  Suiilh  \.  n.r 
fi.rd  Iron  Co.  (18,80)  42  N.  .1.  1.  4(;: 
:t(i  Am.  Rep.  53.-.:  roll/irr  v.  /'.,.;,-„/ 
rnnin  R.  Cu.  (1880)  4«  X.  .1.  I..  .Vi,  r. 
Atl.  4:i7;  Ifo-i-t  v.  Walker  (ISiili  V.f.i 
I'a.  42.  21  Atl.  157.  159:  Mo,,,, I,,,.,  i 
IHUn  Co.  (I8S8)  140  Mass.  .IStl,  Id  \ 
v..  574;  Dnlr\t  v.  BoKton  A  .1.  H.  '•.. 
(1888)  147  M««.  101,  10  X.  K.  (iW. 
and  nninv  other  cases. 

In  l.'ovHi/iroi  V.  JliVs  Co.  (ISSSi  14ii 
Mass.  580,  10  N.  K.  574.  we  find  the  fol 
l(t«inj;  elaborate  statement  of  thi'  rela 
lions  existin)»  Ih'Ismi'U  s<'rvaiits  ri|iair- 
inp  or  inspcctin}.'.  and  s<>rvants  n-iiij.'. 
instrumentalities.  "It  is  obvion,  tlmt 
diMieult  (iiiestions  arise  in  caM~  ol  tlii* 
kind  in  deteriiiininf;  the  implieil  i-hli 
;;at'ms  of  tlie  respective  parties  miiliT 
IHculiar  circuitistjiiiees.  In  many  kirul- 
of  business  the  condition  of  a  iiKnliini' 
as  to  safety  is  constantly  chaniiin^'  witli 
the  use  of  it,  and  it  is  safe  or  uii-if'' 
at  a  fi'wow  moment  according  as  it  i- 
pro|M"rly  or  improjK'rly  used  and  man 
ayed  by  the  servant  who  o|Miate<  it 
Moreover,  certain  kinils  of  npaiis  can 
bo  conveniently  and  pniperly  iiia.1.'. 
undc^r  direetion'and  sui>ervision.  by  -er* 
ants  repilarly  employed  in  the  bu-iii^-- 
In  such  ca-ses  both  parties  to  llie  hm; 
tract  of  service  must  Ik-  presmncd  to 
have  contemplated  that,  to  a  certain  e\ 
tenf.  fellow  servants  would  be  •■mi.ln.ynl 
by  the  master  to  do  work  in  kccpinL' 
the  inachinerv  safe.  Work  nejilitiiitly 
done  within  "that  field,  if  an  a(i-i(l''"t 
should  happen   from   it,   would  seeiii  at 


|til9] 


Vl(  K  I'UINt  ll'AI>llir— DiaAlLs  Ol'  Ultlllv. 


ItMIJ 


trill  n|>"ii  tl\o  fitct,  tlint  a  sinalli-r  nniKiint  of  tfclmical  -l.il!  ami  kimwl 
ciigf  is,  in  must  cusu:*,  ri'«iiiired  for  what  arc  iiniuil  liv  iln'  opiiri  nr- 


flr"f  fo  intrixltiiv  a  oonflict  liclwcin  tlio 
(tl>li;4:iliiiii  I'l  tlii>  imi^ttT  Ici  Imlil  liiiiix'll' 
li  ilili'  for   Hiiiil   <if  due  puir   in   kiM  |.iii'_' 
hi"  iiiai'liiiiiry   siifi-,   nnd  tin-  nliliuMt  Imi 
(if    the    wrviiilt    not     to    claiin    (Liiiiii;;i- 
roiilling    fniiii    lic<;liL.'riirc    of    a    fdlnw 
wnant.      It    lii'inmrs    iirn—avv,    llicii'- 
fore,  to  riiri-iiliT   tin-   ii;;liti  of  tin'   par- 
ti'-*  in   xiH'li   <a-M"<.      The  ap|>1iriition    in 
eiiili    [Kiriii  iilar    oa-c.    of    any    j^ncral 
riilcs  wliiili  nmy  i»:  laid  dcpwn.  will   in 
vohc  a   coiwidiTation    of   two   <)iii'-lioin 
of  fact:      Kir>t,  what  is  tlir  naliirc  ami 
cliiiiactrr  of  tlu^  lnisinesj,  nnd  thr  ii^nal 
nnit  iiro|K'r  {.'rncral    nirtliod  of  mndmi 
inj;  it?     Snutnllv,    in   -iich   a   hn-ini-r. 
what  i<  n'ii-ionaliiy  niir-~arv  to  he  doni- 
on  tin-  pint   of  tlic  nni-liT  to  si'cuii-  lor 
the  um-  of  tlic  woi'knK'n   inacliincry  and 
nppliancrH  wliiili  will  alwayi  l)i'  ri'a«on- 
•illy  safe?     Kirst,  tlicro  is  that  rlass  of 
cav-   ill   wliicli   till'   condition  of  a   ma 
chine  as  to  saf  ty  is  constantly  ctian-iin;.' 
willi   its  Use.   so   lis  to  rnpiili'  fidin   tlie 
pcisiiiis  tendinj,'  it.  ns  a  part  of  the  ordi 
iiii>    lis"  of  il,   recon-'tniclion   or   read 
iii-liiieiit  of  iMirts,  as  they  lieconie  worn 
out  or  displaced,  from  materials  or  new 
parts   supplied   hy   the   master   for  that 
pMr|Mise.     Such   work   i*  a  part  of  the 
regular  Inisinois  of  the  scr\ant  in  Usiny 
the  machine,  and  not    of  the  master  in 
hiainlaininf;  it,     Nc;.di)jeiiei    in   doiny  it 
is.  as  to  all  other  eiiiployi>e3,  neiili^enee 
of  a  fellow  scrtant.     ^'o  far  ns  the  con- 
dition of  machinery  deix-nds   upon  this 
kind  of  attention,  the   master   d<M's   his 
duty  if  he  employs  comjietent  and  suit- 
aide   jicrsons.    and    supplies    them    with 
cverythini;   needed    for   their    work.      A 
second  class  of  cases  includes   those  in 
which  repair  or  rMonstruclion  of  a  ma- 
chine is  necessary,  of  such  a  kind  as  is 
commonly    done,    or    may    properly    he 
done,  under  the  direction  of  the  master, 
hy  servants  eiii;a;:ed  in  the  j.i'iieral  liusi- 
nes».    Both  parties  to  the  coiitraet  must 
lie  presumed  to  have  contemplated  that 
such  work  would  be  done  by  ffdiow  ser\ 
ants  of  the  employee,  and  he  must  there 
fore  be  held  to   have  as.sunied  all    risks 
fniiii  their  nc;;lif;enee  in  doin(!  it.      Hut 
this,  it  must  he   reniemhered,   is  a   pirt 
of  that  work,  for  the  results  of  which, 
in   the   completed   machine,   the   master 
ajjrw's    to    Vt-jM    hifiir^elf    .■•■si»ofirllde.    so 
far  as  pood  result.s  can  be  :n.  Jied  by  his 
exercise  of   prop<>r  care.     .\r  1   so  he  is 
bound   to  bring  to  *'ii»  depi. -tiiient  of 


the  business,  either  in  hi-  own  |Mr-oii 
or  liy  an  aj;enl,  -m  li  i.jl .  lli/eiice.  -kill, 
and  expi'rience  as  i-  lea-oiialily  to  Im- 
i<<|iiiii-<l  in  one  to  whom,  in  an  iiiipor 
lani  paiticiil.ir.  the  safely  of  olhirs  •- 
inlni-leil.  and  he  is  IhiiihI  al-n  In  lie 
rea-i>naldy  dili;:ent  and  i. ireful  in  the 
Use  of  his  fa(  iillies.  One  who  ie|iri  -.nis 
him  in  this  lielil  is  nut  adint.'  as  a  fi  How 
servant  with  his  olher  i'Mi|iloyee-,  within 
;lie  Mie.iniiii.'  of  the-  rule  wliiili  we  are 
coiisiilerin;;.  hut  is  his  a;; iiil  or  siTvant, 
for  whose  care  and  diligence  he  is  ae- 
coiintalile.  There  may  he  still  a  ihirrl 
ilass  of  ea-e-.  in  which  a  machine  is  of 
siieh  .1  kind,  ami  tln'  naliiii'  if  the  hii-i- 
ne-s  ill  which  it  is  used  is  such,  that 
the-  pa  I  lies  could  never  reasonably  have 
coiilc  iiiplated  that  any  servants  ein- 
ph'M'd  in  the  hii-iiii  -  wmild  Iniilcl  or 
reioiisiruct  it.  .\  pnin  icier  mii;lit  buy 
-iich  a  iii.ii'liiiie.  or  -end  .in  a;.'enl  or 
servant  to  liny  it.  In  lilhcr  ca-e  the 
piircha- •  Houlcl  be  in  the  line  of  the 
nia-lcr's  duly,  and  he  wonhl  he  liabln 
for  the  eoii-e<]iiemes  of  ne;;li'jence  in 
making'  it.  He-  niij;ht  hire  privileges  nnd 
men  in  <i  machine  shop  in  a  di-tant  city 
aiiil  build  it  there.  His  scrva.nis  in  that 
work  would  not  lie  fellow  servants  with 
an  employee  eii;.M;:ecl  in  an  entirely  dif- 
ferent biisini-s.  Ami  niidc'r  tin- doctrine 
<'f  rr^ipiimhitt  suprriuy  he  wcmld  be  held 
liable  for  the  eonseipicMices  of  their  neg- 
lifjence.  If  he  saw  lit  to  const  met  or 
nvoiisiiuct  it,  in  the  same-  way,  in  or 
near  the  buildinj;  in  which  it  was  to  be 
usi'd.  the  result  woiiM  he  the  same. 
I  pon  our  hy|Hitliesis  it  would  be  incon- 
sistent with  his  implirst  contract  to  eiii- 
plciy  I'cdiow  ser\.inls  of  his  employc'e  in 
lliis  work,  and  he-  therefore  could  not 
rcdieve  hiiiisidf  from  his  ;;eiieral  oldi;.'a- 
tion  as  to  the  safely  of  hi-  niaehinery 
by  setting;  up  that  his  .servants  in  the 
eoiistnielion  or  recciist  i  net  ion  were  fel- 
low seiAants  with  his  employees  in  the 
liu-iiie-s  in  which  it  wa-  lo  lie  used." 

.\nother  pa.ssaj.'c?  relating'  lo  the  first 
class  of  eases  adverted  to  in  the  above 
e\lraet  <Kciirs  in  the  opinion  in  Kiev  v. 
KliKI  I'liiUp  Mills  (1.SH7)  144  Mass.  229, 
.■>!•  .\ni.  Itcp.  80.  II  N.  K.  101.  "Jt  is 
the  duty  of  the  niasler  to  e.xcTcise  due 
care  in  employing  coni|)etent  servants, 
in  [iicnidini;  suit;ihhr  niaehinev,  atid  in 
keepiiic;  them  in  pro|M'r  n  pair,  anil  the 
master  cannot  wholly  esc.i|K"  responsi- 
iiility    by   delegating   these   dutieti   to  a 


ii:         I 


;;;t. 


I     ' 


l«>tM 


.MAMKK   ANU  M.lt\  AM. 


[i  IIAI-     WXll. 


!i,i' 


I   ■ 


l,r    Uii-M    i-<  M''    ii"    i'-|M.ii-it'ilil.v    li.v 

.•lllpl.A  I. II!     .1      "    l'|>''  "'      -ll|Kllllltll'l>'l.t 

to  in-i'i.ii.i  11  :  111' ii'ii'-    .''•'"  ""•■■" 

lire  (I- (ill-  ill  iiunliiiiii'^  «li.li  iirt'  o( 
.iii'li  !i  .li.ii.i.ir  tli.il  llii-  iiii'iiT  111" 
liirii  In  1. 1  111  p.  .f.TMi  lii-  'liily  i'  '"•  ''"■• 
iM.lic*    .iiiliililr    iniil.rinN.   ami   ctii|.l<..v 

, pchiit    xTMiiit".  ami   iii-tiiiil-   lliriii 

III  kill,  till-  iiiiiiliiiK-iy  in  i.-ii.iii.  ill 
IliiiUyll  lli«  sriAiiilH  ii.';ili(t  to  iiuiIm'  tin' 
ir,.iiii».  or  iiiniM'  iti'iii  ill  ""  iiiij""!'''' 
liiiii.iiiT.  Till-  iiiii«lir  iiiii-t  I'N'liix'  II 
rcii-"iii;ilili'  -ii|«Tvi-.iiiii  iiv(  r  tin-  iiihiiht 
ill  wliiili  lii-  l.ii-iiii»«  i^  (liint-.  I""  '!'<■ 
riiMii.-  wliiili  iiiacliinr-'  |pr.>|Milv  i  "ii 
Klillili.l  rn|iiili'  U>  kr<l>  IIkiii  i"  "i"- 
IlillU  iil-.lcT  ItlllV  I"'  illlni-lr'l  III  I'  Ml|«' 
t.iil    x,.|v:iiil«. "    Tli'V    iiic    n-^'anlril    .»» 

imi.lfiilal   li>   lli>-   i'-''   "f   <l"'    '"'.'' '.'• 

I lis,.    Ilirv    arr    -mil    a*    iiiarliim.»    lii 

Mil.^taiili.illy  piixl  ri'p.iir  mil-!,  froi" 
liiii'   111   linn-.   iiKil." 

In  .1  -iiiiif«li.il  «iirli<T  <•»«<•  It  "II' 
liiil  il.i\Mi  ilial  ..cr\.iiil*  iiilni'iil  «itli 
111..  iiiaU:iiu'  of  Mi'li  ..iilinai.N  r  jniis  uh 
III,,  nx.  1  I  11  iniuUim'  rii|uiii''  tn  kcTii 
il  in  <  nlii  fri'iii  'laN  I"  'li'\  ■""'  '"  '  * '''" 
,,iimi|i:iN.  "'■''■"  V.  »..«"i/.  l,,,h,.ic 
}'„.    I  ISS.-))    i:i!t   Mil--.  4l.">.    1    N.   '■•    '  '■' 

In  \!uiiiiii)iilli  Uiii.  <(•  '//'/.  '  "■  V. 
y,/,,i.;  I  ISlMl  14H  III.  .VJI.  ;Stl  .N.  K. 
117.  til.,  ml.,  lai'l  in  )l':iiinliiin  v.   Ililh 

I'll.    SI! /nil.    \Ml-    .l|l|iriiVC'il. 

Till,  nih-  a-  f.>iiiiMlal..l  in  ii  riiiii-yl 
vania  nisf  is  lliat.  wIuti-  tlic  oniiilit  m'M- 
(i..in    whii'li    I  Ik-    -.nant's    injinv     i 

M1II.-.1    «<-iv    |.i..ilm.'l    I'V    tl i.liniir, 

u-c  .if  the  a|.|ili.iii'«'.  aii.l  nut  l>y  any 
,l,.f...t  in  111.'  siil.-lan.r.  >i/r.  "r  ail.jil-t 
iii.'nl  ..f  till'  pint  •'•'  till'  appliamc  "ln'li 
cUi-.'M  111.'  iiijiii*.  .I'l'l  til.'  iiia-t.-i  main 
lain-  a  1I1..1.111-I1  ami  a.l.Kpiat.-  ,y-t.in 
of  nin-lant  in-i«i  1  i'Hi.  a'l'l  '•»'  '''•f'-'t 
\>.i-  nut  Urn. « 11  t.i  uTiy  ..f  tlic  piT-.m- 
,.n..a..-.l  in  tliiil  in-p.'.-li.in.  tli..  niasl..r 
i,"ii.Tl    lial.l.'.       l/'"--''    V.    i:>n,..;ln,,„n 

u.  r„.  (iHiij,  i.-.ii  I'.,   .vw.  17  I-.  n.  .\. 
4.-.O.  ■!:>  At  I.  .tl.  ,  ..  V 

In  «•;.  </.l/i  V.  l/.l/-'""  I  1-<"I  '  1-''  ^• 
Y  r.iW  -^7  N.  K.  '•'■<■-■  'il"  '■"""■  '"  '''■ 
.•n-Mi,':  til.,  .liaip-  "f  t|...  Hill  iml^" 
lli.il  it  was  111.,  iliily  "f  til..  II'  '-1-1-  t" 
the  -.rvants  1..  watcli  tli..  u-.'  i.f  '!"■  'l'' 
fiitiv..  r.i|H'  liv  tli'.in  anil  it-  iliaii;;.'-  .>! 
,„„,lili.,n.  tlnit  tin.  .nijin..!-  was  lii- 
„,„.,it  nml  .l.'piitv  f.ir  -m  li  |iiiip"-''.  aiM 
lliat  111.'  n..j;li;;.ii'.'  ..f  tli..  ..n-iin'.  r.  if 
il  .'Si-li-.l.  "■!-  I'l  't  III  111.'  m.i-i.i-.  -ml: 
•■rii,.  .Im'tiin.'  al  .mn'  ivn.l.T-  iiin-siilnn- 
,1.!..  111!  111.'  Ii!..'  ••<  '■■'  '-  '"  '•'■''"'''  ""'"■ 
.l.-lV.t  in  a  Mia.liim-  Ini-  .i.iiinv.l  from 
its   use,   and   tU.;   i.ia-t.r   ha-   lici-n  lielil 


frii'.l  fi"'ii  i..-p..n-iliility  if  Hi.'  m  I'liin.. 
furiii-li'  I  «.i-  .lii'-iii  illy  -.''<•■  •"  I  '■'" 
ni'lllnr  Km  «    iim    iii,:lit   I"  li  i»'    l-i     'H 

.if      III.'     OXI-l.ll.'V      1)1      lllC     H.f.l'l,      I'll      II 

piiN  111.'  .Inly  of  ilaily  w.ilili  ami  ili- 
.,.\,.|\  CM  liui'i.  ami  -.1  iv'iuiri-  »"  H'-'i'' 
.11'  .lurpLiinl  or  lap-r  "f  liim-  li>  I'H'  ''"n 
in  ,i.  faiill.  I  tliiiik  tim  . 1.1.1  iJii.'  a—  11-1 
«;is  an  ..vL-ii-i' n  of  It"'  in.i-l'i-  lin.i 
l>i.\.iml  i\*  iialiiral  nml  pn  pir  linut- 
I'n.li.ilily  til..  .■\i-tiiiL'  ml"'  «.i-  I. 'h  i.  i 
upon  till' tnilli  tli.il  ...itaiii  tliiin;-  .-.11 
li.il   1.1  111.'  »afity   of  111.'  -inaiil-   n-ti-t 

..iiiily.    in    tin-    iiiiiiiiiu.'in.iit    i'(    111'. 

liii-in..— .  rniamili'  from  tin'  nia-l.'r  mil 
ri'iiiain    in    lii-   ali-oliitc  .oiitrol.    iii'l   -" 

Il rvani-    »li.  nM    n.it    In'    n'-pnti-ill.' 

to  on.'  anollnr  lor  .IrfiH't-  wliiili  ili.i 
>,iiiM  not  rc|r,iir.  for  Imk  liolli  of  111 
tlioiilv  ami  iii..:iii-.  Till'  -iTMiiil-  laniiiit 
fiiriii-'ti  till-  nia.liin.'S.  Tliat  i-  lli.'  mi- 
t..r'-  ii;;lit  ami  .Inly.  Hut  Hi-'  -mint 
v.lio  ii-r-  linn.  iMii  ami  -In  "lil  I-'-*'!'  ''■'■m 
ill  oril.i    fur  lli.ir  |ii-op''r  ami  -ifi'  il.iil.v 

II,..,   «li.'ii   fiirni-li 111   will'  tl --11.* 

mi. ill-  of  -"  il.'iiiL'  ami  wlini  |.i  1  f.vlii 
..ipal.l.'  of  .'orr...linL:  111.'  .Irfi  >  1  H  1- 
1111.1. iii'it. illy  trii...  a-  «.'  'lavi'  olin  -li'l 
llial  it  il'  till'  iliity  of  111"'  m  i-i'  1  !•. 
ki...i)  a  mai-liin.'  or  appliam'.'  in  "hI' 1 
;,ii,|'  llial  In-  o.immt  '1  I  Mli'  H"'  '1"'.^ 
so  as  to  i'-i.,ii«'  U'spoH-iliilily.  Kill  I'li' 
i-  a  ;;ini'ral  nil.'  ami  liii"  it-  ijiiilii  ■  1 
li.iiis  ami  liiiiitiili.>ii--  'liH'  <''  '''"-''  1* 
llial    it    i,    11.''    Ill"   ma-tiT'i  iliil>    tij  !•■ 

pair  .li'ffit     ari-inn  in  tin'  .laily  ' 

III.'  appli.im.'.  fur  wlii.'li  pr.ip.i  iinl 
-iiitalili.  matiriiil-  111. ■  siipi'li' .1.  .iii-i 
\xliiili  may  ..asily  lie  ri'imiln  ■!  I'.*  il"' 
wiirkmrii.  ami  an'  imt  of  a  p  iin  nnii' 
iliarait.'i.  or  i..i|iiiriiiK  tli..  Iiil|.  ■■: 
-killi.il  in.|.li.ini.-.  .  •  •  11"  '•'■'• 
,  ii.'.l  all.l  lli.'ir  .lo.'triii.'  app.  ;ir  i"  I" 
f.iiinil.'il  "poll  what  ii»  il.'l..rmin.il  t.)  I* 
llic  inipli.'il  contra. ■!  vliiimi  l»i»rin 
III.'  nia-i..|  ami  -..rvaiil.  I'lnir  iinilu."! 
ilillii--  vri'«  "III  "f  *''••'  ri'lalii'ii  Hi: 
ihaii-i-  ami  varv  a.--  it  i»  cliiin;;!'!!  "i 
\aiii.l  l>v  Ihi'  fiKl-  "liifli  imli.  Ill'  ■iii'i 
nil., .-nil-"  it.  Wli.'ri'  llm-i'  fn'l-  -l"'" 
tliat  ill  tho  iimlirslainlin^'  of  holli  (Mr 
lii-s  a  rla—  of  or.lir.ary  iipnii-  uri'  In 
|...  II. a. 1.'  l.v  the  s.'rvanls  with  iiiaii'iml- 
fnrni-lii'il  I'V  tin'  inast.'r  for  Ih.il  .'Xiiri-- 
.,iiipi-..;  tli:il  lln'y  aial  1"'  ri'^iiinl  II  i- 
a    il.l.iil    of   lln-iroun    w.irk ;    tli:il    i!  i" 

n-lliiii'j  ..nliivly  uilliin  lli.-ii  ..iii,iiiiy 

ami  not  il..iM.mli.|il  upon  111.'  -kill  »f  .i 
s|K..ial  ,\p.rt  :  ami  that  tin-  iinv-iiv 
-prin^'-  fr.im  tln'ir  daily  ii-i'  "l  i|"  'I' 
plinm-.'.  .Klin-  at  dillVr.'iil  ami  mik'i  iMt 
p,.riiMi-  ill  lin.ii  .-.Tvi.!.  ami  i-  -r;'  ■' 
Ihi'ir  ol..M.rviilion   in  the  ali-.m.'  "'  ^^* 


mi 


I  til"l 


Ml  I.  I'l.INf  ll'.M     !il|'     Id  IMI.s  UI    \\(>UK. 


iHIKi 


(Mi'iirv  ri|iiiirs  llim    f'lr  flii»i<'  <if  n  iiphv  iMrinnn  ni  cluiriii  tt  r.^      Tlii« 

(•((lirr|ilii  II   i.<i  Iii..-.il         till"  C-tii'litilll   IMli'  H:ili'  I  if'  till'  .|ci    1  rilir   ill  ill  (juw  II 

in  ArKiiM-ii-.  tluit  fnc  !>  .iiinliirv  iini'  |n.i\\,,|i  |i:il.iliiv  ami  iii>nli:il>il- 
ity  i«  til  ill'  ijiiiwn  wiili  n  rn....,-,.  tu  the  .li-iiiu'iiim  Ihiwii  ,,  t|ii>  iiijrli,!- 
.ilii-iil-  I'xi'icisiiij;  a  p. m  i  il  »ii|MTvi^iiiii  omt  tli»»  iii-'niiin'iitiililii'^, 
with  a  \  ii-w  Id  kci'piii;;'  lli>  in  in  |iii)|M'r  «'<)iiilitii.ii.  iiinl  ijif  »iili.ii'i|iii:ii" 
I  Ill|i|i  vers  Itv  wlioni  itiriiji'iitjil  i'  piiir^  iil'f  'iinii  il  uiit.  Sic  ii,,li'  |. 
-iiIhI.  (li).  Infra.  In  tlif  -^iilij  .iinil  iiuir  urc  iiil>ii!iiiri|.  iiinii'r  lirii'l- 
iiijis  iiiliiiitril  to  t'ariliiMic  ciiiiiii.iii-  ,||  nil, I  i-diiini-i  wiih  furiiii'r  *!•<•■ 
I  inns  111  I  hi  ■<  cijiijiiir.  a  imi!pli"r  nf  cii-i -i  ihnuiii^  what  rr|iiii's  tiio 
niui'l-i  rc^jaril  as  |ifMii;  m  ni  or  m'  linarv.* 

mii«tir.  -fhi»  iiifi'iiiiri-  i*  iiii\  il  ililr  lluil  iilili nilitii<ii  n«  fn  -if,  ly.  Iirvninl  wliiif 

tlio  iiii'liiict  Vrl.ili' II  K't«i'rM  111'  |iirli   -  U  iniiliil   ill  i.|k  liii  ln^^   ■\'  ji    j'.  n,,.  ijni^ 

iiiiikf"   it   n   (liil.v   111    Itir  «rrMi  il»   nml    ii  nf  i  Ih    niijiluMr  In  -i||  |,!,v   I  lir   iiiir..jiv 

ili-l^iil  of  thi'ir   «irk   to  con.  il    llii'  ili--  mi    !li.:,ii,  r.  .Kill.  iiii,|  rsjiri  iniii-  in  IliV 

liH.  vlii'ii   it  iii'i-1'4.   with  till'  niiili'iiiiN  <':iii     iMij  iii-ii  .  I  iiiii  i,f  th,'.  marliiiici y  Id 

fiijjii-iii'il."      _  |iri  till  ilir -in  ml  friiiii  iiijiirv;  iiiiii  fur 

Tlie  iiiii-trr'i  iliilv    !■<  fully   [mi  fiirmi'il  ;iiiy   f;iiliii..  in  ,.\'  i.i.r  (in  pir  ciiii'  iiiiil 

"lii'n  111"  ••«ii|i|ilir-»  Mil  i|iiili'   iiiiiliii'i'i-y,  -Kill      Hh'     i'iii|.1i  wi       i-      a iiii;ili|i'." 

«ilh    llll    till'    ll|i|ili  llli'i-i     lli'r,  —  ;liy     ailil  •'■li/il.  «    ».    Hitil    I' ills     If/i;.    fn.     (|<4!l|| 

ili'-irnlili'    for    ihI'IiImI  inn    In    •.niiii-    ji.ir-  lii;    V    Tl.   482,    i:i    I..   1!.  A.  SJI.  •>»  All. 

liriilir    |iiii|«>-o.   I'Vin    Hi' ii'_'li    tlii'    -iiiiii'  .'i',.'. 

I.nnini-    liiiijinriirily    ini|iiiriil    liy    ii'ii  v,.-   ,il-i>   Ihc   i|iintatin,H    fmiii    frripin 

-iin  nf  inn-liMit    usp.   wliin    thr    iniinir  v.     Mmxlun    (|»!!l||     jji:    \.    y     "ilS.    27 

llll'llt     i«    nf    Kllrll     II    olllini  llT    IIK    In    111-  \.      Iv      W'fl,      nntc     2.      >;;„i.      ■■    ,!      fmill 

ra-ily  mill  ir.nlily  ri'ini'ilinl  liy  tlii'  -,'rv-  y,,,iii;    v,    I'tiUn-    ilS'HIi     lii    \lj,|i,    ).',-!. 

lint,  a  |i:irl  nf  wlin-i'  ilnly  it.  in  tn  iillcnil  II    \iii.  l;,-[>.  Kil.  II  \.  \V.  2T.'!.  in  nnli'  i. 

Ill   -lull    ni;ill  Ts."       )'i(ir    V.    U7u7iiiii/i'  -nl,,!.    1 1- 1 .   i;i/)i,, 

I  ISlilM  4«  App.  niv.  422,  61  N.  Y.  Snpp.        'm)    //,,/„, /iim  ,,,.,1  ,,  i„nr  nf  rnHin,,, 

T:!I.  /,  ■i-/.«.      In    Uirlni/uii  C.  /,'.  (•„.  v.  Aiiylin 

Till'  failure  to  iiiiiki'  •^li^'tit   ri'|>Mir-i   in  i  1^70)     40    Miili     -.MT.    a    r.iilw.iy    I'nni- 

■\n   iii-lruniinliilily   Ik  tlir   iii-'.-liyinii,  nf  paiiy  wns  hrlil   i;nt   liiililr  fnr  llin  lailuri- 

a  nipii'  M'rv.int.  wlicri-  ptn|>i'r  ni.itiriiU  nf  tiiiil,iiir>n  in  iinf   n'liinx  iiiL'  a-lii'-i  unil 

Ikivo  lin'n  furni-lii'il.     OTmiunr  v.  I'mn-  liii.li'i-.    thi.    Hoi'i-inn    In    ii,'    nfh  ihimIs 

-iildi.nii  n.Co.  (1900)  4«  Aji]..  Div.  2)1,  -aiit.    in    llnlLnfi    v.     \t :rhl.f7,„    c.    /•.  (■„ 

ii2  N.  V.  Siijip.  72;t   (nicliil  -lii|>  at  vml  (lH!i:,  i    iriil  Mich.  i;ilii.  i;.-i  V.  \\ .  ,-,ii-j.  to 

"f  (.iiiii.' jiliiiil.  vvnic  Innxo,  -n  111  It  it  pro  rc-t    nil    tin-   ymiiinl    Hint    tin-   imnlil  inn 

ji'Oli'il   iiliovi-  tlip  -iiirfiiri'  I  f   the    pl;;iik).  nf    ilii-;ilrly     »a-     li  iiipniarv.     ri-iiit  iti^' 

•"In   miiny   kiinK  of  sM'i\i<i'   tin-  ciiri'  frmii      an      oniii-ini.      wliiili      pirtiitiiil 

iinil  ki'i'pinu'  nf  tonl'!   anil    iiiai  hiiiiTy    in  im-ii-ly    to    tin-    npiMlinn    nf    tlic    rnml, 

a  cniiiiiiinn  nf  »afi-ly  rci|iiirn  iiii-nly  thP  hIhic    Inicknicn    uih'    IicM    to   Ih'    vice 

altcntinn  ami  vipair- iMTii-inni'il  in  nrili  priniipal-    iis    rciiiiiiU    their    failure    to 

iiiiry  II-,'  anil  \vi':ir.  ami  aic  pmpcrl.v  a  IimI  tlic   track.     To  tin-  -i circct    in 

part  of  till'  ri"^'iil:ir  Imsinc-s  of  tin-  -civ  I ,/,  ■>■,,)!  v.    l/icA, ,,■„)/  ('.  If.  Co.    ilS<l.")l 

ant    iii'.;ai;iil    in    tlu>    nsi;    nf    such    ti  iiN  In,"    Midi,    "iltl.  I'i."i    \.   \V,   .-iH.-|.   mIicic   it 

iinil  niachiniry.      In  sncti  c:i-c-  llic  i|ii!y  was  sai,|  tliit.  tlm  daily  rcpaii   if  tracks 

nf  till'  I'lnpli'M'r  is  p  rfnrnii'i!  liy  finiii-li  liy  -citinn   iiicn   is  m,,'  a  ili-chiir;,^  of  a 

in^'  safe   tnnls    anil    iiiachimiy    anil    tin-  nnii-ilcicfialilc   iliity. 

means    of    makin:;    iicciliil    repairs,    and         lb)    lii.tp<rllni,'i'i"l  ri/inr  nf  rollitni 

Ihe  duty  of  iiiakinjr  repair'-  may  lie   in-  slocl. — The  \irlii:,l      'l.  ,1    nf  a    ilciisinii 

tniilcil  to  servants,  nnd  any    ne^livt    in  in    the    circuit     mnil     nf    appeils    iii    to 

the   pirfnniianic   of   this   service    is   the  mike    an    en;;inci'r   a    felln'v     -,ivant   nf 

ni>Klii.','nci>    nf     a     servant.        I/cf,'.,-     v.  hi-  fiienian  as  ni'inds  the  iii-|,iction  nf 

/ii«(,„i    Conhiar   I'o.    (188.-))     Kill    Mass.  the  eivjiiie  U'twi'iii   the  rcnlar   iii-ipcct- 


'I4.'5.    1    y.  K.  74.' 


But   in   ca 


.■.\::-Ti-      h'.-T      s!:i!inn.  'I\      ■' <      ,f       /'.       '."        ('■',.       ,. 

s!-ill    and    practical    knmvliKlyc    are    re-    l\tth  n      |S!i|i    <l  ( '.  c.   .\,   js;.  -ja  1".  S. 
quired  in  kH'pinj;  niachineiy  in  a  rea-nn-    App.   .'llll.    01    l-'eil.    IM.      liiil    it    i»    i.,  t 


WIO 


M  \M  I  i:   AM)  SI.U\  ANT. 


[l  II  \IV    XWll 


P'!! 


620.  T^after  liaMe  where  the  delinquent  lervRnt  wai  engaged  in  a 
different  cla»s  of  work. —  Om-  niiiti  riul  liniiiiition  t<>  wlii.-h  the    .1  , 


"■  mi 


,-u 


!  I 


H!i:i 


i»|i|>:iii  III    li-w    -III!!    n    (li«(rlii'   run   Jw 

r.i'iiiiiili'il    v   il!i     till-     |-'.'.|.  Ill     .Irri-HMi- 

l-ltl'll    ill    i!    ..St.    .1,1/1,   I -11,      llllv      \trli,    ■  II, 

T  d  K.  I  ;.'.  '  ■,  V  U  I'lnmii  (  iHli.^i.  I  t 
f    ('.  .\.  :<\'    .;!  I  .  ."»,  A|i|>.  I,  ilT  Kill. 

.5litt. 

Uliin-  |l  fii'T,  a  liiMil  iiiil  lir.il  •  inm, 
wliili*  ftii'ln      III  II  car  ill  tin-  inifiinn. 

HIHV    llf     III-    I'.l'ii".     WIIX    tlllllWII     l<>    tin' 

yriiiiiiil  In  ii  '  I'll  of  till'  liri'iikiii^  of  A 
link  niiim  •  I  iiu;  llic  ciiL'inr  wild  tin-  riir 
nil  uliirli  III'  -Ininl,  I'iiii-iii'.'  tlii>  tr:iiii  to 
Htii|i  uiili  11  •  k.  it  wax  li.'M  to  Iw  rrror 
to  iii-liiiil  \u..  It  wii-  <li''  iltily  of  il<?- 
fi'iiilaiil  "to  ki>'|>  thi'iii  |lli<'  liiik't]  in 
Ruch  cniiiUllin  tliat  llii-y  it'ioulil  h« 
|>ro|>«T  mill  ■.iiil:rl('iit  for  wi'ik  to  be 
done  hv  (Iimh."  iiihI  "to  r'li'Vi'iit  Iho  use 
of  iiii-iiil;rl'l,.  iinil  iliii^iriiii'*  liliki," 
Hiiit'i'  (li'fi'iiiliinl'*  ulmli'  ifiity  «  ■*  jXT- 
fonm-il  ulii-li  it  llirni-liiil  a  -iiilfiricnt 
tiiili|ilv  "f  siiihiMc  link'*,  if -III  I  V  \>io 
Yorl;'.  V  //.  .(  //.  /,'.  Cu.  iVMm)  175 
Mas*.  ,■1.,:;.  r.ll  N.  K    '.'Hi. 

.\  railroad  i'oiii|i  itiv  i»  pot  liaWf  fi>r 
injiirir*  to  n  riHiiliiilor  from  tlii'  Ui,  a- 
ilijr  of  a  li">-<'  »t<'|>  ii[Miii  t)n'  i-li^in-. 
»li(>ri'  ttii'  I'liLiiiKi'V  -A  1-  fiiriii-lieil  with 
prii|ii  r  t'  '-Is  fur  it<  1.  "air.  and  tli(>  p<nii 
IKinv  hail  no  knowlr'lL"'.  art  mil  or  cim 
Hlriiitivi',  of  il-*  roiiliti.  II.  Millir  v.  Chi- 
i-iiii.,  .(  »;.  •/■  /,',  >'o.  (  I.sHl'i  W  Mill).  -.iSO. 
-il    N    W .   .1:0. 

A  railu.iy  <'oni|iaiiv  it  iml  lialili"  for 
till-  failiiii'  of  a  fi'llou  .ii\ant  to  wt 
apart    fi'r   ri'iiiir'*   ii    ili-itilrd   car.   as    it 

«a-    hi-    illll\     to   llo.       Ill  'I'll     V.    /^l^^■ll    it 

I.  /,'.  f'li.  lH!l:J)  lO.'i  M:i-i.  44H.  2!t  N. 
K.    lOSi'i. 

Tn  Mrlx-K  1,1  V.  Miilnimn  C.  It.  C... 
(1S!I.-|)     lii-i    Mii'li.   7.  tl.'i   v.   W    i"''>7,   it 

u.i-  111). I  r.al  a  railroail  i iiiai,;..  wliirh 

i'M|'ii-i'-  :  iN  cnL'liii'i'r-"  tlic  iliilv  of  ill- 
"[irrliiiy  (l"ir  cii'jiiii-.  till  in'oviili'-i  no 
I'llicr  imllioil  I'f  iii-jM'i't  ion.  to  kirp 
llirin   in   a    r,  i-miilily  "iifi'  loiidition,   i'< 

li.ilili.    to    of    il'-    hiakPMii'ii    fi  v    an 

iiiiiiry  riTiivi'il  lluoii^'li  llir  fiiliiii'  n( 
tli»'  pnirinc  I0  ii'-]i.miI  pn  inptly  to  tin' 
air  brake,  wliirli  'irfnl  wa-  knn«n  to 
tlip  oniiim-T  wlio  tontiniifil  to  \]<i-  ttic 
i'nj.'iiii'  aflir  knnwiiij;  of  tlic  ilil'nl. 
wlii'tliir  smli  riiinliii't  1»  consiilcri"!  as 
a  conipli't*'  iic'uii'il  of  l''i  iiKi-li'r'~  iliily 
of  in-]M'ctioii  or  till,  ill.-.il  inipo-ition 
of  ..iii'li  ilir>  iiiKin  a  I'llliiw  srrvant,  'Iiu- 
I'oiirl  -aiil.  ■•■'^iirli  iii-prit  ion.  in  the 
onlinary  ii|»'i.ilirn  of  tli('  ro:i<I.  i"  tlio 
act  ol  a  fellow  xTvaiH.  as  bet  .mi  n  tlic 


I'li^iiiM-r  nnd  briikiiiian.  ninl.  a»  liitu.tfi 
tlii'Mi.  iloi'»  not  coii-l  Unto  Ihi'  •'ii';iiiiii  i 
ri  |in-i'iilativ<'  of  llic  ni.i-l'  r. 
Hilt  if  till-  iiiiiipaiiN  niakr-  i.o  ,  |m  r 
((•ri.\  i-iiin  for  iii-|«'i'l  ion.  ami  ili. .  .,  i,, 
ri'lx  upon  till'  rr|K>it'>  of  ilo  ihm.  .Iv 
firniii;    rc|Niir-    until    broaki    orMir,    nr 

until    tlic    opitaloi-.    ill    iliii'   looi t 

lnmin('-'4,  ri'|"irt  ilefci  i'..  \\c  nm-i  iiili  r 
i«iiy  lliiit  il  has  m  ^ilntcil  tho  o  .tv  oi 
iii!<|a'i'tion  tllii'.'il'irr.  or  til"'  il  hi-  iiii 
(Misi'd  onr  of  its  iliilii's  npi  n  it*  .  111 
iivi-^.  iinil  that  il  iliH'K  iml  full  wiiiiin 
the  liniit<  of  fi  Hum  -crvicc;  or  I  hit  II 
nmy  ivi»i|  the  ilniy  wliiili  llic  l.iu  im 
po'<i">  by  invokin;.'  'hi-  rule  of  fi  IImh 
i«'r\anli'." 

It  li.i.*  b(v  ,,,'1  ilovvii  Ihnt.  allbiiii'.'li  n 
car  inspi'cli  r  ii  nut  lie  a  filloH  -  unit 
of  a  braU'iiiit:'.  yit  an  iii-l  nii'tion  Oilrh 
tniits  nil  ■•wr>anl»  wln-e  duly  ..  1-  to 
examine  tlie  eai-'"  as  not  fello.^  «i'r\  nit- 
of  tile  lirakeniaii  is  erroii'siu-  Mi.  h  an 
instriietii"!  in  broiil  enoiijili  to  n n  r  tli" 
nPHlifjeii.,'  not  onlv  if  tbe  ear  iii-|.. .  i.  i- 
at  tbe  various  ear  -Imps,  but  al-.i  lii.i 
of  coll.  iieliirs  ami  oilier  tniinineti  !i 
bave  a  like  duly  to  |M'rforin.  wiiil.-  ii 
rliai;;e  iif  tbe  train.  ('/.  .mh/o  it  I  /, 
f'o.  V.  Il,iil<>i,i,r  (ISS-.;)  II  111.  Ai.|. 
5Iii.  This  ease  was  nver-iil  on  i|.|..  .1 
([IHSiil    1H»   III.  .-.I.  7   \.    1:.  ilssi,  1,11' 

on   tile  ,'ili.iu  ■llier  ilillVr"';!    •_■: I   lli 

tbe   brnkenian    wan    ;rnilty    of    coniiil 
toiy   neL'li;.'i'nee   in   not    iiiakliiL'   sin  li  at. 
ill-peel  ion   a-   he  -li.iild   Iimm-  iloiie. 

In  .S7.  /.I."  V  /.   1/    .(  iV.  /,'    '■„    V.  !!!■■ 

(IS-***)  r.i  .\ik.  4<i7    4  I..  R.  A   17.1.  r 

S.  W.  (,!l'.>.  llie  f'tiii  -aid:  "Uhil.'M. 
leio;!lli  •  the  liahili'\  of  llr'  i  ,il».i; 
eoMip.iiiy  fur  the  willul  or  ii.-^lij.iii  .1. 
fault  of  it*  1-1  f  in-i"'.tois  am!  lii..- 
deplltei!  to  sup  I  1  l-e  the  condi-inli.ilieli 
of  un-iiilalite  I.  ■)-.  rollin;.'  -  •  I,,  eh- 
we  cannot  a--eiit  to  t 'le  pro|  -  a  tli.'' 
evei-y  yard  in-|Mctor  mi  th  iiif  nf 
railmad  is  a  vice  prit  ipal."  IIh' fiiin 
tion  of  the  y.ir.-  it  -|«'elor  \\a.s  to  iri-|»i' 
cars  on  tbeir  arin.il.  i.iai~e  trillirj  r- 
pails,  and  mark  tbeni  unlit  for  u-' 
wlieiiever  tlu-y  «err  serioii-ly  dai.iai.i'.l 
'I  his  ea-e  was  followed  ill  SI.  /.',«l- 
/.  1/.  a  S.  ,'.  Co.  V.  Itn, II  I,  (ls:i:i|  6T 
.\rk.  ■,"'''>.  .'ii  S.  \V.  Hll.'i.  wlieie  a  lireiiiin 
was  iiyl\ir<-l  by  the  iicLdiL"  "e.'  "f  ■' 
Hvviteliiii.iii  in  pull  in;,'  a  .iefr.iive  lint, 
in  a  car. 

In   Ht.    /.■•     ^.    /.    W.   rf   •"    II.  '■•   "■ 
aniiws    (I8S.. :    4ii    .\rk.   :>■:>.  a  i-ar  in 


i  tl.MM 


Vlt  K  I'ltINt  irM>im'— DKT.MUS  ttV  WiiltK. 


l**.! 


trino  tliiH  laid  il..vvii  i^  ■'nl)j<>i't  \n  pxcmiilitiiil  in  tin' 


iliirh  |i 


I'lcil  ii|Miii  tli.r  \\»-'<\\  lliiii,  wli'  ic  lln'  (luiv  uf  iii-|i.('tiii<;  jiml  npiiiriii^' 
H|i|>liitin'('s  isfii-l  ii|"'ii  an  ciiiployoc  not  ikmiiuIIv  tnuii;:<(l  in  ilic  w.irk 


<|iertor  »n«  tii'M  t.i  I.C  n  fillow  mtv 
(if  11   tir;il«iiiiiii   iiri   tl 


lint 


■:l   T.-x.   H(i.    11    «.    W.    t:.rti    K.lh,   T. 


ikI  tlii.i   In-    I'.',../     iHx.v)  (1.1  Ui-..  :«•:,  :io'i.  ,-,:i  .\ni. 


nut   ill  rliirt'i'  of 


,-|,:.r,,l, 


iMi'iil,  mill   tliiil  lii->   cliitii-H  ili'l   mil  rt- 
i|iiir«  (.fMT'iiil    im<li:iniriil   «kill. 

In  niii'thfr  fii-**'  it  wii-*  •.li-l  tlwit  fho 
rule  nt  )o  tin-  fiiriii«liiiiL'  'if  ii|i|ili  nm-i 
,iiii|  iiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiM  lliriM  ill  ri|>:iir  i'*  liiti- 
ili'il  in  itit  fi|ii-i^il  ii'ii  til  till'  ii'.'i  iito  «lio 
nil'  riii|>lii.Mil  t'l  li  <il>  ifirr  mill  w<>  lliiil 
llii-i-  tiling'*  iiri'  iliMM',  "\\r  <l<>  iKit 
III!  Ill,"  mii'l  till'  diiiil.  "til  ililiiniim- 
til. It  tliU  riilf  wiiiiM  i\liiiil  li>  cM-ry 
«iilp;illi'iii  will)  limiiiiiir-<  nil  iin  •■ii'.'iiii-  in 
till- i<iiir«r  I'f  iiiiiMIx;  liiit  uliin  tin'  nmi 
jMiiy  !i|i|>iiiiil  •  ill'  ii,:,i-iil  fiir  -.1  |iiriii'ii 
lir  |iiit|'i'-''.  Iiii  I'l-  in  tin-  liin'  <•(  lii^ 
»|ii'ri,illv  lire  tliv    ii'-<  i>(  till"  iciiii(inii.v." 

SI.    I.ntir       I.    M.    .(     >'.    /.'.    ('•'.    V.    II'IIIHI- 

ilS-^ti   4t    \rk.  r,-2\. 

U  lull  iil-i)  Ix'iii  liiil  ilinvn  thiit  iilii'n- 
Mm  nlation  Miiitiiim  il  liv  ii  car  iiHj)  ilnr 
I"  rnr  ir|iiiiiiii  in  iiuti'Iv  tlmt  of  a  tfW 
tii;in  iliii'lin;.'  Iliiir  Ilium.  In-  i»  imt  a 
vin-  piiiiiijial.  /'oM/i/ri  V.  Itiiney 
(1H!I3)    M   Ark.  201-1.  i>»  S.    ,V.  2.")0. 

'I'lio  ni'LJiiri  "PC  "f  an  ch'Iiii'it  in  run- 
iiinu'  mi  iir-'ii  williiiut  a  lirailli'!!il.  in- 
vliMil  of  iiIhm  i:  nil""*  rii|iiiiiii;.'  Iiii"  •<> 
cxatninc  tlif  ii  ,'ine.  anil,  in  ca-i'  of  'li' 
(ti'fi.  til  taki'  it  to  till-  I.  iiair  ^liirji.  till' 
niiiMi|iiinoo  hclns  that  n  ll.i'-'inan  at  a 
iri>--iin!;  »n«  killril  i'*  tli  it  ii<  a  frllnw 
siTVant.      Mclliuiiil.l   v.    '  Yml-  ('.  rf 

II.   R.   R.   Co.    (lH',t;i)    ti3    llun.    .'iX',    IH 
X.  Y.  Sii|>p.  (iO!). 

A  Illinium'  riimi.any  W  not  liaMf  for 
the  iir'jlii.'i'ii'ii  <  '  its  fiMriiian  in  f.iilini; 
tn  -li'  that  tl.ii  biini|iri  -  i  f  n  car  wi-ir  in 
proiicr  rppnir.  Vi'x'i  's/.'i/  v.  UilU'ilr 
I  ,„il  rf  /.  Co.  (18(»7)  Jl  .\i«l>.  Div.  HIS. 
47  X.  Y.  Siijip.  .'iHli.  Here,  I  ui'vcr,  the 
iiiastcr'i*  iiliatiility  scciiii^  to  bi>  ;i» 
-(  rti'il  In  tfniH  ti"i  l>ri>ail.  as  iho  cmnt 
-|ii':ik<  of  tlic  fact  o(  the  cii-iTvici-  .f  the 
iiiiiiriil  ami  di'limincnt  servants  a,  siiHi- 

rirllt    tn    |>li-Vrllt    ni'iiM'tV. 

(cl  Iiispi rtion  of  rollin<l  ttnrl;  he- 
h>.'!  "  111  <itlnr  com /ill  II 'I  s. —  An  in- 
s|»iiitr  of  foiei^.m  ralKiay  cars  in  a  fd 
linv  servant  of  a  hr  ikiM,i:iii  eii^'au'eil  in 
niHTatin;;  thom.  Uml.-iii  v.  Ituxl'  i>  it 
.1.  U.  Cii.  (1S.S3)  llij  Main.  201.  4(j  Am. 
Hep.  4."iil;  Siiiilh  v.  I'lillrr  (  1.S91 )  40 
Mich.  a.-i'*.  41  Am.  Rep.  Hil.  0  N.  W. 
2TS;  Mrjiiiin  V.  R.  Co.  v.  .S7ii  i/n  •  isni  : 
Tix.^  IS  S.  \V.  l.'il.  Kulhmiti 
toil,  //.  it  ii.  a.  U.  Co.  V.  tar 


ilipirt-     Itep     -"•■-•,    J:!    N.    W.    »*'"» 


-V- 


I  ciiii-iilcratii.n  ritiiil  on  hv 


iiinl      III     the     M.I-- iiliM-ilt«     r.i.i- 
iii.-l.  th.il  a  •yiti'in  (if  inH|>iliim 


the 

.lliiiM' 

niiy  lir  ,iili'i|iiiite.  rii'ti  IhiiiL'h  it  ih  i« 
nut  |irii\iile  fur  the  i'\aii<ili  iliili  nf  fm 
ei^'n  can  r.t  tin-  |'i'iiiti  wliiie  Ihei  mi- 
taken  intd  ilie  triiii"  nf  tlie  enipli.i'  I.  i< 
not  sillpiiiirliil  hy  any  •  il  i-f  ntniy  na 
Hon*.  The  aoerlinn  tliit  thrre  l«  no 
duty  in  the  |>nnii-i<.  Imiii-e  llir  <erv- 
•lilt  ktii'M-  "Mill  I  -y-tiiii  III  lie  in  oi«i.i- 
tiiin  Mill  till  rifiii'o  ii««illiiei  the  ri-k-  in 
eiilrtlt  111  it.  i-  a  lliele  /li/'/i.i  ;ii.,i.i/;m. 
'I'Iki  ipir-iinii  >lill  riiiiiin-.  wliiilier  the 
circiiiii^tanii  1  arc  appnipii  i>'  fur  the 
applieatiim  nf  the  diiti  inn  nf  .i--iinHil 
ri-k<.  The  prr-iiit  iNrilir  ii  -iiiii"ly 
nf  the  npiiiinn  th.it  thi<  qiii'-.tiiin  -In  nlil 
lie  iin-niri-il  in  the  ifjitive.  In  the 
llr«t  phlic.  the  Cnmlll-inll  nf  the  cilirt 
tliat  the  ri-k«  nf  the  ly-leni  wire,  n«  a 
P!  i(li-r  nf  law.  :i-^ilitM-i|.  ^ci'iiis  tn  Iw  jlH 
tiltihle  only  nii  the  hyiinllii.i-  iml  hy 
any  mean*  'clf  evii!.  n'  that  I  lie  -in 
iint*«  cniiiprehrii-i«iu  of  thiwe  ri-ki  v.m 
a  pen-niplniy   infi  rence,  eith  e  the 

plainti'i    oppiirtiinitie-    nf  •:    in'iie.' 

hini-rlf  with  the  niamur  in  uhieh  his 
own  I'lnplnyerK  carriiil  mi  tlnir  Im-iM  •-■<. 
or  frnni  the  ireiii-r  ility  nl  the  li«ai;e 
wlijih  prevails  ainnriu  railway  cniii- 
panics  to  omit  tile  in-ni'Clinii  of  fnni'.'ii 
eirs  at  rcceivin:.'  stnl  imis.  'Ih  .  nini-.iifii 
to  ailvi'it  to  these  n|ieiial  ehniiiits.  an  I 
tn  ili'tirinine  their  pnsise  «i;.'nirn' im-e 
in  ri'latinii  to  tlie  iiiijince.  is  of  itself 
a  serious  (law  in  the  rca-nniiit'  nf  the 
cntirt.  Iliit  tli:il  reasiminL'  is  iiKo  •!  li- 
riint  in  n  still  iimre  impnrl  Mit  respect. 
-  that  no  attempt  i-  niaile  li  ili-liiiiiiiie 
how  far  the  dix'trine  of  as-iiiiipi  inn  of 
risks  niiLihl  to  he  allnwril  toiprililv  (he 
0|KT,ltinii  nf  the  ttliviry  nf  nun  ileli'.'ahle 
duties.  \s  alnidy  nniarkid.  that  the- 
ory has  his-n  wnikiil  out  in  \Ia^-arliii- 
M'its  in  a  form  soim-uhat  iliiren-nt  frmn 
that  tthii-h   it  has  t-iikiii  in  nllii-r  .st.itc*. 

lint,  miller  any  fonii  wliiili  il  can  take, 
it  si..-nis  to  he  e-^si-nlially  iiicniiip.it  ilile 
with  the  nci-ijilaii'-e  of  a  ih"  irinc  which 
declares  tliat  the  servant's  kiinwliil-je  of 
llie  jp'iieriil  system  adoplnl  fur  the  con- 
iliiet    nt    a.    dii«-    ^meiit    •■!    li.-     :...-in.>i 

tUahles  him   fi     ii  mai'  '.liiiiii'i  i!    TiiailPS 
i"-ii-  i^'-il  '       -itiiiie  pailicular 


i 


1812 


M  AMl.i;    .\\l)  M.!!\  AN  l". 


(c   MAP.    XXMI. 


(Irfcit  in  till-  !■•  '"iinoiit:iIiti<"5.  uliicli  !■< 
iii>t.  ili»iiivi  !■  i|  I'v,  I!  ;.'  I<>  lliiil  "•>  -l<"iii.  To 
IkpIiI  that  llic  >i  TV. lilt  Hssiiiiiis  till!  ri-*k9 
lit  tlio  viirimis  iihni.riiKil  ~|..pr.iilir  i-4>ii(|i- 
titjiii  uliii'li  iiiiiy  |><!~-ilily  !"•  >ii|>rr.iiiili'tl 

tclll|Pnl;irily     to     tli-     CIIX  II.    I'lili  111  .     Iiwillj! 

Ill  iIm'  '  nnwii  iiiiiK  rfi'ri  ii  M-  hI'  iIh-  i-iii 
|>!i»\iT*.<     nrriini.'1'iiii-til"-.     i^^     ;i     liiM-l  s  iin' 

»llirll     it     IMil     iilll\     i'\l  K'llirlv     llil^ll.    Iillt 

wliirli    ui'ilil   ii'iiil  t<i  nullity  i j.l-lily 

the  till  I  I.N  lit  iilisdiiiir  (lutli-^  ill  il-  iilii 
limi  til  (iri'iU.  ill  till'  f.ii'i'  I'f  uliirli  till' 
scrv.iiit  i«  iiini^iiiilly  lii'l|ilrs-,  iiinl 
ii;.'aiiiKt  »liirli  III'  is  tlirniKii'.  in  ia'ii 
llP-^i.  t'tltilli'l  to  till'  tlllli'-t  llli';l^lli  ■  III 
|)iiilritiiin  vxliioli  tlie  lini  cati  iiII'HiI. 
(Viiii|i  111'  5  L'7!l.  I'li'i'. 

Ill  Ni.  i(/i  v.  I'uihr  (  \>*^i)  til  Mi.li. 
2.".S,  (I  Am.  l;.|i.  101.  !l  N.  \V.  liT:;.  till' 
riiiirl    ar^'iiiil   tliif:      "Tlii'  \Miik  ilmir  i» 

til    Ih!    (I ;it    all    liiims    ami    at    iviy 

placi-  wlii'ii'  llii'ii'  all'  iMilmail  riniii  i- 
limi-i  witli  ulliiT  iiMuli.  It  is  imt  a  iliil.v 
if  niainrji'iii'iit  nr  ;;riii  ral  Mip  i  \  i-imi. 
Iiiit  ii  ta-k  fur  wlilrli  iiiilliiii'j  is  i  i|iii!iil 
lint  flili'lily  anil  iini'liaiii' al  kimu  Inl  ;i' 
I'f  a  r<iiii|iaral  ivi-ly  liiiiilrl  Uiml.  II  i~ 
siii'h  work  as  wmili!  rti'lilmn  ln'  ilrI._Mri'il 
111  an  olIiiiT  111  t'Stiiisivi'  irs|Hiii-iliilil  iis, 
ivliii  lias  iilliii  inti'ii'sts  III  liKik  aflrr. 
(tut  wliati'vir  111"  its  qnalily.  it  \\  i~  in 
tlii^  i-a^i'  nut  riainiiNl  to  liavr  lii-i'ii  pi  mii 
in  uiim^'  Ii:;m's.  Nutliiin;  iii"ir  rmilil 
lift  nski'il  of  t^i-  i'iii|>liiM  I."  lliiii'  is 
no  dilVi'iiiiri'  in  Ihr  nalnir  of  iln-  ilaii- 
;;vr.  or  in  lliP  i|iialily  nl  lln'  ini  im's 
i-in)i1iiyiii<'iit,  lii't\Miii  till'  ra-'-  of  sliift- 
iiij;  raVs  lii'liii!;iiii;:  In  iiiIiit  mails  ainl 
rais  Iiili  iiL'in;;  t*>  ^'n'  saiiii'  rnaii.  I>i' 
fills  in  liolli  loail  to  llir  siiiii'  ri'.iilu, 
anil  till'  nii'tliiiils  of  i'\:iiiiiiitii'j  Uilli  ai'i^ 
iili'iil  iral.  W  liiTi'  a  i:ir  ha-  liii'ii  ilaiii- 
aL"  il  hy  -laiii'  iiiinry  wliii-li  has  i'->M{n-il 
iiiliri',  it  raniiot  f.iiily  hr  saiii  tli.il  i-iii- 
|ilii\i'rs  i;;i  I  rant  of  il.  who  liavi'  tikiii 
all  till'  ii-iial  anil  rra-iMiahh'  pi  I'raiil  ions 
aL'aiiist  il.  iii-i'  any  iiioii-  In  Iil/iin'  in  thi' 
Ola-  ra-i'  than  in  tin'  i.lli.-r."  This  titi- 
li^mn  was  siilis<'i|iii  ni  l\  i'\|>lainril  as 
ha\  iii^  hiM'n  hasi'il  on  ihi*  ;!ri)niiil  tli.il 
till'  ili'linqni'iit's  iliily  «as  not  onr  of 
iiiaiia;.'r'im'iit  or  ;.'i'ia'ial  Miprr\  i-ii  ii.  as 
in  till'  rasi'  In  ii.ii'  llii'  I'niirl.  I  kii  Ihi- 
«,.  V.  I, •/■lln,-  (ISHll)  7S  Mii'h.  I!I2.  44 
\.  W .  .'iT-  iiliik  ill  iiiill  yanl  not  ri' 
(lainill.  I'm  olhrr  criln  i-iiis,  stii'  kiiIkI. 
1  f  I .    infill. 

In  riiiriiiiiiili.  II.  if  n.  It.  Co.  V.  .We- 
.Wi<//.;(  (issii)  117  hill.  Wilt,  20  N.  K. 
287.  the  court  iinlini'il  to  tln'  \  irw  that 
hispiTtors  of  fmri'jn  cars  \\iii'  frllow 
servants  of  thr  Kr  iKi-:iiaii,  Ih.*  \"ii'\\  fir- 
ing l^nkcn  that  "it  is  nm  lIu'  iliily  ui  the 


riiiiipan.X'  In  fii  ii:-h  appliani'i'^  nnil  in 
si  niiiiii'l  ilii  irs,  lull  to  niaki'  |>riip -r 
iiispiTliiiii  aii'l  ;.'i\i'  iiolii-,'  of  ili'fi  cu  o 
.ii>y  all'  foiittil.  an. I  llial  thi-.  iliily  i-i 
pi'i  fi'miril  l.y  tin-  riiiployini'iil  of  a  Miili 
I'iial  iiiinili  I'  of  ('iiiii|M'ti'iit  ami  skihtil 
iii-| .  c  I'll -.  who  ari'  siiliji'i'i.  ,|  to  pi',i|..  I 
niirs  iiml  insirni'tions."  Tin-  ihlV,  i  im; 
lar   ill   ihis  ca^i'  Im'Ioii^'i'iI  to  t'lc  il  ■liiiil 

lilt,  anil  llir  siii_>ms.i  ion  a-  to  innl  ii 
r.irs  H.is  ili'linili'ly  ilrti  rniiiml  iml  m 
riiiliiiiU    till'  tiiii-    mil'   in    /,i.;.i.    i//i.    \. 

I.  .(  r.  It.  Cii.  V.  It, Ills  (ISI.17)  I  lU  Iml 
Mi.  4.-)   N.   i:.    IDS. 

In  an  inli-riMi'ilialo  rase  it  was  In  |.| 
that  a  iiiinin;;  I'onipaiiy  fnlhls  il-  iliii) 
to  its  si'ivaiils  us  to  iiispi'..|ioii  of  imi- 
liii  iii-hi'il  it  fur  ti'inpor.iix  iisi'.  In  -up 
plyiiiy  I'lMiiiiili'iit  and  skilful  iii-pi.it.n- 
-  iiliii'|.t|..l  ti>  pri'iM'r  iii-tiiii't  ioiis;  aii'l 
III'  nr.:.'li,vi'nri'  »)f  nonih-jwi-lion  in  -inh 
ra-i'  is  mil  that  of  \  ir.'  jiiim-iji  il- 
\,,ilr  V.  .li,,l:>,„H    Hill  Ciiiil  .f-  r„l.,    (■■■. 

I  is'ii )   I.IK  iiiii.  411.  :ts  N.  K.  .'iji,  i;. 

liiarim.'  Di'iiiiil  in  I  lS!t4)  l;i!»  Inil.  IIV 
:!!•  N.  i:.  14V.  Thi-  iiiiirt  siii,|:  "I,, 
Ihr  |iir-iiit  ease  tin'  inspi-ilors  ami  lln' 
appi'llaiil  oriiinii'il  a  irlatinii  to  tin'  a|i 
prlli'v.  in  all  I  .-.iii.ils  iihiiti'-al  willi  llui 
oriiipi-il  li.\'  till'  iii-|H'rlors  ami  iir.iki" 
iiii-ii  of  lailw.i.v  i-oiiip -nil's  h.-imlliin,'  i-:ir- 

of  ollnr  roinpaiiii's   in  tlii-  I'oui f  itif 

ina-li-r*.!  hii-inr-s.  Tlif  cars  riinr.  ih.i 
IIS  iii-i nimi-nl  -  of  tin*  scrvii'i'  siip].!i.l 
hy  thi'  ina-lir.  hill  as  inciili'iil-  i.f  n- 
lilisini--.,  anil  from  tlio  ili'iH'inliin  i-  m 
the  ni.isli'i  ii|ion  tlm-i'  not  ill  any  in  ni 
ncr  iniiiiii'i  i|  with  -m  'i  hiisini'--  m  -ii'' 
jilt  III  t'  iii.i-lir'-  iliol.  If  III!'  ill' 
fcrls  hail  'I'l'ii  ill  till'  ori'jinal  i-nii-l  riii- 
lion  of  till'  iirs.  it  ciailil  not  he  s.ii.l  li  .i' 
-llrll  ilrli'il-  were  rlial  ;;i'ahlc  to  l!ii'  M.  .' 
li;;i'ni-i'  of  the  a|i|Hllii';  nor  cm  il  In- 
-aiil  «ilh  'jn-ali-r  ici-on  thai  tin-  ill  n- 
pair  was  fimii  the  fault  of  tlin  appillri'. 
or  that  a  iliily  ri'slnl  ii|miii  tin'  api'iiln. 
Ill  mak"  the  i- pairs.  I'lii' csliiit  of  lln' 
ap|M.|li'i''s  coiitiol  oM-r  the  cars  «a-  in 
till'  n-c  of  lliciii  I'm  toailinj;  cnal.  an. I  it 
v.'s  not  ri-spiiiisilih'  to  tlic  apprll.iiii.  '  i' 
.rMiii'  I'll.,  for  tlii'ir  siiHiiiiiiiy  .i-  i 
ni'ins  of  transpiirlat  ion.  The  fiilni" 
In  iii-pirl.  til  set  hrakes.  or  tn  tilmk  tin 
uhi'rl.  when  till'  (ir-t  car  «as  ii'innvr'! 
was  ni'!.'li'jeni'i'  in  the  use.  anil  imt  in 
till'  sii|.|i|\  in,..;  of  ill  I  iniin-nlalil  trs.  Oiii' 
line  of  ili-liiirlinn  lielwii'ii  \  ill'  prim  I 
pals  anil  c<H'inployi'<'s  is  -ii  the  iliiiy,  ii. 
one  instanie.  to  supply  or  in.iiiilaiii  in 
striinii'iitalil  iis  of  the  si'r\  inc.  ami  in 
I  ho  other  of  ii-inir  the  iiist  riiim  nl  iliH'" 
siipplii'il.  \e;;liyeiice  in  the  lir-l.  Ihiiu,.'li 
tli.il  u(  a  erisaiit,  iit  the  inasiir's  iii'gli- 


9  i>M] 


vii  i:  I'iiiN,  ii-\i>iiii'    Di  I  \ii 


s  OK  WdilK. 


ISIU 


[I'IK'O,  w  hrit'  III  I  lie 


j-  iImii  >  r 


IVII 


I.I  II 

iiu     ^riv.llll. 


11'  iii'vli'_''-m'<' 


riii-  ,1, 


■Aiiiclii.ii-i  ii.,in    i-  I    .1    li.il.li.  f,,r  ||„ 


tillcllllll       kl'l|l->       III       \  I      U       I  111'       |>|<>|M 


'liMlh  of  n  liri 


III, It      ulliTl'     III!'     lllll^liT     III 


III. Ill      l,v    II,-    i,,i| 


III'.'  1(1  tl 


iiii  ill  III-  I  iii|ili.y.  iMii-cil 


ill  III! 

h 


iiti- 


14    i.wn.    Ml*    l:;i\      III 


III    tl 
il     Im 


iii-i'lf    |i;ii(i.'i      liii.rl.if    li,,i|,i-    :,|'|, 


lis, I 


l.i-t.lllr.ilU 


II*    llrL:ll:_M,|ir. 
1.1     tl.     I.. 


r    l'rlii..\  iii'j 


.1 


l-l 


'lll,.:i\     ,ll 


|.-.    w  ll.T.,    il     i,   |,j)-t    lif    Ih- 
■    III. 


ll'll.ivy    M'l'(   int.  ,,„!,      ,,.,,  i:,ii      ^        ,     ,„,„;„;,.,,,,      ,_   , 

Tlli'<    l|.'.'i-i.i|l     «:ls    ,-\|,|;|il|,M|     ill     I,,, Ills  I!    ■',     ,       l.,,:l.l       II       ,•      /.      i;,        I    Is. I'll        "C 

nil,  \  A.di:  /.'.<„.  V.  /(.,(,,s  (is'i:)    \|,,,  11, V  jij.'.-„i  \  1,  -,  ;    ;^„    ;;' 

uii  iii.i.  .-.III.   I.-.  .\.  i:.  i.is.  .,s  i„.ii,M  ,i„.  .,,,„„,  ^,,,|„.^,|    , 1,^,,   ^    ^. 

l,H-<-.l..ii  til,'  Ihi'.iry  lli.il  IIS  til,.  ,I,.|'.  ,.,i;,.  Si,|,|,,    M'.'li.    tlii-    II. I,,,..     „;,,    ii„|,„„.,r 

.  ,r  liMii  l„.,.|i   1,,,1','y    ,l,.|iM.,,.,l  t.,  „  ,.,.1  ,i,„„j,   ,,|,|,  , ,.  i„i|,„,,i.,„  .,,'  , .„■ 

,.iiii|i.ii;y  to  1.,'  l.,..l,.|  uiil,  ,■,,,!.  III,.  I,.,  ,,,  I,,   ;,.    ,,„,,,.,.,    , 

l.ililV     (if    Ihc    li:lii,'C     SMI-    ,-M-l|lii,||y     (iif  II,     .'.,/,/:     X      '/,■„/,,  |.,„;,       I,.,     y       y 

I'.  I'l'iil    fr.iiii   tli;il    of    i-iiiJHiiv    (•..iii|,:iiiic>  !;;.>,    I.;   \.   |:,    |_>,i    ,,    ^,  ,,   |„  |,|  n,',,     ;^,|, 

uhi.'h    receive    liiieiMii    p,ii>    |,.    Im-    for  if    ,|    .1,  ,,|,|    |„.    ,,,.,,:.,,.  |    ,!,,,,    ,|',..|,„,. 

"■'",'''"'•,  ,.  ,  ,.        ,  man  ill  .ii.iiM,.  „|  „  ii.h.n   u  ,-  II,..  ,„,,. 

((I)    h.s,,.rh.,„     „,„/,•,/,„„      ..f     „lh.-,  t.T-,    „'.,  ,     ,,,.,     (.',     ,„.),„     ul,„.|,    ,,,,     ,,, 

l.nnlK    i,f    ni'lrh, .„,■/.       .\    -lU.iil     e.iiiiK,!  ,|elen,,ii,,.,h.    I|.    1.      '.x  .-    ,„,    |i,|,i|iu     |,  , 

h...M'i'  H'li.i  1-  iii|iii'e.|   »lii!,'  clciiiiiii.  .1  Mil    injiiiA    ,■,!,,-    1    In    ,|,,.  ,|,.,.|,,.|    ,;,•   ,„,. 

...I'.li-enneliim.  I.y  III.-  iMi-lii.i;..  in  ..fa  m;,.  hinl-t    ..n,|.l |'  f..,    -,„  li  ,|„ii,.,     ,„ 

,ii..vmI,1.    Imiii'.l     wlii.'li     «;,-     i,|.„ h  .....III,,     ,,..,,1,    ;,.,,],,   j, .l,in,i    u 

f:i-l.'ii...l.  II,,'  mil    wliiel,   l,..l.|  (|„.  I,,,,,,.,.  lir  .    ,1.1,  1,,.  |,;„i  , „|.„,|  ,„  ,1,,  ,„ 

I...I    Leiii-   Iil^IiI.ii.mI,       ,s',„,//,    v.    /..,„,//         'I'l,,.     i,,,.,     ||,,,     .|,  f,'.„,|  ,,„ ,     i,.,.     .■„-• 

-\     -..n.inl     .■,ii,.l,.ye,|     ,„,     „     ,i„|,i„.r  ......e  ..f  .,„  ,.„„.|.,,.,.,.v  ,|i,|  „„,   ,.,.n.|,.r  il„. 

i.iii.'liiii..  Ill  a  .'..tt..M   null.  »l,..s,.  .|„|_v  it  ..in|.I..V'.'-  ii.  ;.'li'.,i,l    in   iim,,.,  ,|i.'  ,I,'|..,i 

»a,   1..   >,...  tln.l    tl,..   n„.,.|,ine    »„.    |,,'|.i  ive   l.,„.l....t.    -i,,,.,.   ,  |„.   |„„.K,  ^   ami    lli.'i 


iniiiiiii^'.    Ill    t.ili-    i.ir    II, i.    f,,||    |„ 


III.I     |-Mt     en     elil.  I'-,     tl.     lll.lifv     111,!     n,  I        ihi 


■|..iii 


.|iiiiilt,.,l    III    t|„,    ,.,,,.,.    ,,f 

.,     ,      ,  ,,     ,     ,  •  'l.'-'ir:.     I,    V'.  h..  ail.'il   ill  Ih.it    i'a|.aej|\ 

-.■.T  if -II,'  kneu   that   III.'!',.  w.i-.an.M .^    a.-  a   si,,.  ,„i„.ii,,|.      I/,,,,,,,,   v     /.„„  ,    ,) 

'M'eii^'    alieiit     III.,    ii.ai'liiii.-.    anil    ti.    -«■.•    A-.,„  ^/, ,     iliiol)      pi-'    |||     ■;>^     ,;|     \-      1.- 
Ih.il    II    u.-i-   ke|,t    el.'aii.   an. I   Hi,.   |H.|-,„n     ||::.    Allii  i„ji|.j    ,|S!i!li    III    Til'     \i,i.'   ''li-'' 

who-e  I„iMn.-s    it    vva.   tl,   I |.  tlii-   „,a  , ,. ,     /,,.,.„,,,„„    i„r,.l.  „i„l  '  n,    n:,     ,'' 

.'lull..     Ill     i.|.air     u.i.-     fellou      -.•i'v.,,,1-.     ,„,/,     „,      t,l„..,,,„,      „.,„,  ,,    .     ,1.,,,..,  ,. 

,v.'  V.  Hi,,,,  i-i,ui,.  \i,ih  iissri   III  ,■,,„„  -I,,;..,.,,  .I,'.,,,..  ,„ .,„■',": 

Th,.'u:',X^"'f''"i'u'-  '\^-  ';• "" ""'''•"' '"  ""■  -''^  -^  .i.iii'i..iii 

III..  ii..ii,lin;,.  ,,t  a   ,.,  It    ,,-.,1   „,  tr.iii-     a   „..  u|,i,.|,  |,|,,i„iiii   „,,,  ,.n,„|,„,.,|  ,„ 

iniitin.,.   ,,„»ei    l„   ,1   ,el,,i„.n    .,„,|    .vlii.'l,     ,,if,,i„.    i,    is   ,„„    ,|„.   ,|„| ,    „f',|„.   ,,,„ 

I  m'";"    •■    ;•'     r    "   "r    ""■  :'"'^'  "l    ''"'■'■   • ■''-  i-l-'i..n:   fur  "ini^e:. 

■        ';.,, ''.',■■' V     '■    '"•"     ''•^''"'    '    -I1..I-"  afl.'i'..a,'li  e\ i,i„.       /;,„„„,.  V 

\|...  Div.    .1-1.  ■.•.,,  N.   N,  Si,,,,..  :;.i:i.  ,,,„„    ,  |,,„„      ,„  ^   \.    ^  ;• 

An    ..ni|,li.vi'    I-     i„,i     |i.,,,|,,     |,„      ,  |„  ;,|j| 

.I...th    .If    an    ,'n,,.l,,v'e    .•,.i,-,.,l    l,y    ilie         |  i...    f. ,„    „    f,  , ,  , ,„    ;„      „, 

,;,,%,■,'■''  ""  ■'  "■";'"'"■  ,'"  '■''•■l'"l;:-l-l.-l '.ii.in  ^vll..tl,e|■anv 
-  Il  I  I  1  1"  r;V"'I-,"'  "■"""  ""'  '■''  ■  -  "'"•"•■■•I  Mn..x|,l„i,.,|  i.  ,1,.,  ,;f 
HI'l",*''  'l.'le;;,,le,|  I  „•  .liilv  ,.i  ,a-|,.'e  a  in,,- ■  ..i-e,  s  ,,„• .  I/,,,,,,,,.,,  ,■,/.,,,„, 
i.ai    aii.l  ,.,„i„ni.:i,e,.l„,|,,  „,.,,.  ,„,,  .,,,,,     ,,„     ,,^,,.,    ^.    |, „„;,,,,.,,   ;^ 

|ll''l.        es|„.,.|„||y      ,f     ||„.     ,|,,,.,,,|..,|      |.|„.„        .,        ^,|,  .,-., 

"■"    ""■''''    '"    "-■    "•'-    ""-II-       "    ■■'  M,'    /„..;„,,,„„     „,■     / ,,    „„     ,„,,,,,„ 

v'v ".„;:'%•,"''"• "  """■  ""■  -"  ■"'■■  '-^'-^  ■■''"■  5 "■  I  -uM 

'    '""    ">'  lla.  I...IIS,  am     sl..an,   Ih.r.'l.y    l„...l    i.    ,.,'„|„.rlv   arran,,-.!   ami   a,||„-.,.,l 

'■'!■■"  •"    .■".i;a,...|     .M    .-.aii.liiif:    .,   ,',.11....,    „,,:„„   „„.,.,|,. 

I-'   ,.       ll„.   u„,U    n,', -irv    ,„    ti;;l,l,.|i    ('„.    (iss :!    \-     ^•     ..-,1      ,    I        •      \' 

;l-..._,.lain,i,reanii..t   --T.     A.e      1„.  „    v.    i-.  ...\„:  ...-V  ,', J,';    '>,,V 

'W'l.ll     4o\„T  lie      .-.,.;    .•.Vv'  "■      """"        ' '■■f""';'l1.        Il;..i       fnil,ll,..|        ,1, 

.  I...  )  io  A,,|,.  I),v.  .,2!.,  ..4  N.  \.  S,,,.,..    ,|ii,y    ,„  ,,„.  „,,  ,,„.  i„  j„  ,.,„„,„^.  „,,.,„ 

it    tiiiiii-lie,|    ,1    |„.|i,,i|y    s.ife   ear   an. I 


i 


-  ^^^1 


1814 


M  \srKi;  AM)  SKKVANT. 


[niAP.  \xxii. 


i;;j 


II!  I 
i  l.li 


jfiiiii' 


appli:inii>- .  nn<l  whi-n  it  al«o  pnivMi'il  a 
syMtoiii  of  iii>pi-ri  ion  iif  ciiK.  Miicl  |iiii|M'r 

IM-rsiilis   In   in-lnnl    tlnlll   ilftrr  lllry    ucK^ 
ondeil  iinil  licluir  lljcy  were  to  ho  tnkrii 
away.       The    tailiin?    Ii>    iiHprrl,    or.    it 
iii'ipiMUon  «rn'  iii:m1i',  tin-  failun-  to  ice- 
lify  the  iin|>ro]Mr   l<>;iiliii^'  by  wliiili   tlio 
liralsc  was  iiii.li  iiil  iim'K— ',  was  not  lliii 
failure  of  lln'  inaslcr  to  fiillll  lii-^  ilii'.v 
to  lii-i  -crvaiit.  l)iit  it   wan  \hv  Mc;;li;;i-iiic 
of  a  cii^irianl  in  tarr\  iii};  out,  the  orilcrn 
of   111,-   ina-tcr.       Tlir"  iiia-tir   is    not    an 
in-imr  that    all  his   s.rvaiits   shall   |«T- 
foriii    llu'ir    (hity.    ami    lie    |>eifoniis    liis 
dulv  to  tlie  -erviint  ill  this  reyarJ  in  pro 
viiliiiy    a    system    of    iiis|ieelion    ami    in- 
trust iii^;    its    perloriliailee    to    eolllpetilll 
hands.      If.  theie;ifter.  such  servants  aro 
^.'iiilty   of   iie'.;li'jrnce.    the  nia>ler   is   not 
r«^■pon~illh•  Ihir.  for  to  a  roservaiit.     Wo 
do  not    -ii'  that    the  i|iie-tioii   is  in  any 
way  alteii'd  liy  the  fael  that  the  ear  was 
loa.h.l    l«y  the   servants  of  the  owner  of 
the    luuihir   whieh    was    phu'cd    upon    it. 
Whoever  loaded  it.  the  master  had  pro- 
vided for  an  in-pection  of  the  ear  lii'fore 
it  wa-  to  lie  laUeii  away,  and  if  the  in- 
s|«-eti"ll    VMli'   ne'jlecled.   it   tta-   still   t  he 
Baine  m-Ket  of  a  servant  of  the  (h'femi 
nnt    to  do  that    whieli   he  oUL'lit    to  have 
flone.  and   such    muleel    w.is  not    that   of 
the  uM>:er  in  fnlliiliuf.' any  of  the  duties 
wliieh    he   owihI    as    masier   to    his    -erv- 
nnl~.       It  eannoi.  we  think,  he  properly 
contended  tli.it    the  nia.sler  f.iils  to  jiro 
vide   a  ear   uhiih    i.s  a  safe   and   proper 
one.  or  that   he  fails  to  provide  one  with 
proper  nppliai'ii-.  li(iMii-.e.  IhroUL'h  the 
ne;;lii;ent    manner    in    which    the    ear    is 
loaded,  the  appli.iiiee  is.  on  that  aeeoiint 
only,   made   ii-eh—~   lor  the  purpose   for 
wliieh  it   was  intaeleil."      I!ui;er.  Ch.  •'.. 
and     Andrews    ami    n.infoith.    ,T.T..    <lis- 
sentid.    the    latter    on    the    (.'roiinil    that 
when  the  ear  was  tiirni-hed  to  deceased 
it    was   loaded,   not    an   empty,   ear.   and 

at   that    moment    the   ni     .1 it    of   the 

brake  was  oh-t  rueti'd.  ■     .1  tlieiefore  the 
rar  w.is  i:<iiierfeet  and  .lallt   fur  u~e. 

Ihi-    i-a-e    uas    followed     in     I'liiil    v. 

I.„l.f  sl'<.,.-  .(■   I/.  >'.  /.".  '•".   (issih    11: 

\.  V.  Ii:l^.  --  N.  K.  IMll,  where  the  em 
pli>vees  who  had  loaded  ears  were  held 
to  Ih"  fi  Hew  -ervanis  of  a  switehman 
who  was  iniiiii'd  by  a  piiei  of  limher 
whieh  fell  from  one  of  tliein.  ouin;,'  to 
the  failure  to  s,eiire  the  load  with  the 
side  stakes  furnished  Danforth,  J., 
dis-ented  on  the  ;;round  that  the  evi- 
deni-e  showeil  that  there  were  no  hiaek- 
ota  provided  for  the  reception  of  -lakes, 
and  that  thi'  defect  was  ther^'for.'  si  riie- 
tiiral.  Ilu'.'r.  Ch.  •!..  and  Andrews,  .).. 
concurred  in  thi»  view. 


On  a  snhs^picnt  apjKMl  ([IsOII  |j| 
V.  Y.  4!i;l.  IJ  I..  I!.  A.  t.-.l.  Jii  \.  1: 
1101),  the  plaintiff  was  iH'rmilled  to 
reeover  on  the  ;;round  that  the  compoiy 
had  not  established  pro|H>r  rules  pre- 
-eiibinL'  the  manner  in  which  eirs 
should  he  loaded  with  hinilier. — 11  thiiiry 
not   ili-(U«srd  at   the  lirst   trial. 

To  the  ~aihi'  I'lleet.  Bee   Hiiiliii  v.  /».  ^ 

„,>■„':  ,t  II.  r.tiKil  r„.  (is'is)  1:  App. 

l)iv.  ;ill.">.  ."lO  N.  V.  Siipp.  sT ;  Jiiriiioii  v. 

chiif'i',  a  11.  r.  It.  r„.  (IS!»:!)  its  Mi,!i. 

i:i.").  .'iT  N'.  \\'.  :!2  (liiemaii  of  aiioil.r 
train  injured  by  a  projeetini;  liniii  ■! 
a  tree  on  a  Hal   e.iri  ;   /,■ //i.v  v.  Mnl.ni.i,, 

r.  /.',  fo,    ll! I    \1\   Mieh.  .•!;.  f-i-'  \.  W 

,S2S  (piece  of  limbir  fell  ell'  ami  iiiiui  i 
a  switchmaiil  :  /d  ir.  7  v.  Ihliuil.  U.  II 
,(•  .1/.  K.  To.  (  lH!i:)|  !i;  Mich.  .i^ii.  J,' 
L.  R.  A.  2iV2,  .■>('.  \.  W.  7.".li.  Ilcvcr-ii;,' 
on  nchcnrinR  (lH'.i;i)  07  Mich.  :'.i:i.  i; 
1,.  I?.  A.  :tl2,  .52  X.  W.  !I12  iMcCr  il, 
.1..  dissenting' I.  At  the  lir-t  hearing;  if 
the  last  mentioned  ease  the  niajc  lity  hi. I 
taken  the  ^Mdund  that  the  duly  of  in 
s|M('ti(Ut  went  to  the  eMent  1  laili  iiili.l 
for  bv  the  plaintilV.  and  that  Sifiilli  \ 
Vulti'r  (  1881)  41!  Mich.  -.'."iS,  41  Am.  Kip 
It'll,  n  N'.  W.  273  (siibd.  (c).  .VM/.,.!!. 
hohlins  that  a  ear  in-|Hctor  and  n 
lirakenian  were  fellow  -eivanl-.  had  hciii 
overruled  by  Iniiir  v.  I  liiil  d  /'.  I/.  /.' 
Co.  (  I8!)|  )  'S!l  Midi.  4111,  .'lO  \.  W  .  Mu'*. 
where  it  was  Indd  thai  it  is  as  mncli  the 

duty  of  a  railway  < ipany  to  see  lliat 

thecjirs  are  so  loadeil  that  hrakcinin 
will  have  reasonably  safe  acci---  to  tlni 
brakes,  as  it  is  to  s,',.  that  proper  appli 
anees  ar;>  provided.      Thi>   fiirtlicr  st.itp 

iiiellt  that  an  ins| tor  piiaidcd  ill  pur 

-uani-o  of  the  oblii.'ation  weuld  he  a  fcl 
low  servant  was  tbou'jht  to  be  erninceii-, 
(Ithi'r  <-ases  relied  upon  by  the  niajnrity 
of  the  jiidfies  were  rnii  I)iik(  11  v.  I.rlil- 
lilt-  I  l>iS!ii  7S  Mich.  4!f_'.  11  X.  W  .  '"7-. 
s-ii/.io.  ,ind  Minh.ii  v.  Itrlimi.  I\.  r.  .(■ 
1.  A*.  Co.  I18!llt|  SI  :Micli.  4.2:!.  Hi  X.  W 
I  I  I.  where  the  duty  to  ins|ii'et  the  p;irt- 
of  ear-  w:i-  held  to  lie  uona^-iLiii.ilili' 
The  uiimirity  drew  a  distinction  lutwciTi 
the  duty  of  fiirnisiiin;.'  a  -.ife  iil.nc  m'\ 
-ifc  ni.lehincry  and  the  duty  of  •v'-m: 
•bat  the  appliances  are  properly  a-iM. 
and  considered  that  the  duty  of  mx\v: 
that  a  ear  is  properly  loaded  ciiiin'  uii 
der  the  latter  head.  "The  injury."  -'i'l 
Montgomery.  .T.  (see  p.  :!47  of  Ih"  n 
poi-t).  '■re-'ultiMl.  not  fi'im  any  fiuli  m 
till"  appliinees  Used.  l)Ut  because,  in 
making'  use  of  suilabh'  -ars  and  iiiadiiii 
erv.  a  fellow  «er\ant  ncLdccliil  la- 
diltv"  The  view-  of  the  miaorlly  pf 
vaih'd  iiiMin  the  sub- queiit  hearing  •• 
the  casi'.     The  court  said    ( se«'  p.  'i'l'i  "' 


i  (i20] 


\  1(  10  I'llINi  ll'AI>llir— UKTAILN  OK  \\(»KK. 


islj 


till'  ii'ixirt )  :     "The  rciil  |i<iint  in  ciiiilni' 
viT>v  liiTc  iji  wlii'lliiT  the  (liity  of  ii.  iims- 
tiT  i>  to  !»'  »'Xtciiili'<l  s<i  llial  lie  miiy  \>u 
iiiiiili'  linl)le  f(ir  tin-  ncfflirt  of  u  car  in- 
»|H'il(ir   ill    not   iilKcrvin;,'   tl     ;    a   car    is 
iiii|>ii>|>crly  loaded   wlicn  it    is  to  l»;  put 
iiitii  the  train  fcir  tiaiiKiMiitatioii.       There 
in  i](i  <'i>iii|ilaint  licre  abiiiit  tlic  car  itself. 
It    was    |ii'i|H'r    in    C(>ii>tnictinii.    and    a 
"afe  lar  li>r  use   in  that   si-rvice.      I  |'i>ii 
the   lirst    aijniiiieiit    of   the  ease    in    this 
court  the  real  point   in  controversy  was 
not  so  fully  pointed  out  and  considcreil 
as   upon    the   rear^Miinenl,    and    the   case 
was   ie},'ardcd   ns    very    similar    in    prin- 
ciple to  Smith  V.  I'ulii  r  {  I  SSI  )  4t)  .Mich. 
:i.iS,    41    Am.    I!cp.    111!,    il    N.    \V.    JT:!, 
which    Mr.    .lustice    -Mctiiath    consiileipd 
•m  virtually  overruled  liy  the  later  cases 
cited  ahove.     There  is,  however,  a  liroad 
ilistini'tinn  between  SiiiiUi  v.  I'lilirr  anil 
the  present   case.       In   the   former  case, 
the   injury   complained   of   was    received 
hy  rwLson  of  a  defect   in  the  framework 
of  the  car  itself,  while  here  the  accident 
is  nttrihutnhle  to  iiiiproper  loadini;.      In 
the  later  decisions  the  diHlrine  of  Siiiilh 
V.  I'litltr  has  lieen  douhti-d.  and  the  rule 
hroailly    stated    that    the    mailer    must 
furnish    to  the  scrv.int    a   -afe    place   to 
work,  and  safe  appliances  to  wiirk  with. 
.    .    .     Hut  in  rcfjard  to  the  pni|K'r  h>ail- 
inp  of  cars,  quite  a  ditreient    rule  must 
necessarily   prevail.      The   master   must 
uiiilouhtedly  exercise  care   in    the   scdec- 
tion  of  inspiTtors  to  sit  that   cars  are 
not   inipropi'riy   loailed   or  overhurdeued. 
so  that  they  are  danyemus  to  employees, 
but  after  this  has  been   done,   it    cannot 
i)C  claimed  that  the  master  is  to  be  held 
responsible  for  the  faithful  performance 
of  the  insp«H'tors'  duty.      Any  other  rule 
than    this    would     make    railroad    com- 
panies insurers  of  the  lives  and  limbs  ->t 
employis's.      In  the  present  case  the  pro- 
jection of  the  lumU'r  over  the  end  of  the 
car  was   as  apparent    to   the  braki'iuan. 
if  he  had  taken  the  prirauiion  to  make 
observation,  as  to  an   iiispcctnr.      It   re- 
cpiires    no    s|>ecial    skill    or    trainin;:    to 
:isii>rtain    the    fact.      Tin-    duties    ,,f    a 
brakenian    an>   known    to   be   daiif.'erons, 
iind    when    one    enters    >uch    service    he 
must  he  held  to  have  assumed  the  risks 
of  the  employment.      lie  must    exercisi> 
care    liiinself    in    jroin;;   between    moving; 
cars  to  make  eouplinfrs." 

Tlie  opinion  at  the  first  lparin<.'.  which 
was  thus  reversed,  was  written  by  Mc- 
lirath,  .1.  who  also  composed  an  elabo- 
rate ilis,|.ntint'  opinion  aftcT  the  second 
hcarin-  Seme  i>\l  rael»  from  the  latter 
Vol.   11.  M.  4  S.— 33. 


may.   with   advaiita^'c.   be  j;iven   to   indi- 
cate the  aij;umcnt-.  adilui-ed   to  ^up|Kirl 
the    view     which     was     linally     rejected. 
The   learned   jlldj-e   said:      '•Tlic  dul\    of 
ilispeclin;;  the  car  it-cdf.  and  that   of"  t  In- 
iiis|«riiori  (if  its  conilitioii  with   its  Imid 
upon    it.   ha\c  a    iiiniinoii  <iri:;iii.       lioth 
spi  illy  from  the  duty  ol  pKitii-i  inn  whi<'h 
tile  master  owi--   to  the   >irvanl.       Tliere 
i-  iio  j,M<)iin<l  for  sayiiit;  that  one  of  llics*- 
ditties  may  lie  d«def,'ati-d  -o  as  t„  relieve 
the   master  from   all    liiibility.  and   tliat 
111.-  other  may   not;   nor  is  tliere  reason 
in   sayiii);  that    the  (xi-on    whn  in-pni^ 
the  car  itsi'If.  its  appliances  and   in-tiii 
mentalities,  with   refcieiue  to  the  -alely 
<if  llio-,e  enjiaycd    in    its   traiispinlaticiii. 
is    not    a    felhiw    servant,    while    he    who 
in-pi'cts   the  loaded  car   for  a  like   piir- 
|Mi-c.    and     to    «■<•     whellier     it     atloriN 
pio|ier  facilitiirs  f,.r  the  |ierformaiic-e  of 
the    duties    which    iiiiist     necvssarily    be 
IH'rformed  in  its  iian-portation.  is  a  fel- 
low   servant.       In   tin    present   case  both 
ililties   were  dele<rated    to   the   same    per 
son,  both   are  [K-rformed    with    refeicuce 
to  the  same  end,  .iiid  the  (M-rson  to  whom 
delegated  must  bo  held,  in  the  |x'rforni 
ance  of  each,  to  occupy   the  same  rela- 
tion to  plaintitr  and  ihf    'ilant.      It  ei-r- 
lai'ily  cannot    Ix'   said   t     •   ,   with    refer- 
ence   to    stationed     mai       lery,    belling, 
shaftiii}:,  ami  fiearin^'.  ihe  master  mii-l. 
at     his     [K-ril.     provide     the     necessary 
;;iiards   and   coverings,   and   arran^;e  the 
siirroiindinfrs   so  as  to  rcmler  the   place 
rcjisonably    safe.   yet.   as    to   a    train   of 
cars.  iM'twceii    which   a    brakcman   is   re- 
ipiircd   in  the  ordinary  ili-rliarye  of  his 
iluties   to  jjo   while  one   -ect  ion    is   bein}; 
driven  against  a  standing  -c.-tion  or  car. 
so   loaded    as   to  render   the    |H)sitioii   of 
the   brakeiiian    one  of  j.'ie.itly    increased 
hazard  to  life  or  liinbj  the  master  may. 
in  case  of  injury.  esca]K>  liability       The 
employnii'nt   is.  at  iM'st.  a  dan;;eioii»  one. 
It    is    as    essctilial    to   the    protection    of 
the  brakiiiian  that   these  sp.icc~  lie  kept 
clear    as    that     the    spaco    lie    provided. 
This  danger  can  be  fiuardei]  ayaiii-t.     .\s 
is  said   by   .Mr.  .Iii-tice  l.ony.  in   I'dhin  r 
V.   Uichli'iiin  r.   H.  r>i.    (IHliM    S7    Mi<'h. 
■iilO,  4!t  N.  \V.  (il3:     -Ir  all     ases  where 
the     ilanecr     can     lie     •    id:  i      f.Miardeil 
against,  the  eniplover   is  it    duty  boiiiid 
to   pintecl    Ihe  employiv  Sl    hii    peril.'" 
Where  a  hand  ear.  as  orijimally  fur- 
nished,   is    in    proper   condition    for   use. 
an    accident    hap|)eninj;    afterwards    be- 
cause of  it-  defective  condition  iiiii^t  he 
due   to   the    nis^'liyeiice  of    Ihe    wdrkmen 
usii!"  the  c:ir,  'ind  these  :ire  tin    fellow 


h        'U 


181)i 


.\i.\sTi;i;  AM)  sKi;\.\NT. 


[chap.  x.\.\n 


ti'.mmmuui 


m !  ^: 


IP 


wliicli  till'  i(l:iiiiiitl  is  (liiiiij;-,  snch  ciiiplnvcc  is  ii  vii't'  [iriticipal.'  iJiii 
this  circiiiiislaiici'  is  not  coiidusi\c  in  tiic  scrvant'n  tiivnr  iimlcr  the 
circniiisiiinccs  invulvni  in  the  ca-t'^  (iiscnsscd  ia  subtitle  C,  «<//'/" 
(sico  §  010,  imic  Oj,  and  is  |i<.->ilil,v  not  one  wliit-li  iri  invariably  ol  a 
diirci'cnliatini;  niialilv  as  in  lln'  |)n'>(nl  in>ianir. 

621.  Negligence  in  failing  to  replace  an  unsound  by  a  sound  appli- 
ance, when  master  not  liable  for. — Tlio  i-rsiilt  of  liif  iicncrai  )iiii! 
ciplcs  di>cns>('d  in  >;!;  ."I'.'O,  OUo,  aiiimi.  is  tiiat  tin'  masliT  cannot  li. 
lii'id  liablo.  wiici'c  llic  -.ubslilulion  of  a  -oiind  tor  an  uii- mntl  apjili 
ancc  is  snsc(']ii  iMc  of  Ipciiij;  ctlVcicd   i>y  nirfclv  select  inj;  aiiolbcr  in 

strunientalitv  fi i  a  stock  fiiniislicd  bv  ibc  master.      In  otlier  woi.l-. 

llic  (|nalitv  of  the  opeiatioii  tbroiijiii  wliicli  liie  siib-litntioti  is  carrii  1 
out  dcterinint's  the  (inalifv  of  flic  whole  transaction,  as  bcini;'  the  ili- 
chariic'  of  the  fiinctioii-  of  a  :".er(   servant.' 


siTviiiil.s  of  tlii'ir  fnrciiiaii.      Wri/iioWv  v. 
I\itr,i„iifl  (IS!i-J)  r,:!  lliin.  -.'s:).  17  .V.  Y. 

Sll|.|>.   SiCi. 

'\nrd  nmlsclici  IJorfd  S.  S.  Cn.  v. 
hi;i<l>,<i>sl,  It  (isn4/  ."iTN.  .1.  I-  ll"».  ni 
.\tl.  tilil:  ■liiilxon  V.  iHidii  (IHSHi  IK! 
X.   V.  Ii."..">,  22  N.   K.  r,r,5. 

Ill  II  ((()(/.s  V.  l.ijiKi  luliiml  H.  Co. 
(iSliii)  II  A|>|).  Div.  it!.  42  N.  Y.  Supp. 
140.  the  court.  :iflfr  citinf;  scvcril  cases. 
siiiil:  "rc-tcil  \>\  llii'^c  aiittioritios,  1 
think  tliat  tlic  coiil  rolliiif;  coiisiil.Tation 
in  the  sdliitioii  of  llic  inic-lioii  licfom 
us  iniist  1)0  tlio  nictlioil  in  wliicli  tlic 
o|HTation  anil  luKincss  of  the  railroad 
was  conilnctcd.  If  it  wen-  part  of  the 
iliity  of  the  triin  liaiuls  to  make  the 
adjuslnieiit  of  the  lirake  rods,  then  1 
•should  .say  that  the  car  furnished  in 
this  case  \va-  mt  defective,  and  that  tlie 
failure  to  propiilv  adjii-t  tlie  lo.l  «,is 
the  neylit;eiice  of  a  fellow  ~ei\ant  in  llie 
conduct  of  the  work.  liut  if  the  duly 
of  the  train  hand-  wa-  only  to  ('|HMale 
thp  brakes.  i,nd  the  duty  of  ad|U-liii^' 
fheni  wa.s  imiMised  .,n  another  di'part- 
nient,  whii'.  rcpainnl  tliciii  and  ctiii 
Ktructetl  or  repaired  tin-  appliance-  tif 
the  road  fienerally.  then  1  -hoiild  --ay 
that  the  car.  iw  furnished,  was  ,i  di-ln  I 
ivo  appliance.       If  it    was  the  course  of 


III 


that     the 


■ar    should     he 


ni-lied   with  liraki-   in  condition   for  us 


res|.<cts  is  nieajrer.      But  there  was  nn 
evidence    u'iven    on    the    trial,    nor    vi    ■ 
there  any   claim   niado  on  the  ar.'iiinini 
that   the  train  hands  hail  any  duty  wiiii 
ic-  lid    to    the    adjll-tl'i.  lit    of    tlic'  I'lik. 
rods.       The  rules  of  the  conipaiiy  wnu! ; 
-i-ciii    to  ne^.iitive   such    .i  idaini.    ti  r  i'' 
mil-    rcipiire  the   coiiiliictoi-    to    ic|"r' 
at    llicir   trains   and    iiis[K>ct    the  -ilmii; 
and     hiakes.    to    -ce    that    tlicy    ai.     n 
piopci    order,   hut    no   duty    is   dc\.U..' 
upon  them  of  renieilyin^'  any  delccl-.     Ii 
till  tiler   ap|H'ars   that    it    is   the  duty  ■: 
tk.-    iiisjH'ctors    in    the   yards    to   iii-|..i' 
tlii-e    ap|>Iiaiices.    and    to   see   that    1  In) 
are    repaired    or    put     in    pro|K'r    onti 
We  are  therefore  of  (he  opinion  tli;il  ('• 
character    of   the   car.    as    an    appli.n'" 
iiiust   he  delerniined  as  of  the  lime  ulm 
it   was  furni-heil  to  the  train  hand-    n' 
llial    any  failure  on  the  part   of  mei  !i:!n 
ii  -   or  employees   up   to  th.il    tiiiic   icn- 
he  deemed    iic;.'lect   ill   the  iiia-Ici'-  iliii 
of  fiirnishiiiLr  a   safe  appli.iiicc.  and  ii' 
as  tli.it    of   a    fellow   servant    in   the  i  >  n 
duct  of  the  wi  rk  " 

I  lie  iniprojM'r  adiu-tmcnt  of  a  kn  • 
rod  conslitiites  a  .ici.il  i\e  appli.ii' 
.iiiil  not  a  mere  iic;,'kcl  or  f.iiliirc  in  I' 
'ail.  within  the  rule  rclatiiii'  to  llie  li' 
iiility  of  the  master  for  ilctrcis  in  xvfi'U 
aiic'..  where  it  was  the  iliity  of  iii-p"! 
or-  to  make  the  ad  iu-tnciit .  and  ic 


hv    the   train    hand-.    I    cannot 


vliy    duty  of  the  train  cmph 


11 1^ 


till 


improper    adjii-lnien 


iild  not   make  tlie  appliance  ilefective     Iti 


:it    of    the    parts     l.unii  hlmiii  It.  I'n.    ilsiili 


VZ  N.    Y. 


iipp.    Ittl. 


II   .\pi 


the  same  sense  and  to  the   Gallic  ixieiit         See  also  lliihji  v.  Husl,,,i  <!•    1.  ;■'.  ' 


if  sonic  I 


c  part  of  till 


ferti 
In    tl 


'I'l 


■liaiic 


ISSHi     117    M.I 


101.  i«  N    i:  li' 


\e    m    ( 


liaractci-.    or    w.i-     u  ,iiil  iii;;.    cited   in 


70. 


he  ten 


■.\       111,1-lcl 


ipi<'\  in: 


to  the  ojieration  of  the  railroad  in  these   keejj    tools    in    repair    or    npl 


111,  111 


5  ti-ii\ 


VK  K  i'Ki.\(  ir.\i,sini'-ui:rAii>  ui'  \\(ii;k. 


1817 


622.  All  employees  engaged  in  repairing  regarded  as  coservants  of 
each  other.—  in  tlie  cases  so  fur  ivvicwiM.  the  injiirnl  .-cnaut  him- 


uitli  oIlnTs  is  not  linhlf  for  injury  to  a 
.  .i-xTv.iiit  tlin<ii;;li  u.Hiiiji  a  tool  iilliT  il 
ii.iil  liiMiiiMc  dull  on  uccoiinl  of  tlii^  nri; 
l.Tt  of  the  MTvant  to  rr|>laci'  il  wiili 
irii.llicr.  Wihlnr  y.  J'i/i'r  (ISSS)  |0'» 
\.  V.  4'Mi.  17  \.  K.  J  It;.  The  court 
>iii(l:  '"The  nhistrr'n  ihit.v  «.i.i  per- 
il rrnril  wlii'ti  111"  furnir-li.il  siiitalili;  saw.s 
■  Mil  till'  iiiiMi!>  am!  rt>iiM'iiic'iici'r>  for 
Mjiin^  tliiiri  -liar|)  ami  |)ro|M'rly  »ct. 
ilic  saw.  t!:>  ii,';li  ililll.  was  nut  di'fcplivo 
ill  any  Iru'.il  -iiim'.  anil  the  nc^rliLTnci'. 
If  iiiiy,  wa«  that  of  Mmt-.  whose  duty 
in  >1t.ii  iKiiinu  and  si'llln^'  tlio  8a\\>.  was 
that  i)f  .1  f<dl<>w  servant.  A  eorilrary 
lull-  iiii'jh'  (Mny  us  to  ilie  extent  of  say- 
iii_'  lliat.  where  the  i}ia~ler  turni-lied  suf- 
l!.  M  lit  .111(1  adei|U:ite  iiiaeliiiii'i-y,  .  .  . 
Ijiil  its  niniiin.u'  lii-eatiie  i|:iii:;i'ri>us  to  the 
>:|»r.ili\e,  iwile-s  well  oiled,  he  was  lia- 
;.l  ■  fur  the  needed  or  oiin--iiai  iif  that 
-'■iMint.  There  are  many  iii.iUir^  of 
.|i'l,,il  in  tlie  ii;;ina;.' -1111111  of  -afe  anil 
iiilerjuale  iiiaeliiiiery.  wliieli  niiisl  Im'  iii- 
iru-led  til  the  o|KTativis.  and  as  to 
uhii'h  the  iii.i-^'Vr  owes  no  duty  e\i-'|il 
llie  eiM|il<  yiuent  of  e(im|(e(ent  \Mii-kiiii-n, 
.ind  we  del  Ml  tlii.H  a  ease  of  that  eliarac- 
icr.  rile  line  of  division  hetwi-en  the 
duty  of  the  master  to  furni-h  and  main- 
l:iiii  safe  and  adei|uate  ir:ii-!iiiiery  and 
ihat  of  llie  iiper.ilive  to  iii.inaL;e  and 
handle  it  viilh  prudeiiee  and  oaie.  is 
ililliiult  111  ileliiie  liy  any  u'lni-ral  desr-iip- 
lion,  hill  il  is  (juilo  olivious  wln-n  e.ieli 
i-a.»e,  as  il  arise>.  enmes  under  eun-i-!.  ■ 
ation.  In  throne  liefore  us  the  iii"_d.el, 
if  any.  was  in  a  ditail  of  tl:  •  niaiia;;e- 
iipi  Ml  of  the  niaeliinery.  .\  ina-ier 
huildir  nii^dit  fiiriiisli  pro|HT  t(Kils  to 
his  workmen,  hill  it  would  not  Ih'  his 
duly  to  sliar(i(-ii  every  rlii~el  :i~  il  hee.iino 
•  lull,  or  set  e\iry  saw  whin  thai  m-ed 
irnse.  The.  appellant  ndii-s  upon  tlifi 
iMse  of  Aoiji  V.  Sill  ilk  I  ISs-ii  S!>  V.  Y. 
MH.  If.  in  that  ease,  the  master  hail 
finiMstied  another  jij;uer.  perfi-et  in  all 
n-~|p.i  Is,  and  s-ife  and  adeipiale  for  use, 
and  the  iie^dcct  had  lieeii  llial  the  fore- 
man used  the  old  one  whieh  had  lieeumi' 
unsafe,  when  he  nii,:jhl  have  used  the 
new  line,  a  very  dill'eniil  ease  wiaiM 
have  tioen  presented.  Here  the  master 
-np|illeil  saws  enoinrh  and  the  means  of 
sliariK-nin;;  and  reset! injr.  and  if  tho 
servants  ni-'.dietiil  to  avail  themselves  of 
ttie  means  nf  smI,  ly  piovided,  the  \i]a<- 
ler  was  11, ,t  in  f.iiiil,'  fi.r  llie  s^iw  was 
not  defective,  but  iiierelv  dull  from  use. 


Its  oidinarj-  ellieieney  was  impairiMl.  but 
it  li.id  nut  thiiehy  lieenme  a  ilefeetivo 
iir    li    '".•i-i'iJiir,    maeliine." 

In  '/I'/'/a  \.  M'lisluii  (  1H!I|  1  l:itl  X. 
V.  .".'IS.  r,  N.  K.  !l,VJ.  ItiM-i-inj;  ilsilO) 
.1:;  X.  V.  S.  1!.  i.ii:!,  10  N.  \,  Supp,  (i,SI, 
it  was  helil  lli.il  a  mailer  was  not  liiihio 
liir  tile  fiilure  iif  ,111  eii;;iiii.er  in  ehar;.'0 
iif  lii.i-l  in;:  iii.ii-hineiy.  Ii>  replaep  old 
iii|ss  with  new  ones  mil  of  a  stoi-k 
whieh    was   Ui'pl    nil   hand. 

An  einph.vii  is  not  lialde  for  an  in- 
iiiry  siisi. lined  l.y  an  einpleyei-  while 
uoikini,'  ne.ir  a  deiiiek  nian.ij,'etl  by  a 
fellow  servant,  because  of  the  lireal<in;» 
of  a  ro|M'.  where  a  new  rii|H'  was  there, 
ready  for  use  if  the  wi  rknii-n  chose  to 
list'  it.  and  al-o  a  tackle  whiili  could 
have  th-eii  ii-eil  in^teid  of  the  single 
riipe.  if  defiled.  MiKiiiin,ii  V.  \orcrn.iif 
■  issit)  M,s  Ml-..  .-,.;:i.  .-1  I,  1;,  .\.  .320, 
■Jll  \.  K,  l.s:;.  !  he  (-1,1111  -aid:  "Prop- 
erly to  u^e  pulliys.  block-.  1  o|>es.  and 
other  ordiiiiiy  tools  imd  applianoo.H 
which  haM-  hci  11  fiiirii~lici|  hy  a  master 
to  the  wiirkiiicii  cmpliivi-il  ii|iiin  a  der- 
rick is  a  part  of  the  diilv  et  the  work- 
men. It  is  incidental  to  the  manage- 
ment and  use  of  the  derrick." 

To  the  same  ell.-ct.  see  Coninii)  v.  \nt, 
Yoil:  r.  it  II.  II.  U.  f'o.  (180.5)  "in  Misp. 
.".3.  ;it  \.  Y.  Supp.  11:).  Reversing  ( ISIlO) 
II  Mise.  tUI.  :V1  N.  V.  Supp.  !»■.'!  ;  /)(//.  7 
V.  Ihiatiiii  »(-  .1.  U.  Co.  (IHH8)  147  Ma>>. 
101.  l(i  N.  !•:.  (iHO;  JoliiLsim  v.  Ho.Wort 
Toir-HiHil  Co.  (IMS.!)  I.!.-.  Mass.  •_'ii;i.  4rt 
Am.  Hep.  -I.'iS.  in  ill  of  which  a  sul!iiient 
stork  of  rope  vv.i-  kept  on  '  and  by  the 
master,  and  a  new  one  mi;.'hl  have"  lH>en 
obl.iiiHil  at  any  lime.  In  the  last men- 
tioiied  of  the-c  ias<.s  Colt.  .1.,  thus  un- 
dertakes to  n-.-.  iH-ilp  the  dcci-ion  v.illi 
the  doetiine  liid  c!ov\n  in  l-Hnl  v.  l-'ifih- 
burn  '•'■  ''"-  '187JI  Iin  Ma-s.  2llt.  14 
.Am.  Hep.  .")IIS:  "It  was  ineidental  to 
the  u~r  of  the  ,ip|>aratus. — a  part  of  its 
rontemplatisl  u-e,  that  the  ro|H>  should 
lie  orea-ioiiall>  n-iiewed:  and  when  the 
defend. ml    li;;il    furnished   the  means    for 

liiaf    renewal,    and    ployed    Mixire    to 

ni.-il.e  the  renewal  whenever  niiMhsI.  it 
employed  him  a-  .1  servant,  and  not  as 
an  agent  or  deputy.  When  a  master 
has  furnished  suitable  strurtures, 
lae.iiis.  and  appliances  for  the  proseru- 
lion  of  a  busine-s,  all  persons  employed 
'ly  him  in  eariyie;.'  on  llie  !i!!sinrf*s  bv 
u~c  of  the  nil  ills  fiiini-hed.  inclndin!; 
llio-.e  who  u-e  the  means  direcllv   in  the 


u 


IU18 


MAMKi:  AM)  si;i;\  AM'. 


1«  ll.MV    N.WIl 


i^ 


'■•I  Ir 


'  n't' 


IN 


ft! 


I        ' 


1 

.solf  had  imiliinj;  Ici  do  witli  liic  wurk  nf  i-('|iiiiriiij;.  AiidiIk  r  priii'MpIc 
niii.iilv    liiliil    to   an    iiijiii-'il    -{rviiur-    ii;;lil    l<i   iiiaiiiliiiii    llif   aciinn 

cojiu's  into  plav  wIutc  IhmIi  lie  and  iln'  dcliniiin'nl  cdscivant  wfir  in 
gajri'd  in  tlic  work  of  rc|)airiii^.  rndcf  sucli  t'iri'iini>taMcc8  if  is  Inl  i 
that.  Iwin^  (•n;;ai;i'd  in  the  >;iinc  kind  dI  work,  th«'V  assume  tiic  ri>ks  o. 
ono  anotlicr's  ncfiiip-nit'.' 

pnxodil inn   nf  tlic  husincMs.   Ilic.-i.   wTio  -h  in-lt   (ISHO)  SO  \.  Y.  4(!.  3fi  Am.  i;r|, 

inainlniii  Ihi'iii  in  ii  I'oiulitidii  In  Ik-  ii-cil.  '>7't.  U  ii  di-liiiil  iiiillhnitv  fur  llir  ii'  ; 

and  lliiwc  wli.i  a.lMpt  tlictii  l<i  ii-r  liv  uiw  (p~ili<iii  tliiil,  if  tliis  liM'ciiii<iti\i'  IimiI  i,.. 

n|>|)liaiU'i'H  anil  ailaplations  in<'iilt>ntal  In  ^i-iil   mil    fmiii  liir  >lii«|i.  aiiij  afl    ruii  I- 

llirir    use,    ail'    follww    scrvanl^    in    llir  i'\|il(>(lcil  wliili-  in  use  mi  tlic  ilcfiinl  mi  - 

;.'i'iicral  ciiiployiiaiil    and  liii-inf^>.     Oiif  ii'id.     inJiniM^     tlio    niiiincrr    or    uihii 

<'iii|>l«.vid    in   till-  csiic.    ~iiprrvi~i(Mi.    ami  -ciViinN  i;f  llii-  dcf.ndaiit.  Ilic  11,111)1:111. 

ko'pini.'  in  (ndiiiny  iipair  of  llu-  imans  wiiild  liavc  liirii   ir-iMiii~ili!r.       Tin    n. . 

and  appliaiirc-  ii-rd  in  a  liii^inc— ■  is  en  li;.'inii'  nf  tlic  iinilcr  iMakii>  in  llic  1,1-. 

;:a(.'cd   in  llio  cnmi scrviiT."  ^iippi-nl  «iii|ld  lie  re^iaided  a-  tlic  iic^ 

.\n   eniployer  is    mil   lialde    for  an    in  liyeiirc  nf  II a«lcr.       Tlu'  ri-U   '  I'  tin 

jury  t<i  an    emplnyee.   as   fur    failure  to  iie;:li'.:riiic  i,f  tlie  repaiiers  and  iili.  Iiin 

furnish    safe    IihiIs    and    appliances,    be-  i>l-  Miiiild   mil    I iiiisiileiiil  one  i.i  tli. 

cause  tlip  liar  u~eil   when  one  of  the  em-  risks    whieli    a    servant    in    whose    li.inil- 

pleyit's   was   iiijiiieil   was  more  liable  to  ilie    machine    was    siili-ci|iienlly    pi  in' 

turn    than    that    ycn-r;illy    used,    where  fir   use   had    as^iinieil.        I  he   plicicL'  .  i 

till'   acciilciit    \.a-    due   to   the   Use  of    il  I  lie  Incoiiiol  ive  on  the  road  for  ii-.'  ,. ,  .i' 

williiiiit  liliH-ks.  uhich   were  nvailablc  at  Ih^  an  a-suiame  that  it  was  III  ;iii.|  ~iir 

anv   lime.      Ilnlhiinnii   v.    Illiiiuix   I'.    It.  ami    an    cni.'inccr    or   other    ser\  nil    v. 

Cii.   (1S!I»)    02   Iowa.  .■iriT,  liO  N.  W    (i.'il.  pinyiil    on    the    train    could    ml    l.c   -1.1 

There  can  be  no  lecoveiy  where  a   fcl-  p   -eil    lo    havi'    klinwn    the    eiiieli!  ii'ii   .1 

low    servant    sfdiclcd    a    defective    wheel  the   Incnimitive.  or  wlicllicr  the  iiirii  im 

for  the  purpo-e  1  f   n'placMif.'  one   which  pinuil  to  make  repairs  were  1  iiii|i.  ii  lit 

fnrmcil   part  of  an  appliance  f.ir  convey-  nr  the   iiianner   in    uliioh    the    u.  rk   liii! 

inj;  liiaiN  alon;;  an  overhead  wire.    Itiinic  I n    doiie.       In   thi.-    rase    Miiipli\    h.i- 

V.    Ilii^iiiiinis   fii.    (IH'.IS)    2"    .\pp.    Uiv.  not.  wc  think,  a  servant,  in  who- ■  linn.l- 

•J70.  ,"i(i   X.   Y.  Siipp.  4.')7.  the  h niolive  was  placed  by  the  ill  t'li.l 

The  failure  nf  an  engineer,  who  by  the  ant  for  ir-e.  within  the  principle  it  fi' 

rules  of  the  ci  iiipany  is  riipiircd  lo  kii'p  /<r  v.  ./(  » .  II.  and  like  eases.       Tlie  Iciv 

his  eiiirinc.   iiicliidini.'  the   head   limp,   in  iiiolive    wa-    >enl    to   the    repair   -lin|i  in 

order,  I o  replace  a  ^Imrt  wick  by  one  of  mder  that  it   niiuhl   be  made  III    tnr  iiv 

suitable  Icn^'th  frnm  a  supply  fiinii-.hed  The    iiiechanics    in    the    repair   -In  p.   in 

by    the  ciiiiip,iii\    at    a    cniiveniciil    place,  cludinij    the     intestate,     were     eii,|ili.yi' 

is  not  ne;rli^'ciic,>  which   is  imputable  lo  for    the    purpo-e    of    icp.iiriiij,'   ilil.'djiv 

the    master.       Simiixmi    v.    i'ltihul    Vii-  locomotives.       The    iiite~Mte    and    lii~  11' 

iiiiiiil  It.  Co.   (ISIMii    ."i  .\pp.  I)i\.  Iil4.  :!!•  labnrers    in    the    shop    wire    enL:iL.'il  in 


N'.  \.  Supp.  41(4 


the  «aiiie  department   of  service,  u.ii'm 


In     Miniilni    V.    Hush, 11    t(-     I.    A'.    ('".    under  the  same  cniil  rid.  ami  in  tl 


111  c|iiestinii  the  iMiiler  maker-  ;ii',l  Hi 
nlhcr  iiiccbanics  were  emplnycil  !••  >th' 
the  same  object,   li:..  the  rcparil i"ii 


(I8HJI  SH  \.  V.  1411.  4-2  .\iii.  Kep.  210. 
it  was  he  Id  that  a  railway  company  was 
not   liable    for  the  dpiith   nf  a   mechanic 

in    its    repair   shop,    where   the  cause   of  the   •Sacramento.'       !•    i-    true   that   tli'' 

the    disa-lcr    wa-    the    explosinn    of    iv  work  was  done  in  siici,--ive  sta^i-.  iitiil 

boil.T,    due    lo    the    iH%'liLreat     failure   of  diirercnt     parts    of    the     work     vmic    in 

his  crK'niployees  at   the  last  stable  of  the  Iriisled  to  dilViicnt   pir-oiis.      The  rrlil 

repairs  tn  d'i-invcr  and  repair  defnt-  in  lin;:  of  the  valve  and  its  ailjiisliiuiit  in 

the  boiler  which  li.iil  been  nverlnnked  at  the     leipiired     pri'ssiire     were     the    li-! 

■a  previous  -la-je  nf  the  repairs  by  nlhcr  lliiiij;s  tn  hi-  done.      This  work  w.i-.  In™ 

eiiipln\ei-,       Ihc  cniirt  said:     "W'e  think  ever,  as  necs-ary  in   tiltiiij.'  the  Imeini' 

this    case    is    not    within    the    principle  live   for  u>e   as   the   work  of   the  l"iili'f 

which    hoM-    tlic  iii.i-ter   ri'-pon-ible   fnr  makers    or    niachiiii-,!-.      The    i!!''-''"'' 

unsafe  iiiaehinerv   furnished   for  the  use  had    an   opportunity    to    iiilnnii    Iiiim-" 

of  the  -ervant.  "  The  ease  of  I'lilhr  v.  of  the  comiielency   of   his  coserviints  m 


i  ti-il] 


Vl«  I.  I'KI.NCII'AI.SIIIP— 1)KT.\II>S  OK  WORK. 


1818 


'l"lii<  i)riiiri|ilc,  liiiwcvcr,  is  liclil  not  to  I'c  cniitruHinfr  in  a  cihc  wIuto 
ii  liiiii<i'iiiiiii  who  i.«  rciiiiircd  bv  u  rule  to  iiis|i(rl  liic  Itraki's  of  liia 
triiiii  ill  ( Acrv  >liitiiiii  wiiiTc  ilic  train  -toim  is  iiijiirci!  \)\  tiic  iicfjii- 
■^cncf  of  one  of  till'  rci;iiliir  iiis|Hi"lors  at  a  tcriiiiiial  iwiiui.  For  roa- 
-oii>  cxiilaincd  in  tiic  note  !>c|ow,  it  is  considered  tiiat,  l.v  reason  of  tho 
ditl'eiviR'f  lielweeii  llie  diilv  of  iiispei'tion  restin<!;on  the  I  raiiiiiieii,  and 
;liat  iiiijK.Ned  on  ihe  ear  in^peetors,  tiie  two  elasses  are  iiol  fellow  sorv- 
. lilts  within  the  ijoeiriiie  whieli  exempts  the  nia>ter  from  liahilitv.* 


'■hop.      Ill'  iliiiiMli' 


-"I'i" 


'<!    tll;lt 


I  III'  "ilV  "f  ii   -I'lliiiii  iniin  ciiniiot  rr- 
I'.'   Iioilcr   iiiiiki'i-    liHil    iMTlonmil    thiir    c'c.mt   from   a    railiuiid   <iiiii|wiiv   for  tim 
Mlv :   utif.irliiiiiili  ly.  tlii'\    liiicl  iii-;'li'iii'<l    ilrjtii    iif    lirr    hii-linijil.    who   whs    ,\\,t,i 
.,  it       T'lil  Ml-  lliiiik  tlu"  ri-k  I'f  llirii   in-;,'-    I'luiii  (li'fiiiil:iiil'>  liacUs  into  a  river  liv 

i  Ii,  iMi-  wa-  iiic  lit  llii'  ri~ks  hr  a— iiiiiiil.    a  laiid-lidc,  wlur,.  ||ii>  r.|iilc-  «,!,  caiiM-'d 

I  ,1-    inriilriil    to    hi-    ciiiiihyiiiciil     ill    the    liy  tlie  failuic  of  ihi-  criw.  of  which  her 

I  .iiHiiion  serviii'.       Ii    \. oiihl  Ik-  Iihi  ihi-e    hu-lMiiil     uas    a     iiiiiiiliir      to    pioricrly 

I  .1  n  n-triKiion  to  hold   lh.it  the   ii|iair>    drain    a     IdiilV    on'rhaiiyiii;;    the    liaek, 

I  "ire    eiiiiiplelj  d     when     his     work     eoiii     where   -.inh   duty    w.i«   iMi|iiise,|  on    theiii 

3  If  riiinl.  and  that  the  -eltiiit:  of  tile  \alve    liv    Ihe    rule*    of    the   <oiii|..inv.    a>    -uih 

\  "Is    an    inile|K'nilent     and    dlseomii  eled    failiiri'  i»  llio  ne!;lip'iiee  of  fellow    serv- 

5  -irviie  in  resiM'et  to  a  niailiiiie  |hiI    into    ants.       Slaniix    \,     Smlhin,    /',    l{,    Cu. 

I  W\>  haiiiN  hy  tlic  eoiiipany  for  ii-e.      This     I  iHilll)    ;iS  C.  <'.  A.   I."il.  '17    fed.  -'rirt. 

}  iliini    of    the    |>laintiir'~    ioiiiimI    would        That    all    servant-.   en;;a;.'ed    in    repair- 

I  make  the  master  ri'spen~ilile  to  eai-h  -111-     iiif.'  a    railroad    tiaik   i.n-    in   a    eoiiimon 

I  .-(—live  employee  eiij.'a;;eil  on  the  |-epi;i-    eiiiplowiient .    vi-   also    ll(//,„ii,i    v.    Oi.- 

I  f.  r     any     nevli;.i'ii(-e     of     a     eoeniploMi-    iimi   SUml    l.im    d-   I  .    \.   /,'.   Co.    (ISlt'i) 

■I  uliiiM'  work  wa-  prior  in  [ndiit   of  time.    :il   Or.  ."i.'tO.  J8   I'ae.  ii:j."). 

illhntiph  done  in  eire<-tiiij;  ..le  eoiniiinii  .\  fureman  of  a  fiaiiu'  of  oar  reiMiriTu 
|.iii|.oM'  in  wliieli  all  were  eTi;;aj;eil.  ill  a>-i-liiiH  in  makiii;;  repairs  aet-  as 
Ilii-  would,  HP  think.  Im'  exlendin;.'  tlii!  their  fi-llow  >er\anl.  Uiill:  v.  Ilniit 
11^1  ilily  of  the  ma-li-r  further  than  is  \(irlliiiii  I,'.  Cu.  ils!i7,  tilt  .Minn.  :>\H. 
warranted   hy   the   ailiiiil;;eil   case.-."  72  \.  W .  81)5. 

To  the   same  etVeit    are   the    followinf;         .S-c  also  .We/ii,s.,H.  ■/■.  J.  .v.  /'_  /,'    (•^,    y 

i-iisi->:  .l/i7/<(.«   (  I.S'.Mii    ;:•_'  C.  C.  .\.  -JtiS.  4ti  I',  s! 

.\  servant   in  a  shop  wlio  has  repaired    .\pp.    -.i-Jli.    7il    Kisl.     4^,•^.     the    elfii-t     of 

^1  (liain  iisi-d  in  raisin;.'  Imomotive  driv      whieh    i-   stated    in   §   till),   note    I.   suhd. 

in:;  wheels,  and  anothi-i    ser>.int   who.  in     (a),  mi/, in. 

~<<  ii-iii^'  the  ihaiii.  i".  iiiinred  hy  its  A  swil.hinan  emplovi-d  to  shift  cars 
iiii-akiiiij  at  the  link  whieh  had  lieeii  re  in  a  railroad  yaid  ai  i-ordin;;  to  diiei- 
i.iiieil.  are  t  llmv  servants.  /i'o./ir.s  tions  upon  a  eaid  fiiinished  liini  l.v  the 
l.oriimftiri-  i(  \liirh.  1lor/.-.s  v.  Ilmiil  yard  despali-hir.  whose  diilv  it  wis  tn 
ISSSI    .->(»  X.  .1.  |„   4(i4.   II   All.  7ij,i.  ,„.,|,.,.    „.„,    ,,,    ,|„.    ,.,,,. ,j,.    ,|;,,|,   ,,||'  ,..,,. ^ 

I'laiiitiIVs  inleslali'.  a  timekeeper  at  marki-d  as  out  of  ii-|,.iir  hy  the  ear  in- 
.lifi-niianl's  paiii-r  mill,  was  kiMeil  hy  speetor.  is  a  lellow  servant  of  sin-h  in- 
the  hiu-slinv'  of  a   tec   in   a    sti-am    pi|»-.    s|«.,.|,,r.      Hilisnu   \.    \i,rlhin,  C.   /,■    f-„ 

I  i-i:i-ii,niil  1-y  tl -lion  of  Hie  sii|H-rin      i  Is.Sdt    -iii    lliin,  US!!. 

leiiihnt   of  the  mill    in   opening;  a    valve        An  eii^rimiT  en;.'a;;ed   in  repairing'  tho 

uhile    teslin;;    sonic     new-    .steam     pipes,    mai  liiiiery   upon  a   eoa  I   diM-k  is  a    fellow- 

Tlie    superinteiiih-nt     was    a    millwrii;lit    servant    with   a  lal.oier   ,-it    work    n-pair- 

Miid    had    ;jeni-ral    ehai-;;e    of    i!-;'  ,;.lanl"s    in;;   a    chute   connei-leil    with    sii.-h    dock 

iiiai-hiiieiy.       Held,   that    tl.  the    fori,,-   v.    Silr.r   frr,l.-    »{■     1/     r,„/    f-,/ 

siiiHriiilendeMi  in  o|K-niii;;      .-..;!       ,ia<.     (ISli:t|    84    Wis.     lis.     .-,4     \     \\      |ol<) 

as  matter  of  law.  the  act  oi    :   m.-,  •-.  int.     (sudden  starting'  of  eniiine  drew  a  cahli- 

',",.'",.    "'    ""'    '''■f''"'lt"i'-       ''•         '     \.    liiut.   so   tliat    it    caii;;hl    plai.ililD      Dis- 

I.   h     l,ri,nn,il„„  ,f.   Hu,,    (•„.    (I'.tllOi    .-,,-!    tiii;,niishin^'  /,io7i/,-.    V.  r/,,V././.,     1/    ^  HI 

App.  I  )iv.  ..!!:>.«.-,  \.  Y.  Siipp.  I  lie    I  in     /'.   K.  Co.    (IS83)    5!l   Wis.    I:j7    43    \ni" 

■tfies    niMii-te,!    while    the    w.-.rk    f.f    i„-    Rep.   IS:!,  ;t  N.  \V.  ,S7n  '      ' 

-j.-ftion     Is     i„     |,reo,-,.,s     were     ilistin         See  also  S     lil.S,    mite     I.    siilid.    (in) 

1.111-lM-il  tioiii  those  due  to  condilioiis  re-    ntilr. 

siiilin;,'   from    a    faulty    insp.rtion).  Mn  F.;^/n  v.    V.-,,    y,„/,-r   ,(.  //    /,'    /; 


^\ 

M 

'1 

ilk 
1 

M 


M^ 


ISl 


\Mu 


i; 


Is; 


1820 


MASIM!  AM)  SKIIVAXT. 


XXM, 


ro.  (l!M)Oi  i(;;i  X.  v.  :i!ti,  57  X.  K,  tio'.t, 

l!i'V«r^iiiK  14  A|i|>.  Div.  M,  43  X.  V. 
^mip.  tilii;,  till'  iipiirl  iir;;Miil  tliil-;  "W  >• 
limy  ciiiici-ii'  tliiil  llic  i|iii'->tiim  HlM'tlnr 
11  faulty  act  or  oiiii»Hii>ii  ri:Mi|>lMiiic-il  I't' 
in  iii';;li;.'iii(e  in  the  (llsiliiirjjc  of  tlir 
iliily  of  till-  iiiioii-r,  ii<  -lull.  III'  if  in  a 
ili'liill  of  till'  v.oik.  iMiiy  ili(it  11(1  on  till' 
iiiunni'r  in  wliiili  the  work  i*  iiiniiil  on. 
We  niuy  also  :i->iiini'.  for  llic  ai;:iiiiirnt, 
that  it  was  willilii  tlir  |>o\M'r  of  llir  ilr 

friiilant    to  liavr   ^ inliKtril    it-   lui^i 

ni>.«H  as  to  liavr  iiiailf  jt^  triiniiii'ii  iMitli 
lirakc'iiiin  iiiiil  car  in-;"  i'toi-< :  but  tiii' 
({iic^tiiin  ri-iiiiiin-  Mliiiiitr  it  iliil  n4>  in 
lliir.  ia»<'.  anil  \iliilliir  -mli  i-.  tlir  rlVi-ct 
anil  olijci't  of  till'  mil'  |)ioii!iil^Mtiil.  Tlu' 
qur-'tion  in  not  willnait  iiili'ir^l  to  llii' 
ilcffnilanl  in  otlit>r  cast':-  than  thit  he.- 
fori'  111.  If  till'  -anie  *rvaiit  is  1<>  liis- 
rliarjp'  tin"  iliili"s  of  ^^I'liarato  |H>~ilioiH, 
III'  must  havf  llii>  nrri'-^ary  iinaliiicat  ion 
for  cai'li,  to  III'  a  i'oiM|ii'li'nt  frilow  siTV- 
aiit.  If  a  liiakrinaii  i~  to  art  as  car  in- 
K|ii'cli>r,  hi-  iiiiist  hnvi'  the  i'X|)i'it  skill 
and  kuuwluiigu  which  a  jury  mijjht  Uud 


«a-  iiccc-saiA    to  i|i-ili;irvc   I'lc  iliitic-  .| 
Ihc   lallor    |io-iliiiii.  aii.l    the    ili'li'iiil  ■! 
iiii^jht     lin'l     itsi'll     \ii^     iiini  h     i'iiiiiih 
-crilird  in  its  a|>|ioiiitnii'iit  of  lr.>iiiii:i n 
\U'  lliiiik  it  i|iiili'  olain  that  tin-  iti  i.  ::,| 
.ml    iii'M  r   inli'Miii'il    lu    lihinl,   nor    li- 
hlcnili'il,    tli<-    two    ilisliiu't    |H>~itioa-    <| 
liraki'inan     and     ins|K'L'tor.      It     a|>|».ii 
thai,  a^  a  niattir  of  fact,  it  has  iis-uum  1 
to  iiis|Mi't   car-  at    its  Icriiiiniis  liy    -ci\ 
ants  i-iHi'ially  ili--i^iialiil  lor  ihai   |iiii 
|iosc.     'Ihc  mil'  iiroiiml;  ill  il  hy  tlii'ioni 
li.iiiy    iiiiisl    liaM'  a    ic:i nnaMc  con  iiii. 
lion,      it    iiiiiio-cil    nil    till'   trainiii.  n    I'n' 
o>i|i;.;:it  inn   of   lAainili.itioii   of   ihc   .i|i{ili 
ancc^      which      their     service     coin|iiliii 
Ihi-ni  to  ii-c,  both  for  their  own  |.ri.i.. 
linn   anil   llie   |iroteeti(m   of  the   |iro|i.ii 
of  till-  ni.ister  aihl   the    |Mr»ons  of  iln-u 
fellow    s|.|Aaiits.      riie  exaliiili.ition.  Ihai 
evei.    u^i-    not    neee-sarily    to   lie   thai   el 
an  e\|i<'il    iii-.|iis'lor,  hut  siich  as  the  ei 
ilinary    know  le(i;,'c  of  lirakeineii   ami  lin 
time  alloweil   lor  the  purl)!"!',  coii-i-li-m 
with    their    other   duties,    uuuld  vnalA 
thvui  to  uiaku." 


!      i 


iUiir': 


i  I.! 


liiM 


IM 


riTArTKR  XXXTfT. 

i.iahii.ity  of  tip.  >i  \sri:i!  c  (»nsii)i:i!ki)  w  itii  i!KFt:i;Kvrr  to  tm' 

Ql  KslldN   Wlll.lllll!    IIIK  IN.lri!l;i>  l'i:i!M>N   WAS  A  m:i!Va\t  :v 
I!K!S1'K(T  Tt»  nil:  WttlJK   IV  II  \\l), 

fi23.   Iiitr.hl'iilr.iy. 
A.  I.IMIM.IIY   AS  iii:rf  xu':m    i  i-on    iiie   iFMi-oRvny  nisi-kn^ihx  oh   iMfUMis-ro-. 

UK    111!     KKI..M  ION    Ol-    M  XMTKII   AMI  SKKVA.M. 
(i24.   Siiv.iiil-^   liinifil   on   vc'iiii  li'<  InldiiL'iny  to  llirii    iiii|.l.ivi|- 

u.  S<'r\iint«  Iriivclin^'  In  the  [h'I  funinincc  oi  ihrji-  aiiiiti^icl  ;i^  mm  <• 

km. nil  rUk-*. 
h.   'Svj\<i:rntf  of  oiiM'iviitil-  i^iriitin;;  the  vehicles;  when  il  iiiie.!  tii 

\h'  a   rink  ii-<iitiieil. 
C.    I!;i|llill.lle    of    tlli'-i'    ej-ei. 
d.   As-nni|>tieii  of  the  li^U  of  (he  iieyljyencv  of  serviihls  net  ni.ri 


Utilie   tiiinis. 
f.   When  MTviihts  II  neline  on  th'-ir  einiil 


o  he  |i:t-^eli;;el^ 


[lIliMI'^     \ 


■hiele-  Mie  .!.■ 


f.    M;l-lel'-    iiMii;illieli-     illlire     to    iH'lletit     of     ~elNiiiil      tnuilili;;    ill 


eip|i;>e  of  his  i  iiipii>\  iiicnt. 


ri2."i    Siiv.Mil-   in   Viirieii-  olli 


er   -iliiiitieiH 


(i2.')!i.    Ti  iii|w.iai\    iiili  rniis-ion  of  rehilion  of  iini-ler  nnil  seivaiil.   neve 
(Ill-Ill    In     llie    -erviint's    neuli'el    rrf   hi-   duties. 


r  |iro 


I!.   llMHirO    A>^   lill'IMiKNI    I  I'ON    IIIK  ()l  i:-.rio\    xviikhiik    iiii     vci    hiom   wmkii 

rilK     IV.II   l:>      I.I  SI   i  IKO    W  \S    OH    HAS    \ol    Al  Tlllllll/KK. 

IVM.    I'lesenee  of  si  rvant  iit   the  pliiee  where  the  .iieiileiil    ei  iiirieil. 


Cil'elllll-I.IIKes    lllelel     wlliih 


II 1 1  \iT\    hi 


•1    alleweil. 


II.  ('iiiiiiiisi,iiie<'s   under  whiili    hk.miv   has  hnn  ijeiiiiil. 

C.   Iliplil    of  reeuvi  rv   eonsider'd   willi    n  fi  reiiee   In  the  eiil|iali|i'  ol 


(1.17    Servant'-   ii- 


IioiHiilpilile   i]ii.ilily   of   Ihp   servan' 

lalilv 


I'lldllel. 


if   III. 


•.ineii   iii~li.inien 


I12H.   Servant's   ii-i'  of  lh< 


le   v'Heii    iii-lriiiiiei|lalil\    In   a   eertain   iiaiiner. 


tlv!!'.   SerMint'-    uiiaiil  hoi  i/.d    p.i  fiiiiiiain-,-   of   iiilain    work:    ..I'lierally. 
<i;;il.   I!i;.'lit   of  notion    where  the   iMJiiri.il    )iei-on    was   not    in   the  servire  of 

the  dofendani    fur  an\    piir|«ise. 
li:ll.    \'.iliinteers  snhjeet    to  -anie  Iiiird.iis  iis  serxants. 
li.'ij.   1*1  r-oii,  not  deemed  to  \k   suhj.H't  to  tlie  disahiliti»>s  of  volunteers. 
ti:i:l.    IJiylit    of  ailion   where  servants  mi<lerfake  new  duties, 
fi:!!.   Same  siilijeet   eoiiliiiiie.l. 
«;>'>.   rerfoiiiiaiiee  of  iiiiaiit hoi  i/ed  duties,  ron-ider<'il  as  tiein<j  indicative  of 

iii';;lieenee. 
6.'fli.   Minorilv  as  an  eleinenl. 


Till 


il'i  i-ii.lis  liy    wllioli   till'   ini'!lllill£r  rif  tlio  |ilirr's.i 


i;i  (lie  eniirsf 


1821 


1N22 


.M.\STi:i:    \NI)  SKI'.VANT. 


(l  IIAF.    XXXIIl. 


■t.^. 


||:ii.|;- 


•..it* 


of  his  I  hipliivmcnt,"  n?"  iiscil  in  ilic  kii^li^ii  WdriviiiPiiV  <'<iMi|M'nsuli  >ii 
net  ot"  IMt",  i"  fiiiistniiMl,  limy  ii-cfiillv  1h' coiiiimr*-!!  wiili  iliosc  ciini 
in  ilii*  cliJiitrr.    Sit-  jS  T'lN,  fn'tit. 

Dtlicr  ilcrisiMiis  JH'tiviii^  ii|Hin  flip  humip  !«iilijrct  will  l»o  foniiil  in 
•lie  s<H'ti<iiii  ill  wliii-li  i||<>  \Vi-i(>iii<in  Ktaliilcs  arc  n-viiw*  il.  Sec  !S  "til, 
note  s.  iiml  !5  T'l.'i.  /io.v/. 

623.  Introductory.— 'In,,  vstrut  of  the  (,i'f«'ii<liiiit"s  iiahility  ..fi.i, 
turii.s  lip  >n  the  aiiKwcr  f<>  tin-  <iuostion  v.-hcihcr  tin-  iiijiir«Ml  ix-rson  \v;i. 
lu'tin^',  at  thr>  fiiiic  whin  hi-<  injury  wa^*  rci-civt'ij,  in  tin-  capacitv  nt  ;i 
servant,  and  \vji<  tlu>r(  txir  <iititl<'(l  r.>  tin-  rijiht-i  iiikI  siihji-rl  f.i  ilir 
(lisMhililics  wliich  ihc  law  int'.-rs  when  ihc  existence  nf  u  eontraei  i4 
(•iii|iI<)Vineiit  i.i  estaliiisiieii.  I'niess  this  (]nestii>n  is  aiiswered  in  ili- 
allirniative,  it  U  manifest  tiiat,  on  tlie  one  liand,  lie  caniMt  lioM  jii> 
inasier  liaMe  for  the  non|>erforiiuuu'e  of  tiie  varioiin  i.iilijraiii'ii- 
whieh  ar(»  ti-eated  as  iiii|ilie(l  inciilinls  of  the  eontraet.  and  lliat.  nn 
the  other  hand,  the  ilefense  of  assnniption  of  risks,  at  ail  events  in  sc 
far  as  it  rests  njion  tlie  theorv  of  a  h.vpofhetieal  ajrn.,.i||,  nf,  \^  ,,,,1 
aviiiiahii'  to  the  ina-tir.  The  latter  result  i  ivolves  the  iniportani 
eornlhirv  that,  under  the  eireniiistaiKies  siip|iosed,  a  plaintitT  will  1m 
ahle  ti«  recover  for  the  iiefilip'iice  of  a  fellow  workman  to  win. in  lie 
h.ears  a  relation  which  would  have  admittedly  let  in  the  defen-r  ni 
eoiiiiniin  employineni  if  he  had  hei  n  injnred  whih'  actively  eiii;:iL'<il 
in  the  performance  of  his  duties.'  Si'e  also  eases  cited  in  S  lii'l 
snhsees.  I),  c,  d,  and  §  n;il,  infra. 

An  analysis  of  the  i-ases  which  deal  with  the  question  whether  flu' 
injnrecl  person  M-as  a  servant  acting;  in  the  conrse  of  his  emplovincnt 
shows  ihat.  hroadly  speakinjj,  they  may  he  divided  info  two  ch,  -i-. 
In  one  of  these  the  controllinc;  issue  presented  for  tleterniinatifin  i- 
simply  whether  the  relation  of  nnister  and  servant  was  or  was  imt 
siis]>ended  or  intermitted  at  the  time  when  the  injury  was  received. 
In  the  other  the  essential  Ci'Usideratioti  upon  which  the  right  of  actinii 
hinires  is  that  the  injured  person  was  or  was  not  authorized  to  Im'  in 
ihat  ])articulitr  position  which  he  was  occupyiiifr  at  tJio  time  of  ilu' 

'  lhi!( liiiis<,ii  V.  York,  Y.  rf  /{.  K.  Co.  flsp    they    may    difTer,   tlipse    cii^x-a  nil 

(IH.'iOi    .')   KmIi.  .'?4:t.   1!)   1,.  .T.   Kxcli.    N.  ii>rrc»'    ii|><>n   one    prinriplp,   nnil   tiriit   iv 

S.  ^!M1.   14  .hir.  H.'fT.      Ill  ordiT  thnt  tliis  llmf    if  tlic  plaintitT  is  not,  at  the  tiiin' 

<l<'fcii«r   iiiny    lie   aviiilalili'.    tlie   iircidciit  <>f  tin-  aooidcnt.  onfragpd    in    tlii'    iiitii:i! 

must  Inivc  "liniiiM'ncd  wliil.-t  the  servant  ^Tvirc  of  the  ciimiriny,  or  in  sninc  w:i,v 

Wii-   cmidoyrd    aluiiil    liis   ina<tiT's   iMi^i-  cdnni'dcd    with    such    sf'rvi(H'.   tin-  (inn 

ni'ss."     Aroliiliald.  .!..  in  l.nnll  v.  Ilnir-  pany    is   liable  fur  the  ncjiliycin'-  (if  it- 

(/(    (IS70)    I..   }!.    I    ('.   V.  Div.   ID!.   Hill,  cmpldyccs/'     Slnlr  iis(  „f  M.,ll\.  \\,.r 

4."i  I..  .1.  ('.  I'.  X.  S.  .'isr.  .-U  L.  T.  \".  S.  ,,„  Miiiylntul  H.  C",  (1884)  '-i  MU   4.II, 
183,  24  Weik.  Kcp.  072.     "In  whatever 


i  >iU\ 


(  (Jl  |;M    (•!•■   |■.\l|•|.ll^  MKNT. 


ms 


(ciilciii,  or  t(i  ciipiftc  ill  liiiit   |nirti<Miliir  work  wliirh  !«•  wns  tl 


lOII 


Mllti. 


Tl 


.1    I 


lllS-l 


Ih 


fiiiixiiurcd  III  MMiiiriili'  ^11 


lit  it  U 


It  "(lii.iilil  Im'  niii.iiMi.  willi  ri^|icft  III  the  liiiicr  claxi,  llmt  it  liii!* 

Iki'M  iIc<'Iiu'iI  aih  i";)!!!!',  I'm i\ciii"ii('r'  <jikr,  in  imulv/c  in  tlio  prr^ 

I'lit  cliiiiitcr  ••crtaiii  cum-'  iii\<il\iii;i;  t'lici-  wliidi,  in  n  stijciiv  lnjri,.ii| 
|«iiiit  of  viiw,  iiKJicatc  lli.it  tlic\  ^IkhiIiI  imiIkt  I.c  reviewed  in  that 
piirt  of  till'  third  voimiH'  of  tlli^  in  iiti-*(>  in  wliieli  ilio  p'lieral  <|iiestii)ii 
of  the  ixistenre  of  the  relalion  of  ina-ter  and  servant  is  dealt  with; 
ili(M'ase>,  iiaiiieiy,  in  which  liie  injnri'd  |iei-on  wasonc  who  had,  with- 
■  iiit  aiithorilv.  iinderialsrii  to  do  wi^rk  for  ihe  U'lielit  of  a  in-rson  to 
whom  he  was  a  -tranyer.  See  ijj^  (•.;{(>,  t;;;i.  I„fni.  Tin-  inidnsion  of 
these  case  in  the  present  clniider  i«  reasoiiahlv  jnsii(ie<|  liv  the  c'oii- 
-idiTatioii  that  they  illn-irale  the  limits  of  an  I'mpioyer's  liability  in 
•lie  |iariienlar  dirs-ti  .n,  and  that  the  rifjlits  of  aelion  possessed  hv 
[lersons  injured  under  tin-  cireiinistances  uilverted  to  have  U'cn  din- 
Missed  alino.st  eiitiielv  witii  reference  to  tlie  points  of  siniilaritv  or 
difference  hetween  their  position  and  that  of  -ervants. 

It  would  seem  that,  on  the  whole,  the  evidiiitial  conditions  wliieh 
!iiust  Ih>  e.stalili.sliecl  in  order  to  eiiahle  the  injured  person  to  claiin 
the  privilejies  of  h  wrvant  ou;;hf  to  lie  identical  with  those  which,  if 
iliey  are  shown  to  have  cNisied,  will  |ireveiit  him  from  recovering 
where  tlio  pro\iiiiate  ejiuse  of  the  accident  was  the  nen|ij;enee  of  a 
coservant.  In  at  least  one  i-ase  this  theoretic  identity  has  bi'eii  recog- 
iii/cd  in  the  aiirunieiit  of  the  cairt.*  Dut  a  collation  of  the  eaws 
cited  in  the  followiiij;  sections  indicates  that  it  has  not  always  heen 
Ixiriie  in  mind  hy  the  (Miirts,  and  that  the  drift  of  judicial  opinion 
has  been  rather  in  the  din  ction  of  giving  the  uvidenco  a  const ruulion 
luifavorahle  to  the  servant. 


A.    LlAItlt.lTY   AS  DKI'KN'DINT    tTlIN*   Tilt:   TKMPnnAny   srsPF.XSION   OB 
lX«Tl.i!.MIssi(i.N  OK  Tin:  ICLATIOA'  ul'  ilAMTl.U  AM(  Sl.l!\  A.NT. 

624.  Servants  carried  on  vehicles  belonging  to  thei,    employer.— 

V  V  'u-)i '".>"'■-'•  ■'  ^";-  ^*-  '■"•'•  '"■''•  ""'''"•>■  *"  '■'•^1"""' '"  -i^mm:,;...:  is  ai.s.,. 

.u         .,         •      "inl.  in  -.iMakin-  of  liilc     and     uiicni.-l  ioiMihlc;    but    if     tlif 

tho   pa  liH;.y   on    «l-i<li    till-   s,.iviint    ro-  plainliir    li;.s    this    l„.n,.|i(    or   advantio-o 

"■.y.-.!  Ins  ,n|„ry.  naid:      ••Tl,..r,.  «»s.  hy  l.y  r.-.ison  of  liU  r.lalion  to  tl„.  conmanv 

unn-    of    thr    vanic  .(mlia.l,   a   ,.,>,r.-  as  nn  oin|.ln,v,  1„.  niii^t  al>,.  siiir.r  ttu- 

-jHPOin^'  duty  of  tli.-  <onii.aiiy   to  kwp  dispdvanta^....  if  it  Ik>  ,ii.  li.  of  iM'iir"  it-ni- 

iliat   |ia..ay<.way  oiK-n    for  tin-  plaintilT.  .Mliloss   aMai.i-l    lli,.  coiiipanv.    if  iTi,    in- 

I,.,-  h..  !,:„!  :i  n^-h!  to  h..  t!..T<.  as  i„i  Hii-  juiy   in  (hat    rrial!„n   u...  .,",u~.-.i   In    (be 

[h.vr..  of  til.,  ronipaiiy   woikinf:   in   tlio  n, -li-onr,-  of  his  cocinidoy.vs  or  f'.llow 

rmnidlioiHo.      If    H,,.    rompaiiv    violaLnl  Sfivanls." 
that  duty,  to  thn  plaintiffs   injury,  by 


t    'Hi 


m 


:#h 


M' 


\nil 


MAMIl.    \v  l>  Ml!     Wr. 


|i  itxr    xxMi 


ii.  >(■;■(((/(/.•••  Iiiiu'liiui  »';.  //((■  [ji  rfoi  iiiiiiK  '■  of  H"ir  rmil nifl  aximic 
l.ht'iri,  rinks. — A  scrv.iiii  ulio,  lit  tlu'  liiiii-  tit"  tlu'  iiccich'ii  in  unit,  w.-.- 
I'l  iiiu'  lriiM:t|Hiri<  il  on  u  litilway  cnr  or  oUwr  \.liicli'  tiiriii-*li««l  f^r  il  i 
I II!  rj  KIM'  iif  fm^ilitaliii^  ilir  |  'furr'i'iiii'f  ot'  lii  iMifk,  is  tlcinicd  {<•  Iuim 
Utm  iiijiirt-il  in  tiic  i-oiirM'  nl  lii  i  iii|il  i\m(  it,  .iinl  tliiTi'lurr  ciiiiiii 
iiTciVcr  if  ilic  iiijiirv  \vii>  'lir  i-ciinilt  (if  a  r\*\,  I. imwii  to  uinl  ii|i|iiiii 
uUi]  liv  liiiii.     Sit,  itctirialiv,  irlmpi  •!•  x\  ii.,  rt/i/r.' 

b.    iV< '//('/' ;((•(■    "/    vtiHi  II  iiii!x  111111,(1     nf   till     ,■•  Il  ,f/i'S  :    irliiii   (Irnii,  > 
In  h      il   I  I  si,    ilssii  iiliii.—    'l'\i'-  iifWrVill    pli  mi  |ilc    -latcil    ill   tllC   (>ri'('i'4lii. 

-iiii-i'<!tiiiii  iiii"'  U'i'ii  exciiiplitifil  in  ii  lin-'.;''  niinilMT  of  ciisrs  in  uliiil; 

it  IlilM  Imi  11  liild  lli;i|  flic  rii'JiliLTIIfi  'if  llii-  -^•rVilllt^*  (•|>('i'iltinj^  tile  Vr 
liii'lc  in  wliii'li  tJiP  ininiiii  -n  rviint  w,,-  liciiij;  ti'iili-'|ii>i*ti'(i  wiis  mii' m 
ilif  ri-iks  ii~-iiiiii><l  b_v  liin.  1  lull  ■  .iiili  <'ii'i'inii«iiiii('<'s,  lie  <'iiiin(it  n 
I  ■•M'v  III!  i|i(  ilic.  rv  •!iiii  lir  wii*  111  he  piisitiiin  III'  il  ■<li'iiii:;tr,  a^<  h.r 
iiiu  i'i;isii|,  jiir  'III  liiiii-  iN'iiif;,  III  1"  II.  fi\ily  I'liijiluvcil  in  liis  iii;i-i.  ' 
liusiiii    -t. 

r[ii>u  this  •rfiiiiinl  it  !  I-  l^  >  m  Ii.  'I  ili:ii  iii>  iicli'M  was  tniiinfMiiijI'. 
in  a  t'usi"  \v1i'T>'  i  laiimi  -  wai  iiijiinil  ly  ilic  ih  ;L;litciic('  •>(  iln 
ilri'.i'r  of  a  an'i  _  ■  in  \.  iiidi  'i>  v\.  -  liciii^  (Mirifl  to  Iht  |iI;icc  i 
Work;*  or  in  a  •.•.  -i-  ulicn  .i  n  'n  '■■  wlin.  vliii--  '<i\  r!ir  lilt  liy  \vliii!i  li 
wii'i  litwcroil  to  anil  raisi  d  ii'  ii  n  ■  pli.M  <■(  \M'rk  lii'luw  iri'uiiiiil.  ui- 
injiiivd  liy  tli(-  n(f;liuiiu,-<'  of  fiii-  >  i;  i  vi-f  vli,,  (t[.iTati'ii  the  li.!  lii,- 
a|)[iaratus.''      i!iit   most,  of  tin;   i        i   .iiini-  'if  llio  (joctriiic  an    liii 

'  III    a    cuMi-    «lirii'    ;i   liiuniuL'  I'liil^'i-  1  ::•■  I!  itii'i-i  iMiild  not   iiifimii  tlnir  |i.ii 

;.';ivi»  way   linitrr  a   tijip     lln'   \n- — iliiliiv  iml'--  lln-\    wcrp  h^-'rifd  In  thrir  \\y>rU 

of  ^iicli   iiiviilrnt   «:!•   Il' III  1"  li.ivi    111  rii  11(11    ..mill   till'  cnil  nf  llicir  niii.in.  n  l.i 

iiii-i'|.ii  il.    a-    "111"   of    til.'   onliiiiin     ri  .|<h  l-m    'n'  allniiicil    iilili'  '    Ilii-    rniij     wlm 

of   hi-  cmiii.  \  iiiriil,   li^    a  rivi)   i  rr.'ini'i-r  tli<-.v  /.'ot   was  raisid  in  Ilic  pii',  hh  iiiK 

iilio    knew    ilicio    »:is    no   wairiniiui    at  iiml.  "f  muivr.  at  (lie  rli-c  of  llinr  il;i\ 

IIk"  liii(!;.'P.   anil  who.   at   Ilic  limr   wli-ii  IiIm.i-  iIu-  «.rl,iii.'ii  iim-l  lie  liiliil  mit  i' 

llie   liijuiy    wax    iirriviil.   was    Ir  iv<liii'.>  Ilic  iiiIih'.      Ilvi'iy     [icr-oii    wlio    iiii;i:i. 

I'll   duly    fur  the  ci  lui'Mny.   ii|Miii   a   |..i>-t  in  siii'li   .in  ciniilii  niciil   niii,|    liavi'lu.- 

1   .•■iii|>liii;.'    the    ii.iiipaiiy    from     lial.ilily  fi  rl'i  rlly    a\v;iri'   that    all    Ilii"   was   in  ' 

lor  injurii's  to  |h  r-nii  or  [iroiiii!  •      In-  diii'   to  il.  and  that  fin-  scrviic  wis  i' 

iUt  sin-li   ciiiiini-'  i'ici'i<.  III-  iiri'ii|iiid  till-  c-.-aiily    ,0  rdiniiaiiiiil     with     llic    iI.h  ;• 

iK.-iiion  of  an  fnij.loM'c.  and  not  that  ol  that    tin-   |iir~oii   inlrii'li'd   »illi   tin-    1  ■ 

il    |>a-~i'ii«iT  ii|«in  the  train   u|"in   wliiili  I'hinrry    niii.'lit    tx-  (s'rasion.illy   ni'ijliiiin 

h."   wa-   oarriid.      Tixiifi  «(■    /'.    I/.  Co.   v.  and  fill  In  his  duty.     'I'lii'  lonl  aih.i.il'' 

Ni.i;//i    (ISila)    ,'Jl   Ii.  R.  .\.  .l-.'I.   II  ('.  C  I'lit  the  cjiso  of  B  master  undertaking;  I" 

.V.  50!t,  .10  I!.  S.  .\|>p.  171!.  liT    I'll    .VJI.  roimy    lii-    worknicii    to   tlieir    ;ilii(v  ni 

'Mi'^fiiil:     V.     .'<liiilliiih     (IS'.i.'li     lliO  work  in  tnc  iiiorniiij.'.  and  to  l,i  iiiL' tlm" 

MilM.  45,  39  Am.  SI.  lUp.  451.  ;13  N.  K.  h.niir  in  tin-  evonin;,'.  as  hciiiL'  siinil.irl' 

110.  till'  liri-riit  (iiie  of  lowi'iin;.'  Ilic  w.iknni' 

*  IttirtiitiihiU     Coal     Co.     v.      Mclliiire  to  their  work,  and  taking' llicrii  ii|i  mii'm 

ilSfiS)    .3  -Maeq.   II.  L.  C.x    rtillt,  4  .liir.  it    i«  om  r       And     lio    ii-kiil    wlidliir    ii 

N.    S.    773.      I.iiicl     Chcliii-foril.    in     thn  roiilil  he  douliteil  t)i  it   if  sinnelhlii'.' wi  n 

i-our.sf  of  his  opinion,  sal. I:    "it  a[)[K'ars  dedinleil  mil  of  the  w.nknieii's  v.i-..^  |.  r 

!i>    mr    iliat    t!i<-    d-.'-.i— •!     .in.i   Sh-iicr  tic'ir  r<.tivi.y;;nri- to  and  frmii  )!■..■:!■  ■.'..•rk. 

»i'n>  cngacrd   in  one  coninmn  o|M'ralion,  the  ni.istcr  would  U-  li.ildc?     .My  l.or.ls 

^tliut    of    Setting    coal*    from   the  pit.  in   the    lalt.r  ease   .supiMi-id.    it   niy  1« 


!  ><i*] 


tin  li'^i;  itK   1   VIl'Lin  MKM. 


ISJ 


ill   It. 


■     b'l'l-l'  II       I'f 

(■Mil  -I  I'll.'  lojl 


limy;  III  i^(i!n.i\   «cr\;int- 
■  r   >■  luiir  mI'   iIii'   |miiii  lilt 


ilV    .lllij     IM 


,,[.jii:i-tiMi.i'i''' -.  or  ill  iiiImt  <Iiiiii'^  .iloni:  iIm  liiir,  wn'.'  injiiriil  uliilc 
riivcliiijr  I  Mil  ir.iiii  MiHi-iili'l  l.\  ulliii  -i>i  vaiiN  nt' the  .iil'i' nl.ii.i.  I'lu- 
-  iiliilitv  lit'  -I' ''i  I  iii|i|i..r.'-.  i.i  iii'i.\ir  Ilia  Iicmi  :.Hinri',.,  |>.>t|i  \\|i,.ri' 
'he  in'ci'li'iii  Ml  r,  1 1 1,  1 1  \i  hill'  i|ir.\  w  (■!•'■  j'lMi'iii'viiii;  1m  i  ".  .11  iw  ,  p  •illt^ 
,ii  wli'i'li  V.  •  ili  \'  .1-  '"'  1 1"  ih'iii','  .iihi  ■.!  inrc  il  IM''  iiri'i  i|  v.  Iiilc  iIjc  .   \viii> 

('•■inu   li'iiii  •|"'rt<'<l    lit. HI   ill"   I'hi .viiri'.'  ilii-\    r. -iilnl     ti,    t\,.-    jihirt' 

\ilnic  ilifv    \*    rki'il.''      lliii    il i.   iiiiiii   ..('  till    ;;inciMl   nil,,  j^  n,,t. 

icty  j>roJ):ililf  lliiit  llii-  iii.i-l.r  Hiiild  I  ,:.i,rl    Irniii    imnri'l    Lv    <'ii|li»i.  ,,    wiiiln 

li  ilili-  for  limn, iL'i-.  Ii>  llif  ".'iR ii  l>>  III.  !■   111'.'  i..hM\..|    in. HI   |(l  ir.-  of  IkuIiiij   |i> 

II..  .•Il;..|.|iil'   ol    III-    ^i.|\iIMN    ill    III."   iitlll-.  lii.ll    111    lllili>:..|ll>'j  I   ;    //...Il     V.   f'/ili"./..    if 

,1   llir    ii.iiii.i'.v .   I»"iiii-i-   II.'    Ii.i-   I.  r   II  \,    11      II.  III.    iMh;!)    .',•*  \\<      .VJ.'i.   17    \ 

[.iir|.ii«.'  ii.|i\.ilii|liiiii-rll   liilii  II  I'.iiilii  '       I -'II    (l.i'.inr    Im.l    lliiiiii;.>li    .inl.l.  n 

l.r  IiIk'.      Ail!   ~".   ii    li'ii.V  l»'.  il   llii'  I'li.  ■  utiir:.'    of    liiiii     whicli     wmi  iiliniil    to 

|.|..vrl'    ill    <■•■    .•■■■.      '1  ..I    cllli'lllj    illlii    :lll        t     II     I'.T    III..    |>l  ir..    i.|     till  li.  ii||||  w  |  ;    (■„,, 
\|.li'--  <  .   Ill  I   Pit    '.Mill    I  II.'   IllilHT-   III   |..>v        ,..  I      \       I        "      -ill,,     I   ,      ,(.      ,V/.      I,        K^    fit. 

I    llii'i.i    i'lii'   Mi.il   iji-i-   111.  Ill    fn.iii   111'-    I  r-.^'.  :   lii.l    ;;ii.-|,  2   \.   K.  7111   1 '  ii.- 

ii.iTI..    Ill'     l.ll.lll     llini'     j'lll     ..|,      ill!      Illrli       li.i|.         .1    lo    ill.    v,\':      nil    III..    |ii'||ii'i        III 

ilimi    i.f    Mr;i>l.'r    fur    llii-    .lulv.   iin.l    "    >    ..t   .1    iiili.."'     whi'ili.r   for  tlii'   i.- 


nil  H'I'l.ik.'ii    III.. I    of    .1    ri'iiir. 


It.ii 


111  .  f  iin.iiiU,  I    l.iNiri;:  1.1   lii-..  Imll  i.| 


V.I' ,in'  III'!.'  .1.  .itiiiL-  «  i'li  110  -  .I'll  -I'll  i.il  111'.:    I'll-    '  i.i'k,   I'l    ri'ii-1  rii.l  ii'ii    nl    Inn 

ih.l    |.|rilM'   i.i-.-,    lull    Willi     Ml    iii;;.i;;  !ii  I-.   In         ioIh'ii   i  o-ii  >  .ml   nl   (lie  -irv- 

I'li'iit  ill  :i  «i'i\  ii'i'  •ii!.|rit   lo  ,,ll  111.'  Mil  .nil-    in    .I'lr.'i'  i.f  .1    Ir.ii"    in    wliiili    ha 

.-.'.iry    illriilll.l..    Ill    il.      Mill.    ;l-    i--,.'lll  i.il  «.l.   li.l'\.  \f.l    from  ollr    |.i        t    I.f   III,      liliii 

III  iilirt   fniliiir;;    11    |i.n  I    if   III;.'    -iiviii'.  In  iii,..|liiii:    KmihlUi    \.   »*...).,„    ,\l   ,il- 

-iil.iii-t  In  Ilii-  Miy  iii'i    il,i.  i|.!i  111..  Ill';:  /.i/.i   ,t    I  .    \     It.  Vn.    I  ISlll  )    l'1  Ur.    l:!i;. 

Ii-ii:l    |iiTf"nii..ii.' ■   .1    .^lii.li    li>    mil'  I.I  '17    I'.ir.    !i|     (-.■I'tiiiii    liiiiiil    iimli-r   .lin-i' 

Il r\.lllK     I'll:;  .       .|      III     111,-     .•..liilli..n  lioli,    of    rii.iil    lliil-li'l',    .u,i|    tl.lM.llMJ    nn 


nrk  till-  .li'.illi   liii- 


.■II    oi'i'  I  -I'.jir. 


roiiiliirtiii '-.  Iraiii  ti 


An  I'liipliivi'i 


i-ii^'.. 


.1    al    IV 


rill    ••■.\^    SM.|k«    |.[i.l  ..I,  .1     I.I 


il|i:.n\     Inr    IN 
r  llic  liiii'   ill 
iliily    ii'iiii.   o 
.  r.    wiliii'it    |ii\iM 


I  II 


.lili. 


In    III 


I'Vi'l-     II. 


•I.ll.  i« 


Ihi-   -  iiH'   ;;i'iii.riil   iilijii'l    iiH   till 


•|i.iir»  «lii.r 
.1     ill     fin  III.  I  III;; 


I.ll 


■■  III. 
.Il.'.i    I 


./.  ;    V,  .hiiirlimi   U.  r„.    (  1877) 


»l" 


1 1< ; 


U    fun- 
I'nr     li 


:i     -'11  .ml,    II..' 


:SllL'    (  f.  II 
nf    1,1 


^1.   I.'.ii   .  I.il.or  T  1.11  ;:r.i\<.|  iiiiiii 
i\    II" '/li  :i  I'l'   of   .  ii::iiii'|.r)  :     t/c- 
(;.',...„,    I  I>,sii   .-,  iiiii.  li..|i. 
,11  oi   liiiiil.i  r  v.iiil.  co-iiv.iiit 


//.■,../., 


.1    /I 


iir    \.lio    I-    iiiinri'i 

ll    oil    II     I'MI     fll 


I     Uh.li'     I.. 


Ill;; 


(,i.  i:   I). 

I.,    i.MJ. 


I  .'It 


i.l    \.ii.l  I. 


!:■ 


V.  I  r    r 


III    nl    III. 


I  ISlllii    I,. 


Illi'    f..||.  ..ill'.'    II--:       /,. 


lavi 


•(     \ 


r. 


.v//./ 


I '.III  I 


l.lMi.  «H  C,  (■     \.    I  ):i     ins   l-Vil.    Ill 


il     illT    Ih..    I. 'I  III-    of    II 


i|i 


IDli'll      111-.'     i  . 

-;  .',.  '.M.i.'i-  -... 


I'! 
I-' I      111 


\li,ll:,ul     /,',     I', 

'I.    r.'     lili      \     -i.  liHI    I  |,|a|,. 

IIM'V.-ll.    llll- 

li'i'llt.  In  llin 
irk   tiiiiii. 


iiiiiiii.l   «liili    I.. 


II'    l-ilU-l'    I 


■  lii>  1 1 
if  III.- 


.'.Ill     I... ill! 


lili 


i^ii  II  of  a  laiKi  'y 

.-.■n:ir'l     nf    l!,,     r:. 


I\    on    -ion    li.  i  w.iii   lli.ii    i  i-.iln 


li.M    I..  1...    / 


.1    :inntlli<rl 


III  I  il 


\.  /.'ll/.l 


III/  ll  It.  /•'.  r.,. I  jHssi 


lai'lii 


hi- 


;>ll     Wlllrtl.     w 


llil.' 


.1"     -^n  <:.i     1:17.  H  Am.  Si.  l;i'|.   l'i;:(.  !i  s,  !•: 


ill!:.-.  I 


I.'  \va-  Ir.ivi  111'...  Ill  .i|. 


.1.1 


i.'lll;    nl  iliiliiH    V.    Ill  III 


l.iliiilirr 


I  is!i:ii  !i:i  i; 


itii  III..  I.  nil-  ..I  ti   |i.i .-  v^llil'll  al     rciiiiiiir    li 


i:!.  Ill  S.  I.    Jl   ilr 


liiin   I.l  ilo  -, 


iiTi'    «a>   »'inii 


//' 


\.   /'i 


'i  hit      Iter  I'oin 


li.M.I    l.v 


lull 


.Ml. 


ll'.   I'll.    I  jillMII     Ili7    I', 


li.iiiy)  :  Tiilriln.   11  .  ll    11.  /,'.  i; 


isl.    17    V.    Ihirl.-iii    llH7."il    Ttl    III.    :ili.'i    (lain 


ilrirk    l.iyiT    iiiinn-.l    '-v    mlli     on   L'ia\t'l  train  wliilo  luiii': 


11 


.11-1 1 11. 1 1. 'II 


1.1 


i'jtil     II 


II-.   Iionin  u 


IIS    kiiii.l    >.v 


.in  .1  illl 


ll     .V,     /■      /.' 


1S71|     7-J      III.     li.Ml 


I '..  ml  V.  T'lri    II, I 


-ll'.i.I.r     nil     II  I      111.     JMJ 


ryi'il   til 
llrlll  )  ; 
I  SSI) 
.\iii      i:.'|i.    litU     (IxaiJ 


i(  /.  /,'.  r 


llii 


1820 


JJASlKi:  A\U  .SKU\  ANT. 


[tllAl'. 


x.wni 


ciiiitiiii'il  to  Cii-ii  ^<  f>f  tin'  iili'ivi'  typo.  Tlic  cliiiviii'tcr  nf  tlio  train  i;ii 
wliicli  tlic  scrviiiit  \vii~  Ix'iiij;  iriiiw|ii>rlcil  is  imniMlcrial,  pruviilcil  li 
was  liciiiii  \\M-(]  as  a  iihmiis  of  (•(iiiv<'_vance  to  talo'  liiiii,  in  llii'  ciMir-' 
of  tlu'  |iiit'<irniiiiicc  lit'  lii-i  eoiitract,  to  or  Irniii  the  place  where  lii~ 
duties  eallid  liiiii.' 


liliickHtnilli  injuiitl  wliilr  tr:ivrliii}»  with 
wro'kiii;.'  ;icw  )  :    l/ifi/isn/,  ,|   /.  /,'.  I'n.  v. 
Uiiiiin   (|s."i."i)    li   liiil.  'Jd.'i    (iii>l   -l;iii'il  ill 
wtiiil    cjiiiarilv    plaint  ill»    diMi'ijint     waw 
eni|iliiy(il  I  ;   Ohio  «t  .V.  A',  rn.  v.  TiiulnH 
(  IH.'ili'i     l.t    Inil.    3(ill    (train   d.Tailiil    li.v 
niniiiii};    ayainst    iiii     ox     iMlwcfii     tin- 
pliii')'-.     Ill'      limdiii^'     anil      cli-.i'liai';;iM^ 
jrriivcl  I  :    lliliiiini     v.     Hushrii     It.   Corp. 
(ISiM)    in  AHcii.  -.M:!.  ,>(7   Am.  ^^•^'.  ll.t."i 
(I'lii  iH'iitiT    ('ni|ili'.v<Ml     as     car    rcpainr 
liflil    to    Ik>    frilciw     Hirvaiit     of    switcli- 
inan):      Snmi      v.     Ilislon     it-      1/.     H 
Co.   (IS(iO)    14  day.  4(111   (c>ar|«cnt<r  rin 
plovi'ii    at     s|HTili(il    daily    wayi-.    with 
tile    privilr;."!'    of    lii'iii;;    ••arii<il   (.Tatiii 
fousl.v   to   and    from    lii?<   jdaoi'   of   work, 
is    do'Mii'd    to    III'    a    siTvant     wliilr    he 
is    upon    till'    t  rain  I  ;  rn.s.sii/i/    v.     Miiiitt' 
V.  It.  Co.  (lSS4t   711  .Mr.  4SS  ( lalioriT  in 
jilted    in   obi'vini;  a    ni'Ldi;.'i'nt    ordrr   tiy 
tlifl  rondiirtor  oi^  a   work  train   to   jiiinp 
from   a   moving'  train    on    to    a     -I  at  ion 
platforinl  :  Siillirnn  v.  r<,l.>h,.   11  .  ,f-  \\  . 
It.  III.    (I«77l    .'iS    hid.   liil    la   dciiiiirn'r 
siistainnl  to  a  coiiiplaiiit   allivinv  ni'yii 
p'liri'  ill  failini.'  to  notify  llir  ruiiiliirtor 
of  till'  otIiiT  train  of  tlir  .i|i|ir<>ii  li  of  tin- 
finivi-l  train,  tlir  roiirt   -ayiii^'  tliit  ttii'io 
Ha~    notliin;;    in    llu'    aM^niiriil-    to    tiki 
till'  ca-i'  out   of  III.'  L'i'iii'ral   nilcl  :   Hill 
.sliiiniiiiii  V.  Sli.iii)  llrniil,-  If.  Cor/i.  I  1S.-)'J1 
in    Ciisli.    ■l-.i!*    idi'iailniint    tliroii;.di    col 
lision  witli  lianil  riri  ;   I'l/ni'  v.  Cinnhir 
liiiiil    Vnllrii   It.   Co.    (IS.-.li    -2:1    Pa.    :isi 
liliinipiii'.'  of  oni'  of  tlif  i'ai>  wliirli   liad 
liriMi  Ii'ft  iiiiliiiokrd  lliri'H   plaintilV  out  i  ; 
AVrinht     v.    Xorllnni'iili.ii     d-     II.    It.    Cn. 
(IHIWl    ]>Z  N.  C.  S.->i,  Jll  S.  K.   10(1  I-I1- 
tion  ma-^tcr  injiind   wliilr  ridini:  to  lii- 
Klii'pinsr  plaii'l  :  tiidf.  II  .  T.  <(•  /'.  It.  Cn. 
V.  A'wH    I  ISHSi   (i;i   Irv.  f.(i.->.  7  S.  W.  H;l 
(roadnia»trr    injiiii'dl:    IIhIIhh   v.    Iliilf. 

r.  ,f  .s".  /■■.  /,'.  Co.  iiHsi)  fii  T<>\.  iiiii 

( servant  wlm  was  i'!ilm;.'ivI  in  llir  duly 
of  liNikin;:  afd-r  tin*  tii-.,  wliii-li  wni*  In- 
in;.'  ii-i'il  fur  tin'  ■nii-.t  nut  ion  of  a  inw 
trark.  am!  at  \;iiiiiii«  tiim-  liad  diHH 
otlirr  roiisi  iiictioii  »iiik.  was  injuird  liv 
till'  diTailtniMil  of  a  rcii-l  nirt  imi  train 
wliili'  lit'  was  rrtiiriiiii;;  ifter  tlio  rxri'il 
tion  if  an  rrrandl  ;  Huliisiun.  II.  i(-  .">'. 
I.  It.  Co.  V.  1,,s;h-  (1S!I|)  si  Ti'\.  .'■.17. 
17  S.  W.  17  I  in-l  nil  tinii-  m~  to  ninninL' 
the  train  \iolalid)  ;  llonltinil  \.  Milanu- 


*i.'.  /,.  a.  rf  ir.  /.'  Co.  (1SS2)  ."-.J  \vi- 

■IM.  II  v.  W.  .V.'!i  id.-railminl  .,n..,,| 
l>y  ciindiirlor's  livin;;  to  iliar  ::u.i\  .i 
snow  liaiik  l>y  tlir  iiiomoiituiii  of  iIm 
train  aloiii'.  -IiomI.t  on  a  -.now  |il.iu 
train  iniiiriili  ;  \hiii  \.  Ihiliiin,  <(  (,i  /; 
Co.  (ISS.^ii  Id  (»iit.  Iti.p.  70  (plai'riiill 
\>as  takin;;  >upplii»  tu  plans  mIhti'  tln\ 
»i-ic  ni'idrd  almi;;  tlir  liiio)  ;  Cmixii  v 
C,liU';uil  It.  Cn.  (|S!l(l|  ijit  N.  It.  (.'.■p 
(-11  (ion  hand  injiirid  liy  iii'yli;.'iiii  i-  if 
roiidiii'tur  in  ;:oin;.'  on  a  liiiiii:!-  kii'mii 
to  III'  iiiisafi')  :  sir  aNo  tlii'  r.i-is  i  il .  , 
in   till-  nr\t    siili«i  iiion. 

In  MrUill  V.  Koulhini  I'.  Co.  tJsM.; 
.\ri/. )  ;i:l  I'ao.  SJI.  it  was  held,  on  ii„ 
aiillioiitx   of  Cliiioiio,  M.  <(   ,s'(.  /'.  /,•    c, 

V.  /I'livv  'i  issn  Hi  r.  s.  .-177.  -js  1,.  ,.,i 

7H7,  r.  Sup.  Ct.  l!ip.  1S4,  that  a  i- Iii.t 

or  of  a  work  train  \\a-  not  a  follou  -rn 
ant  of  a  -n-lioii  foi'iiian  roiiM'yi'd  tii.  i. 
on  to  hi-  plan'  of  work.  On  a  nln  u 
in;;  thi-  ruling  \\a-  iiMr-rd  iIS'.mI:  ii 
I'ai'.  .-id-Jl.  thi'  null  hohliii;;  tliai  .,- 
till'  rondiK'tor  did  not  have  an.\  nntinl 
over  till-  fori'iiian.  the  pi  iniipli'  i  f  iln' 
Itoss  Cosr  tii  5;!-J.  (/  .SI  I/.,  iiiiti  li.i'l 
Imi'ii  wroii'^ly  applinl.  and  th.it.  .1-  lln' 
iitativr  pi  -it  ion-  of  tho  -i'r\aiil-  -h.'.i.il 
that  a  ron-lant  a--i>i'iat  ii  n  «a-  n'Ml'iii 
(■latrd.  they  wi'ir  in  a  I'liiiinioii  iiii|il"\ 
'■ii-iit. 

In  I'iCiioliiil.  V.  \.,i-  Mliiiini  d  S.  1; 
<u.  I  IH.'.di  7  Ind.  I.ir,  it  wa-  lii'ld  lliil 
all  a;;iic'iiii'iit   h\    uliiili  a   lahon  r  h,i-  I'i 

III-   ri';:iilirly   1 vrycd   to  and   fioin   hi- 

»oik  IiimImiI  an  iinpliid  rni.ML'>'iii' nl 
to  rarry  liiiii  as  -alVly  and  -'riMrl\  ^1- 
if  III'  pally   had  Ihtii  a   pa--i'Ti;jir  in  I  ii>' 

oidinary    -1  ii-o   of   tin-   trrni.       Tiif   ■ 

irlii'd   upon   was  Cilli  nunli  r  v.    \lihi 

•(■  /.  /■'.  Co.    (  IH,"i4i    r>   Ind.  .'li'i.  i-\    \iii. 

l>i-(.  inl.     I!ut  tl s-i'ii I'  i!,|.  niliM^ 

«as  a  ilillVii'iii'i'  of  depart  mini-,  ii'ii  iln' 
fact  that  the  -crxant  wa-  a  p..--i  iijtr 
Of  ciiiir-i'.  where  eiiiunion  eiii|ilnMiMnt 
is    nc;.Mtiveil    liy    a    diU'cri'me    of   .|i|i:irl 

mellt.    the   iplc-tioli    whether    111 n.ilit 

\ias  tr.iM'IiiiL'  a-  -ucli  Ih'cohic-  iininii.- 
lial.  'I'he-e  I'arly  Indian. 1  ilrii-i'"i-  :in' 
virtually,  if  not  explicitly,  nvciinlcl  l'\ 
llie-r  liy  the  -ana'  court    cited   al"V''.    i- 

well    a-    ili-cleditcd    hy    the    '.'real     w.lji.l 

of   aiillioi  ill. 

'  llllllllill'nuil    V.     )o)/,,     \.    it    //.    A'     '  u. 


i  >a*] 


col  km:  111   i;.\ii-LuvAii:\r. 


isj 


Till 


•nil  pi'iiuiplc  cstii!ili>licil  by  tlic  aiitlioriliivs  alroiulv  fid 


is,  (if  ciiiir^c,  ( i|ii:illy  iippliciii'lf.  wliatcvi  r  ilic  iiiitiirc  nf  ilio  vdiicli 
iiiiiv  !«■  'vliirli  is  ii»  ■(!  ior  the  triiii-ii'irl;  limi  <<(  ilic  railway  servant.' 


C.   Hdlioiiiilc  of  llirsc  n 


Tl 


II'   (|('C1>HI1I:- 


tl 


I  tne  nrcm 


iiif";  siil)S(ctiiiii  arc  rctVralili-  In  tlit-  cuiici  piiou  ihat  tli(>  iiiastor  retain 
the  rij;lit  in  cuninil  i\\v  si-rvaiit  while  lii'  is  nn  the  vehiele,  ami  that  thi 
rii;hl,  alih"nu;li  nniiiiarily  (lunnan!   dnriii;;'  tho  period  of  traii-porti 


(1850)    5   Kxcli.  .u:!.    Ill   I..  J.    KmIi.    N.    I..  .1.  Kxdi.  N.  S.  -ilMi,  14  .Iiir,  x:t:  ;  Sul 


S.  2!iii. 


14  .Iin-.   s:i:.   V,  hiic'   it 


iirM   iii„„  V.  ■/../.. ^,.  II .  a-  \i .  I,',  r, 


I  HT 


thill     till!    |«T-(iii.il     ii'in iitiilivt"  of  li    .*)S  Inil.  2(1.      Tliat  ii  r 1  iiu-i.  r  iiinl  tin 


M-rvMiit    killi'l    ill 


illi-hiii    vvliilc    lie    c'tijjiMi  IT  (if  a    Irniii   otliiT  thin   lli.it 


«;is   iriiviliti;.'   on    a    |iii--i  nyir   train    in    wliii'i  tlir  roiid  iiia-iir  is  r.miicl  ;ii 


till-  (li-ili 


of  his  (liit\ 


ilil   nut  H' 


»iT\,iiil>     Ha-i    11 


ilKv.l.d       i 


n     llull„,i,l   V. 


Sec  aNo   Miiniilli    v 


fill    I;,,,!  ,(•  r.  I!.    I': 


Siiiillnni  I'.  Co.    (lS!i;t)    10(1  Cal.  210.  .'11 


tr;mi  I 
H.  (V 


I  Isiiii)    11   Ohio  St.  417    ( |iM«»fnf;(!r        'I'lii'    fact    that    an    i'iti|ilovcc  was 


V.    \iir    )i,/7,-   «'.   ,1'    //.   H.    coivi-l   ami    triMti-.! 


(is: 


r>  llmi.   ISH    (.iiL'ini'iT  s(l-    iliiilnr  will 


nut 


pt'ivi^iiii;  till'  hi.viii;;  of  link,  iiijiiic  I  liy    |>i 
ilic  lii'uli'ji'nrf  1  '     ' 
sni;.'iT  1 1. 1  ill  I 


I'll    liy   till 

<■  liiiii  till'  ii;;liN  of  a 

a    /'.    /.'.    Co.    V.    Hr,,tl 


f  till 


'lllrlof  of  a 


I  1S,S.-| 


(i4    r. 


ilM     (li.ll     that 


|iirv 


V.    \.,r  >i/i7.,  .V.    shoiihl  havo  luiii   ili;i i  .imI   tn   this  ciri.it. 


//.  a  //.  I!.  '■'..    I  ISIHh    21    1!.   I.    I."i2.  4(i    aii.l  thai  llir  ia|Miit,v  in  \\ 


hi.'li  Ih     i>l 


1..   I!.   A. 


!•   .\ni.   Si.    It.'p.   HI2.    \\    liir    tiavih'il    >lionlil    have   1. 


|>laiii 
iliiiiil 


.\tl.  Ml    li-iiiiilnyi'i'.  iU'l'T  hi-  iliv's  Hoik    Iril   to  the 


ill  111',   look 


OMtllllolls    |il~-.,l;;i'   on    a 


liv    ii    2iis:t    of   tli<>   Oi-or 


Code 


ill 


fri'i;.'lil  IimIii  lo  a  |>oinl   mar  his  hniiii').    oiiiplovi 


.\  railuiiv- 


liitoic   till'    ii-iiil    hour 


lianil  oiih'i'i'il   to  i)iiit  work    to  rmiliol   Ihc 


■|it  tlii.^i'  who  may  In-  ahh' 
iiii'li  riii:a;,'ii|    in   Ihi'   run 


III    lo    Ilk.' 


train  to  rariy  him  to  a    |ioiiit    wln'iv  lie    of    |ia--i'ii'jir- 


iiiiij;  of  train-,  aio  |il:iiiil  on  tlir  frioti 


iniiirics    ari-in 


to   Ik 


pa  111.    IS    in 


tliH   srrviii'    of   till'    from  till-  iii';.'lij;i'nic  of  till'  latlir  rhi 


iiipaiiv  at   till'  time   \\  lii'ii   lii>  is  hoant- 


11 
iiiL'  thi'  train.     O'llri 


ilovi 


i| 


.\    track 


llr,sti,H  ,(■  A.    to    the    iM'iii'lil     of     I  hi 


I'lilllli'il 
piiivi-ion.      M 


It.   Co.    (ISS,-,)     1,18    Mass.    3S7.    .'12    Am.    Imiln  rf   /,'.   .lie    l.im     II.    Co.   v.   Ai/rrx 


l!ip.  2:!l. 
Si'i'  al-ii  \  iri:  V.  \ew  >o;7.-  C.  cf  //.  f{. 


I  IS-ili    !!.-)    V.    Y. 


I  ISTti    .-..!  (la.    12. 
Injury    li 


nii'iiiliiT  of  a   railroail 


47     \i 


rail'.'  while  riiliiiL'  mi  a  liaml  car. 


■il 


I'p.  :ii'i  (I 

If    thlTc 


\t     Sllll- 


rtioll  I  . 


Iiv   ii"L'h'(t   of  a    ti'lh 


rr\. ml.  iloi'^  not 


i-  no  iliiiil    pin.if   in  a   la-.-  make   the    nia-lor    lialile    to    him.    where 

of  this  iy|K'.  that  the  imilract  of  liiriny  tin  re    is   no     proof    of    any   eonlrail    to 

proviliij    for    the    ■.ervant'^  Iraii-pdil'a-  carry    liiin    safely    on    <iieh    car,    further 

lion   ini'  of  ehar^'c.  an   implieil   -lipiila-  than   it  laii  lie  inferreil   fiom   Ihe  tise  of 

lion    to   lliat    eireet    will    usually    be    in  Iho  car   ill  ;.'oin'j   lo  ami    fioiii  the   plaie 

ferreil.      AV.sv   v.    \<  ir    )t,il:    C.  ",{    II.    U.  of   lalior.      V<./7/i./ii    /'.    /,'.   Co.   v.    I'llir 


l{.    Cii.     I|h:.-iI     .5     lliiii. 


IHS.      Mlii 


'il 


(ISTS)   71  X.  V.  i;i7    la  — i-taiit  -iiive\or     l(i 


•HI  I  isiMii  1(12  r.  s.  ;»t(i.  40  L.  I'd.  imt. 


kiHeil  while  tl 
the  place  of  w 
iiients  on  llii 


rliii^r  from   hi-   In 
;  1  .        Sec  al-o  tin 


ip.  Ct.   Itcp.  KVi. 
.\    l)riil;;c    liiiihler    ami 


ploviil  hy  a   railroail 


■I'pairer    cm 
I  fur 


coiiipinv,  an 


s  la-e  in   lie/,   v.    V/ ;c  )o)7.     iii-hiil    with    cars    in    wliich    he  ami    hi 
(\d  II.  If.  It.  Co.    (1SS4)    O.j   N.  Y.  2(17.    a  —  i-lants  anil    tools  arc  1raiis|Mirtiil    to 

.iliiiiy  the   line  of  the   mail   where 
arc  ri  i|iiiicil.  the  usual  oiis 


47   .\iii.    I!ep.   ,■}( 


the 


Xor  lines  it   iiiaKc  any  ililVerence,  for    lii-  scr\ 


piii|.. 


if    Ihc    ilefi 


CMIploym,  III.     whelhe 


cii^c  of  colli 


anion    loin    In 


III''    to    atl. 


lis    cars    to   some 


il  hy  the 


ciilent    was    rcL'iilar  train,    is   a    fellow    servant    with 


iici.'li.L;eiice  1 


if  till 


I-  ;.'iiiiling  the  train   in  which  the  ilc 


tin 

not  I'l 


h.v 


CCS    in    eh. I 


\vas.  or  11 


f  thi 


Iv  whih'   In 


iiii 


tr.iiii.  or  of  lioth,      Ihii,  hi 


the  oilier     of   lillililile,'  or 


if  -Hell   trains, 
111  in  the  work 


J. 


Uiile    I 


rp.iiriiiL'  liriilL'i  s.  hut  al-o 


leiiij   -o    inii\ 


.1 


1, 


iV.  «t  U.  U.  to.    (IS.50)    o  Kxth.  313,   lU    iilaco    to   pl.oe    in    the   ili-ili. 


fro 
uf   hii 


1828 


.\l.\>ri;ii  ANU  sKlt\  AM. 


[t  llAf.    XSXMI 


lion.  H  ^ii-iM 


CISC. 


In.i 


.rihlc  if  \»-\ifj:  :it  iiiiy  niciiiicni  im1!('<1  into  :irii\c  i\  i- 
tlic  servant  in  n  "Mi'ili'd  as  1m  in-  in 


(  r  -iicli  cii'iiiiiislaiu'i'^ 


r<').nili 


iliiti 


V.     fill 


i,   t 


;!il- 


«.  d  If.  /.'.  fo.    (IbiMI)   .18  C.  C.  A.    US. 

■•  ill  two  (if  till'  (■;!■'(■»  lilid  it  «:iN  iili- 
scnril  tli.il  till'  >i'i»iiiilt  wire  traii-iBiit- 
t'll,  nut  as  |i:i--ciii;ri  ~.  lint  ill  1 1n-  rmiiM- 
i)f    ilic    |Mrf<iriii:iii< f    lli'ir     rcind.ut. 

7'""".  7  V.  Miiih.ii,!  u.  Co.  iiM;.ii  I,,  i;. 

1  C.  J',  i'.n.  12  .lur.  N.  S.  C'.H  ;  <!ill..li,i,i 
non  V.  Shiiii)  Brook  It.  rori>.    i  IS.Vii    10 
Cusli.  -JiiS. 

In  Miiinilli-  V.  Cl-i<liiiiil  .(■  T.  ir  Co. 
(IStifl)  II  Ohio  St.  41".  I  111'  iiiin;.  .u- 
ti'lMlii}.'  tlir  suu'^'1-.t  inn  of  <'iMiii-i'l  liiS 
the  IriH'  lest  to  ilcli'iinim'  wlirlli  r  llir 
pliiiiitiir  w.is  ill  till'  ciiiiiloy  of  till'  ill' 
friulant  at  tlif  tin..-  cf  I  lie  injiiiv  wa-< 
till'  farl  of  its  luiiiv  hi-  iliity  an  I  put 
of  his  ciiiiiloyiiiriil  111  lie  iii.i  !i  Ihr  li.ilii 
at  thi-  linu-  tlii'  iiiiniv  wa<  iiiii\iil. 
held  tlip  iilaiiitiir  iiol  to  he  .i  |ia-i  ii^i  i . 
whiTi'  the  iviih'ini-  was  to  tlir  i  Ifii  t  lli.it 
he  was  riii|il,)yi d  by  the  nionlli  to  lomli-r 
sorviii'  jii'mTaliy  on  a  raili'n.ol.  in  llir 
(■a|)inily  of  liaj:;:a;.'i'  lu.isl  i-  or  lomliiilor 
t(  |>a~siiii;ir  Ir.iiii-  .mil  '^i.r  I  train-. 
nt.  snrh  liiiu's  ami  (>l;ii's  almiv  llu'  roa.l 
its  iliri'ili'il ;  that  In'  ivas  oiiliTi'i!  to  ;:o 
to  1'".  ami  then-  laUc  chan.'!'  of  a  'jravcl 
train  itt  tliit  placf  on  tlu'  follow  in  l' day ; 
that  he  t(K>k  |>as-ii;.'i'  on  a  |>.i--i'1il'<t 
train  for  I".,  but  |ia-stil  by  K.  tn  I '..  .iiid 
while  relinniiii;  the  iir\l  'l.iy  !>  ll"" 
same  train  lo».iriN  !■'..  in  '.iIm'  ili.ir,-" 
of  Hii>  ■.'ravel  train,  wa-  ir  iiriil  liy  the 
iMri-li--nr-s  of  Iho  -.  n.'nl-  mi  the  |>as- 
siirjir   train.     Ilni.-     a, is     li.  hi     to    lie 

nothinj;   in  the   r nl   !•  .'         lo   -how 

(hat  even  his  pa--iMv  "ii  'i'  I  w.i-  in- 
consi-ti-nl  willi  I  n'  r  l.''iiai  \\i'  |il.n.  ilV 
snslaini-d  as  .-n;!!!,  u  ,■.  rhr  iiii\.h;^i' 
of  lU'i-r-sary  \i-il-  1.1  his  fiiiiil\  ir 
homo,  in  thr  iiiii;ii'.li;iii'  vicinity,  whin 
not.  intcrfrriiij  aiIIi  hi-  duties  to  Lis 
ein|l(iMls.  liiii;lll  oriiii'.'lll  not  h.'Vili.  en 
f.x|)re-s<d  in  the  roiiiv.uf:  or  it  n  i;:lit 
have  been  iiiipliei!.  m  >  ■  ar.i;  I  o'l  the 
]>iirt  of  the  eoiii|>aiiv  to  it-  i ,,  ;.lii''  -. 
And  even   if  the  plaiiitilV  had   i-i    ■:  \  on 

to  T.    in   .li-obeiliiMl.-i-  ol   lilllrl-     "m1    u  il!l 

«iut  the  knouleilL!!'  or  emi-ent  of  !ii-  iiii- 
ployer.  the  ilnl\  v.a-  slill  im  iiiiiIm  iit  i.a 
him  as  an  eiii|iliiu'e  to  pn-iiii  bin  If 
at  K.  on  the  d.iv  a|ipoiiitiil,  ainl  in  liMt 
end  take  pi--:i^:e  on  the  train  in  wiiieh 
he  was   ininiril. 

Still   more  e\jplieit    i-   l!ir  1  iii-iii  .■!■  of 

till ml   in    1  -./,    \.    \,,      )inl.    I  .  ,<    If. 

n.  II.  Co.   (IS.S4)    !l.">   N.   V.  .:•■:.    IT    Am. 


Itip.   .'to.      In  that    iM-e.   by   an   nrr.iD  • 
melll     lli.lde     between     tile     eliililoyei-    i.f 

ulii.ii"  llie  |i|.iiii!  ill's  inle-tate  w.i-  i  •, 
and  llie  lb  i' ■iilanl  coinpany,  they  m  ;  e 
to  Ih'  lai  r  I  liiii  Koehislir  In  rii;;,fl.i 
every  .Mi.r.il  i>  mi..iiiiiL'.  .i  rl  '■.•■  it 
biel;  every  Naliinl.iy  e\eiiiii.',  atlr  i  ■] 
i-hil.','  111!'  \  eek's  WOll..  'i'liey  tl.i  •  I 
in  .1  |i,  •  '  ji  r  1  ir  calbd  .i  slinii  e.  i  ,  , 
whieli  ulliiv  |M'r-oiis  who  pi  id  fares  i  .  i  ■ 
IB  rii.ilteil  to  1  ide.  Vo  fare  was  r.  i|iiii..l 
ol  til"  'lien  l!iii-  I  ;,  I.  :i;.ed  ami  l.:in-;  n 
nl,  bill  by  a;;;i.i  i  ;■!  a  dedii.  '  i'.n  ,  •* 
made  friiiii  tlieir  w.i;:(-.  at  an  aiiM.>.':.t 
!i\id  i.rr  liMiir.  beiiiu  the  s.ime  as  w'l.ii 
it,  worU.  for  the  lime  they  were  iii'  'i 
llie  train,  tlieir  wau'es  biuiiMiin;.'  \.  I"  ii 
il"  1  i.':n  bed  the  shop-  at  l:iiliilii.  HI  I 
ill.l.l..:  will  M  tln-y  lell  tin  in.  ll  \.,i- 
lieUI   tli.l    r.i.ielion  I'onld  b..  ni.iliil  iln  -i 

for   the    ile.'.lll    of    the    liliilllin-    illli-'   itiv 

rail-id  by  the  lolli-ioii  nl  In-  o^•.ll  ti  lu: 
with  annllier.  The  einirt  -lid:  "  llu' 
■  ■--elii'i'  of  the  I'ontiait  w  i-  that  tli''  .'■■ 
eeas.  .1  shoiiM  work'for  i  Iji-  deb  .■•!  Mil  n 
foieii  111  of  the  till  -lii-p.  and  in  e. 'i-i.! 
eratii'ii  tie  111. f  it  should  pay  him  a 
priee  fi\ed  |ier  hour,  and  -lionid  tii'>- 
|Kirt  him  fi'i  bis  r.sideiice  In  the  |.'  .■■ 
where  tbe  i\ '  :U  i.  :s  to  be  iliHie.  ;Mlt  'm  . 
ayain.  iiiin  i:-  r.iilroid.  wit'u'M   ili    i.. 

At   the  t  ill  e  of  the  aeei.b  lit   I 1         -.  ! 

via-  in  the  -hop  e.ir  of  tli!-  d.  1'  'iiliiit.  e'l 
hi-  n.iy  to  the  pbiee  ub'i  ■  :  ■  >i.i-  • 
In  ifiiriii  seiii.is.  .\s  111-  t  r  ;;.  ;"iil  lien 
was  a  part  of  ilie  ri-it  rut .  be  mi-  ih.i' 
by   \  iilne  thi  ;■,  1  f,     i-  .in   eiiipl"\.  ■       '':■ 

-il\iees    li.hl    lini;    i  ,  ilillnellieil    nil  hr    I'le 

eonli.M.l  :  he  pii  I  no  fare  as  an  ■.r!;:i'rv 
pa  -eii.'ir  w  nM  ir.i\e  de'ie.  but  »  -  !  ■ 
iii'.j  iran-imrb'i  iim'-r  tin-  pi—  i.f  iml 
ill.  I'lider  llii-e  I  ireiini-tam  ■  I'l-  'h' 
1 '  aseil  i\.is,  al  i  bi  lime  of  t!ii-  .' -.i  i.'. 
Ill  the  ear  '.o  .b  r  the  terms  ..f  pi  ■  khi- 
tr.iet  m.i'b  fi  r  the  niidition  of  hi-  -  . 
ill-  .iv.l  no;  .IS  a  p.i--eiiL:.T.  I 
i--iri1i  ll  thai  he  slioiild  !«•  in  l!i  ! 
al   the  time  .■mil   pine  of  the  aei  !■'   ii'    '" 

,.|.;,b!e  him  I,.  1.,  .1,  .1  I  l!le  en.',  .  •  f 
-•  1  ■,  .1        iMii    u  hii  ll     1.1     bad    elil    i     '         -I. 

fir  li.i-  he  would  not   have  I ii  i  i   i.'-it 

the  lime,  and  his  trav.liiiT  or.  !■  i-  "i"- 
e.isi  111  was  in  the  einnily  if  ■■■'■'  I 
ployee.  and  not  as  a  p:' ••  i,;er.  1 1  i  •" 
separate  eoiitr.nl-  hnl  hi  en  iiilile!  '" 
have  been  made,  nfe  fm-  the  -  r\  i.  -  •' 
the  i!.i-ea-eil  and  the  ol  i  i  fa-  hi-  'i  '  ■ 
IM.rt.ilion.  it  i-  t  lii  tn  •-  m.  e  i'.  '  '  "' 
aiiioiint   allovMsl     for    hi-    wa^es    weulil 


5  1)21] 


<  <)L  r.M-;  oi    I  \;iM  (i\  mint. 


ihi^ 


ilip  (>.\<T'-is<'  of  a  miMc  |ici'iiii--,ivi' 
1  ract'' 

iiuvp  hci-n  iticrpiiiod  mifTl'-ii'iillv  fo  piiy 
liU  fare  ii~  :i  iki^-i'H'.it.  CIimiIv.  -iicli 
iiiulil  ncil  h.iM-  liii  II  till-  iiiliiilii  II.  j» 
llie   riillllMil       lllililr     \v;is     11      -ili-jlc    mil'. 

ivhiili  nl.ili'l  ■'Illy  to  lln-  -crNlci-  <>l  ilif 
.icct'ii^i'il  jiikI  tin*  t'oiii|ifri>.i1  ion  hi*  Wif* 
'o  rcci'ivi'  fur  llii-  «iiiiir.      It    »,.»  put   m 

lllis    Ponlliii't     iif    -I'l  \  ill-    tiKll     III-    \>:l.    Ii. 

Ih'  I'.'irrlril  III  iiikI  finiii  the  |iLhi'  it   |ii~ 

viirk  ivriv  «ti'k  on  tin-  ilriiii.liuii'-. 
i.iilrnjil.  mill  on  a  tniin  wliiili  wii"  ii-ii 

lly    priiN  iiliil     fur     tlinl     |mii|m....      'I  In. 

i:;lil    til  ;.'ii   iuiil    return    liriii','    iTi~i|rir.i 
'  li'  fii'iii  III''  iiiiilnii't  to  (li>  til'  «iiik.  it 

-  not  oli\  ic  II-  that  any  valiil  ltoiiiiiI  rx 

.-!»    fur   clilllllill'J    lll:ll     the    lin-i    l«.i|    \v,i« 

i  |).ij.M-n'.'i-r  .'Mill  pMiij  111-  iiwii  I  ■!•  ... 
Vt  to  till'  |«'sitiiin  tlml.  !►  iii-f  lii*^ 
linur!*  of  hihiir  li.iil  nut  iumium  iiril  iil   tin- 

■  inio  of   till'   ai'i'iih'iit .    tlic    ili a^n-t!    wa- 

||'  hp  rcijarili'il  a-  n  [•i-.-iii /i-r.  it  is  a 
iiiii|ili'1i'  :iM-«i'r  til  -ay  llnl  liii  ripin.> 
iiii'i'  III  .mil  from  hi'*  work  wa-  inri.li'iii 
'.11  his  I'liijiti  \  iiii'iit.  anil  wa-*  piil  nf  iIh* 
■'inlMi't  iif  -iTxici'  isnihT  uliirii  \.r  ua» 
M;;a;;i'<l.  This  ii'iiiark  "ill  al-o  a|.iil.v 
'■I  till-  piiiltiiin  of  thf  r--|"  'I  l"iir-  n  iin 
I'l  that  tiavi'liiij;  tii  iIm'  -1iii(>  vvtn-n- 
"iifk   was   to   III'  ili>ni'    \..i-    in-t    llir    In' 

.'illllillL'    of     -,  l\  ic'i'.    Iilll      an     art     iliinr    In 

iihlain  tlip  sirvice.     If  it  «iia  a  piirt  of 

'111'  I'Miilrarl,  llii'ii  I'luiiiii-ly  it  I'Miiimt 
111' saiil  that  till'  ih'ri';i-i''l  L;:n.'  i  |i..rlion 
"I  liis  «a;;i'-  a.*  tlii'  priri'  cl  I  iMii-imrta 
lion,  inilo|M'nilt'nt  of  his  I'lmlrai't.  llo 
i.is  as  iiuii'h  iniilrr  llio  loiilinl  of  tho 
li'fi'tidant  «hi'n  tiaviliii';  us  aii>  othir 
'•iiiplnyi'i'  «lio  Has  tiaii-;'..i  till  !i\  virtiio 
I'f  a  I'ontiafI  with  th'  ciinp.iiiy  for  hi- 
-'Tviccs.  whiili  conlrai't  i.i.iv  iiloil  forth'- 
riilht  to  J,"!!  and  roiin-  ii|hiii  tin'  ilvfi'iid 
lilt's  cars  to  anil  from  I  In-  pLiii'  «ln'ii' 
'ii'  was  ri'ipiiinl  to  wir.k.  AUIu'Iil'Ii  ho 
'ind  no  p.Tiiriilar  duly  to  .ii-ih.ii'.'.' 
«tiile  tra\i'liii'_'.  sr\  IIh-  ii.niliiii;  of  tlio 
'lis'i'a-i'd  wa-  not  :is  .'i  p  i--i-if^ir.  lint  as 
111  i'iiiplii\i'i'  iitiilcr  III.'  i..iilia('t  of  -•  r\ 
ice  hi'tttifii  him  ami  llo'  ilofrmlinl. 
•  .  If  the  iiia-li'i'-  ii.'i'li^'i'iii'i'  is  a 
iiiattcr  I'vli  nil. ill-  III  Ili-  -pi-,  i lie  ,>iii 
pliiyini'iit.  or  if  till'  injury  In-  rocfiNril 
It   a  tiiiii'   whin   till'  -iTVMiit    i-   not   on 


jiri\iliyi'  ciiiiiii'ch'd  V,  itii  hi  j  fni- 


u'ayi'd  ill  hi-  iliitii'-.  thm  tlio  s.-rv.iii 
lUpic-  till'  |«.-ilioii  ,>r  -I lit  11-  of  :i  -I  I 


such  «  "nop.  we  think,  llip  person  in- 
jured lon-t  III-  ri'vardi'il  as  a  -in  am  or 
enipli'.Ni'e.  iiml  the  I'liiiipany.  jii  vvli..,i' 
eniphnmi-ot  he  is  at  the  line  eii'.,'.i^'ed. 
is   not    le-p-ii-ilile   for  the   injiiiy." 

"In  li,IUh.i„iit.ii  V.  SI', ,111  lironl.  It. 
ii,rii.  i  Is.'c'i  10  Cii-h.  ■>i'<,  it  «M-  iir^i-d 
that  the  pl.iiiiliir  >>.^-  ni.t  ill  the  ,  inplm 
iiient  I'f  the  ilrf.-nl.ints  at  the  time  the 
injlii.v  u  I-  ii.-.i\ed.  or  that  he  mi^lil 
pr.'piil\  1,1-  I  iiiisiilenil  «»  a  p  is-i-i.uer. 
and  llii  'I -li-ii'Liiil -.  as  re-p-els  him. 
were  ..iiiii-  |..r  hire,  lint  tin-  eoiirl, 
-aid:  In  no  view  i  f  the  ease  <-.in  this 
.ii-lion    he    maintained.      If    the    pl.-iinilM 

>v.l-.     h\      1 1 ol!U-.ol     of    -.  rviee,    to    le 

l-:lllieil     hv     the    defend  Hit  -     to    the    pla  'e 

lor   hi-   lilior.  linn    the    injury  wa-    re 
c-eiM'd    .',  Iiile  enLML't'd    in   the  servin-    fur 
vvll'i-ll      he     was     eli.plryed.    and    80    falls 
within    the    ordiiiiirv    .  's«'s    of    si.nani- 
-ii-l:'ihii.'.'    Ill   iiijiiis    frnni  the  iie'jli'.'- nee 
"t  olh.r     .r\ai!t-.      It   it  he  ml    pii.perly 
inferalde  from  the  e\  id-nee  th.it   the  eml- 
(r.ict    heUueii    the    p.irlies    actually    em 
lirarisl    Ihi-    l  raiis|»ii  i;ition   to   the   plaie 
of   l.il"  I.   ii    havi-.   I  he  e.isp  to   -land   a- 
.1     pi'lHii      ixe    |.rivili';;e     {.'ranted*    to     I  he 
plaiiitill.  nf  whii-li   hea\,iili-d  hiii.-elf.  lo 
lai-ilil  ill'   his   lahors  aiel   -e;  \  i.  e,   und    i- 
.'ipi"il.\    eonnei'leil    with    it    mil    the   rela 
tioii    of   iiia-ler    and    s,.n;ii|i.    ^m,!    tliiie 
fore   fni-iii-hi-   mi   L'roiind    for  maintain 
ini:  this   .1,1  ion.  " 

t'oiiip.ire  the  rulinj;  tli-it.  where  an 
eiiiploM'i'  iif  a  railro.id  e.inipiny.  afiir 
liis  diy'-  work  "as  done,  t.iik  yraiiii 
'oils  p;,-,-,^.,.  ,111  ,1  fi-i  iyhl  train  from  I  !i.- 
plaee  of  his  work  to  a  point  near  hi- 
hoioe,  and  uhile  riilinir  on  -  lid  Ir.iiii 
leeeiM'il  iiiiiirie-  i-.-nltini.'  ill  hi-  death, 
the  t-'raliiii.  11-  eaniaire  of  sneli  eniployep 
was  n  privile;.'!'  im  iileiilal  to  his  i-on- 
irai-t  of  -erv  iee.  and  aoeorded  to  him 
merely  hy  rea-oii  of  tliat  eontrael.  ami 
did  not  make  liitn  n  pa--ini.'er.  hniii,  ur 
V.   .Vmi-   V-.-'..   .V.   //,  if-  //.  If.  C„.    {  IH'.IOl 

■•\  I!.  1.   \:,i.  m;  \..  I!.  .\.  7:)n,  7:1  .Vm. 
SI.  i;i-p.  SI',;.  4t  .\ti   .VI-.' 

The  eoni'eption  of  the  t  ran-pnrlal  iin 
UiiiL'  a  privih-L'e  i-oofei  re-l  for  llie  pur- 
pose of  f.ii-ilitat  iiiL'  the  Hoik  was  al-ii 
I."— •  -'  =-  "  -'  ■  ■  '  ■■ 
It 


diip'eil  in   Wiiiilil   V.  \i,ilh,ii,ii>l,„i  if  //. 


lint    this    rule    has    iii>    applii-al  i' 11     I 


( is'.is)    12-i  \.  V.  nr^ 


«hen   hv   the  t 


I'l 


i-li' 


'I  or  implied,  it  apj 

"11    '1 :il  -    coli-l  1;  1 


rtns  of   the   eoiitraet.   e\ 


Oft. 
I'he   tlieorv   of 


2!»  S.  !•: 


ir-  lli.it  ttav      iiii'idrii'.il   to    the   eimlrai 


p.-rmis-ive    privili'L' 


I'll-' 


("iitiun   of    the    (-.nilriet    of   -.  riiiv.      Ii 


.\li  ii 
'lii'.il 


I    Ii 


la-    reeeii 


the  I' 


•d 


lea-t.  an  i-\I  11-111.-    ip 
ion    in    IIiiiiiihk   v,   llaiiiiilial  )f   S> 


i  <S 


IS.10 


MASTKI!  A.N  I)  SKItVANT. 


(chap,  xxxiii 


i  1 


A  siniplo  jind  intclliiiililc  CMH-iiilfnitiini  ii|w'ii  wliicli  this  tlifory  oi 
tlio  sitii:iii.>ii  im;\v  !«■  jiwiilicil  is  tliiit,  in  iin'si  insiiincrs,  tlm  worl, 
wuiild  1m'  scriiinsly  rcljnicd,  or  oven  iiiipiissililc  of  pcrfoniiiinco,  tin 
loss  tlio  train  wus  nscil  iis  t\  iiu-iiiis  of  tr!ms[Mirtiiti<>ii.  Tlic  tniin  In 
conios,  from  this  st;in(l|)niiit.  <>iic  of  ilic  iii»inmi<'iit;ilitios  fiiriii-ln .' 
for  the  more  clhciiiil  ixM-foniuiiifc  of  his  duties,  ami  ii>  iisjiiir  if  h 
is  carrying  out  hi^  conlriift  just  as  clcarlv  as  when  lio  id  usinj;  an; 
other  i>i(  CO  of  niu'liiiicrv  for  ihc  same  |iiir|(o-c'.'" 

•/.  R.  Co.    (lS(i.")i    no   Mo.  41S,  wlicrc  ic  with    llii'   iiiliii;;s   rifiMl   in  siihscr.   r.  i- 

ciiviry  w:i-  iliiiii'.l   in  tlir  <■, >f  ;i  ■^crv  fru.     Ttir  /»«,///.    <V(,s,     (1SI)4)    KiJ   M,i.- 

ant   who    had    tmn    (ilT    iliily    fnr  some  Cii.  2.")  I,    1!.  .\.  I.'i".  tt  Am.  St.  licp    :  :  • 

iImv*.  «ho  u.i-  tijvrliii;:  nil  ;i  piivjli'  ir  .'IT   N.  I'..  770.  Ihiir  iiicntiiiiKil,  iiuiy 

I'iiiiil.  mill  will'  \vii<  iK't    iiiiiiii'iiiiili'l.v  <'M  lliiiik.  fairly  lir  loii^t  iiiimI  as  i|ii:ilii\i 

j;iif.'"il    ill    till'  liii-iii<'~-<   ipf  IIk-  riiiii|>aiiy.  Ilic    niiiarks    un     tlir    (lill.ihiiiiiii,ii   (  ,/, 

It,  «a^   hi'M   dial,   wlicn    |.ii"if   wa-    I'liV  (  1S.-.2)    10  Cii-li.  -.'JS.     Tin-  //i./-/"is  r..„ 

nishi'il  that  he  had  |)ii'viiiii-ly  lircti  hind  <■,   al«(i  i  iipu-id   to  tlio   iiiliiiy    in    /.'W/' 

as  a  Iprakiiiiiiii,  «a>- >l  ill  on  Ilic  pay  mil.  iiimr  i(-    O.    I{.   Co.    v.    Slulr    (IS71I1    .d 

and  had    iml    lurii    paid   olT  al    tlir  tinic  Md.  542    IS  li-J."),  noto  2.   iitfrn).  ami  ii: 

ho    was    killcil.    Iln-r    ciniini^lani  1'^    he-  fact    xccnis    In     have     no  Mippoit    1  m  .  |.' 

cnmc  quitr  ininialriial.    The  cduit  said;  siirh  as  it  may  In'  di<Mi»d  to  di'iiv.'  in  n 

■'Till'  nindiirliir.  knowing  liiin  only  as  ,in  hniisan  I'.  I',  i'n.  \.  Snlninn    1  IST^li    i; 

I'lnployi'c.  was  nol  IhiiiihI  Io  iinpiin-  into  Kan.  S.'J.  wliin-.  anions  tho  n'ason»  «ln 

his    paitirnl.ir   riiand:    ami    tlioiii;li    in-  an  iiivincir  ^1  ini;  hack  to  his  wi.rk  «  1- 

fornifd    liy    a    la-iial    niiivirsalion    with  hold   nut    to   Im-  a    passi  ii;.'or.   Ilio   fnllmv 

him,    in    tin-    ha;;;.M;ii'   car.    that    lie   was  inj;   were  cniimi-ratcd :      "lie   hoiinlit    m. 

lookiiiL'     for     some     tcmpoiioy     employ-  ticket,   paid   no  tiiro.  nor  olfiTcd  Io  Iniv 

ini'iit.  -o' as   not    to   lose  liino.  he   iiiij.'lit  any  ticket  or  piiy  any  fare.     .     .     .     Ih 

still  he    jii-lilied    in   tnalinj;  him  as  an  did  no!   at  any  lime  claim  to  he  a   pi- 

employce   « ho  had   Ihe  privilo^'p  of  free  scnyer.  1  r  act   as  snch.     lie  did    imt   '^r 

passafje  on    llio   trains   as   such.     I'nder  into  a  pa-seiij;cr  car.  nor  upon  .1  pi--iii 

snch  cin  iiiMslances,  il    was  his  hiisiniss,  lit   train.     .     .     .     hut    went    into   a    1.1 

if  ho  claimed  to  lie  a    pissenycr.   Io  en-  Imosc    car    attached    to    a    fici^dil    iriiii 

pi^e  or  I, ike  a  seal   in  a  pa»s,.nircr  coach  .  where    oilier    servaiils    ami  iin 

na   such.    or.    al    lei-l.    in    snine    way   to  plovics  of  the  company  rude,  and   fiem 

niako  il   known  Io  Ihe  cnnilmlor  llial  ho  which    |iu--cii;;crs  and   all   olher   pn-nn- 

claimed  Io  he  Iriveliii;;  in  tlii'  character  exnpl    ctnphyces  of  the  company.   «■  1 

of   a    passen;;cr.  .      .     <  hi    the    morn-  [to      his     kiioHledye]     excluded.      . 

ini;    of     Ihc     accident,    ho     signaled    the  lie  was  ;;i.iii;;  from  his  home  to  llii>  pi  h  . 

train   to  stnp    and    lake    him   up.  as   it  nf   his  employment,  iis   was   his  iii-i.h 

|>ass<'<l  where  he  was;   ho  took  his  place  f,,i-   |||,i    purpose   of   pcrfmniinf.'   1 1"'  dii 

in  the  hav^'iiee  car  anioni.'  olher  eniplo\  1  j,.s  of  hi»  employmeiil.  and   iihIc  in  lli' 

pes;   ho  ap|M'ars  to  have  liealcd   himself  ,  alioo-e  ear  on  ;i    frcii.dit   Irain.  and  |>.ii  i 

as  an  cmphi\ee;  and  he  was  received  hy  ,„,  fan-,  according.'  to  cnslom.  ii-a^'e.  an 

the  ccndiiclcr  as  an  eniilo;,.i>  who  was  ,|,.rsiaiidin^'.  and   ayrii'iiieiil    of  Ihe  \:\t 


pa»siiii.'  from  one  point  Io  another  on 
the  road,  in  the  usual  iiianinT.  lie  on 
;:a;;ed  no  pas*ii;;e.  tiwik  no  ^cat  in  any 
jia--enL'i  r  car.  paid  no  fare,  and  evident 
iy  did  iiol  e\|Ncl  Io  pay  any.  and  none 
was  exacled  from  liini.  lie  dnl  nol 
claim  Io  h"  a  pa—iiiL'i  r.  nor  was  he  con 
-idcrcd  olhcrwi-c  than  a-  an  cnip|oMs> 
by  the  condnilor."     This  case  is  an  e~- 


In  Ilia!  case,  however.  Ihc  niliri: 
uas  I'Xpressly  |ia«eil  on  the  llieorv  lli:ii 
ihe  plaintilV  was  traveling  "for  llic  pm 
|K)-e  of  |M'rforiiiinu  the  duties  of  lii-  iin 
ployment."  and.  however  (]Uesii..ii.iii' 
III    inference    this    ma,     1m-.    coii-i.lf  iin- 

il vidiiice.  I  hi'  ciiiiiiiislanec  iliii-  r 

Iiol     on      maiiil'e^lly    dilferenliilcs    fin- 
case  from   tlii'    one     in     Mi--i mi.   \\lii'' 


TMvialtv    strong'  one.   as    il     was    m  evi 

dence  that  the  deceased,  atlhoiifih   hired  '^'.Vs  no  -tress  u|Kin  any  s„cli  fader,  a" 

hv  the  month,  was  nol  paid  for  the  dav-  "I'V  he  ic^'aided  a~  hriiivniL'  ><    uile  '   ■ 

on  which  he  did  no  work.    On  the  whole,  -mic  catc-;orv    ,is  the  New  \oik   ruling 

it    sooins    In   he   of    very    diildoiw    -oniid  'hove  rcfernil   to. 

iiess,  and  certainly  laniiol    Im-  reconciled  'In    Uirm    v.    Cumhrihiii'l     l.n.,;/    /.' 


i<U] 


Col  IISK  OK  KMI'1,(»^.MK^T; 


inni 


A|)Mr(  from  tlii-^p  jroncnil  irn.iin.ls  for  itiforrins  tliat  I'nc  mii-^t.'pV 

.•..liln.l   i-^  not  .s||^|Mllc|(,l   wliilr  tlic  S<TVilIlT    is  Ixiiijr  collVCV.'.l,  tlu!  spc- 

.•ial  ciriMiiiistiiiici's  uf  ilio  cii.se  may  soiiii'tiiii«$si  point  to  tiu;  same  con- 
rli;>ioi)." 

d.  Ass,n„i,li,)U  of  Ihr  rid-  of  fhr  nn/li,,.  „rr  of  xrrninh  ,mf.  op,  ml 
'iii'i  Inniis. — As  flie  aviiihiliilily  of  the  ili'lVns,.  of  coimiiimh  orriiilov- 
iiiciit  III  t'iHos  of  tlif  tv|.,'  Imiv  midor  review  (Ifjieiuls  siiii|.iv  upon  tin- 
.,ii-\vrr  fo  the  (|unsti.m  wliether  ilieiv  wa.s  any  Invak  in  tlie  eoiuinii 
ity  of  the  rehitionship  of  master  and  servant  diirinir  ilie  jonriiex.  ii 
is  obvious  tiiat  an  eiMpl..\M.  eannot  recover,  under  tlio  cireuni-siaiiee, 
siii.jmsod,  for  an  injury  which  was  caused  by  the  negli-vnee  of  anv 

'•o.  (1S54)  23  Pa.  1S4.  «.■  f.n.l  tlie  court   ..ntiiHy  .IrMr,  tl.,it  tlio  .l,.f,.,„l,ints  ,v,niM 

H.i-.,niM«    thus:      •■111,-    n.iiun'    of    the    not  liavi-  li  i<l  a  ri-lit,  umlcr  their   e- 

.-..-r  r(|niic-s  tlie  a(I„ii-i..n  iliat  it  was  iih-iM  mIII,  tl,o  [.lainlilV.  In  insist' n„,„. 
the  iiiiilcrstaiiiliriu  of  thi>  parlies  that  his  ni  inning'  to  the  eilv  at  iii..hl  Tlie 
the  hands  were  to  reh'  oii  Hie  fnavel  ;,'ravel  \,.,,„  poiiI,|  ,„,(  l"„,  ,  ,,,,,rrlv  mm 
tnon  fo  and  from  ll.eir  «,.rk.  an. I  at  nf.-.'.!  I,v  the  pn;rine,.r  al.,M<-  Men  were 
llieir  work,  and  the  |,laiMliir  is  entitled  recpiired  to  act  as  l,rak,-nien  in  ease  of 
lo  n-e  tl,„  |a,t  as  a  put  „f  'i.  ea^e,  i.Mi.jeiii.  ft  app.aiv  that  some  of  the 
llccannnt.  however.  u>..  it  as  pi,„.ntinf  -Mr.-  n.en  who  workr.l  in  the  -ravel  pit 
Ihp  «li<.|,.  „f  III,.  relati,>n  l>el«,.,n  him  al-o  nniirie.I  th,-  l,ral,,'s.  A  ptnlien  of 
iiid  the  difiii.l  lilts,      lie  was  ii,it  a  mere    the    li.in.i-    .iiiidnid    liv,.,!    i„    th,'   city 

l.a"eiiLr.;r  on    the   ,|,-f,  ii.lants'   ears:    I nd  lli,.  ,l,.f,.„.lai,t-  mav  hav,.  r.-li,Ml   i,,,' 

•Miise  his  travid  iipeii  th,  in  wa-  iv.,lh  on  iIhmm  t,i  work  lli,.  ll-iki'^  in  ,i-,.  ,,f 
•  in  iniident   of  a   ,liiri  rent  r.datinn.   that    nwe-sity,   upon  tli,.   r,liirn   i.f  Hi,'  liain 

"f  ;i   -rvaiit:   ami    i]t\H  is  tin-  eli  nailer    and    may    have   taki-n    llii^    inl -ii| 

m  «hirh  we  mu-t  i,  ..aid  him  lar,..  lie  eration  in  aL-n-'insr  to  hrin-  ili,aii  |i„nie 
«as   n.i   more   a    p.i-.,.n.L'er    than    is    th.'    at  tii^.lit.      lint.  .■on.vilhiL' lliat  the  plain 

.•oii.'liMian.  or  wa- i.  .,r  eirl.,.  vUio  is    till'  «,,s  „„t  |„.,„„|  t„  ,,.,,|,„  ,,,.„  |f  ,,,„ 

III  tlieemphniia.iit  of  aii,.th,T.  II,-  was  ,l.-r,n,|ants  iiisi,t,.,|  n,„„|  j,  jt  ,!,,.,  not 
MiMiily  a  s«Tvanl.  with  the  privih-e  of  t„ll.,vv  that  while  netiiallv  riiinnu.'  to 
raliii;;.  as  part  ,.f  his  hiisiii,~<s,  in  the  the  pity  witli  the  train  he  wa>  11..1  'il„- 
•.'r:iv,|  train.    »hf-h    w.is   oiu.  of  the  in      ^eivaiit    of   the   eompanv.      If    he    «  i~     , 

Mriinients   of   his    work.     Me    ( 1,1    not    men-  pa>-en^'iT  lip  was 'not  iM.iin.l  I,,  d- 

iiid  .loes  n.it  sii,.  ..n  a  eoiitra,  t  as  a  (mi.s-  anMliinu'  to  faellitate  th,.  i-,t,irii  ..t  tie- 
s.-;rrer.  f,r  that  wa,  not  liis  relation;  tr.iiii.  If  an  ,i,i,-ri:,-rii  v  .,i,..  n-,pii,iii.' 
I.iit  hi-  .„.,-s  Mie  on  his  true  r,-I,iti<.n.  a.s  Hi,,  use  of  the  l,i-,.ke-'  he  mi.'ht  r.fii-e 
-I  M  ninl  iniui,-.l  l.y  the  ear-l.—mss  of  to  lais,.  hi^  ha,,,].  If  an  oh.ineiion  was 
his  f,-ll,nv  .<,-nai,ts."  ,i„  ,    ^ilh   iip,.n  the  tra.-k.  he  irii.-lit   fo'lil 

In    l,ii.x.ll    V.    Ilutl.,,,,!    Itirrr  If,    Cn.    h]-  arms  until  the  e.Hiii.iiiv  r.iiir.i  ,.,|   it- 

-I,         II  ^^-   1^^-  ^^""'■-'"'"   "«•■••"'  '•"■'    »•>"'    !"•   "'i^'l"    .lo   in   this    res .,■ 

-I  Ihiir.  .,!),  wh,-i,-hy  an  arranu'ement  he-  ov.mv   oth,r   haml   n-tiirnin-  to  th,-  eitv 

H,-,.n  the   plainliiT   and   the   d.fen.lanls  un.ler  simil.ir  eir,-UM,stane,>s  mi-lit   al-o 

'«■  WIS  to  1k>  lak,-n  li,>mp  to  the  eity  up  do.     Such  ,-..iil,l  n,,t,   [  think    h.ne  Im-,.ii 

,,,,    ih..^ravel     tram     at   niyiht.    it    was  the  true   r.-lat  ion     L-tween    the    parti,-s 

nr^    I  !hat   his  ,ays  w„rk  wa.s  eompl.-l  Th,.    plaintilf   was  ,.,„pl„v,.d   t,v   th,-  d,' 


the  last  ioad  ,.f 


I«'-it,-,l:    that   h,.   w 


,-I 


feialaiits   as 


a  'lay   lal.on-r.      ij- 


was  t. 


..MiLMli 


a-   iiM.l.r   110   fiirller    he  taken   iii>  at  the  eilv  whi-re  he  !iv,-il 


in  to  do  aiivihin.'  for  the 


that 
.  to  Ih 


carrvin-r    him 


iili'rati 


i»-rfii 


•,|  l.v 


hoine 
com 


'"Ml-    in   the  II! 
L'ht ; 


1.1    s,.t  (I, 


th. 


r.inh'il 


nn.l    he    sl„„|lil.    I    think.    I.. 


I.I 


if  the  lalior  prpvimi-iy    intenal.    th 


haviiii:  Is  .n.  during'  He 


eiinslitut.-.l    a     [.-rt     of     his   ami  h,mn,l 


anil  that  it  'vas  entii.-l 


lim  to  avail  tmiis,.|f  ot  tliis 


V  opii.ina 


the 


ilij. 


"llteiil  iiiii 


di.l 


I    Pss 
triin 


le    s.-r\,iMt    of    Ih. 
as  siieh  to 


r.-ii. 


i.l.  if 


ry.  in   pronioiiiiL'  th,'  pas 
■      ■  th. 


..th    t, 


in. I    ft 


of  Ih, 


V..I    11  '\l    A  S.— 34. 


"It   is  n,)t.    I   th 


mil  |,r,.\,iil.    13  ,le,  isive  of  the  ca 


city.     This 


I 


\SM 


MASTKU  AM)  SKKV ANT. 


I.  MM' 


I'.H. 


If! 


Iiii 


i       r,=i,   « 


n\ 


Itfffl" 


,pi. 


not  i\  tiitiiiliaiul,  i'(ir  wlm-i'  (Icfmilts    tlio    iiui-ic 


iiiM  imi  liiivc  lii'cii  rc-poii-; 


if   till 


iiiji 


IiikI, 


at  il 


liiiif  *'!'  ilic  atriiii'iit.  U'cn  .K'tivcly  i;iig:ij;tii  in  \\u'  |icr)uriiiaii('<'  u\  iii> 
iliiiic^.'* 

c.  W'hfn  S(  naiils  hariliiiii  on  Hirir  finplo]i(Vs'  r<  liic'cs  arr  ihrm,,! 
hi  iic  /«(s.s(/if/(c,s.—  Until  (111  i>riiiri|il"  aiul  iiiilln'fil  v.  il  i-  c-liai-  ilii; 
the  ijifcii-i'  i>f  o'liimmi  ('iii|ili>\  incut  i-^  ii"t  availalili'  tu  tin-  iim-iir 
wlicrr  tiir  iiijiiicd  |icr-iHi  vv;!-  1 1  ;n  cliiiL'^  ( iilii-c'!\  fiT  hi-  iiwn  |iiii|i..-.  -, 
ami  till'  riuiit  df  tlic  iiia-^lcr  to  exact  tlie  |pci'l'i>iiiiaiiir  uf  <cr\ici»  wii- 
tiot  iiiiTcIv  (iuriiiaiit.  liitf  wliolly  mis|H'ni!c(l.'" 

"In    VoM  V,  Jnhiiftnn    (IS.'O)    '22    111.  v.itf   inlcir-t    or    |ili'ii-iiro.  U  mit.   wl." 

li:!.'t.   it    x>:i-i   lii'ld  f!i;it    ii<>  lmciiimI   nf  Jio-  |>a"ii\i,'  ii\ci    Ilii-   ici.nl    ciitirdv    f.ir   hi- 

limi  «/>  «liii»ii  liy  il  ii'iiii'l  lint   iill."_'iin'  own    liii<iiir-<    .n-    |.ti-i.Mir.   "in    tlii-  .  n; 

that    il    r.ir|>riilir.    wliilc   !>•  iiii;   riiMMVul  |i!i.,viin  iit"  nf  111.' ii  iii|i.iiiy,  williin  M' 

Id  lii-  \Mirl<  iin  II  iMii'-triii'lion  tr.iiii.  WHS  I'lili     Si:il     diiij'.    1  iJ.   8   il'J.   ikmIh!     .i 

inJMi,-.!  ..win'.'  to  tin-  iiii-iciii.l.T  uf  two  liiiliililv     for     iiiiniy      to     a     |>a--.iir 

liiil».      It    slidulil    lie  I.I. MTV. i|.    li..«cviT,  lii.iilr    V.    Iii'i.l.iinj    U.    <'„.    (IStH        '.■ 

«illi    rty.iid    to   till'    f.i.l-    111    tliis    iM-i'.  Mil"    i;il.   J.'i    I..    1!.    A.    l.'iT.  41     \.n.   ^i 

lti:it    II. .lie    of    till'    .HMJiln-ili.ii-    "f    llm  l!r|i.   :!:i'>.   ''IT     N.     K.     T"l)    (nilli-i...i  ■ 

ll.rllill.'   of    rii^i'iviri'     ili-ill',:    nut    iif    tlie  i-lllliil   I  llli.ll'.'ll   tile  llr'.:li'.:rlll-.'  nl    tin    .11 

til v    ipf    ni.iwi--iL'r,   I.ti'   iliilii's    an-   no-  jijinm).      Tin-    loiirt     ixiiiitcil    niit     Ih-.t 

lici'il.    i.r    wi'ir.    -."    fir    ii>   iiiii    Im-    -t'cii.  ■  i|.  Ii   a   ti.!,!    is  ii"!    iia'ii'  ;_'r.ii  uil.v.  inr 

im-int    to  tlir   mill. I   ..f  tin-  .•.iiiil:    ami  fiinii-lii-     |>aii    of   ti..-  I'lnisiil.  r   I  iiu  l\ 

till-  rnlinjt  in  tli.-  firm   in   wlii.li   it   was  wliirli  In-  wiis  iii.iii.'.il  to  I'lii.  i   ili.-..ih 

ma. If  ran  sc;iriily  ln'  roiir.l    ill   \  i.w   ot  |Miiv's    scrviii-.    i.ii.l     siii.h       "A    (h  i  "ii 

llii'  laliT  ili'i'i«ii>ii-.  ami   is  I'lrliiiiily  not  may   at  ntir   timi'  li.'    in   i'm|>l..\>-.'  «l;.i. 

in  liar iiy  willi  tlir  |>r lit  iloiiii  i.'  in  [liis^iiij  ov.t  a   laili'   "I.  ami  ;il   iiii..lli'i 

lllinnis    itself,      lint,  -i-ltiir,'    ii-i.l.'    this  linn-,  in  jiassinL^  ..mi    ili"sami-  i..;ir|.  !..• 

|>.;iiit,  Ih.'  oas*'   i~  m.ii.if'-lly  on.'   wlu.li  a    |>a--.'ti;;iT.    ili..ii^'li    I'liiiliniiini:;  iill  Hi" 

lali.'s  lor  jLininti'il  tin-  nili-  slati.l   in  tin'  wliili'.    in   a   j«i|.iili|-  siii~.'.  to  I..'  in  li..' 

(,.\i.  i'iii|iloymi'iil    ol    till'   lailioa.l    i.iiii|.  my  ' 

"In     tUdlr     'lie    of    Mtf  11   V.    11.  s/. ill  "Tlll>    .1.  f.  Inlallt      was     not     t  r.ni-|«.i '  ii: 

MnniUiml   I,'.  <',,.    I  1  ><S  1 1    (i:!  Mil.    I".-,  a  liini   to  or    from   tin'    plai-.'  of   l.i-   •I...' 

I.nik.-nian   liiri'.l    from   ilay   to  iliiy.   ami  l.il.or     |>iir-iianl     to     tl."     ariia     iin  i' 

not   piii.l   for  Siin.liiy   iiiil.-ss  hi-  a.tiiiliy  wlii.'li  i\i«l.il  l..-lur.'n  lli.'iii.      Il   Ini.I  ii" 

wiirki-.l.    wliii   was   kill. .I   on    Siiinl.iy.   I.y  .onti..!  or  aiilliorily  i\.r  liiin.      lie  "  i- 

llir    iifjliiii'mc   of    til.'    traiiimi'n.    wliili'  not  I  ra\i'liii^' on  iiiiv  -iivi.-..  fur  il.     lli- 

IraM'linj  on   a  I'oinlurtor's  pass  to  vi-it  linn- was  liis  imn.  ami  lii.' .Irf.n.l.iiit  wi- 

Ills    family,    witli   llic   |>orniission   of   tlir  not   paying  liim  lor  it.  nil. I  In-  .oiil.l  ii-' 

loiiij.  my.' u:i-   liil.l   I'lititltil   to    i...iMr.  it    as    lio    saw    fit.    anil    lir    wa-    |ii--ii-' 

Up   wa-   ili'.l  nil!    imt    to  lii'  ilisi-liaiu'in;;  ovi-r  llir  roa.l  i-ntlri'ly   for  his  own  im-i 

any    piirt    of    lii-    loiitrart.    Iiiivin;.'    Iiis'ii  ni'ss  or   plra-iiri'.      So     Ion;;    a-    In'    »  i- 

|.\iiri— ly   rrl.  i~r.l    fr ilir  foiil  i.n  I    of  worKiii:;  from  iliiy  to  ilay  for  till' .!■  I' 11 1 

-ir\iri'  for  till-  timi'  lirinfr.  ant   il   mi;_'lil   In'  -ai.l.  in  n   |>i.|.iil,ii   -     - 

hi  Wii.sA/oii-ii  V.  S'lishi  llir  d  ('■  li.  Co.  that    lio  was    in     its    i  mpl..Miii'nl       \W 

(18,l!>i    a    II. a. I.   CaS.   75    Am.    I)t'r.    TS4.  «,■   ilo   not    lliiiik     lli.it     is     tin-   -.i-.'  in 

an   in-imiT    alisint    from   ilnty    wiiln.iit  wlii.li    tlio   woiils   aro  in.'.l    in    111.-  -i  ' 

li-avi'.    ami    tr.iM'iiii'.^    on    anorii.i     (lain  mIo."     <  Iii    iIh'   si'i.'ml   a|.|i  ,il.  tin'  i    nrl 

with    thi'    p(-rmi--ioii    of    tlw    i-omliii  lor,  i.'il.i.it.ij     its    o|.iiii.ai~    In;.!     tl'..    in..: 

waB    allow. si    to    ri-...M-i.     Sit,    liowi'vir.  «.i,  mil  a  j,'r.il"it.v.      It  wa-  imi..  l"!  I'.v 

Hi<l'li>ii   V.    Ilin.)nl.al    ,(     SI.    ./.     K.    Cv iii-.-l   that    tin-   plaiiiiliV  w.i-  m    |. .  •■  h 

(isii.'i)    .11!   Mo.  4I.S.  iiotr  1),  .•.iii.ra.  ■:>■<.      (IS!H!i    |i,r.  M.i".   I'.'i.  :!:!  I.    I     A- 

A  railroail  i-m|.l.'\<.'  havin..-  ii   monlli-  Htl.  "i.'i   Am.  SI.   I'l'p.    117.    tl    N     i'    ''H 

ly  ticki't    j;i\rn    him.    whi.li    is  t;.i..l    f.ir  This    .|.-.-i-ioii     was     lai.  I\     f..!i.   ■    1    I'l 

iliorp     riili-i     than     aro   n.r.--ari    in    at  Hid.  ■  >■'■■, »    \.    !",..«'    r.ni    S!,,,'    I!    '  •■ 

tenilinji  to    his    wi-rl;.    wi'h    tin-    o\].r.-s  ,  |.uil  ,    177    \l.i-..  :a;,",.  .'.J   I..   I;.    \     '-'^ 

privil»K'"  < ''  ii-i"-;  thi'iii  fur  his  own   pri-  ,",li    N.    i;.  ilU,   wi.ri'  au  a.li.ui   'i    '  li'i' 


.1      .    -  1 


I  G211 


Ktl  l!>i:  or   KMIM.i.N  MKM. 


ls:n 


'I'licri'  is  I. tic  I'liiii^iv  Uiiiiiii  ilf.'i'ii.ri  linliliii::  fliiit  n  m<r|iiiiiic  <'iii- 
iilciytil  liv  !i  r:iil\\  ;i_\  (•(.iii|iiiiiN  In  Work  n|M>ii  ilir  riPinl  al  a  tlisttaiicc 
frciii  lii-i  lioiiii'.  wlm  i'.  liv  a;;rii'iiiciit.  larricil  '.•<  ainl  \r<-  in  llic  train-* 
lit'  lii-  cmpliivii-i  willii.iit  |ia\ina'  anv  t'ai'i'.  tlir  iiml 'r-tamiiii^  liiin;. 
tliiil  ilii'  tran>|niiMal  inn  i-  ii  \ii,v{  ul'  Iii>  wairi-.,  i:':i,v  rccuvcr  if  lif  -iil 

I'll-  injiil'V,  wiiiic  (111  till    I'oail.  tn'iii  lln'  iicr'iiii m l'  a    li'llnw  •^ryy 

ii'it.  TIic  liillViiiitiatinir  taclnl'^  n  linl  on  i>v  llir  cunrl  wvn-  lliaf  (lie 
(Iciliiciiiin  tiiini  lii'  \vaf;r-  nia<li'  iiini  a  ]i.iviii\;  |i:i  -riiL'f:  tliaf  lii- 
ilnli""'  li:i'l  liccn  cciMiplili'il  Kilofc  ln'  lioirilid  lli  •  liMin;  ami  ilia!  Iir 
was  iii't  carricij   nicrclv   tor  liic  rdincnii'inc  oj    hi^  onip!   'x-r-*    anil 

to  tir  niiiiiil.'iiiiiilili-  l>,v  II  Iii'itiiriniili  "Im.  tikn  Wii-  !■  iti;'  i.iriicil.  ;n  i  in-iijii^'  to 
wliili-  i:"iiiiy  liiiiiii'  to  hi-,  iliiiiici.  wu-  ill-  i-ii-n  in.  u<  hi-  n  ni.u  pi m-  nt  Hoik 
jiiri'l  h\  ihc  nr^'li'^  III"  of  till'  iiiiitiiriiiiiii  \>illiiiiil  jiiiMi'iiii  I't  i..i'<.  il  \ims  hilit 
iif  Ilir  c';ir  I'll  whii'li  111-  »a-  iiiivrlinu:  Ih.it.  m->  In-  \\.i~  ix  I  on  ihi-  ii.iin  in  thn 
,iiili  ii-i-  of  Ihi'  rill  hiiii..'  pi'i  nii-~il>li'  lilii- of  hi-  cIiiIn  .  Ih'  «;!•<  a  |>.i  -  ii.'iT,  iiihI 
uiiilrr  il  mil'  of  till-  ili'li'iiilanl  rompaiiv.  ih.il.  on  |irool  ol  iiiiiiii-  i.-i'im  I  whiji- 
viliirli    |>i-i\  i'h'il     that     fiii|>lovic-     tni;;lil     i"'     "a-     ln-iii;.'      -o      laiii'il.     n  uliui-nw 

riili-   on    tlic   i-Hi-    al    aiiv    liiiir    fn f    \voiilil    hi-    iiifi-ni<il      ficim     lhi<    inlli-ioii 

rli:ii':i-.      I)i-i'il->ili!.'   till-    |Mi-iliiin   of   tin-    u  liii  h     oi  ra-ioiiiil     lliriii  ( '/o/'/,/„oo././ 

Iiliiniiir.  Ihi-  roiirt  -aiil-  ■  \l  tin-  liliii-  l'ii/,i,l  IKiiisil  '<;.  \  \  inuhh  i  |!NIO| 
of  iIm-  .iK'iilinl  III-  'till  iiol  -lain!  in  tin-  Khi  Ti  iiii.  tlld.  .'>l  I..  |;.  A.  SSl!.  ;>H  S. 
Illation   of   a    -i-iMiiit    lo   tin-   ih-fiml  iiit      \\.  Siil 

lli-  iinii'  was  hi-  ouii.  ami  In-  oui-il  tin-  In  \\  a-liiii.:i<in  it  lni-<  lii>i-ii  ili-t-idoil. 
ili-lVnil.int  no  <liilir-  iiiilil  tlio  liiiii-  ai-  afti-r  an  i  I  |1  r.ili'  ii\  ii'«  of  tin-  .iiilhor 
iiM'^l  for  ri'-iiniino  hi-  voik.  It  «.i-  no  itii--.  thai  ;!  man  i  iii|i|oyi'il  to  la\  Iv.ok 
|.i'it  of  hi^-  ilnly  to  tin  ihfi  ml  int.  a-  a  for  a  -tii't  cir  i>oni|>any.  with  liaii-|ior- 
-ciAiiil.  to  taki-  till'  rar  on  whiih  In-  lation  (o  ami  tn.ni  \\f\k  a-  |iail  nn-iil 
\v;i-  tilling',  airl  ;:o  to  a  |tiii't  icutar  plaii-  I'i'atioii,  atti]  who  ha-  no  iliitit-  to  jirr 
for  lli-  'iiiiiiiT.  Ill-  niiyhl  v"  whin-  ho  foiin  in  i-oiiinilion  wl;h  tin-  i>|>i>i-at  ion 
|>lcii-i-il  anil  wln-n  lio  |ih-a-i-i|.  iliirino  tin-  of  tin-  i-iii  i  ii  whnh  In-  liih--.  ami  w  ho-i- 
ititrnal  hcfofi  (■•iiiin;;  liai  k  to  hi-  work,  nuitfail  iloi-  not  rii|iiin'  him  to  liih-  on 
Tlii-  r.i-r  i-  ililliTiiit  in  Ihi-  |iarl  iiular  an.v  pail  n  iilar  iai-  or  on  am  lai.  i-  not 
from    ra-i'-    in    \Jiirli    tin-   |>l.iinliir    w.i-    .1   follow    -i-rvanl  of  tin-  fiii|i|oM'i'-  ii|>i'r 

riiliii;;    ill   till-    liin-    if     hi-     iliilv    in    I  !ir     itinv'   th.-   i.ir   al    tho   tin f   an    iii|iiiv 

onr-iof  hi-  i>iii|ilo,viiirnt.  Ill-    roiiivnl  hy  him  wliih-  -n  riilin^'.     I'riir- 

rii.'hl-  wrri-  tin-  -aim-  a<  if.  iflii  liiii-li  ion  \  .'•'ulllr  Timliun  »o.  ||!H)n|  2:{ 
111;;  liis  ilay'-  -i-rviri-.  In>  hail  t.iki-n  .1  e.ir  Wash  i;l."i.  ."i.!  I.,  I!.  .\.  ."isi;.  ti:[  I'ao.  :,:\'.k 
in  llii-  i-M-nin;;  to  \  i-it  a  I'liin.l.  or  to  (|iHI||  L'.'t  \\.i-h.  i;i:i.  ."..!  I,.  I!.  \.  .-.!li;. 
ilo  any  iiii-iin—  of  hi-  own  'rin-  fart  •;.">  J'ac  ."i|:).  Ihi-  r.iliiriiali'  of  tlii-  nil 
tliil  he  hail  hn-n  in  tin- ilofi  inlaiil'-  -i-n  in:.'  wa-  that  -mli  an  <'Mi|iIoM'«-  cca-f-i 
'IT  liming'  till'  il.iy  woiilil  not  mako  liiin  to  Ik-  in  tho  i'ni|>liiy  of  Ih"  ioiri|iiiiy  .aft 
,1    fillow    -crvaiil     with     thi-     iiioloriiiaii    or  iii- il.iy's  work  i-^  rom  lii<li><l.  ami  that 

»liili'   liiliii;;    in    tin-   i-M-iiin;;    iimli-r   tin-    hi-    i-    mithor    iimh-r    Ih niiol    of    tin- 

mil-,  any  mori"  than  if  In-  hail  liiiii  a  coiiiiiany '-  aiLjiiit-  nor  rii|iiiri-<l  to  |Kr- 
|>oliii-tn:in   or  a    iiow-ilcalor."  form  .my  -i-i\iri--.    1  in  nlnai  in;;  1  IIKtl  » 

It  lia-  Ikoii  hi-lil  that  a  riiilioail  iin  IW  W.i-l'i.  Iii:i.  .".:i  I..  1;.  .\.  .■liill.  ll.".  I'm-. 
|ilo\(r  uorkiiiL'  iii>on  a  liriil;jo  i-  a  |>a-  .'il.'!.  ilii-  roiirt  moililioil  tliii  jmljim-nt 
-iiiLTr  vvliili-  riiliiMj  on  a  railioail  tr.iii'  lo  tin-  csti  iit  of  hihliiio  that,  a-  ilifi-inl 
to  hi,  lionii-  afl.i  lii<  day'-  work  i-  ilom-  ant  .ilh'^i'd  tint  |v|,iiiilitr  wii-  not  a  |ia-- 
wliiii-  lli-  rinlrai't  i-nlillr-  him  to  fm  -i-nL'or.  hut  wa-  ri.lini:  on  a  fni'  |ia-- 
triii-i  orial  irii.  ami  ho  is  not  iinilor  any  liikit.  whiih  contaimil  a  lomlilion  lh.it 
ohli;  ■!  i,  .,  I.,  ijii,..  Ill  ,.n;;.i.^|.,|  in  .in\  |ilainliir  -limihl  .•i--iimi-  .ill  ri-k  whih- 
-iiTv  il  1  for  till'  ('oin|iaiiy  wliili-  -o  riiliirj.  iisinu'  il.  ami  al-o  ilinioil  that  Iho  I  ickil 
\lr\iilii!  V.   I'liiiiKiiliuniii    II.   »Vj.  I  |s!i7i     wa-.   fiirni-hnl   |ilaiiilill'  a-  a    |>:iil   of  his 

1^-'  I'l     t7!i.  :m  I..   l;.   A.  :t7(i.  til    .\in    si      nimiion-.itioii.  tl \iln-ioii  of  ti-limoin- 

l!.-|>.  T-Jl.  WU    \,1,  .-i-.'l.  ihil    ihi-  tickot    •■oMi.Miiril    -iii-li  a   ronili- 

Whf-re  11   night    watilinian    und    tii-ki-l    lion  and  Hint   iilainlill  -i;;niil  il   was  tr- 


1 

i 


m:i4 


ajA'lll!  AXU  sKI:\  \.M. 


[dlAI'.    XXMII 


>    I 


witlioiif  any  confrnd  of  ciirriiip'.'*  TIii'»  niliim  cnilKMliM,  as  tl,  ■ 
|iri>i  -It  writer  v«  ntiin-n  in  tliink,  a  (l<H'iriin'  wliiili  !■•  iiiorn  in  liiiriiKinv 
v.'itli  ilu'  cDiiinioM-liixv  ciihcciiiiKn  <>f  tin*  cIIitm  <if  tln'  cxiHtcncf  ><r  :il»- 
*owc  of  a  j"|if<Miic  coiixiilfriiliou  for  tlic  iriiii"|i'H't:iti"'n  tliiin  a  Ni-.\ 
Vnrk  ciino  in  wliirli  1nl»^funfi.•lll.v  ilic  sunn-  fiiri-  wrvi-  iticmiitcd,  hiuI 
in  wliicli  till'  IN-nnHvlvuiiiu  iln.trine  wa-.  <x|H(s«ly  tli-ii|)|ir'>V(  .1,''' 
TliP  liy|Mitli<'-i«  iliiii  .1  -iTvuiit  wli'i  Miliniitrs  t<>  n  rriinctinn  »>t'  liis  w-.i'^i- 
in  ponxitloriitinn  <>f  Im-Iiiix  cnrricMl  ii('<|iiirrs  nn  ii<l<litii>iiiil  rijrlii-»,  a-" 
i'iiin|>iirc<l  with  a  -crMinl  \\li"-r  riijlif  U>  b»'  iMrriril  ciiiiiint  lir  piit 
iii);li('r  tlinn  a  nipro  '*|H'riiii-*iM'  |>ri\ilrsi«'"  i  <ff  -iili-cc.  h.  sni^nii. 
>«'ciiH  to  1h'  (]iiiic  ;ini>iiiiili>iis.  \\'li'ilii-r  ill  any  |iiirticiiliir  iii-i;iiHi'  n 
"pccial  bnr<>ain  lia-*  Ix-j-n  iiinilf  wliicii  cxcniiits  tin  -"•i-\iiiii  t'r"iH  ili' 
ii|MMatiiiii  i»f  the  (iiirtrinf-  <>(  (><iniiii>>n  fiiipliiyiiifiit  iiiiixt  be  (ii'fcriiiiiifil 
witli  ri-fcrciicc  to  tl.'f  icniis  of  tlic  i''iiitriM-f.'* 

Tlif  (l.K'lriMr  wliicli  (|i'<'iiif<'>  tliiit  a  raihvax  ronipany  owi's  n  liiirlicr 
(lopnT  of  care  to  its  passcnp-i"!*  tliaii  to  its  riii|i|ci\rc«  iniiro  n.  iIh 
licni'tit  of  a  »<'r\Miif  wlio  i*.  innclinir  on  a  train  witliont  ai.y  rcfcnnc' 
to  tlio  jM'rformiMicf  of  liis  coiii  raiM.' ' 

Whi'llicr  u  servant  \vlio  is  slmwn  liv  ilic  pvidcnri'  not  to  liavc  iufn 


KiiicfliiH.  It  wn>  liii<l  tlowii  tliiit.  if  a 
"tTviint's  I  raii'ii  iilatidti  ioi'->l  it  liter,  a 
|Hirtinn  i>f  tln'  iiiii-liliTiitinii  fur  hi>  wiv 
ircH.  Ill-  Ihtoiiic"  ii  |iii!«-«'ii>!<'r  for  hire, 
iu«l  thi'  ^iiiiiir  lis  iiiiyliuily  fl-*  hIui  i>iirl<i 
witli  iiiiytliiii'.'  of  Naliic  for  (iaii-|Kirla 
lion:  uliili'.  if  till-  I'oiisiileriilion  for  liis 
-.I'l vict'x  i*  inilr|Miii|i'iit  of  lii.s  triiii-|"'r 
hilioii.  mill  liii  lr.iii-(iortHtion  i^  ii  iiifrc 
irrutiiily  iM'^townl  ii|miii  liiin  liv  tii^'  i-iii- 
plover,  he  "tmiil-  lil<i-  aiiyoiH'  else  Irav 
cltiiy  on  «  friH'  pass  so  t-oii<litioiiisl,  niit- 
willi-laiiiliiiK  his  i'iii|iloyi'r  woulil  nol 
|iroliiilil>  have  1« -Ioh.mI  the  tran-|H>rtil- 
tioii  if  the  i'i'<'i|iii'iil  liad  iiiil  lieeti  in  his 
eiii|<Ioy. 

In  a  easi-  wliere  ileceas«l  was  n  nee 
tion  fori'niaii,  l>iil  wus  injuivil  after 
Morkinc  hours  while  «n  a  rro"iii>;.  it 
»iis  (le<lariil  thai  tin-  coiii|>aiiy'«  duty 
lowanls  him  was  the  same  as  touanis  u 
straii;;er.  anil  tlial  for  this  reiiKon  it 
i-oiilil  mil  avail  itself  of  the  rule  that 
an  employer  is  nol  lialde  tor  an  injury 
litei\eil  hy  an  elllplo\el-  lhloii;jh  till' 
niiseomluil  of  a  fellow  servant.  Siilli 
van  V,  .\iH  York,  V.  H.  it  H.  H.  f.. 
(Ition)  7.3  t'onn.  it).!.  47  All.  i:U  ( m. 
vvarniiifr  oifrnul  given  when  a  train  vva- 
iipproai'hiii^'l. 

"O'Uininill    V.     Allrrihrnii     Villi' i/     !>'. 
Co.   (l8(iS)   .V.I  Pa.  23!t.  !>S  Am.  I)e.'.  Il.lil 

»  Yick  V.  .Vtif  York  r.  d  H.  U.  It.  >  >. 


(IHS4)   ii.^  N.  Y.  •2«7.  -17  Am.   H.  p    ;■ 

(  see  note  H.  Nii/iru  i . 

"A  statement  of  el.iim  shuv  itij  ''m' 
the  ]>laintiir  wa»  injiireil  while  in;.M;'nl 
in  travrliii<;  on  ii  train  to  IuIm'  ->ip{'l»- 
1.1  .iiiiiri  plaees  is  none  tlie  li --  inii'l. 
cienl  iMMiiusi'  it  aver*  that  lie  \\.i-  r 
leiveil  on  tin-  train  "to  Im-  safely  iirri"i 
iin  it."  This  do*.;)  not  niTe-siirily  nnai 
that  the  eoiiipanv  hail  made  ^i  ■;.iii' 
luir;:aiii  with  liim  wliii'h  vvouhl  ;jiv.'  imi' 
the  riylils  of  .in  oidiiiaiy  pi-«iiiu'ir 
U».i/  V.  Oh/. (Ill,  ,t  y.  It.  (■.'..  I  1SS-,  III 
Onl.  I'ep.  7a  isiivaiit's  action  !» II  d 
lie  liarie.i  liy  the  defense  of  <*oiiiiti..n  t  ni 
pliiyiiiilit ) . 

"  .\   shition   a;;fiit   riding'  to  hi-  1 

on  a  passenger  train  of  hi-  einpl.  mi.  'a 
IH>rmissiiiii  of  tlu.  rondiiitor.  liv.-  ii'.iir- 
iifler  his  hilurs  of  the  day  lia.l  ..i-.il 
v\as   a    p.is-eiip'r.    ..nd    ilid    nol    I  il.i-  ll"' 

risks    allincliiiy    the     o|ierali I    lli. 

train  wild  I  lie  niaeli,  iii-leMl  ..f  ilii.ii 
yiiie.  in  flout.  I.iiiiisiilli  d  \.  I'  <'"  ' 
Stull  ilmMM  -l-l  Kv.  I.,  liep,  :>ii  .VI  I. 
I!.  A  :1HI,  .-.fi  S.  \V.'  1174.  The  .■•lilt  r.' 
iii:trki-il  that  ■'iii-  srrviei-  v.i'ir  ■!  -Ir.' 
I'rolil  llial  of  oji.'i  .iliiiy  111.'  liain"  .ini 
lejis-lei!  the  d.i-llilie  contellili'd  f"l  lliil 
■where  an  eiiipi'.yee  ill  niinlliiT  .li|Kirt 
iiielil  of  the  service  is  priiiillcl  Iciri  li- 
on the  train  oi  hi-  enipl.-vci  ticmi  hi- 
liome  to  the  pluee  of  his  eiiiployiiicnt,  <" 


!■■■ 


I  <>-'••) 


col  HsK  OK  KMi'i.(i\  \u:\r. 


lAAA 


ill  (III-  ciiii-'o  of  lii^  niiploMiiciit  wlini  iIk'  iiijnrv  was  n'Poivod,  !.iii 
whi)  \va-  Iravcliiij;  <n  iin  oinplovo*''!*  pn*-  wliiili  diclari'd  liini  U>  hiiv.- 

waiM<!  lii-  riL'lit  nf  in  tion  for  llio  ncglip-in f  tlio  ciiiniiiiiiv'H  iip'ii.'«, 

id .  iiiiili<!  I.,  r'-ciixcr.  will  '!i'|m'ihI  ii|i<>n  tlir  <l.>iiiinf  licld  l)y  the  court 
;iM  fo  tlic  liiiiilitiu'  fliiiriictcr  nt'  -iicli  ^ti|iiil!itiii,i..*^ 

Kir  niii.r  Cliffs  JMiiriii;;  ii|i<'ii  thr  (liifv  owiij  l)v  <'iii|i|..vfrs  to  hitv- 
iint"  ttiivilii.^  a,-«  pus8«ii>ji'is,  «.m«  g  ('.•.'t;.  imics  |,  .'»,  iiilm. 

(.  Mn-iti  r'n  oliliiinHiiiis  iuiirfi  to  hnulU  nf  smni,!  Iniiillnq  iu 
n.iiiKf  of  Ills  rill  iiliijihi  III.-  In  a  ft>w  <'ii-.<-»  tlic  (liM'iriiic  tlmt  fli(>  obli- 
;.':iii>.n>  of  a  iiiii-icr  lo  8(>rviiiil>  travdinv  in  ilic  liiu'  of  tlioir  iliifv  on 
vcliicics  owned  liv  liini  nrn  not  ditfi-rfiit  fiijui'  in  kind  or  dearie*'  from 
dif  i.hlij'utiiini  i<<  wliich  he  is  .milijccf  wiili  ni^anl  to  M-rviint*  who  uro 
aitivciv  cnirsi'-'i  <l  in  wnrk  has  Iwcn  as-iiinj  f.ir  the  ^orvaiit's  advan- 
fnpc."*  Fhit  in  tiio  pn  nl  niiijority  id'  infiaiiri -,  tiiat  d<"'trinc  is  it 
hid  ii|)on  fi>r  the  piirp."*<-  id'  i-iahlisliiiii>  tlir  iii.nliahilit.v  of  tlin 
iltfcndHiil.  cither  mm  the  ground  that  iio  wa-<  enlitle<l  to  avail  liiin*elf 
..f  the  defei.se  uf  a  eoiitiaiinal  assiiniptinii  <d'  the  risks,  or  on  ihi" 
uroiind  that  ho  wa-  not  retpiind  to  cveiii^i  for  the  protection  of  the' 
iiijnr.'d  jieison  thai  hif-li  degree  of  can  wliich  a  carrier  i<  lH)iinii  to 
.Mivi-o  in  tonxeviiiji  passengers.  Sec;  the  |n'icediiig  siilwction.s,  and 
I  as  to  the  lalier  poiiil)  §  M.aiitp. 

625.  Servants  in  varioui  other  situationi. —  Somp  of  the  ca.va  under 

»n  his  return   fii>ni   liis  pmplovnirnt   to  llioni.     I17ii/»ri/  v.    \iir  \ork-,    V.  H.  rf 

liU  liniiii'.  (In-   stiiiiH  of   pussciiycr  iliu'S  W.    U.   Cn.    (|!NH))    ,">n    I,.    R.    A.   fJ15.  4.1 

Mill  i\M,  liiit  Ik-  is  rr;.'!! riicd  as  licinc  i">  f-  <'.  A.   19.   102  Fi-il.  S.'iO. 
iiniiliivcc.  Iakiii«  siioh   risltn  as  ••inpliiy-        Sfp  also  l'it,rs„n  v.   Hrntllc  Trnrlinn 

It-  III  ihMfii'  of  till-  train  wmiM  lakr."  r„,   i  liiooi    23  Wiinh.  Oir>.  .5.1  U.   |i,  a. 

"Si-,  giimriilly.  Shearm.  4  Rodf.  Nor.  .'>S(1.   ti;t    |>,ip.    -,m.  on   ri-lnHrinK    ( llii 

»  ^'"•■'  'i'l  Wash.  fll.1.  r,:t  I,.  H.  A.  5!Mi.  «.-,  l';u. 

In  II  rewnt  nise  dwided  by  one  of  llin  54.1.  fli,.  ,  iri.<t  of  Hliich  \»  Mtated  in  note 

K(ilir;il  roiirts  of  ii)>|)<'»l!t  the  plaintifT,  Kl.  xm/.x/. 

iHMiiir  In  thp  pni|>lojii,ciit   of  ilcfiMnliirit.        "Tliat  the  iliity  of  thp  .l..f<.ndBit  com- 

a  riiilriKiil  rnnipaiM.  rliiiiip-d  fo  a  dilTcr-  iwny  to  I'liiiii^li  ',t  ii-iisoiuihlv  siifi>  plant 

pnt   Mnployiii.'nt.    still    with    ilefi-ndant.  iniiml   lo  tho  lii-mlit  of  n   latMjrer   «lio 

anil,  in  ioiiiii'.liMii  with  the  rhnngp.  stip  was  injiirpil  «hil.>  traveling  on  a  sli.rt 

iilat<il    for   iro,-    lraMs|Nirlation    to    l!i>s  par  from  tin-  plan-  whirr  his  work  was 

tun   finin  thf   city    ulii-rc  he    was  to   lie  donp  t.i  his  hiMiic  was  tnlicn  for  prnnl.l 

I'l'Hpd.    not    in    iiiiiiiiTlion    with    his  in   Pnithriinsl   v.   f  .mm   //.   Co.    (  IH'Mj) 

wnrk.  hut  fur  his  own  nuivi'nipiicc.     On  10  App.  tiiv.  207.  41   N.  Y.  Siipp.  "i;:. 
i.nr  .,f  tli<".o  till-,   iitaili-    for    his    own        'llip   niiTi-   fad    that     a     lallriMiil    em- 

jiiiriMvi,  iiiiH   wlillc  iii.t   at   wnrfc  or  «ii  j.lnyis-.  iimlor  ii  iiiislaki'  fur  wliiili  ho  is 

m'!  lo  or  from  his  work,  he  was  liijiirrd  not   rosp<iii«ll>lc,  leavr-  his  pKuf  nf  wnrk 

l.v  til,,  riprnlllni;  nf  thi-  car  in  wliiili  lie  lieforc   Ih.-   arrival    of   the    la^t    train    rif 

was  ridinjr.     It  was  hold  that  he  wa-  in  iar»  wlildi  it  Is  his  duty  to  mil., ad.  il.iw 

l).o  |»isition  of  a   |>n^-rnf;i-r   at   Ihp  tliiip  not   ridli'vc  tlip  ooiiipaii'v   froiii   risp<.nsi 

"h.n  hff  was  injii;vd.  Ii.i-  i„i,  ;,iv,.n   fin  hllitv   for  hi-  doath   wliil,.  ri'tmnlni;  at 

iH    pwsi,},,.    a     valiial.l,.    <■.  ..-Id.ratli.M.  tlir  loqiiest  of  thr  •■.indiii'lor  of  a   train 

|niil  that,  inidrr  tli..  .  irciiin-taii.os.  piil,  »l,i,.h    ho    is    to   unload,   on    th.>  trrmind 

lie   |«.li,v    ,ii,l    not    iNriiiit    Ih,.   ..iiti.i...  that  he  is  not   in  tlio  riiiplov  of  th.- com 

ni.nt  of  the  sii|„ilaii..ii<  iii,|,,rs.d  o,i  )!ic  pain         Itumhouqh    v.    Uahh    ( lilOOl    27 

(ws*,  aUhoujjIi     he    Irndy    asscu-.!     :■,  Out.   .\pp.    Hep. '  32. 


f' 


KTJt 


IP.I 


1S.T1 


JIAsTllt  ANI)sKKV\Sr. 


|i  II  \p    wxm 


tlli«    liriul    liiiVf   IliriHtl    M|»>11    »ll<'  (|l|i'-tif  II    wlu'llicr  lln'   <lrt'cllilllllt 
or  \.;i«  Mill   ^tll)jl■(■l    to  till'  Mlili(;illi''li'«  nl"  il   iiiii>>!t'r  wi'.li   rf>;ar 
injliri'il   |N'r-">ll.      'I  lir  ('IHc-  (I">  iml,   like  tin.-  ■  ritrd   in   lllr   |i 


>l  t. 


Illr 


riT  ■ilini; 

ll 


«(cl  lull,  ciiilMMly  iinv  HiTi.iiM.irv  I  i'llii-i|il<'<  wliH'li  iirc  ot  i;i'l|i>iiil  n|>|ili 
ri>tiiiii,  lull  i'i'|iii'-i'iit  !<iiii|ilv  till'  riiiii-lii-iiiii  i>r  till'  I'ciiii't-  tliiit,  nil. I.  i 
till'  ex  iiliiiri'  iiiti'iiiliici'il,  till'  ri'liitiiiM  of  iiiii-iiT  mill  -i  iviini  i||i|  nr 
illd  iiol  I'xi-il  :it  ihc  tiiiir  wlicii  llio  injm\   \v.i->  nccivril,' 


'  til)  l.i'llulitil  uHiiiiiiil.  —  .Mtll..ll;;tl 
ii^liN'P  >i|N  II  II  Hicli'  track,  in  ii  <,ir  prci 
\iilri|    fur   llial    |>ltl|n>M'.    I  III'    foictllilll   <if 

.1  liriilii'  piiia.  «li<>  i''  liiiMi'  l"  l>»'  i.illiil 

III    nilN     IIIMIIKIlt     III    pi    nut     U  illl    III*    |,MIIV> 

ii|H>ii  Illl'  niiiil.  i*  I'll  iliitv  >ii  fur  II-  III 
III'  at  llic  tiiiic  II  fi  lliiH  M'i\inl  with  llii' 
iiii'li  iijiiral  irii;  a  firiylil  I  la  in.  «liii~r 
tl('j:lil'riur  <1I1I-<'H  Ilia   illjlir\  .       SI.    l.'illlH, 

I.  t(  r.  H.  Cu.  V,  H././i  I  issm  7J  Ti'X. 
aim.  1  I,,  n.  A.  h:v>.  Ill  s.  w.  .v.'ii. 

.\  railrnuil  cniiilu.Mi'  wurkiiiu  liy  tli<« 
Hay  in  ii  liriiliic  pin;;,  anil  li\iii^'  in  a  vni 
|irii\iili-<l  li.v  111!'  riiiM|'.iii.» .  iiiav  ri<"Hi'r 
fur  an  injiiiv  wliirli  In-  '•u-laiiiiil  in  ii 
(■■illi-inn  afliT  lii»  ilayV  work  »a'<  [kt 
fi'inii'il.  nnil  wliili'  In*  wa-  in  lii'<  nir 
<'n;,iiU'<''l  uitli  III"  iivwi  alTiiir'*.  a>  in  "inli 
ra-M'  lii-a  i'iii|ili>Miii'iil  <liii"<  mil  liTiiiinatit 
uitli    liit   (liiv'i    lalHir.      InU  i niiliniiiil   if 

II.  V.  K.  I  •>,  V.  /i'».i)i  ilS'.Hi  H-1  Ti'\. 
.v;.'>.    IS   S.   W.   21!).    fiilliiwin):   ttie   IikI 

cit*Hl    (■ll'«IV 

An  I'liiiilovc*"  il|Min  ii  railinad  ciiii-triic 
Hon  train  \*  nut  out  uf  tin'  liiir  >'f  IiIk 
iliily  '.iiii|ily  U'laii-f  lii'  rliiu-r-  ti>  ri' 
main  u|>>n  tin-  far  'liirinu  llir  ihniii  Imiir. 
I'.iillisillh      if      It.      U.      I'll.      V.       MoihhlT 

ilH!i:i)  i;m  Iml.  TiTI.  .'i:!  N.  K.  :u.-..  Itc- 
liiariii^'  Dcniiil  in  llHii.li  I.U  In.l.  ."iS.l. 
:14  N.  K.  fill  {(li'iinirnr  ;)iii|p(rl>  -ii" 
taini'il  til  an  iin'>»)'i  ii'lNiii;:  mi  tin-  tai'l 
tliat  till'  ai'i'iili'nt  lia|i|iriii'il  at  that 
time). 

WliiTi'  a  workman  in  a  prain  I'li'vatnr 
-tayi'il  on  llii'  i>iomi-c»  iluriii^'  I  In'  tiim» 
allo»ril  liim  for  lii'<  iliniu'r,  ami  uitliiii 
lliat  time  \\a-  injiiii'il  while  I'Miiilin;; 
an  onlrr  to  (I'^'^i-t  in  o|N'iiin{;  h  vriitila 
lor  whirh  ua*  iltfiitivc.  it  «ii»  hrlil 
that  llii  iiii|iloM'r  Hii-.  lialili'.  Itiuih 
illl;  V.  Diliiiil  I'liii.n  K.  Slnliitn  «f  Ih /mt 
Cii.  |I.S><.">|  ."i(i  Mich.  •Jill.  5ll  .\iii.  i;>'l». 
:iS2.  11  N.  \\.  mi.  Iho  court  »aiil: 
"It  (liH'-i  not  follow  (hat.  lii'iaiiT  |>lain 
till'  «a-  >.'iM'n  an  inti'riiii--ion  from  work 
of  an  hour  ami  a  halt  for  iliiini'r.  lie 
i";i-('il  iliiriii;:  Ihat  timi'  to  lii>  tho  -rrv- 
ant  of  ili'fi'ii'laiit.  if  (luring  that  tina' 
111'  liail  in  hi-  care  or  (■u-to.ly  any  of 
hi-  iti.i-trr'-i  |>ro|H'ity  rriiiiiriii;;  lii>-  nt- 
li'iilioii  and  o\<a sight,  or  if  ealli'd  upon 


to  |M'itoim  uiiik  liy  the  ma-lir  or  ht 
oni'  liinliiu  iiiithorilv  to  roniin 'ii.l  In. 
Di-rNiii'.  till'  ri'laliuii  uoiihl  >iill  i\i.t. 
ari-iii^'  in  thooii"  !'>■"'  tiom  ilu'  ilm,  i,, 
|iio|N'rly  lari'  fo-  tlio  |>ii  jH-rty  o|  ili' 
iiia-lrr.  aiiil  in  tin'  othn  from  tlii'  iliiit 
til    |a'rfi<nil    till'    .1  I  virr  " 

Thi'  iilition  I  f  iiiM>ii  r  ami  -I'rx.iiil  \«- 

ttM'iM    a    raili.iail    i'oni|>aiiy    aU'l   oi f 

it-<  -irtion  liamN  I'oiitinm".  iliiiiii_'  u 
l»rii  ll  of  thirty  miniiti"*  alloui'.l  to  -n.li 
•■iii|ilo\i"  ill  wliirli  to  i-iit  hi«  ilitinri 
«lirli'  limlir  till'  rirriliii-lami--  alliM.I 
in;;  tin*  i-iii|ilo\  iiifnt,  that  timi-  i.  ik' 
-liorl  to  allow  him  to  Ii-iiM'  IIh'  jiivn  ;..  . 
for  that  pin  |iii'<f.  Tin'  raliir.'  i  I  I'l 
iiiral  i-  rr;;:! riliKl  an  iin  imiili'iit  ii  r 
•MTvicc.  rhiihiiiii,  r.  r.  if  si.  i  i; 
<•„.  V.  l/i(i7(w  (ISfl,-))  13  Iml.  A|i|.  |H. 
41    \.   K.    Iii.'il    (hoiliT  oxploili'ili 

I  Till*  two  hi'-t  mi-iiliiiiii"l  vi\*i'*  ail'  r 
fiMTiil  to  iiniliT  another  H«|«'it  in  «  il.'i; 
nolo  .'1.  hii-l.  I 

A  Imy  who  in  •cnt  hy  hii  ma-tir  !•> 
wiiriii  himoi'lf  at  a  -tove  iIoi'a  not  nn-' 
to  Ih'  in  hi-  -orviri'.  anil  i-  ai  mii.  h  wi 
tilli'il.  iimliT  tlii'w*  I'irriim-tiimi'-,  i.> 
liolil  tlip  imi-trr  liahli-  for  any  imtiiv 
uliirh  nia\  n-iilt  from  hii  not  liavlnj 
U'l-n  iii-triirti'il  in  rr;.'ai<l  to  tin'  'I  ini;ir- 
inriiiint  111  thr  |>o-ition  a-  if  If  liil 
liii'H  artnally  at  work  in  tlii'  mii'lil'ir 
IhmmI  of  till'  «lo\i'.      W'lilliiri    V.  Sliiiiihi''! 

Oil  rii.  (is<i.-(i  en  Kill.  211(1  iwhi'ii'  III. 

l)oy''«    I'lothiw     wiTP    Hnliiriiti'd   with  in 
tlammahli'  oil-  and  rnuuht    lin-i. 

.'»n  cmploviT  who.  wliili"  i'ii;.'a;.'.'.|  nut 
niili'  a  xii^iir  fartory.  vrrv  larly  ..n  •■' 
mill  morniiv.  ntrivi-  iMTmi—inii  to  p> 
il'.niih'  to  warm  him-ilf.  ami  lall-  iiiio  n 
I'i-ti'rn  of  lioilin;;  watrr  whi'ii  .itl.iii|.l 
inp  to  I'lilir  oiii'  of  tho  door-.  i«  ml.  ■>• 
n  iiiattiT  of  law.  out  of  till'  liiii'  of  lii- 
pmjilovmt'nt.  I'liikiiiunn  Sininr  I'n.  v 
lt,l,,l' {\X\V.\\  .-.(I  Kan.  401,  ':(»  Am.  Si 
Ki'p.   12:1.  :il    I'ar.   H»!IO. 

In  I'liiii  1:1  \.  I'lilriisiiii  Sini'ir  f' 
(I8!»«i  IH  l,a.  Ann.  4H;I.  Id  Si.  t-Vi.  rf 
luM'ii  wa-  allowi'il  in  thi'  ;;roiiii  I-  iv 
plaimd  in  the  followin;.'  I'xira.l  ivm 
tin-  o|iiiiioii :  "Wi-  havo  (.'ivi'n  mIIiii'i'" 
to  thi'  in-i.-ti-mc  that   when  the  aiii.li.iit 


i  liiaj 


(  (»t   K^l.   Ill     l,V|"l  UN  Ml  \  1. 


m: 


iiirii'l  ill!  II'  uii>  HO  ■I'tili.ii'i   III  lit 


I. 


>liiiiitill     iiii'l    ili'd'iiil  ml 


II. 


iihIimii','  I'm    I  iii(il'iyiiiin»      ll.iihi,i  ». 


Mil-    Im  It:; 


-hiiuii   till'  work   li 


I.'  .In 


l«... 
(Ill    I.   1,1,1, , 


W  I 


./ 


II     I     I 

A    .Iil..ti: 


lll'lli        II     I-    .ll'Ulllll    III-    Hll«    IIiIiIIkI    III    II" 

|iriilritt""  il.'iill-l  llif  il;iil;;i  I  in-  .  !!■  ■  ml 
tiriil  111  »•!-  ill  I'li.injr  1)1  •!•  fi 'I'l  ii.l'- 
iii..iii'i  .11  111''  tiiiii',  l">  Ik'  'll'.l'll  111 
n,.i|.  111-  «»•  !•'  I*  ifi.iiii.  It  -.iiii-.  I..  II- 
III-  «  1-  hIiIiIii  IIm  -lull.  I  ■  I'  I'..'  I.  -|.  II 
.il.ilil\    111   llii'    iliii-lii    111     |.ii.|.iii  I  11    t.i 

lllll-i       l.l\Wllll>      I'll     lli>      |M.  '..I-  III      lll- 

.I'lvii.'  II  mil  .ii'tiiiill\  II.  iliil  -I'lNJii. 
Ilii'   |il/ii,lilV.   Ill    till-   I'ui  '     "I    il'i'    ii'i 

.llll,    »      ■.    on    llli'    ilUI'   II  mil    111'    tl.i     l.i:l- 
l.r,    li.  illi'    .iillilUi  Iril    t"    tllilt     jiiillii'll    III 
I'll-     |llrl     l-l-     MJll-ri'     It      .V.I-     |ll.i|i     -    li     111 
rlM|ilii>      lliln.        'Illl'     ril-i       i*.     »r     llllllk. 

villi    Illl     |iliiiiiliir   on    Illl'    i--iir   III    11' 

-I  ..11-11  llil  > ." 

\    Ill.l-lrl     i-    Hill     li'll.  v  'I     (li'lM     ll.il.ll 

il_»  fur  liijit.  ii-  III  1  -  I V  ml  III  '  'ii' 
iiIiir-1'  III  III-  i'iii]i!i'.\  Illl  III .  Ii>  il'i-  f.ii-' 
lli.il  he  liiiij  ijiir.  ii-.l  -ill  li  -  :  .  .Ill  1" 
iiiiit  "ink  ill  .1  tiiii"  I"  |i.|V  Illl'  .mil. I'll 
lu|.|'  iM.I.  Urriln;..,!      ».      I!;u, I. ,/,.!, 

\s:,\  1    til    CiiMM     I.-.7.   J!i    \iii     M.    i;i  |i 
l>l,  '."J  .Ml.   H>"" 

In    ;1     (':l-l'    wlli   1.-    Ill<>    |ll.lillllli      W.l-     III 

iiir.il    li\     iinli'iii  .il     iiiiiiliiiH'i  V.    il     '.Vil- 
li,I.I   lliil.  ,illliim;tli   111'  Ii.hI    liiii-l'i'.l    III 
iliv'i-     Wiilk.     iinil      «ii-      ill  I'i'jii;;!      lii- 
ili'llli".,     ill     Illl'     lilllr     it'     Illl'      11  ■  I'll  III 
|iii  |i.ir.ilii|V   til  yiiiiiLf  lii'inr.   Illl'   nliliiiii 

l(  ll.l-ll'l  illlll  ■irv.int  -till  rSi'-ti'il  llr 
Iv.i.M       llii'lll.  Il,ll,ll.,        \  Th, I  „„.■,/ 

(li'iMi)   Hit  \\i-.  2lti.  h:\  V    \v.  :tiiii. 

A  -irviint  «lii>-i'  iliilii-  .ii.  d  I  -i>  I'v 
aiiini.'  ;i«  ti'  |iii  M'lit  III-  liiviny  lli  ■ 
|iriitii-i"-  (M-rii-ii.Miilly  willi.iil  ilrl  ri 
n..  Ill  In  llic  I'liiplii.M  r.  iiiiil  v.h..  i-  |i  i 
II. illlll  III  iili-i  III  liiiii-..  If  ill  llli-  III. Ill 
mr.  i-  iliciiii'il  111  Ih'  in  tlic  I'lnjili  .\  iiii-nl 

I-  |.'n_'  :l-  III'  i-  miIiimIIv  on  llii'  |il'i  III 
i-i -.  .mil  !«  I'litilliil  to  rriiM-r  fm 
.my  iiiinrv  wliirli  lii'  iii:iy  llni'i'  hiiIm'. 
:illlii.!i'jli  ill  llic  I  inn-  of  till'  .11"  i.li'iii 
III'  iii.iy  li;i\f  sliilliil  on  il  Ji  HI  II  \  111 
il  II  i'-'lil.i'lili;;  town  til  ntti'liil  lo  mnr 
|iri>.iii'  liii-iiii'»-   nf   hi-   I'vvn,       l.'./i.,'   v. 

I,,„i  (■.',/;  s  r.,.  ( )ss!i,  T-*  Mi.li.  :;;i.  is 

.\iii.  ■>!.  iii'ii.  111.  11  N  \\  :7i>  1  111" 
imr  liv    Till-   «!iil"   I'i'i  --iii^'  a    Ir.ii'!.  ., 

Till-  ri -|H.ii-iliilily  nf    :i     iiiiiii'    nv  ii.  ■ 
fi.r  Illl'  «iifi'ty  nf  liis  wnr!.!!   II  I'm  tiiiin- 

II-  li.nu'  ;i-  tliiy  iiri'  in  tin-  iiii".'  II'  i- 
liiiiiiiil  111  111  in;;  llii'iii  ii|i  -iii'ly.  i-viii 
llii:iit;li  liny  iiiiiy  liiui'  i|iillli'il  tlii'ir 
u.iik  uliili' il.iwn  li.!'.\>  :  mill  llirii  ri'.;lil 
nf  nil  HIT  il  iinl  iiir.  r|...|  Iiy  Illl'  flit 
111. it  il;i'  jiny  liiiM'  fi.iniil  lliiii  liny  li  nl 
DO   luv\fu)   excuse   ur   jiiojh;i°   cuuie    fur 


:ii>. 
Ml  liy 


.1     ni'i'lliHi     lull  III  in    111    il      .i-ii  II  II    IlilMll     ll> 

niillii'  III.  Illl'.  ill  I'ly  .my  IIiim'  In  i* 
L'i.ini;  mil  Hm'  i  .1.  vmii'.'  nr  rnlni'iu 
III  111  liniiii'.  .iiiil  In  lit   lliln   I. Hint   if  liny 

lliiiiy    i-    » I-    h' I    .11    iii.li'i    In    'ji' 

1.11  tllr  ll.nU  I'll  -111'.  .1  j.;!l;ii-..  ,i|t.r 
•111"  mill  of  111-  iliii-  >Miik  ,il  l.iyiiiii 
llil-.    I  n    111-    n     '     III  nil'.    •<>   il-    111   H'll.li'f 

I' niii|i.iiy    lit'. In  fm    lli-  il'.illi.   hIiIiIi 

.iiiir-  ill   -II.  Il  Illl, I        Illl  I,,  I    1     »  /,/,,i,/(ij 

/;.  /.  .r  /•.  /.•.  li,.  (is!i.-.i  !i.-.  jii.Mi,  Mi.i. 

ii:l   \.   \^     Il .;    I  -Il  iii'k   liy   II  liin  . 

\  -11'  1. 1  i|iil  niiKiii;;  o\irllini-.  In- 
inml  v.liili'  .ili'jiil  iiiL'  linin  lii-  ini  Inr"* 
i\.i'_'iiii   ly    n.'-iiii    if    II     il"ln  I     il.i'ii'i.i. 

IVlll'll       II.       Illl-     Illlll     i|li\l'll     |n|      III.     imll 

irinlimii  illl  inn  ilfti  I  In  111-  liy  .l  li  llnw 
■irv.'til.  II.  i'  ["linl  III  II  III-  1.1,1  liiM 
I..1  I'liini  .i'_'ii"-i  III-  ih.i-ii  1  111../.  V. 
11  .  /..  I  |ti|  '  11  111  .\|i|i.  .liiii  (In- 
-iiinlinii  li.ii'l  nil  tliMiv  lliil  iliily  i\* 
"f  ,1  n.  i-lii  111  II  -cr*  'III  "1-  I'lMil  lo 
|il. linl  ill     Illlll   ii'inin  mill . 

\  'I  111    II  jiiiiiT  i'ii:ji!.'i'd  in  ri'i^ii  iii;i 

Illl'  linl-  ill  il  In  i'.'lil  VII  111  l«  Illl  III- 
lill,'.!      I.'      -|.|'riill      lllnl.     linn      wllirll      III" 

niiiilii  n  I  111  I'liliMiil  111  wlii'M  I  ii^:.iyi'i| 
ill  111  III  I    Illl   I'l   --  .ilii'iil   IIh'  \iiiil.  nil  Illl" 

Lliiml     ill. I     lli-     wmk     i-    nnl    r  illt|ilrllll 

iiiii  il  111'  I.  Illlll-  lli-  liii'l-  til  Illl'  Illlll 
Il  11-1'.  linl  III'  i-  Illl  illlll.  in  v'"iii-.'  '"  thii 
Innl  llnll-i'  frmii  tin-  lil  ir .'  «lii-ri  '  ■■  Ini.* 
Iiii'n  ri'i'.iii  iiiL'  ii  tr.'i'K.  nnly  to  tin-  -,iinr 
|ili.lii't  imi  :inii  I'ln  nil  llli'  fiiirt  o|  Illl" 
i.iilr.nl  cnii'iMiiy  .i-  li  ■  i-  mlilliil  lo 
■illlll  niii\itnj  iiliiiiil  Illl'  v  ml  pi  i  fm  iiiin;! 
l.i-  iii'iliii.ii'v  ilii'v  l.ii-i|..  ■-.  Siii'li  nil 
.■ii.|.liiM'i  .  llni.'tm.     :i-im.-  nil  llic  rj-k< 

.-ll'.ltiil        liy         Illl'        fl     i|.l.llt        |l:l«-.l^'l'       III 

tniiii-.  i'i,.,i  \.  \,  ■•  I  ..i7,  r.  if  //. 
/.'.  It.  r,,     I  is'i.li   70  linn.  :\-,    'ill  \.  Y. 

Sii|i|..    Illlll. 

Wliiii'.  ninli'i'  till-  mil-  nf  ilii»  com- 
]iiiiiy.  -.iv.iiii-  liiivn  III  ri:.'!il  In  I'liim 
i-nni)N  ii-iil  ii.ii  wlii-n  lli- I'lli'il  li\  -irkiii'-'i 
111'  iiiiy  iili.r  r.i'i-r.  illlll  iiiiy  ulliiw.iiii'i" 
tl.y  nil!-.'  Ill  till-Ill  in  -m-li  I'.i-n  i-  lo 
'in  ri";.iiili'il  "il-  11  yriiiiily   nnly."  n  run- 

I'lrlnr     \   tin.     ilfl'T     llinillL'     llml     \\U     li'« 

■  liy    I'lii-li'il    ill    11    i-nlli-ii-ii,    llli    liii'ii 

■  !,iii    ti'   .1    li.ti'l    .mil    |il;ii'iil    in   I'liiirL'i" 

if  ;i    |iliy -il  illl     i.i'i-ni'ii-   111.'   |M -ilimi   nf 

1   Hir.mi.i'r.  ml   "f  :iii  riii|iliiyi'i'.  nnil  tin' 

i'iiiii|iiiry    i-    111  I    li  ilni'    fm'   llii'   ilifnilt-i 

nf    till'    |lll\ -il'i  111    \<  111       llll'lllli    njinll     lliln 

ilniiiiL'  il  -ii'i-i-nii  111  I'iniii'y  \\iiii-li  lin 
niiiki-  iilniiv  tl'  •  liiii'-  ll'ili ■„■„■■  rf  O. 
It.  to.  V.  Htuli    US?'')    41   -^1'''  -tiS*. 


I 


!T.  I 


MICROCOPY   RtSOlUTION   ItS'   CHART 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2) 


1.0    ^ 


I.I 


140 


|Z2 
1.8 


^  /APPLIED  IIVMGE     Inc 

^^  1653   East   Mom   Street 

:^S  Rochester,    New    Yort.  14609        USA 

^S  (716)    482  -  03OO  -  Phone 

^S  (716)   288  -  S989  -  Fom 


^T  ■ 


iiii 


I8.'t8 


MASTKU  AND  SKKN  ANT. 


[CIIAI'.    .WXIll 

In  othor  ca«r-i  tlic  lo<;;al  crm^cqiicnce  of  ihn  couolu.sion  drawn  a*  i. 
llio  f'xi<lciicf  or  ii(iiic.\i>l('iic('  of  tlic  rolation  was  that  the  dcfcii-e  nt 
coinnion  eniplovmoiit  was  or  was  not  available-  to  the  mastor.* 


'((i)  /)'7()i,«c  nut  iiriiihihlr. — A  truck- 
man wlio.  iiftci-  coiiiplrliiij;  liis  day's 
work  and  layiii;.'  a-iilc     liis  tiKils,  walks 

to  liis  place  of  n-idrn Idnu'  a  siction 

of  track  other  than  that  which  is  unih'r 
his  own  supervisiiin.  i>  not.  during  that 
walk,  in  thi!  service  of  the  ciiiii|ian_v,  and 
may  recover  if  he  is  run  down  hy  a 
train  thr(m;;li  the  iiejilivi'iiic  of  tin-  men 
operating  it.  Ilnllihiurc  it  O.  Ji.  Cu. 
V.  State  (ISTtl)  :!3  Md.  54:i. 

A  laborer  in  the  oariH'nter  shop  of  a 
railway  coi.  .  iny,  wliile  ho  is  walking 
to  or  from  his  work  o.'er  its  tricks,  is 
in  its  eniploynient  in  sucli  a  sense  as  to 
be  unable  to  recover  daniaL'i-s  for  an  in- 
jury caused  by  the  ne^di^'cnt  o]M'ration 
of  an  fnt;iiic.  except  in  states  wlicre  thi' 
en-^noiir  is  di'<-m(?<l  to  be  in  a  dilTcrent 
branch  of  the  service.  Sih-  Itiinn  v. 
Vhicmio  it  y.  ^\.  11.  Co.  (1871)  CO  111. 
171.  U  Am.  Kep.  :''.. 

Ki-covery  may  \<e  had  where  the  in- 
jured person  had  finished  his  day'.s  work, 
and  when  ho  was  injured  by  the  ne^di 
gent  act  of  a  C(M'Piploye<^  was  walkiii;; 
alonjr  a  pnldic  street  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  hi^  master's  pii'iiu-.s.  Haird 
V.  I'ct'tit  (1H7-2I  70  Pa.  477  (where  a 
draftsman  in  a  locoiiiot  ivi-  factory,  who, 
after  the  day's  work  was  over,  left  tlm 
buildiiip  in  the  dark,  and  fell  over  a 
pile  of  dirt  thrown  on  the  puMic  foot- 
walk  by  a  carpenter  in  liis  einployn's 
ser\ice,  was  held  to  be  in  tlie  ]>osition 
of  a  stranger  so  far  as  regarded  his 
right  of  ail  ion. 

In  SiitdiiiKili,  F.  d  \V.  It.  Co.  V.  Flnii- 
naqan  (ISSlt)  82  C,a.  -u<^.  14  Am.  St. 
Rep.  183.  '\  S.  E.  471.  a  railway  servant 
who,  while  walking  home  along  a  ]>ublic 
thoroughfare  close  to  the  track,  stepix'd 
on  to  it  for  a  moment  to  avoid  a.  wagon, 
and  was  struck  by  a  train,  was  held  to 
be  in  the  jxisition  of  a  stranger  as  rc- 
giuds  his  rights  of  action.  But  the 
il(  ctrincof  common  employment  was  not 
actually  involved  icre.  that  defense  hav- 
ing been  abolished  in  tieorgia  as  to  rail- 
way servants.    See  chapter  xxxix.,  post. 

In  \orthinstirn  I'liion  I'ncUcI  Co.  v. 
ViCiic  (1873)  17  Wall.  508.  21  L.  ed. 
7i1.'i.  a  man  stiindiiig  on  a  wha.f  was 
hired  by  the  mate  of  a  steamer  wliich  it 
vva.s  desired  to  get  under  .vay  as  soon 
as  possible,  and  wliicli  was  short  of 
lia'Mls.  to  assist  in  loading  some  goo(i~ 
which    were   near    tlie    uliarf.      lie    had 


not  been  in  the  service  of  the  boat  g.-n 
orally,  though   he  had  been  iMcM-ionilh 
employed  in  tliis  sort  of  work.     He  ;i- 
sisted  in  loading  the  good-..— ^m  einp|n\ 
Mieiit    wliicli   colli  i^Mied   alxait    two   lemi- 
and    a   half.      II      ivas   tlien    t(dd    to  ;■.. 
to  "the  ollice."  which   was  on   the  boiii. 
and  g(^t  paid.     He  ilid  so.  aiwl  then  m1 
oil'  to  go  ashore.     \\  liih'  cio-..i,e.'  t  lie  uiiiiLf 
plank    In   going   a.shorc   Ih.-   lioat    Iimd.I- 
piilled  the  plank  recklosly  in  and  In  n, 
under    his    feet,    and     he"    w.is     lhi.>\ii 
against  the  dock,  injiiriil.  and  ilied  from 
the   injuries.      In    an   action   by    his  ad 
ministratrix    for    the    injuries"   done   to 
him,  the  .Icclaration  alleging.'  that  he  Iim.1 
lieen  paid  and  discharged,  ami  that  afhr 
this,  and  wlien  he  was  !io  longer  in  aii\ 
way  a  servant  of  Hie  owners  of  the  boat. 
be  was   injured,  tlie  defense  set   up  wa- 
that  ho  liad   ninaincd   in  the  servici'  nr 
the  boat   fill    be  got   completely    a-lmr.'. 
and  that    injuries   having  been   done  '.. 
him  by  his   fellow   servants,  tlic  owiier- 
of  the  boat    (the  common  master  of  all 
the   servants)    were?  not   liable.      It   wa> 
lield    not    crronf'ons    to   leave    it    to  the 
jury  to  say  whether  the  relation  of  mu- 
ter and   seivant   had  or  had  not  cea-id 
at  the  time  of  the  acciilent.     Discii->inL' 
the  contention  that  it  was  the  province 
of  the  court,  and   not  the  jury,  to  di- 
tiTiiiine  the  |H.inl   of  time  at  whicli  tin- 
service  was  ended,  the  court  said:    "(liu' 
of   the  theories    on    which    the   suit    vva- 
|)ros(>ciited  was  that  McCue's  special  cm 
plov  meiit    had   wased    when    he   was   in 
jiireil.     This  theory  was  resisted  by  thr 
defense,  and  the  court,  not  taking  uiKiH 
itself  to  determine  as  an  ahsoIut<>  iirope 
sit  ion  when  the  employment  tenninatiil. 
I.  It   it  to  the  jury  to  find  how  the  fail 
was.     This   ruling,   in  our  opinion,   vvi- 
loireit.      It    WHS    for   the   jury    to   say. 
fiom  the  nature  of  the  employincnt.  the 
in  inner  of  engaging  the  hands',  the  u-iial 
nil  lie  of  transacting  such  a  business,  ami 
the    other    circumstances    of    the    case. 
whether    the    service    had    or    had    imt 
cased  at  the  time  of  the  accident.     Tin- 
point  was  submitted  fairly  to  the  jury. 
with    no   more  comments    than    the   evi 
ilence  justilied.     11    was  argued   by  the 
plaintifl   in   error   that   the  eiiiplovincrit 
of  necessity  terminated  on  the  laiel.  lie 
causo  it   was  thcri'   .McCiie  was  cml'il'i'iI 
.<>  do  the  work,  ami  he  had  the  right  to 
!mi    provided    with    t.i*'   piojii-r    im  an-  nf 


m 


m     i  '•-•■•"'] 


coritsi-:  ui-  KMi>i.u\..)i- 


i8;i!> 


625a.  Ten.porary  intermission  of  relation  ■  :.ter  and  servant  never 
produced  by  the  servant's  neglect  of  his  duties.— A^  ii  ^nviitii  cami..i 
tiil-f  Ji(J\.iiit;if;c'  of  Ills  uwii  \\ioi,M.   |„.  ,..,, (   ,.,.,.,, v,.|.  ,,„   ,i„.  tl„.,,|.v 


riMi  liin;:  it   fruiii  thp  hoat.     On  tlic  con- 
ti:irv,  I  hi'  (li-li'iiiliinl   ill  ornn    ci.iit   inlril 
111'  s|M(i,il    M'ivico  cia-fd    wlicii    Mi(  iKi 
hill  lirii-lic-.l  lil>  wDik  and  uai  |>:iiil  ill; 
lli.it  alter  till-;  lie  wa.-.  iKit   -.iilijiil  to  llir 
cniilii'l  nr  ilircclion  of  flic  olliccrs  of  the 
liii.il,  lull  at  lilKity  to  >ta.v  on  tin-  lioat 
or  ill)  oir  as  111-  |.li-a..i.il.      Tlic   jiiiv   lool, 
tlii-  lattiT  view  of  ihc  relation  of  till,  par- 
tii>.  nml  »eea!niut  .-av  thai  lln  \  iliil  not 
iliii'le  eoneellv.      At  any   r.lte.  tlieii-  lie- 
eisieii  on  a  niii»lion  of  fact.  i>  not   -iili 
jirt  to  1      iew  ill  lllis  court.     'I'lie  defi  ii-e 
at   the   I.I -t    was    a    iianinv    one.    .and    in 
Diir  opinion   lnoic>  tirlinieal   tliai    lu-i.' 
A  piiMin  on  tile  li>t  of  •sp.n,    iii..pi  ' 
who   reports  eviiy   iimrninj;  at    lii>   em 
plover's  ollice,  and   i.s  then  at  liliertv  to 
liMVc'  at  onee  if  there  is  no  opeiiin:;'  for 
him.   is   not  n   eoseivant   of  tlie    ieL:Mlar 
pinplnyees   during;   the   tinw   lip    ri-miin- 
oil  tlie  pi.'iiiises  on   this  cliaiiee  of  liriiiL; 
set  to  work.     Cniildti  V.  (ll<i\iiiiic   (ISHUi 
1  Se.  S;ss.  (as.  otli  series.  (Stilt. 

.\  nian  employed  as  a  lalioier  liy  the 
diy  ill  a  seiijun  ^'iing  is  not  in  the  iiij 
pl'iviiient  of  the  I'ompany  on  any  day^ 
iMept  those  on  wliich  lie  is  aetually  al 
Hurk.  CiiiciiiiKili,  X.  0.  A  T.  P.  I''  f'o. 
V.  Ci. 1,1,1/  {]H'.f2)  14  Ky.  L.  Rep.  ."itiS. 
20  S.  \\ .  Slli  I  run  over  hy  ears  ninniii'; 
en  (low  II  ;.'rade  without  a'  liylit). 

(h)  Ihfcnsf  U(((i/«/)Je.^Several  case.; 
piiHiiil  upon  llio  theory  that  a  railway 
.-erviiMl.  whiln  he  is  walkinjr  alonj:  or 
lurii-s  the  traeks  of  his  iiiiployers  to 
reaih  or  return  from  his  plaei'  of  work. 
is  in  the  ^ervioo  of  the  ooi 


er.i-.iiii;  the  tmek  on  a  path  ii>ed  l>v 
the  empliMis  of  the  ii  lapanv.  wa- 
jaiiiiiieil  lieUM-.-n  oars  whi.-h  had  U-in 
left   ajiait   lur  the  einplovi-.-  lo  pn^s  In 

twe,  n.    v,.i,    laid    (o   lie.  'at    the   li \ 

till'  injiiiv.   In   tl Iiiploy  ,,f  del'endalll 

and  a  f.  How  >ii\anl  of  tl'ie  traiiiinen  in 
ihait..-  .  f  the  i.irs.  The  ii.mt  ,;ijd : 
■As  to  whii  iiiiy  hp  the  l.iw  when  all 
eiiiplo\ee  of  .1  i.iilio.ol  eiiopany  is  not 
actually  einpl.,\.d.  or  at  any  iiilc-rvaU 
oi  actual  lahoi.  or  tioini;  to  or  from  hi- 
lah.ir  hi,  own  w.i.\  and  iiii|e|K'iidcrii  h  i 
the  company,  or  under  oilier  ciniiM 
>taiic.,.  ;,  iniiiia'ei  la!  to  this  case.  '1  lie 
eiillii  I  ilii>  M.cy  he  in  {"re.it  eonllict  oil 
Hi,. I  1)111-1  ion  ;  lull  we  are  not  aware 
thai  i!ii  \  all-  in  eonllict  on  the  cpiotioii 
pie-eiitcd  liy  the  f.icls  of  this  ease. 
lien-    we    have    a    pii\ati'    p:itli\\a\'    oyer 

""•  :;" 1-  of  'lie  .•  .1.  ,.,iii\.  L.raiit'eil  and 

allou'd  lo  the  plainlili  ami  other  em 
phiM,-  It  111,,  company,  who  worked  in 
the  loiuniin  ii-f.  hy  usa;re.  cii-loin.  ami 
coll-elit.  lor  tlliir  in^xress  and  e;;less  f4l 
and  from  their  wurk.  kept  open  across 
the  track  of  the  r.  ad.  and  wliicii  had 
heeii  worn  and  ii-cd  liy  himself  anil 
others  for  lon^'  lime  prior  to  the  in 
jiiiy:  ami  that  in  older  lo  reach  the 
roundhouse  it  wa~  iiccessai;\  fi»r  him  to 
jio  ujion  .said  pathway,  and'to  cro-,  the 
track  of  the  company  at  thai  place.  It 
was  the  means,  and  only  means,  of  en 
trance  and  e.\it  to  and  from  their  work, 
furnished  hy  the  eompany.  and  the 
pl.iiiiliir  and  others   had   a  "riyht    lo   its 


iimpany  in  such  fne    and     iininli  rrupliil     use,    as    they 

.1   -eii-e  as  to   he  unahle  to   r.-<iiver   for  always    had:    and    it    wa-    I.ecause   tlie'v 

iiijunes  received  throiiu'h  the  nei;li}renc«  were   employees   of  the  eonipanv   in   the 

of    any    fellow    servants    who    would    he  roniidhou-e' that     the       had    simh    i  iehi 


held  to  lie  in  eoninion  employ nient  with    and  privile;;e. 

!iiiM  if  he  were  actively  en^a;;!'.     in  hi-    ciiii    is.   Was  h 

ilutic-.       This     doctrine     is     put     upon 

frnaimls  quite  aiialo,i;ous  to  those  which 

iire  udilnced  to  support  the  siniil.ir  due 

tiiiie   which    h.Ts   U>en   discus-ed    in   the 

laireiliii^'  s<-cti<in.     The  )irivilej.'e  of  pji.s- 

sa;:e  over  the  master's   piemi-e-   is  said 

to  he    -an  essential   part  and   in;;redient    the  railroad  companv 

of  the  plaiiitiU's  contract  of  employment,    torn,    or    contract 


.     .     Our  [iresent  con 

when   injured,  an  ;;;: 

|i!iyee   of   the   company';      The    iK'cnliar 

fads  of  this  case  which   make  him  such 

appear    to    iiuolve    precisely    the    same 

principle    as    that    class   of  "•■is<'s    when- 

the    plaintiff   was   hein/   carried   on    hi.^ 

way  from  and  to  his  place  of  lahor  hy 

hy    eon-ent,   ens 

inil    was    injured    hv 


"lul    iiiciiliMlal    to    it,   a.s    imich    as   any    the  ne;;lif,'enee  of  oUier  emplo'vei>'of  tiie 
nie.iiis   uid  facilities  for  his  lahor."  fur-   company."  " 


lu-hi-il    at     the     place    of     work     il-elf. 

l.,nih}v.Chira;i„  ,(■  .V.  11'.  II.  Co.  (18SS) 

TO   Wis.    420.    .-)    Am.    St.    Itep.    17,s,   ;iti   by    train 

-^    \\.   12.     There  an  en^rine  wiper  who 

Va-  on  !ii»  way  to  his  work,  am!   while 


In    Utjidf  V.   \iir    VorA-    f     A"     c, 

(IS.VS)    I.S  X.  V.  A-.'i   (trackman  injuiei: 

men),     the    court     -aid:       "He 

was  in  the  delc.id  iiifs  ciiipl..\ nt  and 

(iiiii:-   iii.u    wiii.ii    u,,a   t.--,.,,i'ial    lu   en- 


■^M 

i 

i 

If 


i 

J3I  -1 

m 

1 

mi 

itdk 

mcita 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

iMln 


.MA-  I  r.!:  AM)  SKUVANT. 


lliiii  li.v  rciiMiii  "f  il:c  t':u-i  il  ill  ho  \vil^^  iw^lccliiu,  ' 
ihififdi'"'  not  ill  llic  liiii'  "f  lii-  iini'l'-yiiicnt  ni  ili 
llic  I'i'cidclll,   lie   Wii-;  llnl  .-ul>jrtJl  to  llio  uptTatiir. 

(iUlUlUUU    cllllilov  IllClll.' 


Ll  I  A  •    xxxiii. 

'•ilic-i.  iiinl  wu' 
•  .■  1  iiiiiicni  oi 
.iiu  ilticirinr  of 


B.  f.l.Mlll  ITY  AS  lUl'IMil  XT  ri'ON-  TTIK  Qfr'S'l  H  "V  Will  Til!!;  TIIF  Af  T 
I'liD.M  \\lili  U  THE  iNJLlii  ULaLLihLt  W \\1>  Ull  WAS  AOJ  ALIlluU- 
IZKl). 

626.  Presence  of  servant  at  the  place  where  the  accident  occurred  — 

O.  C'i/T((///.s7((//(r.v  UKclcr  which  rccoiirij  lias  Incn  iilloiml.— 
If  at  the  time  of  tlio  acoidi-nt  the  injured  .•crviint  wa- 
activolv  oTifrnjrcd  in  iho  porformaiice  of  tiic  f  unci  ions  a- 
sigm'il  t<i  him,  tlio  iiici-f  fact  tliat  ho  had  no  cn-incctioii  wiiL 
the  dcfcciivc  iii-inmicntality  wliicii  caused  tiio  insecurity  of 
the  jihice  of  \vi>ri<  will,  of  course,  not  iirevciit  him  from  maintainiiis 
an  action.*      Nuiuenius  cases  in  which   this  ]iriiici|>lo  is  taken  fir 

iililiri';   liiiii   to   ili     lui'-'c  his   piirlioular  to  do  in  lli(- cinii^c- of  the  i-n-niiiu'  riiilil. 

(liitv.^ '■•:..   ;;oin;.'    ui  tiic   ''|"il    "  licri-   it  sin<\   tho   (>\  iilciicc    «a-;   tliat    \u-   \mi-   in 

wiis  to  lir  |«'^i  r(  niM.l:  ami  Im  was.  moio-  jiircd  by  tin-  fi'llow  s.-rvaiit's  ii.-lij,  i^ 

liver,    •.'(■in;.'  <rii    tlir   track    ulirn-,   cxcci.t  while  jiRMcciliiiJ.'  to  the  nllici-  in  ((n,"! 

■IS  tii'^~cT\ant    of  till'   npni|\iiv,  he  had  anrc  with  a  «iiiiuniins  fimn  tlic  niam;;  ' 

no    -i-iil    to    !,<•       1I<>    wa>    tln'rc    a-    the  l.onll   v.    Ilu.nll    (IHTlli    T..    I!.    1    t  ■.   I' 

,.„,,, l,.v f  tin'  roniuanv,  ami  l.ccans."  he  Div.   Ifil.  4.T  !..  J.  f.  I'.  N.  S.  liST,  :;i  I.. 

wal  M.,.h  an  uni-lov.-,./-  W  S.  S.   IS:!,  -^4  W.rk.  I!,,..  (;72. 

In     <Hy.,i     V.     Amlnirs     (ISOT)      IfiS        'In    /.rri,  >    v.     \ll.i„Hr,(-    I'.    It.  r.. 

\\:\-.~.  -ilil.  47  N'.  E.  !I0.  a  servant  u^in;;  (187H1   t,l  Mo.  4(t,.  it  wa-  .■..nii-nilMJ  tliv 

a   tiriilj.'i>  nniicr   repair,   for   the   )inri""e  tlie  |.|:iiirill'.  ulio.  as  stuti.ai  a-ein,  v.- 

of    ;.'i1t''iii','    liael<    to    liis    \M,rk    from    his  e<|i"cia11y  entrnsted  with  the  ilntv  i.f  ^i! 

Iioarilin^'la-ii-e.  was  held  to  be  a   felhiw  tenilin;;  to  frei-lil   trains,  ami   of  -''i'-' 

>ervant\illi    the  en;;inier   in    char;.'e   of  lliat  tliey  «ere  lo.ided  and  iitiliaij.d  ii::M 

a    derriek   car   \i>ed    in   the   work   of   re-  [>ro]'erly    secured    on    the   side   track  .r 

.,.,i,.ii,j,_  !.\ii1clies.  was  eniilled.  at   the  lime  wii'ii 

.\   dav    laborer   a--nncil    the   ri-ks   of  he  \\a<  rnn  over  t)y  a  locomit  i\  r.  tn  i. 

the    nc'lie.  ice   of   a    fcilow    servant,   al-  re;;, tided    as    .a    member   of    the    ;;.■  .im! 

thoM'jir«licii  called  nirtin  to  do  the  work  public,  and  to  recover  on  the  firour.  ;  tl.!! 

in    which    he   uas    injured   he   had    com-  the  bell  b.ul   not   lucn   rnnj.'.  a>  :     uipJ 

nhtcii    his  day's   >tiiii.   where  there   was  l,y     stalnte.       The    court     declare. I    tlii- 

no    aLTcemcnt"  e\cii-iii^'   him    from    cmi-  |,r,,|,i,.ition  to  he  too  nion-tritii-  a  jav  [>■■ 

tiniiin^r  work   during'  the  entire  number  ^jti,,,!  to  he  conceded,  .mil  that   tlie  ivi- 

of    hours    called     f>ir     in     hi-     contract.  ,],.„f.p    showinl    that    he    was    not    an  ri!v 

Krhitc  V.  -\Ui„    ilS'.iJ)   !t-2  Mj.h.   1>!1.  :!1  ,|„.  f,  ii„„.   ^,.,.vants  of  tin-  train   h  iin!^. 

.\m.  St.  Uep.  rais.  ."i2  X.  W.  740.  ,|„j    |  „,|   ,.,,,1,.,.   control    over   them. 

The  fact   that  a   servant   was  woiKiti-        ,,.,^^,  „,,,.,,,.,,]  ,„.ineiple  that  one  prr-.T 

overtime  '.vill  not  esempt  him  from  the  ^.^^^^^^^^  ,^^,  ,^j^  ^^^^.^^  wron-fnl  .ut  ;M,|ini' 

cperation  of  tht   doctrine  of   eoM-rvice,  ^    ^i-ht  "of    action    ajiain-t    ari..i!,er   i- 

provid-,1   he  was  in  the  line  of  his  cm-  ,,,.,,,,„,,j^„,      ;„     .,„„ther    cmneeien.    ir 

.here,    .lthe,.,h    bis   duty    did   not   ..11  '"^^  '%>    ^  '^  ''  ,  ^„^-  V    s.     :0: 

bin.    to    hi-    n->tci-    l>reiniM's    at    the  •••    r-\<  "•    -^-  f'..   ,        .     -     ' 

..*be  had  Leen   in   tile  habit   of  .oil.,  as  .,..oted  in  5  «:''•  7"-.-_'"/ ' ",    ^  ,^ 
ll^  .   i„,..,,!!v  t.i  .ee  N*bat  he  would  have        '  />i»  v.  Dry  DufK;  E.  li.  <{  II.  K-  "• 


i    I 


r 


«  62C] 


COl  l!SK  OF  l:MI'I,(tV.\li:\T. 


ISIl 


;:riiiit('<l  iiro  oifod  in  ilic  tii--i  vciliuiu-  of  tlii-  tnntiic.      I'.ui  it  i-s  i;i>r 

n('('(■■i^il|•V    to    sllciW.    :l«    il    CiPlldil  iolP    pl'i' Ii  lll     In    !•.■•"'.  ciA  ,    ll;:!l     lie    W  ,    -: 

nil  Jiitv  wlicii  tlic  iiijurv   \v;i<  ri<-i  i\i(|.      in  -,,  (-.w  ;|,  |ii-   ij^    i,  ji- 
ilciionflcnf  iijioii  llic  |ici-.itiiiii  wiiicli  lie  wm-  I'l-i  ii|K  in^  :ii   il,,.  timn  i,|' 

liC  r-VCIlt  tM!n|(lilil:('(i  ut',   n   i; 1  <';ill-c  vi  Jlclioii    i<   iii;ii|.     iMit   11-   < 

:i-i  it  is  j>rnv('(l  tliat,  iililMHi'jli  he  nnv  u.tt  \\;i\v  1m    n  ai-'i,"i\   ..im.  ,^:.  | 
ill   the-  pcrfiiriliiilicc  i.f   ;iliv   (Inly,   llic   in.-iiiun    in   (|M,.-ii',ii    \'.;i-  i  ;;•• 

'Iiioli  '■  ■  was  aulliiii-izi-(l  t<>  (ic'iipy.-     'I'liis  nil"  iium'i-.  I:.  ihr  -i-vvywi'- 

jsnrt)   y^  Ap|>.  Div.  Sr.li,  tl  S.  Y.  Siip|..  nm   l.i.  diircti.d  in  nny  .m-i.  «Ii,i-,.  (1i,.|v 

|s><   llioilpr  cxplcMli'd  mill  iiijim'd  n   man  i^   lAiluici'   ^hicli    fiirly   trii.l~   to   »Impw 

«l duty  it   was  to  liili-li   up  and   nn  llial    a   <<T\.iiit    \\a-   tiaii  liii-j  a-i   a    |.a-- 

liili-li    toaiiis).      The   ooiirl    ^aid:      ■■'I'hi'    -rn;:i-r  on  a  raijw.iv    .  n.  iiri'lii-  a  lici'ii-c 

liiiiliT    was    ncilMiT    an    ap|p|iinrc    fur  Lriven  I>y  an  a^'i-i  t   ii   ihi-  .-.niiiMv    uiici 

iiisjird  by  till' di'fcndaiit  for  t!ii>  plainlill'  liad  siiiiir-|..Ml   aiillinijiy  in  ili-  pii'mi- -. 

Ill  iisi'   in   lii»   w(jrk.    in  r   was    ii    a    tocil  lhi",il  v.  i'liiiunid.  SI.  .".   1/.  rf  (),  /,'.  r'... 

ill  wliich  In-  liail  any   iiili'i-t    wti  ilivcr  i|N'::i    4   ('.   ('.    .\.    I  Iti.    12    C.   S.     \pp. 

A-i  to   liini.   till'  (ilili'j  ilioii    llir    \::\\    ini  il.'i.    ."i.!    I'ld.    iiiiT.    I!i\.i-iii_'    llnni    v. 

|io-(d   \i|)<in   the    di  liiidant    with    rfL!ard  I'l-ii    ni,,  SI.   I'.    \l .  ,(    it.   /,'.   r,,.    (l-<iil) 

III  tliis   lidilcr   an;-,-   mit    (if   its    duty   t"  -!•">    I'Vil.    '>':<.       Iltiyanl    vij-   tlir   a  Imiii 

fiirni-li  tiini  a   -ate  place  in  wliiili  to  do  i-tiatiir    nf    |)a\i-.    ulin    dinl    v\liili.    tii.' 

Ills    «(iil;.      lli>    (•iiipioynu'iit    kipl    liiin  ipjiil    ^■,.:      |wiiilinL'  i       Sec    I'lirihci.   a- 

in  tlip  liiiildin^'  in  wliich  the  In  ili-r  was  to  llii-  c.  -.  .   I'li-   imic.  -nlisrc,  l,.  iirni. 

-itiialcil.  and.  while  it  did  iml  call  ii|>(in  When-   a    i  >ii.iuci(ir   alhiu-i   n    snvapif 

liiiii    to   work    at    the   hoih-r    of    do   any  to    rcipaiii    on   a    fnii;ht    train    wliich    is 

■Aiirk    wliich    wa-   connected    witli    it,   he  allowed    to   carry    pa-si  iil'i  is,   after   dis- 

va-    -till    required    to    he    si     near    tlie  coveriiii;  that    he  is  on  tie-  train,  he  he 

place  where  tho  boiler  was   tliat.    if  tbe  conies    entith!    to   the    ri^ihl  s    of   a    pas 

hoiler  was  not  safe  to  use.  it   i -s.irily  son-  -r,    althini'jh    lie    may,    in    the    tirsf 

"as  dan'.M'idus  for  bini  to  tic  in  the  place  inst,,.iop,  have  lii>ard"d  the  train  without 

uheri!  liis  duly  calleil  liiiii  to  be.     .\s  tile  lea\c.      Sli- irm n    v.    !!■■  mi'ihiil   ,(■    SI.    .1 . 

•  I'fendant   saw    (it    to  keep  the  iioiler  so  U.  I'd.      ISSOi    7;;   Mo.   r,2.  :',-    Am.    I!ep. 

ite.ir  tlie  stables  til, It  an  e.\pIn-ioii  c;iused  423.   ciliiiL'    Wlllnn   \.    ]l i^l.lh  •<,'.r  It.   I'o. 

'V   a   defect    in    it    was    liable   to   injure  (1871)    107  Jfass.  lOH.  !i  .\iii.  Hep.  11. 

ilip  jdaintilT.  as  well  as  any  other  I'cr-on  A    railro.iil  company   i-   lialile  for  tlic 

"liii-e  duty  called  him  to  bi>  within  the  death  (d"  an  cmployei'killed  while  ero-s 

lliMits   liable   to  bo   atrcctpd    by   such   an  ini;   a    trestle    which    he   was   tacitlv    II- 

e\plosion.  it  was  el(>arly  witliin  tlio  phu-i  ceii-ed    to   (-ro-s.    where  tho-e   in   cliarye 

where   the   plaiiititV   wii.s   called    iijion    to    of  tl n^'ine  failed   to  look  nut   for   his 

"(irk.    and    its    presence    there    iniposed  prescm-e    and    ;riiard     airainst    colliding' 

lel'elidaiit   the   duly   ol'  takiii;:  with   him. — e-piei.illy    where   thev   fail(-d 


upon  the  (h  ___     .  .  _    . 

i-are  that  it   was  in  rea.sonahlv  -ife  coii- 

.litii.n." 

To  a  detective  who,  with  the  pernii- 
sii  M  of  the  pro|)er  ofllcials.  is  ciinveyed 
over  the  road  nn  a  hand  cir.  the  coiii 
pany  owes  the  obli;;,itinn  of  Usiiii;  rea 
sonahle  care  that  the  car  is  in  a  eon 
lition  fit   for  tlie  purposes  of  carria;,'i 


to  ii-e  reaseii.ilde  care  after  di-coverin;; 
his  presence,  or  were  hindered  from  see 
ili^'  liiiii  by  ste.iiii  from  a  di-f.-elive  -ti-:iiii 
cli(--i  u|K!n  lli(  eiij;ine.  Ilii.ntiiill  v. 
l.i.uisiiH,'  rf    .V.    A",   (•„.    (IS!i-.'i    «3   Ky. 

■:i;i.  -.'Il  s,  \v.  '_'i;:i. 

A   M-rvant   who  ordinaiily   has   su(>er- 
vi-ion  of  cars  only  when  thcv  .-ire  on  the 


:Mid  also  of  seeinir  to  it   that  tlie  car   is  side  track,  but  who.  with  the  knowled^ 

ii--ed    with    due    care  Iiy   those    intrustfs!  of  tin-  condiK-tor  and   the  station   aL'ei7t, 

with    its   nianauement.     This   obli^'atioii  •.'oos  on  the  main  tr,i(-k  to  (inish  -e.-ilin;; 

is   owed,   whether   the   relation    between  a   car  on  the  condiirtcr's  demand  ot   the 

the  company   and    the  detcK-tive    is   that  -tatiiei    a;;ent.    i-   not    a    t.-esp,i.-er.      Ii, 

"f   master  and    servant,   or   carrier   and  Wnli    v.    //oH.sro/i,    A.',    rf    \V.    T.    Ii.    Cn. 

pas-enger.      I'ool   v.    ('hicinii,.   M.   if    Si  (Ifi(iO)   22  Tex.  Civ.  .Viin    403    h~,  S    \V 

/'.  «.  Co.  (1881)  63  Wis.  057,  U  N.  W .  534. 

'^-  Uhere  a   section   hand  emi,lo->eil   l,v  n 

A    verdict    for    the    defendant    should  railroad     eompany     in     li.indlinj;     wood 


IS42 


MASTKU  AM)  slIiVANT. 


[CIIAIV    XXXIII 


i!i 


!|  1  ■    '  ^ 

1 

:  V    1 

atlviiiitnpo  vlirro  tlio  iiiiiiiirs  upon   wliicli   lio  Wiin  iii;;iii;((l   were  imt 
iiiiiiif  (liiilclv  cuiiiKclcil  wiili  ilic  iictiiiil  iK'i't"nriiiii >1"  tln'  work  un 


lioiinlril  a  train  il.i.iit  ii.«.ii  »o  po  noiiie 
di-taiMi' iliiwn  llir  li.u-k  lo  diriiicr  wliicli 
was  till'  \i-.iial  iiicil.'  iif  j.'"i"^'  '"  'liiiiK'i'- 
n(l<i|iti'il  at  the  iii^laiiir  anil  P-iiiir-l  of 
thi-  fiiiviriaii  ill  cliiiij.'c,  ill  cn'ii  I"  tT'-t 
liiek  to  llu'ir  \v(ii  k  in  |«ni|N  r  iIi:m'.  he 
was  not  in  llif  iiii^ilinn  of  a  I  ir.|>a"('r. 
ami  tlir  c(>iii|iaiiy  u.i-  l«>iiiiil  to  xirtr  orili- 
narv  carr!  for  111-  ^afdv.  //ovs-  v.  \i>rllt- 
rrn  I'.  If.  C(i.  (ISSHi  .-)  Dak.  :ilH.  40  N. 
W.  50n  (struck  by  switrli  -taml  too 
I'loM-  to  I  lack;  error  to  tlirmt  verdict 
for  dcfiiidaiit). 

In  u  jiiri-clictinn  nliiTp  tlio  dix'trinfi 
of  comnioM  cinidoyiiicnt  has  liccii  aliro 
pitcd  liy  statute,  -o  far  as  ir;.Mid^  [xr 
sons   onL'Ht'i'il    in    'I"'   opcratioM    of    rail 

ways,  it  has  Ixirn  ludd  I  hat  a  y '  <auso 

of  iiclion  is  slumn  by  a  lomphiint  whirli 
aUcf.'cs  siili-tantially  tliat  a  tniinhir  of 
u  bridal-  j:aii!.'  wa.*  injiinMl  by  the  iicyli- 
ppnt  o|i(rali(iii  of  thi-  two  hand  cars  by 
which,  in  accordance  v.itli  nn  nf.'rc«nncnt. 
lie  anil  his  fellow  workmen  were  beiny 
transiM.rtcd  from  a  certain  station  to 
the    place  of  their   dav'.s   labiii .      WHIIiii 

V.  /;./.v''/»  /.'.  To.  ( ui'oi)  s:!  Minn.  un. 

54  I..  1!.  A.  4^1.  Sli  N.  \V.  76. 

A  rciniotiil  instruction  in  nn  notion 
by  n  cc'iidiictor  a^'aiiist  a  railroad  com 
pany  lot  perMinal  injuries,  that  if  the 
plainlill's  position  on  the  locomotive 
contribiilcd  to  his  injury,  and  he  had  no 
business  eny.i.i.'emontH  thereon  oonnccted 
with  his  (Inly  as  comliictor.  the  jury 
shall  tlnd  for' defendant,  is  properly  re- 
fused,  where  the  train  consisted  of  tlie 
enj:iiie  and  one  Hat  oar  only,  and  llic 
plaintiir  ti-liticd  that  he  was  in  tlie  c.ib. 
which  was  liis  usual  place  when  attend 
iny  to  the  di-cliarye  of  his  duties  wit), 
such  train,  and  Ihire  is  no  evidence  tend 
inn  to  |)io\e  that  that  was  not  his  proiwr 
place.  (Iciiiii  \.  Imiiisiis  Cihi.  O.  d  S. 
H.  Co.  (I><!l7i  ms  Mo.  2.51.  <>n  Am.  St. 
Rep.  n."!."),  ;!!•  S.  \V.  774. 

.V  declaration  is  not  demurrable  whicli 
alleges  that  the  pl;:inliir  >as  struck  by 
an  eiifiiiie  wliilc  lie  was  Ikini;  acrii  > 
the  tracks  of  the  dcf  i.Jaiit  railway 
company  to  it.s  roundhmise,  where  le' 
was  employed,  which  course  was  neii's 
sarily  taken  to  reach  the  place  of  his 
eiii|iliiynient.  and  that  such  use  of  the 
tracks'  was  known  to  and  sanctioneil  by 
the  defendant,  who.  throu^li  its  ,iivants. 

>!.'li}.'eiitly  ran  an  engine  and  car  iiiKin 
.  (daintifV,  injurinL'  him.  Snraiiiiah, 
<C-  W.  It.  Co.  V.  Cliiiiivy    (18!>7)    102 


Oa.  SI 4,  30  S.  E.  437  (demurrer  suv 
taiiiid  on  llrst  ap|«'al  [1H!I7I  ll»l  f;.i 
l:io,  JH  S.  K.  inni.  on  the  ;.'roiind  tli  it 
it  did  not  apiHar  thtit  the  plaiiilill'  w.i- 
iildi;.'icl  til  walk  on  the  tl.ick  owiiiy  t.. 
the  n(ii--ilies  of  his  wmk.  nor  that  tli. 
company   sain  tiniiiil   thi^    pracliiel. 

Whetlior  or  nol  the  plaiiitilT.  ii  sc 
tion  li.ind,  injured  \  '  ilc  w.iIkiiiL'  on  ili 
track,  wa.s  a  tie^pas-er.  is  in  eiili  in 
stance  a  qiic-tion  of  fad.  iinil  it  v\.i- 
erioneoiis  for  the  court  to  jrive  instnir 
ti>iii>  framed  on  the  assiiniplion  that  Im' 
was    a    lris])as.,er.      Ki>fiiiiii    v.    Chiimi't 

d  N.  11.  It.  ro.  (isfi'.i)  ,sr.  III.  App.  ]:!•* 

In  a  cafcc  where  the  plaint ilT  wa-s  in 
jiireil  in  an  elovtili  r  acciihnt,  and  ii 
was  shown  that,  accordiiii.'  lo  the  riili- 
of  the  buildinj;,  the  elev.ilor  -ti)p|»il 
niniiin'.'  at  12:':in  r.  M.:  thai  he  \\:i> 
injur 'd  at  about  12;  and  that  it  \\.i> 
ncci--aiv  for  the  oi«'ialiir  lo  n^e  ttie 
ile\:i|or  in  the  very  work  which  \v:i- 
beiiii;  done,  and  thai  he  had  haliiliiailv 
used  it  for  such  piiriHisi-.  the  ci  iin  n 
jccted  the  contenl  ion  that,  when  tin 
accident  hn|>penp(l,  plaintiir  and  tin- 
opciator  were  not  acting  within  tin' 
-cope  of  their  employmciil.  but  \mi.' 
u~iiiy  the  elevator  without  authitity  .ii  i 
lor  thi'ir  own  cunvenience.  as  bein;;  with 
out  merit.  \iil:iii(iiiii  v.  (li-iininii'i  l.r- 
l».i.  Co.  I  1001  I  8-2  .Minn.  IKi.  H4  N  \\ 
7;iO;  Kiist  .XpiH-al  iHiOOi  7H  Minn,  .'iiil 
81    X.   W.   .->18. 

.\  chamlicrinaid  in  a  hotel,  who  will. 
ihp  consent,  approval,  or  liiiiftiun  ni 
tho  houspkec|N'r  or  ni.inai."r.  wlm  Im- 
power  to  employ  and  disc)iari;e  chiiiit»r 
maids,  uses  the  elevator  in  passin;;  fn  iii 
one  story  to  anotlier  in  the  pel  form. iiin 
of  her  duties,  is  not  a  mere  volunti'iM 
who  assiiiucs  the  ri-k  of  the  iiutln'il  nf 
•ransit.  unless  >he  knows  or  li.i-  ic:i-cii 
io  believe  that  the  liousekcc|H-i  or  iiiaii 
ai.'er  has  no  rifiht  to  allow  her  to  u-e 
Ihc  elevator.  77i.  Orimhil  v.  It.iirl^i', 
I  l.-*!i7l  Hi  Tex.  Civ.  .\pp.  UK!.  4  1  S.  W 
117;  Oririitdl  litnuliiicnl  Co.  v.  Mno 
(  1H<I7>  17  Tex.  Civ,  App.  1192.  41  S.  W 
Kill, 

.\n  iii-l ruction  that,  if  one  voliiritaiilv 
went  upon  an  elevator  without  liis  dutv 
calling  him  there,  or  iM-iny  diict.d  to 
I'll  by  his  employers,  for  the  pin|"'-c  cl 
,i.-,sis!inj;  another,  he  could  not  hvovct 
for  an  injury  sustained  by  the  f.ill  "t 
the  elevator. — is  misleadiiif.'  when  it  i* 
undisputed  tiiat  he  wa.s  acting  in  llic  liiie 


ri 


i  li\it'' 


Ktl  l;--!;  Ill     I.Mri.cVMKNT. 


lS4:t 


I  "I'.  i>»i-i      •■II      Mini      %illiM      Ml'      \>l    III       iimi     lilt* 

An  oiiiplip.Mi'  i)f  nil  cli'diic  li^lit   com      uliiii'  llif   >tr.i|i^   nl    iimi    uiic   ki'|il 
puny,   killfil   mi   tin-  ii  h'     if  ,i    Imu^i.  Iiv    In'    ii-nl    a-"    liny    iiml:1iI    I  i'    ri'i|iiiiii| 


(Icrtiikiii  bv  liiiri,  iiiiii  cNcii  winic  iliu.r  niattrrs  wen   nl'  ', rcl^-  jxt 

-niiiil  iiml  |ii'i  .ate  riMliiir.' 

(if   his    ililty.      I'liinii    Sluiir   Cilyf   ru.    V.  A    ('..nii,!;!  int    ;ill.  ...jii'.'    Ili.it    tlir    |.l.iin 

lUuiiliuiii-    I  IS'.iH)    ;:,    111.   Ap|i.  ;i.'iS,   .\f  titr,   m    I.LHkMnill,-    li.'lini.    «,i-    himh.  I 

tiriiiril  ill   (ls!isi    iTo  111.  ;(:;,■,.  :,\   .\.  i;.  I.y  .1   |.i,i.-  ,if  -l,,.  1    iinn   wlii.'i  i.|.|i,..| 

701'.  HM-r  nil   liiiii   v.liiii    til'   V'Tiil    iiilii  III.'   Inn 

il.    li. 

_ ..  |iiiii'i|.    1- 

...iiiMi't    with    a    livi'    >•  .!.•,    was    in    ilir  iml     ili'iMiii  imMi-     fi>i     tlir     irjvun     t|i;ii 

ili-'i'liar;!!'  iif  lii^  iliily   \.iiili>  <|jihliiii.'  m  iIhii    Is  im  aM  riiinit   that   tin-  hlii  \\a-  .1 

niiiviiij;  in  a -|iar('  uli'ii- III- 1  iiiilil  ir  iilily  |.li..'   |>ii'\  jilnl    ii.r  ili,.  ili'h.ii.l.int'.  -1  m 

an««iT  the  calU  of  hi»  I'liri'iiiaii,  or  icii  .iiH-    In  ui  rls    111       lliill>f'.i>    <l    '(,  N.    11  , 

(Icr  the  a--i^laii('c   ni|iiin'il  liv   him.  a!  /.'.  '  '•■  v,  .>/,  r  i/./-,/./   (  Is'iSi   21    Iml.    \|,ii. 

I|iiiiil;Ii   he  hail  taken  l\wi  or  IliriT  •*ici>-  :i'J'l.   ■>■!   \.    )'..    Ui». 

aaay.       d'ci  iino.v    \.     I.uiisiilh     I'Juiii,-  '  "  Thr    iiia-lii'-i    iliily    to    fiinii«li    tht- 

l.iilht  f'o.    (IS'.i!!)    -Jl)    Ky.   1..    I!i-|i.    l-2!i:i.  -iTvaii'    a   -ali-   |>l.iir    i'n    uliiili    in   work 

W    S.     W.     ISJ.  rNlilliN    ill    -lll'll    |.li|ljiill<    of    III..    IH.'lllisIM 

Where  a  jointer  i..  a  ^lovc  factory  as  the  ii..i~i  r  knoH^  or  nii'jlil  to  know 
wi'iit  into  till'  cii},'in.'  hoii-o  to  ^;i't  oil  hi-  -iix.nil-.  ,irc  aiiii-l.  n,.'!  |.>  n-c  in 
anil  a  wlicl -Line,  and  was  killcl  hy  an  tin'  |»-i  fiirn.aiiii-  of  tin-  u.n!,  fur  wlii.li 
.•\|ili'-ion  of  the  lioiliT,  lu-l'.M.-n  li  ami  llicy  arc  i'iii|iI.m  il."'  Hilinn.l^  v.  Titlmi 
li:20  in  till  iiiornin;;.  ainl  the  hour-  of  l/''/.'«  illPliili  7ii  .\.  II.  .">7t,  .Ml  All.  lOi. 
vMirk  lii'jaii  at  (i::tll.  it  w.i-  hold  to  Ih-  Action  lid. I  ii.a  liil.iiiiilil)'  whrrc  pliiiit  itr 
fur  Ihc  jury  to  say  whclhir  he  had  -trink  iii-  li"_'  ayaiii-  a  -lii|i|icr  rod. 
iirri'i'il  !it  a  rcasoiialilo  time,  the  eii  vsliih?  H.ilkiirj  alniii.'  a  |ia>~.i.'i'aay  lii- 
ileiiie  hein;.'  that  lie  lived  alioiil  a  iiiile  Iw.eii  I\mi  n  .1,  nine-  in  a  mill,  whiell 
away,  and  was  in  the  haliit  of  ii-ir;.'  hi-  had  lor  a  loi  u  tiiiic  In  111  ii-id.  witli  de- 
tinii'.  hetwi-cn  hi-  arrival  and  the  start-  fiiiilint-  ,i--iiil.  I.y  il-  -crvnil-  ;;iiier- 
inL'  of  the  work,  in  oilin;:  ami  plliiii.'  .illy,  thoii-jli  the  injiir.-d  .•iii|.liiyct'  had 
ready  the  machine  on  which  he  workcl.  M.'\cr  liefoie  11-1. 1  it. 
The  jury  was  h.lil  to  have  lii-i-n  ri;;htl.v         A    lir,ikiii.:iii    uhi>    is    -lii-jiin;;    in    the 

in-lriicteil    that    the    |ilaiiitilV   uoiil.l    not     c.i' f    ainlhir    train    li.f.rc    ;;.iiii'_' 

liavi'  liet-n  ill  the  line  of  hi-  duty  if  he  out  with  hi-  .  \mi  train  i-  williiii  iIih 
had  come  an  hour  or  two  Ik  f  .re  hi-  time  -eo|K'  of  hi-  em|iloymcnt,  while  he-  .lues 
Walhrl  V,  Tnahi-  (IS!i;)|  I.".!)  I'a.  1  1-i,  -o  hy  llie  |i<i  mi"- -nn  of  the  Iraiii- 
27  All.  115.  lli.l-li'r.      0/.v.,H    V.     l,n.,i.     imlix  d    SI.    /,. 

Where  a  nia-^liT  had   |>ro\  i.lcd  -i-M-ral     A".    ''.,.    i|s;i:ii    71;    .\li;   .,    U!l,  ^      L.    |{. 
way-  of  a|i|ircach   to  a  Imildiny  for  the    .\.    7:iik    7S    \.    W     !l7.'i. 
Use  of  hi-  -erxanls.  an   in-ti  tut  ion  that.         .\ii  i-ni|iliiyi  .-  -aIh.  Iia  uitteil  the 

iMilc-s  forliiddcii  to  do  so.  Ill-  -crvaiil-  -crv  iic  of  ,1  railu  ..11  u  and  u  ho 
nii;:lit  lea\e  hy  any  om-  of  t  liem  uhicli  ha-  1  i;;lit  tull,\  .iiliicd  .  |i'  .ar  on  lli- 
wa- iiio.-t  convenient,  and  if.  in  so  iloin;;,  -I  "I'liiiiL;  ol  lln  train  li-  which  it  is 
a  -i-rv.int  was  injured  hy  the  ne;;li'jence  alt. 1. hid.  iscntitl  .1  to  a  n-a-onahlc  '  iini- 
lit  ihi-  nia-ter  lo  kee|i  it  in  a  r.-.i-.niahly  for  i!ic  I  ran-.ii  1  imi  1  f  hi-  lui-ii:.--  in- 
-at'.' ciinilition,  the  ma-ler  u.i-  li  Kh-  for  ton- I  lie  I  rain  i-  -tarti  d.  ami  to  .1  |i..i|.cr 
till-  injury,  wa-  |)rii|i.-r.  I'l.nk,  \.  \  ii-  waiiiir-.;  of  the  |iur|«i-i'  to  -lait  ■'■c. 
''./■  ilfij.'  Co.  (lUIJO)  .").i  S,  e.  .'liiO.  :iii  li.iiii.  lo  enalde  him  to  Icm-  1  In-  c,i.  in 
S.  K,   illO.  -iti'ly.      \,,r    Ydilc,    I',   it-     \.    /.'.    i\,     ,. 

.\n  euiployoe  who  r.-iiiMil  an  iiijniy  '■.,,■//,., urn  il.SSS)  till  .Mil.  ;;i;il.  1  I..  I!. 
hv  fallin^r  iiito  an  ilM-n  well  dui,'  hy  the  .\.  ."ill.  (I  .\ni.  St.  |!e|i.  Cill.  ID  All.  I'lK. 
iiii|iliiyir  on  his  |i:'cmi-e-  near  a  tent  .\  workman  who  -lay-  u|ii'ii  hi-  1  111 
while  i-m|>liiyci's  were  lioanled  and  |ih.yer's  |ircmi-c-.  and  eat-  hi-  iliiiinr, 
li'l^-1-.l  «a-  in  llie  course  of  hi-  .-mploy-  during'  the  perioil  wh.-ii  work  i-  -u- 
ii'iil.  when  he  was  luocecilint;  to  a  town  |M'iii!i'd  in  the  middle-  of  Ihc  d  ly.  i-  not 
ni'.ir  hy.  midei- ilireitimi  of  his  eni|)l()ycr.  a  1 1. -|i.i--iT.  Iti'.ili  nrl;  v.  Ihli.nl 
III  linil  lo.i^ini,'.  Iii'liiiiia  I't/ie  Line  c(-  I  iiiu.i  /,'.  Shihf.i,  ,(■  /d/.o/  ft,.  (Is-*."); 
A'K.  !•<,.  \.'  Siusbinoii  (189!l)  21  Iml.  Oii  Mhh.  'Jtil.  ,")li  .\iii.  \U\:  .iSL',  12  S. 
A|.|..  ;i(;l.  :,1  \.  E.  471.     The  conit  cm-    W  .  siij. 

tr.i-tod  llii'  I'ases  in  which  a  serv^int  'Ihe  ..itinj;  of  hi-  niiihlay  im-al  liy  an 
lakes  .a  certain  route  for  his  own  con-  eiophxie  i-  iiot  ..r.linaiilv  in  incidi-nt 
venicnce  or  plca-iirc,  of    his    service,    but     will    Ucome    sucli 


|*T 

■    il  'ii 


iUl 


|sn 


.\i.\>ii.i!  AM)  ~i;i;\  \M. 


[tllAI>.    XWIII, 


,  li.l-.-  llif  ilijlliv  ill  Mlil  \v;i>  rr.',  IV.  .1  whilf  ill'-  »i  TMIIlt  \v;is  tnivci- 
ill-,'  "11  II  \cliicl.-  I.  I  piiniiiLi  h>  lii-  in:i-hr.  iiikI  it  is  -liown  lliiit  he  wj - 
anilmi-i/.  il  til  U.i\cl  ill  uii-  inaiim  r,  lii-  i  i,;;lii  I"  iiiaintiiin  an  iicii..ii 
is  iiMt  <l(li;iic-.|  liy  llir  iiiciv  h.ct  llial  lie  u  i-  piivinn;  iM.tiiiiij-  f.ir  ilic 
iirivili'-i'.  'I'iii-  di.iii'iiii'  i-  iipi'ii.MMc  wIumIht  tli.^  sci-vmmI  \va-  travd- 
iii;;'  ill  iIk'  cniir-c  i>\'  ill-  iiiiiih 'Sinciil,'  (T  t'lir  tl  r  i)iiriM)-.c  ul'  trans, ict 
iiij:  -iMiic  |ifiv.itc  aii.iii'.'' 

«ll.Ti'   llll>    Mll^liT   nllow-   -<■   -linit    ;l    fillll-     tllO    lifl'    Cif    I  1  o-i'     \\  lin    OnniO     In     fr.llt.Mt 

f.ir  tins  |.iii|« -«■  lliut  iIm-  .ii.|.lii>..    iMii-t  llMi,.»itli,    nil t     |.iii|MTly    iii-iil.n  ii- 

,.;,!    ii    i,n   or    ill    ilic.    inn li.iU'   \iiiiiilv  it    im  |.i~iiiy   11, ■■   -,iiim'.   ■■r   .mii;;    ii..\..- 

of  llic  jil.Mi-  «>f  lii-  wfik-     'I'Imt.'  is  lliiii  '(  111''  il^iii:."!-  I'l  111'-  iiiiiMi-.  "li"  u..iil  i. 

an    iiM|iliril    iiiMtiiioii    1(1   iviiuiin   en   lli.'  ii-   In-  -liniil.l    liiUf   -i<'ii.  l.c    lik.  I.v    L.  I 

miisliT's    |.i.-Mii-r-,    jimI    li'-    'Mil    li-i'V'r  luniiL'lil      ii'l 


.lll.lrl      «illi      it.        //■. 


diiiMii--.  il'  iiiiiii'-'l.  <'»iii^' '"  III''  'I' '"■'  "■'■'"'    *■•    I/'""""'    il"i»"i    -il    I..    I!.   A. 

ivc.  ,-.r,„iiii.,„  .,1  11...  ;ip|.li r...  »hil,-  Ik-  -.m.  44  C.  C.   A.    ISI.   KM    I-.l.    Il!>. 

is  iMliiiL'  llir    1i"mI    ill    .1    liilil.liii;;    wliicli  A    Vfsvl    i-    liiiMi-   t(>  ii    -Iru.l.iv   f  r 

the  iiii|.l' *<•'-    li:iM'   li<'«'ii    ii-i"-'    i"    I""'  i'limii'^    fr-""    f^iHiiif-'    tlii"ii.:;li    iiiiu-:..! 

g„aiicc     III'     ii     li.ii'j  i-l:ililisli>'<l     111-' ■  li"'l''*   '"   »   ''••'■'-'   "l"'ii    "liii'li   111'   uiiii  M 

Cli  I ' '"nil.    I'.    I'.    i(     >'•    /'.    I''-    ''"•    V.  -tri|>  anil   li'^ivi'  lii»  iliitlirs  lii-l'i  n-  ;;..iii.' 

iliiiii,,    lisii.'ii    l:i    Iml.   .\\i\>.  4S.-..  41    N".    I"  uml:   in  I  li<- Imlil.  iiiili-s  tli.-ivi.l 

£       |,i;,|  .lli>\\^    Iliilt    tic   HMIIillT.  i|    ll>   nil    illl|i|iii"r 

In    llir    lii-i    ru-i'   it    was   liilil    lli:it    t(i    .Jislai friiiii    tin-    lialrti    wlurr    ln'   «.i- 

81111111  il    a    jiii1l;iii.ii1    a;j.iiii-l    a    railmail  lottork.       Tin    llHin.ix    (ISMli    i;:;    I,.! 

coiiiiiiiiv     fur     iiii;li;:iiillv     caii-iiii;     llie  101.       In  Ilic  same  <-ii-i-  it   \va,  al-..  I.i  1 

dcalli  I'  1111'  <if  il-  -iiiiiiii  liaiiils  iiy  tlic  ilimn    that    ttie    fact   lliat    lin-    .t.\.  .|..i.' 

Pxnli.-ii  II  i.f  a  liiiilii    ill  I  III'  I.I   il-  imiiil'  lia.l     aI-.>     aiiolliiT     |iiir|.i.si.     hIII     n.  • 

h'ou-'-    "liili'    111'    "as   raiiii...    Iii-   .linn,  r  |iirvriit    liis    ri'invny    Cur    iii|iiii.-    fr..;M 

thiTi'  itiii  ill','  tlir  tliirlv  iiiiiiulc-  aMi. Will  -i)  falliiiii. 

f.ir  tlial    iniii'i.-.'.  i'.    -p.-ial   lir  lilies  of  *A    \v<irl<inaii    who.    aci;<>iilni;.'    ti.   the 

the  jury  iiiiisl.  iii  t  u  illi-laiidin^' tin- tinio  rusloiii  i«f  liis  ciiiiilnyi'r.   i-  liriii,;;  tim-- 

allnwni    was   I.  n   -liort    In   allnw    Ii  III   to  IM.rti'il  t<i  tlii'  I'lai-uf  lii-  wink,  i-  ml  a 

1p;,v.,  thi-  1 |.iii\'s  piv'iii-.-.  -lii.w  tliat  lii-i'a-i-r.     Ih  ,n- r  it  /(.  /'.  /.•'(/.n/  'Ihi.- 

he  was    al    ti.''    li'm.'  'I    II"'  aiii'lriil.    ii.  -H    <■"■   v.    /*»■.'/'-■    (tSlin    JO   CnIi'.    i.'l-'. 

tlie    narli.iilai     piii.ii.    In.ii-.-    l.y    rxpn-s  :;(i  Pae.   llOti;   /,•.,.,  ,i/,./"i»   v.SJ    f-inli 

or    iiiil'ti'l    ii.viiiii.ai    "f   tlir    ii.in|.,.iiy.  /».    A".  Co.    (ISSSi    ;!S   Minn.    1,:!.  S   Am, 

A  I'lr-i-a  iiiii-lnM.I   ilia    laiiii.lry  ,l...s  -t.     I>p.    (i.Vl,    :!••,    N,     W .    447    f  iiipiry 

not    tHi'iani'    a    iiuTi-    vuluiHiiT    with.iiit  laii-.il  t.y  ilcfi'itnv  t  raiU  I . 

the  prntiitimi  «>f  a   -taliili'  .iilil'iii-  an  Om-  win.  lia.l  li.-iii  wiiKiiiu'  a-  a  -ur 

enipli  v.-i'  tl.  iiii.vor   f..r  iniiirirs  arisiir.'  vcyi.r'-  a-i-laiit    until   lie   Ictl    lin'  ili"- 

froiii  'a    'lil'.it     in    llir    ar.a'iL:i'iiii  nl     nf  paiiy's  ciiipliiy.  almiit    tw..  wi-.-K-   l.i  l.  rr 

madiiiii'iv.    in    slainliii-    i.ii    a    hiiich    t..  Mio    ac.iiti  lit.    for    tin-    riMson    1  lU    ln- 

opiii    a    will. low    lor   llir    pinpi.s,-  of    let-  ua;.M.s  wen-  nol   pa  nl.  hail  thr  ri^jlil  -  i  I  i 

tin-  strain  ami  hoi  air  .-.a p.-.  -o  a-  to  pa-rnvrr    wlini    hi-    hoaril.il    a    pa-iii- 

pr."vi-i.l   lu-r  ri'iovrv,  for  hor  hair  hriii-  iraiii    to    pivicnl    to   a    pla.-y   wlirr.-    i- 

cnii.'lit  l.v  an  iiii..;ii:M,ha  icM.lvitif;  hori-  w.is  to  punlia-n  provisions.      O -...  .(■  I/. 

Zfal    slnift    pi-'-in.    thi„n,l,    ih^r.K.m  /.'.   r...  v.    MuU,.,    (IS.ill    30   1  I    fl.^ 

near  th,'  .■.•iiiii^.  ami  in  fn.iil  of  lin-  win-  Am.  !)<•<•.  X'.t!.      ihe  roiiil   i-niarU,-.l    liit 

dow.       M,Cluh<rl<,     V.     aiilr      ]lf!J.     fo.  ho    wa-    -liat.le    to    no    -nator    l.unl.ii-. 

(1892)    111  Oiil.  App.  I!cp.  117.  iior  .•nlitl.il  to  moro  privihjjrs.  tliaii   iin 

Whoro  miners  wrri'  a.-iu-lonnil.   with  other  pa-iii-rr  similarly  silualf.l. 

the   knowliilfr,.    anil    impli.'il    cons.nt    of  (llhiT  .'asrs  in  whirli  recovery  was  u 

the  rwmr.  to  Use  the  passM..'e»  or  .'ntrii-^  low..<l    whore  tlie   employees    were  hini.' 


WMII. 


I  lijiij  inii;>Kui  i.\iri.i)\  mi;m'.  Im.'. 

If  till"  (1(  I'cii'lanr  nlir-i  ii|Miti  tlio  |.l.'ii  tli:ii  Iio  wm-  n  ■(  IiMinul  tn 
,iiiiii'i[iiili'  till'  |)n-i  iici'  lit'  till'  injiiri'il  |mi-'1i  ai  llic  [i.ii'hi-.il.ii'  [il.ii'f 
wlicl'r  llu'  ;|i'i'ii|i-lll  iMiMiri'"i|.  tn:'  llli'  l''-,l-.i|i  llial  •!■  Wi.iiM  li"l  ':.i\c' 
l.i'Oii  at  iIki!  |ilaci>  if  ii  stMliilf  nr  iii-'liiiaiiiT  hail  Imiii  i|ii|\  .  li-ir\ii| 
li\  llilM-<lt'  ami  llis  (•..(■ill|ilii\i  c-;.  llir  sU'linli  will,  of  (■..lu-r.  iiol  be 
l.arrrd,  iiiili>s  it  aii[MMV-t  llial  iln'  ciiac-i  iim  lit  in  i|iir-ti.iii  wa-  ap 
|ilirail('  tn  siicli  !i  sililal  iiili  il-i  tliat   ullicii  i-  i|i~"|o-iil  iiv  I  111'  i'\  i'lrlii-c.'' 

b.  Circiniishiiifis    umlrr  irhicli    n'ciiiir;i  Ikik  I"  •  h   ,'  n.J.      In   a 
Si'ntcli  f'M-r  it  i-"  iiit  iiiiati'ij  that  the  tni'fr  fai't  of  ilic  |)lainiilT'-  |i  iiii» 

■  III  nf  lii-i  priiiiri'  [liai'i'  at  tlic  liiin'  of  lIu'  aci'iil   ni nUMrv  to  tin- 

rules  of  Work,  iloc-!  noi  jii-ivcnt  liir^  rccovcrinu  for  iiijinii-  raii-Ml  l»_v 

.!ifii'li\r'  iniU'liinTV.'      Ilii-  niav    |)o--il.lv  ii.'  tli n   I't  ilor' riiio  iip 

|i|icalilc  to  i-AM'<  in  wliicli  tlic  (ii'f('n-:(  of  run!  I'llmi. •!•',■  ni  i;|ii;iiii-i'  i^ 
I'flii'd  n]>on.  (  Si'c  >nli-i'('.  c,  ////'/v;. )  l>iit  it  t!i" -laicniriii  is  in'  -ihI- 
ii!  to  lii'liiic  ilic  rxti'Mt  of  ili(>  ciiiploNri"-  i.l.M   .iiiiins.  it  iiiiii '.lii  ■-  a 

ll;corv   whirl:    is  oli]iosri|   to  t!ic  tirll'Till  CM  ITol' I    o|    ailt  !io|-i:  v,   wliirll    \^ 

in  favof  ot  ilic  |ii'inri|)!('  fliai  "a  master's  lintv  in  ir-ji  i-i  to  fiiriiisli- 
iu;:  llis  Servants  a  safe  jilnee  in  wli'eli  to  work  cxti  iii|-  'o  sneli  pans 
lif  llis  promises  only  as  lie  lias  iirejiareil  for  their  •  i  e  ,]i,i;iey  wliil" 
'liiiiii:  his  work,  ami  to  siieli  other  parts  as  he  l^iiows  or  on^jit  Ut  know 
they  are  aceiistomeil  to  ii-e  while  doino-  it."  ^     'I'lie  appliratioii  of  tliis 

14  T..  P(l.  .'>02  nvliiTe.  tiewi'vcr.  the  triiv  loii^triict  cviry  put  of  hi-  |iiriiii-rs  i\% 
'■liT  wii-  a  sliK'tdinliliT.   Milt   ;i   -rrvniit).  provciit    the    [iii~-ilpi!in     uf    .inidi'iit. 

Si'i.  alM)  the  ca-i's  lili^il  in  §  tl-!!.  suli-  tli       nii.        MrCnn:     v.      i//.,'.       \l,ll.i 

'i-f^.  <l  Mini  <■.  .SI//IMI,  I  1H-.         ■.!()  1!.    I.  .511(1.    Ill   All,  .M.!!. 

"WhiTi-  a   rnihvny   conipaiiy    li:iil    piit         An  iiM|iliiyiT  is  iii.di  r  tie 'Inly  In  lu.ike 

in  cvi'li  nee  a  rily  orilinaiici-  |.i'.iliiliit  iii'j  all  |Kfri-  nf  his  priiiii-c  -  --'ii'  fur  a  -ii  v. 

it  frnin  using  thi-  rriissiiij»  whrn-   [iliiu  ant   In  lainlil'-  ihiiai;.'li  in  tlir  ilark.  even 

tiff's  intc-tati-  was   iiiiuml   fi>r  tli-  -im  if  he  is  at    unrk   in  a   pl;u'.'   wlirri'  t'liTp 

,ii;i>  iif  rars,  ami  friiin  pcrniittin!.'  leailril  is   no   ilini;rr.       I'liirmm  it-     I.    Si,:liiiii) 

mil   nnloailpil   cars   to  slaml   lln-n'oii.   it  if  /'if.  Co.  v.  Ctillins  (ISa-Ji    i:!  111.  .\pp. 

vi.'H    hi'lil    that    tlir    oouil     |iii'jiiily    in  17.1. 

-irnrtcil  the   jury   that   ili'fiinlant    rniiM        \\  lu'ic     plaintilT's     iliTi^a-i-il     Ini-lianil 

Hot  pliMiI  its  olilijratiiin  th'  "i-umli-r  a>  a  uas   ininri'il   hy   the  falliii','  ef  a    ~li.lin^ 

'IplVnsi'  to  an   aitioii   hy  om-  of   its  cm  iliMir  in  tin-  store  of  the  ilciVnil  nil.  n^iii;,' 

ployci's  who,   uliilc  i";::a^cil  in  coii|iliiiL-'  to  the  circles,   manner  in   vhidi    it    li.iil 

I'ars.  was   iiij|i>.i|   liy   rca-o"  of   i;-   iiil  ln-en  opini  il  hy  the  men  in  I'li.ii-'j.'  of  it, 

urp  tn  kii'p  tlic  cros-inj;  in  repair.     Ilrr  it   wa,  licM  that  a  vcnlii't  fei-  the  plain- 

lick  V.  Oiihilrii    (IfiOO)    41   C.  C.  A.  2!ll.  1  itV -lioiilil  lie  .set  asiilc.  it  appca  riin.- that, 

Iftl   Keil.  187.'  .Icfcnilant    hail  r\crii-,.l   re„...nal.lc  caro 

MWii'i/ior    V.     M,  lJ.it     (ISini     12    Se  ami  >kill   In  the  sclci'l  ion  I, f  it,  servants, 

-'•<*.  C'as.  2(1  «!"rics.   i:M.  that   the  (liM»r   was  con-trmtcil   with   or- 

■  .U'-)i'i.<!oti    V.    I!:ri;i.^s   Siiliihilr   t'iliir  ilinaiy    sl^ill,    arel    if    the   iln-civcil    was 

'0.    (1000)    70   X.    II.    40rt.   85    .\ni.   St  lawfu'llv  in   the  vicinitv  of  the  hiiililinf» 

i;cp.  ai.  47  .\tl.  412.  in  tlic  course  of  hi-  .'iiiployincnt.  he  was 

The  duty   of  (In   employer  to  pi  wide  .i     fellow    servant    with    tlic   men    whose 

a  saTc   ]dace  of  work    i-   limit"!!   to  liic  ne;jliL'cnoe  inlliilcd  the  injury:   or  if  he 

prcnii-i-i  wlic'c  the  employee  is  riipiiicd.  ua.s   a    trespa>-ei'.  or   prc-cnt    liy   -uircr- 

for  \        'lurposes  nf  his  employment,  to  anee.  the  defendant  owed  no  duty  except 

'">.      i.    vjic,/,;  V.  riiitKi'    iI.SlWl'    tin  Cal.  to   refrain   from   acts   wijintlv   iiiioriniiss. 

1.'>7.  li"    \in.  St.  I!cp.   \Xi.  ,V2  I'ac.  .".'i.  r.llurr  v.    I'<  >.    -iilynii,,   7,*. 'Co.    (  IHSfi) 

An  employer  is  not   called   upon  to  m>  111  N.  J.  I,,  oil,  li  .Vtl.  437. 


1M6 


.MAMi:i!  AM)  .SKKV AM' 


l>  IIAf.    XXXMI. 


1 1 


|ii'iiici|il)>  liii-   fr('(|iiciiil_v  |irc<  •■iitril   rfi'nvirv  in  i;  -i-     wlicri'  tlir-  iii 
jury  |>ro.\iiiiati'i,v  n-tilicil  fmni  llic  t'iift  iIimI  ilir  iiijiiii'il  xTMiiit  wn- 
"«'«'ii|i_viii^  tho  ilanp'i'uU'   )"i'ili<iii   iiicrt'lv   li-r  lii-"  ""n  I'ciiiM'iiii'n.'i 
iiiiil  u('c<iiiiiiii)(lati<  M.      I  mill'  ■'iicli  ('in'iiiiiJtMiicc:*  hi-t  lc;;iil  iii;liis  :ir 
IK)  gn'iccr  fliiiii  tiiii-if  of  II  lic.ii^ci'.'*     'I'hr  -iiuu'  priii('i|>li'  i*  ciiiniIK 


*Ko  Rcliiiii  I'liii  Ih>  iiMint.iiiK  <I  uIh'Ih 
nn  piii|ili>Mt',  ivliili-  iiir  iliitv.  Kiii'~  fiiiiii  a 
|>ii»H'li;;iT  I'jii  111  till'  i'n;.'iiir.  i'  vliirli 
ni'illiiT  iii'<'i'-»ii>  iii.r  ihilv  iill-  him. 
ami,  K'liili'  iiti  iii|>tiii^'  '<>  iitiiiii  III  til" 
car  wliil  llir  tr'iii  )•<  ni  Lipnl  iiiotiMii 
roiiml  II  I'lini'.  filU  mi  thi'  trmk.  Mr 
Ihniirl  V.  Hiulilnnil  ,\ir.  ,(  Itill  K.  Co. 
I  IMIilli    'HI  Ala.  tl(,  8  So.  41. 

All  ill"! nil  lion  in  nn  iii'tinii  tor  jivr 
siiniil  injiirii'H  to  n  liraki'iiian  wliili-  rid 
itiK  nn  tlic  |>ilnt  of  tin-  ('ii;.'inr.  that,  if 
till-  jury  liclirvc  he  wm-.  imi  iii|iiiircl  or 
"|«niiittc.l"  to  ride  mi  tli'-  |illc>l  in  tlii- 
(li«cliar;;i'  of  tlir  ilutir*  of  lii«  -I'nicc. 
ihi'.v  will  tinil  for  ili-fi-iiiluiit.  i-.  not  nli 
ji'i'tionalili'  Sim  .liifi.iao  d  I.  /*.  H. 
rii.  V.  Ilvum  (18!il»;  Tex.  Ci".  .\\>\>.]  .'••I 
S.  \V.  411. 

To  take  a  iwi'^-a'iim'r  poach  \sillioiit  the 
knowli'dye  of  his  siijieriOi.  and  have  it 
<!ri«n  l>y  a  svvitih  cii^iini'  for  llif  c-on 
Vcnit-nrp  of  hii  iwlf  and  lli^^  f' llim  ^crx- 
ant,  \vhili>  i.ot  on  duty,  nvir  a  imiiion 
of  the  road,  is  nut  within  the  implied 
authority  of  a  yard  iiia~lrr.  -o  a.i  to 
;.'ivp  tho»e  »<?rviint8  thi-  ri^diN  of  pa-isen 
yiprs.  I  iider  hupIi  cireuiri^t.iiicis.  the 
fact  that  the  master  ineehanic  has  paid 
the  en^'iiieer  for  the  extra  time  s|)«'nt 
in  runninj;  the  train  eanm^t  1k'  roiistrued 
aH  a  ralilieatiiin  or  ad<>|ili<iii  of  tin- 
yard  mii.«t«r's  aet.  Cliidnio.  SI.  I'.  M . 
d  O.  It.  Co.  V.  nniiiiil  I  IS'.).-))  13  r.  V. 
A.  !•»!>.  27  r.  S.  .\|>p-  I'HI.  «5  Ke<l.  1109. 
On  the  (ir«l  appeal  ([lS!i;t|  4  C.  (".  A. 
Mti.  12  I  .  S,  App.  11.-),  .VJ  Ked,  i)iJ7) 
till'  ra«i'  vv.i~  111  hi  to  lie  fur  the  jui  v  on 
the  ^jrminil  that  one  who  i.s  IhIu;:  con 
veviil  (HI  a  Neliii'lp  wliii-h  belon^rs  lo  a 
pomiiiiiii  carrier,  and  i~  o^teiisihly  d. 
-ifrneil  for  the  tran>|M>rtatiuii  c*  passpu 
fp-rs,  is  presumably  on  that  m  liiele  In 
the  invitation  of  an  empluyi'e  who  ha- 
authorily  to  liinl  up  carrier  liy  such  in 
vital  ion,  and  ti..»t,  in  the  ahsence  of 
countervailing'  eireuii.stanci'M  to  rebut 
this  jit.  suniplimi  tline  was  somr-  pvi- 
deiirp  in  the  record  proper  for  the  con- 
sideration of  the  jury  on  th(>  issue 
whether  the  injured  per.son  was  a  pas- 
senppr  or  not.     Spp  iiotp  2,  "if/ini. 

.\  former  employe'-  ridin'j  on  a  frei-iht 
tra:n  by  the  invitallmi  ot  tlie  ciirduitor 
is  presumed  to  know  that  >ueli  an  invi- 


I. It  ion  i-i  noi   within  thr  scope  of  his  cm 
ployiiiinl.   .Hid    that    he   is   iliinr.oc   nui 
Iraveliii'.;    a«    a     pas'cn^'er.        I'liini,    \ 
lt„Ht;,i   ,t     M.    If    Co.    (IHHIl     I.Vt    M.i- 
IH8,  •.•«  N    I-;.   Ufl. 

.\  i.iilini.l  lofi'pany  cannot  he  h. !  i 
liable  for  llie  (j.-atli  of  an  emplovcc  -i,! 
lo  a  p.trtii-id.ir  plam  on  hu<lti< -».  u  . 
for  Ills  own  convenience  and  pi. 
delays  his  return  until  after  Mii.liiiL. 
when  he  takejt  passn^'P  on  a  fri-i,'lit  li  jin 
while  lie  i-ould  have  relumed  earlier  iii 
the  evciiin-.'  on  a  pas!.eii;,'er  train,  eii  ll. 
L'roiiiid  that  the  injury  was  i-au-eij  dv 
llie  cmiipany's  thvlijfently  retainliiL'  in 
its  •■iiiplov    an    iiicoiii|H>teiil    cociupjin..- 

11. «^  v    \.,.-  ».,.-/,  r.  li  II.  u.  It.' I.. 

I  IS'.IT)  IT  App.  Div.  lit),  4.j  N.  Y.  Sn|.|. 
'.•,'1.  The  isiiirt  said:  "If  the  ileei  i-e| 
bad  laKeii  passafje  on  the  p,i>-eii..i 
train  In-  would  not  have  conie  to  lii- 
deatli  liy  reason  of  the  tie;.liycn<-e  (f  i 
drunken  eniployee.  Wa.-*  be  at  lilniiy 
lo  impose  upon  the  compiny  a  ^ti.i'  : 
risk  and  responsibility  than  it  «■•' 
iilberuisc  have  assumed?  If  the  ei 
uloyee  l(i-es  sight  o(  the  piirpn-e^  f  : 
which  be  was  sent,  ri'r.,  to  allend  I"  i 
particular  business,  departs  fnnii  i'm- 
iine  of  bis  duty.  and.   lor  lii.s  own  ini 

eiiieiK-e  and  deasiire,  di  lays  his  nliirn 
"iilil  afU-r  m..l.ii^'ht.  and  then  tikr-i  i 
I  icsle  of  conveyance  that  i~  not  i-nn-iii 
i-reil  as  safe  as  the  one  whiili  he  iiiii'lit 
'lave  taken  in  a  reasonable  tlnie  .ill'T 
IxTforniin;.'  his  duties,  ajid  -ust.iiiH  in 
juries  by  the  net  of  a  'iraki '  lan,  n  '■ 
ihe  cenipany  '  i-haiirc'l  with  liaM! 
iipo'i  Ihe  jiroir       ibat  the  l-'''i        *  ' 

eoemidoyei-'         I   Ibe  cuiii|>,,,y   , 
li<;(>nt   in   r-      .iiiiij!  him   {&   its  ,■■ 
Is    he   at    iilsrty,    under    such    i;, 

lapces.   to  create   such   tirakeinan    . 

■Miplov<»e  p/u  huv  viv*  f     Surrlv  *'       et 
ii.iliy  out;ht   not  to  Is-  cbaiyisi.  \\ 
cation,    with    notice    ct    his    pr  -<  ■ 
Ihis  train.      It  wa.s  net  by  ai  \    ' 
the  cjtmpany  that  he  wa-^  oliIiL''-'! 
this  train,  and  be  was  iml  beinj.-  ' 
as   a  car    ins|iector  or    repairer   !■ 
of  any  exiu'ency  of  the  service    i  i 
ing  or  requiring  it.      It  was  not  \i\  i 
sffl  of  any  nwessity  or  evim.iiev  oi  ■ 
luisiness    that    he    was    lilin;.'    mi     th 
freight    train.      There     i*    no    prci-n« 


Kill. 


I  OM] 


ti»i  i(>Koi  i;mi'i.i>\  mknt. 


IM7 


ulhili'M'i    tli.il     lii<4    uoik    ili'tiiiiu'il    him 

llllUl    It    Uilo    IiNi    hill'   to  Uku   till'   |l.ll~rll 

-I  r  tniii  lit   fi-.li   I'.    >i.      Ilf   uilk  nut, 

tlii'l'i'fnri',  pill  in  II  (Hmilinn  ulliTi'  III' 
U.I"  I'sllli'il  ll{u>||  tu  I'iiii-  U|>im  U  fli'i;^llt 
iralii  ill  <ii  li  r  III  iitiiiii  liiitiiu  ill  liini- 
fur  »nik  oil  till-  fiiliiirt'iii^f  il.iy." 

A  III  lUt'iiiiiii  will),  ill  iU'i'iiril.iiK'f  with 
.:  |>ii'\. tiling  custom,  li'UM't  lii'>  unrkin;; 
ili.tlii'^  iilHjii  11  niliipiMi'.  allliiiiii,'li  III' 
know-  tSiit   niirli   liir  will   lu'nli.ililv   nut 

In-  .11.11  hill  to  lllr  lli'\t  lUllyi'iilj;  lliin 
•l)  Hllirll  In:  i>  .l--i'.'lliil.  Imi«  liri'll-i-  to 
\i-il  llii' I'll!"  •'-!•  to  I'iil.iiii  hilt  elulliiiiy; 
liiit  hIiik-  111  11  iiijiinil  by  a  nwitoh 
-liiliil.  wliili-  iili;;lilin;{  fi>>i,i  a  niii\iiii/ 
I  ruin  on  wliirli  In*  Iuih  j;iiiii'  in  nuiirrli  of 
hi*  ;iti|iiiri'l  lip  i«  not  uititi;;  '.vitliiii  tilt; 
liiih-i'.  or  in  tin  liiii'  ot  In-,  iliitv,  uinl 
rinniil     ri'ciivtT     lor     tlic     injuries     sut 

liii I,    iiisiiH  V.  i/i/.tii "/.../'i...  a-  St.  I.. 

r       .  (I.siilli   7(1  Minn    ItU.  48  L.  U.  A. 

:Mi.  ;s  .V.  \v.  !i7.") 

In  moving;  itn  t-ii^ini'-i  an<l  can  in  itn 
I'uii  viinl,  ;i  niilvvav  ('i>in|>iiiiv  in  not 
'Minn  I  "to  tiikn  i<|H't'ial  prt'iaiilions  or 
i;i\i'  -nnial  wiirninii'i  to  aviiiil  injnrin;.' 
Ill)'  un.nilliiiiiziil  iMT-on  wlm  ni.iy,  fur 
Ills  own   riiiiMnii-nci',   i;o    tln'iriii,    until 

I'le  |iii"<'ii 'f  Mil  h  |H'i-nii   in  a  nitiia 

tiiin  iif  ilaii;;!"  Ikim  liivn  ili'^ciiv irril." 
/.i.iMv.  lllr  rf  .V.  It.  Co.  V.  Uuil.,r  (  MIDI  ) 
■a  Ky  I,.  Rep.  !IS2.  04  S.  W .  ti:iH,  tiS 
">.  \\ .  I  111  (ii'ciiM'i  V  ilinii'il  V.  lull'  a  ti-l- 
I'^'raph   di'-i|)iitilii'r,   in'tlmtl   of  (,'oini;  to 

tl liiii't.    i-li'|>|M'd    iM-himl    a    cur    to 

iiriiiati-' . 

A  railroad  coinpnny  is  not  liahli'  for 
the  di'ii'li  of  an  I'lnplii.vi'c  who,  tor  piM' 
lio'.cs  of  Ills  own.  yiM's  beliiml  •  irs  ^lainl 
in^  ii|Kin  a  spur  track,  witlioiit  tin; 
km.uliilHP  of  any  9U|KTior  cniployi^'i. 
iriil  U  Htrucl:  liy  sncli  mr*  in  I'on.sf 
i|ui  iici-  of  a  train  intiTinu  a  -^iili'  track 
mil  roniinR  in  loiitaot  witli  llii'ni.  al- 
tlioufili  tilt!  wariiii.f.'  jiivi-n  li.v  tlic  fore- 
man is  in  Kni.'li:''!.  ami  -ui-li  I'lnployce 
i|n<i»  not  unilrr-t-ind  tlic  Kn;.'li'*li  Ian- 
^'uau'o.  (Iiiirliiil:  V.  Mirhigaii  ('.  K.  Co. 
(18M.-,)   U  Ohio  C.  C.  :>!». 

\i)  ri'f'oviTy  oaii  be  had  wlnro  plain- 

iir.  in  ;;(iini,'  to  ^'et  hi.'*  coat,   which  he 

ii.nl    Ipft    at    11    place    iinniti  ~- irily    re- 

Mint.,  'mm  thp  place  of  work,  fell  ilown 

way,      AOiiirt/i/  v,  (Vm.se   (IHIIS) 


r/iii.i./.,    if     I      Hin'lhiii) 
CollinM    (IH)l'Ji     l.'l     III. 


I': 


■  1.  037,  63  Am,  St,  Rep,   153.  C?     ai 


Iniilli'M     li'.ul, 
it     ll'  I.     To, 

App  «:s. 

.\  t<r^.lnt  who  falN  inlu  a  ci'^lirn  not 
i-nliiilx  liniiil  iiiiniil.  uliiU-  lir  i*  icarili- 
iii^  l"i  ,1  p.ii|  1,1  s\.iiir  I'.iiiniit  ni  iM'T. 
l/i'  .1,1,1   \.     l(/.>„^.     uitU    (18US)    ■,;.»  \i. 

I.    .'lOI,,     10      \||      ,',1111 

III  .1  1,1 -c  wlii'ic  II  kilMiri'r.  after  loml- 
inu  ill'  from  a  wharf  '{>,ii  .i  \i'-.i'l,  went 
oil  1,1  111  for  the  v'l  ll  III,  ll  lull  iif  his  cii- 
rii,-.il>.  anil  tlnr-  fell  iluuii  an  o|M'n 
Inili  liw.iy  mill  limke  hi'i  (ej;.   it  wii«  lielil 

I  In, I.  ;ii  liii  Work  had  tnen  roniplilily 
lilll-lnil.  lie  wa-.  not  even  l  lieeliMe,  lillt 
wan  a  mere  )reip.i--i'  Smi'i  v.  .ViiA;- 
trson  (I87t!;  IJt)  \laii.  30ti,  21  Am. 
Hep.  .1 14. 

.\  eoni  miner  who.  during  the  nonn 
hour,  while  not  emM',;eil  in  woik,  ({ih'm  to 

II  diHeient  pa  it  of  the  mine  fur  Ihii  pur- 
|Hi»«'  of  \i~iiiin;  wilh  another  miner,  is 
not.  while  -11  ,il,.iiit.  i'ii;;aye<l  ill  the  line 
of  lii-.  tliili  -,i  If.  to  im|Mi-e  iipiii  he  em- 
pli'Mr  the  ilnty  of  a  in.i-ter  to  •«><?  thii, 
the  'iitry  tliriiiij;li  wliiili  he  pa->e-i  from 
and  to  the  part  of  the  mine  wlnrn  lie  if 
enipliyed  |i  kepi  in  a  -afe  i  I'lnlit  inn  for 
his  pii.-.>;i;;i'  h'.lhiinrth  V.  \Ull.c)nif 
(IIHM))  51  I-.  K.  A.  ;)H!l.  44  »:.  C.  A,  48i, 
104    l-t'il.  ll'.l. 

U  hern  an  employee  of  the  owniT  of  4 
mine,  haviii;;  a  few  tnuments'  ieiiure, 
went  into  aiiollier  rnom  in  the  niilie  to 
see  Mime  fellow  workmen,  and  was  killed 
by  the  fallini:  in  of  the  riiof,  it  was  held 
that  his  admiiiis,  latiir  liati  no  caii-e  ot 
action.  alllniu>,'h  tint  owner  aeipiie-eetl 
in  a  eii-!tim  anion;;  the  miners  (n  \islt 
each  oilier  when  tinl  atlively  eii;.ML't'd. 
I'he  |Hisi  ion  l.iken  by  the  court  w.is  that 
the  impi  I'd  lieeri-e  thus  accnrilt'd  to  the 
miners  iiid  not  aiithori/e  llniii  to  fre- 
qui'Iit  iliiiiLiirous  |)lai'i -.  at  the  risk  of 
ll:,  ir  eiiipl,,MT,  tliii//if  V.  Kiiir.iiiii 
ilH7!»l  r>-2  Iowa-  .320,  .ri  Am,  It.p.  275, 
.•1  \.  \V,   Kill. 

No  artinn  in  iiiainl  linalde  where  a 
servant  is  injuntl  by  the  fall  of  n  roolt 
while  he  is  in  a  pii«>anre  niaile  solely  for 
siritrinR  a  cireulatinn  of  nir  in  the  mine 
where  he  is  wi  rkiiiff.  I.rnk  V,  Kmisas 
d   T.  C'Hil  Co.    I  IS'i'll    Sn  Mo.  App,  374. 

\\  liern  an  eini'loyee  follows  the  invi- 
t  ition  of  a   fellow   servant  to  take  a  cer- 


33. 


exit    from 


biiilili 


where   he   is 


emiitiived.    wlii.'h    is    nut    inlended    to    !ie 

d  in 


A  master  is  not  liable  for  injuries  to    ii^ed  as  an  exit    f  r  jmtsoiis  enirapi 
a  aernnt  wl  ".  in  the  dark,  a'*enipts  to    the    employment     in    which    plaintilT    is 
re.ieh  the  pla,^  where  he  left    li-  lunch,    en^'a^jed.  aiid  plaintiir  is  injiinil.  he  can 


I"  vfiim  of  tile  liiiiMi 


y  crossini.'  an    unknown   and   unli^'hled    mil     nenver    therefor    from    bis    master. 


I'lii- 


id 


s'l  iliiiiiL'    Siiift  V.  ilvlii 


an  ijn;;uariteil  kettle  tilled  with    21)4, 
Vol,   II.  M.  &   S.— 35. 


(MlllO)    00  111.  App, 


in 


...;,|5 


iM-trt 


M  \v|||:   \M>  s|.;i!\  W  I'. 


rill'     ■|l|l">lil>ll     Ull.llnr     II     llilin'.l         |.M-  \II      l-:|.|n\.  I,.,      ,ll       llll'      IIIMl.'l,.- 

rlii-f    li>    II  ■;"l"i  I-.    Ili'ii    "I'l'l'     III    •■'"      I  I  II  ■■•■<lil|ili':.         '       li'l    111-  mvll   I'li   1-  III' 

|.li.\.'l-   III, I. I    til. Ill    llll-    .11-1 1-.    tl'      .Mill    ...IIMIIIillir.    mil-    "I"  II    ^111   il.iif.i 

<'i-i»iiil.'    iiiiiin     fi til.'    ^^lllvU.    I-    nil    iiiIim  .!.'.|  iiiil>    fir   Inivlil.  .1.'   ■   -<>    'I    >.i- 

Ulli'llli'    |illr.'i..|    ,111   ilii|.l..\.M     III    IH.niilr     "«ll    ri-k  lluhnudii     »        1/"^-     /..'■•.   n 

(i.r  »..i;.i,ii'ii    i I    im.ihi-'l.  "i..i.-  tli.'  ."•/   » -.    iH'.i:i.     1    Mi-      !■.'>.   -M    N     i 

-|Niii'  I-  iii.t    iiiiiii.l..l   li.r   vi.iNiiii.  lull  ^ii|.|'.   7"*T 

m  .i'|.,ii.iii-.|.  1..-.  .II-.' i.f  il-  .1   II-.  1.  (run.         \ii  .  ii.|.l..>iv  » 1.. -■■  .liit  i.  -   .IhI  11..1  n 

III..  I.    I  III  ll iiil.liiii;  l.\   .1  I... II. I  trii.T  .|iiiii-       I    III  .i|i|.i.' 1.1,  nil  .'li'v.ilii-  viiii'l, 

,")     (1-1  I      lliu'll,     «ll''lll     wlllill     I!..     ..;!.■     llll-      l>..-    I'. It. -I  III'  I' . I      I"!    ii|.i  l.lll-.l     '.    nil      ll.' 

<  ii'ii-iiill  111  (.Ml  i'\.i'|il    till-  ili:;iii  .-r   "lull    I. Ill-,    iiiiil    1.1    «.  -II.     >-.i      '.lll^       'I' 

llJlillU       ll.lll-!lllll-l.\  .  I'tti,!)        \.        r.:.,i>lll         lil'.l.    .  lllllllil      !...'»  f.il      'I  -     I',      ,, 

riii,/.i     \Hf,liiili    I'll,  11,11   i„.    (Iiiiili     l!iH  l.\    I'.illiii;..    iiiiii  ll'.    i-l. '    ■        'in       I 

I'll.   -Its.    17    ,\il.    IIJS.  .....I    <->,Hn„    l/,//«    ».    »(.;..'    ilv'.'.    1, 

III  >7i,ii/   Mill.  >;,.  \.  Uitlitni    I  H'oii)  111.    \|i|>   ii:ii. 
W  III.  .\|i|i.  .'i^l:;.  it  «ii-  lii'l'l  i-iiiii   i.i  111         All   •'iii|il.'.M  I    i»   iiiit    rli.uj.  ilili-    •  1' 

trilrl    II   jlllV     llut    llll'  lll.l-lrl    ».l-   'ii'llllll     till'     ill-l     li(    llll    l'lll|.li'\.i-     illl  lll-t."l     «|l' 

III    iii'iiNJili    ll    II'. .-..II  llll)    -Mil-    I'l.ii'i-    iif  llll-  iliitv   iif   I'l.ii-liiiiilii  •    I    li.-.jlr    .' 

\Mirl«.   wlii-ri'  till'  ni.l.-iilv   wii-  lliiit    till'  Mitiir.   in   iiivi'iii;.'  n   1  u.  iii|ilii>.<-  i..  ri 

|iliiililill'-    lliti--t;ili'    Hill    killi-.l    liv    til"  i.li   till-  I'ln  ili.i.    iii-ti'iiil  lit  ;;i.iii-.'   ;•>   Mu 

full  III'  i Ii'\.ili.i-  II. I.I. I    i.liiili   III'   ■  -tiiiv  i.\     |irnirl.'l    t.  r    lli.-    ii-.-   it    . .: 

|i.i--iiiy.    llii.ii'jii    hi-   ilnlii-    iliil    II  1. 1. .>.'.-.       Siiili    ..  ,  iii|.;..,M' -    .ir.'.-|.l-   ll 

.jiiiii-  liliii  til  ill.  -u.  iii\it:itiiiii   lit    lli-   ■"ll    li-k.      .>'.... .^   ' 

Klii|ili.M  •-  "ho.  iiiiiliT  11   iniTi'  ii  /'.I   IV    //or   ll     I. „:,.!,■  r    Cn.    lIS'iHi     l",; 

lli'i-ii-i'.   iiili'  n|...ii  iin  I'li'Mitiir  Uiio-..     i-  Inn.    "H-'     •'>•'    N     ^'■     '*''■    Hi'liinriii'.'   I"- 

III,   11   I..   Ill'   inli-i-.|i-il  Hilly    fill    iiiriyiii^'  nii.l   in    (IS'.iS)    ITil    In. I    M.l.  :>J   \    I 

:;i»..l-.  ill. -II  ill   ilii-ir  i.\\  11  I  i-U.      llll'    *  '-''''■*■ 

1.'/..  i.i'.iii    ils!i-ji    :r,    \l.l.   .■t7.-i,   -.'."i    .Ml  Mil-    firlli'"iiiL'    i-\ti-.ii-i    ll II'.-   '"• 

I'Jt.       Till'    i-.iiiit     -iiiil:       ••'riii-n-    i-    nil  -.-liiii-y  ..|iiMii.ii   i.f  riinvf..r.|.    1.   in    !■ 

.Il'lll.l    tlliil    wIktI'    ill!    .1.  Viili.r    N  iTiil.'l  ''1"^"      I'l'llon      fnilu,,,      r,,.      \.      .v,. 

in    II    fiu-lMiv    ill-    «iii.li..ii-i'.    iinil    i-    in  IHS-Ji    li-t  (!ii.    l:!7.    47    Am     I!,  fi    7  ■•' 

li'nili-il  to     i'  ii-i-il  inilv   fi.i    till-  |>ui|i.-i'  -I, ill-  \>liit  till'  |ir.'-«'iJ   «rii.i   ..-ii.iw- 

i.f  <-iirr\iii'j  iiiiil  tiiin-fi-riin;;  yiNMl-  .mil  In  I"    tin'  riiri-.i't  (li.i-tiinc  ii-  .      .i.li-l'  . 

iiiiiii-iiiil-  friiiii  1.111'  |>:iii  "f  till'  liiiililiiiy  l.y  lln'  .li-i-i-inn-.      In  tin'  I'liii 1  >•'  li 

ll.  iiiiiitlirr.  iinil  till'  i-iii|ili.yii--  in  tin- ci-  iiiijuiity   ;iii'  r\  ii|.  in-i-  in   tliiit    ■  i-i-   -i 

liilili-liniiiit.  finiili.ir  >^il^l  tin-  inn-ti-iii'  vii-iM.I  fii.iti  n  -tiiii.!;..'iiii  "-.uinllv  .h. 

linn  iiiiil  i.|K'i-iilii.n  "f  tlir  i'lr\  iil.T.   iiml  fi-n-m    fnnii   I'l.it    l.l.n          ''.•  l.-.irm 

111,.     iMiriK if     il-    i-.m-ti  nit  llll.     ri.li-  jin';;.'.       Itnl    |iri.liiil.l>    tin-  .il.-n.nt   n' 

llii.|-i-i.n    nil. I.r    ll    iii'ii'    iiii|ilii-il    Ii.- ii-r.  rii-tm—     i.f     lln-     ilni'lriii.-     .-iiiiii.-i.ii -; 

ti.r   lli.ir  .luM    |.li-;-iiri'  or   I'oi.Mii..  1 ,  wonlil    not    Ii.im'    '"'•'n    ili-|.iii'-'l    ly   In- 

ilii-v   iiiii-l   I.I-  liiUi'ii   ti.  iii-i-.-|il   «l.iiii-u-r  ,-— .  .-i:iti-i.  if  Ihry  li.iil  .li-.iin-.l  tliit.!" 

li-k    thiit    "iin    I.I-    inr    '' lit    tu   »in-li   run  nine  tn  Ih-  i"'i(  I'lMiii'-'  mi'!'!'  '1"    '  "' "' 

.lni,-|i,.n          i    i--r.iiii     :    .mil.    in    "iii'li  ■timn'-.        ''riii-   rli.'.ip--   !■■   ""    "  111.I.  i- 

1-1-1' thi'V           ■  iiK    ri  .|iiiri' I.f  till' ll. fill. 1-  .'rriiM.'<ii-     ''irni-i'     it      .i'   1..  ll>     l.i.*- 

,„t    (li,."„         I    ,,'i.iiii;ir\    I'll;.'.  I'itlii-r    in  ili.wn  tin- I  iv  In  lii' lli:it  iiiiyi.ni- ul."  "'■ 

I-,.'  I'oiisfr          HI  111   Hi"  i-.  li.'ii  1  f  till'  iiiii-  in  till    liii-i  iii'iil  I.r  tin'  i-l.-l'i  rni'iii  nj!'' 

.-fiiii.v        Ollri'ii     \.     11.. /.Ml     SI., I    Cii.  t'nlly    iri'jlil    U"   iit    uill    I  lir.iii'-'!i   tl"'  '''^ 

IS.SM     liMI    Mil.    ISJ.    IS    .\ni.    ^t.    |{.-|i.  'il-..  fii.li  r\.  .-itlii-r  ill  li.L'lit  I.r  .l.ir'.ii'- 

.•til.   1:1  ^.  W.  40-J:   I' ithisi, II  \.   Ill  mill-  ulii'lli.r  iliin'.rnin-  i-r  -iifi-.  iiii'l.  if  li'ii^ 

,    .1'     ils-iSi     US    Mil—.   '••».    1-    -Vin.    St.  ...ul.l  ii'ii.vi-r  iliiinii;:!- tlii-i.  for.  |.n.vi'!  : 

Ii -!■    ."I'i.'l.   V^  N.    I-".    15.    Hilt    11"  I'li'V.itiir  In-  or  -In-  I'Mrri-i-'l   inri'  himI  .iiiiiin 


i-i    Ml     niiin\     rr-| 


i-l-    a    ilimyi-ri'ii-    iiiii      |i;i 


a^iiiL'    lliii'ii'.'li 


I   tliiiiiyli    il    iiiiiy   111'  I'liniirily    lliiTi'f.f.       Till'   |.nr|M.riiti 
Illy   i\*  11    fii-i..;lit   I'li-Viili'r.  yi-t     iili'tin-    it-<    niii 


inti'iiili' 

if  fill'  iii'|.l. Mi-s.  in   til.-  I'cinr- 
'li.ynirnt.  iirc  iinllinri/. 

llr<i'   till'  I'l.  \;ltl>r    .1-    111.-  I 

transiiortiil  inn.    Ilii'    i'iii|il 


.-nil 


,1  .ir 


if  (lii'ir 
ilir.  i-l.-il 


lit    :ill..\\     vi-ilnr" 
ill  \i-t   11.  I    in 


nliii-r    i..irli.' 
iliiM 


I-    (.iM'riitnr- 


111.  ,.- 


I-  .'f  lli.-i: 


linp 

ri'Hi 


■rut ion    <ii 


f   IH-r-nll 


ll    IniiMii 


'I'll  1.1'  inviti'il   into  tin 


\.'r.    (-1111 


•ll  ll 


i-\i'ri-i-<'  ^.ni'iit   I'iiri'  n 


I  nil-    lii-i'iiiint.  iir  i-li.lli   roniii  l.y  on.-  iiullMr 

;lkl'-    it     In'  llll    111   l*   I' 

I    in    till'    liiiii-i-:    yet   !■ 


ti-viilor.    \*    izi'il   to  ilo 


ml  rail-    tin 


lion  li.itli  in  tin 


i.n-tnn-tioii  iiinl  i-iii-ra- 


'   ri'iiiii-   nil 

lit   III'  Iliiit    -ni'li  invil  ition  l-Im 


f  (I 


ir   iiiarhtiT' 


).-.  r.  iii!i-r   il     i-i-j!i!   to  i-s  -rv  )•: 


I-l   I.f  il 


1,1   int..  i.I.i 


i|-oin  il:inj;i'i   ii 


-  riinfiil  f..ri'-i;.'lit    v\ii.ri'    no    oih'    w    iiiv 


il.l    ai'.l 


mil  |ir.  I'.mtiiin  in 


IV  ii'a-ona!.l>   ilictiite."    \i  ,  li'il.       If-    tlii-i.foii'.    one 


-Imnld    i'i 


J  'i.''il 


nil  liM  <ii  ^:\ll•|.'l^  \ii  \r. 


!<«|!t 


i|i|ili<'iiMf   «•'     .    ilir   iiijiii'i'il   .(•i\:ii 


I'      W.l-     lll'hlMlU     fllililL'' 


ill  il. 


jii'i  tiiniiiiiii'. 


ilnti 


l>iii   ilii*  |iri'<li<Miiii  hi 


IIJ"!'!' 


ill'. Ilk  cull'i'  .1    I'll. Ill  llic  |i<ii|it  i.J   vicV    r\rlii|,li 


ill  till'  iiiAi  -111) 


■I   ftlMl    , 


/;;..///  ../ 


1 1 11/ 


Ji  If  (i   II  flh    i;  fi 


til 


ir  rii 


l,„ilJr 


iii-iifiil  jhii,'      iinirhf    nf    lin 

i\|M'  riKW  iimli  r  ciiii-nii  i    i 
il.iit  il 


II'  t'lll-tiT  n\vr  i|  II 


ItV    III   III.. 


.(  tl 


-'•r\.ihi    II 


II    -"olllr    (M-i 


Tll-l 


of    III.. 
11,    IImI 


111    lllJll    llli'   -r'\illll 


Wil-     llllllM 


■If 


UlllitV    u|     il     U; 


jM'.jH   (■    fillV    III 


I'rillii  lit   'lie  |(li|.-c  will  r|.   ||r  wns   wli,  ||   rlic  ihrii||.ilt   Uiri'.j.       \\l|.  l| 

I  r  this  pli'ii  is  iiviiiliiiiii-  t.i  tlic  niii-ii  r 


:i  i|ii<'stiMii 


f..r  1 1 


tlio  I'viilciMT  Iciivi-s  rcMiin  fur  i|i>iil>r  in  |..  ilic  i|iiiiliiv  i.f  i| 
riiii'iiii'f."      Hill   till-  siTvaiii   will  I 


ic  jiii'N   w  :i' 


■l'\;ilif  « 

)<•  |iriiiiiiiiiiiM'ij  iH'iiliiirni   ii<  ji  )||.|( 


iniiii  n   iiliiif  of  (HTfrcl   -iil.ly  wlicro  he        "  \ /,(,.(.■/,    v.    (7i , , 

hiix  U'lii    invitiil.    In   n    iihui'   i.f  .hiiiyiT     I  IHlun    ;i:i  C.  C.    A.  'iiili.  ti;i'l  .   S  '  \ 


inn  Itttifn 


•il,ir    Vi 


riv   h 


i'  iiiil    invili'il    mill  ,i 


-lUltV     .'lltl,    !K»    Kill. 


'"till    tiiiii.    I rl;iiiil>    '.ImhiIiI    |if>t    Im>         Wlnri'  it   \\n,  ihc  ihiiy  ,,f  (hi 


.illinMil  In  ii'iiivi  r  hi.  ihiin;iL:i'.  Iiv  .Im 


iiit'  ili.it  iiiiiiiiiiry  r 
lilt  part  in  hiicIi  pi; 
|>ri'Miili'il  his  injiirii" 


lrii''lit    I- 


iin    til 


III'    llllil    r.Mltinn    (III     |Hisitir||     fill'    iiilliMilii 
'  ■ilil    nut    liiiM'     ■iirt  Iiv    niniii-   nl    ili 


fr. 


of 

|ii..|H.r 


1 1: 


ir 


liiijil  tliiit  !«•     .in  iiiili.|..ii,li'nt 
,it    n    pliii'i-    «lii-ii'    !.<•    hill    iiiilhiT    Ihv    hilh   of  n    1 


rnil,-   i>|MT,ilril   hy 

■onir  I  till,  an  iiclinn  fur 

iiaki'iiian    killnl    hy    i|i,. 

lint   hi-  ihfi'.ihil 


iii-iiii'-.    nor    iin    invilalinn.    ainl    wlii-n'    lull  i.f  lhi..<'  ilirrirk- 
lii.    |iii'Hiiii>    wan    nnt    anliiipali'il,    iiml    i.n   tlir  ■.•iniiinl   thai    ;ii.   ua.  ii.-;;li 
11  full' hit  |irip|<  rtioll  nnt   pluviili'll  fni .    IhIiij;  n-i    th(. 


hi"   risk   wa«  lii»  own.  hihI    not   I  hat   n(    «hl 


■ar    ii-.t    iihiMii  III    III, 


th 


f  <'iir|Miratnni. 


it 


ihi 


II  <'a«f  I.f  </i()iiiii(m  iibsijiir    Civ.  .\pp.    Ml.  .'.'i  S.  \\ 


niinil.  as  cloar 

injiiriii  as  in  In  Ix-   fminil   in  tin-  hiok 

.\iii!  siicti  i<  the  raMiv" 


ike.  Ill  MiV    N.   /'.   I,' 


rh    «a-i   iiiiii.f  nil 


■.I. 


r„.  V.  /».  I. 


.( 


CI.  7    I  PI'KII     ••■>    Tl'X. 


i:ts. 


In  /.I 


Ml  I'liiphiyi 

Willi    Willi     III    III, 


I'll    V.    Itllisill    llS.-.li)     18    S<'.     »|«Tt   In  III. 


[)f  a  "I  I 
lill   t 


lill 


n    lllillllli'    111    n 


irk.  wa.  iiiil  ;.'iiill V  nf 


iri.-.    4(;H.    it    was    hi'hl    liiluil.iiy   iirt'liLTiii-.-   v\lii,li   will' 


thit  a   father  cniihl   nnt    iii-<ivi'i    fur  the    hi*    n- 


pH'vnit 


iitith  <if  hi.  .1111.  II  yiiiiiii.'  chilli  nnt  n 
larly  in  thf  I'lnplnynnni,   wlimii   In- 
-(•nt  nn  an  rrranil  which  lit-  .liniihl  li.ivc    r. 
l«'rforiii<.<l   hiiii.i'If. 


iiy    till-    iiijiiiic.    r.-iciviil    hv 


[Mirt'nn  of  till-  iiiai  liii,.iy   which   Ih 
ilclachcil  mill  .liiiik   liiiii.  In 


'iiiaiiiin;.'   in    the   iirill 


-triitiv  ncci 


till 


irv  for  tli 


A  car   inH|MMtnr   whn   is  ilin-ctcil    tn    vi.jt,  I'lnil  .l<  ppi'.!-;  n   fi 


11-  piir|M..i-  ( 


'.irry  an  iron  ca-lin;;  wlij.li   ha.s   fallfii    w 
lii.ni  a  car  to  a  ilciirnatcl  ciiyini-  is  nnt    - 


cw     led    nlii    111 

to     .pea!;     tn    the     iiiaiia;;iT    a 


of  his 

I    wa. 

t  111- 

f  his 


ill  the  line  nf  hi.  ilutv.  while  he  lav. 


ilnwn    in   a  iliini;er( 


n};ernii.    pla 


III      Sllll' 


that 
it     ill    re.|iecl   to  thi 


limit 


attraete.l    hi.    atteiiiii 


I'd 


/(.  ,i/..im 


liieiitly  returns  to  ^.ft  it  and  carry  it   to    ;.!  '! 


\.    Triirlii    Cuinihi    I  inn  In  r    I'n.     i  I.SSII) 


llie    ilcittiateil    pl.'iiH'.       Einil    Si.    I.i 


7s.   II  s.  \y.   I.-. I. 


'  iillilirliiiil 


It.    < 


o.  V.   (•riniii    (ISlin    :>i    MTvaiit 


If  the   iniiiiy    wa*   roceiveil    while 


fr. 


III.     .Vpp.     41.5      (castiiif:     left     hetwis'ii    the  preiiii.e.  tn  another   with   ii   vi 


tho 
III    nno    part    nf 


track 


"    where    there    was    not    .iiiricient    tin 


-pao'  lo  stanil) . 
-\  swit<>hman  eannot  recover  fi 


ilh-c 


(plent 


rrfort 


iluty.  he  i.  enlitleil  t< 


liallce     nf 
liver  llllilc 


ncs    riTi'ive. 


whil, 


ii|"ai  the  front  nf 


Iciiiptiii;;    to    )!fi 


or  iiijii-    circniii-tmin..   which  vmiilil  ciin.tiliite 


ii}.'ine  a 


t   what   is    at 


•alliil  the  pilot,  when  it  is  nnt   his  ilutv    conlril 
'"  L'>M    lip  there,      diinil   \.   I 


if  .iction    if  he  hail  aitiially   heei 
work:   and  he  is  n<it   chai^realile  with 


f'".    1 1  Mill)    45    KeU.    07.1 
jury  1 


s  duty    contriliiitory    iieL-liLrence    h.Kausp   nt    the 
P.    II.     precise    liioliieiit     when    the    accidciil     00- 

ciiiiii;riii;r  a 


lin    cliarfte   to    .  iirr.'d    he   hapiH-n.-.!   to  lie  i-\ 


iviiiiuk  with  a.  fel! 


(iw    '.■nipfnycc 


viih  n 


'.1 
•tl 

1 

3 

■*1 


i 

I'-ii 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

■  il 

1 

1 

1850 


MASTKl!  AND  SKKVANT. 


[CIIAI-.  XNXIII. 


■s' 

Si 


I 


P        ! 


ji 


jfi  ^ 


tor  of  litw,  if  an  iiilcKiiw  ..f  cul|>iil>ilitv  is  the  only  one  wlik-li  can 
K  asonalily  be  drawn  from  (he  evi<lcii('c.'- 

F..r  i.ilii-r  cases  dealing  with  this  predieanient,  see  §  'i^T,  ante,  and 

S  fi.'jr.,  i-osf. 

627.  Servant's  use  of  the  given  instrumentality.—  The  dnty  of  an 
omplovoc  to  e\inise  i-pasonalde  care  in  sceiiii-:  that  any  <tiven  insini 
iiiontalitv  is  in  a  proper  condition  to  bo  used  is  owed  mily  to  sui'ii 
serv.antsas  are  required,  permitted,  or  in  the  course  of  the  busine-- 
expeeted,  to  make  use  of  that  instrnm.-ntality.'  Any  injuries  whirl, 
the  instrumentality  may  cause  to  servants  to  whom  that  de-criptioi, 
is  not  appli<al)le  are  reganh-d  as  events  which  the  emplnyer  is  mit 
Knind  to  antiei|.ate,  and  whi<h,  for  this  reason,  do  not  cliar<;e  him 
with  anv  liahiiity.-     See,  g.Mierally,  55§   142-146,  ante.     Compan 


ftard  to  a  matter  of  conmioti  int«-ic»t  to 
llif  master  anil  liiiiisetf.— such  as  the 
i>iM>ration  of  a  certain  piece  of  machin- 
ery. Moore  v.  If.  R.  I'irkrrinq  hum- 
h(r  Co.  (1901)  105  I.a.  .504.  2!l  So.  990 
(employee  in  sawmill  injured  l>.v  a  fly- 
in;.'  pie'e*'  of  a  belt  which  broke  durin}: 
such  a  conversation ) . 

An  employee  in  a  mine  i«  not.  as  mat 
ter  of  law,  '{.'uilty  of  contributory  negli- 
;;ence  in  leaving  his  work  on  hearing  the 
noise  of  a  cave-in  of  the  mine,  in  order 
to  ascertain  the  locality  and  magnitude. 
Frank  v.  livllinn  liirk  d  C.  Min.  Co. 
(1809)    19  Utah.  .35,  5(i  Pac.  419, 

Recover}'  by  an  emjiloyeo  in  a  mine 
injured  by  an' explosion  of  dynamite  im- 
pro|>erly  thawed  by  an  o|K'n  fire  without 
proper  appliances 'is  not  defeated  by  his 
having  left  a  safe  place  of  employment 
and  giiiie  to  such  lire  to  warm  himself, 
where  the  tire  was  built  to  allow  the 
employees  to  warm  themselves,  as  well 
as  for  such  thawing,  and  the  hands,  in- 
cluding such  employee,  had  several  times 
on  the  same  diiy  gone  there,  to  trie 
knowledge  of  and  without  objection  by 
the  foreman.  Bertha  Zinc  Co.  v.  Mm- 
Un   (18!I5)   93  Va.  701,  22  S.  E.  809. 

It  is  not  error  to  refuse  an  instruc 
tion  that  a  brakeman  was  ^iuilly  of  neg 
ligence,    if,   when   ordere<l   to   deliver    a 
message  to  the  engineer,  he  stayed  fron< 
his    post   longer   than    necessary,    where 
an  instruction   has  been  given  that  de- 
fendant was  not   liable  for  injuries  re- 
ceived  by  the  brakeman,  owing  to   his 
being   at   a   location    on    the   train   not 
within  the  scope  of  his  duty,      \nrfiilk- 
<t  IV.   K.  Co.  V.    M^npole    (1800)    07  Va. 
,>94,  34  8.  K.  4C.J. 
"An    intelligent    boy    nearly    fifteen 


years  old  whose  diities  do  not  nipiiii' 
him  to  go  anywhere  near  an  uii;;tiiLiil(il 
shaft  with  a  collar  upon  it  making  l.V) 
revolutions  a  minute,  and  who  has  bi<ii 
warniHl  of  the  danger,  is  guilty  of  surli 
contributory    negligence    in    coming    in 

<(mtact  with  it  as  will  prevent  a  r v 

er\-  for  his  death.  Moiiforton  v.  l)rti:,n 
rre.ss<;l  Itricl;  Co.  (1807)  113  Midi.  Vr 
71   N.  \V.  58(). 

An  answer  which  relies  upon  unooii 
scioiisness  resulting  from  defendant'- 
m^'ligence  as  an  excuse  for  a  servjtif- 
eontributory  negligence  in  being  out  nt 
place  when  injured  is,  in  the  absence  of 
evidence  to  supi)ort  such  plea.  :ii: 
admission  of  contributory  negligence 
l.enk  V.  KansKH  rf  T.  Coal  Co.  (1S0!>' 
SO  Mo.  .App.  374. 

A  "fank>nan"  on  a  railway  who  is  in 
jured  by  the  derailment  of  the  i'ii;:iiM 
(m  which  he  was  riding.  witho\it  the  i»i 
mission  of  the  conductor  and  in  viol.i 
tion  of  a  rule  of  the  company,  c.iniii' 
recover  damiiges.  although  he  had  l"-" 
in  the  habit  of  riding  on  the  engine,  nn' 
at  the  point  wliere  he  motmted  it.  thiii 
was  a  dilliculty  in  getting  into  the  i  i 
boose,  where  lie  ought  to  have  bmi 
Martin  v.  Kaiisii.1  Citii.  M.  d  If.  R.  C' 
(1000)    77  Miss.  720.  27  So.  (140. 

'  VcdHl  V.  .l/((i«f  d  y.  II.  (Iraiiifr  r„ 
(1809)  70  N.  H.  125,  85  Am.  St.  Ri-i' 
(il8.  40  Atl.  084. 

-  An  employee  about  eighteen  yi:ii>  nf 
ai.'e,  who  for  two  years  had  woiki'd  in 
!)aper  mills,  cannot  recover  fir  the  acci 
dental  loss  of  two  of  his  fin.uers  si-verivi 
by  a  fan  revolving  in  a  drum  rear 
w'hieh  he  was  nt  work  cleaning  :i  sorm! 
attflohed  to  a  lw-n[x'r.  where  his  linliis 
did  not  require  him  to  touch  the  lirum. 


ii    ti.'N,  ti-J'.IJ 


(III  lisK  OK  i:.\IIM.()VMK.\T. 


1851 


also  tiic  casos  cnllci-tcd  in  >;!;  Jii.  l'7,  34l',  nnli .  aiul  tln)st>  cited  in  tlie 
[•ipc('<liiij>  si'clion. 

628.  Servant's  use  of  the  g^iven  instrumentality  in  a  certain  manner. 
— ^In  S  2*),  ante,  it  lias  Itcci.  slmwii  that  a  hiii-Iim-'s  ulilifratiitu:*  in  ro- 
-[icet  to  fiirnisliinn  instriiiiicniaiiiics  arc  liiriitfd  U>  seeing  tliat  tliov 
are  rea.siinal)iy  safe  for  the  pcrforiiianee  uf  the  functions  fur  whicii 
they  are  drsij-ned.  A  few  adflitionai  aiithoiities  in  wiiieh  tiiis  prin- 
ciple is  rccoj^nized  are  cited  l»(d<>\v.'  (  <iiii|)are  also  §  ;',}J,  ante, 
where  the  cases  have  been  colleeted  which  illustrate  the  circumstances 
Milder  which  ii"frli}>eiice  i.s  inferred  from  tlio  use  of  ai)idiances  for 
:i  purpose  other  flian  tiiat  for  which  they  \v<'rr  desijjned. 

629.  Servant's  unauthorized  performance  of  certain  work;  generally. 
— In  miuK  rous  cases  the  plea  set  up  luis  been  that,  at  the  time  of 
the  accident  in  suit,  the  injured  person  was  doinjj  work  which  he  had 
not  been  autliiu-izecl  !)y  the  defendmil  or  his  iifjcnt  to  uiulertake.  If 
such  unauthorised  action  is  established,  it  is  manifest  that,  in  re- 
spect to  the  work  thus  done,  the  ndation  of  master  and  servant  did 
I'ot  exist  lictween  the  |).'rsou  for  whoui  it  was  done  and  the  person 
vlio  was  doing  it,  and  that  the  former  <lid  not  ow(>  to  the  latter  anv  of 
lliose  special  duties  which  are  deemed  to  Ite  incidental  lo  that  nda- 
tion.*     The  workman   under  the  siipixised   circumstance  occu|)ie.s  a 

Srhiifilbriii  y.  niKhifi-  I'liiH  r  Co.  (1808)  ii^ciil.c    nny    dilVi'ii'iitiatin^'    sijmificance 

101  Wis,  402.  77  N.  U.  74i.  t..  the  fact' that  tlic  injuries  wen-  due  to 

Wticri'     the     apciiU'iit     arose     pntircly  its    dcfwtivc    "oiidition.       Knnffman    v. 

from  plaintiir's  use  of  the  triiniiicrsiiw.  Miiitr    (18021    04  Cal.   2r>0.   18  L.  R.  A, 

1111(1  Midi  ii<c  was  lint    in  the  line  of  lii>  124,  20  I'ac,  4SI, 

finplcn incut,    no    in<|iiii\'    can    tic    made        A  tiiiilin;;  to  the  cITcct  that  the  plain- 

into  the  •;ciicial  nianaecnicnt  of  the  mill,  tifT.    who    was    injured    hy   catchinj;    his 

or   the    particular    mana;.'eiiicnt    of    the  chillies    on    the    collar    of    a    revidvinjr 

»lab-car>,  whatever  ncLdiKciiee  there  may  shaf(.  while  c1inihiii<;  over  a  oro«s  tieam, 

have  been  in  fiiniisliini;  a   p<'or  slahcar,  liad  iii'  oiihi~  to  do  thi<  for  tlic  purpose 

or  in    reqnirinj;  the    phiinlilf   to  use    it,  for  which  ho  ilid  it,  and  that   liicrc  was 

l.iiiihliiiiid  V,  Delia  humlirr  Co.   (1887)  'lo  neicisity  to  put  him~elf  into  the  dan- 

iM  .\lic!i,  2.'>4.  .32  N,  \V,  427.  iivum-    |>oMtii.ii,    itnitle*    tlie    defendant 

Where  railway  eiiiployeos,  without  the  to      judjinient.        Thmmn      v,      Hiihcuck 

;iotuaI  cniiscnl  of  the  c-mnpany's  ollicers.  {18,SS)    f!S    Mich,  523,  .'lli  N,   U",  72;i. 
hut  with  their  know  led;.^,  have  been  ae-         In  an  ac-lioii   for  the  death   of  a   yard 

eustoiiicd  to  use  a  switch  en;:ine  to  cany  foreman   allcjieil  to  have  occurred   while 

them     from     the     roundhouse    to    their  in    discliai;.'e   of   his    duties    in    ooiiplin;.' 

meals,  it  is  for  the  jury  to  say  whetlier  ears,  it  is  com|ktciit  to  ^how  the  habif, 

111    such   an    occasion    the  engine   is   en-  ciistoni.  and  duty  of  euiployo's  in  mak- 

'.M^ed  in  the  company's  business,     Riil-  iii};  coupliii^rs.  in   the  alienee  of  a    rule 

'//  V,  niiinilhiil  i(-   SI.  J.   K.  Co.    IIHH7I  picvcriliin;.'  Ihe  method  of  couplinR  oars, 

114  Mo.  lilK),  7  S,  U,  407   (minor  injurwl  It    !'aiiii('l    lie    alliniied,   an   n    matter  of 

by  neKliiiciit  operation  of  ent;ine  l ,  law,   that    the  use  of   his  own   hands   is 

'  .\n   employer   is   not    liable   for   inju-  oul-ide  the   Mm.  of  hi-   duly,   sinci>  this 

lies  received  by  a   servant   in  (akiii;;  oil  ini.jht    have    lieeii    rei|ui~il<'    for    the  ex- 

a    towel    from    the    projectiii;.'   end    of    a  pi^diiious      |»'rfoniiame     of     his     work. 

shaft  ui»>n  whicli  be  bad  hunL'  it   «li'l\  l.unisiiUr  d-    A,   /.'.   ('<i.   v.   Yark    (1900) 

ten  liis  own  coiivciiieiiee,  where  lii~  -iiv-  128  .\la,  .■Ill.'i.  .'iO  So.  (17ii. 
ic   was   not    eoiiuccted    with    >w\\    ~!i:ift        '  Si.e  ca-c^    ciliil    in    the    iioles   to  the 

in  any   manner.       The  court    refu-ed    to  follow  inn  mi  I  ions. 


1852 


.\USTEU  AND  Si:i{V.\M. 


ICIIAI'.  XNMIl 


jHisItinn  wliicli  i?  viinuillv,  if  not  pn-cisdv,  tliat  of  a  trespasser  or 
liri'iiscr.  iiml  liiir.  jirdliii!  Iv  iiu  ri'^lii  uf  iictiun.  (■N((jit  in  cases  wlieri^ 
lie  liii>  !•(■(  II  Uiiiit.iiilv  iiijiii(  il  liv  ll:c  (let'i  iiilaiit  nr  Ills  servants. - 

630.  Eight  of  action  v  here  the  injured  person  was  not  in  the  service 
of  the  defendant  for  any  ptirpose. —  A  iMniiun  ..f  ilie  eases  wliieli  <le:il 
with  tli(-  appliealiilitv  <i|'  the  iieneral  priiieiiiies  -I  't..(l  in  the  priM'ed 
inf>  seetinn  rehite  to  \\«'ri\  diaie  tor  person^  wiiu,  jirior  to  the  time 
wiien  they  nn(l<'rl'Hik  llial  \vi)ri<,  were  stranii'iv-  as  rejiard.-!  tlie  di-- 
fendant.  It  is  tn  sueli  p'^rsuns  ihat  the  term  "vohinteer"  is  iisiiallv, 
l)Ut  not  e.Nelii>ivcly,  a]iplie<i.'  'IIk  es-enee  of  thi'  ihd'ense  in  tlii-  ii, 
•  lance  is  simply  tliai  a  person  cannot  Ix  >ul)jeeled,  witliont  liis  own 
eon-^ent  or  that  of  lii>  af;ent,  tf)  tiie  olilij;ation>  whicli  the  law  has  at 
lae!ied    to   tlie  coiitra<'t   of   liirini;.-      The   decisions   colieetod    in   tlic 


h'liiiil,  t  V.  ilriiiiliil  II.  d  lilcij.  ('(I. 
(  1SS!I)  84  (ill.  .•(•iO.  -iO  Am.  St.  l{,'\,.  Mv:. 
10  S.  K.  !I22. 

■\  railwiiy  c<iiii|>:imv  i>  not  ritiiiirt'd 
ti)  ii.*(>  c.irc  t<i  ani  ii'i|Kiti-  and  disi'dvcr 
the  |>cril  of  a  ]x'i>o.i  who  cntiTs  upon 
it-  inrnii-fs  a  d  vcjluntiirily  assists  in 
its  work.  Imt  only  to  ii-c  <-aic  aft<T  the 
jK'ril  is  discovered.  Im  itliicKi/  C.  U. 
Co.  V.  Hiixliiuini    (1SS.)1    s:i   Ky.   119. 

.\  hoy  who.  at  the  re<|ii(st  of  the  eon- 
diietor  of  a  train,  assist-  in  ••oiijilinj.' 
cars,  is  entitled  to  recover  if  the  serv- 
iiiils  of  the  company,  after  iliseoverin;; 
tliat  111'  ha.s  )daee(l  liiiiiself  in  a  position 
of  daiiyer,  fail  to  e.xercise  n'asonalile 
eare  to  preserve  him  from  iiijurv. 
h:,iirl'<  v.  SI.  I'inil,  il.  d  I/.  I!.  Co. 
(IHlMi  r>i\  Minn.  141.  22  L.  U.  A.  titi3, 
45  Am.  SI.  Hep.  4(iO,  ."iT  X.  \V.  459. 

.\n  employer  is  not  liable  for  injuries 
to  a  boy  employee  receivinl  in  attempt- 
ing' to  shift  a  Ix-lt  running'  upon  a  re- 
volvinj;  sliafl.  not  in  the  |«rformaiice  of 
any  duty  owiii";  to  the  employer,  lint 
merely  for  tlu"  purpoM'  of  dcMion-t  ral  In^ 
t«  other  hoys  his  aliilily  to  do  mi.  /'/<'/- 
frr  v.  Shii'i  I  18!)S)  2(i  Al)p.  Div.  5.^5.  50 
N.   V.  Supp.  5 Hi. 

Where  plaintiir.  employetl  as  oarpen- 
ti  t  ill  a  mill  at  defendant's  stone 
quarry,  was  standiiii.'  In  front  of  a 
truck  for  the  purpo-"  of  seeini;  whether 
stone  with  which  tli  truck  was  loirlcd 
was  properly  sawinl.  when  the  truck. 
williMit  notice  to  him.  was  moved,  caus- 
in;;  injury  to  his  foot,  he  must  he  re- 
^'ardcd  as  a  mere  volunteer,  unless  la- 
was  |Mrforiiiin^  a  rczul  ir  duty,  or  was 
actinL'  under  s|ieci:il  order  of  the  fore- 
man. I'nh'ss  suiii  was  the  case  the 
company  owed   him  no  dtity  to  kcp  a 


lookout.  It  was  tlicrefori'  error  to  in 
-IriK't  the  jury  Ihat.  if  he  was  utiiiL' 
without  an  order  from  the  foreman,  liny 
-hould  tind  for  the  defendiiit  util.— 
they  helieved  that  the  servant  in  i  liai;;e 
of  the  truck  knew,  "or  liy  theexerci-e. 
ordinary  eare  nii^'ht  have  known." 
lilaintili's  peril.  The  words  hctuiin 
the  ipiotation  marks  sluaild  have  Ihch 
omitted.  lldiilitui  <!r<rii  Sloiie  Cn.  v 
Cilithiiic  (IJIOl)  23  Ky.  h.  Hep.  ttt."., 
(14  S.  \V.  .507. 

See  also  the  ari>ument  of  ISramwill. 
H.,   in  the  lh(iii  ri/.vc    (1857)    1   iluil-t. 

&  \.  77;t.  2<i  r..  .r.  Kxch.  x.  s.  171.  .i 

•lur.  X.  S.  395,  as  qiioteil  in  S  (i.'il.  note 
5.  iiifni. 

'  liy  Lord  Hcrsehell  a  volundir  1im< 
lieen  delined  as.  ".\  person  who  is  iM't 
under  any  paid  contract  of  ser\icc  ihmv 
nevertheless  have  ]iut  himself  under  the 
control  of  an  employer  to  act  in  the 
ca|>aeity  of  servant,  so  as  to  l>e  n-^'ar.lcil 
as  such."  .fiihiisiiii  V.  I.iiiil.sini  llS!il| 
A.  C.  371.  iM'r  Lord  llerseli.dl,"  ID  I..  ,J. 
().  B.  X.  S.  !in.  ()5  L.  T.  X.  S.  07.  4n 
\Ve<>k.  Kep.  405.  55  J.  P.  044.  Hut  IliU 
remark  can  scarcely  he  deemed  to  lanv 
an  cM-lusive  si^'ui  Ilea  nee.  or  ton-tiiinl 
as  a  statement  of  his  opinion  that  the 
term  was  not  applicable  to  per-nns  ir, 
the  position  of  those  discussed  in  tlw 
following;  section. 

'"It  is  natural  justice  that  one  iiiiii: 
should  not  he  held  liable  for  the  act  uf 
another  without  his  participation,  iii- 
)>rivitv.  or  his  authority."  /7n». ;  v. 
I'<jnis,,1n:,ii,t  It.  Co.  (1872)  «!l  I'.i.  2in. 
8   Am.   I!ep.  251. 

in  II  i.vc/i(/Hi  V.  Ulcl.nids  (IS'tiii  l:iii 
Pa.  I0!l.  10  I,.  K.  A,  97.  20  Am.  Si.  liep. 
900.  20  Ail.  532.  the  court,  in  ccimiiient- 


5  11.10] 


COrusK  ()!■•  i:\IIM,(»VMKNT. 


1853 


iiiitc  licliiw  will  iiiiliciiti'  siitiirii-ntlv  tlic  vai'icrics  of  |)liriis(M.lu};v  in 
vliicli  the  u\  ;iiliiliilil_v  nf  this  flcl'm-c  hn>  iitcii  MsscrMcd,  and  tlic  eir- 
ciuii-hiMccs  uimIit  wliicli  it  lia-i  Imcii  di  i-iarcil  or  liciiicii,  Ui  lie  a  bar 
111  till'  :ii-lii>ii.''" 

itiy  on   tlic   oiiso  of  I'litUr   v.   Fiiiillniir  it    ft.    I'.    I(.    Go.  v.  Umlhn    (ISSO)    42 

isiil)  1  l!(<t  &  s.  siio.  :ii  i„  J.  (.),  li.  K,,„.  ;u.  0  r..  li.  A,  lur,.  ir,  Am.  St. 

\.  s.  :!o.  s  .riir.  \.  s,  i'."i!i.  .")  I,.  T.  N.  s.  iir\,.  :>]:,,  ]i>  i';ic.  70:1. 

1,').L   10   Week.    I!i|i.   !t;(.   rilnl    in   5   ii:il.  Iiili—  -(imi-  i-\ii;<'iic,v  ;iri>c^,  nii  en};!- 

icitc   .'>.    Iiifrii.    ic'iiMikcil :       "It    v.ill    1m'  in.  r  lii,  nci  iiiitlinrilv.  liy   Viitiic  nf  III* 

|i,  riiivcil  tliiit   the  nmil    cini-iilcicd   tlm  |Mi-iliiin  im  ^iicli.  to  riii|iliiy  11  liiiikiiiiMn 

i.Iiiiiiliir  to  lie  a  voliintcrr.  Ill  i«  ith-t  iiiil  li  r  tlio  i-iiii;iiaiiv  ;   iiiid.   if'lic   fii^M;;i.i  a 

iiii;  111'  iiiti  rvciicil  only  iit   llic  rci|iii-l   of  |Mi~on  to  ,1— i~t   Iiiiii  in  llif  iiiniiaL'i'iiK'nt 

llic  ilcfi'iiiliint's  -or\.inl.      Now.   viliiji'  it  of    tlif    train    f<ir    hi-   own    i-oiivi-niciiri'. 

riiiy     (1111  a  little  ~tiain<il   to  call  such  >iuh  |>ci>on.   Iiy   rcasun  cf  Mich   1  iiiploy- 

:i   |ai-oii    a    nii'ic   volunteer,   the   rea-on  iiicnt.  doi's    not     Imiiiiic    tlic    «i  ivaiit   of 

liMii  for  the  iioiiliiiliility  of  the  master  the    coiii|iaiiy.      Mid.ilv.ii    v.    Vm    /.'i/.it 

i-    iii.irc    siil)>taiilial.  -to    wit.    that    the  I'iiilir    It.    Co.     il'.IIIO)    -2:1    Itali,    4:;.    t)4 

iihiiiitill's     act     ill     a-~ociatiiiL!     Iiini^clf  I'ac.    4(i.'l    (injiiiy   <'aii~cil    liy    iiiililockcd 

with  the  defendant's  servant   in  the  per-  liiianl  r.iil ) . 

ii'iriiance  of  the  work  was  diMc  v.itlioiit  Itii-ovciy  was  refused  where  |>laiiil  ill"* 

ilic  knowled;.'e  or  coasent   if  tlic  niM^lcr,  ouii    1  .idciice   slmweil    that    he    put    liiiii- 

!ii(l  thciefore  he  eoiild  acipiire  no  lictter  -cit    iiiiiler  the   onler-  of  the   conductor, 

pii-ition   than   that   of  the   -eivaiit    with  to   work   his   wa.N.   iii-tead  of  piyiii;;   for 

ulioin   he  associated   hiiii-elf."  it   as  a   pas-eiiL:ir,  a'ld  that    he   was   in- 

Tlie   relation    of    master    and    s<'rvant  mred    in   oheyiii;;  onlers   fmni   a    lirake- 

mil    the    duties    and    olilij;atioii~    which  i.iaii.  without    any    c\pic~-    iii-t  nut  ions 

ii'siilt   from   the  existnice  of   th.il    rcla-  from    t\u:    eondintor.       .s'/(-i,7,s    v.   i:ii.tt 

linn   cannot    he   crc.itcil    liy    a    direction  '/< /i/icivie.  I  .  tC-  (.'.  Tf.  To.   1IS8H1   H:J  (ia. 

i—iiinL'  from    an   uiMUthori/ed   a};cnt    of  l.lli.  S  S.  K.  4i4. 

llie  employer.       Xii.'.lirillr  d-  C.  If.  Cn.  v.  The    1  JLdit    of    .iction    liu.s    heen    denied 

\lili,:„i,l    (1HS3|    1-2  l,ea.  .380.  where  the  ili.iury   wa-  icceived  liy  11  iniin 

One  who  undertakes  to  assist   an  em-  who   v.iluntarily    iinileitonk    to  Carry    a 

i.l.iVii'  at    the   lattir's   ici|iii'st.   (loc~   not  niessai;!'    from    a    tilcjiapli    operator   to 

tliciihy  "place  himself  within  the  protee-  the  employees   in  clin-c  lif  a  train,  and 

linn  III  the  company  ~o  that   it    is  lioiind  the  evidem-e   -howid  that    he  was  a   |)pr- 

tii  anticipate   and   ascertain     if    he    has  -on   in  the  -cr\  ice  nf  the  station  ayent, 

|ilaceil  himself  ill  daiit.'ir,"  unlisis  the  em-  \ilio  a--istid  him   in  the  Inisines-   which 

1.1' yee  has   e\pres-   authority    from   the  he  did   in  .oMitiin  to  his  railway   work. 

.iiiipiiiy   to  Make  the   rei|Uc«t.   or  occii  as    ajjcnt    for   an    e\pii--    1      apaiiy;    hut 

I'iis  >iich  a  position  toward  the  compuny  there   was   no    proof    that     1  he    railway 

iiiiil  the  act  to  he  done  that  the  author-  company     had     aiilhori/iil     the     -tition 

ily  can  he  fairly  impliiil.      Kcitiiirlii  f.  a;.'i'nf  to  hire  liiiii.  or  had  even  paid  him 

I!.  >''i.  \.  flii.iliiiriiii    ilSS.">i    83  Ky.   II!).  any    uayes.   (,r    that    any    ol    its   dUicer* 

'(a)    I.i"^iilihi   ilii'i4,l.—.\n    employee  knew    that    he    liiil    lierii   thus   eiiiph  yc<l. 

whose  duty  it    is    to    look    after    stock  Cliinuni  if   K.  I.   It.  Cit.  v.   .Im/o    (1808) 

killiil   liy   trains  and   to   look   after  any  H2    111.  -\pp.   OtlT. 

liti;^atii.ii  has  no  authority  to  eomiiuind  Where   an    cnuiiKcr   fur   his   own   con- 

.1   lirii|;;e  watchman   who  is  travelinj;  to  venieiiee  enir. !;.'<■-  a   person  to  a-sist    him 

:ittiiid  ciiiirt.  to  help  in   clearing;  an  oh  in  the  inana^remeiit  of  thetr.iin.  the  fact 

-'niclion    from    a    Inniiel.       \<islirillr  ,1-  that   the  cnmpany  ki'cw  of  such  eiiiphiy- 

''.   R.  Co.  V.    McUutiirl    (188:!)    12   l.ea.  ment  and  aciiiiies<ed  then  in.  or  that   its 

••'*''.  .lyeiits    saw    -iich    pir-mi    woikin<.'   ahout 

.\    passenper    who.    at    the    re(|uest    ot  the    train    on    the   day    he    ua,    injured. 

the  ciiiiiliiitor,  };ocs  u|m)ii   the  lop  of  the  dnes   not   entitle   liiiii   to   rcciivcr   1  ?■    the 

lar  III  help  to  pivp  signals,   when  tlier.'  liroiind   that     lie    was    a    -ervant    1  I    ihe 

i-   no   real    iK'cessity    for    it.   cannot    le  company,    since    the   mere   fact    that    an 

iiiver  if  he  is  injured  lieeause  of  so  do  oMlcer  of  a  railway  eoinpany  «eos  a  |ier- 

ins.    Inder  sudi  circiinistaiicis  the  com-  -on   eiiya^ied    ahout    its    trains   cast.s    no 

i-liti::-,.    with     tin     reijui -t    is   nicrrly   ,1  .iuiy  on  tile  company  t<i  liike  allii  niali^e 

matter  of  accommodation.     Atchison,  T.  action,  nur  doe-s  mere  silence  amount  to 


If 


'   ''  -! 


\m 


1834 


MASTKI!  AN'D  SKIiVANT. 


Icii  \r,  xxMi! 


nil 


(i!  -I  : 


631.  Volunteers  subject  to  same  burdens  as  servants. —  li  i^  u\n<A'i 
1'i'sf  frdiii  fill'  lorc^uinjf  scciiun  tluii  llic  iiuncxisitiiri.  ,,(  iii,v  iliii\  ; 
s;ifogn;ir(l  jn'i'sipii-  who  hcloni!;  lo  llif  cnti'^oi'v  nf  wilimtic  rs  i-i  in  cm  i 
<  ii-ic  :i  >iiliic'iciir  rciiMPii  fi>r  iliii\iiiy  llicir  ii;;lii  li>  -iic  the  p;ntv  \\li.. 
was  tlic  (iwiicr  of  llio  iiisiriiiinriljilitv  wliicli  iiillicti'd  tlic  iiijui'\,  <■{■ 
tlie  eiiii)li>v('r  nf  thf  workiiicn  whose  c:inlcs>ii(~'  cini-iod  that  iiijiivv. 
lint  ill  a  liirac  |)rii|)(>ili<ni  of  tl.o  cases  wliicli  iiiMilvc  aeciilciit^  •■■  <iicli 
jifTsons  tlic  iiiiihility  tu  i-ccip\i  r  may  \h\  ami  often  lia>  hfon,  nt'ci'ic  1 

rutifioiition  of  tlic  cniplnvmcnt.    Miil.rl-  -(mw  (list;nicc   with   ^i   sini^lf   t>iiil<iiii,iii. 

Sim    V.    .Vr  »■    /Ifisl    Tiiilir   It.   Co.    (  IJIOO)  tliils  >li(i\viii;!  Il^it   it   is  (>ln-i<,illv  |in--i 

i:\  I  tiili.  42.  (il  I'ji'.    III:!.  lilc   to  <)|KT;itc     it     willii.ul     the"  .((iii.i 

Sec  iilso  ciiscs  <-ili-il   in   5  ti,'!l.  iiifrii.  l)niki-Mi:iii.    will    not     jii-.tifv    oMTnjlin^ 

(h)    l.idbility  iiljirnii  il. — An  ciniilovM^'  llic  (indiuL.'  of  a  jury  tliiil  tin-  ..uti-litut.- 

injured  while  jomplyiii;;  hIiIi  the  urilcr*  u:i-  rei|uir((l  for  its  |ini|ier  oper.ilinn. 

of  one    as    to    wliese  aiitliority  to  f;ive  A   lirnUi'inan    whose    -i  i\  iiis    iire    Mr 

such  orders  there  was  some  iviileiiee  can-  ee|>led  hy  the  yird  master  is  nol  ,i  trc 

not   !)<■  said,  as  a  malter  of  law.  to  have    passer  on  trains  which  he  helps  i ^ki 

lioen    inipropirly    at    work.     I'ahioili    v.  up.     He   is   thi'refore   entitled    to   he   in 

Miirrrii  fiitlmi   Mills    (ISHil    loT    .Mass.  deninilied  for  an  ininrv  caused  liv  ,i  ih 

•IH.i.  :>2  X.   K.   Mil.  fective    lirakc.     ftiihal     Tnisl    '{:,.    ^ 

.\  conductor  has  implied  authority  to  Ti:tiix  <f   St.   /,.   A*.   Co.    (18S7)    .^2   led 

hire  a  man  to  take  the  place  of  a  liriike-  IIS. 

man  who  has  fallen   ill   while  the  train  In   an   a<'ion   aLraiiist   a    railway  eiii;i 

is    on    the    ro.id.     Ci'iii/in    I'.   I,'.  C<i.  v.  p.uiy   for  |H'rsi.nal   injuries,  the  plainiiil 

I'rupsI    (18S7)    8.'!   Ala.   .'>1H.   .'i   So.   7(U.  Icsrilied  that  defencl.infs  |  rain  des|,,,iili 

I'hp   court   said:      "The   conduelor   testi  ir.  to  whom   he  had  appli(.<l   f(^i   a   |.-i 

lied  th.it    he  had   no  authority  fioiii   the  tion    as     hrakcman.    h:,d     told     him     In 

■iipcriiilendcnt  or  from  the  defendant  to  should    have    the    m  \t    place    that    w  i- 

1  ii^a^'e   or   utilize    tin'    services    of    the  ojm.ii.    ,Tiid     that     in     the     meantime   li.' 

plaintill     in    the    capacity  of  hrakciiian.  slionld   assi-t    the   station    a;rcnt  at    tire 

l-Aprcss   authority   for  this   i.urpose  was    -latien    where    he    lived    as    he   hail    1 n 

not  ncce-s.iry.     The  circuuistiiiii'es  them-  doiiiL.'  hifon.;   that  thcrcMl'ler  he  did  a- 

selves,  ahoiit    which  thciv   is   no  conllict  sjst    saiil  a^'ent   hy  doinjr  various  ihiaf:- 

of    testiiiKMiy.    ^'ave   him    the   auihority.  under  his  direition.  and  snid  ;e_'riit  l'mvc 

In  such  an  emergency,  there  imiis|  he  di-  liim  a   switch  key  .o  that   he  could  ii|iiii 

(•let ion     and     authorily    -omewhere.    to  and  close  switches:   that  on   the  d.n   .i 

supply  the  place  of  disahled  or  niissiuf;  the  accident   the  afient's   le^rnlar  a— i-t- 

sirviiiits;  and  no  one  could  c\ei<-ise  this  ant  wa-  alisenl.  ami  the  a;;ert  ri.|Ur-i..| 

power  so  well  or  so  prudently  as  the  con-  phiintitr  to  "help  him  out :"  and  that  In 

ductor  in  cbarj.'e  of  the  train."  was  injured  while  riding'  to  a  suit,  h  f,  r 

Wheri' two  lirakeiiien  are  m-ce-sary  for  the   purpose  of  closin;;   it.   which   \v^i>  n 

liic   safe  o|peraiion   of  a    train,   the  con-  part    of  tlie  work  of  the   re;;ul.ir  a^-i-t 

ductor    has   authiuily   to   hire   a    siihsti-  ,inl.     There  was  also  te-timony  leii.liiii' 

tiiti-  for  one  who  is  juid  oil'  for  a  wwk's  to  show  that   tlip  .statirui   a"ent   1,  hI  au 


rest.     Sludii    v.     Ciiilriil     Itiirn    /{.    Co. 
(1883)   (12  Iowa.  72S.  Hi  \.  \V.  Xn. 

A  conductor  of  a  train   who  has  only 
two  brakemen  to  assist   him  has  implied 
.luthority  to  hire  a  su  'stitiite.  wheie  one 
of    them    leaves    his    work    tciii|ioiaril"' 
while    the   train    is   makinii    its    rei.'u; 
round   trip,  and    it    is  nec<s.Miy   for   ■ 
safety     of    the     p.issenyi  rs   to   have   *- 
lirakeuien.      /'oj-  V.  Cliiinno.  SI.   I',  d-   l\ . 

r.  /.'.  Co.   (isn2)  ,sii  Jowa.  :ii;s.  17  1,. 

1;.   A.  28(1.  r>:!  X.  W.  2r.!l.      In  this  case 


thority  to  employ  a  helper  in  the  ,ili 
senci-  of  any  of  the  rcyiilar  foi-ie.  llel-l 
sulllcient  to  siistjiin  a  tindiii!.'  hy  fli" 
iiir\  that  the  idaintill'  was  at  the  tiiii'- 
in  the  emplov  of  the  defendaiil.  /'i/'- 
/o»    V.    CIi'u-it'iiiK     'I.    A     St.     r.     I/.    Cn. 

1804)  87  Wis.  i::i.  .-,7  X.  \V.  II to 
.\  passer-by  who  complii'd  with  the  re 
iUest  of  the  defendant's  niaii.ejei   i,i  n- 
sisf    his   servants     in     moviiiL'    :i     U:''\ 


rht 


IS   held   not  to  Ik 


woi 

in  IJillr  v.  \fHaon   (!S.V>»    17  S 


-ilant.- 


il   was  hi'ld  that   the  mere  fact   tli.it   tlic    fas.  2d   s,.i-i,.s,  :110. 

irain  may  have  been  safely  operated  for        .\   persnn   indiri'ctly   in   llii 


r,l,.v   of 


5  031] 


lOl  l!Si:  or  KMIM.OVMKNT. 


I9M 


(T- 
II 


t()  tlio  ciiic  ■'  ;  iin  lliiii,  a-  ilicv  liiivr,  ot"  ilicir  uwn  free  >vili.  mid 
taken  to  do  ilic  \vi«rk  <'t  -i  rviiiits,  tlicv  iiiav  fiiirly  lie  |)\it  iiiMiti  tl. 
saniP  '(X)tiii^  !is  scrvanl^,  and  nMjnii-cd  tu  Ixar  ilic  linnli'iis  t<>  wliifli 
diat  pn-iifi'.n  snl>j(cts  tiio  •  v.iio  (>iTn[iv  it  liy  viriiic'  nf  a  fonli-acl  ot 
hiring. 

Onn  rosnlt  of  niiardinL;  tin  riirli'^  '«f  a  volnniccT  fnim  this  stand 
|i<(int  is  sc;'M  in  tlir  d'M-i.-iin  ihii  any  riili>  wliicii  may  liavc  l)ccn 
irnnifd  i'ov  tiio  omdiu't  i>\  wn-  Ini-iiicss  in  wliifli  lii'  lias  clidscn  tu  |iar 
i!ci()at«-  arc  liindin-;  npun  Inni  nndcr  tlic  smiic  cii'diMisianccs  as  tli<'\ 
■iiuld  bo  liiiiding  U|>iiii  a  ri';^nlarly  cniidoycd  -crxant.'      Anntlicr  to- 

:i    Ilinnilf;li'tlirilli'     (■<Mll|);ltiy     !iy    I'lMll^U't  :i;;cllts.       I'i'iillyi'!'  iliiiil    Cii.    V.    OilIliUllii  ) 

lilli    till'    -.ii|.  riiil' iidi'iil.    ;iii(l    niriviiiy  (ISS4I     -10   Ohii.    St.    t;:!7,    JH    Am.    l!r|), 

'  iiiipili-.iticrii       ill       |ii(.|Mii  limi      III     the  (1S!I,      'I'lir  ■■!    .rl    -nid:      '-lii  tlir  liii^ilii'-' 

luoiiiit  iif  work  (lone,  iiiii.v  lie  tu, '((•<!  nM  of  r.|i:ii.  i";^'  llie  lnoVvn  inr.  IKiiiul  Giil 

.11  ciiiployi'i'  of  tlic  I'oiiiiKiiiv,  mill  !■<  I'll  l,i;.'ln  r    wii-    iiiitln  ri.^cil    to   luiii;.'   to   lii> 

'itiitl  to  till'  |)ii.li  ition  :iri-iii;:  froiii  the  ^liil  miy   iii~lniniriit   or  a;ri'niy  iii'i'c--i;ii  \- 

lilioii    of    iM;i-ler    iiiiil    vrv:iiit.      I'liiii-  to  Ihc    iToprr   |KTfonMniirc  of  liis   worli, 

//   V.   Ilihiurth    /'.   i(-   Co.    llsi-i     111  lie  ;iVMili-.|  liiiii  rll'  of  tlie  iieee^^ii  v  teiii 

I'l,   .'i4.1,  2   All,    .•i.")."l.   ;ili;i,  |.oi,iv\    ll--i-l:ill,.-  of   llis   soil,   as   he    i|-ei| 

.\   jieisoii  i,,-i~iiii^'  ill   viorU  at   there  nlher   iii»l  i  iiiiiniialities    umler    his    eon 

i|iic-t  of  the  (lef.'iicl.inl  -  I'oreiMiin  is  not  trol,      lie  iliil   m.i   <leli>;.Mte  to  aiiolher  a 


ill  Die  |io-ili.iTi  <if  a   Mure   tri-|i;~er  oi  eliar;;e  eoniieitleil  to  himself  [M'r^onallv 

Miliinleer,  even    Uiiaiu'li    lie   ilm^    not    px  In  eaiise   of    hi-~    aekm  » lei|-ii|    skill    an'i 

|»'Pt    aii.v    cumpoii-at  ion     for    the    work  litne-s.    Imt    ilirei'ted    lii.^    xm   to    lemler 

ilenp.     He    is    thiielore   enlilliil    to   till  assistaiiee    wliieh    was    merely    i:ieiliaiii 

-.line  [iri'tiil  ion  a-  any  i|  ;!!e   iei;iilarly  eal,  ,>nil   iimler  the  sii|MTvisii|i;  i;iiii|ane' 

i  iiijileveil     servants      of    il,e    ilefeiiilaiit,  anil   loiilrnl    of    tlio    father's   miml   am! 

././i/.vi.a    V.     Is•/-^(H./    Wiihr   !•(,.    (ISHS)  will.       I'li -iiiii]>(  i\  ely,    Daniel   Calhifilier 

71   \\i-.  .Vi.'!,  .■>  .Kill,  St.   |,'e|i.  21.1,  .T?  N.  ilid  not  e\i    id  his  |i'(mers  in  oallin«^ii|i 

W.  Sj:!,     (Ill  a   siili-i  i|iient   a|.;'il.   In  w-  on    his    -on    lor    teni|iora!y    assisiimee; 

i\er.   it    was  held    thai    he  eoiihl    nrl    re  and,    tin  lejh    a    eont  iii'/eiiev    mijht    ha\e 

liner,   for   the    rea-oii   that    th.'   foreman  h.eii   |Mi--iMr   in   Hhieli   the  liallimore  & 

vas  his  feHow  -eivant.      IJSlKi)   77  Wis.  (ihio     I'ailroad     Comiiany    iiii).'ht      hine 

•'il,  -l.T  X,  \V,  807.  raisoil   a    (|iiesiiiri   as   to   the   .-on's   ri;;ht 

I'viileiiee  tiiiiliiij;    to    -.jiow    ti'at    the  to  reeover  of  il.   in   an  aetion   for   injii 

'ii  lintiir  wa>  emiili'M'd  hy  and  was  work-  lie-   ree"i\ed   threii;.>h    his   father's  rare 

ini/  under   the    direition-    of   a    foreman  le--ne--  -ueh  |iii— ilile  eoiil  inj;en('y  would 

■  lio    was    sii|ierinli  ndin:.'    tl |ii-i.ilioii  not    e\iii-e   a    m.uiI    o!    dre   eare"  on    llie 

■I'   the    mine    where    the    iiijiiiy    wa-    re-  |>ait      of     the      l'eiiii-\  |v  aula     rom|>.iiiy. 

ii-ived.  and  that   the  defeiidint   was  own-  (.'li.iile-  ( ;allaL:Ii.T   \'..i-,   not   a  tre-|i:i"eV. 

iiiL'  and  iMu  T.il  iiiL'  the  mine,  is  siiilieieiit  nor    v- r.iii;fnlly    mi    the    pr.niises    « her  • 

'e  make  it    a    ijiir  linn    fi  i-   the  jury   to  he   wa-    iiijiir.d.      And    v,e   eaniiol    re:,   'i 

il' Il  inline  wlielher   the   rililiou   of  mas-  tlie   eoniln-inn    Ihil    lie   In. re   -mh    a    le 

tir  anil   -iiAiiil    e\i-liil   hetwein   Ike  de-  lation  to  the  iiall  iinoiv  .^  Ohio  l!ailroad 

lemkinl      ,nid      plainlilV.        Cuiisullilnlpd  Company    that,    while    rendering.'   m-ide  ' 

I'u'il   r.i.   V.   limrr    (1S!I4)    l."iO    111.    4.-)4.  assi-tanee  to  tlml    ei  mpiiiy.    in   oompli 

e"  \.  !■:.  !H2.  aiiee     with     the    direelioi:-    i.f    its   a^eiit 

A  111-   itispeeliir  has  the  ri;:lit   to  call  with     -luh     implied    aiitln  illy,    he  "wa- 

trmiHir.irily  to  his  a-.-i-taiiee  his  minor  placed   heMmd    the     pale    of    proiiiiion 

-iin,    for    the    purpose    of    doinj.'    meielx  ,i^'aiii-t    the  eare|i'--iiess  of  the   plaintilf 

I  :"ek:'!iieal  act-  under  his  u'liidanee.    I'll  in  error." 

'liT  -ueh   eiriaini-tanees   the   liny    i-    not.  See  al-o  ea-es  eil-rl  in   !?  r.'li'.  iiiiin. 

as  ri"':iid- a  eompiny  other  Ih'ii  the  one  'In    I'- mi    v.    l.»ii'r.,''U'.    d    \.    It.    f'o. 

eiiipli  yin^'    his    father,   a     trespa-ser   in  ilS!i,">i    '"   ':y.   I..    Itep.    HMIl.  .Hi  S.   \\ . 

-iir]i    a    srnM.  as   to   pri  i-liide    liiiii    fn m  ."'.u;.   it         ,   nVld   i'..it    i.-ii.  win.  lias  Md 

pTiivei  in::  for  injiiri.-  received  tliriiij.'li  iiiileirnl    iiinii  i-    <n   i:i  r.iii-.na-a!    with   a 

tile  eaieless  inaii,i;4emeiit   of  ears  liy   its  statimi  a;;,  nl   i..  a--i.i   the  l.iller  in  per- 


|f» 


1886 


MASiKi;  AM)  si;i:\  ANT. 


IIA"    XXMII 


hi 


Milt   i-  ili;it  n  voliiutcir  i>  iln-'i'i'  tii  ii->ninr  nil  tlw  ri~U~,  unliniiN 

ii?<  wi'il  11'  i'XtrMuriiiMar\ ,  wiiicii  ...  iiiciilciit  \n  the  wnvk  iiiulrriakc  i 
\y  him.-  'i'lio  iim'-;  ti-riin"'"'  illiHlrMtioii-  <•(  llii-  ddcti'lii.'.  :i-«  iipiili;"! 
tc  the  ii^>iiiii]iiiiiii  111'  uniiiKirv  risk*,  arc  i  •  !"•  I'iiiihI  in  tliosr  cim  - 

V.llicI'    prmrcil    ll|iii|i    tlic    tlicnrv    illil*    ill*'    rule    iiv    wliicii    illl    ('lll|il(iV(r 

is  nilicvcil  Iroiii  r( -|iiiii-iiiilii'>   in  n  sirvniil  iiijiiri'il  l(v  liic  ni'i^li^rmv 

f'f  a  t'filiiw  scrvaiii.  in  iln'  toiir-"  "f  ilii'ii'  cMuiiiiciti  riii]il"iviiiciii,  ;i|i 
plios   to   llic  ca-io  cif  a    iici'-nn    wIjh   i>   injiinil    uliiic   \iilmii:ii';ly   !i< 

-i-'finu'  'Ik'  -t'rvaiits  in  ilnir  wmk.''  'i'lu'  jm^iiion  ut'  the  pcr^iMi  iink  r 

forniiii'.'  Iii-  diitic-,  nnd  hn*  dcmi'  >i)  for  Imimi  wiliiilly  or  w.intcmly  iiijiinil  ;ifbi 

••iyliti^cti    Miiiilli--.    IS   lidimil    til   till'    s.iiiic  hi-    .Imiiiji  lull-    in.-ilinn    w^is    di-ri.vir.  .1 

<ili-iT\\iiiic  iif  tlic  (iMniiafiy'n  rulrs  us  i*  Sii'  S  t;.;ii.  imtr  .t.  v/'/.xi. 

rciniir.-d  it'  111.'  iiL.fiit.  Ihiiii    V.   \H>llii,ul    II.    f«.    (|s:)7i    i 

■'•■It    U  iil-o  will   -iltliii   that   a    |hi-  Iliiil-l.  &   \.  77:i.  .t  .In--.   \.  S.  ;i'.'.-,,  Ji; 

•*on  wliii.  williniii  any  iMii|dn_viiiint.  %id-  1..  .1.  K\ili.  \.  S.   171.     Tli''  |" -ilinn  ii 

uiitarily    uiidi  it.il.is   to   |M'rfi)rni    <crvi(V  tlir  roiirt   will  In-  a|i|iairiit   finin  llic  inl 

for  aiHitlicr,  or  til  ii  —  i-t    llir  -I'l  vniil-i  of  Inwiii;;     cxlrait     frupi     the      i  |>iiiii>ii    ot 

anotlicr    in    llii-    -irviii'    of    tlir    iiiaslcr.  liiaiiiwrll:      '  Tin'    facts    >lalid    liy    tli. 

eitliiT  at   till'  ri  i|m-l   or  witlioiit   tin-  iv  diclar.ition   and    tlic    jdi'a    ilciiiinn.l   !> 

quest  of  -Hill  -ri\aiit>.  hIio  lia\c  no  an-  may   lie  tliiis   -nniiiicd    ii|>.     'I'll'-  ili  Iriid 

tlmrity  to  imii]i1ov  otiiir  -.ci\aiils.  -lands  .mis    were    |Ki"cs-cd    of    a    railway   aii<l 

ill  till"  rdal  ion  of  a  sin  Milt   for  tlic  time  c.irria;.'cs    and    marine-;     tlicir   -irviiit 

bciiii.'.   and   is  to  be  reyinlnl  as  a—iiiii-  were   at    work   on    tlic    railway    in   llirir 

inn   all    tlic    ri-ks    iiiciilciit    to  tlie    liusi-  scrviio    with     tliosi-     carrii}.'!-    and    en 

ness,"      Mrliilin     Sim  I    It.    Co.    v.    Itiil-  •linc-^:    tlie  decciised   vidiintarily   a--i;i  I 

Idii  (18S.'))   4H  Oliio  SI.  ^•.!4.  .')4  .\ni.  I!e|i.  snnic   of   tliciii    in    tiieir   work;   olli,  i   .t 

.SO:t.    1    N.    K.   .'I.'>:i.  Illc    defelldants"    -ervallt-    were    ne;;!i:;ilil 

A    person    not    in    the   employ   of   the  .ilioiit   tlicir  work;   nnd  liy   nsi-oii  llun 

rompany,   who  complies   witli    a    reipiest  of  (lie  dei\:i-ed   was  killed:   tic  i!i  f.-iid 

of  a  watcliinan  to  -i^'nt'l  a  train  to  slop,  anis'    -eivanl-    were    |K>r-oii-  eoiiij,.  iini 

voluntarily    a-sunies     tho     -eiviie     and  to  do  the  work:    the  ilefcndanl-  did   ii"l 

risks,   if  lie  -.i^'iials.   and   cannot    recover  authorize    the    ne-.di;.'inec.      W'e    are    if 

;,;.'aiiist    the   loiiipanv    for    injuries    »iif  opinion   that.    :)iider    tlic-e    eireuin-l  iii 

fciiHl  ill  dc      ^  -o.     illdir  V.  ilntiul  Hup-  ces.  the  action  is  not  iiiaint  liiiaMe.    I  h. 

iih  rf  /.  /■'.  f'«.    I  ISSll)    lilt  Mich.    124.  -JH  cases  >leiw  that   if  the  deeea-ed  h:id  l.iei! 

X.  W.  S'l."!.  a  servant  of  the  defending,  and  iniiiivil 

.\  by-tander  who  atlempts  te  assist   in  under    -mli    eiieiiii>l  mum-    as    oiciiM.d 

the  swilehini;  of  car-   of   a    const  nut  ion  here,   no  action   would   he   niaintainnl  Ic: 

train,  at    the  reipie-t   of  the   head  brake-  and    it    iiii;:lit    he   eiiou;:h    for    ii-    In  -iv 

man   left    in     (lnn;:c    of    the    -witehin^r  that     tho-e    ca-es    ;;overn     this,   f,  .     i: 

while   the  coiidi.ctor    is   temporal  ily   al>  -eeiiis  impo--ible  to  siippn-e  that  the  de 

sent  attending'  to  his  u-ual  duties  at  the  eea-ed.  by  voliintci'rin;.'  his  -irvi.c-.  .ii] 

station,  is  a  mere  volunteer  and  ■i--iini"-  have  any   greater   rights   or   iinpe-i    any 

all   the   risks    iiuiib'Tit    to   the  siiuitioii.  j.'ieater    duty    on    the    defiiidaiii-    tli;i! 

The  head  brakeiiian  of  suidi  a  train  has  would  have  existed  had  he  been  a  iiii'  I 

no    implied    authority    to   employ    a  Mi-  servant,      liiif  we  were  pre— e.l  by  ,iii  <\ 

tional    nicii,    even     tlioii'.'       the    existinfl  pre  — ion    to  be  found    in    tho-e   ■m-.-,  to 

forw    of    hands     is     in        ■.cient    for   the  ilic  ciVcel   that  'a  -eiv.iin   undeilai.e-.  ii- 

work.      Chiinh    v.    Cliiii       .    U.  if   SI.    I',  between   him  and  the  mister,  to  run  n\l 

/>'.  Co.   {\M->)    ."lO  Minn.     IS.  Ifi  1..  1!.  A.  rnlinary   risks  of  the  service,   inchuliim 

Sill.  52  X.  W.  Ii47   (injurv  caused  l.v  de  the  iiei;iii;ence  of  a  fellow  -irx.inl'  i  Hi', 

fective   carl.                           "  .'/<  "   v.   /-oj-    (lS.-i(l|    11    Kxeli.  S:!2.  'J.-.  I- 

The     last  nieuti.ned     ease    was    cited  .1.   Kxch.   X.  S.    IHS.  2  .Tur.    N.  S    !i-,.V. 

with  appri'.al  in  llinrls  v.  St.  I'aiii.  M.  and   it   was  said  there  was   no    -iiih  mi 

if  .1/.  /.'.  r,.    I  IS'M)   oli  .Minn.  141.  22  K.  dertakiuir  here.      l!ut    in    truth   theie  i- 

i;.    .\.    ilo'i.    \''    -\iii.    St.    liep.   41)1).    'u    X.  ..s  nnu'li  in  the  one  e:t-e  a-  in  i'r- •''■•'■ 

\\  ,    4."i'l.      l!ii;    the   decision   turned   upon  the  consideration  may  not  be  as  ol.vieus, 

tl:-.   ,|e,    -i!    11    •,\liillier   the   voliinleer   had  but     it    is    as    conipi  tent    for    a    in.iii   tn 


5  (l:ill 


(III  n^Kor  i;\iri.MS  \ii;\r 


18S7 


'akiiij;  woik  vvliicli  lie  \\ii»  ii"i  :mtliiii-i/i'i|  h>  iiMilcrt:ikr  i-  in  tinuisc 
.in'ii!.'ili''iii<l  l>v  tlir  t'i<'t  tliiii  lii-  iiitiTvi  iiii'Mi  iImi(  ill  wn-  iniliu'iil  bv 
111'  cpi'dcr  111'  his  own  -ii|irrior.* 

ii^rtv,  iiml  n*  rcaxiiinlilc  to  linlil  iliiil  !»•  ■.inn.'i   ini'Mr.  ulilhui-ii  [i,.  «.i.  olu'viii^j 

ilcK'ri  ii;;iir.   tliMl.   if  allusMii   111  ;i--is|    jn     ll |.|ii    if   liU  i  .. ::    mi;i   ii.t.   ■/i\  i-\\   at 

ihp  work,  tlicrii^'li   iiiit    |>:ii(l.  Ill-  will   taki'    tin-  n<{iii  -I    <!'  tli.'  Ii.j     , i   Hi,,   ihaiiii- 

I. Ill'   lit    liiiii-rif    from    llir    lir^jliu'iiif   (if  MuIiihi    I.i    iiiir    liil|r,   ,i.    in   »iicli   case 

,.i.   fi'llinv    wiirkinrii.    a;*    it    wmilil    lie    if  llir    •ii\|ii     »i.     iini    ,i    |.,ii    ,i|    hi^    ilu- 

!ir  wrri'   |iai.l    I'lir   lii«    -iTviri'<."  tic-*,  iiii'l    hi^  -ii|.i'iii  i    h  i.|    mi  aiillmrity 

"Nnr  ilii  «r  ;;ivr  fiiiii- til  llir  ari;iiiiiriil  lnonlii    lijm    h.    |mi|.iiiii    jl.      \1  Mr//./i»i 

ilial  |il  irr^  till'  |ilain;ill"-  -crviri-  in   lln-  \.   h'nl.'iiJ-.-    iI'MIi     liiil    I'l,    |ii!i,    jii   |,. 

.!iit\  III    llii'    iii^iK-rliir.   iiiil-iili-  (if   lliii»r  li.   A.   :i7,  Jl'    \m.   St.    I!i.|),   !iiiii,  211   Atl. 

uliiili    lir  a-^inucil   lis   a    caiiiriitiT.      lie  ">.'l-i.      (  iimii.i-iil  in:;   mi    llir  riimlii^iuii   iif 

iiiidr  nil  iiliiriliiiii  til  tile  -•■i\icr.  hail,  a  'lie  cniirl    Ik  li.u.   iliat   tlir  |ilaiiitlir  nmlil 

III /III  liiiirs  liffiiir,  lis  lir  liim>rlf  stalr«.  nut   lir  1  n::.!  idnl   a-  a  vnliiiilrrr.   liiit    wa.s 

lii.ilril  ikrli  it   as  iiiiiilriil   In  lii^rm|ilii>  ratlin    luir    iii_a;;rii    in    tlir    jn-i  I'm  mancu 

Hiiil.    ami    viiliintaiilv.       Mr    tlirrrfnii  of    a    iliilv.    Ihr    ...iiii     -aiil:       -At     tir-t 

-tiiml-  n|Min  the  -aiiic  fnuliiiL:  as  if  tlii-  lilii«li  this  -rem..  iii\    iimililr  ami  iiiiilo 

-I  rvin-    »as     witliiii     tlic    xipr    nf    In-  riM-i.nalilr.    ami     il     Ii.hI     iniirli     wriijht 

Jijliriri  nt.       "nr    hIih    Vllllllllrrri    to    .\f<  '.villi    tlir    WliliT    lllllll    a     IImiIi.ii.jIi    -'nilv 

uitli  iillirr  <'ni|il(iy(<rs   li(.ii;nii.,   nnr    liim  •!    tlic    siilijci-i.    jnl    ,,f    \\„.    am  limitirs, 

-'■If.  Ml  far  us  to  iiitrii.liicr  liilwrrn  lllllll  li-il    liiiii    In   a    .liil.i.iii    \ii.u.      A-    I    rr- 

llii'   -anir    rule   of    Ir'.'al    ri-piin-iliilily.'  lmiiI   the   inatli-r,  Ih..  r.i-c-  Iraili   ii>  lliaf, 

hirl,-   V.    Mluiihi    <(    <',    Mr  l.iiii     I'.    ('«  it    i-   iinl    liciaii-r   I  h  ■   :i-»i.iiali.||   -i-ivanl 

(IHSlii    !)4   X.  ('.  fiJ.'i.  .">.")  .\iii.   Iir|i.  (i-JI.  i-  a    Miiiuitii.i-  Ih.il    Im-  i,  ilminl   ri.<licns 

"A    Miluii'i  ir    ran      li.ni-     im     ;jrratci  lUl'   tlic    111  ;.'li;.'i  mc   nl    a    fellow    -rr\aiif, 

riirlit  than  llin- r\aiil-  liavr  wlionrr  Init  iKnaii-r    il     i-     llir     well  I'-talill-licil 

riiLM;."||l      ill      llir     -.rrviir    ill     v.iiicli     In  law   of  llir  rrlalinii   liilw.cn  tin.  -(.r\aiit-s 

iiiiii-,"   -\nn'   "he    make-    liiiu-.rlf   uiic   of  x\lii>iii    In-   join-,    ainl    Ihrii-    ma-ln-.    lliat 

I    fla*-.    will),   as    a^ain-l    llirir    ma-t(.|-.  ;liirr  i-   no  -.urli   lialiilitv  mi   tlir   |i:iil   ot 

li:ivi>     no     riylit     of     r..(iiMTV    for    racli  'lir   n.a.-lrr.      Ilnirr.   Ii\    ininini;  tiiciii   in 

nllirr'-    iii"_'liui  nrr."      II  i.vi/iiiHi    V.    Itiil.-  Uirii'  rniiiinon  srr\  i  ■<■.   lir  liinrmrs,  as  to 

loi/v    I  ISIMM     Hill    I'a.    inii.    10    I..    I!.     \  llir  ina-lrr,  one  of  llinii.  with   Ihr  sanm 

ti7.  -20  Am.   St.   I!r|>.  1100.   ;;o   .\tl.   ',:V1.  ;  i^^lits   ,iml   iliHirs   a-   In   tin-  ma-l.r.   hut 

Till'   iliM-triiir   that    thr    rill"    a<   to   n  nilh    110    hi;;',  .r    rl;.'lil-    a-    .i;;aiii-t    him. 

-iivioo  is  a  li.ii'  to  an  art  ion  liy  a  voliin  '  ntainly.    wiliiont    hi-   roii-inl.    hr   ran- 

I'l-r.  for  tlir  vri-on  that   a   ^1  ranker  can  ■lol    Ira-mialily  hr  siilijiiclril   to  a   ijicilrr 

int.   liy   nll'irii||.'    hi-    a-    i-lanor.    ini|io-i-  Miual  ion.  hy  Ihr  art   of  mi.,  of  hi-  -rrv- 

iilHiii    thr    prr-oii    to    w  h.  in    -iirh    a--i-l       ml-   in   1  iiL'a;.ii|i.'  Ill rvirr  of  aiiollirr, 

ain't,  is  ^rivni  any  liii-atrr  lialiilitv  than  ■\>.\\\    In-    i-    iimlrr    to    that    -iiv.inl.      If 

ilat  to  which   hr   i-   -iiliiiit    with   rr;;arii  hi-  lir  -o.  ns  w.i-  hrhl  in  tlir  i-.i-r-  i|'|.||, 

111  llii'  -rrvaiit-i  hirril  liy  him.  i-  also  iir  Imw    ilm-s  it   inallrr  in  what   iii.iiinii    Mio 

nL'nizi'il   in   I'utti  I-  \.   I'diiU.iK  r    I  !>fril  )     I  iiii|iii'-t    of   thr   ih  fiiiil.'iil'-    -ii\aiil    was 

llc-t   i   S.   HOO.   H   .llir.    N.   S,    L'.'iil.   .•|1    I.  iimniniiiiatril    I0    Ihr    |il:iiiil  illr      l.rt    it 

I  <).  I!.  X.  S.  ;iO,    10  Urrk.    i;i-|..  H:!.  .^i  '"-  that    il   iiihr  in  llir  Imm  if  ,in  orih-r 

I..    T.    X.    S.    .t."i.")     I -rr    niitr    ■).    I  ||)-'M  :  I'rmn   his  own   -ii|K'riiir.  anil  lh.it    hr  was 

l!nr.-.t,,ir    V.    tlhl    (',,l,,,fi    Ir    Co.     MSSTi      m  .Inly  li.iiiml  In  1  liry  II ■.In-.      ||   was 

l4Pi   Mil-,   ."i.-i.-..    10    \.    1.;.    ■l:,:^■.    Oshnnn  -.'■"  "^'h'  '<"<'■  •'   ''n-  rnim-l   if  III.    .ir 

V.  A'//.,r.(-   /,.   /,■.   r„     ilSTTi    lis   Mr.   40  f'-nilaiil'-    -on.  lit.    .mil    llir    i|iii-li,.|i    ut! 

JS  Am.   l;i'|..    Ill:     l/.,„/i,»   V.   y.  .r,;.,-  ,(■   /'.  ''■'"'    ♦"    'I'''''''''    ''    ""■    'ialiililv     of    the 

U.  Co.    (ISS,-,,    (i:i   Trs.   77.  .-,1    Am.   nr,.,  :"•'-"•>•■      \\''    j'^vr    -rn    that    lii<    li.iliil- 

i;:l7;   ami   thr   ca-rs   ritril    in   Ihr   follow  ■'.^-  <"""''   '"'  >M.- .m -nl.  wilhonl   hi-  run- 

-rill,  ii.v  thr  art  ot  hi-  -1  iMint.  anil   it   is 

Ihat   ri.,:-i.ii  which   i-  fiiiiilaimnlal   in  the 

,,    .                       .        .     ■    ,                                   .  •li-rii--ioii    which    ilri:inli-lral|.-    his    irrc- 

tliiit   a    -crvaiif    ot   a    faclorv    owiirr.    in 


111^'    llolr.  . 

'  111  a  ca-c  alrrailv  citnl.   it    was  liclil 


,      ,.             .     .  ilniii    fioiii  nhlj.jal  ion     for    hi-    -(-rvant's 

.imvil   whilr  a-si-tm;:   in    iinloiulin^'  ma  |,.t.     )!„,   jf  Hij-  j-  thr  .iclrriiiinim.  rua- 

HiiMcry    which    it    wa-i    llic    duty    of   thr  „,„    „f  ,|,..   iir.jiiniriit.    rt    I-    iii-1    .,"-   ap- 

I!..UiUl,icUllcr    In    ilt-livrr.    IS    ji    vnllllltrrr  |,li,.,il,h.    „|i,.i,.    Ihr    -rrMinr-     1.  i|llc-t     is 

ami  hiiicc  a   fellow   -crvaiit    with   Ihr  riii  ('oiiiiiinnicalnl     tlirniiuh.     .>r      maili-     the 

liloviis  of  the   latter.   a;;aiii-t    whom    hi  liasis  of.  an  oiilrr  by  u  lliinl  pcr-oii   In 


^.1*1 


m 


\-  ■'■! 


IS.'iS 


M ASTKI!  AND  SKI!\ WT. 


|l-||.\l'.  IXXIII 


A  ['cr-ioii  -iiiiifi  for  iiijiiripfl  rcc-ivcd  in  \\w  iicrfi'mnuico  of  wmk 
niiilci'iiikrii  liv  liiin  as  a  volnnfocr  is  iiIucimI  in  tliis  ililiniiiiii, — lliat, 
if  tlic  pviilcnrc  shows  tliiit  he  was  \\n\  antimi-izofl  t<>  perfonn,  ii- 
ii  sofxaiit.  tlic  wrirk  in  (iii'sfion,  thf  \>;\i\\  (-f  wIhimi  flio  work  \v;i- 
iliiiic  u\v('(i  liitn  no  i>l)ligatii'ns  an  a  master;  wliilc.  i>n  flu'  otlior  IiiiihI, 
if  liis  cjiini  h<  he  ]>iit  on  tlir  fontini;  of  a  servant  is  adiritiid  th. 
iliictriiip  (i(  i-"iiiini'ti  f'm|»loyuiont  oin'rato.s  as  :i  liar  to  his  rocMVirv.' 


Ill-  plaint  it)'.  It.  is  mtj'  pin  in.  fi>r  tliiit 
i>  ilcciil.'.l.  tliiit  if  \\  i<  yinr.  «l"i  «i>» 
W  iMliiiri'i  Mi|H'iiiir.  Iinl  lilni-^iU  jiiiiicd 
the  -civlcc  lit  till-  iiipit-Mt  of  lliirvi'y. 
Mtiil  liccM  iiijiucil.  Ill-  iciiild  not  hnvi'  rf- 
ciiviri'd.  Ilnv  ilifii.  iMii  li Miirr  up- 
on \\  i«<liaiii.  who  i"  lit  \u-\  only  hi" 
lo|.ii-i'ntiitivi'.  n  rij!lit  of  jctimi  ii;.':iinsl 
liii'Uiinl-'  which  he  <liil  not  |>o--i'~-  him 
»clf?  W  !•  cMiiiii  t  -.ir.  It  III  ly  111'  trill' 
Hint  Wi-iliiiii  wii-  -iiliiict  to  a  duty  to 
liliiy  W  ii  LTIKI-.  hill  tliMl  \\:i-  no  duty  to 
llic'ihfiMihint ;  it  \mi-  no  duly  to  whirli 
till-  difiMidant  hud  itiiy  nlition  uliiit 
i-vir,  :ind  it  is  only  I  In-  ili  f  ndiinl's  oli 
liu:''ion  that,  is  in  (|iii-liiin  hero.  Wo 
iiinnot  think,  then  fori',  that  tlir  drfi-nd 
iMil'^  lii'liility  was  in  any  niamiir  in 
cniixi.  hy  till'  fact  tliat  I!aivc\v'.  tp 
(|iicst  for  assistiinoc  was  answi'vcd  by 
Wi-i  hum's  joinin;.'  in  ilic  sorvicp  in  con- 
sc(|iiinoe  of  an  order  from  his  superior. 
It  was  .still  only  a  paitieipation  by 
\\  i-eliam  in  an  a.ssoeiate(i  service,  tho 
l.iw  of  which  excliitlcs  liiiii  from  com- 
|K'n~ation  to  he  reeovensl  from  the  mas- 
ter for  the  ne^di;.'ence  of  his  a— oiiatcs." 
■■  In  />-'/.(/  V.  Midlnnil  It.  fo.  (ISr.7)  1 
ilurlst.  & 'N.  "7:1.  '2ii  r,.  J.  Kxc!!.  N'.  S. 
171.  :J  Jur.  X.  S.  :!!!.■>.  liraiiiwell.  B.. 
after  laying'  down  the  doctrine  that  tlin 
actiiiii  was  harri'.l  hy  the  doctrine  of 
cimimon  em|iloymc>nt  (see  note  2,  sii 
/irn).  proccidcd  thus:  '•Uiit  we  were 
also  toll!  tlint  tlicre  was  and  could  Ik-  hi 
aL'rei'MieMt  ;  that  Dcysi  was  a  wroii;;doer. 
and  therefore  the  action  was  maiiit.iin 
aide.  It  rcrdiinly  wciild  he  s(ranj;e 
that  tho  case  -hmi'ld  ho  hitter  if  he  were 
a  wron^'iloer  than  if  he  liad  not  been. 
We  are  of  opinion  that  I  hi-  aruiimcnt 
oannot  bo  supiwntod.  We  desire  not  to 
lip  understood  as  layiiifr  down  any  gon- 
enl  proposition  that  a  wron^'doer  never 
can  maintain  an  action.  If  a  man  com- 
mits a  trosjiass  to  land,  the  occupier  i^ 
not  jiislifiod  in  shooting'  him.  and  proh 
ably  if  the  occupier  wore  s|,,,rt  in;;  or  fir 
ins  at  a  mark  on  his  land,  and  saw  a 
trespasser,  and  fired  careles-ly  and  hurt 
him.  an  action  would  lie.  \or  do  we 
desire  to  give  any  opinion  on  the  case.s 


cii,.,|  of  Hinl  V,  Holhruok  (IHJH)  4  Uiii;- 
li_'s.  1  Moure  A  1'.  (ill7;  and  l,iit,ih  \ 
Vri./iii  (  IS41)  1  Q.  H  2!t,  4  I'lin  ,\ 
I).  tl72.  r>  .Tlir.  7117.  Hut  it  is  ohw  i|. 
and  a  triii-ni.  to  say  that  a  wronL'l'"r 
cannot,  any  moi\>  than  or.o  who  is  iini  ,i 
uroiiLidoei'.  maiiit.'iin  an  action  unle-<  li' 
ha-  a  ri;.'lit  to  complain  of  the  act  cm. 
In;;  the  injury,  and  complain  thin-.f 
aL'ainst  t)io  pers.m  he  has  made  c|i|rii,| 
ant  in  the  iiction.  Now,  it  may  hethi' 
had  th(>  mischief  here  rosult<'d  from  i!<' 
|Kr^ciiial  act  of  the  master,  h  ■  knoMn.' 
that  tho  decca-id  was  there,  the  nii-i'r 
Mould  have  hn'M  lialile;  and  that.  ii>  li" 
defendants'  servant-  know  the  dcii  i-.M 
was  on  the  lailway,  and  lic>eaii-c  llin 
knew  th.it  they  wore  ;.'uilt\  of  a  vMiii; 
to  him,  they  are  lialde  to  an  ailiiii: 
hut  on  what  lea-on  or  principle  -IimiM 
the  defendants  ho?  If  a  servant  i»  diii 
iiii;  liis  master  in  a  carria^ro,  and  .i  pri 
-on  yets  up  iMdiind.  anil,  the  -eivar;' 
knowiii;;  it.  drives  carole— ly  aihl  ii. 
iurc-  that  (loison.  the  -civ.int  in.iy  le 
liahle.  hut  why  tho  ma-ter'.'  'I'lic  l.i> 
for  rca-ons  of  su]i]iii-c-d  coiivi-iii'iiv. 
Millie  than  on  princi]ih',  make-  a  iiia-tci 
lialde  in  certain  case-  fir  the  acl>  if 
liis  servants — not  only  in  ci-s  in  tin' 
ii.ilure  of  conlract,  whicli  depend  en  dil 
ferent  consiiierations.  hut  in  ci-'s  in 
de|icndont  of  contract. — sudi  :  .  iif;'!! 
L'cnt  drivinp  in  the  puhlio  stiicis,  ■Inn 
dam.iw  i^  thereby  doio.  This  i-  a  iv 
•  pon-iUilily  tlie  law  li.is  put  mi  t.  :ii; 
tliere  is  a  duty  on  them  to  tak  '  carotiiit 
llieir  -ervants  do  no  dania;.'e  to  dtln-r- 
hy  no;;li;;once  in  their  work  f'lr  tliir 
master,  or  to  conipensato  tlie  -iiircnr 
\hcre  such  damasp  is  done.  The  [niliH' 
interest  may  roquire  this  for  tlii'  puWii 
hcnefit  ;  but  why  should  a  wn'ii;."l"''' 
have  power  to  crrate  such  a  respon-ihil 
ity  and  such  a  duty?  Xo  roi-oii  imii  I"' 
a'Isi;;nisl.  Some  a.'ts  are  ah-i  iitcly  p.ii! 
intrinsically  \\ron;:.  wiiere  th  '  1 1  i I'i'i I b' 
and  ncc(>ssari!y  do  an  ininry.  -:'-  i 
Idow:  others  only  so  from  their  lii""''- 
able  consoquonci'-.  Tlicre  is  no  hi-hhiI'- 
or  intrinsic  noiiliL'i  i:ce;  it  i-  aUviy- 
relative  tx)  some  circiinistanci  -   "f  time 


I  I    I 


!  ;.t  ( 


I  l-ill 


Oil  l!>l.  0(    KMI'l.iiS  MINI'. 


isrii 


Tlif'  lati'T  iiltcniiithi'  iiri-<-  wIhti'  ilic  iujiiicil  [mi-.h  w.i-  an  ciik  r 
ircnitv  ;'s-i-iaiit  hired  liv  iiii  niii'IoM  .■  \\lii>  IhhI.  iiimIi  r  -lu-li  cirfiun 
,i;iiii'<'!(.  iintliority   to  iiij.MU''   liiiii,   :ilili'>ii:;li   ni-iliiianlv    lie  was   iii>t 

|,|;i.r.  or  |«i-on.     It  is  not  ti.iili::. m  or  s    j.vi,  ^  \.   T    \.  s.  ir>r,.  in  W.^ls    [!■•!■ 

«r(inn   fi'I    ii    loiili   til   till-  i'l    M    mail.:    ill  'l.'t.    llin    ilffi  Inliiiil's    iNiiiii-.    \\,i<-    l.m 

hii  own  yi'iiiiils  lit  11  «li-l    II  •(    liuiii  iiili  iriny   ImiIi-<   ui  roii,.ii    froin    llo'   .|.  ii  imI 

iTM.  or  to  liilo  voiy   r.i|iii',>    in   iii-  o«ii  Mill's  wiin-lioii-i'.  uiul  in-  (miIit  h.i-  io 

piirk;  loll  it   !■•  wiony  -o  to  liro  iHiii'  I".  <<'i>  ill^'     lloiii     Into     lil^.     I"ii>       -mill 

.mil  w  to  rill-  on.  Ilo'  (lulilir  liiuli«.i.\  :  u.iuhim,      Tho    pliiiiliir.    «lii.    wa^    «.iil 

.iliil  tlioOi;li  tin'  'iinilily  of  tlii-  aii   i-  iiol  li';;  with  :i  loi  i  v  lo  iiniM-  :\  loinl  of  lol 

.iltiTi'il.  it  is  "roll'.'  ill   uloK'\ir  iloi-  il.  l"ii  tor  In-  iiia-u-r,  at  iho  ri'i|Mi-t  of  liio 

.mil  "o  far   it    is  ns   tlioii'.'li    it    wiro  in  ih  f.  imI  iiil-   i.irliT  a--t«lr.l    liiiii.   ami    in 

irjii-ir.illy   wroiij;.     Su.  Ihc  ai't  of  llrln;;  i  mi-i'in  nn-  nl   tin-  iirt^li-i-iHi'  oi   iln-  ili- 

.r  riliiiii    la~l    ill   ail    iiulo-iiri'  Imoiiii-  foii'linr-    pii'ii-    a    l.alc   of    rollon    ffll 

uron;:  ■!  tin-   |><j>on  iloiiiL.'  it  sits  thai  o|ioii     nil     ■        .i.l    liini.        Il    was  licM 

iliciv         »oii  •one    nrar,    «lioin    it    ni.i>  llial   tlii'  il            int    «as  nirf    lijiMc  loan 

ilariiii;;i'.      liiil    tlir  nrt    is   wroio.'   in    lilm  arlioii.      li        <ii.  .1.  -aiil ;      ■  The  pliln 

onlv   lor    tin-     |iii al     hm-oo    I  ImI    Iio  lilf  ii,l.iMn.-l  to  a—l-l  tlio  -ii\  ml    «l»i 

know-   of    Its    ilaiivrr;    it    uonM    Iiol    l^'  \\as  in  llir  carl.  ami.  -o  far  a-  llio  ma- 

«roii^'  in  aiiNimc  I'l-o  mIo>  ijiil  not   l-nio\  lir   «ns  coniiTncd.   ua-    i    mIimiI'ii    up 

ihat.     Now,  lor  a  williil  ail    iiil  i  iii-iiMl  on     llio    oni-ion.   ami     \va>     inim.il   liv 

Iv  Hroii'.'  liy  a  servant  the  master  is  not  wli.il    u  is  I'laiinj  lo  lie  m  i;li'jiMii  e   in   tlie 

liiilile.     Ity  a   jKiiily  of  ri'a-on  lie  oii^lit     ^leleiiilanl'-    -irvani-    in    the    v.irel -e. 

not  to  he  when'  the  ,ol.  not  wroni;  ill  il  I  he   i|Me»ilin    i-.   <  -m    Ihe    |ilaiiilil1'.    mi 

-I'lf.  is  only   so   for    na-oiis   jier-nal   to  iler  llio    ein  iini-i  nices.  ^.in'    Ihe    n,a-tir 

the  serxani'.  ami   hi-  wiliul  ili-n-j'ril  of  for  fli.'  nejlijeme  nf  his  serv.iiiUV    'Ihi^ 

thcni      The    nia-ter"s    liahilily    oiii;hl    to    is  the  ea-e  of  who  voliinli'  i-  to  ,i- 

he  liiiiilisl  lo  Ihal    wliieli   he  may  aiitiei  -or'iate     hini-elf     with      flu"      il   liii'l.int's 

|iati'    am!    ^'iianl    iij.Miiis|.     n.imely,  tim  -enaiil    in  iIm'   |  ii  formaini'  of  hi-  work, 

iriiilillr  I'la—  of  rasi>s  we  have  |>nl.    How  ami    Ihil     .iihoiit    Hie    consent    or    imii 

■  ver  this   may  ho.  it   -wins   to   ii-   lliere  the   knowhil'.;e  of  llie   nia«ter.     Smh   an 

lan  Iw  no  aiiion  exiejit    in   ii-^iH-et.  of  a  one  iiiinit    -tami     in    a     iM-tter   |io-ilion 

'liity  infrinoril.  anil  that  no  man.  Iiy  his  than     tlio-e     with     whom     lir    a--iiiatis 

iironL'fnl   .irt.    I'an    inipi -e    .1    ihity;    ami  him-elf.  in  r(-|>'i't  of  their  ma-l.-r's  lia 

.1-   a    itireilion    l>y   the    inaslei-    to   ilrive  hilily;   he  lan   iiii|>o-e  no  :;riMter  oKllL'a 

furinu-ly,  or  in  the  way  called  canh  •<•  lion  ii|>oii  the  ina-ler  than  that  lo  wliieh 

ly.  in  his   park   wouM    not   he  wion;,'   in  he  was   siiliject    in    n-pcet   of  .^   -ervani 

the  iM.i-ter.   il    cannot    he  inailc  s<i  by  ii  in    his    aclnal    employ;    ami    il    is   char 

trpspasscr  in'llin'.;  there  anil  liciii;;  hurt ;  l.iw    lhat     Iho    nia-ter    woiiM    ml    hue 

-o  that  iiiii.iiil  the  III  i~Ier  it   is  i/./hi/iki/i  l)cen  liahle  if  tin'  -crvant  l.i  low   hail  In  in 

'ibsfiiir  iiijiiiin:  and    if   no)    a  WTon;.'   in    injiireil  hy  lie-  ne'jli;;en if  the  -irv.inl- 

th<>  niasier.  when  c\pri— .ly  order. il.  it  alio\e.  .Nshetwrin  master  ami  >er\anf. 
cannot  he.  if  done  hy  the  servant  .i^'ain-t  the  ilnt>  of  Ihc  ina-ter  is  to  tjike  dim 
his  cnlcrs.  The  ilefemlaiils  nii'-'lit.  if  care  to  employ  other  servants  t  loni- 
thny  hail  flioii;.'ht  (it.  have  directed  Ihcir  peteni  >^kill  and  ordinary  carcfiiln.--: 
-'•rvanfs  In  move  ami  projHd  tucks  \vhen  In  ha-  done  that,  he  has  done  his 
ai;ainst  other  trucks  wilhoiil  any  roticc  dnly  as  Ih'Iwii'Ii  himself  and  his  serv- 
er prciMiition.  -in  short,  to  do  what  the  .nils,  .and  wo  are  of  opinion  Ihnt  the  lia- 
plaintilf  complains  of;  :iiid  if  their  scrv-  hilily  ci  rtcndcd  for  hy  the  plaint  :IT  docs 
ant«  clm-e  lo  work  on  those  lernis.  al-  not  attach  t  >  an  employer." 
thftii'.'h  it  mi;.dit  tie  a  wa-tefnl  way  of  In  I'h'in  r  v.  /'.  inisiihnii'in  It.  Co. 
ilsinL'  their  eiiL'inrs  and  Ciirria:;c>.  nO  MSTI)  fill  I'a.  liln.  S  .\ni.  l!cp.  2.M, 
ihl  -av  it  was  wion''tiil;  then  Iho  while  a  locomotive  was  at   a   water  sta- 


c.iniiot    mak 


ilci 

there     hiin-elf.      \ 

then,  whether  ho  i 


(Kin 


it    -o   tc 
Ihi-e   ' 
l-iiler,-,| 


niiin!.'    I  'on.  the  lircni.in  a 


-k.'il   a   1 


lov  ten  vcar< 


mils.    did.  who  wa-  -t  in  iiii;.'  there,  to  tiiin  on 


llio  water.     \\li'l-t    hi 


lis  dimliii 


ilocr  or   not.  wo  are  of  opinion   tl c-    Ihe   Icndi-i    to   put    in    the  ho-e.   the    re 

linn  cn'iiot  tio  maintaineil.  and  that  the    inaimler   of    the  train    came   down   with 


In   /'•  /'•  r  v.  h'ltiilhi 


tin 


for. 


(  l.>*ril  I    I    li(-t    .iftached    to   the 


md    -Mi 
inc  ;    thi 


th. 
ir   threw 


i  S.  ,SO(t.  .Jj    L.  J.  Q.  B.  X.  S.  :t(t.  S.liir.  V.    th-    hoy   under   the   wheels   and   lie   was 


i':M 


in  :<|:      I 


1m;o  Nr\Mi:i!    \M)  >KI!V.\NT.  liiiAl'.  xwiP 

iii\r>t4Ml   >,  illi  ;iii.v  -mil  iMiucr;"  oc  v:\tr\\    iIh-  -■•i'v  !<•<•-.  iilili'.iijrii  \..| 
nr.t.irilv  ..iVtnil   in   tlif  li''-t    in-t.in  !•.  "<  iv  af<-<'|)lr.|   i.v   t!ii'      lii-l.  I't 
ii;;ilil.' 
832.  Persons  not  loeiued  to  be  subject  to  the  disabilities  of  volunteers 

Tlic  nilf  ili-iii>-<(|  in  tin-  |>i: '-i 'liii;:  -<•<■tii.ii  i-  -iilijfci  !■.  fli.'  im 
purtiiiit  >in:ililii:ni<iii  tlii'.t.  v.li.  IV  .PC  wli.i  ii;i-  :in  iiiiiTi-i  in  tin-  "■•!•!< 
to  111  |irit"iM.i'il.  :iii'l  I'lir  lii-  i>wn  i-'invnim  i;  or  to  fdriiii.iii'  m-  ■  • 
|ifilitc  lii-  ..V.  n  «-,l.  Ill-  ili.it  .it'  lii-  <'iM|iiiiM'"  iH-i-i-  tlic  -crv;!!!!  .| 
iin.itlior.  It  thiii-  n  ipii -t  i,v  willi  tlnir  .•im-iiil.  in-  i-  nnf  tlii'ri-l.\  I- 
]iri\iil  1)1'  liix  riiilil  in  I"'  pri't'rt.ij  :iL;;iili-l  iIh'  iMi'iIi— nc»-<  "I  ■:.■■ 
utiiir'*  •^ci'MMii''.'      It      ill  lie  iili-rv"ii  lliiit  the  .■--iiiilal  frruiin.!  m].'; 

ltill,.,|.      hi   ,111   ..iti.iii  liy  Ihi-  !  Hint-  f'T  !i|.|ili.'-  liiiikiM  IIiitcIk.  iitul  ii  iiiini.  I  li. 

lilN  iliiilli.   II    «a-   lii'l'l   tti.'t   llir  ri.iii|iiiiy  llii-  r.-jli;:i'IM'i'  iif  iin>iii|iliiyi'i"<,   lir   i-   ii  ' 

'Ml-  lint   liilili'.       \yiM\>  .  .1,  in    I.-lii'-iiii'^'  I'litilli'l    ti.   i.T.iMT    fnnii    tin-    ...ini  mv 

till-  I'l-iiiioii.   -liih      •■I'll.'   Ii'ii'   p.  iiil    >'f  If  till-  ii.|iii-l   \VM-  inailr  liy  nil  i-iii|.l i.,.. 

Ilii-i  . ■.,-!■  i-  iliat.  in  iliniliiii.'  Ilir  -i.li'  "f  li.ivlii!.'  iiiillnpiity   to_  <Mii|il..y   liini.   L.    i. 

the   liinliT    111-   .•iiL'iiii'   :it    til"     in|iii-t    (i(  ill     III.    I'l'itir     |>ii-ilii«n    tliiin    iiii\    iilr 

(lie   tiivMiMii.   to     prif.iriii     111-    lln'Miiiir-  -i-rv;iMt    injiiivil  liy  tlio  iiryli^-m  ••  ..|  mi- 

iliity.   thr   -111   iif   llii-   pliinliir   ili.l    not  ii-.t\  niit-      If    llif    riijin -I    wii-    m  .f 

iiiiiii-  witliiii  till'  i.ii.tiiliiin  of  till-  niMi  •■     111  Ml    .iiillimity.   lip   ii  n   im-n    n,i  i 

piinv.      To    'Vir.    Ilii'    rrinniiy     iii'i-t  llir,  li>  hImipii  tin-  ciiiniiiiny  nui  -  in 

liiivi'  iniiir   'inili  r  :i    iliity   to   liiiii    wliirh  iltily   .lllicf   m  ;i    -I'lv.int.   pa--iii..'.  r,  .  i 

iiniilc    lii-    iiiiili  rtjon    ni'ir— :ir\.      \'ii"-  Iravi-liT.      I'.y:  thnrt  v.   V'.  i  n    Ihnih   ,(  ; 

iny  liiiii  .1-  111!  iiMiilnwi-  :it    'I'l'   r-.|iii'*t  //.  f...   (  ISMI  )    'H  Inil.  ■■I'.fi,  i\   Am.  I!i'|. 

of  till'  I'ti'Imiii.  till"  ri'latiiiii  it-' If  wmiM  .'.t'lT. 

ll<    tiny    hi-    iIl^IiI    of  ailiiill.       Culihr,  II   \  \\  lll'tlliT.     in     rctnl'l  iii^'    iwi-t  mri     i'^ 

llriiii  I'l    il-'lili    .'i;!     I'll,     l.'i.'t:     11"/'/    V.  n-iKiiiinL'   a    iinifliii."-   at    the    rr.|'i' -'   .; 

i;iiiisiiU,i„iii  I;.  >',..    (HUTi   .'i.'i  I'a,   IliO:  (111'    fori  man.    llio    -itmiiiI    iiiiin'l    «   • 

Ciiiiih'  ihiiit     Viiih        It.     t'li.    V,     Miiim  artin;:   Hilliin   tin-  ii'<>iii'  of  lii«  i  in|il  > 

(ISilTi    ."i.'i    r.i.    'JHs       Ilail    tin-     nniiian  mm.  or  not  is  iiniiiati'i  ial.  «n  far   i-  p 

liini-.'lf    I'illiM.    in    |>':i'  ■  of   tin-  Imy.   ho  !.'iriI-»   llii'  appliialioii  of  tin-  nili-  a-  t.- 

r<iiiM  iiiM'  I:  I'l   no  r.  ii.ich'.      It   ilm-  not  n.-rrvici'  to  tl.i'  iliity  iinil  olili;.'aiioii<  i  f 

irciii   to   I'l'    ii'i-nnaMo   that    lii-    ni|iii>^t  the    I'liiplovoi .    wliii'li    an-    tlio    »aiiii'   !'■ 

to    till'    I'l.',    to   l.il.i-    hi-    plaii-.    without  uanl-  a   Miliinti-iT  a-i  towanU  n  -in  m' 

anv    aM!l  .1  itv.   ■.'I'lioral    or    -p.rial.  ran  actiiiL'  uill'iii   hi'*  cnipti'Vinriit.     .•.''"    ■ 

.'li-vali'  Ihi'  li.v  1o  ,1  hiyliiT  I"  -itiiii  than  v.   *''o',., '..  i  '    .    ilt'llKi    .".I    I..  H.    .\.  .'ii:: 

his    ouii.     iii.i    .'iiati'    a    lial.lliiy    ulii-re  JO  C.  r.   .\.    I-JI.    lllO   KihI.  .■(:«<. 
nono  \M  iihl  allai-h  lia.l  hi'  |«'rfoniiiil  tho        "  V'l.  V.v  v.  Ui.rit, sl,r  It.  Cn.   i  I-'"     r 

siTviii-   hiiii-ilf."  ■\I'I'     l»iv.   nii.   ''.S   N.    Y.   Supp.   ■Jill     .- 

f'oninii'i:!  ill'.' on  tliin  <a-i>  in  Winrhom  -i-taiil    in  this  ra-r   lii'M  to  In-  a   til!"' 

V.    Itirhnri    llSnn^    1:!(1    I'a.    mil.    10   I.,  -.orvaiit  of  Ihi' iiiiployrf  who  hiri'il  'liiii 
R.    .\.  !''7.  i!"   .\iii.   ^t.    l!i'p.  fliilt.   -'I    Vtl.         .\   ooniplaiiit    alli';.'iii;.'  that    it    liii-iiin' 

.'J3-2.   the  court    sai'l:      ■•'I'lii'   viiy    iiii|«'r-  ticri'— ary    for    tho    iiiiph  .  I'i's    in    iliir.-' 

taut    prop. -ili'.-i  ihtlarnl   in   thi-   ra-r   is  ol    one   of   ili  fi'iiilanl's    i.,i:;ht    train-  I' 

that  till'  s(.r\:iiit   of  thi'  roiiipiny  raiinnt  cull    in    a-si-laiwi'   to   operate    it.    «lii''j 

iiiipo-o   a    hi'j'ii-r   lialiilitv   iiiKin'  it    than  ihi-y  liail  tli.'  rijiht  and  jtowcr  to  .1".  .u: : 

it   was  iinilir  to  himself!  liy  any  act   of  that   plaiiitilV  was   iiijiiieil   in  inni;''yiii.' 

his.    anil    that    tlio   [H-r-cn    remli'riii^'  as-  with  a  n-ipii'-t  .if  one  of  tlio-n  eiii|.l' v 

sistaiice    in    the   service   of   tin iiipany.  to   ^'ive   siicli    assislaiice.   il<«'-    not    -In'' 

at   the  rcini''-t    of   its   -''rv.int.  ran   have  that  he  was  nol  a  iiicic  \iiliiiii"i'r.     !/"■ 

no  other  or  ililTeient   renieily  aj."  'nst  tliP  /";i  v.  Ti  nisi  ,(■  /'.  ff.  f'o.    (ISS.-.i   i'.:!  Tr\ 

poinpanv  than   the  -ei\ant    himself  hail.  77.  .')!    .\iii.  lie].-  '137. 
It    si-ein's     to    lie    a     ri-.isoiialile  diu'trino.         ^  llni  xhtir  \.  Ohl  C'll'inii  It.  <'<i.  n<^~ 

fminileil   in   sounil   principl.>«."  1  l-T  M'-s.  ."JX^.  10  X.   K.  IXt. 

Where  a    ci-iiil    |.i--i'r  liy.   at   the   re  •  U'/'/i   v.    M-niif    >'.   It.  (<k    <  i^-'<     * 

([iic-t  (if  an  .MiploMc.  avis  on  a  car  am'.  Me.   .'..VJ,   .sub    num.    U'Doninll    v.    1/     • 


'l.irf  i"  III"   |>iMjii 

f     /,'     Cn.    2S    I..    It.     \ 

Till'    MiMii    I'rili^l 

ullili-  i'lli.:lvi''l  ill  tl.ii 
ll>    (  \>  II     ll-l'.     IIIhIi'II-  ' 

iiirlli  I'  1  till'  11-1'  if 
.liii.i'  l<  nMi  il  ti.  -Iiii>' 
ill.llur  I'l  till'  L'l^ivil  I 
tiK'ii   wi'ikiii';    I'l'i'   •'     ti 


f'fitix;  (»(    I  \||'l,n^  \IK\  I. 


IMI 


tIK'll    wi'IKIIl';     II. r    .1      ti'        --l-t     III    .III   ,>!• 

iiii;  tli4'  fiirlli  >.iii   I  I'  111-    ..II-.  ,iMil  ili.il 
..t.:t..    tl....'    .......    ^..    ....        ....I     ..    I...  1  ... 


ullili-    Ihi'V     \U-lr     - 


.»illH*      \l\f\        \\\'t*         *ll      I    I!  _.«!.      11       llI..Ktl 

ar.     Iinrii.tily     li.nliil,    I,     i«ll     oviT     .nil 
.11  !  ..r  II.....    tt        ..I.. :..« ;ir'.    .i. 


il.    II    l,|..l..'l: 
ml 


lar.  iiiiro'iiiy  II  nil  u,  I.  i«ii  OVIT  .11111 
li'll  ii|N.n  Kill,  iif  llii  111.  Il-  |il:iiiiliir'-  ill- 
ri.iliMil.  I)i«(ii"iiit!  till'  •iiiiti  iilimi  1. 1 
I'l..  ill  fi.|iilam  llii.  il  H.I-  tlic  i|iil\  iif 
ilii'  «i-iMiiiN  111  III'  liiih'i.irS  iHiiii|iiiiiv  11- 
iilllii|i  ■!.'<  iiilili  mil  I'f  ll»'  I'liK,  lliil 
ihpy  li.iil  Mil  ,iiitliii"-it\  111  Hi|>lii_v  .!.'» 
ii.i.|i  i<  -I    ■'»>'iii.  Ili.il     I        HI). II   wi'H 


ip-*i 
llhil.  I- 
imiiv   1 
ili-r     II. 

iL'illll-l 
till-    .. 
riillf; 
vvhri. 
will)  :i!- 
taki-  •.. 
he  il--- 
I'ai.  •I-- 
ilfw«*  W-* 

iiili-ri-i     -    ;hc  Hill 
iir  till-  -    I <. .lilt  oi* 
iiIIht    ■  .i|>ai'j(\ 
ttil'i    '  'If   riill~i  : 
mill.  I     iki-^  11.  .1-- 
ill,-.      '   !.U 
il...r  '.--.,. 

-I""        11-.      Ill 
"f  ,  ndml   n 

i_'t.  Iff    \vf- 
i-i-  111       '." 

.111.     TH- 

iiiti'iiili  I 
In  'III'  iillii-r.  ■•- 
lur  |>iii--iiil  I'l 

litltll      III      III! 

nllli.l.     Iill-ill.    - 
tlT   ,.\j„,.,      1,1.    ,     1 

I1-...111..;,  i.f  I!,,      ■■ 
If  till,  iiiiiiii- 

•lIT.  tint    <.|1L:.i;;i 

llip  |H.nni»^iiiii 


*«.  iiiiil 

I  rum 

w    nil 

tlii'lii 

>  iiil- 


11   f 


.'".--I'.ll.  Ill"-       lilllio..  •\'.'       t'l 

in  a  lr.iii-.nctiiiii  ,.f  iiitcn-it  a-  ml)  ti, 
hini-i.li'  ur  lij.;  niaitiT  as  ti>  111  lailrc:!'! 
1-1  injiMiiy.  111.  is  oiitilliil  til  til.  rill.  |ir.i 
"■■!it-i:  a^i.iiwt  t!::-  m-iiHui--  -  --f  •■'■■■■^ 
i1ii|.|i:ii!y's  ■.fi-vnii'  .IS  if  111.  ui.ri'  at  iIh- 
timo   atti'inlinj;   to    his   m\\\    privati-    ni 


li-fs    is    l|i;il.    liliilir   tlic   si||,|i..,..,l   ,'irci||||sfjlllH><, 

|ii'rfiirtiiiii.i  !•  "if   .1  rv  ^ccs,   ;,|   tli..   |ir.  |m.|'  «(.||.<f  nf 
■  "ix,  :»»  .Ml.  in;    fiit«       'iin  imi.    |i.ii..iiiiiiij.'    n    s.•l^i..• 

!|i«iil   fiiiiiii.iii>      Ur.lii.il   tl.  1.,  ih.   li,    1.   ili.JitM   .1,  ill   111. 

iiiii.  i-ailli    f «ii  11.  Ii.ilf.  ,11. 1  nut    ,1,  .1   „.n.iiii  ,,1   i|„ 

'11  ili.|i\i.r  -iiiiH    i'iiii|..|i\       /,«.,(,   V.   .«,//,,„,    ,(    /■     /     /,' 
Til-  .1.     Till'  cti     (r,     i|s.,i,.    i;,-,    |V\,   :,;;.   .,;     v,,,     1;,  |, 

■It     tll'llTH      ill     i;iMI      ii-li,|.l.   1.  >•     lif     mill     r,,,„|,,n        ,|,i|, 

n    ln|ili-«l.il    111.      |ii|ii.r    Inn  II.  <     \\      l.iiliv.i;.     I ,...i'i\       1,1-1. 1 

-i-i    ill    .III  ,i|.     iii.l    111  1.4-    li|li.'>\    -i-i\aiit   nf  Iriiiiiiiiii    ill 

l'|.||.il|..     Ill    rill||>l|.    I'll-...     .1.     .1,     III    ,    ^|•,   .|||l' 

till-  ill       iiili  iif  till-  Imi.'.,  I  ,. 

\   |..;       ii:..ii    111!  a   «i  1. 1  T    iMiIrn  nl   >-  l.ii 

■  ■-•'■I-.   .il    till'  11  .|iii  -t   1  f   ilii-  ill  i>    I  III 

iiiniiiii'..    Ill  -    i-.ii    nil    .1    -iilin-.    ulin  li  i- 

|.l'r---.ll>        fill        till.      I'lilltlnil.uiii.      if      till' 

|iiiiri\.    limy    ii.iii\ir    fur     liiinri.  -     In 

lliil.'l      by      till ylii-inii.    I.f    III.,    rniii 

|>11M.\ '.  -i.naiit-        1/1/.,/').    Sli..>   1;    <•■,. 

\.  iii.itu'i   I  is>*."i I   1:1  iiiiiii  >i    j.'i.  .-,t 
\iii.  i;i|..  so.i.  I  \.  I-:,  .i.i.i.    111,.  ,11111. 

llttlT      las  illL'     llliv    II      till-      !  Ill,'     .,,     1  III,. 

,li-.iliiliti,-     of      •.i.lniili'i  I-     I-,,-     S    li.li, 
null.       -J.       xnjinii.        |ii  1.1  ,-i.,|,.,|        llin-: 
■llnl      it      il..--      ni'l      fi.||i,\»      tlial.     nii 
.lir.ill   ,'ii-  i-in  iini«laiiir«.  ,1   jii-rsini   hIhi 
.•«i-U    III,'    M'lViiiil-.    I.f    aiii'llii'r    ill    tlii' 
ili  iliaii;!'   'if    thi'ir   ilnlii-.    witliiuit    I'lii 
lilnyini'iit  l.y  tlif  iiiiKli  r.  i.  t,i  |ii>  n.yanl 
1  I  lis  Miliiiiliirily  .i--iiniiiij  tin.  irlati.    1 
•if    11    fi-lli  «     si.|-\aiil      ,11     till,    ri-k-    |i'  1 
•lining'  to  tinit    n'tatinii.       To   illii^liali-: 
■ii|i|)ii-.i'    a    si'ivaiil    ill    ill  i\  ill!.'    lii-    ail- 
•■r's   ti-ani  nil    till'  liiolivv.iv    tniimli  1  -    in 
iicli  .1   iii.iiiiHi-  a-  111  |iii-\i.|il   III,.  II...  ,.f 
ifii'   lii.,'li\\ay   liy   i.tln-i-,    i,.t    lln-   lii,,'     i,,. 
ill«.      .ViiiitliiT   |K'l-iin     will'     i-     Ihii-    lln 
fK'iIi'il   ill  111,'  11-,'  'if  till.  11,,., I  ,i..|.|-  till. 
-i-rvaiit.  <.itlii.|-  with  i,|-   uiiii.'Ht    |-  i|,|,  .1. 
tl,  ri'iiiovi'  till'  iiii|ii'ilinii'iil  li'  tl  i\    I  h  .  Ill 

lln-    liiiiliwny,      Sinli    nilni     inr- |i,   - 

lint    tliiTi-liy    11,  innii.    111,.    f.'llii«    ..'n.inl 
•  if  lli<>  ilriM'i.      Iiiiii'i-.l,   in   III'    ii|,i    -111-,, 
has  111'  vnliinlaiily  i-iiti-i-.-,|  tin-  -1  |-\  in-  nf 
llif  niusli-r.      .\iiil    111.'    II.;,.  ,.(    |i.\v    Ih-I 
.iImivp  statiil   ilm.s   II  ,1    a|>|ily   In   tin'  i-;.-.- 
-ii|i|iiis<.i|,   ainl    llii-ii-fnri     it    w.i-    nut   11 
riir  in  tin-  rmiit   nf  .-..in,   i-ii   |ili.as  to  1,- 
fii-n    il.      .      .      .      'I'll,     lil.lilllilV      .       . 
was    lint    a    in, .11'    \ ,iliiiil<-i'|-,    witliin    thp 
ini.aiiin;.'    nf    tin-    nili-   of    law    i-nnli'iiiii-il 
Inr   li.v    till,   jil.iiiiiill    in   I'liii  ;    lint    as   n 
1,  ...iii^ii-  on  111,,  iinitlilioiiiiil  car  was  in- 
!ri. -till  ill  having  il   .Irivni  to  its  il.-ii 

iialinii.     To    this    (.ml     it    was  n --ar* 

111  Jiass  till*  soiilhlinliiiil  i-ir.  'riij,  rnnlil 
mily  111'  nccnin|,li-li,.,|  l.y  pii-liiiiL'  tlm 
nnilliliiinnil    rar    hai-k     ii|niii   tin.  sidins. 

hi    .Inil,^    thi-.    .,||!....,^!.     l!     ......      ,.,,l    [,.„,, 

I.i-i'll    ali-nliitnly    II --ii\     ,.'1    till'    jias. 

i-nL:vr    in    a—i-l     ili,.    .|ii\'-r.    it    was    a 


l-ml'Mlii;    t 

-.1-1-    Mil    • 
no  .l'.i\. 
lull      '«'      |.r. . 

-s-lli  I'l     It 

■T  1.  'li-i  11,'  I    1  nil 

the  I-  -   I-  till  -thai 

M.ltiiii  ilnil  oiii- 

I    -I    ill  >'-ik.  ••-Ill 

I  hi        M'V\         lit  ,lf     a:  ,,►»  llt'l  . 

,,j         ,Mi       ,-1.        In    sij,  h    a 

villi    nl     1.  '       ml'  'It   naif         I 

;A\.      lii   I   ftiiere  one  rtti-    ^11 

»  1.  1    a:    eonsiiiii.-*' 

-.  or  HI  am 

rentu'st    III 

Itmtii-     1"-     s,-|-Vailts 

ii'ifi.     •**■   ilii**s    lint 

ittil    tl  f^imi.ii   In 

is    ri- 


iiiaxim 
't  i|M''.* 
■■  urn  i.s  f  In- 

1   iti'i-ll'st.        Ill 

ill:     'I'll    is    a 

iiii      ,,ii-il.lli-r 

-    n  ill  till'  ri';;ii 

Ill's.,  anil  I'll 

1  loll   as  aiiyniii 

wit^    till'   Iiia- 

fln:    .     III,.    1-,11. 

-n.inl-  " 
i-n   i-  n»<    ■'   vnliiii 
till'  ri'i|in-  '    iir  w  li  li 
till'   mill 


iil-i 


■1 


IB62 


MAXIKK  AXDSKliX  \\T. 


(niAP.  xixiii. 


i 

1 ' 

;     1 

Hi 

1 

i 

iho«r  w.irf'"- •     Tlio  tr.nio  piKinI  i^iil. 'aiinn.  vl.wc.l  fpun  ■•  .li 

fnn-nt    ^laii'lp'-int.   i*  j»r.-.iiniulily   tli-   lm«i>*  <•!'   tli.'  .|..i-i..n   i .i 

imUMT-ltv  who  in  <M-Miilly  npM-nlifl  t..  l>y  n  wurkniiin  f..r  itil'i.rin;iti  .n 
ri'sjMH'tiiitr  n  iliiii^'  wliu-li  tin-  lain-r  i*  a..iii;>  iit  u  juililic  il..>ruii,'lifMi-' 
\*  ijfl  t..  Ik'   •..n-i<iiTi'<l  a  voliiiil""*')'  ns-i-tMnt.  »■.  n-  t..  cs-.n.  rat.'  tin 
workiiinir«  niHHt.T  from  n-iH.iisil>ilit.v  f..r  nn  injnrv  n-iiltin-  t..  tin 
fonrirr    ffniii   the  wi.rkiiiim'*   iict'li,!.'' nt    >ii'"l''   "•'   <l"ii'.ir   'li''   \v..ik 
Wliotlicr  Ihc  nilf  \\*i-\i  "f  tin    ,|niiliti.Mti..ii  is  t..  c|,.t,.|iiiiiir  lli.    I'; 
l.ility  of  tlir  (J.'ffii.liiiit  in  mi}  i-artimlar  cu»<.  d.  priMln  ii|i..n  llio  I'a.  t 
in  pvi'linfc* 


pnicUiil  unci  ri'ii«onnbIe  act  JH«tinttl  by 
IIh-  i'ircuiii->tnnot>«  of  tin-  on-^'.  -ii'il  ii 
wroii'.'fiil  inl<T(»n-<-nci"  nnd  intciiiicililllii^ 
with  liii-iiir'-  ill  «liiili  lif  huil  no  con- 
fvrn.  It  "ii«  not,  in  (ail  or  in  law.  an 
ii»«iiiii|'lion  of  risk  from  tin- <Mri-U'— nr"'* 
of  till-  ilffi'iidant  or  iiiiy  of  itn  m-ivmiiI-." 
In  /.i.Hi.Mi7/(  4  .V.  It.  t'o.  V.  \\<llll 
(I8!t7)  OH  IVnn.  123.  38  8.  W .  7^7. 
whiTi'  it  wan  hflil  lliiit  iv  man  fiijrai;!!! 
Iiy  II  -I'ipiM-r  of  (.'"<»'*  <"  1"'"'  •'"'"'  °" 
earn  'liil  not  Ih'oiim'  a  volnntt-cr,  wtii'n 
I'finiplvini;  with  thc>  iiiiurit  of  a  tiraUi-- 
man  to  aH-i»t  in  pl.n'iiiK  the  cars  in  a 
inori'  i-onvmiiMil  situation,  the  court 
ivasonol  lU  foHow.;  "It  U  cnrncstly 
iii-i4t..<l.  liowcv.T,  that  thf  nilf  of  lia- 
bilif  cannot  exist  unit-**  then-  was  a 
iMHvssily  on  the  iKirt  of  the  railroa.l  to 
have  llie  wrviccs  of  the  iiialniiir:  an<> 
that,  if  the  Imsini-ws  wa^  that  of  the 
railrond,  and  it  liad  -nUiri.nl  fortv  to 
perform  it,  tht-n  the  pluinlilT  must  l>e 
considiTcd  a  voliiiitcsT  and  iMtirnnsIdli'i. 

Hut  none  of  the  (ii-cs  hnhiinK  Ihi m- 

|.aiiy  Hill  In  i.pa'eed  Il(»in  this  j:round. 
Imt'  up -11  the  more  snti-taeloiy  oni\ 
whether  th"  plaintilV  is  to  1m'  leyai.h-il 
in  such  e,  s  as  expidilin);  and  f(  v 
warding  K  .  own  lai-ine^s.  or  that  of 
the  niilioad  ei)m|»aiiy.  either  as  an  ac 
coinmodatiin  or  as  a  neees-arv  help. 
In  ol'  ,T  words,  was  he  emrafieil  in  his 
own  lai-ini-ss  or  that  of  the  railroad'; 
If  the  l(  liner,  the  roiid  i-  liable  if  there 
is  ne^lij;enee:  if  the  latter,  it  is  not. 
because  the  neyli;.'en(e  is  that  of  a  fel 
low  servant ;  and  this  is  eipi.illy  so 
whether  his  aid  is  nen-ssarv  to  the 
road's  perfoniiance  of  its  duty  or  nid. 
The  enicr^eiuy  or  necessity  which  will 
nuthori;:e  hiin  to  aid  the  railroad,  and 
protect  him  in  so  doinp,  is  onc>  that 
arises  in  his  own  business,  and  not  in 
that  of  the   railroad   ii.iii|p.cii> ." 

A    person   who,  with   the  elation   mas- 
ter'a  consent,  assists  in  the  shiinling  of 


a  ntr  on  which  i:ic>i|«  for  hlni  have  Imn 
bl-oiltfbt,  is  not  .1  mere  voliint...  i.  Imt  i- 
on  the  preiiil-e,.  feu  l!ii>  liwfiil  piii|ii.. 
iif  a««i-lin/  in  lhc>  laiidiiij.'  of  the  u'.  n|. 
.iikI  may  icm-omt  il  he  i»  liiiiii'  I  '■'.  i' 
111  L'liL'cncc  of  the  coiiipin.N  -  -rii'- 
II  (1.;/.^     T.    l.iiniliin    A     V.     II       A'     ' 

I  1H7.^>)   L.  R.   I"  ()    It.  -J!"* 
Wliere   the    putt  ill'.'   of    a    he  ■•er    in    • 

di-tillerv  wa-<  the  joint  iindcitakin:.'  if 
Ihc  ili-tillii.\  eonipanv  and  the  in.ikri- 
iif  the  h.iliT.  the  di-'tilliTv  ioiiip.ii,\    i- 

liable    I of    it-    -ir\  mt-.    "ho   ,i- 

-i-.ti'd    in   till'   work   by   dinstioii   ol   i'- 
foreman,   for   an    injuiy   resiiltini.'   fr.' 
the  hrcMkins    of    a     defective    ri>|«    'i  i 
nished    for   the   work.     <thl    Tim'  s    h 
lillrru  Cii.  v.  /.rhii'lir    ilSIMli    Jl    l\>     I 

i:..p,  7.VI.  -yi  s.  w.  in.->i, 

-  Sni    laii;;iia;;e   ii~eil    by    the   n.uii-   n 

II  im/kimi     v.     liiiKnnh    ilSllOi     l:ii;    \' 
111(1.   10  1,.  R.    .\.   '17.  -Jti    \Mi.   St     liii 

lilMl.  m  M\.  .'l.T.':     \trli:lii;-  SI,,' I   i;    '•■ 
V.    Il<,ll"ii     '  1"<''.">1     13   Ohio    S|,    JJI.   .M 
\m     l!ep.    Htlli.    1     v.    K.    .'i'l:!:    /  "     "   > 
.>'.;/,(■».    <t   K.   T.    It.   r„.    (HHtii    c;.-,  TiA 
.•i77.  'u   .\m.  Itep.  liflrt. 

'ruivhiiul  V.  .>>■,,..•,■  ( iHiiii   ii;  C.  M 
\.  <5.  :i!m. 

'  In   lVi.«c;i.u»   V.  i;„l:,iiih    i  Is!m1!    W< 
I'.i.  imi.  10  I,.  I!.  A    (17.  21)  All     St.  |!p|i 
:!ll(l.   -JO    Atl.    y.il.    tlle    fai-l-   of   "iiii'll   :"•' 
-tateil  in  llie  la-l   -   ■Imiii,  the  eeiiti  iiU' ii 
lit    plainliir'-    cimii-i  1    that    the    iiirir.i 
IK  I -on  was  acting'  in  his  nia-lii-  ii!"' 
,-t     was     thus   rejirled:      '•The   |.luniitT 
•  lid    bi-eonie   one   i-f   the   -nvjiii-     i  ''■■ 
.lefi>ni1:iiil.    to    a--i>t    in    the   deli  ii  1  :'i''- 
111   of  clidiverin.L'  the  v,  heel.      lb'  »  '■  " 
;ietiiii.'  in  re-poiwe  to  the-  rnpn-l  "f  '■ 
if  the  defendant's  srivaiit-:    he  li -.1  : 
rii;ht  or  inleiest   in  the  wheel  or  il-  ! 
liverj'.  and  what  he  did  wa-  doin-  ■  ii  '•■ 
half  of  the  defendant  and  in  coiiiii'' l^' 
•.viih  fnc  deffiitbiiif-  -.rvuit-      '1!;      ■ 
Hmtv     was     not     ei.inpli  ted.     ''"'     "• 

i.iii^'  on    when    the    accident   i  .mrro!. 


I  ttijli  collt^i:  of  i;\l:i,ti\  \lK\r.  IMS 

633.  Sight  of  artion  where  tervanti  undertake  new  duties.— Cits*** 

(it't<'riiiiiiiil  u|Hiu  |iriiii  ijilc-  iii.  inicul  with,  '>r  fli'-cly  luml' ;;iiih  t<s 
tliiiHc  (''<cii»-i'il  ill  tin-  |<n  ccili'ii;  M'ctiiiii-.  arr  flii"*<'  iu  w.iii'li  ili<*  In 
'';rv  wuft  rfciiM  <1  l'\  a  |mi-"M  wIi",  at  llir  tinn'  v>lirii  tlif  affiil'  nt  nc 
ciirrfil.  vv«H  alrtiiilv  in  tin-  <'iii|i!";    nf  ilic  'I.  liM'laiil,  liuf  -.vh.i  [■>  al 

ln;ci|  ti>  liaV'  fl'ilW  l)lll»ii|<'  till'  |ir"jiiT  W(.|m'  nt'  hi-  I'liiployiiii  il,  willi 
nai  1m  iii;j  tliiii'Ic'd  tu  til)  >.(>  ciilii  r  'ay  tin-  iiia-ii  r  i.r  Iiv  an  a;^inl  ui;. 
wa*  aiilli'iri/<  <1  U>  trau-t'er  liiiii  (<>  tiii'  new  -|>lic  ir  •>(  .hi.v.  I'lic  v\\\< 
iij.|ilii'al'U'  t(t  ■<ni'li  fii'cnni-tiiiK'i-'  l,a^  Im.ii  I'.h  i  ml.  •  ■!  a-  •'..IImu-i: 
"If  an  cpiplovtc  (|nit«  tlu-  wurk  a--i;L;ni  li  !••  Iiini  l>;.  In-  citi|,|(i\,  r.  an<l 
vi.liintarilv  iiinli  rlaJNOs  to  iln  work  ai><Mit  uhi.li  lie  lia'!  n.-  iliitiri  tn 
pcrfunn  l»y  virtno  of  ||ic  mni  I'aciiial  ii'lali'Mi  r\i-iinir  litturrn  iiiii> 
■,[ui\  lii-  niipliivcr,  ilicn,  wliilc  -iicii  i'<inilitii-ii  lAii-.  ilic  <lutv  jtniwinjj 
.ait  of  that  relation  of  nsinj;  cai'i'  for  liis  -atny  il.pi  -  uoi  rest  ii|>oi, 
till  ciMiil  pvci."  '  III  otlicr  word-i,  n  s<  r\atit  wla.  voliii;iarily  aiMl  witli- 
..Hi  .jifcctions  from  tho  iiia-tcr,  and  witlioiit  liis  a<''|nii'«i'i'nr...  •;.«-. 
inio  lia/ardoiis  woik  wliifii  i>  not  .■uiliraccd  in  liir  contract  of  iiirinj;. 
iiiiN  Ik-  r<i;ard<d  a^  |)n!linu  liiin-olf  In  voiid  iln^  jiioicctioii  of  liji 
iiNi-tcr's  iniplii'd  iimicitakin;:.-  i\iiiiiiroii»  d"fi-ioii-t  uxcniplifvinj; 
tld-  rule  an-  colli'dtj  in  tlio  -iii'joincd  noic^ 

Hii.l  ilic  ilcliviTV  \v^i»  »1"'  lift  of  llir  (Ir  wliiili  tin-  iiii-l.  r  cli.l  ii.it  "inploy  or  ro 

liii'lint.        Till"     |MHii  ipiitioii     (if     till!  i|iiiii-  liiin   to  iln,  iiinl    \\liii|i   lie  .liil   not 

pl.MiitilT  wii«  not  ll.il   of  un  imncv   re-  un.liital.i-  to  iln.  lli.H'  <  in  Ih'  no  ri'mv 

oiMii'.'  Iiii  ovMi  (.■■Hul-.  liut   «a^  lli.it   of  rry,  luii  if  lnr  ni:i.:.iiiii>   liy  ul.i.li  hi- 

.i  -.■i\;iiil    iw-i-tiiiL'   till-  -irvaiit*  of  tin-  wis    injurcl    wi,-    in    a    d.-f.-iliM-   ri.ndi 

.lifinihiiil  ;  an. I  tlii-  lin  iiiii-lum'f  liiia^'->  tlon.     <,»'"'"'  "''   "   "'"'<   ''"■  ii-lili"n  I'f 

it   ultliJM  till-  mil-  of  iMiiili.iliility.     'I'lio  nui-l.r    and     -.r\aiit     ilii^     not     i>\i»t. 

ili-tiiii'ioii  is  ri'liiiid.  tint   it   si  i  ins  to  In?  Knox    v.     .V/. /i/..  n.y     lls;ii)     1    Vict.    I.. 

siil.s  initial,  iind    \m-    f.-i-l   ri.ii-lr.iimil  to  l!f|>.   (1..1    Uli. 

risii"i.'<,-  it   and   i-iifoin-   il."  .V    si'r\aiit    «lio   attriiipts    to    jM-rforni 

A  Mil' "cr  l.oy  ill  a  liliL'iMpli  oilico,  worl;   oiit-idi-   llii-  >.m.|«-  ..f   liis   ciiiploy- 

wlin.  Hliili-  tra\iliii;.'  on  a   train,   vuliiii  iiiciit.  uilln.iit  or  roiitraiy  to  tlu'  orders 

liirily  |>i-rfornis  a   s<-ivii-i'  as  -uitilin   in.  of  llo-  n'.i-l'-r,  a--iiiKi-  hi-  .mn  ri-k.  ami 

at    till-    rp<|iiist    of    iIr-    foniiiaii    ol    ilin  caiiiiol     ic.nMr     lor     iiiinii-  i-aii-rd   liv 

var.l.  id  not  foi-Harclin^'  liis  own  pii'.  all-  di-lV.-livi-    iii.irliiiiny.      /i'.o(    v,    llininiiiiil 

iiitiri-st.   bat    plan-s    liiin-i-lf   tlii-n-l.y    in  Stolv  SI,, I   C„.    i  inoO)    -J    I'.-iin.    (I)il.i 

tin-  p.-iiiiiii  of  a    lillow   siTvant   of   tlip  oi:>.   IT   .Ml.    1017    I  in  i'liar;;e  to  jury). 

f..riiii.iii  anil   tlii>  i-nyiiiri-r  of  tin-  train.  .\     si-ivaiil     wlio.    in    di-n-^-'ard  of  ttio 

'/.r.(-.if   v.  O.  U,  C,i.  V.  Skill,!,  r  (1H:i3)  na-lir's  in-ti  in  timis.  Iml    in  I'liinplianoo 

4    Tix.  Civ.  .\pp.   litil.  23  S.  \V.    lOOl.  wi'li  iln-i'  'if   i  vi..    [.viiu  ipal.  iloi  s  w..rk 

^  liiiiilli,  III    l{.    Id.    v.    (iuylon    (I81IH)  tait-i.li-  of  and  luon-  lia/ai.Ioii-  than  lii- 

122  -Ma.    'M.  2T>  So.   34.  Pvnl.ir    i-inployiiniit.    as-uim-s   tin-   risk. 

.\    -.-rvant    "lonld    not    voluntarily    do  nolwitlistandin^'   that,   prior   to  the  .p.- 

ail  act  wliicli  In-  wa>  not   nipiind  to  do.  i.il    in-l  rm  I  ion-   ,i  tin-  ina-tir   to   him. 

ami  ili,ir._'c  tin.  niasti-r  with  n-i«>nsiliil-  a  sin. -nil  in-trmtion  that  all  cniph.v  .-is 

ily  for  till-   r-altiiii;   injiiiy."--i-|«-cial-  hi-h-   Io   liH.k    to  tin-   vici-   piiinipal    had 

ly   wliiri-    till-    ilaii;.-i-rs     i'liidi-iit    to   the  lain  ;jivi-n.     Imtlniiti   \,il,ii,il  d    llliiini 

work  iiiidi-rtakcn   won-  olivi.ni-.      I/iChc  nuliii'i  lias   I',,,    v.    Mmtli'ill    (IH::S)    Si 

T.  \,iti',ii,il  Slnirh    Mfii.  Co.   ilSiMI    142  Iml.    App.   121,  r,i  N.   K.  -JH-J. 

X.  V.  iiiii.  .ii;  \"   K  snii.  '  riiixhiiiiii.  r.  d  .>>v.   /,.  ff.  rn.  v. 

Whiro  a   siiv.int.    nnri-ly   to  olili-.'i-   a    Jffniii.i  (  |ssi; )  III.")    liui    Lil..")    N.  K.  1H7. 
fellow    sorvaiit,    voliinli-crs    to   do   work        '(a)    llicuiiiu  (ic/n"/.— W  lu-iv  a  scc- 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 30. 


m " 


T'sl 


f  fc'' 


IHU4 


.\IASTKI{  ANU  SEHS  ANT. 


[C'llAP.  XXXIIl 


H  •■ 


0 


'  i 


t:    i. 


634.  Same  subject  continued  —  The  scope  <if  a  servant's  duties  in 

icliitioii  to  llic  rule  illiistiiiied  by  the  ca-es  citeil  in  the  last  secli.n 

tion  man  is  tiikpii  olT  liis  swtion  \i<  |KT  s;"*""  »<•'»*  pnilmbly  in  a  daiigfrou^  ccm 

liiiiii  a  MTvicf  for  lil«  fiiriiiiaii  in.li\i.lii  ililiuii.   .iwiiij;    In   a    luav.v    fall    of   riiii, 

allv.  the  i'<nii|.aiiv  cannot   lie  hrld   lialili-  ili-laclic.l  tin- i-ii^iini- and  proc.'i'cl.Ml  h,  ,\. 

iinic-ss  it>  coui-c  of  (■i>nilii(l   «a>  -luli  a^  aniim-  the  >li  ni-liirt's.   it    uas   hcM   lli.ii, 

to   furnisli   a   ii-a-oiialilc  jiroiniil    tor   liis  in    vii-w    of    tli,'    cinir^.  n.  v    and    of    ilif 

l.clicvin^r  tliat   tin-   fon-inaii   had   anilior  fail    tliat    In-   «as   f.\cni>iii^'   -mli   cr.li 

itv  to  i'ii^'a;.'c  liiin    in  siit'li  i'ni|do\  njcnl.  nary  larc  a-  «as  net('N--ary   lor  Ilif  -il.- 

Il'iiryl   w^cliinuio.   A'.    /.    il     /'•    It-    Co.  Miov.niont    of   Ilic   train,   lii-«   aili.m    uj* 

llSTS)     4!l     lo«a.    Til.    ili~a|p|.iovin;i    in  not    out-idi-    tlir    -i-o|ic     of     lii*    iMi!|.|.  y 

-trnitions  wliicli  made  tlu-  <■ (lany  lia  ni.iil.  and  llial   In-  was  thciifoic  <  iitii  l.d 

Id.-   ill  anv  fvint    for   injiiiir-  caii-iil  liv  to   ivii.mi-    for    injiirio    lonlliii;;  fn.in 

i|.l'<-il-^    in    tin-   hand    lar   on    which    tic.-  ihr    collaiisc    of    tht-    tr.-.||.-   lahonl    tin- 

|ilaintilT    was    traveling',  if    tin-  sciAic.-^  <iinditii>ii    of    which    nothing'    had    l.i.n 

rn|iiind  of  him  wen-  aiipaicntly   in  the  -aid    l.y    the   sn|HTintc]idcnt  i    whih-   llie 

line  of  hi-  employ ni'iil .                 "  enjjiiie   was  cki— iiif;  it  to  reach  the  -iv 

A  swilehinan   Injiind  in  con|din;;  curs  ond    inlviTt.      I'inr    lluiitf   A    I.   I!.   <',,, 

at  the  re-iiie-l  of  the  cn^iiii-<r  <ajinoi  re-  v.    I'„"l,r    (  ItllMll     laJ    Ind.   »>H2.   4H   L. 

cov.-r.      llnfUii,    v.     \,islnill,:    r.   a-    SI.  K.  A.  ."i.!l,  Mi  N.   K.  i-iH. 

/,.   A',  f'o.    (IHSli    14  I.ea.  .(74.  Where  the  eviileiici-  shows  that  the  in 

A    railwav  eniplovee  who    •-take-  off"  jiived   >.i\ant    left    a   place  where  he  >>.i- 

ear-i.    without     an\  "diiection-     fi<aii     an  in  no  .lan^'er.   in  order  to  stop  a   niii,i 

a;;eiit  of  hi»  eiiiph'iviT.  and  nil  rely  at  the  >vay    lai    pa-<iii}.'   on    a    side   Ua.k,   .iini 

i.'^pie-t    of   a    fellow    -i-rvanl.   eannoi    re  .h.-.d  a  switch  left  open  to  prev.-m  lar- 

.i.\er.      \l.i//.v   V.   Ilfirl    IISII.)|    7    Wash.  1111111111;;    onto    the     main     track;    lliii 

17H.   .'U    Tae.   4'2.'t,   771.  while   in   pui-iiil   of  the  car  011  tlie  iniiii 

The    fad     that     a    Ipiakenian    ha-    re-  track  he  wa-  run  oser  liy  a   -ccnul  lui, 

,,  i\ed  direc-tioii-  fo  ceiiiply  with  the  ',:■  v..  ..    car:   and   that   he  had   no  duty  to 

-I  met  ions  of  the  cn;;iii«-r'w  ill  only    jii-  pcrf.iiii  ahoiit   >n<-h  car  or  its  operatinn. 

lify    his   oli.-dii-nce   to   ^iich    in-lriiVl  1011-  and  acid  w  itiioiit  ropiol  01  diicciimi. 

in  so  far  as  they  ndate  to  matter-  which  no  re.o\ery  can  lie  had.  lhoii;;h  -lah  cir 

are  within   lii< 'pid|>i'r  duty   as  a   lirake-  ran   awa\    l»-eaus<'  of  a   dcfeclivr   lii,ik>-. 

man.  and  diK- not  warr.inl    hi*  ciimplyin;;  since  tin-  piosimate  c.iu-e  of  injuiy    .  •- 

nith   an  mdcr  to  pa—   from  hi-  |"-t   on    tli ivanl's   voluntary   act.      Uc'.i//  i 

IMC  la-t  car  to  the  front  end  of  the  train.  M'liiK    d     V.    //.   Uriiinlr  fo.    (iMll'.ii    TO 

uhile  it   is  in  niotiuii.  for  t la-  purpo-e  of  X.   II.   I2.j,  8,")  Am.  St.  I!ep.  HIS.  41I  Atl 

"iltiri"  otr   in   time   to   -liifl    tin-   points  r>H4. 

ami   moiiii)    the  train    while    it     is    -till  No   a.lion    can   lie   maintained   f.r  .111 

iiiovIiil;.     Siilhiihiiiil     v.    MoiiUlniiil     U.  injury    received   hy    a    servant    white  In- 

(■„.    I  fs.-iT  I     19  Sc.    Se-s.   Cas.   -Jd    -cries,  was  niakiny  certa  in  re|>airs  wliiili  it  ui" 

10(11.        Il'ho       .\nieiican       practil  inner  no    pari    of   his   duty    to   make.   Ilic  >\i 

-hoiild   rem.  mill  r  that    the  ears  with  rcf-  d.ii.i-  ludii;;  that   he  had  comiii.'ii,  .■,!  ih.' 

er.iici-    to    v\liich    thi-    niliiii;    was    ma.le  pel  h.i  iiiaiic'  of  t  !!.■  ,iork  of  hi-  I'u  11  Ih-.' 

-,erc   not    .•..ii-truc1.-d    like  tlio-e  il-ed    in  will.    ii|hiii    the   -u,i.';;estion    of    a     Iil!»w 

111.-  I'nit.'.l  Slates,  with  a  view   to  trains  w.iikiiian.   after    lie   had    a.sked   an'l   eh- 

hidii"   lia\ir-c.l   from  .-iid   to  .-nd.   wliih-  laiiird  tin- coii-i-iil  of  his  own  iniin.-li.itp 

l„   „7„ti„„.i  -ii|»-ri..i.        Vndcr    such    eircimi-l.ni.vv 

An  emplovee  injiirpd   in   loading;  rails    l,e  wa-  d.-.larc.l  to  I nly  a   vnlmncrr, 

on   11   inovia-j  car  cannot    recover  for  an    mil  to  -tiiul  in  no  li.ll.-r   po-it iliaii 

iiiiurv    caiiM-.l     liv     hi-     attemplini;    to    a  -IraiiL'cr  would  have  d uhe  -1 M 

-trai;!:hli'n  a  rail  afl.-r  it  was  put  on  Ih.-  Iiav.-  ollcicl  md  li.-en  i«Tiiiilt.-d  toiii.iki; 

.■ir    whi-re  til.-  eviilenci-  is  that  thi-  ua-  the  same  icpiii-.      ]hUfi\.    I/.ic/m,'(. 

,   ,lutv   not    n-<piir.-.l  <if  him  hv   hi-  em  U/.;.  fo.   (ISMlh    l.-,0  .Mass    :u;->.  .5  1.   R. 

plov.'r      rl,nl.n::t.  C.  C.  a  si'.  I..  U.  Vo.  .\.  7!i-J.  -i.S   N.   1:.   IIHI. 

V    i-arr   (I'.hiI  i    ii.'>   III.  App.  .-.Til.  W  h.r..  a  w.-av.-r  .-omplied  with  tli.- v 

W'li.-r.>  a    fr.-iL;lil    ciidiiclo'.   on    l"-int'  -pic-l   "i  lie-  ■•loom   lix.-r"  to  a-i-t   hm 

inform.-. 1    hv    the    roa.l    -up  •rinteiid.-nt  in  a.ljii-tiiiL'  ii  hell,  it  was  li.-ld  il...t  ih.; 

that    Ih.-   ciilv.-rts    01 -li     -i.h-    of    a  risks   of   111.-   work   iinil.-rtak.-n    \\i  i-  J- 

tn-stle  -ituat.-.l  a   short   ili-lan.-e  h.x.iml  si,i.i.-.l   l.y   the   weaver,   a-   thi-r.-  ^*''-.''" 

the   station    ulu-re    the    im.lli;;cnre    wa-  cvid.nce  \)v.<t   the  iiia.trliv-iy   r.v  l.-.iiii- 


5  «;!4i 


tULIISK  ul'  i;MI'l.nv.\ii;\r. 


1  »(>.'> 


is  .Iclini'.l  by  wliiif  ho  \va«  ciiij.lcw.l  to  j..  rf..rin,  an<l  l.v  wliat,  \vit|. 
tlic  knowledge  Mild  ii[.proval  ..C  Ids  oiiipluyiT,  li,.  acliiiilly  did  j.cr 

wa.,  def.Mtiye,  „r  IhnI    tl,,-  "hH,,,,   lix.T-    movrr   thrivfor   if   iIh-  aot    Wi.s   „ut    of 
l,j..i  anv  authoni.v  t„  iKTinit  ..r   n,|„i„.    ,1,..   |i„„  „f  |,i,  ,,„|,|,„  ,„.,„.  „„,   „, ,' 

\a,k,o,    Ufa.  Cu.    (IIKMI)    70  N.   II.    Illll,    ll nlp^.^,.|       r/,„/,„>/„    ,     //  ,  '        , 


47  All.  2(il 


„  ,     •    ,         ,         ,  '■    '"■    '!■''•'»  I     I    .Mar\.    '  !).■!. )"  J7.i,'  10 

l!.-cuv,ry   was  ,lci I   i,,,,!,.,-   H,,.   ,.,|,i«  Atl.    lli'7    i  in  .In t„   i,„vi 

I'.„U  Ml!,.  <■<..   (l!i,ll,    l-s  \,  C.  -,11,  s;t  ,,f  („■,■  ,luli.-.   a,i,l   wiilinnt     ,„,   V 

An,   St.  I!..,,.  071    :18  S.  K.  ,S7.i.  .,r   ,li,.,.,..i.,„   |,v   11  ..m/.,,,'.  ,  ,,.';:,' 

K«-..v,.,y    ha.,   iHH-n    ,l,.„i,..|    «),..,•.•   the  mmUv,..!    I.,   .l-i,,    hi,      i  '  ,,  ,     , 

plain.  IMask...!  his   f,,,.,.,„an   , ,J,„t  a  ll,-  ,..„,..   ,.,   „„.   ^u^ZiZ  Z;,^!!:" 

!.,.lt    nhich    ooimniiM„Mt,.,l    puu..,-    to    a  tho    .iiachi,,..     whirl,     ,1,..     „,«.,■.,, ,.,|.    ,|, 


Miachiiic.   and    tried   tn   do   llii^    l,i,ii-rlf.    caniii.! 


|-c(ii\ir     till      injiiri. 


I 

rci  ,  jvrd 


«lH;n  the    forenian    refn^.l    l,i-    ,,,|n,.,t.  whil.-   -I,.,  was  s„  d.,i„.-        \n,„    v   '//,',. 

-.lyiii;:  that  he  had  ii.i  nine,  and  ilial,  if  .w„    (jmiOi     lUlJa     |7;ii    -jiis     V    slti 

^'^■'::i„::'ri;''^  ■^"^^'^-  ■''"■'  ^°  '■''''--■' ::';-'--n::::ii:;-rt;:d't:;; 

^  V         "    ,      .■■      ■  ,  .  """  ""•  '"^"l''"''  ^i^*  ^1  iv-i,ll  of  a  s„,l,l,.„ 

No<„„...,fa.t,on,s  stated  l,v  a  con,  jolt,.      Thi,  ,|,,.i,i„„.  i,,,^,.,,.^.   s..e,„s  I 

plaint  whiehalh-es  that  plaint, 11-  was  a  l,e    a     v,-n    d„l,i.,„>   appli.alion     „f    the 

"'■';■'"',".';•    I"    ',' "'.I'l">-   "f   'l;''Vndant.  ^..p.-ral   r as  the  s,,,,.,.,,,,.,,,,,.,,,   ,,' 

,,i,d  wh>e  m  the  ,.n-.ne  itxj,,,  he  plaeed  -tandi,,;,  l,y  the  e.nphv,,.,    ,nd   it   w.„'  Id 

IM-     ,a,„l    „„    .he    latehet    of   the   en.nne.  , hale  heen  a!  h-'.-t  a  ,  ,  e!  I, 

at   the  m|,.e-t    ot   theenj;ll,ee|-.   wh.le  tl„  ,he       i,„-v       wheihe,-        |,i,        a',,,,,-,.,,,, 
lii.te,-  y-  niak,,,^.    a     w.slfie    fastening.  -|„  „|,|   „„.   have  ,,   ,e;,arded  .„   I„.|  ,., 
.,..l  that  ■„  v.  d,m,«  h,s  hand  wa^  Kadiv  ,he  h.^al  e,|„ixah.„t  of  an  anle.ed.nl  o  " 
la,,-.,  and  .-harf.','s  iie-l,-,-n<v  ..f  di'l,  iid-  ,ler  '"""i  oi 
...It    in    fni„i,hi„^.  defeetive  applianee-.        A  coal  miner  who  ae.epts  (he   invit-i 
"".'  '"   ""•    >top|„n-  .1 n-ine   for   re  lion   ..r  oU^v,  tl ,der  of  motl, 


IKiirs.  lM,t    whieh   eonlains   „.,  aver,,,,.,,,    anthori.ed  io  ...antnand' himrand'^ola;;' 

"'■'.'     ''"f"" '      •■-'I'lmil      pla,n.,ll      to    .aril.v   pla,e-   l,|,„„.|f  i„  „,,,„.„.,,„„  ,„ 

iriaki'  any    repairs   while  the  .  ' 


I    no. 
ola, 

ft 

Ir 


M,,,Ke  ,,,,,    lepa.is  wn,,e  the  engine  was    „tion  in  ai.ji,,^  the  lal.er  in  ,.ert„n„in.. 

..  <.p,.,-atH,n     or    that    the   en;,,,,,.,,.    ,,as  a    -erviee    »hieh    it    was   „„t    hi-     h,    T; 

MsMi,H.ri..roliee,«,th  power  to  di.ect  perto,  ,n.     cannot     maintain     an    a.Mi.n 

Ins  servii-es.      Ilnmhaui   v.   r,i„i.h  n   Cut-  a-ain-t   the  .'oil  ,.o..u,.,„,    ,■  ..  • 

:;;.  m,  ,190.)  til  s.  c.  4,11, :..  s.  K.  -n-.:i,:edV imn':";!;:'^.,';::,:;:,:'':;;:^ 

An  eniph.yer   is  not    hahle  for  an   in-  li.l    lenn     .-,4(;     IS   S     \V     JT,    i  „i,,. .      f 

!un-  tn  a   -ervant,  ree.ived    while   inak  -la.,,  fell  ,,n  plaiiiti(f) 

m;.'  .epa„-s  „,k,„  the   ,naehin..,-y   „,ed  by         ,1,,    r.<'..,,r„  <,ll,„n  ,l.^n,-  fa,.|   that 

""'.   l'.Ma     .e   of    It,    la, I,,,.,.    |o    inslrift  .,   -ervant  en..,,L.es   i„  ,|„.  p,.,fon       ,e       t 

....a.,    .o    the     dan,..r    atten.lins  .„eh  -pe.ial    du.  ie>    dillVn.n,     ,Vo  ,  I    f 

«"rk    «l,e,-o  ,     was  not   the  d.ity  of  the  .,W,i,.h    he   wa,   ,.,„pl.,v,.,i   ,|. ,n,    „■      , 

^'■r^.,n.  .n  ,„ake. he  ...pairs.  l,n,    n.eivly  hin,    a    vohin.eer.  'u  lie.e    I  ,.    „         a"       • 

'o  re,«„-.     the     faet     Ihat     repai,-s    were  „n,h.r  tl id,,-  of  a   -.„«.,  in,    „1„  .     ; 

^f'^r.  .1804,  ,42 X.  V.  Hui. :,„ X.  y-.,,,,:';,,,-/,:;::';::;',';;;,,.,/';';;;' "I  H.,7V 

\\li,;ip  ai|  elevator  tender,   instead  of        A    tin-nian    who,    uhile    lo,.l<i„.,    f,.,„„ 

li'      'vltor'tr'n""""   '■[   "    '^'-'r    '"  ""■  '■■■'''  '"  --  'f  "    i'""--'l   I  o     !„.e       ! 

h     .MatoT      o    the     e.iiploy.-e  eha,-,.,!  .,.,|  and   was  -,„oki„.,.   u.,-  -,  ,.„,.k   Iv 

"  th   k,.„,„„,,  ,t         „.,,^,„,    ,.^|,„^,,^   ,,.,,  _    ^^  teh.uaaph    po,.    ,„„     ,    i.,,;l 

V      ,.,..■;  ^',^-    '■■•    "'■  line  of  1,1.  , I, „v.      /;.„,/,„,    V      \,..     ),„./, 

10  put  a  Wt  on  a  lino  ,l,afling  cannot  .in.l.  48  N.  V.  Supp.  OO.i.  ^     ^' 


.I 


I 


*i ;  t 


I  SCO 


MASTKU  AM)  SKllVANT. 


ciiAi'.  wsni. 


A  s|M-(iiiI  (■niphirtni  in  flr.irvi-  of  cer-  in  cons(><|iU'iicr  nf  ilii-  |iiin'  liriiif:  d.  f. ,  i 
tain  r.ii--  ill  a  train,  who,  at  I  !»■  niiui'st  ive  the  sliaviiij-  >•..;.•  |ia(k(ii  Ijiair.i!, 
if  tlir  rc'jiilar  ci  iKiiictor,  iin.l'itakr^  to  llm  inacliinc.  aii  I  ..l.-l  iiict.  4  its  ii;«i,, 
niiiaMijil.'aiiii  ili\  i.li-  the  train,  take*  U|>-  lien-:  tliat  h.-  »'.,i>  j;iMMi  no  .liir.i  i,„, 
on  liini-rll'  the  risk  of  tlic  act  uliiili  lie  as  to  hi-,  ilntii'^.  ai.il  niMlrr-liii4  lii.i 
thii-  iiiiili-itaki'S  to  [Hirfoini ;  Inil  if,  after  he  \va~  tu  ilr.iii  .i\v  i>  \':r  -ii  i\  iuy-;  tn.i! 
in-  iia-  |i.'ifoiiiie(l  it  and  r--Miiii'il  lii"  in  i!oii'>;  this,  while  the  iiiachliM'  «.,. 
lii'iiKT  iMi-ition  lei  alive  In  I  lie  liain.  the  in  o|HTation.  lie  lo-t  hit  hand  liy  ii-  ni,, 
<  roll  whiih  he  is  .Inii'i  :  i-  -ud.h  niv  ill;;  in  euiit.iri  \viih  the  knives  ..f  !,■ 
rked  fdiwMid  hv  the  Me  .liu'ii'-e  "'f  th'e  learhine;  and  ik-i.  .■.-uidiiu' to  tli-  i  - 
eii-ineir.  he  may  he  eiilillrd  to  ne.aei-  tiieiarv  of  j.l.i  iiit  ill',-  lir..lli.r.  wlei  i,  i  : 
t'l.r  the    injiiiies'thereli.v   e,iii-ed    lo   aim.    c-har:;e  <f  I  hi'   eiarliine  aial   who  \', ,  -  ,, 

Cinnlirrliiiiil      Valliti      A".    Co.    v.     M  ijrrs    r.\|,ii.i d  «■■!  kiiiali.  I  lie  man  v>  la>  !.i"\ 

(l.SliTi    .">."i    l*a.   2SS.  aun    lln'    l.uud-    iva-    |-ei|iiiii'd    I"   k. . 

Where  the  VoT<i  nia-ler  of  a  railioad  llie  -li,.v  in,:j~  i\\  ly.  lUim'tt  v.  11  i, 
eonipanv  has  auth.aily  to  emid..y  ii.  re-  (lUDl)  To  N.  11.  ollt.  4!)  Atl.  111...  In 
-aiy  as-istanl-i  in  hi-i  de|iai'1  mi.  at.  a  tliis  ei-e  it  w  i  -  held  not  to  he  iin.r 
)ier'«oii^\\orkin,v  thendii  .is  a  hi.il.i  man  U't  llie  enini  In  .-har^je  that  def.-ih!,iir 
with  l/i>  |)einiis-ioii  111  l.y  his  diireli.m  .\iii;ld  imt  he  i  .'-|..  i;-ilih>  lor  any  nr'-i- 
is  a  -er\  lilt  ef  the  e(iii:|Miiy.  the  same  ;:iveii  hy  |dainiill"-  hrnthir  in  lejan!  t.i 
as  thi'  |iaid  eii;|dii,\ .  es.  andnnt  a  tres  |d,iiiit  ill'-  diili.s.  if  (daiiitiir  ai-  d"in. 
passer.      Viiilral    'i  nixl    I',,,    \.   T,  .lux  li    ,ni   acl    ii'i!    a    put    ef  his  duty  whm   i; 

SI.    /,.    It.    Co.     (1SS7)     :!2    I'ed.    MS.  iiird.  lilll    th.il    lller| lion   was  wllil:-.-! 

Whei-i'  a  oondiietor  on  a  fieiL'ht  train.  j.laiiililV  was  a.liii;.'  uilliin  the  mi  |ir  .' 
who  hi'.d  heen  sueli  for  -.'Mii  year-,  anil  his  eiii|.hiyii.i-iit  when  he  was  iiii'n  : 
who  w.i-  a  hrakemiin  a  niiiiilier  of  years  and.  it  iii.l.  defendant  wa-  imt  li.ii.i.. 
heloi  ;liiit.  alli-m|itii|  t..  make  a  enii]i  I  hmiL'h  pi, i  int  ill's  brother  din  eled  Im: 
lin<r  of  n  ear  when   his  train  wa-  si-\er,i'    i.>  <lii  Ihe  .ict. 

miniites  late  and  the  hrakemaii  had  .\  maeliiiieiy  eoinpaiiy  whicli  put-  ai 
made  three  iin-iir,  e<-l'iil  attempts  to  a  wriiiL'er  in  a  laundry,  and  -n'.-  .|U.  iii 
make  the  ediipliny.  and  w.i-  iiiii  over  -ends  nn  en-iiieer  to  make  ih  ;:,::■ 
and  killed  wliile  so  cii-au-l.  llie  railretid  therein,  i*  liahle  to  an  employer  n|  li,,- 
enmpanv  is  nut  relieved  tiMin  li.ihilily  laundry,  who,  while  ei  mpl\  iiiu  \\ii'it!i" 
oM  the  ground  that  he  was  nut  aiiilmr-  nqni'st  of  such  enpimt'r  tn  a--i-t  lati, 
i/:  d  to  couple  cars.  Si  I  i/  v.  Soiill'iii  in  making.'  the  eh.iii;;es.  is  iniuri'l  !.y  ,i 
/'.  Co.  (ISflO)  6  I'tah.  :ti;i.  -23  Pae.  7,")l.  fnilnre  to  n-iprrly  seiiire  the  wiiiijr 
in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  liiited  for  tlie  work  reipiii.d  of  it,  /,  ,, 
,siates  (  '■  IS'.'tl  l.'ii  I  .  S,  14,').  •'i'^  '  .  eil,  l.ininilni  Mdcli.  Co.  v.  linidij  (  \<:':m  <•" 
,!!U.  14  Slip.  Cf.  Ihp.  y.W)    ieee\,!y  wa-     111.  A|ip.  .'i7!». 

(leiiierl  iin  tile  yreiind-  of  assumption  of  .\  m.in  eni|)loyed  in  the  pres-  \\..-m  ,i 
olivi<ai-  risk  and  eiaitriliiilory  neL'Tejeia'c    a  new -p.ii«'r.  wlm  diiriiiL' the  feu  .l,i.\- ii 

in   ipliiiL'  where  iheie  was"  a  ihfi-tive    has  Nin   at    v.,i:k   has  la-en   a-i-'iii;;  t.- 

fro^r.  The  ahove  la.iiit  was  not  noliei-d.  et  ii).  a  new  piintini;  maehim-.  Miiii.t  1. 
.\  teliLM-aph  operator  in  the  employ  -aid.  as  a  matter  of  law,  to  have  ait. -,1  .i- 
cif  n  v'jliia'd  company  does  not,  hy  ^'o  i  mere  voliiiit.-.-r  in  eonipl.v  in;;  with  t!.' 
iiiL'  1  .1  the  railro.id  track  to  stop  a  reipiest  for  a-si-taii(<.  ni.ide  hy  aii.|'' 
trail,     .hieli    has    tailed    to   ohey  his   si;;      wnikinan    who    i-    iiper.itinL'    one  ef  tli.' 

nal,   ill  order   to    avoid    a    colli-ion.  he     inacliines  already  ill   ii-e.  where  ll vi 

ciine  a  tie-p:i— er.  so  as  to  lose  his  riL'hl     .leiiee    is    tliat    the    same    fnieiii,;!)    li..; 
Ill  liave  the  eoiiipanv  e.\erei-e  the  iitmo-1     ihar;;e  of  all  the  servants  in  ilir  i.-..; 
I. ire    for  bis   safetv'.     llliu«is  C.   /.'.   C',.     iiid   it   iloes   net    appe.ir   that   l!i.i.'  ui- 
\.    l/<//,«a    (ISillil'lT    i\y.   I..  Rei).    I-2I10      my    di-tiiict     line    drawn    lwt»,,i.    t' 
31   s    w     i(i  "  ilepartirent-  of  those  enL:au    1  iti  s.-ttiii.- 

.\  siiliniis-ion  to  the  jury  of  the  qiies      up  the   maehims   and   tlm- -■•.•2"\  )! 

tioii   whether   the   iiliintilV   was  workin;     , iper.it  iii<.'     them.        V'ni^  r     \.     Ii-i~r' 
within    Ihe    scop-'    <.f    hi-    iinphiy  meiit    i-     I'liiil  i,.'i    Co.    (ISn.l)     (12    Minn.   .'It':),  'i 

w.arranled  bv  evideiie<'  in  li IVeel   thai,     V,  \\  .    1  K!S. 

bavinr;  had  no  exiM-rieme  in  milliner,  lir  \\  Ian  there  is  evidian-e  lle.t  -.iv,;.;'- 
was  placed  at  the  r.ar  i.f  ,i  planer,  an.l  ii-ed  an  elevator  as  they  h.el  <-..  ;-i..:i: 
directed  to  rce.dve  the  pi  iiied  hoards  a-  tint  iheic  was  no  one  In  tak.-  i  ii  n^.' '' 
they  came  thrniit'b:   thai   ihe  planer  wi-     it:     lliil      the     belt     bv      wliiiii     i-     . 

supplied    with    a    blower   pipe.   thinui;ii    c|..i    '.d    v.-    ii  .l.i.-    I.     •' '■  , ,' 

which  the  shavings   were  brniight;   that    vaiiniis  eiiiplnv.i  -   were  in  the  lii  ■:!  ':'■ 


!ii 


}  «•!*] 


LDi  i;>i:o.  i;.\i  1-1,1  )VMi;nt. 


ISiiT 


iMriM,   iiiilirr  tli:iii  liy  ilir  inci'i'  vci'biil  (lcsi:;ii.iti(>n  of  lii-   |i '-iii'iii.' 
Till'  (iui>ti"ii   ulii  ilicr  tlio  iiijiircil  jxtjou  was  nctin'j   in   ilir  cniii- 

of  liis  oiiipl'A  iiii'iit  is  for  the  jury,  \vlicr«  tlic  o\iilcii((>  is  cuniliciiiijr. 
iir  wliorc  a  flilli  rouco  of  opinion  may  r(MSOiiiil)ly  l)o  ('nl(>i'iaiii:>(i  wiili 

piiltiii?   it  on,   .111(1    lliat.  tlioio  wnv  no  i)rc<>l!ii|fil    fiiun    iri.i.M-iy   mi   tin'  ;:iiiiiiii; 

mil  -  iif  tlip  cini'liivii-  foriii'lilii.i.' or  ri'jni-  tint    lie    was    not    i-n-.  -  .1    in    il:c    ili- 

l.i'ii'L'   till'    piitliii;:    nil    of    till'   lull, — it  cliai'^i-  >:(  any    umk.       l/^.n/.     v.    11.    /,' 

,;ii:i:.il   In-  -aid,  a>  a  nialtiT  of  !:•  vx .  that  I'id.i  ring   I.ii'nihrr   Co.    (IIIUI)     1(1.)    I.,i 

;iii  1:1  jil' yit'    injiin-il    while   |ir:tiii;:  on  ."ilM.   •_".•   ^n.   !»'.Mi. 

ihi'  lirit    in   the   u-iial   iiianiicr   wa-.   art-  Tlir    chiif    of    a    fin*    pniiii'iiiy    cdin 

ail'   ii<';;liL'cntly    ami    withniil    tin-    -iii|h'  |i(.-c.|     wholly     of     railioail     cini.loyii'-. 

.1    III-    I  iii|>loyiiu'iit.    aiiil    that    llir    1 111  ami    uliicli   ha-   liccn    voliiiil  11  ily   or^'aii 

I  l.iV  r  was  inv  from  iii-;:li,i;i  arr,     Udh  ;i  i/cil    foi    the   |inili'('lion   of   tin-   railioail 

V.    liiiMKvoi    I'linli.iii   f'ti.    (iM'.il)    152  pro|>  rty,   hut   which    is   not    uml.  r   the 

Ml--.  ."iSl,  20  N.   1:.   I'.'i,).  colli  rol'  of     the     railroail    coii.;,:,iiy,    al 

An   11'  |ilovoc   ihaVLicil    U>  liccp  a   nia-  llHU..jh     the     latter     fiinii-lii-     the    a|> 

.  iiiae  riiiiiiiii;;  ami  1i>  tie  in  a  holt  if  it  pu.itiis  and  allow-  ihi.  luen  .11  to  ilrill 

I  11  out   ua-   iiijiiiiil   in   the   line   of  lii-  iluiinj;    work    hours    willioiit    ih.clint  in^ 

viily.   if   he  wa-   hint    while   attriii|.;  in,.'  ::ny   time,  ami   al-o  allow-  the   elii.  f  an 

-     .ire  the  holt  as  instnnl' d.     Uinn.  'i.aii    oiee  a  week  witlniut  ileiliictioii   to 

.-:ll,'    11:1     ((•     C'"ll'iii     Co.     V.     Ilmhi;/  i!i-|.<-ii    its  jiri  iiiises, — owes  the  duly  to 

|s  '1)   -20  Tex.  Civ.  App.  22.").   48  S.  W  .  the   coinp.iny   to  aid   in  extiiiLui-'iinu'   a 

liiii."i.  lire,  and  in  doin;;  so  acts  as  il  -  1      iil,.M..' 

I  !i -in_'  one   of   lie     larffe  doi^rs   of   a  .'.ml   not  as  a   mere  volniilr.r  who  n  n-i 

|iiir  li'fl   (pen   (hirinjr  the  day   is   in    the  a--.ni!ie    nil    the     risks    of    siich    ail  ion. 

line  of  duly   itf   a    ,ii;:'it    v..ilcliniail   em-  Cullins   v.   Cliiiiinnili,   X.   O.  <(    '/.    /'.    /,' 

plmeil    to     prevent    |)ill'eriii'.'    liy     river  Co.    I  1W'.I2)     13   Ky.   L.   l!i-p.   »i70.    18   S. 

tliii'M's.  and  recovery  may  he  had  for  his  \\.    11. 

ili'atli.  rc-iiltiii;,'  from   iujinie-  -ii-tain'ed  That  the  foreman  of  one  .iraiij,'  of  sec 

liv    liiin    while   atleniptin^,'    to   I'lose   the  lion  nien.  under  whfise  direeiion  a  mem 

ii":a'.   on    iiceoiinl    of    i' -    def.^tive   con-  her  of  another  eaiij;  was  workiii'.'  at  the 

iliiiiii.     I  lU'Di  V.  liiirtUlt    I  |s!il  )   37  N.  time  lie  received  an  injiiiy.  -ti;ip'.-il  the 

V.  S.  It.  I!i3.   13  X.  Y.  Siipp.    lol.  latter   was  a  mere  voliinli-er  with   refer 

A  WHvkman   who  cats   his   dinner,  ac-  ence   to    tho   partinil.ir    work,   iloe,    not 

loriliii;.'  to   his   iisiia!   c\i-toni.   upon   his  alTeet    tlie    nia-ter's    liildlily,    wlnre    lu' 

iiii-ter'-   premi-es   diirimr  the    iiiMin  day  in    fad    was   direcdil    hy    his   own    fore 

inleriiiissioii  of  wiirk.  is  not  a  tre-pa-s(.r,  man  to  woik  under  the  diiei-tioii  of  the 

10-  he  lias  an  inipli.sl  permissioti  to  stay  other  foreman.     SuiiIIkih  I!.  ('■,.  v.  (luii 

ll I'nder  siiih  circumstances,  if  he  ton    (ISHS)    122  Ala.  2:!1.  2.">  Si>.  31. 

;-   I'.illid    upon    to    resume    lahor   before  Where  it  was  a  part  of  plaiinilV's  duly 

III.,   ri'jular   period   of   intormis-ion    has  to  whcid  s.md  to  a   sand  -ifter.  the  con- 

i.\|.ir,.l.    il    is    his    duty   to   do    so,    and  tention   that   ho  was   not   entitled   to  re- 

'ilmtiAer    he    docs    in    ootnpli.'neo     with  cover,   hecause   he   woul.l   not    h.ive  lieeii 

-luh  a   m|iies(    i-   not    volunt  irv  on   his  injiind  had  he  rem.iini'd  at   work  under 

|«rt.  as  hein;.'  outside  tlip  scope  of  his  tho  sta!,'e.   where  he  had  lieeii   placed   at 

iiiipleymeiit.   lirii'hrkk  v.  P(lii,il  I'm', a  work  liy  (!ie  defendant,  ,ind  that   he  was 

/.'.    .v/iKi'.,,;     if    l)i fiot     Co.     (1S,s.."m     .")«  iiieler  iio  olili,i.'ation   to  sift   sand   at   tlie 

Mich.  2iil.   5(i  Am,   Kep.   382,  22    N.    \V.  re.|uest    of    the    moitar    iiimi.    \\a-    held 

''02.  not     to    bo    su-tainalde.     «!i.ri.    one    of 

Where    an    emploype    in    a    sawmill,  the     member-     of     defiii.l.int      corporj 
'Idle  on   his   way   to   diseliaijio   i>     ''ity.lion    was    pre-mt,    and    made    im    olijec 

uliii'h   lir   had   hren   ordered  to   )>,•        'm.  t  ion    to    his    doin'.;    the    weik    rei|iii -lid. 

ill   iKis-iii;.'  alon,;;  one   of   the   op  0    tlior-  1^|7^'."■^;,  1   v.   Urorfie   11.   I'urhr  d    !<iinx 

■  ■UL'iifares    of    the    mill,    stoppcl    to   ex-  Co.    il'.iolj    tlO  App.  Div.  577,  70  X.   Y. 

'  li^iii:;.'  a  remark  with  a   fidlow  eniplo.veo  Supp.   2."i2. 

'■"merniiijr    the    operation    of    the    ma-  '  h'iii>i,iieU     v.     DUirorth.     I',     if     Co. 

lidiiery.  and  was  injured  by  the  hre.ik-  (188.'))    Ill   I'a.  3(3.  2  .\tl.  :::■'>.  :;ii:'i, 

ill?  of  a   hilt.    -ocli   action  "on   liis    put  '  Hmilhcni    !•'.    Co.    v.    (;«^,'.,;i    (ISllH) 

vi.is    not    ine.,ii-i-leiil     witii    the    pioper  122  Ala.  231,  25  to.  3-1. 
discliiuye  of  his  duty,  and  he  was  not 


in 


IbGS 


MAsl  i;i!  AMJ  si;i:\  wi. 


[niAl-.  XNMII. 


iT-^ard   til   tlio   ]ini)iiT   iiilViii'i'o  tu  I'c  dr.iwii    I'lcini    tlic  tcsiiiudiis/ 

OtIliTW  isc  llijit  (|ll(  -lii«ll   i^  (!i  clili'.l  ;l-  (ill     'it'  law   1)V  tllC  CPIIIT.' 

Avy  cviili  iicr  wliicli  liiis  ii  liciiriiig  n|iiiii  ilic  iii-tu;il  scope  of  the 
»('t\;iiir-  (liiiii'~  i>  ii<Iiiii>-ilil('. '  One  of  the  most  iiii|ioi'taiit  cifciitii- 
-l;ilin>  to  lie  coii^iilcird  is  wlictlicr  tlic  ~i  i'\:iiit  liMil  ever,  upon  .mv 
citiicr  oi-ciisioii,  cniiiiiiid  in  wori<  siniiini  lo  tluii  wliicli  lie  WiH  (join:; 
wlioii  tlic  iiijiii'v  WHS  received.     If  tlie  i-oiiditiiiiis  iindci'  wliicli  -iicli 

wo/k  liiid   pievioiislv   I M    p  •rforiiicd   were  such   as  to  warrant  thr 

iii^-reiice  that  the  <  ularaciiieiit  of  his  reuiilar  functions  had  lieeii  ar 
(|uiescr'd  in  to  tlie  exieni  <liown,  a  I'ouri  will,  in  iiiosr  iii>iani-cs.  .1. 
<  liiic  to  sav,  as  a  niatier  of  law,  that  the  servant  was  injured  oiit-i.l' 
tlic  ])ropcr  Mopo  of  his  eiiiplo\  nient."     'I'he  aci|uiesconc(!  n[)on  whiih 

'  Whc'tlicr  nn  i-n;.'iiiit'r  of  a  |>iini|i  en  on    n    wlnil    in    ii-|M>ii-'f'.   and    in    <• I 

yinc   ill   n    iiiiiic   Uii>   iictiii^'   licyoinl    tlio  fiiitli.  ti>  llic  r.tW  nf  the  ii|iiTiiloi-  nf  ih,. 

riui^p  and  ^lopc  of  liis  ciiipl'iviiii'iil  wlii'n  iiiiicliinc  and   to   |>iTvcnt    Ilic   ^ii-|>cii-ii>Ti 

Uillcd    liy    till-    sudden    di-icnt    i>f    tiiiiii  (jf  tlic  work  of  fcnly  men.  in  tlic  ali-.-iin 

cars,    wliicli    were    liciii;.'    |)iillcd    ii|>    Ilic  nf  Ilic    |icrs<iiis  wlm-c  rc;;iilar  diil,\    ii   i- 

traiiiway  on   tlic  niiniii;.'  slc|ic  al 1   nf  Ui    n-placc   tlic   chain,    is    actin;;    uiihin 

liini.   is   a  qiioticn    for   tlie  .jury,   wlieie  I  lie  s<o|ic  of  his  eniploynient,  and  imi  ii, 

he    was   (ililij;ed    tcr   ^'o   to   and    troiii    liis  a    ineri>    vciliinlecr.       Miillin    v.    Xnithmi 

work   alon,L'  lh<^  slo|ic.  and   was  chai'rcd  Mill  Co.    (ISI'lii   .->;!   Minn.  2!t,  ."i.")  \.  U 

with    the    duty    of    Icokiii;.'   afliu-    water  lll.'i. 

pipes  extending  alon^'  the  -Inpe  tlir<iii;;li         The    iiuesfion    whether    onp    ei'iplci\.'1 

its  entire  lcii';1li,  and  at   the  iiionicnl   ot  (o    wi-li    holtles    in    the   hascnienl    if  a 

the  accident  he  was  w.inteil  at  the  imaitli  liuildin;;.  who  was  killed  while  earrviii;; 

of   the   mill:'    liv   the   foreinan.      Whulliii  a    lead    of    holtles    on    an    elevator,    u.i- 

V.  y.ii'.iiUi  i'uiil  Cn.    llSlHl)    \ii  .\la.   IIH.  acting    under   the   orders   of   one    liaviriL' 
•Jt!    So.    124.  '  o''     rity    to   sn    direct    him,    is    fur 

'  Sec  casc-i  cited  in  notes  3.  -ulid.   (a),  wliere   the    foreman   gave  tlic 

to  hist  section,  anil  (i,  infia.  order  three   eniploycos   generally,  nf 

'  In  an  aeljon  hy  a  lir.ikeiiiaii  a'jainst  wlioiii  1  .e  injiiied  servant  was  one.  v.itli 

the  company  for  injiiiii-  while  eniipllng  i>iit    speiifyiiii:   which    one   was    In   ehiA 

cars,  a  |iriiited  ruh-  of  the  cnnipaiiy.  de-  liiin.  aicl  he  h.id  ilonc  such  wiirk  lii-f.n' 

serildng    the    duties    and    authority    of  and    had    not    lieeii    forliidden    to   ihi   it 

conductors  in  the  maiiagemeiil  of  trains.  Itdllrii.tnnl  v.   Smilfi  Idl    (IS'.I.S)    17."i   111 

was  admis^ilde  to  siicw    thai    the   plain  'ill),   AH   I,.   1!.   .\.   To.'!,   fiT  Am.   St.   Kep 

titr  was  ailing  under  the  lawful  author-  214.  ."il   N".  K.  fi4.'>,  .Mlirniing  7.S  Ml.  .Xpp 

ity  of   the  di  fi  ndanl    at    the  time  <if  the  1,")1. 

injury.      I.niii.^iilli .    \.     1.   i{    ('.    //.   Co.        The    fact    that    the    injurctl    I'liiplcvcf 

\.  I'ldtrliii    (ISSdi    11(1   hid.   18.  !>  N.  K.  \,as   engaged    in  other  than   his   regul.ir 

,'504.  work   at    the  time  of   injury   canti"!   di 

In  a  case  where  it   is  a  matter  of  ilis  -troy   the   cmjiloycr's    lialiility    for  siiili 

putc    whetliir   the    plaintiff    was    in    the  injury,  when  it  is  shown  that  work  otiiei 

line  of  his  duly  in  atteiiipting  to  adjust  than    the    regular    assigned    duties    km 

a   licit    wliieli   operated  an  elevator,   it    is  eii-tomary  among  employees  of  such  em 

error    to  exehiile   evidence   to   the   (dfcct  plo\cT.      Hii.vl   l.inr  cO   ft.   I'iiir  h'.  Ci,.  \ 

that    the    hell     was    frc.piciitly    •ilf    the  firolt    (ISST*    liS  Te\.   694.  .i  S.   W.  .Vll 

jillU 'V.  that    there   was   no  oii'   -pi'eially  i  man  enga,';ed  to  watch    pile  di  i\  iiig  i-n 

charged  with  the  duty  of  pulling  it   on.  giiic   at   night:    was    ordered    to  go  on! 

and  that  evi  ryone  u-iiig  the  idev.itor  had  and  help  to  oper.uc  it,  and  was  injiiri'l 

o   put    the  licit    on.      Huh  fi   v.     \  iiirririni  hy  an  explosion  of  the  hniliT). 
I'riiiliiiij   Co.    (18SIM     I.")!!    Ma-s.    77.   22        .\n  em]doyw  rcipiiied  to  remove  work 

X.  v..  4."n.  from  a  mangle  as  it  eonics  threii;;li.  wli" 

•  .\n    emphyee  in   a    mill,   who  has   at  is   directed   hy   her   employer   as   lie  sif- 

previous  times  as-j-ted  in  repa  iiing  ma-  her    standing    idle,    to    as-i-t    in    pmiiiii' 

chineiy.  injured  while  replacing  a  ehain  wet   elolhes  through  the  maehine.  is  ml 


^iV 


ili 


i  U:15J 


CUl  l!Si:  Ml    KM.'l.m  MINT. 


1S(.! 


llip  rii'lil  of  action  iii  rlii-  |Hiiiii  of  virw  'l('|iiii(l-  will  of  conv-r  1m« 
iiifcrrc'l  oiilv  wlicri'  it  ii|>i»'iir-  lli;it  tlic  t:i<'i  i<\  thi'  -crv.ini's  iia*iiii.' 
ilisciiiiriii'd  the  :i(liliiioiial  ilntic-  wii-  known  Im  iIic  niii-icr  or  lii-< 
ajr<'iit  "'/  hin:r  virmi.' 

635.  Performance  of  unauthorized  duties,  considered  as  being  indic- 
ative of  negligence. —  ( rompiirc  ?  'ijr,  -nlnl.  t,.sAinii).  in  -cviiiii 
I'liscs  iiiviijvini:  cii'ciiin-iiiin'i^  -iniilMr  \i>  ilio~i'  iTviiu.il  in  tin'  hi-t 
tWM  -icction-  tlic  fonrl^.  iii-io:i  1  ul   in.ikiii:'  ilic  iii:lii  of  ncovcrv  turn 

iipoii    ilic    (|nv-ili.n    v'lii'ij ilic    ilcli'iiiLiiii  >li(|  III-  ilid  noi  uwi-  wws 

(iiiiii-»  ;is  :i  niii-ii'i-  ti.  ihc  injniv-il  |><'I'»cim.  Iiiim-  ih-N-i'niini-iJ  lli;ii  i'i;:lr 
witli  rcf'TcniM-  (■■  till-  (•(iiic(-|>ti.in  llnil  tin-  injnrrd  |>i-i--..n  wm-  or  n;is 
not  liiiiltv  of  i'(in;rilinin|-v  ni-;:Ii!j''n'-c  in  nin'c-rijikiii;;  llic  wrk  iiimiii 
wiiicli  lit'  \Vii>  i-ni:M;:ii|  nt   lln-  Mine  ut   llic  iii-cidciit.' 

ii  voluiit(-t-r  in  -iili-r(|iii-iit  ly   |iiiilniL;  'li'.^  "li-i'    ll"'    li.il>ilil_v    H    nut    ;ili-i>liil<-.    Iiiit 

t-liitlli--    llu-iiUi;ll     llli-    li:nrljilli-    v\liili-    llli-  lc-l:ltiM-.     jihI     i-     fiill]|cli-il     -iili-l\     Mil     till- 

-llic  i-lll|'liiVi-il   for  til  it    |)in|>n«{'   i-i  illi-clit.  i-1ii|>1i.m  :    -     IM--li;;cllrc      wllii-ll    i-alliml     lu- 

I'lijiiiini  \.    1,11  HI  SI  I II     (IS'.IT)     111    A|i|>.  .illinni-il    Millimil    kimu  li-ilyi-  iir  lnM  ii-i-  nl' 

l)i\.   ot.    t-l    X.    V.   Sll|i|>.   S7."i.  illllv    il,    till'    |>:M't  ii'lll.ll'    ill-tillH-i'.   ,«llc-|l    :!■» 

■Ill   '/'•■//    V,   C7ii///<' i"i    1,'iiir  ((■    \l .    I',  wiiulil     WMiii     till     iMi|iliiyi-|-    nml     iiMi  nl 

(■„,    (|H!i;{i    SPi  Wis.  -'A',  ."ill  \'.  W  .   H>."i.  Iiiiii  .1   Ijii-  ii|>|MiHiinity  Id  di-rliiiryi-  il.' 

Ilii-  iiiiiit.    ill    lidliiiii^'   lliiit    a    ii(-;.'li-rt    111  111    n    1-11-1-    «lii-ri-    a     '■-t, it  inn    li.-l|ii-i" 

till-  iliilv  til  liinii-li    1   -111-  plan-  iif  work  wii-;    iihti-Iv    -linwii    In    liaM-    liamlliil    a 

ri.nlil  nut   In-  n-lii-il   ii|k.ii  a-  .1  ;;iiiiliiil  nf  littli-  r.i    tin-   l.a;.';;a;.'i-  mi   tin-  train-    imw 

:ii-liiii.    wlicn-   till'    -i-i\aiit.    HJIlii-iit    lli<^  anil  tlii-n.  it    wa-  li-M  lli.it   lie  tinilil  nut 

kiinuli-ili;!'.  aiilliiirit>.  |iiivity.  nr  imi-ciit  ni-nvi-r  tm-  iiijiirii-  i-.iii-i-il  liv  a  ili-fi-rt  ivi- 

uf  lii- i-nipUivcr.  ami  ut  lii*in\n  vnliliim,  hanil  Imlil  mi   .1    lia^j.M;.'i-  i-ar.       Tin-  niiilL 

iH-i-ii|iii-il  an  iin-afi-  ami  ilan;.'i'riiii-  pl.ii-r.  \va>  uf  opinimi   lliat    tin-  ai-l-  ilmii'  ui-rr 

i-vi-ii  tlimij;li    tlio   saiiii'   si-r\  in-   liail    Ih-imi  not   if  -mil   .1    ■rniit  iiiiimi-.  ili-finiti-.  iiiiil 

in-rfnriiii-il   at    nlln-r   tiiin's  liy   ntlicr   i-iii  |ii-i>iiiii:'-iit    rliaiarlir"    a-    In    iiiiplv    that 

|iln\i-i-    fur   till'   ciiiiiliiyrr    in    tin-    -aiiu-  tin- ayriil-  nf  I  In-  ili-l'i-mlaiit   1.11  tin-  t  r.iiii 

iiliii'i-.    -ail):      "Till'   riii|ilii,vi'r    i-    ii--|imi  1  iiimlmliir  ami  train  nia-trr  1   liail  iml  in* 

-il'li-    Hilly    fur    hi-    i-\|iri--    nr    tiii|>liril  nf   tin-    -aiim.    ami    ai-(-t-|itiil    tin-    -i-r\  ii-i-. 

liiniliiii  In  an  i-iii|iliivi-i-  In  wmk    in   an  '\ii;i'ii    v.     \l  ni.n  n/iulis   cf    St.    I..    It.    Cu. 

iiii-afi-  nr   il  iiij;i-inii- '|ii'"'''-      ''"'"'    "'"'^  '1!MH1|    Sii  Minn.  MJ.  s-J  N.  W.  II117. 

nf  Ihn  i-miili'M  r  i-  to  lin  iimlnr  hi-  i>»ii  '  I  n  1     Hnniini    ih  ,n<il.--\u    i-iii|iluyi'i 

cniitrnl.    anil     iimli  1     tin-     n-|ion-iliilit\  « !io-i-  .liii  in-  iliil  imt    iii|iiirn  him  to  ail 

wliiih    llip    law     plai-i-~    iipmi    liini:    anil  jn-t     lull-    ua-    ;;nilu     nf    i-niitrihiitniy 

il  i-  fnr  him  nr  hi-  lawful  ani-nt   to  ••ivp  ii<'j;lii.M'm-c    whii-li    will    pn-vciit    ini-nM  ly 

-mil    i-n!i-i-    i-r    ilini-limi-    as    lin    iiia,\  Im-  lii-  ih-alli  liy  lining'  i-an/ht   liy  a   In-lt 

iiuk'i-    ili-cirit     ill    ii--piit    In    till'    plai-i'  whii-li   i-anii-  nil"  the  pulli-y.   hut   wa-  li-ll 

uiiiTi-  hi-  i-iiiplnyi-i-  -hall   work,  having.'  in    a    -afi-   pi.-ilimi.    whi-ii    il    was    phiii-il 

ill    vii-w    thiii     -kill,    prinh-ni-i-.    ami    i-\  in  an  iin-afn  [H.-ition  liy  his  altnmpl  in;; 

pi-rii'i Ill- nr  liis  ri;;ht  fill  aticiil  may  as  Ui  ailiii-l    it.  ami  In-  lailm!  In  siaml  hark 

-111111- tlip  risk  in  any  ;;i\  1-11  i-a-n:  Init  till-  ulinii    w.inii-il    -n   lit    iln    hy    lin-    |»-i-nii 

riii|il"Vi-n  raiinnt.  of  hi-  im  n  nun-  iinaii  ulin.o   iliily    il     wa-    to    ai|jii-l    lin-    hi-ll. 

tlinii/',-il  ninlimi.  Ial:<'  Ihn  ri-k.  1   linhl  I'm  lurii  \.  SI.  I'niil  I'lmr  \ln//.v  1  ISHl'i 

thi-  i-mploy.-r   n-spon-ihl.-   for  ili-.i-tioiis  I.S  Minn.  !l!i.  .-)ll  \.  U  .   Ill-Jii. 

i'nii-i.,|iiini'-(-,       Tim     lialiility     ilm-     not  Ilni-mnry     ha-     hinii     ilnnii-il     wln-rc    a 

i-\i-t    null's-    thf  nniplnyiT   or    hi-    aui-iii  hoy   of   fmii  li-mi.  nniployi-il   In  npi-rati'  a 

kiinv.s.    or    has    ^'imhI    ri-a-nii    to    Imlii-vn.  I'nnt    mai-'iinn    in    a    tinwarn  fi.c-tmy.  v<>l- 

tliiit    Ihc  einjilnyi'i'   i-   si-vviiiL-   him    in    a  iiiiiarily   Inft    hi-  plain   ami   wi-iit   to  an- 

ilaiiL'irniis  plai-i'  nr  pnsitimi:   for  willimit  nllii-r  part  nf  t  In- i'-t;ihli-liiiii-nt  to  ailjiist. 

-nr!)  kni'wliilL'O  the  'liitv  of   wiiniinij  or  1    li-ll.   ami    whih-  Ihn-  rii;.'a;u-il    ri-i-nivi-il 

lirnti-i-lini;  Ilm   omplnvi-n  iln:--    imt    ari-n  lii.il   injiirics.      Ihihi  v.    //.    Ilnlli  r  Mf;l. 

and  will  not   i-xi-t.   fiir  tho   plain   ina-m  '„.    ,  Isilii)    4H   l.a.   .\nii    214.   H»  Su.   llli. 


m 


n'l(t     -M    l.-ljl 


ii% 


M 


lH70 


MAM  Kit  AM)  si;i;\  AM. 


It  IIAI'.  XXXlll. 


Siiiiic  of  tlio  decision-  niidi  nil  i.poii  this  Imsi-  woiiM  scim  fo  ciii 
liuilv  tiic  (loc-triiic  tiiiit  the  ciiliMliiliiy  of  tlic  xTvaiil  luci.inc.'^  iin  in 
iVi'i'iicc  of  liiw,  iis  ^o(l)l  as  it  iiii-*  Imtii  sliciv.ii  iliat  lie  \va~  not  aiitliMC- 
i/cil  to  Jo  tlic  wcirii  on  wliicli  lie  \va>  (■iii:au'ii  wIkmi  tin-  iiijurv  \\;i. 
received.  It  may  be  coiiccdeii  that  >iicii  an  iiifereiiee  i>  luopcr,  wLeri' 
the  depailiife  from  tlie  ordinary  euiir-r  of  hi'  einployni'iit  r'N|iii,r,|, 
the  servant  to  ohximi-.  peril  of  an  aiin'M-iiial  natnre.  or  where  tli:if 
departure  eun-titiited  an  infraction  of  r-peeitio  |)rohihilory  direeti..n-. 
liut,  as  a  Miatier  of  nliiniate  analysis,  it  seems  seai'iviy  pernd-silplc 
fo  Pay  that,  without  regard  to  the  particnlar  circum-liinei'~  invuhe.l. 
neiiiiuence  must  always  he  a  lei;al  conclnsiun  from  evidence  which 
shows  that  at  thn  time  of  the  acci(l"iil  tlu'  servant  was  enj^a^ied  njion 
an  unaiitliori/od  i)iece  of  wor!;.  The  jiractitiorier  vMinld  at  all  event- 
do  wisely  to  avoid  this  po-sihly  dispntai)le  issue,  and  fonnd  his  pi, ;, 
upon  the  more  certain  yroiind  furiiishi^d  hy  the  doctrine  that  in  the 
case  supposed  the  master  does  not,  as  a  nnister,  owe  tjie  servant  ;iii\ 
duties. 

An   einplnypc  oiij.Mpc(l   in   running;  an  t!30    eondnctor  of  frciirtri  tniin  iii'i.'!ii;i'iil 

cloviitor.   »1h)  was   iidl   (•iiiiipclnil   to  dc-  if   lie  coiplc-  or   imci  uplcs   cii-.  i  \. ,  |,! 

lorniiiK!  Ilic  ca\i-e  of  llic   failure  iif  llift  in  case  of  a   prcs-in;;  ciiifip'Hi  v     i  i   i!m 

ciir  to  opciati!.  or  to  apply  tlic  rciiii'ilv-,  cxistcnoi' of  uliicli  the  jury  niu>l      .!-.■: 

«as    ;;iiiltv    of    eonti  iliiHorv    iicL:lit:ciicc  <'<  nhul    ]{.    it-    Itkij.    Co.    v.  /mimm 

whore,    ill"  the    helicf   that  'siuli    l.iiliirc  i  IS'.i.-.)    Ofi  Oa.  If.U.  22  S.  E.  27:t    '-rv- 

A.as   due   111   the    loosciiiii>;  of   the   calile  ant    undertook    to    operate    a    delittJM- 

and  that    Ilic  ear  was  sii-peinled  tiy  the  iii.ieliine  oiil-ide  the  scope  of  his  run 

Rafety    "ihi-is."    when     in     fact     it     was  jar    ciiiphrt luent     ulieii     there     wm-    ii" 

eauyfil    on   a    proiectini.'  holt,   he   iimlcr-  i  iiier;:i'iicy    to   ju-tify    it);    Muliitiiin   C. 

took  to  ailju-l    tlic  calilc.  c\i>i.-iii,u   liim  •■>.   /«'.   ''o.  v.   Uiill    (ISIM)    10.")  Ala.  ,V.i!i. 

Mdf   to   iiicvilalilc   iiijuiy    if  Ilic  i.ir   ilc  17   So.    170    (lirakciiian   viliiiilarily   anl 

soendeil.    without    ealliii.i.'    upon     -killd  nitlinut   order-   frmii  anyone  liaviiiL'  mh- 

men    wIhiiii    he   knew    were    jirnviilcd    !■>  tliority  over  him   undertook   to  pirlcnn 

the  employer  for  such  cmcVLiiiicie-.   and  lin-  duties  of   a    lireman). 
who  would  have  insl.uilly  di-covciiil  the        Si-c   also   hiiliiiiin    <:ir   Co.   v.    I''irl.,r 

dilliciilty.        \rlM,n     V.   '  S'liih.nl      Mill.'.  ilSSo)   lOOInd.  ISl    ( foy/Hc/K/o.  p.  I'.'S  i  ; 

il8!Mi)'80  Me.  21!)    36  Atl.  7:i.  I>>il<\ii  v.  .\  t...  ri-in  I'rhiiinii  Co.   (Is'.Ui 

.V  raihnad   oompany  is  not   lialile   for  l.">2  .Mass.  ."iSI.  21!  X.   K.   i:)."). 
(he    dealh    of    a    frcijil    conductor    who.        The      infci-ciico     of     neyli;jciicc     i-,    .f 

unnece^-aiily    and     withmit    any    emer-  cour-e.  oimcliisive.   where  the  change  cf 

j;encv.  iiiidci'took  to  )H'iliirm  tl.c  diiiy  of  diitic<  was  in  dinn't   violation  of  iifl.i-. 

a   hrakcmaii.   and.   with    knowlcii^c   that  llinirn   v.   lUiiomla    llSTl)     17    liid.    i:!.'' 

one  of  the  cars  hid  no  liiimpcr  or  draw  icatcher   in  stave  factory   uiidcitoo!,  to 

head   and   was   fa-teiicd   to  the  nc\t   car  ad,  as  sawyer,  and  \va-  -^trin-k  l.>    liiv 

with  a  chain,  went  hctwecn  the  cars  foi  of    a    tiand-wheel     which     hroke).     Sir. 

the  purjio-e  of  unchainin<.'  or  uncoil  pi  iii;i  'jenerally.  §  .'1(>3.  ante. 
them,  and   was  cauyht  hi  Iwccii  tiie  car-  (b)  Kecairrii  allaind. — The  ninrp  fiC't 

as  the  train  slailrtl.     ^\'!lilt^^.■:   v.  Soiilli  that  a  railroad  employee  rcipiircd  Ic.  ;hi' 

Ciiiolina   tf    (;.    II.   Co.    ils:i!i.    Imi   (la.  terms  of  his  contract  of  I'liiployiiiciil  to 

7lHi.  32  P.  K.  8.57.  louple    and    iniconple    cai<    when    ii.'«— 

Other  casos  exemplifying;  a  like  point  -ary.   ov  wlcii   ordereil   to   ilo  so  hy  tlii> 

of  view  an-  //(Jiior  V.  .l'/t!i.<;///i./i    (ISSOl  conductor,    has    exchaufied    etiiplc.v  im  nl 

:i.".  Pa.  47.T    i  Dl.untif;  v.-i'i:i  '■>■.:  a::  [Matcl  ■.■it!i    :iiot',cr    eiirpioy,Y-    with    «!•■■■"■   la' 

wholly  outside  tiie  servants'  line  of  duty.  !i:,s  cficv   worker!  as  a   fellow  scrvi'il  in 

at    the    call    of    a    cosevvant     :    Si  ui    V.  liio    -in;e    "■■iicra!     liiii'    of    cinplnvtiicr;' 

Ccniial  It.  d  liKg.   Co.    (1876)    53  Ga.  uitUout  the  e.\pi(v--i«jn  of  dissati-fadiim 


»«■!'!]  COI  IJsiMiK  KMI'l.oVMKNT.  1871 

636.  Minority  as  an  element— Scv.. ml   .!.<'i-i..ns  pinl...,ly    il,,.  .I..r 
tiini'  iliMt  ill  r.ii,ir<l  in  thr  itiaKjIit.-  ,,f  miIiu.w:  rs  to  mMiiihiin  .'in  :ic- 
•i(jii    ii<;;iiii-l    liir    |ici'-(.ii.,  t,.v  wliiiiii  til  .y  ,|i,j  ill,,  xvork  in  i|U'-iiMi:. 
tlirri'  i-i  no  (listiii-'tioii  li.iuccri  m'Mlts  mimI  niiii.T-!.'     For  the  [.inp.i^,  ^ 
..t'  tliis  dcictriiic  it  is  ;i--m!:i'(l  ihiii.  in  ta-cs  wiici'c  iIh'  iiijiii-v  i-  nl 
ir^vil  til  have  liccii  rcccivcii  wiiilc  tlic  sorxaiit  wa-  rii;;:i:;(  i|    ill    w^n-K 
iiidcrtiikc  II  fiitiiinn  iifilii.  iir  ill  (Mifi'liano'  wi'li  ilic  nniiiiili.pii  ',c.|  i- 
■  MiP-t  of  an  ciiiiil.iuc  iif  tlic  (Icfciuiaiit,   the  coiniMlliii-  ipi.  .i;,.||    j. 
•iiiipk  wlictlici    the  ilrl'rii.laiif  ><Wf]   -i!c|i   coiiiplaiii.i lit   ally  of  lli..-,. 
pjiitio-.  iiiipuxMJ  l.y  till'  law  upon  ..nip:  ,\vr-  I'of  llic  I. mlii    ,,f    (|,,.ir 
-iiTMiit-'.  anil  not  wlii'ilicr  -ni'li  iM.irplainant  ua^  a  tr<-|M" t.  .,r  nrirji- 
-riit.     Fii  this  puint  of  virvv  it  i-  i-Iimi-  tli.ii  tlir  lai't  ..('  ilir  cuiiiplnin- 
,iiits  licin^'  of  ininialiM-i'  a;;i-   is  ;i    <vIioliy   initnalirial  il.Miii.|it.- 
Oii  till"  ollicv  liaiiii   tlio  ijii.-ii'iMc  appliiMlil.    to  viPiin^'  piTs,,ns  has 

"11  tlio  pint  i.f  MifTii.r  olViicr-.  ilc-s  iv.t   •!iir,-ir,I    uliil,-   h,.    „  ,<  ni'lin"  ;i^   lirnke 
r.iiclcr  liirii   "iiilly  .,f  <.iintril.ii»i,iv  ncj;''     "i.in  upon  tin-  iiuii;,ii,,n  ,,f  ih,.  ,.,.ii,lu,.|„r 

-'"'•••  '"  !'ili'>iii^'  I"  niicMi;.!:.  ii  IMP  of  till-  tniiii.      A   ,oii.lii,-ior  |,-,,   n,,  an- 

Mi  ili-.l,ji;.'c  of  tl„.  ,liity   of  Mi,l,   otliir    'Mo,i!y  to  liii,.  iniiii  I.mikI-.  oxr.'pt  in  ait 
.■iiplov,,-.    ;illlioii;;|i    111    doir:..    -o   lie    ilU-    ,.|n,  t  .-.  in  v.      II, , I  S/.ilii.ix  I,'.   Co.   v    iJial 
..',i.y~  llic  r.\pri-.,  oi-diT  of  tlir  coiiiliiiliir.     (l,S!i;;i    ."iS  All;.  3IS,  lii   s    W    .'lOO 
Ihi'Is..,,    V.    l-l,.nl,.sl,„i.    ('.   d    r.    R.    Co.        Tlh'  f:iilnrr  of  aii'.m,p'l,iv,r'(',.  station 

!S!i:i,   ;;,-.   |.V,I.  .>-IS.  a   wall.!,,,.,,,  ,o  provwi. '  volii,,,,.,..   uZ 

Ilw  fact  tliat  an  i-xpivss  niossrii-cr  lidpiii-  to  pn-l,  ,tip.-t  cai  .  over  a  tivncli 
ii|«in  n  tram  was,  al  iho  niiiic-^t  of  llic  ox  .a  vat.il  iiimI.t  tl,c  tra.'K  in  wliii-li  a 
-'i|Kriiit.nilciit  of  the  idiil,  ail  ill'.'  iis  a  sonant  is  at  u..iU  i>  not  ^ni'li  nci'li- 
l.rikiiiian  al  tlic  tini..  of  llii-  acolil.Mt  •n-nre  as  mulcis  liim  Hal, I,,  f,,,-  inmriiM 
!.y  wliiih  lio  was  iniiin-.I.  is  not  mws-  to  tlifi  servant  from  \\w  fall  mihui  liji,, 
•iiily  siuli  no^'lijioiiio  on  lii-  part  as  of  a  Ijov  who  was  ,„  v..hiiili.,.rirM' 
uill  pii-vint  liis  ri'i'oMiy  for  tli.>  in;nry.  Cravm  v.'  Munirs  (Is'ii;)  it;,-,  ;\)a<^  071' 
rhivuh' ihiiii  V.  Mihrinilic  d  M.  R.  Co.     12   V.   K.   li;!!.  '         ■  "'    • 

mo    11   Wis,  o.-!!..        .^.      ,^        ,  A  ^-irl  who  was  liir.Ml  to.lo  lionseholil 

No  ailion  can  li..  maintamcl  for  tin-    work,  ami  undort.,.  k  to  ..iHrati-  a  straw 
.!.-.\th   01    n    lioy    wlio    was    kiHid    uliil..    ,•1111, t,    citinot     rcrov.T.       VrUahun     v 
.iilia;ptiii^.r  to  cliinl)  onto  tli.'  o-n.l..r  ..f    (rDunucIl    (IStll)    :V2  N',.li.  27    4S  X    W 
.111  i-n;.'iiic  for  tlio  pur|«is,.  of  pufonnuiL;    S-_'|, 
.<  'P\\\>-  at   til..  rc<\\w~\.  of  Hi..   iii,.,i,  ,11,        Tl;f  iiiasl,.r  was  hc\i[  not  liable  whpr« 

ll„rrr  V,    l',,ni!,,iir,iiHii    /,'.   Co.    (1H71)     a    l.,.v   tliiit«-.n    v,.ar-   of   , nn.li-rt.x.k 

.:'l  Pa.  2in.  S  Am.  Tipp,  2.-.1,  /„„/„;„  „„„„  toV.mov,.  a  tin  ,.,i,,  from  a 

Ih..  ri.lali.ai  of  n-'-tor  ami  -.-rvant  niaiiiln.  in  whifli  it  li.i.l  .tii.k  ami  was 
.ml  not  ..Mst  liclM..,!,  a  liinil...r  r..Mi|Mny  injiir.-.l  !,v  tho  ,tartini.'  of  tlu-  macliin.. 
:.ihl  a  lail  wlio.  at  tin-  r..<pioM  .f  il,.-  f;,7/.„  v,  Roirlti/  (I.SIIO)  Kit  Pa  '>on  10 
..nnipaiiy'>  ..n^'inc'r,  as«i-t..ii    in    loiolinLT    .\tl.  ,'504. 

upon  til,.  on;;ino  tits  to  li..  Iak,.|i  to  a  .\ii  in.-\p.>rii.|icvl  l.o\  .,f  sixt,.pn  who 
M,Mk  Ml  til.,  company'-  traiinv^iy.  an,l.  al  tli,.  r.  qiic<t  of  a  f,-!l,,w  w,,rkiiian  not 
t,r  amii-onicnt,  r.>,Ii"  in  tlic  (.tiL'iii.vr's  aiilliori/,..l  to  call  oIIhts  to  his  'issist 
p.ih  tn  tho  break,  and  at  tli,-  latlcr's  rf.-  .inc,..  l.a^,.-  his  rcL'iilar  \uvk  .,f  mark- 
miM  threw  n  f.-w  stick-  of  w.k„1  into  in-  a",.rtinL'  and  wci.-hirc  certain 
th,.  fiirna(.e  ..f  tlic  .ii-inc.  The  ..oni-  l.ihs  of  .ott.  n,  .in, I  iiii,l..r'l;iki.s  to  clean 
puny  wii.s_  acc,,rdiii;:ly  li.ld  n,,t  to  be  out.  a  jiin  stand,  cannot  rccN.T  for  hi- 
i^il.l..  f,>r  miuries  i„  him  .hi,-  t,.  th..  ,!..  ii,ri..s  n.sultini.'  from  his  haml  hcin" 
fcclivc  condition  of  the  -t,.ps  of  the  cab.    ...iiiL'ht     in     the    ;:in     saw,       llVnier    v 

li'l'^  .\- /'""""'' ^'  "^   '"■    r-""''"'r   C'K    Tmuhr,;,,    ,1001)    2,5    Tex.     Civ.     A™.' 
aSOB;   ,il  T.n.  Ann.  .■;.-)L'.  2.",  S,..  Jii,-,.  dos.   r,l    S.    W.   447. 

A  railroad  company  is  n,,t    liable   for        -/.',,,,■      v!      I'riivxyh-nnin      R       Co 
an  injury  to  a  boy  fifteen  y.nirs  of  age.    1  1S7I)    CO  Pa.  210.  8  Am.  Hep.  2.51, 


!1|!» 
■illi 


l8Ti 


iUSTKK  AND  SKK\  AST. 


tciixr.  xxxiii 


i 

■!     i  i 

i 

1  H 

li;:|il 


"I 


I'ccii  Mato<\  ill  the  qiialitic  d  f«>riii  tliiit  ii  minor  vnlniitrcr  fiimioi  n 
I'ovcr  fmin  the  ii.'nli;;iii<i'  "f  llic  (Icl'tiiiliiiitV  sf  rvnnf.x.  wlicrc  lie  i«  i,t 
siiflificnt  upi'  imii  ciiimcitv  to  kiiDW  tlii"  (listiiicliMii  iK-tWi'ti  j;«mh|  hu,\ 
(vil  in  thr  |/iirficniar  iiittiuicf,  iiiiil  to  protfM  t  liiiiHcIf"/'  Thf  niticn 
iilc  of  the  iloctriiic  lliii'.  cimiiciiitcd  ix  tlint  a  ^-luld  without  di-cn  linn 
iiltlion<;h  a  tr('s|ia>''<i>r,  occiiiiifM  witli  relation  to  tiic  conipanv  n  ji-i 
lion  similar  to  that  of  an  adidi  wlio  is  not  a  tn^iiasscr.  save  tliiii  j 
fircatpr  dc^ircc  of  oantion  slioiild  tie  exprrisod  as  to  tlit'  foriniT  hy  ni 
son  of  iiis  h<'l|)lessnoss.'' 

Of  these  two  antagonistie  doctrines  the  former  is  manifestly  tin 
more  loiiieal.  The  essential  jtronnd  upon  which  the  ina'iility  of  vnl 
iinteers  to  reeovor  really  rests  is  that  no  one  can  Im'  ■<ulijeeti'd  tn  ili. 
contriictiial  ohii>rations  of  a  nia-*ter  without  his  exj)re-is  or  im|<lii'<l 
consent.  See  ^  *i30,  sii/ira.  Tiiis  l)eiiijj  tiie  situation,  it  i-^  ini|"i"i- 
hh'  to  admit  that  the  capai-ity  of  a  vohmteer  to  understand  the  (liin;;.  ■ 
of  the  work  undertaken  hy  him  can  even  In'  a  n  hvanf  or  m;ili  ii:il 
factor  if  the  imiuirv.  I'lider  certain  cireuinstances,  no  donht  a  iniiinr 
\olunteer  may  n'cover,  although  an  adult  woidd  have  Ikmm  wiilimir 
a  remedy.  But  it  seems  clear  that  this  differentiated  re-pon-il.ilit; 
ran  never  he  deduced  from  the  iner"  fact  that  the  injured  person  wa- 
too  yonng  to  understand  the  risk  to  wiiich  he  was  expo«ini;  IiImimI:. 
and  that  it  can  bo  predicated  f>nly  upon  some  positive  hreadi  of  ihit;.. 
as  inferred  front  the  omission  of  the  defendant  to  take  such  jirci-iin 
tions,  whether  by  way  of  prevention  or  warning-,  as  may  have  litin 
obligatory,  in  view  of  his  actual  or  constructive  kno\vIed<re  of  tin 
likelihood  that  the  minor  would  attempt  to  itorforin  the  work  in  (|ui- 
fion. 

'  KhodrK    V.    (Imrriin    /?.    rf    flAff.    Co.  onnujrh    to    approciate    thr    il.\iis(T   .iiil 

(188i»)     84    Oh.    .•i'Jii.    20    Am.    St.    Rep.  -niarrl    n-riiinst     it;     aiirl    \\\.\\    tlii'    jury 

.■'H2,  10  S.  K.  !>22.  »lio>il(l  Imvo  boon   iii^tnu  lc<l  tliiit  if,  \-) 

A   hiiv   of   fli'Vfii.    who  liiis   never   had  iph«o!i    of    hi"    ii;.'c.    llii-    iiijiiro!    |iiT-iin 

any    ri'iatioii     witli     th<>    owner    or    em-  lackiil  siioh  ili^cii'l  ion  ami  knouli' l^i' i ' 

uloyees    of    a    liriy.    ilor-    not    h(>eonio    a  the  danger,  and   if  the  ii>ni|iiny.  \<\  lli' 

fellow    servant    of    the    laltir   liy   firatiii-  exercise    of    i>i(linary    cari'    hy    il>    m 

fously    attempt  ing    to   rch'a-e   the    stern  ployees.    mi^'ht    have    become    auaic  ii 

hawser  in  an  emerpency.  at    th"  recpiest  and  prevented  the  aeeident.  it  \wi»  luiiii! 

of  the  employees,  while  the  hrijj  i~  Ix'in^'  to  evircise  that    e.ire  and  ynani  au'iin-' 

towed    out     of    the    harbor.       Ilrihrl    v.  the  injury. 

i:\u-cU    (1897)    10  App.   Div.  2.S.-1.  4ti  \.        No  leiovery  ean   Ik-  had   where  ;i  l«v 

Y.  Supp.  70    (no  eases  are  eited.  anil   it  of  seventeen  was  l<illed  owiiin  to  tliefii'l 

is   not    very   a|)parent    wliat    is   the    pre-  of    a    piano    which    hi'    «-i^    a--i-liii;j  ('■ 

lise  rationale  or  scope  of  the  deeision ) .  carry  at  the  rcipicst  of  a  lirakciiian.  TIi'- 

'  Kentuiku    C     It.    '".    v.    diisliiitau  risk   of  beinf;  injured    liy   the   nc;;li^iiin' 

{  188.'))  83  ky.  110  (  nisapprovinp /-Voicfr  of  the  other   men   enyayed   in   the  wvtI 

v.    Prnnsiiliiinin  ff.  f'o.  (  1877)  •>!•  Pa.  210.  is  deemed  to  have  Ix-en  within  his  ceii! 

s  Am.  Uep-  -■"'I.  ""/>'")•      I'he  court  laid  j-iflunsiou.      fi,iriinuiti.    V.   <).  d  T.  f 

it  .iown  that  it  was  for  the  jury  to  say  /,*.   To.   v.   Fixiull    {['MM]    lOH  Ky.  liV 

whether       hoy  of  about  fourteen,  killed  .-.7  T,.  I?.  A.  2lit!.  .-).")  S.  W.  1102. 
while     .ucouplini;    cars,    had    discretion 


CIIAPTEK  XXXIV. 

EFFECT  OF  OEXKIUl.  STAIITKS  II'ON    rilK  KXTKNT  OF  A 
MASTKI-S  I.IAIIIMIV. 

M7.  When  I'liiplnyi't'H  ure  uilliiii   the  purvit'u   of  ^luli  Ntutiili-x. 
U38.  Klfcct  <if  siir!)   ^tututi-K  I'uii-iiU-n'd   with   ri'hitiuii    to    thu    iliM'trine    of 
uoiiiiiiun  einiiliiyiiii'i. 

As  to  stahitos  sliiftiiig  the  hnnlcn  of  proof.  -(•<■  diiiittcr  xi.ii.,  sulxl. 
\],  poxf. 

637.  When  employees  are  \/ithin  the  purview  of  inch  »tatutei. — In 
(•;;scs  which  turn  n|M)ii  rhc  ri;;!it  of  n  sccvnnt  to  tjikf  iulvaiitjip-  of  u 
general  staHitc  whicli  affiTt.s  rhc  ol.|i;;iitioiis  of  tliar  <'his.s  of  in. livid- 
iials  or  pori)orati(Hia  to  wiiirji  liw  (inploy.  r  l»c|oMp>.  tiie  Hrsi  i|ni-stioii 
tci  bo  (ietcniiinod  is  whcfhiT,  consi.Icrii.p  tin-  hinfriiap-  in  which  the 
-fiitutc  is  condiod,  and  flic  partiruhir  niisciiicf  wliich  it  is  designed 

!<•  reniedv,  or  tlip  peculiar  advanfa/ii'  whicli  it  is  designed  ti nfer. 

the  intention  of  the  ies;is|ature  was  thai  servants  as  xrW  as  strang- 
ers slionld  fall  within  its  purview.  A  nntnlier  of  decisions  showinij 
flif  cnclnsion  of  the  courts  as  to  various  enactments  of  this  de^crip 
fion  are  tabulated  below.' 


'{a)  Statutes  prrscribitiii  mtain  pre- 
iihttii'im  in  regard  to  th(  Dpirnlinn  of 
I'li/icui/s.  — The  statutes  which  (h'cliire 
iMil«:iy  rniiipHnias  fo  bp  Iial)lf  for  thH 
ilaiiui;;c  done  tiy  the  ruiiniii<;  of  trnins. 
ir  |in's(Til)e  the  oliMTvancc  of  (■ortain 
|in ciuitions  in  re^iard  to  thp  npcnition 
if  trains,  are  not  dwincd  to  h<>  appli- 
lahlc  to  railways  wliirh  arc  under  cim 
^iriiction.  Thus,  under  SIS  lliiti,  1  U!7  ol 
(111-  Tiiino-sce  Codo.  I>\  whicli  it  is  pro- 
viiii'd  that  "whon  any  person,  animal. 
nr  (ithiT  ol>struclion  appi'ars  u|M>n  the 
road  the  alarm  whi*tlo  shall  ho  soundiKl. 
l!ip  hrakps  put  down,  and  every  pi)>~i- 
lije  means  employed  to  stop  the  train 
Mnd  prevent  an  accident:"  and  that 
■Vvpr>-  railroad  oonif.any  that  fails  to 
observe  these  precautions  or  caus<'  them 
to  !)e  ohscrved  by  its  agents  and  servants 
shall  be  responsible  for  all  damaf.'cs  to 
persrns  ,-,i  pru|H-rty  oc-casioned  hv  or 
i^'iiltinp  from  any  accident  or  collision 
'lial  may  occur."— it  has  been  held  that 

I 


the  servant  of  a  contractor,  who.  while 
ridinu  on  the  pilot  of  an  en^'ine.  is  in 
jiiriil  by  its  collision  with  a  slationjirv 
car  while  the  road  is  still  under  .oil 
struetioM,  cannot  recover,  f;ii<;7»  v. 
lliui.ittm  I  ISSl  )  104  r.  S.  S.").*),  2(i  I..  <»<l. 
S40  (eii^'ine.  on  the  pilot  of  which  the 
servant  of  »  lonl raetor  was  riding,  col 
lided  with  a  car  stamling  on  the  track). 
I  iider  anothir  statute  uf  this  typ  ■ 
H;a.  Code,  g  2!t7ll),  it  has  been  held 
that  a  railway  company  was  not  liable 
to  the  servant  of  a  cimtractor,  who  wa- 
injured  by  the  fall  of  a  trestle  over 
which  a  ear  was  l«.ing  drawn  while  the 
road  was  iK-in-;  (iraded.  dtttral  K.  cf- 
/».«/.  Cn.  V.  (Imiit   (18721    »(i  (Ja,  417, 

The  various  statutes  recpiiri  ig  a  lioll 
to  be  run;.'  or  a  whistle  to  W-  blown  on 
railway  trains  when  they  arc  within  a 
certain  distjince  from  a  public  crossing 
arc  considered  to  1«.  eiiaili-d  for  the 
iM'nefit  of  siu'b  member-  of  the  publii- 
as  mav  !«■  usitp.'  the  crossing  and  not 
H73        ■  ' 


j  «■'!; 


u 


h:4 


\l.\Mi;i!    \M)  M,l:\  SNT. 


1 1  U.M\  XX  \l. 


638.  Effect  of  mich  kttttutei  cou.sidered  with  relntion  to  the  doctrine 

of  rommon  employment. —  In  i,-.  ■.vlicn-  ii   Ihm  linn  .l.ici  niim  .!  .,r 

of    thi'    railway     i'iii|ilipvr<"«    lln  iii-i  hi-*.  iil«ii    iii.ikc".    il    n  .|»iii-iMi'    in    il.iii.  ii;.. 

Tim*,    it    hi-   1h.ii    Iu'M*  IIi:iI    ||    I  I  II    nf  it  tlic  anil  of  iiny  |i.i -nn  iiijiiri'l.  Tlnr.: 

till-  .Mall. mill  ('lull'  iif    issii.   Mhicli    i-   In  i-  .1  -IriiiiK  iiii'l  |Hiiili,ir  ifu-mi  \.\n  il,i. 

Iliis  (•llVrl.  Ii.i-  111!  ii|i|.lii':itiiiii  Im  llii.  lii-r  |>i I'laiil i<iti  iif  ^iiiiiy  a   «i«iial  »lii'iil.|  i,.- 

if    l'lll|.li.,r.  -    |.||     llic    l|i|l    111     111-     wlliill  ..Ii-1TM<1      11-    ll'.inl-    pa— |.(l;;rl.    .mil    !  „, 

Mil'  |iu  —  jiij  mill,  r  il  liiw  iivirliiMillii  ;.lji'.  I  i.ivi'lii.;,'  |iiililii'.  Iml    il    in  not    .i|i;iiii.|,t 

l.ulii.^rili,    ,t     \      U.    (•(/.    V.    Hull    i|SS-<i  «li.  II  it  iiaiii-  til  In.  ii|i|ili,.il  11,  llh    .,.,,. 

87  .\li.  TiH,   1   I..  H.  A.  710.   Ill  Am.  St.  mt-.  ■,(  llii-  rna.!.      I  Inn    i<.   iii,il,ifi..  |„ 

l{r|>.   Hi.   Ii   S<i     ;!77  ;    1,'iuisrilh    d    V.    II.  -Iiinv  tlial    frmii  llnlr  liil-iliv^  .nl  •■mi 

fii.  V.    M,iil:,<-    (IS!i:t)    KKJ   .\la.    IfiO.   4H  p.ilinn   tli.>    air   in   vifatir  li.i/u.l    ,!  ,, 

.\iii.  SI.   lifji.  Jl.    l.'i  So.  ,")11.  [lulilio  I'lii-iiii;   lliaii   al    a    |iii\;ilr  .-i... 

Nnr   (liM-    .1    |iiiivi-ii>ii    nf    tlii.<    liMiir  iii};  or  iiiiy«  Ihti' iKc  on  tl'i- tru'l..     Ihi' 

irnilt'   II    iliily    ill    l'a\iir  nf  ii    wiilcliiiiiiii  l)i<'  ilrafNinaii  of  llii.  Int,    ii-nj  tin    wir! 

''latii'iii'il  III  Icink  init   for  tlii'  trai.i-  .md  i-i-on"  in  tlir    i  ii-r  lli  il  il   .luiilil  .i|.|,li 

jfiuinl  the  |iiililir.     I'luiin-  v.  /..lA.   Shiirv  m    tlii>    i'la«-i  ■    .ilii.\r    irfi  irnl    t,,     -..il 

d  M.  .S.  A'.  <;,.    (IS'iiJi   fU   111.   App.  339.  x.illioiit    nny    iiitnilioti    of   clianjiiv   ih 

That    siiih     I    -i.iMli'    i-    nut   i'M     ti-A  inniiiioii  law    ii  ii-iiinl  inn.   onn    -r.iii,-h 

for  tlip  pritn  I  icii  nf  iiiiplnvit'-'  wa^  nlio  In'  i|iii'^tii>nfil       In  ijjir,   view  of  tli-  l,i« 

liiiil  iiiiMii    ill   (  ini.ii  I'.  II.  I'll.  V.  h'.lluifl  \\i'      ic     -lriii;;lli   ni'il    liy    tlip    ililVirmt 

(ISIM)    54   Nili.  L'nii.  7t  X.  \V.  i;27.  plirawM.loyy   iwi  il    in   tin-   'Jil    sn.Mi..ii  <.i 

'i'lif  fart   tliat    llic  point    lit    wliich  the  I'lr    art     rrlalin;;    to    liiini;;!-,    aitij    ni, 

injiMOil    ]MT«.ii    «a-    (■r<'--in;.'    Ihr   trark  wlii'li    yihuH:    v.   I'linjn-  /,',   (',>.    i  Im;;, , 

«liiii   till'  aoiil  lit    II  cuitril   was  vithin  ."111  .Mo.  III.  wns  liaipd.     That  -i-.  lii  n  >.)-ii 

thai   .li-taiiiT   fioiii   a    uiiMir  i-i iivMin;.'  at  \iili~    that    'x\  linii'Vi'i    any     ]vr -!i:ill 

wliirh     till'     liiL'nat     -h 'iiM      liavr     ln'pn  ilic   from   any    injury    ri-^iill  iiii.'   fn  p;  n, 

viniiiiliit   will   iii.l   riiiililr  liiin  to  r.foMf.  ■iica^ioncd   liy   I  !.•   in-:;li!jcinr.   iin-l  iliiil 

Hfiii\  V.  AfhiiHid  I'.  I'.  Tr,.   (IS7iii   ('12  III'--,   or   criiniiiil    iiilriil    of   any   iilinr. 

Mo.   4!»    111  iln-i-iion  iipmi  Mn.  <!("n.  Stat.  ai;int.  ■«'|\mjiI,  m   piiiphiyii-.  whil-l   in 

I*"!.'!,  chap,  li.'i.  t  ;IS|.  iiiii).'.  I'onilin  I  in;;,  or  niaiia:;iii;;  aii\   In. 

Till'  ali-riiiT  of  a   flaL'Tiiaii  roipiiri'il  hy  iniitivr.  cai .  or  t  liiin  of  oir-.  ili-..  it  -i  i' 

a  oily  oriliii  I'li'i'  to  hi'  proviilnl  for  cii'ti  l.i>  r-|ioii-ilili-  (n  ilii>  ri'pic-iirM  i\.-  m 

-M:'i'i     rr(i--iii:;     was    lii'M     not     to    In-    a  tlir    .jr.'.a -rij.'       liotli    ^irl-    •■.i-n.    |ii..,! 

failure  of  limy  on  tin'  pail    of  tlir   mil-  !.y    tlir    -am:'    l.-ii-l,ilnrr.       I'luy    -l|,i  i 

roal  I'lir.ipmy  lo  its  cmployi'i-^.  -iii'li  an  i  luarly    thai    llio   law    as    il    i.\j.|,.|   »  ,. 

onliiiaiiri'  liriii.'  pa«~i'il  111  sa\i' llio  piililic  iiiiili'rslooil    liy    lli.il    lioily;    tliil     in   in. 

Iravi''ini.'  al.iii,:;  tin-  str.M-ls   from   iiijiirv  lase  a   nioililicil  ion    was    iiiii.|,i|.  i|  t..  I. 

from    pa"  -iii^  Ir.iiiis,      h'tn^ns  I'ihi.  It.  made,  and    in   thi'  nllirr  not.      If   it  In.i 

.V.  if-   ,1/.   It.  <''!.  V.    I\i,l.s,ii    iISIlli    !l  ('.  iin'n     inli'inlisl     Ihiit     tin'     .•[siii     ..itiri'i 

('.  A.  :12I.  -J-'  r.  S.  App.  !U.  (iO  Kid.  Illli).  -hoiild    ihaiiup  Hio   law.    ..,   m-    Io    ill.m 

To    till'    sniiii-    I'llVi'l,    SCO    llnhliiiil;    V.  persons  to  siic  who  h.id  liccn   pi    ,  iii-i, 

Vit'ifr  If.  (-11.   i  l.Sllin    4;t  Mo.  1H7.  when?  liarnd.  wculs  nf  -iinil.ir  iiiipm'  i..  ih.-'- 

th.    iniirl.   rcfrrriiiL'  In  the  Mi—nnii  ad  n-.il     in     l!ic    i!,imihl.'c    .nt     would    li.v 

litiil   aliiM'.    -lid:      "II    is   olnimi-    ihil,  iicm  ciuploycil." 

the  enact nii'iil   of  the  law  was   intcinliil        .\     r.iilw.iy     sciviint     who    i-    Ililll-^If 

liriiiiarily      fur    the     piiitcctinn     of      llio  ii'-|niii>ildi'     for     the     iinnnliscrxaiin'  if 

Iravclin;.'    piililic   and    pa-scn^^cr-.      At    a  -laliitory  iirccantions  is.  of  cnni-i'.  pii- 

piililip  cros-iiii.'  or  street,   friipn-nlcd  hy  eluded   fnna    reeovcriiiL'  ilani,ii;e-  I'er  in 

travelers    and    per-mis   eiiyaeed    in    Ini-i-  liiries    re-iiltin;,'    finin    -nch    leninli-i  ri 

ness,    the    daii:;cr   of    eclli-ioii    and    .icci  nice.     /'./.vV   7'i /i/i.  v.i.r. ,   |  .  ,(.  f;.  /,'.  (/,.  i 

dent   is  emislant   and  rei'iiriiiii:.  williout.  /!ii\l,    (ISS.'n     I,")    [.rn.    I  l."i.      .\   deii-ii'ii 

a   si;.fnnl   warnine  them  of  the  approach  was    rci'dered    with    re;;ard    to    SJ    IltHl 

of  tile  train       \ot  only  i-  il.iii'_:er  lo  ho  '■/    .vi  </.    of    the    'ri'tine-sei'    Code.    i|aiiiri! 

apprehcnileil    to  those    who   iiia.v   lianpen  vii/im.       Tho    court     -.lid:       "Tlii-    In-' 

lo  he  on   the  track,  hut  the  lixcs  of  the  clause,   it   seems  to  n'c.  -iii!.e-  llic  irii" 

jiassciij,'ers    are    also     icopardi/cd.      Tho  notp.     The  statute  \i  i-   inieieh'!  fer  lii" 

law.    in   a    previous    p;irl    of   tlie   section,  licnelit  of  th"  i.'ciicral  laildic  net  fnr  Ih- 

suhjrcls   till    roinpaiiy    tn   a    peiiaity    f.tr  servants    of    the    company,    an.i    ("r;;t!.v 

omission  of  diit.v  ill  rin;.'iiiir  the  hell ;  hut.  not     for    a     servant     whose     ne.'li- -noe 

lest  that  nii!j;lit   lie  deemed   cxclii-iM'.   it  eaiised.  or  contiilnited  to  c  mi-c.  llie  icci- 


I  tt:w) 


K\II'I.nVh:|r>  1,1  \|!ll,ll\   I  MiKIl  111 AKItM,   \<  I'S. 


im: 


•iiiiccili'"!  that  tl, 


:n< 


■II  -tiihiff  i-t  I'lii"  which   imir<'<  f<>  thi    hini'fit  nl' 


.(■rviiiil<  I'f  the  eh'--*  \i>  nhich   ihr   ilijiiml   |M'i'-"ll   Ix'h'li;.'-',  u  *i in! 


•Iihl.  The  li'«i-.l.iiiin'  ■■iiii'l.v  ikvit  in 
I  ii.li'il  ihiil  II  i.iilnil  i-<>iii|MriN .  li>  .1 
iiii'ii' iK'iii  <>Mi|ili;>ii>'<' V  itii  I'lit.iiii  pri'i'mi 
tiimnrj'  (uriin  iii.ulr  oMiv  ili'O'  "'  '" 
-ir.iii;;  I'.  ^^ll'llll^  llnii-  1  1  -  1  \.iiic<' 
1  iiiilil    lini'    [(iiMiit.'il    the    iKi    <ir    not. 

•  ImMiIiI      I»><'IIIII<<      li;lli|l-     tl)      nil      <'MI|ll(>\l1' 

uhi'-c  pli'iii  (liivlirl  inn  at  .liiiy  imu-i'I 
ihr  jri  iili-iit.  Ill  -mil  :i  1  .-.  Ill  u«<-  tin- 
I  iiii;il  i;;i'  of  .liiil;.'!'  Mel '.i 1 1. mil  in  /,')iiis- 
nil.  ,(  \.  II.  r„.  V.  /,^,^.  ,/..,„  I  IHTJ)  0 
III  l->k.  27<l,  thr  liiil>>lil>  m'  tlir  loniinny 
III  it.4  ;iui'iit   li>r   iniiii'iix  r<'  lilting  frmii 

llio     llll-tiill'lllrl      nr      llrj'li'ji  !.■■.•     of     tll.lt 

i^iiit    iiiil<t    lie  cli-lri  iiiiiicil.   iii>t    tiy   »tat 
nil'.   Iiilt    l>y   I'liiiiMiiiii  l;iw    |i|iitri|ili>s," 

Un  tlic  itliir  liMiiii.  it  liii*  Ipon  held 
•lilt  i.iilriiMil  ,  I  i|ilii\i  i-t  nil-  till  llli'il  to 
lip  Jiiiii'  jirnti.  I  iiii  .1-  (illiiT  |«r-iin<  In 

(•|ip--inL'    I  lilli'lil    llMi'k..    williili    I  lie   oitv 

llnilti  ill  I'lr  |M  rf.ii  iihMici'  of  tli.'ir  iliil  ic-. 
iiniliT  II  riH  niiliiiMiii  iii|iiii  iir.'  it  li'  II 
on  tlif  ciiL'ii'f  to  !»•  iiliii;  colli  iiiii'iii-ly 
nliilt'  .1   Inilii   is  wilMii  till-  city  liniit'<. 

Illni.,l.1   C.    /.'.    Co.    V,    (llllnit    (|V.I.">|      l."i7 

III.  X,\.  II  X.  K.  72».  .Mliiinin-  il8U-l) 
:,\  111.  .\(.|..  ^(11;  dull,  r.  .(  .S.  /•.  /,".  Co. 
\.  i:il:.  ,1  I  IH'.ij)  11  IV.\.  Civ.  Ajip.  297, 
■M  s.  w.  -.Mi;. 

.\  tr.o  k  r.|i,iiiir  injiii'iil  wliiU'  work- 
inj;  at  a  [il.ui'  »liiic-  tlurr  uiio  iii;iny 
inirks,  liy  a  tr.iiii  Ii:i(ki  1-  ii|iiiii  him 
^^illlont  its  Ix'll  liiiL'in^r  or  liii\iii;;  a  ii;an 
-tiilioiii'd  on  tlic  <ar  farlln'-t  I'li'iii  iIm' 
••H;:iiir.  ii«  rcipiircd  l>y  H  city  onlinance, 
may  recover  for  lii-<  injuries.  Ik.IIh  v. 
I  ni.,n  A',  rf  Tniunit  Co.  (I8SS1  !l,"i  .\lo. 
JTO,  8  S.  \V.  420. 

.\  railway  si  rv.int  who  is  run  over 
a  train  while  eMj,'a;.'iil  in  his  il'itiis  \*  .,, 
much  enlitleil  ns  any  -liMiiL:ri-  to  holil 
Ills  ein|>loyer  resfxiiisililc  I'l.r  injiiiies 
caii-til  liy  sucli  eni|>lover's  viulation  of 
.111  nnliiianir  lixinjr  the  limits  of  tin- 
-|>i(il  at  which  trains  can  run  within 
■  ilv  titnils.  Itliiiilurn  v.  .Missouri  I'. 
i;.'r,..  ilStH)  lltS  Mo.  430,  .12  .\mi.  St. 
I!ep.  615.  18  S.  \V.  1103. 

\  liaekin.in   is  entitliil  to  rely  on  the 
ioui|,:iii.\  "s   |H'rfi>niianee  of  its   statutory 
limy  niit  to  run  its  train  at  any  itrcaii'i 
s[K'ed  than  fi  miles  n-   hour.     Si'hii 
nirii'jo  d  .v.  W.  11.  '1878)    44  Wis. 

Thp   violation    of    nn    ordinance 
latins  sfBcd  and  sipnnls  of  trains  .     ,.ot 
a  risk  assumed  hy  a  railrmd  employee. 
but  nlifHiienoo  to  the  onliiiaiico  is  a  duty 
owing  by   the  railrnnd   company   to  its 


em|.lc>vee».      /^VN^»r<;^.    ('.    r.    rf    .S7,    I.. 

It    r,:.  V.    Wo'-i.    1  is'iiij    i.vj   |„.|.  31.-.. 
»♦   I..    It.   .\.  i1;H.  .VI    N.    K.  2'"' 

111  hul.  V.  l„.l,;u„l«liH,  I  ,(  I.  If 
I'o.  ilx^Ji  3H  Ohm  St.  :iH'i.  it  w.i- 
Iholinlit  iilim'<'i-s.iiy  to  loti-idi  1  w  In  t  In  1 
the  act  of  IS72  (li!)  nhi.i  |..iuii.  ri|  h\ 
which  r.iilroid  c'iii|i,iiii.  -  veri"  m.idc 
lial.le  ill  damiiL'c-  fol  iiljiliiis  .icii.i  n.  I 
hy  u  failuri'  it  the  eii;:iiiicr  to  -oiiiei 
till'  uhislle  aiel  rin^'  the  hell  .it  11  |miMi< 
cro-sili),'  on  the  s.Hie  le\il  with  it- 
tr.icks  wa-  I'l  the  proli  I'tioti  of  trakidirs 
on  the  |.iiMie  way  i.i;l\.  or  est. -1111.11  to 
jM-r-oii-  woikiii  '  ii|'Oii  the  tr.ick.  and 
ii'-ld  ili.it,  I  Mil  in  the  .ili-iMi-e  of  sinli 
a  -l.iliite.  it  eas  llic  dun  i,(  tho  n  111 
paliy  to  Iliakr  and  elll'olii-  rea-i>Il  ililc 
rules  and  n  .iiil  it  ions  to  piard  iiLMiiisi 
ilaii-^.  r  at  siuji  crossin;,'s  and  in  d.iiii:ii 
,is   |dai-is«, 

.V   iiiilwiiy   s<-r\  lilt    who  «iie*  <>n  thi> 
'jiii'ind    that     11    tr.iiii     was    ii'-'.'lii.'eiitly 
o|Hiatii|     hy     the    1  lejimer     Hi'hin     the 
nie.iiiii;;  of  a  statute- and   -eeks  to  sus- 
tain   the   I'harp'   if   iii-'-di;;i  in-e  hy    shnw- 
iii;.'  that   the  train   wis   run  over  an  nn 
safe  pii-ce  of  ti.ii  k.  eaiiiiol  1   civi  r  iiii!i'ss 
it    is   |>ri>\i-d   that  the  eie.:iMr.  r  kiien.  or 
oiil:1i1   to  ha\e  known,  of  tin-  iii!-ife  cor. 
ilitiun  of  the  track.      l/i /i,  .,,1.1   v,    Ifi. 
»'.»//  r.  It.  Co.  (1S!>3|   .■>!  .M.I     \|i|..   It'll, 
(action  on  .Mo.  Itev.  Si  n.   |s::i.  5  ^l;;i, 
Mo.    I!ev.   Stat.    IHSII.   «    !  IJ."! , . 

(hi  Sldllltei  ixijliiiinii  Ihi-  hhrhiiiii 
of  i lulls,  iti\,  on  rulliiiiii  liiifl:s.  — 'I'lie 
Canadian  rail.vay  net  (.>1  Vict.  cliai).20. 
§  28!M .  h.*  which  any  [u-rsiai  injiiicd  hy 
\i.ilatiiiii  of  the  act  is  entitld  In  riciM  r 
d.ima'.'cs.  inuri-*  to  the  hem  lii  of  r.iil 
way  eiii|doyi-es  in  such  ;i  scii-c  that  they 
may  reci>»i-r  for  nn  injiiiy  caii-cd  hy  i 
fn  L'  not  bliM'kcd  a»  rii|iiiicd  hy  S  2112. 
/.<■  ),'.,i/  V.  Ciiiiiiflifiii  I'.  It.  Co'  (1S!I0) 
17  Oiii.   .\|ip.  Rep.  2!i:). 

The  coii-idi-r.itioii  which  was  cmpha 
sized  hy  till'  three  jiid-_'cs  who  deli\ired 
opinions  was  that  a  pio\i-i'ii  such  as 
that  ii-latinK  to  the  p.ickiiii.'  of  IroL's 
must  have  liei-n  intended  primarily  ti> 
•ilford  protirtion  to  cmploMcs.  as  lieiii^' 
he  very  per-ons  who  ii-iially  sustain  in 
jiin'  from  the  omissiun  of  such  a  pre- 
eantli'ii.  The  .\mericnii  ihci-iins  nlicd 
iil«'n  hy  defendant's  eonn-cl  were  dis- 
tin^'iiished  on  the  piomid  that  their 
actual  efTect  was  mcnly  that  t'ciicial 
-laliites  could  not  he  coii^lriu-d  as  ahro- 
;.'atini»  the    defins<>   of   common   employ. 


#'^ 


.    =    li 


5  k 


I 


I  arc 


M.VNTKII   \M)BKI(\ WT 


|i  ii*r.  xxxn 


\ 

1 

J 

iL 

■' 

! 

'I 

■i 

,     i    1 

t|iio*li<'ii   will   4(11111 1 illicit  |)rcM'iit    ii-flf  for  »rftl"tii<'iit.  rit.,  wlicthi  r 
in  vi«'W  of  ilic  Icrniiiiolo^v  of  its  |iroviitiiiii<,  uml  ihc  circnin-tiiiiri  • 


■  >f  Ihf  roiiiiNinv   llH-lf  in  ri-uiml  in  iln' 
linn  ilcli'UHhii'    iluty    u(    itfiiiii    tliiil    tliH 


iitriit  iwf  next  H>rlii>MK  wlillf  In  thi* 
■■iiM>  undt-r  ri-vii'w  tlii>  ili-f.iiilt   uii'>  tliii 

h<>  roiiiiNinv   llH-lf 

ilcli'UHhii'  iluty  u( 
Irurk  Hii«  |iii>|H'rly  I'lin^liiiiliil  lufori' 
intinn  urn*  iiin  ntiT  It.  Iiii|iiii't\.  ('. 
.1.  O.,  intttiiiitril  tliiit  a  iliiriTinl  ciin 
rlilxii'ii  iiilulil  (Hii'.ilily  liiiM-  Im'i'Ii  iiiiiM'il 
,il  if  till'  (nv  '■'■<!  Iiii'ii  iliil>  |Hirki'il  III 
lll^     tilllf     ullfP     till'     llnlil      Hil->     |illl      ill 

ii|N'ijtiiiii,  iinil  I'liil  lint  lii'i'ii  ri'|iiii  kill 
KuiiiU  '■>  •■  fi'lliiu  «'rMiMr'>  iii'uini.  Tilt' 
iitliiT  jiiil(;i'«  iliil  nut  i'X|iii-«  iiny  ••|iiiiiiin 
■  •II  ilii-  |>.irtiriiliir  i|ii)'iiti<>n,  Sn-  >n'ii 
I'liillt.  H>  III  the  |M>int  thua  ndvi-ilnl  to. 

II    ."iC.li,   .Vi!!,   ilii^', 

li'l  ShiliihH  iiiinriliiHi  railiiiiii  fnKii 
iiiiil  ralllr  ftuiititi.  Itiitii  ii'a-iiii  unit 
iithnrity  "ii-tnin  tin-  ilm'triiii'  llnil.  in 
Ihr  nliH'iiri'  of  provi«iiin«  oliiiMiii;;  II 
'IllVi'ii'iit  inti'iit'in  nil  tlif  |i:irt  of  iIh- 
li'Ui-litiMi'.  II   '•tiitiiti'  ri'<|iiii  lilt;  niilM.iy 

I  llll|>llllil">    til     frIKV    llll'ir    Hark'-    "lliilllll 

Ih-  I'lHi'-tiiii'tl  114  iiiinin;:  to  tlin  U'lii'lit  nf 
ilic  riii|»loyM"*  iif  tliii-*!'  ri>lii|ianii'4, 

III  W  i^iiiii-iu.  i-niiilDyif^  i>t  a  nillwny 
iiiii|iiiiy  uri'  ii'^i  iiiti'il  lis  lii'in}.'  Hitliiii 
I  hi-  |iiirvit'\v  iif  a  utiiliili'  lUi'lariiiu  all 
«lirli  r<>iii|Kitiirs  tt>  be  liulilf  lo  "imtiihw" 
;.i'Mi'riilly  fur  injiirii'«  iaii«iil  liy  llii- 
want  of  a  ffnre.  \\  it.  Laws  IMSI.  i'liii|i. 
I!i:l.  Qiiiirk-inhush  v.  U  ivrK/iiiH  it  I/. 
/,'.  fo.  llSS.-il  IL'  Wis.  411,  'l  X.  \V. 
.".lit.  Till'  riiiirl  iliil  mil  ai"mip  the  qiips- 
linn  at  li'iijitli,  lint  iiari'ly  ri'inarkiil  tliat 
"no  ;:immI  rrason  was  jicrc  riMil"  why 
■•I'lvanls  sliiiiilil  lie  uii  i'\ir|ilicin. 

In  a  rasi"  iIi-i'IiIihI  a  fi'W  years  latiT 
dip  Ni'w  ^ll|■k  iiiiirt  of  a|i|N'al-  lisik  llie 
'.'riiiiihl  that  till'  duty  In  frnir.  iiikUt  a 
oliitnti'.  is  lino  which  I'xi-ts  as  Ui  all  the 
Hoi'lih  and  hi-hl  that,  whrii'  a  hraki'iniin 
i«  injiiml  hy  tin-  rolli-inii  of  his  train 
with  tin  animal  whiih  has  coiiii'  u|Hin 
Ihc  tmrk  through  a  di-fiitivi'  fi'iuf.  Ihi- 
lonipany  is  liable  for  tlii'  daniauoH,  undi'i 
the  Now  York  pni-ral  railroad  aot  of 
1850.  i  44.  Doimciiiiii  v.  F.rliiinU  (  IH!10) 
ll!>  X.  Y.  4liH,  7  i..  R.  .\.  .•i2T.  2.'!  \.  K. 
1051.  Disapprovin;;  l.iiiniliiix  v.  Ituffnio 
i  K.  «.  Co.  (IHr.4)  10  Raih.  ^1114.  »<i  liir 
as  it  holds  a  ditrnciit  dootrini'. 

Tlieoc  two  di'ri«ions  were  pilinl  with 
.ipprovnl  and  followi'd  in  Atrhiion.  T. 
i  J.  F.  n.  f'o.  V.  I(i,sninn  (18!I4)  9 
r.  C.  A.  20.  10  V.  S.  .App.  iiOii.  ■_>.t  T.. 
n.  A,  "(W,  «n  Vt-i\  :tTO  nhiri-  th<-  fn! 
lowinp  nilp  was  fortiml  itofi :  "If. 
throngh   a   failure  of   the   railroad   com- 


(mny  In  irn  I  unit  niiiintain  n  suitlcicnt 
fi'iii'i'  a-  n'i|iiiriil  hy  Ihi'  stiitnli'.  an  am 
iiial  t'll-  irtiiii  Ihf  It.irk,  wlii-rrliy  a  Iriiii 
is  iliTjiilril.  and  an  pniptnMs-  on  I  hit 
itiiin  i-  iiiiiiml  li\  siirli  di'iailnicnt.  tin- 
hittiT  is  .iitllh'd  to  niiiiiitiiin  his  aiiirn 
(or  llama. IS  apiiiist  th«  (Hiinpin'  '  Hi.- 
iimrt  said  "It  is  dinililli"<s  Iriii'  lli.it. 
I.  tii-M  a  1  i;.'hl  is  yi\'pn  li.V  siatiiti*.  mih 
litiisi'  In  vilioni  till*  ri^hl  is  in  tirm- 
ulvrn  tan  avail  thi'iiisidvi'-.  of  its  Iain- 
Ills:  hill  it  doi's  not  foMow  that,  wlnn 
a  duly  is  so  ini|Mxi'd,  a  vinlalion  of  llm 
ihil.\  i'\|M>s«is  till'  WMin;!diH'r  to  li.il.iliiv 
t<>  no  |N-r>iin  i>tli<*r  than  Ihoii'  -'iniiii.  M\- 
iiaiiiisl  in  the  statiiti'  (in  thi'  riHitr>i( 
il  is  not  uiili-a<oiiahle  to  hh.>  that  i'\>i\ 
I'aity  who  stiiri'rs  injury  hy  ri'.i»nh  .f 
ilii-  xiohilloM  of  >\\\\  duty  in  I'lititli'il  ti. 
niovi'r  lor  -inh  injiirii-s.  At  an\  nii' 
il  Is  t'liiir  that  thi'  fait  that  ri'rt.iiii 
c  l.is-i'^  iif  |M'rsons  Wire  inti'ndi-d  in  In 
|iriniiirily  proli'ili'd  hy  thn  disiliarj.'e  ■•( 
a  staluli/iy  duty  will  not  iir<i-««.iii!v 
pri'Miil  olhi'is.  iiiiihi'r  naniisl  nor  in 
ti'ii'li'd  as  piimaiy  Iwni'fliiariis.  frnni 
mainlainin;.'  .in  artinn  to  ri'ioviT  fnr  in 
jurii-"  raiisid  hy  Ihi-  violation  of  -iiili 
li'yisliitivi'  njinmanil.  It  may  will  In' 
-aid  that.  Ihnu'.'h  primnrily  inliMilisI  foi 
till*  hi'iiidil  it  oni'  I'la^s,  it  wa>  .lUn  in 
li'iiili'd  fiT  I  111'  protiilion  of  all  who  imi«I 
■.iich  proti'ii  ion.  Ill  this  casi-  .i  iii'mi 
I'ul  argumriit  nii}.'ht  U'  made  trniii  tin 
miTe  lan^^iMi:).'  of  Ihi'  si-rlii.n.  It  pru 
villi's  that  till'  rorpi 'ration  -hall  la- liuliN' 
in  diiiilili'  thii  aniiiiint  of  all  datii;i<.'i'>. 
not  iitily  for  those  'done  hy  its  a;;i'iits. 
I'liV'iMi'-,  or  ears  to  horsi-s,  catlli'.'  I'tc. 
hut  also  for  those  Hone  "by  rra-mi  nf 
any  linises,  ci'ili','  I'tc,  'escaping'  ffni 
siu'h  i'Oiiti;.'uims  tii'lds.  A-  tlio  pri'sinne 
'if  the  »lei  r  on  the  traik  was  the  cui-i 
iif  the  derailing'  of  the  train,  and  a-  ili.ii 
-teer  es<'a|^'d  froiii  the  adjoinin,  'I 
lhioii;;li  the  lUfiitive  fenoe,  it  niiiy 
plausibly  be  aryiied  that  the  n'oovcrv 
ill  this  ease  eomes  within  the  i'\|ii(— 
lanj:ua;;i'  of  the  statute  as  heinu'  l"i 
daiiia^je-  done  by  ren.son  of  the  i-ii',i|"' 
of  the  »teer  from  the  adjoining;  fipM 
through  the  defective  feme.  Hut  we  '1" 
not  eare  to  rest  our  <iineltisiiiri>  ii|ii>ii 
this  teohnirnl  ronstruetion.  The  pur 
pose  of  fenee  laws  of  thin  eharietir  i- 
not  solely  the  protection  (if  propri  lur- 
of  adjoininjj  fields.  It  ; .  also  t;:  -.ii'.:!^ 
safety  to  trains.  Thai  tliere  should  t"' 
no  obstruction  on  the  track  is  a  mattrr 


I  >i.Vt] 


y.\\^'l^>\^^ls  \.[\\i\\,n\  i  nhkk  ijknkk  vi,  \(  is. 


i»:r 


niiil«'r  vvliifli  till-  iiijiirv  w.n  nc-ivi'il,  flic  musfcr  cati  iiviiil  liiiiiti-ll' 

of   tin     il.'t'<'ll»i'   of   riililliiiill   t'lli|»liiVllll'llt.        Tllf   >rciH-nil    |)l'illi-i|lll>    til- 


iif  tllP    lltliliial    illl|Kirtiini'i'   to   Ihmr    ulio 

iin-    I'lillnl    iiiHin    III    riilc    mi    riiilKnul 

lr.iin«.     Wlii'lliiT  llijit   iili'<triii'tii>n   In-  i< 

lii)i   |p|iirii|    liv    HoriiM    urotiuiliifr.   i>r    .in 

iniiiial  Klruviiiu  mi  tin-  Inuk.  tin-  iluiip'r 

to  Ihr  Iruiii*  iiriil   llioai'   uIki  dre  tr.i\i'l 

mil   llicn'im    i'    till'   "iiiiif.      To    |in'Vt>M»    |iiiMii>    ,iri    nli 

.ih  h   iilxtnirliiHi    In-ill;;  imi-  of   tlii>   juir     iiiajntiiin    fi-ti 

|Ni«i<»  iif  tile  -.laliili-.  liny  imi-  «ln>»i>  lui^l 

nvi^-*  (mII'<   Ititii   to   Iif  iiti   ,1    triiin   lia^  a 

li^ilil  to  iiini|iliiln  ut  I  111-  I  iiiii|iiin,v.  if  it 

(.1)1-    to    t.'iiin|ilv     with    tliiH    Ktiii'itory 

'Inly," 

III  Mi«4oiiri  II    liki-  iloriiini-  prttviiiU 

/lir/,<'>n     V.     Ihiiiihn     it     St.     /,.     It.     Vii. 

l«!Mi    1-24    Mo.    140,  ■>:,    I..    H.    \.    ;J2(|. 

4«   Am.    St.    Iti-p.    I;.'!!.    1'    S.    W.    470. 

IV    iiHirt    ■•iiiil:       ■■\\(-    nil-    liiii^flit    liy 


iiiilroiiil  i-niriiiit-r  killnl  liy  tin-  ili-riiiliiiB 
of  hi.,  trxln  liy  rolli.mn  uitli  n  <o« 
«llirtl   -.ll.Hi.l   11)1011   till-  ll.iik    1  (iliMi- 

wliiii'  llii-n-  wit.  nil  fi-ni'<-  m  uithin  tin- 
iiiolii  lion   III    lliiril'.    (Ml  I    Mill     iia|i 
114.     »     ll'J.     illl|Hi«i|i;;    nil     iiiilroilil     111,1 
•olllti'     llllly      III     rli'it      iilH. 

'•'•  alonu  tlii'ii  ii;:lit.>  nl 
nay.  mil  |irii\  jilint;  tlmi  j(  .m  ||  fmii-' 
ail-  iiol  iiiiiili'  ,iiii|  ki'|il  111  panl  ri'jNiir 
till-  i'oiii|iaiili'.  .hall  111-  liiilili'  for  tin- 
ilniM  lyr    to    .tiMk    on    I  111-    mill        /.  nvi 

Ihiiii,  ,(  /,  It.  r,,.  V.  iiw/i.i»i«  (\HW\ 
I7i  111  .ITIi  IH  .Am.  St.  I!i  |i  »4.  .-ill  .\ 
K.  I  HI.  .Mliniiinc  ilSllTi  i;!i  III.  .\|p|,. 
.'1112.  Ill  llii-  iniiH  of  a|>|>'.i|.  Ihi-  ^I'lii-ral 
|iriii('i|il<-  »,i»  irlii-il  ii|Hiii  that  "Hln-n 
liil\ 


l-MT    H     llllly     a|-i«l'<,     «llllln-|      1I|10M     inlll 

.(iniiimn  i-xiN-rii-mi-  that  ciittli-  am!  i.tlu-r  iiioii  law  or  .taliilnrv  «riiiiniU.  an  art  ion 
iiiiJMial..  iinir-.  i<-»traiiiiil.  will  ,tray  will  lie  for  »  Iiumi'Ii  tlii-ii-<if  in  favor 
iipun  till-  triirk  of  railroiiiU  mnl  ihiiim-  of  any  oni-  iniiin-U  liy  n-a.on  nf  -mh 
.irioii-  ami  iliin|P-roii<<  oli.lriiitioiM  to  lirfuili,  tlioii^fh  if  h  ii'uri-  rit'lit  ii  ion 
ill.'  i.|»T.ilioii  of  train-i  tlipii-oii.  tln-n-liy  fi-rn-d  liy  a  ilituli-,  oii!y  tho.i-  to  whom 
|»-illiii«  thi-  livi-i.  not  only  of  pcr.on-    it    in    .|M-ciiilly    ^jiviti    may    avail    them 

-i-lvt-i  thfriHif."  The  ri-a.oniti);  of  (hn 
>ii|>ii-iiii-  iiiiirt  «a.  ,m  follow.:  "It  1-4 
Inn-  that  thi-  -ttatutp  i-oiitain»  a  pro- 
vi-ion  that,  if  .iiili  fiMiri-«  or  i-altl« 
auanlti  art-  not  maili-  or  ki-pt  in  yiiKl 
ri-pair.  ^m-h  railroiul  (-oriHiratinn  .hall 
In-  li.ilili-   fur  nil  ilaiiini'i-.  which   inav  ln" 


i-arrii-il.  hut,  to  a  ^ri-ati-r  ili'^i''*-.  of  eiii-li 
iinpli.yi'*-  I'lipipil    in    the   duty  of  man 
.lyiiit'  thi-iii.     Ui-  I  an  .i-i-  no  n-aaon  why. 
.it  i-oiiinion    law.    the   riiilrond   company 
iMiiilil    not    iirt    vvi-ll    111-    rnpiirinl    to    ii-w 
n-iKonalili-  run-  to  (iii'vi-nt  siiih  oli.triK- 
liiiii..  HI*  to  -UI-  that   till-  ti(-H  and   rail. 
:tTe  Miiinil.   and   thi-   roadlM-d   m>cun-.      I 
i-an  roni-i-JM-  of  no  nion-  iiiliy|iiate  methi  ' 
that  could  lie  adopted  hy  a  railroad  ci 
|iiii.iti(in    for    ki-i-|iiii^    iloiiii'^^i  ic   iinlina 
•  •ir  tlh-  track   of   it.   in. id    than   that   - 
itirliiiinir   it    hv    fence..      So    it    has   1n-c 
Ill-Ill  that  if  till-  want   of  n    piii|ii>r  fence 
II  .ikc~  a  railway  iin.afe.  and  an  accident 
ii.ip|«n-<  to  u   iKnieiiyi-r   ill  con-«Hiuence. 
i!ic  iniiipany  are  n-.|Miii.ilile  to  him.  al 
iliiiii^h   llicy  are  under  no  oliliiration   to 
'111-    .idiac«-nt     lanilowni-r.       Huriun     v. 
Vi,,;;.    Kn'trrn    It.    lo.     (IStlHi     I..    R     3 
I),   n.  .540.  .17  T..  J.  Q.    It.   N.   S    -i.-.S.    18 
1-    T    \.   S.   7!!.-,.   Ifi   Week.    I!ep.    1  IJ4.   << 
l'"~t  i  S.  .S24.     It   in  true  that  the  ital 
"'•■   riipiiiinj;   railroad    cor|ioriition.    to 
ti'iioe  their  iracki  only  in  express  term. 
i'ivc.  to   the  owners   of   cattle   or  other 
piiiiiiiils  killed  or  injured  in  consequence 
■  f  a  ni-alict  to  i«-rfonii  this  duty  a  ripht 
'f  iKticii.  yet    it    has  lii-iii   helii   in   thi. 
-l:iti-  that  the  law  was  ili-sinned  likewise 
f'T    the    piDteotion    and     safety    of    the 


inyi- 
<i"        ■  N    the  a},i>ntii.  eii;.-iiies,   or  cars   oi 
.  Miialion.  to  cattle,  horses,  Hhii-p. 
-ither    stock    thereon;    liut    this 
cannot   Ih-  held  to  exclude  all 
"      ■        -ity   which   may  arise  from  a 
I  I  le  niilroiid  coni|>any  to  feme 
■••'    i>''         I    c.illle    L'liurds,    II.    ref|uirisl 
l>y  may  lie  that  the  statute  was 

priiii.ii..y  intended  for  the  lienetit  of  the 
owner,  of  stuck  when  their  sti»-k  was 
killed  on  the  railroad  track.  Imt.  at  the 
•laiiie  time,  the  statute  wis  iloulilles.  in 
tended  for  the  lienetit  ol  all  (-la.»e»  nf 
persons  who  iiii;;ht  need  |  .otection.  The 
IK-rson  whose  husiness  n-piires  that  he 
sliouhl  take  pansa^e  as  a  pas.i-iij;i  r  nn 
a  train  has  a  ile«-|ier  inlerc-.t  in  liaxiiiL 
the  track  protwti-d  from  oh-tnntion.  of 
every  character  than  the  owner  of  stock. 
So.  also,  the  employe*-  or.  a  railroad 
train  has  a  deep  interest.  The  lives  .>f 
ihe  passeiiyer  and  employee  are  alike  at 
stake  whe"  the  niilrond  is  not  projierly 
protecteii    ifom    ohstructions    wliich    are 


iravelinjr  public.     Itri'itis  v.  St.   f.oui.i  rf  jikelv  to  he   upon  Ihe  track   where  it    is 

u    .;/■  ''"    """-'    '"   ^'"-   '"3.  20  S.  not  'p'-"P<'>-b-    fencH.      It    is.    then  fore. 

-•-'•■-.    aii,!    r;i.t-<    riled."  Ullli-.l- l,le    lo    sup|M>se    thai     the    IcRis 

Mniilarly  in  Illinois  it  is  held  that  a  laturp  would  provide  a  law  for  the  pro 


'- . 


,1 


iS- 


TS 


IH7S  MASTKl!   \M>  si;i:\  ANT.  [<  HAP.  xxMv 

,luciM<'   rp'in    111"  Miiilioi-iiic-  .■il-'i   liolew   \v..iil.l   ■^(•nn         l>r   tlii>. 
lliat  ill!  ininiii-u  ..u  ih.    I'.iri  ..f  llic  Ic-i-l^iMuv  t..  prceliulo  liiiii  l'r..'.i 

„.ctioM  of   |.r it>,   and   m^U■   n..   |.n._    ,|ml.,    <lillr>,Mi  _   f'""^tf'f  ,,;^-;":',"^  ;'.'; 


visi.M,    «lKn,.v,.r    for    ,1,..    ,„oir.  u^  a    -f  ■  ■  l,|,.l  tll-M,.     1,   i-,..M.-Ml  .1,..!   ,l„.,.„l 

,.»     ,.  |.    u\    (l.lill.illlV    Iv    n-.|Mll(Ml    1.1    l.l;., 

..M.i-.-,.,l    in    WnuJh    /,'.    f  o.    v.    Ihu,n.  ■\u.~»,-U    iml.    r.l    l,„.l     .livuhnL'    .1,   ,i,., 

,1H7S,    -    111.   App.   M|(i.  M-  to  tlw  n.L'lit  I.Ni.i:.-   |M,t   m   -u,l,   la,,,    ol  -.m,,. 

..f   „    -,n.„l    to    -„.•  u,i.l..-  <l,i<   .l:,li,l-  .M,   l...,l,    -.,1,-   ..I    n„.   ,o.„llM.l.      1,1   o,„ 


111.-     iuMMi-     h.i\iii;.'     aliiM.ly     II 
lo-r,l   hi-   liUi.l   l.v    l.,"fiil   fc'iKv-  .11. 


.\,,illii>,-   aiillioi  ilv    loi-    ill.-   -Mill-   ill" 
trill.-  U  //..III"'/  v.'.S7.  /'.■.'■!    '■>•/•'■  '  ,       ,.     .   •  ,   ..     ,         I  ■ 

(ISSll,     27    .\li„n.    111.    .1    N.    W.     n-*-.  I1-. -xl. nor  1,1111,-.  a,HM.i,ii„u'  In-  ,..., 

liul  tlM-  artio,,  was  Iwlil  1o  Ik.  l.avvil  U      viy.  U   v„-l, t  ihi-  rna.H..-.l.  Mini., 

the   siTvaiifs   U,io«l,il-c   of   the    »ai,l    of  liinuM,    o|i.ii    i..  Ilic   r..iiiii.<'M-.   In-   -i.  ^ 

f,.nccs.    anil    .■..ii-cMUcnt     „-iiii.|.l  ion    of  liahl«   t.,   -,  ra\    au.i.v    or    I-    mini...    .■ 

,1,.-    r.-iiUiriL'    ri-k.      Tla-    -t.iMil.-    tlirrr  .la-   ■^torU    ol    Hhi'i-    to   '-M.y    h;.'   ■      . 

,.„„-l,ii.,l    iMn.ii.   II.'V.  Stal.    Isr.S.  rliai..  o,v„„s.m  a,i,l  .lo  hnn  .laniai;,-    ,  -   .  ■  .i 

•;i     «    .-,.-,,    ilriliri-il    that    railio.id    ■■on,  laliin- -ays  to  liini  thai  the  r.iili.  i  ;  .^.  i' 

..aMii-   ^Mil•!l    Inh.l   to  ,-y,-vi    an.l    main-  |ia„y  shall  .•ri-'l  ami  Uivp  ,„  r.,.a.,-  1,,. 

Li,   ,.M,-,-  an.l  ralth.  ^iiarils  -hi.iihl  !..•  Inl    f-n<-.-    ^"'"■^.•<-;      ."-    1  n.  h.I,    1„- 

liiMo  lor  all  .lan,a^;i.s:n-tai„..l  hv  any  laml.  i-N.rpI  ihat  it  -hall  not  hi-  i.^pn.,. 

mTKoii   in  .■on<c.|,i.'niv  of  -iii'h   liil,,,-...  -o    lo    ilo    alont:    thai     pa ,  I     ol    ■■-      ,.. 


pcr<o,l    1,1    roll<l'.(,ll' 

(.hat  I'll'  \  ii'-iiiia 


n„   ,1 ih.'i-    haii.l     it    ha.   l,.-.'„    h.-hl    lo.'atiHi    within    the   .'oiporatc    Inmi-  .: 

f.iih".  §   1-a^.  i-iia.tiii.^'     I    city   or   tnuii.   or    uilinn    an    iiiiin.pr 


:.,':,;;;,;;;,;„;.;,; -hau ..,■,■,:.  ..orat:.,i  to.,,  f,.-  n,.  ,ii-tan,.,.  .^f  ™. 

••on    h.th'shh-   of   it.   r'Kulhi.l.   tlnoii.h  |Ua,t.r  ot   a    iinl..  .•illii-r   way    lioni  ,!;■• 

all    iii.ln-.-.l    la„,l   or   h.ts,   lawful    f.-,,.-  -.nqiany  s   .lr,K.t.   „or  .,1    a    pla.v   »,..,■■ 

.     ,     ,,,,,11     1^,.,.,,    tho    sani.'     in  .  h.-rc  i-  a  ml  or  .luhanknunl   wiili  -i.l.  - 

•  "  '         '  ..'  .•     I        .1  ..iir  ..*l.-        «....!.(..      urii'i.iil      I'll'     !.--i 


nroprr  r,.pn,-.  a„,l  with  whi.'h   tin-  own      -ulliiawit  K    -lor,,  to   p,.^.„l    1  n-   ,. 

■rs  of  nil  oi„i„.  laniU  niay  ..o„„i-  th-lr   ■■f  sfH-k.  nor  at  any  pace     t  t '-  '■- 

foniT.  at   snH,   plan-  as  thoy   ni.y  .h-i„     ■  n,y  ha.-  i-o„:,..ii-.i,o.l     ho  oun-     .M 

,!,op,.r."  iviat.-  only  to  tho  ,„■. ,. -i i..M  .ij.iini.i;.  'I'"''-'"'. '::'::'.!'':::":!', "!"!, 

of    -t       ■ 

tion 

I 
( 


toik.  anil  .lo.  -  not    i,npoM.  a,:>    a.hl,  -  lir   railmail   ri,,,--  to.    niaK,,,,::  .,    .     k..,. 

,onal   liahiliU    as  to  pasM.n,,:.^-  .„■  on,  o,^   in    n.pa,r   -an     I-;'""'.--      ■^"     -", ' 

l.noos       \,,;„.,„i    V.    \<„follc   .(■    \i.    /.'.  !., Hows,  as  wo  „n.hr-tan,l  thr  -.,,.1-1.1 

'o'    ilS'ili,     .SI     l-i.l.    i:n.    Alli,-„u.l    in  .I...  that  a  railiool  oonipany   ..m  f„l, 

(?SM7     T,  T     i:     \    l:l.-,.  -JliC.  ('.  A.  r.,i!i.    iply   wth   tho   law    an.l   yot.   ,n   f.i.i. 

2   US     \p|.    -'S-'.   7S    IV.l.   iVt.     T,ai„  ot    .■on-trm-t    a    -urjr    panol    „I    fi'i,.. 


"'^       ,'l,.',aiii-!l'''i.v    i'ln'lo   -liJyin'i.'  on    ih.       lo,i-   its  cntiiv  lino.      S,,r 


Iv    Ihi-  l-.Mll'i 


track,     'riio  o.  ,1,1   -li.l:     "Hail  tin;  lo-'i- 


..t    1)0    if   tho   lo^ii-latix,'    i,,tiM,t    »a-  1- 


!;;■„,;  intoniloillo  ii,,.vi,l,.  an  aihlitio,,.,!    ;  aotoot    tl„^    pnhlio.    tho    pa-,  „..r   n 
lialiility   o,i 
jiirii's   to   por 


l.nhilitv    on    lailroail    niopaniis    tor    in      ' '''l'l''>''''-  ^'^  "'' V'%|;;/'';!!al, ''a'  t  !■ 
,,„!-  l.ro„.J,t   aliont   liy   tho     incl     pi-opoily     on     tin      ,n.  I.-.I     ■ 


f  ilnro  of   siioh    roiapaiii.-   1-  .•on^tni.l  lli,o,i..h   x^lih-h  ,  ho   roa,     pa-,-.      II  i  - 

o,era";'tho   ,.l ',lo-i.„a,o,l    i„.-ai.l  ,„,hl I    ,    o-o    .m    Hio      ,.un-     ,■  ■ 

-tati.to    it   uonhl  ■•o,tainly.  ooiinTnmj.'  a  -.•„i;i  r-  an.l  olhoi-     woro  to  h,n 

^n     t-r    of    -iioh     „„iv,.,-al     i,„,.o,-t,„,.,-.  tional   -af.'ty    |.,v.v,ao,l   for   ■'    ■";!     ' 

.:  ,  -,..!  apl  an.l  „,io.,nivo.Ml  lan.na.o  l,y   tin-  oilioIio,  ,...   why   was   il   ,  I- 

I    d.0,1.   w,.'thi„k    i.    ,,nito   ih.ar   fnio   .  louii,.;.   was   no.    ,v,,n,roil   alo  .  t        n 

..aroful  stnilv  of  tho  louislation   in  .|„i  -  :n..    I,,,.-:      W  l>.v    was    on,     „il,    ,      '- 

on-f,on,  an  oxa.nination  of  th i.i  li„o  to  l-o  f,-n,-..,l    provii  ...1  tho  oum  , 

,a     ne.    is    tillo.    and    tho    .o.-itils    i.i  '  ,■    latal    tl,ri.„.i,    wh.oh    ,     I.'--     ;V 

uVe   fir      M.-tion   tho.oof.   in   llio   nam,  .,1   ,•.,„•  raol   to  ,l,si,.„-o  «•"'<■•, 

a  pr. ihU^thal   tho  looislaturo  il„l  ,-xl   ton   mih-s  I'"""""-'     '•    "  ,    ' 

not   intond   to    niaUo   anv   -lianoo   in   lli  ,■    fo„o,'    for    th.,    roa-on    1  hat.   to    I 

;:l,::;m  law  ot.,or  .Han-that  r.-latin,  .„  ,h,.,u,h    wh.oh    -;^;^ -'■^.,.;;  J    ' 

the  con,i«,nsati.,n   t,i  tho  owno,-s  of  t h.  i..,-,.l  was  "'."!'•'";         .,      1.    i-l>-> 

sock    ItlLxl    o,-    injun'd    on    tho    track-  -   <p"t'^   ,rr..s,-i  ,l>lo   th  ,t    th,    l._i,. 

of   r,ilro.uls   not    f,- ,.'o.l   as   r,,ii„ir.-.l   l,y  o.ind    was    not    ...msiilo, an^-   <'"■    -'      , 

-J        u.,.      ■  ,'   to  h,-l<'  o1h.!rwis<-  -.vo  o.ihli.'.  p.nd  th:,t    it   dnl   not   .•onl.  ,>  pl.f, 

:::^^eL;^\^o2'uJVn^.,.n,  greater   ..foty   for   passon.or-   a,„i  e„: 


^m 


§  i!:is) 


KMri.di  i.ir.N  MAi'.ii.nv  indki;  cr.xr.r.Ai.  acts. 


ISTIt 


ivUiiiu  ii|Miii  tliMt   plea  \\ill  iiul  !)!■  iiilcii.il  iinlr.s^  siicli  iiiiculiini  is 
txiiiiciilv  <]('clai<'(|.' 

|,l(,v.H'-<.     If  the  1,-i-liitivo  inl.-iif  was  to    Mirli.  (iJS.  .".  I..   K.  A.  :U.').  4.T  \'.  \V.  17. 

iliMiif.'c   111 iiiiniiii    liiw    ill   till-   iiiMiiinr     Tlii'    ((Hiii     ^.lid:       '( tiir    -tiitiili'    ;.'i\  in;; 

i.liiri'il    to.  as   claiiiu'il    liy   tlir   plaiiitiir    li.iiiiaL'i's  to  any  |MT~nii  injiiiiil  li.v  ri'axin 

ill  iimr.  the  laii;;iia;;i- i-iii|p|ii.\ril   ua-fX  of    ~lii-ct»    ami    lii;;li\\a.\  s    mil     Iwiii;.'    in 

tri-ii.<  ly  iiiiini tiinatf.  ami  tlic  ai'iual  I'c  i^iKxl  icjiair.  or  in  a  roihlitioii  rt'asonahlv 
»ult  allaiiinl  till- most  lamcnlalili'  fiiiliiic  -afr  ami  tit  for  tiavi-l.  tlinm;.'!!  tin-  hi'n 
lliiil    lias   lomi-   to  our   attintiin    iir   llm    liyriu'o  of  tin-  I'it.v  or   low  iislii|i.   maki's 

lil~li.iv  of   lc;;i~lativi?  i  ll'orl ."      'J'li(>  Xi'W  also    no    cNciipt  inn    of    |irr-oii»    or    their 

Ycirk    and     Mi--oiiri    ia~rs    aliovc    citoil  oi  •■ii|iatii>ii> ;   ami   tlnTi>   i~   no   ri'ason   in 

\\{Ti' ili-lin>:uis|icil  as  lirin;:  ili'iiilnl  uilli  the  law  or  in  ;;imii|  »i>ii-c  \\Ii\    an  fiiyim- 

rcfiriiici!  to  staliiti's  of  a   radically  dif  drivi-r  in  tin-  niiploy  ipf  the   liii'  di-|>arl 

IcTi'iit  tonor.  incut.   wIkIIht   in   or  out    of   the   line   ot 

For  reasons  analogous  to  those  relied  his  eiii|>lo\menl    at    the  time  of   the   in 

iipen   ill   the  (hi  i«ioii    last    eiteil.   it    lias  .jur.v.  ~houhl  -iiirer  sin  h   injury   Hilhoiit 

hieii  held  that  the  onii-sidn  of  a  railway  redii-.-  or  reeom|H'nse  iiiiler  tile  -latiiti' 

(iini|>iny  to  eoiistruel  ealtle  ;riiaids  in  from  and  liy  reason  of  ihe  city's  ne;.'li 
;iiioidance  with   a    -tatiite  ri'<|iiirinf;  the    irence    in    the    care    of    its    slrc<'ls.    than 

ciiiii|i:iiiy  to  fence  hoi  h  side-  of  its  track  slionhl    any    other    eil  i/en.       A     lireman 

fur  the   iiroteclion    of    imlo-urr-    cannot  take-,    like    every    other    employee,    cer 

lie  iniputed  to  it  lis  mjjliuence  liy  an  eiii  tain  ri-ks  hy  reason  of  his  em|doymcnt. 

Iilnyii-    iiijureil    by    the   diMailiiicnt    of    a  lie   may     he    injured    hy    his    lellcu     tire 

iniin.  cciisei|ueiit   upon  it-  cidli-ioii  with  men.  hy  falliii;:  walls  or  huihlin;;.  <'r  hy 

ve-pa-sin;;     I'attle.       I1p//</     v.     Iluninr  a   score   of   aii  idciits   that    are   lialile  to 

ISllI)   SO  Tex.  IDS.   M  S.  \\  .  Hd.'i.  happen   at    a    lire,   or   L'oiiiK  to   or   from 

(dl   Sliitulc.s  riiiiiiriiiii  niitifi-  (if  hlnst.s  one.      Hut    the    injury    he    receives    from 

(M  hr  iiiri'v.. — Maine  Uiv.  Slat.  ihap.    IT.  the  lii'i!lii.'eiici'  of  Ihe  city  ill  the  eaie  of 

5S    2H.    24,     riijuirini;     that     seasonahh'  Ihe    strcel-    tliriiu;;h    which    his    employ 

niitice  of  a  blast    -hall   be  ;;iveii    so  that  ment    lake-    him    is    no   more  one   of    the 

all   |Mr-ons  or   tiams   approaching.'   shall  ri-ks  he  voluntarily  takes  in  his  employ 

have  lime  to   retire   to   a    -afe  distance,  meiil    than   woiiM   be  an    injury   that    he 

is  not  appliialile  as  bc-twien  workmen  in  ini;;hl     receive     from    the    iie;;lii;eiice    or 

ipiarries.      linn-   v.    Mcliilirr    (ISltO)    82  w Ton;;  of  -ome  uno  of  his  fell.  «    cil  i/en- 

Mp.  240.  8  L.  I!.  .\.  -(.lO,  17  Am.  St.  Hep.  (.f  Detroit,  as  he  was  pa— iiiy  aloii;;  the 

4Tli.  Ill  .\tl.   -I.'i.l.  street.      if    this    hole    in    the    street,    foi 

IP)    .l(7.v  iiiiiiiixiii;!  linliililii   iipiDi   mil  instance,    had    bi'cn    an   ixcav.itioii    maile 

nicipnl  mriiiiiiiliiiiix   fur   iii/»/ii.s   niii.it, I  by  some  abiitl  iriir  h'l  o\\  ner  on  the -Ireet. 

Iiil  (Irfiil.t  ill   .W/<i7,v.--lndc|-  the  South  anil    iie;;li;;c-iilly    left    o|k-ii.    i-   there   any 

I  iiriilina  act  of   ISM'J    i2l   Slat,  at    1..  ill.  -oiind  ica-oii  why  Ihe  plaint  ill' eoulil  not 

I'ov.  Stat,  ji   ^-iS^i.  which   provides  that  haxc  n-eoveicd  from  -ucli  lot  owner  dani- 

•any  person  who  may   nicive  bodily  in  auis    for    his    injuric-.    if    -inh    injuries 

jury     .     .      .     by     reasiai     of    defect     or  weii'     occa-ioned     llirou;:h     no     fault     of 

mi-'ni.'ina;;ement "  of   anylliiiiL'   under   the    plaintitTv      11 n-wi'r   i-  obvious.     The 

lentrol  of  the  eor|Miral  ion     .     .           may  fad   Miat    plaiiiliil'  was  a   Unman   would 

recover     .                (laiiiaf;cs."      an      action  wei;;li    no   more   in   sueli   ca-<'   than    if   lie 

niiiy  1)0  niaiiitaiiieil  by  an  eniployi>e  en  «as  an   e\pii—  \va;;on  driver  or  of  ,iiiy 

»iL'iil   in    repairin;;   H'e    -inlets,    who    i-  other  occiipal  inn." 

iajured   thron^ih    the    ne;;li'.'enl    iiiana;.'c  To    the     same    I'lfect     -ep     I'nlmir    v. 

nient  of  a  steam   roller  by   the  eii'.'iiu'ei-  I'lirlsiiiiiiilli    ilsiil)    4:1  N.   11.  2li,").     The 

in  ch.irye  of  it.      llnrLsilnli    \.    I.uiirriis  court    did    not    -iv    any    rea.-on    why    an 

(lUflUi   SS  S.  C.  4l.'f,  mi  S.   K.  (Iiil.      The  excepiioii  should  be  made  in  the  case  of 

court  considered  that,  ns  the  action  was  i   sciv.int. 

vliolly  statutory,  it   was  unnecessary  to  'lai    /Mdok/c   ac/.i.-In    one   or   two 

iiai-ii|,r  whether  the  ilf«'trine  of  eoserv  early   deei-ions   the   position   was   taken 

iio  «,is  applicable.  thai  the  claiMa!.'e  acts,  by  which  the  per 

A  -lalule  ;;ivin^  an   action   aiiainst   a  soniil   ii'pri--eiitativ.-s  of  a  dccc'dcnt  whos« 

town    to    "any"    person     injured     by    an  death   «as  due  to  a   tort    are  enabled  to 

I'li-lnntion.    imires    to    the    bciietil    of   a  iecii\er     clama;;es     from     Ihe    delinipicnt 

'"i"M':!!i  cr  otbiT  iiieivbiM-  if  ::   ri'.ic  lire  parly,    created    a    riL'lil    "f   acli"ii    >.>liic!i 

l>ri;;:iiic.      ti.iils    V.    hihiiil     ilSSlI)     7.'>  could   not   be   defeated    by    showing   that 
Vol.    II.    .\1.    i    S.      37. 


I     , 


.'  .t 

ii 


.;iit;. 

iliii 


s 

t 

.^i 

Mil 


i 

1             ; 

:  i  !  ^ 

1    ;  ;■ 
i 

iiii 

! 

) 
,1 
■1 

IHSO 


M  \>ll.l:    \M)  -^KltNANT. 


[CHMV    xwn 


tl,..  ,l..,,.,|.Ml  «ii<i.  Ml.m  >.-n..nt  v(  \U<-  -lA.iiil^   «l.il>t    n.iniiii..'.  .-.mMii.  i  i„y    ., 

..uliMl.lr   |.:lrl^.  ..iHl   th,.ivf..rr  .-..iiM  imt  yn,:;  aiiv    1,.. i..tn,..  car.  or  li..m 

1,.',.    Mlai I    tl Hi,.„    lmu~-ll    il  ,,,   .ar-.   UU.v,Mv..n.,,tnvn,a.v.n..:n,, 

1,..   1,:,4    MMviv.l       •/7'.     //..//./•'"./    /.../M  r,M„v,..So. ,t   Ih,-  ina-n.  tli.-a.l",. 

,lsr,7,     Cl.a.,.    I),v.     1......    I-.I.    fa,.    No.  of   muI,    -.•rva'"-   "    I-  1-^"     -"'V^'       " 

.■;,1   \i:.     l.-i        S.,.  lliU   ;,uf.   n,M„.  ,l..f..,-.-  ..f -.AMc..     ••n,.s<.om.|.i-,„n 

l!,.t    it    is  nuu    -.ttk.d  l,>  a  -....I    pre-  ,ai.l    N.^t,,,,.    .1.,    ■•!>    ■va.!,-,!    fr.m.    ll„. 

.„„|,,,,„,,.    „f    a„ll,..,ity    tliat    lln,    de  lan^.a,,-    u-,-.      n.    lla-    aH         ^^^  ^U, 

VMM-    i-  availaMc   1-  tl.r  .„a-l.-i    in   any  |--i-„1,    ,lial.    Mi.-,     -t.;.         t    i.   tiue     li.t 

,.av  in  «l,i.li.  iMl.atii  l.a.l  M..t   i.-ull.-.l  iIm-.-    «oi.U,    m    ih.n     I.U-.al    ^i-nil,.,, 

fr.m,    tl,..    iMiMiv.    il    would    Imv  Uan.-d  ,i.,.,,    are    ruinprrhrn-iu.    .■,,,...;.,.,   u, 

an  ii.'tioM  l,v  tl,;.  iiiinivd  p-r-nn  l,in,s,.|t.  .Ii.d- a  -.-rvanl  .r  .„,|.lo>.r.  and  t..  I 

It    is    dilllriill    1,.    ,indfr,land    h..u    any  imi,-    tl,»-ir    plain    and    na  ural    in,|-.,i 

ntlivr    II,...  rv    .a,,    .-vr    hav,.    m,.1     »itli  -li.ail.l    I,.'    liiv..,,.    nnl.-    al.-„r.l    .■,.„-;■ 

fav.ir.      Tl,..'  K.nyli^l,  a.t    fr..,,,   wl,i.l,  all  .|i...n.-,.-    I..ll.,w.    an,      ,n...,nM-t, ■„.■,.-    n, 

the    l,-i-lali..n    in    tin-    I  nit..d    Mat..-    i>  1 1,.,    a.t     ar,.    l,r.ai;;l,t    t.j    li-l,t     l..v    -,i.  I, 

ipi.l.  ,  '   pa--,..l    M,.,plv    tor  tl,..   pur.  ,„.■a„in^^     .\,1.,|,.  ,„■.  tl,..  ..onstr,,. .  „.,  ,., 

3'.,'    r..n,!.dvin,'   tl,.. 'an.Mnal.m-   situ-  .is,.,!    u,k.„    l.y    pla.nt.M     a  p.^^a„-    ,,, 

ation    whirl.     ..-ult...!    fro,,,     p..r„,ittin^'  Jur...l  l,y  a    ,..ll..w  »fr*ant    wl,  !.■  .r.u 

the..om. -h.wmaxin,.    lrr.„,«. ,>is  in-    a    l,K..,n,ot.y..    or    tram    ot    .a,-,   al 

,.„ ,.,„„„   „iurlt.„;  t.,  sl,i..ld  111.-  .-Ill-  thou;;!,  I...  may  hv  nia.n,...!.  nian-l.-.l.  .<v... 

„a!d..  parlv   in  t!,.-  v,.rv   ..as..s   in    whi.-h  .listi;:,,,...!.  an.)  may  sutl.r  fr  a„  ,„.l.i, 

il„.  ,!a'„a..;.  .l.,n..  l,v  l.iti,  is  most  -.rious,  nit..   iNri.-.l  ..f  tmie  th..   n„  -I   ..x.-r,,,',,,! 

.„d    ,1„.    ■,r..pru.,y'  of    r.-p.irin^'   hln,   to  iuf;  tortur,-.-.  .an  hav..  .,.,  a.  U.m  a^a,„- 

,K,v     c.,n,p,nsa,ion     is     i t      app.,r..nt,  llm  .„ast.-r  ..r  .....ployr ;    y.'t    „    1„^  .  .■. 

Th\.  a.'t   uh..s  no  n..w  oau-,.  .,f  a,-li..n  to  his    r..p:,-..„tat.v..    n,ay    r......v.a    .-f  tl,.; 

,1,..  ndativ.-s.  l.utonlva   ri.ht    ir.  M,l,-,i  .„,pl.,vr    .-...IMM  .        I  n.h.r    th,-    v„«    .., 

lution  l.„   th..  ri«l,t   of  a.lion  uhi.l,  th..  plaintilV  tl,..  rtf-ht  to  m,..  !>  m.m   a  t,,.„- 

.1^.;., W..U1.1  hav..  ha.l   if  1...  had  ,ur-  ,nit,...l  r,^rl„.  hut  an  „r,.,ual  r,.l,t.   .,- 

vivcd.       /.'.'«/    V.    iln„l    i:;sl,n,    l(.   Co.  in*:   ..r   app..ann_u    t..r    I  ,.•    hr-l    I,,.,.    ,.' 

uses,    1.    U.  ;!  Q.    H.  5.V,.  !•    Ih-t    &   S.  tin-  in-,ant   of   tl,,-  .h-.th  of  h.m  ..r  I,. 

-14  r  1     I  <>   H  X  >*  ■'''<   ">^  '-  ■'"•  III"'"-'''    »''<""    ""■    '■'-''*    '"^   ''""'"' 

\    s'sjJ."lV\\.-..l<.  I!..p.  H»40.  App,«v..d  ll...    v.-ry    fac..    .,f   th.;  2,1    .-..InM,    i>  .„ 

in    (inttillis-   V.    Ihulh,    (1XS2>    L.    H.   »  -ar  with  any  .,th..r   nl,.,.     han   that   tL. 

0  I!  II  V  •!,-.;  .M  1.  I  «.'  I!.  N-  ^-  •''■t:'.  ''-''»  '"  ""'•  "^'~  '""-"'I'"'  '"  '"■  ■[  "'"■ 
17  l'  T  N  S  10  :!!•  \V,.,-k.  K..p.  T'.ir.  a,i1t<-.l  rit.'l,t,  an.!  n.it  an  on-it,al  ii''  ■' 
M\  .t"p'7U  'tIip  ohviou-  and  natural  Ihi-.  i-  -houn  Uy  tl,..  .•hara.t.-r  ,.r  th. 
inf,.n..m.  th,.r..f,.r...  i-  that  th..  h.^is-  |,,rti..s  au,h..r,ml  t.,  su.-.  lh..y  ,„.,- 
la  uivs    in  p,.-sin-  11,,- Is.  m..r..ly  in  !....   tirs,.  ...tlnr   tho   hushan.l   or  »,i,   -t 

™l..!'    .     'put    '-'-"    I--""''    ■'"    <'"■  .l.-vas.,l:-....on.l.,ft!,....h..n,.,„- 

..h.H.s  of  th..,l....,..l."t.  s..  far  as  thr  ri^-l.t  .an.!  or  wif,-.  .,r  h,-  or  s!„.  fa  1,    ,    -  ,. 

.,f  action   is  .•.,n....r„,.l.  and  to  h.av,.  tin-      .v    nt!,s    aft.'r       ,..    d..a  1  .      1,      t  • 

,,u..sti.,n    wh..tl,..r    tl,..r..    is    any    sp,-.-,,,.-  „.,„.,,•  ..luhL.r  .•!,.!.  ...n  o(  tl.- d,.  ■ 
lar  to  tl,..   a,ti.-u   t.,  1...  ,!.-,i,!M   hy   Ha'      f-   H'tr.l.    if   -u.-h    .l.r,-..  ..■.!   h.-   ■     !,„>  • 

pr'noiph-s    whi..h    w.,ul,l    hav,.  h...-,    ,■.,-,  „„!   unniarn.;,!.  th..n  hy  < '-  f^'    ";    • 

roUin.'  if  th..   iniur..,l    p..r-on    ha.l    s„r-  .,„.tl,..r:    ..-.    ,f  o.ther  Ih>  .l.-ad,  th..n  I 

1  vlil.T.nd  wa,  hin,-..lf  '.tin.  for  an  in     -mvivor.       1,    -"V^'r    ^J'^' I';  ;^, '^ 
j^^^^^^^jj^.  ll,..-..   |,r.,visi.)r,-,    -for  tl,..v    appl.v   ti.  i.h 

The   HlWt  of    s..oh    a    statul.>   in    this  ,ni..ri.;s  ..ll,.,|.  .1  I.,  it.  §   :i  ..-  "'-'l  ^'-  '•• 

pni't    of  vi..w  was  ,.lal,o.-at..ly  ,!is.„- 1  M.-s.-  .n  S  2.     tha     .     ,„..s,  ha  ..  1   .^^^ 

„   l'n,rfor  V.   Il,n,„n.„l  .(•   SI.  ./.    I!,  r...  , h..   n,....l    a,..l    >"'•;''''"   "''''■X,. 

,1S7.1.  fi4  Mo.  112.  wh..r..tl,... ...... •t.,v..r  i.....    o..l.v     to    .-nf...-    "I""'    'I"'       "' 

nl.l    X.huUr   V.    I'u.iii,.   It.   Co.    ,1H.1.-.)  .la—    o,    |«..-ous    th..    ['.-''!";" 

M\\o     i;i     IS,...   this    „.„,.,    ...„,„■„,.   a..,l  .as..-   w!,.-r..  ,h..  hu-ha,..l.   w.f.'.  or     ,  ,  . 

ado,  ,1  ho  .,pi"i'"t  "f  *"■■  -'"'  "<  '■-  '""'','  "^'.v..  sn,.d  ha,;  •";*>;;;'«'';"■ 

{    ro    (isrr,)    .v..  Mo.  2S.-i.      Th..  .■„nt..n-    -,  it..t.Nl  hy  th..  htt-hand  for  th,.  ,l,..,l  1 

Uo,  of  tl,.-  plaintiir  w,.s  .ha,  ..n.I...  ""•-''•'"•  X''  a  ZJ'";  i:..- 
i  o  of  tho  Miss.niri  .la.naL'.'  a.'t.  pi'ovi.l-    aa,l    app.-..vo   ,h.'    far,    ,hat    at    '         " 

[^i;';gi:::m:;'^.;';:-'^i::r:::;;:;d.'or  .uilia  be  ontit...  to r,  r,,,- 


EMi-|.(iM,lt>    IIAIilMIN    1  M)i:i;  ( .I.M.I;  \1.    \i   IS. 


ISS! 


»iiiil<l  be  tho  initial  and  iitri-^Mix  ^tiji 
in  till'  ou.se,  1(11  he  inijilil  inovi'  l)v  m 
iliui~.ind  w  iini'.s.ses  the  dctiili  am!  tli.' 
iMcMsion  of  II.  yet  it  would  a\ail  lilin 
ni'lliitijj  mill  "  tlie  ri'liiti(iii-lii|i  of  liii~ 
ImiiiI  and  wift;  was  t«4tabli^lif<l.  If  ili.- 
words  'any  i^^rson'  in  the  at  arc  t<i  !»• 
construed  :i~  including  gerviiiit-,  tlii-n  ilw 
ininn-istcnl  if  not  absurd  tone  iii-inu  I'd 

In-A.i  that    allliuiiv'h    iindi'r  the iniiniii 

\i\\\  rule  the  iiia-tcr  has  cdiiiiiiitti-d  no 
uiTiiL'  a^'ailist  the  siivatit.  ha.^  viid.Mcil 
nil  law  and  done  iiiitljiiiL'  \\liii'li  iiii|Hisi'~ 
iipnn  him  «  li-t;al  lialiillty  In  aiiswiT  in 
iLiMiijic-s  an  acliiiii  hruu^ht  liy  the  srrv- 
lilt  liiin<(df.  yet  upon  his  ilcith  a  causi; 
nf  action  wliiili  ncvt-r  U'fuic  had  an  r.\ 
istcin'O  is  at  iiiMc  di'Niddjw'd  and  l)i«>ii;;Iit 
to  li^'lit,  and  is  1(h1j.1(1  in  tin-  rc|iri-iiila 
tivps  of  the  ilncascd.  Not  only  is  tlif 
tlM)\i>  i-oM<dii>iiiii  iii\(d\'t*d  in  the  con 
■  met ii in  coiiti'iiilii!  for  l>y  plainlilV.  hut 
...  the  fiirtliiT  n>iirhivji  II  that  the 
jiarty  receiving;  the  injury,  if  hn  livi's. 
-  ly  npp  year,  may  hiiii-elf  sue  iiml  re- 
i.m-r.  for  the  injury  inllieled  U|ioii  him, 
li.iiiiaijt's  in  any  amount  wtiii-h  the  jury 
liyiii;;  the  ca-e  may  L'ive  iiii.l.  r  the  tacts 
..f  the  la-e;  and  if  ili^ilh  .1  it.Tw ,i iiK  en 
>1IPS  from  the  iiijiiiy.  his  re|)ii'-.entatives 
may  <iie  under  S  i  of  tlh'  statute,  and 
reciivir  an  additional  suui  of  .*.">. ilOO. 
thus  holding  the  party  liable  in  t«ii 
Mdions  Id  two  diirereiit  parties  for  the 
-anie  wrong.  .  .  .  This  rci.ling  of  tlie 
-wtion  also  eonelnsively  refutes  the  ill 
lerprelatioii  01  incning  givep  by  |..' liii 
tiff  to  the  words  'any  person'  in  the  Nt 
ilan-e  of  the  "id  .-ection.  .\iroriliiif;  to 
the  plainlilT's  inter|>retalioii  of  llie-c 
words,  the  representatives  of  a  servant, 
injured  liy  the  nei.'ligeiiee  of  a  fellow 
-ervant.  while  engaged  in  ninning  and 
ojM-rating  the  road,  without  •  fiult  of 
the  nia-ter.  could  sue  ..ml  recover 
against  the  master  S'lODO.  although  the 
-ervant.  had  he  lived,  eoiild  no'  have 
sued  at  all  for  the  injury;  yet  li.e  rep- 
resiTitative  of  the  servant  who...  death 
was  occasioned  by  defect  ive  track  or  de- 
fective machinery  conld  not  siie  for  and 
nrover  anything  under  the  id  section. 
although  the  servant,  had  he  livrd, 
could  have  sued  the  master,  and  have  re- 
cdveied  any  damage  whi<li  he  may  have 
su-tained  by  reason  ot  an  injiiiy  iu- 
liicti^l  upon  him  in  co^-e^]uence  of  a 
def.ctive  roai!  or  defeci  ive  machinery 
Used  in  operati  g  il.  It  seems  to  Us  to 
He  a  manifest  misiuteriuetation  of  the 
2d  section  to  construe  it  so  as  to  say 
lii.il  the  legislature  in  tlie  1st  clause  iii 
teiideil  to  give  the   representatives  of  a 


-en, lilt  who  woiil.l  have  h.i.l  no  cause 
.if   aitii'ii    had    lie    live. I.    a    iiidit    to  sue 

.111.1  i.ii.vei    *.'..(iii(i I  ill  th..  'Jil  clause 

"f    llie   s.ini .li.ili    il.'liie.l    to   the    repre 

s..|itatiie  of  a  -(Hint  who  wiuld  li.ivo 
hoi  a  (Mils,,  ot  a.li..ii  li.id  li(.  lived  the 
li-lit  to  -lie  an. I  n.iv.i  ilaiiio.:.-  iiii.lev 
lli.il     -e.  I  1..11.  \i|.l    li,,.    I'.irt    I  h.it.    ill    the 

J.l  .1  ll-e  .f  llils  -e.lioil.  the  h-_;-la 
line,  lie  11.11  .M.  ii.iiiii.  thi.  iii:ht.  .li.l 
deii>  the  light  of  the  repi .  srnlat  ive  of  a 
-erv.iiit  diiDi;  fioiii  an  iii|iir\  ree.u.il 
from  a  defiiiiie  10,1. 1  or  iii,ieliiiii.r\  to 
sue  ,ind  ri-.o\er  iiiidi  r  that  seelii.ii,  is 
eoiielii-i\.-  prill  f  that  they  did  not  in 
tend  to  iiiiliide  iiii.lei  tin-  term  'any  per 
son' a  fidh.w  -ei\,inl  injured  by  the  iieg 
ligemi-  of  a  f(dlow  s,.i\.int.  wiliioiit  fault 
of  I  he  master." 

Henry,   -I,,    dissented    in    an   elaborate 
.ipiiiion;   the   theory  of  the  iiiajorily   of 
Ihe  i-ourl.   that    th."'   .'Id    s, ,  t  ion  '  was"  the 
key   to   the   ine.ining  of   the   J.I.    was.   he 
considered,  erroiieoii-.   as   tin    id   section 
was  pi'iial   ill    its  ehaiaet.r.   xvliil,.  the  ;!.l 
was    coliipell-al  ive   and    111.1.  1\     pies;  rved 
eomiiMin-law     rights    nf    ael  i    11.        .\s    re 
gards    the    aiginii.  nl.il  imi    .(./    nh-oiiil mn 
(see   ali.nel. — that    under   the  plainlill's 
con-1  riK  tioii   of  the  .nt    a    -.iv.iiil,    how 
ever  seriously   iiijiii..!.  (..iild   rce..ver  no 
daniages.  whih-  if  li.'  .ji.d    his  repicseiil 
atives  could    ree.ner  .*.">. iiimi. — he   coiisi.l 
(•red  that   tlieic   w.s  nn  \alid  ica-oii   f.  r 
as-erting    that,    h.e.iiise    the    legislatiiro 
llia\    h.ive  Ihoiighl    it    best    that   the  com 
moii-law  rule  should  ii'iii.iin   in   force  as 
respects    111,,    serv.int    hini-.lf.    it    should' 
be  cini  lii.h.l  Ihat  the  l.-.:islat  lire  di.l  m..' 
intend     iliat     hi-    representatives    sh..iil.l 
lia\c    a    right    .f    ael  ion.    when    the    Ian 
giiage  of   the    l.iw    was   broad   enoiii;h    to 
giM-    it.        Aiicilher    p.'iiil     iiiailc    by    th.- 
learned    iii.lge    wa-   ih.il    as    the   d.'.i-ioii 
ill   Ihi-  Krltiill:  Cii.si    h.i.l  b(.en   reeogiii/e.l 
as    tbe    law    of    the    land    for    about     ten 
ye.lls.    it     sliolll.i    be    l,.fl    to    the    le'^i-bi 
lure    to    -ay    wh.lher    a    11. 'W    ena.lineiil 
should    Ik.    passeil.    i-i.ib|ishiiig    another 
rule. 

Other    eases    in    which    the    same   doc 
Iriiie   has  been  ud.ipte.l   are   <'hii)iiii<in    v. 

ii'fiiiifl.ls    ilsdiii    2:i   c.   c.   .\.    ici;,   ;!:! 

L'.     S.     .\pp.     liSli.     77      liil.     ■.'7  (  ;      I, III-     v. 

Mliinllr  .(•    /'.    A'.    Co.    (IsiiJi    1;    \.    M. 
4!Mi.    Ii;    I,,   n.  A.  810.   ;!0    |>ac.   ;il2. 

In  //'.»•(/  V.  .l/l.S'i.vsi'/,;,!  C.  I{.  Cii. 
\'^'\)  "jO  Miss.  I7,s.  eoiinsid  aigiie.l 
that  the  wor.l-  "any  per-ou"  ineliided 
employes  s.  Tlie  emirt  deciiled  again-l 
the  phiiiitiir  on  geiier.il  L'roiinds.  with- 
out  any  e.\preso  cummenl  ad  to  this  con- 
tention. 


,N 


•iui] 

'if        ,,, 


IS-iJ 


MAsri;i;  wd  si.i:\  \Nr. 


[l  ilM'. 


It   ix.  iif  coiir-c.  IM'I  ili-^|>iiti'il  tliMl.  nil  li-r   "f   '111"   <;ir«'.    i-    Uill.l    hmIm'    ■;', 

drr  iitiv  -l;ili,l.-  uliicli  |i  iinif-  1  lir  iii;;iii-  lii  .iiiii-tiui'v,  as  wen;. I  U:\\r  cliliil.-.l  li-, 

iPtl.'IIM-'i'  lif  :l.l   Mclioii    f.'l-  :l   •U:\\i'    li--llll  ilf.   -.i-i'il  to  Illil  iiitu  ill  lUl  aclioii   f.ir  .iu, 

ing    I'lHii     iir-liM,.iiiv.    ;i    |ii-i-(.Miil    ri'iirc  .i;ji'-   :i;;:iiii-t    -iK'li   (miiih.imI|..ii    if  .!■•■, 

Hciitiilivc   ..f   J  "-.■n.iiil    «li<.   wii"    killi'cl  lijil    iw't    reunite  I.  the   coi  |,iHMlii'ti    -ii.i 

can    iiTdMi-    (I.iiim;;!-    if    ll"'    ilc-Iilif|nfiit  In-  ll.'I.N'  in  tin- Miiiir  inaiuh  r.  iin.l  IiM  .. 

emplliN.'f    W.IH,    liV    villi f    till'    inlilMKHI-  Vl'll.-     ■Al.llt.     Hi)     it     WDlllll     IlllVl-    li.'.ll     il 

law  (I'lirliiiii-i   pin.ilfiil.   ill   till'   piiiticu-  t!i.-  .|m-.i-mI  lind  nut  !»■' ii  .in  niih'  ■\..' 


lar  jiiriMlidicii  "In-r.'  tin-  ^ir,i.l.-iit  <n-  hi  ;hi  ii.liHii  iindci  tlii-  -i.iiuif  l-ri,,- 
rnrir.i.  nd  ii  fellow  •^onMnl  of  t!i(i  'ii-.^lli  <'S  iHi  fiii|.loyi'c.  no  Hir.\,  i-\  ,  •, 
.li'i'iMl.'nt.  Siillnni,  V.  Mi-<-"i',i  r.  It.  11.'  I':i.l  if  llii'  'iil>  iiiv::;ii'J'ii<o  -linvi,  i- 
Co  (ISS!^)  f)7  Mo.  II:!.  lit  <.  W.  **•">-  tluil  of  tlic  iVIlow  scrvniil- of  III.-  |..  I 
(Hpplviii;;  till.  iil..>v.'  .1.  li-'  l..iu.iii  a  iiijun-.l.  'I'lii'  roiiit  sai'l :  "If  tin-  i.' n: 
traeUv'valk.'r  ami  a  tiaiiiii  in;  ;  or  wlii're  lilV-  ih'.-talo  lia.t  -iiivim-.I.  In-  .miI, 
the    iif^'li-i-lin-    wlii.-li    .aii-oil    t'le   .liatli    not    lia\.     iii.iiiil  ainnl    an    a. Hon    l..r   Li- 

was  tliT.  .^if   an   ••iiiol.iv. f   wli.'-o    in-    injury.       Tli.-   imrii.i-c   .-f  tin-  -laiin.-  i- 

pon'ix-toncy  tin-  il.'l.ii.l,.Mt  lia.l  notice,  lo  |M'riiiit  tlie  a(lniiiii~t  ralor  lo  niaiii.ii- 
dalioil'iti'.  II.  <(  N  .1.  /■'-  ''"-  V.  Diiris  an  a.-li-.n  for  tlic  ileatli  ulieii  llie  ial.- 
(IS'.IH;  'I'l'-x.  I  i\.  .\|.li.)  4.')  S.  U .  '.I.'it!.  tate  .-.iiili!  Iiavo  niaiiilain.-.l  ,i'i  aiiioii  ;; 
(18!IS)    02    Ti-x.   :i7i.  4S  S.   W.   .'>70.  lie    liail    reeovored,    an. I    not    otlierwi-. 

lb)  Arix  iiiij,i.-'<iii<i  rmlililn  mi  li.rl  W  lien  liis  aelion  wouKI  liave  lurii  .|. 
fensnis  </.  ».'r(/»i/.  - -t'n.ler  §  l-'lSii  of  the  feaie.l  oy  tb-  .lefi-:i-  ■  of  .-..iii!u..ii  .•iii(.l..i 
Code  of' Napoleon,  priviliiif;  tliat  every  leeiil  if  'le  had  Mid.  tlie  ,H-tioii  ,.;  In- 
act  wliieli  .-a.i-ie-;  dinia^'cx  -iioji-.-t^  liini  adiiiiiii-l  r.itor  will  Le  l.arie.l  in  llii- -  oi:. 
by  \\1"--.-  defaiill  il  liapiH'iied  to  repair  way  in  a  <iiil  liren^jlit  on  aecoinil  uf  'li- 
lt, an  employer  eaniiot  N-  I.eld  lialile  for  death.  Tiii-*  seeiii'^  the  only  r-a-oi;  ,1,' 
an  injury  oaii^eil  liv  a  i-..se-vant  of  tlie  inlei  pvetal  ion  of  lli.'  slaliile." 
plainliir'iinl.-  -  llie'.loliiiipieiit  wa-.  iiinil  I'lie  transfer  of  'leieM  Iiy  a  niii"-: 
for  hii  w.M-k.  //I'/e/'/  V.  y,  »-  (hhinis  .-..inpaiiy  from  a  v. -^m-I  t,.  its  .-.n  i-  i 
if  C  II  I'')  llS.">li  •!  l.:i.  .\nii.  r.Hi.  i")4  lailroa.l  o|>.'ration.  williin  I'li  w.-ol--' 
.■Xm.'nee.   5li.-..  thi-   oalnle.      Ilih  ,,  v.   /(-.v'...  .1     1.  /; 

(r)    .\rl!<   i,. .;«.•./'../   liohUilit   (or   inju     <\-     (lS'--i)    1  IT   Ma--,  llli.   H;  \.   1.    '    " 
rits  Fiilixirl  III,  th'-  iiniliii'  nrr  ,,f  rijiiimoii         Mere    failure    of    an    eiieili"  i    lo   -Iv; 

(•rin-iVr.t. I  S<-,'    ^'l-o   -nl.il.     .f).    infin.)    a  I'ain  at  a  di-i<anep,  on  -ei-in-.-  men:'. 

Tpon    ".'round-     miv    -ii'iilar    t.i    tlio'*e    Mnik   on   the   track   tryiiiLT  I.,   i ■..- 

which    ^have      h.-:-ii  '  de.-i.i.-.l      <-..n.ln-ive    te!e.l.'rapli   poh-.  without   evi. hi  .e  i!;. it  i 
wl   -re  the  elVe.l   of  Hi.-  .lama:.:,-  act--  has    saw  lliat  the  |M)le  exteii.lcl  on  ilie  ii  I'i. 
Iipen   in  (|ii.-ti..p.  Hi.-  <       rl.-   haM    .h  ler      is   'lot    -udi     -fi.-s    iie;;)i,L'eii.-c"    i-    «i! 
iniiiiil   that    a    -laliili-  x  '  h'li-   in   ,L;.-ii.'ral    u-ive  a    ri;;iil   of  action   for  tli.'  ih  '!!.  ■•' 
lani;iiai;e,    rcipiir.--    a    railway    .-.'inpiiiy    .-i:.'    of    tin-    iii.-ii,    un.lcr    llii-    -i.'ir- 
or  other  coiiiiii.iii   c:'rrier  to'aii-\v.i    for    rliixlinlm   v.   Old  Ccln.iii   U.  Cii.    {l^'>'' 
the    ne^'li'j.'ii.-c    <.f    their    a.L'cnt--    in    the    I -V1   N'a-.  H.  XT  N.   K.  lUT. 
operati'  n   of   Iriiii-.   etc..   din-    not    pre         l:i  .1 /c/, /«  .i.   /'.  d-  >■.  /■'.  A".  ''.,.  v.  hn 
elude    them     fina.     i.  Iving    on    the    plcii     rn,r    (lSS:ii    (1  ( '..I...   4!K.  I  he  -titiil.-  aii 
that  the  deliii.|i:'-nl    w'as  a   .■.i-.-rvaiit   of    dor  .li-iii-ioii   pr.nide.l   that   ■■.- '    i-v.r 
Ihe  injure.l   p'r-op.  ^u.v  pc;-"n  -liali  die  from  an   in  r 

Hv  Ma-.*.   Pull-  "^l.it-  <lii|)-   11--  S  -1--    -ultin;.'  from-  "r  occa-ioncl  l.y.  ::         ■: 
it   is   piovide.l   thai,    ulcii    I  he    lif.-   ..f   a    liL'eilc".  un-kilfnlios.  orcriinin.i!  i      '" 

passeii'i-r    or   of   a    p.-r-oii   h^iiLT   in   tli.-   of   any   olll.-er.      .      .      .      while   ri ii-' 

,-xerci-.e  of  due  dili;;.'!!.-.-.  .1.1.1  not  11  |';i-  -  -  •  any  loci.:.  liM'.  car.  or  Inni  ■  i 
.-;en".'r  nor  in  the  emploviiicnt  ,if  --iicli  .ar'.  .  .  .  an. I  \>h.'n  any  pi--  i:-j' 
porjioration.  is  lo-t  "by'reaMin  of  the  -hall  di.->  from  aii\  iiiiii.v  iv-i,!'!!. 
nogli.'ence  .-r  carcic— iie-<  of  a  corpora-  from,  or  o.-.'.i-iom-.l  hy,  any  ,|..f..'  -r 
tion  oiKTaliii^  a  r.iilroa.l  or  strc.t  ra*!  iii-iilViriency  in  any  r.iilroad  or  ai,..  pir 
wav,  or  of  the  uiiHliir<-  or  ^n—  nc-Ii  thci.-f.  or  in  any  l.i.-.niiotuv  .i  .-,ir 
.'eiice  or  cai.le«ia-^  of  it^  -,-rv.iul-  or  the  eiiipl.iy.  r  of  the  ,leliii.|ii.'nl  --i.c 
a-ients  while  eiiu'a.v'c<l  in  iw  !iii-iiic-<."  forfeit  aid  pay  for  every  p^ -.a  an; 
eortain  d:iiiia:;.-*   nn;;hl    he    n  covered   hy    pa---.'iiuir    -o    iniurcd    the    -n,  ■;■ 

indictii'cnl   to  the  u-e  of  ceitain  p."-"ns    cM'.-e.liii-    «.-..nnn.     an, I     not,    I.---    t.i:ir. 
named.       This   provi-^ion    was    an....     d    $3,001).-       The   curt    -ai.l:       •■  I  In-  " 
bv    the    Slatute   of    !««:'.-    --I-»p.    ^4-1-    hy    rnntain^    f.  iii    i-lhor    -.-.-li.ir.-     hut    t.-.r 
addiii"   the   words   "and   if  an   emp.oyce    is  nolhin.;;  therein  j;niii,L'  ;i   n-lit  .-t  :■■ 
of  -iich   corporation,  being  in  the  e-\cr-  tion    for  -iich   injun.-s  to  tl iiijili^}" 


!i   ti3») 


e.mi'I.iim:i:s  i.i  \uiunv  indki;  chnkkai.  acts. 


iss:! 


hiiii-olf,  if  he  -iirvivo  tlii'  same.  The 
l<>-itiim  of  apprlliT  ^inil  llic  (Ii>lricl 
luiii't,  tlii'iofoic.  is.  Iluit  llic  lc';,'i:.laliirc 
iiitcnili'il  to  say  thai  the  ciiiiiinon  hi'.v 
rule  ilfpiivint;  thr  iiiiphn<ii'  injured, 
iiiiii-c-ll'.  of  any  rcnaily.  i:ih'ss  liis  cast! 
Ic  coviTiil  hy  ipiic  of  thi-  cMrptions.  -hall 
iciii.iin  in  force;  but  that,  if  he  die- 
liiiiii  the  injury.  .1  rJL'hl  of  action  in 
1  i\(ir  of  soni<^  third  person  shill  s|)rinji 
into  cxistcniv;  that,  thoijijii  he  hi?  rcn- 
:.rc(l  a  hdplo^.s  cripple  and  invalid,  and 
1  Knrdcn  and  cxiicn-c  to  hi.^  friends, 
!iirc>u^;h  the  ni';.'lii;ence  of  a  co<'nipli>yce. 
■  illl  '.:,'  sIimII  have  no  ri'.iht  of  action 
'j;iin-t  his  employer,  wliile,  if  lie  lie 
iii-t;iiitl>  killed,  his  widow  or  heirs  may 
i.  lever  s."i.(ll)0  fioie  ■iiich  eniplo\er.  Th" 
ii  :;i-I.Uure  had  the  |iower  ti  eiiale  this 
li-tiiiction,  ii'it  tlieir  intent  to  do  so 
-Liiuld  appear  dearly  from  the  coniext 
i|  the  act  itself:  for.  if  l!ie;e  he  .imitit 
iliiml  it.  and  the  »t,(ute  will  h'-ar  in 
eilur  roa-onahle  interpii  t.ition.  one 
., liicli  is  not  in  conllict  'Aith  lie  eoni- 
i-iiiii  law,  the  hitter  .should  he  .'.dooted. 
I  !u'  1st  station  aliove  qiinled  may  he 
lividid,  with  refcrfnee  to  the  indiviilual 
iniiued.  into  parts:  I'ir-t.  where  any 
|Mr-(in  clies  from  an  injury  caused  b\ 
I'le  n  Jipeiice,  iinskilfulnos.  or  crimi 
',:\\  intent  of  an  <>;'leer.  -eivant.  or  cm- 
•ilevie;  and  secondly,  where  t  Iw  il-'fil'i 
ef  ,1  p.i«-en^'er  i»  ocea«ioned  hy  a  defect 
"I  in-\illli  ieiicy  of  a  railroad.  loconiolive, 
(IIP.  sta;.'e ciwicli.  or  other  public  eoiive\- 
iMce.  It  would  pot  be  contended  that 
'he  word  'passen^'ev'  includes  eMi|)loyees, 
IthoiiL'li  they  are  iip'in  thi>  defi'cli\e  car 
■t  cnnvcy.ince  and  receive  fatal  iniurli-s 
■lin>ii:.'li  such  defi'cl.  Why  -honhl  llie 
'■■iji-latiire  disci  iminale  belwe,.ii  i],,-  (uo 
I, lines  of  death'.'  Why  -l.ould  they  Siiy 
'hut  a  risht  of  ae'ion  -hall  \»-  ■I'wfU  to 
.ho  widow  when  death  result.s  from  the 
1 'e:;li'jeiK'e  of  a  fellow  servant,  but  deny 
he  -aice  when  it  i-  due  to  defiTt'.  in  the 
'■.ir  or  convevanci'  epon  which  the  mmv 
lilt  is  eoin])elled  to  rid.'?  The  emplnyei 
er  ihu-ter  is  no  nio'e  at  fault  in  one 
'  i~"  than  in  the  other.  His  re-pmi-i 
liility  ami  liability  are.  in  law.  \\n 
.ir.iier  in  the  choo-in^'  of  eonipetein  and 
careful  .ser\'ants  than  they  are  in  the 
-elcctinn  and  purchase  of  safe  machin 
cry  :ind  ap'iliances." 

I>y    the    Mi-sissippi     Anno.     (Ode    of 
'•^'■'■2.  §  .'i.'i.')"    it  is  provided  that   '•everv 

i^iilr I  company  -hall  he   liable  for  :'.ll 

ihimaei's  which  may  be  -iislained  by  any 
•wr-;i"  ill  ..,i,!Jeqii,..:e..  ,.f  t!te  n.-;;'.- 1  or 
I'li-nuina^'cinent  of  any  of  its  aL'ent-i.  en- 
.'iiioi  rs.  or  clerk-,  or  for  the  nii-^iiiaiia;;e- 
'iM'iit   nf    it-  en;;iiie-;    but    for    injury   t<i 


,iiiy    I  i--eiiL.'ei    upiiii    ,inv     freii;lit    tram 

not     beili;;    illlellded     for    both     pas^ell;;<'r- 

and  fn  ii;lit.  the  conipany  -hall  not  be 
liable  cM-ept.  for  the  j/ro-s  nej.di^jenec  or 
eaieles-ne--  of  it-s  servant-."  This  pro 
vi-ion  i«  not  applicabh-  to  eniploywu. 
.Vea-  Orli.iil^.  .1 .  li  U.  V.  R.  Co.  V. 
Ihiiilii-    I  1^73)    411   \li— .  J.^iS. 

Ill   r.(//.    V.  Il'iniirr  ii    /'.  Cuiiiil  dr   R. 
Co.    IH.'iTl    4,3   .Me'.   iW.    it    was  arL'ucd 
that   I  he  eeiiimon   h.u    had  biiai   nndilied 
by    .Me.    I!ev.   Slat,   ili.ip.    SI.   S   -21.   pro 
viiliiiL'  that  "every   raili'oail  corporation 
-hall  be  liable  for  all  daiNa;rcs  -ii-laiiiiMl 
by    any    pers«iii    in    eon-ei|iience    of    am 
ncLdeci   of   the  provl-ion-  of   the  fore;;o 
in;.'   section,   or  of   any   other   ne;;liel   of 
any  of  tliidr  siiv.int-.  or   by   any    mis 
inanaeemeiil   of  their  eiiuiiie-.   in  an   ac 
tion  on  the  ca-e   by  the  per-oii   -u-lain 
iliL'     suih     dama;.'es."       This     coiiti   it  ion 
did   not    prevail.      "The   u'cnual  pinpo-e 
I'f  this   -tatute.''  siid   the  court.  "  e'e,- 
1(1  he  to  llx  and  e^tabli-h  the  lights  and 
( blii;,it.ioiis   of   railroad    c-orporal  iiai-    a- 
behveen    thepi-clve-    and    third    per-on- 
nol     tb'dr    sei\iiii-.     and    I  lie    lan;.'uaee 
leliid  on   in  ihc.  -ecii,,,i  cited   ha<  refer 
eiiee  to   the    liabilitie-   ,'f    -leli    corpora 
tions  fir  the  iieelects  of  I'l   ii     i;;.  nl-  oi 
-ervani-.       Xotw  ith-taiidiiiL;    its     literal 
coii-i  I  ill  t  inn    miidit    entitle    a    ne;;liL'enl 
-erv.int  to  ri'cover  foi    injuries  sii-taiicd 
thiMu;:h    hi-   own    f.nill.   or  any   -eiAaiil 
to  recover  for  injiiiie-  ocea-ioned  by  the 
laillt    of   a    fellow     -evvaiil.    i^till    -licli    a 
con-tmetion      is      wliolly      inadnii— ilde 
St  itiiti's.  null --   plainly  to  he  otheiwi-e 
eon-trii'd.    .Iiould   reiTivea  con-l  rui  t  ion 
not    in    iliiojation   of  the   i'imiiIik'h    liu 
I  on-ill  rini;    the   L'dHMal    d'-i;.'n    of   thi- 
-tatu'!>.    we  are  of   opinion   th.it    it   w,i- 
iiot   the    intention    of   the   'e;.'i-hitiiri'    to 
change   the    nature   of.   or   the   incidenl- 
connected    with,    an;,    conti.ici-    iM-tween 
such    coi|i' lations    and    their    servant-. 
If  -ueh  had  been  the  intention,  we  think 
it    wieilii    haM'   been    mole   plainly   or  di 
rectly  (■\pri--eil.      The   word-,  any    per 
-'II,  in  that    secthai  of  llie  -tatiite  lelic! 
on.  niu-l   be  limited  in  their  apidii  .itie.n 
to  such  jM-r-ons  as  were  not  the  servaiit- 
of  the   enrporalion.   and   who   may    have 
-ii-tained  damaL'^'s  wilhrut   any  contrib 
ulin;,'  fault  on   their  part:   thiw   leavin;; 
-iich  servants,  who  are  pre-umed  to  have 
airjn'.Td  their  compensation  with   their 
eyes  open,  and  to  h.ivc  a^-unicd  the   re 
lation  -vith  all  its  ordinary  danu'er-  and 
risk-'     withiait    any    leiiiedy    a;.'ainst    the 
corpora  1  ir>!i  f,>     -,,r\\  inje,rie-  a-  may  be 
incident  to  the    ,'iTice  they  have  en;ra;;ed 
to  perform." 

It    has   also   been    held   that    employee- 


!  i 


I    ^1 


-111 


m 


li 


HSl 


M  \s|  i;|{    VXD  SEHVANT. 


[I'lIM' 


XXX1\ 


I'.i 


I'jtUt: 

IH 

B 

■  \ 

4i*A<i:  ■ 

»rr  tint  williiii  thi'  ].Mivii\v  of  tlic  Miinn 

>tiitMlc  uliiili  ilnliriM  tliat  wlii'ii  lln'  life 

f  A  piT-oii   i-  lii^l   lliiiiiiL'li  ttic  rari'li"''' 

II  •-<    of    :i     niilr.nil    crii  |"'iMtic'ii    i>i'    ii- 

-11»  .lilt-.  Cnllilicll-at  idll  nIiiiH  ho  IlKlilc  to 
tllr  h<'\\<  II'  II, !■  (l,riM  cil.  Slilh'  V. 
l/'/HH  r.  /,-.  <:„.  Ils7.il  (','»  Ml-,  4!tO.  •It 
i-  I'l  1  liiiii."  <i\u\  tlic  ciuiit,  "lliat  till'  ail 
.if  |.'<.'),'i,  wMili  i«  the  lia-'»  of  til-,'  i\Ut- 
iii;.'  law.  illil  lilt  a|i|il.v  lo  tlic  I'liipliivcm 
iif  the  for|>i>i  al  ii'i,  Tlii"  Nt  xrilimi  of 
llic  act  ap|ilii'il  only  to  |>a--i'ii;.'i'is.  Tim 
lM  «irtioii  of  thr  .Hi  a|i|>liril  to  (ii'i-'oii^ 
1,1  III  r  than  pa^^'ii^i  r-.  '.ml  i'Xpir'~ly  ox 
iliiiliil  the  I'lMpliivii'-  of  tlio  roail.  In 
till'  lirvi^cil  Slatiiti-i,  tlii«('  SfVoral  pro- 
vUioii-  aio  (Towili'il  Into  one  sort  ion  of 
only  -icvon  lini-s,  ami  iln'  lan;;iia).'i'  cin- 
ploycil  is  iiiorr  yiiirial.  I'lit  tlirrc  is 
nothing  •"  ''"ail  n-  to  holiivo  that  a 
olianyi'  of  tlip  law  \va.«  iiili'iiili'd.  Our 
<oiidii-ion.  thi'ii'finc,  i-  that  llip  exist 
in;;  slatiiti-  i~  imt  applirahlo  to  thi'  laii- 
ployi-i-"  of  111.-  mail.  To  liiilcl  othiawisp 
woiilil  cnil  iiiL'i'i  tlip  -afity  of  travoliTs. 
Thiir  -.afrly  rc<|iiiri-i  that  the  pii-mi* 
in  diar^'o  of  a  train  of  cars  shoiihl  he 
riL:ar<Ii'il  a-  a  unit;  that  rnrh  sliouhl  fi'ol 
ros()onsilili'  mil  only  for  lii'^  own  ion- 
(inct.  hut  al-ii  for  llii-  lomliii't  of  all  tlii' 
olliors.  They  shoiihl  he  iiiailo  to  ft'ol 
that  it  is  thiir  iluty  not  only  to  he 
watihfiil  of  thrnisclvis.  Imt  to  he  watch- 
ful of  each  iilhcr.  .Xiwl  this  end  will  he 
iH'st  srcnriil  hv  making'  thcni  the  iii»iir 
er*  of   their  own  safety," 

The  Kaii-^a<  act  of  March  2.  ISTO,  pro- 
vidinjr  that  all  railroails  "shall  he  li,riilc 
for  nil  ;l:'in  lire-  ilone  to  per-oiis  or  prop- 
erty when  iloile  in  ooii~e(|iienei'  of  any 
neylect  on  the  pari  of  the  railroail  coni- 
|>a nil's"  is  appliiahle  only  where  a  rail- 
roail cimipaiiy.  a-  a  company.  ha»  heen 
ne^'liijent  ;  ainl  h  i'^  no  application  to  a 
case  where  the  nejiliiicnce  of  an  eniployci' 
inoiluces  injurv  to  a  coeniploMi'.  Aim 
,s<is  /'.  R.  To.  V.  N1-//.111),  MST.'M  11  Kan, 
S3, 

The  death  of  a  -tcanihoal  employee  on 
a  steanihoat.  can^iil  hy  the  nc^li-icnre  of 
a  fellow  servant,  is  helil  not  to  he  within 
R.  T.  Puh.  Stat,  chap,  -204.  ?  1').  niakinj.' 
common  carriers  hy  steanihoat  liahle  for 
loss  of  life  of  "r.n\  pi  rson,  whcllier  a 
passcn'_'er  or  not,  in  the  care  of"  such 
common  carrier.  cau<eil  hy  its  nefrlicence 
or  that  of  it.s  servants,  1fi7/ri  v.  Coffin 
(1Hn.->)    19  R.  1.   1(14.  ;ttl  .\tl.  6. 

(d)  .left  rciiuiriini  ininiinp  fiiniiiily 
on  riiihrnii  H^iliin. — 'i'lie  larser  part  of 
the  ca<e-  wliicli  ileal  with  the  scope  of 
stattite-  priiviilini;  that  warning'  siuiials 
shall  he  'jiviii  when  trains  are  aopn h 


in'_'  cri>«»ini.'s  have  IiK'n  deti  riiiimil  wit!. 
out  any  direct  rcl'i  rence  to  the  av.nl.i 
liility  of  the  defen-e  of  iiiiiimon  cmplnj 
ment.  See  jS  <i'1".  note  1.  suhil.  lai, 
^■i/iro.  In  some  of  the  cases  referred  tii, 
a-  the  'oncln-ion  was  that  the  statu'- 
miller  ili>ciis'<ion  wan  not  applicalile  ^ii 
all  to  the  servants,  the  invest  i;;atiriii 
never  reached  the  stap'  at  whiih  it 
mi;;ht  have  iMconie  necc-sary  to  iim-iilir 
the  ipie-tion  whether  that  defense  w,i.  u 
har  to  the  action,  l.i  the  n'lnaiiiilir  of 
those  oast's. —  t!io-*'  in  which  sei-\  ml- 
were  held  to  he  entitled  t<i  tal  e  a  Uiii 
ta^re  of  the  st.itutr,  -the  court-  s,.,.!,,  t.. 
have  tacitly  prociiedcil  uiku  the  tliimy 
that  the  diit\  inipo!ied  » js  iioii  ih-l. 
•.'aide. 

Ilut  in  some  eases  where  a  statute  el 
this  description  was  iii'der  discussiiin  i' 
has  heen  expressly  laid  down  that  111'' 
mere  f.ict  that  the  railw.iy  coiiipiiiy  1- 
declared  to  he  liahle  to  "any  ]HT-iir 
lor  a  hre.ich  of  the  iluty  so  imposiil  Ik- 
iiot  operate  so  as  to  su|M'i>eile  the  ;;i!i 
eral  rule  o'  law  which  exempts  an  cm 
plover  from  liahility  to  his  om  n  servant. 
for  the  fault  of  their  fellmv  s.n.uit- 
HiukUiU  v.  Itdllii  <i  A  (t.  /.'.  r„.  I  jss:; 
litfi  l.  S.  47s.  -i:  III.  Ii»l.!.  :i  Sup  (I 
|{cp.  .122  (a  deci  1  with  reference  1 0  ,: 
-taiute  of  W.  Va.  s7;{,  chap.  ss.  5  :ili 
The  court  citeil  tt'lhoiiiill  v.  I'f^rnlr  „,, 
<f  »■.  K.  Co.  ilSr.i))  (■  I!.  I.  211:  Ihirf, 
V.  Ciiilral  It.  Cn.  (IH7<ll  12  N.  V  His 
as  authorities  for  the  di.elrine  that  lli" 
main,  if  not  the  sole,  ohject  of  the  -tat 
Hie  was  to  protect  travelers  on  t'le  lii;.'li 
way.  but  su;;;.'e-ted  that  it  niif;lit.  per 
haps,  include  passengers  on  the  traiii- 
or  strangers  who  were  not  tre-pis»i'r- 
on  the  line  Of  the  road. 

See.  however.  Catnrinu  v.  11  ii//.i'' 
(  latlS)  2.')  Sc.  SPSS.  Pas.  41  h  scries.  4OI1 
cited  under  the  following  seel  ion. 

(e)  fttatutm  difniiuq  liiiliililii  uf  raxl- 
irnif  coiiipniiim  in  roiinrclioii  uilh  thr 
pyuriiriiif!  of  riqhts  of  iriti/. — The  Iii»:i 
act  of  IHa.'l.  "granting  to  railiivnl  iimi 
panics  the  right  of  way"  proviiled  i§  14 
that  every  railroad  corporation  -hall  !•■ 
liahle  for  all  damages  su-tained  hy  :iii> 
l»'ison  in  conse<|Upnee  of  any  mglocl  (i 
•  he  provisions  of  this  act.  or  of  1111} 
other  neglect  of  their  agents,  or  of  am 
mismanagement  of  their  engineers,  h 
•,vns  held  that  this  section  did  not  cevii 
damages  accruing  to  a  servant  fimn  t!i' 
neglect  of  locomotive  engineers  a  tier  tin 
road  was  built.  Such  a  const nntieii 
was  deemed  to  be  precludi'il  Ih'imu-''- 
first,  no  such  ohjeet  was  iniliialitl  I'J 
the   title;    second,  to   ascrilM'  lo  I  lie  In" 


i;mi'i.um:i;v  i.iaiiii.i  i  \  i  \i)i  i;  i.i.m:i;  \i.  \(  r.>. 


I'll    nil    clli-i-l 


ll.l     H'll.ll'l 


III    nut     nnil'i'iiH.     iii     it<    j 


It    ,1 


irtial.    './■ 


Ii:i; 


I-'    I'.ii-li.    ITJ. 


M^j 


vlini'    It 


Hill, 


Ml 


I'pllrnt 


Inn.     \\,i» 


I. ml  iIkuii  iIi.iI    till-  'l^iliitr  "i\i"-  liii 


I  Slim    II   liiwii.  4'.'! 


!■]■'    li     .'/.    It.    C'l.    liylil    1"   111''   I" 


lll.llllllllll     Mil 


il     I     )>li'^i-llt;llivi-    III 
I'll.  11    III,'    Klllill;;    I- 


{fl     hrtltiuli'l  si'ttiiti     nil  fiofsiint   llillitl-     lli.llirliMi^   .iliil    lllti'll!  I<<ll.t  I. 


,tll     fur      ll'lldll      llil/lirl. 


lllilc 


l\v. 


i;iA 


MmI.  .'>!<»   (nil   if  Minli    Ml.   ls.-,(i.    S-H  "I"  li 


This  »tiiliili'  liii-  iiin\    U'lii  i'i'|ii'.ilitl  \>y 


ll<k\     I    ii|l>llllltlli|| 


ri;;lil  ii(  iii'limi   "a.-  ;:niii   to  tin-  |«'i      \iiliiii:  lli;il    "w  liiiii  mi    t  lir  iIimiIi  iit  .i  |»'I 


il   rc-|ii 


I'litatiM'  I'i  nil  I'liipliivii'   ill 


-Mill    H--llll     II 


iriMl  l)V  till-  w 


ilflll 


L'tiM  1  of  till    ii;.'int-<    bv   iicyliui-iM 


illilll\    illllirli<l 
{;^IIll    .let.    thru,    ill 


III    a    railliMil    riiiii|>aiiv. 


III. 


viiliil 


-ili'h  fa-r,  ii.iiii,iL:t  -  iiia\    lir   n'rt»\ 


fylirt"   liiTC   iiii'iil  iipiinl   i«   (he   iTiMtliro    >i''il    lor    -iirli    diatli    I'loin    tin-   roijn'ia 


I  f    Matulc. 

rtliiTi-   (li'atli    re-ii 


„l     a|.|,! 


iiiiililiirl: 


mlv    III    i-a-i-^ 
It-    liDiii    till'    injury. 
l.ou'ixiilli-     it     ,V.     It.     Cn. 


t  loiH  ami  |M'i  -cm- 


■II  r.nl-lli; 


till 


I'lii- 


.liHI-lnll     ill 


•  f    action    tor    the    ilnit  ii 


not    •iwf  a    Mi 


;lit 


■il    liv    llic 


till-  piililii 
IHTloriii   a    III 


if    a    -I'iMinl. 

of    a     fillou 

III'  -.mil'  lii'lii 

<itl.    A    S.    I! 

inl-iiliim.il   f.iiliii'i-  to    <».    i  ISltiU    HIT   K.v.  :i7(i.  .">t  S.   U .    ISl 


IS'.lli    i;i  Kv.  I..  Il.p.   IH.  Iti  S.  \\.   I-2.-..    .ail 
rill-    [ilir.i-.'    iia-    Ih-'Ii    -aiil    to    iin|'lj     ^i  ivant  of  i^iiial  ;;r.iili'. 
.1  ri'ikli's*  iinlillri'iiri'  if)  llii>  m\M\   'if    of   lalmr.       I. mil;  v.    /.. 


itiilV-l    dnt\. 


rulli 


Itiit  it  iiii|ir 


till 


|io-ilioii  of  a  -ii  \  ml 


ti.    V.  it.  cf   '/'.  /'.   I{.  C'l.    (ISlIJi     to    tlii-   cNltnl.    Ilial.    wlhi.a-    no  artioii 


I'mn/iii'i 

13  Ky.  1-.  I!.')) 

ills'  r.'i'ovi'i'v   in  la-.' 


UTO.    IS  S.   \\ .    11.  iliiiv      roiilil    III'   niaiiilainiil    luloic   tlii"  flia 


ink. 


injii 


Ml    l.v    111. 


\\  In 


11'  an  riii| 


■lo\rr     ill    till-   l.ns    fill     till 


.|i.-i. 


loll   of   a    jji-     nor 


f.-ll,i 


-I'lVaiit     null' 


i'..;i'iii'f  ol   a   ^\\\ti 


that 


Ji 


III    lllr    |ilallililV    -iill;jhl     to    III  in;;     L'l 


williil.   I. 


ii\ii\    iiiav    iiiiu 


111-  la-M-  wi'hin   the  -laliili'  l«y  iiini      liail    for  lli.'   iliatli   of   a    -iivaiil.   r.iii-  il 


inp    t!iat 
liV  I'vlilrll. 


ilflll 


liccll   ll-l'il 


1111  11  L'a-  lion 
in  it  for  tin 


iii«tra 
h. 


Ji-.'l 
liii:;  that 
il  <if 
tliat    tl 


lililMliMl      liv      III 
it   Ii.hI     I'll 


!'■    orilinar\ 


II. -liij. 


nil'    ot     -lull    a 


iiw   -i-i'vanl. 


-lali'  ol    Iron 


I'.ilMli    ;!l    Kv.    I.,    i; 


»  i; 
nil.- 


/;. 


I. -I'I'  \\  a-   no   \  '"lit     'I'm 


/ 


'/, 


/. 


i|.i 


i.f  li'iikiii'j  -a-:   ami     i  IS'.IHi     HIT    Ky. 


.t   S.    W.    IS». 


tliMt   ;.M-  lank-   «  liii-li   U'-n-  H' :,.   l.-i'l    'nil  It  hi-  liii'ii  hohl  in  a   I  il.'  '  i-i-  that  tin' 

-id.'   til.'   «a-   tniil'liii!.'. 


illi    a    til 
1    III'-    liii-    iimli'i 


ill 


hi'twii  n    tlioin    an 
ya"  iil'at-.   uii'-  lo'i 
Til'    -latnii'   ha-    ii 
iictiiiii    a;;aiii-I     a    -I'-.iiiil.'i.it 


III. 


in-l  riKliini-  in   an    n  t  imi 
il 


iin-l   a   la  I 


iiiail    |ian.\     tor    |''i-"n.il    injiini'-    t 


ilirali' 


.111   i'iii|>!'  \  I'I'  -lioi'til    mil 
'till'    to   u  ilflll    lii-;;li 


/.' 


I'f.r 
illc  if 


IT    for     \.  A".  <■(,.  V.  I'miiii   I  IS'.IS)    104  Ky.  45ti. 


-tKiinlioat    »a- 


.ith. 


.in     ''ni|>{ 
-hot    ami    kill'''!    h; 
MiTijiiii    V.    7'/noii/i> 


nn     111.'     t;   S.  W.  :\\1. 


I'or  a   "in.ral   rcvi 


1SS4)   82  Ky.  .'is:!,  following  Hiiiiinj  v.    aiife. 


r.'j.'a  nl  i  iif,'    eo>.-i 


if  till'  Kciiliii'ky 
I.         -.'.•    i     041), 


ii 


I 


riiAPTKi;  XXXV. 


STATi'TKs  i:n'.\(t:".i)  i:\ri;i>si.\    ii»i;  nn;  iii:\i:i-iT  of  skuvanis 

IM  liolJlt  rn|;N    t  MAI' I  Kl!. 


l.tM 


,■( 


•  j> 


lit! 


!i    ': 


A.   CO.NSIKI  ITIdN    AMI   mil  1    OK   M  l  II     MAU   IKN. 

ti.'tlt.  On    wliii'    f.iiiliii;.'   tlii-i'   -iMliiti.  arc  i(in«tiuiHl. 

040.   Kiii|ili'\ir  in't   ri-pmi>iMt'  I"  r  munilliuri/.i'il  ;i<t«  of  statutory  vice  jinii 

rip.il. 
till.  \\  Inn  till-  -.tiit'iiury  li^ilit   dt  iiclioii  aiiriic^  an.l  ii  l<  TMiiimlcJ. 
IMJ.   Ni'ii'-^ii>   of  |iri\iny  kiinw  1,  il'.;f  im  the  difrinlanl'.-  part. 

U.     (on  -nil  TIO.NAI.IIY. 

w<;t.   SlalnIc-  fiiliii-ly  a!'!oi;atii:j  tlic  ilcu-lrinr  of  coiiiiiion  riii|>liiynn'iit  uilli 

n-|H  (I    111  all  cniployi'i-. 
U44.  Statnti-  ii'iiilit'yiii;!  tlir  di-liiiir  of  cuninion  i'ini>loviiiint   in  irjn.l  Im 

all   |ii  ivali-  (I  r|ioration>. 
C4J.  Staliilr-  alir";;at  in;;  or  inoilil'yiny  flip  ilodrine  of  ooiiinioii  iii;|iK  umiit 
with   rcspci't  tu  all  lilt'  Mivanls  uf  ruilmaii  coiopaniiss. 

a.  (iioiyia. 

b.  Mi>sonri. 

c.  Xoitli  Carulina. 

d.  Dliio. 

e.  Tt'XHi. 

f.  I  tall. 

I/.  \\  i-ri'ii-in. 
filli.  Staliitt-  alirii.;;al  ini,'  the  doetrino  of  rnnunon  rniployiin  :it    uitli  n-p.! 

to   railway   MTvanls  (•Mya;;i-il    in   llir   i:iMTatioii   uf  llic   nu.l 
647.  Statuto   iinpo-in;;   <pi<ial   ilulic-i   upini   various  cla^•M•n  uf  iini.lui- 
0.  Strci't  car  luinpaiiics. 
h.  Operators  of  minis. 
(i4S.   Statutes  rc-triotin;;  tlic  defenses  open  to  ciiiploycrs. 
C.   DkKKNSKs    AVAII.AIJI.E   IN    ACTIONiS    IMIKB  STATl' TK.-*. 
Ii4!l.  (Icncvally. 
050.   Assuniptiiiii  of  risks. 

a.  Ordinary  ii>Us  a-siuncd. 

t.   I'ii"iliilily   of   fnnirc  iic,i.di;roiKc  on   llic   part  of  statiitov  \ii' 

principal,  not  a  ri-k  assumed. 
0.    K.\tiaordinary   risks;    bow    I'.ir  a-suniedj   in   the  ali-eine  .1  i\ 

pies-  provisions  on   the  suhjeit. 
d.  KlVecl    of  «'.\pres«   provisions   with   regard   to  assuniplinii  "f  i-\ 
traordinary  risk.?. 
651.  Contriliiitory   nogliyence. 
a.  (.encrally. 
t.  Avoilahility  of  the  dofensp.  as  dependent   on  the  provi-i^ii-  'f 

the  statute  sued  upon. 
0.  Availability  of  defense   inferred   from   bin;ruage  of  sialnte, 
4.  Kno\vledi.'(>  of  risk,  how  far  nej;lij;enee   is   inferable  freiii. 
188U 


IKl 


I  c.i'.il      .\(  IS  \v  Id  I  \i1'|.(im;i;s'  l.i.Vltil.l  I V     iNllinDrcToltY  U*: 

liflj    l.iiiiii~  <if  tlu    .linliiiii-  llial  coiitribiitui^    iii'glijjL'iau    u    •    bui    U>   itii 
lutiixi. 
Ci'-ii.    1  'iliiili  111,11  [it  injuria, 

A^  ti>  the  I'oiitlict  of  liiws  in  rnaptJ  wlioro  n  ■'tMtii*'>  nfTecfinp  tlip  llu- 
liililv  lit'  ill!  c  lii|iliyil'  is  ill)  clcini'llt,  sec  i'li;i|il'  r   \l.\i.,  jii'Sl. 

\^  tci  till'  n'Ti--iiy  uf  sliuwiii;;  iliMt  till'  liriiii'li  <•(  tlif  -tiitiitp,  whidi 
i»  till'  LiniMiiMi'ii  lit'  tl iiii]iliiiiit,  wiis  till'  |ini\iiniitt'  ciiii'c  id  tin-  in- 
jury   ill  sllil.  Ml-  ••llllpIlT  XI.Il.,  lillii   S   •iliT,  li"sl. 

A.  ('<>xsTi!i<riox  AXi>  Ki  ri.c'T  <>i   sri  II  stati'tks. 
639.  On  what  footing  these  statutes  are  construid. — Wlinf  uincinl 

iMIHiil   lit    i'iili-lllicli"ll    >llllil    ill'   llli|'lirii    ill    lirl    /hiiiins:   the   rtVi'Ct    "i' 

-tiitiili-!  of  till'  'lii'-*  ri'vii'Wi'il  ill  ilii«  aiiil  tin-  t'dll.iwiiiM  i'iiii|iiiTs  will 
i!i'|iriiil  \ll»nii  wlii'tlicr  tlii'ir  lin'illliliir  ii»  tn  he  ili'linril  v.itll  rrl'rvi'ln-i' 
111  tlu  «iTisiilcriitiiiii  iliiir  they  iiiiiriiunt  tlic  nunm.  nhiw  liiiliilitv  uf 
iiii|i|ia('r?.  or  witli  rt't'crfiu'c  to  tlii'  consiiicriiiinii  iliiit  ilii'V  uvc  of  it 

I'cnU'ijiill  cluilMrlrl'. 

A*  iTjiiivils  <taiiilr-i  of  tlio  olnss  which   iiiciiii!c<   tlio   Eiii;Ii:<li   oin 

IiIi.viin'  liiiiiilily  net  aini  tlmsc  cniiiiil  fi i  if.  it  i-:  si-nn-cly  |iiis<iMi' 

iiisiiv  that  iiiiy  tixcd  priiR'itilo  iif  ciiiistriictiiiii  iia-;  lic.ii  ;.''iirrally  ami 
ill  tiiiiii'ly  ailiipiril.  Hut  on  tlio  wliulo  the  tcinli'in-v  ^immiis  to  be  it' 
tlic  iliri'ctioii  of  trraliiiL'  tlioiii  as  fnai-tiiu'iits  of  a  n-iiicilial  fiiaractcr, 
iiiul  cnii-lniiiii;'  I'iciii  in  a  sonsf  favorahlo  *i>  tlii'  siTvant.' 

It  has  hi'cn  hiiil  down  t.liat  tlio  Massachiwftts  cniitloycri'  lialuliiv 
:irt  of  lbS~   (SCO  cliai'liT  XXXVII.,  piisl)  slioulil  lie  roii>trilOi|  lili   rally 
in  favor  of  ohiiiIum'i's.^      It  has  also  hcon  licM  that  tlio  llliiinis  stat 
iiti<  'ivhioli  jii'ovido  for  iho  hoalth  ami  safot.y  uf  iiorsuiis  i'ni|iliiyril  in 
iniiirs  aro  to  ho  lihorally  const I'lod." 

Ill  siiHio  stati's  tlio  jirini'iplo  iijioii  whioh  stalnli-  atToi-iiiiL'  the  lia- 
iiliiv  of  onijiloyors  aro  constriii'd  is  ^ottlod  hy  a  s|i(i-iai  iiruvisiun  ox 
|ii-i'-sly  df'clariii^  that  tho  nilo  hv  wliicli  statutes  in  di'msr.iiinii  of  tho 

'In   Wdlih   V.   Wliilrhii    (IS'^S)    I>.  R.  on  an  r<iii:il  fo.l  in-  -limiM  1»' l;iUcii  iiiln 

21  Q.  n.  Div.  371.  ru    T..'  J.  Q.  B.  X.  S.  aiiount.  niul  llint   a   li'ii-ial  imi-li  uiiii.M 

."iSii.   311   Wi'i'k.    \li-y>.    S7(i.    53   J.    P.    38.  Wiis     iipinopriali'.       'I'lii-    liMirn  il     jiidui- 

i.iml    K-lur    ri'iiiiinizi'il    tluit    thoro   liad  ilcclari'il    liiiiiself   to    lie   an    aillirii  iil    !■! 

ciluiiys  Ih'i'H  t«<.  -cliiiols  of  tlinii;.'lit  with  tin-   lattiT   scliiwil. 

hlmiiI   tn  ra'M'<   iif    injiirii-s   (<i   «iTvaiits.  '  Itii'dlx    v.     Mirlnniii's'    Mills     ll8S!h 

the  nni>  prococilin^  upon  tlie  tlioorv'  that  150  .Ma~s.  1(1(1.  5  1..  K.  A.  tlii".  -2  X.   K. 

fiMctiticnti  with   rejianl  to  iiiastors  and  Ttili.  pir  lliiliiii-..  .1. 

workmon  should  ho  con-tniiil  a"!  striftly  'Ihanl  v.  Sl.ihlun  (  ISS.'ii  ll;i  Ml.  r.S4: 

.H  l«.->ilili-.  till- i.lhi-r  takiiii;  111!'  |>.>-lli<Mi  CuihuiiU     Cunl    Cu.    V.    AU.,ll     (ISUS) 

that  in  oon^liuin;.'  -iioh  statiitos  tlip  fact  81  111.  Ai-p.  -JTil. 
that  a  master  and  liia  servants  are  nut 


;  ,bli .;'* 


.i:,i:Mil 


,ahh 


MA.iTKIt    \M)  Si:i!V  \\r. 


|l  II  \l'     \\\v 


Ul!  i 


mmiiioii  law  arc  to  !«■  r»trictl\   < -iiihmI  ■*liiill  ii"i   \<'-  a|i|>liciclil.    • 

vi  riaiii  wtanlt(•^<.* 

640.  Employer  not  lespoitsible  for  unauthorized  act»  of  statutory  vice 
principal. —  The  ctTcci  <>t   miiiiv  i.t  ilif  -iinuif-  m  icwfil  iti  ilir  -ii. 
(•<-ciliii>f  cliiiiiti'i'  is  Id  citiiMTi  lull'  vii  I-  |iiiiiri|(iiU  i'iii|(luvit  -  uli  ■,  nn 
(liT  ciiiii n-law  il.H-iiiiK-.  uciilil   1h'  nuiinli"!  n-  tVllnw  -.r.  ;iiii    .. 

ihc    |H  r>..||-    t''>r    wlin-r    l.ilntil    tlir    -lilllHi-..    IllIM-    Immii    ili.irliil  llii- 

illl('l;ili"i|l    ill    llir   -'allH  <«t    -incll   ilMplnvros  iliir-   li"I    iltlirl    llic  ..|„  i  , 

lion  (.f  ilii'   |iriii«-i|>li'   tl    '   a   iiia«i<  r  is  ti"|    lialili'   (nr  (lie  mii-  i.|  ,i 

-(•r<:illl    wliirli    an-    clilili'lv    cml-iur    llic    srii|ic    (i|'    lii«    flllirti>>||.    11^  ;i 

-I'vvaiii,  ami  liii'ii'luri'  iinniiliniiizi  il.  In  hiIk  i-  wonl-.  it  i-.  imi  dii  imi 
to  li:'.\<'  Ihimi  liif  iiili  iiiioii  <if  liic  li-i-latiirc-  !<•  I'l'iair,  in  \';\\>iy  nl  ii. 
jini'ii  i'ni|il"\ci-.  a  lialniil.v  nioic  cxliioixc  llian  lii.ii  wiiieli  ilii\ 
wuiil'l  in<-iir  Ut  >;ir;nn;''i"-  nmiiT  a  ■iimiiar  slmwin;-  of  t'ai't>.' 

641.  When  the  statutory  right  of  action  accrues  and  is  terminated  — 
On  liic  "\u-  iuiiiil  lin'  iialiilifv  of  an  cni|>lnvt  r  i.>  (i.i  riiiinoi  \<\  ili,  |,iv 
ax  it  was  at  tin'  linn  liic  itijnrv  \va-  ri'cciMii,  ami  i-  iml  aH'i'ii-.i  I. 
a  slalnlc  i'.i--''il  \^ilii<•  llx'  s,.r\  .luf'a  ariinn  is  piinliny:.'  On  liir  .itl.r 
Innnl  liic  rcp-al  "f  an  act  ii"i<s  nut  alTccI  liir  rij:iil  of  ariiiiii  |..i  .u 
injiirv  rcccivcil  wiiilc  it  \\a^  in  t'uicc.- 

•SiM".     for    .■Niinipl.-,    T.A.    Rev.    Sfat.  I{,>,n,ltr\.  Hi.   /,„iir«.  /.    1/    .f  .s"    /,'    l\ 

iWn.    I'rov.    it    2:    pnivitiiin    iii>|i!ii'il    in  i  Itmdi    Hil  M<i.  .\p|i.  liol. 
Tiiniir  V.  r'n.,s.s-   (  jS'.fJi    h:I  7v\.  -.MS,   15        I  thI.t  tlii> 'I'ca.m  act  i  cliiiiil.T  \\\Mii 

I..   I!.   A.  2tl'2.   iX  S,  W,  .'iTH.  /iiiv/i.    Ilu'    iii';;liL'i-mi'    "if    ;>     (iiiiniri    ;■ 

'  I  iidiT  till-  JHWii  iii-i    I  ill  i|>ti-r  xxxiN..  jiiiiipiii;:   frum   a    miiiillN    irn'iiii.;   im' 

;*«.v0.a   liiiln-iiil  iiiiii|iar      is  not    liiilili'  ii|>iiii    a    limi    liaml    -tai;.liii-    -n.i. 

liT    nil    ilijnr>    In    ii    »fi  lliilnl    fluMi  fc-l    friini    llii'   lr:irk    imiiiihI    Ii.'    iiii|iiii.  ! 

liiiiii^'  tliriiuii   iilV   II    liiin(.    I'ar   in   cun-c  li>  tlif   railmail   ii>iM|ianv   in   llii'  .ili-iii  ■ 

iiiii'iicc    iif    .iiiiilliiT    ('iiipli'\<'i''s    Hiifiill)  of    aiivtliiii;;    to    show    tlial    (lie    In   iiiii 

-liikiiii.'.    wliili'    ciit-MjiiMl    in    a    politiral  ,i,i,  atliii;:  williin  tlic  «r(i|ic  ol   Li-  .  ii 

(li-(ii~-ii>n.  a  lliinl  I'lnployi-c  wlm.  in  at  |i|n\  iiiriit.      ■hntsan    v.    liiihisln,,.   II.  J 

tl-IUptillt;    I"   avoiij    llir   \<\n\\  .    pll^.lll■ll    tlu'  .s       i      /,>.    r„.     ll-iiMil     14    Tc\.    (   i\       \w; 

foniKr  oil  till' "ar.      hiiiinih  \.  cliiiinin,  ,j^;,    37   4;.   W.   7H(i. 
U.d  SI.  r.  U.  I'll.   (!S!i!»)   107  Iowa.  (iS-2.        y,,^    anolli.T    aniitMali..ii    nl    lln'  .1." 

78  N.  W  .  <■>!'«.  triiii'   in   tin'  ti'\t.   *.'('  Sfiiill,.,,,  '.,.1.,. 

rniliT    tin'    Wis.'onsin    act     uliapliT  ,),•;   ,.„     ^     /,,     j  „,„/    (isii4;     lr\    1  !• 

xxxix  .  iiokD.-.i  railway  oonipaiiv  i-  not  \|.,,  ,    •>.-,  s.  W,  43. 
liaMo     for    Hip    il<-atli    of    an    iiiipln.Ms-  in,,',,!    v.    SI.    /.oiii.v   rf    .<.■.    /.    /.'    ' 

throiiirli  the  ni'yli;;i'iM'<'  of  a  »iipi'i  inlcinl  ,|h,|H|    53    \y\.    ()«_  4)    \,„    st     I;.  |i   v. 

ent.  of  which  lie  Ha>  >;iiilty  wliili"  he  wa'*  .,.,  ^^    ^^     |,,^,, 

asMstin^'   sn.'h    ..mplo.v.M    nnl-i,l.-   of   his  " ^^^^^    ^horr   tli,.  statutp   in   .|ii.-linn  i- 

1T.T.\    o'wC:'    T4:«rN:'w.U;"-  n,.'n„  d..-ara,ory  of  co., ,..   ,.n: 

uniior  the  >n^--H  .,;.t, j^H--  ::i ;;  ^  i^zjzt  Z^S:^'^'- 

xxxviii..   P'ihM  ,  a   railwa\    roni  >an\    1-  .,.'..  c      l\     .      1     .1, 

not   liahi/for  the   nojrli,,'n.'P  of  an"  on-  no,   pn,,uli,ia,  ..rrn,-  fort,,,    nil   i-: 

Bine  wi,H.-r,   who  urx,\rvU^k,s  to  o,«.ratP  to  n:,.\  its  p„,v,„on,  to  t  ,..    'iv  .i> 

an    pnulne.   and    run-,   over   a    co-crvaiit.  in^'    part    of    tlu-    law    nppli.ahl.'   i;'  1  ■ 

l!v   tlip   words   "".T'-uts   or   servant-^"    111  ca-i'.     Il""<  »•    l'/"'"""'   1!Jjl-  '"     '"'■ 

tlif  statute  arc  nieant  cocinployccM  act-  dti  Minn.   70,  fiH  N.   W.  774. 
iuu  in  the  I'lHirsc  of  their  ci„p1oyi,,ont.        '  liiliriiiili'iiinl  rf  f.'.  A.  A'.  <'"■  v.  '  "'• 


■  n 


I  I.I2J       At  IS  AS  TO  K\in.iiVKI!S-  I.I  \  111  in  ^      IMI;ii|ii  dttUY. 


WS'I 


I'lii'  .•,!-■  ■    in   wliirli  .•.•rhiiii   lu-i-   wire  (ii'clniiil   t,,  inl<c  offi'i-f  im- 

tiiciliMti'lv  iirc  iH'ii I   ill   i|ii>  .iTiiiii^  in  wliii-li  tlm-c  net-  un*  diiilf 

uitli. 

642.  Necessity  of  proving  knowledge  on  the  defendant's  part. — In 
nil  cii-n''  wlii'ri'  llic  ••■'tiilili-liiiiriii  iif  Mil  ciiiiiluvii'-  -i;ihiturv  liuliilitv 
i|r|icliiU  ll|»<in  il-*  Iriim  |inivi'il  tlijil  he  \v;i-i  ;;ililtv  (if  Il(>i;ii^i|ic('  ill 
liic  |in'iiii»<'-'.  tlif  ifriwral  rule-  nt'  the  (■iiiiiinnii  lnw  i^  ii|>pliciil>li-  that 
(•iil|iiiMlitf  I'liiiiii.t  lie  iiit>rr,.il,  iinir--  it  i-  .Imun  tlini  ilif  ilolVmliiiit 
liiiil  iiiMiiiil  or  c<)ii>ifiiicii\c  kii«'\vltil'^r  .if  till'  c'liuliiiiiii-  for  which  if 
\*  siiiijrht  f.i  iiiiiko  liiin  ri'-|Hiii-iMi'  '  Sn-  (•liaiitci>  VII.,  viii..  niilf. 
Tliis  |>n'riM|iii.sitc  f<i  Mu-  iiiiiiiitriiaiiri'  nf  ihr  ariii.ii  i»  luvrifil  In  ilic 
i.\|iii'«<  l<'ni;s  "if  flio  Kniill'li  i'iii|ilnvii>'   lialiiliiv  art  of  lb^(t,  uml 

ihi'  ^talllt.'S  cnpii'ii   till  l-rfl-t'lM.      Sir   !}   (17).  jtiist, 

l«l'l"r  I  i^^'':  T.-x.  Civ.  .\pp.)  .18  S.  W.  U  li  i..  i.   .ri'  l«  no  mnon  hiif  tJi«  1ii|i>.' 

iK  of  liiiic   fur  Mi|i|H,.tiii:   lh;it    rr|iilr^  iiro 

'  III  II  Ciilifiiniin  i;\<f  it  «««  rnMti'iniril  inrijicl  ill  .i   -i  nn  tinr.  tin.  f.iihiii.  tu  n- 

tliiit  till-  |irii\  i-iiiii  <if  J   1)170  if  till-  ('i\il  ji^ir  dm.^  iml   luii.i  initi'  '•wilful  iii.;rl(Hi" 

liiili'   I'f    IImI    hImIi'.    «liirli    r\i'iii|il«    all  .\illiiii    tlir    |)iiiviiu     nf    ii    >tiitiili'     i  Kv 

1  iii|i!i'.vi'r    friiiii    liiitiilitv    fm     tin-    iii';;|j  <  m-ii.    Slut,    iliip.    .i;.     )    .'l ,     ylxiii^'    tin' 

L'i'iKi'  nf  llii.  tclliiw    x'i'v.iiit   iif  till'  |>liiiii  wiiliiw.  ctr..  of  iiiii.  killi'il   l>\    •.lull   iii.;jii 

'iir.  iiiili'«.<  III'  iiii«  fiiili'ii  III  ii-i' iii'iliiian  'jriict'  It    riylil    tu  riinvcr   |>iiiiiti\|.   iliiiii 

I'lirf    "ill  till'  si'li'il  inn"  nf  «m'|i   -.t'lviint.  Jirf-.       I'limhr  v.   lllmL    J    /'.   I'mil  )'u. 

iliil   ili't    ii|>|il.v   to   ia-.i.«    ill    ulii.li    iii.«ll  il.SlMii    I'J   Kv.   I,.  Hep.  .'in.   1.1  S.  W  .  7l!t. 

t'l.nii'  in  rttaininp  only   wa-.  -Imun:  hut  I  inli  r  tlir  -laMii'  ^tatiiti-.  tin-  fact   lliat 

till'  rnuit    ilri'iinril    tu  ari'i'|il    tliii   view,  i   lar  li\    »liii'li   a   lirakciiian    »ii->   killi'l 

iiiiMikiii;,'   llial.    if   nri ,iry,    it    woiilil  HJiili'  i'ini|.liiit;  it    witli  anotlirr  via-   iiii 

Mill    lii-itatf  to  coii-tiiii'   till'  iiii|iliiM'r~  |iio|>tily    loailiil    li\     ii-a.<<in    of    tlic    fact 

.iit<.  iiiiiliT  siiili   lircmii-laiici  ».  a^  nm  lliat  liiinlicr  |iri>|ci"!i'il  nvi-r  llif  ciiil  -ir  .i« 

-titiiliii;;   .i    ni'«    M-U'ctioii    of    tlic   iii';.'li  l"  intirfcri'  willi  llic  «pai<'  iiiic--ir\    fur 

put    I'liiployii'.    lull    that    tlii»    \ia<    not  cnuplin;...  or  cmh  ih,.  fai't  that   tlii-Con 


iii|iliHili-.  lH"aii-i'  ii  I!>T1  ilcilari'd  j;i'ii 
irilly  lltat  the  I'lr.ployci  mii-i  "in  all 
i':i>f^  iiiili'iiinify  lii>  iiiipli  wc  lor  lii«-i'. 
r.iiiM'il  l.y  liis  want  of  nnlinary  ran'," 
:iiii|  tt'at  -iii'li  want  nii;.'lil  In'  ^liowii  a« 
Hill  liy  till'  ii'ti'iit  inn  of  an  iinlii  (>ni 
|iIm\(|'  after  knowlcilco  of  tin-  tact,  a-  liy 
.1  tailiirc  III  iii(>  <|iii.  itili;>('rM'i'  at  tlii'  tiiiii' 

of    lli«    »i  led  loll.         Hill      \.     I, IIS     .{mil  Irs 

i;,„it,i.  riiihir  R.  Co.  (iHn.->i   ins Cai. 

\i'.t.   41    I'ac     -12. 

With  n'i;aiil  to  iho  .(iMiilar  provision 
nf  Dak.  Civ.  Coilc.  S  11.11.  It  ha-  lii'j'n 
lirhi  In  III'  riilpalilr  iu';tli;;ciii  c  on  the 
pMrl    if  a  railioail  company  to  allow   ma 


Imtiir   kni'W    thai    tin.  I'ar   was   iiii|iro|i' 

crly  1 liil.  iini'~  not   of  itM'lf  nhow  wit 

till  ni'^hit;  Iiiil  ic.  ciin«titiilr  Miich  nry 
led  it  iiiii-l  ippcai  th.it  the  criiicliidirr 
or  other  (iei~on  in  charp-  of  the  tr.iin 
knew,  or  hy  Ihe  ii-e  of  i.rilinaiy  care 
coiihl  have  known,  tlia'.  the  car  wa»  -o 
iiii|iro|H'ily  In.iileil  a-  to  iiii|MMil  the  lifii 
of  till'  -eivallt  or  eiiiploxce.  I.iill isi  illi  ,f 
V  /,'  r  ...  V.  Ilrire  ilHSIli  H»  Kv.  2'M. 
1    S.   W  .   48.1. 

Iiiclir  Ihe  Mi-«oiiii  ael  of  .\lareli  i.'t. 
18H1.  liS  H.  Iii.  ;riviii..'  a  riyht  nf  aelinii 
for  an  injury  ..ni^ed  hy  the  'wilful  fail 
lire"  nf   the  nwiier.   etc  .   i.t    I    mine 


iliiiii  ly   to    remain    out    of   repair,    when  to    keep   a    -apply    of   tiniher   'or    prop... 

its  condition  !•<  hroujrht   to  the  notice  of  and   send    it    iIohm.    when    rci|iiired.    it    is 

an   ntlicer    [here    ii    yard    iiia''t.'r|    whose  n   condition    of    ncoM-ry   that    del'cndant 

knowledge   is    imputed    to  the   eninpany.  had    nnl  ice    that    the    tiinlK'r   and    pro|h^ 

ir    niiL'ht    have    Imcm    ascertained.    ii|Min  were    re<|iiired.    and.     with    .ii.  Ii     notice. 

|'ro|ier  inspoctinn.  hy    its   a;;ent   <'harj^l  ni';.'lectpd    and    refused    to   supply    tlieni. 

"iih  the  duty  of  kcepiiij.'  them  in  repair.  I.ntlie  v.  Hiih  Hill  fnnl   Min.  fn'  i  I8!l'2i 

V.....'.'..'-,.'    .".'  R.    fn     V     Htihiil    il.HSlii  I  Ml  Mo    .■>.!,   ns    \v     '.(W 
110  I'.  S.  Ii4'2.  29  I.,  ed.  7i>3,  tt  Sup.  Ct.         In  an   action    under  a    dima^e  act    liv 

He|).  O'.K).  the  reprcsentalivp  of  a  decased  s«.'r\'aiii. 


IHIKI 


MAM  IK    \Mi  ^i;i{\  AM. 


|i  II  \i-    \\    \ 


\i:  ;i 


ill 


W  ' 


iluldliH  ihiil'iiulin.  II   ■'iiiiilar   jd'iticii'l'',   i»  r   iihoMiii'.:    wlirD'   ii    • 
"'•light    ti)  r^LiMi^li    111 rlili'  liri'   in   ri'i;iiiil    !.•   -^uini'   ililiiii   iif  tin     u. 
on  tho  piirt  i<i  III!  <'iii|i|iiMc  wliuiii  a  .t:iriit''  li;i-  ••■•iivirttd  iniH  a     i.  ■ 
|i.'iiioipiiI.     Siwli  III  ;;lii:i'!ii'('  i-i  iini  inff'tiilili'.  iinli--  the  i'iii|)Iii\i'i-  i- 

|iroVC(l  to  \\H\v  lial  kllnU  Inl:.'  ,  iirfllal  or  mil-'  nirl  \\i\  nf  fliP  i\i»tirMi 
of  tho  follililii'll-  wliirll   Irliili  nil  ll,i'  act    ill  i|U"-liii|i  i|.ili;^i  luUs  lu  tin' 

complniiiiuit.*     y<'i-,  ui  in  rallv,  I'liaptir  x,  nnlc, 
V>.  CiiNsrm  1  ii>\  \i  iTY. 

643.  Statutei  entirely  abrogating  the  doctrine  of  common  employ- 
ment with  respect  to  all  employers. —  Jli,  sulijift  ..f  tlio  Coloiuil" 
"fatliti'  (set  out  ill  cliaiiliT  .\\xi\..  /"/v' I  is  siillirii  nily  ('\|iri--iii  |,\ 
the  title  "An  .\<'t  ( 'oiuiTiiing  Diiina;;!-'  Sii-iiimil  hy  A.i:i'iii>.  .*^im  > 
an\»,  nnd  Isiiipinyii'^."  wiiliin  tlic  iniMiiinu'  "I  (i.lo.  (nii-t.  art.  .'p.  ; 
:il,  providini:  tliat  the  suliji-ct  of  an  act  shall  li(>  eloarly  cxprc"!!!  in 
its  titlo.' 

644.  Statutes  modifying  the  doctrine  of  common  employment  in  re- 
gard to  all  private  corporations. —  'i'l laiisc    ill    till'    liiiiiMiia  -i.iiii' 

(chajiter  x.xxvii.,  pust )  Ky  wliii-li  n  railway  -ci'vant  i-  iiiaMid  »■■  iv 
covor  «<<  if  hi'  wciT  a  -iiranuiT,  wlicii  llic  injury  i-  can-n'ii  hy  liii'  n- 
ligcncf  of  locoinotivc  i  nuini'iTs  or  traiiinicn.  olc,  u  liciliri-  tin-  (in 
I'loyep  was  aetiiii;  in  olxHlicncc  to  *<piii.-  ■iiipiTioi-  at   liir  tinu',  ..r  i.ii 

his  own  iiiitiali\o,  is  not  i.i  npiillicl   with  tho  iMpiality  clan- I  tin 

Kcilcral  aiiii  state  ( 'on-titiilions.  a-  an  nnrca-oiiahlc  (liscriiiiiii.iii. n 
aguiiiHt  railri'ail  ciiiM[>anics,  suhji ctinu:  tin  ii  tn  lialpilit\  in  a  d^i- 
of  eniployi  cs  with  ic-pcct  to  which  other  enipjipyeis  urr  not  mai!' 
liahle.' 

there  can  be  no  ri'i-ovi'iy  iiiiIpii   kinpwl  -li'|i.   Ur  Itir  prntcclinn  of  the  livis  :iii  I 

iilyi-   i-.  Iiri>ii;;lil    liiniii-  to  tlii-  ilcfi'iiilMnt.  limli-  I'f  ;ill  pi'i-.m-  mIki  iii:i\   In-  r\pn-n1 

AV/i-)//  V.  .S7.  /,</i(i,y  cf  /.  I/.  A*,  f'o.t  1S7S)  l.p    .l.iiiL.  P'li-    ii;.Tiirii'»    in    (iic    li.in.l-   of 

rt"   Mo.  272.  .itlii-r-,        lln.    |p,p«.-ifiil    fipi-..-    in    ruil 

Si-p  al«>  S   801.   notp  2.   /los^  m^nliii!.'  Hint  nn-  iiiili-r  I'm-  iIIi.m  tip'H  ml 

'ri.iniill    \.    .Vin-.li/    //..(•/,■    ('(;.     (ISST:  .•>.iiM.  I  c.f  I  Iium'  in  cliiirup'  "f  '.iih   -i.h   I 

().   li.  n.)   a  Tiim-s  1,.   Hep.  r,:U):   lli.nl.n-  ti-l.jiiii.li      ollic.-.      -wil.-li      .v;ii.l.     -i,.  j. 

V.    llrsH    (IHHT;    Q.    H.    D. l    S   Titiu's   I.,  ri'iinilliini-i..  Im'iiiiinlivo  cii^'iii''.  "r  Main 

R.    1)18:    hilhi    V.    hiiiiil.^ini    lUiiliii    .11  ii|pi>M   .1    Tiiitw.iv'    kvic   |>iii|..i    l.i   I  •  -■ 

Out.  Rop.  .VJI:  r„;,;irr//  V.  .l//».v   (|Sii;t)  |,,(,.,1     ,is     .(.iii.T.s    nf    iiiiii~u.ll     .l.iPi'.r 

24  Ont.  Itrp.  4112.  wliic-li    sliiiiilil    !«•    ;.'ii  iiiIpiI     i.jii-l:    thf 

'  f'()/i//()./ii    1/;//  it  Khriilur  Cii.  V.  Mil  ..li|i'i-t   to  he  iic('oiii|i!i,!i!  .1   u.i-  In  imi'' 

ihrH    (1S!I!I)    2ii   Colo.   2S4.    '.S    I'nr.   ■I'H.  liiilr.piid    (•onip;iTil(<    to    ii-c    tlif   iitii...-i 

.Mliniiiiij;   (ISIIH)    12  Colo.   .\pi\  277.  .').">  ilili'.'ciici'   in   the   -ii-lp-it  ion    and   sii|nh] 

Vac.  73(i.  -ion    of   tlirir   -crv.p-it-    «lio   an'   tiUl    \'.' 

'In     hliiiiiiiiiiiiili.i     I'liiiin     It.     Cn.     V.  ch:i|-;.'r    of    tlio-ic    (l:iiii;i.|ous    .'ciin  i  -.   -" 

llr.„lihn}>    !l'!fil  :    1,=;7  Ttv!    4'U.  r.i  T,    V  '■■■■i\   f^-.-.r-r  !iv.-    ;r..l   !i.^:!.-  of  •■^■■^    ■■■  •■■■!■ 

.\.   7S7.   liO    \.    K    !)4;i.   tile  oonri    -paid:  ri'   entitled   to   pliiiiii   Ilii'   prolp-.n-i    -i 

■■|t.   is   lonipi-lent    for   the   le),'i-ilature   in  iir  l,i«-'  wfiilij  In'  >aiiil!iiil.     I'll.-  I.  ui-- 

tlie  exen-isf  of  the  nolice  i>o«ir  to  take  'itore  eviih'iitlv    coii-i.!.  ip-'l    lliil    -'i.ii: 


I 


i  6451       .\(  IS  AX  Tl'  IMI'I  ..M  l;-    II     'ill.l  I  \      INIHuDl  i  ltiin 


IHtU 


1,  ;iU<i   I'li'ii   drill    (I   thai    llic     uii-ri|iii  iit   iliM--   ill    tlin  »aiiu 

•twtion,  wliicli  liik*  till'  filtft  lit'  iii.i'  i:  ■:  u  si.i.  v;|,|  ,.i|:  my  liul>i<' 
to  an  miifiliAii'  iiijiinil  \>\  tin-  iif;:liji  ■  ici  nl  i  :V;  w  >.  ivuni.  i;*  imi 
iinconsiiiiiiit.iiMl  lis  Itciii;^   u   'li'uial   lu  -iii'li        inn     i.iu  of  tJit- I'liiiiil 

ipiti'diiili  i.t   ill.'  Iii\\«.* 

645.  Statute*  nbrogntiag  or  modifying  i' 
ployraen:   with  respect  to  all  the  servant 
'(.  Oeoryiti.-  ■■'YUf  \iiliilii\   ul   tin-  (ipDr;^!;' 
I  iii>f)  lin-*  Im'iii   itn|iii::iiii|  nii   tlin  iiruiunl 
IJiit  llii><  iiliji'i'iiiiii  liii-'  I'lTii  (Iccliifi'il  III  I      '1 
t!  ,ii  tilt'  linv  lif'iilf  with  "ih  iwoii^  i  hlm'.'I'iI  ',:    i 
i'rii[>:ifiiin.  ■'taiidiiit!  in  |irfiili:ir  n-l.  tiuus 
low  oiii})li)Ui"<,  mill  til  iln-  |Milili'',"'   iiini  tliiit  i'   i>  iipjiliciildi'  to  al 
n,il\v:iy  ciiiiiiniiiit'-  :ilil,i.-'      In  >)iit<'    4  flir  lii-chiiiiuT  in  tin'  |i:i-i^ii!.'( 


octtine  of  common  am- 
Mlroad  companies. — 
«•<'  cliiii'tcr  .N.wrx., 

I      ii  oliH*    ir;ii'«i!ltinn. 

'i>(|  fi.r  ilii'  rc.'i>ii>n'< 
(  'iiir  Mii.l  ■hiiiffiT'iii'* 
'      •  .    iri[,:,l,  tlii'ir  fcl- 


nm  iinil   (>ni|tl<v  .'i-s    (tlir    ullnrm-y    jiiil      i I>i|  l«  |)ri>t<i  i  lioth  lirikrim'ti      ,      i 

ihi.  tiiLrl  •••111  r,  fur  ex  iiii|iIim    mIiu  hitc    I>    linin  llii'  ihi:Iili  ih f  tin-  i'ii;.'inr.  r." 

iii.t   ti'IliiH    -orviihl"  iif  ttiiiti'  in   I'tiiirtjc'  'Tnllm    v,    l.nl.f     lit,    ,(     II.    It     I'n. 

iif  III..  UL'iii'ir"  III il   »rii'   -iillirii'iilly  iLsimi    iT.'i  r.  S    :iis.   t|   I.,  nl.  |!l.>.  JO 

pniiii.!  liy  till'  riiilriKiil  iiiiii|i  iiiii ..'  fv  •^mi.   (1.    |{i.|i.    {."111.        Tin.   rKiili'iilinn   nf 

i-iMij  liilijjily  111  thitii  f.M   I  III    m'.'liiji.iii  .'' fi'iiil;iiit'<   ii'iiiiii'l    wii*    tli.il    tlic   iliri 

.i|«.r.ili..|i    I'f    Ihiw    il:ll|._-.lcMi.    .i:.'illi.iri.  -iiill«  -ll-liiiliinL'  till-  i»tiltllti~  Iif   K:lll-M- 

I'hf   |.  L'l-I.iliiri'  i'viili'iill_\    ilrtiTiniiiril    1(1  liiHii.     iiiiil     uliiii    i  si.i-    diiiili-r     \\\|\. 

|iri*«- 1     ill    |Hi«iin.i    aim    win-    iml    nl  /...,v/i    wire  not   in  pi  iiil.  :i-i  Uii-  linliiiii 

ri.iiil\    iimli'iti'il    finiii    till-   iH'L'li;;iMit    ii-.!'  -tiiliili>  ili  —  ilii-il   mill.. 1. 1   i'iiMi|i.iiiii..  at 

..f  |i.irtiiiil;ii    iii-UuiiM-iit-i.       Till'  rl,i»»i  lii'i.irily   l..v   ii.mip.  .iii.l    m..i    «itli   r.-;....!.! 

ill  itiim  i-  iiimli'  on  the  li.i«i~  uf  llic  |m'  Io  tin-  l.ii.iiii-<»   in    whi.li    ih.y    \\,rv  i-n 

riili;ir    liiiziinN     in     riiilrn;iiliii>;,    nl.iti>«  :.m;.iiI. 

lin.lly  til  till' olijiit  to  1m'  .in  iiiriidishtil.  'In    (Imrrjia    K.    rt    /J/,  7,    ^').    V.    fhiku 

,111.1    apiilii"    ii|ii.illy    to    nil    rniployiTM  .1S74)     .')2    li.i.     410.    tin-      o.irt.    Miiiil: 

Ailliiii  III.-  ihi-s.       I'll  -i'|)ai;iti'  i.iiliiiiii!  Tin-   li".'i-l;iliiiii   iIih.«    nut    ii'liiti.   to   tlic 

Ini;  fri.iii  i.ilii.r  tiiwitir--  w.i-  imt   nil  un  riiilroi.l     ri.iii|iiinii-.     Iiii.;iii-i.     thi>j-     itre 

I'lin^tiiiii  iMii:i!     ili«ci  iiiiin  itiiin.     ht^cMiiRO  -iich.   Imt    liir.iii^i'   if   iln.   |ii-riili,ir   hthI 

Ihi.  .1  i!i'.ii«      llip  IkhI-  .f  till-  rla*»iti<'a  -[icciiil    naluri'   of    th.-ir   liii^ini-*.       TtiP 

'"'III     ill.     lilt     i>ri«i'     lr..iM     till'     sanii'  law    for   this    ii'a.imi    ;.'iM-   Ihiin   ipcoial 

-i.iiri'.  - :    I. Ill    till,   iliiiii    lliil    .1    I'laisili  |irivili.;.'|.H. —  lln-y       aii.      -jn'iially       p'o 

iMlliin    11. •!     nindo    mi    tlir    lia^j*    of    the  In'ti'ii    frmii    t  ri'-|i.i—..| -.    Ilirir    i'lnplny 

iliiii'.'ii..iH  a;;l•M(•i^•^  iMiipli.yi-il  ill  tlip  busi  i-s    arp    e\riii|ilr.l    fn.iii    \:irii.in    piiliric 

Mi<«,     Imt      fminiliil     "ii      thi'     ipii-stion  liitii-s.  etc..  ilr.       It   miulii.  «ilh  jiiit  a< 

■i'    tlii-r  tl nipliivi'i'.    who  \va»  ilijiin'ti  mhipIi  forci-.  lie  -anl  tliit    lawi  i.!»  tii  ivir 

"itliiiiit    lii<   fault  Iiy  a    fi-lli.\v  -I'nanf-  licrn.  hrnkirs.  wan-linii^.  m.  n.  tncrhaniri. 

ii,.^.|JM.,.|,i     ||,,.    of    a    .l;iiijiri'ii<    ay.iicy  lalioriTs.  ctr..  i-to..  \ar\   thi'  L'i'ncral  laws 

was  aitiiiL' at  thptii ai  his  own  initia  liy  spu'ial   li-ji-lalli.ii        Tin.  law  is  pin- 

live   in    111.,   lini-    nf    his   duty,   or  unilri  i-rnl.    it     upplii--     tn    all     lailroa.l    00m 

the  f.nl.  1-  i.f  a  -ii|i<-i  inr.  is  the  only  0011  nanii"*,  ami  tn  all  iiiipluyi-i's  i'i:j;a;riKl  in 

"litiilii.iial      i'las-illi>  it  ion.       i-      unwar  1  iiiinin?  tiaiiw." 

r.iiifi-.l       A  train  i,  uni-kiil  lli|-..ii^'h  tin-  '    In  (Iroriii,,  /,'.  f'.,.  v    /rpi/  (ISSI)   73 

iiii.'liL'iiiii'   lit    till-  i.|i'jiiM'.-r;    two   hraki-  .;a.  4119,  the  1-1. ml    ^ai.l:      "It  would  Im 

nipn    in-  iii|iiii-il   withmit    fault  on  their  iimre  s[H'ciaI  ami    Ic--   i.'iM.-ral,   if  ap[ili- 

I'lirt.  i.iii.  iitin^' at  the  tiuii- in  oheilienec  .able  only  to  tliii«i-  .  iiL'airi'il    in    runninj; 

|.i  ihi-  .■.iiilui'lor'-*  i.nlrrs.  the  nther  aet  the  train's.      It  i«  a  i.'iii.-r.il  law  .-iiilua.-- 

ill!.'  1.11    his    own    initiative,    within    the  inif  in   its  terms  all  railrna.!-  an. I  their 

line  III    his   duty:    there    shonlil   tie    ami  1  inployi^^s.       N'l.r    is    it    a     special     law 

'i.-u-     is     no    eonitiniliiMinl     limitation  alTeetinj:  private  rii.'hts.  \>liiili   varied  n 

ii|Kiii    the    leL'islature'-    evereiso    of    the  ^i.nernl  la  .    nillii  iit    th..  fne  i-m.-mt   in 

iKilii'..  (Hiwir  by  whiih  a  law  may  not  Ix-  writinfr    of    all    |Kr-..n--    li-    W    aHi-iii.l 


.Ill 
!     i| 


H; 


I'M- 


I 


181)2 


MA.STKl!   AM)  SKIU  AM". 


[tllAP.    XXXT. 


nited  in  nt>to  2.  fhr  ncond  of  the  reasons  tlius  assijjncd  for  uplioldin- 
the  net  woidd  «'<mii  to  place  tliis  wurt  in  a  real  autai?oiiisin  with  tlm- 
\v1k)S('  rulings  i\rv  rev  icwcd  in  the  nexf  M'ction.  Tlio  contention  tlmt 
the  statute  is  n-pngnant  to  the  Hth  Anii-ndnicnt  of  the  United  Stati- 
Constitution  lias  also  heen  rejcetcd.'' 

b.  .]tiss(turi. — It  has  been  held  that  the  Mi>^onri  act  (see  e.ha|iii  i' 
xxxviii.,  iwst)  does  not  deny  the  ctinal  jiroteetion  of  the  law,  siiin 
there  is  no  evasion  of  the  rule  of  e(|i  ality,  where  all  companies  nn 
:-ui)j<'ft  to  the  same  duties  uiid  liahiliti("<  under  -iniilar  circunistaiier-; 
that  it  does  not  deprive  railway  ci'in|)auies  of  property  without  dtn 
process  of  law;  and  that  it  is  not  cla.-s  legislation.'' 

r.  Xorfh  Carolina. — The  North  Carolina  a<"t  ((Jnipter  xxxi\. 
l>oKt)  does  not  violate  art  1,  S  7,  >»f  the  state  Constilntion,  which  t'm 
liids  the  coniVrring  of  an  '•exclusive  privilege  upon  any  set  of  men." 
>itu'e  it  ai)plies  to  a  well-detincd  das-,  and  operates  equally  as  to  all 
within  that  class.* 

d.  Ohio. — The  Ohio  act  of  IMM)  (see  chapter  xxxviii..  /»/.</)  lu- 
heen  held  by  one  of  the  Federal  courts  of  app<'als  not  to  be  in  eim 
travention  of  the  constitutional  provision  requiring  all  laws  of  a  gon 
eral  nature  to  have  a  uniform  operation  throughout  the  state.® 

e.  Trrns.--  With  regard  to  the  employer's  liability  act  of  this  >r;iii 
(see  chaptir  xxxviii.,  jjosi)  it  has  been  held  that  the  legislature  liii- 
the  right  to  declare  what  employees  shall  for  the  tuture  be  derimJ 

thereby,'  in  the  sense  of  tliis  lanf>iia;3'  in  (iO.5,  <13  S.  VV.  485.      In  a   Intrr  ..i-r  it 

iiiir  rmistitulioti.       It    wnulil  he  ko  if  it  was  expressly  held  that  the  art  doc-  \in 

affecteil    one   railroad    ii'iiipany    withdiit  late  the  e(|iiality   elan-i'  nf  the    I'lij.ra! 

-iieli    ciinsent.    and    left    <iut    all    otheis.  ('nnstilutiim.   al(ii<iif;h    it    dues   not    (dii 

lint  this  alTiMls   all    i.iilnKid   companies  line  sncli    lial.ilily   to  acts   pcrfi'iincl  in 

and  their  eniploMc-.       It    niifiht   as  well  the  operation    of   the   rnad.   hut    i  \tciiil- 

1m'  said  that  a  law   allVcliii;:  all  lawyev.s  it  to  risks  -iniilai    to  Iho-e  iiininv.l  U 

or  doctors  was  s|M'cial    Ici-i-lation,  if   it  the  employee- of  i«crsoiis  or  corpoiMtion- 

rejriilated    their    treatment    of    clerks    or  cnfiaged  in  other  lines  of  work.      l''tll" 

students   dilTeiiMitlv    from    that  of   com  linn  v.  St.  liOtiis   Mrnhniilii'  Hiiihi:   Tn- 

mon     or     niiprofi-."sioiial     people.       The  miim)    It.   ro._  I  10(12 1     170    Mo.    \::\.  m 

eases   oited    iioni    the    Iowa    re|>ort»   aic  I..  R.  A.  240,71  S.  \\  .  iOS. 

not     in    ixiiiit.      The    Coiistitiition    and  ■  Uanmck    v.    \iiifiilK-    rf    U  .    /'      ' 

statutes  there  are  unlike  ours.      If  that  ISOO)     124    X.    ('.    222.    .12    S.    K     I'.Tn 

court     hail    so    construed    statutes    like  approvinL'    the    federal    decision-    .>-    t.. 

ours,    we   should    differ    with   them    with  the  Kansas  and    Iowa   statut(>s. 

all    defcrciuv    to    their     judKnicnl  i     1ml  'In    I'rinv   \.    \  nn    Itiism    I  ISHT     lM 

they  do  not  lollide.  we  think,  with  what  I '.  C.  A.  2S0.  47  I  .  '^.  App.  :!.!'.'.  Ts  I  .-I 

wedecide  on   our  Constitution   and   our  Ii03,  the  court    said:      ".X.s   it    a|iplii-i' 

statutes."  all  railroad  c(»r|>orations  opiTatin/  riil 

'  r.iiiniiii     U.    if     Hkg.    Co.    v.     l/i//.  .  roads  within  the  state,  it   is.  williin  iK' 

(I802»   iintia.  .■■>71,  Ifi  S.  E.  O.'tO.  follow  moaning  of  the  stati'  Constitiition.  Lvri 

inc  Miimiiiii  I'.  It.  Co.  v.  Mackrii  I  ISSHi  eral  in  its  nature;   and  as  it   applii-  '' 

I'T   1      -i    20').  .12  f..  ed.  107,  8  Sup.  Ct.  all  of  a  given  class  of  railroad  emplev 

Rep.   Ilfi7.  'ea  it  operate*  uniformly  throngli'nii  ilif 

i;,ii,U  v.  Shenroofl   ilOOl)    1«2  .Mo.  state." 


j  (i4»i]       ACTS  AS  Ti)  KMl'l.()Vi:i!S'  MAI!II.I1\      1  M  KDDl  (  K  H!  V.  IHIU 

fellow  scrvMiil-*;  '  lliai  llic  -iiljici  of  lln-  ai-i  is  >ntlici(iiilv  cNiirc-scd 
ii\  tlic  title;  "*  ami  fliiit,  as  it  atlVcts  all  classes  of  railway  eiirpi. rations 
Jike,  it  is  not  muoii.sMtiitional  as  denying  railroads  the  etpial  pro- 
itrtioM  of  tlu'  law." 

f.  riiili.-^  In  tliis  statP  (for  the  statute,  see  chapter  xxxviii..  i>i,.tf) 
ii  lias  heen  held  that  the  lei;  i -la  Mi  re  has,  nn(iiie-tionahly,  authority  to 
iiiiikc  the  coiiiiiKJii  master  liahle  Ui  one  of  his  e,niplo\ccs  or  serxants 
fur  all  daniaiies  to  him  caused  by  the  nei;liiicnee  of  anolhcr  of  jiis 
-irvants.  while  the  latter  is  aiiin;;  alioui  the  husiiicss  or  lahor  which 
he  is  aiithori/ed  to  (hi,  rejiardless  of  the  faei  that  such  servant.s  would, 
iMiilei'  the  general  loilc,  be  regarded  as  fellow  servants.'" 

ij.  Wisdiiisin. — Th(!  Wisconsin  act  of  1^T">.  chap.  17.']  fs«><'  chap- 
icr  xx.xix..  //ovO,  was  dechiri'd,  prior  to  its  repeal,  not  to  be  repugnant 
to  tlio  constitutional  principle  which  |>r<ihiliits  unopial  and  partial 
legislation  on  general  su!    ■■cts." 

646.  Statutes  abrogati  ■  '  doctrine  of  common  employment  with 
respect  to  railway  servants  ci.t  ^ged  in  the  operation  of  the  road. — The 
-tatiites  of  Towa.  Kan>as,  and  .Minne^ota  are  couched  in  sub-iinliallv 
ii'ciifical  words  (sec  chapter  xxxix..  i">.sl),  and  may  be  considered 
tojicther. 

The  contention  that  they  nre  in  contlict  with  the  1  1th  .XmeiKlmont 
'if  the  I  nited  States  Const  it  u!  ion.  because  they  deprive  railway  coni- 
I'iinics  of  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws,  has  be<>n  held  not   to  be 

'  f?n/i  >  v/i,»,     //.    d    .<?.    .1.    R.    Co.    V.    iiP}.'lij;pii<c  (if  iinotlicr  cmiileMc.  iillhoiieh 

Worlliii    (1S1I4;    Tex.    Civ.    App.)    27    S.    Ilm  nrj.'lij.'iMl    net    miiy    liavV   i oniii'c 

\V.  i-lCt.  tion   with   the  o|MT:iti'on  of  llii'  railwMV 

'iliilf,  C.  d   S.    F.    If.   Co.   V.    C<il,<rt   <>f  flio  coiiipiuiv.      Tlic  ar;:i nl   is  tliat 

lS!i.-)l  11  Tex.  Civ.  App.  21)7.  .•(■-'  S.  W.  lic<auso  tlic  saiiic  linliilitv  i-  not  im- 
-^''-  p(i«i'(l  upim  other  (■(Hpiiratiinis.  the  slat 

'lliilri.tton,  H.  it  S.  A.  H.  Co.  v.  Oib-  iit«  is  void  wilhlii  the  rule  of  Durkic  v 
«mi  (18110:  Tex.  Civ.  App.)  54  S.  \V.  ■Iini.:tville  (18711  28  Wis.  4ii».  H  Am. 
'■"  Hep.  "lOrt.     .     .     .    Tho  p.i-v  „f  Mhi.  (I'll. 

"Dryburg  v.Mcrcurdold  .Viii.J  Mill.  v.  Chiaiijo  d  X.  U.  A'.  r<,  (1870)  .3.) 
'..       isiiSi    is   Utah.   410,  55    I'ao.    .1117.    Wis.    425.    (leriih'S    the    question     nn.ier 

■' Ihllirniir  V.  Chiiiiiio,  SI.  rf  SI.  I'.  It.  consideration  adiciscdv  to  llie  position 
I".  ilS70|  47  Wis.  I:i8,  2  X.  W.  till,  dis  inaintainnl  l)y  tlie  h.'irned  counsel  for 
;i|>|irM\  in;;  the  doctrine  implied  in  the  the  railway  conipanv.  It  wa.s  hehl  in 
lima  ileci-ions  (mv  i  t!4«,  p<,.il ) .  Ilial  I lioso  oases' that  a  statute  whi.-h  limited 
ilie  statute  of  that  state  was  valid  only  the  rates  to  he  e!iar;.'ed  hv  railway  com 
liirause  ihe  rwovery  was  limited  to  jianies  for  fan's  and  fivi^rhts  was  a  valid 
..i-is  vv)i,.ie  the  injuries  were  causiMl  hy  enactment,  althouudi  such  limitations 
Ihe  ne;.dif;enl  operation  of  railways,  weii'  not  ini|H,sn|  upon  other  eoinmon 
ilic  coiiit  said:  "It  is  eonei^lcd  that  carrier-,  whether  i(ir|«  rate  or  Individ- 
llie  Ml!  vMuld  he  a  valid  exercise  of  iial.  Ihe  statute  was  held  to  lie  a  proix'r 
liyi-litivc  |K)Wer  wi-re  its  provisicms  re  exercise  liy  the  le;;isl.ilnie  of  the  [lower 
-tri.l,-.!  to  cases  of  injury  oansed  hy  ;;rniiliil  to  it  hy  the  (  oiisi  imiion  to 
the  ncL'li^ent  operation  of  railways,  alter  or  repeal  "the  charters  of  those 
lint  it  assumed  that  the  statute  is  not.  corporaliciis,  Con-t.  art.  1 1  5  1  The 
"o  n-sirirtcd:  th.it  !,y  it^  l,-ni;s  it  sc,!;s  -anie  prim  ijde  i,  liu,.lwd  in  ihis  ra.e. 
t"  make  a  railway  .ompany  liahlc'  for  If  Ihe  lr:.'i-l  luiie  cum  im|Kise  limitations 
ill!  injur\-  to  an  employee  caus.-d  hy  the    aii<i  re-ti  iciioiis  upon  raihvav  comi>aniea 


!i' 

>  4  1  V '  1» 

ll;'*^!! 

il 


18!M 


MASTJ.U  AND  SKRVAXT. 


[cii.\r.  x\xv. 


JifH 

'1  H 

i 

II:  i 

Ilii 


,:n: 


i  I 


l-i 


1 

I' 

1 

m\ 

1 

if '  ■■ 

i 

tcnaMc*     Xor  aro  flicy  ro]iiigii;mt  to  fliiit  iiiticiHlinciit  wliifli  i)ruliil)it.-i 
the  taking  of  propcrtv  witlnnil  diir  pmccss  of  law.- 


not  impound  upon  other  oomnion  rnr 
rior:*,  wlictlitT  corporate  or  otiiirw  i-e.  it 
may  in  like  miininT  iinp(]<e  liiiliilitic-* 
upon  such  coni|>iiiiii'S  from  which  other 
coinmnn  enrriers  ami  otlier  corporations 
are  pxeiiipl ." 

'In  Miysdiiri  /'.  I{.  C.  v.  Mnikiy 
(IH87)  127  I".  S.  205.  :1J  I.,  c.l.  HIT,  >S 
Sup.  Ct.  I!")).  1101.  the  court  -aid,  in 
discussing.'  llii-  ol)jiiliia  to  Ihc  I'vaiisas 
law  of  1H74;  "Jt  snin*  to  rest  upon 
the  theory  that  Icyi-latii  ii  which  is 
s|>ecial  in  its  ehar.ictcr  is  uciissarily 
within  the  constitutional  iiiliihitiun ; 
hut  nothinj;  can  he  further  from  the 
fact.  The  ;.Teater  pirt  of  all  lej;i-la- 
(ion  is  spe<dal,  either  in  the  olijecta 
soutrht  to  he  attaini'il  hy  it.  or  in  the 
extent  of  its  application.  Laws  for  the 
improvement  of  nuinicipalities.  the  open- 
ing and  widening  of  particular  streets, 
the  introd\iction  of  water  and  L'as.  and 
other  arran^rcnients  for  the  safety  and 
convenience  of  their  inhabitants,  and 
laws  for  the  irrifialion  and  draimiie  of 

fKirticnlar  lands,  for  the  construction  of 
evees  and  the  l)rid;;ing  of  navi^'aldi'  riv- 
ers, are  instances  of  this  kind.  Such 
'■  ,islation  does  not  infrinfre  \ipon  the 
clause  of  the  14th  Amendment  requirinff 
equal  prrteition  of  the  laws.  Iiec4i\ise  it 
is  special  in  its  character;  if  in  confiict 
at  all  with  tliat  clause,  it  must  he  on 
other  grounds.  And  when  le;,'islation 
applies  !o  panicular  Indies  or  associa- 
tions, imposing  upon  tliem  a.lditional 
liabilities,  it  is  not  op:n  to  the  objec- 
tion that  it  deniis  to  then  the  equal 
protection  of  the  laws,  if  all  persons 
brought  under  its  inlluence  are  tre-ated 
alike  under  the  same  conditions.  A 
law  giving  to  mechanics  a  lien  on  build- 
ings constructed  or  repaired  liy  them. 
for  the  amount  of  their  work,  and  a  law 
requiring  railroad  eor|Mirations  to  erect 
and  maintain  fences  aloUL'  their  roads. 
Kcparating  them  from  land  of  adjoining 
proprietors,  so  as  to  ke<'p  cattle  off  their 
track?  are  instances  of  this  kind.  Such 
legislatiin  is  not  obnoxious  to  the  last 
clause  of  the  14th  Amendment,  if  all 
j)ersons  subject  to  it  are  treated  alike 
under  similar  einaimsiances  and  condi- 
tions, in  res|H'ct  both  of  the  privileges 
conferred  and  the  liabilities  imposed. 
It  is  conccdiMl  that  corporations  are  p<'r 
sons  within  the  meaning  of  the  amend- 
ment.    N(i/(f<(  Ciara  Cf.uuti/  v.  ^ntifhrrn 

P.  I!.  Co.  (isa.i)  118  r.  s.  .■?!it.  .10  t.. 

cd,   lis.  6  Sup.  ct.  Rep.  1132:   rembiiin 


''■/»«i/.  Sitirr  Min.  dc  Milt.  €o.  V.  /'.  iin 
s,ih<nii,i  (  IS!<7)  12.1  V.  S.  IS7.  31  I..  ,-,1 
i;."..!.  21  Intirs.  Com.  I!ep.  24.  H  Sup.  (  t 
l!ep.  737.  lint  the  hazaiilous  ehar.i.l.i 
of  the  bu'iiie->s  of  operating  a  raiiu,i\ 
would  sciii  to  call  for  spii-ial  legi-litiin 
with  respect  to  raih'o.iil  I'orpoiiiti.ni, 
liaving  lor  ils  object  the  proledinn  ,,| 
their  employees  as  wtdl  as  the  sal:  l>  of 
the  public.  'I'lii'  bn-iness  of  otiici  ii  i 
|>orations  is  not  subject  to  simil.u  dm 
ger  to  their  employees,  and  no  oliin 
tion-.  therefoic,  can  be  made  to  the  li - 
islalion  on  the  ground  of  its  miikinL;  :ii 
unjust  clisi  riininai  ion.  It  nieet^  a  pii 
licubir  neco^ity.  and  nil  railro.nl  ocn 
|>or:itions  are.  without  dist  inction.  ni;el' 
subjcii  to  the  sa-'a'  lialdlities.  As  -.ili 
by  the  (inirt  bel.,w.  it  i^  simply  .\  i\\h- 
tion  of  legislative  discn-tion  whcllur  tin 
same  liabilities  shall  be  appliid  to  car 
riers  by  canal  ami  stage  coaches  iiid  tc 
|H'rs(  ns  and  cor|MMations  u«ing  -Icmi  in 
manufactories."  The  deii>ion  c  f  il;, 
state  court  in  (ISS.'))  33  Kan.  2'.is.  i: 
l*ac.  201,  was  accordini;Iy  aHirnicij.  ji 
the  same  cll'eet,  see  Mininuri  /',  /'.  Ch. 
V.  naUi)  (ISSn  2.')  Kan.  3.T  ;  .1 /. /,,\,.,-. 
r.  rf  S.  F.  Jt.  Co.  v.  Kiirhlrr  (ISs;,  .■!: 
Kan.  4fi.3,  l.")  Pac.  aCl. 

The  doctrine  thus  laid  doun  «^i 
treated  as  the  law  of  the  cas4'  in  a  i' 
eision  with  regard  to  the  Minm-eti  ari 
Miniinipolifi  it  St.  I..  R.  Co.  v.  Iln-rid 
(1887)  127  I'.  S.  210.  32  L.  cd.  lo:i.  >- 
Sup.  Ct.  Kep.  1171!.  Allirn  i,  ;  (Iss:!,  :',; 
Minn.  11,  47  Am.  Rep.  771,  1<!  N.  U 
413. 

The  same  objection  to  the  validilv  r>t 
the  Iowa  act  was  raised  in  Uml.-h,'  v 
Ccnlrnl  Imra  R.  Co.  (1SH4)  lU  [.hi 
fi03,  21  X.  W.  103,  and  was  thii-  .li- 
posed  of:  "The  argument,  brii  lly  -t.i! 
c-d.  is  that  under  the  statute  raihci.l 
corporations  are  subjivted  to  ptiahii- 
and  liabilities  which  other  pei-oii-  aiii 
corporations  cngagtHl  in  a  like  bn-ini— 
are  not  subjected  to.  That  the  bii-in:— 
of  o|M'rating  a  railway  is  |M'culiiily  lia? 
ard(ms  to  employtvs  en;;ageil  in  lli'' 
o|H'ration  of  the  road  must  be  ailinitli'I 
Counscd  have  not  calh'd  our  attciitinn 
to  any  business  whicli  is  equally  lia/ 
anions,  and  a.s  the  statute  is  applicalil •• 
to  all  corporations  or  ;M>r-oiis  eii^'au'''"!  ii' 
(^perilling  railroa<ls.  it  I'ciiis  In  u-'  i' 
does  iii:t  discriniiiiate  in  i'.  '"r  of  cr 
again-t  any  one.  .  .  .  The  prrvi 
sions  of   sec-tion   30  of  article  :!  "I  'I  ' 


1 


s  i;m;|     acts  as  to  kmim.ovck.s-  i.iaiiii.it\     im i;iii)i  <tory. 


ISllj 


order  Uj  -iiivr  llic  Icua  ;iii(l  M  iiiiii-..i;i  acts  fnnn  tlio  iiiii.,,i:iti.  n 
nil;'  n'lm^iiMiit    lo  tlic  ci'ii-iiiuiiiiiial   provi-inn   wliicli   pniliil.it, 

Cl:i.-s   Ir-i-l:ili il    1.;,^   |.( -ii   licciiinl   nciT-arv   t(i  It. .ill   thai   alfl uli 

llif  w.ii-.ls  ciMi.l.iv.  .1  Ipv  ih,.  Ii'iri-latiii-c  aiv  |i'  rf.  ,  llv  U''ii<':::l.  tliev 
slinuM  Im'  .■..n-trncil  as  lirin-  a  .|)lii-ai)lf  uiil\  lu  tcr\a..ls  (.■ii-a".  .1  in 
llio  actual  (i|iiMMii..ii  of  tii.'  i..a<i  •' 

(■.>ii-liliitiiin   of  the   stale   mii.I    tl.c    1  llh    iii<i.ii,|M  l.-ii.v  ..f  tlio   v,-v\-.\i.U.    iP-i..h.i. 
Arm-i].liiiciil    to   Ilif   ('..n-liluiiuii   <      lli«    l.ilii^     il„i    i.-r    ,a    mi.,-    ^iiij.n,-.    |.>    it. 
I'nited   Sl;it..<  aio   quit.-  >iit,il;ii-.    if   ii,,t    Tli.-'iitii..i-l   ,:.\r  „n  its  |.,.i-|   x>il|  n-t   ii-' 
in  .-|.irit    i.l.-hti.-al.    in    so   f.,,-    ,.   ,  itj,,.,.    11,.^.   jt    (nnn   il.l.ilitv.   if  lii.-   i.."  mtt 
fill    lie    sai.l    to   i.n.liil.it    the    I. -i-l.;lur.;    iiijinv.1    l.c    iiini  ..If    iVrc    fn.i.i    <<.ii!    Imi 
from   coiiffniti^r  (•\.-c--i\o   |iri\  il..^.cs   m,    loiy   ii.'.,rlin,.,|,.,..      ri„.    l,nv    of     \>:i  ,.x- 
iiny  |>.Tsoii  oi-   iiii|H-iii,-    p,  i,,illii.s   ii|hiii    U',',1-   il,i>  u'l.mi,;.'  au.l   li\cs  a   lik.-  Ii.i 
any    <-..i|M)ratii.M    wlii.li    an-    ii.it    sliai.'.l    !alil>     ii|h.ii    r.iliiM.I    ...Mi.jni.-.    uli.;.- 
I.y    oiliers     uii.l.'i-     liko    uirciiiii^taiic.-s."    iiijiirir>    an-    -nh^,  ,|ii,.||i  Iv    .-.iiir.  i:  .1     I.v 
In    Mi.sK0(,i-i    l:     It.     Vj.     v.    ,I/.o/,(,/    ii.',|.1,.\,, -.  Ihoii-li  il   ma  v"  U'  l,v  llic  r,  '■ 
IISS7)    127  U.  S.  o,,.-,.  3^    L,  (.,1    |„;^  jj    li;;,..,,,;.  ..!•  in.-.Mh|,.l,.h.v;.f  a  f.:||,.w  s.iv' 
Nip.    Ct.    Rep.     ll(;l.    til,,    couii     said:    ant     in     the    saim-   -nVial   oni|.ii,\  in,  aL 
'111,,  contoiiliiin  (.f  tl.i'  ,-,.in|i.iii_v,  as  we    ami    aclinj;   un.lcr    the    saiiio    ininu-ili  it,, 
un.l,  r-tand  it,  is  that   lliat   law   [i.  e.,  of    ,liiv,t  i,,ri.      Iliat  its  passaLT'  was  within 
Kan-as]    ini|M-rs   n|H,ii   railr.;a,l    conipa     tin-   ,ii!n|H.t..n,.>-    of    the     h-islaliire   we 
111.--  a   liahilily   n,>l    jm.vi.jii- ly   >\i-liii-,    li.m-  no  ih.iil.t." 

in  III..  enf...,'.i;M  nt   of  wliieh  ili.'ir  |.ni|)  In    ]l,\,i,uih  v.    l//,vv,\s,/,;,;  ,{.  .1/.  /f. 

fily  may  !.,■  I;il..  n  ;  ami  thus  authoi  i/.-.    Co.    il.siHii    -JO    lou.i.   .'i.-ls.    ^nd     \ ,  ,,    v. 
in   -iich    iM-,-.   Ilie    taking    of    |.ro|.,iiy     l)til,ii,ii„   d-  S.  C.  If.  Co.   (IHCi;,   ■'il|..ua" 
witli.'iil   dn,'  i.i-.H^  ,~  ,.f  la-.v.  in  vi,,l..|  i,,i,    .-ilT.    it    Ha-   !i.-l,l   |li.it    il,e   l,,u    \>..    ;.    . 
of  til.-   14th  .\nii'n,liia-nt.     'I'li,-  plain  an      ie|.ii-iiam   I,,  an.  :i.  5  :;n.  of  tli,'  ( ',1  . - 
sw.i'   lo  this  e,.nl,T,li,,n   is  that    Ih.-   lia-    liilhin.   whi.h    i.,|iiii,'-s    that     'all     I  i  ,\ , 
hihty  iinpo-iil  l,y  tin-  law  of  lH7t  ari>,-.s    -liall    I.,     -,r,    lal     iii.l   ,,f   iinif,.iin    .  :i   ,  ■ 
only    for    iiijiiri,--    ■.n%-.-.|ii>iil!y    ,-,ii.unit      I  ion  I  In. mjli,. ill  tin-  -hit,.."      Thi-  iiioiir..! 
t(Kl;   il    has  no  ai.pli.-.ili..n   lo   pa-l    inju      ol   lii.-  .1,  cj-i.  ih  ua,  ihat  ••|li.-  -■;"i,-  Ii,, 
rifs.  an.l   it   ,-i,in,-l    !..-   -ii,-,.  "fully   ,-,,n     l.ilily    is   ,-\t,ii,|,.,l   l,v   Ih,-  a.l    |.i»iii    i:,,. 
tcnili-rl  II   It   llie  state   may   not    pr,-^- lihe    -^i  m.'- l.-i  n,>  to  all  in  tin-  ,  in,-  -it  ,'i.it  i.,n.' 
Ih.-  liahililiis  under  «lii.-h   (-,.r()..ral  i,,ns        In  /;./,/,.   v.  r/,,,, ,,,,,.  /,'.  /,  ,(.  /•   /,-    (■„ 
rr.  .|,.l   hy    its    laws    -,|,all    .-,,mla.-l    th,-ir     ils;ji     .-{(J     1,,^.,.     .-,2.     t|„.    ,.,„|||    ,„;,|;' 

l.ii-.iH-ss  in  till-  fiitm,-.   \\h  '1,.  II.I   llri.ii.,      ■  If  ll:.    -i  at  m,-  -!iiiil,|  In ..h-;     i:  ■!  .., 

li.'ii  is  |,la<-e.l  upon  its  p,oi,-i-  ii,  il,i,  n.  i,,  :,^,yU  i,,  ,|]|  |„.|„„|,  j,,  n,,.  ,,,  ■  ,^'.  ',., 
s|»i't  hy  th(-ir  cliart.-rs.  I.e.ji-I.ii  ion  to  nili.  ,.l  .•<■,;»  i  :!t  i.rii,  will,. ait  i.  r.'l  t,, 
tlii-  <-ir,'ct  is  fouml  ill  III,'  «lalul,>  hooks  ih.-  Im -;n.-~  -  1  !m\  m-i-.  ,n,|ii.  \,-,l  i"n  llo  a 
of  .-v,-y   state,      llie   liai-,l-lii|.  ,,r   injiis-    il    ■,;,„ihl   I,,-   a   ,l,-.ir  ease  ..f',-',.;-s   l,--i^ 

'; f  "'<"   '■■"»    "'    Kansas   „f    ih74,    if    lali,.n.    .in.l    u.,nl,l    m-l    applv    upon  Ihe 

tlief,.  .„    any.  must   !„■  reli,\,-il  hy  l.-L'i«-    s. |,.niLS  I,,  all  in  tla-  -.ini,-  -iiiiath.n 

Iain,-  •■nai-lm.  nt.  Tlie  only  , pie-lion  :,:■}  In  i..v  •.v.niM  l„.  ini.  iii,tilii!i,-nal 
fi.r,.iir  ,-.\anunati,m.  as  the  law  of  1874  aial  m.iiif.siK  s,,.  To  illus|-.-al,-:  Sup 
IS  pi.-,iil,-,l  to  us  in  this  ca.se,  ia  wli,-th-  i",--  a  r.iilr.i.i'.l  ..  mpaiiv  einph.v  s.-v.-ial 
or  It  Is  ill  eoallii-t  with  elaiis,-s  of  the  p.  i-i,ns  to  ,111  i|„.  ii.i;||,".r  on  its  ri-hl  ,if 
lltli  .\ni,-nilmeiit.  The  supposed  hard-  way  wlii-r.- it  i-  ,,l„.ni  to  evt,-ml  its  roa.l, 
Mill,  and  iniustiee  eonsist  in  impiitiiis  and  the  lan.l  ovMier  . mplovs  a  lik,-  niuii 
li:ila  ily  to  the  company,  wii.-r,-  no  p.-r-  la-r  of  per.s<,n,  to  .-nt  th,'-  timher  on  a 
si.iial  wron;;  ,a-  neirlifienee  is  ,liar;.'.-.ihle  -trii.  of  equal  hn-lh  al,in-si,l,.  -urh 
t..  11  or  to  Its  dir,-et,.rs.  Hut  Hie  -  iiiuf  ri^jlit  of  wav.  If  ..m-  of  ea.irs.-t  of  eiii- 
liariUnip  and  iiijustiee.   if  tla-n-  he  any,    ph^yi-es    sj,,,))    1,,.   iniitn-.l    hv    the    m   di 

,\i-t    wli,-n   the   coiiipany,    will t    anv    K.-m-o  ,,f  a  .■,..-m.d..v, .-,  and  the  empl.iv.-e 

wren-  or  n,-,ull-<-m-,.  on  its  p,,rl.  is  of  tin-  iailr,.a,l  ,-,m,paiiv  can,  nn,h-r  tho 
(i.nuM.I  for  injuri(-s  to  p.-M-rr.;.  1 -.  st.itin,.,  ,,,,,inlain  an  action  a;.'aii.-l  hi- 
\\li:i,Mr  care  and  prccaiil  i.  n  nia>  1.,-  emplovir.  ami  tla-  ,,llier  cann.  t.  then  it 
liMii  in  comliu-lin-  it-'  hu-im—  or  in  is  eh-ar  that  the  !.,v.  ,h„~  m-t  apply  uir 
^<l.-,tin^'  Its  M-rvaii|s.  if  injury  hapi^in  on  the  -,ii,„-  |.,„;s  („  ,,11  in  the  "sani,' 
1.- the  pas^seuMis  troni  the  n,-j;liyenei-  or    siluatioti.     The    law,    then,    would    not 


I8!)0 


MASTKl!   AND  SKIIVAXT. 


fciiAr.  WW, 


647.  Statutes  imposing  special  duties  upon  various  classes  of  employ- 
ee.— a.  St  'ct  car  coininiiiicn. — Tlie  ^Miuiiosola  law  i>f  l^itS,  cliiiii. 
'•■"!.  nM|iiiriiii;-  .-Ircct  railway  t-iPiii[):!nios  to  pr.>viiio  incliisuri's  at  iIm' 
I'luiit  of  tlicir  cars  (o  ]initi'ct  ilii>  ciiipliivccs  upcratiiifi  iliciii  tnnn  ihc 
iiK-lcmciK-y  nt'  tlif  wcallicr  dining  tlic  winter  scmshii,  lias  Km  In  |.| 
iiiii  tn  lie  invali'l  nu  any  nf  tlio  fillowiiii;  gronnils:  (1  I  Tiiai  it  is 
not  an  pxcrcisc  nf  tlio  poliic  puwi  r  of  liic  state;  (i!)  tliat  it  i>  clas- 


hnvr  iinifi>rin  n|M'rntion.  b>it  woiilci  ho 
viiil;iti\c  of  111*  Cdnstitutidii.  jii-t  as 
niiipli  IK  n  law  tliat  slioiiM  prfxTilii' 
iiiidcr  till"  saint'  ciicmii^laiiccs  (lillVn.it 
lial)ilitii>s  for  nicrchniiN,  for  mccliaiiios. 
and  for  lalxircis.  TliP  manifest  |iur|><MC 
of  fill-  slatiitc  was  to  jiff  its  Iwnclits  to 
pniplovct's  i'nL.'aL'i'<l  in  llif  lia/.anliius 
liusini-s-  of  (i|irratina  railriunls.  When 
thus  liiniti^l  it  is  ronsdtiitional :  when 
pxtcndnl  further  it  iMronics  uni'onslitu- 
tional." 

Tlipse  decisions  wore  citod  with  ap- 
proval in  h'tilri)  V.  Cl:i<iiiii).  II.  I.  d  P. 
A*.  Co.  (1SH4)'64  Iowa.  1114.  21  N.  W. 
124. 

In  \irh„ln  V.  Wiilirr  (18S7)  37  Minn. 
•264.  .l:i  N.  \V.  800.  it  was  lairl  down  that 
in  order  to  e\iiii|it  a  stutiitc  from  the 
imputation  of  heinu'  class  le;;islation.  the 
distinctions  which  it  creates  nin-t  he 
based  upon  some  appirent  natural  rea 
son — some  rca.son  sii^jicsinl  liy  iii'ci's-ity. 
by  such  a  difTerencp  in  the  situatioji  and 
circunistanees  of  the  -iiliiirls  plaieil  in 
dilVerent  elasses  as  sMi;'_'i-ts  the  neces- 
sity or  i>ropriety  of  dilferent  le;;i-hition 
with  rcs|)c<'t  to  thi-ni. 

Applying  this  te»t  in  Lnvallee  v.  Kt. 
Paul,  il.  <f  1/.  It.  rn.  (1S89)  40  Minn. 
240.  41  \.  W.  974.  the  court  said:  "It 
is  impossible  to  avoid  the  conclusion 
that  the  statute,  if  construed  .is  np|i(l- 
hint  claims  it  ought  to  bo.  woubl  be 
class  lefrislation.  not  applying  upon  the 
same  terms  to  all  in  thi-  same  situation, 
nor  having  any  apparent  natural  rea- 
son for  any  di-tim  tion.  The  fnipiency 
and  magnitude  of  the  dansers  to  uhic>h 
those  employed  in  operating  r.iilroads 
are  exp>«i'd;  the  dilliculty.  sometimes 
iniiy>ssibility.  of  escaping  from  tlieni 
with  any  amount  of  care,  when  they 
come;  the  fact  that  a  great  numlwr  of 
men  are  employed,  cooperating  in  the 
same  work,  so  that  no  one  of  ttiem  can 
know  nil  the  others,  their  competency, 
skill,  and  care,  so  that  he  nui.v  be  said 
to  voluntarily  assume  the  risk  arising 
froni  the  want  of  -kill  or  care  Ivy  any 
one  of  the  number. — are  a  sufticient  rea- 
Bon  for  applying  a  rule  of  liability  on 


the  part  of  the  employer  to  the  emplny.-,. 
so  etnplovi'd.  diirereiil  from  that  nuli 
Tiarily  applied  bel\\(.eii  master  and  -■  rv 
ant.  lint  no  just  reason  I'an  li>'  -ii.' 
gest«Hl  why  such  dilTereme  -lionld  in' 
foundeil,  not  on  the  character  of  thi' 
employment.  U'  r  (pf  the  i.angers  towlii.li 
those  employed  are  exposeit.  hut  on  III.' 
character  only  of  the  emplover.  We  . m 
sj-e  wliv  the  employer's  liability  shiiui.i 
be  greater  when  the  busin<s.s  is  tli.il  i.f 
©["■rating  a  railroad,  but  rannot  set.  \\iiy 
one  inili\i(lual  or  coriHiration  sin  nil  l.o 
held  to  a  nile  of  liability  diirereiit  li m 
that  applied  to  another,  when  I  In'  .im 
ployment  and  it.s  hazards  are  prei  i-i  !y 
the  -anie." 

Other  decisions  to  the  same  elfeil  :irn 
Pirrcc  V.  Ctn'riil  lairn  /,'.  tu,.  (|SS7i 
73  Iowa.  1  in.  34  N.  W.  7S3:  lt,i<i>,inn 
V.  rriilnil  Inini  R.  Co.  llSSHi  7t  Iowa, 
(137.  3.')  X.  W.  liOfi.  3S  N.  \\  .  .-,Jll 

In  .Idhiisi.u  V.  fit.  I'lnil  .f  II.  It.  Co. 
(IHIIO)  43  Minn.  222.  S  I,.  U.  A.  J  lit.  4') 
N.  \V.  loll,  the  court  argued  a-  folluvs: 
"If  a  distimlion  is  to  be  nia'le  a-  t' 
the  liability  of  eni|diiyi'is  to  tlnir  mi 
plovees.  it  must  be  ba-ed  Upon  a  ililVir- 
once  in  the  nature  of  the  employrniiir. 
and  not  of  the  emjvloyei-.  line  iiil.''.f 
liability  cannot  be  c-taldished  for  riil- 
Wily  companies,  meret.v  as  such,  and  an- 
other rule  for  other  employiis.  umler 
like  ciri-umsi;iiiics  and  condiiioii 
less  U]M)n  the  theorv  suL'i;e-led  ii 
st,iii-i  P.  n.  Cu.  V.  'Vinktn  (ISsT 
r.  S.  -.'n.-),  .32  L.  ed.  107,  8  Sup.  (  t  i;.;'. 
11(11.  that  the  state  may  ■prc-^^i^l■  \'w. 
liabilities  under  which  corporal icii-  i  m'- 
ated  by  its  laws  shall  condmi  iluir 
business  in  the  future,  where  no  li:;  Vi- 
lion  is  placed  upon  its  power  in  tlii-  n- 
s[H'ct  by  their  charters." — a  piopu-ijiin 
which,  a-s  thus  broadly  si.ited.  tliiit 
court,  in  view  of  it.s  later  ultiiMiici--. 
could  hanlly  have  intended  to  anti  iincft 
.  .  Hence,  most  courts,  as.  iii'i.i'ijy, 
in  Iowa  and  Kansas,  have  held  llnii  -im- 
ilar  statutes,  althoiigh  geiienil  in  liirir 
t(  mis.  I'mbraer-  onl.v  'tiie  pi'iiiii.ii-  ii.i/ 
ards  of  railroading.'  I5ut.  wlun  i>ii 
come  to  examine   the  adjudicatc.l  .  ,i.*-. 


im- 

1/  -<• 


.^.^^m 


?  (i471       ACTS  AS  TO  |;m|'|.(iV|.;|!S-  I.IAMII.ITY  -INTItoDICTOHY.  1S!I7 

lif;isliitioii ;  {;!)  tliiit  it  iiiijiiiir'^  llif  <.Mis;;iti.(ii  of  a  ciintnict ;  (I)  tliai 
ii  intcrfcros  wifh  flic  liltcrlv  of  cciilract  iictwocn  stnct  railwav  coiii- 
piinics  nnd  tlioir  ('iiii.l.._v(cs :  ( :, )  that  it  iiiij>..-.i's  aii  cxcfssivc'  tine.' 


«i!  confess    wt'   ai  L"   unable   ti>   ili-icdvi-r 
;iny  (liMinit)'.  con-i^tcnt.  or   io^rical   rule 
which  the  courts  have  applii'd   in  di'tcr- 
niininy  «hfthc-r.  upon  the  faiK  (jf  a  par- 
lidilar   ca*c.    it    fell    within    or   willumt 
ihi'  -.latntiv      In  ■iomc  cases   it   }\:i-  lieen 
licid    that    the    staluti-  applied.  lieeaus<> 
the    duty     of     the     eriiplovi'es     r<'<|iiiriil 
Ihcni  to  ride  upon  the  cars  to  the  place 
(if   work.   althoii;;h    the    injury    was    not 
-u>tained    while    tlnis     riciinj:.  and    was 
not  causi^l   by.   or   in   any    manner   con- 
iicitcd  with,   the  o|>cration   of  the  roail. 
Such  a  [losition   scenic  to   us   whollv   il 
lii^rioal.     Other     cases     have     Ix-en  "held 
within  the  statute  lucau^e  the  work  U'- 
iiij;  perfonned   was  necessary   to  the  use 
;inil  operation  of  the  road.  althou;;h  the 
injury  sustained   was  not    :au>ed   hv.  or 
.ciMiHcted  with,  such  use  and  opira'tion. 
Tiiis,  we  think,   is  eipialT     i||oi.'iial.      In 
farl,  Ihi'  propcr^ilion  i»  -o  iiroad  and  dcf 
inite  as  to  brin^;  within  the  ail   all  cm 
plcviis.  rejiardlc^s  of  the  nature  of  their 
.inpioynicnt :    lor  tlu'   work   of   all.  even 
clerks  in  olfices.  is.  in  a  sense,  necessary 
In  the   Use   and   operation    of   the   road. 
liiiiifore.    after    luiiture    i-onsiilnation, 
"Mr  coiiilusion  is  that,  if  any  liniilalion 
is  to  Im-  placed   by  the  courts   u|K)n  the 
iipplieation  of  tlii-  statute   land  on  con- 
-titiitional  {rrounds  there  must   bei.  tho 
cnly  one  which  will  furnish  any  definite 
er  logical    rule    is   to   hold   thai    it    only 
applies  to  those  (•niployeo    who  are  ex 
pos(^  to  the   pciiiliar   hazard-    incident 
to  the  u-e   and   operation    of    railroads, 
and  whose  injuries  are  the  r<>siilt  of  such 
danf.iMs." 

'In  Slate  v.  Smith  (1S!M)  oS  .Minn. 
:i5.  25  L.  R.  A.  T;-)!),  5!)  X.  W.  .54.->.  the 
'mirt  said:  "What  are  called  trailin;.' 
iirs'  ,nre  excluded  from  this  reipiire- 
innif.  so  that  it  applies  only  to  cars 
"11  which  the  motive  power  is  oiK'-ated 
cr  coMtrolhtl.  The  law  was  passc.1  with 
reference  to  the  faet  that  the  man  o|ht 
atin^'  or  ooiilndlinfr  the  motive  power  of 
>uch  cars  was  required  to  stand  where 
his  jhTMin  was  almost  wholly  ex|>»sed  to 
(•"I'i.  storm,  and  wind,  haviiiu'  but  little 
ITf lection  except  such  as  the  clothing 
j"^""'"  .     .     It    is    stijiulatcd    as    a 

fact,  what  everybody  knows.— that  elec- 
tric e.ir,  are  ,un  at  a  rato  of  .|.,.d  of 
frni;  :  u<  ]:,  mile-  an  hour.  aii(i  at  an 
nv.  ;  i-e  n.te  ..f  b.i,MeM  8  and  '.i  i.,i!es 
an  hour.     Anyone  acquainted   with   the 


extreme  ccdd  of  much  of  the  weather  in 
thi-  cliiriate  between  thi'  Nl  i.f  .Novern 
bcr  and  tin-  I -I  of  April,  and  who  knows, 
as  everybody  ilm-,.  that  the  motorman 
on  an  electric  lai    is  oldi-ed  to  -.land  in 

one  place,  alway-  on  II lert.  his  wlude 

altcrilicn  ^i\cn  to  the  mean-  of  con- 
IreiJinL'  the  Miollv,-  p,n-,cr  and  the  brake. 

and   to   liHikin;,'   out    ah I.   and    unable, 

with  line  rc'jaiil  to  his  iluli.-.  to  jrive 
attention  to  pidtectiiiK  himself  from  the 
cold,  niii-t  appiciiate  that,  when  froina 
at  the  rate  of  H  or  :i  miles  an  hour. 
;N-iliaps  aL'ainsi  a  he  id  wind,  nd  with 
the  melciiiy  below  /em.  the  pi>sition  of 
the  motoniian  is  one  not  merely  of  dis- 
comfort,  but  of  actiiil  dinger  tl>  health, 
and  ■.omit.imes  to  life,  and  the  tendency 
of  which  is  to  di~able  hini  to  -ome  ex- 
tent to  |ierform  his  duties  in  the  way 
that  care  to  safety  of  his  passenj.'ers  and 
of  traveler-  on   the  -Iri^el-  requires. 

"It  has  never  lien  que-tioiied  that  the 
police  power  if  the  stale  extends  to 
iej:nlaliiii;  the  u-e  of  daii;;erous  machin- 
ery, with  a  view  to  proleit in;;,  not  only 
others,  but  I  host-  who  arc  employed  to 
use  it:  anil  if  it  be  conceded,  as  it  must 
be,  that  the  state  may  intervene  by 
regulation.s  in  such  n  case,  we  do  not 
see  why  it  may  not  in  such  a  ra.s<>  as 
this.  The  act  is  within  the  j)olice  [iowit. 
When  a  subjist  i-  within  that  power, 
the  extent  to  which  it  shall  be  e.xercised 
and  the  re<;ulations  to  eirect  the  desire<l 
end  are  generally  wholly  in  the  discre- 
tion of  the  leui-iature.  "  The  le;;islature 
miKlit  in  this  ca-e  have  required  the 
Use  of  the  prescribeil  inclosuie  only  at 
such  limes  when  the  cold  reaebeil  a  cer- 
tain ilc;:i-ec.  or  when  storms  prevailed, 
but  it  wa-  IhoiiL'ht  tit  to  make  sure  of 
the  re-iilt  aimeil  at  by  eoveriii;;  the  time 
if  year  when  extreme  cold  and  bitt<T 
-torms  may  iKciir  at  any  time;  and  that 
was   within    its  exclusive  provinii-. 

"The  objection  that  this  is  das-  lei/is- 
lation  is  basisl  on  the  fact  that  the  act 
is  confin'd  to  stri'et  cars  propelled  by 
Ciible.  steam,  or  electricity,  and  ili»>s  not 
include  -treet  cars  drawn  by  mules  and 
horses,  or  carriauTis  or  wajjons;  and  it 
is  assumisl  that  here  is  an  attempt  at 
purely  arbitrary  cla--ilication  for  the 
purjMKe  of  the  act.  The  evil  soii^dil  to 
lie  renicdiisl  does  not  exist  in  ease  of  the 
slowly  ,!,'i  ins  mule  or  horse  car.  or  car- 
riage or  wagon,  to  the  same  degrc*'  as  in 


1 

.1  '  '^^ 

\4 


Piir 


4    1 


It  M 


1  } 


I         l! 


ISitS 


MASTIIH   AND  M:I!\  AM'. 


[CIIAI-.    \\\l 


I     i 


If  liM-;  l)PoM  fli'clarctl  I'lat  llii'  Mi>^i'iiri  net  <>f  Mindi  5,  T*'-*?.  n- 

(|llil'ill>;  ('\<T_V  electric  -inel  eiir  to  1«'  JH'oviiled  illllilij;  till'  \\ili'(; 
willi  a  ■'cri'cii  fur  tlie  |ii'iii(iii(iii  of  tlie  iiiui<innan.  iiiid  tieclari'  ^ 
|irii:ilt_v  for  viiilaliipii  of  I  lie  act,  is  a  valiii  cseiei-e  of  tlic  police  po  ■,.  i, 
-inco  flic  stale  lias  an  iiilerest  in  ilio  hcallli  of  il^  cili/cii<  ami  tl:, 
safety  of  till'  |ia>-eiii;'eis  oil  sii 'li  cars;  aiiil  tliat  it  iiifriiii;(-  in  ihii 
liio  1  Itli  .\iiicii(|iiieiit  of  tile  I'liitiil  State~  Coii-I iiiitioii,  nor  ar'.  -1, 
i  li'i,  of  tlie  Mi-^soiiri  Coiistitiiiioh.  prox  idlni;  ili.if  no  pei-MH  sliall  |. 
ilepii.ed  of  lilicrty  or  propci'lv  uiilioiit  due  pi'  !■<  ~~  of  law." 

h.    (fjiiiiilurH  of  uuhcs.—'Y\\f  clause  in  I'a.  act  .Mandi  .'!,   I'^TI,  rr 
(liiiriiiji  a  siuna!  s\  -icm,  cai;c  covcrjini.  and  lind^es,  as  a  provisi..:i  f. 
llie  snfetv  of  per-ons  ciri|i|o_\ed  in  coal  iniiies.  is  within   tin'  jv.lin 
powor  of  the  slale.'' 

The  provision  in   III.   ili  v.  Si.ii.    1^71.  !;5    1.  2.  p.  704.  reipiiriij 
the  operators  of  a  coal  mine  or  ccdiierv  ciii|doyiiiM'  ten  or  more  im 
to  have  made  an  accmaie  map  of  tlic  woilJnii-.  is  n  proper  I'X'  ivi-. 

the  I'ii.so  of  eal>lc.  fl.'iiric  or  -tiMiii  iai->.  .i  rimtiMrl.  Iiiml  llir  ~t;itc  nut  tu  i ■^■•l  i- 
Uiit  wlii>r«  an  evil  I'si^l-  in  .i  v  iiiity  tin'  ixrlirr  powtT.  tlic  Ii';.'i-I:\tivi'  iiiicii' 
of    C.l-r<.     it    is    :l     HllHicii'l.l     L'inlind     Inr    to    ilo    »o    wollM    ll.ivc    In    ;l|i|>c'ir    nil'   ;• 

cliissilication  in   liiiislut  in;j.  mi  h-  In  in-  taki'.lih.      Tlii'ic    ii*   nclliin;^    to   -u-;.- 

elude  somi"  and   ixrlmli'  othi-i*.   thai    in  -m-li   inlini    in  tin'  I'liarln  of  lithi  r  ciix 

tilt-    former    tin-    isil    laii    lie    irnn'ilii'"!,  Wliat    »>■   liaM'   >.iiil   on   ilir   lliiil   |>oli' 

while    in   the   latin    it   tannol    In'.       I'lic  iiiadi'  l>y   .i!i|"'llant-   a|)|ilir~    \\\'h  npii 

man   in  control  of  I  he  cable;  clceii  ie.  or  lorec  lo  liie  fnuilli. 
■iteam  railway  oar  may  lie  lio.xiil  in  with  "I  he    lel     iin|ioses    a    tine   .'P    !.< '    1 

out   ini|)airinir   hi~    |Hiwer   of  ecnlrol    in  than  .s.'iil  nor  more  than  .•k'nil  •   i    ;  \! 

the  slightest  deL'iee;    lull    to  lio\    in  the  I.itioii  of  tlie   law.   anil   ni:'!  i~  >  ■ 

driver  of  a   hoi~e  or   innU'  ear.  or  of  a  that    ear-   -hall  Im'   run   wllhoi;'    . 

-la;."i'eoacli    <ir   eaiiia};e  or    wii;;on,    -e|iu-  in;.'   v\ilh   ti.e   law  a  -e|iai;  'e    .,,.  n-e.      \ 

r,itin<^  him   finiii   his   animal-,   while,   uf  line  of   from    .*.">0  to   ■rllMl  ciiiild   nni 

lourse.    it    could    he    done,    would    hrin;j  ealled    e\i'i--ive.      It    i-    true    llie    |iii: 

uhout  fireater  evil-  than  tho-e  soiij;!,!   to  may.   hv    re|K'ati'<lly   eomniittini.'  ihe  .f 

be  remedied.     The  diireieine  in  thi-   n-  fense.  add  up  a   laitre  a|.;i'o'j  n.   of  li;;.-: 

spect   lielwo'ii   ears   iiielnded   in   this  aet  -o  mi'.:hi   the  oll'ender  ay.iiii-l   .inv  eilur 

and    tho-e    not    ineliidi'<l    is    -iieli    aa  to  law.     I  lie  liw   ;iL'.iin-t  l;ir.-     v  i  r  en!   .• 

justify    dilVere;u'e    in    le^'islalin:,'.  .-li'meiii.   i.i    .my    ;'ther;    hii!    llii    u.\ii 

"The  elaiin   thai   the  ael    inipairs  the  not    iii;ikeihe  luini-hni'iil   r\..--i;.-." 
obliira-tion  of  a  ennlraet   is  based  on  the  Sluh    \.    Wi, .'nicer    (I'.HII       ;';ii   Me 

fact  that   in  e,'ieh  ea-e  the  railw.iy  I'om  r,n.  IIO  -s,   \V.    lliiiS.     In  this  e;i-i    :i  v  i- 

|iany  ha'l  a  eonlraet  with  the  eiiy.  m.ide  hi'hl   ^ii.l    the  title  of  l)i"    let.   ■'       '  V 

hefiirp  tin-  pa— :i^e  of  the  act,  in  which  Act    K.  ijiiii  iii;r  I'erson-.    V—.ii.i' in'!- ■'■:'! 

the   former   hound   itself  to  run   ears  ol  ( 'orpori  ion-      ihMiiiiL'^      m       (i|.i   'in: 

'the  best  modern  style  and  const ruel ion'  Mri'et    Car-    to    I'nuidi     fm-    ''■,     W.!! 

and  this  aet   requires  somethin;.'  in  addi  1! 'iiiL'    and     I'mleeliiin     of     ijipl.wv- 

tion   thereto.      We   iie<-(l   only    -ay    Ih.il.  (.\els    IsnT.    p     102).    -iiillririiMv    n,:i 

where  partie- eonlraet  on  matters  witliin  eate-  the  -iihiiil  mailer  lo  lie  .i  ii.|;;ie- 

the  polire  |>i)uer  of  the  state,  they  do  so  meni   tli;it  eh'ilrie  street  e;ir-l iiiii'i"-! 

subject    to    the    exercise    of    tli;il     power  with  -en-eii-  for  nri'ieetion  ef  i;  ■   '■  i    !i 

whenever  the   le^ri-lature  elieo-es   to  ex  :ind    the    im|><i-ilion    of    a    i«'';''>    if 

ercise  it.      If  one  eonlraet   with  the  -t;ite  npeialion     of     -iich     cars     v  i!!;.'i:|     i\f 

lira  municipal  cor|>oraf  ion.  ml  inj;  under  -eri'cii 

auUiorily    of    llie   -tale.  e\eii    if    il    \\>i-  •V,,,,,.     ,j     •■'.     t'.,7';i.-     ■■      /■        ''' 

conceded    that    the    le;.'i-l.iliire    can.  by       'sTIj   S  Pliihi.  .")34. 

'  ontract  or  liy  giving  ;iiithority  to  ni:ilve 


jjiii^  i;i'.tj    A(  IS  .\>  liM.Mi-i.'i\|.i;-'  I.I  \i;ii  I  I  •(      l\l  i;i>i)i  cimiv.    is'.iM 

iif  till'  |i"li<^'  iii'Wrr.  ;iihl   iiui   iiiifiii-iiiiiiiiiiiiil  as  liiiiiL:-  merely  arlii 
triirv,  li;i\in};   no  'eiiiiency   to  |ir'>:i,'i    lii-jlih  i,y  life,  aihl  (•.>iii|r/irni;; 

i^lllll    dUllers     ti«    e\|M  in!     llinlieV     Idl'     llle     lliere     ci  ,11M  illelH'e    of    llieil' 

■  fi^lili'T-^.' 

'I'll'  »1llljeet  lllllilel  iif  'lie  MiPlltallM  -stllllllr  (l.aw-  1^'.>7.  p.  '2t''l. 
!iV  wMell  il  i>  <1'  ehili  ij  111  l>e  IMihiW  fill  f  -I'  an>  ciii'lioiMl  idii  In  sink  cif 
wi'v'i^   ihi  iiiiili   ,iiiy   V  ii'l  ii'.il   ■iliail    where   ininlhi;  caui'^  arc  ii-eil,  to  a 

greater  .lejilil  ihall  '.!"•  i.'el,  mile,.  -iH-ll  -Inlt'l  -liall  \f  ]irnviiieil  witli 
;ill  il'iili  li  !llllele(l  ^alelv  (M'^e,  i-i  sil  iT'eiell !  I  \  e\  |  il'i  --;.  mI  ill  il-  title,  ri:.. 
"All    .\<-t    t..    Allieji.!    S    eM.ili    7"   .".   l.f  'I'ille    X.   .if   llle    I'llial    Cl.ilo  <if  tllf 

SfatP  (if  Ml '11  tana.  In  Have  II  ic  ( ■a;;e~  in  A '  I    M  ini  ~  (  a-eil  in."  '' 

Till'  .\!i-«i.iiri  a- I  iif  l^l'l  (Mil.  l.a\' -.  |).  IS:)),  anii'inliim'  Rov. 
Slat.  1S-<1»,  §  '>>!'.  \<\  ulilrli  siu.duii  iLiinaire-  may  lie  reenvei-ed  fin- 
:lip  (leatii  "t  a  iniii'i  killeil  liy  tlie  iienlieenei  iif  |ii~  em|iliiyer,  the 
-1111)  reciixcvalile  l>y  I  lie  ■jeiiera'  ilaiiiaue  art  liein;;-  '.iiiy  !J>.">,()U((,  is  iiol 
aiii'Miistitntiumil.  a-  il  is  u  ;;eneral  law  ai>|'lii:iliie  u>  all  persons  of 
.  ciTlain  r'la--i.'' 

648.  Statutes  restricting  the  defenses  open  to  employers. — A  statute 
iiKikiiiff  void  il  oiniia.i  l>y  a  enriiniai  inn  InP  its  relea-e  or  i-elief  front 
liaiiiliiy  II'  ail  eieiilivie  fur  IK |;li;^cn(;('  of  a  fellow  servant  is  not 
laii'oii-'llnilii  nal.' 

A  staiule  wliieli  e,eli;ilos  (lie  flefeiise  fif  roiil lilnitorv  nofrlijrfnco. 
:iii(1  iinposi  .  an  ali  liiie  li:ili;lit\  on  railway  eoni|iaiiii'-  for  injuries 
rii'('i\ofl  liy  ,iny  pii-en  in  eiin-v.iiiencf  of  ili<>ir  failure  to  fence  tlioii- 
in:.il>.  i<  iioi  nnmii-i  itiilii'iial.  Siieli  a  lialiility  is  merely  a  penaltv 
t'nr  failure  to  cnnt'orm  t/i  a  niinlaiion  eon^iili^rcd  liy  tlio  lejjislalure 
III  be  es-^eiiiial  for  tlio  proteeiion  of  life  and  ]>ro|ierly.- 


1 

M 


1*1 


C.    DkI  I.NSKS    AVAn..\l!I,K    IN    .\<    IIDNS    I'MUR    ST  \'riTE3. 

649.  Gen'Tally. —  'I'jie  irenrral   tlnory   npon   wliieli  tlio  courts  havo 

iirooceded  !■;  iliat.  in  ilie  nli-en< f  laiiunaize    'v  ineing  a  contrary  iii- 

'(■nlinii  on  tli(^  part  of  the  lei;i<l:iiiire,  a  ^laliili-  vvliifli  sn  far  cliaii£re~ 
ilip  (•iiiiininii  l:iw'  a'-;  to  inijiose  upon  n  nia-ter  diilie-  to  wliieli  lie  liad 
I'.nt  lifon  liefere  -nlijeet.  or  to  render  liim  lialde  for  iho  netrliji'ence  of 
fertain  clnssps  of  sei'^ants  re-nlfiiiir  in  injury  lo  other  <er\aiiN  wlio~e 
rlj;lit   11'  iviion    would,    if   eoniii'on-law    dnctrinos   were    ap|ilied.    he 

'Pninrh    V.     nUl'i'iI    (1S7.-,1    77      111  '  riH.'.l.in  ,h.   r.   r.   rf   ,S7.    /,.    n.   Cn.  v. 

«m  M.,i,i,,„wn,    iHliSt    }r,2    Ind.   1,  49  \ 

>.'':'r    \\    A  ri'irri;:{}!    f'fj;;/iw     Vin.    Cu.  I-",.    -'SJ, 
If'Mli  i.l  M.>iil.   I!K.  .'lil   I'   .     ><-"il  (,>ii,i<l.,  iilni^h    V     iri.vr.invin    <f    M.    I:. 

i\/i<c  V.   rriiliiil   In,,'   ru.    iliMIO)  <■„.    (ISS.-,)    02  Wis.  411.22  N.  W.  .'jl'J. 
l.'iO  lli>.  4711.  .'ii!  S.  W.  1107. 


M 


lis 


ItHH) 


Al ASII'.K    Wr)  sKltVANr. 


[ril,»i'.  xx'»\ 


iiili 

iiiiP 


Imrrccl  l)v  ilic  rule  ii-<  to  trllnw  '•i,i|il.ivcc-i,  sliuiilil  n"t  Im-  cuii^li'iicil  iti 
such  a  Hciix'  as  to  iirci'lmli'  llic  iim^Ii  r  I'imiii  iiviiiliii^  liiiii«clt'  "t'  niiv 
i>f  tlinsc  ill  t"cii-:c-i  wliicli,  lis  r\|i|:iiln  (1  in  ;j  l'."i."i.  iiiih'.  ill'r  luiscil  ii|>'>ii 
till-  fact  lliat  tlic  iiijiin-il  |iri's.iii  iiil'i|iticl  a  I'rrtaiii  cnur-  ■  "t'  i-i.iii|ih' 
with  a  full  ni)|>ifi'ii,tiuii,  ariiial  '>r  ri.ii-.ii'iii-ti\i',  i>t'  tlir  ri»l<  li.'in 
wliicn  liis  iiijiirv  cNciiliiallv  ri-.>iillcil.  'I'lii-  I'Xtiiit  ti>  wliicli  llii-*  tlic 
urv  iiiiin'-i  til  till'  lii'iirlil  of  tlic!  iiia-lci-  w  ill  U'  •.linwii  in  tlir  rciiKiin 
ihf:  M'l'tinn-*  nf  flii-i  !*iil>tiilr. 

650.  Assumption  of  risks. — n.  Ordiunrij  risls  )tssiiiiir(l.—  ]\\  -..iim 
iiisliinccs  the  -itatutiirv  pri'vi^iun-i  wliidi  an  cunsiiiiTi'ii  in  tlii-  mii.I 
ilip  fiilliiwiiig  cliaiilcrs  nixTaic  «ii  a<  ti>  (•umvitI  winil  \\i«nlil  lir  mm 
iinlinarv  risk  iimlcr  tlio  rnniinnn  law  into  an  I'Xti'iinrilinarv  imc  Ilui 
r.ido.sis  tliis  1)0  tliiMi"  ciyci'i,  tlir\  an-  not  lii'iniril  In  clian;;!'  in  anv  u:n 
llip  mil-  that  II  -iiTvant  assnnii-.^  all  tlic  idilinarv  r\-\<-  wliirh  .iri-  nKiiii 
I'cstlv  iiicidont  to  ihr  cnipli-vnu'Mt.  Thi-;  pri>|iiisitiiin  of  cinir^r 
iinioiints  nicrclv  (u  an  a-.-i  rtiiin,  in  a  fi«r'in  a|i|ili<'alili'  tu  fhr  cii-i'iiiii- 
-tanccs,  of  thi'  general  j)rinei](le  that  iirnnf  of  ne^lifjenee  mi  tin-  cm 
plover's  part  is  a  prereipiisite  ti>  the  otal)ii«hnienl  of  the  sei\:iMi'- 
riglit  to  niniiitain  an  aetimi.' 

'  T'mliT  till-  Minsiicli-.i-rft.<  net  of  1SS7  p"i-«  of  flip  ornploymont.  mnflp  «i)li  !ii- 

(o)i:i|ilcT  XXXVII.,  pi),v/i,  it  liiiH  liccn  liclil,  fiillicr'*  ii.<~ciil,  Ixitli   fiitlirr  ami  si.n  ;|. 

cm  tin- ciimnil  tliiit  tin-  risk  «ii>  mi  onli-  sniiii-  rll  tin-  ri-k.*   iiioiili'tit   t<i  tlic  -iH 

iiiiry  mil',  that  llii'  siTvaiit   ciiiiM  imt   ri'  ico.  ami  m'illic-r  <'nn  n-oovor  a^'ain^t  ili' 

roviT  for  injnrii's  caii~cil  liv  tlii-  pcriiia-  diiploycr  fur  any  injim-  rcsnltinj  frmn 

nciit    rriii-tnicticin  of  a   ImiMiii;;.      Ilniiril  iic;;li;.'i'n''i'  of  n  cni'inplnyii'  ill  ami  iiln'ii' 

v.  Itliid.^liiiir  Mfij.Co.  I  HlllOi    177  Ma^.*.  Ili«  ('oninioii    serviw.       This   iliK-trJn.-  i- 

fiil.    ."iS    N.    I';,    iso.       Nor    for    injuries  not  modi tii-d  hy  AIu.  f'oilf    S  J.'iHS.  c.r  hy 

r.iuscil  by  an  ilii|M'rfci'tly   iii-'iihttcd   win-  llic  i.|i\|iIom('s'  act    (Aln.  (ode.  §S  Vi'.M- 

licloiifrint;    to    nii.>thrr    coiiipany.    which  J.'ill.'! ;   chaptrr  XXXIX..  pi>st\.     l.cnilw 

ii-.('d  tin-  saiiip  ixih'i  us  the  siTvanl"'  own  /*<•  H'lrili  Inhi  n  fori/  rf  /.  i'u.    (ISSli)  !>i) 

riiiptoyiTs.      I'hisliiihii    V.     \'M     /.'(/(;/(ii/</  Ala.    13,    7    So.    7.">l'.       Thi'    iiunt    -aid 

Tilipii.  if   Tehji.  Co.    (lllOO)     I'll    Mass.  "TIip   question    imist    he    ileteriTiiiioj   en 

IJ.'>.   'u    S.   K.  ;t8.1.  I  he  terms  of  tliat   act    (i.  .-.,  enipl.vii- 

For  the  same  reason  it   has  hivn  held,  itself,   and    without    roferemv  to  5  J.'i'"'' 

with    reference  to  the  \\i-ciiii>in   act    of  of  the  Code   (leeovery  for  injurii^  cmu- 

ISli.'l   (<>hapler  XNXIX.,  iiiisl) .  that  a  mil-  in«  death  of  minor),  or  any  olhir  -l.it 

way    servant    eould    not    reeover.    wliero  ute.       It    relates   to  a   ela»-   of  i  i-i-;  in 

his    liHnd     was    eanu'lit     while    omipliny  whieh.    iM'foie.    no    raiise    of    aitien   i'\ 

ears,    owin;;    to    tlieir    lieinj;    s\iddenly  isted, — to  a    elass    of    in|iirie*   llie  chiiii 

moved.      Aiirlnirs    v.   i'liirmid.    M.   d-    SI.  aj;es    for    whieli,    at     e<iti:iiii:i     l;iu.    .iii'l 

/'.  A*.  Co.   (1H1I7)   90  Wis.  .34S.  71  \.  \V.  iind -r    o\ir   statnle*.    hail    heeii    l.irt.n-l 

.'172.  away  heforr  they  aeermd.       The  -t.iiiilf 

In  other  eases  the  ri;;ht  of  aelion   for  was  one  of  enlargement  pniely       NH  ox 

an    injury    resnltiiif;   from    a    mere   aeri-  istin^    ri<;ht    was    eiirtaitcd.    liniilecl.  or 

dent   iias"  Iwen  denied.       Ihiulrr  \.   hnii-  taken    away.       The   only    limitalicin?  in 

sds  Ciltt  i(-    \l.   H.  iC   ttriili/f  Cii.    (IS'.ISI  till'  aet  were  uiMin  oan-es  of  adi'Mi  rri" 

2!)  r.  C.   A.  201;.  54   I',   s!   App.  (!.>;i.  8.1  aled  liy  the  art.  and  havin?  no  eNi-tenw 

Fed.  .17!!:    IhiiiiUlon  v.  C'/ii'mk/o.  U.  I.  rf  onl-ide    of    it.       (iiviiij;    its    limit  ilien- 

/'.  /.'.  Vo.   (!8!)4)    93  Towa.  40.  61  N.  W.  the   fullest    interpretation,   the  lir...i.l,-t 

41,5.  sii;;iilie  incp.    they    do    not    tn-iuli    up«n 

I'nder  a  eontraot  hy  a  minor  of  sufTi-  any   ri^ht   a  fattuT.   who  Has  i'.iii-iiit>ii 

eieiit  discretion  to  compiehend  the  dan-  to  liis   minor  son's  enterii."  ,in  ('in|iloy- 


s  (mOI     acts  an  in  i:\ii'i.i>\  ki!n  i.i.vmi.ii  y    imi!4>I)i  i  touv.        iiwi 

b.  l'iisyiln'ii:j  i.j  jilt, in  ihijlii/iiif,  Hit  III,  jiiiil  i>l  nlnhihini  lire 
juiiiriiiiil.  Hid  II  ri/ih'  nssiiinril.  T\<r  iin-siliiliiv  tlnit  nil  ciiiiilnVfc  for 
will.!**'  acts*  iiiul  'li'l'aiili>  u  inuslcr  i-  ilfi'!;ii<M|  l.v  a  stiitutf  t^  l>i'  lialilf 
iv.;\\  at  soiiio  future  tiiiiP  bo  miiltv  oi'  iu'<;lij;.iic..  jn  t'l,.  ili.cliar;:c  of 
liis  tliitics  is  imt  oiUMjl  fliKsc  ri.sk.s  wliidi  is  iiiiilcriiiUin  liv  a  -irvaiit 
v.|ii.  is  wiiliiii  tlir  iinitcotioii  of  tlio  slafut.'.  A  ditli  nut  tlncirino 
vn.iiM  iiiaiiifcstlv  liavr  ilio  pilce'  to  render  sndi  a,  statute  inetTeciiial 
I'nr  the  |)iii'|)us(>  for  wliieh  it  was  fraiiirtl.- 

r.  h'.i  Iruurdiiiiii  fi  nsl.s:  linir  (in  (issninril,  in  Ihfl  nhaouir  of  i.r- 
/./..sx  firoiisinns  on  lln  sul/jril.--  'Die  iiifi'reiiee  tliaf  till'  iiijiirc'l 
-erxiiiit  assimiod  tlie  risk  in  (|iiesti<iii  will  not  lie  drawn  in  ihe  ea-e 
nf  an  itifrac'lidu  of  a  statutory  dtity,  any  more  than  in  tlie  ca-e  of  a 
r..iiiinoii-law  duty,  wliere  the  evidene(-  is  not  conclusive  as  lo  his  ap 

II  rill    in    wliidi    he   i«    injiin-il    hy   n    co  llic  iM'yli^i'tii-c  of  Irllow  .ii\,iiil-      Shu- 

iiii|iliivit'.   till-    to  mic  the   i'iii|iloyi'r   for  '(/•/  v.   I.i'inviilli-  d  A.  /'.  (,'».    ilss7i    H.'i 

-ihli    injiliy,    since    lie    iirvci     liml    lliul  Alu.   lii.t,    1  S>.  ;J73." 
ilv'lil.       In    iri'illinK   tlii^    new    ciiii-f   of        =/>./ii.    v.    Vric    York-,   S.   II.  i(-   //     /•'. 

iictioii,    it   W!i-.   l.li<T<>(orc,   iml    unly   ••ii  I'n.    (|S!i:ii     15ft    Mn»s.    ;Vl.i,    :14    N      11. 

lir-ly   poMi|>«Mi'iit    for   ttip   Ir^-i-iliitnri'   t4>  1070.   |h  i    iliiliiii-i.   J  :    I/hj/./d/   \     'i/i/ 

ii.iiliMC  it.  ill  i-:i-«'-  wliiTi-  tlic  ilijiirv  |ir.i  I'l.dl  lu.    i  IH!iS|    \--l  .\I,i— .  :IJ1.  .J-'  N     I), 

iliii-.-j  ili-itli.  to  till-  [NM^niial   ir|>ri'-(nl.i  .'lO.'l :      Mi.luh     ,(■    O.    I,'.    r<,.    \.     (,.■.,./. 

tiw;  Iml.  in  doiie.'  so,  no  cxi-liiii;  riL'lil  i  IHlll  i     !i|     Alii.    100.     Ill    So      ll.i;     sr 

t>. -Ill- \vii->  tiikiii  nwiiy  from  On- |i.irriit-.  I.niiii.    I.    M.    d    S.    It.    I'u.    v.    'I'milnii 

If  Ihi'  minor'-.  I'niplo.vmcnl    wii-;  :i;.'iiin-t  i  IHOO)     Ii7     Ark.    20!l.     "it    S.    \\ .    .".77; 

the  will  of  till-  fiilhcr.  In'  luiild  mainliiiii  Urnnfin  I',  d  Hkij.  Co.  v.  /I'/o../.  «   (  H7ii) 

ihi'   mlinii    iH'foii-   tho    "I'miil'iyri's'    act.'  ."iiitia.  (il'i. 

:iiiil    nftciwanl-.    tlioiiL'li    not    nmlcr    it.         In     Winiihniril    limi    Co.    \.    .*  mln  ir.i 

If.  with  111-  con.-M-nl.  as  in  lliii  cii.«c.  lie  i  ISiiii)     114    Ala.    -^4:1.   '.'I    So.    no,    lln- 

ciiiilil    >ii('   ncilliiT    U'fori'   or    after,    nor  lonit.  ar;;iie<t  thii-:      "One  tlieoiv  of  ile 

miller  or  wilhcuil    tlie  --latute.   if  we  ale  fen«'    iiniler    tlie-e    eoiini-     j»    thai     till- 

til  ;.'ive   ali.v    tercc    whatever   lo    §    2.'i!ll.  |>l:iitil  ill'  must   lie  lieM    In   have  a—iii I 

wliiih    (li'si;.'natJ's    the    only    |»i'son    who  Ihe    lisk^    iiieiilent    In    Neil's    neL.ij;eii(V 

may  Mie  iiniler  tho  act,  where  Ihe  injury  h.v  riiiiaiiiin;.' on  the  liaml  iir  whi-ii  Seal 

ii-iilN    in    ileath,    iinil    particularly    ami  i  aiisiil   it    to  li<>  run   into  this  ilaii;.'eious 

|iiiein|«torily    ni.Tkos    provision    for    the  place.       Tlii^  idea    is   uii-iiiiiil.       To  su» 

ili«|iosit ion    of   thp    HN'^ivi'ry.    which    cnn  lain   it  would  Im'  to  eiiia^eulatt'  the  em 

cnly  he  carried  out  liv  the  [xTsoiial  rep  plover's    liahilily    net    in    re-piil    of    its 

iisenlalivc.        Why    the    lawniakiTs    en  second,   third,  and    liftli   elaiise-,   ami   lo 

rniflid    this    limitation    on    the   prosccn  leliahililate  the  i-omnunlaw   ihetrine  of 

lien  of  the   ca>is4'   of  action,   created   hy  fellow  servant.s  as  applieahle  to  thi- easCs 

tile  art.   is  not  for   us  to   inipiire:    it    is  provided   for  in  lliii-e  claii-e-.   \\  heii  the 

wliiilly  imnialerial.       It    provides   for  all  clear   pinpuse  of    the   act    i-    lo    de-troy 

-eivanls     anil     employees.- -  infants,     ns  I  he  defensi.  of  assiiiiipl  ion  of  i  i-h  liy  Ihe 

Well   as   adults.       Had  either  class   been  injured    employee    in    the    several    c.i-es 

eniiltiil.     that     class     would     have     been  -laled    in    the   counts    referred    In.        An 

witliiiiii    remedy    for    tho    neijlivincc    of  employee    in    such    ca-e-    may    lie   ;;iiilly 

iirsi  iiMiit.s.       Xeit her  class  was  omiltn!.  of  Mich   cont rilnitorv   neudi^renee  a-   will 

I'illii  r  in  yiviiif;  the  remedy,  or  in  nijiiir  har  his  recovery.  Inn   lie  dm-  iml  a--iiiiie 

iiiv  suit,  ill  case  of  death,  to  be  hroiiiiht  Ihe  risks  incident   to  the  iicL'liL'eiiee  nf  a 

liy     tlie     |iersoiial      representative.       To  -iiperiiilendenl.  or  of  a   |iri-i-M  to  whose 

iiviiid    judicial   legislation,   we  must  an  orders  he  was  bound  toioiifoir.i  aid  did 

do  held  that  the  father,  under  the  aver  conform,   or  of   a    jui -on    in    iliai;;e   ai'  1 

tiiitil"   of  this   complaint,   has   nn  stand  .o-  :rol  nf  .t  lorr.nintive  ,  n.'iii.  .  r.ir.  .ir." 
iii^'  ill  court  to  recover  damages  for  the        In    Hall    v,    rhiimi".    /(,    it    \.    /.'.   Co. 

.li'itli  of  his  minor  son,  resulting'   from  i  ISOl)   41!  .Minn.  4.'i'.i.  4!l  N,  \\  .  i.'iH,  the 


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l,|l 


prri'iliiiiiii  i.r  ili-ii  I'i-k. '     S.I'  .i  _'7  1. '/.I'- .     N>M-    liuu!,    'li..  c  .i,n  i,,;, 

till'  fii^''  t'riiiii  till'   iiir_\,  \Uii'r.'  it   i-i  ii   iT,i>..iril''i'  iul     ■! ilmi   'li 

Uftioii  i)J'  till-  -ii\.,iit  ill  -iilj' ctiiiu'  Ii'm  -"If  lu  llii'  ^'i\cii  fl^l;  w.i- 
MMllicr  ciiliri'lv  \iiliiiitiiry,  imr  iicii'iijiaiiicil  l)v  ii  tiill  i'.ini|iiilii'"-i.iii 
of  that.  ri>k.^      iJiil  il   'hat  a|>|H'ici;ttiirn  in  i-ial>li-lii  i|,  iIh'  inaliili'^ 

ol   till'  siTvaiit   til   iii'i.Mi-  I mi!-   II   |»('n'iii|iliir\    <'iiiiflii-<iiiii  «>!    lav 

uultw><  till'  t<  rin>  n|  iIh    -laiiilr  ai'f  iii-li  a-  In  |ir.i-liiilo  lliu  ctJiii't  tr." 
di'ciariii)^  iIh'  iiciim,  in  !«■  K.iir,  1  hh  ilii>  jiiimnd.'' 

c«iirl   rcfii-iil  to  11(11  |>t  til. iil.'iilinn  iif  ilSiMu     ITi'    .\|ii-s.   .-,m.  .«i2   N.    T     In.,., 

tlic  il.fi-M.I  inl's   coiiii-i'l.    Ihit    .1    -ir\i.iil  Srulhn.r    v.    A. /''.'/'/    ilHliT)     lii'i    VI,. 

asniiim-i  all  till-  ri-k'  ri--iiltiii'.'  fn  m  tin'  .Ml,    IS    N.    K.    tlj_' ;    't'timnlii    \.    II.  - 

nt'^'ll;.'.'nec  of  ..IIiit  ini|.li.\.i-*   in   mhImI  t//;/.  I;.  (ISiiSi    17(1  M^i--,  :|j;!,  I'l  \    I 

illf  tlic  OOlllli:!!!^'!*   rule.  (I'll. 

'  I'tlcrsijii    V.    Julinsnii  Wriiliriiilh    i'u.  IIh'  •<i\.iiiI    »  i~  ilcclarril   ti>  liiNi     .- 

(1H!I7»    70    Mint!.    '.IN,    7:!    X.    \\ .   /IIO  ■.iinii.l    ili.'    I'l-U.    In    x'mihI    ili.i-i.  i. 

(liiifiimnlcil  iiiarliiin'iv  1 .  iimlir  llic   .Milnmi.i   (in]>!iMr-"   liilnliiv 

*  W  liiTi'   a    lii.y    Iwi'lv.'   Mill-   (iM,  rni  act.       I'.iit    Ilii-    lai._ii,i:;c    ami    iimx.mii.' 

f)loyi'il  a..<  a  iii. --iii'ri'.  is  |il.iii.l  at  wiii  I  of    tlic    ('(am     -Iiim     lliat     tlic    i|i  ii  n- 

ly  his  iiiii'-liT  ill  I'll'  f;i.'ii'r>    of  llh'  lal  i  -illy     nii'iiiil     ua-    coiil  i-i'iiitmy     ii.l'Ii 

tcr.  in  \  idlatidii  (if  l.aH~  IS'i7.  ('Iia|>.   tl.'i.  •.iiicc.        I  li-    dni-iiii-    n  1.11.. I    In    iri- 

I    7tl,    till"    net   of    the    rliijil    in    Hdikiii;;  tliircfi  re.  colli  itt'il  in  SS  (i.">l.  ti.'i:!.  i..'p; 

tlii'ii'in    i-    iiol,    a>    a    inaltii'   ol    lau,    a  II    iiiiiy  11I-.    In-  1.1  iilinniil  licir  lliii  .. 

waivi-r  «l  tin'  iiriit.'ctiini  of  llic  -talulc.  f:tli('r    ..l.c  (.>ii-."!^  to  llic  oinpli'^  iin :.' 

Marino    v.    I.ihmiinr     I  l!"ll  1     1.2    .\|'|i.  ''f  lii-  iiiiii"!    -"I1   ia  .1  ilaii;:ci(i|i«  -ith.. 

Div.   4.'!,   70   X.    V.   Sii|i(i.    7!I0.  i'liii'i.l    n.inii'    in    .111    acliiin   iin.l.i    1" 

'(a)      di    •  ml       I  i.ijilniii  I"'       liiiliilii:i  JMS.iv  -laliitrs  fur  llir  diatli  of  tii-      .h 

flc/.v.     'I'll.'  il."'triiii'   in  tlic  Icxt    lia-   lie  1    -iilliii;;  fnaii   lii~    ini'\|K'iii'iii  !■  .ml  i!.' 

qiicnily    lien    tirlil    li>    !»'    a    liar    In    an  iillini'  of  llic  (inplvcr  to   iii-liiicl   Im. 

nclicn    iiii'li  1-    till-    Ma-.,icliii-ilts    .id    I'l  i'jij.,-1    llic  (l;'ii;;ir-   iiii-iilcnt   to  tlic  .  ir 

r:.i7    (cliiii.tcr  .xxwii..  /..,s/i.     O'Miilifi  iiloynii  n',       l/i,sv<, .■)■/,  A.  it-  T.  It.  r,     \ 

>.    Si.iilh    ll'ishii,    iliiJi.ihl    <'".     I  ls;i:li  ),',i„<    i|S!i7i    Hi  Tex.  Civ.    \|i|>.  IN,   II 

15S  Ma-is,   Ki.-,,  47  i..  1!.  A.   If.l.  ?•!  S    V.  .    W  .   SO. 

1110:    /-'(.n/,    v.   J-ih  lihnni   /,'.   r.,.    .  I  >!i:!  ,  ( h)      |f/,<i    ,,„/r,M,  .,    .',p.('//,(     ,/,/.- 

I.'iS    .Mass,    -iliS.   .-l.-i    N.    I-:     .•.10:    (;/.  ..v.,.,  1  in    the    -roiin.l    that    ilic   risU>    in   ',1,   . 

V.  .Vr  »■  V<,r/,'  <f-  .v.  /.'.  I'.  I'll.    (H!i;ii    \:,'}  ii.n  w.  re  a|i|>n.ciati''l.  .ind  tlicn-lm.    .1- 

Ma-s.   (is.   :i|    X.    !•'..    70:    //c"i/<    \.    /.uc  -iiin.   !.    the    action    wa-    liclil    ii.il    I.'    ii ' 

r.  lie-  .1/;./.  r...  I  |S!i;i|   l.-|!i   M;'..s,  .TS.  ;!'  linl  .ia.ilil.      in     the     fiilliiH  in-    c.i-i- 

N.  v..  4."iS;  hhiii'sl  V.  I\ii,ihi:,,lt  (Is'iiii  '.,//,,.  v.   I'm:  ,1  i(-  .s'.   It.  r„.    i\sw.   u.. 

100   Ma-s,   S'.n,  US    N.    K.    I.">S:    r./..s,;,/„  \lc.  SO.   1 1  At  I.  iliil    1  l.locUinL-  of  fn  J- ' 

T.  Ho.v/.xi  ,f.  .1.  H.  Vo.  lIHli.-.)   1<H  Ma—.  i:n.iii  v.   M ii-hufi.i  I'.  H.  r„.   ijs'iiii  s:; 

170.41   X.  !■:.  120;  <rCn,i.n,f  \.  Whilhill  Mich,   ."ii;!,    11    I,.    1!.    A.    402.    17    N     U 

(1807)     llitl    Mass.    .'■|(i:i.     IS    \,    I-:.    H41;  s;i7     (linl.l.  ckcil    f  roy )  :     Ihwnni    v.    f-l 

Dacrti  V.    V.  ir   Yorl;,   V.   //.  .f-  //.  h'.  Co.  I'mil  d  I>.  It.  Co.    ilSSO,    27    Minn    111 

(18071     lliS    .Ma-s.    47!l.    17    X.    I'"..    4IS:  0    X     \V.     t48     (r.iilway     iiol     l. n  ..I 

Mcl'luc  V.  Sriilh/   (18!ir.)    Hi:t  Miss.  •JIC.  .v, ..<,„,/  v.  r.ulml  I'.  If.  r„.    I  issii.   ..: 

30  X.   K.   1007:   ruHHi/i.//i(//»   V.  I. mill  .l-  I'.il.   I.";    (railu.iv  not   fl'll('l^l  i  :    /''.r.i'i 

B.  Slrrct  U.  <•<!.    (  ISOsi    170  .Ma-s.  2!>S,  nld  v.  .Vcir  Yinl;  ('.A  II.  H.  I!. Co.  (isiiji 

49  X.   K.  410:   Cdiri'im,   v.    Wiixhhin  n  d  .".0    linn.   22'..    12    X.    V.    Sii|.|..   !iri2    n  . 

tl.   Mfd.   Co.    (I8!IS|     170    Ma-s.    70.    IS  .^,lrnin<,'    sIlmmI-    near    a     low    hri.L'ci; 

X.   K.    1070:    I'nnili    v.    Cohinihin   Sj,.:  ihhotv.   MeCmlden   (lS02i   81   W  i-,  .Vi.r 

mil/;  To.   (1H!I7!    U!!t  Ma-s.  .-.:U.  4S  N.  I..  20    Am.    St.    Hep.    010.    .'.l    X.    W .    HIT' 

200;    MvCii.ihii  V.   Siiiimt/ii  III  Stinl    I'  (scn'ant    knew    of    cn-toni    of    niiiiiiii.u' 

Co.     (18071     i(i!»    Ma.ss.    ;!0I.     17    N.    K.  trams   at    an    unlaufiil    rate   .f   -|iii-li; 

lOOli:    llilhrrtll    v.    Xnlllnnil    F.  liqilK  i  li  li'l  7/o, »./.-'/»    V.   Jolli:-ifi'll    /!,  .   ■.    T  ,.    (1  Sll.! 

/'..     (laoSi    172  Ma-..   l:!l.  .'.1   X.  Iv    Iii:i;  Sii  Wis.  .-,82.  57   X.    W.  2tiS    ,  ir;  jm  .  i  J."! 

Ford    V.     Ml.    Totii     .s'»/;>/ii7c    I'lilji    f'c  in.;.  Iiiicrv  i:    II  i7/      ^   \     ■'.   '.     '    •   im. 

(1800)     172    .Mass.  .•114.   48   I.,    1!.    \,   OH.  ( '.      .  1:1111  i    110  V.  .  .    •:.■     .:.  V     \''     1..: 

82    X.     E.     1005;     fJnuri-.s     v.      ]hisl,„!l  ...     ,,     i,,l      j-m.     ;      /'•.■.■/..      v,     //../ 


^tfi 


\<  IS   \><   III  I MIM.MVM: 


^    I  '     1111,1 1\      IN  ri;(i|)t  I   iniiV. 


l!'03 


11 


liili'l.'  mil  III    llic 


l^riv.-  ■■lii|'iMVff-  ..|'  ll.c  \ 


til    m|     till-    lll'I.I'M' 

l,!i'  ■!   l''.||l|;ii-t    |i:i- 


II   11 


<  WO- 


'lull  •>!  nil  iiii> 


'I  a  Ht;itiiti'  ill  wliicli  it 


lilt  -I 


Iv  ili'i  .ail  >i  i  i','' ,  nil 
ll.l\  !■  tin-  -.(Hit     liuli 


Ih-  I'lfi'll'l' 


-f:  '1 


re-  ><IM'.| : 


.1.  tl 


•  I  i"ll   illlt 


1   l. 


•t  ill  ilii'  siT\  it'(>  lit'  ilii'  lii  Nuiiitii/' 


>7    Il"ii0i     107    \\i 


V.   u 


if. 
:  N.  V  > 

VI  :    1"'' 


illl.lircil     l:i 


/■  I 


I  . 


li.'il    ( '.'II  ir.lliiL' iif  Ih  ii'Miii  rvl  ;   Miirliii  y. 


I.I    rh, 


i:    /.I   /•    /,•.  (• 


\    w. 


III.' 


111,      \l 


/,.     II 


'   I'MII  ;    I, 
'I    I'l    till 


Ci,.    il^'Mii    {','    Mini.    ;•!,   (,ii    \     \\  ,   i..,ii 
111!.',    r  li'il   111.11  !iii  ■  I  \  I  :    H.   S.    IT''  ■1.11 

r,:ii-  ■  I'll.  y.  Oh.  I'r  (|s:i;i  .j:,  i  .  c 
\,  -J.'ii,  .11   r.  S.    \i.|.    Tl    7:i   |-  il    '  III! 

Ilfl^ll     lih  ll    luililinii  I  >  ■   ;     n  A      .     \  .     I     I.' 

;.„.  .„„  /.I//..,,/,.  ,,/,,,.'  r„.  ,  I  -'>■>)  |;ll 
\.    >.   iiril.   .'(11    \.    K.    Jill      .111-11  ii:;...l 

ii.ic'lii.  .  IV  I  ;    l/i./i:i   V.  I  i;i,l'  .  ,     I  IS'.iSi 

T\  .\|.|.     Div.   217.    '<:;  \     \     -'i|.|,,    IS.' 

.(Ii'lil     .IT     |H  I  lililli'il     III     ■_■!        -.•     .Ill     r||. 

\.ilcii  ■  I'llr  »!iili>  in  ii-'ii.  Ill  ;  .v.. /.(, 
V.  /.'.  '  V  I  isfiiii  3  Ajip  Div.  :.xi.  :iN 
V,  V.  ^iil'!'.  1\  I  IcIiAnliT  1,1.1  .  .  .■  .  I  ■ 
,.;..  ,  \,  (/,„,„  c.nl  it  Mill.  (•■..  I  I-  i. 
.'■<  M.'  IW  (  IMi  fi'lli'l"  lit  I'llllllir.'  i.f 
ii.ini  .  :  r-.ilill  v.  Iliir.il  lll.rl.  IU.,.l  r,, 
ihiii.i     ■-'.'«    Ii;i|.    \|i[i.   Il.'.l,  ,".■(    \.    !■:.  s.-.i; 

linir.v.li'll    PJIL'I'    ill    ll'illr);     I.I. mil    I'f.iil 

<:,.  V.  sh,nr,.i„l  (iNliin  l.-i;i  Inil.  Il!i!l. 
.V!  \,  i:.  1 1:;.-,  (i.iitiiM.,'  iwt)  :  /'.,„.  //  v 
\-n,  .<  i,,„i  .(■  .■.7.,/  I'll.  (iH'.i7)  !'•< 
Ui-,  ::-,.  7::  \.  U.  ,-.7.-i 

Til.' ..  1  iifr  of  A  <ii:il  iiiiiii'  i.j  not  ti'ilil.- 
f..r  ill!  itiiurv  to  :iii  i'in|ili>\ .  I'.  (Mii-i'il  li\ 

1  f.lll  I.f  t.'j.  cm;!!  fl.ili,  ti„.  r„,f  ,,(  il„. 
mIiic  III  till'  pli'Pe  wlii-ri'  li.-  .i  i«  .\\  wiirk. 
wl'iri'  ho  win  an  i-\|i.  ri.  im-.-.|  miii  r.  nml 
'ii.l  ilii.ni.  'hlv  tc-tcl  tlir  i-.».f  -!i,.rllv 
■■f.i"  III..  fil'";i,i.!  tN-li.'\,..|  it  1..  1.,.  |wr 
f'.lly  .^if...  a'lii.ii|.,jli  lii.l.  I!, -v.  Stil.  ISflJ. 
S  7172.  111.'  il  tli.>  iliily  iif  Ihi.  iiiiiiiii'..' 
'".-I  tn  (■■,  iiniiii.  fSi'i  v  workiii','  [>l:iri'  in 
till'  n.iiic  ;i-  .iilcii  IIS  .v.'i-y  nil.  rii  itf  il.iy. 
.iri'l  .,.<•  Ili.i!  Ilip  vairi'  i-  jii-.i;.,  i  ly  >.■ 
•  iiir'l  I.y  |,i-i.|i.  nr  H'hIi.t.  nn.l  lli-il 
-'f.ty  I-  ill  III!  ri.-i-t-  ..--iiri'.I.  hUi.i.] 
'■■•I  (■„,  V.  i:,..„in„„l  (I.SUSI  I.=>1  Ind. 
I7i;.  .-.'i  V    K,  ;tr,. 

('"in;.. I"    iil.sn    rami's    o\{,..\    in    S    l!.")!. 
M)ti>  4.  irini. 

If)     Mnii'   ,f„,l    nrHiii.1,111  s!.-    On     Hip 
::niiiii.l  tli.it   the  si.|-v;.iit   iiii,I,t,i,„.,|   i    . 
risk  p;iii~.,l  l.v  Hi,.  vi,,|,ili,,ii  .if  a  iiniiiic 
ipnl  iinliiianri'.    i..i-.ivi.|v   was   Hrni.  !    in 
111?  ffll,)\.  illLT   r.l-i.s;       liri.niw   V.    s:,:,.l. 


Mf.l.    f. 

...T.l'.l 


liiil  ,    HI 


'   <t  '■'».  ii'ioi)  ini  III.  iii-K  (;ii  \.  !•:,  i!i.,i  ,!,.f,. 


«•''"  '    ,    /*.',  ,,.  •/    ,t     /•(,.,  ,,,,,,,     r,,.    V. 
/.•',;  ,„    I  l.-'iji    (7   III.    \|.;..  illii. 
'  III  II  .'■'„,  V.  n-.n ,.,i  I  is>iiji   I.    u. 

i:  •,>.    II     I'n.    I.'J.    •,.".   I  .  .1.  (,t     I!.    N     S. 

■  •  .    '.I  I..   I    \,  .<•  .•.!.'.  ."I  \\,.'k.  i;.|i. 

."■..  .Ml  .1.  IV  ■.'I-.  il  V..1,  11,1,, I  lli.il  III,, 
I   .    ..i    'i    I  I  .|,l,.\.  I-.'    11  il.ilily    ,i..|    ,if    ISSI) 

.■•'     vwMi  .  /"../ 1   11  I'l  I  ,i,.M  iiuiiy 

I '.  '     '  II.  1.  I  .1   I'  ii-i-  111  it    III.    -.1  \  ml   a- 

-lll'I'l       lil.'       li-k-       ..I        lli.       l'Mll.l..Mlll.|ll. 

Ilii-  ^l'  ,v  »  1-  ..|.,,  ,1  I  ,  .  .1  1,1  .'il!  il,„ 
I. .1.1,    .lii-t;,.,--    in    ■/■/., ,.    V    '  ii.i.iiii  !■■ 

i"i'  .1  .  1XH7,  I..  I;.  I-.  1,1.  i:  iiiv.  tis.-,, 
■■•■  I  -I  ','.  i:  \  ^  :!i'i.  .-.7  I..  T.  X,  s. 
■.■!7,  :;■,  \\.,:,.  i:,.,..  .■,.-,.-..  .-,i  .i    r.  :,\a, 

I  ..  .1  l-Mi.r  -I  1 1, 1 1  hi.  V  i,.u,  n-  f,  l'.,u  -: 
•  T!  ,'   lii-l    tliiii;.'  I.I  .-..i.i.l.  r  i-.   W  !,,,!    is 

III"   'II i-lnii'ti.iii   ut  ill,.  ,  iii|.l,,v  T*' 

liiiMlily  a. I  l.Ssil'  ||  li|.  |„.,.n  ,11;;. 
V  -I.. I  'tliiil  tlii^  I,  1  11  1.  .,i,|y  111..  ..;r,-rt 
.f  .liiiii'..  away  v  1  !i  I  h,.  ,l,,l'iim.  ,,f  Hi., 
iii.iinuiity    .if    111.-    Ill, 1-1, T'    I'l, .in    iI.imi.i^io 

■  irisiii;;  fi-,.,11  fill.  ii..-li.^,.|i,,.  ,if  ,111.1  lirr 
■■•ivant  ill  111,'  rciiiiiii.in  i'ir|il.iyiiii'iil  of 
till- III  i-tiT.  To  niv  iiiin.l  il  i.  il..,ir  lliat 
till.  -I..I11I1.  hai  laki'ii  auav  t'r..iii  Hip 
II'  i-i'  r  iri.il'iiT  .I.'|..||.,-,  'it  wa-i.  no 
linn.'. I  li.  M  that  a  "i'.  v  ml  ciniM  not  -iii! 
a  MiiiMir  f.ir  imiiri.-  ari-iiii.'  Iri.ni  Hi,- 
'.f  .'li'_..  Ill-,,  or  ,1  I,  II.iu  ..rvant.  Inil  it. 
M;.-  a!>..  Ii.l.l  lliat  a  liiiii  w  h.l  w  ..iil  iiilo 
iiii>  .  1  !'!  .,  III.  Ill  iiii'l.  ii.-..k  to  tak<>  ,ill 
'I"  ..r  iiii  ir\  risk-  in.  i.l.iit  iImt,  I.,,  im- 
I.  •  ■  II'  .^  w'-ir  i'..ii.'.-.il,..|  or  u.i,.  kni.\vn 
t,,   1 1..    III,,. tor,   aihl    not    In  Hi,,    -..rviiit. 

II  villus  to  iiii>  cl.'.ir  thai  Hi.'  ai-l  has 
'..k.'M  away  that  .1,  I'.ii-,.  I'lun.  tlip  iii,i,i- 
I.I,       I    ran    s.s'   no   .lill.  i.ii...   lK.|H..,-n 

roMli-.irtiii'.'  to  takp  a    ri-k   ii|i-iii  01 If 

an. I  ini.l.'ri.il  iiiT  an  .■ii.|,|,.Mii,,n|  to 
"lii.'li  ri-'K  .iiiai'l.!'^.  No  IMC  .Ml  sn;;- 
..'i-ImI  Hi, It  III. I.-  iiail.l  1„  ..i,,l|  a  lon- 
trii't  in  tho  ra-,.  ..f  any  [hi  .m  rih.r 
ihan  a  s.-rvaii'  -.•  Ihil  \\  ii,  n  a  HTvaiit 
i^    I, lit   oil   a    f.  ■  .• 'p.j  v.ilh   iilliiT  ix-r-'Mi; 


''l.i.  .MTiiiiiinj;    (10(111)    fin    111.     \ 


.f  1 1 


!.|>.   40: 


I"  111  1-1.  r  1- 


[XT- 


f^'^ft  li  Cii.  V.   /-'i/f    (180l!i    111!    111.    .\ 


I'P- 


1-..    i-    r...liii.(.||.   III,..    I'    , 

il  i...     f..iiii.|.'il  on    ni'^li^'i-iia-. 


;...  nil'. 


Til. 


|MTS 


il 


I     ,  s  i 

■It*     '' 
■J     ■' 


i  I  '  'i'i 


ISM 


M  \sri  I!  wit  sciiv  \\r. 


!    ' 


It  liiH  al*<i  Im  ell  !ii'lil,  ijiiirc  rioi-iiilv,  tluit  tin  tH  iVn-c  uf  u-.><iiiii{>iiu' 
if  rifks  is  ii'it  iiMiiltiiili'  i"i  a  iiiii-l<'r  wIik  i-  ■•uril  fur  ii(>i.criiii|.ll.  i, 
'.>  illi  a  <tliifiiiiir\  iliitv,  (ill-  a  IihmcIi  nf  wliich  ;i  |h  nilu   Im-  Im  >  ,  n, 
|M>so(l.      'III.'   |M.-ili..n   liilvi  ri   wii^   lli;il,   it   he   n    -Vf  ;ill'«wri|   h.  pi-.h 
liiiiiM  it'  l>>    liji-.  iIiImi-<'   iiu<lir  '•iii'li  i'iii-iiiii>l:iiii'  s,   lie  wunlil   \,i-,i 
i.lilcti  viriniillv  to  iiiillit'v  a  |h'Ii;>I  ^l:llntl'.  mihI  tli:it  ii  ilix'Iriiii    liM'iiii. 
I"  ^iicji  II  n  -lilt  wiH  tiiiitrii  V  I"  iMil'lif  |p'ili(',\.' 

d,     Hl\ill      if     l.t/inss    l>IIII.SUlll.S    U'llil     nijlllil     III    il.^'^llliljlUlill     llf   r 

!  niiinliuni  ij  i>s!,-m. — 'I'hc  (•tlcfr  of  «iicli  a  prov  i.-idi  ii>  tliai  wlii.li  ;. 
toiimi  ill  S  -  of  'ln'  Xor'li  ('urnliiia  ai-f  of  Is'.iT  (cliaiiiii-  ,\.i\ 
/w/*<)  in  iiiiiinff<tly  to  (ji'iirivo  tlic  eiiiplovcc  nli«'i.'(llii>r  of  tln'  Im  m  ; 
llf  u  (li'ffii-('  wliicli  {irosii|i|iii-rs  tliiit  an  iifjri'ciinni.  wlictln  r  ii  In  ,-\ 
|irpi»«  or  iinplii'il.  to  waive  tli«>  riclit  of  action  fur  nii  iiijnrv  n-ulili. 
from  flif'  rii'iili;;!  iwv  of  tin  nia-itcr  liiinsclf,  or  lii-  ininit.  is  valiij  ,ii, 
'  'iiiiiiji  iijHiii  a  s.-rviint.* 

I  1.  case*  where  the  staliito  j)r<i\iflo«  tli;ir    in  ii--ii:iiptinn  nf  tlir>  ri- 
"hall  not  Ih'  iiifern  A  from  the  servant's  o     tiniiMiice  of  wurl^,''  ..|-  tlu' 

ktliiwleil};e    li\    :ill   eiiiploMi-   nf  the    linsafe   elliiraeter  I'f   an    iip|ili;ilii'' 

shall  l«'  no  flef''ns(>  to  an  action  for  injiiri,-  eanseil  tlnn  Ia.'  'I 
intention  of  the  leirisjatiire  to  ixcliulo  ah'>;:  iher  the  <li  fen>:  nt  .1 
Hssiiiiiption  of  the  risk  woiijii  seeni  to  he  rml   aii  iitircii-'  .lahlf  inli: 

•nee.      lint  the  (leci-ion^  upon  tlii^  snlijeef  ..-i'  imt  eiiiirelv  (.•mi-i- 

i.t." 
In    ■'iiiiio   of  tlic   eniplover^'    lialiilitv    ad-    ilison-seil    in    cuMiit.- 

Till"    sii|iii'iii<'   court    of    Mil-- hImitIIs  liiia    It.    Co.    iliioll     I2S    \     i\   S:!!,  ;." 

;ias    arrivcil    iit    n     dill'ii.  mI     .,,ii,|iih.,ii  I,.  R.  A.  817.  .'Ill  S    H,  4"     no  li.inil  ln'M 

»i!li   ft';;. lilt  to  tin-  clliil   nf  tlw  siiiiil.ir  on    tciuliTi. 

-t^itutc  III  lliat   -lute      Si».  note  5,  suImI.        'As.  In    j!  s  <.f  thf>  not  of  ('.  iijri'*<  v 

Id).  »H/-r,i.  Miirch  2."  isn.i  i:'7Stiit.nt  1.    '..'.i'.  iIm:, 

♦  .V<or<ii//iii<'  V.  Chrihinii.  V.  f.  if  St.  liMl.    T.    S.   (  on  |>.    St;it.    Iliol     p    fllTi; 

fj.  tl    C...    imsiii    4X  I..  1{.  A.  liH    .'IT  ('.  ulii.'ti    (»  4      .l.iliir.-   it  tn  !.,■  ■UMliuf': 

r.   A.   4iH».   IMi   I-,, I.  -JIIH.       Annlliir  .I'li-  f..i- ^uiy  niilnviil  c  om     iny  lo  ii-.-  .ii\  .. : 

»iori  to  iIjc  .:iiiii'  <-|1.-i'I   is  Hi'ifl  v.  Hni.il  in    inli'i-tiilc  .•.mni' 1    !•  ttiat    i-   imt   pn 

/»(,»?,    liiiit    i'o.   (IS'IS;    Ind.    A|i|).i   ."if>  viiliij    HJtli    s,.«iiii-   ■.■rail  ir.   I-   or   lim! 

X,    ^'..    .'ir.H     ivioIiiM.ii    of    mining'    m  '  ' .  holds  In  i'.crnd<  iind  ^idi~  ..f  c  i.li  ci' 

Itut   it  »<■.  ins  I.I  I-    iMciinsisl.-nt   uilli  l:>i(  for  piai' r  •nnrily  to  nun   '1  n  ii|il!- . 

Indniiiii  r  ."('s  I'll     1  in  noli-  ,"1.  siiliil.   (Ii    .  mid  iiiiroii|diii^'  ■ir"." 
siiptij.  I"  As   iindiT  llic  ('<'n<litnliii!.-  "f  Mi- 

"It   )i;w  liM-n   Mill  diHvn  thiit   tlio  dm-  -i"i|i|ii  anil  Sunlli  Carullna.     -■      I'liiii 

Irliv  •  I  11— .niii'ition  oi  ri«k-    "li  !■=  no  ii|i-  Icr  wwiii,.  /<"«/. 

Iiiiciilion,    wliiii     llio    law    M'i|iiii'..    llii"  'Miiofthi-  l-'idoriil  oiniil  -  nt    i|i|«'" 

iil(.|«tii>n  of   iii-w   di'viri'-  to  ^.ivi-  lifi-  or  !i;i-  'hi  lliaf  llir  ini  anini;  nf  ~iii  !i  n  pr' 

linili     (lis.    si'lf  iiiii|ili-i-).    nnd    t|ii-    rm-  \  i-ion  is  llnit  tlir  know  Ird^'o  nf  the  di'f 

••Uiypi'.   pillirr    i^'noiant   of  llnu    fait,  or  in  ■|iir-tioii   is  a  rii  c  niii-laini'  whirh  1 

\ji"rtin),' daily  n>iii|>liani'o  with  thi'  law,  jury    >l.imld    Im-   cliii'ril    tn   ii'ii-iiliT  i' 

riililinm'S  in  siTx  Ii  '  H  ilh   Iho  np|illMiiri'<  drliiiniiiin^'    wlillnr     tin-    ..irvatit    ffi- 

f;:rmiT!v  in  n-ii- "      i:rr,::!.  r  y    Si,.:t!i.  ■  ■-.  i-iiittv  r.f  i'r.n'.ril.nt.rx    n-.-liu      '■    ■  r  i'- 

/.'.  Co.   (ISOS)    \>1  X.  r.  1.177.  41  1..  I!.  A.  tend.id   to  a-.-iiini-  tliV   rl-k  of   liiii.llln.' 

,t!Hl.  rt.1  Am.   St.   Ki'p.   7:i4.  ."iO  S.    K.    ll.",  tin-  a|i|dian.i'.       fl,,<hnnl.   r 

(F3«i  st'll  i'Oill)lrr-i  ;  rnhyy.  \uilli  Ciirn-  I..   R.   i'o.   V.   HiiLir    (  1H!I!1) 


I.MMI 


I  tal)      ACTS  AS  TM  KMI'l.nS  Kits    I.I  Mill  I IV     IMIIoDi  i  |.»l;\ 


ItHtj 


x  Wll..  chiii-i 


iiri'  iii-i  Tii'.l  nliicli  i-lm 


IlKi 


tl 


■  ■  i'<i|iitiii>ii  law  < 


.IlK't 


nno 


f  HsMiiii|iii<>ii  (tf  ri-k-  »«•  til.'  cM. 'Ill  uf  iiKikiiii;  ilir  .,vMiliili'!ifv  of 
iliiit  (l<'f<ii-<'  a  i|iit'.ii..ii  I'l.r-  rill'  Jiirv.  cvii.  tlii.iiyli  ii  mav  In  ^Imwu 
iliiirlv  tliai   III'  fiillv  ,i|i|>i'i  liaii'ij  tlir  <;i\i'ii  ri«k.'^ 

651.  Contributory  negligenctt.—u.  f;,  I,,  ,v»//^.     'I'lio    *|.«'trino      c^ 
ii,l>li-ln'il  liv  Uii'  ureal   \M  iiihf  of  uiitli">i'il_\    i-  lli.ii  a  -irvaiit   ui  ..  ifl 
-i-ckiiiij  iri'li'iiiiiilv  fi.r  injiirii"*  all  u.'il  tn  liavi'  roiilii'il  t'n.iii  u  Itrcacli 

•  'f  a  statitlirv  cluiv  nr  Irniii  llic  iH'^li;;ii t'  a  -laliiturv  vi'v  priiK'ipal 

I'iiiiiiot  ri'cnMT,  if  till'  ••villi  iici  -h.iws  tliiit  111'  wa-  liiin-flf  wniiliiif; 
ill  ■inliniirv  <ar",  niiil  lliai  lir  .•i.iit.'iliiil<'c|  liv  t\,r  rari'li'-sm'-'i^  lu  tlio 
iiijiiric:*  ciiiiililaiiirii  fif. 

b.      \l<lillll>ilih/   of   Ihi     ilifi,is.\   ,is  dij,.  nihil!    nil    Hi,     lii.Tisiiiiifi    of 

Ita.  63  V.  S.  .\|i|>.  no.l.  ni  Kiil  liJt.  n-k-.  lr..Mi  .il.\i.,.i-i  cl.-ir.l.  m  nui,  i.ni.ry 
.iHi-lniin)r    till'    ntiitiiti'    ii'liTii-.l    lo    ill     v\iir    a.-uni.il.    in    tli|.    .iIimiih-   i,i     i    i,' 

imtc    fl,    M(^)/<).  Illll-r^t     t<l    iJMIyr    on     llll-     >|«lilil-     |IM.|>li-.| 

Til'-  |>rii\i«icMi    ill    till-  Soulli   riinliiiii    lion.    ^inn-    tin     tO'ii.iiil    |.ii.|iii-ilii.ii    of 
(  iMl-!illlliiill       Mlia|it<T      XXXMI!         Ii'inl]      \il\\     »il«   oonrrtlv    -l.lliil        Ihi'l. 
ii|>|ilii'»  111  an  ailiiiii  liy  a  •.••rl  inn  hui-Iit         "  \rir     YnrK        I  S'l-    i'liii|iti  i      WSMI. 


fi>r  |i<'r-"ii.il  iiijiirli'o  by  fiiiliiri-  of  tin 
'onipaiiv  lo  fiirnixli  a  siiMiiii'iil  iiiiinlHr 
if  |iii-iiii..  fo  |>i  rfiiiiii  Ihc  wiiik.  Iliuli' 
V.  i'h.uUnI,,!,  .1  11,  ('.  t{.  Cu.  (IIMII)  CI 
><   ('    (IIS.  :i!i  S.  K.  Tl.'i. 


-I.l.lill.      \,   y..,sM. 

iinliiiii,  .■..">  \  ill  i'ha|i.  :ill  (Out. 
Ii'.-V,  Sl.il  |K!I7.  ,|,,i|.  JiMli,  I  (i.  ,.I.  ,'1. 
iSf)'  i!,i|.i,r  wxMi  .iilitiili  A.  iH.Hl\ 
That  (111-  |ini\  i-iun.  ^.  far  .M  n-;;.iiiU  it4 


I  iiilir  this    |>iovi<iiin   a    iiKiliiin    fir    a  rlTi-it  iijiom  tli      .  ivaiit'-  n:;lil  of  actiini. 

riiiiHiiil   on   Ihi-   ;:roiiiiil    thai    iinili-|ii  l<il  rinlxKlliillIu    .i.-.  trim- llii. illy  I'lalili.'i.il 

i\iiliiiii>  »liii«<il  thai   a   lirnUiiiiaii   ^iiiny  in  Smilh  \    Ihil.rr  |l>*'il|    A.  C.  '\1,>    M 

.1    MilriiMil    fur    injiiri              iltiii;;    fniiii  I.    .1,  y.  II.  S.  S    ;is:i,  i;.",  |„  T.  N    N.  -Itii, 

•fii'livi'    iinrliaiii-in          \     tin-    ilclrct*  10   WiM'k     Ui-p.    "  -l.   .">5   .1.    V.   lUiil.    w.x* 

riini(>lainii!   of   U-furc  iioinn  "•"''    iii<'''li  |Hiiiil.il  ..ill    in    M  il'lnln  riy  v.  <liih     \lfii. 

.Tiii-iii.    and    tliiTi'liy    n.»»iiiiii'il    thr    ri.k,  in.  (IhuJi    111  Out.    \|>|>.  IIi|>,  117.      Hut 

i-   |irii|Mrly   lii  niitl.   since    lln-   Ciai-lilii  it    ^lioiilil   U'   ri'iiirinU-iiMJ   that    tin-   Kii;r- 

lion    ini'.inl    that    kikIi    [irior    kno\s  IimI);i  linli  case  iifrrriil  to  »a->  .  oiiii  i  nnl.   not. 

iif  (hfiil^   winilil   not    ilcfcat    Ihi'  iiilion  vith    the    aviiilahililv   of  the   ilcfiii-r   of 


Viimuililiiiid  V.  Siiiith  ('iiiuliiiii  c(  '•'.  It. 
I'll.  il'.Hlli  (ill  S.  ('.  0,  85  .\tii.  SI  Iti'p. 
»i4.  .18  S    K.  2M. 


.1  :iiiitr.uliia1  u-iuiii|itiun  of  liNk-i,  hut 
vii'.h  till'  nicaiiinu'  i..-.il  i-IFi'it  of  the 
ii..i\ini.     Xdtnili     Mini     jit    mjuiiii.     f^i-e 


A   ri'i|m'>ti'(i    itiaryi-  in   an    art  inn    for    S  ;I7".  niilr.  and  §  li.'ij.i,  iiifr 


iiiinrii-  lo  a  icnaiit.  that  ■kiinu  Irdyr. 
Iiy  an  i'iii|>!i)yi'i'  injiirid.  of  tin  ilrfcriiM- 
or  uii«afi'  iliar.uti'r  oi  iniiditioii  of  .my 
rnachiniMy.  ways,  or  !|i|ilian.T>,  .-hall 
I*  no  ilcfrnNi'  to  an  art  ion  for  injury 
oaiLMi!  lluTi-liy, — such  n.<   iniiirv   rr-iill 


III  oiif  cafii'  it  Ha'<  hi'ld  that  a  vir.liit 
ior  tlif  >i'r\.iiit  will  not  U'  ii't  a^ide 
\>lii'ii',  altlninjih  he  kni'W  that  the  di-l'ict 
whiili  raii~iil  111!'  injury  had  not  luiii 
iitinilicil  at  till'  time  liii  riliiiind  lo 
after  an   iiitenal.   he  did   iml    .ip- 


i'i2  friiiii  a  dpfiH'ti\e  switeh.  eou|iler.  or  preei.ite   the    nature   iiiid    eNteiil    of    tl 

iither  applianii'  in  iiho  hy  railroad  eoin  ii»k.       Iliiiijht    v.    Uor/iiiiFii    A    W.    l//i;. 

paiiiei."  was  |>ri)|Kily  (jranted,  >i!ici'.  e\  «'<;.    I  18n4  |    'J  t  Out.   Itep    lilS.      The  mil 

ii'pt  the  last  <  lau>e.  whiili  is  illii-lrali\e  lenlion    of    the   counsel    th.it    the   statu 

.mil  applic.ilile  lo  the  case,    it    is    in   the  lory    pi  ivi-inn   only   applied    to  oase^    in 

laii;.'!^^^   of    J    15    of    the    ron-titul inn.  wliich    the    plaintiif    had    contininsl    lo 

""''  Mnik   HilhonI   any  internii-siim   wiw  rt 

•\   riipicsl'sl    instruction    in   an   action  jiiicd. 
fiT  injuries  to  a  servant,  that  a  si-rvant         llriliuli    ■.'oluinhiii  —  In   thin    I'ni\  line 

::— jmra  a:!    risk.s.  rxrcpi    thnsr   ari-int;  :i,.-    i.fji-kitine   ii.i-    n-cii    lli.-  s.cine    l.i.i- 

Ironi  iinsa'.-  or  ili'fcctive  ni.i<hinory  and  ;iiaye  as  that  found  in  the  Ontario  stal- 

liffpinst!      ..,ainp    n  rejiair.  .oiild  not  he  ule.      .\cls  of  1S!)1,  chap.  10  (1.    C.  Ki  v. 

■■'!•'■<'  of  failini;  to  .stal'     that  St  it,    l.S!t7),  J  6. 


% 


lno6 


MASTKl!    \VI)  Si:i;V AST. 


[(■II  MV 


//((■  slnliite  s)i''(l  ii/.i.ii. —  In  siiiiic  iii-i:iii(  rs  ilii-  <■  iiilH-iinn  iicc'--;,r 


lull 


l(\\> 


t'l'iili]    llii'   l;iiii:il:ii;i    i>\    \\i--   -l:Iiilc    il-'it,    llic   ;ili-i' 


1 1    c- 


triliiitorv  111- 


:liu. 


lll'l'    1  CIUI 


(•.\plicill_)  ilci  lai'cil  l<>  lie  ;i  oiinlil  imi  \iV' 


drill  In  rcc  \  ii'\ . 


C.   Aniiliiliilil  /i  of  (l<  Inisr  iiit    'red  from  I'Iikii'Ii/i-  of  .stuhil 


f.ill 


'  A  i>ri(vi-ir.ii  to  tliis  i-ll'icl    is  iii-iili'l     lu'.O:  Co,,,/.'..//  v.    Mliiiiln  i(   A",    lir  /. 
till-   i-iM|)loM  r-'    liiiliililv    :ii|s   (,f    till'    /,*.    Co.     (|s;ii     ,-,|    (1,1.    iss    ilsTiii 


i>«  iiil;  M.ili  -  : 


5S(i;     I/., 


Su.ilh     lan.l 


riiiiiiii —tsvr  (■h,i\>UT  \\s\\..  ii'isi.\    r.,.   I  iSTti)  r>ti  i;,i.  J7i;  '; 


Till-     l'liil'iil:l     ~t^illll>-    of 


l-<7 


/;/ . 


(,■,././/. 


!s:r, 


5    ;i71t.    Iiiniiii;    Ihtii    :iilii|iti'i|    from    l!ir     1'. 


i,|p  ..f  i; 


till'   01 


i||~l  I'llclli'll    I 


il.lc'Cll       i\- 


•  u  tliat   CimIi-  Iiv  the-  r(.iii't>  iif  tlh-  I. It      '', 


Ai\U-    liM.s    Ih 


f.. 


Il|>. 
t<r 

I  Sec    next     ^lll.ilivi- 
<>f  a  r:iih\  iv  <-uiii|>.iny.  IImt'  f'  n-.  .miiih' 
rc('n\('i'     t'l.r    iin     iiiitir\'     iMU^n!     !iy     llu 


: ,  ."is  i;;,.   H.-).   (  IHT-.I 
III  I,-.  ,(    /.•.',■..  r„.  V.  .- 


CI    (I 


■<1   ii 
All 


I  loiidii.    .lit  Cii.  4:i(i.  ( IS7«,  i;i  c 


>vri-     /,'.    I\ 


\hi,l,!l    ilS7:ii    I.: 


//   A".   .(    /;/..;.   r, 


:i    f!il  C.I.   71.' 


\hl>„,l- 


f:iillt    uf    u 


mill' 


lie    was     /,'.  I'll.    (  1H7S)    liO  Cj.    II'. 


\  .  d    II.  It 


\l.!l.. 


I- 


liiiii-ii'lf    I'lilin'ly    Irci'    fnuii    ik  "jlij.-rini'. 

biinil    V.   Iliiiil    (IHilt)    .".I    rill.    S.->.    i:.    I  lii.  2:i7.  -i  S.  K    (Ml  ;».'■■■/  (.' 


So.  S7(i. 


I.I 


l^sin 


|i|i>\  l~liills 


in  tlic  (irsi    ^r.ii,.M  .,f    ^    K.  '.'7 


Id    I-,  lilt 
;i-.-.    I 


III'.'   Ill   lllc  ,l|i| 


iMixti  I  ioiiint'iil   I  \ 


\  .  <(    '.'     A'.   (■' 


l.i\r     no    i\ 


liriitiun     l( 


riiiiiila  C.  .(  /'.  A'.  I'll. 

i  isiiSi  An  Kia.  17.  ■i\  s<..  I  m. 


iiniiii  — (  S'l 


li:i|il.T   .\.\XI\. 


-ii.'!i     III   <.    |-.    S 

'.".,,.7     llirl.x    I  IS" 

llnl.i 

lli,.Kl.\       (;S    C:!.    (ill'i 


/,'   .1   ;;, 


II  •  >■/.)■»    <(     1.    A', 


It   is  il<il:iri>il  liy  till'  ('i\l1  Coili-  tliHt 
I'liipli Ml'  of  ,\  liiilwiiy  <'oiii|>iny  iiuiy  n- 
(•i>\;  r    fur    .III    illjliri    r:lll-i 
li".'i 


iitiil. 


-I    U 


.1    llV    111. 


.  1!     fli-.'     t..'ll 


f   ;i    CO  iiii|>lo\ii'.    Miiij 


.  ii  lii'tit    or  ill. I. 


'1   tl  il.lllil,'.!     to    til. 


fmilt    or  iii'uliyi'iu'i-  on   tin-  jiMit    of   tin'   H'-r//..'   \     1 //■„'./ rf  11  ./'.  A'.  »'' 


|ii-r>on    iii|iiri'  I. 

Ci  n-tiiiiii;:    this    |>r<>visinn    in 
tion   »ilh  tli:ii    «liirli  ilri'hiii'-.  \ 


in;-,  I, 
Til 


il    .1. 


r.'l   PI 


III  ll'.il.  in 


itii   n-     Il 


s|(<  ct  to  .1  r.MiL;'' 


lliiit 


I" 


-IimI! 


lit  ii  !•■   ipiiii   to  I'l'i'i  \.-r    ilii- 
l-..,|i,i    h     !■ 


iiin-t    h  IV 


i:il;i'  fii'iii  11  r:iilro:ir| 


for    injiHv 

wIhTI-  till- 


to    II 


ilf 


lii- 


i-  i|. 


'  I'V  h 


COM;  j'jiliy 
|.|.'|.    Il>.     II 


III.'     lli-.l; 


111     -.1 
of     illlti 


'.i    U  ilii    I  !lc    .':lt:l-t  volill".    Km 


,1.  or    lh.;l    Ii. 


-I    I..'    I. mill 


lllsi'il     li\      Il 


■ad    li.'t'lll'.nci 


■Ml.  1  liill"    \i  Ili.-Il    coMt  I  ilillt.  .1    lo    p 


tliat  "if  til. 

of  till 


in|>liiii>  ii't   .111 


I   I  III 


til. 


ic  coliiI';lM\    II  I, 


l.i'lh  at   fault   tlic  In 


.l.'lv.    .Ii 


.|,hi 


•If  h. 


'li'i.l. 


I'll 


\      111      111. In 


HUT  iii.i\    recover,  tint    the  ilaiiia'/c-  -hili     il,    cr   .mi>    i'..it    of    it.  or    ■ 'MI  i  i''-:'' ■! 


Ill'  iliiiiiiii-hi  .1  li\    ll 


to      till 

to     Ilii 


II'   iiii'y  in  |>ri'|'   11 


It    'ill.    ih, 


hi 


IIMOIIIll       1.1      ilcf.llllt      alll  ihlll    ihl  ■      lllol|-!l    lie    II  I.I    I"  .  1!      ll     I   Mill    ,ll" 


till 


mill     hi-     iichl    ihinv 


ih.'lh       .Ii 


that   the  only  ili-l  iiici  ion  h.  i  \ 
jiiii'il  <'iii|>liiyci    ami  itlici   |i. 


•1  an   111      'rii! 


ir  w  I--  a 


.1.   1 
t   till'  III 


:ll     1  III' 


i-  till' 


Ih.il    hiol    ih  l!'i  1'   1"  .!  ' 


tli«  ('iii|iloyi'( 

to    antlioii/c    a     iicnvcrv. 


niii-l    he    \>lioll\    hi  I h' 


I  ll  h    Ih.'   I'.il  '-I  r. 


'he.    Ih. 


//     /,' 


IT     thoii-h     jiartlv      ,il      fault       ,|>*7li.      (i:?     l.'a.      17:1. 


riifiii  iisitii     V.     rniliiil    ll     .(     Wii.     '■, 


I.S7 


■)»   V.:\. 


M. 

A-    I  he  I''  .1.'    Ill  il;i's   no  ili-l  in.  i  e  ii 


lliat   the  inimeil  cm 


COM']-    iinlc 


iipl 


■n    Ih.'  .liil' 


ll     ell 


C      W.I-      c 


hell',      fl 


fl 


.l.'Vi 


il   i-  .  1 1    r  f.i 


fault    \va.'<  ai-o  il'chii'fl   in  the   f  l|..,iiii^     ni      iii-l  ni.  ti.iii 


<!u.   Iil."i 


\ll 


II  II  I  II 


.1    A'     1i>   / 


.ll/r,.,     I  1H7II     .">;!    <i 


1-J: 


S'lirn    V.    I 


i!  linliiV  t- 
.ric.i.lcl  h 
.h.ilii  iicc  ll 


1-    iMiiiry    vva- 


Ciilrnl   ir   iC    /(/.y.    '„.    (1S7."))    :>.i   <ia 


.t^ttM 


5  iijl]        Al  l>  .\>  a)  KMI-l.u'i  KKn-  I.IAI'.II.I  I'V      INTI;(IIH  lllHiV. 


liin; 


nilicr  iii-iiiiic's  ilio  =Miii('  irifii-i  ncr  lia.-*  ]»cu  (liMv.ii  I'luiii  the  f;ii't  tlinl 

till'  -iT'.Miit  is  i;ivi>ii  a  riiilit  <<(  ;ir'  nii  fur  :iii  injiirv  '"(miisi'iI"  or  "<iv 
.-.i-i  >ii('ii"  li,^    an  alii.uiMiuillv  iliiiiiiirnii-  nmdi!  i^n  ,.|'  tlic  |iliiiit,  nr  li. 

llll'    ni'iilip  liri>    of    irllilili    I'lii-,!.^  ,it'    Cii.lipliiVCiS.         Kvilll-llfc    wliicli 
-liiAVS    tlial    till'    -rlWIIll     Wi,-:   i;ilill\'    iif   i'"lil  lii  jIIIi  il'V    Iir;;l  i'^rliri'    nrrf- 

-iii'ilv  iinplic-;  lliat   ilic  iic 'jlii^i-m-i'  i  <>iii|il  lim  i|  of  \\a>  i.<it  tlic  |irn\i- 
iiiiiti'  cause  lit  tlio  ari-iili;it.- 

Hiil    in  (inliT  t<i   let    iri   flii-:  iIi'tVii«-.    if   i-i   nul    iirn-;s,irv   tliat   llu' 

.mil  hy  wliiiiii    he    uiis    !i:iM'   to  In-  ili-*-  lln-  iiilr  iif  cviili-iici'  or  lninli'ii  i.f  proof 

ili;ir'.'i'i!    fur    ili-(ilii'ili' lie  r.        tl'^'"/'/i    it  'riii-  |ir<\isii  \v.i«  n.Mi><|  frinii  iiii>li\i'»  (if 

1.  /,'.  <•(,.   V.     \(liinis    iis:r,i    ri:'!  (;:i.  •i'Q.  iMiitiiii,    lli.it    it    iiii'.'lil    not    In.   >ii|>;Ki-r.| 

III    the    lri:il    of    .in    m  '  ioti    ;iL'MiM-t    a  tliat.  t  lio  ili-i'hi  i  oil   li:ilpilily  of  tlio  iiiM-lor 

niilu.i.v    roiii|>;iiiy    for    the    liomioiili-    of  was   iiitcTiiloil     to  li<»  :ili-oliit«',  mill   «itli- 

.111  iMi|iloVii'.    ro-iilt  ill'.'    Iiiir    ;iii    .lit    III  out   ro'.'ii!  to;iiiy  m  L;li'.'oii(i'  of  llio  coin. 

u'li.li    ili'<Tii-i'il    |>;irliii|' ill  .1.    II    cliiir;,'!'  |il.iiii:iMt  lonti  il.iil  in-  to  tlir  i-fiill.     Tin- 

..I  v, .  I'lnl   .1^  to  ci'ini'^    to  till-  jiiiv  till'  In^ini     '  m  itoil  -.iiniily  (in -i  tm-.  ns  iin 

i.liM    ill, it    tlioy   would    }h-   mitliori/j'il    to  i\|.ri--    liniiiiiioti    of    tlio    ili  <l;iii'(l    lla 

liii'l    lor   tile   |ilaiiitiir  ^ol.l\    mi   anoiinl  liility.    tlio    n 'jni/iil    |>riiii-i[ilc   of   tlio 

"I    tlir    (1i-fiiiif:int'i    iii'L;li;;iii '.■.    uitlioiit.  riiniiiion  low  a~  to  ll lint   of  coni '  ilni. 

i.'_.ii'l    to    llir   i|iii-^tiori    of    llio   cxiTiisc  t<ir>'   no jliL'i'in'i' 

.'(  I  nliinny  i;iri' 1i\    tin-  ili-.i  .i-i'il  in  tri't  f,  .ns       .\,^^    of    18i)7.       (Sit-   chapter 

tiiiL'  into  a   ilnni;i  r'Mi-   |io-itioii.   i-;  crro  \\\i\.,   /i./v/. . 

iirnu-.       Ill  .sVr  / /I  <l     t.  /•'.  < 'o.  V .  .Inrl. -, ,  ,i         lli'vi-'o.  m'h  I  See      ohaot^t       XXXIX., 

itmii   ii:',  (oi.  .•!.■,:..  .^s  s.  !•:.  s-jn.  /..,.vri 

/'"'"■•I"       I  >^" iiaptiT  XNWtl.  /)os7.)         -til)     /.■,/,/)/.,,. /v-    liiihililn   tirts. —  Tlio 

I  ihii  r    tlii'^    ail     it    li.i-    lii'cn    lai.l    douii  ron-trmt  ion    m.  nt  joncil    in   tlic   ti'Xt  w.i- 

tli.'l  ,in  ciniiloMo  of  .1  i'or|ioration  i>  not  tint    \\lii.li  1m,  i..    n   put    upon  tlii>  Kii'.' 

iilii-vi'il      from    till-   oliliL'ation    of    n~in^'  li-li     o-r  jiloyn ."     li.il.ility    ait     of     ISSO 

Out    iIi'i;roc    of    i.ir.'    wliicli     i^    ri'i|ii!ri'i1  (nhiplr  wwii.  /lovM."    Unrtiii  v.l'un- 

!.y     till-     loniiiiiiii     l.nv.         \\  Inlifnii     \  ii>ih\<)      ,,    \l.    I     ' 'o.    (ISS."i)    :!;l  Wii-;,. 

Sht.i.l.ml   (1.7   Co.    i|S:i'.i|     1.',:!    Inil.    .-,1:1,  i;,|.     j'li;        IH|,.i     Iji^jli-li   inul    Colonial 

-■i.'i  N.  !•:,  410.  iM-   .   ill    i(|ii,.|,   III,.    iiuKiljty  of  a   ni"/li- 

lli.cvrry     li:i-     linn     il.niiil     on     tlio  vi  ft    ,(r',iii    to   utomt   iiinlor   tlmt    act 

L-ioninl   of    till'     ii\,iiit'-.    fiiliirc    to    ii-o  or  oin-     i  " -opiril   from   it  ha-s  liccn 

-11. li  i,.-irc.  ill  /</,;■..,;  \.   Il.v/,<;i  r.   /./..^  r 'li.-.l.  tlioiii;li    not    alwaw   with   cx- 

r.,.   ll^■.».■>)    CH  I''>,1.  ii:lii;     I,,,.,,,,..,  c„,  plicit    I.f,  I,, 1,1.'   to    il<    toriiii'n.il, .;.'%■.   are 

l,i,H    Cl).    V.    .f,li!.s,,il     (1111)11,     _'l     l;i,l        \|.|1  Tin. ,,,■:,     V       tj  II.,  I  I.  ,  ,,   ■! !  „.■     (ISSTl"^.     f!. 

.■;!iii.  .-ili  \.  K.  HIIJ.  1«  (,».    l;,   Iin.  lis.-..   .-,1,   I..  .(.  Q.  n.  N,  s! 

l/.ivv„c/ii(^.  (/v      IS liaptcr  XXXMI..  :!(l>.  .-.:    I.     I'     \     <    .■.■.•    :ir,  \  n-U.  Kcp. 

j...-vr.i     Contril.iilory  m-jli   ii li.is  l.,vii  .""..■..■i.  ">1  .1.  T    .-.Ii-,;   11.^  v.  .I^.rc./;i  Wi  lib 

'.M  toll.' a  I.,. I   to  till- a.  t  i-ii  in  111.'  f.,1  I  I.,.,.. I  i...    ,|ssi;;    (),   |i.    D.,    •_>  Tinier 

i.,uiir.'  ca-i-'     Shut  V.  It. .-I. II  ,(   i;,  .■■,'.  I.,  i;.  .M7;   i,,.i,  s  \.  //i/;  i  ismi,  .-,  rimcH 

i-.i.  ilS'.tli    l,-,l   Ma~,.  .11.  ■_':    \.   |-    i;::.':  \..    U.    .«ii'_>:    /;„„/,,,•   v.    Mi.lhm,!    It.   Co 

Cim  linqhinti  v.   I  inni  cf  H.  SI... I  /,'.  C.  i|ss:)i     I7    1.     T.    \.    S,     ITli.    :{ 1     WiH'k. 

i|s!iSi     170    Ml-.    I'H.     |.|    \.    i:      llll:  l;,.;..  -j:!!  :    V.<lin,iry.ll.,il,r    (|s:iO;q] 

llihirin    \.     \i,niiii„l    Liiiiim  I  iiiiii    Co.  It.     I").)     7    Time-     I.,     I!,    .".s ;     Sin.nl    v 

Iv'Hi    17'.'   Ma-.    l:il,  .■>!    N.    v..    Iti:);  ,',-.., .,.v    (issil)     lO   |..    r.    \.   S.    i:l><    ni 

s.:in„.u     V.    Kill, nil    iisi.17)     Ili!)    M.-i,,  \\,,-k.    llcp.    7i)ii;     1/'.'.'m,i>   v.    Witt.,,,.! 

.■.It.    IS   \.   K,  tl'.'i:    <;ii'.liii\,  II   V.    ll.is/,,  ,v.  ,v    Co.    tlssili    Ir.   Itcp.   N  C    I,.   l.-,:i- 

'""...(,    M.    I//V.   Co.    (ISDlt     !.■.:!    Ma  —  .  7',  <.co,,i     v.     /,'»./.,//./.      i|s.|.-,,      -jj     o,,,' 

:i>    -'7    V.    v..    I7f»:    h.iiiihi    \     Oi.niinn  .\p;.      i;,p.     2;-in:      irili  i.,i      \       s.infi.ril 

I!'   ■!  i:,,   (1S!);)1    171   M.iss.  4r,r,.  51  X.  (IS'ij.    -jj  diit.  Hep.    I.'17;    I'.iUks.,,,  v 

••    ■<''"  til.:,,..    i1s:hi,    II    \,.n-  So.  \\,,1,-  I.,  i;. 

\li,i,i,s.,hi  —    (S.-,'      cliaptor     MXXIX..  (I.i      S.I:     r.inrl.-t     l.rl,     C„.     v.     ,1//,,, 

P'.vr)        I  ho    qiialitiiation    of    ttip    com-  ( 1  ss:l  |    <)  \\,.\  _   \,    \\,    (j,.)    .tH;    Dmiil 

I'Oiv's   !i:!!!nity    !>y   !!ic    in-.-Hion   of  ttip  -..,.     ■.-      !t  .■..;;((     -ISS?)     j;;    \\,.'t      [.     j; 

1MII.I-.  "v\itlioiit   I'll.:' lil. lit. irA-  n- ",'li'_'rncc  (I.  ,    ::.-.|    ii'.rror  not    to  -iiliiiit   (|i|i«-liiin 

nil  Ili-  put."  is  not    intiii'li'ij   to  ilianyc  of     rontrilnitory      ni'L'lijicntt'     to     jiiiv. 


;l;.l 


I!'MS 


AIA^s^l•:K  and  servant. 


[CUAP.    XXW 


111 


I 


1  :  l.|l 

I,!  ii 

t  •  r: 

i  i 


stiiliiic  r,  liiil  upon  sIkhiM  ccntiiiii  words  wliich.  riflicr  oxprcssly  or 
h\  iiiii(lic:itii(ii,  iniikc  tlie  :il>s"iici'  of  contrilditorv  iirglij;i-iic('  a  pn to- 
(jiiisitc  til  siiccoss  in  the  iii-li<>n.  A  liirgo  iiiiiiilicr  of  casos  li.^vc  bcon 
<Io<M(lc(l  tipoti  flio  tlioorv  tliai.  in  tlic  absciicf  nf  laniruitiic  i.iilic;iti\i 
>'f  a  I'ontrary  intention,  a  statute  wliic.li  deprives  an  (MMjiluvee,  eiilur 
wliiilly  111-  partially,  of  liic  proteclicii  ari'nrileii  Ky  tlie  diietrino  of  emu 
tiion  eiiiplnyinent,  <>r  wliicli  suUjeet-  liiii  ti>  a  new  duty  fur  the  Ihih 
fit  nf  Iiis  servant'',  does  not  preclmle  liiw)  from  avaiiin;:  Iiiinsclf  of  ihi 
I'lea  iliMt  tlie  injured  person  was  liiniself  neirlij^cr'l,  and  tliat  iiis  ii(':;li 
gc  nee  was  a  proxiniato  cause  of  liis  injury.'* 


when-  iiliiiiiliir's  own  ovidcncp  shows 
lli;it  tir  iiii'jlit  to  have  olocrvrd  the  de- 
ii<l  w!  irh  ciiisimI  liis  injury). 

'Ihiit  <<>iitrilMil(iry  nrj;li;.'cmv  is  a  bar 
tn  ill)  :i<'1ii:ii  mikIi'i'  thi-  Ahiliiiiiia  statute, 
wliirh  is  idiii  licil  in  the  same  words  as 
tlio^o  jn-t  iiii'iitioneil  ls<>e  cliaptiT 
xxxvir..  ;/.i.vM.  lias  twen  fr<'(|uently  held. 
Aiiiii'ili,!!  I'ijir  Wtiri.x  V.  IHclrii  (ISIMtl 
!t:i  .via.  41S.  '.(  So.  7-20:  lliininii)  v.  Itirh- 
m;ivl  ,(  /».  /.■■  fo.  (18110)  OlAla.  .lU, 
8  So.  "Tli-  Hi  nil  i  milium  h'lininrr  <(.  !//</. 
Co.  \.  <!it,ss  (1H'I2,  »;  -Via.  2^0.  12  So. 
3fi:  Wihini  V.  I.iiiiisiillr  if  \.  A'.  r<i. 
(I«S7)  S.-i  Ala.  2(>!l.  4  So.  701:  \fobile 
rf  O.  /.".  Co.  V.  aiiinir  (  18!tl)  ',14  .\la. 
200.  10  So,  I4.'i;  SniiHiirii  It.  Cu.  v. 
Harbin  i  IllOO)  110  Ga.  «0,S.  ;ifl  S,  K. 
218  (a  dici<ii'ii  as  to  an  accident  wliieh 
ori'urreil  in  .Xliliania  ) , 

See  also  ca-r^  ciled   in   note  4,   iiifni. 

(Il)     Shillllis    Illl/lri.S'llll/    SIKli/ie    dlltilX. 

—  In  a  ea~<'  wlicre  one  of  the  mliiin<.' 
acts  was  lieiiiL.'  const rui'd,  it  was  hehl 
that  the  iiiiury  was  not  "oi'iMsioned"  l>y 
a  lireacli  of  its  iirovisions.  wliere  thiie 
had  Ik-oii  coiitriliutory  nc-t;li;;ence  on  llie 
plaint itl's  part.  Hut  such  rases  are 
usually  dccideil  with  reference  to  the 
nil  re  Li'iicr.-il  primiple  exemplified  liy 
the  antlioyities  eiled  in  the  next  note. 
S/iini  V.  Osiinr  Cull  rf  l/iii,  Co.  (  l8M.'j) 
88  .Mo.  08. 

•(a)  Sttitittr.i  firrliiraforii  of  roinnioii- 
Inir  priiivijiliH. —  It  'as  liii-n  held  tliat 
tho  JlinncKota  net  set  out  in  chapter 
XXXVI..  pnnt.  does  not  ihant;e  the  rule  as 
to  contriliutory  nejjli^'ence.  I.iiiiilhrrri 
V.  Sill  rliii-Ciii-pr-nlir  Co.  (IH'ITi  liS 
Minn,  l.').!,  70  \.  \V.  1078;  ftmifnr  v. 
MiniiPiipoli.i  lull  innlional  Electric  Co. 
(18!t7»  l!8  Minn,  18.  70  N.  \V.  7ml; 
HvKn  V,  Adiiiiiiint  Mfq.  Co.  (1890)  66 
.Minn.  70,  68  X.  \V.  774. 

(!>)  Sftitiii-i  off,i-ti»i}  fli,-  oj,fr)itin» 
cf  thr  rl"clriif  of  common  rmploiinicnt. 
— The  rnic  in  the  text  has  been  applied 


under  several  of  the  statute*  reviiwril 
in  cha|>ter  xxxix..  iioxl.  Holn  n  v.  Ilm 
liiiflloii  .(■  M.  Hiiir  If.  Co.  llHdtM  jn 
Iowa.  5(12:  ll'iii/  v.  Illiiinis  C.  It  !■, 
(1875)  40  Iowa.  .341  :  haii.siin  I'.  It  '  . 
v.  I'cnnn  (IHS.-))  ;14  Kan.  472.  8  I'm. 
780;  Chicat/o,  A.  cf  .V.  It.  Co.  v.  /().„,„ 
(1800)  44  Kan.  .184.  24  Pac.  407  i  fn.i 
that  senant's  ne;;li;.'enco  was  sli^'lil, 
held  to  he  immaterial):  lliiiin,il:  v 
\orfolk  i  M.  It.  Co.  (1890)  121  N,  C 
222,  32  S.  K.  ti7i);  y'lhon  v,  V. »  Or 
leans  &  .V.  v..  U.  Co.  (  lOOOi  40  ('.  C.  .\ 
673,  100  Fed.  731    (Mi-sou>l  act  i 

(c)  Slatiitp  iiiipot-iiiii  npici/ic  iliiiir-. 
— In  the  followine  decisions  wilh  r  fci 
enoe  to  statutes  of  the  tyi>e  nviiud  in 
chapter  xi.i,.  post,  coiitriliutory  iHijii 
yencH  has  liis-n  held  to  he  a  triKnl  pK  m  : 
I'lirqvhar  v.  .\liilinmn  it  V.  It.  Co.i  lIMIOi 
78  Miss.  103.  28  So.  S.-iO  Mrains  run  nt. 
unlawful  speeil):  Lake  I'rie  cf  U.  U. 
Co.  v.  CrnifJ  i  18!M1)  10  ('.  C.  A.  Ii:il,  'iT 
r.  S.  App. 'fi.')4.  73  Kcd.  042  (uMM...k,J 
flo;;!  ;  (liaiiil  V.  Micliiiinn  C.  It.  <''' 
(ISOO)  83  Mich.  !)C,4.  IJ  I..  R.  A  l(i2. 
47  N'.  W.  837  (unl)lockeil  fron)  ;  ll<.\ii,n 
V.  Chiraiio.  If.  cf  St.  I'.  It.  Co.  I  1S!1. 
80  Wis,  200.  ->()  X.  \\".  00  (uiilil...k.,| 
froLM:  liiihni  v.  Mi.seiiiiiplnll  i|S!iili 
20  I  Mil.  l?ep.  20  {  nneuarded  o|i<-iiiiiL'  in 
tloon  :  lliiiilloril  v.  McClnni  )lfii.  'o 
(1803)  23  Out,  Hep,  33."i  ( uii^n.ir.lcl 
o|>i'iiiii).'l  ;  Cliirl.e  V,  llolnxcs  I  ISiiJi  " 
lliirM,  &  X,  037,  31  I.,  .1,  Kxch  V  S 
3.^0.  8  .Tiir.  X,  S,  !)!I2.  10  Week  \\,y. 
40.')  (nn^'uarded  machinerv)  :  drni.  «v 
tli)ii/('-i».  fI808)  2  ().  »."402.  07  I.  ' 
(J.  H  N,  S,  8112.  70  1,.  T.  X.  S.  2S4,  IT 
Week.  I!ep,  87  (un;;iiarded  niachituru, 
per  Vau^rhan  Williams.  I„  .1.  (p.  tlH': 
I'riiiffin  V.  tlrosn  iiur  I  180-M  21  S.'  -n -,. 
Can.  4th  series,  o32  (unj;uardcil  niMibin- 
er>-)  ;  E.  S.  HiiiqitiK  Carpet  fn.  \: 
o'K-'cfe  (1.S071  2.'<  r  r,  ,\.  220.  .-.i  u. 

S.  App.  74.  70  Fisi,  !>00   (unj.niar.l.d  urn- 
ehinen")  ;  Thoiiipmn  v.  Edimrd  I'.  .iUia 


5  «51]       ACTS  A^  TO  1:M1'1.(»\1;US'  LlAMII.rrV-  IMT;(»I)I  (  ToliV. 


I;m);i 


d.  K 


lioirlinlti 


I 


v/,-,    h 


Whetlicillic  II 


t'.ICl   of  \\h 


'low   fur   ni'j/li;/: 


is    infiiiililf    fri 


rvillll   -  klluwlcdyc  it'  lllc  iImII^iT  CMIIS'  (1 


liy  that  parfi<'iil:ir  luvjidi  ,,f'  a  siiiinturv  iliily  to  wliich  liis  iujurv  w, 
;ittriliiitiil)l('  will  render  'liiri  cliarm'iilile.  as  n  niattrr  of  law.  wiili  iiej 
iipcncc,  is  a  iinesiieii  llie  aiiawe;-    ■•  wli 
.'I'tcniiiiicii  |iariially,  at  lea>i,    y 


icli  h 


1-1  lieeii   Ml  siiMie  llislailce 


iisins  flic  <liitv  iiifriii 


phniM'o 


k(f;\ 


le  |)ni\  i-iimi  nil 


I  .(■  whole  it  111  'v  ()<    -iaitl  liiat  tlio 


'll 

^^Mg 

Co.  (1895)    80  \Vi 


23.  iVi  N,  W.  .527 


la^.'iiaiilc'd  itiiicliiiiiTv  I .  KmIIow  i'lj;  < 


V.  I'liirnaii  A    \.    W  .    I!,   r. 


«l<-|«|>iii;;    iinilcr 
•Miiiiiit    ncovcr. 


1.' 


<lin" 


rnjriv 


li. 


1S7S       l,„„   it   f„„/   ( 


i:i  Wi;*.   litis    ( fciiii-  ■.tiitiilci.   anil    Di:;     Atl.  "tt". 


.■ll,.„„l,l    V.    Il„rl.hitl 
1^'H/|     i;!.->    I'll.    1.    |!1 


in!.'iii~lii"K    QiKiil.i  iihiish    V.    U/.vcii.v: 
,f  i;.  H.  rn.    (ISS.->|    (12  \\i>.    »11.  22   N. 
'A.  .MO,  on  llic  yriniml  lliitt   the  ^faliil^ 


A     stntiili'     r'liieiliiL'     rjiilwnv 


IKiiiii 


to 


-iifi'   ori 


■allli"'ii.iril«. 


)-**|Il«M      ;i 


oiin-itiiinl   iTi'iiliil  nil   iiti-nliiti.  Ija      lialilc    fi 


la  I  ill''  till 


ilv  for  iiiiiiiii"*  iHiM-iii 


■•I. 


\  Ilnln 


■  r   111    |Pi 


liv    till'    failiiri-    to    fi' 


lll-'llTt 


III'  all   <i 
or  II  iii«a 


.'I'S      I'JIII^I 


.1     llV     till 


t.'  ill)   so. 


!hhiiLr   V.    Thihiiiniii    (  IIK'O i     107    W  i 


Jli!.  iH  S.  \V.  .'itiO    (iiii-iiariliMl 
<  ry)  :  Au'li'rsitfi  v.  ('.  \.  \fls' 


ili^  tliat    ii;  "Mir  Hint   tin- 
iiiilv 


III 


pro' 


ml 


iil- 


iiinv    viTiixii 


iiaihin     him    to    [irn 


I., 


,!,< 


iln 


iOt    I'- 


ll is 
slid 
plirati" 


iniiiri'il  |>ail,\ 


.'l.'.'t 


(IKIitl)    (17   Minn.   7!>.  (iit   N.    W.   Ii;t(i    U-wc   vliii-h    woiiM   onlinarilv   1 


iinsiiarilril    iiiaoliincry )  ;     \\'r>,ii\h.    SI.    alilo. 


Sii  -li    a   [>i 


/,.  if  /'.  I'.  Co.  V.   'lliiiiiiiiMiiii    (IH!*4>    1.")    the  liiinlir  .f  iMiM.f       /■.,,,/  v  V 

III       t IIT      /, I    .1     1.:.. .  tt      ......      }.  .         .  .      -■ 


for 

I'f.lSll. 

iiy  ill- 

IP   avail 

iiiiTi'lv   a  (Tills 


rliiili' 


App.    117    (unsiiarili'il    iiiai'liiiiTv  I  :     l{.  I.  d    I'.  /.'.  f 


"/<T.s'   V.    llaniiltoii    Coltii 


I  IHJCii    24  I..   I{.    A.  li.-. 


I  iMt  I    111    loMa.   17!'. 
ill  N.  W. 


;:(  Ont.    Kvy.    425    •  ■iiiyiianli-il    iiiai-liin  Win-,-  plaint  iir  was  iiijiinil  liv  a  fall 


ryi  ;    I'l  i/ifiilih   v 
!"»a.    14(i     ( iinli' 


ilin-shiii);  iiiaoliliii')  :    Ken 


tun  liliiiL'    riNJ 


IIS71  I    .TJ    of  iKirl   of    ,lii 


vhi 


III 


/.•'/.■■, 


•f    of 

lllnvnl. 


i:in:lric    llh 


ro'ltl-ol    OVIT    tllP    roof    of    till 


ll 

ami   III'  liaii 


\!:i 


iiiiiiiiliii;i    Co.     ilS!i:(i     l.'ilt    had    Ihtii    ilirpcti-il    not    to    n- 


.170.  .'U   \.   K.  .'Uit!    (no 


,';ittfi    to   ili'vator):    fliniitlii 


l.i„l. 


-\:\\e   tliiTi'froni.   hi> 
Mitriliuton    ni'irli" 


was    not     ;;iiiltv    i.f 


lor 


f.iili 


hnrt  { ISOl  I  4(1  X.  Y.  S.  K.  04r!.  Hi  N.  ^  .    prop  llio  roofs,  nmlir  MiClain's    i  I,' 
iipp.  717    (no  ntitoniatic  ili»irs  on   clo     (  ihIc.  ;  2«(i3.  iiiakin;,'  it   a    iiii-i! 


I  •   I'hrisl 


V.    Ciiiiihi  iliiiiil  i(    /.'.    for   a    iiiiiii 


r   to    fail    to    prop   tlio    roofs 
I..  Coal  Co.    IIHOI)    14(i   Pa.  )I7.  2:t   All.    .mil    entries    iimlir    his    rontnl    in    the 


J21     iiinoiTtiticiited     iniiiini;     I 


111      mine  wlii-re  he  is  workln 


III-  statiiti 
7V 


I'lovo'l  I  :    l./(n/i.v  V.  /fiJM.wi.s  ,{  y.  Co,;/ f'„     has  no  ap|>lii'ation  to  sinli  a 

■IWdi    85    .\lo.    App.    4Hli    iiiiiiiiii;;   ait;     lur  \.  Slur  Coal  Co.  (IKilOi    I'Olnwa.  40 

linivl-iiiii  as  to  props)  :    liV^,,)   I'unt  f'n.    SI   X.  \V.  240. 


l/ior    (M04i    20   f'olo.   .•{•.O.   2(i    I..    I!. 


\.  4,i.-|.    4li    .\iii,    St.    Hep.    200.    .tS    l>. 


•'TS     (niiniii 


\n    instriietion    that    the   ipiisi 
iintriliiitovv    neirliiinee    i-    rioi     i 


Df 


act ; 


provision      as 


to 


till 


I'riipsi  ;  diiiliiuii   V.  .Vri(7i 

i  r„lr  (■„.    (l.SiVt)    .3,S    W. 'Va.   27:i.    18    violat.il 


■rroneous.  where.  althoiii..|i   it    is 


>;.  E.  r,si  { 


iniiiin^  ai't )  ;  Ki'iiis 


mil Jlinl  fiml    proveil  that    the  ihfenilant   eoiiipaiiy   liail 
"aliite   rei|iiirin^  that    all    its 


If- 


own    ears    -hoiilil    have    laililers    at    the 


"1«    (l.SO.-.  I     a,-}    Ohio    St.    2(i,    40    \.    E.    enils.  ami   m-t     it   the  siiles,  tlii 


"iSfi    (failure    to    keep    niiiu-    free     ff 


nil    IS  alsi 


ISO.-.,    05   T. 
10  .\iii.  St.  I!i 


'I'lW 


1 1   rf    /.    (•< 


,>pt 


nil.' 


•p.  o:i5 


iiyiiiint  of  hoy  under  twelv 

ine  I . 

AItlinin.'h  the  Pennsviv 


.0    I..    I!.    A.    82.    in 
S    \V    4(iO   (. 


the  plai'itiir  was 


if  the    infereiire  tlia 


;;li 


int    in   Irviii''  to 


e  in  a  ncil    Kil/i' 


•he   train   at    niirht    while   it    was 
III      movini;    at    a    dan>;ernii-    rate  of    spi-eil. 


<!riind      Tnitil;      ff.     Ci 


HMIiii    72  Vt.  203.  47  Atl.  S27 


18,  187 
11    triivi'li 


[  Pull.  Laws.  5(i,  5  II 


act,  April         \a  the  follii 


requires 


ifr   f, 


Wiiv     at     the     liottom 


'■K;  to  1)0  a  liar  to 


inp  case 


the  ilefr 


r  niiiii  Is  lo 


miniir   fals    to    look    and    list 


vel    if 


iiiseii  by  a  hresieh  of  a   i 


in  action  for  injur 


fh 


lipal  orili 


iriiiii,    I'liclniii/    ll-    I'loiin 


en    heforc    Co.  v.   Rohan    (1892)    47    111.   App,   Ol'l 


Kii 


i-^i  m 


Ill  i 


imo 


MASIIi:    \.\1)  SKKV ANT. 


[flivp.  x.\\> 


'  \iclriifi:il   ^i'j'i :ilic;iiii-c  of  tlii<  flciiiciit    in  <:m-Ii    iuri-ilictiuii  (Icjir.j, 
ii|)<iii  tlic  ilMCiiiiK    \vl:ii'li  i<  :i|']ilii'il  in  C'.iii!n"ii  !  i>    acli"ii-.* 

It  has  alrciidv  liccn  nicn!  !■  ncil  in  tl.i-  sccii.  n  tliat  >«>nii'  stntrt,. 
(  xnrc-isly  [irovidc  ili;i!  iln'  -i  r.Mii"-  iai'iA  Inl  :■■  -lii.ili  ivi  "f  it-rlt  l< 
-nliicifiit  t(.  pr('\ciit  ivc.'M'in.      1  lie  ciVcci  i.l'  -'icli  a  |)rt)visi  .r,  is  nuiir 

fpstlv   to   |ii't'cliulp  a  edMrl    li i   (ii'clii!  inu,   ;i-  ii   iiialfcr  "t    \:\w.  I:i:i 

ihc  «('r\;int  was  nciili^riii.  inil'--   -wiiiotliinu  inori'  i-  sIk.wh  ih m  I;: 
laiuwIcilMc  of  tlic  almoiiiiiil  (•(.iic|iii..ns  wliicli  (Mu-rd  liis  injnn.' 

(sor\  int.  i>\\  in;;  lo  HMiit  nt  ■■|iii>|Kr    .it'r  T'lr  .|irililiiil  iliH'tiiiH'   llni-   fiHiniili 

ITU.ir.U."    I'lll    into  Viit    c-diil.iiiiinj   .<    liui      .1   u;;-.  .\|pliriilv  ili-i-,;r.|.  il    jn   /;•; 

li(liii.l):    fili.i'sl.i,  V.  ./.    11.  /,".-./</  i:h  /,(,„    /.'.  i(-    ll.firic  Co.  v.    1//.  ,    >]'•'■: 

inh.r    \ll)i.   Cm.    il'sill)    54   'II.   .\|>|».  'J."!:!  !•!'   .\l:i.  .'i.V.I.  -2(1  I..   R.   A.    l."iT.    1 :!   ^      « 

I  pliiiril  ill'     injiuc'il     by     rcvohiiiL'     >l>iift  wIuti-  it   Hiw  Inid  dinvn  tliiit.  tlir  -l.i!;' 

niiir-li  .-!m  ':!■!  ii.ivc  t)0<Mi  ciiviTi'il  I  :   Snifl  lii-  left    iiiirli  itii;c.1  tlii'  T\\\<-  tli.it   m  -. 

a-  Co.  \.  /   <•  (i8!)(i)  tit;  III.  .\|'i>.  '!■">!        '    ■       ■  ■       • 


-iV   Uii.>\>  l.'il'jc  (if  :i    ri~k    pi-ri-ln-!  ■-  r 
inriy    fur  ill;   iiijiiry   c.iii- ■  i   hy   it.     I 


'SilllUl     IH'lill     I.  'iilll*        liri        III.       llljlllv       I. Ill-        I       I  ■_!        11.  J 

*  In    111'    iMrlicr    ilcri-ioii-    ir;.':iiiliii;.'  tin-  -iiii'  cirirl.  .(■<■   /...n,.!  ./•'.    ,f.   \,  ;, 

tlio     .\liiii;iiiiii     .■nipluM-I^.'     Ii:il.iljly     m-t  r„.    v.    Slulln    (ISltl)     lO.'.    Al;i.   IMS,  .• 

(cliiipIrT     XWMI..     ;«/.»<)•    tl"'     |Hi-itii'ii  Viii.    SI.    I!i|).    12".    17    S«.   2'.i    iin:ii:i- 

\':is  i:iki'ii   iliMt.   (noviiird   tlir  I'luiiliv  ir  li-t   cnnhol  of  liis  riiLrim'  wlii!  ■  -uii, 

l,iii>«   of  till-  ilcii-i-t   wliioli  o.iii-i  1   III'   ill  iii^'    iMi-    on    11    hiu'li    :n\i\    -limi    ir  -•' 

iiiiy  ciiiiiiiliiiiicil  of,  the  s<'i\.iiil    il»l    ii'il  I  lie    n  n~i'i|iii-iiic    liciiiL'    lliit    H iil/ 

ti  rli'll     liii    li^'ht    of    actiiin    uinlii     11"  uas    |ii  ■ .  i|.il;il'Ml    ovi'i     tlir    iihl    nl   :i 

-liitiitf    iiiiulv   liiCiiiIM-  be   contiiiii' il    to  In-'l'        'l!ii.;ri-     lirlil     lo    lie    i'     |    ;■ 

.'iiK     with    knowli'd^'i*    of    Unit     i!i-i'.-.'t.  i.iii-i;    l....n-.,iU,    ,f    V.    li.  r,,.   \     /,',., 

1/<,/,i7.    .1    n.   It.  Co.  V.    Ilnlh,,,,,    iissTi  .ISIlJi     101    .\l:i.   .-.IH.    If,   <ii.   .-,;:    .<, 

SI    .\li.    l:;:!.    »   So.    14(i:    lli'il.l'i,:,!    \',  ,n,.|l.i-iil     l.iiilj..c     Hliuiit     v,;.iili     -rn  1 

l(    lltll    ir   '■.,.    V.    \\illlir.1    lIS'.llll     III     ,M:l.  'ill!     '.ilTI     u   'lllcih. 

4:1"),  S  So.  ;i.")7.       Ilii'  tliiKiry  |)ni]ioii;i'lril         'I'lic  im  n-   f.irt   tlmt.   «Im::    in  .irci'l  ■ 

in  the  latter  i-M-.!'  wa-  tliiil   Ilii-  (Im-triiir  iiiiirn-il  to  a   niiiiur.   in-  u.i~    it   .i  j.i 

ua.K  a   iifojier  iin|>lii  atioii  fnnii  llic  pro-  xvlieri'  1ii~  iliitii'.s  dlil  m.l    ii.|iiiii-  liiih 

vision    in   tlic  la-t    pira^'iiipli   of    5   'jri'.iO  he,     "ill     imt     ni'ii --:i  lily     pr  .'nli-  li; 

of    the    ("'(ulc    of    ISsil,    piuiiiinu'-inn    tlii'  I'roiii      i  ii   ivia-iiiu.        In      -in  h      -.i     ii- 

master    nut    to  hi-   linlilc    it    llic    -rrvinl  itr.iivi<  \\liii-li  iL'nurc  lli.'  |il  <<i  il.r  !■ 

knew  of  a  dil'i  (I  and  failctl  to  notify  till-  !■ -i.ili-'-     ti  ndi  r     a;;e     and     .iiil'i-''   i; 

master  llnaeil'  in  a    n  i-miatili'  time.     It      liml-.    ami    that    he   wa-    nin    I r 

wu.s,  huwi'M'r.  rci'i'iiiii/cl     in    tin     latlir     lut    only     in    a    daiiLiiaiai-    id  n-r.  Imi 

ea.se  that    he  cinild  not    rii-ovi-r  it   ill"  in  pii\iM.il>    to  other  daip.;ei-.    ii"  ■in-! 

jury  wa-    ~o    imniineiit     anil   inipi'iilini;  mis,    .nnl      pio|K'rly     nlii-id        V    /-    'r 

that  a  pind'iit   man  would  not  have  eon  Ci„il,    r,,l.,    ,(    /.    To.    v.    i:„-h,i    \]<.iM 

liniKHl   in   llie  -i  i\  ii-.-  under  liJie  eircaim  12!t    .\la.    It.'ili.   .'10   So.    fiOO. 

.    .  I..    41...    *..!!  ...  : .1 1, ;..;■■ 


In    (he    f(dl..uiiiL'   ea-i-    1  lie   pi  i 
lioulrdye    ":l~   held   not    to   he  c  Ii   i'l-'. 


laiii 
In    an   iher   ease    the  eonrt    ayaiii    i  e< 
oMiii/ed   tlie  prineiple  tliit.  if  the  Uiei-,- n     pnof     of     ni-;;liL'i'nee :      .<liniit   \.   I 
daiiLiT  to  he  eiieoiinl end  is  so  iinniii 


Iss.'li      IP    I..    T.    \. 


I. -IS.    :!l    W. 


iianL'i  r  lo  lie  eneoiiiii  I'M  II   1^  ^o  oiiiiiiii'.  .!■  '  i  t^.-  i      i  .■    i >  .     -.     i  .i  i.    .n     .i  ■  ■ 

111, It      a      rea-oiialile    and     pni  '    ';t     m.iii  l.'ep.     Tllii     I  employer-'     li'hilliy    -.iM   ■' 

wiaild  not   venture  upon  it.  le         Mot   fin  Is-iiii:    Iht'i-ni    v.    /.i  i  ki;;'' ,-   ',,.>;    I.' 

from    neijIi^-iicT    if    he  eonti  in    He  Co.     ils.HSi    ii7    .\In.    (12,    in    s,    W .    i-: 

eniplovnieiil.      /.oils;  i/^■  ,(■    \        '.   To.   V.  niiirinu  art  I  :    Ennl^n  h'.xt.  <'■■    >.    t' 

Orr   (KS'.lDi    111    .\la.   ritS.  8  So    .a;n.  ils.S:;.    !l  Viet.   I..   I!ep.    (I..i    .'111     t'-.-^ 

Fn   a    sonieuliat    earlier  la.se   the  oldi  hilimi  of  iiiiie-  -tatiite  of  Is77 
•Mtion    of    the    -.ei'.ant     to   quit    the   em-         'So    held    in   actions   iiml.  i    I  iir  ;■'  i 

,do\inint    within     a     reasomilde    time,  if  -ions    of    the    >s,,,|(||    Capdiiii     ai'l    ^1 - 

llie"  ma-tei    fail-    to    remedy   a    defect    of  -issippi    Pon-t  iliitions  ( eh  ip;    i    \\\u: 

whiidi   lie   111-  heoii   notilied"  hv   the  sorv  /invM  .      V'."io(///.,.,r/  V.  Si,:ith   i'ln.i 


am.    tiad    ai-o 
,(    11.   /.'.   !•',.    V. 

,i74,  6  So.  90. 


il     11  Mil  !li4';|. 


',/,„'(,■ 


c.  Ik',  r 


liii.iii  (il)  s.  c.  :i,  s.. 


lifKlfTd    (ISHSl    8(1  .\i.'.     Itep-    *'^-   -"'^ 


V. 


u. 


If 


iKima  i    v.   I!    Co.    I  IS:..'i    70  Mi-   -'' 


s  ti.-c'j     ACTS  AS  TO  K\in.ovi:i!s-  i.iAiiii.nv    iNTitoDrcnniY. 


1011 


A  siiilutc  which  cxprc^sl^-  .Ifclnns  tliiii  the  action  of  a  servant 
ihjurcii  hv  ii  lircach  of  it-  |'ro\  isioi,^  is  not  1)miti(1  by  tlio  defense 
of  an  a.ssunijttion  uf  the  risk  manifestly  does  noi  im-vent  the  niastiT 
Ironi  relying  on  the  defense  of  eomrilMi'. .ry  ne^li"i'iice.« 

As  to  tlie  eiVect  of  a  promise  to  nun  lU  ilil(ri.>,  ■,«•«•  chapter  xxii.. 
'lute. 

652.  limits  of  the  doctrine  that  contributory  negligence  is  a  bar  to 
an  action.— Cuiitrihntoiy  negligence  is  in  many  c:is«'s  held  to  be  no 
lefen-e  to  an  action  for  a  breach  of  a  statute  wliicli  ainounts  to  a 
nil.i'ul,  wanton,  or  intentional  wrong.'  •  t  in  order  to  bring  a  ca-ie 
uiihin   the  .scope  of  this  principle  someiiiing  more   tiiim   the  mere 


II  So.  7:;;t;  Uinhner  v.  Ifirhnini,,!  d  D. 
R.  Co.  (I8n.'5)  :-i  Miss.  S7:l.  is  S.,  449; 
llliii'.is  i\  U.  (',}.  V.  Hull  lex  (lHi)4)  71 
\li.-.   Iiui;t.  15  .'so.   IDS. 

'■rhriliiiid.    C.    C.    rf    St.    h.    K.    Co.    V. 

iiiibr  (is!i!ii  .?.■)  r.  c.  A.  4iis.  (i;i  r.  s. 
\p|).  r>.'>3.  91  Vih].  -''i  ((l.-cisi.m  an  to 
I  lie  ml  (if  roii;;n»-  rc>|MHliii;.'  the  ii«'  of 
v'rnl>  irons  on  niiluay  cars,  sec  §  tiJO. 
note  0.  supra) . 

'  l.oiiisiiltr  rf  .V.  R.  Co.  T.  yorfc(1900) 
128  Aln.  .'!();").  :!()  S.i.  (170. 

In  llliiiuis  the  [Hisitiiin  has  h<><n  t.ikpn 
iliiit  tlic  I'lFoct  of  the  provisidii  in  the 
Tiiiiiiii!.'  iict  liy  which  owners  ^nul  (i|«t- 
ntors  arc  ili-clarcd  to  be  liabl<>  for  n  '-wil- 
lul  violiilion"  of  the  diiti.s  whidi  it 
iiiiiKM--  ijii  tlicin  is  that  an  injured  sirv- 
iint  may  rccnvir.  even  tlimiifli  he  may 
have  hecn  f;uilty  of  (■onlrilniieiy  ncf.'Ii- 
ponce.  Iliiililt'  Coal  d  Miii.'  In.''  v. 
Itoarh  (1873)  68  111.  174;  l.iiihi:,  hi 
Coal  Co.  V.  Taiilor  (187C)  81  111.  .VIO: 
I'nthJI  V.  Yuuaq  (ISllJ)  143  111.  74.  32 
N'.  v..  447  (a  nil'-;;  under  the  .'let  of 
1872);  Carfervillc  Coal  Co.  v.  .\hhott 
nS!)9)  181  111.  49,5.  .15  N.  E.  l.'il.  Af- 
finning  (1899)  81  111.  App.  279;  Odin 
Ciial  Co.  V.  Dcnman  I  l!i(H))  IS;)  111.  41,1, 
7fi  Am.  St,  Rep.  4.1.  iu  N'.  K  192  Vf- 
firmin-  (1899)  84  111.  .Xpi.,  mO;  Wrst- 
ern  .inilinicilr  Coal  rf  Cul.c  Co.  v.  liea- 
>rr  (1!HI1)  1!)2  III.  Xf.i.  01  X.  E.  .335, 
Ainrniln';  (1901)  95  III.  Ai>|..  !I5;  f'aui- 
iiri  r„al  Co.  V.  Ifiiycc  <19()0)  184  III. 
402.  .ifi  N.  E.  621.  Rpvcrsin;;  ,  \H:tH)  79 
111.  App.  469;  llliiiuis  fml  Ci,  v  Par- 
«"».f  (1S90)  38  111.  App.  1S2:  Uiiaid 
'■"«/  Co.  V.  yViyffins  (1893)  52  111.  App. 
G9.  ^ 

Hilt  this  view  has  hpon  rejected  hy  the 
comts  of  other  states  in  which  the  min- 
inj;  acts  contain  snlistantially  similir 
pri.visicns.  s,.,.  Sinn,  V.  Itsiuir  C„„l  d 
I''".  C„.  (HSr.)  SS  Mo.  OS:  Vlrh.r  r.,„l 
Co.  V.  !/„,>  (is<l4l  20  Colo.  .320.  20  L. 
Vnl     II.   M.   *   S— 30 


R.  A.  435,  4fl  Am.  St  Rop.  299.  38  Pnc. 
37S:  Hrnii^i  v.  Muniini  (|s!l.-,)  5-.>  Ohio 
St.  ili;2.  44  .V.  K.  I  HI):  llu.l.ll  v,  llrazil 
niurl.Coal  Co.  ll'iiMl)  25  Ind.  App. 
0.14.  .-.S  N.   K.  850. 

In  arlii  II,  under  the  Kcnlu.'kv  stat- 
ute of  |S.-,4  mow  re|Hale.!  ve  *5  038. 
note  1.  siilpil.  i(,,  mill  I.  which  provided 
that  pMiiiii\..  (Iaiii:i-cs  iiii;.'lit  lie  reeov 
I'led  where  the  lite  of  one  [ktsoh  had 
lifcii  lo,t  ottiii;;  to  the  "H.lful  neL'lecf 
of  iiiiother.  a  -.  rvant  «lio  was  liierely 
lacking  in  onlinaiy  eare  w.is  held  not 
to  Ijc  pri'iliidetl  froiii  recovery.  Loui.i 
I'Uh;  C.  <t  I,.  A".  Co.  V.  Malioiiy  (1S70) 
7  I'.ilsh.  235  (Citing  l.i,,iixrilh  ,f  .V.  /,' 
Co.  v.  Yanildl  [18501  17  Ii.  Mon.  !>S0; 
I.oinsrilh  if  .V.  U.  Co.  v.  Sichiinin 
[18»iH|  5  Hush,  I,  90  Am.  Dee.  .•120: 
Loui.Kiillr  ,f  .V.  R.  Co.  V.  Ci-lliii.s  f|Si;5| 
2  Duv.  114.  87  Am.  Deo.  480;  l.i.iii.inllr 
it  .V.  R.  Co.  V.  UuliiiisuH  ft  SOS]  4  Hush. 
•■>07:  l.oiii.irilli  <(  V.  If.  Co.  v.  lillurn 
llSi;91  «  I!ii-h.  .574.  99  Am.  Dec.  ti90)  ; 
Itirhi,  V.  hi  .ihirl.ii  C.  K.  Co.  (IS87)  9 
Ky.  I..  Rep.  153.  i  S.  W.  .■(().);  Xmlham. 
V.  I.oiii^rill,  d-  V.  A'.  Co.  (18S7i  85  Kv 
423.  3  S.  W.  797.  11  S.  \V.  300;  On;',, 
V.  /,..i/i.sri//{- rf  .V.  A".  Co.  (18SS)  87  Ky. 
Ii2ri.  !(  S.  W.  OOS;  \ii,i„„l  \r„-.v  ,{  f/. 
!'(//.//  Co.  V.  IhiiCI  I  |H!10)  91  Kv  4'> 
14  S.  U.  958;  l.ouisvilh  rf  .V.  P.  Co.  v' 
Hurs,  (1S92)  14  Ky.  L.  Rep.  6.32,  20 
S.  \V.  817. 

The  fact  tliat  he  was  himself  piilty 
of  wilful  iieejlM, .,„.,.  „as  deeiiied  to  hen 
goiid  (iefeii-,  .  Kilt  nn  iinplovec  of  a 
railroad  coi-|...iy.  in  the  dis<.iiarjre  of 
whos,.  dutyof  taking  theniiiiiliers  of  cars 
u|ion  a  side  track  it  is  ciisloiii.irv,  con 
vciiietit.  and  necessary  to  stand  u|>on  the 
main  track,  is  not  guilty  of  wilful  nep 
!i:.'i'ii.>e  in  =o  »t„n.Iiiig  «  [lile  Ijtking  su.'li 
Miiiiil..'i«.  aft.'r  the  p.i--:je  of  an  engine 
nliicli  has  1h',.||  det.irli..,!  from  a  Ir.iin 
for  the  purjxjse  of   hauling  such   oars, 


j 


m 


"I 


M 


i 


11)12 


M Asrr.n  \\n  sKiiV.vsr. 


[rilM*.   xwv. 


Iirciicli  of  a  <Iiitv  iiiiiK.H'cl  l)v  a  -tatiitr  <.r  iiiiiiiiciiml  ..nliiiancc  iiiuM 

\)0  slldWII.* 


In  T. 


it  \ 


(•<)ni|i 


IIIIU" 


tu   I 


fi«iiiiiti\i-i.  am 
caution  1  l)-*ci'\ 


lari   1 II   licltl   tliat   a  ^statute  niiuirini;  railp 

lavc  Miiiif  ]!(  rson  kccpiiij;  a  liw'kciit  coiitiiinnlly  on 

ivliifli  fail-i  to  liavr  tlii-<  i. 


|irovi'lii!i;  tliat  a  <'oiiii>ii 


II  1.. 


I  l> 


r('s|ioii-ilil 


ir  all  <laiiiaf:i'-<  to  pcrsi 


or  vf<\ 


iltiiii:  tii>iii,  aiiv  acciili'iit  or  colli^i 


|iro]MllV.    OCC.HI'lIK  (1     l(V 

liiaf   may  occur."   |>rccliiiir-  a  coin|.aiiy  troiii   iilcailinp;  coiilrihii 
1-1 


lorv 


iicirii2:<'tn 


o,  tlioiiirli  ii  iiiiiv 


he  coll 


-idcrcd   ill  iiiiliiratioii  of  daina:: 


III  one  pa'so  tlic  position  \va-<  taken  that,  wlicrc 


till 


titioriiial  i''>n 


litioiis  aro  tlic  rcsii 


suit  of  a  li 


III 


,'li  of  a  siJiiiitorv  liiity,  a  servant 
I  mI  to  jirc-iimc  liiai   tlic  coii;|(:u\y  will  proceed  to  perform  it> 


lllfv 


itiiont 


anv  iinn('c<'i 


arv  delav,  and  is.  tliercfore,  not  neccssarilv  m  i:- 


lifji'tit  in  I'ontinninii  to  work. 


Ii 


n  an  action  liy  u  tiovornmi'iil  in^i 


lecliii 


for  a  lircacli  of  tlio  Emrli 


factory  aot,  wliicli  j)ro\idos  llial    tiic  uliol(>  or  any  part  of  tlie  ti 
e<l  may  Im-  applied  for  tiie  iieiietit  of  tlio  injured  person,  it  w 


tiict 


in 

lield 


tliat  tlie  fact  ot'  tlic  injury":-  liavin^  hccii 


oiiod  liv  til 


.f  tlic  ]daintitV  in   taking  u|>  a   forlnddcn   posfition  wonld   not 


vent  rccovory.- 

652a.  Volenti  non  fit  injuria. —  In  SS  :',1*\.  :!77.  aiifr.  it  lia-i  tuvn 
>lio\vii  that,  in  all  llm  decisions,  it  is  ;i-siniicd  tliat,  where  a  -ervaiii 
is  snini:  under  the  Kmrlisli  omployers'  lialnlity  act  of  1SM»,  or  am 

witlimil  lmkiii>r  out  for  tlic  cars  fuim-  plnintilT  in  ilisri>;;iiri!inj»  lii<i  own  -tntii 
in;;  -iicli  trjiii.  l.iniiniilU-  i(  V.  K.  < '".  lory  iliitii-s  ijclMrrod  liiin  from  ic.  .v  rv 
v."/'''/!    (  \X'I\  I    !•-  Kv.  :i(».  17  S.  \V.   IS'),    iitul    till'    coiiii    docs    not    iiiiiIm'    It    nil" 


■'  llnurii,      V. 
l!»l     111.   2J«.   (>0     N. 


(I.   ('.   rf    I'll.    I  I'.HIl)     ;:ctlior   iiliiiii   wlicllior  any   l(--ci-  .li-i. 


Hl.'i.   .\lliriiiiii}; 


if  ni"'liu'i''ii' 


lllll     llllVO    (IrfiMliMl  iIk 


llMMti    no   111.   .\|i|).  4!i.  where  cuiilri'iu     .rii 


lory  iic;.'li;'i'iMc 

defense  ti 

liy  noiicoiiiplnoiic'  wi 


held    to   Ik' 


yiHid         '  Qiiiichi  iihiifih   V.    ll'f.'.- 


rf  u.  n. 


for  injiirii-  raused    ''o.   (  IHH.'i 


;■-'  \Vi^.  411.  .II  N.  W.  .-.Ii' 


III  nil  oKlinaiii 


The    tho.r.v     iiriijMHinded    in    t! 


II 


le  -t;it,'nn 


III    ill  tin-  lr\l    i*  iil-'i  -up-     lias    iiol.    -^o     i;ii-     as     the    writer   kiunv- 


nic-d   liv  the   laiiL'iii^'e   ii-iil    in   <:iiiiiil    hoi'n     relied     u|M.n    els<'Hli( 


I' 

(lull  I'd.  V.  II  iijijiiix   I  I  Sill) 


ill.    A|)p.     lectlie—  o 


f  the  deei-i( 


It  all 


Til. 
e\iiit- 


liodiiiient  of  a    w'lieral   nilr.   in.ii 


\,lsl,,ill,- 


rf     f.     /.' 


Smith 


ell  he  douliteil. 


(1871)    •>    lleisk.    174;     ('hdttiiiiurifpi    It. 


'  HInil: 


nituit 


V.    0,l,l,i,    (IS'.ISi    1    Q    V 


f«.   V.    ll«W/,rr    <lHT-2)     11    ll.'i>k.   .-ts.-}:    783.  117  I..  •».  Q.  V:   N.  S.  .V17 
\a.sliiill<    .(■  ('.  It.  Co.  V.  S'lirliii    I1S7SI     X.  S.  .->.-)4.  4ti  Week.   liep.  .')4J 


I. 


1  Le. 


'>r.i 


ii!L'  that   the 


idllet    of  the  -e 


Ml  licrc 


In    Illinois  it  is  coin 


(led   that    wilful    .idveited    to   wa^   eiilpahle 


l"i 


-   .1. 


.dijiene 


the 


1'' 


rl    of    1 1 


le     lll| 


II  led 


ate 


a     soiiieu 


hat 


|>er 


hiiii-elf   is    a    liar    to  an    aetioii.    -nice  it  -eeiiis 


hUrhfield  l',„il  Co.  v.  Tniilm-   (  IH7l>)   81    indin-et   means  of  a  f.'ovt    .innii  .    pr 


to  eiiahle 
f 


■  tlio 


111.  5!K), 


eeulion.    to   olilain    ooiii|h 


iili-r 


In  Viiloi   i'uiil  Co.  \.  \lii:r  (l.S!)4)   20    eireiini-taini's  which  w(Hild   preeliide  re- 


Colo 
Rep 


:i;    1,.    I!.    .\.   4:!.'>.    *i'.   .\ni.   Pt.    coverv    if  hi 

■| 


(n    -lel.    ill-|.-if 


!:!!,  :is   I'ae.  .'t7S.  the  del  i<iiiii  was    a   civil   action.     See  ea^es  e 


cited  in  ii">« 


that  wilful  nogligi'iiee  oil  the  part  of  the   S,  sulid.   (c),  «i(/yra. 


|(j.v.M|     .\rrs  AS  i(t  K.\ii'U)vi.i!s-  i.i aiiii.itv    i\ri!nr)i  <  loiiy.        ini:t 

of  Ihc  sttttut«'.s  iii.M|..|,Mi  th.Tfuii,  iIh-  niaxiin  !•.  :i\ jiih.hl..  as  n  (li.t',.|i«.. 
aiwl  Ihiit  the  ..nlv  .•>,s(.|itial  point  ii|i<iii  wlii.-li  a  cntli.-t  ,,t'  ..pinion  ox 
isfs  is  the  extent  of  the  ^.^ver  of  a  coun  lo  .le.'lare  the  xTvaut  t.. 
have  Iwen  roli'iis  in  i-ejrapi  •  .  the  ri<k  in  c|in«lion. 

As  rei,'ai-(ls  the  operation  ,.f  the  nia.\ini  in  eas,.-^  uhetv  the  muster 
has  viohile.i   :•   -.tiitnte   whieli   pie.<Til)es  certain   spcriii,.  preeaiitions 

and  safeifnanU  in  liie  ••onsirnetion,  arran-eni.iil.  or  n f  j.artienhir 

in-lniinentalities.  ih.-  authorities,  as  iJu'V  staml.  ."xhihit  a  -oniewinit 
iMirions  eontliet  of  opinion,  hi  on<  Kn.uiisli  i-ase  it  \va~  lieM  ihal  tlie 
servant  was  not  ne.v  ..>.irilv  .h-harn.!  fmni  reeoviM-in-  h\  the  faet 
that  lie  knew  of  tlie  .janiicr  <-reate(i  hv  ihe  hreaeli  of  a  lei-isialive  oh 
iigati..n  of  this  deserij.tion.'  \)y  n..ne  of  the  jii.l;;es  who  took  part  in 
that  decision  was  it  intiniateii  tlial  tli.-  master  was  alto^,  iher  preclml- 
pd  from  relvin-  upon  the  maxim.  In  faet  it  is  ch-ar  that  tiiev  fnllv 
rw.piized  his  rii;ht  to  avail  hims.df  „f  this  .lefense.  provi.led  the 
evidence  was  adeiinate  to  estahlish  v.dnntarv  action  on  the  servant's 
part.  [Jut  a  siil,„.,|netii  statement  <.f  two  niemliers  of  the  court  of 
appeal,-  to  tlie  effect  that,  wlu  re  a  person  has  a  statnlorv  rij-ht  to  pro- 
tection, the  defendant  does  not  discharp'  his  jega!  oldifiations  bv 
iii.Tel.v  affe<-tiu,c:  the  plaiutitT  with  knowledee  of  a  daiifrer.  which,  but 
for  the  former's  breach  (.f  dnt.v,  would  not  liave  existed,  was  soon'  aft 
er\var<ls  construed  by  two  jmlj-cs  in  the  Queen's  IJeiH-h  Division  a< 
boiiisr  an  aflinnation  of  the  .h.<'irino  that  the  maxim  does  not  ajjply  at 
all.  if  the  injury  resulted  from  tJie  breach  .d'  a  sp<-eiHc  statutory  oIh 
lifiation.     f.y  <me  of  those  jud-es  this  do<-trine  was  coiisideivd  to  be 

siHtainahle  upon  -rroun.ls  ..f  public  policy,  which  is  cot rued  in  the 

dis-oiirai;ement    of   aj^ree nts    l)otwe<'n    two    pers.,ns,    the   effect   of 

wMcl,  is  that  one  of  them  shall  be  at  liln^rty  to  br.'ak  a  law  enacted 
tV,r  liie  proie.-ti  .n  d  the  othrr.s  This  ex.dusion  of  the  maxim  as  an 
oieiii,.,it  in  such  cas.'s  is  certainly  not  justitied  either  by  th.>  stat.^ 
iiieiit  relied  upon,  nor  by  the  decision  with  referem-e  to  which  that 
^«n,^,,,v.^rr,,,  ,,>./,^,,roy,,„rV    ^«...„,«I    f,orva„.l    and    ,l,o    ,l,.M„lant 

W        ,            o'      ,'■  '•'     '    '-.'•  "'"'■■'     "  ■^""'-'"   '"  '«■  "I'l'I'-'-I.  «.....•«  to  this-- 
1.    won   ',;•'■"""■"■ ""     '"*"*■'    '-    "'"'    'liet.n,.t..re,n,.lovH|h..  s,.rvanl   .„, 

j>JP  |-....  ..1  J.  p.  518   (Unuvn  ami  Ir}-,    turn    iM,|M,s,..l    ,..,    him    l.y    statute,    ai„l 

M.Ve.Mi  ^  ..        .  "'"'"    •■""11"*''    itt    his    (lisn-L-anl    of    the 

...   ..1    .1     I      fi22.    \\,\U.    .\  .    vai.j:     vi,.!,,ti„„  „f  ,,„hiir  i^.li,  y   „,„i  „„„i,(   ,„„ 
it  tlH'  <ii|.|MK,.,|  at;re,.|>u.nt  b.-tu,.,.n  the    to  be  li^tene  I  to"  ^ 


1 


im 


•    11     l.i-;:,H3 


IH 


inu 


MASIKIl    \N1»  SKI!\  \Xr. 


[cum-.   \\:, 


:mtij 


8tiil.-iiM-iit  \vn«  iiifi.li'.*     The  sii,i;;;.->t,..|  .•ni.-ini.-i  i..ii  ..f  tl xpr.—i  •!  - 

ii-«m1  l,y  llinvmt  .t  iiiiiH-al  i- siiiy;iiliirlv  t'..ir,  .1.  i.n.l  is  in-ir'"V»T.  mir, 
iii<-..ii«Ut.'nt  witli  ilic  p'lifriil  imnr  ,,<  ili<-  opinion-  .l<-li\<'iv.l.  Th, 
...iiHiMHiiiT  nt'  .1.1'. [.Tin;:  tliiil  <-..nMiM.Mi.,n  i*  tlnit  llir  court  niu-t  1.. 
ii.-nni.'.l  I..  Iiuv.'  lak.ii  tlif  |...-,;ii..n  tliiii.  wliil-'  Hi''  w.><ur  is  riitiil,.! 
to  avail  liinisi'lt  ..f  tin"  nnixini  as  a  drlVn-c  if  ili.-  -nit  i-<  i.r..nf;lii  itii 
.Icr  a  i.<'n.-ral  rni|.i..vcr-"  iial.ilily  m-l.  in-  i.n,  ^..  tar  a-  liu-  flVici  oi 
tlic  maxim  i«  <..nn'rni'(l.  al.s..lntcly  iial.i.'.  if  tlic  <irvant  i-^  cluiinii,. 
damaiii's  utnlor  an  aol  im[M.-in^'  H-ni.^  -|Mritic  .Inly.  Sndi  a  .li-'pi. 
lion  wonl.l  1)0  pufcly  arl.ilrary,  so  far  as  can  Ik^  mvii.  an.l  .  anuni  rt-a 
>onal>iy  Ix-  .If.lncf.l  from  tin-  laiifiinn;''  nsf.l  l.y  llir  |..r.is  jnsti.-is. 

K.Hiu-  New  York  cases  cinlM.ily  a  tl.K-Iiinf  similar  1..  tliai  whu'li  iiii- 
juat  liivti  critiiMM'.l.  lint  it  is  now  fnlly  sftil.'.l  in  iliai  -latf  ih,, 
the  maxim  is  a  .li-fmse  to  an  a.iioii  for  a  brem-li  of  a  speciri*-  siaiiitun 
duty."' 

•Til.' .n-*  .itfd  hv  thecourt  of  iipiwiil    livrriii;.'   the    |.rfviiiliiig   opiiii..!.     Tu.ls. 

■  «   an    illii-tiation"of   this   tli.'.irv    win    Cull.ii  i.-f.-ii.<l  l.>  tli.'  .•..ihiikim  l..u  ruh 

ll.irLr   V     lloliiirs    (Irtii-i)    7    lliirl-t.   4    tli:.l   .1  -crvaia   u-,-iiin.-  llic  n-l,.  ..(  h,. 

N    .i:)7    31   \'.  •!.  Kxi'li.  N.  S.  3.M>,  8  .lur.    .■Mi|il..yiii.-iit.  ••Vfii  IliLiiyli  lli.-  ii|>|.li.ii...  ■ 

N     S    itlfi,    10   W.'ck.    I{.'p.   JJS.   which,    art-  n.il  the  l).--t  ami  -af.-l  of  tli.'ii  kiiil 

ac.'»r.liMir'l..   H«>w.>n,   I..  .1  .  had  l«>.Mi  s..    an.l      i.r.KriMl.d     a-     I..II..W-:      ItiM     Ih. 

.•.\|.lalii..l  ill  -uh^itiiiiit  .li'.i-.ii.n-.   TIhm'    .|ii.-ti..ii  |.r. -.iil..!   in  Ihi-  .a-.-  is  a  .In 

ar.'  n..l  lil.'.l  l>)    nam.-;  hut  .nic  of  those    f.-i.'iit    one.     Thf    -tatiil.'     ha-     .iia.t.  i 

ivl.rr.-.l   l.>  i"   aiiimivntly    I  ,iil>  rmiiur  v.    that  .•.•itnin  -iil.-vuai.ls  -hall  I..-  li:i.l  1. 1 

/»u»i..v    (IHlUil    I..    I{.    1    C.    I'.  -274.  287.    the  -•.iirity  of  .MMi.lo.v.M.s  .if  th.-  f.i.t,.n 

35  1.    .1.  C.  I*.  .N.  S.   184,   12  'fur.   S.  S.    'Ihi-   failure  to   pri'viilc   Ih.-.'   -laiiii.Mv 

432     14   1..    I'.   X.  S.  484,   14   W.t-k.   K»'p.    -af.-uar.ls   i»  .  liiniiial.      It    is  ili.ul.lli- 

.->S(i'    I    llaVr.  &    H.  243.      H  -wins  H)  !>.•    nil.-    that    |..iiii.-    can    waivi-    -Litutnn 

fairly  op.-n  to  <pi.-li.>n.  how.-ver,  wh.lh      pr.>vi-i..ns  for  Ih.-ir  iK'ii.'til.  an.l  .in  .v.n 

.■r  (he  a.'tiial   laln.nal.-  .>f  th.-  lulin},'  in    make     law,     f..r     lluni-.l\.-    »lii.!i   tir 

i'Utrki-  V.  llifliniH  is  not  sinipiv  ihal  th.-   .■oiirt-  an-houn.l  lo  a.liniiii-t.T.  ih.im.I.'I 

proniis,.  of  th.-  inast.-r  to  r.-m.-ily  tin-  .1.-     Ih.-re  is  no  cpi.-ti.m  of  pnMir  |...li.>  in 

f.-<livo    .-(inillti.ai-    pn-v.nt.il    th.-    inf.-r     \.ilv.-.l.    { Rt:  .\<(r    )i<iK;  I..  .1-    11.  H.  <  •■■ 

.•nee    that     woiil.l    otlu-iwis.-    ha\.-    h.'.'n    |IHS.-|1    (18   X.    Y.    447;    Sr„t,„is   v.   /., 

drawn  from  till-  M-rvanf-  i-ontiniian..' .it    ,/.  »     IIS'l.Sl    140    N.    \.   4ii.-t.  :i,    Am    s. 

w.iik      Sw  i-hapt.-r  xxii..  mile.     .\n.l  in    l!.-p.   ."Hi!'.  :i-'>   N.   K.  li,>0.  i     I'.m   i-  v.,rv 

any  .-v.-iit    it    was  n-itainlv  n..t  int.'iiil.sl    no  (pi.'-tion     of     puhlic     [loliiy   iiimIh  i 

to  pr.MX'und  the  <hK-trim-"tliat  th.-  s.rv     li.-iVr     To  our   mind  th.-iv   i-.  an.l  li' 

ant's   knowl.-dt.i-  »i  th.-    nia-t.-i's  l.|-.-a.li    pul.lir   [Kilhy   -h<.nhl    in.liu-.-  ii-  t.)  li";: 

of    duty     and    thi-    risks    lo    whi.h    that    iinh—  a   contrary  .hM-trin.'  i-  -clti.-a ;» 

Im-ach   cxixjscs   him.   cannot,  uii.l.-r  any    ..nlhority.  that  thi-  -taint. ^ly  |.r..t.-.  li.  n 

circnmstan<-«-.s,   o|H>rat(-  as   a   kir   t«   hi-    .aiiiiot    Ih.    waiv.-,l.     Ihii    ii.ili.ii  nt  --> 

pli,i,„  iriiin.-iit    has  (-.intiiii-.l   stall-   int.  ilyi.  i' 

•Tlif    siihjfct     was    exhausliM-lv    di-     with    the    frt-.-.h.m    of    inilividn,.!    ...li.-i! 

cusw.l    in   a<-a-.-   in   wlii.h   th.-  -upr.-m.-    within  narr.iw  limits,  hut    -u.-h  int.rM 

court    h.-l.l    that    an    .-iiiphiy.t'   docs    n.il    .-n.-.-   ha-   n.-vcr  h.-cn    wholly    |.r..liil.it. 

waive  th.-  n<.n.-..mplian.-.-  hv  his  pmph.y     l-:xiH-ri.-ncc  has  slio«ii  that   in  -n".-  m" 

or  with   \.  V.  Laws   ISll-J.  .hap.  (173.  re     Icrs     persons     mu-t     Im-    pr.>l.-.l..l   ir..i'. 

quiriuK  marhim-rv  lo  U-  proi)erly  ^tuar.l     their  .iwn  inipni.l.-Mc.-.     If  th.r,-  «.-r.-l.' 

cd     hv    eonlimiinit    in    th.-    eiiiphivment    1m-    coM-id.-r.-il    only    tin-    int4r. -I    .'t  f^' 

with  "knowlwlKe  of  the  unpr.>t.-eted  o..n      in.livi.liial    in    his   per-oiial   -.-.  aritj  i 

.lili.iii       .Villi  ;..<.-.i    v.     Vr,r    Vu;/.     i:t,l,l,<f    -t,.tiite  woul.-llu-  iim:.-c.— ary       M"- ,•!■. 

(•»    (I8!l4i   SO  linn.  41.1.  3lt  X.  V.  Supp.    -oii'jht   to  lie  a.-<-..mi.li-h.il   ."""'    "I"' 

339   idiss,-nting.  Brown.  P.  J.).     In  de     ly   well  be  secured  hy  contra. t  Il-I".*" 


JbJJii)      ACTS  ASTO  KMI'U>VKUS   I.IAIill.llA      IN  I  l:i  >|)i  .  |(i|;^ 


i:ii:. 


In  In<liiinu  tlio  iJM'trimt  lias  ijiiiti'  rirciiilx    Imi  ii  |irM|>.  ninlol  tlmi 
the  ilr't'onsM}  based  iipnii  tin'  inaxiin  is  iiut  availalilr,  a«  .1  in.iKrr  of 
law,  whore  the  iiijiirv  was  caused  l>v  the  violation  of  a  -|Meiiir  »iaiu 
tory  (iiity.** 

Tliaf  tho  maxim,  considorpH  as  an  eiMlM.diiiieiit  of  tlie  |iriiii'i|>le  iliai 

ft  plaiiititr  is  debarroil  from  re<v>very  it'  lii<  own  iiej;lij;ei niriliiited 

to  his  iujury  (soo  §  371,  ante),  constiiiiti's  a  valid  defeii-e,  iveii  wjieie 


the  employer  and  the  employtu.  Tlie 
iTi^itlff  liHS  always  hwn  a  8ul>jiMt  tpf  coii- 
tr.ict, — tlint  i*.  no  law  has  «>vrr  fnrliid- 
lien  riii|>li>y<-eH  iiiiikiii<;  tlii>  i^iiinliii};  of 
iiiaphini'ry  a  i-i)ii<lltiuii  of  their  Hcnicc. 
Vet  Mich  contraetit  are  unknown.  If, 
ilicri-fore.  aswnt  can  dispcnst!  with  tin; 
"tatutory  protection,  the  subject,  for 
|iraclical  purjMw.s,  is  left  in  the  same 
.(iiiililion  as  it  waj»  before  the  iiiaclineiit 
iif  the  statute.  .  .  .  The  do<l  rine  ni 
waiviT  or  contributory  ne^jlij^nw  under 
this  statute  is  but  the  ei|uivulent  of  the 
(tintention  "in  pari  delirta"  under  the 
usury  statute,  a  claim  always  repudiat 
fd  by  the  courta. 

It  was  conceded  that  the  view  of  the 
court  was  difT«!rent  from  that  adopt, 'd 
in  freeman  v.  (iliiis  Falln  Papi  r  Uill 
Co.  (1893)  70  Hun,  .530,  ^4  N.  Y.  Siipp. 
403,  and  that  this  rase  had  beiii  af 
limied,  without  opinion,  by  the  court  of 
appeals  (18!t:t)  142  X.  V.  fi.-Jlt.  37  \.  K. 
.567;  but  the  position  was  taken  that, 
as  the  efTiH-t  of  this  allirniance  was  to 
make  the  hifjher  court  responsible  only 
for  the  point  decided,  and  not  a  <;uaran' 
tor  of  all  the  reasons  piven  or  opinions 
advanced  {Rogers  v.  Drckcr  [I8!>J|  131 
\.  Y.  4!tO,  30  X.  E.  ."i?!),  and  the  cax- 
in  question  wa«  not  based  on  the  stat- 
ute, it  could  not  be  said  that  the  nil 
inj;  lu  to  waiver  of  the  statutory  pmvi- 
«ion  had  received  the  approval  of  the 
court.  The  force  of  this  particular  ar 
^.'unient,  which  is,  at  liest.  rather  uncon 
vincing,  was  soon  aTterwards  preatly 
weakened  by  the  fact  that  the  court  of 
api>cal9  has  affirmed  another  jud;.nnent 
of  the  supreme  court,  in  which  precise- 
ly the  same  view  was  adopted  as  in  the 
Anr,,nM  CnnK  [White  v.  Willimntin 
l.ilhogruphic  Co.  [18021  131  N.  Y.  f>31. 
:I0  X.  K.  2;iti),  though,  as  no  opinion 
via*  filed,  it  was  still  possible  to  rea- 
pon.  as  with  regard  to  the  Frrrimin 
i'nw.  that  the  question   wivs  not  really 

passe,]    (til. 

ill  Aiii«fe.i/  V.  Prati  (1804)  7.1  Hun. 
3.'.).  .'i;  \.  V.  Supp.  1010,  another  <ase 
JD  whieli   it    uas   held   that   the  servant 


diii>.  n«,t  aHHUine  the  ri-k«  arisiuf;  froin 
the  hn-aeh  of  the  eniplover's  stalut.iry 
iluty.  the  court  rccunril.d  its  view  with 
the  judgment  of  Iii4'  umiii  of  ap|H'sils  In 
the  \\  hill  I'lisc  by  ailvancin;;  the  tlii^irv 
that  .liid^i'  Karl's  opinion  «lii>«i'<l  that 
the  true  reason  «hy  the  rhMr;'e.  to  thi' 
I'lfect  that  the  servant  .i—iiiiicd  the 
risks,  was  not  Inlil  In  In-  ri'MTsjIile  it 
ror  was  that  it  w.i-  appan-nt  fioni  tin- 
evidi-ni'e  fh.it.  cmii  if  the  in.i-lcr  li.nl 
|ierfornied  hi-  statutory  iliity.  the  an  i 
ilcnl    would   not    have  Imiti   |iri'\eiited. 

The  dr^lx'r.lte  etforls  of  the  -llpniiie 
c<mrt  t<i  reconcili'  it-  views  with  tlii>-c  of 
the  court  of  appeal-  were  at  Icnirth 
liroll^'ht  to  a  ehi-e  by  M  ilici-iiiii  of  tllc 
latter  <'oiirt.  in  whidi  it  hii.l.  reMT-inj; 
tlie  jiidjriiieiit  in  the  ca-c  la-t  citi-d.  that 
the  niaxini  was  avail.ilile  a-  a  ile|'i'ns4- 
«lieri'  the  servant  had  eiiteied  and  re 
niained  in  an  eiii|,l<i\  iniiil  know  in;.'  that 
his  master  had  not  coinplini  with  the 
provisions  of  the  fact<iry  act  ( Ijiws 
IHIin.   p.    --)ti.   chap    ;i!lS.    i    12 1,    rispiir 

in;;   the  ;;iiardiii;r  f>f  (•o;;wl Is    (f|81t61 

US   X.   V.   .•172.  ;!2   1..   R.   A.  :!li7.  42  N. 
K.  !t8<i). 

riii-  decision   was   followed    in   Urinrs 

V.  Hi.„r,  I  isntii  4  App  niv  .127.  .is  v. 

Y.  Supp.  .'■illi  (same  slatiilei;  llnrliiii 
V.  \ul(ini  Iron  ll'oi/,  v  i  Hfl7  (  l.'t  .\pp 
Div.  ."lOS,  43  X.  V.  Sii|,|>.  tiilO  I  act  re 
ipiirin;;  set  screw-  in  shafts  to  be  pianl 
eih:  hi-Ynutin  v.  Inni'l  ilH!tK)  H  \|.|i 
Piv.  4!Hl.  .■!H  X.  Y.  Supp.  Hwn  (dans.- 
forliiililiii;:  cliMiiinj  of  niacliim-rv  in  mo 
tion  by  women  under  twenty  one  years 
of   ape). 

•  Mnnlrilh  v.  Knkowo  W  nml  F.immrl 
inri  Co.  (1002:  Ind.)  .IS  T,.  R.  A.  044. 
04  X.  E.  filO  (iinffiiar(li>d  machinery), 
holdine  that  in  such  an  action  an  aver 
ment  of  the  want  of  knowledge  was  un 
necc->ar\'. 

To    same    effect,     src    lioi/il    v.    llnizil 

Ifiuri-  r„„i  Co.   (1808;   Ind    App.  I   r,n 

X.  K.  ."1(18    (lireaih  of  a   provision  nf  the 
iiiiniiiHact:  I  itiiiy  with  approval  Hmlih 
lifl    V.    Ilniinillr    I1SS7I     I,      |{      10    I)      li. 
Oiv.    42:t.   .-)«   1..  .1.   ij.    li.    X.   S.   idl     57 


)       »' 


'•  Ml 
11 


4 


a 


fl 


t!l|U 


M ASn.l!    \M>  -.KKV AM. 


IlIlM'     \     \\ 


ilii-  iliiiv  \  iiilHti-il  i-i  -liitiiinn,  li.'i.-i  for  a  liMig  timo  Iwoii  an  c-iiilili^lir 
(Inctriiic  ill  KiiL'tiiml.' 


I,.  T.    N.   S.   MH,  :iil  Wrt'k.    I!f|>.   (1.1.  Si  of  iino4liiT.  who  wroiiufiil'v  «.t  iiiiirhn, 

tl.   I'.  H;!i'.  iii>li'  .1,  «H//n(  I .  (T.v    in   iiniliim,   «»»   InM   iiii  iliii'  tn  l.i: 

'(■(iJiii^..  \.   Ili(r(/i    (  IH.'iti)    :>  Kl.  A    HI.  iiilvaiil  iyi>    uf    a    "taliitr    ii'^uililij;   -u.  . 

>41»,  J.'i  I..  .),  1^    H.  N    ^    121,  i  .liir.  N.  iimi'liiiifr^'  to  be  (uuct-dj. 
i.  Ill)  l|ii'r»uii  lawfully  Oil  lliu  yrcniiMut 


CIIAPTKU  XX'XVL 

BTATITKS  I)i:(  l,\l!  \l(ill\  uf  C'iMMtiN  LAW  IXHTI.INEa 

\     Ml.NNKKorA. 

«5JI>.  Tixt  i.f  stnttite. 

ti.'i:!.  i:il)('i  lit'  till,  .t.iiiite. 

I!    ('AI.lKdlt.MA    AMI    DaKiiIA. 

0;>;lj.     TrM    I.I    -Litlltc. 

U.'iU].   Klliil  III  liicM' nlatiitva. 
I  .   (itUIIUIA. 

A.    MlNMSOTA. 

652b.  Teat  of  statuta.— (itn.  Imw*  Ihii.'i.  cluip.  ITH.  An  Art  Dcniiinfr  the- 
lliilus  of  .Ma«lci>  Mihl  Kiii|il<iMi«  til  Kiii|ilii\c<-^  ill  CiTtniii  t  .i-i»:  lie  it  KiiiK'IihI 
li\  thi-  Li'tiiKlatiirt'  of  tin'  Mule  nl'  Miiiiii'^iila  : 

Sit.  I.  Kvt'ry  iiia«tfr  or  riii|ilii_\rr  in  tliis -l.ili' •  In  II  iit  ira-niialili' caii' to  |irii\iil>> 
ilii'  iicr^on  or  piTxiiiK  In  lii«  <'iii|ilo\  willi  riMxinalily  •afr.  Miitalili'.  unil  -iillii  iiiil 
ii'iil..  iiii|iU'iiii'nts,  anil  iiiMriiiiiiiilalitii'^  witli  uliiili  to  iln  tlic  iiia>l<'r°.4  uork.  iiiul 
.il-ii  u>i'  iL'a-oiialili'  rair  to  |iiosiili'  a  rrn-oiialilv  '<ufi-  anil  .iiitalilr  iihiif  lor  lii- 
-iriaiit»  to  iirrl'iMiii  tin'  ilnlic-  a— 'l^fiiiil  to  I  hem  l),v  tlir  iiia-tir. 

It  xliall  alxi  Ih'  till'  iiia.tir'-'  iliitv  to  iisi'  rva^oiialili'  rarr  to  ■''laliliHli  safi-  ami 
iiilalili'  riilt'n  anil  i'i''.nilatioii'>  or  nirllioii.s  for  tlir  prrt'orniaiiK'  of  tin-  woik 
M|iiliiil  of  lii-  ■rrvant-'.  ainl  to  illrri-t  anil  -uiu'r*  i-r  llir  |irrfoniiiiiirr  of  tlii'  Hork 
I  I  a  riasoiialily  vili'  anl  |iriiilrnt   iiianni  r. 

Sir.  2.   U  lii'invrr  a   niacin    or  iiii|'lo.vrr  ililr;;atr-  to  .inyoiir  tin-  |ii'rfnrniaiiri-  of 

l.i-  ilntii'-.  «lii<li  'ii'.  a-  nia-trr  oi   iinployir.  o»i">  lo  lii-^  »ir\aiit-.  or  an,.'  part  or 

|"'rtioii  of  sui'li  ilntir<.  tlir  pir»on     -••  iji'lrjratrd.  wliili'  m>     acting'  for  lii-.  ma^lii 

I    I'liiployi'r.    ^Iiall    lir    lon^iilrri'l    tlii'    vicr    priniipal    anl    irpri-intativi'    of    tin- 

Mia<liT. 

Si'c.  :t.  Tills  art   -liall  lakr  rllVrt   ami  Im'  in  finer  linni  an<l  after  it«  pa-»a};p. 

\pproveil  April  j:l.   1H1I5. 

653.  Effect  >f  this  statute. — Tlii,  >i;itiiir  i-  imii'ly  ilnhmiiuiv  oftlir 
"•uiiminn  hiw.'  Ill  .-111  :i<'tiiiii  iiinlcr  ii.  jiisl  ii>  in  iiii  .ii'iiini  ;it  i-niniiniii 
liiw,  tlic  ii;iiiirc  ul'  till'  'liilic*  1(1'  si'i'x  ii'i'>  iiii  I'liiiiliivi'i'  |n'!'l'iiriii-;,  aii<l 
iHil  lii-:  I'iiiik  or  \\'\*  aiitliiirity  nvcr  nfiiiT  ciiiiiluvccs,  (Ictci'iniiic-  wlicllicf 
III'  i-^  a  vice  |)riiici|iiil  i>v  fciJ.'W  ■^ci'vaiit.* 

'//"■«  V.  Aft'iin-ml  Mfn.  f'o.  (ISni.i'  '  I.un!h-r<!  v.  Sluylmr-nfn'tir  Cu. 
M  Miun.  "It.  «8  N.  \V.  774.  I  ISii7  I   <>H  Minn.   I.)."..  7»l  X.  W.  107S. 

I!ll7 


m\ 


!i*» 


\>\- 


UitS 


M.\sri;r:  and  skuvant. 

B.     <    Al   II  'ItM  A    AM-    |)\K<>TA. 


[IIIVP.   XXXM 


653;.  Trzt  of  ■tatntri.— Ily  llii'  i  nil  CiAf  nf  <';iliiMiMiii  iiii<l  DnkotK  il  '• 
|i|i>\  ini'iI  iin  fiillin'  • : 

An  ■  iiii>'"\i  r  it  mil  imiiiiil  In  iii'li  ininlj  In-  iMiiplciyvr  I  i  liiiwo  Mtllrrt' I  liy  lli- 
lalli'i'  III  I'liii-i'iiiiriMi'  <>(  I  lie  iir>liiuiiv  i'i-k>  i>l  till'  lmi-iiii'>-  ti.  wliioli  'ic  i^  I'lnplMtiil 
nor  in  t'<i|i-.ri|iii  inr  nt  lln'  iir};li;.'riiit'  i)(  allot  tiir  |H'r«'ili  riitp|ii\ril  liy  tlir  «iinii'  iin 
|>ln\i'r  ill  till  •iiiiii'  ^'I'lii'iiil  ImI'-iiii'.->.  iiiiIi'x  In*  Ikv<  iii'ijii'i'ii'it  tu  U'«'  <>i>liii,n\  imii 
ill  till'  x'li'i'tinii  iif  tli<  i-iiliiilili'  <'iii|>l<>\ 'c.  Cul.  (  Im'i  I  nil',  i  |!I7U:  Uiik.  (.ril 
«  <mIi',  S  ll:it»;  ^.  l»  '  iNil  «  "ill'  i  r'4J,  N.  I»  Civil  C.hIi-.  i  liMMI. 

All  riii|iln\ir  iim-l  ill  all  i-,i.i~  imliiiiiiliy  Im  ('(n|ilii\i(  Imi  '.i-m-i  (mii.>im1  hy  Ihi' 
riiriii.i'-  uiinl  i><  iiiiiiriar^  ntir.     till.  Civil  Cixlv,  i  1II71,  l>;ik.  Civil  Cmle,  i  U'tl 

s.  I)  (  ivii  CimI.',  I  4'i4:t;  N.  I).  Civil  ii«li',  «  -Jim;. 

653f^.  Effect  of  these  itatntes. —  in  coimtrninp;  thfiu^  provisiniH  t\u 
riiiirts  iiuvc  |iri:r<  cili'il  ii|w'ii  ilir  tliiurv  tlmt  it  wuh  th''  iiilriitiuii  <<l 
tlip  Icjjislatnrc's  li-  Irjiiiio  an  <')iii(t:in'iit  wlticli  ■iluml.l  ■  mldily  ci'ri.iin 
<'i(H'.nii>n-Iinv  |iriiici|)|i'!<  us-iiii'-d  l^i  liavi-  li.'cii  iirr\  i"'ii>i_v  ii<iii|iiiil.' 
Acciirdinuiv,  we  timi  decision-'  illii-ii:iiiiij:  tli.'  ])rin<i[do  tliMt  i||,  i, 
can  l)c  no  rc'i'v^'n  wjicrc  tiic  di  iini|iiciit  and  i.ijiiri'd  servant-'*  \vvi-> 
ciijjagcd  in  tiic  same  kind  of  \vori< ;  •  that  cnscrvicc  i-i  not  iicci  .-:iril\ 

Mn   C.ilifi.riiin    it   liii-   Ikm-ii  pxpllritiv  «Iiiti-   tin-    Coilo   Ih    -Hint,    tlir   (.iiiiin'ii 

laid   <!i'wn     Itiil     (In-    -Iiiliit4!    |m-    nut  l:i\v     (iri'vuiN.       Wlmt     .•ni\>.tiltii'~    ili 

oh.iiij'iil  111.-  lull'  II-  to  I'ciMinon  (•ni|(lo\  '-inii-  pnrriil  huKim--'  i«  imt  ilrliinil  Iv 

mint  \\lii''i  |in'Mili<l  |iiii>r  to  iln  i-im  t  'lir  (  mli-.  Imt   ni'iv  I \(iliilnnl  liv    "I 

IlKii'        l'i:,iill(li  •     V.    .-iiilllhiln    I'.    It.    ('•!■  jllil;;r(l    <M-i4"<.      'I'llr     ill  rl:irilliiill     liv     till' 

(|H!Mi    >■<   Cnl.   300.   2tl    I'lic.    175.     TIW'  Coilc  of  n  i.'iiiitiiI  i  iilr  «  liiili  i- iniili.iin 

(M-i'    III    t  hiillOi',    M.    «t    Xt.    I',    h'.    <'"■    V.  lllili-  t«  r\i-.till^'  Ill«    iIlM  -   nut   |iri-MI'.l   t'l' 

yi'ofv       ISS4I     112   r.   S.   .■(77.   -iH    I,.   imI.  loiirl-i   from    liMikini;   to   tlii>-i-  oa— -   f"i 

787.    .")    Sn[i     CI.    l<('i>.    184    i  ^ii'    5    •'>'t-.  'Xplanalioii   any   mor,>   tlian   il    |>ii-»i'iil- 

(in((  I ,   \v:i«   'iiisl   by    plaintiir's   luiiii-i'l.  iIkmii    finm    liKikin^'   into   t'li'  ilii  i  ioiui) 

hut  was  not   folluwiil  tiriaii^'  of  ll.i-  lai,  i>  r    ilic    imaiiinK  oi    vvonl-."      \,,iilni,. 

:"i:\>'f  ii-i-il   in   till-  >tatiil.>.  /'    /'    ''o.   v.   Ilirhirl    (1.S>*.'m    I  111  I      * 


•    L  •  '  .  «!.  7.>.'>.  0  Sii|>.  Ct.   I!i|..  .".'"I 

:       'I'li'iiKo  of  eoHiTvii'c  i:»  AW  ailiiiiii 

.     ! ''   •i.«e,   ami    tlio   ImiiiIimi    i-   on  II"' 

.  .,  i  .  i<     in    I'^Lilili")!   it.     Hj'.riiinn  > 

•      ■•      III    U>tlinj(,<l    Co,    I  ISim    104 

'      ; '•■     >■<   I'ar.  4."il    I  in~lniitio{i  '"'I'l 

.■.'.•.■•.!.,    \l)iili   lolil   till-   jnn    III, it   III.' 

''■■-.     v.i-    on    tlic    pliiliiliir  to  or.M' 

■  ■■•  'iiiury  \va-  r.  ii-i'il  liv  i^i-  in".' 

L-;    o  >  /  .  11"  iliffiiilaiit.  ami  not  ''V  any 

'!-i'.  or  by  a   fellow   -iivaiil   of  tin' 

iii!i!)  I . 

LiiiKi  V.  CoriDindi)  II.  Co.  iisiiji  '."I 
Bth  wTlion  of  th<-  Ci\irCo:|i'  of  Dakota.  Cnl.  •ift'.K  .11  Pac.  170  (r'umlm-tor  Injiircil 
that  in  lln'  trrrilory  •iIhti-  is  no  com-  hy  nejiH^'i-iicp  of  pnnimcr  on  tlir  -\w 
mon  lau  in  am  rase  wIhto  the  law  is  train):  liruii-n  v.  i'liitrnl  I'.  I!.  ( "• 
ilivlarnl  hy  th<>'c<-l<'s.'  nt  all  ntrwts  the  ll»87)  72  Cnl.  523.  14  I'ao.  Lis  ooii 
qui-sllon  U'forp  u.s.  Thi'ii-  eannol  lie  iliictor  injiiri'il  hy  necliji'in'i'  of  luakr 
(w<»  nili-*  '»f  Iflw  Of!  thi*  ^a!!H»  Hiiliii"*  iiiiin)  ;  VittUch  v.  Siutthi  rn  I*.  I*.  Co. 
pontiailiHinn  .-ach  other.  Tlirr 'fon'.  i  ISWU  1211  Cal.  .'587.  .'iO  Par.  12<1  i  Inaki- 
whore  the  Coile  ileelare^  t'le  law.  lli.Te  .nun  injured  Iv  nifilioenn-  of  aiiollnf 
cun  be  no  occa-ion  to  l<N>k  fmllier;   luit    hrakeriiaii  i  :    h'liin  v.   I'lniiih  ii'<    ''"'J 


I'he  Civil  CinI.'  of  Dakota  wa-    :   "I  u.'l    '.( 
hy  the  t<Trilorial   rmirt    to  have   -!,ii|i|v 
I'liaeleii   into  u   statute  the  eomiiii.':  '    ■ 
lioclrine.     t'.Uiiil    v,    I'liinnin.    If.    ,.'     .-        li 
I'.   K.   Co.    IHSVI)    :,    Dak. '.".2.1.     :    ■,    i"      <   • 
.\.  .■lll.t.  41   N.  W.  7.'>S:   ,lrih,i        '    ',■>!,. 
iin  /'.  A".  Co.    (  iNSii    :i  Dak    .1      i  '   >. 
W.  ■■14!>.     Thai  thi-  i-  al-o  the  m        •.:■      •  •■ 
en  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  111"   ■.  •!:!■ 
Statea    is   shown    hy    the   following     :•  ■      !, 
gunpe  use<l  in  the  jiilirment  remlereil 
the  apiN'al  of  'he  laliei    eas<':      "We 


.!• 


noi    perieive    lliat    the   provision   "f   tlif 


I  65311  A(-T8  ni'.Cf  \l!  SntllY  Ol    COMMON  I.WV.  1    1.' 

ii('f:utiv''il  li_\  till-  fiu't  tliii'  tln'  i|<'liiii|ii(Mit  aiul  'In*  iiijiirptl  icrvinilx 
wrre  cngnai'il  in  'litfcnni  i,,rnl!»ot  w.irk;*  tliiif,  if  the  ili'liiii|Uiiii  ami 
injiirrd  sci'\ Miit.-i  vv<ri>  fiiiriiyi'l  in  '■-intiullv  di-  ii-t  kiii"ls  of  wm-k. 
ilip  en."*'  <i<M'.s  not  full  wiihin  tJic  |iiirviow  <»f  the  stiifut4»;'  tlm'  %[>•>• 
priii"i!>iil«lii|>  i-*  i  'i  iii'  iliruM"'  iiicrciy  <>n  {!»•  ^nmnd  tlmt  tiic  .|t  liu 
.|ii(iit  <fcr\iiiil   CM-rci-.i'il  cniilriil  uvit  tlin   iiijiircii  ntw,'  ovi-ii   tlmiiyli 


.t  .vi/i.t  Mill.  Co.  iiHS(l)  Ti»  (ill  .llfj, 
II  I'ai  7  to  (mill,  r  iiijiii..|  li^v  m^li- 
HC'flcv   iif   11    fl'llltw    Horkllllll] 

'A  iiin.lui'tor  and  traik  walki-r  iim 
l«>ili  i-ii<««T\.iiit«  of  a  i.ilii.rr  I'liiploMil 
I.,  ri'iiiiivo  SHOW,  etc.,  frmi  tlif  (r.nk. 
taiiiiiiilo  V.  I'(  iilrnl  I'.  11.  Cn.  i  I  HSU) 
Til  (ill  1)7.  .1  I,.  K.  A.  HH.  >l  I'...-  4.17 
iriirk  walker,  by  intii  firing'  uilti  a 
-itilcli,  uiiil  Oi>ii(]iU't<ir,  \>)  imt  l>i'iii..r  »uf 
1,1'iiiilly  <in  ilic  alert,  OkUMxi  a  .olli-iiin 
Ulmi'ii    two   tr.iinx). 

I '  1'  cipi'iaiDi  of  an  olcvator  ia  a  pi>- 
-4T\.i"'  I'l  II  <Mi|H'iit<r  enffii;.'!"!  in  re- 
(MJriti:;  I  In-  -liali.  Mann  v.  li  ilicin 
il'.'i'i,  l^ii  (Ml.  (11,  77  Am.  M.  l;.]!. 
ir.i,  1  I'ar,  :l7.'i  (c«r|»Ml<r  injuDtl  \iy 
iIm-  .r1in){  of  t'li'  flf\ati.r  willmiit 
« .1 1      i  -•  I . 

Tii*- iii;,'in('«'r  of  n  i  ul^ir  tr.iin  ami  a 
ri«d  uiii"l<'i  1)11  II  (11T1  iiiidiMi  'mill  are 
II  •u-nttli(!<.      Ilnlhlilil   V     Siiullii,  II    I',   i'l). 

■  iHii.i)   1(H)  cal.  :;i(i,  :n  I'.ir.  cmi  i.>ii- 

;;iiiiiT  r.ili  train  to<>  fa«t  ). 

.\n  itidinH'i-  of  .1  niiniiiy  i'i)in[Miiv'.i 
imi-tiii;.'  iiiacliinn V  i-  a  cn-tnaiU  ul  a 
ihiiwr  iiiiiinil  wliilr  U-inK  li'>i'l'-'l  I  it 
iinlhii  V  lliirliaiinii  (Itilil  Uin.  .(  l/i7/. 
Co.  (lS!)2i  (lU  (  al.  4!tt,  :iH  I'lic.  57 1.  31 
I'ac  .')i;l. 
'In  \i.flhirn  I'.  It.  Cu.  v. 
HSSi  l!i'i  r.  S.  r,\-l,  iW  L.  I- 
^»\y  Ct,  Ui|).  5!M).  the  eoiirt  Mlaifd  its 
'■jiininii  a.s  inllim-:  "W  |.  do  not  con- 
•iiicr  that  tin-  lii-t  iif  tlii'sp  r«'(liiins 
ilinnjjtw  till-  law  [inv  imi^Iy  cxi-tiiiv'  as 
1"  the  CXI  ni|it  lull  ut  an  i'iii|iliiviT  I'roni 
ii-'liun^iliilitj  fur  iiijiiiii>  loiiiniitti'd  by 
.i  servant  Id  a  Irlluw  .•-•'rviint  i'l  the  .>iiiiii(! 
;'eiiiral  hii^iiii  —  .  nr  idenl  ilit-^  the  hu^i 
ni'-«  (if  iinniilin::  safi-  iiiacliiiii'ry  and 
'Mf|>i(iL'  il  in  ri|'air  with  (he  bu^iiies.s  of 
liaii.llinjj  anil  iii<;\iii;.'  it.  Tin'  two  kinds 
if  !iii.inc«»  are  as  dir-tinct  as  the  iiiakin;,' 
,inj  ri-|iaiiiiii.'  of  n  carriage  is  from  tli« 
niiiniiiL'  of  it.  They  aie.  a>  stiiti>.l  in 
llii'  r,i,i'  (iiioided  hy  the  siipieiiie  court 
lit  Ma»<,ii  liiisclts,  from  which  we  have 
ntiil  aliiiic.  separate  and  iTi(le|icndent 
||||«ntiiii-nts  of  siTvire.  thoipjli  thi>  -aiiie 
yiint  Miiiy.  Iiy  turn-',  n-inler  -Mrviee  iii 
|-ai-!i.  riie  [wr-uin  eiij:  i;."-(l  in  (he  former 
ri'iiri'Miiis    the    cmployir.    and    in    that 


ll'rlirrl 

I.  7.V..  a 


liit«lti<w«  14  (lot  ,1  fHlou  MHvant  with 
ow  eng,iLi>d  in  the  latter.  The  'nird- 
■"iiine  t'eiieral  Imi-hicsm'  in  tin-  ctiiHi 
have  ri-tiieni-ii  i..  i  h*  (.'i-im  ral  l.ii«in"'« 
of  the  ilejiiirtmeni  of  »«'r»ice  in  wlii-h 
I  he  empliiyii-  is  ii  iL-id.  and  do  not  eni 
(•rHK  liiisiiiew-t  of  •  .  ly  kiiiil  whidi  may 
li.ive  i<inie  rplatiun  to  the  alfairs  of  iIm- 
ei.iployer.  (retell  lie  iiei-<'iiiiary  lor  their 
.iiri>e>«fiil  iiiana|!emeni  If  any  other 
eiMistnii  !  ion  uer(>  adoplisl  (hen  woiiM, 
under  tin-  xetion,  ^^t^  no  sii  .i  lhin){  as 
sepaiili-  ih  ■irtmcni-.  of  serviii'  in  the 
liilsiiM'—.  1^  railri.id  iom|)aiii(<s ;  for 
whatever  wmld  teinl  to  aid  in  the  tran-> 
juirtiition  of  (H-r-^iiiH  ami  property  ■miild 
come  iitiiler  the  desjw^nation  of  itii  ;,'cii 
eral    hutini'si^." 

I  in-  deei-ion  thee  wn»  that  n  hrnke 
man  iiijiinsl  liy  mmkoii  of  defective, 
worn  out,  and  broken  hrakes.  whieh  an 
eniiili'Vii-  of  the  riilroad  company  was 
cliai-j.'1-d  witli  the  duty  of  keeping  in  ce 
jKiir.  could  maiiilain  un  act  ion  iiL'ain«t 
the  railroad  eomp.iay.  without  regard  to 
the  (yini[iaii\  •  mvli'.'ence  in  the  .sideetion 
of  the  employee  char;:is|  with  the  duly 
of  keepiii;;  the  brakes  in  repair.  (  Hrad 
ley,  Matthews,  tiray.  and  Hhitehford. 
•  I. I.,  diss.  I 

'Proirii   \.  Cnhal  /'.   U.  Co.    (IRS7) 
72   ral.    ■.-.'.'l.    14    Pao.    l.TH    ( nindiietorl  : 

/)(ii-i-.«  V.  Siiiitiiirii  I'.  Co.  (i8!t:i)  nn  Cal. 

m,    :!.-.    Am.    St.    I!ep.    l.-l.-l,   32    Pae.    7(H 
i-(-ction  foreman)  ;  l.lliil  v.  C/iidii/K,  M. 
<(•  SI.  I>    li.  r„    iHS!i,   ,1-,  Oak.  .vjn,  tl 
N    W  .  7."iS    (section  fon-maii)  ;   .Yoi/cx  \. 
11.  o,/    I  USUI    102  Cal.  .•iS!i.  3fi  Pai-.  7t;(l 
(foiieman    of    farini:    Iti.iiin  lltj    v.    Smi 
I'riiiirixii,    Uriiliii     r,,.    (lH!l7l     117    Cal 
417,  40  Pne.  ."i.'i'.l   ( siiperitilemlent  of  i-oii 
stiuctioti   of  a    brid^ri'i;    I'lilliin   v.    Hull 
(ISOC.)    11,1  (il    .V..1.  4.-1  Pae.  1017   I  fore 
man   of  ei>n-(riii-lioii  l  ;    St<  {tin  n.i   v.   />oe 
(1HS7)     7:»   Cal.    2(i,    14    Pae.    .•17S    I  forp 
man     of     minei  ;     Dnnninii      v.      I'mix 
(loom    128  Cal.  48,  70  Am.  St.  Rep.  2.'i. 
fiO  I'ac.  ."-.lO   I  foreman  of  work  of  bl.i.( 
in;;  a   liiniiel.  tlieie  iM-in;;  aUo  a  p-ncral 
-iij«  rii'teiident  I  :    Viroe   v.   Si  llni  Siii'll 
iiifi  ,1-   /.r,i,f  r,j.    I  |S!I41    lll-J  Cal     l.-iS.  .■(li 
Pae,     HO.'t     (foreman    of    -ilver  nsiiii     in 
-iiii'ltinH  works  I  ;   fi^l,   \.  r,,iiiul  F.  It. 


■  ■      '■      ■  ( I 

i 

m 


1U20 


MASTKK  AM)  SKItVANT. 


[CHAP.    XWM 


tli«  exori'isp  of  control  mav  Imvo  Wii  ac< paiiiid  liy  tlio  iMisvn  .  : 

hiring  and  diM-haruinii. ' 

The  siiproino  court  of  ("alifornia  sronis  to  liavo  nw-rnizod  in  omc 
cases  the  <l<H'trin('  iliai  an  cniployco  wlio  cxcrci-i-;  a  di-fri'tionar\  an 

tliority  and  discliarj;!'-  siicli  fnnt-tionsi  as  ar •dinarilv  intni-t<.l  t,, 

a  niunafji-r,  as  tlial  Icrm  is  conmionlv  uiKlcrslood,  is  a\icc  |iriii>'i|p.il.' 
Tiiat  tJip  eharaclfr  of  tlic  ad  wliitli  causcMl  tiir  injiirv  is  a  I<'^1  "l'  i!^ 
rehttion  which  exists  hciwccn  a  <lflin(|ii<nt  an<l  an  injured  -.Tvaiii  i- 
aUo  recofjnized  in  actions  under  liie  statute."     I'.ut  huih  the  (l.Kiiii,. 

Co.    (1887)    72  Cut.  .tS.  1   Am.  SI.  Hi\>.  Hip   duty   of    prui.liii-    siiihililc    iii.|,!i 

22.     13     Till'.     144     (fon-nmii    of    Imilcr  aiiccs     U    iinii  ilil.  u.ililr.        I  lie    di'.  i-jcn 

Hliopl  ;   lliirnii  V.  S<  inirll   (lS!i:i)    !)!»  ("ill.  tlms   p\|ilMiii<Ml    iiiii\    .l..ulilli'>s   .tjuiil  I'l 

3U;t.  .VJ   I'lic.   itHi    (fi>r<iiiun   of  ^-iiii^'  of  tlii-    liHliii;;.    1ml    lln-    ii'iHirl    m'.iik  t.. 

nl<'Vc«l.ir.-.|  ;      Mrlhimild      V.      Il(t:i  Itiiif  s\i,m    tliiil    it    \v;i-    liillii-r    l>:i-i  .1    on   ll,. 

(1878)   .■);!  Ciil.  :i.j   {fon'iiiiin  of  ^Miifj  of  llin.ry    lliat    (lir   .lilini|n-nt    r.|,r m,.! 

l«ii«»lion'im>ii  I  ;     l.iihii/sl.iH    v,     Knilink  Ihr  w.i-<<-r  liy  virtiir  of  his  ollunl  |..-i 

I'uckiixi    Co.     (IS'.M)     io:»    Ciil.    a.'.S.    37  lion.    as    sii|MTiiil.ii.li-lil.      At    all   .s.nt- 

Pac.   14!t   (iiiati-  of  vosscl ) .  H"'   (li'cisiiui    in    Mil.rnii    v.    /(/»<    /' 

In     \<ji  Ihirn     I'.     It.     ('".    v.     Ilngan  (Iniril  Mm.  Cn,    (I87li)    51   Cal.  ■.•.".."i.  i- 

(18!»4)    II    C   ('.   .\.   .'"1.  27    f.   S.    .\pp.  a   lOrar   n'co^'nilioii  of  llii-  durliiii.'  thr 

184,  1)3  VvA.  102   (coiiiliiitor  licdil  not  to  a    miixrintcnilriit    in    full    ccnili.l   ..t    c 

be  a   vico  principal),   tin-  (■■■iiit    consid-  iiulii-tiial  <oii.-.tii  i-  a  \uv  piiii.i|  il  i- 

en-d   itwlf  iMiiind   to    rojcct   the  diM'Iriiie  to  all  nialtois  alV.'itin;.'  tin-  sal.ly  .f  i  i. 

of  Cliicann,   M.  i  SI.   I'.   K.   Co.   v.   Uns.i  siilMjilinato.    wlicllicr   ll iiiaH.i-   ! 

(1884)    il2   V.  S.  377,  28   I,,  oil.  787.  5  or  <lo  not   liiv..!..,.  ll,..  (li-cliaiv  '  I  

.Sup.  l,"t.  Rt'p.   184.  iind  (l<fc-r  to  tlio  an  .Iclcpilili-   'liity.      Ami    siirli    is   aU..  P. 

thority    of    llii'    »latr    court     in    /./'    v.  <-IVccl    of    Itiimi    v.    / '.s     !».;. /iv    /..    ,i 

\orlh,-rn  I'.  It   Cn.   (IS'.tl)    I  N.  1).  3;tfl,  r„l,l  Hl,„,iq-  <■<>.    (Isiitl)    IIJ  Cil    .'li 

12  L.  R.  A.  97.  48  N.  W.  222.  :I2  1..  K.  A.  .VJf.  41  I'a..  471.  «li.i.  i.. 

".sVircns  V.  .s'(Oi  /'r.iiiii.sro  rf   V.   /'.  7i.  <lili-iiilaiit  wa.s  held   lialdc  for  I  he  m...'i 

Co.   I18!I3)    100  Cut.  .').">4,  3.'>  I'ac.   lli.'i.  ;;.-iici.  of  the  i-ii'.'inifr  of  a    n-fi  i;.'.i:itiii. 

'  .l/r/,».oi    V.    Hliir    I'niiil    llriinl    Miii.  inachiiic  who.  « liili'  in  -idc  ch.irLi,-  \vliil 

To.   (187ti)    ">1   Cal.  2,'j."i   ( foronian  of  tlic  Ihc  ■.I'licial  niana-cr  was  ah-til.  .ill.  h.v 

i-nlirc  work  of  a   mini-  did   not    notify  a  iT!c\p.Tii'iir'<>d  !i»n  to  do  v-oik  fnr  wlin' 

miner    that    r.    hla.sl     was    ahoul     to    !«•  1  liey  w.-ri-  iiiiliKcd. 

fired);    Itnsitn   v.  /."r.fii    l/..i/»/ui,i    <;.././        '  .\  ear|«'iilor  cniploycl   to  ,  ..ii-l  ni.  i 

Mill.    Co.    (1880)    .">7    Cat.    20    (su|MTiil  s.-alfidd    for  the  hricklayer-   iii- il-M  " 

tvndent  ol   mine  caused  iiijiirv  to  miner  a  laiihlin;;  in  <<.iii-e  of  isini.i  1..11  » -■ 

l)V    his    failure    to    furnlsli    safe    appli  held  to  I.e  a  vice  principal.  ■■e\cii  ll : 

aiuH-s)  ;    Itiniin    v.    Sruiirll     (ISS,'.)     liS  his   work    promoted   the  ereilion   ..f  iv 

Cal.    22,').    08    Am.    Uep.    8.    !•    I'.i.'.    Tt  LiiihlinL'."       l/c\./i,i((r<i    v.     I/.o./....  ..c,' 

( sUntsToie's  foreman,  t«  whom  was  dele  1  IS!il  1    102  Cal.  .">7.'>.  3(i  Pai .  fUl 
anW(\    Uw    entin-    niana^'eiiient     of    the        A   noii-iiit   is  erroneous  while  ihc  ,11 

work   of  unloading  a    vi-ssel.   -wilh    full  dcn.v  lends  to  show  that  the  nniin  "i- 

disen-.ion   to  e<iiitiol   and   su|Nrvise  it."  due  to  the  ^rivin;;   way   of   lo..-.    |.!,iii'.- 

failed   to  »i;nial   for  Ihi-  stoppaj,T  of  an  011   which  a   servant    had  to  -LukI  »hih 

overhuded    bucket    which    was    swin:.'ill^'  he  w.is   working'  near  a    rc\.J\inj  -!i.il' 

.lanj;«rouslv.   and    linally   discharged    its  Miillin     v.     I'lihfnniKi     //.,)  v.  </,.,.     '■ 

load  on  a   workman   in  the  hidi).  1  18'.ili    10.')  Cal.  77.  :is   I'ac    .".:!.'. 

The   last  eit.1l    ease    was    criticised    in  \s    aL'ainst    |x>silnc    alh;;iIh.M-   t    i' 

CiiiKiriiir  V.  Soiith'iii   I'.  It.  Co.    (18'.M)  ihe   a. Is    ami    oMii"i..M-    .  .in|.I.iiiMwl  ■• 

H8  Cal.  3fiO.  21)   I'ai.   17.').  as  Udiiu'  haul  ucit  hy  the  defi-nilaiil   ii   cumkI   U- pr 

to  n-eoneile  with  oIIhm    rulinj.'s.  p.irlhii  si,nie.l.  f..r  the  pur|».-. f  a  .l.iiiurr.r 

larly    with    Colli' r   v.    Sli  mliiiil     ilS7.-)i  lli;tl   tliey  were  those  nf  ;i    fellnn  -civ' 

.■)l  Cat.  111!    isi'i    note  !l.  ic/mO.     It   was  of  the  injuri-il  |xr-oM      /.•.•.".'  v    '  ■ ' '' 

also    sUL;;.'.-l.d     that     It,  ,...,„     v.     (!n-,i  I'.    It.    I'n.     (188.-,i    IW    Cal.    171.    ■>    I'- 

Moitnliun  <!;hl    l/oi.  Co.    (Issih    .■)7Cal.  s  >S     1  Ixdil    to    Im^    .tiov    I,,    -u-i  .m    ■: 

20,  went  110  further  than  to  chcide  that  iiiiiiicr  to  a  complaint  all. -m^  .'  !'!■" 


M^ 


«  (;;.:i, 


.\<|s  DI.Cl.M!  \T(l|!V  OK  COMMON  I.WV. 


102) 


f  :i  irciicriil  iiiimiii;.  r  i-  m  \  icr  |iriiici|i;il  iiinl  tlic  iluclrinc  tluit  tin 


Kill   I 


I'lcci 


iiK'  (Iroisicn. 


t"  tir  -icrvaiiis  is  :i  iioii  ilcli'M,il)lf  ilniv  -ri'iii  to  be  rejected  in 


(\   ( 


il,(>I!<ilA. 


See  clinpter  xxxix.,  '^iilid.  R.  post. 


>l  iliitv  (III  till-  ilcfiMiihiiit't  iKirt  t<i  i«li<iw    l:il 


.1   riclil    •»!^'ii:il    for   III 


IC    <Mllll.lll('l-    II 


f   tli< 


Imipit  ill  .1  <|iMny  wiiinini.'  fliat  n  hlii^t 


lliilllt    In    III'    liriil.       till 


V.  /■. 


llMidi    ijs  r,il.  IS.  7!i  Am.  St.  ]{,[,.  \>r,. 


lio  I'ai- 


.  I M. 


Iihiiiitiir.    III!    <'li;,'iii<t'r:    two    ji|i|;.'i-i    ili- 
-ciilinll. 

A   iiiatrriiiliiiiin   iiinl    iniiii    (|<''*|>iilrlirr  'I'hIIiit  v.   Shiiilinrt    (IMT.'i)    .'.I    Cnl. 

uhii   iMii|ilii\-'    liinl    (li-rliiir;,'is    tile    iiii-li  1  hi.  wlifii-    I  iiiMipliiint   H:i»  lirl.l  ilfiinir 

iinl  ilintis  tlic  iiiiivi'iniiit..  of  the  trains  nilili'.   uliiili   alli';;iMl   llial    tlii'   ilcti'iiilaiil 

III  ,1    liiii-   iiiiiliT   I'liiistiiii'tiiiii    ix   a   viit'  iliii    iinl    iix'   iniliiiarv    >kill    in    -iliilin;: 

|>riMi'i|i.il.     Ml  h  mil    \.  t'liliinniiii  Sniilli  ilic    nr^jliyi'iil 


A'.  !■■ 


IHS.-H    I'lii  Cil.   .Hii.   ."i    I'.ic.     rcciti-(l    f.iit-  sliimin..  iIlh 


IIAMIll.     lull      wlliill     ;il-. 


■ml 


i'iii|ili  Mtl  lis    I  111-  ilrfiiiilanl 


I  MTViinl 

S    <ll|lll 


III!  till- iitlirr  lianil.  till'  li'ni|iiii'arv  ail      inlinilriil.    ami    iiintMiiiiil    no    aviiiiiiiil 
iii-liiiiiil  of  till'  -I'ViTiil  |«ar1«  of  a  lioi-l      lli.il  ^inli  «ii|«i'.  inliinii'iil  liail  ln'i'ii  mi^li 

ililiii;;    Mt'iii-    in 
itril   aliuvr. 


111^' .i|i|>aratiis   ii^iil   in   iinliunlin;.'  a   »lii|i    ;,"i'nll\    -«-lriliil.       Ill 
i"  mil    a    |H'i'^oiiil    iliilv    of    I  III 


'lir.     ron-i-li'iil    «illi    llii'  otliiT-' 


;ii(; 


V.  .Siiiiiill    I  lS!i:ti    !l!l  C-il    .(ij.i.  .ill     iu  wliii-li  111 


I'ac.  Ulti.     Nor  is  lliu  U'luil  ui  giving  » 


e  iiuiiitur  UiU  b«'M  liable. 


I^* 


CHAPTFT?  XXXVIT. 


KNC.MSH  EMI'WYERS'  LIAIIIMTY   ACT  OK   ISHO  AN'D  TTIK   AMrniCW 
CANADIAN.  AM)  ALSTUALIAN  .SlAiUiEb  MUUKLKl)  lIlliUl.uN. 

tiri.'la.  Introiiiii'tory. 
A.  'J'kxt  ok  tiik  .statitks. 
ti.">4.   Kii^'IuihI. 
li.ii'i.  Al:iliiima. 
li'id.  Miin.siichusettak 
lij".  Culnratlo. 
•i'lH.   Iiiiliaiia. 
ti;.!i.  N.'xv  ^(>^k. 

liiill.  Out  aril)  and  nthpr  Canadian  provineeai 
•iliOa.  Aii.vtialian  statiitpx. 
U.    Kl'l-KCT  OK  TIIK   STATITK.S  AS  A  VIIOI.E. 
•Mil.  fJi'iHrally. 
(i(i2.  .Mciililiiil  o|MT:iti(in  of  llic-c  acts  in  the  case  of  gprvant«  of  niiiniiip' 

(•iir|>(nati(ni^. 
fifi.'l.   Kii)|il(ivcr»'   lialiilily  act»:    wlii'tlirr  siriclly  or  lilicially   iiiir-lriii',1 
)iti4.  Ciiiii'iiri'i'iit  ri<;lits  uf  arlioii  uikIit  tlio  -tatiitrs  and  at  conniiiin  law 
0(i'>.  laaliililv  of  infants  nndrr  tlic  staliilcs. 
C.    LlAHII.lTV   I-Olt   Illl-HTS   l\   TIIK  WAYS,   KTC. 

(Mill.   KlVi'ct  (if  till"  ^taliitory  provisions  as  to  defects;  jjenerally. 

(Ui7.    Master  not   lial)le  unle-s  llie  defeet   allev^<Ml   was  the   prosinial ' 

of  ttu'  injury. 
C(i8.  Wlial   instrumentalities  ari'  oovcriHl  liy  tlie  terms  "ways.'    etc 
II.  Two  or  more  discriptive  terms  used  in  i-uiidiination. 

b.  "Ways." 
r.  "Works." 

(/.  ".Macliinery." 
e.  -I'lant." 
OCft.  Sijrnitiiiiiee  of  the  qiiatif;.  inp  phrnoe  "eonnecteil  with  or  used  in  tli' 

laisinpss  of"  I  lie  employer. 
a.   Instrunientalitie*  temporarily   used   by  the  dcliiKlaiil's  seiv.it'' 

in  the  transaction  of  liis  liusiness. 
6.  Sfrncttire^.  etc..  in  course  of  erection  or  demolition. 

c.  Iiistrumiiitalities  not  yet  lirou^'lit  into  use,  or  disu.soj. 

670.  What  oiiti-titutes  a  deforl. 

671.  Speritii'  examples  of  defects. 

a.  Dpfect.s  in  flip  condition  of  the  ways. 

b.  Defects  in  the  comlition  of  the  works. 

c.  lVfpct«  in  the  condition  of  the  machinery. 

d.  Defect><  in  the  condition  of  the  plant. 
072.  Conditionji  not  amounfinp  to  defects. 

liT^i.   Defective  system;   employer  lialde   for. 

1982 


I  fl:>3n 


K.MIM.OVKRS-  I.IAmi.lTV    \(  TS. 


102.1 


674.  "Not  ilisoovirnl  or  ri-iiitMlii'il.  owiii{»  to  tl-c  mgligciiif,"  etc 

a.  ijiciiprally. 

6.  '  Xdt  iliscovered." 

c.  'Not  rcmcdieJ." 

d.  "rcrson  intrusted  with  the  <liity,"  etc. 

675.  Almormat   coiulitions  n.^iiltiii^  from  the  use  of  the  machines;   how 

fur  repir(lp<l  na  <l<  livis, 
67H.  I)i'f«-t.s   in  trniponiiy  ii|i|ili^inceii  comt ructeil  by   the   ^crvunt*  them- 

selves   not  (Icciiicil  to  lir  elinrjri'uble  to  the  eiiiploycr. 
677.  Duty  of  st.rvaiit  to  report  dcftTts. 

a.  Statutory  nrid  (.■omriioii  liw  doctrim-w  i-oinpiiriHl. 

ft.  Posit  iiiii  of  a  Bervuiil   « Im  fniU  to  report  ii  defect. 

o.  PoHition  of  a  »ervuiil   who  hiis  reported  ii  ili'fiK't. 
I).   r.tAnil.lTY    KOB    THE    -NKCLIfiKXCK    OK    KMI-LOYKKS    KXKIll  IHl.NU    SUPERINTENnE;ir»; 

li'n.  Introductory. 

ti7!i.  CoiiditionA  precedent  to  recovery:  ffenenilly. 

»i80.  \\!iat    eniph)yees  ;iie  >MperintendentM   under  tlie   Knj{Iish.   New   York, 
Ma.s..aehuM.tt.s,  and  Colorudo  acts. 

a.  tieneral  remarks. 

ft.  Kniployera  held  to  be  vice  principals. 

c.   Kniph)yees  for  whiwe  ne}:li>;ence  the  master  is  not  liable. 
fi81.  — under  the  Alabama  net. 
•iS:J.  — under  tlie  Canadian  and  AiLttralinn  acts. 
Ii8;t.   Kmployi-es  <(Mit rolling  niii'Idnery ;  »tatu.^  of. 
684.  Master  liable  thou;;h   injured  servant   wiis  not   under  the  eoiitrol  of 

the  nepliffent    emphixee. 
fi«."i.   Deputy  superintendents:   liability  for  ne>;lipen<v  of. 
liHti.  N'wessity  of  proving  that  the  injurious  act  was  ue);lij;enf. 
087.  .\ct<  const  itiitinji  ne-iliijencc  in  the  exercise  of  Ruperinti'mleiice. 
688.  Acts  done  by  superintendents  while  participating  in  the  work;   lia 

bility  of  master  for. 

F.    !,I.\HII.ITT    FOB    1N.H  BIK.S    (ArSF.D   BT   TUB    NEGLKlK.NrF.   OF    A    PF.K.HO.N     ro   WUOSK 
URDFRS  TIIK  I.N.irREU  SERVANT  WAS  IIOL'.ND  TO  CONFORM. 

fl8!».   Intr.nluctory. 

6!10.  Conditions  precedent  to  recovery. 

691.  To  what  superior  servants  the  subsection  is  applicable. 

fi!>2.  Temporary  suhstitutns  for  regular  foremen,  stilus  of, 

fi!':!.  To  what  order-s  a  servant   is  bound  to  conform. 

Ii!>4.  When  a  servant  is  deemed  to  have  acted  under  orders. 

till,-..  NiK^esfiity  of  establishing  a  causal  connection  between  the  order  and 

the  injury. 
tiitli.  Necessity  (if  showing  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  superior  .-rvanf. 

K.    I.IMUI.ITY     FOR    IN.H  ttlE.S    CAISKU    UY    ACTS    OB    OMISMIO.NS    IM).M;    (lit    MADE    IN 
onKI)fEX(  E   TO  RULES. 

ti'is.   Introductory. 

(l!il>.   Necessity  of   proving  negligence  in   respect  t»  th.'   rules,  etc,  or  to 
particular  instructiouK. 

700.  "In  olx'dience  to  the  rules." 

701.  "Delegated  with  the  authority  of  the  employer," 


I'l 


M 


!  i    |: 


Ill-M 


MASIKl!  AM)  SKKVANT. 


(<-M\P.    X\\\1I. 


<i.    IJAMII.ITY    Hill   NRr.l.KlK.NCE  0(- CKIITArN    SPM  IKIKIl  IIAII.WAY   KMIM.llYKKa. 

TO-.'.  (JiiiiTiilly. 

70:1.   IN'r-on-.  Iiiivin;;  "the  dinr^'p  or  <'iiiitr(>l  of  -i<riiiil  point'*.'' 

7tM.   rirxiM  in  "iliiir)fi' of  lotitrol  nf  m  locoinotivc  engine" 

u.  What  is  nn  ciiKini'  under  the  -tMtiito. 

6.  Wliiil    fniployt'cs   nrc   ili'iinni   to   !«•   in   '•ctmrge  or  control"  of 
«'njrini">. 
70.->.   I'tTMiii-i  liiivinff  "oliiirjri'  or  r<introl     f  n  train." 

II.   \\  li:it    con-tit  nt<-  11    t!  lin.  ;;iii>  rilly. 

/>.   How    niaiiv  rais  1  onti  itiitr  a  train. 

c.  What    i'ni|iloyic«   are  iliiiiiel   to   have   "<liar};e  or  control"  of    i 
train  :  ronl'ictor". 

rf.   Kni|ilovee«  other  lliati  eoniluetorn. 
"f^'i.    Person  liavinj.'  "charj.'e  or  nmlrol  of  a  Car." 
TtMla.    Ter-ion  haviiij:  "1  harp'  of  a  -ijinal." 
TUT.  On  a  "raiUvav"  or  "railroad." 
H.    SKH\I<  K  OK   NOTHK  ON    IIIK  KMI'I.DYKB. 

TO''     Notiei'  a  eondition  precedent  to  the  mnintrnnnco  of  an  .Totion  nt;  Ir ; 

t  he  .-itaf  iitp. 
70!t.   Niiticc  not  i"s»ential  to  recovery  if  facts  constitute  a  cuujse  of  a.! 

at  common  law. 
TI<I.    Notice  mii-'l   he  <nven  in  writing. 

711.  Si  I  vice  of  the  notice. 

u.  .Service  on  corporations. 

6.  Service  tliroiinh  the  poHtoflflca. 

c.  Service  in  case  of  death. 

rf.   Kxciises  for  failing  to  serve  the  noticp. 

712.  Snllicicncy  of  the  particulars  contained  in  the  notice. 

n.  (Jencrally. 

h.   Inaecurai'ies  which  do  not  invalidate  a  notice. 
I.  Death   ok   k.mi-i.oykh   ok  in.ii  kkh  f..mployke;    how    iiik   rkiht  of  actio.n  1- 

AKKKCTKll   IIY". 
71.1.  .s<ii|ie  111  this  .snhtitle. 
714.    Dcatli  iif  employer:  etTcct  of. 
71."i.   Death  of  plaintilf:   penditij;  action  aliated  hy. 
7UI.  Suits  by  executors  or  adniini-tratoi->. 
■f.    PkHSONN    K.NTin.KIl   TO    .-SfK    VNDKU   T.IK   ACTS. 

TIT.  fieneral  remarks. 

7IK.   Servants  temporarily  under  the  control  of  the  defendant. 

71!l.  Volunteers. 

720.  I'crsoiis    who   have   permanently  or   temporarily   ceased   to  be  in  fie 

cmpliiynicnt   of  the  defendant. 

721.  Iiidcpcndcnt  contractors. 

721a.   ^  rvants  of   independent   contractors. 

722.  IJaiUvay  servant. 
72H.   Workmen. 

If.   Ihimivtic  or  menial  servant. 

6.  lidliorer. 

r.  Serxanl    in  husbandry. 

(f.    loiiriii"' man. 


$j  ■:,:.:..,,  (ir.i] 


KMPl.oVKIt.V  I.IAIIII.n  V  ACTA 


I'J-.-. 


e.  Artiiii'cr. 

/.   Ilnii''-.r.ift>nmii. 

<;.   MiriiT. 

h.   IVr-iiiii  "otlHTwis*"  Mipi-riMl  in  in:iniiiil  l.ilior." 

I.  ''Wui'king  iimlc'i   -i  coiiluict   with  uii  riii|iliiU'r.'* 
724.  Sriimi'ii. 

7-."i.  Sci\aiil,-i  wiirkinp  in  ^(ivcriiiiK'iit  (lt'|iiirtiii)'iiU. 
K.   UAMAtiKt.  WCDNKIIMIIK.. 

72(i.   UaiiiJ^'i  ^  ni'iiM-niMi'  ulnrc  ilii'  injiircl  ~i'r\iiiil   i*  liiiiiM'lf  i!i.    |il:iiii 
tiir. 

727.  Duiihi;j(''   iiioviTabli'  by   the  iii'monal   npriwiilatncs  ot   uu  iiijiinil 

servHiit. 
L.  Tbiai,  riiA'  tk  t. 

728.  Scippc  or  siililitlo. 

72!'.    Williiii   rthal   prriod  the  .■irtion  niti-t    Ix-  hrotij^it. 

"ltd.  Scrvio'  iif  -iiiMiiii>ii.<:   waiM-r  of  jiir;.'\ilarily  in. 

T'tl.  •lolinirr  of  <'iii|iloyi'r  arxl   iir;.'li(;(tit    r<H'iii|iliiyci>  a''   (iartii'«  ilrfi'iiilaiit 

'.il.   Ilinlitiitioii  of  <li>linct   .'^iiils  at  (tiiiiinnii   law  ami  iiiiilrr  I  hi^r  act^. 

7:i3.  Joinder  of  caiiMw  of  aftioii  uiidrr  tin-  diiriiciil    |ito\  i-ion^  of   tlic-f 

acts. 
T.'t4.  .loindcr  of  caii-i-^  of  aotinn  iitidir  llipx'  actn  aiiil  at  con  iiion  law. 
7:Ha.  .loindcr  of  <-;iii-i«  of  ailion  nndrr  tliix'  act"  and  other  -lalulcs. 
".'i.'i.   Kliition  lirlunii  ilitl'i'ii'tii  <(iiint«. 

7;ili.    (''onncr  rccoxfry  in  iii-lioii  uiidtr  aiiotlior  xtaliitc  or  at  common   law. 
737.  ('oin|i!aiiit. 

a.   Ili'lalioii   of  I'lnployrr  and  i'ni|doynl. 

6.   NiiT'sity   of  alh};iii;;    thai    iii-;'li;.'iii<r   wa^-  ciiliiniitlcd   li\    a   >t  il 
iitory  vice  princi|ml. 

e.  —and    liy   -w]\  a   vii-c  priii<-i|ial    while  actinj;  in   the   lirir  of    In 
dnl\ 

d.  SwIlicjiMiy  of  tin-  alligation  of  iie;.'li>.'rnrc. 

e.  Noiiii'  of  injury. 

f.  Niri.«>ity  of  alli;:Jni;  ali^iiiic  of  i-ontrihnlory  n('j;li{;cnce. 
'"*.  Snlliiii-ncy  of  tin-  pica. 

7:i'.'.  In.^ti  iii'l  ion.-  to  iniy. 

T4n.  I'rot  iiH'i'.-.  oi  limit  and  jury. 

711.  Ii'i'inoval  of  :ii'tii<ii-  tn  hi^.'hi'i   roiirts. 

711a.  .\ppoiiit  nii'iit   111  .i>~r.->iir«. 

742.  (Vnoiion^  uhiili  may  lir  rr\iiHi'd  on  apptNil. 

653a.  Introductory. —  In  tlii-  cliiiiitcr  it  is  jin.|i.isfnl  to  rf»vip«-  tlio 
iiri-iiiii-  ii.n>irniiio  tlic  l-iuoli-h  i'iii|il>ivcr-'  liiihility  iiff  <it'  l.^so.  and 
III'  .\iiii  vican.  (  Mii:iili;iii.  ami  .'vi-in-aijan  -lafiiii--  in  wliicli  ihc  laii- 
^ii.Tu:i' I'l  tiiat  acl  lias  hccn  li.ilnufil  iiinrt' or  It's-  i'lii-c|\. 

.\.    Ti-.v-f  <M     rill,  s  i-.\  11  ii-s, 

654.  England. —  'i'ln-  .Ji— ati-t;ii-iii>ii  wliidi  ih.    .i.«'triiii'  nf  ('..iiimi.i; 

ij,..-li  'ii'i-i-inii-.,  Iia-  iialiiraliv 


1 


'■niiiiiiviiit'iit,  as  ajijiiicil  in  ilic  larlici-  I'itijili- 


M 


10-26 


MASTKR  AND  SKIIV AXT. 


[CIIAP.    XXXVII. 


11 


provoked  among  iium'  (■la!is(>9  of  the  coininunitv  who  sutTcrotl  iii<i-i  ^ 
vorely  from  its  operatic «ii,  was  at  \n>t  brought  lo  a  h<'a<l  by  the  lainuii. 
case  of  Wilson  v.  Mcnij.^     After  Mvora]  years  of  vigorous  agititi.n. 
l)ot.h  in  and  out  of  I'arliiinieiit.  a  xeh-ei  roniiiiittee  of  the  lluiw--.! 
("oniinons,  which  made  a  careful  iuve-ti,i;iili<.ii  '<(  tlie  subject,  dirlan.i 
iu  favor  of  a  moditicatiou  of  the  hiw.     Oiu-  of  the  rreoiinneiiiliii..,,, 
was  emlM)dicd  in  tlie  following  passiigo  of  tiie  re|M.rt,  sulduiti.  ,1  in 
1  >s77 :    ''Your  conuuitteo  are  of  .ipinion  that  in  •a-'es  such  as  tin  -c, 
ihat  is,  where  the  actual  employers  canuot  iM'rst.nally  dischar^'f  tli. 
duties  of  masters,  or  whore  they  delilM'rat<>ly  abdicate  their  fiiinticii- 
anu  delegati'  them  to  ag«-nt,s,-  liie  ;icls  or  defaults  of  the  aynii-  \\\. 
thus  discliarge  the  duties  and  lultil  the  functions  of  uuisteis  Aumhl  ]<■ 
considered  as  the  personal  acis  ,,v  defaults  of  the  principals  :iii<|  oi: 
ployers,  and  should  impose  the  same  liability  on  such  principaU  ;iii 
employers  as  they  would  Imve  Imhmi  subji-ct  t4>  had  they  Imhm  Mdin- 
personally  in  the  conduct  of  the  business,  notwithstanding  that  ■■\u-]. 
acents  are  tcdmically  in  tlu-  employment  of  the  (irincipal-'."'     It  w;  • 
also  suggested  that  the  doctrine  of  comm<m  employment  sliould  !- 
narrowed  so  as  to  he  ap|)licablc  "uly  to  those  cases  where  ciich  servm 
"is  an  observer  of  the  conduct  of  the  other,  can  give  noiiw  of  any  mi- 
conduct,  incapacity,  or  neglet;t  of  duty,  and  leave  the  service  if  ili. 
common  employer  will   not   take  such   precaution   and   employ  '\w 
agents,  as  the  safety  of  the  whole  party  may  reipiire.'"  *    I'mpos;,' 
a  much  more  radical  nat\ne  were  |iut  forward  in  the  draft  ivpoii 
mitted  by  ^Ir.  l.owe.' 

A  bill  frameil  on  the  linos  thus  suggi'stod  was  introduced  inm  |',m 
liament  in  187'.i.  but  withdrawnf  at  the  close  of  the  sessi.-n.     h  v 
reintroduced  in  IssO,  and  after  a  reference  to  a  select  comiiiittrc.  mi 
a  good  deal  «.f  disenssjon,  which  bore  fruit  in  various  ain.iidiM.  n  ■ 
was  finally  |)assed.    The  text  of  the  act,  which  came  into  op,MMii'.!!  "i 
January  1 ,  1  ss  1 .  is  as  follows : 

Spc.  1.  Whori'.  nfttT  the  eommencement  of  this  act,  personnl  injury  i«  oiu.,  1 
a  workman: 

Subti.  1.  By  reason  of  any  defect  in  the  condition  of  ways.  «ork.-i.  niai«liin.i> 
plant,  oonneoted  with  or  used  in  tlie  business  of  the  employer;  or 

Sulis.  'J.   Uy   reason  of  the  ne^'li;.'<iice  of  any   person   in  the   -..rvirc-  ..f  t! 

plover,  will.  ) my  -uiMTintendenfe  intriusted  to  him  wliilst   In  Ihr  .s.ni-.  ■ 

*ueh  aiipii  intiiiihiiee;  or 

•  (ISfiSi    1.    li.   1   H.  L.  Sc.   App.  Caa.        'A   pood    deal    of   us.f.il    infT...;.i. 

.•»"«    in  I     T    N    S.  MO.  on    this    and    other    iikiM.t-    .omi.^  ■ 

"-Vol-    liw   d.'.|si,.iis   of   tlie    AnierieaM  with    the   history    of    lli.>   .liiii-   >> 'i 

eoiirl-    «lii.li    liavc-  i.d..,,t,.,l    thU    pr'.nci  i>n led    the    ||M-sa^,-   ol    111,'   a.^    ";  ' ' 

-     ■     ■  filial    form    «ill    !x'    f'-mi'l    '"    ^'^    '" 


|ile  in.li|M  P.I   Mily  of  statutes,  see  5i!  .'I'm 
'  >  sc<j.,  ante. 


raniplilel  on  Kniplojirs'  Ijability. 


9  OHl 


IM\'\M\  i:i;s-  I.I.Mtli.nv  AC'Tb. 


1927 


Sul».  3.  Il,v   rca-iiii  of  ili..   ii.;;lii:. nci    ..{  :iii\    |Mi„,n  in  tl rvi.f  nf  tlip  n; 

player,  to  wlio.f  iiiilii>.  m   <liii  ilinii.  tin-  unikiimii,  at  tin-  til i  tlif  ilijiiiv.  wa- 

buuiid  to  fontunn,  ami  .li.l  iiiiiloiiii.  nlicir  «ii<li  iiijurv  i.-iillol  from  his  Imviii- 
no  confurnifU ;  or 

.Siil«.  4.  liy  rfa.^ciii  iif  ilii-  art  or i.-ii.n  uf  aiiv  |icr»oii  in  tlic  ocrviiv  of  tin-  i-ni 

ployiT.  done  or  iUii,U-  in  c.li.aiiiar  to  thr  nil.--  i.r  ly  lii«.  of  tin-  .•iiiplovir.  or  in 
oU'ilii-nci-  to  piirticiilar  iii»tnuiion»  k'*""  ''.*  ^'"0  |»i-oii  ililc;;alca  willi  ilr 
authority  of  tlip  <'in|ilii\c  r  in  that  iM'lialf:  or 

.Siil».  J.  Uy  rca-on  of  tlic  in'.'li^', mi.  of  any  |mis,.ii  in  tin-  ^crvici-  of  the  pni 
lilo..pr,  wlio  iiiin  tin-  iliarK*-  <"  '"iiln.l  of  aii\  -i;;n;il  |Miiiii,.  loiomotiM'  i-n;;inr.  m 
train  upon  a  r«il«ay.  Mln'  wmkiniin.  or.  in  ia>i'  ilii'  iii|iii>  ir^iilt-  in  dralli.  tlii' 
Icpil  pergonal  rc|irc-.i   jiatixi-  ol  the  unrkman.  ami  any  |iii-..n<  inlilliil  in  v.x*,.  „f 

ilpalli,    xlmll    Inivp    tin-    ^aini-    ri;.'lil     ol    r |>iii.ation    aihl     niiii'ilir-.    a._' linM     tin' 

•■miiioyer  a»  if  the  wmknian  liail  not   I n  a  worknian  ol  nor  in  tliv  mt\  in.  of  tlii' 

iniploycr,  nor  enyaj.'!..!  in  iii->  work. 

,Sv.  -2.  A  workman  .liall   iiol   !«•  ..nlitl.-d  iin.ltr  tlii>  act  to  any  ri;rlit  of  i-ompen 
-ation  or  remedy  a;:aiii«t   the  employer   in  .my  of  tin.  tidlonin^>  ea»e«.  thai  U  to 
>uy: 

SuIh.    1.   I'mler   -nli-e.lion    I    of   sertion    |,   nnle^,   the   dc.feet    therein    nientionp<l 

;irii-e  from,  or   hail   not    lieeii  diMo\erer|   or  remedied  ouiii;;   lo.  the   ne^'l'ji o  of 

the  employer,  or  of  .,„„>■  per-on  in  the  serx  j.-e  of  lhi.  employer,  and  intni-ted  In 
him  with  the  duty  ol  -eeing  that  llie  ways,  works,  ma.liineiy,  or  plant  were  in 
|ir(i;'er  eonilitioii ; 

Subs.  L'.   In.ler  -nl, lion  4  of  seiljon    I.  iinh—  the  injury  resulted  from  some 

iiiipicipriety  or  liefeet  in  the  rule-.  Iiy  laws,  or  instruetions  therein  mentioned; 
proviiled  that  where  a  rule  or  liy  law  has  Uen  appnn.-.l  or  lia-  Imtii  aecepied  iu,  .i 
proper  rule  or  hy  l.iH  l.y  one  .>f  llir  .Majii-ly'.s  I'rineipal  S,s  i,.|arie.s  of  State,  or 
hy  tile  Hoard  of  Trade.  oi  any  other  department  of  the  ;.'o\eriiment.  under  or  he 
virtue  (d  any  a.t  of  rarliament.  it  shall  not  tw  deeimil,  for  the  purposes  of  this 
iiit.  to  he  an  improper  or  ileferti\e  rule  or  i)ylaw; 

tl|il>s.  ;t.  In  any  ea-e  where  the  workman  knew  of  the  defeet  r)r  ne;rli^'enee  which 
laiised  hi«  injury,  and  faileil  within  a  reasonahle  li.ne  to  ;.i\e.  or  e.iiis..  to  !«•  given, 
iiifiinii.ition  thireof  to  ihe  employer  or  .sonu-  |M.rson  snpeiior  to  him-etf  in  th.- 
•em.e  of  the  emplo.M  r.  unless  hi.  was  aware  that  the  employer  or  such  superior 
;dre,oiy  kni'W  of  thi'  ~aiil  defi.et  or  iieglij;enpe. 

^ir.  .i.  The  amount  ol  compensation  repoverahle  un  hr  this  apt  slnill  not  ev- 
i."l  Mich  sum  as  may  he  found  to  Im'  e.piivalent  to  the  i  -iiiMaleil  earnings,  dnrim; 
ihe  three  years  preeeding  the  injury,  of  a  pers.in  in  the  -am.-  grade,  (.mploved  dur- 
ing those  years  in  the  like  employment  and  in  Ihe  di^tii.  I  in  Hhich  the  workman 
is  eiii|il<iyed  at  the  time  of  the  injury. 

See.  4.  .\n  aetion  for  ll.e  re.overy  under  this  net  of  pompeiHation  for  an  injury 
-hall  not  be  maintainahle  unl.-ss  no!  i,e  that  iiijiir.\  has  l„.rn  sustained  is  giveii 
uilliin  six  weeks,  and  tin-  aetion  is  eommenei.d  within  si\  months  from  the  o<.- 
nirreiiee  of  the  aeei.lent  eiiisiiig  the  injury,  or,  in  ea-e  of  death,  within  twplvp 
moiilli-  from  the  time  of  death;  provided,  always,  that  in  •■a-.,  of  death  the  want 
nf  such  noliee  .shall  he  no  bar  to  the  maintenance  of  such  .letion,  if  the  judue 
shall  he  of  opinion  that  there  wa.s  reasonable  excuse  for  sucU  want  of  notice/ 

M'ndpr  the   intcrpretition   .ict    (.")2  4 
■^.l    Virt.)     ehiip.    tj;!,     «     .-j,    a    "month" 
mean,  a  calendar  month. 
Vol.  II.  M.  4   S,— 40. 


.1  JS' 


I    t  ^ 


102a 


MASIKR  AND  SKIIVANT. 


[chat,  xxxvn. 


'1*1' 


Si-c.  t.  ilurr  «liiill  be  il.Mliictc.1  (ruin  iiriy  i'iiiii|iviv4iitlon  •wiirded  to  bii^  work 
iiiun,  or  rrpri-ifiitiilivM  o(  H  Hurkiiiiin,  or  imtmiiw  cluiiiiing  by,  umler,  or  thri.ii)(ti 

II  Murkiiiuii  in  ri-M|H-ct  of  uiiy  rnii^v  u(  .u'liou  ainiiiK  undrr  tbiK  mi,,  any  pt'nulti 

III  p-irt  of  u  [M'lmlty  wbiib  iiuiv  biisc  Ihi'Ii  puiil  in  |iuiKuaiice  of  »ny  oUht  Met  nt 
t'urhuiiiflit  to  Niicli  woikiimu,  ii-|iif.<hlalin-i,  oi  (Mr«iiui  in  rmp*ct  of  tbi-  sun.' 
puuac  of  ai-tioii ;  luid  where  an  urtinii  lin*  Ixt-ii  bii<i');lit  umlvr  thin  uct  li>  lui) 
norkmuti,  or  the  repr<>M-titativeii  uf  Miiy   vM.ikiimii,  or  any  pfrnona  cluimin;.'  I.j. 

iiiuicr,  or  through  itiMrh  workiiiuii,  for  n.iii|i.Mi.,iiiiin  in  re^iM-ct  of  any  n of 

action  briitinK  under  thin  act,  and  pii\iiii-iit  b.n  not  pr)'Viuii'<ly  Ihtm  ina.li'  ..i 
any  penalty  or  part  of  a  penalty  iiiider  iiii\  oIIht  uet  of  rarliainent  in  ti.|«r 
of  the  *anie  cnune  of  action,  xiieh  uorkiiiaii,  i'i'|ii>">fiitativpK,  or  permin  >liiill  iii! 
!«  entitled  thereafter  to  receive  any  |j«'m»lty  or  part  of  a  |M-iinlly  under  any  iilli.r 
act  of  Parliament,  in  respect  of  I  lie  name  caiiM'  uf  action. 

Sec,  B,  »ub».  1.  Kvery  action  for  recu\eiy  of  coiiijM'ii>ati»n  under  tlii*  art  i»hai! 
be  brought  in  a  county  court,  but  iiiav,  upon  the  appli<-ution  of  either  plaintill 
or  defendant,  be  reniove<l  into  a  nupeiior  imiit  in  like  mnnner  and  upon  the  mini. 
eonditioiw  an  an  action  coniiiH-iiieil  in  a  county  court  may  by  law  be  removnl: 

Sutw,  2.  Upon  the  trial  of  any  !>ucli  action  in  a  county  court  before  the  jiidife 
without  a  jury,  one  or  more  a-ie»-ors  may  be  ap|>ointvd  for  the  pur|>oae  of  ancer 
taining  the  amount  of  compensation; 

Suba.  3,  For  tlie  purpoxc  of  regulating  the  conditionn  and  mode  of  appninl 
ment  and  remuneration  of  such  a.tsessor*.  and  all  nmttert  of  procedure  rehitiii)! 
to  their  duties,  and  aUo  for  tne  purpose  o'  coiwolidatin)?  any  action^*  iitnlir 
this  act  in  a  county  court,  and  otlicrvviM'  preventing  multiplicity  of  KUoh  n.tioti- 
rules  and  regulations  may  U'  miule,  varied,  and  rcpeaUtl  from  time  to  time  in 
the  same  manner  as  rules  and  ie);iilations  for  regulating  the  practice  iiiul  pr^ 
eedure  in  other  actions  in  county  i-ourts. 

"County  court"  «hall,  with  respect  to  Scotland,  mean  the  "nhrrill »  court,"  uri.l 
shall,  with  reitpect  to  Ireland,  mean  the  "civil  bill  court." 

In  Scotland  any  action  under  tlii«  act  may  be  removed  to  the  court  of  »r^-iciii- 
at  the  instance  of  either  party,  in  the  manner  provided  by  and  subject  to  ihi 
conditions  prescribed  by  section  »  of  the  ^lieritT  courts   (Scotland)   act  IH", 

In  Scotland  the  sheriff  may  conjoin  actions  arising  otit  of  the  same  ooiirrpncf 
or  cause  of  action,  though  at  the  instance  of  different  parties  and  in  respect  oi 
different  injuries. 

Sec.  7.  Notice  in  respect  of  an  injury  under  this  act  shall  give  the  name  sal 
address  of  the  person  injured,  and  shall  state  in  ordinary  language  the  cjiiw 
of  the  injury  and  t/he  date  at  which  it  was  sustained,  and  shall  be  served  on  the 
employer,  or,  if  there  is  more  than  one  employer,  upon  one  of  such  employers. 

The  notice  may  lie  servwl  by  delivcriii};  the  same  to  or  at  the  residenre  or  pliw 
of  bi»ine,-«  ijf  the  pirson  on  «li"m  it  i*  to  lie  served. 

The  notice  may  uNo  be  served  by  post,  by  a  regist«'red  letter  addressed  to  the 
person  on  whom  it  is  to  be  served,  at  his  In-t  l.iu'Wii  place  of  residence  or  plar 
of  bvMine«s,  and,  if  served  by  post,  •liall  l.-  deemed  to  have  been  served  at  th( 
tim"!  when  a  letter  eontair.in;;  tlic  s:in>e  wouid  be  delivereil  in  the  ordinary  poiirsc 
of  post;  and  in  proving  the  .service  of  su<-h  notice,  it  sliuli  he  siitlUipnt  to  provf 
that  the  notice  was  properly  addressed  and  rcjjistcri'd. 

Where  the  employer  is  h  body  of  persons  corporate  it  uninc.uiKjrate,  lh«  noticf 
shall  be  served  by  delivering  the  same  at,  or  by  -cnditiR  it  by  post  in  a  p  .'i-tir^i 
letter  addressed  to.  the  office,  or,  if  there  be  more  than  one  office,  any  one  of  tie 
olBoea,  of  auefa  body. 


ii'l 


I««41 


KMI'I.OVKU.S"  MAnil.lTV  ACTS. 


A  notice  undpr  tlii»  jtpcii.iri  >liull  not  In>  iltomnil  invuliil  br  wiwon  of  «ny 
ile(»-ct  or  imutiirafy  th.nii.,  inilr-.*  tlu-  jiiilni'  wlm  lrii»  tlip  uclion  nri'.ing  from 
th«  injury  iiniil  ionr.l  iu  the  not  it.-  .Iiulj  Ih-  of  i>|iiiii<>n  Unit  the  ilifirKlunl  in  lh<« 
irtion  i(  prcjiiiliKtl  in  lii<>  .1.  i.ii....  \,y  xiiili  il.fci  or  intuciirii.y,  un>l  thnt  tliv 
ilefect  or  inurciiriicy  wan  for  tin-  iiiii'Ihxc  of  ini«lia>liii;{. 

tire.  8.   Kor  llip   piiriiotcit  of  thin  act,   iinli'.«  the  .unlcxt  otlii-rwi-p  ri-i|iiim,— 

The  cxprdtfion  "pcr-on  »lio  Inut  iii|H-riiiti mli  luc  inlriHti'd  to  liini"  infiinn  a 
p«non  whoiw  koU-  or  priiirtiHil  iluly  iii  tlml  of  «ii|ii'riiiti'iii|i'iip)',  ami  who  ii  not 
orilintrily  vnKiiKcJ  in  niiiniial  labor: 

The  exprt~««ion  '  employiT"  inoltitlcn  a  l-oily  of  pir^oiw  corporat*  er  iiniiiror 
porate ; 

The  pxprcmion  "woikman"  nii-aiis  a  railway  iwrvant.  and  any  pcr-.on  to  hIiomi 
thr  rmploycri  unil  Horkmcii  act  of  \H'i  applies. 

Sic  II.  Tlii<  not  »liall  not  roini'  into  o|Mralioii  until  the  flr»t  day  of  .laniinry, 
IHSI,  whii'h  dali-  U  in     lil-,  ail    iiftTriMl  to  as  the  mmniii inrnt  of  thi.i  ait. 

Sco.  \0.  llii.  art  niii\  U-  liti-.l  ua  the  i  inpl.iy.r-'  lialiility  ai-t  IHHO,  jiinl  nhnll 
fonliniip  ill  foni-  till  tlic  tliirty  lir-f  clay  of  |)i-.(iiilnr.  ISs7.  ami  to  tlic  en. I  of  th<« 
then  ni'Xt  (.iisiori  of  I'ai  lianiiiit.  aii<I  no  loii^'ir.  iiiil(<»  I'arllanii'nt  «liall  otlirr 
tti.f  ili'tiTiiiIni':  and  all  art  ion-.  •  ini'iioid  under  tlii«  art  Mure  that  pfriinl 
!>hall  bv  iiillliniii'd  »*  if  llii'  said  .1  iil  not  fxpiird. 

By  si!('c(M-iivc  rnnwiilj,  rlii-  ;i.-t  liiin  l.ii'ii  b'pt  in  {>>rco  up  fn  tho 
|in'.sciit  tiiiii-;  1)111  >ini'i'  l^:"7  it  Iiii-  siili-i-(fil  AAo  hy  side  witli  flio 
imifli  inoro  (liii-tif  wuri- 111111'^  i"i.iii|Mii-iiti.iii  iirt.  and  its  anicndincnt 
of  lltOO.  Sfo  fliii[diT  XL.  /,nst.  lis  iii!idc.|iiiif_v  US  n  fiii<'«>  of  ri>inp- 
(iinl  legi-*Iiiti"ii.  di-i;;ii.i|  miinlv  for  ihc  rcdrcs.-«  of  the  ■;ii(\.iiiccs  of 
till'  |"i<)rt'si  iiiid  iii"-<t.  illiiiiiitc  iiH'nditTs  nf  t|i(>  n.iiiiiiiiiiitv,  has  lunji 

'fH tiiriipiis."'     |!ut  it  liiis  (•.•rtainiv  ii,iti^.it('d  sonio  of  tlii>  liarsliost, 

iind  most  iiltjniiniialdo  fcaiiirn  of  the  (t»niiM<in  law.  Thi.t  its  rppoal 
will  not  ho  luiio-  piistpiiiicd  iriiiv  he  f(>a-ii>iialily  oon jeclnrcd  from  the 
tcndi'iicics  of  Mx-ial  and  <  •iioinio  di'volopnn'iil  in  Kufrland  at  fh<>  pres- 
ent conji'ftnii'.  Itr<  ahr.';;;iii.ins.  houcvcr.  will  not  dcsimv  tin-  prac- 
liciil  inicrf'st  which  it  po-si^-i^  i',,r  t'l,.  liiwMM'-  of  ihr  AiiuTicnii  -tit<s 
which  h>fris|atcd  mi  t'lc  saiiic  line-,  l-ii  iukIii  i  fiu'iiii.ir  prii./'ifiic  i,f 
«tiituiorv  I'onstriiction.  the  decision-;  .'f  th.    lui^ili^li  jikIl;'-  v.jih  ri;.Mnl 

to  its  provisions  ai-i>,  in  ihosf  staUs,  of  > cthintf  inon-  liian  a  im-ndv 

porsiia*ivf>  anthority." 

'Sof>  Pollock.   ToHs.  pp.    'OD.   01      ind         *lii  l.'ti'ill.s  v     U<  rhaiiiis'  MilN    iISSOi 

llie  siiiM'  author's    K--ays    iji     ii.r.-pin  l."iil   Ma--.    I!i0.  .">  I..  \l,  .\    t;ii7.  JJ  \    K 

(Icmv    nsS'.'i    ihap.    .-..   'Th,'    i;.i»irl    of  Tiiil.  i(   «.i-  i-maiki- 1  llnl.  a«  l'li,""Mas-,,'.' 

a    Si'liHt    ConiinittiK    of    the     llo ,,f  <;ins,.|i,  ,i.iiiil,-  uas  a  i  Inv  c.i.v  .  f  that. 

rommons     on      Anii-ndina      THIs      Issli  i.f    Kn-larid.    the    niirt    couM    nm    ,|,.ul 

(lft2l.  may  also  Ik'  ciiviilti.t.  u.ili   it   .|iiili-  on  Iho  same  f.s.tin"  as   if 

The   preface  to   Mr,    lieveii's    H,„k   ..n  Ih,     l.-i-lature    h.id    framed    it    iir  thiir 

Employers'    Liahilily.    2i[.    cd..    eonialiis  ou  ri    laifjiiiye.   n-eil    for   the    fir-t    tl 

some   siip^fostive    remarks    on    the    over-  l.iit    -imist    as,mne   that    th.\    i,,  j..  ,,.m 

rrfinenients   in    uhieh    sona.    jiidves   have  t.-nt     uilh     !',■    e\iM,ui,.!,sl     .....oiiii-    of 

l*en  too  apt   to   indulge   in   eoi,  iiainj;  the  «,,i,l-  v»  ,„h  ilie\   ad-.pte  1   ' 
"'""*•  In    .l/o(-,7<!    d    li     It.    to.    V.    ll;r,urn 


I  » 


til' 


r 


18.-10 


MASTKK  WD  SKRVANT. 


[rH.«p.  xwvi! 


Tin-  i<'xf  of  tlio  vnritnis  -iiitiitosi  in  wlii'h  tlic  liinpimj;!'  i>f  thin  ui 
liMri  IxH'ii  iii'.n'  'ir  li-'!<  cliiM'ly  ropifti  ig  wt  mil  in  ll.c  iii«iiing  m-i-li  .n. 


i'  il 


( 

1 1 


65S.  Alabaiait.— Uwi  tHH4  HA,  p.  113.  (  ivil  «  ...Ir  iNsil,  |  .'MM)  <('!HI  ('..^1. 
IHIHI.  i'liii|>   :l.  i  i:4!M  :     Uiiliilily  i»(  .Mii»tfr  .>r  l.iiiiili.y.  r  in  Mirx.iiit  or  r.iii)il...... 

for  liijiirii'o.— Wlif'ii  H  iM'iaiiriiil  injury  In  rovlviHl  l.y  u  wroiiit  or  i'IhiiIum-  m  'i..- 
•fnin-  or  Imxiiii*.  o(  the  iiiiflrr  or  riii|ilii.ViT,  tUv  iimati'r  or  I'lnplnyiT  i-  liiMi- 
to  iiii«Hi'r  ill  .liiiiiiyr^  to  •mil  «iiAiiiil  or  iiii|ili.\.  r  ii'  if  In-  Hti"  ii  Ktriiii^'ir  .ml 
not  iii(.'iip"<l  in  -mil  ■•rrviri'  or  •'iii|ilii,viiiriil,  in  llif  imt.«  fiilliiv\  in;,'; 

(1l  U  lii'ii  llif  iiijiir.v  i»  riiii.i.l  U\  iiu»iiii  of  liny  ili(<.«t  in  llii-  n.ii.lili.iii  i.i'  i!„ 
»«)«.  woik'..  iii.ii'lilnrry,  or  |iliiiil  <iniiiiiI<.>I  with,  or  ii-.fl  ill  tlip  l)u-iii.«>.  .,i 
tlip  iiiiivliT  or  I'mploycr  : 

(2)  V'liiii  till'  injury  i«  inuvil  hy  rru^nn  of  tin-  iif).'l!^iiiiv  of  any  prr^.m  in 
lhi>  •iT\icv  or  iiii|ili>y  iii.Ml  ..l  lln'  iiiii'liT  nr  i'iii|iloyi'r,  «liii  liin  iiny  .u|hiiiiI,  nl 
fiice  intruKti'cl  in  liiiii.  «liiNt  in  lln-  lArni-r  of  <u<-li  iiii|m  lii.i.n.lriirt', 

(.1>    \\  lii'n  KUi'ti  iniury  i»  crtumil  liy  rfii'>on  of  llu'  in'«li){in<v  of  any  pir-o"  in 
the  wrvitT  or  i.in|>liiyiiiiiil  of  llif  iiiii>tfr  or  eiii|ilii>cr.  to  wliixp  onli'M  c.r    In.' 
tion»  till-  mrvanl  m   iiii|.lii\r<',  nl   tin-  linn-  ol  llic  iiijuiy,  w.i-  l..>iinil  Id  i.iiii.in 
'iml  ili'l  rniilorin    if  'iiili  injiiiii"<  rr-ultcil  from  lii-  liii\iiiy  -u  •  ..ndirnn.l ; 

|4|    Wlirii  >iii  II  injury  i-  imu^i'I  Iiv  ira-mi  of  llir  act  or  iinii^t-iiiii  of  any  |>  i-m 
in  tin-  >i'r\ii'i'  or  •  ni|il<i,\  iimiiI    nl   iIk'  niii-.li'r  nr  ini|ilii\i'r.  iloiif  or   ma.!.'  in  .1'. 
Hipn.^i-  to  ilii-  riilf"  aiitl  r«'(fiilatinim  or  li\  lii«»  of  llir  niu-lrr  or  ••in|ili.>i    "i  in 
olHilii'iii'r    In    |>arlii'iilar    iiHtriirliiui-'    j^ncii    iiy    any    |ii  r-nn    ili  Irjrulf.l    .uih    in. 
iiullioiily  of  tin-  ina^liT  or  fni|ilnycr  in  flial   lulialf; 

(5)    W  lii'M  •lull  injury  is  cauwil  liy  ri'.iiton  of  thf  nr);li(,i'iirr  of  any  |'.r-"ri  In 

the   iM'iNiti'  or   f  ii|ili>yiiiriil   of   llir   niantrr   or   piii|il"y<r.    »lin    lia«    tl Iin;;c  ir 

i-onli'ol  of  any  •it.'iial  pninl^,  liM-nniolivi'  )'n(.'in<',  <ttitcli.  car.  nr  ii:iin  iipmi  .i  r.iil 
way.  nr  of  an.\    |>iiit  nf  tlir  track  of  a  riiiJM.iy. 

Iliil  llic  nia»lir  111  tiii|il.iyi'r  i*  lint  lialilc  iin  Irr  tlii"  -.ilinii  il  llic  ..rMiiit  ■■rdii- 
ployn-  kiii'v\  nf  till'  'li'h'it  nr  iH't;li'.'i'nc'i'  call-in;.'  llir  injury.  aii<l  f.iiltil  in  .■  i.i-.'ii 
alilr  linn  In  jiiw  ii  mrniatinn  tlitrinl  to  ilir  iiia^lrr  or  i'iii|ilny rr,  or  to  •niiu'  pr 
•nn  sii|irrinr  to  liiiii»»'lf  rnKnjri'J  in  llir  wrx  Icr  nr  i'ni|>ln\  inriil  nf  tin-  ini-lir  or 
rniplnyrr,  iinlriw  lir  »u«  aw. in-  that  tlir  nia^trr  or  rni|ilnyrr.  nr  •iirli  .ii|i.ri"r 
alrcaily  klirw  of  -.llrli  ilrfrrl  nr  lii  t.'li;;riur  ■.  iinr  i^  tin-  iiia'.trr  nl  iiiii>|..\i  r  lial'lf 
unilrr  iiilxliviiion  1,  iinlr-w  tin-  ilcfi'rt  tlirrrin  iiirutii>iir<l  am^c  finm.  nr  hi'l  n..' 
liecn  diM'oxrrrd  or  rinn'iliiHl  owin);  to,  thr  ui'jflijfi'nw  of  tlii«  iiia-trr  nr  iiii|.li'\.  r. 


IIHSTi  8J  .Mm.  I;i:I.  »  So.  llrt,  tin-  court 
■•aiil:  "Our  statute,  as  far  an  it  ;.'im'>., 
!•  I  •uli>tantial  rnpy  nf  the  Klli'li^li  arl 
intilli'il  tlir  •rni|ilnyrr(t'  lialiilily  a.t.' 
•niiir  nf  till-  iinivi-inn-.  of  wImcIi  linl  pir 
vioii-ly  rrn'ivi.l  a  jinlirial  ronstrui'tinii. 
IIh  riiai'timiil  liy  tin-  Iri.'i'-Iaturr.  in  •uW 
Ktantially  thr  -anir  liin;.'Uai;r.  i«  i«i--ua 
•  ivr  "f  a  li'cislativH  adnption  of  that  cnn 
•triiilinii  " 

In  aiinllirr  ciiw  tin"  •«anii'  i-.tiirl.  speak 
injf  nf  tlir  rnnslnirlinn  |>l.iii'(l  upon  t  lir 
Kuplisli  -tatiilr  l.y  Kii;;li-li  jiiil;.'r»,  i«fliil: 
"In  virw  nf  tlir  s*'!!!.!'  v.llrnrr  our  stat- 
uto  rami',  this  jinliiial  (.iii-lnirtinii  is, 
of  cuurae,  rnlitlril  to  viry  great  ueiglit 


and  inlliii'iirr  »ith  this  riiiii t  in  ii ''n 
I'lnr  rvrn  hryniiil  that  wliiili  in  "I'litin'' 
lai^  llir  aliilily  ami  hirniiiL'  it  i^"-'' 
(niiiis  rniiiiii.inil."  An/i-ic.  t'l/v.  1/  .! 
It.  It.  «■(,  V.  Itiirlan  (IH'.t.'l)  !»;  .M.i.  24ii. 
12  Si.   HS. 

That  thr  Colnnnlo  art  \\a«  "|.n  -aiin 
Illy  adnptril  with  thr  rnii-lrin  ti' ii  .'i>'" 
to  il  hy  the  rmirts  nf  Nhir-Miliu-i  ii- ' 
S4.e  c/lniiiilo  Mill  if  ririith.r  i:._  v 
Mitihi'!  llS!»!ii  ili  Coin.  Jil.  .".•*  I'.ic 
JS.  This  is.  nf  rniirsr.  ispiiv  ilriil.  f  r 
prartiral  puriHisrs.  f<  aikiin"  li 'iL'i'i-  ''" 
authnrity  nf  thr  KiiL'lish  diti-i'M-  '" 
which  tint  rnurta  of  Massail.utlt-  I'''' 


I  .;.-.rt) 


K\ll'l.o\  Kl;»    l.l.\llll.H\   .VtiS. 


1031 


iill 


..r  i.(  «mi.  |«r.nii  in  t\,v  ..ni...  ..»  llii-  m.i-trr  or  .  >i,|.li.v  r,  .iii.l  intm.i.  I  l.»  l.iiii 
.Mill  Ihr  .lul)  i>l  ...-in;!  timt  Dir  »»ny,.  wnrk«.  ii. ..  lun.  ij .  or  pLiiit.  w.i.  ii.  |.i.i|..m 
liXMlllilll. 

s.     ■.•.ltd     (I7:.li.     IVrMimil    lt.|pr.-.iiliiii\.-,    ninv    Sw    If    Injurv    It.Mili.    in 

|i.,.il,       If  -11.  Ii  injury  ir.iilt,  m  lli.'  .l.-.tli  „f  ih.-  ..rtanl   ..r  |.lm,...  I,|.  (hi 

...nil  r<'|>ri'iM>iliiii\<-  in  fnliilr,!  (..  niiiintain  an  Jirlinn  ilp.i.f,., .  .,i„|  ii„.  .l,,,,,,,^... 
r..,„,...,|  i,t,-  not  ,iih|,rt  In  ttir  |u.viim'|||  nf  ,1.1,1,  .„  |,„|.i|,|„..  I,,,,  ,||,.II  I.  ,||. 
iiil,iiti''l  iii'<iir<liii»r  til  Ihi'  ,.tatitti'  ..f  ,|i.tril,iitiiin« 

N..     .'.Vtj    ,  !;.,(»,.      |>„niii«v«    |-;\.ni|.l:      Ihinintfr.    r.r.nir.-|    by   II rv.iMt    .,i 

..i.|.l.,.\.v,  of  iin<l  from  il,.'  imd.i.i  »r ploy.r.  uri-  not  ,iil.j,.ii  ti,  i|„.  |MM.„.|it  u( 

.Irl.i ..  or  liny  l«-j{.>l  li.ilnliini.  in<,iiri',|  l.j   him. 

s.     :i.Vl.l.     I.iiil.ihty  of   l'..r-.i.il    H.pt.~,.nlali,,.  i.ml   Siir.ll.-.:     TI,,.   ,„.rM.i,al 

i,|,i.-,iii:ilivp»n.l  Ih,.  .iir..li,..  Of,  1,1.  I I  „r,,  |,.,|,l,.  i,    ;),.•  |„iili,.  in  Inhr..-!  for 

tl".  ,1,1..  an.l  l.-t(,il  .Ii.|,il„ili.>n  .,;  all  .l,ii„,i^.,  r...  ,.r«l  l.y  .,i.l,  r..|.i..-.„l.iti»r 
.111.1.1  -.vtion  L'.-iSH.  or  M,  li.,i,  .•.>!!,  or  ■«-<.|inn  ■-•Mil.   .ii  i  ,  r,.  "i,!,,...,  ,„  „||  ,,.„„.,|j„ 

"'"•''  '"".*    '"•  I""" I  .it-Mii,,!.   -u.li  ri.j.r..«.nuiive  i.-.-i  .«r.li...  for  tin:  .iiir  itU 

iiiiiii-lrati.in  of  |ii-r»<>>iii|  u*.<ct«. 

6.%6.  Ma.Mchni«ttt.-r^w.    Ihht,  ol.i.p    27..    |   I,     Ulu-ro.  nftrr  tl,,.  ,.i„n^,. 
..I  1  ..-  .1,1.  |M.|v,nal  injury  i»  o.,ii-..|  l,,  ,„,  .■,„|,l,.^,.,.,  who  I.  |,n,„..i(  „,  u,..  ..y.., 
.1-..  iif  ilii..  run.  iiml  ilillj-.n,.,.  ni  ih,.  tmii-: 

>iili-.   1.   Ily  r..„..,n  of  an>   ,l,.|,  ..|   in  lli. M.liti„n  of  *hr  wi.v..  work.,  or  n,;, 

'■' ■■.'  <"Mn...l...l  «ill,  or  i.M.l  in  II..   lMi,in,.,.  ..i  .1,..  ,.ni|-loy,.r. '«l,i..|i  ..r froi,,. 

,.1  Iill  n..t  In,., I  ,liM.,.v..r,..l  or  r,.n„.|i,.,|  ouiii-  I.,,  ||,..  i,..:.-li;;,  ,„.,.  „f  ||„  ,.|„|,|„j,.r. 

'"  ""  ""•*    I""""  '»  " r>'''-  "'  •'"    •■in|,l,.y,.r  ,in<l  it.(riiMi-.l   liy   |,i„,    «ii(,   Ih.' 

•Iiilv  of  M.,.in>,'  llmt  tl,.-  «„>v  «,.,k..  nr  n,a«liin.ry  wi-r..  in  pro|M.r  ,■.,!.  In  ,„„ ,  or 

^ -•  "•»   •■'•"•"'"  "f  ""■  n<»:lil.'iii-,.  of  any  |,.r.on  in  th.-  «r>i...  of  il,r  .  i„ 

|.l..v.r,  Milni.li-I  with  iin,l  .-N.-ic-iMna  »up..rint,.,„l..n<»,  wi,.,.,.  .,,1,.  „r  p>,„.ip,.l 
■Imy  l«  llial  of  -ii|M.rint..|„l..n<<.-:  |.,r.  in  tlir  al.-.,,...  of  ,iirl,  ,.ip,.,ii,i..„.|,.„i,  „f  „„y 
|..r...n  aitin^  ,i*  siip.rint.  riil.,,!  »iil,  i|„.  „„tl,„rity  an.l  n.n-.nt  of  .ii,-l,  ,  ,„p|„v,.ri. 
111.,  lira, k. 'Iill  wonis  wprr  in>,.|  I.  ,1  l,\   Ma«<.  Slat.  I  s<l|,  Hiap.  »!i'i.  s  |. 

MiU.  .).  Jly  r.-ii-on  of  tl,o  n. -Ii«,.„,.,.  of  any  p,.r„m  in  tl„.  .,r\ip,.  of  il„.  cm 
|.l".v.i.  «),.,  Iiiw  tlu-  fhaiKoor  ...nliol  of  any  ^i^-nal,  hwHH,.  Io,.o„ioiivp  .-iipin.-.  or 
iiiin  ii|»,n  a  railroad,  the  pmpl„y,...  or.  in  r.iso  th-  injury  r,.«iili^  in  .l.ath  th.- 
I.;:,.!  ,.pi.-*,.nt,itiv,.(i  of  «.ioh  i.|„ploy,«,  »hnll  hiiv,.  tl,..  s«n..'  ri^lK  of  ..m,p..n.«ti.,ii 

'•1.1  i,.ii„k|,..,  apiin.l  the  ..mpl.iy..r  ,xh  if  the  en.pl.iy..,.  |,a,l   „..t    I n  an  .  inploy,..- 

1.1  n<a  in  the  nerneo  of  the  enipl.iy.r.  nor  entiiKe,!  in  iU  w.irk. 

Th<.  following  provision  was  adil.,!  to  this  sertion  hy  Ma.«.  St„t.  is„2,  p(,„|, 
-'•ill;— .\n.l  in  ca»e  «m-h  .l.ath  i-  n<4  in.tanlan,^,,!,.  or  i-,  pr..,....|...l  l,y  ...Tn-.i,,,!, 
•Mtr.riiiy.  -ai.l  l,.sal  repr..-,.ntal  i».  -  may,  in  the  neti.m  lir.mjrM  iiii.l.r  tin.  m,Ii,.„ 
•M.pl    a»  h.-i.-ilialler   pro»iil,.,l,  aNo   r..eo»..r  .lama-..s   f.„    „i,.h   .l.-ath.      Tl,..   I.,tal 

'l.i-i.M.j...a«ar.l...l  hereniwler,  Imth  for  -ai.l  .l.alh  ami  saiil  injury,  nliall  n..t  ,.\ .1 

•v.iHMi.  an.l  Hhnll  U-  npportlontKi  by  the  jury  l«.|«,.,.n  the  1../m1  r,.,.,, -,  ,„.,i,^,.. 
.1.1.1  II,..  |Mr.,.ns,  if  any.  entltleil  un.ler  the  siie..,.,^|,„^  „rtion  ..f  llij,  ,„  t    i.,  |,rin,. 

".  a,.,„„  (.,r  in.stantane.,.1,  ,l..„tl,.     If  .here  are  no  M.rh  per>„n.,  II ,,„  .|a„i..„.., 

fr    „i,li  d,.alh   »hall    U-  reeovere,!.  and    the  ,la,„a>res  m,    far  a«    th..   -,„„..    „r, 

•'«..nl..|  for  .ai.l  death.  Khali  l,e  a-.s,..sed  with  r..f..r..nr..  to  il,..  ,l..„r f  nilp, 

•"•>.T  of  the  employer  herein,  or  the  persons  for  «l„.,e  „..;..|it'..,i,v  he  in  made 
ii.iidi'. 

Anollier  Ril.lition  to  thi,  «.etion  wn^  made  by  the  I.«wa  of  I.Sli:i,  ,|,ap    2i!.,  to 


A 


,,'fm 
,-j   i! 


H 


MIOtOCOPY   MSOIUTION   TBT  CHART 

(ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


A  /APPLIED  IM/1GE     In 

K  1653  Eost    Moir  Street 

^5  Rochester,   New  York         U609       USA 

S  (''6)    *a2  -  0300  -  Phone 

S  (^16)   288  -  5989  -  Fa« 


1932 


AlASTKR  AND  SKKVANT. 


[chap,  xxxvu. 


tliis  clVcia: — A  oar  in  use  t>y  or  in  tin-  |M)s<i-si(in  of  a  railiii:i(1  <'(>in|iany  sthall  !• 
(•(in^idcri'd  a  pan  »f  tlio  way-i,  works,  or  ni  iiliiiiciy  of  the  ooiiipany  ii-.iiij,'or  liavini; 
till-  >aiiii'  in  ]io,,c»ion,  within  the  incanins;  of  tlii-i  aut,  wlicthcr  s\icli  car  is  owii.il 
by  it  or  by  >onio  otlicr  company  or  person. 

Sec.  2.  Wliorc  an  cniployci'  is  iii.slantly  killi'l,  or  dies  without  conscious  siilTir 
in;;,  as  tlie  ronit  of  tlic  nc'.'li;.'cnce  of  an  employer  or  of  tlie  nei(li;;ence  of  am- 
per-^on  for  wliox'  ne^li'.'cncc  tlie  employer  is  liable  under  tbe  provi>ions  of  tin- 
act,  tlie  widtiw  of  the  <lc<<ased,  or,  in  case  tliere  is  no  witlow.  the  next  of  kin. 
provided  that  .such  n'Xl  of  kin  were  at  the  lime  of  the  death  of  such  employ.i' 
deiMiident  upon  the  wafjes  of  sneli  employee  for  support,  may  maintain  an  action 
for  daiiia;,'e^  therefor,  and  may  rciovir  in  the  sami'  maimer,  to  the  same  extent. 
a.s  if  the  death  of  the  dccea.M'd  had  not  been  instantaneous,  or  ns  if  the  dena.^cl 
bad  coiLsciously  sullered. 

Sec,  3,  The  anamnl  of  compensation  receivaljle  under  tlii.s  act  in  cases  of  per 
Ronal  injury  shall  not  exceed  tin-  >uiii  of  .St.OOO.  In  ea.sp  of  death,  compcnation 
in  lieu  thereof  may  be  recovered  in  not  les,  than  .*.")()0  an<l  not  more  than  .•?."i,oiiii. 
to  le  as.scs.sed  with  reference  to  the  ile;;rie  of  culpability  of  tbe  employer  herein. 
or  the  person  for  whose  ncjilipncc  he  is  made  liable:  and  no  action  for  the  f 
covery  of  compensation  for  injury  or  death  under  tl  's  act  shall  In-  maintaincJ, 
unices  notice  of  tbe  time,  place,  and  cause  of  the  injury  is  };iven  to  the  empliivcr 
within  thirty  days,  and  the  action  is  commenced  within  one  year,  from  tin-  occur 
renee  of  the  acciileiit  causinj;  the  injury  or  death. 

]n  IS.SS  tbe  f(dlowin}r  words  were  iiL«erte(l  here: — Tlie  notice  re(|llirt^i  by  tlii~ 
section  shall  be  in  writinfr,  si^ied  by  the  person  injured  or  by  someone  in  hi- 
behalf;  but  if,  from  physical  or  mental  incapacity,  it  is  impos-ihle  for  the  piiMm 
injured  to  give  tbe  notice  within  the  time  provided  in  said  section,  he  may  give 
the  same  within  ten  days  after  such  iiiciipacity  is  removed;  and  in  case  of  his 
death  without  bavin;.'  pvcn  the  notice,  and  uithoul  bavin;?  been,  for  ten  days,  at 
any  time  after  his  injury,  of  siillicicnt  capai'ity  to  pive  tbe  notice,  bi.s  executor  or 
administrator  ma.v  ;;ive  such  notice  within  thirty  days  after  liis  appointment. 
Mass.  Pub.  Stat.  chap.  l."..).  §  1,  March  22,  18S8. 

But  no  notice  given  under  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  deemed  to  be 
invalid  or  insullieient  solely  by  reason  of  any  inaccuracy  in  stating  the  time. 
place,  or  cause  of  the  injury;  provided  it  is  shown  that  there  wa.s  no  intention  to 
mislead,  and  that  the  party  entitled  to  notice  was  not  in  fact  misled  thereby. 

By  JIas>.  Stat.  18!)2,  chap,  2ti0.  §  2,  it  was  enacted  that  the  following  words 
should  precede  tbe  first  sentence  of  the  above  section:  "Except  in  actions  brought 
by  personal  representatives  under  section  1  of  this  act,  to  recover  damages  for 
both  the  injury  and  death  of  an  employee;"  and  that,  after  the  word  "death"  in 
the  third  line,  there  should  be  inserted  the  word.s:  "which  follows  instanta- 
neotisly,  or  without  conscious  suffering," 

Sec,  4.  WTienever  an  employer  enters  into  a  contract,  either  written  or  verbal. 
with  an  independent  contractor  to  do  part  of  such  employer's  work,  or  wbeiitvcr 
such  contractor  enters  into  a  contract  with  a  subcontractor  to  do  all  or  any  part 
of  the  work  comprised  in  such  contractor's  contract  with  the  employer,  such  con 
tract  or  subcontract  shall  not  bar  the  liability  of  the  eiTir.loycr  for  injuries  to  the 
euiplinces  of  such  contractor  or  subcontractor,  by  rca  •  my  defect  in  the  con- 

dition of  the  ways,  works,  machinery,  or  plant,  if  the,  'he  property  of  the 

employer,  or  furnished  by  him,  and  if  auxsh  defect  arose  ui    ii.id  not  been  discov 


I  U56] 


EMPLOYERS'  LIABILITV  ACTS. 


1U33 


(■red  or  remedied  tlirough  the  ucgligcnce  of  the  eniployt-r  or  of  some  pcritou  in 
triinted  by  him  with  the  duty  of  si-ciii;;  that  they  were  in  proper  condition. 

Sec.  5.  An  emphiyii-  or  his  U'gal  repn-^eututives  sliall  not  be  entitled  under  thi> 
ait  to  any  riglit  of  compen.satiu  or  remedy  against  his  employer  in  any  caM- 
ttliere  such  emphiyei;  knew  of  tlie  defect  or  nefrligeiiee  which  caused  the  injury, 
and  failed  within  a  rea-^onable  lime  »o  give,  or  cause  to  be  given,  information 
thereof  to  the  einpliiyer,  or  to  .some  i>er-.()n  superior  to  himself  in  the  service  of 
the  employer,  who  had  intrusted  to  him  some  general  superintendence. 

Sec.  U.  Any  employer  who  shall  have  contributed  to  an  insurance  fund  created 
and  maintained  for  the  mutual  purposes  of  indemnifying  an  employee  for  personal 
injuries  for  which  compensation  may  be  recovered  under  this  act,  or  to  any  relief 
society  formed  under  chapter  244  of  th-j  acts  of  the  year  1SS2,  an  authoriziHl  by 
chiiptcr  125  of  the  acts  of  the  year  ISSD,  uiay  prove,  in  mitigation  of  the  damages 
recoverable  by  an  employee  under  this  act,  such  prop...-tion  of  the  pecuniary  bene- 
fit which  has  been  received  by  such  employee  from  any  such  fund  or  soyety  on 
account  of  3uch  contribution  of  said  employer,  as  the  contribution  of  such  em 
plover  to  such  fund  or  society  bears  to  the  whole  contribution  thereto. 

Sec.  7.  This  act  shall  not  apply  to  injuries  cau.sed  to  domestic  servants  or  farm 
hiborers,  by  other  fellow  employees,  and  shall  take  effect  on  the  first  day  of  Sep 
lember,  1887. 

Tlie  various  amondnicnts  and  addition's  wliidi,  ns  above  indieatfd. 
luul  been  from  tinio  to  time  inserted  in  this  act,  were  iiicorporateil  in 
the  consolidated  statute  cited  as  Rev.  J.aws,  I'jOi',  cliap.  I'MJ;  and  as 
the  te.xt  of  some  of  tlie  sections  not  affected  by  these  alteriitions  wa> 
nisi)  modified  to  some  exte  it  by  the  same  statute,  it  has  been  deemed 
advisable  to  set  it  out  in  fu  I. 

Kev.  Liiws  1902,  chap.  106: — Sec.  71.  If  personal  injury  is  caused  to  nn  em- 
ployee who,  at  the  time  of  the  injury,  is  in  the  e.tercise  of  due  care,  by  reason 
of: 

Kirst.  A  defect  in  the  condition  of  the  ways,  works,  or  machinery  connected 
with  or  -.iscd  in  the  business  of  the  employer,  wliicli  arose  from,  or  had  not  been 
<liseovered  or  remedied  in  conse()iience  of,  the  negligence  of  the  employer,  or  of  a 
person  in  his  service  who  had  been  intrusted  liy  him  with  the  duty  of  seeing  that 
the  way-,  works,  or  machinery  were  in  the  proper  c<uidition;  or, 

S.Hdiid.  The  negligence  of  a  person  in  the  serviie  of  the  employer,  who  was  in- 
trusted with  and  was  exercising  siiperinten<len<e.  and  whose  sole  or  principal  duty 
was  that  of  superintendence,  or.  in  the  alisence  of  surli  superintendent,  of  a  per 
son  acting  as  superintendent  with  the  authority  or  (onsr-'t  of  such  employer;  or 

Third.  The  negligence  of  a  person  in  the  service  of  t!ie  employer,  who  was  in 
charge  or  control  of  a  signal,  sw  itch,  locomotive  engine,  or  train  upon  a  railroad,— 

tl iiiployee  or  his  legal   representatives  shall,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  tlie 

eiglit  fdlliiwing  section-,  have  the  same  rights  to  compensation  and  of  action 
ii:;iiinsl  the  employer  as  if  he  had  not  been  an  employee,  nor  in  the  service,  nor 
insiged  ill  the  work,  of  tlie  employer. 

A  car  which  is  in  use  by.  or  which  is  in  possession  of,  a  railroad  corporation 
<hiill  lie  considered  as  a  part  of  the  ways,  works,  or  machinery  of  the  corporation 
which  iisua  or  has  it  in  possession,  within  the  meaning  of  clause  1  of  this  section. 


^fi| 


1034 


.\lA^>li;it  AM)  Si;i!\  A.M. 


[tllAP.    XXXMl 


Mi 


ulullirr  it  i^  ciwricil  by  ^liili  im  pcr't  iipii  or  liy  ^oiiii'  ntlicr  ri)iii|iiiiy  or  pii-mi. 
•  iiir  or   iiioic  -Ms   utiicli   »tv  in   uiolioii.    wliillnr   attiiclinl  to  an   rii^jini'  <p|-   nnt, 

^-liall  eonstiliitc  a  train  within  the  aniny  of  claiiM-  :t  of  tins  ■.citioii.  an. I   iUm 

ivir.  as  a   |iart  of  his  duty  for  the  time  liiiiij:,  |)li\ -ii'.illy  rontroLs  or  ilirni-  ;iir 

ii.uviniiMt'  of  a  »ij;iial,  switch,  lofoniolivc  in^iiiic  or  train,  shall  lie  iln-nuM 

a  pi^rson  in  chiirnc  or  control  of  a  sijjMal.  -witch,  loconiotivc  iM;rinc,  or  Iniii 
within  the  incaniii;;  <if  saiil  clansc. 

!scc.  72.  If  the  ininr.v  <l<'scrihr(l  in  the  prtM'.iliii;;  -cction  results  in  the  death  of 
the  ein|iliiyee.  anil  suili  death  is  not  instanlaneoii-.  or  is  iireceiled  hy  ecin-i.m- 
-iillerin^'.  and  if  then'  is  any  person  who  would  have  lieen  entitled  to  lirinj;  an  .ic 
tijn  under  the  provi-ious  of  the  follow-inj;  section,  the  le^il  n  prc-eutal  ins  of  -il 

(  niployee  may.  in  the  action  hroii;.'ht  under  the  pnui-ions  of  llie  pr liii;;  -eeiiuii. 

recover  danni^cs  for  the  death,  in  additio.i  to  those  for  the  iiijuiy. 

Sec.  7;i.  If,  as  the  result  of  the  ne^li^ience  of  an  employer  himself,  or  of  a  per-nn 
for  whose  nc-rli^'ence  an  employer  is  liable  niiler  the  provisions  of  section  71.  an 
employee  is  instantly  killed,  or  dies  without  conscious  -iiirerin^.  his  wi  hu\,  or, 
if  he  leaves  no  widow,  his  next  of  kin,  who  at  the  time  of  his  death  were  lepi  ii! 
ent  upon  liis  ungeg  for  support,  shall  have  a  ri^dil  of  action  for  damafre-  af.Miii-t 
the  employer. 

Sec.  74.  If,  under  the  provisions  of  eithiT  ')f  the  two  preeedinj:  section-,  dam 
iifjes  arc  awarded  for  the  death,  they  shall  !)•  isse—ed  with  referenre  to  the  de;;ii.' 
of  culpability  of  the  employer  or  of  the  person  for  whose  neylij,'ence  llic'  etiipli.wi 
is  liable. 

The  amount  of  daniajies  which  may  be  awarded  in  an  action  under  the  pnni 
sic  ns  of  section  71  for  a  personal  injury  to  an  cmployci',  in  which  no  daiiia^i-  fur 
his  death  are  awarded  under  the  provision.s  of  section  72,  shall  not  e.xceed  .*4. 

The  amount  of  ilaniayes  which  may  be  awarded  in  such  action,  if  damaRe-  lor 
his  death  are  awarded  under  the  provisions  of  section  72.  shall  not  exceed  .■J.'i.iiiiii 
for  both  the  injury  and  the  ihath.  and  shall  be  apportioned  b-  '■e  jury  betwciii 
'he  IclmI  repri'sentatiM's  of  liie  (iiiployee  and  the  persons  wn,,  .,ould  have  lieen 
entitled,  under  the  ]>rovisions  of  section  7:i,  to  bring  an  action  for  his  death  if  it 
had  been  inslantaneou-  or  without  con-cious  sutrering. 

The  amount  of  dama^'cs  which  may  U-  awarded  in  an  action  brouffht  under  the 
provision!!  of  section  7;t   shall  not  be  less  than  SfMO  nor  more  than  $5,000. 

Sec.  75.  No  action  lor  the  recovery  of  damajjes  lor  injury  or  death  under  the 
provision.s  of  sections  71  to  74.  inclusive,  shall  he  maiiitiined  unless  notice  of  tlii' 
time,  place,  and  cause  of  the  injury  is  ^iven  to  the  employer  within  sixty  diys. 
and  the  action  is  commenced  within  one  year,  after  the  acvident  which  causes  ilip 
injury  or  death.  Such  notice  shall  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  person  iiijuicl 
or  by  a  person  in  his  behalf;  but  if,  from  physical  or  mental  incapacity,  it  i-  uii 
possible  for  the  person  injured  to  give  the  notice  within  the  time  provided  in  tills 
-ection,  he  may  give  it  within  ten  days  aft<..  such  incapacity  has  been  renioveJ; 
and  if  he  dies  without  having  given  the  notice  and  without  having  been,  for  ton 
days,  at  any  time  after  his  injury,  of  sulhcient  capacity  to  give  it.  his  exeii.ior 
or  aihninistrator  may  give  such  notice  within  sixty  days  after  his  appo  t. 

A  notice  given  under  the  provisions  of  thi.s  secti<m  .shall  not  be  held  invai  ni- 

-Mllicient  .solely  by  reason  of  an  inaccuracy  in  .stating  the  time,  place,  or  laiiM- 
of  the  injury,  if  it  is  shown  that  there  was  no  intention  to  mislead,  and  thai  llie 
nnployer  was  not  in  fact  mi.sled  thereby.  The  provisions  of  section  22  of  chap- 
'.er  51  shall  apply  to  notices  under  the  provisions  of  this  section. 


iTl! 


!  V 


5  Im7J 


fc:.Mi'i.()Vi:i;>-  i.iAiui.rrv  .xris. 


1935 


Sr.'.  70.  If  an  .•iiiplovir  .iil.  rs  into  ii  conlri.t.  written  or  vcrlial,  with  an  in- 
J,.|»n<l<nl  fontrnrtor  lo  ,lo  p.ot  of  snch  ..niployrr--  work,  or  if  kiuIi  .^ntractor 
Hilcr-  into  a  rontract  willi  a  .iil„„Mtraftor  to  il.i  all  or  anv  part  of  the  work  coin- 

iai-..,l  in  Mich  contraotorM  .nntrarl  with  th iiplojcT.  -iich  contract  or  subion- 

tni.t  >liall  not   i.ai    lli..  li.iMlin   of  the  cinplovcr  lor  injini.-«  to  the  .•niph.y.....H  of 

Miili  contractor  or  -nl,. ,„i.,r.  c^.i.-,,i   l,v  anv   .Icfrct    in   the  condition  of  the 

«,ivv  work-,  niachiiicrv,  or  plaro.  if  tlav  arc  the  pri.pcrlv  ..f  the  cinplovcr  or  are 
tuini-hcd  by  him.  ami  if  «.i<l,  .Icfcci  aro~c.  or  lia<l  not  heeii  .li-.co.,,.re,l  or"reine,lic,l, 
thr.Mi-li  the  iie-li;.encc  of  ihe  employer,  or  of  -uine  per>oii  intrii-.icd  hy  him  with 
lllc  ihlt.V  of  -ecill;;  that   tllc>    Mcle  ill   proper  colldil  iiill. 

So.  7".  An  .iiMloyee  or  hi-  l(-:il  lepi illative-  -hall  iint  he  entitU-d  under  the 

pn.vi-ion,  of  ^.ctioMs  71  to  71.  inclii-lvc.  lo  any  ri-l,t  ot  a.lion  for  dama;;M 
npiin-t  his  employer,  if  such  employee  knew  of  the  defect  nr  nc-liKence  which 
caii-cl  the  injury,  and  failed  within  a  rcax.nahl..  time  to  jrivc.  or  caii.-e  to  he 
{.'ivcii.  information  thereof  to  the  employer,  or  to  some  p,.rson  superior  to  him.clf 
in  the  -ervice  of  the  employer,  who  vva-  intriiM,<l  with  ^'eiicril  .Mipcrintcndencc. 

.Sir.  7S.  An  cmplcycr  who  -hall   have  coiitrihiile.l  to  an  insurance  fun  1  created 

and  inMiiitainc.1  for  llie  mutual  piirp of  indemnifying  an  emplovcc  for  pcr-onal 

injun,  -  for  wlii.h  c.  an  pens,,  t  ion  may  he  reeoveied  under  the  provisions  of  -eelioiw 
71  1"  74.  inchi-ive.  „r  lo  any  relief  -ocicly  formed  under  the  pn.visions  of  -cctions 
n.  is.  and  l!i  of  chapter  IJ.",.  may  prove,  in  mil  i-.ili.,n  of  the  ilami-es  recov- 
<vMr  hy  an  employee  unrler  tl„.  provisions  of  ,aid  -,,iio:  -.  such  proportion  of 
llie  pecuniary  Uiielit  which  has  heen  received  i.y  such  employee  from  aiiv  such 
fund  or  society  on  acc.aint  of  such  contrihution  of  said  emplcver,  as  the  eoiitrihii- 
tion  .,f  such  eniployi.r  to  such  fund  or  society  hear-  i,.  the  whole  contrihution 
1  hereto. 

Sec.  7!>.  The  provisions  of  the  eiKht  preceilinj;  sections  -hall  not  apply  to  in- 
juries caused  to  domestic  servants  or  farm   laU)rcrs  hy   fellow  employees. 

657.  Colorado—Laws  lH!l.t,  chap.  77  (Mills  Anno.  .Stat.  Siipp.  18!»l-18!)(i.  J 
lollai:— See.  1.  Where,  after  the  passi,f;e  of  this  act,  personal  injiirv  is  caused 
tM  an  employee,  who  is  himself  in  the  exercise  of  due  care  and  dili-rence  at  the 

time: 

ill    Hy  reason  of  any  defect  in  the  eondilion  of  the  wavs.  works,  or  machinery 

c.nn.cied  with  or  used  in  the  hu-incs,  of  the  cinplovcr.  which  ar from,  or  hail 

not  l,e,.|,  discovered  or  romedicl  owinjr  to.  the  ne-li-cnce  of  the  cinplovcr  or  of 
any  pcr-on  in  tlie  .ervice  of  the  employer,  ami  irUrust.sl  hy  him  «ith  the  diitv  of 
-cciii-  iliat  the  way-,  works,  and  machinery  were  in  proper  condition^  or 

1^1  liy  reason  of  the  ncfjli^'ence  of  any  person  in  the  service  of  the  employer. 
uitriisi,,!  with  exerei-in-  superintendeiK-e,  whose  sole  or  principal  duty  is  that  of 
>lipiTiiiii.|idcnce; 

■ii  l;y  rea.son  of  the  ne-liu'eiicc  of  any  person  in  the  service  of  the  employei, 
»li"  li.s  the  charsre  or  control  of  any  switch.  sijr„;,l,  locomotive  en-iiie.  or  train 
":';".'  'unoad.  the  employee,  or  in  case  tne  injury  results  in  death,  the  parties 
'■"""led  I.y  law  to  sue  and  recover  for  such  dama-es,  shall  have  the  same  ri-lit 
"t  n  „,p..„„„i„„  and  remedy  a-ainst  the  employer  ...  if  the  cmplovee  ha.l  not  been 
•  Mjinployee  ot.  or  iu  the  service  of.  the  employer  ,.r  en;; ;,j.e,l  in  his  or  its  works. 

'■■.  L'  I  l.,in,i.    llie  am.Mint  of  compensation  rccov.rable  under  this  act,  in  ca.sp 

"  I,' ' '  '"i"'.^   "-u'tin;,  -olely  fvoni  the  nc-li-euce  of  a  coemploye,.,  .shall  not 

'■^^'■'■d  the  sun.  of  .*.-.,uoo.     Xo  action  f.u-  the  recovery  of  compcn.sation  for  injury 


'      mi 


IMO 


MASTEK  AND  SEUVANr. 


[ca^.  xxsvu. 


i      ! 


i!i 


Ii 


rn 


or  ilfutli  under  thU  act  »liall  \>e  muintainpd  unless  written  notice  of  the  tiim, 
place,  and  cause  o(  the  injury  i-«  ffiven  to  the  employer  within  sixty  days,  ami  tli^ 
action  is  conuneni.cd  within  two  year»,  from  the  otiMirrence  of  the  accident  c.iu-ins 
the  injury  or  death.  Uut  no  notice  given  under  the  provisions  of  this  mmiIuh 
■hall  be  deemed  invalid  or  in«ullicicnt  solely  by  reason  of  any  inaccuracy  in  st.itin;; 
the  time,  place,  or  cause  of  injury:  I'rovided,  It  is  shown  that  there  wa^  no  in- 
tention to  mislead,  and  that  the  party  entitled  to  notice  was  not  in  fact  nii-lM 
thereby. 

Sec.  3.  (l.illc).  Whenever  an  employer  ..nters  into  a  contract,  either  writti'n 
or  verbal,  with  an  Independent  contractor,  to  do  part  of  such  employer's  wmk.  or 
whenever  such  contractor  enters  into  a  contract  with  a  subcontractor  to  <lu  all 
or  a  part  of  tlie  work  eompri.sed  in  sucli  contract  or  contracts  with  the  eiiiplHur, 
such  contract  or  subcontract  shall  not  bar  the  liability  of  the  employer  Idr  in 
juries  to  the  employees  of  such  contractor  or  subcontractor,  by  reason  of  any 
defect  in  the  condition  of  the  ways,  works,  machinery,  or  plant,  if  they  an-  (li. 
property  of  the  employer  or  furnished  by  him,  and  if  such  defect  arose  or  ha.l  nut 
been  discovered  or  remedied  through  the  negligence  of  the  employer  or  of  miw 
person  intru.sted  by  him  with  the  duty  of  seeing  that  they  were  in  propir 
oondition. 

Sec  4  (lolld).  An  employee,  or  those  entitled  by  law  to  sue  and  reeov,  i  nn 
der  the  provisioas  of  this  act,  shall  not  be  entitled  under  this  act  to  any  ri;.'lit  oi 
compensation  or  reniwly  against  hLs  employer  in  any  case  where  »iicli  eni|il<>y.v 
knew  of  the  defect  or  negligence  which  caused  the  injuiy.  and  failed  within  a  iv.i 
sonable  time  to  give  or  cause  to  be  given  infonrntion  thereof  to  the  eni|il(.y.  i.  or 
to  some  person  superior  to  himself  in  the  service  of  his  employer,  who  had  in 
trusted  to  him  some  general  superintendence. 

Sec.  5.  ( 1511e).  If  the  injury  sustained  by  the  employee  is  clearly  the  result  of 
the  negligence,  carelessness,  or  misconduct  of  a  coeniplovee,  the  coeniployee  -hall 

be  equally  liable  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  with  tl mplover.  and  niav  1» 

made  a  party  defendant  in  all  actions  brought  to  recover  ilaniages  lor  such  injiin. 
Upon  the  trial  of  such  action  the  court  may  submit  to  and  require  the  jury  t.. 
find  a  special  verdict  upon  the  question  as  to  whether  the  employer  or  hi-  vi,v 
principal  wes  or  waa  not  guilty  of  negligence  proximately  cau-ing  the  injury 
complained  of;  or  whether  such  injury  resulted  solely  from  the  negligent,  of  tli.' 
coemployee;  and  in  case  the  jury  by  their  special  verdict  tind  that  the  injiiiy  w.i- 
solely  the  result  of  the  negligence  of  the  employer  or  vice  principal,  then  and  in 
that  case  the  jury  "ihall  assess  the  full  amount  of  plaintiir's  ilamag.s  against  tlic 
employer,  and  the  .suit  shall  be  dismissed  as  against  the  employee;  hut  in  ca-.' 
the  jury  by  their  special  verdict  find  that  the  injury  .esult.-il  solely  from  the  mn 
ligenoe  of  the  coemployee,  the  jury  may  assess  danuiges  both  against  the  em 
ployer  and  the  employee. 
Approved  April  8,  1893. 

This  act  is  now  superseded  to  some  extent  by  the  statute  sot  nut  in 
ehiipter  .xxxix.,  post. 

658.  Indlana—Acta  1893,  chap.  130,  p.  294;  3  Rev.  Stat.  1804.  N  -(Wii-TO^:; 
ll,.M:cr-  I!ev.  Stat.  1897,  SS  5200-5210;   Burns's  Rev.  Stat.   1901.  §S  -.OSii-TOs:: 


n 


i  ti58J 


EMPLOVEUS'  LIADII.IIV  ACfS. 


1937 


Hcv.  Stat.  I  7083.  I-iabilif j-  for  I'cr-on.il  liijuri*^:— 1.  Tliut  ..very  r.iilroa.l  or 
otli.T  corporation,  exci'pt  imiiiioipal,  op.ratin«  in  this  statr.  «liall  W  U.Me  in  dam- 
«gvn  for  personal  injury  suir.Tod  by  any  ..inployoo  uliil,.  in  its  s.rvue,  the  em- 
|>l(.y<i'  80  injiirod  being  in  tlie  excicise  of  du..  care  and  dllijji'nto,  in  tbe  following 

»:UTS ; 

First.  Wlipn  such  injury  isi  gulTorod  by  n-nson  of  any  dofcct  in  the  condition  of 
ways,  w<  ;»,  plant,  tools,  and  machini'ry  connected  with  or  in  use  in  the  businegi 
uf  such  corporation,  when  .such  dcf.^ct  was  the  re.'tult  of  neplJKence  on  the  part  of 
the  corporation,  or  some  person  intrusted  by  it  with  the  duty  of  keepinj;  such 
Hay,  works,  plant,  tools,  or  machinery  in  proper  condition; 

■SHHind.  Where  such  injury  resulted  from  the  ne^'liseiice  of  any  person  in  the 
..Tvice  of  such  corporation,  to  whose  ord,r  or  dirwtioi.  the  injurnl  employee  at 
the  time  of  the  injury  was  bound  to  conform,  and  did  conform; 

Third.  Where  such  injury  resulted  fr.ini  the  act  or  omission  of  any  p<Tson  done 
or  made  in  obedience  to  any  rule,  retaliation,  or  bylaw  of  such  corporation,  or  in 
oUKlience  to  the  particular  instructions  given  by  any  person  delegated  with  the 
authority  of  the  corporation  in  that  behalf; 

fourth.  Where  such  i.ijury  waa  caused  by  the  ncpligence  of  any  person  in  the 
-ervice  of  .such  corporation,  who  haa  charge  of  any  .signal,  telegraph  oflTice,  switch 
yard,  shop,  roundhouse,  locomotive  engine,  or  train  ui>on  a  railway,  or  where  such 
injury  was  cat-sed  by  the  negligence  of  any  person,  coemployee,  or  fellow  servant 
cngaf.'ed  in  the  same  common  service  in  any  of  the  several  departments  of  the 
service  of  any  such  corporation,  the  said  person,  coemployee,  or  fellow  servant  at 
the  time  acting  in  the  place  and  performing  the  duty  of  the  corporation  in  that 
tiehalf,  and  the  person  so  injured,  obeying  or  conforming  to  the  order  of  some 
-uperior  at  the  time  of  such  injury,  having  authority  to  direct;  but  nothing 
lierein  shall  be  construed  to  abridge  the  liability  of  the  corporation  under  existing 
laws. 

See.  7084.  When  Damages  not  Recoverable:— 2.  Neither  an  emplovee  nor  hi* 
legal  reiircsentative  shall  !»  entitled  under  this  act  to  any  right  of  compeasation 
or  remedy  ag-.iinst  the  corporation  in  any  case  where  the  injury  results  from  obedi- 
ence to  any  order  which  subjects  the  employee  to  palpable  danger;  nor  where  the 
injury  was  caused  by  the  incompetency  of  the  coemployee,  and  such  incompetency 
was  known  to  the  employee  injured,  or  such  injured  employee,  in  the  exercise  of 
reasonable  care,  might  have  discovered  such  incompetency  j^  unless  the  emplovee 
«o  injured  gave  or  caused  to  be  given  information  theri-of  to  the  corporation  or"  to 
some  superior  intrusted  with  the  general  superintendence  of  such  coemployee,  and 
Mich  corporation  failed  or  refused  to  discharge  such  incompetent  employee  within 
n  reasonable  time,  or  failed  or  refused  within  a  reasionable  time  to  investigate  the 
alleged  incompetency  of  the  coemployee  or  superior,  and  discharge  him  if  found 
incompetent. 
Repealed  by  act  1894,  chap.  64. 

Sec.  7085.  Measure  of  Damages:— 3.  The  measure  of  damages  recoverable  under 
this  act  shall  be  commensurate  with  the  injury  .sustained,  unless  death  results 
from  such  injury,  when,  in  such  case,  the  action  shall  survive  and  be  governed  in 
uU  respects  by  the  law  now  in  force  as  to  such  actions:  Pro\Hcle(l,  That  where  any 
such  person  recovers  a  judgment  against  a  railroad  or  other  corporation,  and  such 
corporation  takes  an  appeal,  and  pending  such  appeal  the  injured  person  <lies, 
anil  the  judgment  rendered  in  the  court  h  ■  ■•  hp  thereafter  reversed,  the  right  of 
action  of  such  person  shall  survive  to  his        al  representative. 


i^'!i% 


iill 


.i  m 


i '  <i 


iitM 


AlA-slKIt  AM)  SKKV  AM. 


[«iiMV  xx\m; 


S,f,  Hm\.  CoiitiMiM-  of  IMcii.c  \»i.l:— t.  All  .MiitiMl-  iMixIc  Uy  iiiilr.i.hl-  •■, 
nllicr  (•(ir|Miniliiii>  hiIIi  llnir  riiiploVii"<,  or  rilli-  m  ii';;iilal  ion-  ailiipli'"!  In  m 
roi|Miiiili(iii.  nliii-ii  ;,'  or  itlii  Miiy  il  Iroiii  liiii>ilil_v  to  nii.s  iiii|>Iomc  Ilimii;;  ,i  n- 
cil  no. ion  iiiiiiir  llif  |pro\i.ioii>  oi  tlii»  int.  an-  lii'icliy  ilcil.iKil  null  iiml  voi.l.  1„ 
liro\i!.ioii-  of  llii-  act.  l.iirtcMi.  -luill  not  a|i|il.v  to  iiiiv  iiijiiii.-  n-taiml  lii|..r.  i; 
taki'M  ellfd  ;  nor  -liall  it  allVil  in  aii^  niamifr  uiiy  auil  or  li'^al  iiroti'c'liiijj-  |)iii.l 
irjj  lit   (lie  tinir  il  taUi-  rllrcl. 

Ill  i-irti'l   .Man  II  4,  18Ua. 


659.  New  York.— An  Act  to  Kxtcnil  iin(t  Rrjrulnto  tlw  I,i  itiililv  of  Kiii|.l.>ypi- 
to  Make  C'oin|irii-alioii  for  IVrsoiial  Injiiric-  Siilfrrcl  liv  i;iii|p|o,vti-t.  I..i\»-  1'Mij 
i-liap.  (iOt): — Sw.  1.  Wlii're.  after  this  act  iakc»  ell«i-l.  |.cr.-oniil  hijiirj-  i-  iiii-,-l  !. 
an  ciniployte  who  i<  liini-rif  in  tlie  exercise  of  (hie  care  iiild  (lilip'iKv  at  the  tiinr 

1.  Uy  reawin  of  any  defect  in  the  condition  of  the  waj«.  work-,  or  ni:i.liin.i\ 
connected  with  or  ti.iod  in  the  hu-iiK's.s  of  the  employer,  which  aro-e  fiipiii  ipr  lu ' 
not  been  discovered  or  ri'ini-dieil  owir<{  to  the  m'Klijreiice  of  tlpi'  enipl<pycr  or  of  nii;. 
|ier-.on  in  the  -rrvice  of  the  employer  ninl  intrusteil  hy  him  « il  h  the  duty  ipf  miIii: 
that  the  way-,  works,  or  machinery  were  in  r"'"!'*''"  condition; 

\l.   Uy  rea-ipii  of  I  lie  la'jrlij-'inii'  of  any  perxnp  in  the  service  of  the  eiiiplpiyer  in 
trusted  with  and  e\ei(isiii>f  -iipcriiitindence.  who-e  scde  or  principal  duly  i»  thiit 
of  8uperinteii<leiiee.  or,  in  the  alxeiice  of  such  superintendent,  of  any   pir-ppii  :iit 
inj;  ns  Miperinteiiph'nt  with  the  authority  or  con-ent   of  -iieh  emplipyci.     ihe  en, 
ployee,  or  in  case  the  injury  results  in  death,  the  e\ecutor  or  adniini-iiMicpi  ipf 
deceased   employee  who   has   left  him   surviving  a  liii-liainl,  wife,  or   next   ipf  ki 
shall  have  the  s'lnip  ri^dit   of  compensation  and  rcmc'lies  ajrainst  the  i-in|p|ip>.i     ■ 
if  t!ie  emplipyce  had  not  been  an  employee  of.  nor  in  the  service  of,  the  cni)p|.pv.  i 
nor  eiijjapil  in  his  work.     The  provisiipns  of  law  relatii;^'  to  actions  for  laii-ii 
dialh  by  ni'jilijrciice.  so  far  a»  the  same  arc  loiisistcnl    with  thi-  act.  shall  a|i|i'. 
to  an  action  liroujilit   by  an  executor  or  administrator  of  a  deceased  iinplppvci   •» 
in;r  under  the  pronsions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  2.  No  action  for  recovery  of  compensation  for  injury  or  death  nndir  thi- 
act  shall  be  niaintaineil  unless  notice  of  the  time,  place,  and  cause  of  the  iniun 
is  (fiven  to  the  employer  within   120  days  and  the  action  is  commeniipl  wiilii:.  (pii- 
year  after  the  (MCiirrence  of  the  accident  causing  the  injury  or  .leatb.      The  niplir 
reipiired  by  thi-  scclion  shall  be  in  writiiifr  anil  si;;nctl  by  the  pcr-pi'i   I- 
by  .someone  in  his  behalf;   but  if,  from   physical  or  mental  iiuMpacity, 
possible  for  the   j'crson   injured  to  tfivc  iiiptice   within   the  fpiic  [irovii'. 
section,  he  may  f;ive  the  same  within  ten  days  after  such  ineap:icity  i- 
In  caae  of  his  death   without  bavin}.'  jriven   such  notice,  his  executor  ov 
trator  may  give  such  notice  witb.n  sixty  days  after  his  appoint iii.'nt  ;  but  no  iip' 
tice  under  the  provisions  of  this  sectiipu  shall  be  deemed  to  be  invalid  ipi  iii.-ui!. 
cicnt  solely  by  reason  of  any  inaccuracy  in  statin;;  the  time,  place,  or  can-c  of  !:• 
injury,  if  it  be  shown  that  there  was  no  intention  to  mislead  and  that  the  p:irt) 
entitled  to  notice  was   not   in   fact   misled   thereby.     Tlie   notiie   reipiiicd  by  tin- 
section  shall  be  served  on  the  employer,  or  if  there  is  more  than  ipui'  cni|plcpyir 
upon  one  of  such  emplovirs.  and  may  be  -crved  by  deliverin;;  the  same  to  or  a: 
the  residence  or  place  of  business  of  the  person  on  whom  it  is  to  Im'  scrveil.    The 
notice  may  be  served  by  post,  by  letter  addrcs.scd  to  the  person  on  whom  it  is  I" 
be  served,  at  bis  last  known  place  of  residence  or  place  of  business,  aiipl  it  -ervfJ 
by  post  shall  be  deemed  to  have  iieeu  served  at  llit  time  wlidl  the  letter  coiiLuE- 


]  tiOUJ 


K.Ml'tjn  Kits'  I.I     'M  ITV   ACTS. 


103fl 


inj;  tlip  »:im<-  woiilcj   Ih'  i|*'liMroil   in  tin  luv  coiir-i'  o(  tho  pfwt       When  tin- 

iiM|iliiyir  U  11  coiiiiiuiinii,  iii.ilc,'  -IkiII  Ih-  -ir\iil  li\  ililiifrinjr  tlir  «aiiic  or  liv 
•iiiiliTi;.'  it  liy  p<j»l.  iiililii«>ii|  lu  till-  oUut;  or  priiiii|i;il  pliiw  of  lm-.iiic»!<  of  »ii<|i 
iur|Hiiiiliun. 

Sc.  3.  All  <'iii;.ici_MT,  li.v  fii  .rill;'  ii|h>ii  nr  cuntiiiiiiiij.'  in  tlip  -ii\i,,-  nf  ilir  cin 
pliivcr,  aliiill  Im'  pri'^iiiiic'il  In  ha.r  j-«ciiticl  to  llir  iiin~.iiry  risks  of  the  ocnipu 
limi  or  cmiiloyiiiciil.  unci  no  ..      Tlie  iicci-i«iiry  risk*  of  (lip  ornipition  or  iiii 

|iloynieiit   kIimII.  in  nil   im-xw  iiri«iii>;  aftrr  this  not    lakrs  clfivt.  !«■  iiiiisi'liTnl  as 
ini  ludinjr  those  ri-k-.  iiiiJ  those  only,  inherent  in  the  nntiiie  of  the  l)ii«iiie-s.  whirli 
I'lDain  after  the  employer   has  e\erei-eil   iliie  eare   i.'    proviilinff  for   the   sjifety  of 
hi-  employees,  and  has  eonipllr.l  wilh  the  laws  a  licet  iiii;  or  re(;\il  itinjr  "i'""!!  Iiilsj. 
ii(»-  or  occiipition  for  the  greater  -afety  of  siiili  eitiplovees.      In  an  action  main 
>,iinp.|  for  the  ricovery  of  daina^'es  for  personal   injnrii-  to  an  iinployee  received 
iftiT  this   act    takes   etlVct.   o«iii;;  to   any   cniLse    lor    wliieh   tin-   emphiyer    would 
.itlieruise   be   liahle.   the    faet   that   the  employee  eontiniied    in   the  serviie  of  the 
ittiployer  in  the  same  plaee  anil  course  of  employment  after  the  dis<overy  liy  uneli 
iniployee,  or  after  he  had  Ix'en  informed  of,  the  diiii;ter  of  personal  injury  there 
inmi,  shall  not,  as  a  matter  of  law.  he  eon-idensl  as  an  a--cnt    hy  su(di  iinployee 
10  the  existenee  or  eontinituice  of  siieli  risks  of  personal   injury  thercfrc  in,  or  a< 
nef»li;;enee  oontrihiiliii;;  to  such   injiiy.      The  ipicstion  whether  the  employee  iin 
■  lersinod  ami  assnimd  the  risk  of  -m.  h  injury,  or  was  Kn'H.v  of  coiitrilnitoiy  ne)> 
ligenie.   by    his   conliniiance   in   tin     ..anie    place   and    course   of   employment    with 
knoHlid;.'e  of  the  risk  of  injury,  shall  be  one'  of  fact,  -uhjcct  to  the  ii-ual  powers 
.if  the  court  in  e.  proper  case  to  «ct  aside  a  verdict  rendered  contrary  to  the  evi- 
.linco.     An  employee,  or  his  lejial  representative,  shall  not  be  entitled   under  this 
iiot  to  .iiiy    ri^'ht   of  compensation  or   remedy  anaimit    the  employer   in   any   ease 
where  -iieh  employee  knew  of  the  defect  or  ne<»li}fence  which   caii-ed   the   injury, 
and  failed,  vN'ithin  a  reasonalilc  time,  to  tjivc,  or  cause  to  be  piven.   inforie   tio'i 
ihereof  to  the  employer,  or  to  some  person  superior  to  himself  in   the  service  of 
ihe  employer,  who  had  intrusted  to  him  some  jfeiieral  superintemlcine.  unless  it 
■liall  appear  on  the  trial  that  such  defect  or  nejf!i);enee  wa.s  known  to  such  em- 
|i!oyer,  or  superior  person,  prior  to  siieh  injiirie.s  to  the  employee. 

See.  4.  An  employer  who  shall  have  contributed  to  an  insurance  fund  created 
iind  maintained  for  the  mutual  purpose  of  indemnifying  an  employee  for  personal 
injuries,  for  which  eonipcii-ation  may  lie  recovered  under  this  act,  or  to  any  relief 
-ixicty  or  benefit  fuiul  created  under  the  laws  of  this  state,  may  prove  in  miti'.'i 
lion  of  dama};es  recoverable  by  an  employee  under  this  act  such  proportion  of  tin 
(n'cuniary  Ix'iielit  which  has  been  reeeivtsl  hy  such  employee  from  such  fund  or 
-•■(■icty  on  account  of  such  contribution  of  employer,  as  the  contnhution  of  such 
.iiiployer  to  such  fund  or  siniety  bears  to  the  whole  contribution  thereto. 

Sec.  5.  Every  e.xislinp  ri;;lit  of  action  for  nefilifieiice  or  to  recover  dama^'is.  for 
injuries  resulting  in  death  is  continued,  and  nothing  in  this  act  contained  -hall  he 
mnstrucd  as  limiting  any  such  riffht  of  action;  nor  shall  the  failure  to  ^ive  the 
notice  provided  for  in  section  2  of  this  act  be  a  bar  to  the  maintenance  of  a  suit 
u|)on  any  such  existing;  right  of  action. 

Sec.  6.  This  a«t  shall  take  efTect  July  1,  1002. 


% 


i  mm 


0.  Ontario  and  other  Canadian  provinces. — The  English  act  ha.^- 


IM« 


MASTER  AM)  SKU\  ANT. 


[chap,  xxivii 


natural^  bcifii  follownl  v«tv  clcwoly  in  all  tiio  colonic  which  liavr 
udopti'd  'i  similar  itatiiK'. 

In  Xpw  fi>innliainl  tliv  original  mf  [»  followotl  wonl  for  word. 

In  Ontario  tin-  l.jjitlaturcs,  while  pnwrving  tho  provisions  of  tlm' 
act  in  UiP  easonf  iai  fVatiircs,  have  iiiado  soino  i!n|H»rfant  addition-.  .\. 
the  8tatnt<'S  of  llioc  colonifw  nn-  virtu.:"v  identical,  it  -.ill  i>e  -ntli 
oient  to  give  the  tixl  of  that  of  Ontario,  so  fur  as  it  i*;  of  gi  ni  r.ii 
intirnst. 

The  sUJtntr  at.  |.re.sent  in  force  is  .'..">  Vict.  .hip.  30  (Ont.  How  Stm. 
1807,  chap.  1(50).      In  this  is  incor|ioratod,  with  some  unimport;in' 
verbal  variations,  tiie  provisions  of  the  earlier  act,  49  Vict.  chap.  > 
(Ont,  Rov.   Stat.   InM.  chap.   111).     Several  now  sections  are  iil. 
added. 

Any  of  the  alterations  which  it  scorns  advisable  to  note  are  mc, 

tioncd. 

S«e.  1.  ThJs  act  mny  he  known  and  citcl  as  "the  workinjjtnen's  coinpf.i-ntifn 
for  injuries  act."    55  Virf.  chap.  :!0,  I  I. 

Sec.  2.  Wlipre  the  following  words  occur  in  this  act,  thoy  shall  be  con«tr I  in 

be  manner  hereiiinftcr  mentioned,  unless  a  contrary  intention  appear*: 

Subs.  1.  "Superintendence"  shall  be  c-on«trucil  a»  meaning  such  pcnriMJ  -npn 
intendence  over  workmen  as  is  exercised  by  a  foreman,  or  person  in  a  lil;.'  p..i 
tion  to  a  foreman,  whether  the  person  i  \criiMnj;  superintendence  is  or  in  nut  or 
dinarily  engaged  in  manual  labor. 

Su*'*.  2.  "Employer"  shall  include  a  ho<ly  of  |.ir-fiiis  corporate  or  \ini"<  .iipnMt. 
and  aiso  the  1. -^al  personal  represent  at  iv.s  of  a  i""ccn-cd  employer,  ami  tlic  pn-.n 
liable  to  pay  compensation  under  section  4  of  this  act.  53  Vict.  chnp.  :tii.  (  i 
subs.  1,  2. 

[Subsocs.  1  and  2  arc  altered  from  the  earlier  act,  but  not  so  ns  t. 
affect  the  extent  of  the  master's  liability.] 

Subs.  3.  "Workman"  does  not  include  a  domestic  o.  .lenial  servant,  or  serv.iw 
in  husbandry,  gardening,  or  fruit  growing,  where  the  personal  injury  cnusc.l  t.> 
any  auch  servant  has  been  occasioned  by  or  haa  ari.sen  from  or  in  the  usikiI  coiir-- 
of  his  work  or  employment  as  a  domestic  or  menial  servant,  or  as  a  servant  i:i 
huabandrj',  gardening,  or  fruitgrowing:  but,  save  as  aforesaid.  mc;>n-  any  rai! 
way  servant  and  any  person  who,  being  a  laborer,  servant,  journeyman.  artilHor 
handicraftsman,  miner,  or  otherwise  engaged  in  manual  lalmr.  whether  un.l.r  t!i. 
age  of  twcniy-one  years  or  above  that  age,  has  entered  into  or  works  un.lor  s 
contract  witli  an  employer,  whether  the  contract  is  made  before  or  after  tlio  pi" 
ing  of  this  act.  is  ..\pr.-s-cd  or  implied,  oral  or  in  u.-iting,  and  is  a  cnndvut  nt 
service  or  a  contract  personally  to  execute  any  work  or  labor.     50  Vict,  elm  p.  ^i' 

i  1- 

Subs.  4.  "Packing"  shall  mean  a  packing  of  weed  or  metal,  or  some  otlipr 
equally  substantial  and  solid  material,  of  not  less  than  2  inches  in  t!iiiknc-.s  an: 
which,"  where  filled  in,  shall  extend  to  within  li  inches  of  the  crown  of  the  ra:  • 


I  "flOJ  E.MPIXIVKRS-  I.IAHII.ITY  AtTS  1»4| 

ia  u»f  on  any  r«il*H>-.  iliall  Iw  iitiilly  llttiil  .o  ai  lo  mmr  ,igt\in»t  th»  wfl.  of  on.  Ii 
nili,  »nd  ithiill  be  wpll  and  noliilly  fii.l.iii'U  to  the  xut  on  which  mirh  raiU  an- 
UiJ, 

Subi.  5.  ••Rull^^\v  ^prvanf  ithiill  nn'^n  ,in<l  inrliidi.  a  r.iil«iiy  »<Tmnt,  trum 
»ay  servant,  and  -ritt  niilwuy  >4n,iiil       i;.  \  jci    .hnp.  .10.  |    »,  iii|,«    4,  y 

S«w.  3.  Wh«'re  iMTMoiml  injury   i<  iaii-i-i|   lu  a   rt..ikiiiiin : 

Sul».  1.  Uy  reason  ot  any  d.litt  in  lli,-  <.>ti<|j|liiii  ..r  arraiijf.^ni.-nt  of  the  w«y«, 
Horliit,  machiiirry,  phinl,  l.iiihliriK-.  or  pr,.ini„',  ioiiim.i.mI  with,  intended  for,  or 
uwii  in,  the  lii|j<inr-i  of  the  iiiiphiyer;  or 

Suh«.  a.  Hy  reason  of  the  net'liKeiice  of  any  person  „,  the  .ervice  of  tiie  em- 
ployer, who  hai<  nnv  -iipeiintenih'ncf  inli  ii.-led  to  hitii,  wliil^t  in  the  exercise  of 
siieh  »ii|ierinleiul.    .ee     jr 

[See  I  2.  sulM.    I.] 

Suh».  .!.  Uy  rea-on  of  tlie  neKliKenee  of  any  per-mn  in  the  service  of  the  em- 
plover,  to  wlio,e  orders  or  .lireetionn  the  workman  at  the  time  of  the  injury  wa« 

l>oiiml  to  conform  and  did  conform,  wher eh  injury  retulfed  from  hin  having 

1.0  conformed ;  or 

Sntw.  4.  By  reason  of  tlie  act  or  omiwion  of  any  (wrt-on  in  the  service  of  the 
emplcver,  done  or  made  in  ol«.dience  to  the  rul«t  or  hy-hiwn  of  the  employer,  or  in 
oMIence  to  particular  ln«tructi(m«  given  by  the  employer  or  hy  any  person  del- 
egated with  the  authority  of  the  employer  in  that  behalf:  or 

SuLs.  3.  iU  reason  of  the  neKli;,'"nce  of  any  (M-rson  in  the  service  of  the  em- 
ployer, who  has  the  .  liargc  or  control  of  any  i»oint»,  signal,  locomotive  engine. 
machine,  or  train  uiH>n  a  railway,  tramway,  or  ittreet  ra'hvay,— the  workman,  or! 
in  ca«c  the  injury  result*  in  death,  the  legal  personal  rep,-  sentatives  of  the  work- 
man, and  any  persons  entUled  in  case  of  death,  shall  have  the  same  right  of  com 
pensation  and  remedies  against  the  employer  as  if  the  w.irki.mn  had  not  been 
ii  workman  of,  nor  in  the  service  of,  the  employer,  nor  engaged  in  his  work. 
.).')  Vict.  chup.  30,  {  3. 

Src.  4.  subs.  1.  Where  the  e.xecution  of  any  work  is  being  carried  Into  etTect 
under  any  contract,  and 

in)  The  person  for  whom  the  work,  or  any  part  thereof,  is  done,  owns  or  sup- 
plies  any  ways,  works,  machinery,  plant,  buildings  or  premises  used  for  the  pur- 
pose of  executing  the  work;  and 

[This  provision  is  not  inserted  in  the  Manitoba  act.] 

ibl  Ity  reason  of  any  defect  in  the  condition  or  arrangement  of  such  ways, 
work-  -lehinery,  plant,  buildings,  or  premises,  personal  injury  is  cau.sed  to  any 
»or„,         employed  by  the  contractor  or  by  any  subcontractor:  and 

If  p  defect  or  the  failure  to  discover  oi  reme<ly  the  defect  arose  f-  m  the 
negligence  of  the  person  for  whom  the  work  or  any  part  thereof  is  done,  or  of 
-ome  [ler-on  being  in  his  service  ar^  intruste<l  by  him  ' -itb  the  duty  of  seeing 
that  such  condition  or  arrangement  is  proper,— the  person  ■  )r  whom  the  work,  or 
that  part  of  the  work,  is  done,  shall  be  liable  to  pay  compeasation  for  the'in- 
jury  as  if  the  workman  had  been  employed  by  hin.,  and  for  that  purpose  shall  be 
(ippitied  to  be  the  employer  of  the  workinan  within  the  meaning  of  this  act:  Pro 
vKled.  always.  That  any  such  contractor  or  subeoiilractor  shall  be  lial)le  t„  pay 
compensatior  "or  the  injury  as  if  this  section  hud  not  been  enacted,  so.  however, 
that  double  cvoipeniation  shall  not  be  recoverable  for  the  same  injury. 


^5  ' 


IMt 


MAKIKH  AM)  >l  l!V  \M. 


.Im.,:i 


III 


Nnlliinv  oflrn'«|.iiMlliijj  to  tlii-  i.rnvi-lon  i<  (imiii'I  in  tlir  l.ii-li-li  urt       It 
l»  compiirwl  with  ■.•■liiim  4  i>(  lln'  M  i—hIiiim'II.  net. 

Sulx.  J.  N..lliin(j  in  lliH  "•••■tloii  wnliiiiifl  -Imll  i>ff'<<  ""y  riKlil*  or  ILil.ilin.. 
o(  the  ixrioii  for  ttli'.iii  iIk-  work  i.  don.'  mul  Um-  ■miirii.for  mi>l  ^iilMt.nli.i.t.r 
(If  any),  iix  tM'twcui  iIiiimtIm''..     .'I'l  \  iil    ■•(i.i|).  ;itt,  >   t. 

Sn:  5.  Wliiri',  uilliin  llii'>  l'i«iHiu-.'.  j..r-nii.il  injury  Ik  i-iiht.|  to  a  wciiImi„id 
riniiloyril  iin  iir  iilMiiit  nnv   r.ill»ii\  : 

Siilw.  I.  Ily  ri'ii-.<iM  of  till'  linvi-r  U-iimi«  «pr  in>'iiilH'r->  c>r  liir  .ii|Mr-.lril('turi'  "f  .ip) 
liijjiittiiy  iir  iitlicr  nciluii.l   liii<lp-.  «r  ;in>   ollitr  I'luiiuti  i.r  -li  inuri'  om  i    -.hi 

railHiiy.  ni)t  bcin^-  i.f  a  .iilli.-irnl   lifl-lii   f lliv  -inhn..  n(  iln-  r^iU  I"  a-lnui  .i 

nn  o|M'n  ami  dcnr  li.iulwaj  i.f  al  li:i-l  T  tVrl  Ixlrt.rM  tin-  I'-p  •■:  i '»•  li'«l'<-'  <i'i." 

wr^  lli.ii  riinrJnn  on  riiOi  railway,  ami  llif  lK)llom  of  -ii«'li  l"»'i-  Ihmiii-  it  i 

tHT^ :  or, 

Siili».  2.  Ily  ri'a«<>n  of  tlif  -|...  ■  iHlrtwn  Ihr  rail-  in  any  railway  Ir..-.  ivi.n: 
in}:  fmiii  lli..  (.oiiil  nf  ^ii.li  Ir..y  hackwanl  t<>  ulaii'  Ilif  laa'l-  "f  -n'li  rail-  n.  i... 
|.«.  Iliaii  .".  Ifilii.   ipart.  nut  U'infj  llllfd  in  witli  pukinii;  or. 

Siili-.   :i.    Il>    rra-nn  of  llir  -pan-  Ix'lwpi'n  any  win^'  rail  ami  any   railrtMy   ii.' 
anil  l-t«.rn  any   ^\Mt<\  rail  ami  any  ntli.T  rail  tlx.-.l  ami   u-r.l  al.mu-i.lr  ilur,   ■ 
Ml  «fni,,ai.l,  ami  iHlwi-n  all  hIii«  rail-  whirt-  no.rfli.r  rail  inli mnr.   i-.u  .ii  > 
wIhti-  tl.c  -paw  JM-tHicn  llic   liva.N  •>(  any   tm  h   win^  ri\\\  ami   railv\,iy   fpj    ■ 
nfnri-'ai.l.  or  U'twwn  the  hi'ail»  <.f  any  mik-Ii  Kuanl  rail  ami  any  ..tli.r  i  nl  :'■-   '. 
and  n-.,|  alcm^'sid.-  th.'r.'of  a.  afcr.-ai.l,  or  hctw^n  tin-  lii'aiU  <>f  any  mi.  h  m  . 
railx  wlirr.-  m.  olli.r  rail  intiT»cii.«  a.  afor.'sai.l,  in  i-itluT  l.'«  tlian  U  "'  ■'«  i'" 
or  nii.r..  tlian  :.  iiic-lHw  in  wi.llln    not   Im-iiik  at  all  tinicH  dnrinw  iv.ry  im..i'!, 
April.  May,  diiim.  .Inly.  Anmi't.  >.  ptiMilHT,  Octolxr.  and  Xincnila.r,  llllcd  i-    m' 
paikiii-.     -mil  injury' "hall  I..-  d.-.imil  ami  taUm  d.  Iian'  l«rn  .mii-...!  I.>    i.  ■-. 
of  a  d.-f.Tt  williin  th.-  nnaniii;.'  •<!  <laiHi-  nnnil.fr.d  1  of  •.nliiai  :i  of  llii-  a.i     I   • 
notliin«  in  tlii^  section  oonlaiii.d  -li.ill  l*  taken  or  .•on>triir.l,  a-  in  any  ir^\<,<r. 
or  for  any  purim-o,  r.'«lri<liii^'  tin'  in.aninR  of  the  sai.l  clan-.-      .■.,■■  Vict,  diap,  in. 
I  5;  UO  Vict.  chap.  l-'>,  Sclicdiilc  A    i  .'>7  i . 

[The  alKive  provi-ion-  are  m.t  fnnml  in  Kcv.  Stat.  IHHT.  ami  are  , iiliar  to  tin- 

Canadian  -tatnte.  and  tlie  l«.i  other*  which  are  copied  from  it.| 

Sec.  II.  A  Horknian.  or  hi-  l./al  representative-,  or  any  per-on  cntillc.l  in  c:\'- 
of  his  death,  shall  not  he  entitled  iiiMlor  this  net  to  any  ri^'ht  of  comp,  ii-,,ii.  n 
or  renic'v  ntfainst  th-   employer  in  ,iny  of  the  f.dhnvinn  cases:  that  i-  to  -:iy; 

Snlw.  i.  Indcr  clanse  I  of  .section  ;i.  iinlc-  the  .lefcct  Iher.-in  mention..!  ,ir..-. 
from,  or  ha.l  not  l>ecn  iliscovere.l  or  remc.li.'d  o«in(.'  to,  th..  mrlin-'nc..  ..f  the  .m 
ployer  or  of  -onic  per-o.i  intniste.l  l.y  him  wilh  th..  .Inly  of  s..cii.^'  lli.t  tli.- .•.ii 
dition  or  nrranpenient  of  the  ways.  «,ir'„s,  ma.-liiniTy.  plant,  hiiil.lint.'.  or  |.r.<nii..- 

are  proper; 

Snbi..  2.  Under  clau.se  4  of  section  :i,  unless  the  injury  rcMill.-.!  from  -.'iw  it: 
propriety  or  defect  in  the  rnlcs.  hy-laus,  or  instructions  therein  ni..nti..!i...l-  V'» 
viAed,  Tlnit  where  a  rule  or  hylaw  has  been  approved,  or  has  In-en  ac,  ..pt..l  a-  .. 
pr.ip«-.  rule  or  hylaw,  either  l.y  \\w  Tmutenant  Kovernor  in  council,  or  nndf-r  an 
-,..  t  to  anv  provi-ion  in  that  hchalf  of  any  act  of  th..  l..-i-lat..rc  of  Ontari. 

or        the  Parli'ament  of  Cann.la.  it  shall  not  be  d.'ciii..,l  for  the  purpo-s  of  tl.i- 
act  to  be  an  improper  or  defective  rule  or  l>y  law; 

Subs.  3.  In  any  ca^e  wiiere  the  workman  knew  of  the  .lefect  or  n..-li-cr,c,.  «hi.-^ 
caused  his  injur>-,  and  failed  without  reasonable  excuse  to  -iv.  ..r  .aii-e  to  ' 
g  -n   within  a   reasonable   time,  information   thereof   to  the   .niployer  or  foir- 


1^^  :  ^ 


K.Mnj»U.I!>    I.IAHII.ITY  ACTS. 


IMS 


I  litlOJ 

IHTM.n  »iip.Tlnr  io  hini-iir  in  »hi.  «..ni,..  of  hi.  .•m|.|..v..r.  iinl..,  hr  wn«  aware 

"""  '• "'l'>"V'r  "r  Mirh  Mi,..ri..r  al ly  k.ir«  ..(  Il.r".iii,|  .l..f.Tt  or  u-uiigrnef. 

l'r..U.I>M|.  Ii.iw..\,.r,  That  tiirh  unrkiimn  -.hall  not.  I.y  niMfii  „n\y  at  hi«  .onUnii- 
iiiy  III  Ihr  fiM|.l,..nii..nt  of  thf  |.|ii|,l..y.r  witli  kii.ml.-.l^..  of  Ih,-  ,|..f.,l.  n  yurfrncv. 
ml.  .pr  mm, .1.111.  Hhi.li  riiii>.)'.l  lii.  jm  iiy,  u.  ,|,.,iii,,|  to  hinr  tolimt.n  lU  iiifurrKl 
llir  ri-k  of  Ihr  injury.     M  Vi<-t,  <li,       ;|i(,  |  «.  no  Viot.  phiip    U,  |  85.  ' 

S.1'.  :.  Thr  Hiiioiiiit  of  ioii,|».n.,iiioii  r.voK-rHl.l.'  iiii.I.t  ihi.  n.-t  .hall  not  nntH\ 
fiih.r  -iKh  >um  n.  nniy  !»•  foiiml  to  1m-  iMiiilvulpnt  to  the  f«tliiiiil.N|  oarninpi  .lur- 
ing the  tlir.r  yrnr-t  prrxMiiw  th»  injury,  of  a  pcmnn  In  th.-  ...iiii '  Kr.uli«.  rmploypil 
.liiriiitf  tli.«'  y,ur«  in  tin-  liko  iiii|iloyiii,.nt  within  thi,  provincv.  or  th..  .um  of 
#I..)IMI,  whirli.vrr  U  liirpr;  un<l  .iirli  roiii|><>iw<iitioii  .,|i,il|  not  !»•  .nhjiTl  to  any 
.■.•.luclion  or  nlmltiiiint.  U\  rriiion  <>,  n  .u.-oiint  or  in  rr.|M.i  of  anv  ni.ittrr  or 
It-n^'  whiitMH-v.-r.  lavc-  .u<h  hk  ii  i.|M'(iiilly  proviJeJ  for  in  action  12* of  Ihi*  ail 
.■)S  \ict.  fhiip.  :i().  I  7. 

S«r.  8.  Whi'n  in  nny  iiition  iindi-r  thin  mt  roiii|M.n.iition  in  awnr<lfd  in  the  caw 
of  tlio  (li'iilh  of  a  workiiuin,  for  an  injury  ->u>.tiiiii.'il  hy  hlni  i.i  the  course  of  • 
niiploniient,  th»  iinioiinl   r.i-ovcriHl.  after  .liiliuiinK  llu-  n»t»  not  recovprrd  li.... 
thp  il.findnnt.  niiiy,  if  tin-  pourt  or  judjp'  bofor.-  whom  the  lution  i*  trl«|      ,    l. 
r.TN.  if  (livideil  bptwi...n  Ih.-  wife  or  hinband.  parent  and  child  of  the  decea  a 

•uch  »hnrp«  an  the  court  or  jiid)fe.  with  or  without  aMenxor*.  aa  the  rime  may  be. 
nr.  if  the  actio  >%  trie.1  by  a  jury,  an  the  jury  may  deterinina.  65  Vict.  chap.  30 
I  8. 

Sec,  9.  Subject  to  the  provi«ion«  of  nectlona  13  and  U,  an  action  for  the  reeov 
ory,  under  this  art.  of  comiMn«ation  for  an  injury,  nhall  not  lie  mainUinahle 
.iKiiin^t  the  eniploy.r  of  the  workman,  unleaa  notice  t»iat  injury  ha,  been  tuiitaine.1 
la  given  within  twelve  weeks  and  the  e  •  Jon  U  commenwd  within  nix  numthH'  from 
the  occurrence  of  the  art-id  nt  cai..inK  the  injury,  or  in  cane  of  death  within 
twelve  month*  from  the  time  of  death:  Provided,  alwaya,  That  in  eaae  of  .h-alh 
the  want  of  Mich  notice  shall  U-  no  bar  to  the  maintenance  of  such  action,  if  the 
judge  Khali  Im-  of  opinion  that  there  was  rcaiionable  exjuse  for  xuch  want  of 
noliip.     6.5  Vict.  ehap.  30.  |  9. 

!S.v.  10.  No  contract  or  agreement  made  or  entered  into  by  a  workman  shall  be 
I  hnr  or  roiwtitule  any  defenaa  to  an  action  for  the  recovery  .i.lcr  thja  act  of 
i"iinii(i:-:iijoi,  for  any  injury. 

Siil>..   1.  I  niess  for  xiich  workman  enterinjf  into         makinjr  .such  contract  or 
nt'r..in..nt  there  was  oilier  consideration  then  that  o-       .  beinj:  taken  into  or  con- 
tiniiiil  in  the  eiiiploynicnt  of  the  defendant;  r.or 
Snli.    2.  Inles.s  such  other  consideration   -vo*,  in  the  opinion  of  the  court  or 

juilf..  Iicfore  whom  .iiirli  action  is  tried,  ar  and  ideqimte;  nor 

sul.>.  ;t.  Inlcs,  in  the  op  ...^  of  the  co  m  ,r  jodp-.  such  contract  or  ajfree- 
"Hnt,  in  view  of  such  other  c  •  '.-ration,  tva..  not,  on  the  part  of  the  workman 
in.i.rnvi,I,.nt.  hut  was  just  and  re...Honal.le:  i.nd  the  hurden  of  proof  in  respect  of 
-I.I,  otlur  consideration,  and  of  the  same  lieing  ample  and  adequate,  as  afor^aaid 
uil  that  the  contract  was  just  ami  reasonable  and  was  not  improvident,  M  afore- 
-II  I,  -hM,  in  all  cases,  rest  upon  the  defendant:  Provided,  always.  That,  notwith- 
-fn  1,„K  nnythinR  in  this  section  contained,  no  contract  or  ajp-ecment  whatsoever 

"'" '  '•"^'•'^  into  by  a  workman,  shall  be  o  bar  or  <   nstitute  anv  defense  to  an 

iction  for  the  recovery  under  this  act  of  compensation  for  any  injury  happening 

Vol.   II.    M.   4    S.— 41, 


■F 


ii.ii: 
iiill 


i 


iM- 


I!)44 


MASTKlt  AND  SKRVAST. 


[chap.    XXXMl. 


Wh 


i  II 


..r  oaiiH,.,!  by  r.'i.M.ii  of  any  of  tl.t-  iimttrrs  iiientioiu-a  in  section  5  of  tl.i^  art,     .-,:, 
\  i(t.  tliup.  :il).  jS  10. 

Set'    U.  N..twitl.st,.n.liiif;  anvll.iii).'  <Mnitaiii..<l  in  this  a.-t,  an  action  nn.Ui   -. 
(ion  :<,  4.  or  :.  .I.all  li.-  a«ain.-,t  tl...  l.^al  p.-isonal  ropn-sentatives  of  a  .I...mm.I 
.niploviT.     .'),■!  \  iit.  chap.  :«>.  8  11. 

S,.f    1"    Tlicre  «hall  !«•  dfUHt...!  from  any  compensation  avvaidod  to  any  «„rk 
man   or  rcpn-cntalives  of  a  vvoikmaii.  or  persons  chiimi.iK  by.  nmler.  or  ll.n.u;:!. 

a  «orkman  in  respe.-t  of  any  cans.,  of  action  arising  under  this  act y  iMinlf 

nr  damaf;.-s.  or  part  of  a  penally  or  damages.  «hicli  may,  in  pursuan.v  „!  .:,y 
other  act,  either  of  the  Parliament  of  lanadu  or  of  the  lefji-lature  ol  n,,,,,..- 
have  been  paid  to  sii.l.  workman,  representative^,  or  persons  ui  resp.et  ..1  tl„ 
same  cause  of  action:  and  where  an  action  has  been  l>r..nght  under  this  a.t  hy  n,,, 
workman,  or  the  representatives  of  any  workman,  or  any  persons  claimin-  l.y.  nu 
.ler  or  throUKli  such  workman,  for  compensation  in  re.spc't  of  any  cause  ..t  a.t.,,ii 
ari«inK  under  this  a.t,  and  payment  ha-s  not  previously  been  made  of  any  ,.en.,li,. 
or  danuiKcs,  or  part  of  a  penalty  or  damases  under  any  such  act,  either  of  tl„ 
said  Parliament  or  of  the  said  legislature,  in  respect  of  the  .same  «iuse  of  aH,„„ 
such  workman,  representative«,  or  persons  shall  not.  so  far  as  the  saul  le(r>-l:.tu„ 
has  power  so  to  enact,  be  entitled  thereafter  to  receive  in  respect  of  the  same  cau-, 
of  action,  any  such  penalty  or  damafies.  or  part  of  a  penalty  or  damages,  un,l,, 
any  such  la.st-mentione.1  act.     .-)5  Viet.  chap.  :»>,  §  12. 

?ec  1.1  subs.  1.  Notice  in  respect  of  an  injury  under  this  act  shall  ^'iv  tli, 
name  and'        ress  of  the  person  injured,  and  shall  state  in  ordinary  lan^-u.-e  t!, 

cause  of  the  injury  and  the  date  at  which  it  was  sustaim-d,  and  shall  b iv,,!  „„ 

the  employer,  or,  if  there  is  more  than  one  employer.  up..n  one  of  such  eniplcyn- 
Subs.  2.  The  notice  may  be  served  by  delivering  the  same  to  or  at  the  rc-i.lc,,,. 
or  place  of  business  of  the  person  on  whom  it  is  to  be  served; 

Sub.s  3.  The  notice  may  also  be  served  by  post,  by  .  registered  letter  a.l.lr,.^-, 
to  the  person  on  whom  it  is  to  be  served,  at  his  last  k...wn  place  of  resi.hn.v  .u 
place  of  business,  and  if  served  by  post  shall  be  deeme.1  to  have  been  sc,v,.l  .r 
the  time  when  a  letter  containing  the  same  would  be  delivered  in  the  or.ln.ary 
course  of  post;  and  in  proving  the  service  of  such  notice  it  shall  be  sulh.unt  t. 
prove  that  the  notice  was  properly  addressed  .ind  registered : 

Subs  4  Where  the  employer  is  a  body  of  persons  corporate  or  .mincorporst^ 
the  notice  shall  be  served  by  deliveriiiK  the  same  at,  or  by  sending  it  by  po-t  m 
a  registered  letter  a.ldressed  to,  the  oflice,  or,  if  there  be  more  than  one  oiIkv.  an,> 
one  of  the  odiees  of  .such  body ; 

Subs    5    The  want  or  insullieiency  of  the  notice  require<l  by  this  section,  nr  1» 

section  <>  of  this  act.  shall  not  be  a  bar  to  the  maintenance  of  an  action  f„r  t,i. 

recovery  of  compensation  for  the  injury,  if  the  court  or  judge  before  wlmn.  -u. 

action  is  tried,  or,  in  case  of  appeal,  if  the  court  hearing  the  appeal  is  o    .,,,„„.. 

tnat  there  was  reasonable  excuse  for  such  want  or  insutliciency,  and  that  the  .1, 

fendant  ha^  not  been  thereby  prejudiced  in  his  defense.  .,.,.,        „ 

Subs.  6.  A  notice  under  this  section  shall  be  deemed  sutric.ent  if  in  the  form  or 

to  the  elfect  following:—  r,„„inv 

To  A,  B.,  of   {here  inwrt  eiKploycS  a,UI>,xii)   or  To  the  ^""'i'  ■ 

lor  (M  thr  cn.ie  may  b<:).  .     ,,  <  ,., 

Take  notice,  that  on  the        day  of  18     .  C.  IJ..  of  ( .Hior /i-r , 

jur^d  per.,.,,)  a  workman  in  your  employment  sastained  personal  injury  («J</,ol 


I  HROa] 


E.MIM-OYKRS-  I.IAIlll.lTY  .\(  IS. 


i!u:. 


wliich  lie  (liod.  if  siirh  hr  Ihr  caur).  and  that   sncli  iiijiiij-   wus  caiL-t'd  liv    {.ilali 
shortly  the  cuuhl  uj  injury,  c.  y.,  llie  fall  of  a  Uam). 

(Date.) 

Yours,  etc., 
X.  Y. 

55  Vict.  chap.  30,  S  13. 

Sw.  14.  If  thp  defendant  in  any  action  afraln-t  nn  einphivcr  for  romiH'ii-^ation 
for  an  injury  sustaim-d  hy  a  workman  in  tliu  cour-c  of  liis  ciiiplov  iiiiMit  iiiti  ti.ls  to 
rely  for  a  defense  on  the  want  <if  notice  or  the  iii-iiHicicMiey  of  notice,  or  on  tlie 
■rround  tliat  he  was  not  tlie  employer  of  tlie  workman  injured,  lie  shall,  not  le.-s 
Ihun  .seven  days  before  thi'  liearin;;  of  the  action,  or  such  other  time  a.s  may  be 
lixed  by  the  rules  regulatinj;  the  practice  of  the  court  in  winch  the  action  is 
briiiijiht,  give  notic*?  to  the  plaintill'  of  his  intention  to  rely  on  that  defense;  and 
llie  court  may,  in  its  discretion,  and  upon  such  tirnis  and  conditions  as  may  be 
ju.-t  in  that  behalf,  order  and  allow  an  adjournment  of  the  case  for  the  purpose 
(if  enablinj;  such  notice  to  be  fiiven;  and,  subject  to  any  siudi  terms  and  condi 
lions,  any  notice  given  pursuant  to  and  in  compliance  with  the  order  in  that  b*'- 
lialf,  shall,  as  to  any  such  action  and  for  all  piirpo-cs  thereof,  be  held  to  be  a 
notice  given  pursuant  to  and  in  conformity  with  sections  1)  and  13  of  this  act. 
.1.)  Vict,  chap,  30,  §  14. 

Sec.  1.').  In  an  action  brought  under  this  act,  the  particulars  of  ih'iiiand  or  state- 
piient  of  claim  shall  state  in  ordinary  language  the  (ause  of  the  injury,  and  the 
ilate  at  v.liich  it  was  siLstainod,  and  the  amount  of  compensation  claimed;  and 
«h(Tc  the  action  is  brought  by  more  than  one  ])laintill',  the  amount  of  compeasa- 
tioii  claimed  by  each  plaintitT:  and  where  the  injury  of  which  the  plaintilf  com- 
plains shall  have  ari.sen  by  reason  of  the  negligence,  act,  or  omission  of  any  per- 
■nn  in  the  service  of  the  defendant,  the  particulars  shall  give  the  name  and  de- 
-oription  of  such  person.     55  Vict.  chap.  30,  §  15. 

Sec.  Iti.  (  End  of  act  deals  merely  with  the  appointment  of  assessors  to  ;i.scertain 
ilic  proper  amount  of  compenisation,  and  with  other  details  of  local  practice.) 


'rite  Jlanitoba  workmen's  compcnsatiim  act  1S!);3,  and  that  of  Tlrit- 
\A\  Cohiiiiliia  lS01,are  conchod  in  virtnaliy  the  same  phraseobgy  as 
:li<'  Ontario  statnte. 

660a.  Australian  statutes.— The  Australian  statutes  are  tliose  sjx'ci- 
lic(i  in  the  subjoined  list,  Tliev  are  not  copied  vcrliatim  from  the 
■■rijiiiial  Knglish  act,  hut  the  chaiijies  are  of  imich  less  importance  than 
liiosc  made  by  the  le>>;islaliire  of  Ontario,  and  it  will  be  uentM-essarv 
io  reproduce  any  of  them  in  this  volume. 

^"e\v  South  Wales,  Kmployers'  liability  act  I^SC  (,")0  Viet.  >>'o. 
S).  Tliis,  with  its  amcmlment  as  enacted  in  lM):i  (,'»(•  Vict,  Xo.  0). 
wa.s  superseded  by  the  ]iresent  act  of  ls!»7  (til  \'ict.  Xo,  -IS). 

Victoria.  Employers'  and  emidoyces'  act  l^'M),  Xo.  lOST,  pt.  HI. 
[amended  in  ISiH,  \o.  IlMKI- 

Queensland.     Employers'  liability  act  ISSO, 

Soiith  Au-tralia.     Kit!i>lMytrs'  liability  ;u-t  18S1,  Xo.  325. 

Xew  Zealand.    -IG  Vict,  Xo.  20. 


liilii 


■J      .1  ■■-.     iU'^ 


lUM 


MASTKH  AM)  -^KRVANT.  liUAi-.  \x.\mi 

B.    EfFI'.CT  ok  -lllK  STATUTKS  AS  A    WHUl.K. 


1 


661.  Generally.— Spciikiiifr  of  tlic  Kiif,'lish  act,  T^rd  Jnsti.r  Frv  n 
markc.l:     "Tlio  r^tiitutc  is  <.uc  wliicli  has  croatcil  coii>i(lcnil.lr  <lit' 
(•ulty  in  many  cases,  and  1  must  oImtvc  that  it  appears  to  tw  to  !..• , 
piece  of  legislation  which  dues  not  carry  into  etTect  any  one  sjini, 
i.lea,  hut  is,  on  the  contrary,  a  comprouiix-.  so  to  speak,  helwecn  iw 
eoiitending  schemes  of  le-i-^hiiion  or  lines  of  tli.mght  on  theMil.j. 
of  the  liahility  of  a  master  to  an  employee.     Kvery  word  of  it.  npr 
sents  the  result  of  a  coidliet  or  struggle  of  thought,  and  therefore  il. 
stattite  must  bo  considi'red  with  great  care,  having  reference  to  tli. 
particular  words  used  in  each  portion  of  it.'" 

According  to  Lord  Watson,  "the  main,  although  not  the  sole,  ohjir 
of  tlie  act  of  1880  was  to  place  masters  who  do  not,  upon  the  sail. 
fo(,ting  of  responsibility  with  those  who  do,  personally  sui)erintcii, 
their  works  and  workmen,  by  making  them  answerable  for  the  n(-li 
gence  of  those  persons  to  whom  they  intrust  the  duty  of  su]ierint(:i.i 
enc.>.  as  if  it  were  their  own.  In  etl'.'cting  that  object  the  Legi-liitui 
has  found  it  expedient  in  many  instances  to  enact  what  were  ackiio\\ 
edged  principles  of  the  common  law."* 

The  etlect  of  the  provision  thai  ilie  injured  ''employe*'  shall  hv 
the  same  right  of  compensation  and  remedies  against  the  employei-  v.- 
if  the  empiovee  had  not  been  ;in  employee  of,  nor  in  the  seiviee  "i. 
'he  employer,  nor  engaged  in  its  work,"  is  simjily  that,  in  the  ca-. 
specilied.  Hk-  defense  of  conmion  emjiloyment  with  the  person  tlimud 
whose  negligence  the  injury  was  caused  is  taken  away.*     Accor<liii- 

'Whailry  v.   Uolloinn/    (1890)    62  L.  v.xke  away  a  plea   which  ini-jlit  pxcIu.I 

T    N    S    oil'l    ">4  •!    V    (It.")  -in  aotinii  basi'il   ii]i()H   tlic  i-oimmni  la" 

'-'s'miih  v'llnl.rr  \Wn]'A.  V.  Mii.  60  in   tlu^   ov.-nt    of   the    ^^■r<m■J  yn]'\.\m< 

T     T    Q    B    N     S    (is;!,  fi.";  L.  T.   N.  S.  nf  haviii!.'  Ix'fii  ilone  l).v  a   t.llnu   wnik 

nV    li.-)  .T.   Pl  (it!0.   40   \\(..k.    i;ci>.   .•!n->.  man."     )l:>rnso,i  v.  floiiv/  (ISS-^,    Ills 

Sn.'alsn,  tosamo  cllVct.  the  fxtiaci   fioin  S,.s«.  ('as.  4tti   •<cri(>s    27 1 . 
ttio   ..pinion  of   Fi.'l.l,  J.,   in  Crillithx  v.        "The    oin|.lnv,s      liahility    act       ol. 

/;»,(/.//    (1882)    I-  H.  n  Q.  I!.   Div.  357.  -cnrd  FieM,  .1..    •««.;  pa-.M  to  nhvif 

.51    1     .1    (J    B    X    S    .■>4.'i.  4  .1.   P.   711.  the  iniu-ticc  to  worUnicn  thiit  .•mpinv.i- 

47  r  T    X    S.   10.  30  Week.  Rep.  797.  ^hoiil.i    cseape    lial)ility    wlniv    \--i-<- 

iiote  H    iiifi-'i  liavin-;    sn)>crinten.h'nee   an.l    coiitnilii' 

•Co/V.rv  '.Vp-'-   York,  N.   H.  rf   R.   U.  tlie   eniployna  i.t    were    f;iiilt.v    of   m-..!i 

I'o    (18'Ul    1.V)  Ma<.*   21.28  X.  K.  1128.  Li'nce   eaiHinp;    injury   to   the   workmen 

"Tlie  <i'.ip.-  and  oi^'vation  of  the  stat-  ilie  employer  was.  l.efore  the  pn-m:  .  i 

i,tc  is  to  mal<e  the  ..mph.ver  answeral.h.  I  he  net.  eleorly  lialMe  Nvhere    „•  hni)-. 

in  dama;;es  for  an  injury  eauMvl  l,y  Lis  was    jruilty    of    tHuli;^..n.e.      It    i~   aN 

ow-n   nepli^en.-e.   or   ti,e   m.;.lij...ne,.  of  a  .lear   now  th.nt   for  the  "--il >!.'••;"••    o 

eo,.n,plnvee    of     the    same    or    s„lH-rior  fell     v  wovkinan  not   cnMi,;;  ","  "  , ^ 

..rade.    "in    the    enumerated    class...    of  .,f  the  elass.-s  of  ,«.rson,  sp,.,.,h..        u. 

oi.s..s"      l/o(,.7r  cf-  ().   I{.   Co.  V.  drorge  act  the  enipley.'r  is  not  lial.le     imt 

(18<tl)   !)4  Ala.  lltn,  10  So.  14.">.  fore    the    pas-ii.f;   .H    "'i'   •"'■    *\""., 

"Tlu.  only  cflect  of  U.e  statute  is  to  Merry    (1808)    L.  U.   I   U.  L.  Sc.  Api' 


m^^mti 


i  c.;2] 


KMPLOYKnS'  INABILITY  AITS. 


1947 


to  (I'viiiii^tMnoos,  tlifroforp,  flip  light  of  an  enijiloyco  t<i  maintain  an 
iictioii  under  tlii-i  .-tatiite  may  bf  grciitcr  or  niav  If  Irss  than  at  com- 
1)11  111  law.* 

IVdof  tlmt  the  injury  was  fliio  to  tlip  onrohs-^noss  of  anv  aorvant 
ni't  licloiiginf;  t»'.  tlic  chissps  sprcialiy  (loignaird  is  a  har  to  the  action.* 
.\iiil  althoiifrh  tho  iirirh'gcnt  s(M-vant  may  I.cIoiijt  f<  <<no  of  tho-io  classes. 
il  is  j'ear  that,  iiinlcr  the  general  principles  of  the  Imw  ,if  aireiiev,  tlie 
.iiiployer  cannot  he  licl.l  res|Hiiisil)le  for  his  negligence  tiiiless  tiie  act 
ill  (piestion  was  one  whicli  was  within  tiie  se,,|„.  ,,f  j,!^  inithoritv." 

662.  Modified  operation  of  these  acts  in  the  case  of  servants  of  munic- 
ipal corporations.— Alfh.nigh  the  series  of  acl.s  now  under  review  inure 


C.i-.  -Mi],  in  L.  T.  X.  S.  .in.  lia.1  .Ircid,.,! 
tliat  wlicrc  till'  injury  «ns  cihimmI 
tliii'iK^li  tlip  nctrli'.'ini'e  ef  a  siipi'iinr  |icr. 
-i.n  ill  tile  •■iii|)l(i.\  nicnt,  the  \voil<iiicn 
iimM  rceover  no  (Ijmiul'c-^  fniin  tlicir 
cinimKin  empliiycr.  'I'lio  oliii'ct  of  llio 
:Mt  \v;i,  to  g*'!  '■i<l  of  tlic  iiifcii'iiii'  :iris- 
iiii'  from  tlip  fart  of  diinnKin  fiii[iloy- 
iiMMit  Willi  ri-<i>o(>t  to  iiijiirii',  innsi-cl  M- 
.iiiy  por-ons  l>olontring  to  tliv  ^iwi-itic<l 
rlii-M'«."  (lnljith.1  V.  DkiIIii/  (ISH-J)  T,. 
1!.  !•  *).  R.  Div.  .3.57.  ."il  I,,  .f,  Q.  H.  N.  S. 
"il.r  47  L.  T.  X.  S.   10.  30  Work.   Wen. 

:'.<:.  4  .T.  p.  711. 

sincp  thcso  nets  eoiifcr  upon  a  srrvant 
'lie  -iiiiic  rights  of  action  as  a  stiangcr. 
wlicri'viT  tlip  injury  was  pan-od  by  tlif 
111  L'li!;pi'P!'  of  any  of  the  pni|>loyr<'s  fur 
wliisp  ilp|iii(|ni'nc|ps  tho  piiiploycr  i«  re- 
i;iiin'il  to  answpr.  a  mnstrr  i*  lialilc  for 
ilip  wanton,  wilful,  or  iiilnitidnal  niis- 
.1  n.liii't  of  such  an  Piiiplnvif.  Sniilhrni 
I!.  Ci:  V,  Mnnri  (liion  1^8  Ala.  434,  20 
^".  li"i!l;  Lnuinrilli   <f  .V,  /.'.  i'o.  V.   JorA- 

lllftl  I   128  Ala.  30.5.  .'tO  So.  t)7fi, 

T-./j'.T  V.  Vnr  Vorlc.  \.  //.  rf  //.  R 
rn.  (1S!II)   1.5.5  Mass.  21.  2S  X.  K.  112S. 

Spp  also  the  language  iispd  in  ts/J,  7 
V.  Ihnt  (ISHSi  147  Miss.  .573.  1  I..  1!. 
A.  .Tm,  18  X.   K.  410. 

'Iliiinrj  V.  Filclibiirri  R.  Co.  (1802) 
Ifiil  Ma«s.  13,  32  Am.' St.  Hop.  42.5.  :!') 
X.  K.  Ifin  (hrakpinan  injured  tiy  npgli- 
^.■iHp  of  pinployeo  pirjigml  in  "uialjing 
ii|>  .1  train,  held  not  piiiitipd  to  recinrri, 

•Tlic  liiirden  of  primt'  in  such  a  cisp 
as  this  i,  „|"in  the  plaintiffs  to  shi.w 
that  tlip  iipgligenco  was  that  of  a  fcilnw 
wiiikiiian  for  whose  nevligpiioe  the  1  in- 
ploviT*  are  made  lialile  tiy  the  statiec" 
'iilhs  V.  Oreat  ^'islmi  'u.  Co.  (lss|| 
1-  H.  12  Q.  B.  f)\\.  (C.  A.)  208.  .Ti 
\V«k.  U.p.  32!l,  pi  I    Firctt.  M.  R. 

"To  iiiiiil,.  plaiiitiit  to  rppover  liv  vir- 
tue of  the  sti'tute.  he  must  both"  aver 


and  prove  a  ease  eoniing  within  one  of 
the  enuiiiprateil  classes  of  p;i.es"  .1/,)- 
hilr  rf  n.  /,',  Co.  v.  Cioniv  (  ISill  |  <l| 
Ala.   1!1!1.   10  So.   14.5. 

°A  railroad  ponipany  is  not  liilde  for 
iiijurips  to  an  eiiiplnyce  engaged  in 
(dcauing  an  engine  of  whi<h  the  engineer 
is  at  the  time  in  s<de  charge,  hy  the 
hlowing  out  of  till'  packing  of  a  valve, 
due    to   the   a- 1    of   a    hostler   who   gets 

u|>oii   tl ngine  and  opens  the  throttle 

for  the  piir|Hise  of  moving  it.  I.inii.siillr 
rf  .A'.  A".  Co.  V.  Rirliarihijii  (18tl3|  100 
.\la.  232.  14  So.  208  (deeuicd  to  be  the 
act  of  a  mere  tresp.isser) . 

The  foreman  of  a  contractor  is  acting 
within  the  scope  of  his  duties  when  hr- 
orders  (he  workmen  to  attend  smne  fen 
minutes  before  the  regular  hours  of 
work  to  clear  the  grounil  of  certain  oh- 
struclions.  uhich  the  employees  of  the 
principal  emiilover  are  in  tjie  habit  of 
leaving  over  night,  and  are  .such  that  the 
contract  work  cannot  go  forward  unli'ss 
they  are  removed.  Sin-iiiri/  v.  Mtllil 
vray  1  1880)  14  Se.  S<'ss.  ("as.  4th  series 
10'). 

Where  one  has  served  a  municipal 
cor|>oration  in  the  capacity  of  sujK'rin 
t.enilent  of  certain  work  carried  on  bv 
siiid  city,  and  the  municipal  authori 
ties  have  accepted  sui  ii  service  and  re 
ceiveil  the  henitit  of  his  skill  and  labor, 
the  niunicipil  corporation  cannot  avoid 
its  res[«oiisi!iility  for  injuries  re-sulling 
from  his  nei^ligence  i-i  the  doing  of  work 
within  the  seo|H>  ot  lie  sen  jee  be  was 
rendering,  by  denying  the  IcL-alitv  of  his 
api»iintiiient'.  Sheffirhl  v.  W»i)  ri's  ( 1803  I 
101   Ala.  .5lU.   14  So.  3;57. 

See  also  §  074.  note  12.  infra.  5  eS5. 
not<>  2,   iiifrn.  J  687.  note  1.  subd.    (b) 
ad  iincm.  iiifrn,  §  001,  note  2,  infra. 

Compare  also  §  .537.  ante,  for  the  rule 
applied  in  common-law  actions. 


11 


1048 


MASTKK  AND  SKISVANT. 


LciiAP.  xxxvn 


I  I 


to  tho  benefit  of  employees  of  miiiiici])al  eorporalioiii",  they  do  nor 
()j)erat(^  so  as  to  overrMe  tlie  familiar  |>iiii('i])lo  that  "no  privati'  ac- 
timi,  unless  authorized  by  express  stiitiilc,  ean  be  jnaintained  apiiii-t 
a  city  for  u  ;ie<ilect  of  a  publie  duty  imposed  on  it  by  law  for  the  lien 
efit  of  the  public,  and  from  the  performance  of  which  the  coriKinitimi 
receives  no  profit  or  advantage."  ' 

663.  Employers'  liability  acts:  whether  strictly  or  liberally  con- 
strued.— (Se(>  also  §  (^:'.]\),  aiilf.)  In  one  of  the  earlier  cases  dealing; 
with  the  English  act  of  ISSO.  it  was  considered  by  Hretl,  -\1.  IJ.,  lliai. 
this  statute  "havinf;  been  ))assed  for  the  bcnetit  of  workmen."  it  \va- 
the  duty  of  the  court  "not  to  construe  it  strictly  as  afjainst  worknini, 
but  in  furtherance  of  the  bencHt  which  it  was  intended  by  Parliaim  in 
should  be  given  to  them,  and,  then-fore,  as  largely  as  reason  enables 
one,  to  eonstriu'  it  in  their  favor  and  for  the  furtherance  of  the  dlijiif 
of  the  act."'  The  same  view  was  e.\])ressed  a  few  years  later  by  tin- 
same  eminent  judge,  who  had  in  the  meantime  become  Lord  K-ln-r. 
though  there  was,  as  he  observes  in  the  following  passage,  a  ditfc-n-iici- 
of  judicial  opinion  on  the  sul>j(-ct.- 


'  I>cHi,iil,n  V.  Chrhrn  (1894)  Ifil 
Mass.  :iilS,  24  T,.  R.  A.  42li.  .17  X.  K.  .■(HO. 
wlicn-  tin-  cmirt.  on  llu-  iiutli<irity  of 
Hill  V.  llosl(„i  (1877)  \>2  Miiss.  ;!44.  S.i 
Am.  Hi-i>.  ;t.'!-2.  hold  tlmt  a  city  is  not 
liiit)U'  lo  a  lini-nian  on  its  (ire-sii;nal 
sysf<'ni,  for  nc-ili^i-npc  in  n-six-ct  t<>  tlii- 
c-onditioii  of  a  |)ole  wliicli  l)ri>al;s  and  in- 
jiiio*  liini. 

'  (lihhs  V.  arcat  ^Vr.ilrni  II.  Co. 
( 1884)  L.  R.  12  Q.  n.  niv.  -208,  32  Woek. 
Kep.   :!2!». 

=  "Tlit-rp  havp  always  hi-<-n.  I  tliink, 
two  spliools  of  tlioufilit  in  ri-lation  to 
casps  of  tliis  kind. — tlial  is  to  wiy,  oasps 
of  injury  hapix-nin;;  U>  wnvknion  while 
in  the  (■inj)loynient  of  thpir  nia.*tprs. 
The  view  of  one  spliool  lias  been  that, 
in  onler  to  prevent  injustipp  to  masters, 
(he  ponstniotion  of  these  enactments  re- 
latin<;  to  masters  and  workmen  should 
Ik'  narrowed,  and  tlmt  they  should  he 
construed  as  striellv  as  possible.  The 
view  of  the  other  sphool  is  that  masters 
and  workmen  are  not  really  on  an  equal 
footin};:  that  if  there  is  danger  in  the 
employment  it  does  not  exist  with  re- 
(jard  to  the  master,  hut  only  in  the  ea.se 
of  the  workman :  and  the  workman  is 
not  on  an  equal  footing  because  he  must 
run  the  risk  or  give  up  his  employment. 
These  two  schools  of  thought  may  easily 
\>e  traced  in  the  cases  on  the  subject  of 
masters  and  workmen.  When  the  sub- 
ject was  investigated  before  a  committee 


of  the  House  of  Commons,  before  tli- 
aet  wa.s  pa.ssed.  eonllieting  vii-ws  wcn- 
|)resented  to  the  pomniittc-e,  one  liiiiy 
that  the  then  existing  law  of  ma-ttr  atil 
servant,  with  regard  to  the  liiiliilitii- 
of  the  master,  was  a  ju.st  and  riglit  law. 
the  other  iM-ing  that  the  law  on  tin-  -iili 
jpct  had  been  laid  down  by  the  jiiil;:f- 
on  wrong  prineiples  and  was  uiilair  ti- 
the workmen,  and  that  it  ouglit  to  In- 
altered;  and  it  was  upon  the-^e  conlliol 
ing  views  that  this  legislation  tiwk 
plape.  The  title  of  the  employer-'  lia 
bility  act  ISSO,  itself  indieatis  that  it 
waspassod  in  favor  of  the  uorkmon. 
Its  objeet  clearly  was  to  alter  the  law 
in  favor  of  the  workmen  and  to  extend 
the  liabilities  of  masters.  Sime  the 
passing  of  the  statute  it  appears  in  me 
that  the  same  conOict  of  views  whii-li 
existed  previously  has  still  hi-en  in  op 
eration.  Some  judges  ha\e  lon-trm-d 
the  act  as  narrowly  aa  possilile,  witli  :i 
view  to  preventing"  what  they  pomeive-l 
to  be  injustice  to  mast<^rs.  Othi-r  jiiili;i- 
have  considered  tlmt  the  act,  iKivin;' 
been  passt^d  to  ext^id  the  liahililie-  of 
masters  in  favor  of  workmen,  ought  to 
be  const nip<l  liberally  in  favor  ef  the 
worknu-n.  1  mvsolf  have  always  be- 
longed to  the  latter  school.  I  think  tha' 
those  who  belongi-d  to  the  former  school 
have  appi-oaehed  the  enact nieiii  "itli  t^ 
much  timiditv.  ami  on  the  ollur  hand. 
have  been  too  Im.UI  in   interfering  witn 


JGU4] 


EMPLOVKUS'  LIAIULITV  ACXSi. 


1949 


In  tlip  Fnitod  States  a  tlifnrv  of  cnnsinictinn  lias  Ix^on  apitlicil 
which  ai)iH'ars  to  Im-  virtually  fliu  !<aiiii'  as  that  which  has  ln-cii  udoptcl 
hv  tho  Knjrlish  jinlucs.' 

664.  Concurrent  rights  of  action  under  the  statutes  and  at  common 
law, — (Coniparp  >}  (itil,  siipni,  and  §  T-"!<>.  iufni.)  A  servant  is  imt 
prccln<l('d  by  tho  |)r"\i>ions  of  any  of  thc-c  statiilcs  frxni  rccnvcrinfr 

(lamafrcs  iii  a  coninion-huv  a<'ti<in.  if  the  circiimsta! s  arc  snch  as 

\viml<l  have  onahlcd  him  to  maintain  an  action  l>cfcirc  it  was  passi'd.' 


:iic  viTilicts  of  jiiiirs.  I  inii^t  sav  I 
thnii^ilit  it  was  Wfll  sitttiMl  liv  the  llmisp 
iif  Lords  tliat  tin-  vcrilicts  of  j\irioit  oii;,'lit 
iMil  to  111"  iiitcif('r(.il  witli.  except  U|i<in 
tlii>  4i(in;.'(st  frrouiuls."  Wiihh  v.  Whilr- 
/../  ilssH)  I,.  K.  21  Q.  li.  Div.  371,  fiT 
I.  .1  (,i.  H.  X.  S.  'iHti.  :(«  \Vccl<.  Hip. 
H7II.  .i:)  .1.  I'.  .IS. 

Sit  al>c  tlio  laiigiiafie  "sod  by  Wiiplit, 
.!..  in  Itniiii'iiinn  v.  Ifithiiisaii  [ISIC'J  1 
(.1.  It,  :t44.  (11  1..  .T.  Q.  li.  N.  S.  202,  tifi 
I,.  T.  N.  S.  <i47,  riC,  .1.  V.  .WS. 

'Tims  tlie  supri'iiii'  couit  of  Alahania 
li;i^  (IciOan'd  that,  as  the  statute  of  that 
-tate  is  in  derofjatioii  of  the  eoimiion 
liw.  tlie  iiiferonw  is  that  its  terms 
ile:irl\  imi>orl  the  changes  iiitecided,  and 
tliMt  their  operation  «ill  not  he  <>nlar<;i-d 
liv  constriietion  further  tlian  may  Ih' 
ii((e'~ar>'  to  elfeetnate  the  nciirest  ends, 
liul  it  {JIM'S  on  to  say:  "N'otwithstand 
ill};.  .1  narrow  and  restrictive  view  of  the 
:nt  shiinld  not  he  taken.  In  its  con- 
~lriii'ti"'i  the  court  should  consider  its 
nlijccis.  have  rejjard  to  the  intentions  <if 
the  l(';;i>laturo.  and  take  a  liroad  view 
iif  its  |irovisions.  oommonsurate  with 
the  proposed  purposes.  The  ilfM'trine 
that  prevailed  prior  to  its  passajje  had 
Ihiii  carried  to  an  extent  which  met 
witli  disfavor:  and  the  tendency  of  the 
leijisliitinn  has  l)een.  in  many  of  the 
states,  to  abrogate  as  to  particular  cor- 
piiriiliiitis,  or  to  modif.v  as  to  all  masters 
<T  employers,  the  rules  whicli  had  l.'ov- 
irneil  their  nonlialiilitv."  Muhili  A  It. 
I!.  Co.  v.  Uolburii  (I8S7)  84  Ala.  i:t:!. 
4  So.   146, 

Similarly,  one  of  the  Keileral  courts 
I'f  apf)eals,  in  discussing,'  the  Ohio  act 
of  .\pril  2,  1800  (see  chapter  xxxvm., 
/I'wM.  has  leinarked  that,  althotigh  it 
is  in  iliTogation  of  the  common  law.  it 
is  "a  ri'tniilial  statute,"  and  that,  as  it 
is  of  that  nattire,  a  s<Tvant  "is  entitled 
to  invoke  a  (■onstrtiction  that  will  .uive 
elTeit  to  the  intention  of  the  lawmaker," 
ll'jntsh,!  V,  F.d<!<,  (l.SOm  5  C  C  A. 
•">tlO.  12  r,  S.  App.  404.  .->!!  Fed.  4til. 

■In  /i'w//.«  V.  MevhaiiHH  Mills  (1880) 


.■>  I,.  I!.  A.  t!l!7.  1.10  Ma-s.  1<»0,  22  N.  K. 
7<>l>.  Holmes.  .1..  after  savin;;  that  the 
point  Hiiulil  not  undertake  to  decide, 
until  it  was  necessary,  whether  §  I, 
d.  1.  of  the  .Mas-achu-etts  act  had  not 
an  operation  in  excluding  the  defense 
of  impliel  as-iimption  of  risk,  when  the 
defeit.  altlioii;;h  manifest,  was  ..till 
jiroperly  attrihutalde  to  the  ne;;lijn'nce 
of  the  niasti'r  or  of  a  |M'rs<>n  intru»teil 
liy  him.  nor  whether  the  act  would  apply 
to  eas<'s  in  which,  under  the  earlier  de 
cisions  in  that  state,  nef;li;;ence  in  mak- 
inj;  small  repairs,  needed  from  dav  to 
day.  mi;.'lit  still  hv  attriliuted  to  a  ft  How 
servant.  priMimled  thus:  "If  the  act 
diH's  apply  to  such  eases,  there  is  the 
stron;;er  reason  for  saying'  that  its  only 
puriKise  is  to  extend  the  common  law 
iiahilitv  to  the  previously  excluded 
casi^s.  .\nd  if  the  object  is  to  make  u 
rule  which  will  resicli  extremes  nut 
touchcil  by  the  common  law,  the  fact 
that  this  is  ilone  by  a  new  and  broader 
rule,  the  t<>rnis  of  which  mci-ssarily  are 
wide  enouj;h  to  imdiiile  the  narrower 
oomnion-law  principle,  does  not  show  an 
intention  to  prejudice  rijrhts  which  the 
statute  was  not  ni't'ded  to  create. 
Whether  or  not  an  action  i>r)ulil  1h'  main- 
tained under  the  statute  in  a  case  where 
tlipre  is  a  common  law  remedy,  as  as- 
stnued  in  a  passa^'e  which  we  lufve 
ipioted  concerning;  the  Knf;lisli  act.  we 
need  not  decide.  If  the  facts  warrant 
a  recovery  at  common  law,  it  is  not 
likely  that  any  plaint ifT  will  wish  to 
rely  upon  the  statute.  altlioii;;h.  when 
it  is  uncertain  how  the  facts  will  turn 
out,  it  may  he  niHi^ssaiy  and  pro]«er  to 
join  a  count  on  the  statute  with  one  on 
the  common  law  Iiahilitv." 

So>'  also,  to  the  same  c''iPral 
riinl.-  V.  Mrrohntifn  if-  If.  Trnv.- 
ilHOO)     l.-.l     Mass     .-{.Vi.    24    X.    \:  : 

Ci)l(irndn  Mill,  d  I'ltialnr  Co.  v.  Milcnill 
(1800)    2ti  Colo.  284.  .">8  Tac.  28. 

A  plaintiff  who  is  rcfjuired  to  elect 
iK'tween  a  e<mimon-law  and  a  statulorj- 
count,  and,  as  a  consequence  of  electing 


■i;|pi|i 


I 


irHji 


"  1, 


^-  m 


|!r 


'im 


1U50 


MASTER  AND  SKllVANX, 


[OHAP.  XXXVII. 


This  nile  of  construction  is  of  considorublo  inii)ortance  in  view  of 
tlio  requireiiieut8  as  to  notice,  etc.,  whicli  must  Im-  coniplied  witli  l>v  a 
«<rvant  who  wishes  to  avail  himself  of  tlie  right  of  ucli(jii  conferixd 
l>^'  the  statute  on  wliich  ho  relies. 

665.  Liability  of  iafanti  under  the  statutes.— So  far  as  the  pr('S(  in 
writer  knows,  there  is  no  reported  case  which  bears  directly  or  imli 
rectly  upon  the  important  question,  whether  mi  infant  can  be  iikiIc 
re!<ponsible  as  an  "employer"  under  these  acta.  ilr.  Ruogg  (Emp! "V 
•Ts'  Liability  Act,  p.  118)  has  expressed  Tie  opinion  that  the  m  w 
responsibilities  im]M)se(l  by  the  English  statute  do  not  extend  tu  :im 
infant.  The  reason  advanced  by  this  learned  author  is  that  a  suit  to 
recover  damages  from  him  for  ihe  negligence  of  one  of  the  agent-; 
specified  in  the  act  could  not  lie  maintained  without  .  .'ogniziiig  tlic 
validity  of  the  contract  which  defines  the  relations  between  biiii  iirid 
that  agent.  His  conclusion,  therefore,  is  that  the  case  falls  witliiii  tin 
scope  of  the  general  principle  that  an  infant,  although  ho  is  liable  f^r 
his  torts,  cannot  be  sued  for  a  wrong,  where  tlic  cause  of  aciiim  is  in 
substance  ex  conlrnctu.  or  so  directly  connected  with  the  contract  that 
the  action  would  be  an  indirect  way  of  enforcing  the  contract.' 

There  would,  however,  seem  to  be  good  grounds  for  arguing  that 
an  agreement  for  the  hire  of  another  person  t«}  assist  in  carrying  on  a 
business  belongs  to  the  l)eneficial  class,  and  is  therefore  binding  ui»iii 
the  infant  employer  as  long  as  the  services  continue  to  be  porformcil.- 
If  this  be  the  correct  doctrine  he  must,  it  would  seem,  be  resjumsilili' 
for  the  nonperformance  of  any  of  tlie  obligations  which  are  cither  im 
plied  as  incidents  of  the  contract,  irrespective  of  statute,  or  wliieli  np- 
imposed  by  tJie  legislature  upon  all  tliose  who  enter  into  tlie  contract. 


C.    LlAEILITY  FOR  DEFECTS  IN  THE  W.iYS,  ETC. 


English  act  of  18S0,  §  1,  subs.  1,  §  2,  subs.  1. 
Alabama  act:  Cede,  §  2.590,  subs.  1. 
Massachusetts  act  of  1887,  §  1,  subs.  1. 


to  stand  on  the  latter,  is  nonRtiiftHl,  can- 
not have  the  nonsuit  set  asi  on  the 
f;round  that  he  was  prejudiced  by  h<"in{; 
required  to  make  such  election,  wliere 
the  evidence  shows  that  in  a  oniiinion- 
law  action  the  defenses  of  common  em- 
ployment and  aJtsumption  of  risks  would 
both  have  been  open  to  the  master.  .Udi/ 
V.  Whittifr  Mack.  Co.  (1891)  154  Mass. 
29,  27  K.  E.  769. 

A  policy  by  whicli  an  assurance  coni- 
puny  agrees  to  indemnify  an  employer 


for  "all  sums  whicli  such  employer  shall 
become  liable  for,  under  or  by  virtur  ^f 
the  employers'  liability  act  of  IS,  i 
does  not  render  it  liable  for  diiiiiiip^ 
recovered  in  a  c.immonlaw  action,  even 
thouffh  the  circumstfl.ices  were  siirh 
that  the  employer  mijjht  have  1>p<ti  held 
liable  under  the  net  also.  Manixtm  v. 
Hcotlish  Employers'  Co.  (1888)  16  So. 
Scss.  Cas.  4fh  series,  212. 

'  See  Pollock.  Torts,  p.   '7i. 

'  See  Pollock;  Conlr.  p.  *00, 


^        \ 


li  liur..  007] 


E.Ml'LOYKKS'  LlAIUI-llV  ACTS. 


IMl 


('((liirado  act  of  IMKJ,  §  1,  -iibs.  1. 

Indiiinu  act:  Kcv  Slat.  181)4,  §  7083,  subs.  1. 

Ontario  act:  Kt-v.  Stut.  1^'J7,  S  o,  siilt>.  1,  J  rt.  suK  1. 

666.  Effect  of  the  ktatutory  provisions  as  to  defects;  generally.— Tlie 
effect  of  these  provisions,  as  a  wlioie,  is  to  fiivc,  uiiiier  the  circum- 
itmwa  specified,  a  -statutory  .sanction  to  a  dextrine  which,  so  far  as  the 
(iiniiiKin  hiw  is  concerned,  has  been  greatlv  rr^nicied  in  Knfihnid  and 
till'  Knifiish  Colonies  bv  flip  well-known  cii:^e  of  Wilsoii  v.  Mirry}  but 
which  has  Iwen  fully  develojM'd  and  is  applied  in  all  the  American 
states — ;he  doctrine,  namely,  that  the  master  is  iii'solutely  responsible 
f(ir  the  prop<'r  discharge  of  certain  duties,  wlieihcT  he  undertakes  to 
|jiil'iinii  them  in  person,  or  emj)loys  an  .i^ent  to  perform  them  in  his 
stead.  Sec  chajjter  x.\.\i.,  ante.  In  other  words,  the  injured  servant 
isjriveii  a  right  to  recover  damaifes  in  th<'  case-  enumerated,  although 
the  ahiKirmal  conditions  which  caused  his  injury  may  have  bei'u  ere 
iiti'il  or  suffered  to  continue  through  the  uegligenee  of  a  fellow  ser- 
vant.* Hence,  in  order  to  establish  the  allegations  of  a  complaint 
Iraiiied  on  the  theory  that  the  mastr-r  is  liable  under  this  ^:eetion,  it  is 
nut  necessary  to  show  that  he  was  himself  negligent.'' 

So  far  as  re<;;irds  the  cliaraetor  of  the  actual  |)liysieal  conditions 
whicli  warrant  tlu'  inference  of  culpability  oji  the  ]iart  of  the  inune- 
(liate  actor,  whether  he  be  tin;  master  himself  or  an  em])loye<\  the  evi- 
ilential  pren'cpii.sites  to  establishing  a  right  to  indemnity  are  essen- 
tially the  same  luuler  the  statutes  as  at  conunon  law.  See  Ss  'olO- 
CTl).  infra. 

667.  Master  not  liable  unless  defect  allege'  "ras  the  proximate  cause 
of  the  injury. —  Under  the  general  principles  of  tlie  law  of  negligence 
(see  ^  8<U,  po.if),  as  well  as  by  tlie  express  terms  of  the  statutes,  the 
inuircd  servant  cannot  maintain  an  action  unless  he  shows  that  the 
defect  alleged  was  the  pro.siuiate  cause  of  his  injury.'  Thus,  he  can- 
net  recover  if  his  injuries  are  due  to  an  iieciirrencc  which  was  a  mere 
accident.'  nor  if  the  negligence  of  a  feliow-sen-ant  in  the  use  of  the  de- 

'(18fiS)   L.  R.  1  n.  L.  Sc.  App.  Ca8.  anfi    sii|)Printpn(lent.      Held,    that    the 

3..r..  1(1  1..  T.  N'.  R.  30.     .As  to  the  pra-  (Ipfciul.int  was  nnt  cntitleJ  to  a   n.  .nfj 

v\M-  ,-\\,-<-t  of  this  (lepisidn,  see  |§  529,  that  "the  phWiititr  eaiir      re<v)ver  umler 

5;U    ,5i;s    .-)iin,  n,it>:  the  second  count   nf  hi       echiralion.  as 

S<»e  the  remarks  of  the  court  in  ^.?A-  there   was   no  eviihiici-      ,at    there    was 

hi  V.  Hurt   I  ISSS)    147  Mass.  573,  1  L.  anv  ne-limnce  on  the  iw..  of  the  (hfeml- 

R.  A.  ;u->.  18  .\.  K.  41(i.  ant." 

'!.!ifirli    V.    Mh/n    (18!I3)    160    Mass.        '  SniilliiTii    R.    Co.   v.    (luyton    (ISi)S) 

;J^.  •".)  X.  E.  550.     There  the  action  was  122  Ala.  2.'?1,  25  So.  34. 
tor  |)ersonal   injuries   occasioned   to  the        '  Mr.Uanus  v.  //«v   (18S2)    9  Sc.  Sess. 

plamtilT  hv  the  fallinfr  upon  him  of  a  Cas.  4th  s,i  ies.    12.5. 

■  anK  of  earth,  which  he  was  e,nira).'c(i  in        A    fn'iu'ht    bral<eniiin    cannot     recover 

undennining  by  direction  of  the  defend-  for    personal    injurii-s    alleged    to    have 


I' 

1 


:i 


■^ 


.  :r-< 


v| 


i 


'  <iti'i 


■  !■  tr  ■ 


fnyf 


m 


i!    11 


! 


lOSk 


&IA8TKH  AND  SKU\  ANt. 


[tllAP.    XXWII 


IWtivf  appHanPo  was  tlio  ui'tmil,  cHiciciii  cini^^f  of  the  injur}/  im  r  il 
tlic  di'fet't  in  (Hii-stioii  would  not  liavc  cau-nl  anv  injury,  it  lie  liml  ii'i 
liiinsflf  bec'U  guilty  of  nc^ligfiici-  in  (icaliiif;  with  tlii'  (IrtVciiw  a|. 
jdianw.* 

hut  proof  that  a  defect  for  tlic  cxisK  nco  of  wliich  the  nuistcr  w;i- 

rosponnible  wa«  tlic  soh-  proximate  cansc  of  tlic  injury  U  not  a  > li 

tion  profodcnf  to  rcoovcry.  It  is  only  nupiisilc  to  show  tiiat  ii  wa- 
onc  of  th»'  clKficnt  causes.'' 

668.  What  instrumentalitiM  are  covered  by  the  termi  "ways,"  etc.— 
The  words  used  to  desi^'iiate  the  instrunieiitalities  for  the  lictViN  ,1 
whi<'h  tlio  master  is  iiuide  rospoiisihle  are  not  preeisely  the  mihic  in 
the  statutes  now  nnder  diseussion.     In  all  of  them  the  terms  -uaw. 
works,  and  maehiiiery''  are  found.    Hut  the  pxjjression  *  plant,"  whirl, 
occurs  in  the  Knjrlish  act,  as  well  as  in  those  of  the  various  iJiiii-li 
colonies  and  of  .(lahania.  is  omitted  in  the  statutes  of  MasMulni-i  n- 
and  Colorado.     The  list  of  iustnimentalit'i's  enuni 'rated  in  tin'  Kir: 
li<h  act  is  enlarfred  in  the  Ontario  act  h\  the  adc'ition  of  the  wnni- 
"hnildinjrs  and  premises,"  and  in  the  Indiana  ac.:  by  the  addiii. n  • 
l!ie  word  "tools."     That  these  variati(ms  of  phraseology  iuij  ly  coir.  - 
pondinc  ditTerences  in  the  total  extent  of  the  nuister's  liaMlily  cmi: 
he  athrmed  in  view  of  the  decisions  as  they  stand,  thouirli  p.-ii/ 
some  case  may  hereafter  arise  in  which  they  may  be  found  niiitriin 

a.   Tiro  or  more  dcscriplive  trniis  used  in  co>iil)ii)nlii>ii."\u  ili 
eases  where  the  court  in  aHirming  or  denying  the  defendant's  li;il,iii\ 
lias  coupled  tof^ether  two  or  more  of  the  instrumentalitiis  spc-iti,  .1  in 
the  statute  under  review,  it  is  impossible  to  say  with  certainty  t,.  wlml, 

bwn  CiUiwd  bv  tlffocts  in  a  brakp  which  proximate  eausp  of  nn    injinv    iv.   iv,  1 

hi>  was  Irvine  to  let  Icmiso.  oaining  th<>  l)y  him  in  oimsoniipnco  of  n  f.  II""  -  !■ 

bralvP  to  stick  or  l>p  n'tardol  in  its  revo-  ant  no(.'li«cntl.v  setting  maclniirn  in  r... 

hit ion-i,  and  throw inj;  him  from  the  top  tion    while    plaintilT   1-    .•ii-:i^<',l    in   t 

of  a  »)0\  car,  in  the  alHi-MW  of  proof  that  worli.      MnrUn,,    v.    llo/v'-"     1  isii,  .    ■.! 

tlie  brake  was  (lof«>fivp.  or  that  liis  fall-  Sc.  Sos-*.  Ta.-*.  4tli  soric-s  :?s.!. 
inf!   was   not   due   to   hi*   slipping'   or  to        'A  defect  in  tho  inacliiiMT.v  h  ii' !  ■ 

some    oilier    causp    whoUv    nneonneoted  pause  of  an  injury  lei'eivid  liy  a   "'i; 

with    onv   dpfe<'t   of  the   l.rake,      /...iiis'-  man    in   oonscipienee  nf   lus   u-iii-   1!    n 

xiUe  i    V     K    Co    v.   Itininii    I  1803)    OS  an    unsafe  manner,   wlieii   lie   kii-u     '■ " 

Ala.  STO,  "u  So.  Oin.  to  use  it  with  safely  to  liim-elt.     i/-"  - 

In   namillo)!   v.  (Iromhrck    (1891)    18  v.  Connnh'x  Qmiii  .l/A(//i  '".    I  I  ■'■'■"    -. 

Ont.  App.  4.'?7.  AtlirminR  (1880)    10  Ont.  Week.    Rop.    21ti.    wl.e.r    t!ie    pliui'i 

Rep     7«.   the  court   of   appeal    held    the  knew  that  a  ear  brake  was  I,,,,!  ^iihI  m 

action  not   maintainable  for  the  rca.son  not  '','^<',  *•''!♦  .'•^;:'\ 'J'   '.\';_''';|l."|^^'"'"'i 

\. 
4t'i 


that  tho  proximate  cause  of  the  injury  tion  Wfore  sif.'unli.:/  '"<'"" 

wa-s  not  the  unjntarde<l  condition  of  the  move    the    ear.       S'c    aNo    """"'""   \ 

saw  by  which  the  plaintiff  wa.s  hurt,  but  M'Alpine   (188SI    1..  Sc.   ^e--.  1  1-    411 

the  fa'et  that  he  tripped  over  a  pile  of  series.  780,  as  stated  in   *   ii.>.  '"•''■  ' 

staves.  •"/■'■«• 
•The  fact   that   a  defect   existed   and 


•A  plaintiff  is  entitled  \«  main  .1  >;r 
thatthe'plaintVif  h"idTo  be  assigned  to  diet  in  his  favor  where  lli.'  jun  to 
the   work   of    remedving   it    is    not   the    that  the  injuiy  was  caused  i.v   a  'ii" 


I 


EMPI.OYKUS-  LlAIilLlTY  ACTS. 


1M3 


Hisignation  it  was  i!it«nil('<l  to  nl'cr  tlic  in-itiMiiiniitulity  which  caused 
the  injury.* 

b.  "Ways." — In  its  ordiiinrv  *cr\^f  t\\\*  trrin  may  be  rcpirdod  as 
pnibracing  any  jiiirt  of  th«'  nmsicr"-'  pri'iiii-c-  uvcr  whicli  llu-  scrvunta 
iius!^,  on  foot  or  oilicrwisi'.  inuii  niic  |iciint  to  aiiotlicr.*  'I'l  constitnte  a 
•way''  withiu  the  imr\  ii  w  of  flic  act.  it  i>  not  iicco-ary  tliat  it  ohould 
he  marked  out  bv  nictci  and  IhhukIs  or  bv  iial)itnal  user."* 


in  the  plant,  and  olno  liy  tin-  ncj.'li^.'ciii'i' 
of  a  fellow  servant.  Hunt  v,  llnrjur 
(1S!I2)  18  Virt.  I..  K"|>.  (I.. I  .ISS.  Knr 
iiimnion  law  <ii;*<m  t<»  tlii>  same  j'tfift, 
«e  Si  Hiri,  Hid,  iviHl. 

'A  defect  in  tlie  ■■way<,  wtirk".  ma- 
chincrj',  or  plant,"  eniniieratiil  in  llif 
Aliibaina  statute,  has  been  lield  to  cxUl 
where  the  supply  piiie  of  a  water  tank 
extended  o%er  a  railiiNiil  trai'k  «"  a*  to 
knock  a  brakenian  olt  the  to]>  of  a 
fni;.'lit  car.  Eiint  Tiuiitssfr,  V.  A  ti- 
lt. (■«.  V.  Thoiii itSDii  (1S!I|)  !t4  Ala.  (l.'tll. 
10  Sq.  280. 

In  an  Alalmnin  ea»e  it  hici  Imtii  held 
that  a  rope  used  for  lowerinL'  tindier  in 
the  construction  of  a  trestle  almij;  a  rail- 
road track,  by  means  of  whiidi  lu'avy 
timl)er3  are  put  into  their  places,  is  in 
no  sense  a  part  of  the  ways,  wcirk^. 
machinery,  or  plant  of  a  railroad  e<ini 
panv.  I'uuthtrii  It.  <'<>.  v.  Mnoii  illlOl) 
128"  Ala.  4S4,  20  So.  (i.")!).  The  eourl 
seems  to  have  assumed  that  the  author 
ily  of  the  two  rases  eiti'd  in  -nl».  .7. 
infra,  declaring  su<'h  an  appliance  not 
to  \w  "maphinery."  wa-.  emicliisive 
ajiainst  the  rifflit  of  the  servant  to  main 
tain  the  action.  Hut  there  is  no  ap- 
jMrcnt  reason  why  the  rope  in  iptestion 
-liinild  not  l)e  re<;arded  as  a  part  of  the 
"plant." 

The  shorter  formula  "ways,  wurks. 
and  machinery,"  whicli  occiiis  in  the 
Ma-sachusetts  statute,  has  ]nf\\  ccai- 
^trued  in  several  rases.  It  iiichide-i  a 
truck  used  by  a  railroad  minpany  as  a 
part  of  the  appliance-  of  the  repair 
shop,  consistinft  of  axles,  wheels,  ami  a 
frame,  all  fa.st<>npd  toj.'ether  and  titteil 
to  the  tracks.  (Iiiim  v.  \rir  Yorh.  \ . 
//.  rf  II.  It.  Co.  (ISilS)  171  Mas-.  417. 
.'.0  \.  E.   1031. 

.K  tempornrj'  stajrinp  erected  by  the 
•ide  of  a  woodpile,  to  enable  the  work- 
men to  place  wood  thereon  and  pile  it 
hifrher,  and  which  is  taken  down  and 
put  up  from  time  to  time  in  dilTcrent 
places,  and  intende<l  to  lie  useil  from 
four  days  to  a  week  at  a  time  in  each 
place,   is   a  part  of   the   owner's   ways. 


work",  anil  machinery  while  In  w**  at 
a  particular  place.  I'riiidihlr  v.  Von- 
nrrhvlll     Itii.r      Ml;!.     Co.      (IHICt)      160 

\la-s.  |:ll.  :).')  .\.  K.  )I7.'>  i  held  to  be  com- 
petent  for  till'  jury  to  lind  this). 

A  teiiiporar;  .lerriek  at  a  stone  yard, 
ereiliil  III  move  »trnes  from  earn  to 
where  -iiiiiei  utters,  who  had  nothing;  to 
do  with  M'ttin;.'  it  up,  <'<mld  us«-  them, 
is  a  part  of  the  "ways,  works,  and  ma- 
chinerv"  conmsMed  with  the  vard.  Me- 
Miihin'i  V.  Mrlhilr  (IS!t!t)  'l74  Mttsu, 
.(20,  ."i4  \.  K.  H.'i4  (considered  to  !«•  a 
part  of  the  llttin^'  of  the  stone  yard 
rather  than  an  appliance  to  be  put  to- 
;:etlier  and  set  up  and  moved  from  plare 
to  place  by  the  worknu'n  who  were  iLsing 
it.      See  JS  t!7li.  iiifrn) . 

\Ay.\i\.-i{  freight  ears  received  from 
other  lines  form  a  part  of  the  "works 
and  machinery"  of  the  receiving  coni- 
panv.  lioinrx  v.  Cftmii  rtiritt  Itirrr  It. 
«■„.■(  1S!U)    \l\2  Mass.  M2,  .'IS  N.  K.  .108. 

-  "Till urse  which  a  workman  would 

in  onliniry  circuiii-taiices  tvike  in  <irder 
to  jro  from  one  part  of  a  shop  where  a 
part  of  the  business  is  done,  to  another 
part  where  bu-iness  is  done,  when  the 
business  of  the  employer  '."ipii.i'n  liim 
lo  do  so.  must  be  re-iarded  as  a  'wav.'" 
Wilhlts  v.  Wall  (f.  A)  tl8!l21  2  Q.  R 
112.  til  I..  .1.  q.  It.  X.  S.  .">40,  per  I,<>rd 
Kslicr.  Compare  the  stat<'meiit  that  the 
word  applii-s  to  su"h  places  as  a  work- 
man or  servant  is  ealleil  u|x)n  to  pas- 
ir\er  in  the  perfnriiuwnce  of  his  duty. 
(■(ihlirrll  V.  Mill.H  (1S!);1)  24  Onl.  Rep. 
4112.  holding  that  a  plank  put  down  to 
-erve  as  n  fulcviim  for  a  lever,  if  it  is 
placed  in  such  a  position  that  s<-rvants 
iiave  to  pass  over  it  in  the  course  of 
tiieir  <lutie»,  is  a  "way."  For  specific 
instances  of  "defect.s"  in  what  were  con- 
c«  led  to  be  "ways,"  see  $  671,  subd.  (a), 
infra. 

This  word  does  not  cover  a  pile  of 
boards.  Camphrll  v.  Dearborn  (19001 
I7.'  Mass.  is:),  ,-,.-.  X.  ¥..  1042. 

'In  Wilhtl.',  V.  Wnlt  (C.  A.)  [1802] 
2  Q.  ».  Div.  02,  fil  1..  .1.  Q.  It.  .\.  S. 
.■>40,  Fry,  L.  .1.,  said    (p.  90):     "Jn  de 


I 


hM 


i . '■  1 


-    ,.r»tlilli 


liiilli 


1084 


MASTKU  AM)  SKltVAXT. 


[chap.  XXXMI 


In  a  more  toohtiionl  ^fUM-  the  tcnii  sijrnitii'.x  ji  piith  or  truck,     h'ul, 
ii  BiMciiillv  t'oiistriiiinl  t'ur  tlic  purpose  of  dniwin;;  or  j)ro|K'lliiij5  with 
greutir  facility  cortiiin  kiiidn  of  npplinnco-*  wliii-li  are  iiM-d,  utui  <■•  i 
tain  kinds  of  snbsfniuf*  or  maniifiictiiri'd  articli's  wliicli  are  handli  'I. 
hy  the  ccrvaiits  in  tin  i oiir-n'  of  tlii'ir  work.* 

Tho  "wn.VH"  with  wliicli  tin-  ca^is  (jcal  aro  tmiially  liorizontnl  i.r 
sloping.  But  prcsiiiiialik  the  term  aUo  c.vcr-  siicli  iuitrunientalifif- 
ui  the  vertical  nliaft  of  u  mine  or  of  an  <li\ator.' 

c.  "MoiliS." — In  ono  \vi  ll-kno\vii  cnsc  ilii-^  word  'opms  to  1m'  n 
gardod  as  connntntivo  of  the  sunie  idea  as  "system.""     For  otijer  cu-<  ~ 
inclieative  of  its  signifieanco,  see  §  tii!'.'.  snbds.  /),  r,  iiifnt. 

d.  "Mmliiiiery." — The  term  "machine"  has  been  ih-tined  as  ''evir\ 
mpclianical  device  oreonihination  of  mechanical  powers  and  devico  i.. 
perform  some  function,  and  produce  a  certain  effect  or  result."'    Xm 


tcrminina  wimt  \n  «  'wiiy.'  we  *hnii1(l. 
I  think.  l<M)k  to  tho  furl  thnf  workiin-p 
hftvp  to  tin  tliroUKh  pliiccs  whore  nome- 
•  imes  thiTo  is  iin  open  s|  uc,  while  at 
other  titiio*  what  wns  nn  opiii  H|iaco  i« 
oovereii  with  stores  or  ntlicr  lliin;.'s  used 
in  the  hu«ines«.  We  f-hoiilil  eonsider. 
further,  the  ease  of  nn  open  yaril,  where 
the  whole  or  only  a  small  part  niipht 
Iw  used  at  any  lime,  aocdnlin};  as  then' 
were  a  grent  ninny  or  only  a  few  work 
men  (fO'iifJ  thronyh  it.  I  think  that 
these  and  other  enniiderations  xhow  that 
we  should  answer  in  the  nejiative  the 
i|nestion  whether  nii^tes  and  lii>iiiids  are 
ntwssary  to  a  'way'  under  the  statute. 
There  are  many  ways  wliieh  [x-ixdii^ 
have  a  riftht  to  use  that  are  not  defined 
by  any  physjeal  lioiindary.  and  l«  hohl 
that  such  a  lioimdarv  i"  ne<'('ssary  would 
he  to  withdraw  from  the  protection 
^'iven  hy  tlie  statute  a  lai};<'  iiuiii'iiT  nf 
places  used  tiy  workmen  in  wliii'h  tin- 
niisel.icf  at  which  the  statute  wan  aiimd 
might  arise.  For  the  purpose  of  tlii- 
case,  I  should  say  that  wherever  there 
is  a  larpe  space  connt>oted  rtith  or  used 
in  the  business  of  the  employer,  over 
which  the  workmen  pass  in  tin  iiur»e 
of  their  employment,  when  that  pace 
18  for  the  time  l>cinf»  vacant,  and  is  sn 
used,  it  is  a  'way'  within  the-  meaning 
of  the  stattite." 

'The  mo«t  familiar  instanci-  of  inch  a 
way  is  a  railwav  track.  See  Kmisnt 
City  M.  rf  B.  ff.Vo.  V.  liurlon  (ISIKt) 
07  Ala.  240.  12  So.  88:  I.oiiistilli  d  V. 
H.  Co.  V.  limihlh,  (1895)  110  Ala.  IS."), 
■20  So.  32.">;  .\hQu<i(h  v.  Dixun  (ISsTi 
14  Sc.  S«'ss.  Cas.  4Ui   series,    lO.'J!). 

A  roadway  of  iron  plates,  alonp  which 


loads  are  conveyed  in  a  cjir.  was  lnl.l  i., 
Im'  a  Hay  iu  U<ilif}hi  v.  I'dhiaiH  Shi, 
hiiihliiiii  it  Iron  Cu.  (INS2)  I,.  K  Id 
(J.  II.  Div.  ,5.  fii'  I..  .T.  {).  U.  N.  S  •'.-, 
47  L.  T.  \.  S.  .'»4tt.  31  Week.  liep.  Us 
47  .T.  P.  70.  Doiihiless  the  term  «hi,1  I 
also  he  held  to  incliiile  the  way-  in  .i 
"hipliiiilditiL'  yard  or  the  skiiK  u-.ed  f(,i 
the  traii-frr  of  heavy  articles,  ^n,],  j. 
logs,  barrels,  etc.,  or  the  nosts  Ih'I«i,ii 
which  the  hammer  of  a  pileilri\iM 
Mimes  up  anil  down. 

'In  I'riiriitii  v.  Dixon  (ISSrti  .^.^  I,  ,1 
(,i.  R.  X.  S.  447.  -.1  .1.  P.  1!N,  it  «ii.s  M|. 
parenlly  as-.niiied  that  a  lift  ivdl  in  .i 
liiiildin);  under  eonstructicm  Iiccimiic^  :i 
"way"  when  workmen  plii'i-  hiclilcr-  In 
it  for  the  pur|*>se  of  olitainin;,'  acc<--  to 
I  he  upper  lldors. 

'Sniilli  V.  It'ihr  [IS!)I|  A.  C.  32.'i. 
til)  T..  .T.  (J.  B.  \.  S,  flS.t.  ti.-,  I..  T.  .\.  s 
liiT.  .'i.".  .1.  P.  liiio,  40  Wis'k.  nep.  Xil. 
Tlir-rc  I  i.rd  \\at..(.ii.  in  comiiietitiii;.'  dm 
the  liinlin','  of  the  Jury  that  tlic  niaiiiici 
in  wliiili  the  apparatiis  in  qiicsliim  wa- 
useil  li(lnk"iic(l  iie^diijenie,  <ir-t  refcrnil 
to  the  niclhixl  adoptt'il  as  Ix'ini.'  a  "di' 
fective  system"  (p.  .'?.'>.'i  i .  and  in  a  l:iler 
paMsaffc  of  his  opinion  ip  .'!.') 4 1  re- 
marked  t'  it  the  evicU'Ucc-  lirciiii:lit  the 
case  witinn  the  operation  of  the  rule 
that  n  dan;.'eroMs  arrangement  of  ni^i 
chinery  and  tackle  constitutes  a  •(lef.it" 
ill   the  condition  of  the  works. 

^Cciniiig  V.  nurdcn  (ISnlH  M  llo« 
2117.  14  L.  ed.  fi!)0    (patent  ease). 

Such  a  definition  olivicuisly  cN'IiiiIfs 
-iich  an  appliance  as  a  In.ninier,  .lisi-xn 
necle<l  from  other  meclianical  appiiiiuv- 
and  operated  only  l)y  muscular  stnnLrlli. 
flrorgia  P.  R.  Co.  v.  ItrooUa   (ISST;   Si 


I'l 


|M»1 


EMI'l.oVKIlS'  I.I  Mill. II  V    \<TS. 


IMA 


Icios  tlii*  Will  1  include  u  steel  bur  used  to  uligii  ilie  truck  on  I  ruilwiiy 
■ridge.* 

For  itpec'i'ic  exiiii  ,ile!«  of  appliniiees  virwed  a*  "iii:n'liiiirrv."  fin- 
|Hiint  uctiuiiiv  iiiNoUid  I'l'iii;;  wiifilier  tlure  wu.s  ii  "ddVct,"  m-v  i  tlTl. 
-mW.  b,  infra. 

e.  "t'liiiil." — (S(f  also  iiiidir  §  tJ<!i>,  ihfin.)  '\'\i'\*  f<Tm  inflndi- 
■'wliatcver  npi'iinitiis  is  umiI  liv  u  lui^iin*-'  miin  for  cnnvin^  .m  Ids 
hiisiiii'SH — not  iii"  slock  ill  ti;idi'  uliiili  lie  hiivs  nr  iiiitkM>«  tor  siilo,  Inii 
all  goods  and  ••liMltcU,  Kxi'd  or  inovulile.  live  or  diiid.  wliidi  lie  kiep- 
for  pcrmunent  eniplov  •  ent  in  liis  l.iisiness.""  For  i  miiii|.I<s  of  de 
fort've  in.strunieniiilil...^  ussnnied  to  Come  within  tlii:*  ■'  :iiiition,  see 
J  ri71,  gnb<l.  d,  infra. 

669.  Significance  of  the  qualifyinfi;  phrase,  "connected  with  or  nied 
in  the  business  of"  the  employer. — a.  InstnniK-iitnlilics  tniiiinriirihi 
rsrr/  hi/  fhe  drfiiuiiinl's  Hirvanla  in  Ihc  lriiiisiirti<m  nf  his  InisinisH. — 
Tilt'  mere  fact,  tliiit  the  defendant,  did  not  own  the  dcfei'ti\  i-  insininien- 
i:ility  whieh  caused  the  iiijnrv  will  not  protect  him  if.  us  a  matter  nf 
t;i<t.  it  was  heing  used  in  liif  hnsiniss  at  the  time  of  the  iieeident.' 
W'liellier  there  was  such  use  within  the  iiieauing  of  the  sialiites  is  de- 
'i  riiiiii 'il  with  refert  lice  to  variou  <  considerations. 

\|[i.    i;tS.   4   So.   '.I'l't    (snili'  flying  from  riuterinl   pnrt  of  tho  pliint.      Tlirv  iin- 

III  iron  niil   wli.  n   •struck   li\    a  liniiiiiiiT  tlic  iTiatirials  or  in-lniiiiciil«   wliidi  tin" 

ii  lili'il    liy    a    fellow    MTviint    injured  iMii|i!i>yfi-   must   use   fur  tlie   |iur|>n«e  nf 

liiiititT).     It   woulil   »t>pni  that,  if  the  cnnvjnc  on   hi«   '   i«iiir«».   .iiwl    willioiil 

nil  «a»  in  such  a  cotnlition  an  to  ri>n<ler  which   he  omiid   not   canv   it   on   at   all. 

-uoh  an  ucciilent  prolinhip.  the  defnidiint  The   prim  ipal    [wrt    c  f    the    Imsini'x    nf 

-Ih.\iI(I  have  iM'en  held  lialilc  n»  for  a  lie-  a    wharliiiL'rr    is    eoiivcyiiij;   ;.'<hhN    from 

Irit  in  the  "plant"  or  in  the  ■works."  the      wharf   t"  the    liiiii-'-*   or    •\i>>\r*  or 

'I'h  nil  Ills    V.    AUiliiimn    II.    8.    H.    On.  waieli"ii-c-»   of   the  coii-iynii'> .    and    for 

il'.HMi)    127   .\la.   liifi,  2S  So.  B4.'?.      The  this    pur|><ise   he    nni«t    ii-s'    lories   ainl 

riaxHi    assijLnied    was    that    the  har   was  carts   or   wat'oii'*.       They   arc  all    ncees- 

■ili-ii  mil  ricd    from    any   otiier   meehan-  "ary    for   earryinjr   on    of   the    huiini'ss. 

iial  ,ipi>lian('es,  and  opiTattnl  hy  niuscu-  It    cannot    for   a    moiiicnt    he   oontiMided 

liir  ^licicjtli  dins'tly  applii-d."      Appar-  that     the    oarts    and     wa^iom    are    not 

uitlv  the  action  nii;;1it   have  boon  main-  'plant.'     Can  it  be  said  that  the  horne-. 

liiiiiiil  hotli   in  this  cane  and   the  other  without    which    the    carts    and    wa;.'on-» 

MiitiiiiiM  iliK'ision  citcil  in  note  7.  .«i//<rn,  would  be  us«'Ir-.s.  are  not?" 

if  tlie  pleader  had   aUej/ed  the  existence  To  same  ellis't.    see    Huston   v.    Kdin- 

iif  ilitcct<  in  the  "plant."  hiiri/h  Tr.imuay  Co.   (ISS7i    14  Sc.  S«"ss. 

')'iniiiiiiHi    V.    I  inner    (18871    L.   H.  Cn*.    ttli    seriei.    fi21  :    Frnsrr    v.    Hood 

1!)  Q.  n.  Div.  (147.  r.7  L.  J.  Q.   n.  N.  S.  (|S!t7i    l.'i  Sc  S.-.^.  Pas.  4th  series,  178. 

:.  .Ifi   \>cek.    Kep.   2SI.   per    Lord    Ksher.  '  fnffrp   v.    \r,r    y„rk,    V.    //.  rf    //.    H. 

wliothiH  di-poseil  of  the  contention  tliat  Co.  i  IH(ll)    I.l.'i  Ma«s.  21.  2H  \.  K.  112H; 

a  hoi-se  was  not  a   part  of  the  "pl.int:"  I'.iinil    v.    Vrir    VorA-.    /".    cf    It.    R.    Co. 

"It    is   «ii^'j.'est<sl    that    nothing   that    is  (IHll.Ji    mo  Mass.  2ll(i.  22  1,.  R.  A.  2S.1, 

aniniiitc  e-an  he  plant;  that   is.  that  liv-  .1.5  N.   K.  .IIT:    l.i.iiisiilh-  cf   \'.   ...  To.  v. 

int'  creatures  can  in  no  sense  he  consid-  Unris    i  IS'MIl    ill    Ala.    4S7.   8   So.   .').V2; 

end  plant.      Why  not?      In  many  husi-  Tnisk  v.  Did  Cidnnii  It.  Co.   (1892)    160 

nessis.    horses    and    cnrts.    wairons.    or  Mass   208,  31  N.  K.  6. 
dra|g,  seem  to  me   to  form   the   must 


il 


lOArt 


MASTKR  \ND  sK.nV AST. 


[riur.  xxxMi 


k\- 


lll 


in  «.uip  <M-'-'  til.'  ■•-wiitiiil  .|n<'Mi..n  U  wli.tliiT  or  not  ho  him-  ii 
or  hi-  im.i.i  li.i.l.  ai  lli.'  finH-  wli.ii  thn  injurv  wan  r.-.-oiviMl.  a.lH|.:,.i 
lh>'  ih-lnini.  i.iiiliiy  a^  a  part  nt  il.f  plant  l.v  iia-an*  ..f  which  thi-  |>Lnii 
ti»T  wa*  .xiMMi...!  t'.  |..rf..rii.  hi^  .liiti.-.     If  nu.'h  a.loiiti..n  in  Hhuwn.  1,. 
i^  n.ii^i.l.iv.l  I.,  liavr  a.-ima'.l.  a-,  rr^ani-  li.i-«  t.'iiip..r.irv  aiJ.litiM,  i 
hi.  plant,  a  lial.iliiv  wl.i.ii.  it  w.hiI.I  sc.-m,  i»t  of  prr.-ii'.-lv  \\xv  -am. 
ohana-tiT  aii-l  csKi.t  as  iliat  to  whidi  hr  i>«  Hiii.j.rt  a»  rcpinN  iii*  -"i 
pr..pi.|iv/'     Maiiit.-tlv.  ii<>  a.|..pii..ii  within  liu'  in<'uniii({  of  thi>   1  • 
trim-  .'an  !.«•  inf.in  .1,'wli.iv  ihr  phiMititT  or  his  follow  workna'i.  f-k 
nn.l  iiia.l.-  iih^  ..|  tla-  drf.rtiv.-  in^trnnirntality  without  ui.y  uiith.iitv. 
rilh.r  .Npr.-.  or  in.pli'  .1.  fn.iu  the  oniplojer  hini^'lf  or  his  a;;,  nv 
fn.lcr  sucii  cir.MMiiMaii.M  ^  no  lial.ility  can  l>e  predicatfd  from  the  fa.i 
thnt  th.-n-  was  a  dof.-ct,  and  that  u  proper  inspection  would  hav  .li- 

eliiHcd  it.' 

The  ratioiiuh-  of  other  de<MHions  is  thnt  the  words  of  thp  pr-vi-i..,, 
now  und.T  .liH.Mi-iun  imi-lv  that  "the  defect  must  Ik-  one  wl.i.l.  tl, 
rmplover  ha.  a  ii;;lit  to  remed.v  it  he  d.K-s  discover  it.  and  of  a  km  ! 
which*  it    is   p..-.il.le   to  charge   a   servant  with   the  duty  of  s.itn.i 
rifilit."*     A  corollary  of  this  doctrine  is  that,  unless  there  is  s.aia  thi.,: 

'  l..„k  ..f  v..ntil..li..n  of  tl...  I...M  of  u        A  ron,,.laint  of  wl.uti  the  ^-r.N. ..,,.„ 

V, 1    l,..|,.nL'i"K   to   a    n.iviKalioa  com-  in   ttmt    !,..•   (.lunt   «a»  .l.-f.-.t.v.'  .^    .' 

p.nv    i     «  .Vli.NH.I   is  sl.i,.,s-l  1..V  .■"»■  .«,t,.;n.,l  by  ey,.l..nce  ..o«.n„    I,;.,  p. 

t*^    :i.r'  to  ...,,,,1v  .-.ml  to  u  r..ila..y  at  plaintiff,  a  pninto'  'n  th«  .mHnN  .>f 

an  t..'r  V'^    'vi..T«    such    contractors  ,l,,,M.f  c,>ntrnctor»  .,.«n«  «..rk  .,„  .  ."> 

I.  v..  to  unloa.l  tl.,-  roal.  in  conH„,u.n.-..  .-rnm-nt  1,   .l.ling  nskca  l.is  f,,,.,  ,.ui   ■ , 

vli"l    on-  of  tl,..ir  ..n,,,loy..,-s  is  in  .i   la.l.U-r:    that,  !«.«.«   n-f.-m.    l.>   t   ■ 

jure  I    .V  an  ..xpl.r.ion  of  p'.s  «.T,„nal,.t  for..«,..n    to   ti.e   «ov.Tnn,..„t   ..  I. 

no  in  il...  l.ol.l'   is  a  .lof.c.   in  tl...  plant  .hart,.,.,!  t  i."  work.  1...  «a.  to  ,1  I,,  n  , 

7.;„.|.   .M.ntra.t......       forU,-   v.   cUkr  have  a   ia-Ul-r    •'•1<;"«'"«    "J'"  .^^   ' 

(IHMSi   78  1     T    \    S    TO.  nieiit:    an.l    that    the    la.l.l.-r   uiiuii    !• 

It  has  l..s.n  laid  .lown.  without  ..uali-  thas  oblain.sl   l...vo  to  was  ...,.■ 

fiction,   that   a  defect  in  a  cart  l.ir.,1  '-•'"'•«'';'' V"2'"'„"n';      ■•',,...  I 

teinis.rarilv  to  carry  a  load    a  not  a  de-  v.  /f»«si  i  IHSlc  Q.  H.  I')  •    1  "» •  !■    ' 

fee  'In  the  plant,     \\nmarch  v.  Walk,r  ■i.iS.       The    .nmrt   rehe,     n.a.nlv   .„  t  ,■ 

(188V  OH        )    T8  L.  T.  .Joam.  3»1.  fact  that  the  ladder  -hd  not  1«- nn'  '- 

« ut    his  n.lin«  sU-ms  to  be  inconsistent  the   ^'^''■'"'""'^.^"Jj  th'ai'"ti;-  r'  ft 

with  the  one  last  cited,  and  to  be  unji.s-  laid  sIre.H  on  the  'aft    '.at  «'''      '  '^ 

Tiftable  on  peneral   principles.     The  ..•  ..>an  •'"'■^v  nothniK  about  .t.     1    •  r  ■ 

liirt  is  80  inenKor  tint  it  is  impos.lbh.  ,.-tne.s  of  t.h.s  der.sjo.,  an.ler  th. 

oly  precisely  what  the  standjioint  of  ti-ular   facts    -n   cval'-'-    -  '-  ,;" 

»h«  n«.irt  ma V  hive  txH-n  "hat   dubious,   as   it   nia\    I.oiii    i" 

'•■Ja  verd?    'for  the  plamtiff  has  b..n  .-ucd  that  the  pern,ls,i,a.  o,  a  ...r.n.r 

set  aside  where   the   injurv   was  caused  to  use  whatever  appl.ame  a  <l;-'^'" 

by  treR^n^way  of  a  ladder  which  the  rr^.n    n.a.v    supply    -hould    ha..     ) 

wWk.m?n  themseLs  had  taken  and  used  etlVct  of  ">"k'"^/  ^  ^/l ;;'"'''  ^""""' 

simply  because  they  found   it   ly.nK  on  selec  ed  a  p...t  of    !'''  P''"."-     „    ,j  ,,, 
the  premises   where  th.y   were  sent  to       *  A'«fl' J  v.   Nn"   » "f*'  ,',  /*  ''■  (  .,,1 

work%nd  which  had  not  U-.-n  bonwd,  ^'i*^^  ^^^J^^      ^^'-.1 

^  as  tn  hoeome  a  part  "f  the  plant,  by  .J.l   N.   E-    •>*'•   holUint.  yia     ,. 

inv  wrson  havinp   lut...  ritv  to  make  it  track   ownci.    n....iila....-.l.   ,.r..!   r  ,'  ^^^ 

a  mrt  ot  such    .".nt.     ./..../s  v.  Hurf„rd  by  a  manufactur.nf-  con.pany.  a  .a  . - 

(1884;  Q.«D)    1  Times  L.  U.  137.  by   a   railroad   co.np.^ny   only   unda  . 


KMri.nVKUS-  I.IAUIHr\   M  '.S. 


^It.^: 


!■>  [Mif  h!tii  nti  tii(|iiirv,  u  iiiii-<tiT  I*  iii»t  miller  i-  iv  ui'tiNc  (?iity  nf  iii»iMT 
tiou  will)  rt')!tii->i  t<i  an  iii<truiiifiilulit^   not  iiiiilir  h\*  (■■■iitrol.' 


Iidrlior  or  iii\  ilHti<p|i  tu  ili'livcr  fn-itfhl 
iiniliT  II  I'lihlnii't,  i"  iiiit  II  {Kin  ••(  tlir 
i,ijlii'i»il  ii>iii|iiiMy'»  "wiij*."  Ir  ili'livrr 
tiitf  till'  •>|*iiiii>ii  iif  till-  tiiii|iirlt,i  <i(  till' 
.'■iirt,  llitliiii'!<,  >!..  »iii<t:  "We  tliink  lliat 
ii>-ithi>r  til"  hiii;.'Ua)tii  ii(  llif  >t.itiilv   imr 

;;iihI  'U'II'4'  UiiIiIiI  |a'llllit  111  III  liollt  all 
rlliplli.MT  lillllU'  lllliliT  illl'  art  (llf  i|.-till« 
^^)lil'll    III'   r.lllllllt    lU'lp.    ill    II    |llai'<'    iHit    lit 

liK  Clint  rill,  to  vliU'li  hi-  i'Mi|iliiMt'»  oiiii" 
in  n  uliilc  limy  bi-  ralli'il  (or  u  li-u 
MiiimteK." 

A  railioail  i'iMii|Hiiiy  tliut  only  uo-n 
ii|H>ii  till-  trark  ii(  .iiiotlii'r  uiiilcr  u  li 
.iti«<'  III  faki-  c-iir»  tlii'iiliMiii,  mill  whirli 
liiut  no  iiiiitriil  oviT  it,  i-i  not  liiiliU'  (or 
iin  injury  to  an  I'lniiloyo'  i-.ui""!  tiy  it* 
ill  fii'tin'  iliariiitcr.  7m/ -A  v.  Ohl  I'lil- 
liny  H.  t'u.  I  IMD-i)  I. 'Hi  Mum.  21)8.  31 
N.  E.  8. 

An  i>ni|il<iyi'i-  of  u  gn*  roinpuny  liirnl 
111  rniHui'  ipi"  J'ilx"  (rmii  i  trcnrh  iliijf 
Ky  .nitliiirity  of  tlii'  rity  IrM  no  ri^'lit 
lo  i'\|>«'t  lii'<  iMii|ili>yi'r  til  -iIioH'  tlit' 
•iili'i  of  tlie  tri'ni'li  or  iii.iki-  it  Had'r 
than  it  wan,  for  lir  iiiii-t  Im-  taki'ii  to 
know  thut  liin  iiii|>liiyiT  tiinl  no  control 
iinr  it.  Iltiiihvn  V.  \liil'l(  n  rf  I/.  iliiH 
iiiihi  r„.  (I8ii7t  liW  Ma".  :i!i3,  47  N.  K. 
I  :;.'■. 

Tlif  liicalion  o(  till'  traik«  ol  a  ■•t  nit 
,,ir   iNimiiaiiy    iM'iiii;    ilftcrinini'il    by    tlir 

iiiinii  i|i.il  uiillioritii'o,  it  rannol  l>c 
1  li.ir;.'i'i|  uilli  (ailiiri-  to  |>riniilu  u  ■*iitv 
lilari-  fur  it»  coiiiliutor,  fur  the  rcaiini 
lliat  llicn-  it  a  tnt-  rlim'  lo  the  *iili'  of 
the  car.  unli'S'i  it  in  sliimii  that  the  com 
|i.inv  hail  a  riyht  to  ri'inovi'  tlio  trii* 
Ihiil  V.  Widr/iihl  it  S.  SInrf  R.  Cn. 
\'*n\  ITH  .\lai*.  !W.  .")!•  \.  K,  t!tW. 
Illl-  want   of  a   fi'iiii-  at    the  top  of  a 

liilivity  at   one  siilc  of  a    piililic  strcit 

1  liy  till-  i'iii|iloyi'i   a»  an  a|>|>rim<'li  tn 

lii-  jilari'  of  liiisini-sw  is  nut   a  ilrfcit   tin 

vliiili  111'  ran  111'  lii'lil  lialili'.  SIriilr  \. 
Dinmnml  llhiss  ('(,.  l!S!l.'>l  -Jli  Out.  Kcp. 
J70  fKolIiiHins.'  h:ii'l'l  v.  Vcic  Yml,-.  I'. 
if  H.  /■'.  Co.  [18i»;l|  Kid  .\{a,4.  Jtl(»,  il 
I..  R.  A.  '283,  :t.')  X.  K.  ,"a"i.  !)isi'ii«> 
in^'  thp  qupstion  whether  ihe  ilefettive 
iim'litinn  of  a  public  street  which  wa» 
iwil  liy  the  employed'  in  connii  timi  with 
his  hii-'iness  was  a  defect  in  ii  "way 
uscil  in  the  business,"  within  tbe  iiieaii 
ini;  of  the  t)ntario  unplovers'  liability 
lit  §  .1,  »ulis.  I.  Boyil.  C.  siiiil:  ••I.ii.'lil 
:  thn.'.vn  iip-.n  the  sciifir  of  thc.-r  w(irii~ 
I'.v  i  li,  siijis.  1.  which  proviiles  that  the 
wnrknian   shall   not   be   able  to   recover 


unli-ss  the  ilefiil  arose  frimi.  or  hail  iinl 
U'en  reini'iliisl  ii»inu  III  the  m '.-lit.'i'ni'i' 
of,  the  eiiipliAi'i,  111. it  ninins  •■iiie  i|e 
(ol  oil  hi-  pii'itilx's.  i,r  on  a  phue  oxi  r 
uhirli  he  hail  rnnlrnl.  that  iimlil  be 
ni.iile  riu'ht  by  the  i  iiip|ii\  ei  Mull  is 
nut  the  e.i-e  in  ri'pinl  lo  ,i  piiblii'  •lieet 
ii|a>n  uhiili  till'  ■'iiiplnxer  Ii.hI  no  rik'hl 
til  iiiiistiiiit  .1  (eiMT  nr  liairicr  .is  i- 
heie  »iii.".'i-iiil  One  pa  1 1  of  Ihe  stiiil 
is  hi;.-lii'r  than  the  i.tlier.  but  it  is  Ihe 
liiisiiii -s  of  the  coiiKirat  ion  of  the  cily 
to  ih'al  Hitli  the  alli':.iit  iled'cl  in  the 
illtelests   of   Ihe    publie.  nr   be  e\|i<isei|    to 

action  liv  in|iiieil  |iers<iiis." 

.\  eoiit  inasier  is  not  liable  to  a  -erx 
ant  (or  injiiiii's  caiiseil  by  iled'cis  in 
wapilis  sent  by  u  railway  i.ini|i.iny  to 
lie  IoikIisI  with  coal  for  eaniaue,  anil 
left  ut  the  pit  in  charge  o(  his  ser\.iiit-. 
Such  waffons  an'  not  ii  |Kirt  o(  the  mal 
Mmster'n  plant,  uiiil  e^•en  if  tley  .ire.  he 
is  n  it,  iiniler  such  cireuiiistanei-.  iiinlir 
Ihe  iliity  of  in»pe«tin)j  theni  before  «l 
lowing  the  wrvants  to  ilw  them.  Ilnhin- 
sun  V.  Wtitxan  (I8!»'i)  20  Sc.  Sens.  ("«». 
Ith  H«'ries   144. 

.\n  aiU'tioiiis>r  sellintf  iiihm\*  nn  the 
premises  of  a  stranger  is  not  re«|Hin.ilili' 
III  his  servants  for  the  sullnieliiy  of  the 
appli.inces  for  brin'.Miit;  forwanl  ami  re 
moving;  tl.i  j.imi<]s  which  are  to  U'  sohl. 
V. /soil  v.  .S'rort  (18ll:J)  19  he.  Siss.  ('as. 
1th  series.   4'23. 

'The  failurr  of  n  irii*  eoni|>any  to  ask 
how  Umi!  a  trench  iliij;  tiy  Ihe  city  has 
JM-en  iliiL:,  ami  to  tell  IIm  eniploye<>  Ihe 
hn^'th  of  time,  liefore  senilin;;  such  em 
ployee  iiito  same  to  remove  ;;as  pi|H' 
therefriiiii.  iliK's  not  remler  it  liable  for 
an  injury  the  employee  caus«'il  by  the 
ravinu  in  ■  ihe  trench.  Iliuiln-.i  v.  \liil 
.In.  it  I/.  f.iisViiht  <•'!.  (IHiiT)  lliH  .Mass. 
.1!),").  47  \.  K.  I  J.'i.  •lie,"  saiil  the  court, 
■hail  a  ri;.'ht  to  exixit  that,  if  the  de 
fiTiilaiit  knew  of  any  ilanpT  which  the 
plaint  itr  did  not  know  and  ought  not  to 
he  a.ssuini'il  to  know,  it  would  inform 
him.  Hut  no  such  knowlislj.v  on  the 
part  of  the  defendant  was  shown.  It 
does  not  apiH-ar  to  have  known  any- 
Ihinij  e\ivpt  what  was  visible  to  the 
eye,  or  to  have  la'cn  able  or  bound  to 
infer  from  what  was  vi-ible  anything' 
which  the  plaintilf  with  his  e.\|ierieiiie 
Has  not  eipially  aide  to  infer.  What 
more  roiilii  it  have  dime';  Tliere  Is  ti" 
reason  to  siipiMrM-  that  ins|iei'tion  would 
have  diselosiAl  anything  beyond  the  vi-i 


*\ 


U         1 


1958 


MASTKK  AND  SKUVANT. 


[chap.  XXXMI 


H.i 


li 


Tho  I'iisos  involving  die  lial'ility  of  a  railway  eoitijiany  for  dit'ici- 
in  a  car  r('('oi\<'il  from  another  road  have  been  niadi;  to  turn  iii»oii  tin- 
quest  inn  whotlu-r  they  were  loailerl  or  empty.  Loaiied  cars,  it  is  >ni<]. 
form  a  part  of  the  work.s  and  machinery  of  the  receiving;  cnm|):uiv, 
iiiasiinich  as  it  is  not  b(iiin<l  to  >ise  them  in  its  train  if,  dh  inspecrii.ri. 
thoy  are  f^nnd  to  be  unsafe."  But  an  isolated  empty  car  on  its  \v:iy  t.i 
lio  n-tnrned  to  its  owner  is  a  part  of  the  ways,  works,  or  madiiiK  n 
connected  with  or  used  in  tho  business  of  a  railroad  company  uijjili 
!•(  ceivcd  it  |n;ided."  It  is,  however,  not  ap|>arent  why  the  rifrlil  "f  r. 
jectioTi  wbicli  undoubtedly  exists  in  this  inst;ince  as  well  as  i;i  iIp 
former  sboulil  not  create  a  similar  oblipitioii.  'I'lie  distinclioii  lakiii 
and  its  rationale  are,  it  is  submitted,  un>atisfactory.  In  Mas-^nclin 
s<>tts  it  is  no  longer  of  importance  since  §  1  of  the  act  was  anieii<liMl.  :i- 
sliown  in  S  (!.")(!,  siijira. 

In  one  case  the  jiriiiciple  is  applied  that  a  "defect"  within  iIm 
iiieaninj;  of  these  sratutes  exists,  where  the  j)hysical  conditions  n<iili 
ing  from  a  use  to  which  the  sen'ant's  employer  permit.s  a  stranger  ' 
put  his  pretnises  are  of  such  a  nature  that  nei;liji.-nce  would  liave  Iwin 
a  warrantable  inference  if  tliey  had  been  created  by  the  act  of  tli 
employer  himself  or  his  agent.* 

t)l«>  fnots,  and  thorefore  it  is  not  nwcs-        'Hok  rrs  v.   Connrrtirut   Rivrr  ff,  r. 

saiy    (n   roii-idcr    wliotticr   the    diirv    of  (18<U)     162    Mass.    312,   3H   N.    K.   .'iii^ 

insjx-ction  cxislin^;  with  regard  to  pars  sottlinj;  this  [mint,  wiiiih  was  li  ft  ini^l' 

n-ri-ivcd  fn.iii  ooniKHting  lines  to  1m'  for  eided  in  tho  next  cas*-  lited. 
warded  oil  a   railriKid   would  l)e  held  to        'In  I'offi-r  v.   \<ir   Yurie.    V.  //.  if  // 

exist  in  siieh  a  case  as  this."  /.'.   Co.    (ISHl)    ITi.t   Mass.   21.  2S  \    V. 

In   the   ali-eiue   of   any    alle;:atir>n    of  1128,   the   eoiirt   said;       "Mv   llie  teiii- 

IKirtifular    einiiiiistanees    whieli     would  ways     works,    or    niaeliiiieiy    eoniici!' 

imiKisp  the  duly   of   insjM-ptin;;  the  fit  with  or  used  in  tho  tnisine-~  of  tin  •ii 

tintts  of  a  ship  in  which  a  stevedoio  or  ployor.'  we  understand  sometliiiiL'  in  i!' 

other  person  has  oontraetH  to  do  work,  plaee.   or    iiieiiis.   appliaiuc:-.  or   iii-tm 

ilefcndanl's  servant   eaiinot  maintain  an  iiienlaliti.-    imrvided    tiy    llie   eTiiplnvi 

action  aiiainsf  him  for  an  injury  caused  for  doiii;;  or  lanyiuf;  on  the  work  \>lii' 

liv  defects  in  those  litliiifrs.      Siiiipson  v.  is  to  Ik-  <lono.      The  use  of  otlier  \v.>i.i- 

I'litoii    (1S!)6)    23     Sc.     Sess.     Caa.     4tli  may  not   make  the  meaniir.'  ilen.r.  1")' 

series.  5itn.  it  would  suMti  tha'   tlieri'  iiiu-l  U-  a  >W 

In    Mil.nrhlnn    V.    S.    S.    Prrrrcl    d,  feet    in    sonietliin}.'    which    can    in    -"ii' 

(  laot!)   2:1  Sc.  Soss.  fas.  4th  series.  75:i.  -ciise  1h'  said  to  he  providcil  liy  tl ii 

11   romplaint  hased   on   existence  of  duty  ;doyer." 

to    inspect    was   held   to  b<>   deimirrahle         VVch     Ynrl;.    V.    //.    <(    //     '"    '"    > 

Lord    loun;.'    dissented    on    the    jjround  ■''l.rar;i  (IS'.lili   35  C.  ('.  .\    .".i;2.  Ii:i  l>i! 

(tiat    the   slevedoro   was   not    wholly  ex  737.    where    a    railway    co       iny    wliiili 

eiiii>t   from  tho  duty  of  su|M'r\-ision,  aici  iMTinilted    a    yuy    to   Ix'   sI-IiIiimI   l.y    i 

ilccliiH-ci    to    as.sent    to    the    pro|K>sitioii  lliird     |>orson    across    its    traclN-.    :it    > 

that  til'  le  would  he  no  liahility  if  thiiij.'-  [Miint   where  the  volume  of  Im-iii  -  n 

ire   wroii'.'.   and    hv   pniper   supervision,  ipiirod  ^'reat  ililijiciice  and  care  i»  to  lli' 

withi'Ut    refpiirinp   anything  out  of  tin ndition  of  the   track,   was  held  li;il'l' 

way  on  his  part,  ho  would  have  discov  for  an  injury  to  an  eniployiv.  cni-.tl  I'} 

.-ix-d   that   <hov   were   in   that  oondition.  failure  to  s<'e  that   the  ;.'iiy  w.i-  plm  , 

S4'0  also  /i'fifci)i.«.oii  V.  ^^'lllx()n    (lSn2)   2tl  at    a    |Kirticular    hei-jht    to    nv..i.l    -uf; 

Sc.    S<>ss.  Cas.   4th   series,  144,  a.-,  stated  injury.         (Tho    statute    conslnicl    \v;i- 

in  not*  4j  .iiipra,  that  of  Massacluiseits.) 


\\}\ 


S  U69] 


EMPLOVKHS-  LIAUILITV  ACTS. 


1950 


As  the  decisions  holding  u  iiiastcr  not  to  be  liable  for  an  injiirj-  dm 
ro  a  (Icft^ct  in  an  instriinn-ntality  bt'longiug  u>  iinotlicr  person  may  \» 
regarded  as  being  in  their  essence  iiieroiv  deelarations  tliat  tlie  w-rong 
party  was  being  >ued,  there  wouiil,  at  first  sight,  seem  t«  be  no  serion.- 
practieal  objection  to  such  an  a|)|.iie,it.iou  of  the  general  j.rinei|)le  tliai 
ivsponsibility  is  a  jiiridieal  iiici.lent  of  the  jiower  of  eontfol.  and  doe- 
not  exist  apart  from  sncli  power.  But  tho  extremely  nebnloiis  condi- 
tinn  of  tho  law  d(>fiiii.  g  tlie  natiiro  and  extent  of  a  stranger's  liabilit\ 
to  tho  servants  of  one  witii  whom  he  has  biisine-s  relations,  invoK  ing 
tlie  use  of,  or  contact  with,  bis  property,*  renders  it  wholly  nnwarraiit 
:ible  tx)  assume  that,  in  all  tho  cases  in  which  tlie  defendant  will  be  al)- 
-olved  for  the  reason  that  he  bad  no  control  over  the  defective  iusfrn- 
Miiiitality,  the  plaintiti  will  be  able  to  maintain  an  action  against  the 
;iotual  owner  of  that  instrumentality.  It  is  manifest,  therefore,  that 
the  employment  of  this  test  to  determine  tho  applicability  of  these 
-ratntes  will  sometimes  result  in  leaving  the  injured  servant  entirely 
roinediless.  I'nder  these  circumstances,  the  doctrine  that  the  posses- 
sion or  nonposse^sion  of  the  power  of  control  is  the  main  differentiat- 
ing factor  in  cases  in  wliich  the  existence  or  absence  of  auilioHt  •  to 
iHo  tho  defective  in-trumentality  '  ?  not  inv(dvcd,  as  one  of  the  determ- 
inant elements,  deserves  to  be  somewhat  closely  scrutinized. 

It  is  submitted  that  the  clause  in  (piestion  may,  upon  a  ])erfectlv 
icasotiable  construction,  be  made  to  com|)rehend  instrutnontalities  over 
vliich  the  employer  lia-  no  control.  The  opposite  content  ion  would 
.Iniilitjess  be  irresistible  if  the  failure  to  "remedy"  defects  were  mon- 
tioiiwl  as  the  sole  ground  of  liability.  Eiit  the  declaration  of  an  alter 
native  liability  for  the  negligent  failure  to  "discover"  defects  seem> 
to  be  hardly  susceptible  of  any  other  int.erpretation  than  that  if  was 
iiifon.lod  to  extend  the  employer's  responsibility  beyond  the  cases  in 
which  the  right  to  apply  a  remedy  mtiy  be  predicated.  Such  a  deelara- 
iiiiu  may  fairly  be  regarded  as  a  rec(ii;nition  of  the  principle  that  the 
:i|ipHcafinn  of  a  remedy  is  neither  the  only  duty  which  the  law  iiii[)lies, 
iinr  the  only  method  by  which  the  master  can  free  himself  from  the 
iinpiitatinn  of  negligence.  On  the  one  hand,  where  it  is  in  his  power 
to  apply  a  remedy  to  the  defect  thus  actually  or  const ructivelv  known 
to  him,  it  may  conceivably  be,  and  in  fact  frequently  is,  his  diitv  to 
warn  his  ser\'ants  as  to  the  existence  of  the  defect,  or  U->  discnniiniie  the 
use  of  the  defective  instrumentality  until  it  has  been  restored  to  a  safe 
'•ondition.    On  the  other  hand,  where  it  is  not  in  bis  power  to  apply  ti 

'Soo  the   article   oontributpd    by    thn  the  Can.i<Ia   Law  .loiirnal    fvol    xtcxvt 

[""■"7  7'V:r/"  ^^''  I"^«-  Q'l^'>(,-,!y  i;,-  pp.   ITS  rf  sr.j.).  .T„,l  hi,  uuW  puUi.licJ 

new   (vol    XVI..  pp.   168  et  se<j.).  and  in  46  L.  R.  A.  pp.  33  "  s,n. 
^ol.  11.  M.  i  S.  —42.  ' 


'     fi'« 


>l 


I960 


.MASTKK  AND  SKitVAXT. 


[chap.  XXXVIT. 


i;:;' 


1 

i  ' 

I  r 


roiiicdv.  tlio  (Intics  of  warniiif:;  or  (li?(;(>iitiimaiic('  liccoiiio  iiiipcrntivo, 
and  \i\  porforiiiiiif;  tlioiii  lie  fully  disciiarj^cs  his  ohlij^aiions  t^)  hi-  <cr- 
vaiits.  It  is  clear,  thcrcfurc,  that  tlu're  arc  certain  ohliftaticn-  t.. 
whicii  he  may  bo  s\ibjict  in  respect  to  instrunicntalitios  which  iiiv  nw 
of  his  cdutrfil,  and  that  the  ncjlificnce  which  consists  in  the  failiiir  ii 
disc.iviM'  a  defect  cannot  Ih'  dissociated  from  the  nefiligence  whidi 
consists  in  t)ie  breach  ol  thosi'  olilii;ations.  for  the  reason  that  tiny 
arise  as  soon  as  the  defect  is  known,  and  that  it  is  ])resiitiicd  i..  1«. 
known  wherever  it  wonid  hiive  been  known  if  due  care  had  iiccii  r.xcr 
cised.  It  is  submitted,  therefore,  that  the  balance  of  probaliilily  i-  in 
favor  of  the  iiifereiici-  that  the  I.e^nslatnre  intended  to  create  a  re-|M,ii- 
siliility  for  injuries  due  to  instrnmentalities  not  controlled  by  tin 
inil^tel•,  provided  tliey  are  "connected  with  his  bnsincss,"  and  tliiit. 
\i|ion  the  true  constrtictiun  ot  the  statute,  the  alisenee  of  the  power  i' 
control  jiierely  aifects  the  extent  of  that  responsibility.'** 

The  Ontario  case  in  wliieh  the  nnister  was  held  not  to  be  liable  iitnlir 
the  -Mtntc  for  the  want  of  a  fence  on  a  pnblic  street  which  was  i   .-,1 

'"  Scinifi  of  the  un«iitisfa<tiiiy  consc-  uiiiicopssaiily  cxpn-pd  to  danpor.  If  iin 
qiiciKTs  of  the  (loctrinr  that  tlit'  MatiitP  (itticr  (iwiis  am'  '  irnishcs  tli.'m.  aril 
ilops   not   apply  to  ca^cs   wIhtc   (hcii-  is    ajirrcs  to  kcrp  I  safe,  it  is  liis  iliuv, 

no  pi>wiT  of  control  arc  jioinli -l  out  in  as  iM'twci'n  him  .  i  lii-<  cinpluycc.  tn  -h' 
tho  liis-riilin;;  opinion  of  Knuwlton.  .1.,  that  the  ownir  pro|Krly  cloc-  wJKit  lu' 
in  /;»(;(/  V.  .V(,c  Vat  I;,  I'.  i(-  /{.  A'.  Co.  ayrccs  to  do.  It  is  a  jrciicral  nil.'  <>f 
(18!t:tl  KiO  Mass.  2110,  22  I..  U.  A.  283,  tlip  coiiMiion  law  that  a  railroad  .■..r|«i 
:!">  N.  v..  .i4":  "'riic  employee  finds  a  ration  is  liable  t«r  an  injiiry  to  a  |ki- 
Iraek  of  thi«  kind,  n-i^l  like'  other  side  seiij;er,  or  for  loss  of  freight  ari-in;' 
tracks  lielonjiing  to  the  eor]Hiration,  from  a  defect  in  a  track  of  another  cir 
adapt. -d  to  the  eonvenient  transaction  p<>r.ition  over  which  it  runs  its  cars.  ;i- 
of  Its  freighting  l)usiness.  Ordinarily  if  it  owned  the  track.  .\s  iK-tHcen  thi> 
he  ha.s  no  means  of  knowir  ulielher  tiie  two  coriiorations.  the  only  duty  to  m:dn 
track  is  owned  and  nia'  ;.iineil  liy  the  tain  the  track  in  repair  under  linir  iin 
railroad  eoriwration  •  liy  the  niaiiufac-  tract  may  Im-  uikmi  the  owner  of  ihv 
turer  whose  frei;,'ht  i-  hi-on^'ht  over  it.  roail :  b\it  as  lietween  the  t\t-t  nun 
.\11  he  can  sw  or  know  i.s  that  it  is  con-  tioncd  cor|Hiration  and  a  pa— en;.iT  or 
neetcd  with  and  used  in  the  husiness  of  owner  of  freiiiht.  it  is  the  duty  "f  thf 
the  corporation  in  delivering;  freight,  carrier  to  have  the  track  safe,  whtthfr 
Whether  an  additional  price  is  [mid  for  it  owns  it  or  hires  it.  .  .  .  Tlie  .luty 
the  transportatinn  of  its  ears  or  of  the  of  a  railroad  eor|)oration  to  furiii-h  fer 
cars  of  other  railroads  over  that  track,  its  eniployce>  safe  Iracks.  cars,  h^unv 
he  does  not  know,  nor  is  it  ini|><>rtant  five  encrines.  and  other  machinery,  toel-. 
for  him  to  know.  It  is  a  place  specially  and  appliances  with  which  it-  Ini-iii.-- 
fitted  for  the  work  of  his  employer,  oil  is  to  be  carried  on,  is  siiiiilar  in  kinl 
which  his  employer  sets  him  at  work,  to  its  duty  to  pis-en^'er-  in  Ih.-e  rr 
and  in  which  the  employer  presumably  speets,  althoujih  the  de}.'ree  of  ny 
has  rifrhts  for  the  time  liein^'.  It  oujilit  required  is  less.  In  either  case,  it-  iliitv 
to  make  no  diirerence  under  the  statute  ia  the  same  whi'u  thi;  tracks.  (,ir-.  aiiu 
how  the  employer  procures  the  ways.  en;;incs  are  hirnl.  or  used  nn.lir  a  li 
wdrks,  or  machinery  connected  with  and  cense  from  others  ns  when  tiny  ;i'> 
UM-d    in   his  business,  or  by   what    kind    owned   by   the   employer.      .  ■      I'" 

of  title  he  holds  lliciu.  So'lonp  as  they  doctrine  contended  for  by  the  clcf.inlniit. 
are  connected  with  liis  business  and  as  I  understand  it.  comes  to  tin-.— ifjj 
Used  in  it.  it  i-  bin  duty  to  have  them  manufarturer.  iii.-lcad  I'f  <-":r.r;'  !■'■' 
safe,  so  that  his  employees  may  not  be   ways,   works,   and   machinery  necessarv 


i  669] 


EMPLOYERS'  LIABILITY  ACTS. 


IM) 


as  an  approach  to  the  master's  phice  of  business"  seems  to  liave  boon 
imprcperly  referred  to  the  analogy  of  the  other  eases  cited  in  this 
section.  The  true  ground  upon  which  a  servant  is  precluded  from 
maintaining  an  action  against  his  master  under  the  circumstances 
ilu  re  in  evidence  is  that  whicii  was  "llnded  to  in  tJie  opinion,  viz.,  so 
far  as  regards  his  right  of  recovc  ;  for  injuries  which  are  due  simply 
to  the  manner  in  wiiich  streets  are  laid  out,  graded,  and  protected, 
he  is  in  the  same  position  as  any  other  member  of  the  public.  His 
remedy,  if  any,  must  be  sought  from  the  municipal  body  which  is  rc- 
rponsiblo  for  the  creation  and  continuance  of  tiiose  conditions. 

b.  ISlriiclurcs,  etc.,  in  course  of  erection  or  dcmolUton. — According 
to  the  most  recent  of  the  Knglish  authorities,  these  statutes  should  be 
so  construed  as  U)  enable  a  servant  of  a  contractor  to  recover  for  in- 
juries due  to  the  abnormally  dangerous  conditions  of  the  building 
itself  which  is  in  course  of  erection  or  demolition  by  tliat  contractor 
liiiusolf.  The  broad  principle  relied  upon  was  that  premises  which 
lire  in  tlie  possession  of  a  jiersou  for  the  nurj)oses  of  his  business  are  to 
lie  regarded  as  the  "works"  of  such  person  so  long  as  he  is  carrying 
on  his  business  there.'^*  The  contention  that  the  case  of  Howe  v, 
I' inch  (see  following  subsection)  was  a  controlling  prec<><lent  against 
the  plaintiff  was  easily  disposed  of  on  the  grouncl  that  the  employer 
wiio  was  sued  there  was  the  owner,  not  the  builder  of  the  iiremises. 
But,  singularly  enough,  no  reference  was  made  to  the  cases  cited  in 


to  be  used  in  his  business,  arranges  with 
another  por-on  who  owns  a  manufactur- 
ing establishment  to  furnish  it  for  his 
use  and  to  keep  it  constantly  in  good 
condition,  and  if  one  of  his  employees  is 
instantly  killed  by  a  defect  negligently 
suffered  to  be  in  the  ways,  works,  or 
machinery  which  he  is  using  under  this 
arrangement,  he  will  not  be  liable  under 
the  statute,  because  the  ways,  works, 
and  machinery  are  not  his.  The  owner 
will  not  be  liable  under  the  statute  for 
he  is  a  stranger  to  the  manufacturing 
business  carried  on  there,  and  the  per- 
sfin  killed  ia  not  his  employee.  Neither 
tlie  employer  nor  the  owner  of  the  es- 
tablishment will  be  liable  ivt  the  com- 
mon law,  for  the  common  law  permits 
no  recovery  for  a  death  resulting  from 
negligence.  The  widow  and  children  of 
the  deceased  employet!  will  therefore  he 
left  remediless.  It  seems  to  me  that 
such  a  construction  of  the  statute  tends 
to  defeat  the  purpose  of  the  legislature." 

"  See  note  4.  .sm/jto. 

"  l!>-i::!,!;ian  v.  Unhiimon  [18!t21  1  O- 
B.  344,  61   L.   J.   Q.   B.   N.   S.   202,   06 


L.  T.  \.  S.  647.  .50  J.  P.  .S28  (hou-  „•  was 
being  pulled  down).  The  doctrine  of 
this  case  is  in  harmony  with  two  other 
English  decisions,  though  this  psirticu- 
lar  point  was  not  directly  r.iised.  In 
Moore  v.  (limson  (1889)  58  L.  .1.  Q.  B. 
X.  .S.  109.  iin  insecure  wall  left  stand- 
ing op  premises  where  there  had  been  a 
fire  -  ns  to  be  regarded  as  a  part  of 
the  vrks  of  a  party  who  took  a  con- 
tract for  the  reinstatement  of  the  build- 
ing destroyeil.  The  ca-se  was  decided 
against  the  plaintifT  on  the  ground  that 
then'  was  no  knowledee,  actual  nr  con- 
stnictive.  of  the  conditions.  Compare 
Hooker  V.  Hiijffs  (1887)  3  Times  L.  R. 
018,  where  a  wall  fell  on  the  ser\Mnt  of 
a  person  who,  as  incident  to  certain 
work  on  the  premi.ses,  was  making  a 
hole  through  it. 

it  has  been  held  in  Ontario  that  a 
railway  used  by  contractors  engaged  in 
constructing  an  extension  of  the  line  is 
a  part  of  their  plant  while  the  work  is 
going  on.  h'omhoutjh  v.  Bakh  (1900) 
27  Out.  App,  Rep.  32, 


^iPi; 


,)  I 


!    )UU 


'1 


IMS 


MASTKR  AND  !SKK\  ANT. 


[chap,  xxwii 


U  (I 


!i*  : 


Pll 


tlift  subjoined  note,  which  an-  not  distingiiisliahh-  on  this  ground,  am! 
are  directly  ujipdsed  to  tlie  conehnion  arrived  at.  Tiie  conflict  of  au- 
thority thus  disclosed  can  now  be  adjusted  in  England  only  by  a  dcci 
sion  of  the  court  of  appeal.'^ 

In  Massachusetts!  the  servant's  riirht  to  maintain  an  action  unilir 
such  circumstances  has  l)een  UMit'onnly  denied.'* 

c.  Iiisfruinetitalilies  not  yit  broiii/ht   into  use,  or  disiisi-d. — The 


"  In  one  case  it  wan  lield  tliat  no 
action  lay  for  an  injury  cauncJ  by  the 
negli^'nuf  of  a  cos«'r\ant  in  tliiowing 
rulihJHli  clown  !i  lift-well  of  a  buildin); 
under  coiwtiucliim.  Iliroii};!!  which,  by 
means  of  laddei'i.  the  workmen  were 
oblip'd  tj>  >jet  axTt^s  to  the  upper  Moors, 
this  n-Milt  not  iH-inj,'  atlVcli'd  by  the  fact 
that  the  master  had  not  taken  precan- 
tions  to  prevent  »uch  accident  by  warn 
inR  the  workmen  to  cease  tfirowing 
thinps  down,  when  it  became  iier("«ary 
to  use  the  well  as  a  passage  for  the 
workmen.  Peiiriiin  v.  Dixon  (lS8(i|  5!) 
I..  J.  y.  B.  N.  S.  447,  51  J.  P.  198, 
Reversinj;  2  Times  1..  R.  fiO.I. 

In  another,  a  contractor  was  held  not 
to  be  liable  for  inaintainin<;  an  iiiiiijsU' 
ally  larjie  well-hole  in  the  staircase  of 
a  buib'inK  under  const  met  ion.  throufih 
which  a  briek  fell  on  the  plaintilT  from 
an  upper  story.  <'utiiruy  v.  Clfimnnr 
(ISS.'J;  y.  B.  i),)   2  Times  T^.  R.  80. 

In  a.K  er,  a  eontraetor  for  the  brick- 
work an  unlinished  house  was  held 
n""       sW  •  for  injuries  caused  by  the  col- 

,rte  of  a  stiihease  erectiil  shortly  lie 
fore  by  another  contractor  as  the  per- 
manent staircase  of  the  hou.se,  as  he 
wa.s  entitled  to  rely  on  the  sutliciency 
of  the  structure  without  examination. 
ilcUinllti  V.  I'rhnroHC  (18!t7)  24  Sc 
Sess.   Cas.    4tli    series,   442. 

"It  is  held  that  contractors  by  set- 
ting a  servant  lo  work  on  the  premises 
of  a  third  |M-rs<m  where  there  are  mov- 
able steps  leadip}!  into  a  cellar,  going 
down  which  the  -ervant  wa.s  injured, 
cannot  be  said  to  adopt  the  steps  as  a 
WHV  used  in  their  business.  Hcqnn  v. 
Ommvan  (1803i  1.5!)  Mass.  1,  33  N'.  E. 
702  (injuiT  was  caused  by  the  steps 
falling). 

.\  servant  of  a  contractor  engaged  in 
giuding  the  land  of  a  third  person  can- 
not recover  on  the  iheory  that  the  lia 
hility  of  a  bank  of  earth  to  fall,  when 
undermined,  unless  it  is  pro|H'rly  shored 
up,  is  a  "defect"  within  the  statute,  the 
descriptive  words  being  applicable  to 
"ways,  etc.,  of  a  permanent  cliarailer. 
such  aa  are  connected  with  or  used  in 


an     employer's     business,"        hii,irh    v. 
W/i/ii    il.skti    1«0   .Mass.   248.  .3.")   .V.  E 

\  building  in  process  of  constrnclion 
is  not  "ways,  works,  or  mailiinerv  (mi 
nected  with  or  useil  in  the  bn-lni--"  nf 
a  subeontractur  helping  to  build  it.  so 
as  to  render  a  hole  cut  in  the  floir  liv 
another  sulicontrartor  a  defect  in  "wav.i, 
works,  and  machinery."  Hiii/iir  v,  linn 
HitT  (1807)  169  Mass.  541,  -i8  X.  K 
338. 

.\  plumber  is  not  liable  to  an  em 
ployw  injured  by  the  fall  of  Indilci- 
aiid  stagings  leading  from  one  Hour  to 
another  of  a  building  in  pr<MM»-s  of  .nn 
struct  ion.  where  he  neither  con-^truitiil. 
?iianagc(l.  nor  ntrolled  such  laiMir- 
and  stagings.  I..U11  v.  Turku  I  \'.m\  1 
170  Mass.    l!i().  til)  N.   K.  4S4. 

In  /.i/»(7i  V.  .lHt/11  (18031  Hid  \I;i" 
248.  3.5  N,  K.  550',  the  court  niMiirkni 
that  theiv  is  a  conflict  between  I'.riuiiu 
i/un  V.  Ilohhison  [18!t2|  1  Q.  IJ.  WW.  til 
I,.  J.  y.  B.  N,  S.  2112.  60  \j.  1  .V.  S 
(■(47.  50  .r.  P.  328,  and  Hone  v.  /■...;, 
i  ISSti)  1,.  I!.  17  Q.  B.  Div.  !>*:.  .14 
Week.  Rep,  ,503,  51  .7.  P.  270.  Ha!  Itii- 
is  not  neces^iiiily  so.  It  is  cpiiti'  |"  >-i 
Ide.  without  any  inconsistenev,  to  tiiki' 
the  view  that  a  wall  is  a  part  nf  the 
works  of  the  person  who  ha*  it  aiidcr 
his  lontrol  for  the  purjiox'  of  ireetin; 
It.  and  at  tlie  same  time  not  a  iinrlifni 
of  till'  w(>rk>  of  the  person  »lio  iiHi-iiiU 
to  \\<v  it  In  his  tmsincss  when  it  i-  cmii 
idete<l.  It  would  be  going  too  fir  tn 
~ay  that  an  instrumentality  ciin  'icvcr 
lie  a  part  of  the  works  of  two  ~c|Mr.iti' 
employers  at  the  same  time.  Iml  Ih'' 
mere  statement  of  the  situation  prp 
sented  by  eases  of  this  typi'  show-^  tliiit 
the  user  by  the  owner  of  the  -^trihtiin^ 
and  the  tiser  by  the  cont.aiior  fnr  it- 
erection  are  successive,  and  niuluillv  c\ 
elusive.  It  is.  tlieretore.  |>o--ilili-.  i" 
»ay  the  least,  that  the  legal  qiMlil.v  "f 
the  structure  may  he  dilTerent  ncrl 
ing  as  regard  be  had  to  the  serviirts  "' 
the  owner  or  to  the  servants  of  the  con 
I  'actor. 


§  g:oj 


KMPLOYEKS'  LlAlllLITY  ACTS. 


10M 


woi-tJ-i  of  tlic  stiitiilf  iirc  dfC'lan'd  to  be  npiiliciiblp  only  to  ways,  etc., 
wliicli  lire  "<'\i>liii,a  and  (•onipliit'l,"  and  nut  tn  tlinsc  wliich  are  partly 
tiiiishcd,  and  not  vii  nicd  for  tlic  |imv|.o»(s  of  the  puiployor's  biiii- 
ii(.-s,'*  On  tlic  analnfiv  of  tlic  ca-c  wliicli  c-ialiti-iicd  ti.i<  doctrine  it 
was  siibscipicntly  licid  bv  tlic  Kiiifj's  licncli  divi-ioti  tliat  no  action  lies 
I  l)v  a  did'cct  in  i\  niacliiiic  wliicli  had  at  the  time 


f 


I  an  minrv  caii-cc 


if  the  aceideiit  been  di«eardi'M.  as  n 


iiitit  for  u-e.  and  was  then  beinir 


r('ii!o\f'( 


1  fi 


'oin  the  prciiiise: 


Til 


ICClsldl 


inwcver,  was  reverse! 


liy  the  eoiirt  of  appe;ii  on  the  i;roiind  iliai   there  was  evidence  from 
wliii'li  it  was  warrantable  for  a  jndiic  -iiiinu  as  a  jury 


to  d 


raw  tiii> 


ifci'cnee  that  the  maehine  was  eonnecicd  with  the  defendant's  busi 


i'lieii  the  a<'iMdcMt  occurrcil 


It 


inifest  tJiat  this  ndiii; 


ihrcws  consideralih'  doiibt  ii|)(>n  the  corrcciness  (d'  many  of  the  cases 
liicil  in  the  ia<t  two  snjiscctions 

670.  What  constitutes  a  defect. —  Wherever  an  instrumentality  i? 
"not  in  a  proper  condition  for  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  applied," 
there  is  a  '"defect''  in  its  coiidif  ion  within  the  meaning  of  the  act.'  If 
:iie  whole  arrangement  of  a  machine  is  defective  for  the  purpose  for 
wliieh  it  if  applied,  tliere  is  a  defect  so  as  to  liring  it  within  the  act, 
iilthoiigh  each   pari   may  be  sulHeictit,^      It  follows,  tlierefoiv,  tliat, 

"Hone  V.  Unrh    (ISSi!)    L.   H.   17  Q.        Compjiro   alsn   thf>   piissage   from   thp 

H.  Div.  18V,  .Tl  Wck.  Iti'p.  .in.'t.  .51  .T.  P.  nmjority   opiiiicii   in    Walyh  v.   Whiteley 

2Tli  (whore  a  wmII   in  ciMir^c  of  ci.Ttinn  (18S3;'c.   A.i    I..  R.  21   g.   B.   Div.  ,"»7i. 

fell   on    ii    pliiiiiliiT    in    tlif    ilifciidant's  .57  I,.  .1.  i).  It.   \.  S.  .'.Sfi,  [id  Wwk,  K^, 

.■iii|)l(.y|.  870.   .5;t   .7.    I'.   .18.   as   quoted    in    9   672 

"Thiiiiipsnn   v.   City  (llass   linltle  Cn.  noti"  1.  infiii. 
(Iftni)  2  K.  B.  48:1.  17  'i'inu-  I..  R.  .jn4        'W  dcfwt  in  tlip  condition  of  the  way. 

(a   |Hirlion  of  the   iiiachinp   I«>11  on  thp  or  \M>rk«.  "r  miicliinery.  or  ]>lant     .     ,     . 

[.liiiiitilf  I .  mrnns.  I   -Ik  iilcl  he  inclined  to  say.  *ueh 

'■  Thampsiin   V.   CUy   liliisn  Bottle  f'o.  a   stal<>    (if    thing's    lh;il    the    i)<)\v(r    and 

|l!in21     1     K.    B.    2:i:i.     [lOOl]     Weekly  quality  of  the  siihj.ct  to  which  the  word 

N'ot«s.  228.  'lonilition'    i-i   ai>|ilicd    ate   for  the   time 

'Lord  Coleridge  in   //'•'-■/.'■  v.  SioiocV  beiii;.'   alleiid    in    suih    a    manner   as   to 

ion   {1S8.3)    1,.   R.    12  Q.    15.   Div.   30,  .53  interfen>  with  their  use.      For  instance, 

1,.  .T.  Q.   I!.   N".  S.  45.  4!l  !..  T.  N.  S.  474  if    the    way     is    i-ade   to   lie    muddy    by 

I  .l|||)l'ovl^!    ill    r/i/i/i.s    V.    -Iiidfii     [18S4:  water,  or  if  it   is   made  slippery  hv  ice, 

C.  .\.J  L.  R.   i;)  (J.   11.  niv.  .583,  .53  I..  .1.  in    cither    of    these    eases    I    shlmld    sav 

;    B.  y.  S.  517.  51    1,    T.   \.   S.   182,  .ri  that  the  way  it-rlf  i^  not  defective,  btit 

Week.   Kep,    .(5.   4!>  -1.    P.    100).  the  ennditinn   of  the  way.   by   reason   of 

l.iiidley.  I,.  .1.,  in   \'itniiiiiilh  V.  Frniirr  the  water  which  is  inc(ir|HirMted  with  it. 

'1S87)    i,.   1!.    10  Q.   B.    Div.   fi47.   ^.'iil:  or  from   its  JM-iiiK  in  a   free/iiif.'  -late,  is 

"I    take    'defect'    to     iii<liide    anything  atrected."      Per  Stephen.  •!..   in    \l<tliffin 

\\liicii   renders  the    jilaiit,  etc..   until    for  v.     /*f//»ier*.s     Shiiihiiildinfj    rf     Iron    Co. 

the  use  for  which   it    ;■    'Mteiicled.   when  (ls>*2i    I,.   H.   10  <).   H.   Piiv.  .5,  .52   L.  .1. 

•li  in  a  reasoiialde  way  and  with   rea-  Q.    H,   \.   S.   25.   47    I..  T.   X.   S.  346,  31 


-'iiiiible  care.' 

The   word    "defei>t."   implies  an    i  . 
eiit    defect,    a    deficiency    in    someth.i., 
e«<ential  to  the  prii|MM    use  of  the  appa 

rutiis  for  tlie  purix^e  f(  r  ^^hi<•h  it  is  to    35,  4!t  .J.  P.  100,  per  Brett,  M.  R. 
he  used       Hniniltnn   V.   O'C"  v/icrifc    (  ln'>in 

1''  Onl.  Rfip.  7^ 


\\f.'k.   l!ep.   118.  47  .T.  P.  70. 

■fii/./..v  V.  .Iiirlq,'  M884:  C.  A.)  L.  R. 
13  Q.  B.  niv.  5H3,  53  1..  ,1.  Q.  B.  N.  S. 
517.  51    1,.  T.  N.  S.   1H2.  .33  Week.  Rep. 


■Hi: 


;;'P 


''     n!  (fl 


I  I 

'  ■  I 

,  I 


1944 


MASTER  AND  SKRVAXT. 


[chap.  XXXVlI. 


whonevor  thorn  is  such  unsuitjiblcness  for  the  work  intended  to  be  ilduu 
and  actui'Uy  done,  tlu;  liahilitv  eonteiiiplutt-d  by  the  statute  arises,  al- 
though the  applianee  ia  perfeet  of  its  kind  and  in  good  repair  ami 
3uitab!e  for  other  kinds  of  work.  In  such  a  case  the  eniplovor  is  in 
fault  be<'au.s«  he  has  furnishj'il  applianees  for  a  use  for  whieli  tlicy  arc 
unsuitable  and  in  effect  in  so  orderinp  and  carrying  on  his  work  tliat, 
witiiout  fault  on  tlie  part  of  an  ordinarN  worknum,  the  natural  consc- 
ijuencos  will  bo  that  the  appliance  will  be  used  for  purposes  for  wliidi 
it  is  unsuitable.'' 

A  defect  importing  negligence  on  the  master's  part  may  propcrlv 
be  found  to  exist  where  the  appliance  in  qiuvstion  was  so  constriiclcil 
or  arranged  that  it  was  likely  t4)  cause  undue  hazard  to  a  person  exer- 
cising that  degree  of  care  which  might  be  expected,  whether  regard  be 
had  to  the  special  circumstances  under  which  the  appliance  was  to  be 
put  into  operation,*  or  to  the  age,  skill,  and  experience  of  the  particu- 
lar employee  who  was  to  operate  it.* 

The  fact  that  the  instrumentality  which  caused  the  injury  was  b  s-; 
safe  than  one  which  was  used  by  a  large  proportion,  or  by  tJic  majority, 
of  other  employers  in  the  same  business,  is  probably  regarded  by  all 
courts  as  an  element  which  entitles  the  servant  to  go  to  the  jury  on  tlie 


The  words  "defect  in  the  arrange- 
ment" (utied  only  in  the  acts  of  Ontario, 
Manitoba,  and  British  Columbia)  mean 
the  element  of  danger  arising  from  the 
position  and  collocation  of  machinery 
in  itself  perfectly  sound  and  well  fitted 
for  the  piir|>ose  for  which  it  is  to  be 
used.  ilct'lohrrty  v.  Hale  Mfg.  Co. 
(1892)  19  Ont.  App.  Rep.  117,  per 
Osier,  J.  A.   (]>.   121). 

In  one  case  it  was  intimated,  but  not 
definitely  determined,  that  appliances 
may  be  defective  in  respect  to  adaptji- 
bility,  as  well  as  for  inherent  Haws. 
Louisville  d  .V.  R.  Co.  v.  .Jones  (1901) 
130  Ala.  4.')6,  30  So.  58fi. 

'  CleloiH'cIc  V.  Vean  Steam  Pump  Co. 
(189t))   165  Ma».s.  202,  43  X.  E.  8.->. 

Whether  an  appliance  was  properly 
constructed  in  reference  to  the  use  for 
which  it  was  intended  is  usually  a  ques- 
tion for  the  jury.  I'rendible  v.  Con- 
necticut River  'Mfg.  Co.  (1893)  160 
Mass.  131,  35  \.  E.  675. 

*A  sliding  door  intended  to  be  closed 
in  case  of  fire  is  defective  unless  it  can 
be  manipulated  with  rea-sonable  safety 
by  persons  who  would  naturally  Iv  act- 
ing as  hurriedly  as  would  be  the  case 
under  such  circumstances,  .fuhnson  v. 
ilitchell  (1885;  So.  Sess.  Cas.)  22  Sc. 
L.  R.  693. 


'  This  seems  to  he  the  actual  s(ii|»' 
which  should  be  ascril>ed  to  the  (lc(i>iijn 
in  .Morgan  v.  Uulchins  (1890;  ('.  A.) 
r>9  L.  J.  Q.  B  X.  S.  197,  38  Week.  Kcp 
tl2,  in  order  to  prevent  itn  cliishin;; 
with  Walsh  v.  ^\^hil<ll■y  (1888:  0.  A.) 
L.  R.  21  Q.  B.  Div.  371,  .'>7  L.  .T.  Q.  B. 
X.  S.  586,  36  Week.  Hep.  876,  .5,3  .1.  P. 
38,  5  672,  note  1,  infra,  to  «liicli.  »<•■ 
cording  to  the  statement  of  the  iinirt. 
there  was  no  intention  of  running  n  im- 
ter.  A  child  was  held  entitled  to  iij.iin- 
tain  an  action  for  an  injunr  c:uised 
by  uncovere<l  machinery.  The  hroad 
ground  was  taken  that  the  statute  ap- 
plies where  a  machine  is  "defective  with 
regard  to  the  safety  of  the  workmen." 
even  though  it  is  effective  for  the  pur- 
pose for  which  it  is  \ised.  The  niastci 
of  the  rolls,  who,  since  the  decisieii  in 
M'al.ih  V.  Whitrley,  had  been  created 
Ijord  Esher  said:  "The  argument  in  the 
present  ca.se  is  that  there  is  no  defec  t  in 
machinery  if  the  machine  in  questicm  is 
in  itself  a  projKT  one  for  the  work  it  is 
to  perform.  It  must  be  carried  to  this 
length,  that  if  the  machine  contains  a 
secret  defect  which,  causes  danger  to  the 
workman,  but  which  does  not  alTixl  the 
purposes  for  wliieji  it  is  to  Ite  untJ.  llei 
this  is  not  a  defect  within  the  meaning 
of  the  act.      Now,  this  Icather-prtssing 


|«70] 


EMPLOYERS'  LIA1JII.H  Y  ACTS. 


1965 


,]ii.stioii  whcthor  it  was  dofcrtive.'  (  As  to  tlic  ctToct  of  ovidonco  that 
tlif  ciiiployor  had  satistlcd  tlic  stiindunl  li.\cd  l»,v  ciiiiuii'in  usage,  see 
5'  (ITi',  infra.) 

Ill  Oiifario  it  is  liold  that  the  pfTcct  of  iho  |trnvisi.(iis  in  tho  factoricn 
iift.s,  liy  which  the  failiiir  to  take  ccrtiiiii  s|i(riticil  jincaiifiniis  is  made 
;i  poiial  otTensc,  is  iliat,  although  an  injiirv  diip  to  noiiconiiiliancc  with 
Miic  iif  these  provisions  <1<k>s  not  eunstitiite  a  eausc  of  action  under  the 
-tamte  itself,  siieli  none  ..r']>lian('e  is  evidence  which  it  is  cnnipctcnt 
to  considor  as  tendiii":  to  show  ne<rlif;cnce  on  tlie  defendant's  part,  in 
nil  action  hronght  under  the  workmen's  coinpensation  actJ  Consider- 
iiis  tho  extreme  iniprohahility  that  any  jury  will  ahsolve  an  empjover 
uiio  has  heen  jruilty  of  a  hreaeh  of  the  statute,  it  is  nianifrst  tiiat, 
for  practical  purjioses,  tlie  eoiiseipienee  of  sncli  a  rule  is  to  place  ser- 


iiiacliine  rannot  be  workod  without 
wiirkmi'ii ;  without  labor  it.  is  iisotcs'*  ns 
a  iiiaphiiip.  Sun-Iy  this  fart  of  itself 
i-  vmirlhing  that  has  to  do  with  the- 
iiriilitioii  (if  thp  niaohinp.  If  it«  con- 
lilion  111'  ■iiich  that  the  workman  cannot 
.III  lii>  (lart  with  snfctji'.  is  that,  or  is  it 
ni.l.  a  defect  in  the  eondition  of  a  nia- 
ihiiie  till-  uorkinj;  of  wliieli  is  a  nori-s- 
-iiv  iHTforiiiaiicPl'  It  seems  to  niP  that 
iiiili'-s  we  hold  the  defect  complained  of 
licrc  to  be  one  within  the  subsection  in 
i|iic«ti(in.  thp  act  niifjlit  as  well  have 
MiviT  been   passed." 

*As.  wherp  n  common  round  stick 
uitlifiut  any  iiolps  in  it  was  furnished 
to  be  n«e<l  ii.s  a  lever  for  tippiii;,'  a  lari;e 
ladil  of  molten  nietiil.  the  evidence  iM-in;.' 
that  it  was  not  safe,  and  that  anolhei 
kind  of  device  was  customary  in  larjre 
fiiiiiidries  like  that  of  the  'defendant. 
rinlirrhi  V.  Norwood  F.nqinr^rinq  Co. 
I  ISM  I    172  Mass.   134,  51   \.  E.  4r.3. 

Wlietlicr  a  piece  of  iron  piping  is  a 
l>ro[)cr  material  to  use  as  n  bufTer  to 
protect  the  head  of  a  bolt  which  is  be- 
\n<i  driven  is  a  question  for  the  jury, 
where  the  evidence  is  that  for  several 
years  copper  hammers  have  lipen  made 
for  such  work,  and  that  piping  is  the 
a-t  desirable  of  the  inetjils  used,  be- 
iaii.ie  it  is  so  brittle  that  chips  are  apt 
tn  fly  off  from  it  and  injure  the  person 
linliling  it.  Littlcficld  v.  Kdirnrd  P. 
I"i.s  To.  (1900)  177  Mass.  l.il.  ,'58  X. 
K.  mi. 

.\  railroad  company  operating  passen- 
trer  and  freight  trains  on  a  duniniv  line 
having  regular  stations  and  section  fore- 
f'li  and  traversing  a  l.iige  sect  inn  of 
rountry  is  under  the  same  duties  as  are 
nliligatory  on  other  lines  in  respect  to 
It*  employees  as  to  providing  locks  for 


its  switchi>s.  and  adopting  and  using 
other  appliances  and  safegiiards  which 
are  in  use  and  deeiiud  necessary  by 
wcll-reguiatiil  railroads  of  the  onlinary 
I'haracter.  Itiniiiii<ili(iiii  It.  it  t'.lirlric 
iy.  V.  Itiiijlur  (lS!'i;i|  101  Ala.  4HH,  13 
So.  7!t;i.  Following  Itiriiiiniiham  It.  d 
rirrlrir  Co.  V.  .illrn  {\H<)2)  itO  Ala. 
:i5!»,  20  T,.  R.  A.  4.57,   13  So.  8. 

In  an  action  for  injuries  caused  by 
the  falling  of  n  derrick,  evidence  that, 
if  it  had  been  fitted  witli  a  wire  ro|M'  or 
iron  riMl  to  hold  the  guy  plate  and  goose 
ne<'k  down,  it  would  not  have  fallen, 
and  that  such  an  appliance  was  in  com- 
mon use.  is  ndniissilile.  MrMahon  v. 
Mrllnir  (ISilO)  174  Mass.  .320.  54  N. 
K.  8.->4. 

'  (t'Ciiiitinr  v.  Iliimillon  Hridqr  Co. 
II8!)4)  2.-.  Ont.  Kep.  12.  Alhrnied  in  21 
Ont.  .\pp.  Rep.  'liUi.  24  Can.  S.  C.  .'iftS; 
Thompson  v.  tr;-i<7;i/  ( I8it2  I  22  Ont.  Kep. 
127:  ftodmr.i  v.  Ilamillun  r<ill(„i  Co. 
(18:.:ii  23  Ont.  Rep.  42r> ;  Mi-rU,l,rrty 
v.  i!„1r  Mfq.  Co.  (18!I2|  in  Ont.  App. 
Rep.  117:  (lodiiin  v.  Xiircomhr  (I'lOt; 
C.  A.)  1  Ont.  1,.  Rep.  oi.").  In  all  these 
cas<M  the  projiriety  nf  declining  to  in- 
terfere with  the  verdicts  of  Juries  based 
on  till'  thi'ory  that  the  maintenance  )f 
unguarded  machinerj-  is  negligence  was 
recognized. 

In  llnmilton  v.  (Irorshn-I:  (IHSII)  19 
Ont.  Rep.  76.  the  lower  court  seems  to 
have  been  of  opinion  that  an  unguarded 
raw  was  not  a  defect.  If  it  was  intend- 
ed to  lay  this  down  as  ;i  matter  of  law. 
the  dfHtrine  is  clearly  contrary  to  that 
of  the  decisions  just  cited.  I'lie  court 
of  appeal  (flhOl)  |8  ( Int.  App.  4;i7  )  de- 
clined to  consider  whether  the  want  of 
11  guard  was  or  was  not  a  ditfect. 


i  ■  ..  't 


?!Lt 


ft- : 
:1 


um 


M ASIKlt   \M)  si;i;\  \\|- 


(riiAP    WWII 


VHiit-f  in  a  iH.sitidii  m.t  iiiiiirrially  ilitrmiii  fn.m  ilini  wliid,  tin. 
W4.iilil  Ik. I.I  if  thf  ihrMi-v  liii.l  Icin  U(l(.|,t<-.|  tlmt  (liiiiiiij,M's  nmv  !..■  re" 
.•ovcrcd  l>v  iiiivuuc  iiij;!-c(l  '>;  tlio  vinjniiun  (,f  ,i  p,.|ial  net.  flu  ,!.„ 
trine  iliiis  a(li>|iti'<|  is,  i,,.,/r..,viT,  iiiciii-ii-icnt,  n^  is  -iliipwii  in  ij  T',i:i, 
nuto  L',  (loat,  v,  itii  that  wliicli  was  ai>i>lir.l  in  a  rccrnt  .lc<-isi,.n  In  iJi.' 
i'^niilisli  ('(im-t  <>{  a|(|ical. 

Tlif  statute  is  equally  applifalilo.  v'  ihe    lofi^-t  was  in  tiic 

•  Tiginal  consinictidu  ..f  tli..  ina.'liinc,  >  .0  in.ni  its  not  I:  'ing;  kcp- 

up  U>  the  (.l.!ipit..ry  standar.l  of  .^aiVly."  '.,10  fact  that  an  a|.pli:uir, 
••(.incH  uj)  tr.  file  |,.Mal  stan.lani  of  safety  when  if  is  in  its  normal  ecu 
(lition  will  notpxense  the  nuisiei  if  thai  eondition  has  heen  so  (•|i;iiii:r.| 
as  Ut  reniler  it  unsafe,  and  the  ehanpro  is  due  to  the  act  of  an  n;;  nr 
who  is  inl  rusted  with  the  duty  of  seeing  that  it  is  in  pro|)er  oonditimi.' 
In  a  leading  Knglish  case  Lord  Watson  remarked  that  he  >aw  "iin 
reason  to  doul.t  that  an  arrangement  of  luachiiiery  and  tackle  wliidi, 
although  reasomd)ly  safe  for  those  engaged  in  wor!<ing  it,  is  nevcrflir 
loss  dangerous  to  workmen  employed  in  another  department  of  il,, 
business,  constitutes  a  defect  in  the  condition  of  the  works  within  tin 
meaning  of  the  subsection. "'" 

A  servant  who  is  a  mere  licensee  or  tres])asser  in  respect  to  tljc 
h>cality  Mhere  he  received  the  injury  complained  of  cannot,  it  is  maiii 
fest,  recover  damages,  even  thou-rh  the  uouditions  which  caused  tin 
inJTiry  may  have  constituted  a  defect  as  to  other  employees."  Coin 
pare  !)  Ci'O,  b,  at,fr.  \  doul.le  mison  for  his  inability  t/i  sue  will.  .1 
course,  exist  where  the  servant's  presence  at  the  spot  wh(>re  he  w:i- 
injured  was  not  menlv  unauthorized,  but  negli«;ent  as  well.'* 

"See  tlio  passnjre  quoted  fioiii  thp  ma  men,  that  there  is  no  defect  in  the  coii 

''\^llZ    ';i>'i""n    in    ll-,//s/,    V.    Whilrlr,,  ,liti,„i    of    the    marhinerv?     Th..  wndi 

--   .     ■,    \V'  J-"  '■■  -'   *'•   "■  ""•  •'•''■  ''""  "'  ""■  """■him.  must  1«.  a  <..n,liti.,„ 

L'i..    .:    t'..        ■  '^^  "'^"-  •"'•'  '^^'^^^-  '^'"f-  "'"'   relation   to  the  purmwe  for  whiol. 

S,(.,  ...1  .f.    I>.  ;iS.  §  (i72.  note  I.  infni.  it   i«  applietl." 

In  lleskr  V.  s„,„i,rls„i,    (iss.'ii    L.  I!.  *T,itr  v.  i,ntham    flSnT-   C    Al   1  0 

12  Q.    R  Div.  .-iO.  f),!   I..  .1.  (,).    B.   \.   S.  H.  .'iOJ.  CO  I..  A.  Q.  R    \    S    349    7.5  I 

45.  40   L.  T.   N.   S.  474.   Stephen.  ,1..  in  T.  X,  S.  fi!)4.  4.'5  Week.   Rep    40o' 

eoninHiilin<;  on  tlie  theory  of  the  poiiiity  '"Smith    v.    ItnkiT    flSOI]    A     C    Si'i 

.iii(l;.'e   that    a    (h-fect    arising'   from    the  tiO  L.  .T.  Q.  I?.  X.  S.  68.'?,  H.i  F..  T   X   S 

iiri;.'iniil   coiistiiKlion   of  a    niaehine  was  407.  ."i.^  .J.  P.  6K0    40  Week    Rep   W 

lint  a  iletVcl   in  th."  condition  of  the  ma-  "  As.  where  a  servant  who  left  a  dwK 

chinery.   said:     "Tlie  artnniicnt    for  the  yard  by  a  path  which  was  nr.t  the  remi 

d,.f..ndant.s    comes   tfl   this,    that,    if    the  nlar  exit,  and    which   the   <ervant^  were 

employer    has    a    machine,    one    part    of  merely  permitted  to  use,  fidl  into  a  pit 

which    IS    weaker    than    it    oiii..|it    to   lie.  Pritchard  v.   Innn    flSSn-    O    R    I)  1   5 

there  IS  a   defect    in   its  conditicm:    but  Times     T-.     R.     fi.SO,     f(dIowin"  lii.f.'h  v 

if   the    who!,,   machine    is    to.i    weak    for  ,Vmi77i     (1862)    7    IlurNt.   &    X     T.il!    .31 

the  purpose  for  which  it  is  .ipplird  there  I,.  .1.  Kxch.  X    S    "01    8  .Iiir    V    ><    197 

is  m.  such  def.ct.     Could  il  he  -al.llhat  10    Week.    Ren.    ;}87.    as    to    the  .-enerai 

If    a     windla--.    tit    oiily    fiir    raisinir  a  principle. 

bucket,  is  usoU  to  draw' up  u  numlier  of  "An    unguarded   elevator   oi»Miing  is 


I  'iriJ 


EMFLOYEK8'  I.IAHILITY  ACTS. 


1967 


671.  Speciflc  examples  of  defecti.-«.  Ihfais  ,„  fhr  mu.Iifh.,,  of  th,! 
ra//.'<  — This  plirttse  embniofs  ..nly  tlmx-  inlnTont  iiiip.<rtcc-iiuiis  wliidi 
rpiidpr  tlio  wavs  thonisflvf.s  Ic.-  (it  f..r  flic  im,.  for  wliid.  thcv  nro  in- 

t«Ti4.,l.'     See  S  «70,  siipm.     TliMt  ili.-  r (it  ia  n.-t  liul.lc  f('.r  cuaiml 

obstructions  arising  from  tho  use  of  his  wav-,  ^ee  §  (172,  iiifni. 

b.  Defects  in  the  cowlltion  of  (he  works.— Very  few  decisions  9p««- 
cifieally  refenil.le  to  this  rather  Vii-iie  term  are  found  in  the  reiH>rt,s 
except  the  cases  disensscl  in  §  (U\'J,  h.  snpin.  in  which  the  liability  of 
iriasters  for  the  condition  of  the  premises  ,,(  aiiotiier  |)ersoii  u[ion  which 
ilicy  have  contracted  to  do  something  is  in  question.*     &H'  also  the 


not  a  '(li'fcct  in  the  cfJiKlitiim  of  thp 
way."  as  rfpinls  ii  unrlaiKiii  ic(iuinMl 
to  piix*.  Iliroiicli  a  pas-iayo  12  feet.  wide, 
well  lifrlilcd,  anil  « It.li  wlilcli  he  ia  well 
!io(Hiaiiili'il.  whiTp  it  is  tii>oii  the  i>p|Ki 
siU'  suli'  of  the  paNsnge  from  that  ■  on 
which  siirli  workniHM  Hhoiild  pam.  and 
he  turns  out  of  his  way  to  Imik  at  re- 
[niirs  in  progress  upon  tli«  ^levator. 
Ilrailfurtl  v.  Mcdlary  Mfg.  Co.  (1804) 
•Jl  Ont.  App.  Rep.  164,  Afliiiiipd  (180.)  i 
H  Can.  S.  ('.  291. 

'  riaiiitifT'i*  Rflrvanta  injiii.d  hi  the 
fnllortiii^r  (U'ffcts  have  been  held  entitled 
to  jjo  to  till'  jury: 

A  hxjsc  plank  extending;  over  a  hole 
at  a  plapi.  which  the  servant  has.  to  piisw, 
and  so  laid  as  to  tip  up  when  he  steps 
I'n  it.  liromliii  Cavendiih  Spinning 
rii.  ilSSfl;  C.  A.)  2  Times  L.  R.  881. 

Tlie  unsafe  adjustment  of  a  plank  in 
a  temporary  sta)fing  across  which  mate- 
rials are  to  be  carried.  Giles  v.  Thamet 
Ironirnrki  d  Shipbuilding  Co.  (188.5; 
Q.  B.  D.)   1  Times  L.  R.  4'6!>. 

A  plank  8  inches  wide  and  30  feet 
from  the  (rroimd,  furnished  «s  a  menna 
for  a  servant  to  rea<'h  and  repair  a  de- 
feotive  -^team  pipe.  United  Stnle.i  Knll- 
iiiil-Slnrh-  Co.  V.  Weir  (1892)  96  Ala. 
.1fl6.  11  So.  4.S(i  (complaint  averrinp  in- 
suirKii'iicy,  not   demurrable) . 

A  pliirik  of  insullicient  strencth  to 
sil-tjiiii  the  weight  of  the  men  who  have 
to  walk  alonj;  it.  Caldwell  v.  Miltx 
U893)   24  Ont.  Rep.  462. 

.\  ilefivtive  track  on  a  railway. 
f'lughlnii  V.  Cambridge  (ISOrti  lfi« 
.Miws.  2fi9,  44  N.  E.  218. 

A  defective  railway  switch.  liinn- 
inghum  K.  rf  Ehclrie  R.  Co.  v.  Allen 
11892)  99  Ala.  359,  20  L.  R.  A.  467.  l."J 
So.  8. 

.\n  open  ditch  across  the  track  alon;; 
which  the  plaintiff  had  to  pull  a  oHf. 
Cuftafsen  v.  Wa.<ihbiirn  rf  W.  Mfg.  Co. 
<mi)   153  Mass.  468,  27  N.  E.  1V9. 


An  unpriiti'i'tiHl  a|>erture  in  a  stair- 
cas.,  which  till,  workman  has  to  use  in 
the  course  of  his  employment.  Uood 
V.  l)„rrall  i  issti;  Q.  It.  I).)  2  Timea  L. 
R.  .-..->n. 

The  narrowing  of  the  »[>ace  between 
the  wall  of  a  [Wssajp-way  in  a  mine,  and 
cars  passing  therein,  ho  as  to  cause  the 
cars  t.>  pass  ilangeriiusly  near  to  the 
wall.  \lr\iiiii,ira  v.  t.ogan  (  18U3)  100 
Ala.    187.   14  So.    175. 

An  o\erhend  bridge  on  a  railway,  so 
liiH  a-  to  endangi'r  trainnii-n  on  the 
roofs  of  car*.  I.ouimilte  d  \.  R.  Co 
V.  Ranks  (1894)  104  Ala.  508.  16  So. 
5«7. 

The  roof  of  an  adit  in  a  mine  so  de- 
fiitively  timbered  as  to  allow  a  large 
stone  to  fall  on  a  miner.  .Vc.Mullen  v. 
Seichonne  Cnal  Cii.  il8!l0)  23  Sc.  Sesa. 
Oas.  4th  series,  7">!». 

A  rock  on  the  roof  in  a  tunnel,  which 
is  so  loose  that  it  may  fall  at  any  mo- 
ment. Tutvciltr  Coal,  Cake  rf  /.  Co.  v. 
Hiialett  (1901)  129  Ala.  '.iM.  30  S,,.  i;()0. 
The  master's  liability  is  a  ipiestion 
for  the  jury  where  the'eviilence  is  con- 
flicting as  to  whether  a  gudgeon  pin 
used  to  f,i),trM  the  arms  of  a  derrick  to 
a  mast  was  large  enough  for  safety. 
Richmond  rf  It.  U.  Co.  v.  \\<rm»  (1892) 
07  .\la.  270.   12  So.   ISfi. 

'In  Thn)ii(is  v.  Qunrtirmaine  (188(5) 
1..  R.  17  Q.  R  Div.  117  I  1887;  C.  \  ) 
1..  R.  18  0.  P..  Div.  lis.-,.  .-.Ii  L.  ,T.  Q.  U 
\.  S.  34^.  57  I..  T.  -V.  S.  537.  3.-.  Week. 
Rep.  .-).->5.  51  .1.  P  516.  a  boiling  vat 
and  a  cooling  vat  wore  plaicil  in  the 
same  room  in  the  ilcfcndaiit's  brewery. 
.\  [Kissage  only  3  fist  wiilr  in  one  part 
ran  between  tln'iii.  the  rim  of  the  cool- 
ing vat  rising  16  inches  above  the  pa-s- 
sage.  I'nderneatli  the  barley  vat  was  a 
iMiard  which  tlie  plaintitr  had  occasion 
to  use.  To  draw  it  out  ]„■  hmi  to  give 
it  a  jer'  and  it  can:c  .nviy  so  suddenly 
that  L,  lell   back   into  the  c<«>Iing  vat. 


\h-m 


ill 


:iii, 


IMI 


WASTKR  AND  SKRVANT. 


[CHAF.  XXXVIt, 


remark  of  Lord  Wufson,  quoti-d  in  thr  last  «rh'<>n.  For  hoiup  oh^im 
in  wliioh  the  Urm  occurs  in  <'<tiijmicfi<in  with  otlicrs  dcgcriptive  of 
vurious  kinds  of  instnimcntulilics,  see  JJ  flflN,  a,  supra. 

C.  Defects  in  (he  comlilion  of  the  nutcliiiiciy, — Tlio  rnsos  cited  W 
low  indiciit^'  »'iitiicicntl,v  Uu-  kind  of  ulmornial  rrmditions  wiiicii  imn 
projKTly  Ik-  found  hy  n  jurv  to  fall  vitliin  this  dr'scription.' 

d.  Defects  in  the  eoiidllioit  of  the  plant. — As  tlic  torni  "|iliiiit" 
carrif's  tJio  wry  pxtcnsivc  nu-aiiinj;  explained  in  S  (lOS,  gubs.  c.  m//)™, 
the  cases  involving?  it  cover  a  jrri'at  variety  of  appliancc«i.     Som,. 


In  tho  diviitinnal  roiirt.  WilN,  J.,  nniil 
lh«t  hf  rould  «■«•  no  cviclcini-  nf  any  iln 
fcrt.  Rut  in  the  court  nf  ii|)|m'iiI  it  \mi< 
rnnniileml  that  the  timlini;  of  Ihp  trial 
jud^p  nittintr  an  a  jiin'.  tliiit  tlirre  w;<n 
a  tli'fcct  in  the  ronilitiim  of  thi>  «orl<-<. 
tniut  be  nllowrd  to  utim  1,  h«  there  was 
Honic  eviilenee  to  mipiMirt  hi<  nm.  Innion. 
(St*  pp.  (187  and  70.')  of  tlie  ri'|H)rt.) 

A  roof  w.iirh  provi'd  too  weal;  to  Mup- 
jiort  thi'  «n»\v  which  was  allowcvl  lo  ar- 
cumulate  on  it  Kecnm  to  be  tnvitcd  in 
a  MasNiichiiscltsi  cmno  an  a  <h>(ii't  in  the 
"worUs;"  tiut  the  |M)int  actually  decide<l 
was  merely  that  an  allci.MtioM  of  dcfeot- 
ivi'  eonditinn.4  waa  Huntaiiied  tiy  proof 
that  the  weight  of  Know  was  one  of  the 
causes  of  thft  fall.  Ihiinn  v.  Mini 
(ISltl)    I.IS  Mass.  :iSO.  20  N.  K.  !tS!t. 

1'he  failure  to  furnish  suilalde  appli- 
ances to  fasten  the  stones  of  a  eopinj; 
was  held  to  he  proof  of  defective  condi- 
tion, in  Ilili.sDn  V.  Sulliviiii  (Irtll.'i)  l(i4 
Mass.  5ri7,  42  N.  E.  110  (stones  fell  on 
plaintitD. 

'  Defects  in  a  locomotive,  which  pro- 
duce suilden.  unncci'SHiiry  niovcnicnts  of 
the  ear.s.  IliqhUind  Are.  if  Hill  I'.  Co. 
V,  Miller  (1898)  120  Ala.  Sliri.  24  So. 
n.l."). 

Defective  pressure  causing  a  hydrau- 
lic crane  to  work  erraticallv.  Ilninn  v. 
Ihiirea  (1887;  Q.  B.  D.)  3  Times  L.  R. 
.■157. 

A  band  which  is  constantly  .slipi)inf; 
ofT  a  shaft,  thus  crentinf;  a  ncicssjly  for 
a  frequent  readjustment.  Iliixtir  v. 
»i/nian  (1888;  Q.  B.  D.)  4  Times  L. 
R.  25.'). 

A  belt  which  is  liable  to  slip  olF  of  a. 
pullev.  Hlli.t  V.  I'irrcr  |1S!IS|  172 
Mass".  220,  51  \.  K.  974. 

Defective  appliance;*  for  contiollini; 
the  speed  of  a  ptish  car  which  nilllded 
with  the  plaintitT,  knocking  him  down 
a  hijjh  trestle.  Central  If.  Co.  v.  I.an.b 
(IS'.HM    124   Ala.    172,  2fi  Sr.    nti'l 

A  part  uf  a  machine  in  a  paper  mill, 


so  eonstructeil  that  the  ra^fs,  etc  .  «liiil 
lire  fell  to  it,  are  apt  to  latili.  the  n- 
suit  l(eing  a  fnsjuently  recurrinf;  mw 
sitv  to  rem>  ve  tliem.  I'alrii  v.  U'innit 
I  !SS."i|  I..  It.  Hi  (^  H.  Div.  -i2,  34  Uwk 
Hep.  2!).-),  .'iO  ,t,  I',  4tl!t. 

The  abs.Mici'  of  a  f-iiard  to  a  cin  nlir 
saw  proviiletl  by  the  owner  of  a  siw 
mill,  but  improperly  removed  liy  tin- 
sawyer  for  his  own  pur|><>Mes,  fiii'  v 
l.iil'hiim  (lS!t7:  ('.  A.)  I  t^  11.  .-.li..  flii 
U.  .1.  Q.  II.  N.  S.  .34!l.  75  L,  T.  .\  S 
(i!t4.  45  Week.  Uep.  400. 

The  want  of  a  fence  to  prutc-it  cm 
ployei's  from  moving  machinery.  11';/ 
/<irc  v.  CiilliT  I'd/iir  Milh  Cn'.  (  ISii:; 
III  Sc.  S'ss.  ('as.  4th  series.  !l|.'i  idiin 
ing  that  this  re«ult  was  aHeclel  \,\  \\w 
fact  that  the  danger  was  a  |>al|i;ilili' 
one ) . 

A  loom  in  which  the  shuttles  are  nci 
tlier  so  fixed  as  not  to  be  const. inlly 
flying  out,  nor  protected  by  |)rn|»r 
guards.  Smilli  v.  Harrison  [  issii;  {) 
H.  D. )   5  T  ines  1-.  R.  40tl. 

I'nguarde'  machinery  wliich  is  ii|«r 
ateil  bv  children.  Miininii  \.  Iliilrlnn^ 
(1890;  C.  A.)  .5!t  I,.  ,1.  (^.  I!.  \,  S,  llC 
38   Week.   Rep.   412. 

I'nfenced  nailiinery  in  a  JMiis.lirtinn 
where  :,  p<>nalty  is  impos«sl  by  a  failo 
ries  net  for  not  having  ni  ii'liim  ly  iraanl 
ed  may  ,:'0|ierly  be  found  to  iiii|Miit  ih':; 
lij'ence.  See  $  t!70,  note  2.  suimi.  bi 
the  most  recent  ease  in  wliiili  tliU  il'"' 
trine  was  applieil  it  was  held  thai  ihi' 
absence  of  a  guaril  is  a  defnt.  if  iIm 
maehiiier>'  is  thereby  rendeml  (latii:ir 
oils  to  the  wcirkmen  using  it.  evi-ii  il 
the  machinery  is  in  itself  well  con 
structeil  and  suitable  for  the  piirpiw 
for  which  it  H,n-s  designed.  Umlinn  v 
Vrirc.-«i^c  (1901:  C.  .\.)  1  Onl.  I..  Rop 
525. 

Kvidence  that  an  injury  received  hy  a 
weaver  in  a  cotton  mill  while  be  wa-  in- 
sisting an  iiicvpericnci-d  ham!,  ie.  ■.-.'W^y 
quence  of  the  shuttle   llyiiij;  onl  of  llw 


^i        \       ! 


I  0721 


EMPI,OYKRS'  LIAIIII.IIY  ACTS. 


IMS 


of  them  iniRlit  pr<'*iiiiiiil»h'  Ik-  ii'lcrnd  Ui  tlio  inr^frunicntalitics  dis- 
(MIX-"''!  in  tlif  iirccciliiij;  Kcftiniis.* 

672.  Conditions  not  amounting  to  dffects.— Tlir  mere  fact  that  a 
iiiucliii  -  i«  iluiifjcruii!*  to  iiiaiii|>iilafi',  iiiil(«-i  tlie  («crvaiit  lakes  eertaiu 
imraufionx  wliidi  any  infellif{(iii  man  \mhiIi|  see  to  be  apprupriato 
under  the  firoiim.>.f;ine(v<,  will  not  warrant  a  timliii;;  that  the  maehino 
ij  ilcfeetive  within  ihe  meaning  of  the  a<'f.     There  can  Iw  no  reeovery 

loom,  won  ciiuawl  by  a  bolt  br«i»kln«  I..  T.  X.  S.  474  ( pi.-c..  of  .nul  M\  fmm 
»hi-n  the  aliuttic  nniie  in  innlnot   v  a    lift,    the    hIiIch    of    uliiili    miti-    not 

It.  !■»  (it  to  jro  to  the  jury  ii|Hjri  the  i|ii  ••     fi-mvil.  on   to  im   ntiriKifi'il  |iliitfiinii  ( . 
lion  of  npRliBencp.     CnimiUnn  Citlnurnl        \    hi,|,|,.r   which.   Iiv   thr  iliri'ction   of 
inlloH   ililU  V.    Talbut    (18U7)    27   fan.    (hi- (Nffn.hoil.  i->  ii-xil' t4>  MiiiiMirt  a  sruf- 
.»>.  C.  108.  fold,   iinil.   not   lirin^  Ktronj;  fnoii(.'li   for 

At  the  trial  of  an  action  ajjain^t  a  the  |.Mr|M>s.-,  l.rcuki  nndcr  the  >4ciiiht  of 
railmad  corporation  for  Ihe  death  of  an  a  Hciviint.  «ii/)/,.v  v.  .luiliir  i  1S>  )  L. 
miployee,  caiiHcd  by  the  falling,'  U|><in  It.  l;i  if.  II  l)iv,  ,'iS;t,  ."i;t  1..  ,;,  g.  ,t.  y' 
him  uf  a  locomotive  which  had  been  S.  ri!7,  51  I..  T.  \.  S,  IHJ.  33  Wrek! 
pLiowl  on  a  'ruck  in  the  repair  xhop.  U-.-p.  ;i.',.  4!t  ./.  I'.  I  mi. 
II  iit  coniiMtent  ic-  ♦'>e  jury  lo  find  tli..t.  ,\  boll  *n  wiakencd  by  c-onstant 
ulthoujfh  t'lp  iron  «a*  sour'd  where  the  strains  that  it  break-«.  Iniui  v.  Oen- 
mIiwI  of  llie  truck  broke,  yt  by  reason  nyiluirti  (  IHS.'i;  (;t.  of  Schs.j  2'i  .So.  L. 
i.f  iUt  long  use  and  the   inc      i.He  in   Hie    K.  37!l. 

«ei({ht  of  enj/ines,  the  truck  had  become  A  sliilinj.'  <lo<>r  to  Iw  used  in  case  of 
unsuitable  for  the  use  to  wliicli  it  was  (ire.  without  any  provision  for  protect- 
put,  and  that,  if  the  wheel  bad  l«>«'n  of  in«  the  bands  oi'an  eniplovce  ticiii  Wma 
proiK-r    strenjrth,   it    would    have    with     .rusbcl   when   it    i,  pulled  to.     .Ii,h„sun 

V.    Milrhill    (Iss.*, ;    Sc.    Sess.    C'as.)    22 
Sc.  I,,   i;.  tliis 

An  inlbiiiiiiiable  brattice  doth  allowed 
to  stand  in  a  place  where  sparks  fre- 
quently fall  on  it.  ThiiDuis  y.  tireal 
Winlini  Ciillhiii  Co.  ilH!t4;  (\  \,\  lo 
Times   r..    li.  -244. 

("a-  bulfers  of  dlirerint   bei;;lits,  over- 


stoid  the  strain  cau.sed  by  meeting;  th 
i.listniction  on  the  rail,     (lunn  \.   A'cic 
\„rk,   .V.   H.  d   II.  K.   Co.    ( 18118)    171 
.Maxs.  417,  .lO  X.  K.   1031. 

'The  following'  defects  have  been  held 
to  come  under  the  head  of  "defects  in 
plant:" 

Tl     want  of  ventilation  for  the  hold 


of  a.o-I  ship,  the  result  beinff  that  gas    lapping   m upliuK  ^"  »i  to  iilFord   no 

iKTUiiiulated     and     exploibnl     when     the    pn.t.ilion     to    tin-     |Mr-on    making    the 

'""■■'■■■"   ■■ '    ■"'    " ""      coupiin;.'.      Hui:,l     v.      Ti.ruuti,      «."    To. 

(IHII.-,)  2:2  Ont.  App.  liep.  TS.  Ainrnied 
(without  oi)inii>ri )  in  ll.SH.'ii  -24  Can.  S. 
C.  71.">  (coiisiiiiiii;;  the  plir.isi>  "ilefecl 
in  tbi'  arraiivcnii  lit  of  the  plant,"  wliich 
occurs   in   tin-  Ontario  act  ). 

.\    switch    not    provided    with    a    look, 

nor  securely  {.'imrdcd  in  any  olhcr  way. 

Itombniiiih  v.  Iliilch   (ISOOi  27  Ont.  Aub. 

R«'p.  32.  '^^ 

Insutlicient    number    of 


Uitrlies  were  removed  and  the  men  en 
LMt'cil  to  unload  the  coal  entered  the 
linlil  with  their  lanterns.  Carter  v. 
rlurk,'  (18%;  Q.  B.  D.)  14  Times  L. 
K.  17-.',  78  I,.  T.  X.  S.  7(i. 

A  horse  intended  for  a  particular 
kind  of  work,  and  so  vicious  as  to  be 
until  for  that  work.  Ynrmimth  v. 
>™iifc  (1887)  L.  R.  19  Q.  li.  Div.  047. 
.'i7  I..  .1.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  7,  36  Week.  Ri'p. 

m. 

A    vicious    horso.       Frasrr 


scraiwrs    sup- 

na«-i   IS  c     o         o        ...         •     ",".  '*'"'''   ''"■   '■'«'•'"'"«  "«'<    ■■>   brick  pressing 

(18S<)    15  Sc.  Stss.  Cas    4lb  series,  1,8.  niachin.-.      Itar,    v.    Ilnrris<„,    ilS'l.i-    C 

A    horse    that     is    constantly   fallinj;.  A.)    10  Times  I..  I!.  !)2.  per  K.iv    I.    ,1 

^^l-"  iTc  ''''''"''":?''     Tram,ray     Co.  The  failure  to  supply  a  bov  with  prop- 

Tl'  *,  M      ;  ^'**-  •-"'•  ■*"•  '*''''"'^'  "-'•  '■'■  '"«<'''•'••' I'*  for  the  cleaninf;  of  macbin- 

I he  Jack  of  some  mciins  either  to  pre-  erv.     ThomiMni    v.    Wright     (18'l-')     22 

Vint  loose  iHxiies  from  falling  ui>on  men  Ont.   Rep.    127. 

workinj;  below,  or  to  protect  those  men  The  inadcrjualo  inannin"  of  cars  whic'i 

from  any  of  the  bodies  which  may   fall,  are  -kicked"  on  t<-.  ;i   ^i.irtri.k    t!h-  re 

B.  Div.  30,  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  45,  49  controlled  and  they  eomc  into  collision 


,  ,U   i.ygl 


r 

•  1' 

f 

%\ 

1970 


MASTEK  ANDSKHVAM 


[lIUP     XXXtll 


niilixH  tin-  di'fi'ff   i»  oiif  wliicli   lliipiifM  iirj:lii;t'lir«'  mi   llir  |>iirl  <.|   t|,, 
tiin.sU'r,  tir  llir  iiyfiili*  for  wlin-f  (IffiiiiltK  lu*  i«  lUi'Viriilili,' 


f 


rtith  oIImt  r>iir'<.  LiniinrilU  i{  V.  ff.  Co. 
V.  /»oii.  ilsiMi)  III  AIn.  »H7  "  s,,,  -tM 
'In  »l«i/«A  v.  H/ii/./.j^  ilSHS;  C.  A.) 
I .  K.  21  g.  II.  Div.  371.  a:  I..  .1.  Q.  il 
V.  s,  nmi,  ;i(i  \v«k.  Ri-p,  HTti.  fi.i  r,  v 

:IH,  tlir  iriiil  jii.luf  Irft  it  fo  thi-  jury  ).i 
oiiy  ulii-llifi  llii'ti-  wiu  II  (li-fi'ci  ill  till- 
foiiilil  ion  of  till'  iiiiirhiiit'  uliiTr  tlirrr 
*a*  )'\  lilriiri'  tliiit  tti)'  luriili'lit  uiiuM 
not  liav*-  liii|i|H'rH-<l  If  tlie  ili»c  o(  thi" 
uliif'l  of  II  rarilinK  iniichin<>  liiiil  Inn-ii 
-nlid,  uiiil  initnii'tfil  tlii'iii  tliiit,  to  Im' 
ilofiH'livi-,  II  iiiii<'liin<>  niiKt  hv  niirli  an  ii 
riMiMiiiiilili'.  nircful.  exixTicnri'il  man. 
ii'aHoiiiilily  rari'ful  of  the  «a(i't\  of  lii« 
uorlkiiifii.  utiild  not  nv  Tin'  jiirv 
f  .mill  th»t  llii-rc  «ii<  n  ilpfri-t.  Iitit  tlii' 
roiirt  nf  n|>|H'a1  hflil  Unit  th<-  i-t  ii|i-iii'>' 
iliil  n<*  warrant  thin  ri>nrlii-<ioii  rin- 
(olliiw  int.'  iMH^aifi*  aliimo  llir  |>i»itinii 
taken  liv  llic  iiiiijiirity  of  tlif  run  I 
(l,inillr>  anil  l,op«i»,  I. ..I.I,):  "To  ili 
liTiiiiiK'  till'  iiiitiiiin;!  of  till-  Hiiiil«  'ill' 
fpot  ill  till'  conilitinii  of  thi>  inmliiiirn .' 
\VH  iiiiiot  look,  not  only  at  I  I.  -iilii.  I, 
lint  a  No  at  |  2.  «ii)ii.  I.  liiMidiii^'  tliiw 
••■(•tii'ii"  and  Hiili-ntioni  toti'tlii-r,  wi- 
lliiiil.  th»>rp  niiiit  la*  a  dt'fpct  iiiiplyiii;: 
nr^'liyrtii'O  In  till-  i-iiipioj-cr.  Tin-  l|i-^>li 
yi-iiiT  of  tlip  ••niployor  app(>iir<  to  In-  i 
iiiM'eisary  element  »itlioiit  wliirli  tlir 
workman  i*  not  to  ho  i-ntitliil  to  any 
roni|<<>nHatinn  or  remedy.  It  mimt  be  a 
ili-fei't  in  t1ii<  ronilition  of  tlii>  iiiai-liini'. 
Iiiiv!.i}{  reyaril  to  the  iim-  to  hIiIiIi  it  i- 
ti>  be  appliril.  or  to  tlie  moile  in  \»l>'  ' 
It  in  to  U'  ii'<ril.  It  miiy  lie  a  ileli  ' 
lillier  in  tlio  i>ri;;iii;il  riiii-ti  lutioii  of 
tlie  machine,  or  a  ibfi'il  ari-iny  from  it> 
not  iH'in;;  ki'|>t  up  to  tin-  mark:  but  it 
I.  I'oM'ntial  tli;it  tliero  slioiilil  he  evi 
iliMMH'  of  iir;;liyi'nri'  of  tile  employer  or 
-oiiie  [MUMiii  ill  lii*  xervine  intni«tiil 
with  the  tliit\  of  stM'iii).'  that  the  ma 
I'liine  is  in  projH'r  eonililion.  It  must 
lie  a  ilefeet  ill  the  original  coiwtnirtion 
or  ■<iilir*ei|iii'iit  eonrtitioii  of  the  machine. 
remliTiiifj  it  unlit  for  the  piir|>o«es  to 
whieh  it  in  applied  when  ii-imI  with  riM 
>iimilile  pare  ami  enutinn.  ami  a  defect 
arising  from  the  ne^rliirmcc  of  the  em 
plover.  What  exiilemc  i»  tlieic  of  tlii- 
Is  there  any  eviih  inc  of  the  machine 
laiiny  ilefeclivc  even  in  llie  abstract?  Il 
was  perfett  ill  all  ri~|»'i  t  It  was  not 
imiciin'il  b\  use.  It  had  ms'ii  properly 
kept  up  to  the  iii.uk.  The  f.nly  ^Ufigrs 
tion  is  that  the  wheel  whioh  nii<;ht  have 
lieen  solid  had   holes  in  it.  and  that,  if 


the   wheel    had   bis-ii    solid,   the    plunliiF 
ciiiild   not   lia\c   put    III-  lliiimb  wl..relir 
did.    and    the   accident    would    imi    ti.it.' 
liapiK'ned.      It  is  al-o  ^ii^juoted  tli.it  tlh' 
w  bi'<d    wa-    too   ilo-c     to    llie     t.ildc  .iii'l 
that,  had  the  w bod  and  table  Ihi n  fm 
tiler   apart    the   accident    wiiillil   icii    hn.. 
Iiapjsned.       Ihcic   wa«.   I.owevii     ii'i  .vi 
deuce    worth     mciitloiiini^    <(    im,|.i.  |» 
con'truclion    in    this    n~i|Mst       I'.ii!    iti, 
plaintiff  h.iil  used  the  same  kind  nf  in. 
i'liine   for   tliirt4s>n   years,   .iinl   h.nl  .ii- 
rued   n»  injury      It     is    to    our  inin 
clear  tli.it    be  would  h:ivc  •.ullcinl  n.'  ii 
I'lry   oil   the   prc'<cnt    isca-ion    if  lie  In. I 
iivsl  pro|H'r  e.ire  and  caiitii'ii.     In  tli>'> 
I  ireunistani'es  \\e  can  sei-  no  cvidnirt-  i.f 
;inv  defeet    in  the  condition  of  ilie  iim 
chine,  even  apart   fioiii  nc;:liycnic  nf  li'. 
cmploMr.      It  may  l«-  that  .i  -"Ii'i  v  Im.  ' 
woiihi   lia\e  his'ii   -.afcr.   but    il    m.iiI.I  U 
pbicing  an    intolerable    btinbn     in    m 
plovers   to   hold   thai    tlicv    .uc  ii.  .nln;. 
cM'ry   frc-li   iinpioveiin  nt    in  m.olMiHP 
We  do  ma   belie\e  that    "iicb  wa..  iln-  i 
lent  ion    of    the    Icyi-laliire:    nor   do  »• 
think    it   was   inteiideil    to   relieve  nial 
ijieii   from   the  nxerei-e  of   tli.il   caic  ,ii: 
ciililioii    witboiil     wllicli    iim-l    iii.icliill' i' 
i-  danycioii-.      Hut.   in  our  opinion,  i  ■ 

dcfict  in  th ndition  of  the  in."  Imi' i 

nill-st  lrt»  -llcli  .1^  to  "how  llc;.'Ii;.'cli' .■  - 
the  |airt  of  tile  ■'ni|iloyer.  It  scitm-  ' 
U-.  tli.it  in  this  la-s'  tliere  is  not  ,i  |>i' 
lide  of  e\  idenii'  of  any  dcb'i '  iii-iii 
Iroin  the  ii"i.'lirciiic  of  the  cinpl.nci  I 
was  a  ma. 'line  •.'enenilly  n-cd.  u-ci  I" 
the  plaiiititV  for  Ihirtis-n  Mai«  uiliici!' 
any  complnint  or  mischief  iii-iii;.'.  |»'i 
b'ct  and  unimpaired,  .led  mver  thmii;!' 
by  the  plaiiitilV  liim-clf  to  U'  uii-.ifc.  I 
I-  said  tlicic  is  evidence  nf  the  in.iilili 
biin;r  dan;.'i'i'«>ii".  So  are  nio-it  iii. 
cbini'-.  so  i-  cM'ii  an  ordinarj'  -h;ir 
knife,  iinlc--  ii-ed  wilh  cure,  bill  iln 
dot's  not  make  it  defectiic  in  it-  loii'li 
lion,  nor  does  it  imply  nc^/liyeiii  c  in  tli 
ciiiplover    if    an    aecideni    bapi^'n-."    i,' 

I!,  n  ':t7i,  .1::. 

The  following  passage  from  the  Ji- 
-Mitiii!.'  opiiiinn  of  Lord  K-bci.  "Iimi- 
1  lie  Ibeory  .idoptisl  b\  that  cniim'n' 
!ud;;c:  "Ijeniciiiix-rinj;  tinit  llii«  i"  ' 
-l.itiite  iKi-'Msl  to  extend  the  li.il'ililv  "' 
the  eniplover  in  favor  of  wcnkiiicn  mi 
for  their  greatei  safety,  I  do  not  tliinl 
that,  in  rnn-id.-^ring  wlinf  ii  :i  'liic-i'. 
machine,  we  c;in  oonline  that  ecn-i'lir.i 
lion  to  the   iine^tion  of  the   piiri«>v     I 


fi  •!         I   I 


I  «T'i) 


KM^•l.oV^K.^   I.IAIIIMTY  AllH. 


IfTI 


Acc'-r-litiKlv.  under  tlip  Hfiilntc  uk  at  nMiirnon  law  f-i^.  ^  Xt,  nnh), 
uD  eni|il<i}<'r  i>  not  boiiiuJ  lo  jinividc  ihi-  vcrv  Iw-st  iiiiK-hinrrv  tliut  can 
|M)*«il)ly  1)0  itivf'titcd.  It  is  riioiigh  if  he  idoviiii-a  that  which  ia  r«»- 
«)nably  mitliriont  fur  tlip  purjxwe.* 


•  hii-h  it  U  ii'ij.  Til.'  <Ii'(»ct  n>nl«'rii- 
{lUtaxt  hy  the  ,ii't  in  not.  in  my  u|>iiiii>n, 
\  dffwt   with   rffiTitu'i-  to  th«  pur|ii>HC 

r  which  th«  iiiiii'liitip  i*  ftnploycil,  Imt 
.1  (Irfnt  with  rr  frrnii-tf  to  llif  nafety  of 
ili>>  workiiion  u-inv  it;  hikI  Hint  ih'fcct 
iiAy  \»  ritlirr  in  thv  oiiuiiiiil  ciHi'-truc 
iii>n  of  th«  iiiiirhiiio  ur  in  tlit'  ii-w-  to 
<liirh  th«>  iii.irliini'  iv  iiut.  l'|M>n  th>> 
limlinpt  of  till-  jury  uinl  the  true  con 
•triK'tiim  of  Ihf  •■iiiii  tini'iit.  I  am  uf  tht> 
M|iinioii  thiit  thi'  niKo  ia  bruii;;)it  within 
the  utatutc." 

Thn  i^MiiMa!  lanffiiiiffe  of  thi>  il>-<-i<ion 
II  aoiiit'wh.it  i|uiililli'il  hy  Mmijini  v. 
Ilulrhins  (IH'.K);  C,  At  50  I,.  .1.  g  B. 
V  S.  107,  38  Wetk.  n^p  412  i  S.,.  | 
liTO,  niitf  «,  ante.)  Th<TB  Lord  K-h<>r, 
iifi-rring  ta  th«  enrlii-r  rate,  iiiinlc  the 
tolliiwintf  ri-iiiurks:  "I  think  it  wu>  aa 
•.iiniKl  by  thi'  whole  court  that,  i.'  the 
Mi.K'hine  witp  (liinKi'ioni  to  a  woikiiian 
vtlthoiit  any  fault  uf  lii^  own,  it  cunie 
«itliln  the  act.  The  only  iloiibt  that  ex 
I'liil  in  tlio  Miinilt  of  lv\o  o(  the  iiieni 
l>iT<  ol  the  court  «:i~  whether  the  <le 
fret  had  arisen  fniin  the  negli|p'nce  of 
I  lie  employer." 

Thi-  K'-niTal  rule  lun  li.-cn  enunciated. 
ihat  mailiiiiiTy  is  not  di'l'iTlive  which  in 
tit  ajid  projier  for  the  pur|MMe  for  which 
it  is  dc;.ijfi«'d,  and  tlicrc  it  n  rentoiialile 
niodo.  known  to  the  iiiiured  icrvant,  in 
iviiicli  )ic  iiMiM  hive  iiiKTatcd  it.  \oo 
.linn  V.  Dublin  Uistilnr^  r,,.  (  iSll.'J)  32 
I..  R.  fr.  3!in. 

Rocovtry  ha«  lieen  dcTiiid  in  a  case 
«her-.  it  was  apparent  that  the  only 
'Innger  to  which  the  plaliitifT  was  sub 
iccted  arose  from  the  fact  that  the  ma- 
i-hiiic  in  ipicHtioii  wa»  not  -tmiped  by 
liim  lii'fiirc  he  attempted  to  do  'he  work 
"II  whiili  he  u,i-<  en;;a^eil  who.  tlie  ac 
'  iilint  oiciirri'il.  Stitturi  v.  SIrad  (1887; 
Q.  n.  D  I   3  Times  I,.  R.  49>1. 

'  It-.hini,  V.  Cubitt  (1881)  46  L.  T.  N. 
S.  ,').3.").  |ier  I.nppg.  ,1. 

Want  of  reaMinalile  caro  is  not  estab- 
li«hiMl  by  evidence  which  merely  xhowa 
thiit  a  |i.irtinilar  safety  catch  of  a  dif- 
ferent iiattern  frjm  that  on  the  defend- 
iint'a  elevator  had  been  used  ten  years 
M'.-.TP:  hy  ether'.  nf'Uk  y.  Ontario 
H'wf  Co.   (181)0)    in  Ont.  Rep.  578. 

The  nile.  "An  employer  in  not  bound 
to  provide  a^inst  every   poHnible  dan- 


Ifer,  or  fn  •iipply  In  nil  eM«e«  the  Mfe.f 
and  iiMi»t  appniviil  appliance^."  wan  up 
plitil  in  Uihliitl  \  I'ntiilhi  i|SS."ii  ^3 
So,  I,.  U.  207  there  the  fnhljnc  di«ir«. 
of  a  iliiil  on  •!  firm  lliip|a'il  in  a  lii>r«c'» 
face.  Ml  that  he  barked  a  wapm.  ,ind 
crunhed  the  phiintilf.  Held,  that  the 
farmer  «ii»  not  in  fault  (or  hauni; 
failed    to   provide   slidiin;   il<H>r< 

.\    I -feet  in  iip|>.iratii«  for  hiii>lin|{  ice 
ii    n»jt    nhown    by    the    fad    that   •   (tin 
whei-'i  wa»  huhi;  «>  hiw  Ihat  the  employ 
eeV  hand  wui  drawn  into  it  and  injiireit 
by  failure  to  "top  the  ri>|i«'  noon  enough, 
whiTe  it  doet  not  ap|M'ar  that   it   could 
havii  Ihu'u  hunj!  any  ni({her  in  the  build 
in({.    and     pro|>fr     arraii;;etiicnl<     were 
made  for  «t4ippin^  the  rojii'  if  the  eiiyi 
naer  hid  iili-.er\cil  it.     Vnrhiini  v    /»'>»  ii 
iii.V  (  IHfll  )    l.->t  .MaM.  248,  28  N.  K.  Iii2. 
Them  the  plaiiitiir  did  not    •ii>;;;esl    that 
the  iiieani  eiiiplnyed  to  stop  ibe  enjjiiie 
were   not    ^iiiliiii-nt.   or   that    ,iny    otlici 
should  have  lieeii   provideil.  but  rontend 
ed  that  the  na'iiii<  for  imliciliii);  In  ihc 

vnuiiieer  the  time   for  <tu|ipin;;  tl u 

(fine.  ri>..  a  mark  u(miii  the  inpc.  wn  ■ 
not  -.iillii  iciit.  It  wax  held  that  the  jiny 
iiHihl  not  pro|ierly  have  fmiiid  (hat  ihi'- 
wHt  an  in-ecure  mode  of  indicatiii;;  to 
the  fiiKini-er  when  the  ice  arrived  at  the 
top  of  the  nin,  and  that  the  engine 
oufrlit   to  have  U-en  inside  the  buildintj, 

where  the  enfjii r  could  see  the  iee  and 

the  upper  (fin  wheel,  and  decide  in  that 
way  when  the  engine  should  be  ttoppetl. 

.\  servant  cannot  recover,  as  for  a 
••detect."  where  he  IM  injun-d  by  the  fall 
of  a  bar  which  wa»  used  for  fastening 
llap  doors  in  a  flo<ir.  anl  vhicli.  in- 
st.iiid  of  bi-inj;  secured  by  a  ch.iin  or 
iitlierwi>^'.  so  as  to  prevent  its  falling, 
was  left  loose.  I'.,utey  r.  BirLs  (ISSOl 
6  Times    I,.    R.   3,-)3 

.\  ilrawbar  on  the  car  of  another  rail 
way  company,  svhich  i%  of  a  diircrint 
heifrht  from  those  on  the  defendant's 
own  cars,  is  not  a  defect.  Kllslnirit  v. 
,Vcir  Yurk.  y.  B.  <t  n.  If.  Co.  i  13091 
17'.  .Mass.  130,  70  Am.  St.  Rep.  248.  51 
N.  K.  415. 

It  is  not.  as  matter  of  law,  the  duty 
of  per-on.^  opir.iting  coal  mines  to  cur, 
a  manway.  dilTerent  and  separate 
from  the  slo|)e  through  which  coal  is 
broug^ht  to  the  surfaoe,  for  the  ingress 


.  r 


!    "if; 
.    If,   I 

I        l' 


r 


1972 


MASTKK  AND  SICRVANT. 


[chap.    XXXVII 


!IJ^ 


Ciil|)al)ilit_v  is  nof^ativcd  by  proof  that  the  instruniontalitics  fur- 
nishod  wcro  tlio  same  in  cliaraetcr  and  quality  as  thoi^e  coininoiilv  n-o.i 
iindor  siniihir  circunistancps  by  persons  carryini;  on  the  same  lui-im  - 
as  the  defendant.*    Compare  §  44,  ante.    Jjut  in  order  to  be  conduMv, 


nnd  cfircss  of  their  eiiiployws.  What- 
leu  V.  y.iniilti  Coal  Co.  (1899)  122  Ala. 
118.   ■>{■>   So.    124. 

A  cov.ri'il  l)ri(l;i<-  on  a  railway,  xvtiich 
is  hi^rli  ciioii^tli  to  -live  siilTicifiit  .space 
for  a  lirakiMiiaii  to  walk  in  safety  along 
t.'ip  o<'ntiT  line  of  r<H>f  of  a  car.  is  not 
dcfpetive.  Schlnff  v.  I.auiiiillr  rf  .V.  R. 
Co.    (ISM)    100  Ala.  :I77.  14  So.    105. 

A  pondnctor  on  a  street  railway  as- 
sumes the  risks  arising  from  ttie  jxjb- 
sibility  of  an  (Kcasicjnal  jolt  of  tlie  oar, 
and  cannot  recover  if  he  is  throvvn  off 
by  such  a  movi-nient.  while  he  is  on  tho 
bumper,  en^pisi-d  in  n^placinp  the  trol- 
ley on  the  wire.  \lc('<iiilrii  v.  Spring- 
field Strrrt  It.  Co.  I18!>7)  10!t  .Mass. 
301,  47  X.   E.   inofi. 

Structures  placed  so  close  to  a  rail- 
way track  that  tiainiiieii  are  in  dan^vr 
of  cominj;  into  colli-ion  with  tht'in  do 
not  constitute  a  defect.  Ihinii  v.  \rw 
York,  y.  II.  if  //.  II.  Co.  (is!l7l  l(i8 
Mass.  470,  47  X.  K.  418. 

•An  open  hook  without  a  catch,  to 
which  a  bucket  is  attached  fur  raisinfr 
and  lowerin};  loads.  caniKit  he  held  to 
be  a  defect,  where  the  phiiiililT's  evi- 
dence is  that  such  a  hcok  was  always 
used  in  work  of  a  similar  kind,  and  no 
proof  is  piven  of  the  oecnncnce  of  any 
previous  accident.  Chijliin  v.  Miiirirm 
(18S8;  C.  A.)    4  Times   I,.  R.  7-,t!. 

The  failure  of  an  ironmaster  to  fence 
in  about  10  feet  of  tlu'  lower  end  of  a 
shaft  through  vvhiili  ore  was  raixd  to 
a  furnace  "janjiwav  will  not  reiidi'r  liiin 
liable  for  iitiuriis  to  a  workman  struck 
by  a  piece  of  the  ore  wliicli  fell  tliroujih 
the  ojienins.  if  it  is  »liown  that  it  was 
usual  in  the  tride  to  leave  so  much  of 
these  shaft.s  unfeiiced.  Minrnii  v.  \l<rni 
(ISnO)    17  Sc.  S'ss.  ('as.  4tli  sitii-s.  81.1. 

No  nefrlifjence  can  be  inferred  wlii^re 
a  scaffold  allei.'e<l  to  be  defective  was 
the  ordinary  kind  of  scalfold  used  by 
ma.sons,  and  as  stronp  as  they  are  usu- 
ally made.  Thorn p.inn  v.  DicK-  (18!t2l 
19  Sc.  Scss.  Cas.  4th  series,  804. 

A  trap  door  without  a  railing,  such 
ns  is  cominonJy  maintained  in  factories 
in  not  a  "defect."  Moore  v.  Rons  ( 1890) 
17   Sc.  Scss.  Cas.  4th  series,  790. 

A  projecting  set  screw  in  a  shaft,  be- 
inR  a  common  device  for  the  purpose 
for  which  it  is  used,  is  not  of  itself  a 


defect.  Donahue  v.  irn.s/i6«rii  if  1/ 
.Mfg.  Co.  (1897)  lfi9  Mass.  .•,:(.  4s  N 
K.  842;  Demi  in  v.  Mar-nhall  il.s:i|ii  ITj 
-Mass.    .548.    52    X.    E.    lOliO,    ■  l!Mi|  .    ,-," 


X.    K.    454;    A'orrt    v.    .Ml.    Tn 


m  Suljiliii. 
I'ulp  Co.  (1899)  172  Mass.  ,-,t|,  ..j  \ 
E.  10(j5.  In  the  hist  case  n-i  mm  r\  u  i. 
doni<Hi  thoufrh  the  screw  had  liciu  |ili,.  | 
on  the  shaft  after  the  s<>rv;iiil  ru;,  i,  ! 
the  employment. 

Xor  is  a  key-way  with  sharp  ,  il  ■.  -  i 
a    shaft    a    defect.     Cininrlhi    v.    //        ' 
(OH  Woolen  Co.    (189,"))    loit   .M:i-     ]., 
.'(9  X.  E.  787. 

An  enjiineer  emploved  in  liitinj  i;;. 
the  boilers  in  a  st<  umer  in  (•(■iir-i  .  i  .;i 
struction  cannot  reiover  for  ':iiu;ii- 
caused  by  falliu};  into  an  opi'ii  iiiiiilhli'. 
while  threading  his  way  IhIumm  i|..\- 
in  a  dim  light,  on  tlii>  llicory  iIkii  !!ii 
master  was  bound  to  protect  tin.  u.:v\ 
hole.  Fiirstith  v.  Iliimniir  ilsjin  H 
,Sc.  S<>ss.  ('as.  4th  series.  21.  In  ,i  In 
er  case  the  court  explained  thai  llii-  ,|< 
cision  was  ba.sed  u|>on  the  gnpiniil  th.it 
tho  risk  in  <iuestion  wa.s  an  oniiiMii 
one  incidental  to  the  work  unilcrt^ilMii. 
and  disehiimeil  the  intention  cf  iiviii- 
down  any  such  gi'iieral  rule  a-  that  ,i 
workman  on  a  ship  in  cour-e  ipf  cin 
struction  cannot  recover  for  injuries 
due  to  the  dangers  of  the  place  nf  work. 
■Iiimumiii  V.  ItiisxrII  (1S92)  19  Sc.  Sesi, 
Cas.  4tli  series,  89S.  where  thn  repre 
sen(;itive  of  an  employee  killed  by  fall- 
ing into  an  o[H'n  tank  was  allowed  to 
rec<iver  for  the  reason  that  the  tank  WM 
Usually  covered  and  lighted,  and  that 
m-ither  of  tlioe  precautions  had  lieen 
obscrve<l  on  the  occasion  when  the  acci- 
dent  occurred. 

A  wiukman  injured  through  the  slip- 
ping of  some  planks  out  of  the  loop  in 
a  hempen  i<i(h'  by  means  of  which  they 
are  being  lowered  to  the  bottom  of  a 
trench  cannot  recover  on  the  ground 
liat  a  wire  miK'  should  have  been  use  I. 
uhere  it  appears  that  hempen  rofK' 
were  ordinarilv  used  for  stieh  a  pur 
IKise.  I'arl;  v."  Ilau'iard  (1889;  Q.  R. 
D.)   ,■;  Times  L.  R.  2.3.3. 

In  the  case  of  a  machine  of  a  simpli" 
character  thi"  plaintiff  is  not  enlillcil  to 
go  to  trial  merely  upon  averment  that 
the  machine  was  danp<<rou5  and  that  it 
was  usual  to  fence  such  machines.  Can- 


J  672] 


EM1>I.0M:I!.S'  l.IAnil.lTY  ACTS. 


1973 


111 


llio  Ti!iist(i-V  fii\'ir,  lis  a  iiiiittor  of  luw.  tlic  nsiifjp  nppoalod  to  must 


in  ii  rciisiiiijilili  »(Msi'.  ii  ii'ciiciMi  utio. 


I'-.vi.l. 


wliicli 


■rcl\ 


p) 


In  show  tliiit  lie  (■onfiiriiH  <l  to  ilic  [HMctic;'  of  a  few  \vt'll-rcfriilat('(l  cun- 
(■(■riis  (if  tlic  saiiio  tlfscn'iiiion  a^  liis  nwii  will  not  jiistifv  a  court  in  pnv 
iiniiiwiiif;  liiiii  to  lie  trci'  iVoiii  culpaliility.^    C'oni])ar('  ^  53,  ante.    On 

or  in  tin-  oaso,  a  jury 


,tl.. 


'1.  if 


iisMizf  IS  ilic  coiilri 


liiis: 


fact! 


will 
jiai'c 
As 


rci'.'.nl 


liinJ  lo  litid  liini  jruilly  of  nt'irliiri' 
•  i-  tr    iiiiforiii  iisacc  in  nyanl  to  tli 


v]v 


■re  It  IS  ap- 


ic  suhjoct-niatlcr.'' 
Ik'iI  to  tiic  gcncTal  UKago  of  eniploy- 
rciiiiml  the  rcaucr  lliat,  in  coiiiiiioti-law  actions. 


'  ct  tlnis  ascn 


laiiy  courts  apjily  tlio  doctrine 


that 


(■\  idciico  <)f  conformitv  to  such 


i-airc  is  a  circiiiiistancc  which  merely  leiuls  to  show  that  the  defendant 
scrci-;cd  reasonable  care,  and  not  one  which  is  conclusivo  in  liis  favor. 


Sec 


■>(l,  (III 


tcJ 


Tl 


10  statute  IS  not  coiistrue( 


as  to  in 


ike  1 


iim  an  insurer  o 


-irvaiits'  s.'ifetv  to  such  an  extent  that  he  i>  hound  to  have  i 


us  niaclun- 


f  li 
h 


ry  so  constructed  and  arranged  as  to  provide  for  the  continp'iicv  that 
lUP  of  the  men  whose  duty  it  is  to  attend  to  it  may,  by  ncfrligently  al)- 
■ciitinir  liimsolf  from 


injure  another  servant.' 


post,  cause  it  to  operate  in  such  a  manner  as 


W(ill:< 


I  1S!)S) 


So.  S>s< 


'Tliis  (loctrino  is  thus  sot  fortli  in  a 


4tli    sj'iii'S.     40!l,     fdllmviiijr   Milliiim:    v.    mhiu'wIuiI    cMi-cir.c   form   liv   I.oni    I".<1ht 


\luir    lisnl)    I'.l   .S'.   Scss.   Cas.   4tli   >-•■ 
IS. 


Ir 


ilv  {'ilnl : 


I— cut  111;;  i)|>ini(in    in   a   cmsc   al- 


.\s   tu   iinfi'iiccd    iiiacliiiicrv,    s<i"   also    the  iiiacliiiic  so 


i;7i.  sill,. 


'//)) 


ill  til 


'If  there  was  a  dcfcot   in 
US  U>  iiiakp  it  il: 


ll-'CTOUS 


i.liiiiioii  in   Walsh  v.   Wliilrtdi   (ISHS:'' 


H-  iiiaiority    to    workiiiin    iisiii;;   it.    it    uiv.ild    bo   nii 


A.I   I..  U.  21  (^   Ii.  I)i' 


.■!7I, 


I-  .1.  (I. 


ly   lliat.   tllol|i;li    tlio    niastor 


I!.  .V. 


r,S(i.  :iti  \\\vk.  K 


87i>, 


line   that    was   daii;; 


to 


ilsod    a 

hi^  udrkiiiin.  no  oiio  up  to  that  time  had 

invented   a    belter   fine,   and    that    it    was 

illr    if     .V.     It.     Co.     V.     yours    the    host    niaehine    theretofore    nianufao 


I'.  .'iS.  as  i|iioted  in  not<'   1. 


Mini)    t.ill  .\1a.  4M.  ;tn  So.  .Wli  (ohar" 


■d.     Till 


true   cpiestion 


held    erronnnis.    whioh    pro|>osed    us    a    to  lie  whether  tlio  niaehine  is  da 


to  mo 


-liitidaid   te-t    tho   oust< 


iif  ei^'ht   rail     and 


thetiK 


iiiii|i.ini(-i     to     Use     rateliet      jaok- 


uefiil 


e<in-iileialion 


lid    sliow    it    to  ho  dan^'erous   to   tlio 


rc«s  for  holding'  up  tlio  liody  of  a  do-    workman    ii^in^'    it.      I    am    prepared    to 


llilnl 


/I'loA 


■(/    iir    It.    It.    Co.    V 


llVrmv   (l,sn2)    (17  Ala.  270,   12  So.   180 


ly     that,     if     a     careful 


lid   sh, 


imsideration 


master  that   tho 


ell 


(ohiir;:e   hold    erreiiMnis    which   assumed    was  dan;.'eroiis  to  tho  workman  usinp  it. 
Iho  nsisie  of   five  railway   coiiiiianies  to   oven    allhou^rli    that    machine   ooiild    not 


ho  a  docisivo  tout) 


'  Failure  ti 


lie    improved    upon,    it    is    ne;.'liKonoo   on 


providi-  a  temporary  soaf-    tho   pail    of   the   niasti'r   to   use    for  his 


li-cd  for  tin 


iir    platform    around 


ipe  of  f^a 


!i  bov 


"bleodor"    profit  a   maoliino  which   is  dan^'orous  to 
0  an  iron    liis  workmen,  and,  if  ho  does  use  it.  ho 


liunaco.  on   wliicli  tho   master  moolianio   can  only  do  so  up<in  tho  terms  of  Uin^ 


'iild   stand   I 


repair  the  bleeder,  does    liable  to  pav 


put  (i.ii~titiite  a  defect   in  the  wavs,  etc 


uhcn-  ..i„.|,  ^,.., 


it,  fa 


lltohl 


if  he 


1  pen  sat  ion  to  tho  work- 


tberebv   in 


■d.' 


\\<ihh 


but  Fc 


was  sometiinos  used    v.   Mhilrlri/   (ISSSl    I,.  H.  21   Q.   U.   1)1 


paii>.  wer 


e  als<i  made    .171, 


I..  .1.  </.   I?.  X. 


y    moans    of    a    ladder.       I',irmiiirihnm    i!op.   87r>,   .->.T   .f.    P.  .3S 


S.  5Hli.  :w  Week. 


f  Mfri.  fn.  V.  Viosa   (1892)   97        '  l!nh 


Ala.  220,   12   So.   38 


S.   535. 


v.  Citbilt   (18S1)   4fl  L,  T.  N. 


v: 


1074 


M AS||:|;  AM)  SKUVANI'. 


[chap.    XXXVII. 


!■  ! 


If 


1  '  'r 

i       .1- 

Mr 

'1 ' 

An  iK'cidciit  attribiitiililc  {>>  what  is  mcvcly  n  ciindition  of  tlio  ma- 
toriala  on  wliicli  the  enipluyci-  wt-ro  workinu,  mikI  iiccc-iarily  inciilriii 
to  thf  business  in  wliidi  ilicv  wen-  engaged,  (li>is  not  constitute  a  cau-c 
of  action.'* 

An  npi)liance  is  not  def<'cti\p  simply  bocanse  an  accidont  results 
from  its  bcitig  siibjpcteu  to  an  iincxpcctodly  severe  strain.' 

673.  Defective  system;  employer  liable  for.— Tr.ler  tlie  varioii';  on<- 
ployers'  liability  acts,  as  is  also  tln'  case  at  eoniinon  law  (see  ehiiiiicr 
XV..  (wtr),  the  master  is  "no  less  responsible  tj  his  workmen  for  jnr 
80nal  injuries  oeeasioned  by  a  flefective  system  of  usiii^'  iiiiicliiiiii\. 
than  for  injuries  caused  by  a  defect  in  the  machinery  iti^clf."  In  ot.lii  r 
words,  "a  master  is  resi)onsible,  in  point  of  law,  not  only  for  a  dcf(v 
on  his  part  in  providing  good  and  siitticient  apparatus,  but  also  for  hi- 
failure  to  see  that  the  apparatus  is  jiroperly  used.'" 


'Welrl,  V.  (Irace  (1897)  107  .\liis-<. 
.")!K).  4ti  \.  K.  .187,  where  tin-  court  n- 
jectfnl  I  lie  ('(11110111)011  that  I  lie  ilcatli  iif 
an  eiujiloyce.  due  to  sub3(>(juciil  cxplo 
sion  of  a  iiii~s|K'iit  blast  wliioh.  owiii}; 
to  the  ohanictc  T  (if  the  ro<'k  in  which  il 
liad  liccn  placed,  failed  to  explode  in 
the  lir>t  iiistancc,  should  be  deemed  to 
he  caused  In-  a  defect  in  th('  •ways, 
works,  or  machinery"  of  the  employer 
The  slippery  condition  of  a  ladder  at 
the  bottom  of  a  shaft  in  a  coal  mine  is 
not  a  '•defect."  O'Siill  v,  Wilnon  ( 1H.58) 
20  Sc.  Sess.  las.   2d  series.  427. 

•Ab,  wl'  !(>  a  scatfold  swings  so  vio 
lently.  after  a  gutter  which  is  being 
wrenched  from  the  side  of  a  building 
comes  olT  with  unexpected  ease,  that  the 
servant  engage(l  in  the  work  is  thrown 
down.  Mcl.iau  v.  fidi  (1809)  17."i 
Mass.  5,  .">.')  N.  K.  4.i8. 

'  \jOvA     Wat.son     in     Smith     v.     UnUi  1 
(1891)    A.  f'.  .32,5    (p.  353).  60  L.  .J.  Q. 
n.  X.  S.  (>H3.  (i5  1..  T.  X.  S.  4ti7.  6.5  ,1.  P. 
tiOO.  40  Week.  Rep.  392,  where  a  verdict 
wa.s  allovved  to  stand   which  found   neg- 
ligence in  the  system,   where  tha  plain 
tiff  was   injured  by  the   fall   of  a  stone 
from    a    crane   which    workcnl    over   lii- 
hrad    intermittently,    while   he   was   en 
gaged    in    drilling,    and    was    thus    pre 
vented  from  being  on  his  guard  to  avoid 
danger  when,  in  the  course  of  the  work, 
the    stones    lifted    by    the    crane    were 
swung  round  over  his  head. 

The  absence  in  hoisting  machinery  of 
a  sutlicicnl  safeguard  against  such  a 
probable  occurrence  as  a  slip  in  the 
inanagenicnt  of  the  machinery'  is  a  de- 
fect in  the  svstein.  KInntiiii  v.  ftrriillnii 
(1803:  Q.  B.  D.  1  9  Times  I,.  R,  -IMS. 
H2  L.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  405,  5  Rciiorts.  244. 


A  master  cannot  be  held  lialile  iia 
for  a  defective  system,  where  the  cvi 
dence  is  that  the  |>laintiff,  a  liov,  w,i- 
in.jured  by  the  sudden  starting;"  of  ;i 
brick  press  while  he  was  cleaning  out 
the  under  part  with  his  hands  diiritn.'  n 
temporary  stoppage  of  the  machiii.rv. 
but  it  is  also  shown  that  he  li.id  \wn 
warned  not  to  use  his  hands  fur  ihi- 
purpose.  /.Vice  v.  JJarrisun  (isil.ii  |i 
Times  L.  R.  507.  10  Times  1,.  R.  92. 

One  who  has  contracted  to  take  iUjuii 
a  building  which  has  t)cen  gutt<sl  bv  lii. 
eaniKjl    be   held  to  have  adopted  an  iri) 
proper  iiielliod  of  doing  the  w(yrk.  whi-r. 
lie  arranges  to  remove  one  of  the  wmIU 
piecemeal    by    means   of   a    scairiild   cini 
slructed  alongside  the  wall  of  the  ,i(lj:i 
cent  hou.se.     Hence,  a  workman   ininrfl 
by  the  fall   of  the  former  wall  ;iL'.ini-i 
the  latt<'r  cannot  recover  on  the  tli.uix 
that  the  omission   to  shore  the   uall  t.i 
1)8  demolished  was  negligence.  iiia,niiich 
as   the    process   of    shoring   would   li  '• 
lieen    fully    as    dangerous    as    th,i'    .f 
erecting  a  scaflold.     .lfo.I/aMU«  v.  ^r-.i. 
'">od   (1885:  (.).  B.  D.)   52  L.  T,  .lourn. 
IfiO.     The  court  of  ap])eal   revel -1..I  tie- 
iiiilgment  of  the  divisional  court,  (l^si; 
2    Times    L.    R.    603.      l!ut   the  questi.-ii 
whether     the     method     of     demolitieii 
adopted  was  defective  was  not  disiii—iil. 
the  reversal  being  put  upon  the  L'nmn'l 
that   defendant,  although   he   knew  that 
there  was  imminent   danger  of  the  col 
lapse  of  the   wall,   and  that   the  work 
men    were    ignorant   of   *he    condition*. 
did  not  give  them  any  «.i     ing 

A  servant  injured  by  an  explosion  ol 
;.'Unpowder  is  not  entitled  to  go  to  the 
jury  on  the  question  wlutlier  the  -y-tem 
of  work   wa»  defective,   where  the  com- 


5  ti'^J 


EMI'l.o'*  Klis-   I.IAIUI.HA     \(  IS. 


1U75 


III  iuu\)\  insliiiiccs,  it,  will  Iw  dlixTvcil.  tlie  iicio|iiinn  of  ;i  (Ict'cctivc 
-v-ti'iii  vii'tiiallx  rc-siilviv,  itself  iiitii  iic^liuciicc  in  iIk  cxrici-c  ni  .-ujht- 
iiilciiili-iii'i'.  IikJci-  siii'ii  (.•ircuiH-lMiiri'-  a  dcfaiill  iit'  lliis  kiinl  mav  lie 
iiftiii'd  filiicr  to  the  ratciiiii'v  wliii-ii  i-  cuviTcd  hv  lliis  i)riivi^iuu  of 
the  act,  »»r  to  tliat  wliicli  is  (iis(.Mi--i(l  in  ijii'  iicNt  -iiliiitli'. 

674.  "Not  discovered  or  remedied,  owing  to  the  negligence,"  etc. — a. 
(leiKinlh). — -'J'lic  c|iialitviin;  dcclaratiun  in  tlii>  >iatiiic,  Ipv  wliidi  lia- 
'uility  is  cxcliulcd  indis,  iirgligcm-c  can  lie  iircdicatcd  ><['  ilic  I'ailiin'  to 
ili-i'dvcr  and  rcincdv  the  dctcc!  wiiicli  i-auxd  tlif  injiirx,  iiicrclv  ciii- 

liHilics,  so  tar  as  tlic  cniidnscr  liimsidf  is  coiicii'iicd,  ilic  ( uoii  law 

ilociiiiic  that  n<'i:lii;''iii'o  cannot  l)o  ini|)M*'(l  t<>  a  |pc'i-iin  who  is  not 
-liiiwn  to  have  had  actual  or  constructive  kiiowlcduc  >>{  tiic  ahnormallv 
(iiiiigcrons  conditions  from  which  the  injurv  rcMdtcd.  Sec  clia[ptcr  x., 
i//i/('.'      The  imposition    of    liahility  for  tlie  <htaults  of  the  (dass  of 

|.liiint  iiicii-ly  allt't'c-.  tliat  Ilic  |M)«(l(r  hility  not.  it  wculd  havp  liii-n  !ii-ri-<-^;ir.v 
n;i-  <t<iriMl  in  a  inii;.Mziiii'  live  iiiiiMito'  lo  -cinl  llir  v.\-,-  hack  to  aniHiiiT  jmy  lii 
lii-tiimi-  from  tlic  work,  in  small  har-  ili-ti'i mine  wIuIImt  -(Hiic  fm|ilnvi'c'  sn- 
i.U;  that,  when  it  wa-i  (Ic-irnl  to  lirn  |«Tiiir  tci  Ilic  |ilaintilt  was  auarc  lliat 
.1  iliin;.'<'.  a  liairi'l  was  caniiMl  fnuiillio  llif  a|>|ili.iii(i-s  «|.||.  i|cf,i  I  ivi-.  It  is 
•lore  anil  oiwncil  al  tlic  |il,iic  i<i  w.nk:  iranilcst  thai  lliis  tlniiii-  as  \i,  \\„-  ,f 
.111(1  thai  while  tlic  plaintiir  was  fiiiii};  a  fcit  cf  the  vir.lirt  is  ciniicms.  The 
.liiirj:c  a  ;;ust  i.f  ulmi  iMiricd  a  piece  dci-laialicn  <il  the  jiin  th.it  ilic  ih-fend- 
ef  tuse  to  a  liariel  fioin  which  imw.ler  ant  had  iiiidi'  mi  piiii"  r  |iiiivisicn  fur 
ii  111  liecn  taken,  thus  causin;;  the  |M.uder  the  iiis|K'ct  ion  of  the  aj'|diamcs  in  ipies- 
I"  i'\|>liid('  and  injure  him.  Siicli  alli--  tioii  wa.s  cliMrly  t.iiil.iiiiiiint  to  a  dec- 
;.';itiiins  iniliealc  rather  the  icMiireiicc  of  laration  that  his  ^v  ~tem  was  defcelivo 
.in  iii'cidcnl  lliroii,;;h  the  caieli-ssness  of  in  this  reu':od.  The  limliiiL.'.  Iliercl'orc, 
till'  servant  hinis<df  in  not  covcriii^r  the  was  e\|)icssive  of  a  fact  wiiich  im|ilicd 
liarrel  while  the  choL'e  was  hcin;;  Ijici'  personal  iicyliui'ini'  on  the  part  of  the 
\tiilhfian  V.  1/'.l/;)i»c  |1SH8)  l.")  So.  tnasl,-r  him-.  If.  ami  it  was  wholly  un- 
Se-  4tli  series.  7,S!(.  necessary   to  ascertain   wliclher  tin'    par- 

ser niay   lie  found   lialde  on    ticni.ir   defect    which    caused    ih,.    injury 
'li'  '  a   nceliucnl    arran^'cnicnt     was  known  to  a  sn|MTior  employe. 

"I   '■  wlicie    he    places    a    steam         ' 'I'lie    cmneise    proposition     which     is 

iTiint  .11  such  a  position  that  live  ein  implied  in  this  duetriiie  ri~.,  tlial  a 
ilers  from  the  boiler  fniriacf  may  fall  master  is  ciil|K\ldy  ncijijcnt  if  he  per- 
il! a  placi-  where  workmen  arc  pullinj,'  mils  llio  coiit  innai'icc  of  alinormally  dan- 
in  hlasts  of  f;uniiowdi>r.  and  fails  to  pro-    jrcrous  conditions  Hhicli.  I.y  the  c\c-rcise 

vide  -nme   means   for   intciiTptinc  those    of  di arc.  he  miLdil  li:ive'as,-,.,laiiicd-- 

i-indeis.  thiiiil  V.  nrtisthilr  (  ms.T)  10  sii;.'i;csts  , a  reason  f<ir  dntd.tinsr  the  'or- 
Sr.  Sess.  Cas.  4th  scries.    1  1  .-I'.l.  reel  m»is   of   the   decision   of   the  Ontario 

Phis  principle  was.  straiiL'cly  enouj;h.  chiiH  of  ap|H';il.  which  is  <iiiiei-ed  on 
i|iiitc  lost  sicht  of  in  a  case  which  re-  another  ;.'iouml  in  the  pnMiMlinL'  section 
"iitly  came  before  the  Ontario  ciairt  of  Shii  v.  I):niiiiiii„i  /'/.s/i  Co.  |liin|]  2 
iiplK'al.  .Vtia  V.  Dnmiinin,  risli  Co.  Ont.  L.  I!cp.  t,!l.  It  seems  not  iinn'asoii' 
(llinil  2  (•        h.  Rep.  Oil.     Thcie  it  was    aide  to  say  thai,  for  the  purposes  .vf  si|s. 

icrnrlly  .,ied   that  tile  plaintilf  was    tainins.'  the   judt' nt.  a  court  of  revii^w 

cntilliKl  to  recover  at  common  law  upon  would  have  lucn  wairantcH  in  oonstru- 
.1  -iKiial  findinj;  that  the  inaster  had  iii';  the  tindin;.'  of  Ihc  jurv.  that  the  de- 
iMM.I..  no  pnivision  for  the  inspection  of  fendant  had  made  no  pi-ii\  i-ion  for  a 
appliances  hke  that  which  causc<I  tin-  proiii-r  inspection,  as  liein^'  c.|iiiv;ilcnl  to 
P,'!'7'  '^'l'  '"  *^** ''"'"""■  *'f ''""  ""'"'""  •'  <lcclaiafion  liy'lhe  jinv  that  the  <Ie- 
'i"f  Tu-tit-c  .\rnumr  took  orr.isj.m  to  f,.,t  in  .lucsi  ion'Honld'lia've  Iieen  rliscov- 
J'l's'nc  that,  if  the  risrht  of  recovcrv  crrd  if  s.|.  h  an  in-"  el  ion  had  been 
Had  depcnilcd  upon  the  employers'  lia-  made.  This  wonld  be  tantamount  U» 
>ul.   II.  M.  4  .s. — 13. 


'liii!. 


1^|;M   -  ■ 

m 


ii;:^ 


^(  u 


; 


1  . 


1978 


MASTKR    ANO    SKRVANT. 


[chap.  xxwn. 


iigents  dosignatod  by  this  (rliiuso  may  Ix'  rcganlod  as  boing,  fc  luiuti- 
cal  puqio-ses,  a  legislative  adoptiuii  of  that  doL-triiio  of  noii-dclipiKi, 
duties  wliidi  lias  been  evoivcil,  iudijtciidently  of  statutes,  iu  iiio.-i  ol 
the  Aiiuricaii  states,     tsc*-  eliaiit'  r  xxxi.,  ante. 

b.  "Xul  iliscui-ercd.' — Whetiior  the  gravamen  of  tlie  servant's  cuin 
plaint  bo  the  default  of  llie  master  himself  ur  of  liis  agi'uts  in  failiii:; 
ia  discover  a  defect,  tiie  existence  or  absence  of  culpability  is  t(  -n  ' 
byconsidenilions  of  pre<'isely  tiie  same  kind  as  tin. -e  which  urc  Mii|ili.q 
in  ci.iumon-law  actions.  The  servant  cannot  succeed  in  his  urti.i 
where  neither  the  em|)loyer  him-elf  nor  his  representative  wiihin  iIm 
meaning  of  this  .-ubsectiou  had  knowledge,  actmil  or  coiwtruciivr,  .,f 
the  existence  of  lie  defect  which  caused  the  injury,-  nor  wliei-i'  ilin, 
was  no  reason  to  apj)reheiid  the  particular  ca>ua!ty  which  occuiiv.!. 

On  the  other  baud,  the  servant  is  entitletl  t^)  recover  if  the  iiui-tn 
himself,  or  an  em[iloyee  who  was  discharging  the  functions  indic^itcl 
by  the  cax-  which  are  ciU'd  in  subdivision  d  of  this  s(>ction,  iiiidit  In 
the  exercise  of  j)roper  care  have  discovered  the  defect  in  question.'' 

Siiviii;,'   Hint   tlic   iiiastcr   oujilit   to   liiivc        linlcr  tlic  orifiinul  Ma^s;uliii-(it,  :,,■ 

kiKiwii   of  till-  ili'fc<-t.  iiiiil   "in  tlicrcfori'  the;     (•<iniTi]i)ii-lii«-     nile     c-tiilili-hcl    by 

as  culpilili'  a-,  if  lic^  had  actually  known  Muc/.iii    v.   Jlijsli>,i   d  A.    /■',   rV;.    i|ss.;', 

(if   it    anil    failed    In    rciiicdy    it."   If   this  ..!.-|  .Mass.  201.  4li  .\tri.   llip.  AM\,  lli.ii  ,i 

view  he  (•iincct,  th.-  fiiidinu'  viitnally  at-  railway  ccniiiiaiiy  was  not    lialile  f..r  t!i.- 

trihiitcd  jxTsdiial  iir;; licence  Id  tin-  mas-  n<H^'lij.'cn(<'  iif  it.s  pnr  iii~|iMl<>r-.  «a~  d, 

ter,  and  tlari-  was   diaily   no  n'-ccssity  ciand   nut   to  hav(?  hcni   i'haii;:ii|  in  i'- 

to  (il)tain   Hie  (i|iini<iij   of  the  jury   uixm  ^'ard  to  foreign  ears  received  niiTcK   in/ 

the    (|iiesticin    whether    the    defect    was  furwardiii;;.     'ihi/nii  v.  l-'ilchliiii'i  I!   r. 

known  to  a  superinr  ciiiiilDyee.  MS'.lil     I  .■)(;    .Mass.    i;j.   ."i-^    .\iii.   Si,    Keji. 

'(Inn<\i   V.    I'lilhr    ilSHS;    Q.    It.    D.)  liV..  ;iO  X.  K.   Itill,     Compare  ;ilso  C,;-.. 

4  Tiiiips  L.  R.  474   (])liiinllll'  iionsuileil)  ;  v.  \rir  Ydi-l.-,  .V.  //.  <(■  //.  A*.  ('.,.   i  Is'.ili 

M(i/v/i    V.    Wliihhii    ilSSHi    I,.   I!.   21   Q.  l.-,.->  Ma.>s.  21.  2H  \.  E.   1]2S.     Mat   thi- 

n.    Div.    ;t;i.    .-iT     l,.    .1.    (,).    11.    .\.    S.    .-iStl.  decision     is    no     li>Ili;er    a    enl  n.  I     -1  itr 

;!()  Week.  Hep.  STil.  .■>.'!  .1.  l*.  :!S ;  Moi.jiin  nieiit    <'f    the    law    -inee    tlie    p:i-.,i-.-   ..i 

V.  lliilchiiiK  ilS'.IOi    .-)l)  I„  ,1.  (,).  I!.  N.  S.  the  aiiiendaloiv   act  of   ls;i:i,  (ii,i|..  :',.-,:i. 

HIT.    .IS    Wivk.     l!ep.     412:     lliillillis    v.  declaring:    that'  the   mere    fad    ..I    .i   ,,ii 

l.ciiitini  <i  SI.  I\.  Ikxks  Ci,.   I1SS4)    I,.  R  lieiii;;    in    |iiv-es,i(,n    of    a    railiM.HJ   emu 

1.3  (,».   li.   niv.  2.->!l.  .-i.f   I,.  .1.  (,l.   M.  X.  S.  pany    make-    it    a     part    of    il-    ■  «nv- 

."104,  :A    I..  T.  .\.   S.  ."iH.?.  ;!;!   WCek.   l!ep.  works,  or  inachinerv."     Sih' §  il-'iil.  >•(;.(./. 
.•!.-),    4(1   .T.    1'.    lOf),    per    Fry.    I..    ,1..    fol-  /;„o/,,/-   v.    //ir/ij.v    (ISSt!    1,1,    li.    I) 

lowed   iji   A'l/.W  v.   Ii,ll    (IsSTi     Hi  Ont.  :!  Times  L.  I!.  i;|S.'     Recovery  d.'iii.-.!  i.t 

l!ep.    47;     Itlmk    v,    (hihalo    Win;  I    Co.  IieU    of    [Mi-itive   cvideiieo  oil    this   pniiii 

llHIIOl     HI  Out.    1!,p.   ."iTH:    l.f„iisrillr  if  in    a    ease    where  a    laliorer  was   iii|inv! 

\.lt.    i-o.   V.   CiiiidIkH    (IHlt.i)    !I7    Ala.  hy  Hie  fall  of  a  hank  of  earth  whi<  !i  liv 

147.    12    So.    "174 :    riifjir   v.    \rir    York;  has  Im-n  oidereil  hv  the  foreiiiiin  1<>  c\ 

.Y.  //.  iv  //.  If.  f'o.   iisni)    1.-,.-.  Mass.  21.  eavalc    liv    entering'    a    hole    in    a    w.ill 

28    X.    ]■:.    112H:    Wilmii    v.    l.oiii^riUo  iC-  a;.Min-l    which  the  caHli   lav. 
V.  /,'.  Co.   (1SS7)   S.-,  Ala.  2(i!l.  4  So.  701.        '  If.i/.W.    v.    Whlhl.i,    (ISSSj    I..  I";.  21 

The  mere  fact  that  a  stie'    ..hicli  liroke  (,».    I!.    Div.   :Ml.   :u    \..    J.   Q.    I'.   N.  S 

uhih'  heinu'  11-    I  as  a  lever  was  olil  and  ."iSii,  "(!  Week.  I!ep.  S7('>.   'i.'t  .1.  1'.  :!S. 
had  licen   Ion      ,11   use  will  not  jii-nfy  a        Kvidenee  that    tin-  defeef   iiiiL.'lit  li:iv.' 

lindiiii.'  thai   the  eiii|doyer  oiiyht  to  have  Ikhmi    (liseovei(><l    if    the    ins) riiiiiciiiality 

known   th.-  -'ilk  to  he  defective.     .l//r;i  had   l«'cii   e.\nmincd  hv  a   skill..;  ppr-nii 

\.   '.'.    11.   it   /•'.   Smith   /roil   Co.    (I8IU)  will    jii-tify   a    '       liet    for   the   srrv:iiit 

H:ii   Mass.  .■..•.7,  30  X.  E.  581.  Thomas     v.     Givj(      UVs'rnt     CoHicri/ 


£t:  I 


J  674]  E.MPI.OVKHS"  LIAHIl-ITY  ACTS.  1977 

'ri.o  mere  fnot  that  no  aceidciit  lias  liaiiiiciicd  fur  several  years  dees 
not  prove  that  tlie  master  uiiglit  iint  ti>  have  kimwii  there  was  daiiiter. 
••(."iiir  immunity  from  accident  dcHs  imt  pruNc  uhsenee  of  carelessness. 

ft  may  only  prove  lnn;i-e(»litinued  JiMlMtlial  Iiei;lii;eiice."'' 

In  determining'  the  question  whether  tlie  in-iruniemaiily  ouiiht  to 
have  been  inspected  by  the  defendant  or  his  ai;cnts,  the  fact  that  it  was 
furnished  by  a  com])etent  contractor,  or  that  an  express  statement  as 
to  its  conditii'ii  had  been  made  by  sncji  a  (•i.ntrai'l<ir,  umler  eircuni- 
-taiu'cs  in  which  it  was  ai)parently  justiliable  tn  rely  ii]>i'n  his  (ipiiunn, 
is  in  Kngland  deemed  to  b<!  condusivi-  aiiaiiis;  the  infereiieo  of  negli- 
ircnce.*^ 

c.."Xot  roiirilird." — A  remedy  "f  a  "defect  in  :Im ndition  fif  the 

iiiachinery"  does  not  mean  puttiiii;'  the  machinery  in  ])erfect  condition 
fnr  wiirking  purposes,  but  the  reiiicival  of  the  sourc  •  of  danger  to  em- 
I'liivces,  which  may  be  done  by  a  U'mj)or'.ry  device,  as  well  as  bv  per- 
iiKii\eiit  repairs.'' 


1 

'  \m 

•    1  ^ 

<V).  il8!U:  C.  A.)  10  TiiMPs  L.  R.  2-lt.  in  siniiljir  ilorriclcs  was  Imt  '4  of  an 
h'nisir  V.  Frasrr  (1SK2|  !l  Si'.  Sc^s.  inili.  is  <iMii|K't'.>iit  to  show  tliat.  I)y  thft 
ra.<.  4tli  scries,  S!»ti   i  ropi-  l>rcikiM.  exercise  of  Dnlinaiy  care,  tlie  employers 

A  iniluiiiciit  for  llic  plaiiitiir  will  not  ctjiild  have  a-ccrtiincd  that  it  needcil 
l.c  (li-liirlie<l  when'  he  was  injurcil  liy  better  adjii^lnieiit  for  safety.  McMiiliun 
the  hre.ikin;;  of  a  holt  not  shown  to  have  v.  Mrllnlv  (  189!t)  174  .Mass.  320,  54  X. 
iitiy  litent  defect,  and  thi-  evidence  was    K.  ,S.'i4. 

that.  a!tluni;,'li  it  had  licen  sul>jccte<l  to  'Thomas  v.  (Ircut  \\'rKl(rn  Colliiry 
iis^iac  which  ti'nde<l  to  diminish  it.s  Co.  (I8!t4;  C.  .\.)  10  Times  L.  R.  244, 
streiii.'th.     its     streii;;th     had     not    been    reversin;;  decision  of  divisi(.>ial  conrt. 

tested,  as  it  slioiild  liave  1 n.  witli  rea-        ".\    master   is    not    .ialilc-    for    injuries 

-onable  frciiucMcy.  Inriii  v.  Ihnmis-  caused  by  the  fall  .  ,  a  ~ta;.'iii;,'  which 
tmin  (18S5:  Sc.  Sess.  (as.)  22  Sc.  I,,  only  the  day  U'foie  had  been  erccteil 
R-  •'i7!>.  by  a  ctintractor.     lie  is  not.  under  such 

The  fact  that  the  machinery  which  circnmstances,  Ixnind  to  in-pect  the 
caiisiil  tlie  accident  was  ihan;.'cd  after  sfa;.'in<;  himself  or  to  employ  anyone 
it  oc(urred  is  admissible  as  ividcme  s[)e,Mally  to  ins]iect  it.  KUhUi  \.  I.iintl 
that  the  master  knew  the  machinery  to  (ISH.))"],.  R.  Hi  i).  Ii.  Div.  fiOj,  .14 
he  ilefcctiv.-.  hiidd  v.  huiitiiii  (ISIMIi  Week.  ]!ep.  518.  [ht  Denman,  J.  (sit- 
16  Vict.  |y.  ]!cp.   iL.)   5:U.  tin^'  without  a  jurj).     The  master  had 

Kvidiiice  tliat  defects  in  a  truck  had  paid  a  sum  of  money  t<i  the  servant. 
exist, d  fur  several  weeks  prior  to  the  and  was  sniiifi  the  eoiilractor  to  recover 
aciiijciit  is  relevant  on  the  ipiotioii  <rt  the  amount.  It  was  held  that  he  couM 
ni'i;lii;cnce.  li'iiisas  C'ilii.  M.  d  It.  I{.  i\,.  not  maintain  tlie  action. 
V.  ll(7i()  (18!12|  07  .\la.  157.  11  So.  sss.  Xo  ne^digenco  is  piovcil  where  a  forn- 
(Soe,  frenerally.  §  1.12.  <i;i(c.  i  nian.    relying'   upon    the    asMiiaiice   of   a 

A  linilin^'  that  a  fon^inan  should  \\:\\  contractor  eM<;a}red  in  rciristalinfr  a 
swn  tliat  a  |dank  which  ^'avc>  way  \\a^  biiibliii;;  which  hail  been  part  iallv"  de- 
cro-s-;.'raincd  and  knotty,  and  con-e  stroyeil  b_\  lire,  that  one  of  the  'walls 
qucntly  unsafe  to  walk  upon  in  the  |Kisi  had  laH-n  safely  shonil  up,  xiids  his 
tion  in  which  it  was  placed,  will  not  be  subonliiiates  liaik  to  wi.rk  near  it.  after 
ilisturhed.  (\ih  xcU  s.  Mills.  (  18!);t)  24  havinj;  withdraw  n  tin  iii  when  he  Iced 
Out.  l!ep.  4t;2.  the     unsafe     oenditioti     of     the     :a.,ric. 

Wliere  Piiiployers  were  ii.,  roil  by  the  Maurc  v.  tliiiisun  (188(1:  I,).  1!.  D. )  5 
fallinj;  of  a  derrick,  evidence  that  it  was  Times  I..  R.  177,  58  I,.  .1.  (,».  Ii,  X.  S.  109. 
=*-t  ;ij)  so  as  to  allow  a  vcrrirai  j.l.iy  ot  '  \\  ill<  ii  v.  l!ij.>l<,ii  JJrclric  Lii/ht  Co. 
the  ■:(K)se  neck  and  KU.v  plate  of  4  inches.  (1807)  lliS  Mas-.  40,  .37  I..  R,  A,  723, 
and  that  the  usual  pl.iy  of  such  parts    4ti   N.   E.   395.     Defendant   had   argued 


,1  .i'l  1  . 
1    iJ.ISu 


:!    'ill' 


i»78 


MA^il.i:      \M)    >i:i!\  \M'.  [.  iiAr   \\\Mi 

io|i  ii  itiMcliiiic  wliicli  i-  licit  wiiil^iin;  iiiii|(crlv  i.  ,i 


'['lie  fiiiliifc 
fiiilitrc  tn  "iciui'iIn  '  it-  ilct'ci -."' 

.\cflli;iClll'<' I'lllllliil    lie    illlclTI'll  W  hero  il  llcfcVl  CMIMI'  l«>  lln'  kiniW  lrill;i 

I't'  the  iM.'^Ici  I'f  ~ii|H  riiir  -n  -hurl  :i  time  LM'tni'c  llic  iu-ciiliiit  that  tlnp' 
Wil-*  not  ^lltiil'irhl    lillM'  til   I'Clll'ilv   it," 

When  tlic  (laiiuiT  i«  imt  cLii^iiiiiilv  pri'^ciit,  liui  nciirs  at  iiitfi\  iiU, 
flic  (Ict'cct  iiiav  III'  nirctJ  \>y  giviiit;  ilii'  workiiii-ii  fiiiiriv  waniiiij:  "i  ii- 
appioacli.'" 

Tlio  iiuistcr  caiiii.'t  avail  iiiin-i'lf  nf  ilir  (jct'i'ii-^c  thai  tlic  ihtVct  .t 
cihstriictioii  liv  which  an  ciniildvic  \\  a-  iiijitfcil  wa^  iMic  t'l  the  an  ..[ 
a  sfi'aiiiiiT,  whcii'  il  was  nut  n  niciiirii  i>v  n-iii'ncil  within  a  na-i'iKil.l. 
tiiiio  after  not  ice." 

d.   "I'crsiiii  iiilrii^iiil  villi  llir  iliilij."  dr. — To  hr'xwii  an  I'liiplnvi- 
within  tills  <l('^ci'iiiiion  tiit  ic  -lionM  lie  cvidcncf  showinj;  tiiai  In-  \v,i- 
charged  with  the  sprcitic  iliily  of  kccjiili;;  flic  defective  in-;|  niiiienin 
itv  in  jifoper  condiiion.'-    I'liii   it   i-"  imi  iiecc  <;iry  to  show  that  lie  \v;i- 
fiiscJiar^inji  the  fmiclion--  of  a  -iiperinteiident.''' 

(liiit  it  WHS  not  lialilr  liir:iii-i'  tli"  iliiVct         A   limiiiMii  -cut  mil   fo  <ciirrli  for  mil 

niiild    niil     li:iv('    Im'cii    jHiiiiiiiifntly    rem-  iciiu  cly  a  (lrf(ili\i'  iii^illiit  ji-n  mi  ,iii  iln 

cdii-d  iM'f.ilT  Ihr  iuiicli  111.  "  tiii-     »iiv.       II  ;.7.  1/     \.     Itusluit     i:i'<i. 

•  liiinn,    V,    l><l,i;s    llSST;    K).    U.    I).)     :j  l.iqlll    Co.     ilSHTl      1«!S    MilsN.     til.    -IT    I. 

'linic-s  1..  n.  .-..-,7.  1!.  A.  7J.1.  4li  \.   K.  .tlir), 

■' Stdhdiiiil      Mfif.      I'll.      V.       Wiiiiilsiiii         A    CMiiMMiti  I      wild     iiniU'r-itiiTiil^     ;iii'i 

(IS'H)    !•!     Mil.    U:i.    10  S(i.  ,S7.  liiok-  al'ti-i-  MMi-liiin  r> .  ;iltli()ii';li   ^iii.j.n 

'■' Sniitli    V.    /{ill.  I  I-    I  1S!I|  I     A.    C.    .'12J,  to   the    cmliT-   iif    .1    -.iiiM-iiiili'iMlriil    uli.i 

(in  I,.  J.  Q.    I!.   N.  S.  (iS:l.  (;.">  I,.  T.    \.  S,  i*  iil.o  :i  siili-iiian.     Cupit hui  1  ■   \.  Ihiy.hi 

4(i7.   .->:.   .1.    I'.    lltlO,    411    \\i'.'k.    I!i'|.    :!!•■_'.  I  IS'.l'.h    17:i   .Mil".  4(1(1.  ,',:;   N     K    'II.-, 
I.iinl    Wiit-mi    >iiiil     I  p.    ."•"it  I     ■■'I'lir    I'lii  .\ii   i'iii|)liiM'i'   ill   iliiii};!'  of  lli.-  -l.ilili- 

pliivi'i- iiiiiy.  ill  siicli   Oii-i'^.  |iHilcct  liimsclf  if  ii    -1  n-rt    <iir   i-oiii]i;iiiy,    mn'  ol   \\!i..-.' 

rillii'i'ln    r.iiii  \  iiiL'  till'  ~miri-i' of  iliiiifiiT.  Iim-c»    \\ii~    in   iiii    unlit    lomliiioM   in  !i.- 

or    liv    liiiikin;;    |irn\i-ioii    fm    iliic    iiotin-  uorknl.       Ilnxtuii     v.     Kilhihiiriili     Tmn' 

licini;  •.'ivcn.     Slioiilil  lir  iiilopi   the  liitliT  miii    To.     (1SH7|     14    Sc.    S,'-~.    Cii..    111. 

i^mirsc.    Ill'    will    >ti|l    lie    i'\|"'-i-i|    lo    tin  ^I'lir^.  (i-JI. 

Iiililv    if   iiiinry    ri'-iills    from    f;iiliir.-   10         .\  ■•tiicniiin"  of  ii   mine  wtio-i'  'liil>   u 

;.'ivi'   Wiiriiiiif;  tlivoii;;li   tlii'  ii(';.'li^i'iir<'   of  i>    lo    iii~|H'cl     tlic    workiiiL'-    I"  ("H'   ''if 

liiin-i'lf  or  of  lii~  -iipm  inli'iiilcnt."  miin-is  j;o  to  work,  iind  ri'pori   ,i~  in  ili' 

"  lliilhliiiiil      III.    .1     Hill     It.    I'll.    V.  -tiilf     of     till'     vi-nliliilimi.       i',,,rh,     \ 

H(i//.rs    ilHimi    III    .Mil.    t:':,.  S  So.  .•l.-,7.  t/.,;-,.v(o/    I'lml   Co.    (ISSi):    (,).    I!.   U.I    1 

'- Tin'    I'liipliiviT    liiis    liii'ii    lii'ld    liiilili-  'riiiii-   1..    !!.  .'il."!. 
for     till'     nt';;lil:i'iii<'     of     llii'     follnw  in;.'         In  r„,m,/m»  I'liluiiml  r,,iii.„    \hlh  \ 

;ij.r,.„ts:  riilliiil    ilS!l7i    •J7  Cm.  S.  C.    i:is.  n  u;i- 

.\n  ii>^i-t;iiil    roiid   iiiii>l<'i    ulm-o  duly  lirld   tliiit    ividi'ini-  ^limviii,;;   lliiit     iii  I'ln 

it    ii  to  iii-|Mil   ciir-  iiiid   liiivi'  llii'iii   run  ployi'r  i-iilli'd  il  "looni  lixiT."  w  lio~r  .liilv 

ii|io|i    till'    ii'pi'ir    tiiirk    ulii'ii    tlii'.v     :iii'  it    Wit-i    to  I'Miiiiiiio  ii    limiii,   iifli'i    i"'ii!-' 

foniiil    to    ii'i|iiiri'  icpiiif^.      l.iiinsiilli    i(-  iiolilinl   tliiit    soitiol  liiiii;  w:i-  wni   '"i'l' 

\.   II.  I'll.  \.   Itiiiis    (l.SllOi    ill    .Mil.    IS7.  il.   Iiiid    fiiilrd   to   iiiiiki'  iiii   I'siiNin.ili.m, 

«  So.  :,:>■!.  in^tilii'd  •^nliniillitiL'  llio  I'ii-i'  lo  lii''  inr) 

.\   su|M'rvis<)r  iiiid   section    fiiii'iiiiin    in         "  I'uiiitliuiw     v.     Ilinihi     ils'iii      1. - 

il    oasf    wli.'iv    llieri'    v\ii-i   a   di'foct    in    a  Mass.  40(1.  .■..!  N.   K.  01.-).  wliin' tln' nias 

switrh.      Hiiiixas  Cili;.    M.   <{■    H.    II.   Co.  lor    was    lii'ld    lialdo    for   I  hi'    iir.lii;.  ii  ■■• 

V.     tl.^Ji     ilSn-2l     07     Ala.     I.i7.     11     So.  of  one    « lio    iitlmidi-il.    iiinlir    lli-   -"l"' 

S«H:     MiiliHiiiii    II.    S.    If.    I'd     V.    Iluiis  intcniii'iit'~  onii'rs.  to  till'  ■•iil.|ii-ii"''''  "' 

(1888)    119  Ala.  572,  24  So,  802.  niupliiniiy. 


I  I 


J  ii;."'j 


I.Ml"'  n\  l.i;,>    I.I  \|;ll.ll\    Ai  l>. 


i'.t;u 


Tilt'  llcj;lIf;i'IM-f  "I  i\  Stllirrinr  i  inplciv  rr  Hul  rli;il;;i'(i  \'  I'll  tli:il  i|nl\. 
wli"  iilli'liipt-.  .il  'III'  n  i|Ur-l  "i  M  -ii'vaiil  uli"  i-  ii-inu  iin  a|i|iii:infi',  f" 
|(  llii'ilv  a  (iri'rcl    llicri'ill,   i»   liol    iiii|>iilr(l   to   llic   111,1-!'  I.''        .''-'■I    i»  ill' 

ihiiiM'  ii|i|iiicalili-  I"  Mil  (■iii|il".M  <    wliiirf  iliifv  it  i>.  iiimI'I  a  riili'  "f  lii- 
iiia-ii  r.  I"  <'xaiiiiiii'  I"!'  lii-'    "Wii    -icnriis     tlic    a|i|irn;ii""-    whidi    lir 


Sul 


1('-.B   I-  llic  iiia^ii  r  li 


alilf"  lui-  tlic 

111. Ml 


lai-t  ..I 


laii'il'i'i'  w.'lKliii;  unci'  r  m-  willi  i.tlicis.  cvcii  lli'Mi^ii  il  in.i.v    in    a  pa 

lii-i  (liitv  at  smiir   |iarticiilar  iimmiiciiI    in   liic   |irii;;iiv->  "1    the  wi'i'k  In 

l'«ii<  after  iiinl  aiicml  \u  cii-lain  iii-i  niiiK'iiiaiitic-."' 

N('i;lit',i'iiiM'  I'll  liic  part  i>(  tlic  ciiipliiviT  in  rc-p.  c-i  in  pii.\  iilini;  ma 
iliiiii  rv,  nr  si'ciiij;  tliat  it  is  in  iiniprr  cuiiclilinii.  caiihni   Im  iirnilicairci 
tr.'iii  liin  lai-l  iliai  fVilnw  servants  <it'  the  in  jiiieij  per-nti  ii^cl  an  appli 
Awv.  witimni  any  anlimrity,  for  a  purpose  for  wliieli  il   was  iieitlier 
-iiiii'l  nor  furnislieil.' ' 

675.  Abnormal  conditions  resulting  from  the  use  of  the  machines; 
how  far  regarded  as  defects. —  Injiirie-  resnitiii;:  fiom  ili(~n  aininrinal 
.•"M.liiii  11-  \\lii<-ii,  in  all  kin<i-  nt'  incln-triai  unrk.  aiv-  Innipnrai'ilv 
.•'•ia!iil  li\  ilie  ii-er  of  liie  appliiiiief-  fiirnisiiiil  liy  tlii'  nia-ier,  are  ii'i 
I  .,|j-ii'er.  11  I"  li.-  eall>eii  1)V  ■"ilntceN"  witliill  tile  lin '.-i  i;  i  Mi;  nf  lii.~r 
-ianili<.  "'i'lie  ,ili~nlnle  oMi^ation  of  an  eni|>ioyi  r  to  -;■  ■  ilial  iliie  rare 
i>  p-'il  to  ]n-<'\  i'le  safe  ap])lianec>  fnr  lii<  wnrkineii  is  nni  rMt-ii'li'il  t" 
all  tlr  pa-sinu  ri-k-  wliieli  ari-e  from  -liort-lived  eaii-cs."'     i-!-peciall\ 

■'7;..,("l,>     V.    Ililllli,:ll     I   1(10(1)      12ti    .Mil.  Till'   ill.-rnci-  nf    -lillll-llinllr.  on    llu-    -i'lr* 

'J."i:t.  -■'  s,i.  TiiT.     <  iiiii|«iic  §  litil.  nnti-  6.    of  a  tnilli'V  i-*  imt   »  "iji-fcrt."  when'  llur 

,■.,,,,,,,  plilcill;;    nf    »llcll     ~l:Olrlli"ll-     i<    llic    lllllv 

'    lliii'plns    il     r.     /,'.    Co.    V.    (Iiiihnin  (if    the    -iT\:int-    »iii>    |iiit    nii    the    Imiil. 

I  ISHI  '     '11     .Mil.    .'il."i.     10    So.    -iHli     (<-iill-  >'iiir<iiiiii    V.    A'i/v(    Sin  II  II   1 1  iiiinoiKs   Co. 

liU'l'M-  .  M.;  link' iiKiii  cirnii-'l  to  lie  •■per  IIHSS;    ().    li.    I).,     :,     \nni~-    L.    I!,    lll.i. 

Mill-    i'!!iii-tMl."    ctc.l.  ".H   !..    1.  <^    I'..    N     .■^.    I  l-V 

'   ((•<■.  ,.,.,  I-  V.    \.(//    1  ISlHi    l.^i:!    M:iss.         'llic  lial'ililv  ..t  .i  liMiik  i.f  carlli  wliicli 

■JS!.   Ji;    \     I-'..   S.")7,    wlicic   Ihc   ciiiiri    re-  nn    ciiiployci     is  cii^.i'jcil    in    Icvliii^'    for 

fii...l   I,,   hi'lil   llic   iiM-lcr   liii''lc   for   llic  tlic    |iiii  |iiisc    iif    ;.r,.'liii;;    tin-    l:iihl    of    u 

II' lIiu' :iic  <if  il    |>iiiiilcr's  a«si>iiint.  wli"  third    |icr-oii.   iiinI    upon    wliiili    liil)oicr-< 

iii'l    I  hi-  priiiilpiil  in  Mioviii;;  from  phicc  arc  al  work,  to  fiill  wlicii  iiii'lcniiiiiiil.  if 

t'l    j.l.Hc    llic    jil.iiiks    iinil    liiiircN    fmm  not   pro|i<'rly  -Imrcd  up.  i-  mil  ii  ■ilcfcct 

«hi<h    11    Icmp'iviirv     -nilfoM    wiis    con-  in     ttic     Wiiv-."    etc.       I.iinrh     v.      Mhin 

-oiiclcil.  lUiil  ii.liii-ic^  one  of  the  liiiircli  IIK!i:ii    ICd   .\lii".  24S.  li.'i   N.   K.  iViO. 
so  liiiili— -ly  thill   the  spiitfohi  crillnp-cil.        .\    ilcfcct    in    Ihc  •"wiiys"   is   not    prcd 

'' !.iii:i'ri'ni     d     Y.     It.    i'li.     V.    .Iiniis  iPiililc.    iinli— i    there    i~    xmic    altciutioii 

(lliiili    1:111   Ala.    li'ili.  liO  So.  ."iSfi.  in   tlio  pei  iiriiicnt    cnii'lilioii   of  the  way 

'  W  liith:l.<r  v.  Itiiil    (l^^'.'Tl    If'iT  Mii-s.  ii,clf.      Oli-Iiicli »    lyiii;;   on    or   near   the 

.Tss.   4ii  N.    I'.,    lit.  ilin\  ini;   rciovi  ry   for  way.   Hliich    do  not    in   any  di"_'icc  altci 

iiii  iiijiiiy  vciiltin;;  from  the  tcnii«irary  the  litni-—'  for  thp  piiijx'-c  for  which    n 

iliiiiipiii--^    of    niouliK    ii-<sl    in    an    iron  is    generally    employe.!,    and    Ciinnot    In- 

I'liii'liy.  which  can  he  a~certainod  only  -iaiil  to  In-  iiierrpoi  ,i,  .1    willi   it     iire  ni 

ill    llie   iiionient    when    they    are   s<'t    up.  within    the    parvicu     .f    ilii-    piovision 

the     rcii-on     assi;;ned     liei'n;.'     tli;it     thn  ViUitjin  \.  I'lilnu  is  slniihiiilihnii  A  Inn 

iihU    ucic   -mall    and    niiiiicrou-.    the  To.    iIHSl'i     I..    I".    10   (,".    It.    Div.   S.   :,J. 

(l.iii,i;ir  Ir  Mi-iliii  V.    ami    anv    tmiher    iii-  1..    .1.    i).    It.    N.    >.    2.i.    4"    i..    I'.    N.    ^, 

s'«,iieii   thiiii   th'iit    of  -mpioyrcs  s'^lling  :U(i.    .'tl     Week.    I'l  p.     IIS.     (7    .1.    P.    70, 

till  III  up  iiiipi.ietiealde.  licnyin;;  rii'"Very   mIiiic>  a   cur  on  wliiuli 


*  iif. 


II 


•  'inli 


'     I-  .!; 


1«80  ilAfSlKIt    AM)    SKKVANl.  [vukV.  Xxwa 

is  tliis  rule  iippliciiMc  when  tlic  nlinoniinl  condition!'  wroild  not  iuivi; 
existed  it"  tiic  i)laintill'  liiinscU'  had  dnno  his  duty."  In  eases  of  ilii^ 
class  the  only  groniid  on  wliich  llic  niii-iter  ean  be  iiehl  liable  is  tlmt  in' 
was  guilty  of  negliycnce  in  net  warning  his  servants  of  the  ineriuMd 
risk  to  wliich  they  wonid,  for  the  time  iM'ing,  l)e  exposed.' 

The  temporary  Mature  of  tlie  al)nornuil  eoniliti<  ,s  eoniplained  of 
will  not,  howf  ver,  protect  tlie  master  if  they  aniouni  mI  to  a  struefiiral 
alteration  of  the  ajiplianee  in  tpiestion,  and  that  alteration  was  niaiii' 
hy  the  employee  in  charge  of  it.*     .1  fortiori,  where  such  a  structural 


a  workiiinn  was  finivtying  lu'iivy  iron 
luills  striii'k  ii<.'.iiiist  a  |>ii'cf  of  a  -ul> 
^taiHi-  iHiil  (or  liiiinir  the  {uriiiui-t. 
which  had  been  npjjlitO'iilly  placrd  prn- 
ji<liii<.'  into  thi'  voadway  on  wliiili  the 
lai'  ran.  the  result  Lii'in^'  that  unu  of  tlit' 
halls  fidl  on  him. 

The  words  "ways,  works,  and  machin- 
ery" do  not  cover  a  jdle  of  hiniher  in 
the  vard  of  a  liimlHT  dealer,  i'liniphill 
V.  l)<uili(,rn  (1900)  175  Mass.  lH:i.  .w 
\.  v..  1042. 

I'd  the  same  elTect  see  the  following 
cases,  whore  the  ahnornml  condition-s 
were  of  the  nature  mentioned  in  tlie 
niomoinnduin  of  the  facts  appended  to 
the  citations.  MilMts  v.  Walt  iV.  A.) 
[1892]  2  Q.  B.  02.  C.l  L.  ,1.  Q.  It.  N.  S. 
.540  (teni|>orary  removal  of  tin'  c<iver  of 
a  catch  pit  lyinj;  in  the  line  of  a  ]ialh 
alon^'  which  servants  had  to  pass  in  the 
course  of  their  duties)  ;  Mmi  v.  Whiltiir 
Mach.  Co.  (1891)  ir)4  Mass.  29,  27  .V. 
K.  7C8  (employee  .stumbled  over  some 
small  pieces  of  wood  which  had  iK'en 
pih-d  ajiainst  the  hack  of  a  planin<j  ma- 
chine near  which  he  had  to  jklss,  and 
was  hurt  by  his  hand  coming  in  contact 
with  the  machine)  ;  KanKos  City,  M.  rf 
It.  K.  Co.  V.  niirton  (1892)  97  Ala.  240. 
12  So.  88  (car  left  standing  on  a  rail- 
way track),  overnilinj;  on  this  point 
Ui'nhhind  Are.  <£  Helt  It.  Co.  v.  ^^allcr» 
(1890)  91  Ala.  43.5.  8  So.  .X>7  :  Louin- 
rillr  ,(■  .Y.  R.  Co.  v.  Iloitldiii  (1895)  110 
.\la.  18.5,  20  So.  325  (oil  box  standing 
near  the  track,  which  came  in  contact 
with  plaintiff's  ff>ot  while  he  was  stjind- 
ing  r.n  the  pilot  of  an  engine,  and  threw 
him  olT)  ;  Carroll  v.  Willeiitt  (189,5)  103 
.Mass.  221,  3k)  N.  E.  1016  (presonce  of 
a  ledge  stone  on  a  scafTolding) . 

llotli  on  the  principle  applied  in  these 
oases,  and  also  on  the  ground  that  the 
accident  was  an  unexpected  one,  it  has 
iH'cn  held  that  a  master  could  .loL  Ije 
held  lialde  under  the  statute  for  an  in- 
jtiry  due  to  a  railway  tie  with  a  project- 
inj;  spike  in  it,  which  had  been  taken 


<-f  the 

fi'llew 

...  ,,( 


4.W. 


tin  with  a  view  to  rcp.iiring  it.  and 
placed  by  the  side  of  the  road,  vlicre 
the  ejiuse  of  the  injury  wan  tlie  fact 
that  a  horse  which  the  plaintilf  wm 
leading  was  frightened  and  bniklnj; 
against  liiin.  knocked  him  down  ui>on  the 
tie.  MiQiiiiih  v.  Disiiii  (18S7)  14  ?)i' 
S'ss.  Cas.  4th  seriis.   1039. 

Wliedier  the  proximate  cause 
injury  wils  the  negligence  of  a 
servant  in  regard  to  the  nier 
appliances  of  the  work  is  pr 
(|uestion  for  the  jurv.  Kiii'ilil  \ 
man  Wluel  Co.  (1899)  17-4  .Ma^ 
.54  X.  K.  890. 

'  \  verdict  for  the  plaintiiT  should  bo 
set  aside,  where  his  own  evidei.ce  sIhh. 
that,  if  the  machine  had  Ixvii  pro|i(rly 
attendi'd  to  by  himself,  the  acidiiit 
would  not  have  liap|H'neil,  hiii/  v. 
II rings  (1889;  Q.  11.  D.)  5  Times  1,.  R. 
233. 

.\n  eni|iloyer  is  not  liable  for  the  death 
of  an  employif  while  laying  pi|M'  in  the 
bottom  of  a  sewer  trench  in  preii^ss  nf 
iiinstriiction  by  the  employer,  thriiufih 
the  caving  in  of  the  walls  of  tin  treiuh. 
due  to  insiillicient  shoring  and  bnu  iii;;. 
where  such  eiiiployef^  was  himself  in- 
trusted with  suiK'rintondoncir  of  th« 
shoring  and  bracing,  and  paid  hiiiher 
wages  liecause  of  it.  Conroi/  v.  Clinton 
(1S93)  1.58  Mass.  318,  33"  X.  K.  .-i^.). 
This  particular  situation,  however, 
would  sivni  to  be  more  aiiproprialely  re- 
ferred to  the  conception  of  an  iiialiilitv 
to  recover,  predicated  from  the  cnnlrilm- 
torv  negligence  of  the  injured  |)ers()n. 

''Wil'lrtl.'i  V.  Watt  IC.A.)  [1892)2  Q. 
B.  92,  (il  L.  ,T.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  540. 

'See  Tafr  v.  lathnm  (C.  A.)  [1897] 
1  Q.  n.  .502,  00  1..  ,1.  Q.  B.  X.  .S.  349, 
75  L  T.  X.  S.  694,  holding  the  absence 
of  the  guard  of  a  saw  to  bo  a  "defect." 
where  it  had  been  temporarily  removed 
by  the  siiwyer.  This  deiision  |ir.Mic.iliv 
ovcrniles  the  ilirtum  of  Fry,  I..  •(■.  that 
the  defects  contemplated  by  the  statute 
are    those    of    a     "chronic    character." 


t.Mri.()\i.i:.v  i.iAUil-iiv  A(  i>. 


I'.Wl 


iiltf  iMlii'n  \viw  iiiti  iiilril  t<i  I"'  ])riiiiiiiiiiif  till'  -c  r\  Jilt  will  imi  lio  r\ 

clll.jlll    trnlll    llu'    Im  liclil-   lit'    lllr    -llltlllr   >illl|ll\     Inr   l||l'    rc;l>'MI    lllill    till' 
lii'W  lUTilllUi'llli'lits  Wrvc  iiiiiv   riiin|i|c'tcMl    till'  iliV    lii'lurc   llir  ilc'i'idi'lll.  ' 

Mnrciivcr,  it  wonlil  .-.(•(in  liint  cuiHliiiMii^  wliii'lt.  in  tin'  1ir-i  iii'tiiuo'. 
arc  iiiciviv  l(iii|Mir!ir_\   in  ijicir  niiinrc,  will,  il  llicv  urc  iillnuiii  to  be 
(■(.iiic  ]K'riiiiiiii'nt,  ill'  M-«iniil;iiiil,  I'm'  tlic  ipnr|'i'-i-<  uf  iln-i'  <l:iliitos,  ti. 
tlit'irN  inlii'i'i'til  in  iIji-  >uIi-I;iiii (  llic  in -i  ninimiiiili—i  llirni-rlvi's." 

Wlii'i:  tlic  niii-ti'i'  Ufi'\»  a  ninlily  iii'i'i--ilili'  ~iui-k  of  sinipli'  appll 
iiiii'i  «,  ill'  i-!  lint  til. mill  iinilrr  llic  stMtiilr,  iiin    inni'i'  llian  at  ri>iiiiii'i|i 
Imw,  to  scf  iliat  a  -iTvaiit  a-ks  fur  a  new  ■  nr  wlnn  that  wliii'li  lit;  iia-^ 
|..  I'll       ii::  is  worn  onl.' 

TI  I'i'isiiiiiTi  ju-l  citiil  sn;:::r-l  iliai  'lii'  tmijiMi'Mi'v  ir  |iri'iiiaii»'nt 
n, 11,11  1  till'  ilrl'i'!-!  i-  iml  tin'  trill'  ilill'  niii i.H  i ni;  I'liflnr  n;  llii-i  class 
iifcaMS,  anil  lliat  tlir  cs-intial  (|iii-iii  n-  arr  railn'i'  (  1  I  wlirijirr  tli(^ 
aliiinniial  poinliliiiiis  wci'r  men  iiifiiliiit-  in  llu  |ini::r('<  of  llii'  wi  i"k, 
■  r  structural ;  ami  (  l'  ).  .sii|i|iii~iim  .luin  in  In'  i<{  tin'  laMrr  ili'-i'ri|itii)ii, 
wlii'tlior  tlicv  wcrf  lii'i.nulit  alimil  I'V  tlir  ai'l  m-  Miliiinn  ul'  llir  i'iii|iliiy('i' 
who  was  in  cliargc  ol'  ihi'  iiistruiiiriiialiiy  U>  wliii'li  llie  injury  wa- 
iliie. 

Willi  llf   V.    11  <i'^     (IS'.IJ)     2    0-    ^-    "2.  ili'iitli    iif    ill!    riii|ilnyi'0.    riiii^i'.l    Iiy    ♦III' 

In  till-  ii'piirt    ill   I'll    I..   •'.   I,'.    !••    N-   is.  Im-iikiii;.'  of  a   wimli'ii   Irvir  hy  wliiili   ii 

.'11),     the     |iliiM-i'     iL-i'il     ii     'soiiiiu  li.it  IVllinv   \m>i  l>iiiiiii   wa-*   liil|iiii;,'  to  imI-i-  ii 

.  Iironio."      It     «as    piiintril    mit     in    tlio  liiiivy    imn   ilinir  mi    '\i^    liiii^i's,   lau-iii;,' 

Timri'  ri'ii'iit  of  tlio-c  rasi's  liy   I'liiui'.  J.  tin-  ilmir   to   -.winL.'  down   anil   -triki-  an 

ilivisiiinal   riiiirt),  tliat   tliis   tliri'iy   of  ii'iii    irvrr   liilil    liv   iliiTasnl,   driving'   il 

llu-  I, mil  .Iiistii'o  il  not  iirri'->ary  to  iiw-  into  lii<  alHlnnirn.  in  tin    al.-riiri'  of  any 

tain   tlip   ronrliision    aiii\ril    at.      'I'liat  I'viiliin'i-  tlial    tin'  Innkiii   >liil<   \\ai  ili' 

inniUi-ion.    inilcril.    iiiiL'lil    wi-lt    lir    put  frctivf.  or.    if   -o.   Iliat    llir  ilclcit    loiiM 

upon  till'  ^'Voiinil  ilial    no  ni'^'liLTi'iH''  »a-  lia\i'  lioiii  ili-ini-nil.     .l//iii   v.  »,',    11.  d 

.-t.il.li-liiil.  as  till'  (Mlili   pit    into   uliiili  /'.    Simlh     liuu    Co.     (IS'.lli      ICil    \la~-. 

ihi'  plainlilV  fi'll  liail  liii-ii  oin'iifil  to  al  ."i.">T.    M'>    S.     !•'..     'iSj.      Tin-    mml     <,iiil- 

low  work  to  111"  ilonr.   ami    ua^    li-ft    iiii  ■■Tin'  wlioli'   iiiattir  was  in  tlio  liaii.N  of 

i.iuinl  U'caiisc  it  was  not  pos^ilili.  to  ilo  llu-  ilrrra-r.!.     111.  was  thp  pi.|-iin  in  im 

llu.  work  wliili'  11  fi'Tiri'  siirroiimlnl  it.  iiinliati'    rli.u.jo    of    llio    fiirriai'c.       If    a 

'Ci.lilhiinif    V.     Ihi'ilii     (IsiMli      17.1  ni'w  slirk   was   iii.i.l..l.   il    wa-   lii>   liiisi 

Ma-s.        I.  f)!!  N.  E.  !ll."i   isliafi    atlailinl  nrss    to    know    il.       '\\u-    primary    iliily 

111  ill,,  nil  ill'.' of  a  room  liv  lirarkrl-  ami  ri-tri|  on   liim  ;    not   on  llio  sii|ii.ijiir  olli 

-rn.«s.    Iifhl    not    to    proliiii'   roinlit  ioii~  irr.       .\L'.iin.    if    a    now     st  iik    liail    liii'ii 

lull  ii;;ini;   to   tli't    tian-ilory    rlas~    for  iiniliil.   il    loiild    liavr   lin-ii   olitjiirnil    of 

I'liiili   till"   i>ni|.i..yi'r   is    not    ri.-|"Hi-ilili'  tlio    rarpi.|il..r    liy    the    iloirasnl    at    any 

liy.iiiil  fiirnisliin^' a  clioiri' of  pro|i<'r  ma  limo.      'I'lu'    ilifrmlant    krpt    a    slork    of 

h-ii.ils  or  instniini'iitalilir- 1 .  iMnilirr  of  llio  pio|i<'r  sjzo  on  liainl,  ainl 

"This  si'oms  to  111'  till'   lationali.  of  a  tin- iliTi-asi.il  only  liail  to  ask  for  wlial  In- 

Si'ulili   laso    in   wliii'l'    il    lias   lnoii    liolil  wantiil.     If  siuli  a   stifk  oaii  lif  saiil  ta 

llint  a  nuuilioli'  at  tlio  siili'  of  a  r.iilway  Ki'  part  of  tlio  works  or  iiiarliiiii'iy,  tlii' 

in   a   mini',   so   olislrinlc.il    witli    riililiisli  ilifrnilanl's  iluty  to  tlir  ilnri-iij  iIhI  not 

tli'it   a   iiiinrr   is   nnalili-  to   iwi.   il    a-,   a  iripiin-    it    to   soc   that    ho   lallnl    for   a 

rifii;,'i>    wlii'n    cars    an.    approailiin^'    is  propor  one.     It   was  inoii^'h  that    it    liail 

a  "ili'fict   in  tlifi  ways.'      I'lrris  v.  I'oir-  propir  onos  within  lonvmii.nt  ri'iicli." 

:h-:,hrnlh    il.S!l7\    '24    Sr.    Si-ss,    Cas     4l!i  ( hir  of  a    nnmUir  of  chaiiii  fi!nii-.!ii'il 


(il.l 


lit 
for  iisi'  as  riipiii 


1  isfiiii 

Hi 


1  :ii 

i!  ■ 

:    ! 

m 

.ii;iii 


.1 


ri.;;arili.il.  whrii   it 


'There    can    1m'    no    rirovorj'    for    tlio    is   appliwl   to  Ihr   piuposo   lor   ttliicb   it 


Jimj 


AtAISIKK    AND   HKKVAM'. 


I'  M  M".  k.wm 


1:m  i 


mm 


676.  Defects  in  temporary  appliaiicei  constructed  by  the  lervanti 
ihemselvM  not  dcrraed  to  be  chargeable  to  the  employer. —  A  -|h  ci.il .,, 

l>li(Miiip|i   (if   tlic   |ii'inci|<l(>  cMMiiplilictl    in   tlic   |iiii'iiiiiijj   ii,„,   j. 

tlic  iloi'iiini'  ciit'i.rci'.l  ill  si'Vcrnl  .\nicriciiii  ciiifM,  riiaf  ilipr<'  ciin  !«■  i,.. 
rcrdvcrv  iMhlcr  iliis  prDviMon  ot'  the  xiiitiit<'.  wlicrc  tlip  iiijiirv  vvn,  tin 
ilirirt  n-iili  -.1  tlic  ncprli.ii.iit  luMiiiior  in  wliidi  tiic  -crvniits  tlii'invK. , 
(•oiistnictci!  it   i(iii[)(ir;irv  iipiiliuncc  from  inii  i|iiiifi'  ami  siiitiil'lc  th.i 
icriiils  fiirtii-iicil  hy  tlii'  ina-it«>r.'      Tlii-*  rule  is  tlio  coniitcrpiirr  ..f  il, 
cliicti'iTic  wlijcli.  ill  (■iiiiiiiiiiti-liiw  nctinns,  prrvi'iits  rt'(  uvrrv  iimlrr  -iim 
Inr   circnm.xtaii.M.:  ( sco   i-haptcr  .\xx.,  snlitillc  (',  imfi),  an<l    i-i  snl 
jcct  to  tiic  .xaiiic  <]'Mliricatii>ii  a«  that  (idctrinc,  viz..  fliat  it  <1(ms  n 
protect  the  iiiifter,  if  flip  (jefccfivo  appliance  vva»  on"  wliidi  he  wn- 

wiis    (li.<ij{iiiMl.    a»    a    i«Tiiiiiiii'iit    iinlru      ({ii/nitld/i  v.   liarii'inl    (lmi7)    |(W   M.,„ 

nii-iilalily.   and    mil    nnr  of  IIhmc   small    •J'Jtl,  40  V.  F,.  70;i. 

thiii(."<  wliich  ;.'ii  tliii.ii^')i  II  i'a|ii(l  ooiirsc        A  t<iM|>i>i.iry  Miicinc  Ii-"'>1  li.v  |,.iiiii..|. 

«(   ttcariiit:  dill    ami    ri'|il.ircim'iit.   n«   to    in    i>iiiiiliii«    iho    wall*    iif    a    l.iin.liiii. 

wliicli  the  iiilc  is  that    it    may  1mi  left   to    AdnsLin    v.    Uilhirt     (I8IM1)     lli:i    M.i- 

llii'   |iiil;;mciil   of  tin-  Hnrkmcii  wlicn  nm?    U.'l,  4:i  N.  K.  IdU. 

iif  tli.-m  is  to  lie  (li-iarc'iil,     TIip  mal,inH        'riie    mastir  cannot    }te  lidd    liull,.  n. 

of  u  link  fur  such  a  chain.  thiTcforc,  !•<    for    a    ili'fcrt,    whcic    a     ^catfnlil    fall-. 

not  ono  of   iliiis..    niiTcly    transilor>-   nd-    owin^j  l.i  ihi-  fact  that  a  liarri-l  hy  wl.iili 

juttniciits  whicli  tlic  master  is  under  no    it    was  sii|i|ioil|.(l  was  placxl  ii|i<iii  siim. 

personal  oldi^Mliim  to  see  curcfully  |ier-    iiiMilsh    of   an    accidental    m    !ciii|„.rir\ 

formed.      Ilnsl.,!!    v.    f'.ipr    Ann    .l«c/i<.r    cliaia.ler.  on  t  he  floor  of  the  i  num  ulicir 

UoW.-.v    (I'HII)    17.S   .Mass.  48.'),  .W  N'.   K.    the  plainliir  was  at   H.uk.     0'r„„,„„-  > 

'"•'-  \i(il    (imil)     \y.\   Mass.    281.   iJii    \    F 

'The  action   has   iMi'n   held  not   main     S.')7. 
'ainalile   where   the  caii-e  of  the   injury        The    etn|>loyers'    lialiilily    for    injiitii- 

was  oii.i  of  the  followini;  a|i|.lianc<>»:  siist.iin.il   liy   the  «ivin;:   Hay   of  a    (uit 

Two  ladders  selected  liy  em|>loyees  nf  a  sta;.'in;;  is  not  estalilish..,!  u!i.|v 
from  a  supjily  furnislicd  hy  tin- i'm|.loycr.  the  evidi-iwe  di>es  not  tend  to  sh"»  tlui 
and  fastened  to;.'i>llicr  for  use  ill  luiniin;.'  Ilicy  finiiishiMJ  the  sla;;iiij;  as  a  rniii 
a  huildijic.  _1/rA.,vv.  Ihiml  (|h;i7i    IiW    |.lci.Ml    siructiire.   or   that    tliev   ,i-iiiii.,l 

.Mads.  270.  47  \.  !■:.  104.      Th rtsaid;    lo   exercise   ,inv    eontrid    ci    su|"  r\  i-imi 

••Kroiii  the  dcscripiion  of  the  ladder  as  to  how  it  sjiould  b<'  hiillt  oi  kcjit  or 
which  liroke.  it  is  dilliciilt  to  ser>  from  ada|>ted  for  woik.  or  that  tl.ey  failcl  t.i 
the  evidence  that  I  he  ilel'ciidant  was  nc;;      furnish   a   siillieient   qiiaiititv  I'lt  siiji.ilpl, 

li^"i'nt    in    keepin<;    it    anions    his    lot    of    materials,  or  that  thev  eiii|ili>vcd  ii 

holders  and  in  |i<'riiiittin'j  it  to  l«>  used;    [Ktenl    w.irknieii.  hut  diKs  shoH   thai  tin- 
and   if  the  sole  n.-liyciHc   \\a-  thai    i  he    staying'  in  usi-  in   the  hiiildjn!;  had  hii'i, 
hutdern   were   fastened   to;.'ether  and    iiii      in    the  c.ire  of   the   workiiieii    Ihcin-cK.- 
projierly   placed  ajrainst   the   house,  that    for  several   nionlhs.      Itinihi  v.    \.,r,  ir..* 
was  the  fault  of  the  plaintilT  and  his  fel-     ( ISO!))    172  Mass.  3.11.  ."i2  N.  K.  .'i^s, 
low  workman,  and  it  was  known  to  and         the  t'ravamen  of  a   declaraticii   -hm 
appreciated  hy  the  plainlitr  at  the  time,    iiifr    that    the    plainliir.    a    joiinicviii^ii. 
A  ladder  may  be  a  sound  liylit  ladder  of    painter,  was  injure<I  owinj,'  »o  the  iic;;h 
suHicient    streiif.'lh   to  lie   ii-cil    hy    its«df,    fence  of   another    painter    in    failing:  I" 
Imt  not  suitable  to  he  made  the  biitt  of    fasten   projierlv   his  end  of  the  li;iii;.iiij 
two  ladders  fastened  tof.'cllier."  scafloH  on  which  thev  were  workini;.  i- 

A  tem|)orar>-   slajrinf:   put    up  for  the    the    neftligence   of    a  "f(dlow    s.rvant    in 
piir|>ON4>  of  erecting  a  luiildinR.     niirtut   hnndlinj;    or    usinp    an    appliame.    an-'- 
v.   Wanhhurn    (18!t4)    100  Mass.  457.  36    therefore    no  cause  of  action    iiii.h  r  tl 
N'.    E.    l!t!l.  statute     is     nUefred.       Ash!,ii     v      A'" 

.\  temporary  sta^inff  put  up  by  work-     il8S8)    1(7  Mas's.  573,  1   L.  U.  A.  J.'iV 
men  theinstdveb  who  aiu  slating  a  roof.    18  X.  E.  41U. 


t  tt"l 


i.Mn.i>M;i!s  i.i.Miii.m  .\t  i- 
'i 


'■IM 


|i,,iiii(|  til  tiiiii-li  ill  .1  rtiiii  'ill  niiMliiiiin.'''  r'r.iiii  l!n'  im-i'  litnl  it 
uiMilil  ii|i|ii'ji'  ili.'ii  liii  «i  i'\,iiii  liii!*  the  liiii'ili'ii  iif  |ir>>viii^  ilii'  i'\i-ii'tit'i' 
(if  siirli  lit)  (ililinatiiiii,  wliiiiiMT  the  ii|i|i|iiiiii'i  wii-  huc  wIiIcIi  wik  i>( 
iin  I'-sctitiiiliv  tciii|i<>rar_\  ii('.iTi|(ticiii,  aiiii  \va-  intciiilid  to  lie  n^nl 
..iil\  t'liptlii'  |iariiciihir  picfc  ..I'  worls  ilirii  in  |»i'o;;n --. 

Aii"tlnT  |Mw-il>l('  <|iialilicatii>n  i.f  \\u-  riilf  i-  iliai  llic  iiia-tcr  inif;!it 
111'  liil'l  r("*l><iiisi!)li'  it  the  t('Mi|mrai'\  a|>|>iiaiii-i'  \va>  oiir  nui.i  nii'icd  h\ 
;i  .ii|h'riiiti'tiiliii<;  <'iM|'lii\iM',  iitilr^"  it  -lioiilii  Ik'  IicM  tliut  |iri><>t' ut'  iii'^ 
liniiicc  nil  tlif  ]>art  ')t  sii('t|  cinplovi'i'  wmilil  nut  -ii-.tiiiii  an  iilli'jia 
linn  (if  iiijnrv  canscd  liv  a  "(Icfcct."  ami  liiat.  under  ilic  (■irciiiii-ti:iii'i'-i 
-Mii|i<  ^i-d,  till'  ('(iiii|daiiit  niii-^t  III'  li'i-i'd  mi  tlic  wuid^  <if  the  provision 
ill  till'  fnlldwin};  siili««  ciiDii  uf  tiic  ai-t.  In  tlic  ali-iiicc  "f  aiiv  direct  an 
;li(iritv  on  tlic  |(oiiif.  all  tli.?f  can  li"  -aid  is  tliat.  in  anv  ca-e  where  it 
Miiiv  lie  uncertain  wlieflier  ilie  niasiii'  cmii  Im'  lield  liaMe  siniply  on  tlie 
;:niiind  of  tlic  existence  of  a  det'i ct,  it  would  Ih'  well  to  iii'-erf  an  alter 
native  count  averrinj:  nef:li;;eiiei'  in  the  cxerci-e  of  ^ii|ierintendeiice. 

677.  Duty  of  servant  to  report  defects.— (/.  Sl'iluh.nj  niul  riiiinnoii- 
hiic  ilnilrniiw  ronii'iinii.--  In  a  ea-e  decided  a  tew  vears  alter  the 
|iii>-ai;e  of  tlic  Kniiii-li  act,  it  was  laid  down  li\'  Siiiith,  .1..  that  the 
ijefense  which  is  h.ised  upon  the  fact  that   llic  servant  failed  to  coni- 

irillliicate   his    know  lediic  of  the   df  feet    to    the   elliplover  or   his    I'epre- 

-(■iitati\('  is  a  new  one,  jjivon  l)v  the  >iatiite.'  .Vceoniitifr  to  {.onl  Wut- 
-(111,  uImi,  the  pnivisiiJii  now  under  disciisiidn  jints  the  eniplover  in  a 
iiini'e  faviir^iiile  iHi-iiii'iii  than  tiiat  which  he  iH'ciipied  in  'r  the  coin- 
iiiiiii  law.'-  'I'he  view  lit  ih.'il  (ii>tin^iiished  jiidi;,'  has  Im  adupied  liy 
llic  stipreiiie  coiiri  ut  l.'a'iada.''  A  similar  docirinc  seems  to  prevail 
ill  .\hdiama.^ 

'Sec    Iti'Khi    V.    Vitrrrofifi    (ISOO)     172        Ml'./,s^rv    /'o'.  1/    M«!l-2)    21    Can.  S 

\l,.-.  :ni,  ."!.'  \.  1;.  .'i2s.  ('.  ."isii.     It   i,  |ii.iii,i|.^  Mill  MMiisn  111  ill 

'Wihliii  \.  Il.itltitil  ilsstii  1,.  I!.  17  IkmIiici'  lien-  ;i  I,\v  niiiaik-.  ii»  tii  llir 
i,>  H.  I)i\.  \ti.  .'••'>  I..  .1  1,1.  II.  X.  S.  M'.i.'i,  ■.in-iilMilv  iiii-:ili-l'ii.  Inn  cliiiructcr  <if 
.'il   I..  ■]'.   \.  S.  :,.',-i.  .14   Week.   l!i'|>.   4.'i.").    till'  i'\|H..ilii>ii^  i.f  |ii'iiii-i|.li',  in  tliU  ruNc, 


'II  .r.  r. 

'SiH'    .Vmi//i    V.    Itahfr    [IHOll     A.    C.    willi    ri-lVr.-i 
:i--'.5.  (iO  I..  .1.  (,).    I!.   N.  S.   lis:i.  (l.-.   I,.  T.    uhirli    arc   *i  I    mit    in    iIh 

N.  s.  iiy 


HI'  III  i:i(' 


IMi'lc    |>lll  irill.ll  l\     ullrll    II     i<    rilll~illcrril 

■  loiial  liniliiii;-. 
•ciil.l.  Tlic 
■  I  the  ((Ui's 


.1.  r.  (ii;0.   10  Wick.   Rop.    .niwwcr-  of  tlic  iuiv  In  I'l 
'Ml.    where,    in    llic    chimm'    of    hi-    com     lions  |irii|i<iiiiiil..il  li\  the  Iri.il  luilirc  «itc 

1    to   llii-    clleel  :        ij,      rii.il    the    |.liiiiitiir 


!1U    nil    Mm 


ehl 


Ik 


iikcil: 


tllillk    the   (illjeet    ami    clleel    of    llic   enact-      llad    c |llMillccl    nf   the   ilefnl    to    Ihc   |).T 

neiii    i^  to  relieve  till'  ciii|iliivcr  of   lia      win   svlio  .i|i|H.aieil   to  lie  Ihc  |>ro|M'r  |)»'r 


i'ilitv  fur   injuries  oce  i-ioiieil  liv  ilcfect-<    son  to  n i\e  a 


uliiili    were    neillici 


eiilll|ilalllt 


Ml   to   liiiii    nor    (Icfcnihint    iliil    nil    ki 


ti.  hi 


dele 


ilown  to  the  time  wlieii     i.'ti    that    tin 


iilii 


irijiirv    wa-   iln 


.\t 


iininion    law    tiriii  who  was  liini.-eli' 


I  hat   till 

I.f    the    , I, .feet  ■ 
Ihe    ilefcllilalll 


lii~  iLfiiiiianre  woiilil  not  have  liarrcil  tlic    oii;:hl   to  liavp  lnvn  ei::iii/.anl   of  the  dc 


ll.al 

fniiii    defect. 


I  1  nil.  as  lie  \\  .1 


ii~  ii::ieliiiicrv  an 


mid  to  **i 
were  fro 


111 


1 

f.ir    llic   provision    it 


Ir 


•f  the    lir-l    of  ihi 


r  .1 


(iiidiii;.'s 
•lliil   of  the 


|ii'niti-s  in   famr  of  I  lie  eni|>loyer.' 


failiiif  of  the  -.  iv.iiil   I"  iii.iil\    the  ma 


:t;t 


M 


m 


1M4 


HAhTKR   AND   SKKV.VNT. 


Itll*!',    XXXVll 

Hut  with  nil  .lof..r.n.-,.  l„  f|,..s,   anfli-riti,...  if  s,,.,,.  .,,.,„  f,.  ,|.„!,. 
wiirtl,,.,-  il.,.  th.orv  tiMi.  i.r..i.M.,>,l,..i  i.  ,.„r,v..|.     TIht..  i.,  it,  \.  ,,„,. 
no  Knirli«l.  ,1..,..,,..,,  w|,i..|,  ;„  „.,„„  j^,,,,  ,j,.^,„  ,,,^  ,,,,,,,  ,,^^^^  ,^  _^  ^      ' 
kU„  I.un.s  of  a  .],.(•,, -t  is  |.,„n.i  ...  cun.municaU.  h\.  ki:..wl,..|...  ,„  hj 
|n.i....r.  a.Ml   -i...  I.Jh  ,.il.,r..  ...  irivr  .„..!.   information  ..on^rj.,;,,.,  ,, 
bri'M.'!,  of  a  .s,.,.,.,tic  .i.itv  whi.'l.  ..f  it...lf  i^  nw.iiL'l.  to  pr..v..,.t  ln>  n' 
coy.T.n;;  for  anv  injury  Nvl.i,.h  Uv  mav  .iur.aft.T  r.r-iv...  ..wi,,..  r„  ,1„ 
OA.st,.,,,..  of  tl.o  .|,.r.rt.      But  II,..  r,.a,„n  f..r  th-  la-k  ..f  .lir.-t  "in,,!  ,„• 
ity  on  flu.  point  is  .ulliciontlv  ..l>vi..,„.     J,,  „|i  .1.,.  ...>.•.  .|,M.i.|,.,|  „,„|..r 
cominouiaw  ,|o,..rin..s  „,.  to  tl„.  tin,.-  uhn,  Lord  \Vat,^..n  .(..liv.,-,  ,i  ,l,i 
opini..n.  tl...  .•nvun.>ian<M.s  w.-rc  n..,..>-arilv  such  a-  t.,    l.ri,,..    i|„,, 
wiflnn  fho  8..0,,..  of  ,1...  i.rin.M,.!,.  l.v  virtu.-  ..f  «l,i..|,  ,|„.  .r,v  „„'! 
action  was  abs..lul<.|v  l.arr...|  wlH.n,.v.r  it  ua.  .I,.,\vn  li,at  I,.-  «,  ,„  ,„ 
w<)ri<inK  with  a  full  a|.|.n.,.iali..n  of  a  risl<  n.^ulliufr  fr..„,  ,|,„  „,„„,•. 
nogl.M,.,.,',..     -ll,,.  natural  r...ulf  ua.  iliat.  aifhoi.^M,  tl...  f..ilu.v  „t  ,1„ 
sorvui.t  t..  r..,,..rt  or  .....oplain  ..f  a  ,1.  f.vt  was  nionli-.n.-.l  in  s.,,,,,.  .,f 

tor  ol   the  .Icfi'if    slioiiM    hnvp   l.i.i'ii    ri.     I.Ip    .pp  ll,,m.  „     u,.,i 

p.r,lMl    ,..   a   m.,...rial    .,,...„i„„    in    .1,..    \t..      If    I       •,,    21  .       ''/T  ' 

ev.,l,w«  «n»  ,nM.mri,.„t  l„  warrant  tl...  g.    11.    N    s     14     r,"  \\  Jl     .•  .      i -i    - 

<..n..h.s,on   ..rriv.,1   ,.t   l.y  tl.o   jary,   n..r  Bo«f    4    S     OTfi;      '^.   t    v''ll  Z,  ',  ' 

that  th,,  m,t>f..at.on  «a.  i„a.l..q„ato  to  (IH.-.l,    l   Ma,.,.  HI    C,    ris.  /• 

char...  tl,,.   ma.t.T  «,th   ki,..«  U,|.m..   f„r  v.  .s„„//,    ,ls.-,7,"       uri    '  i    V     ■      '; 

.■v..n  if  we  ass„„„.  that  tl...  tir«t  lin.linu  i.,,,  as  no  ,.,  '  f  th,.  f  , 'l""!'  '"'"' 
.,.aM   n.,t   ho  tr..at..,l   as   „n   ol.. „t    (;.    ally  !;.:„  "^I^;;  t;"  I  !'':;. t    ",': 

«till  n.,„air,s  the  .lifli..„|,y  that  th..     ,.^   *  '    .^':i      '.ia^;;  ,:'',,'""    " 

u  so  .1...  .rH  that  tl.is  „K.na,in.  ..arlnor    fail„n:\'"^;v.!"  ^  ''\     '■.^f;.;,:;;' [ 

.■q.i.val..„t    to  tho   fl.>t    nn.lintr.  is  i„,|is-    in'M.  .I,.f,,     o  \vMH  1 .     ■  '    ' 

J....ah  o   l../th  on  prin,.ipl,.  a,„l  au.h..rity.    '^::.t;'  t:""^  ^JT'^Z  XZ 

N      s.    S4...    ft    \\rok,     i;..,,.    7H,    wh.-ro    .l.v/.»„W/,  v.  «(„»„•/.,•(  lsi,;|  ,   •)  r    \  II 
HIa.kl.„.n.     .t..     ro.„a,U.I,     .l.ninj;    tl.o    701.   ;1.1    I      ,|    .,     li     \     S     is  i     -    i 
,.r-,„n...-t  ..f  r.,„M..-l,  that  an  all...,Mti„n    X    S    4.!7  '4  I     •■■    x    s    h-,'  '    '      " 

hf ,iol^.n".;!,?T:''il:"i/' "'"  ""r"  '-^   '''"'^  '-'^  ^^'^ '^ •-  '-••■  ■i—"- »'- 

■'  ..  ht  to  h,'  Ln  'l.v  pHK.f  that  ho  in  .U.,.i,linf;  that  a  i,„l,M„..„t  ...,■  ,!„■ 
that     00, ^li,;,;  ■"  ,'■*."""    '"    '''^''"'"f  ^''""'''  "■"   '"■  -'  •- f'T  '!"• 

.U,T;;;:  ;/■.:''; 7  ^'  "'v-.-l  '•>  his  .h..  s,.n.o  .,*  -ha.l  r...riv..,l  „,,.,..,, lira. 
M  .',  th  t  s...  lit  ""  ■■  "'"'■■"  "  "■'•  """  f'"'"  »'"'  ^-rvant."  This  i.  ,h,.  ,,„. 
IMa.,  that   Huoh    >jjnora.,.x.  wa«   e.xou.sa-    stn.Hion   put   u,K)n   tho  d.ri-i.m   i,>  the 


M"] 


the  i':!-" 


t.\ii'i.o\  !•.»{>  i,i.\mi.nv  ACTS. 


.*  tlii*  fact  wji'  iMM  r  In  .1 


t.-.| 


as  II  tiiiiliria 


1  (A, 


III 


loss 

til.' 


case,  tJii  iiiiiHti'r'x  ilcl'i'ii-i'  iM'iiijr  n";  iiilril  a»  (•■■m|il<ii'  witliMiii  .iii_\  n't 
ii'iiii'c  to  till-  »iM«-tii'ii  wliiilii  r  till'  >('r\aiit    liail    c'lmiiuinii-.itril    lii- 
kniiwlcii^i'.      In  iioiii'  iif  til)  f  ra-ri  was  the  cn  idcinial  sipnilicmcT  u|' 
tin-  •.(■rvaiitV  silciu'cciiii-ii|t  n'll  in  aiiv  oiIh  r  |".itit  ^t'  \  irw  than  a-  a  cir 
.■iiiii-laiK't'  l<n<lin)i  tn  slmw  lii-  ar.jiiii-ci'nt 

K. 


in  til 


iliiiii-,  — tlial  is 


tn  sav,  lis  II  circiitnsiiinci'  ciirfiilMiiMiniji  a  |in-iini|itiiiii,  alnai 


llv    III': 


itc,  that  llif  risks  in  (jin^ticm  lia<l  Imcii  ar<'i|i 


Siirli  U'iiiu  tin 


rati'  of  the  aiidioritifs,  tin'  mi'ic  fad  that  thr  cxiriiiiiT  nf  ti  <liitv  on 


Mlltli' 


t  faiilv  lie  iidilih    •! 


II'  a 


p  t 


.1 


Mtid  lcirilrii\inu  llial  Ihiff  was  >iicli 


M'fvanl's  part  t<i  nclifN   hi-  tna-Iir  ni  a  ih  li<'l  wa-  lu'vrr  allirini 


ii  ihitv.  Wliiii  sulijrct.  (I  to  till'  Ii-t  of  jr.'iiiral  ipi-iiifi|>li-',  the  currfct- 
iir«s  of  Lord  Wat-oii"-  thcorv  m.iiis  to  \n-  .  i|nall,v  di-|intald<-.  Jt  is 
iiii|io-sil)lc  to  adojtt  if  w  itln'iit  aci'i'iitiiii;  tin  >  ..lu  lii-iini.  that,  if  a  jitrv 
lias  ill  K  coimnoii  law  aciion  found  that  ihf  s,.|\;iiit  was  guilty  of  coii- 

tril'titorv  in'filij;<'ii(c  in  faiiin;''    to  L'ivo    imti f  the    didVct    which 

iaiis(sl  his  iiij;iry,  and  it  is  (dear  thai  iIh'  m fdji'i  w;;-  ha-cd  on  the  hy- 
,.ntliisis  that  thcrp  was  a  hiial  diiiv  inciiinlM'ni  i>ii  the  servant  to  <;i\c 
lliP  liotico,  11  ceurt  of  re\ieW  Wi'llld  he  euii-ll-ained  to  -.et  the  Verdict 
:,-ide.      Such  a  Jiropositioll   seem-  too  |pre|pi'-lel -  to  entellaill.      'i'lic 

ixtrcino  iiiiprohahiiity  of  micIi  a  verdict"-  e\eii  lieinjr  retnleied  may  he 
rcadilv  conceded;  Imt  tlii-  praciieal  r'nn-iderafion  is  iininalerial  in  u 
discussion  of  the  ahstract  pidiil  of  law  which  is  invi  Ived. 

The  ccnonil  effect  of  the  Anierican  deei-ions  in  this  conne<'tion  if 


Ji;;s.  iiim    tipon  cf    this    '.ell. 

-jis  ciicmiistiincc,   Uikrn    in    conncotion  *  Nc    Mi'hilr  rf  II.   It.   Co.  v.   Ilnlhom 

with   the   fiiithcr   <irriiiii-tMiic«'.   aln-ady  (1SS7i   SI  Ahi    Ki.'t.  4  So.  U(l. 

("iriiiiiMiirii  updii.  ihiit   iIh'  liiuiiii;;.^  ii-  m  '  i'<ii' i'\iOii(iIi'.  SI,!/,/!  \.  /.'iil-m  ('•lUn- 

III.'  poinplaint  iiiikIc  hy  the  vniint.  iiihl  ^«.s-  A",  ''a.    (l,S.'):li    H   K\ch.  Il.i.  :i  C.  L. 

the  maaliT's   (Risnt'ssioii  of   cuii^truclive  Ui'p.   l^'i,  -3  L.  J.  Kxch.  N.  is.  23. 


■i  I  ■  •« 


4 


ill: 


{!  i 


"**  MASTKH    AM)    si, l:\.\M.  [cum-    ^x^wl 

iiK-oiicluaivp  for  the  same  reason  as  flint  uliicli  has  l«...ii  imIvcii,  ,i  ,,. 
ill  coiiiiiiontiiig  on  the  Knglisli  cases,     'llic  failure  i..  ivpurt  a  ,|,  i,, 
IS  nsiially  treated  merely  as  a  cnmiilaiive -rMiMul  fur  .Jeii.viiin  i|„.  .,., 
vanl's  right,  of  recovery,  and  not  a>  the  lircMcli  of  a  speeilic  diiiv.'' 

Inasmneh  as  a  servant.  fre(]iientiy  finds  liiiii>e|f  relegated  lu  hU  c,..,. 
men  law  rights  owing  to  his  failure  to  give  due  notice  ihiH  ||„.  inj,,,. 
was  sustained,  or  Ut  bring  the  action  x.itliin  the  st,iitut,or\   i.eri..,!,'  ih, 
true  doctrine  on  this  siihject  is<fill  ji  .|ue>:iion  of  more  than  ih,  m,  lir.i 
interest  in  Knghind  and  her  colonies  where  it  has  not  yet  l.eeu  dd, , 
mined  how  far  the  df.ctrine  enunciated  in  ^Smilli  v.  Bal/cr'  mav,  wh, : 
the  (luestion  ari.ses,  lie  held  to  have  rnodiiied.  in  common  hiw  r;iM-, 
the  theory  of  the  older  decision.s.  that  the  servitnt.'s  acwptaiice  of  ;,  ,i-! 
IS  to  Im'  inferred,  as  matter  of  law.  from  his  eoutinuanco  of  w..i:,  wii;, 
a  km.wledge  of  its  existence.     See  ^  280,  atde.      In  MassaelniMii.  i- 
■^eeuis  to  l,<.  iunnaterial,  in  this  point  of  view,  whether  the  ;iriin|,  i 
hrought  :,r  common  law  or  under  the  statnt<",  as  the  Kugli>h  (|..c!niir 
that  the  servant's  assumption  of  risks  is  a  (piesii,.n  for  the  jury  uli,  i 
the  statute  is  relied  tipon  has  \ycen  definitely  repudiated  in  re.mt  ,|, 
(dsions.** 

6.  /VsvV  ,  -,/  a  /icnniil  iilio  fulls  to  rrport  a  drfrrf.^lu  an  :Mii,,.| 
hn.ught  under  a  statute  which  merely  declares  that,  the  servant  .mhh. 
recover  tinless  h<'  reports  the  defect,  it  i>  clear  that,  if  he  fails  i,.  muK. 
the  report,  aiid  goes  on  working  withoui  knowing  that  ilie  uki^m-  i- 
aware  of  the  defect,  he  cannot  re-over  for  any  injuries  which  ]„■  in.i\ 
thereafti'r  receive  hy  rea.son  of  its  existence."     The  doctrine  laid  .]..« „ 

'S<v,  for  .■xnmple.  the  langunf,-''  "s"-        "  Muhilr  ,1-  U.  II.  Co.  v    Ih^lhun,  ils,; 
in     HiiIIiiiii,,,-    if    (>.     /,'.     (■„.     V.     /(.,«.<//'  S4  .Ala.  l,i:i.  4  So.  14(1  (^^ll(•l.•tll.•.l,r,l.-. 
nS!.:l)    14..   y.   S.    3.tS,   .-17   L.   ed.   772.  kIv..,,  by  this  claus,.  „a>  ,1,..  ,il„  ,|  ,, .  ., 
I.J   Slip.   (  t.    1{,.|..   ftl4:    llimrih   v.    Trxnt  sprrial     one     jjivcn     hv     tin-     ,taiiii.. 
•f-   /'.   //.  Co.    (IH7!))     100  V.  S.  21.'}.  224.  Tlunmix  v.  lirHaiin,   (llioO)    IT,    \1;,    -'.Vl 
2.')  I,.  «!.  r.l2.  (il7;    MrQuivn  v.  Vintnil  2S  So.   707. 

Hn,,nh  I  ni.n,  /'.  I/.  Vo.  (1883)    30  Kan.         In  t'uhimhu^  £  W    It    r„    v    //..../.,./ 

out.     1      Tar.     13(1;     Pollirh     v.     S,llrr.'<  ilSSS)    8(i   .\la.  ."574.  ti  So    'm    Ih,    ,ii,,! 

'  '-"r'?l.^?  !'"■   ■^""-  ^^^-  ^  ■'*"•  ""■  "f  •'»•  -M^'I'^'Mia  act  was  thn^  ',.x|,l I 

.oo^'iTV  'V.^'-  •'-^'-  ""  ^'-  '^^  '^-  "■  ^''  '^^  '■■'"'"■  ""'stinf,'  law  xvas  mioih,...,    i„  f:,ll 

'f\,?'\^-7-    ^-   '^^   ^"''  ^-^  •'■    '■■   """•  "^""^    "f    ♦'"■    "tt^'i-Mn.-nt    of    in-ti,.,..   ,„ 

40    Wwk     Hop.    302.       It    is    sifiniii.-Mnl  (hat.  and  onlv  in  dial,  no  a<li„n  «a-  ;,l 

(hat  m  tills  case  U)r.l  Wal-on  was  piv-  lowcl    for   (he   np;.'li)j.-nc.>    of    a    ,-,rt;iiii 

pared  to  hold  that,  apart    from   tho  act  ilass  of  pprs<ins.     Tlic  statiitorv  pun 

of   1880.  the   plaintiirs   r.-iiiiMlv   \va>   not  was  to  char^'p  the  master  f,,r  Hif  i li 

neoeswarily  taken  awny  hy  the  mere  fact  ^',.nee  of  this  class  of  iM>r-(,ii-  in  iii-  ."ii. 

that,   in  the  knowled-re  of  the  risk  and  ploymeiit.    in    the    .same    ni.iniicr.    iii;.i,r 

after    remonstrance,     he    continued    to  lik«>  conditions,  and  to  the  sam,'  ,\t.iit 

"'"'I';,,    ,  „  iis    he   was    h«'ff,re   cliarvi'd    for    hi-  own 

OMnliy    V,    Snuth    Uonlnn    fln.iliqht  ne-.'lifrence.     or     that     of     siip,.ri,.i     ...i, 

f«;    'if'll    158  Mass.   1.3.-).  47   L.   I!.   .\.  ph>\ s.     Tn  the  eirectimtion  of  llii- pin 

IBl,    .32    N.    E,    1119:    Dfiriy.    v.    I'nrhr.i  po-...  it  hwanie  ncf.cs,:iiv  to  ••••  f'irt!.-r 

!,"^,S'^L'^'   *'"*''■  ^^^-  "*"   ''•   ^    •■^-   '""•    """"   »   ""■'""■  'I'-claintion'of  liaMlitv  f.  i 
01  N.  E.  20.     See  9  376,  ante.  the  ne>>ligeiMv  of  (he  fellow   .-cn.iiiN  vl 


KMI'I.OMCltS-  MAltll.lTV  At  IS. 


1087 


j  tiT:j 

ill  Sniilli  V.  linker,^"  is  prcsiiiniilil.v  not  aii|tlic:il>l<'  iiii.lcr  -;ii<-li  cirfUin 
«tniii't-.  tlii'iif;!'  fl»'  writer  i-  ii<>t  awarf  of  aiiv  tii-c  in  wliii'ii  tlic  poiiii 

li.|.  I II  ilisciiss('<l.     In  Ontario  an<l  IJritisli  Colmnbia  tlic  position  of 

ihi'  -crvaiit  is  more  favoraiilc,  tlic  Iciislaturc  liaviim  i'\i>nssly  enacted 
'liiii  the -ervaiit  is  not  (iciiarrcii  from  recovery  iiierdv  by  reason  of  liis 
iiiiviiii;  continued  tti  \vori<  with  i<no\viedgi'  of  the  risk.  In  view  of  the 
ixtniiK-  nidik(diliood  tiiat  any  jnry  will,  even  in  a  caM'  of  tliis  descrip- 
i|,,|.,  pioiioniict  the  risk  to  have  heen  assnnicd  by  the  plainlitV.  it  will 
l«.  iiiijiiirent  ''lat  the  |)ractical  cllect  of  this  provision  is  lo  render  al- 
iiioM  nnL'af.  '  the  ])rotcction  atlorded  to  the  master  by  the  dauso 
viiicli  makes  if  the  duty  of  tiie  servant  to  fjivc  nolici-. 

iJv  the  cxjnvss  v.'ords  of  the  statutes  a  servant  is  not  bound  to  pive 
iiitmiiiation  of  a  defect  wlierc  he  knows  that  it  has  already  been  dis- 
.uvcrcd  to  the  master." 

i\  I'osilioii  of  II  siiidiil  who  liiis  reported  a  ilefrtl.—'Vhc  rij;hts  of 
jctimi  ac(|nired  by  a  servant  who  didy  rejiorts  a  defect  in  compliance 
with  the  stainle,  and  thin  ij;oes  on  workinj;-,  depend  laiTiely  upon  the 
-i:jiiitic;uicc  altribnled  the  maxim.  \  olmti  hoii  /il  inJKriii.  \  fnll 
ili-ciissi..n  of  tlie  meaniiift  and  effect  of  ihi-  maNim  will  be  found  in 
chapter  XXi.,  ante:  but  it  is  necessary  to  state  in  the  present  connec 
limi  the  result  of  the  decisions,  in  so  far  as  they  lu.ve  a  direct  bearinj! 
iipmi  the  provision  now  under  review. 

In  an  oft-cite<i  case  Lord  Ksher  exjiressed  tlie  opinion  that  the  etfoct 
of  this  provision  was  that  the  servant  was  always  entitled  to  recover  if 
he  j;avo  information  of  the  defect.'-  I'.oweii.  !..  .1.,  did  not  refer 
specifically  to  this  pidiit.  but  the  theory  uimhi  which  he  and  Fry.  L.  .1.. 
pmcccded  in  jrivinii  jndLMin  iit  asrainst  the  plaintiff,  rl:..  tliat  the 
tiiaxim  was,  under  the  circninstances,  a  bar  to  llii'  action.  nece>siiril\ 
implies  a  disapproval  of  the  doctrine  that  the  riirht  of  re<'overy  be- 
cariip  absolnte  as  soon  as  the  servant  had  made  a  complaint  to  the 
proper  person. 

In  another  case  decided  in  the  same  year  Loi-d  Ksher  remarked  that 

tlic  |>liiintiir,  1111(1  to  },Mii'i(l  Hfpiinst  a  oon-  injury,   and.   not   twinK   iiw.irc   that   th» 

>lrii(liiui     of     lh;it     (Icclaialion     whioli  f:irt    was  nlrraily  known   to  tlio  inastrr. 

vioiiM  L'ivr  tj  tlie  ciiiplovci's  riilrc^s  for  oi-    sonic    [wrsoii    sii|Hii(.r    in    aiitliority. 

till'  f:iiill  of  tlicir  oociii|iio_vi'«'s,  to  wliicli  failed  to  (■oiiiimiiiiralc  lii^  l<no«lcd(.'<'  to 

tlicv   Hoiilil    not    liavc   lii-cri   cntitli'd    for  tlic  employer  or  sii|iiTior  cinploycc' 

that   of  the  eiiiidover.  or  of  a   sii|«Mior  '"|IS!)|)    A.    (".    :!.'.">.    lid    I..    J.    Q.    It. 

«ervai\t  of  the  eoiiiinon  master.      To  this  .\.  S.   lis:i.  tl.">   I,.    T.    \.   S.    4117,  ,'i,",  .1.   I». 

(11(1— to  |ii|.*irve  to  the  master  the  same  lllltt.    I(»  Week.   I!ep.  .I'lJ. 

ilefense  against  tlio  neyliyeiiee  of  Ills  serv-  "  'iiiiiiiiin  \.  h'udoliih    (IS!I.")|   22  Ont. 

lint      IS  he  had  ajjain-t   the  eon-etpnni'es  A  pp.    Ivep.  2."il). 

of  his  own   carelessness     -ttie   le;^islntui'e  ^- 'I' In,  mil  i,    \.   (Juni  /•  rnininr    (  HS7  )    t... 

iliK'hire.l  that    he  shoiiiil    not    I.e  lialilc   if  i!.    IH  t.i.    li     Div .  iW.'.    i  p.   ilsil  i .  5(1  L.  .t. 

tlic   oon-pliiniii!.'   employee   knew    of   the  (}    li.    V.  S.  ntn.  ."iT   I.    T.   N'.  S.  537,  35 

ilefeet    or   nei;li);enee    which    caused    the  Week.    Hep.   ."i.">."i.   ."il    .1.    I',    alt!. 


^f! 


M 


1088 


MASTER    AND    SERVANT. 


[chap,  xxxvu 


.i,i,  li 


it  was  very  ditticult  to  give  a  sensiMo  construction  to  tho  provision. 
iiinl  oiiiiiciatcd  a  view  .-idinowl-^i  ditrcrcnt  from  tiiat  iiitiniafcd  in  thf 
earlier  case,  holdini^  tlie  meaning  of  llio  words  to  be  that,  if  tlio  ccr- 
vant  did  give  notice,  and  tlie  defect  was  not  remedied,  he  mifrht  re- 
cover iiiijr'ss  lie  was  l>n.iifiht  clearly  within  the  ma.xim."     The  plain- 
tiff's action  was  held  by  the  majority  of  the  court  to  l)e  maiiituiimlik 
and  the  fact  that  Fry,  L.  J.,  who  had  concurred  with  the  views  ,,f 
Bowcn,  I..  J.,  in  Thomr.s  v.  QiinrlrniKitiic.  agreed  in  tho  jiid^iini'nt 
and  that  he  did  not  give  any  intimation  tiiat  his  view.s  had  uiider^oni 
a  change  since  the  earliir  case  was  decided,  shows  that  he  did  not  in 
tend  to  go  to  the  l(>ngti!  of  holding  that  the  servant  had  done  evciv 
thing  tiiat  was  required  to  give  him  an  indefeasil)le  right  of  arti..i 
when  he  had  given  not  ice  of  tlie  defect.   The  subsequent  decision  of  ih, 
House  of  D)rds  in  Smilk  v.  Jial-rr^-*  also  falls  short  of  the  extrciiu 
theory  suggested  by  Lord  Esher  in  Thomas  v.  Qiinrlernmine,  as  it  ^im 

ply  decides  that  the  servant  does  not  forfeit  his  right  of  action  nwivlv 

because  he  goes  on  working  after  remonstrating  against  the  nuiriiiri 

in  which  the  nuister's  appliances  are  ust^d." 

In  .\labania  it  has  been  held  that,  in  order  to  fulfil  his  sraniinn 

duty  as  to  the  reporting  of  a  defi       a  servant  must  notify  eitlicr  tin 

master  himself  or  the  cmployi-e  v 

the  insfrtimentality  in  question 

sufficient  to  notify  a  superior 

function  '"    The  rule  is  ))ossil'l\ 

tario.  tliough  the  point  has  not  been  directly  raised  in  any  case  tli: 

has  conic  to  the  writer's  notice.*' 


s|>e<'ific  function  it  is  t«  see  tlnii 

I  in  proper  condition.     It  is  nut 

*  who  is  not  intrusted  with  tluit 

.0  favorable  to  the  servant  in  On 


"Yarmouth  v.  France  (ISST)  L.  R. 
19  Q.  1!.  Div.  047  (p.  fi.-,(i).  :,-,  L.  J. 
Q.  B.  X.  S.  7,  31)  WnV.  \W\<.  2S1. 

»[i8'.)ii  A.  c.  :!2ri,  CO  I,,  .r.  Q.  n. 

N.  S.  ti8:(.  r.fi  L.  T.  X.  S.  407,  .55  ,T.  P. 
fifiO,  40  Week.   Rop.  ."ill^. 

"Tlie  tostiniiiin-  (in  Ilio  rocdid  wns 
that  one  of  tlio  i>liuntitT's  fellow  woiUcrs 
had,  in  his  hearing',  comiilaincd  to  the 
foreman  of  the  dan;.'or  of  slinjiinn  stones 
over  their  lioads  with  the  crane,  and 
that  he  himself  had  told  the  oiane 
driver  that  this  was  not  safe,  lint  in 
the  various  opinions  delivered,  these 
facts  were  referred  to  merely  as  evi- 
dence tending  to  show  that  tlie  .sonant 
was  fully  aware  of  the  risks  he  was  run- 
nin;;.  Ilie  question  whether  the  serv- 
ant, liy  gi\  in"  notice  of  the  abnormal 


danger,  acquires  an  absolute  right  to  p- 
cover  damages  for  such  injuries  as  lif 
may  thereafter  sustain  froiii  the  exi«t 
enee  of  those  eondition.s.  was  nut  di- 
eusswl. 

'*  Thomas  V.  Jicllami/  (1000)   126  .Mr 
i-'o.l.  28  So.  707. 

"  In  Sim  V.  Dominion  I'ish  Cn.  (Iftilli 
2  Out.  L.  Rep.  ()!».  .\rmnur.  C.  .T.  O..  s;ii,i 
that  if  the  servant's  right  of  aitinn  hii'l 
de|x'nded  on  the  statute  it  Wdulii  liiHf 
l)een  necessary  to  send  the  case  to  a  iun 
in  order  to  determine  whether  a  mi|ii  riir 
employe*'  knew  of  the  defect, — a  nmark 
which  may  perhaps  be  const nieii  u«  an 
intimation  that  a  notifieatiun  t.i  any 
superior  employee  would  have  bocu  aUlTl 
cient. 


« 6:8) 


EMPI/)VK15S'  IJABILITY  ACTS. 


1089 


D.  Liability   fob   the   NKiii.i(;i;x(  k   of    kmi'i.oykks    kxkrcisino 

SI- J'Mtl  .N  1 1„\ DENCE. 

678.  Introductory. —  '1  lie  |)rc)vi-i(in  of  tlio  ci'iiiluyors'  Haliilit.v  acts 
uliicli  will  bo  discussed  in  this  siilititlc  is  that  which  jrivcs  a  servant 
i!ii'  riiriit  to  recuver  (hiiniiycs  lor  an  injurv  caused  "hy  reason  of  the 
negligence  of  any  per-on  in  the  service  of  the  employer  who  has 
any  superintendence  intrusted  to  liiin,  while  in  the  exercise  of  such 
Miperintcndence.''  On  ref^rrinj:-  to  the  text  of  these  stalutes  in  sub- 
title A,  supra,  it  will  be  found  thai  these  words  constitute  S  1,  subs. 
J,  of  the  original  English  act.  and  also  of  the  acts  in  force  in  .\ew- 
toundhuul,  New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  (^ueenslaiul,  South  Australia, 
New  Zealand,  and  Alabanut,  and  S  •',  sul)s.  i'  of  the  acts  of  Ontario, 
I'ritisli  (Columbia  and  .Manitoba. 

A  clause  of  the  same  teiKU-  is  found  in  the  acts  of  .Massachusetts, 
New  York,  and  Cidorado,  an  action  bein^'  declared  to  be  maintainable 
t'lf  an  injury  caused  "by  reason  of  ihe  nejilificnce  of  any  person  in  the 
-cniet  of  the  employer,  intrusted  with  and  exercising  superintend- 
ence, who.sc  sole  or  principal  duty  is  that  of  superintendence."  liy 
Mass.  Stat,  lb94,  chap.  4!»t»,  S  1.  the  fcdlowing  words  were  added  to 
this  clause;  "'or,  in  the  absence  of  sucn  superintendent,  of  any  person 
aotinj;  as  superintendent  with  the  authority  or  consent  of  ,-ucli  em- 
liloyer."  Tlie  recently  emicted  New  Y<u-k  act  also  embraces  this  pro 
vision. 

The  Indiana  act,  which  in  other  respects  follows  the  En.irlish  one 
very  closely,  contains  no  provisictn  e.\pre-sly  relating  to  superintend- 
ing employees. 

liy  S  s  of  the  luiiilish  and  .Vewfonmlland  acts  it  is  declared  that 
the  expression,  "person  who  has  superintendence  intruste<l  t<.  him," 
means  "a  person  whose  sole  or  jiriucipal  duly  is  that  of  -uperiniend- 
iMoe,  and  who  is  not  ordinarily  eni:ai;ed  in  manual  labor."  The  cor- 
n>ponding  provision  in  the  acts  of  Ontario.  IJritish  ("<dumbia,  and 
Manitoba  is  §  2,  subs.  ],  and  runs  as  follows:  •••Superintendence' 
diall  be  construed  as  meaninii  such  f;ciieral  superintendence  over 
workmen  as  is  exercised  by  a  foreman,  or  i)erson  in  a  liki'  position  to  a 
t'lrenum,  whether  the  person  exercising  su]ierintendenee  is  or  is  not 
iinliiiarily  engaged  in  nuinual  lalxir."  '{'here  is  no  supplementary  defi- 
iiiiinn  claii-e  in  thi'  acts  of  Alabaimi,  Massachusetts,  New  York,  and 
Ciilorado.  but  the  etlVct  <pf  the  main  |>rovision  in  the  two  latter  act-' 
IS  e\iiiei!tly  to  nive  the  servant  a  riylit  of  re<'overv  for  the  neirliireiice 
ot  agents  performing  functions  not  materially  ditferent  from  those 


IBM 


MASTKK    AND    SKRVAN'T. 


[chap.  XXSVIl 


<!onU'iii|>lntcfl  hv  till'  framcr,"  of  dtlicr  >it:itiitcs.  Sw  fiirtlicr  SS  'Mi 
♦JST),  itifra,  a.'  t<>  the  persons  who  are  drained  to  be  ''exercising  .superin 
tendenec"  witliin  ilie  ineaninj;-  of  eaeli  se<'lion  of  tlie  statutes. 

679.  Conditions  precedent  to  recovery ;  generally. —  In  order  to  n 
cover  under  the  proviHioiis  dechiriiig  eniplovers  to  be  liable  for  tin 
defaults  of  servants  e.xorcising  superintendence  tlie  phiintiff  nui-t  i- 
♦ablish  tliese  facts: 

(1)  That  tlie  servant  was  a  "superintendent"  within  the  riieanin- 
of  the  acl.s.  (2)  That  the  Met  which  was  tli*'  iniinediate  cause  of  ih. 
injury  was  neglij-ent.  (3)  That  the  act  was  done  in  the  e.xercise  ,.i 
the  controllint;  functions  of  ilic  :-up(  rintendent. 

These  evidential  prerequisites  to  the  maintenanc<"  of  the  action  wiV 
ho  discussed  seriatim  in  tlie  followinu  sections. 

680.  What  employees  are  superintendents  under  the  English,  New 

York,  Massachusetts,  and  Colorado  acts. — ,/.     (ieneral   rcmuds. Tin 

phraseology  employed  to  define  the  class  of  persons  for  whose  ne^.l, 
gence  the  master  is  responsible  is,  it  will  be  observed,  not  (piite  fin 
same  in  tliese  statutes.  They  all  define  a  "superintendent"  as  an  c;: 
ployee  whose  "sole  or  principal  duty  is  that  of  superintendence.'"  P.ii 
the  Massachusetts,  New  York,  and  Colorado  acts  omit  the  words  wliidi 
specitically  exclude  liability  for  the  negligence  of  an  employee  wli.i  i- 
"ordinarily  engaged  in  nuuiual  labour."  This  complementary  clan- 
seems  to  possess  little,  if  any,  real  significance,  and  to  be.  for  piMciiiM 
purposes  nothing  but  the  negative  expression  of  a  conception  uliich  i- 
adequately  defined  by  that  which  precedes  it.  In  view  of  the  u>iii'l 
system  upon  which  industrial  establishments  are  conducted,  it  iiwiv  K. 
regarded  as  a  necessary  implication  that  an  euiplovee  whose  prin('i]i;il 
iluty  is  that  of  superintendence  is  never  "ordinarily  (»in;:n:i'<i  in 
manual  labour."    .\nd  ihe  conveise  of  this  propnsitir)n  also  holiN. 

b.   Employees  held  to  be  vice  i>rhivipah. — That  the       ■•■liiri.nt  em 
ployee  was  "exercising  superintendence"  within  the  i  '  die- 

statutes  is  obviously  a  warrantalile  deduction  i•^Y  a  jurv,  whci.  «-r  tin 
evidence  indicates  that  the  authority  wielded  In  him  was  sullicimiK 
extensive  to  place  him  in  the  categiu-y  of  common-law  vice  i)riiiri|i:il- 
as  that  t^mi  was  imderstood  in  Kngland  before  the  judgment  ..f  ih 
House  of  Lfirds  in  Wilson  v.  Mcny}  abrogated  the  doctrine  tliMi  iiui- 
ters  are  liable  for  the  negligence  .f  managing  agents,  and  as  it  i-  -li!: 
understood  in  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  American  slates  which  stinid  nut 
side  the  list  of  those  in  which  the  doctrine  obtains  tliat  any  superiur 

■  iI86Si    1,.  W.   1   II.  I..  Sc.  Apn,  Cas. 
.•I2(i.  10  L.  T.  N.  S.  .-JO. 


5  t."") 


i:.\ii'i.(>m;i!n  i.iaiiii.itv  ac^s. 


vx>\ 


,  rxnnt  ro|ii(>iMit.>  iln>  niii'icr  in  -«.  far  a.s  '  <>  imiv  l»r  pprforniiiii;  ilii' 
:iii)'tii('i  (it  f^iviu'j,-  (inltT-.-  'I'lip  ;i[iplioabi!ifv  ,<f  ilicsc  pnivi-imis  to 
^.11  rtiiployoos  wlio  ari'  infnisfcd  \vit(«  the  full  control  of  the  wholn  of 
all  e^iiihli^liiiicnt,  or  one  oonsiucrablc  department  thereof,  has  never, 
:i  i«  liclicvfil,  lii^cn  (lisputed,  and  is  taken  for  grunted  in  several  <>t"  the 

,,-( ~  ill  which  ihc  actual  (jiicstioiis  di^cus^ed  wen-  whether  tin-  ac 

lii.li  cMiiM'd  the  iiijiirv  \va-<  ne,i;lii;eiit,  and,  if  so,  whether  the  iic^di 

-,u<-v  \\u^  in  the  exercise  of  .superintendence  or  in  the  perforinance 

■  i' -.>nie  either  hiiiction.'     See  >;S  •!■><>   '''>>>,  infni. 
\<  rci;iird-i  ilie  luwer  grades  of  emplovee-.  it  niav  he  -aid  that,  -n 

111-  ll^  any  j;eiiii'al  principle  can  Ik-  extiacii  d  from  the  decisions,  a 
ml  will  not  disturb  a  findinir  that  the  delinquent  emphnee  was  ex 

[■.•i-iii;:  supcrinicndeiice,  if  the  evidence  tends  to  show  that  he  was  in 

nil  iliarge  of  some  spccitic  piece  of  work,  and  invested  with  a  discn 

!.  nan-  power  to  dcicniiine  the  maimer  in  which  the  ajeneral  in-tnic 
•I .11^  of  the  eiiipliiyer  or  (d"  some  higher  otiicial  should  be  carrii'd  out.* 
m  <iich  cases  riie  inference  that  the  deserijitive  words  of  the  siatnti 

II'  .ippiiealile  is  sometimes  corrolHirated  by  specitic  tesiim.iny  which 
.  it(U  to  show  that  the  superior  -crv  unt  did  not  work,  and  was  not  e.\ 
:"(te(l  to  work,  with  his  hands.'  Hut  it  does  not  ajipear  that  the  ah 
-Mice  of  .such  testimony  is  of  itself  a  snth(!ient  reason  for  deriving  ihi 
I'hiuitifVs  rigiit  ;o  recover.     Compare  ■}  tJS'i.  infra. 

'A  coinplctp  n-vicw  of  tlic  oasi-s  -how  i-iico.       Miihiiniii  v.    Stir   Yurk  J    V.    A" 

iivj  tlif  i><)-ilioii  of  tlic   fourts  of    Kn-,'-  l{.  ft,.    ll,S!M)    ItiO  Muss.   ,573,  36  N.    )•: 

1  Mil.  UiK  lolonics,  ainl  tlif  I'nitcd  Sl.iti'-  .">88. 

.illi  rp-|iect  to  tlif   ii'i)ii-'fiitjitiv(-  diar-         .\   foreman   of  a  section   •i:\ni>  u|)oii   :\ 

i.lcr  of    rontrolliiiu   riii|>lo\f(s    will    In-  railroad,  not  nt  work  hiiiisilf.  Imt  l.Kik 

i"Uii(l  in  oliii|iicT   XXMII..  ante.  in;;  on  and  sccinfr  that  thi>  work  is  doni'. 

-  IV-^llmcnx    -liowiiijr   the   nets   of  one  ajid,  in   addition  to  the  jwi  fcirmance  ot 

liiL'ccI  to  111-  -iiiMTiiitcndoMt   of  dffi'nd-  other    fiiiictioiis,   {.'iviny    Wiirniiii;   of   tin- 

.lit-  fiiiindiT.  in  |iiitlirij;  jMrsons  out  of  approach   of  tniins   to  the  s<>ctron   men, 

'"•  -liiip.  and  what  he  -aid  while  doin;:  niay  !«■  pro|HTly  found  to  lie  a  viii-  prin 

■"    In    adiiii— ililc    as    tending    to    show  lipal.       Dm  is    v.    \rir    )'oili.    \.    //.    ,1 

1    lliii-  or  not   he  was  aclini;  as  sii|»<>r-  //.   A'.  Co.    llS!t3)    l.">!>  Mass.  532.  34  N. 

.      'Mhri-.        \lrr„h,     \.    Khirl'lt    (19001  K.   1070.  Distinsuishin;;  6A. /)ur,/  v,  «os 

•■'  ^1<--    4.is.  .-,(!  N.    K.  (i!i:».  i,„,  .(.   W.  W.  I'u.    iW.y.t)    15S  .Mass.   174. 

'A    -tcMiloif'-    l.iirnian    superintend-  .13    N'.    K.   fiOS.   when-    it   was  laid   down 

111.'  II  «iiIh|;\  i^ioTi  of  Ihe  work  of  unload-  in  un«|ii,ililied  terms  that  a  M.<ti<in  fore 

Mil!  .1  -hip  Tiiay  pio|MMly  lie  found  to  lie  man  i-  not   a  person  intrustcil  with  and 

I    vi.c    prinii|iHl.        W'rif/ht    v.     W'ollis  exerei-ini;  superintendence,  so  as  to  reii 

l^"<.'ii  t.'.  A.)   3   liiiie-  1,.  R.  779.  der  the  railroad  company  liable  for  jht 

Iviiliiiee   that   the    delinquent    was    a  -onal    injuries  to  a  .section  hand,  oici 

-iiiimi     fnn-niaii     who     had     imme<]iatp  -ioned  hv  neglijrence  in  rinininj;  a   hand 

I'lr^i-   iiiMJ    sii|ieriiilenilenie   of    a    lian;;  cai    on  which  the  ganj;  is  ridini: 
il  li\i-  iiiiii  eni.Mi;ed  ill  handliii'.'  ficivlu.        .\    siahle   foreman  was  assumed   to  ho 

III    that    it    wa-    his    duly    to    take    le  a  -U|ieriniendent,  in  VurmoMf/t  v. /'/(jHr  ■ 

'•■i|ils.  check    the    ficiyhl    into   llie  .ars.  I  iSST  ,    L.  R.  If)  Q.  B.  Div.  047,  57  1..  .1. 

'Ill    -ce    that    It    was    loaded    into    the  (}.  IV  \.  S.  7.  30  Week.  Rep.  281. 

'-'•'    ..n-     «.iiiaiil-    II    liniiin;;   that    his  >, ,..    for   example.    Mrl'hrr    v.    Sriilh, 

: ':Mri|i,il  duty   VMI-  lh.it  of  -iiiiirint.'iid  ilsii."..     |r,:i    M  ,-,.    2|(j,    ;iy    .\     K     lOU" 

Vol     II.    .\l     ,K    >H,  -  .       .      u    ,. 


ki£iii:y 


1»92 


MAf«TLh    AND    6£KV'.V.\r. 


[CHAI'    SXXWI 


m 

11 


I 

HI      i 


It  is  also  well  settled  that,  if  tlic  existence  oJ  tho  other  ploiurni- 
nf  liabilifv  is  made  out,  a  court  will  not  say,  aa  matter  of  law,  that  ili. 
plaintiflF  mn«t  fail  in  his  action  beoiiii-=e  tjie  negligent  employee  did  a 
certain  am<)>nit  of  manual  labor  in  connection  with,  tlie  work  which 
he  supervised.  'J'liat  fact  is  nut  conclusive  upon  tlie  question  whethci 
lu4  principal  duty  was  that  of  superinlcndenee."  See  also  §  CSS,  infra. 

The  fact  that  a  foreman  is  paid  higher  wages  than  tiie  ordinar\ 
laborers  is  a  eireumst^uice  to  bo  ron^^idered  in  eonnection  with  otlni- 


Mrbcre  tlif  i!rliii<iuent  was  the  foroman 
of  a  gang  of  men  cniiilojcd  on  a  piln 
lirivoi,  with  authority  to  eniphiy  and 
dismisa  men,  who  frequently  had  iliiirge 
of  tlie  work,  and  who  gave  all  the  direc- 
tions which  were  given  at  the  time  the 
injury  was  received. 

•  "If  you  have  a  person  wlio^e  »ole  or 
principal  duty  is  to  liuperintend  the 
work  of  others,  the  nia.><tpr  will  be  liable 
for  injuries  to  those  who  act  in  oluKli- 
ence  to  his  orders,  even  thoii;.'h  such  su- 
perintendent shouhl  liimself  casiinlly  ilo 
manual  labor."  Smith,  J.,  in  Krlliird 
V.  Kooke  (1887)  L.  U.  1!>  Q.  H.  Div.  r.s.-.. 
588. 

See  also  Vrnirlni  v.  (Uillinn  I  \S'M) 
185  Mass.  430.  43  N.  K.  19",  i.--upLrin- 
tendent  of  quarry  sometimes  helped  to 
attacli  the  dogs  by  meai.s  of  which 
heavy  stones  were  hoisted)  ;  Itrunold.i  v. 
ttariMid  (1897)  1G8  Mass.  2-2«,'4G  N.  E. 
703  (.superior  servant  here  was  a  fore- 
man of  slaters)  ;  McCabe  v.  Shielilfi 
(1900)  175  Mass  438,  50  N.  K.  (iilO 
(superior  servant  who  participated  in 
the  work,  and,  in  the  absence  of  the  em- 
ployer, gave  directions). 

It  is  error  to  nonsuit  a  ptaintiiT. 
where  the  evidence  is  that  no  em|»l<iyi'i' 
denominat(!d  a  "walking  supcrintciicli'nt 
or  foreman"  gave  the  negligent  order 
from  which  the  injury  resulted.  altlioii<;h 
it  was  also  provi^l  that  he  helivil  his 
sxibordinatcs  to  pi'iforni  the  work  to 
which  his  order  rel.itxxi.  The  jury  should 
be  asked  wlu'ther  he  was  one  of  thowe 
persons  who^e  duty  it  w.is  not  to  work 
himself,  but  to  see  that  others  work. 
Ray  V.  Malli8  il887:  (  .  A.)  .t1  -T.  P. 
519,  Aflimiinc  (lS8tl:  q.  I!.  D.)  .!  Time-, 
h.  K.  777. 

In  Prciidililc  V.  Coiiri' :  licut  I!!i-rr 
Mfg.  Co.  ( 18!>3)  100  Mass.  131,  3,-.  X.  E. 
«75,  it  appciired  that  a  staging  which 
fell  was  erected  in  the  yard  of  the  de- 
fendant's sawmill,  by  the  side  of  a  woixl 
pile,  for  the  purpose  of  cnaMiii;;  t'le 
workmen  to  pile  the  wood  higher.    Tlicre 


was  evidence  for  the  plaintiff  tliut  tin- 
staging  was  built  by  ('.,  who  wa>  in  tli. 

defendant's  employ,  assist«l  hy  a  i; 

l>er  of  the  piling  gang;  that  no  one  l:;h.- 
any  orders  la  this  gang  e.xeciil  ('.:  ili,i! 
he  was  the  foreman  of  the  gang:  that  In' 
sometimes  wx)rked  with  his  h»nil>;  Imi 
worked  when  he  pleased,  and  did  whit 
ever  work  he  pleased;  that  wlien  he  h,!-- 
working  he  was  overseeing  the  men  unl 
giving  them  dirwiious;  thai  he  plan  i 
the  men  at  work  whenever  he  »:u\  \'.\ 
and  that  he  hired  workmen  al  dilliMii' 
times,  U[ion  their  application  to  him  for 

work.      Two  of  the  defi>nd,int\  wit  in 

testified  that  C.  had  gi'iieral  autliunti 
over  the  gang  of  workmen.  Hold,  tlia! 
the  jury  would  l)e  warriinted  in  fiiiJirii; 
that  C.'s  principal  duty  w.m  thm  m 
superintendence. 

Whether  A.,  employed  by  the  defcnil 
ant  as  foreman  of  its  yard  but  who  a' 
times  worked  with  hi>  own  hand-,  i- 
one  whose  "princip;il  duty  is  tlnit  el 
sui>erintendcnee,"  is  a  qne-iion  for  tin 
jurj-,  whore  the  plaint ilF  hm-  injiip.! 
by  the  falling  upon  him  of  n  l.irue  iroi, 
pUMip  which,  loadixl  u|)ou  a  trmk.  1,. 
with  others  was  moving  from  one  pl.i' 
to  another  in  the  defendant's  work-^.  ii. 
aceoi dance  wi(h  .\.'m  directions.  »;•'. 
vrclx  V.  Prnn  Slrnin  I'limp  I'n.  {ISW. 
1(1.')  Ma.ss.  2n2.  43  X.  E.  8.5. 

The  tcstiliiony  of  an  eniployee  that  i' 
took  inost  of  his  time  telliiii;  the  "'li"i 
enijiloyees  what  to  do  and  v'^i"-  ''"'■' 
their  work,  and  that  during  the  uimlc 
day  he  kept  run  of  the  nieii.  ;ind  k')i' 
them  at  work,  and  told  them  what  tod" 
and  what  not  to  do,  jii>titles  a  tiinlin;; 
hy  the  jury  that  his  principal  duly  'vj« 
tliat  of  superintendence,  notwitli-iand 
ing  his  later  testimony  that  he  \vnrk«l 
jliout  three  quarters  of  the  time  witli 
his  own  hands,  and  that  d  ;iiii  th.ii 
time  he  was  bossing  the  men  llirju  v 
Ilnch-porf  flraiiite  Co.  (IS'.tS)  171  Musi 
102,  50  N.  E.   '25. 


■r^-^ 


i  tJBOl 


KMI'lU^hl!^    l.lAUll.in     \(   1 


.n-i(]cncc  upou  the  ,|iic^tii.M  wlictlii  I  his  ,<,,Ip  ,.r  )iriiuip.ii  fliiiv  i.-  rjiut 
if  RuperintPTxlnifp.' 

e.  Eniployi'.it  f,,,-  ,rl,t,sr  nrrjln-irncr  Ihr  wnsirr  iv  ,,„>  hnhh\  Tlir 
I'ourts  have  taken  tlip  pK-iitinn  lliiif  -oiiK'fliiiiKin.up  tlmn  iIm  nifrccxcr 
■  isp  of  control  i«  nfcc-^.u-v  to  r-nnstituti'  nii  c.|iii.l..\,.,'  ;i  -.uiMiiiifiMnliMii 
vitliin  the  stamic.  Uii-;  i.rnvision.  in  hiIum-  \v..nls.  i-  W'\  i-.,ii«tnuMl 
MS  boing  (JccliiriiiMi-v  of  ilic  'N  .|iii-ii,r  <ctv.nir'  iloclrinc.  wliidi  pre 

vail>.  uiider  tlif  foniim.ii   li'w,  in    - jiiii-ilictions.     Sec    rlmp:    r 

\xvni.,  ■suliiitlc  D.,  aiilv.  Tlii<  .oiii-.-piion  of  tlio  nicaiiiu,;;  of  ilif 
-tattite  i>i  (lonl>ilo->  wiirnintfil  liv  ilic  i;ict  iluit  cii-r.-  of  tlio  m.iv  imm- 
■•ise  of  foiitrol  have  lir-fn  pi'i>\  iilcd  tor  Ii\  ijio  ^iifcfcdiiijr  ^nii^c  i-;l,,ii  of 
■he -statute.  Hiit  it  scfiiis  lo  ho  I'nirlv  ..t>ori  to  ijuo-ijon  wIliIkt  ,oni»' 
nf  the  doci<ions  fitoil  l.clov  Imvo  i,ot  cou^inied  thr  far-t-  \\\\\\  mikIiic 
rigor  to  th"  pl;'inliir~  di<.td\  .■iiilaiio.  'i  |io  ro^uli  of  tho  view  tlills 
Mkcn  i-i  tliai  tlio  nia-ror  i-  not  n -pon-iiilc  for  llic  no^li:;.  tjcc  of  an 
.•mplovfo  wlio  lial)iiiially  p;iiricipatr'-  in  ilio  work  ilono  \w  hi-  subor- 
'iiii.itf'-'.  and  wlio^.'  .iniu<'iit_y  ovt-r  ilioni  is  liiniii  ,1  to  ijiviii;;  dirccrion> 
in  respect  to  tliat  work.* 


'O'llrien  v.  l.-^ok  (ISiiS.  171  \).,-, 
M.  30  N.  K.  4,>S.  wlieiv  I  In-  xTViiiit  «m- 
illoHCil  lo  tii'oM'i'  it|i<jn  fvii|(?nc('  sti(\\ 
iiij!  tliiit  tlio  d('liiii|ni'nt,  Ix'-i.li'-  irc'iv 
iiij.'  hiylior  wa;;i'~.  ••iiiplnycd  luiil  ili- 
■  luir'.;ii|  inin.  .ind  tlin)  In-  liail  >cvriilii  ii 
"f  fii.'lili'cii  mill  working  uiidcr  liim  ^niA 

-iil)i(Mt  lo  his  nrilor<  ii«  lo  tlio  time  cil  111, it  f;ii'l  hh  l»:iiiiiL'  ii[")ii  t"li<Vnii.'"li(ln 
;K".'liiiiiii';  and  (|iiiltin-  work,  .ind  ii-  to  Hliclhcr  the  uiti;i"'>  |)iiiici|wl  iluty  \\;t^ 
Oil-  iiutniier  of    it-    ixiIoipkuhv.  iI,ji    ,,f  <ii|.,.|  i,ii,.|„I,., |,|,t    iii,.^:,,!..';^ 

'It  li.is  been  licld  tliiil    no  intion  ran    .|iic'sti,,n  lor  Ih,'  jiiiv.  altlioirdi  tlm  la,  t 
I*  niaiii'aincJ  for  the  ii(>glij;fMc>  nf  iho    if  jiro\,d.  i  ikr-  ihc'.as,.  <,tii  7>f  thp  -tat 


-.one  work  a-  llii>  oihcr  men  on  the  joli 
■■'hinL.-it  V.  <;■/',.,(  I180U)  ir.j  .\fa-. 
il.!.   4:!   X.    i:,    I  "III. 

I'lic  tf.-tiiiioiiy  of  the  Ion  man  of  ffixia; 
|f  -lal.r-.  .•illi.l  l,y  Ih,-  riiiployfr.  that 
II"  "oiki-d  Willi  M^  liaiicis  iiiii(»  IcnUis 
'i    I  hi'    till;!',    i-    Hot     iiiiiilusivi'    as    to 


iiillowiny  ein|)Ioyros: 


llowinH  ein|)loyros:  nt,..       i:,  n::,.l,ls  \.   H,n„i,r<i    (1897)    liW 

A  workman  who  wa-  Iwdnj;  as-i-lid  liv    Mas-    I'Jli.  4i;  N'.  \',  711.1. 


iniithpr  in  the  sitnple  operation  of  uii 

luadiiif;  a    cart.       Mliiiniih    v.    tin//,.  ;■ 

1H85;  Q.  B.  D.)   78  I,.  T.  .loiini.  ;i;t|. 

A  man  ordinarily  en(;a;.'td   in   iii.iiniil 

l.ilior.  aItlioiii;h  he  in  fart  .-ii|>iriiii.iidi  .1 


Kv  iihiiii-  (liMl  a  |i<i-nii  cinidoviil  liv 
iiollii'r  as  .-nil.  rihli'iiiji-iit  of  the  Ma-tin^ 
'1  a  lidm-  of  iiH'k  hy  iiH-aii-  nf  d^  naniit,- 
\|>lod.  d     ill     drill     hoi.-*     hy    eli'iiiiiii  V 

rkiil    ui,h    hi.;   o^vn    hand-    in   allnid 


lii<  fflliHv  workmen  ns  a  "-aMvir"  01  iii.^'  to  the  lire  iiiider  tlie  .'^teaiii  l.ml.i 
••i'nnf!  foreman."  Hull  v,  ,\.„7/i  /.-..v/  in  -liarpiniiiy  all  tin-  looU  n-ed  l.\  the 
•■r.i  R.  Co.  (188,j:  Q.  I.  I),i  1  Tina-  "oiktneii.  in  char-in- tin- di  ill  hoi,.'-  and 
L.  R.  ;i:,!)  (new  trial  onl,  d  to  del.i  in  eliarinc  tliem  out.  ami  in  otl„M  ael- 
inine  whether  an  einployej'  in  eliarpc  .if  ..f  maiuial  laUor.  wliich  o.'cupied  tin- 
a  body  of  men  cnoraged  in  Iw.dinf;  car*  iii.i-l  ,if  his  tim,-.  will  nut  warrant  a 
vas  a  superintend.'nt  or  ordinarily  en  limliiiy  that  hi-  •  priiiiipal  dutv  i^  that 
slrtfTPd  in  manual  laborl.  of  -ii,,rrint(iidem,.-      O.V,;/  v."  07,r„, ,, 

A    frreninn    who    workeil    "at    ^'eltinf;    (ISIi,"ii    li!4  Ma.-s.  .3S7.  41   X.  K.  tilii. 
out    hanUr   and    pilinj;    it    up.    uml    in        In    CiisIidhiii    v.    r/,nv,      imO'i'K.i; 
"'^r,""-,    ""i?-"       ^''^"''"    ''■■    i''i<l-"iit    M.i-s.    .-ilJ.   31    X.    K.    4.    Ilie    ,leU,i,,,„.„t 
1I8.U1    U,i    Ma.ss.    ro,    31)    X.    K.    7!i'.'   -niployre  was  the  en^-ine<M- of  the  engine 
iplamtitT  was  a  common  laborer  put  to    !i\-    im-ar.s    of    whi.-h     ;     !-.i-!i».>    ■,.,..., 
work  at  a  saw)  ralii.«.    used    for    transferrin-  "a    ship - 

une  employed  as  a  eoiniiion   painter,    lai-o  to  a  lighter,  was  oper.ited.      Hi- 
reveiving  the   same   pay    and   doing   the    -tation  wa*  on  t!ie  lighter,  and  the  hold 


■1  !:'1f^ 


IIKU 


MA^IKK    WD    SCHVWr. 


[ciiAr 


■  i' 

■  ■ 

..  ! 

681.  —  under  th*  Alabama  »ct.—  As  t.ln>  mastir  i^  !>>•  tliis  tf<-i  ihh.I' 
liablfi  for  tlip  npplijtrncenf  cm|)li\v«v«t  who  hnvp  "any  snprrintrni1f>n.'. 
intniPtod  \o  thom,"  and  tlicir  very  gfiinnil  words  nr«  not  quiiliti<'(l  b\ 
liny  limiting  or  I'xplaiiafory  Pxpn's*iotis.  the  inffronce  would  •*f<'iii  tr. 
Itp  that  the  Irgi-'luturp  intondml  to  create  a  larger  class  of  vice  prim  i 
pals  than  that  \vhi<-h  i«  (•(instiliitcd  by  the  acts  coninicntcd  iijxm  in  ih. 
last  section,      lint  how  mnch  wider  the  rcspnnsihility  of  tiie  nKi-ir; 

really  is  cuiuiot  Im-  dcirriiiiiied  with  any  degree  of  precision  tr tit. 

i|e<'isions.  as  they  «iand.  Thr-  <in]y  ciisc  in  which  it  seems  iiiipip--il.li' 
to  avoid  the  coneju-ion  that  the  result  would  have  Im-^ii  different  il  iln 
action  had  been  bronghl  under  the  acts  just  mentioned  is  one  in  wliiij, 
it  was  held  that  a  railroad  company  must  answer  for  injurie-  t.i  ;, 
lirakeman  resulting  froiu  the  negligence  of  an  enginet>r  iu  ninniiig  rln 
rngine.'  Under  those  acts,  of  cour-ie,  an  action  may  be  niainiaiiin 
U'Y  »uch  an  injury,  if  the  declaration  is  based  on  the  sid>seiiiiiii  ex 
pressiy  declaring  engineers  to  Ik^  vice  j)rincipals.  lint  in  view  of  lii. 
dicisjous  cited  in  the  last  section,  by  wliich  the  nnister's  liability  fi.i 
the  negligi'iice  i(f  an  employee  operating  a  piece  i>f  nuK'hinery  !-•  d. 


4iiii«. 


tiiil'ili 

It     i 


III  'M : 

Mill- 


V  III 


I  i    ! 


i>(  tlif  vesHfl  was  out  iil' liis  »ij;ht.  Their 
were  four  iiicii  in  tlic  lioM  whose  work 
was  to  («>lliM't  the  l>uiiclli'<  nl'  lath^  into 
limps,  aiouixl  wliich  Iht'V  put  a  rope. 
\\  lii'ii  thf  fall  was  lowerrd  the  hook  was 
atiai'liiil  to  the  ro))e.  and  a  >i},nial  <;ivpn 
to  the  sta^einan,  who  Hifnialed  to  the 
eiiffineer  to  raise  or  lower  as  the  work 
in  tlie  hold  ii'<iuireil.  The  enf;in«vr  em- 
phfved  the  men  in  the  tirsi  insianre,  and 
set  them  at  work.  He  went  int<»  the 
hold  on  sj'Veral  oerasinns.  for  a  few 
nioMients  at  a  time,  ami  showe<l  them 
how  to  adjust  the  rope  around  the  hvm- 
dles  <if  laihs.  He  disehar^etl  and  eni- 
j>loyeil  men.  The  iinloadin;;  of  the  ves 
sel  took  two  or  thn>e  days,  and  the  men 
were  paid  l>v  the  defendant  in  person, 
who  was  there  s«'veral  times  for  a  little 
while  on  each  occasion.  The  enj,'inM'r 
did  no  manual  lalior.  except  the  running; 
of  the  engine.  '  I'lMin  the  facts."  said 
the  cfiurt.  '"it  mifjht.  lie  competent  to 
find  that  the  engineer  was  to  some  ex- 
tent a  superintendent.  The  employ 
ment  and  discharge  of  workmen,  setting 
them  at  work,  and  show  inj;  them  how  to 
do  work,  are  acts  consistent  with  snper- 
iiitendency.  Hut  lhes4-  acts  in  coiintv 
lion  with  the  evidence  that  his  station 
uas  on  the  lipliter.  and  his  work  there 
(lie  contJniKins  Inlmr  of  running  the  en 
>!ine  in  ac-cordani*  with  orders  trans 
uiitted   to  him   from   others,   show    that 


neither  his  soli'  nor  principal  duty  \>  i- 
that  of  sii|M-riiitenden<v." 

.\  findiii;:  that  a  direction  given  .is  ii 
the  dis|Misal  of  f,a«xls  was  an  act  of  su 
|ierintendence  is  not  warranted,  wlii-n- 
the  injured  servant  testifies  that  thr 
delinquent  used  to  jjive  orders  to  sjuih 
twelve  or  thirteen  |iersons  in  the  ri«iii. 
where  the  }{<K)ds  were,  but  suh-equcnih 
qualities  this  statement  hy  saying 
"When  anybo«ly  gave  what  1  call  orilfi- 
with  res|iect  to  the  laid  or  wei^iht.  it 
was  to  tell  where  the  loarl  was  tn  2<i 
and  that  was  all  there  wa-s  of  it."  Sut 
liin,,  V.  ThnriDtil.r  Co.  (I8i»0)  IT.'.  Ma<s 
41.  5.)  N.  K.  472  (holding  an  iiislnntioii 
til  l»'  corriM't  by  which  the  jury  «i-iv 
told  that,  if  the  delinquent  had  the  rijilii 
to  say  to  the  plauiliti'.  "Take  tlnw  I'lmj- 
iil>stairs."  and  it  was  the  duly  m  il..' 
injnip<l  servant  to  oIk'V  this  dirnii'ii 
that  wnuld  be  a  suix-rintenilcniv:  l.wi 
that,  if  the  delinquent  nienly  |M'inii-.. 
nut  where  the  j;imi|s  were  In  ;;".  t'n' 
wiiiilil  not  he  a  sn|H'rinteniU'ni'i'i . 

In  an  Kn-rlish  cas<-  it  was  laiil  'I""" 
by  Smith.  .1..  arittifnilo,  that  a  "i.'an!;i'i. 
the  foreman  of  a  ^an;;  of  lalmrcrs.  v»!i.> 
is  working  with  his  hands  all  the  ili' 
is  not  a  vice  principal."  A'c/Zi/n'  > 
Uoiike  iKSSTi  I..  H.  1!)  Q.  B.  Div  :<<<:• 
.■•ss 

'  l.oiiisrill,   J    V.  /?.  Co.  V.    M,.th-'h.,i 

.  is'i.i.  u:  .\ia.  jci  12  So.  :u. 


I  Ml  J 


K.MPi.ovKns    iiAiui.nv  .\(  rs, 


mnn 


iiicd  (acf  iii<M>  »),  it  i»  dithfull.  U>  draw  any  oilier  iiit'oii mr  tliiin  that 
this  nilints  imli''ate!*  a  reiil  ilift'cremv  l>of\vfH'ii  the  m'<>|..'  of  the  Ala 
iniina  rtti'l  of  the  other  ;kIi.  If  iiiu»i  Ih-  adiiiitipd.  howcvoi-,  that  tlir 
ii>al  scope  of  tlii".  case,  i-onsidi  ri'd  a-  oiif  wliirli  ili.i^trato!*  an  applica 
;i(in  of  a  gfii'Tal  priiuMpIc,  and  not  u^  one  wliiili  was  dctormitied  with 
rf'ff'i'fiifi'  to  ilir  special  facts  iiivn|\ed.  is  n ndered  t|uitf'  olisciire  bv 
iwo  later  ca«<'>.  In  one  of  these  an  operaior  of  a  steam  crane  wa- 
irated  as  the  i-epi-e-eni.iiivo  of  tjie  nii'-ter  in  n -[mmm  to  controlling  ii- 
iiioveinents.*  In  anoilicr.  rec-cncrv  wa-  refii-cd  foi-  an  injiirv  re 
■  ■.■i\ed  l>_v  a  iiHt'lianii-  enya;ie(l  in  rcpairini;-  a  st^itionai'v  enjiinc. 
winir  to  the  neglifjenee  of  the  en;:ineer  in  -tariin;;-  the  enuini 
■  hile  the  work  was  jioinp  on.''  As  will  he  ^(■<'n  when  we  nciir 
M  tliP  second  of  these  cases.  in  a  lat<'r  >ection  (tISs).  tlic 
> ->;-ntial  and  iillinniie  !:ronn<l  upon  wliicli  the  decision  pro 
■I'cded  wa«  that  the  nejiliuenl  ai'l,  Ix'injr  a  manual  one,  was  noi 
'lone  in  the  e.\erci-e  of  superintendence.  'i'his  element,  howovef. 
'honjrli  it  was  not  speciiically  referred  lo,  wa  ■  clearly  preseiil  in  tin- 
■flier  cases,  and  cannoi  lei;itimatel\  Im  addiict  d  a-  a  di'.lerentiai  ini: 
t;ic!^:|-.  To  ohiain  41  jironncl  npon  which  ihc-c  ca^c-  can  he  reconciled. 
:!  -ccius  neee>sarv  to  have  reconr-e  to  the  thcor\  relied  n|M>n  in  a  >iill 
;itcr  deci-ion.  thai.  a>  to  certain  o|iei';ition>,  a  jocomotivi'  eiifiineer  c\ 
rcisef  both  control  and  >nperintendenci'.  while  as  to  others  ho  exei 
i-e-  merely  contr<d,  and  tlial  a  railway  company  is  liable  onlv  for 
M  :rlif;<'iice  in  rc-'peci  to  opi  raiioii.^  of  the  fonncr  description.'  P>iii 
■III-  is  H  refiiieiceiit  of  liocirine  fir  which  it  seems  diHi<'ult  lo  tind  ii 
'.ii'i'aiil  in  th"  oi'dimiiy  Mieanin;;-  of  the  ^^dl•d-  tliii-  opposed  to  eacli 
■ilici'.  .SuperiiUeiidciii-i  caniioi,  it  is  siilnnitied,  be  exei-cised  without 
It  the  same  time  e\ei'i-i-inir  coiitr«d.' 


ti.  .-^ii 


'  Alliiist'i'l       I'lfir        ll'(,)7.,v       \.       /»(./,.!/ 

H'lO)  n;;  Ala.  us,  n  s.>.  --iw 
li'iiil-.lcr  V.  Ur  f{n,il<l,l,<„  I  „„i  ,f  /. 
'  '/.  .  1893)  101  Ala.  300,  J-J  J,,  i;.  A.  :ftil, 
14  So.  10.  Ttie  00U1I  -iiiil:  'WliflliiT 
.  there  may  iJO"ilil\  tip  ;i  cnv  of 
>iip<Tint(>ndoncy  purely  of  marhinfry.  or 
mil.  it  \i  most  clnar  to  ii»  Unit  timilirs 
pfwiiinn  involved  i.o  «iiiii  ru-<'.  (li.»o 
'  iiiteii  from  con«ideruti(iii  of  tin-  faet 
iliiit  he  had  a  helper,  wlm-e  diitic-  are 
shown  in  the  evidence.  Whelhi-r  hi-  h;Kt 
HDV  superintendence  intni-leii  !<•  hin  . 
in  view  of  thi<  considenilion.  i«  »  <|in< 
lion  not  nc,e-> ai\  to  he  dtcitii-.!  in  'iii!i 
<!a«c.  If  any  such  superinleiideiicy  ev- 
icted in  thnt  conneetio'i.  it  na-  :,ii(  a 
peneral  sup^^rintendeney  ovit  the  hel|x>r 
and  the  machines,  not  a  general   power 


i)l'    h.oiii^   (l.c    ipiii.  Iniio*  0|)eratf(1   a«   lie 
dii.Hli-l   liv    the   liiind   iif   tie-   licl|».r.   Inn 
Hilly  .1   s|f<'<'lMl  -iipci  inlcndcnce  lo  diriii 
the  hel|«T  to  ii>-i-t    him.  tlcnild.    in  Ih 
nianiial  lahor  of  opeialiii;!  them." 

'Ciihfr  V  Miihnmn  Ml'llnml  I,'.  Vr, 
(ISilfj)  108  Ala.  .;;iO.  18  So.  8-27.  jinld 
inu'.  in  .in  ;>ct!oii  hy  a  lircman,  that  it 
«ai  error  lo  diri-el  a  \cidiil  for  Ih'- 
defcriilaiil.  whcie  the  iniiiiy  «a-  eaii^cl 
hy  llie  nc'.'liycnce  of  a  railw.iy  cri;;ineer 
in  not  -iviiiu'  thiil  the  coal  on  the  tender 
tta<  loade<l  properly  hv  the  (funj;  a- 
siL»niMl   lo  the   work. 

The  dctinilion   of  Hie   won!  "siipeiiii 
tenil."  in  the  ('eiilniy   Diclionarv,  k  -to 
dlrci-t.  the  c;ut-f  ^111.!  ..w-r-".'  (li.-.  •l.-(:iit- 
of   ( -^me  work.  I'lc  1  ;   ii.j.Mihii(!  with  an 
Ihority  ;   iii.in.iy.'.'' 


:!,■   :'«.,. 


MASTER    AND    SERVANT. 


[chap.  xxTiti 


In  the  oth^T  Hooi«inn«  in  rlii<  staf/".  the  conclusion  arrivid  at  i-  nor 
aflFoct/'d  hy  the  omission  of  the  qtinlifvinK  w^Hs  inserted  in  thr  Eng 
lish,  Mn^«achu-(.'tts.  Colorado,  and  New  York  acta.  Employers  havr 
Fx-on  Jiold  to  1.0  answcrablf  for  the  defaults  of  all  superior  seivnnf.. 
whatever  their  rank,  win.  are  invested  with  disenfionary  powers  aii  re- 
-pccts  tlie  clioice  of  the  nuaii-  b_\  which  ti»e  p'liticular  work  in  hand 
shall  lie  executed.'' 

682.  — under  the  Canadian  and  Australian  act*. —  The  j»riiis«-  sio 
nifieance  of  the  express  deelaratinn  in  the  Outari",  JJriii-li  (  oluml.iii. 
and  .Maiii'oha  acts  that  the  master  is  n-'sponsihle.  \vh.  rlirr  \\,o  p..r*.,n 
exerei«inp  si'i.ciintt  lulence  is  or  is  not  ordinarily  enirii;:ed  in  nmniini 
labor  (see  !f  •".Ts.  supra),  nas  nut  yet  I)een  detennined.  Hut  the  wonl- 
preceding  the  clause  certainly  c<.nt<'inplate  .-ornethiiij,'  different  from 
(hat  informal  su|»iintendenco  which  is  often  axercisicd  by  one  nirm 
V.er  of  a  i.Mii,3  of  men  who  are  scut,  without  any  regularly  appoJutrH 
foreman,  lo  il<>  -inuie  particular  piece  nf  work.' 

Th«  Aur^fralian  acts  employ  virtually  tlie  same  phra<i-..lfij:v.  aiio 
must,  therefore  receive  the  same  cini-fructidii,  an  the  Kui;lis!i  in'i. 

883.  Employees  controlling;  machinery;  status  of.— The  superiuteivi 
fince  contemplated  by  the  statutes  is  that  wiiich  i*  exercised  over  nthnr 

•Actions  have  luiii  liclil  muiiitainahli 
where  the  nopli^cnt  |p<i-iin»  woip  llic  fi.l 
loving  employei's : 

The  siiiHTinti'iHlciit  if  m  mine  /»i.(. 
nen  V.  Siiiilh  (IHiifii  |  l.'i  Al.i.  ."!m;.  -J. 
So.  442;  ll'^srnirr  l.nml  ,f  /,„/„.  r.  r„ 
V.  ramphell  (ISHS)  121  All.  .•|ii  77  Am 
St.  Rep.  17.  2n  S).  7'>:i. 

The   su])ci-inlrni|i  III    nf   mi    ii.,i   i.mii 
fianv's    btl-ii;i  ■:-.        \]iif„l,i(iiil    l,",i    Cn 
V.    I'l'/iT/r.?    (  isnti,     i  14   A  1,1.  J4:! 
140. 

A  variiiiKi-ii  r.  ~ii|n  rinr  lo  all  oil 
railroHil  I'liipluMi's  pn-int.  wlm  |ici- 
ally  takes  thr  plair  of  tlir  iiijiiiii  r  .  , 
is  running  an  enginf-  at  tlu!  tiiiii'  a  .ir 
is  dfinilcd,  or  is  pii-oii'  iliirclinii  ami 
rontroUinfr  the  tn^'inciT.  l.i,iii^i',llr  rf 
.V.  R.  Co.  V.  \li>tl«i>,luil  (lS',i;i)  !>7  .\la. 
2«1,  12  So.  711. 

.\  yanlnia-tn    whilr  invracid  in   i:i.ik ,  ~„.  „„„  i„„^  „|,.„  „,„,..-,,  ,. 

inji  up  trains.  Kmisni  Cilu.  .1/.  rf  /{.  /,'.  pi\,.  ,lii(.ttiiin3  as  to  the  nianniT  of  c\r 
f'o.  V.  llurlon  iV^-'-.i)  n7  -Via,  2*0.  12  eutiii;;  a  ircneial  order  of  tlieir  n^nilar 
So.  "S;  l.diiisrilh  d-  V.  /.'.  Cn,  v.  llviUliti  foK'Hian  with  ipgaij  to  a  crilaiii  (ii«e 
(18-..SI  121  Ala.  107.  'i:>  So.  1)0;!.  Kii,t  of  work,  is  not  of  itself  suflicicnt  to 
appeal  (lS!lo;  110  Ala  IS,"..  20  So.  ;f2.-);  >Iiow  that  he  wa.s  exercising  sn|»rin- 
Highland  Are  d  llrit  It.  Co.  v.  Dusm-  tendenco.  Garland  v.  Toiontu  i  ISlKii 
hcrry  (189:))  US  Ala.  23!).  13  So.  308;  23  Ont.  App.  Rep.  23S.  llin.r^in;: 
l;;.l,y..,,-„i  ,f  /(.  /,'  r.',  V  Tl'.nru-jud  flSO.!)  27  Oni.  Kep.  l",.i.  i',ui;p;iri' !!i^ 
.  IHfiOi  m  \\\\.  iSl.  n  So.  ,■.77:  .\liihn,iui    iMso«  cited  under  %  680,  «ubd.  c,  n'lli"^ 

\lll,'r„l   l{.   Cn.    w.h.       v    1  ISilti)     114    AU. 
.'.i'l.  12   Am.  s|     i;,  ,,     i_>i,  .j |    v,,    .-,07, 


.\  conitiii'liii.  .l/.;^(,,,o(  Mi,lhi,„l  H 
Cu.  V.  Mrlh.iinhl  (18!».-.)  112  Al.i  21i;. 
20  So.  472:  li'niiiia  I'.  /,'.  Co.  v.  /'r-;!).' 
'  IS87)   83  All.  .-.18.  a  Si.  7l!4. 

'I'lie  suiHTinlindenl  of  a  pile  Hri\" 
.so(/.'A#t-H  A*.  Cv.  V.  ShirtilH  (1S!)S)  121 
Ala.  4i:0.  77  Am.  St.  Itcj*.  tli!.  2.'.  So.  Sll 

.\     «ii|>etinteiidint     or     foriniaii    nv 
pli'Vid    liy    n    street    railway    r')iii|>,ini 
\i.iHi     Hirini,i<ilinui     Strnl'  I'.    f'„.    v 
1    So     \Vn,,l,t  (I'lOl  )■  l.-iO  Ala.  419.  30  So.  niW, 

Tlu!  superintendent  of  a  nn.iniriHiir 
."1  eonipa'iy.  Decatur  Car  Wh^d  i 
i./<7-  Co.  V.  Mi'haffcy  (1901)  128  \h 
2t2.  29  So.  (;4(1. 

The  sii|i(riniendent  of  a  «re(kin; 
crew.  J.d.ii.srillr  d  \.  /?.  Co.  v.  .fonm 
t  lOoi  I    l.-JO  Ala.  4.i(i.  30  So.  ,-.81!. 

'  The  fact  that  one  of  a  small  jan^ 
of  ivorknien  posses-^ed  iiiop'  fxpiTlpncc 
than  the  rest,  ai.d  took  upon  bin. -'If  t" 


liiiiHMri 


I  MM 

men,  nor 


I..MPI.OVEHS'  LIAIill.lTV    xriS 


too; 


,„^„^  ovor  inttiiiiiiaU'  uppliiincfM.'      S,,  fur  a-  rryard*  moff  of  thf 

mrisdictions,  theretV.iv,  wiili  wliicli  \\v  are  n.iw  .•..nccnuHl,  it  is  cloarh 
.  itk'il  that  D  master  faiiiint  lie  lioltl  linhlf ,  a.  tor  iii  uliijtnco  in  tlio  px 
,  icite  "f  tiU|>i.Tinti'ii(J.  luv.  win  u-  llie  ciilpablr  pi  i>nii  wu»  un  t;iiip!.>yc«- 
aIk'M' •luty  was  usTi.iiiiallv   il.c  ..p.-iati"!!  of  a   pict-<*  of  machiiirrv. 
ilunifili  in  «o  d.iiiiji  he  iicrc  .aril\   ■•\cii'i-i   '  (•..nif  I'l.ntrol  ovpr  otln" 
.  iiiplovfi*  who  wiTc  atftriiil  In   it-  iiHivcimiit.-.-      Tlic  Alalianiii  il<vi 
-ioii'i  \vliicli  p<iini.  ill  -oiuf  tiicasiiic  at  li-a-i.  to  a  tlill'iviii  ilic.n,  ap 
,li»cii5^<»l  in  !;  *'>>\.  s.ij.n.     Still  li—  U  tlic  iiia!'t<T  lialilo  wluTf  tlw 
,c:rli''f'nt  piiiplov»-t'  mi  i-iU  '"Hi  i"ll'  'i  il'"  iiio\riiiriii.-  of  lu.i.-liiii.rv.  in 
he  seller  tiiiii  il  \va-  lii-i  li'ii.v  to  inloi  m  tiic  >ii.plo\c.'  a<'tii.illv  i^\»r\\\ 
iiiritai  what  pri'i-i^r  niomnit  it  \.a- i..  I>f  siaricii  or -loppcl. ' 

An  eniiilovcc  wlio^c  tisii;:!  v>i.rk  is  imrciv  t<i  o|H'iati'  a  niuchine  is 
lut  made  a  vice  |.iiii(ipal  lu  tiif  fai^t  tlia^  it  i-  hi-  diiiv.  \vh<'n  the  mn- 
liiiR.  .r(.|>  i.iit  of  ortltf.  lu  ii.iiifs  ih"' iiiip!>'\i-.'  wlio  do.-  ihf  ropairs  to 

I. lit  it  in  on).  I,* 

684.  Master  liable  though  injured  servant  was  not  under  the  control 
of  the  negligent  employee. —  i'hc   incii'    lact   thai    the    ■•-upcrititi'iid 

■  mt  ih"-  iMT-oii  hurl   will  not  prcvciil  him 


i-MCC       V.il-     11"!     'N'   !■'•' 

fviiiii  rocov.Tiiij;.' 


Ihi 


Kaii"is  r,ii,.  M.  .(   '.'    A"    ' 
..,,1  (lsn:ii   !)7  Ala.  Jill    M  ^"   >■<.     ^" 
liirtlier.  a<  to  llii*  c.i-i'.  ?  7:17,  iii/r.i. 

■  r'inihii,,!     V.     \'.c     /(""'■     '""'     ''" 

]H'M)\  2:i  Si-.  S-<.  I'll-    nil  -<-rii'-.  7:'- 

.ilciiyiiis  rcMiivciy   wln'H'   tin'  ni'^liviiri- 

Ma«  tliat  of  till-  iiiL'in'ii    "I    .i    li"i-'inL: 

>.i<.'e  In  a  iniiic  i 

A   p.i-nii    in    iK.ir;;!'    <>f    H''    li'»'r    '.\ 
vliicli  a  -team   liaiiiiiii'r  i-    M'lkiil.   ami 

wh0H>  duty  il    is  to  r.ii i    ^t   tail   !li'- 

liamiiiir  at  lln'  wnril  nl  i  .-ni!!  in.l.  i-  in  ■ 
I       ii|iiiiiiii'tiili'nt."     //"/). M../  \.  //"'/<■■ 
I  7  \\.  N'.    I  \«'W  ^^i     \\  :il'--i    III.''. 

Spc  al-<i  S  080.  note   s.    -    /<■  ■.    uliin 
'wo  other  rax^    t.>   ttir    -ii Ilift    an' 

riK><l. 

'No  suiKiiiili'iidi'iiif  i-  I- .' n  i-i  il  liv  a 


•Inulr,,,        l>s>l;     f      A.)     4    Tillll'-    I.,    r 
7."»i'. 

•  ltu..l,.nL     \.      I.l„a     Mill.:    I  IS'.KIl     I,)* 

Ml-..  ,;::i  .!;!  N.  i:.  .-i77. 

'  /.•<  7  V.  Willi's  I  1SS7;  »'.  A.i   ol  .1.  V. 

.">I9.       Il    liii-  Im  I'll   liclil  liy    I) nan.  .1  . 

in  a  !ii-i  |iiiii-  rase,  llial  tlie  >laliile  i- 
.'pplie.ililc  vvlieiever  tliiie  i-  i  roimimii 
mn-tiT.  Iliiiiif;li  tlie  iriinri'M  -eivaiil  i- 
rniployi-.l  in  a  ili'|i art iiaiit  ili-iinrt  Irnin 
that  ooiitriilleil  liy  the  mijilm-nt  -eivant 
Ai'irmi/    V.     \  i(/"i//.»    ilssii)     71!    I..    T. 

Iiiiiin.    0:1     ( inaihiMi-t.    Uilleil    owin;;    In 
iii-u'lii-'eiiie     "i      |iir-oti      »u|Mriiileiii|in^' 

irui'liiral    aileiatiiii:"  on   a   inilli. 

In  K-ii.-iii-  fihi  M.  rf  n.  If.  (••!.  V.  Ii,,: 
i'.„    (ISli.'ll    117    Ala.  -210.    12  So.  8S.  tli.' 
.iiurt    rea-nhiil    thus:      "We   are  mi.ihli' 


woikiiian   wliose  duty   it    i-  to  j^iiide  tiv  lo  aL'iee  with  poiin<el  that  -the  siipeiin 

means  of  a  ^'iiy  ni[ie"t.he  lieiini  oi  11  eriine  iirehiiee    wliieli    conies    within    the    e«  n 

iisfd   for  Umerinf;   Siieks   of   uln-al     inle  '.inplation    of    the    st:itiile    sjiatl    lu-    .i 

.1  ship's  hold,  anil  to  <»ive  (lip  I  lion  whee  >iperiiit..ndiiiee    over    the    person     wle. 

the  eliain  tall  is  to  he  lowered  nr  Ini-fed  .  .niipl.iins  of  the  nenlijence  of  the  pel 

Shaffrrs    V.     (leuiial    t^hiiin      \'ie.     *'",  -on  intrii-ted  with  it.'       The  i eily  fur 

'18S.TI   1..  K.  10  Q.  Ii.  Oiv.  M.lll.  .'■•_'  I..  .'  iieyliireiiee  of  s\i|>orior  in  the  control  ot 

Q.  B.  N.  S.  200.  4S  1..  T.    N'.  S.  2-.!H.   ;il  interior    eiiipjoyees    wherehy     iiijiiiy    re 


Week.  Ren.  05(1,  47  J.  1'. 


suits  til  Ihe  latter  is  jivcii  by  -iih-e 


Nor  '-v  a  brnkeman  enfrapeit   in   load     Inder  siihsee.  2,  it  is  man 


ile-t.  «e  think. 


ir.ir''e.   w 


liosc  duty    is  io  l'i 


\e    »i^ 


liaiiiUi . 


cf   the  defrndant   i.s   in   no 


nals  to  the  drawer  of  the  eranp  when  to   -ense  deiKMident   upon  the  relations  ex 


4 


•I. 


iiiM>  srd  lower  the  bucket.     Clarin,,  v. 


In  the  .spnicfi  between  the  net;'' 


innii 


MASII-i;    A\l»    '.I.IIVAM'. 


i'   MAI' 


Mh 


III 


t-TT-fl 


ASS.  Depnty  lupennt.'ndrntk;  liability  for  neKligenre  of. —  I  i  h  ., 
ilie  r«]M)rfocl  cusrs  ilic  MTviiiit"!-  rifrlit  l».  rcctivcr  lor  ihi-  iicjflij;- iii-. 
.Ill  fiii|il<ivc('  who  was  tc)ii|).ii.iril\   .ntinj;  hs  f'.ir»iiiii»i  wu::  <liiiii,i  ,, 
the  ground  that  the  i-viili-nce  did  ii..(  w-irnmi  u  riii<liii;r  iluii  lii-  •    .  . 
|)riiici|iiil  duty  wn-  ilnit  of  wuimi  inifiidciK  .■,'      Tin -.   .|fci.^i(,ii-  nr-  ■ 

.ifi:.fiictoiy  in  Uiis  rcs|Mct,  lluit  liicx   do  imt  dnil  with  tlif  (|iii-ii 

liich  i*  iibviously  imuhcd  in  tin-  liict-  in  i-vi.li  iic«',  im>.,  wl  ,  i|i,  ,    ; 

I  irii.  if  not  tlip  letter,  n{  the  stiitiit.'^  .loc.-*  not  rc.|iiln-  tlir    ..nclu    , 
'I.  >t,  liny  oiiipjoyc*'  cxpri-isinf!;  hii|Mrinl(iiilciic<-  for  h  di'liiiii.   p.  riod, ,, 

''    deputy  of  tlic  pi-rson  ic -ruliirh   difi'!i.ir}»in'.:  ili:ii   fiiiictioii.  .^hnii' 
i"    rt'^'iirdod  as  u  n'|.ri'sciiiiitivc  of  tlu-  iiiii>"'V.     (►ii  uciirr;!!  iirin.  '|.'. 

t      )ur.-('  til'  iiiicifcr  could  not  Ik-  I. .-id  I'utUio  niili>-  i|ii.  il.lcj;:iii 

riiiici,  Ifiiic  «ii>  authorize  i|,  Itut,  ii>»nMiiiii    ;lii-  |>oiiit  to  Id.  -,  '•;, 
I't"         ••'  liivor,  it   is  rtuluniltcd  ihnt,  in  i-n'^v  <<i  ijiis  i>|i,. 

■  •"'•rt  i  iiepriUMJ  ^ohdy  with  tin-  nliiiions  of  iho  (nirlif^  durui:;  '' 
.  i  !  11  ,od  of  dfputtii  -.iiiHTinlcndiiKM  unil  that,  ih  to  t.hiit  |..  rl. , 
tliC  ('cr  ity  may  jii-titiahly  Iw  said  to  Im'  cxcrci-iiif;  'littit-  ..I  -ii|..  ,;■ 
If.'  if        ,  '■  '.atpvpr  may  Iw  his  functions  at  oil, it  tiin* «. 

So  I'ai  as  MiissiM-husotts  is  coiiccrnod,  tlii-  is  now  the  iiivv  In  \i:'i 
of  tho  cl.iiiM-.  added  in    l>!tl   to  the  ori-iiial  stalulfi.     ^.  ■■    <  i;,. 

■•ml    and    llip    injiiri'd    porsmi.       If    tli.     inl.inlfiit  thiTf  «a<  a  f.ircinioi  "  hd  lur 
forini-r  h««  >iipi'riiilciii|t>iirc>  intriistpil  to    men  .mil  i-x    .iImiI  ^ii|>i'iiMt(i»l.iP      m,  i. 
him.  nnd  i-  np|;li(rpnt  in  the  exercise  of   or  Ipb.i,  in  .Hk  Mip«!riiiti'ijclitit  -  n -■  n  . 
It   to  llie  iiiinrv  of  itny  'Hervant  or  em     of  ttiHt  jmrt  oi"  tin-  wi  ik   wln'ic  tin-  n. . 
Iilovoi-  in  tlif  -I'lniioor  business  of  the    li^i>nt  eiii|>lin<i'   miis  cnf;!;;...!,   ^ml  i 
iiiii-liT.'   whalrMT   he  the  relation   inter    tlie    iie^-liycnt    i'iii|il<ivi'<' ^el-fiviil    i.nl," 
v»-  of  the  -•■ivaiil-.   the  mii-^tiT   'n   made    from    the    sii|icijiit<Miili-iit    or    thi*    f.,r 
liaiil.'  tlicri'for  !>>    the  \<>rj'  t.Tiii-  of  the    man  in  reyiinl  to  his  own  «oik  aiil  li 
-Ijiliiliv      If  a  yard  master  rliaryeil  with    of  the  men  workiii);  uitli  him,  an!    ■ 
ihc    duty   of    kcfpinK   t.he    tracks    i-Ieiir    these  men  dini'ion-.  almiii   tlif  v\.    L  " 
■.honhl  ne};lijji-ntly  obstnu't  a  track,  and    the  ahsenic  of  Ire  sij|>iriiiti'ii.li  iii       '' 
ill  .■iinMV|iicnio  the  itiesidcnl   of  (he  com     iiejjlij.Tiit    emiiloy.-e  was  iloin^r  ih,-  .;>"• 
jiany  should  lie  iiijiiriil  in  the  service  of    kind    of    v.oik    iirnl    rcceiv  injT  tin-     i- 
the  cniployiT.  the  corpoiat ion.  it  cannot     \\,in:rs  as  his  fellr  u    lahonr''. 
l«e  douhted  that  the  latter  "ouhl  have  to        '  ("nder  this  aim>niliiieiit  a  nii-in      i 
re-pofi   in  ilaiiia«.-s."  ;„.pn  held  liahle  for  tlic  ne-li-,  n- .•  .  i 

h'llard  v.  h'nohr  (ISST  i  I.,  n.  I!)  iinployee  in  a  small  foiuidiv  x.l,.,.  .,:p 
t)  R.  Oiv  ."■«.-..  (ISS81  I,  I!.  L'l  I,).  B.  his  master  w a-  not  |.n-ei,t.dir<- t"l  iS 
I)i\.  .'{((T,  4  lini«  I,.  1;.  TO!!.  .■,;  I.,  .1.  men  as  to  their  uork.  I.iit  aUo  jiirli. , 
It.  II.  N.  S.  .-)ll!(.  ;«?  \\,,.k.  Uep.  H7.-,.  .-,_'  |.rtted  in  th.it  work  hini- If.  1/.  <  „;..  ^ 
■  P.  P.  S20.  There  the  theory  uixui  which  Shirldi  (I!MiO)  I7.">  M.i-  i:is.  r,i,  \  I 
I  lie  lourt   proceeded   wa.s  that    the   very    liiMI. 

fad  of  the  iicKlip'nt  person  heinfi  merely  Where  the  iliie;idantV  ;;iiiiral  -i;.! 
.1  lein|Mirary  superintendent  acting  a-  iiileiiilcnt  i'ltiu^ti-d  to  a  -iil«iiili!i,i  ,•  lif 
-uch  duriii<;  the  ahsence  of  the  defend-  duty  of  su|iervi.intf  the  ui.ik  ef  Nv.'i 
ant.  who  Usually  ilirecte>l  the  work  in;;"  a  hea^y  >h.itl.  ami  .liil  imt  lik' 
^howeil  ismclusivcly  that  he  was  oidi  1  liarjie  of  the  work  hiiii-elt.  ind  '\  1-  n." 
h.uily   f-i,;..ij;ed    ill    ni.iiuial    l.ihor.  pie-enl    whin    Ihe    injury    wi^    ieieiv.-.i 

In  /)oi(i/  V.  Hoiton  rf  .1.  /;,  Co.  (I«n4i  the  jury  is  warranted  in  liii.iiiiL' th;it  tin 
liij  Mass.  M.'i.  .IS  \  K.  ttd.  the  evi  cniploy"c<>  who  directed  the  ^^•■ll.  >  ■ 
dcm-c  was  that  under  Ihe  general  su|>er     ael|ii<j    .1-    -ii|»rintoMdciii    will'    '\i-    I'l 


I   MA  I 


fc.MI'l.oH  l.l;«.    I.IAllll.llV   .\tT«. 


(ivni 


636   Nereuity  of  proving  thiit  the  mjurioni  tct  was  negligent. —    |i, 

,4ps  wi:cro  II  !•>  <  -!alili>lir(|  or  luuci'ilptl  that  til"  pfi-.m  \vlii»«»  act  <.i 
.iii-i.m  \vu.~  til,  iiuiticiliiiic  I'iiiiM'  i.f  tJn'  injury  cmijiliiiiu  il  f  «;!-  .1 
-u|M'riiitc'n«U'in"  w  iiliin  tin-  iiHuiiina  of  tin-  !»tiifiitt-,  uikI  tlmf  -ii'li  nn 


rt  or  nini-'niou  w  i 


|i'  riiiiiiiiij;  til  the  <'x<i.i«(>  of  :<\i|MTiiiiti 


pliiiiitilT  will  ^lill  t'liil  in  lii-  iidii'ii  nnli-*  In-  i;iii  -Imw  that  .!i"  jci 


•h.' 


r  (■riii""*ii'ii  (•"ii^tii ii!< 


il  H  hrc.ii'li  of  iliitv.      111  till'  -iiliioiiK'il  iii.fi'  ;u' 


I  u  iiiiiiiIh  r  i>i  nilm: 


tl 


ic  -nii|«lc'  «|iii  ^lii'ii  « 111  iImt  iIiii' 


I-  or  was  not  ih  ;.'li;:iiiii'.      '  tiJiiT  on  si  -  iiivulvim;  -imilar  >;r..ii|i«  ol 

■  i-,  l)Mt  acliiailv  tinning;  n|>"ii  ll  •   (|Ur-t  i.n  \\'\>v\  'n  r  l||i'  ciniilMyco  ai 

il  to  Iw^  till'  ilil"riiilaiil''  ri-(iri-i  utalivr  \va«  o\i'ri'i*iiif;  »ii|m  linii'ii"! 


arc  I'lii'il  111 


llic  follouiii^  ■i(<>ii<«ii 


In  onlor  'o  ln.lil  ai 


mill    r"ii 

tlw    111.- 

Iilit. 


•f    I  111 


fn 


i-f,-t..l,iiit 


•ilflM 


.f 


til' 


I.I 

ii|ii'riiitt'iiili  11 


till'   .I.T'iMliiiir-    |.' 


icl*  of  n''jrli:;i  iii'i'  on  tli 

i.liiy    (tillimini;    he   ilifi'iiil    H" 

tl 

I.. 


:ir    to    ilril!    II 


hull' 


iw,..(  ci 
\  ¥..  uno. 

'(HI      U"il 


I  IHV 


in    iMjiiili'ii  tuuiii'l^  til*  I  .1  It'll  hull',  .iiitl  t 
I7»     Mil--     4i>.l.    54    pxi^liciiin     ri'-illiil     li'imi    ciiiil.nf     uiiii 


till'  'Uiniinili' 


..,,«  /.., 


I'     III    iMiMlfl;:    '111'    IM''V 


till 


Imli- 


lull,, III;     Ihtin    V.     Smilh      llluTt      HitI    Mil--!,    .'ii;'.!. 
iili'iiiiiia    4H    \.    V.     til!! 


iuiitit  r    iif    1--  '      -  A     -" 
ly  jHuinrly  lir    1    iliiil  i.     li^ri'iil    i"    it>  Tlii'  nili'-l  imi     i>    In    wlirlluT  a    ■•Ul" 


■•ntiiiL'  liiiii^i' 
■111    ilil-  Mliny 


II  t 


lull 


till- 


;  HI'  01    " 


k.    iiitonili'iil  w.i"  yiiiiii  of  iiiyli; 


lii«    iliili.  -    to 


Mill. 


I'M'iil-iii;;   ■>ili>'iji 


Irlhl. 


in   iliroitjii 


'  hrn 
...il  ill 


ntiniii*    iif    |Kiiili.ir    dilliiu!  1     ilv  ii.iiiiiU'    I"   Ih'    |iiiI    into  a    linli-    whil'- 


I'l-  .irp  to  !«■  I'iiiriiil  imt.     '''"./.     'In 


ik 


•<Unl,      llH><li 


II    Si'. 


^^^- 


II  il 


-inn,  I-  lot 


till 


I. 


Iii'.ili'il  l>y  a  ri"  ■iii 
iiirv    ii|Hin  oviili- 


till 


•:l\i'-     it     lllli'ir 


-in'l      «  lirlllll-l.lM  r-. 
-    III,.  Iv  .ir   li..Mi-   111 


tllll 

I'Vpl.i 


ilii'lhiT    it 


Mm 


■  IlllV 


I.f  till 


linli'nili'iit  of  11  mill'  i' 
'  thi>  ruiiniiL-  11'  1.  -11.  1 


Hill   |.\(lli.-illll    Mllicll    llllll 


il 


iIi'aIIi  I.f  tlie  dcif.i-i'il  wHv  t 
»in'li     iliiivtifi 


1  flrp  il*  dm   v. 
'low   miiih   till 


.1  ,il-<> 


•»    I  ■•••I  ,\la 


1.         Iin*n     V- 
4'i.-i,   4S  N,    1:     fi-.M 


ilh 


1  lap-Ill    II III 


I  111 


!i.iii    uii-to  in  u  iliiiiiiii  V 


In-Ill 


liofoii'   ho   liiiniri!    uIhh'   it 


to  ili-i-inlant 


•nil   wlictiiir  or   li'.t    li"    irlril 


lonipnnv    c 


,iU"lif    tin- 


rlllll 


ind  t!i 


re  i«  .iNo  i.-ii 


proiii|il 


II-    -Ujn'i  intoinlini    -I'lit    a    tiiHii    ii|> 


-how  111, it.  tl.i 


iiniiy   t  •iiilin;:  111    (liiiiLiK'V  to  put   it  out;   ;inil 


ii'n  «l:ir 


In! 


nil.  11    1-  Im 


.1. 
•uiil    tire     •lAii  tliri-u    Ufi"  n    Ivmi   |>l.iiik- 


iln.li 


IV  «li(t!ioi  llip  sii 


iiiiably  ciiK  I"  il   in   -.■ 
IS  not   st:ir1iii   iii;.iiii 


iiiti-nili-i.t  W.I 
liii','   tli,it    til. 


V  jiir>    to    «ir. 


>li 


tPiiili     t 


la  11    |iii 


if 


I. nil;. 
ili'i-.-il 


ill-iHOM 
out. 


ll. 


ft.' 


intifr 


t  ii->inn.l 


prnperly    ntnppoil    in    tin-    lii-t    iii-l  iin-*',    li>    m— i-l     111    piittnii;    it    mil 


•  I    till 
H.inl-  .1   -.iiiii   '■ 

.-ll|..Tlllli-||i|l-l. 

Ill    iittirr- 
.111(1     thr 


|I|I||>1I"1|    11    !;u-._'0    rilllllliiT    Iif    (i.ilpl,-     AlTl 

■  ..n'jrf'i.';iti''l     rniinil     tlio     nit.iill)     if    tin 
liini",  ari.1  il  i-  not  rli-ar 


111  -1, 


.1111     was    -I'lit     up    1 1 


for    tlip    -icoiiil    tiini'.      /»/. 
ilh    I}S<m;\    115   Ala,  I'll!,  li  Si.     I»2 


-'arli'l  iIk'    till"    f'.Miior    (11. 
II    r,    t!  ro\>n.  nitlioiil 


rti'ii  n  a  lull  '111;: 


■  1,1 


111 


it      M 


111      -I. 


The 


|.ii-ti(.'    as  to  wlu'ilii-r  mi  ii 


IM- 


•I 


nil'      till 


!_'.  pi.iiiiiiir-  iiu- 

10    rliiiiiui-v    il". 


11.  iin    I'll.] 


.I..X. 


frniii    till 


'  ii.iiiiit.'  in  A  I'oii 


liiit 


I'xplo-iii 
ll 


i.tly  kill,'.)  I.y  tlip  plan!;.     l?.'|.l 


iit  till'  fii.'t  that   1! 


i»iiirl"\t'i'  \\ 


ho  ■ 


win   iliitr  to  I 


^'liiri'iiee  of  t'le  siiin'i  intrinlt'iit   of  I 
m.itiactor  \iliiIo  o\iiii-iii2  «ur»'i  inti'inl 
•'H'C  i«  tor  ihf  jury  upon  I'viiL-mi^  tliiit     -. 
;'i"  latlor  I.'  'w  oil  III'  s.itnr.liiv  lulurr     11 
'1  ■    a.'iiHi'..!     ili.il     a     In.l,.    loa.!..!     uiln     ll 
rl\  I   liniti'  ll  i.|   not   l>.-.'Ti    I'l.-fl.  .111.1   I'lal 


lit    up  tin 

i-rd     Will 


ilii 


fail. 'I    to  yivp  di* 


it.illt  »  In 


:tli 


iif    the     li.iii; 


froii 


roM 


n  iln 


iliil  not  ni'Oi •■ 


Iv  slum    ni'L'l!L"-in'<'  "t  il  ti'lliiw   -ii\ 

-iiice  tlio    piiy   lui^'lil  line   foiiml 

•ho    follow    -.  r\  lilt    iliil  ,\\\   tliat   Iio 
-'...111. I    liivp   ilono.    innl    that    it    -'i^    tin' 


s  . 


'Ilj 


:  .1'., 

■s 


!'.;• 


,1  ' 

1 


MASTER    AND    SKRVAXT. 


[ouAr.  xxxtii. 


ir 


t 


part  of  his  superintendent,  if  these  facte  relate  to  a  matter  in  regard 
to  which  the  employer  has  no  duty  to  perform,  it  should  be  made  clear- 


duty  of  tile  9uperinteud<-iit  to  ""ive  de- 
'<'astil  wuiiiiii^'.  Colt  V.  Laurence  Alfg. 
Co.  <1901)  178  Ma^4.  295,  50  N.  E.  050. 
Willie  tlie  coinploint  alli-pea  ncj-li- 
riMicc  til  l)jf  pari  iif  (i>-fciid.iiil  ■.  siijH  r 
iii(en'li-iit,  or  oin'  cxtTii^inj.'  siiin-i  iMiiinl 
'life,  it  is  |>io|»T  to  ailiiiit  fvi<leiice  of 
-tiitemrnts  tu  di'li'iidaiit's  fuiriiMii.  and 
III  his  liirvi'rr,  <if  llie  (liiti;;i-iiiii'»  char- 
iicter  of  till  tuiirli  .iiiil  tin  nn  d  of  lirac- 
ing.  Itiiil'il;,,,,.,  V.  Mchn.ul.t  (I'JOl) 
178  Mii-s.  2li.  .ill   N.   K.  SOI 

Till'  filet  tliat  it  Milled  the  eiiiueilieii<>p 
■  f    t.lle   (111    iyiiee    .if    tile    iiiljii   iif   n    e.ll 
loft  st;iniliii..'  in  il.iniicrdii-  |irii\iiiiity  m 
iin  adjaoeiil    HieU   lu   iinlo.ul    it  at   iliat 
place  Mill   not   relieve  the  lailwav   n.in 
pnny   from    li;!liili(y    fur   (lie   iio;.rlit.'eiiei- 
of  the  jaril  iiui-iii'  in  |.ii\iii:r  it  in  tli.il 
pO!>iiion.    tlie    ei>li-e.|iiellee    lieilii;    tint     .1 
switpliiii.in  1)11  tile  iidiareiii   Ii.kI;  «a^  In 
jured  hy  (•(illi>ii)ii  with  the  i.ii,     Aiih.v.iv 
f-'i7.i/,  .V.  «f  //.   /.'.  fo.  V.  till,  I'm    (18!)."  I 
97   Ala.  240,    12   So.   88. 

Allottiiij;  an  oil  1hi\  in  :.  lailnay  yanl 
to  be  .-o  near  the  liaik  a~  lo  citoh  tin; 
foot  of  a  swilcliiiiaii.  ea-nally  allowed 
to  slifililly  protrude  behind  the  tnd  of 
the  fo'rtliiiard  of  an  eii^nm;  on  which  he 
is  ridiiiu'.  i"  iiegli^jenec  in  the  person 
whose  duty  it  Is  to  k  •  p  the  tnicks  in 
the  yard  free  tioin  olisn  lutions.  Louis- 
rillr  A  .V.  It.  (.11.  V.  ISi.iihUii  (1898)  121 
Ala.  197.  2.)  So.  !ili:i.  lU'lli-i-Hting  opinion 
expressed  in  liiit  appeal  in  (189.'i)  110 
Ala.  185.  20  So.  ^2.".. 

The  que-tioii  as  to  negli^enee  by  a 
superintondeni  in  failing  to  take  any 
precautibn  to  protect  un  employee  while 
in  an  elevator  well  picking  up  paper  i* 
for  the  jur>-,  whetlior  the  ^upbrintendeiit 
did  or  did  not  pronii!>c  to  look  out  fm- 
him,  where  the  cireuinst.iiiceB  warrant 
an  inference  that  he  knew  that  such  em 
ployee  or  xmie  other  employee  would 
have  to  po  into  the  well.  SculUmc  v. 
Kellogg  (1897)  169  Mass.  544,  48  X.  K. 
«22. 

An  en;pIoyer  i"  answerable  for  the 
negligence  of  a  superintendent  in  sta- 
tionini;  a  laborer  underneath  a  lars-u 
overhanging  rock  which  was  known  to 
be  likely  to  fall.  Collin),  v.  Greenfield 
(1803)   172  Mom.  78,  51   K.  E.  464. 

(b)  Cases  in  irhich  ntglifitiwe  cannot 
he  inferred. —  Xe^tli^ennr  in  r^jrard  to 
the  piling  of  planks,  seme  of  whieh  fell 
on  plaintifT.  oannot  be  inferred  *ini|i!y 
fmiii  the  faet  that  the  foimnan   liad  di- 


reeled  him  to  lower  the  stack,  espcciallt 
where   he  and   his   witness  admit  thiit 
they  did  not  oli.serve  anything  unsafe  in 
the  appearance  of  the  stack.     Conncll  v 
Surrey   OocI;   Co.    <1887;    (.).    B.    D.)   3 
Times   L.    R.  0.30. 

A   serv.int    injun-d    by    the    falliii;;  ol 
hales  of   hay    in   a   >lieii    r.iiinot    recuvir 
on  the  pioiiiid   of  ne^iliyemr  of  Die  ,ii 
perint<'ndenl,  in  the  alisenee  of  e\|i|oii(v 
that  he  had  anything  to  do  «illi  |iiliii; 
the  hay,  or  that  he  ap|Hijiile<l  tin'  |,iii" 
ticular  place  at   which   the  mtv  int   h.i- 
to  work  at  the  time  of  the  ii,|iiiy.  or 
that  he  knew  or  ouuht   lo  have   kiii.tt?! 
that  the  hay   was   liable  to  tall.      Iii 
■irrald   v.    Iluntuti    li    .1.    U.    Co.    (IS'i' 
!.■.«  Mass.  29.1.  .11   X.  K.  7. 

The  mere  faet   that  a   led;,'e  sunie  i- 
lirft  two  or  three  days  on  a  sta^'in;,'  uvl 
in  the  construction" of  a  buihiliij!  inn 
jecting  to  such  an  extent  that  it 'is  li,' 
ble   to  fall    if  it   is   hit   or   the  stayiiii- 
jarred,  does  not  show  that  tin;  furoiiiai" 
was  negligent  in  exeicisiiif!  ^iipeiinliii.! 
enoe,  where  he  had  no  o<'ea-ii  n  to  vi.,i' 
that  part   of  the  work   while   the  .<iim'- 
was    tliere.    and    did    not    have    aetual 
knowled<.'e   that   it   was   there,   ami   tlm 
amount  the  stone  projected  eouM  w.  W 
seen   from   l)eIow.      Cairoll   v.    Will:  mi 
(1895)   163  Jlass.  221,  39  N.  K.  inifi. 

Whore  the  evidence  shows  that  wliilf 
plalntifl"    was    working    in    an    elevatm 
well,  with  a  lighteil  laiilern  hetwien  lii- 
feet,    shoveling    a    ground     product    m 
bone,   rock,  and   slaughter  liou^e  lefu-i 
defendant's  suptMiiiteiident  started  soiin 
machinery,   whieh    Ciiu-.'d   a   cniroiit  ff 
air  to  carry  the  dust  fiuni  sneh  product 
to  the  flame  of  plaint ilf's  lantern,  caii- 
iUL'   an    explosion    which    injunxl   plain 
tiff,  he  cannot  recover  wliere  it  <loe«  imt 
also    appnir    that    such    superinteii.l.n! 
knew,  or  ought  to  have  known,  that  the 
dust  was  inflammable,  or  that  it  was  n 
matter   of   common    knowledge    that   il 
was   inflnmtnable.      O'Krilli/  v.   nouUi 
I'ertilizfr  Co.   (1899)    174  Sta.^-.  202.  , SI 
V.  E.  534. 

Negligence    (Siiinot     be    predieatPil    if 
the  art  of  a  foreman  in  failing  to  exam 
ino  personally   a   shnk-y   wall   which  lie 
had  requested  a  contractor, — an  expert 
at   siieh  nintlei'.;. — ^to  shore  up.      Vuvk- 
V.  f; .■......-.,,:   n.«H-l:  O,  B.  D.)   -■>  Tiir."  I 

R.   177,  .58  li.  .T.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  1(19. 

A    foreman    ha«    no    rea-mi    to  e\|v>it 
that  an  eniplf<_\ee  \\ill.  witlmut  any  nt- 


■HM 


t  6MJ 


EMPLOYKRS'  LIADIHTV  ACTS. 


•Ml 


Iv  to  appear  that  the  employer  has  mnlirtakeu  to  do  by  his  superin- 
tendent that  vfhich  he  was  not  ciillrfl  upon  to  do.      Au  act  done  vohin- 


ihority  remove  »  stay  from  a  scatTolit 
•■lectod  in  the  course  of  b\iililinj:  ojH'ra 
lions,  and  cannot  tie  liclil  lialilo  for  fail- 
iii'<  to  discovpr  such  ri'nioval.  and  to  sit- 
iliat  other  emplovei's  sutrer  no  injun 
iivm  the  dangerous  ciinilitimi-  thiH  tic 
ited.  Kelly  V.  Uuiidsun  (I'.liMl.  :!1  Out. 
l;q..  .'ilJt. 

.Vn  a\frnirnt  that  dcfi-mlant's  loir 
man  did  not  kn-p  rlu-.d  a  tr.t|>  door  b\ 
which  pofjds  iviTc  raJM'il  and  luwcn'd  he 
iweon  two  n(K>is  of  a  l.nwidiy  docs  not 
-how  ncslippnce  on  his  |>ait.  Moorr  v. 
Hots  (  IS'JO;   17  Sr.  >-,,.<.  (•,,-,  4th  »crii-». 

:n«. 

An  fniployee  wlio.  wiiilc  rolllii'.'  a  ciil 
o;i  t)alp.  was  stiTick  by  anotln-r  l.aii- 
thrown  ilown  from  a  pile  I'v  a  frOLiw 
-.niinl.  lannot  recover  for  the  injurj 
.ii-lninid.  altliou'jh  the  di-fi'ndanf.s  su 
i<  riiili  iidi'tit  pri'vioiisly  UM  tin;  fellow 
cnant  to  'llirow  down  cotton."  Sucli 
1  direction  i-  i-onstiued.  in  ii'>|n;ct  to 
ihp  master'n  lialdlity.  as  hcin^'  merely 
in  order  to  tlirow  tlic  cotton  in  u  proper 
v.iv  and  in  a  pro|ii'r  place.  doiiin  v. 
\'iimpaiiria(j     Milh     lI8i)S)      172     ^^ass. 

'.'.  51  is.' v..   107«. 

■^he  foreman  of  a  switcliinp  yan<j  in 
I  railroad  yard,  wlin-e  duty  It  is  to  di 
net  on  wliiVli  tr:r  ii  train  shall  be  put 
■hill?  it  i-  iM'in-  .  le.  i-<  not  neyliKenl 
I-  to  an  einplovei-  eii^iL'iil  in  making  up 
A  train  at  one  end  of  the  yanl.  in  f.n! 
inj  to  pive  -p<'<ial  \iariiinL'  or  notice  . 
in  c.irs  at  tlie  oll'.M  end  of  llie  yard  on 
'he  same  track,  where  the  eiistoni  of  the 
vard  to  switch  eari  in  at  both  ends  of 
tlie  sidinsj  on  the  s.inie  track  is  well 
known.       f'nron   v.    lifislon    A   .t.    It.   ''". 

lsn.->)    1(14  Ma-s.  5J:!.  i>  S.  E.   112. 

An  operator  of  a  Hteam  crane  is  noi 
i  iMr;:iMhle  w  itli  reckless  imlillerence  to 
.■ons«|iipnees.  in  swi'tpMil  hack  the  cram- 
m  the  usual  manner.  JMcause  of  the 
!.rf-enee  of  other  eniplovis--  in  till!  way. 
ihen  he  knows  lliiit  sucli  employees  are 
".ire  of  the  o|K'ration  ami  are  in 
-U\icted  to  gel  o\lt  of  the  way  of  the 
'  nine,  and  lliey  have  always  prm-iouslv 
lone  so.  .1 11  nisfon /'r>'  Hoi/,  s  v. /(iVAri/ 
ilSftO)   0.3  Ala,  418,  S>  So    ;jn. 

There  is  no  oblipatinn  on  the  i>art  of 
the  general  gui)crintendent  of  a  building 
to  oversee  every  detail  of  the  work. 
H;!Tir«»  \\\i  pmploj-pr  cannot  he  hcM  !!:■• 
'■Ic  on  the  theory  that  he  was  ne;.'liqeiii 
n  omitlinL'  to  instruct  masons  m  u- 
'omcd  to  build  their  own  seafTobI-  ii-  '.-• 


the  way  in  which  the  work  Hhould  be 
done,  or  to  lie  present  when  any  particu 
lar  sp.iilolil  was  beinp  erected.  Dvitm 
V.  \\,ish>,n:n  MS!14i  10(1  MaiS.  457.  .'!•> 
N.  I-:.  IO!i. 

'I'lie  ina-ler  is  not  i isponsible  for  the 
.lealli  of  a  workman  killed,  while  liolM 
ill'.'  pliiikif  to  .111  upper  storj',  by  the  fall 
tliioii^ii  a  liole  ill  tiie  llcxir  of  a  heavy 
(ruck  which  a  fellow  workman  wa- 
iisliip.  with  the  roller  upwards,  to  land 
the  planks,  but    wliieb   he  bad  iii  nbeiiil 

10  block.    tbiMicb       me. Ills    fm-    nu    doiii:: 
lere    verv    silupl"     lliil    alw.ivs    ,it     liaml. 

U'Kecli'y.   liruun.ll    ilsii-.')"    l.-|(i   Alass. 
l:ll.    .'id    .V.    K.    47!i  I  lie    lourl     siii.l: 

'When  placed  iipiii  the  lloor  -Aii'i  lI"- 
roller  dovMi.  ilie  iii-lrumeiil  emiM  !i" 
ca.sily  iiioM'd  aluiil  \\illi  a  load  n-iii::.' 
iifion  a  pi  iiil>  W  lien  plaeeil  with  tin- 
plank  down,  the  in-tniment  was  in 
tended  to  reiiiiiii  -lalioiiarv.  and  beaiii-, 
or  planks  miilil  ilien  be  iiioveil  by  re^t- 
injr  tbeiii  upmi  llie  roller  and  inovin;; 
tlieni  wliiji'  -o  -iip|Miiiiil.  The  truck 
w.is  in  ii-e  by  tlie  latter  metliod  wln'n 
the  acciilent  oieiiried.  It  was  a  iiiova 
ble  tool,  d>-iiyned  ami  ad.ipli'd  for  v,iri 
oils  iiMs.  ;in,l  ill  liiili'ii'iil  plaees  ahull' 
the  buibliiip.  It  wa»  loMipli'ti'  and  in 
;;tioil  niiler.  and  only  daii;;eroii-,  a^  any 
he.ivv  olijeel  is  il:ni;jei mis.  if  earele--l> 
allowed  lo  fall  from  :iiiove  upon  a  |.(  i 
-on  bill.  \\  lien  u  rd   for  certain  par 

(Kise-.  i  whiili  il  w,i",  anion:;  oilier-. 
ile-i;;ne(l.  il  wiiibl  !ii\e  a  tendemy  lo 
lie  dispbieed  by  tin-  motion  ed  the  ar 
lieles  put  upon  il.  to  fiii  ilitate  the 
iiiolion  of  wliieli  its  nilhr  ".is  (lesi'jned 
and  ada[ded  to  be  u-id  while  the  truck 
was  stationary.  It  -o  n«eii  at  the  e<li;e 
of  an  o\Ka  well,  il  iiii;:lit  fill  into  llie 
well:  to  prevent  tlii-.  it  could  be  fa- 
tened  to  the  lloor  on  uliieli  it  rcsti.l.  or 
blocked  with  a  cleat.  liiit  when  ii-'d 
.Is  a  Mdiiele  on  >\liieli  to  tians|Mirt  ar 
lilies  by  il-  own  iiKlion,  fa.slenins  or 
hUx-kin^'  would  wluilly  prevent  its  u-e 
The  ab--eiiee.  Ilien  foH-.  of  any  ap|ili;iiii-i 
for  bloikiny  or  f,i..teniii5.  iliil  not  m.ike 
it  a  defective  tool  or  maeliine.  hi'.e  m 
barrow,  an  incliiuil  pl.ine,  a  roller,  a 
screw,  or  blocking  tim'ier,  and  in. my 
other  utensils  useil  in  Iniildiiirr,  it  wa- 
to  l«  often  moved  about,  and  the  meaii- 
of  avoidins  denser  in  i's  us^  varied  eon 
^fantly  with  its  situation  and  the  woil;. 

11  was  a  common  and  well-known  tool 
and  the  duty  of  iisinqr  it  in  a  -afe  man 


.1  1  }l   .e  ,, 


:*l. 


'liii 


^(io^ 


MASTKK    AXD    SKRVANT. 


[CBAP.    SX\W| 


larilj-  l)v  the  MijKiiin.  n.lont  iu  that  tield,  without  the  djiwjtion  or  «], 
|>rovnI  of  the  em  plover,  wcmld  not  l>e  an  act  of  superintendence.' 

687.  Acts  constituting  negligence  in  the  exercise  of  superintendence 
—  An  analysis  of  the  dec-i-ioi  ^  >lio\vs  that  n.jrligence  in  the  e.xeivi-. 
of  snpcrintenilonoe  i-  .l.cinod  m  have  been  comniittcd  if  the  ^upoiii, 
londent  h;>-<  Leon  i-iiiliv  .»i  ;iiiv  <>{  the  various  hrojiches  of  diiiv  -i,,.,-: 
tied  l.e|r,w.  The  aiithoiili.-  uiv  iiri;tnj;rd  iindor  Iiciidings  doiot,,,; 
to  faeilitiite  comparison  with  chaplcr  .\.\ia.,  anf,'.  in  which  th;-  oHi.i;, 
;irls  of  coiiimon-liiw  vi<-<'  princip;iN  arc  rl.i,"ifi,.d.  it  will  be  (.l.s.ru. 
I  hat  the  aci>  lii.'rr  n\  icwcl  i-mvit  praetieaijv  flic  >ame  rnnge  of  inci 
dents  as  ihosf  which  im|.oii  IJMl.ilifx  under  this  siili>ccti.,n  of  the  -i r 

,,fs.' 


l! 


ii 


ip 


fi  !'i 


iiir  Mil-  i^lii"  limy  oi  ilic  iinliri.ii.v  wuik 
iiipii  vvliii  hiiinMcHl  iiiiil  used  it*  luljicr 
ihnii  ;i  iliu.v  of  tlw  eni|ilo\i'r  or  a  duty  ot 
■^iipci  iiiliiulcnoi'.  Tlip  ineniis  of  lilookiiir: 
III  fii-lciiiiii;  it  » licM  iH'ci-'sii'y  were  of 
llic  -iiii|ili'st,  ami  hIh;i_»s  at  hiiiiil,  being 
Hilly  nails  and  liit»  of  "wood  suitaUlu  tor 
I  lent-.  It  was  not  (III-  duty  of  tliR  vm 
lilover,  but.  of  llw-  ordiiiarj-  workiiii-n.  to 
-«!  that  thoy  were  used.  Tin'  omission 
111  tis45  tht'in  was  not  nci.'ligcn('o  of  n 
siiporintendent.  or  want  of  ■^iiiK-riiitend 
"ni«,  but  tnere  nr.iiligi'nee  of  fellow  work- 
men in  the  use  of  ii  familiar,  simple, 
and  complete  tool  well  adapted  t4)  the 
work  for  which  it  was  then  in  ii-e.  and 
tor  other  work." 

A  superintendent  in  oharye  of  the  run- 
nine  uf  trains  over  a  >-inple  traok  of  a 
'louble-traek  road  durinj:  a  -now  lihxrk- 
ade.  who  ordered  a  west-lHiiind  train  to 
proceed  to  a  certain  station  on  the  eust- 
liound  track,  was  not  ne<;liyent  in  fail 
ing  to  direct  the  switchman  at  .such  sU- 
I  ion  to  open  the  .switch  leading  from  the 
eastlxiund  to  the  west-l)ound  tnack.  or 
-o  to  set  the  signals  a-*  to  indicate  that 
it  was  cIos«l,  notwithstanding  lliat  a 
'now  plow  was  on  the  east-bound  track 
I  short  di-tance  west  of  the  switeli.  as 
he  nii;:bt  assume  that  tlie  switch  would 
lie  riglitly  set.  or.  if  not.  that  the  >i^iial 
"oiild  iiiilicatp  that  fact  to  the  train 
inrn.  Kiiirmnu  v.  Roslon  <*  1.  I{.  Co 
'1807)    Kill  Mas^.   170.  47  N.  K.  «!.•?. 

It  ha.s  been  laid  down  that  the  mere 
fact  that  a  foreman  -ieos  a  workman  do 
ing  a  piece  of  work  in  an  iiiiiisunl  man- 
iiT.  and  does  not  intorlere.  i-^  not  a 
L-round  for  holding  the  master  lialde  for 
the  consiijiieiicos  of  what  tin-  woilvinaii 
does.  Miliitfun  v.  }fuir  (  lH!t|  i  lit  N.- 
Sess.  fas.  4th  series.  IS.  But  this  slate 
nicnt   cannot   be  accepted    without    ~onie 


'|ii,ilirn-:ition  ns  it  may  ili-.uly  be  ,i 
duty  |ieilaining  t<i  ~ii|><-riiiteiii|eniT  \i 
•ce  thai  an  iiiiprnper  inethiHl  of  lionij 
Hork    is  eiirrn-lisl.       S-e   next  seition 

•>'"'(  V.  Welliiiiiloii  (]H'.Kt,  1113  .\|a- 
:!7n.  411  X.  E.  173.  holding  that  aji  cm 
|il<'.\i-<-  in  a  quarry  eoiild  not  rivm.i 
from  the  owner  for  the  nejjlij^eiu-r  i,f 
the  su|H>rinteniient  in  f.-iiling  to  tell  him 
of  a  defi-etive  expliHlei  yi\eii  him  l.i 
such  su|i<>rintendent  for  use.  the  le.i-.i, 
assigned  being  that,  nc;  dutv  lould  li- 
predicated  to  iiis|,e.t  the  t-xploih-rs.  ,i. 
they  had  lieen  puiehase,!  tiom  ,i  ri.|iiii., 
hie  nianiifnetiirei. 

Mai     Tlif    iiiloi.iioi,    uj    (III    i„i;,ii,(,. 
nnthoil  of  iliiiiiq  IliF  iroil:  in  IiiiikI.      tli. 
iiia-ter's   liability   is   for  the  jinv    iiinl.  i 
ihe   following  ein  iiin-tances:      \\  here  ,. 
-tajiiiig    'ell    tinder    i  he    injured    ~en    -i 
in    ei.M-ei|neiice    of    the    superinteiidei.t - 
having  ordered  a  whole  cartload  of  win 
to  be  put  on  the  staging,  the  u-iial  lu- 
torn   being   to   put   only    halt   a    loaij   m 
wood  on   it   at  one  time.      Pintihhh  \ 
("omuiliriit   Kirn-   Ml  if.   rn.    ilsii.'li    10' 
.Mass.  I. 'J I.  .'tj  N.  v..  ii',:t. 

Where   the   sujh'i  intendent    nf  a   pil' 
driving  gang  direited  one  of  Ihc  gani;  i. 
-top  a  car  on  which  the  pile  driver  «.i- 
placed,  by  laying  a  crowbar  on  Ihe  liais 
in    front    of  ihe  eai    while    it    was  Iniii, 
■  liawii  down  a   slijrbt   ineline.  a  ili-l:iii" 
of  about    ")  feet,  by-  attjiebing  a   rope  Ih 
.1   heavy   pile  and  setting  the  pile  driMi 
in  o|»eration,   instead  of  moxin:.'  the  fu 
to  the   piojier   plai-e  by   means  ni  rroB 
bars,    whieh    was    the    eustomary   incl' 
South- 1 II    U.   fo.    V.   Khii'lil.y    llSDSi    Til 
Via.  41111.  77    \m.  St.  Kep.  tie.  2.'i  .So.  SI  I 
Where    a     Ioiviiihii     faib'd    to    have    i 
liank  which  was  being  iinderniineil  pi'  !■ 
eilv  -bored  up.      l.yitrh  v.  .4//i/ii   (H'll 
KiO   Ma-.s,  Zin.  ^f,  X.   K.  .ViO. 


r.<\ 


1  Ml-;  i>\  1:1;-   II  utii.i  I  \    \i  i^. 


t>(H):i 


.ttc-  .'1  hr<M<'li  of  tlio  "iiitv  111'  .1  111'  )•(•  ii'ivniit,  <]\o  p1:iin'itT  (Miiii'it,  in 


UIhTi-  .1    fiinniili  of  ;i   »|iiair,v    iiiiilpr 
ii«,k   to  liavp   .III    miiisiiallv    iHi-ge   s|i>im' 
M.i-iiil   witlioiil    ilrilliiic   lioli's   in    it    *<> 
li.il   it   irii^'lil    lit"  moil-  «ftiiivl_v   lii-ld  li\ 
ii,i-  imiiiu  of  ttu-  (logs,     Croiili  1/  V.  rut 
,„/   ilS'ifii     llM    M;i«s.    4;JB.    4:1    \.     1;. 

WliiTi'  ;i  siiperintendent  fiiiled  to  ^ixf 
|,iii|«'r  iii-tiiii'tioii.i  as  to  till-  nietluxl  of 
liiitliii;;  into  tlie  sliears  a  lu-nvy  ■^nU- 
.iliich  was  to  Ik-  flit  up  picpuialory  to 
iii-ing melted,  'ilii-ldrii  v.  Hamilton  I ri.n 
inri/ing  Co.    (ISSO)    18  Out.  U.-|>.  .-..■). 

\Vhere  a  Mipci  intciiilciit  who  wa*  i-x 
iiiit-iicpd  ill  tiaiKiMirling  tiinlx-i-  iiimiii 
.1  '.Tar  of  a  tthi-n  make,  and  knew  that 
:Uf  road  over  which  it  was  to  Iw  caiiiod 
H.is  ruujih  and  uneven,  loaded  a  timlMT 
.\iili  its  narrow  sidi~  at  the  top  and  Ixi' 
iiiiii  and  diioli'd  tlic  cuiidoyi'es  to  yd 
111  and   ludil   it   down.     *i''i<//iii/i   v.   .vm 

■  .,„nit    \lilh    MS'.til)     1C6   .Ma-..    221.    ^■^ 
S.  E.  82. 

Wheiv  an  cn^.-iiniT  allouid  or  diii'ili><l 
.0.1I  to  be  liiadfd  in  (lio  ti-iiiIiM  of  hi- 
iiijiiin!  in  siii-li  a  mil  liner  a-  to  lie  dan 
'.'iTdiis  to  his  fin  man.  full-,'  v.  Mii 
hima  Mullu.,1  II.  I'ij.  ilSil.-.  I  |0S  Ala. 
:::;0.  18  So.  S2:. 

Wiierrtlii'  -ii|iii  inlfiiilciit  ot  a  i|iiarry 
iiistniils  a  hilioiir  to  iiiilnail  an  uiic\ 
|)lodcd  hole,  and  -taml-  \<\  liini  tm  -i'\ 
<T,il  niiiiMii'-  wliili'  111'  i-  iiiiili  ilakiiii;  to 
Jo  the  work  wiili  an  iron  .ii.i|i.i.  (!ii 
mtldi  V.  /..Ill'  1  VM)\  I  177  .Ma-.  Mry.  .V.I 
N.  K.  4r.l. 

If  a  sU|MTinl<iiil"nt  kin   v.  or  liad  rea 
■on  to  know,  that  tlu'ii-   was  dan;»i'r  of 
the  cavinj;  of  a  triMt'li.  and   had  no  ma 
fcrials  for  liraciny  it.  ami   no  |>owcr  to 
|iro('ure  tliein.    ■'    "  1-    ncyliyt'in'i'  to   iil 
low  tlu'  dijxpiir      o  yo  on  In-tore  the  hit 
•  "-ari'    tnali'r   il-     woit     piorurcil.      For 
-mil  m>ylii;i>iiie  of  a  sii|i(.ri!ili'iiilfnt.  tlio 
|iiiiiri|ial   is  aiiswi'rahlc.  and   cannot   c- 

il»'  lialiility  liv  -liowinn  that  it  was  l)y 
lli^  dull  ait.  and  not  by  the  fault  of  tlio 
-:i|«riiitendi'nt.  that  sniiahle  niatorials 
ueii.     wanting'.     Ciii.inlhf    v.    \\'<illluim 

■  |x!i2i    l.'it?  .Ma-s.  .-ifiS.  31  N.  K.  :I02. 

Tlie  risk  that  the  plaintitT's  employer 
;i   <ninrryinan — or   his   superintendent. 
will   no^'liircntly    atteini>t    to    remove  a 
iliiiriie  of  Hun|>owder  by  drillini:  into  a 
iii'li'  that    has  Ik-cii    charjred.   before   as 
iiitiiinins  that   the   iharjic   ha.s   e\|.loil 
"I.   i-    noi.    one  of   liie    ri;>k-<   of    lii-<    em 
pliivmetil     whieh    the    phiintilT  a--uiiiH-.. 
\hihuln,  ».  Iull>-'    I18W)    102  Ma^rf.   100 


1: 


S.t.  ili-tini.nil-lnii^ 

MMIIplilied    hy    All 


iiiiionhiw 
V.   Shnir 


2.->  N 

rule 

■  ISf<2i    1:1;;  .\!a".  ;i(»l 

In  an  ail  ion  for  injilriej.  <¥'easi<>ned 
liy  till'  falliii'j  'ipon  plaiiitiir  of  a  lar^e 
iron  {Miiiip  wliiiii.  In.oli-d  upon  a  trtiek. 
he  willi  oilier-  was  movini;  from  one 
part  of  the  di'fi  iid.int'a  works  to  all 
other,  eviil'ine  a-  to  other  I'ppliaiiees 
whiili  were  at  hand,  and  other  methoils 
wliiili  iiiielit  liine  Imii  ii-id  to  move  till' 
pilin)).  i-  ailiiii--ilile  iipiiii  the  (|ue-tion 
whether  the  defeinlant'-  -ii|M-rintendent 
wa-  al  fault  in  e.ni-in;,'  it  to  he  moved 
as    lie    did       C' III, I'll:     \.    In  mi     ^'(t(lll' 


I'limii  <;,.    I  lS!lt;) 
K.  8.-.. 

In     Kiiiiilit    V. 
08991    171    .Ma-s 
hea\'y  -haft     wliirli 
-lipjHil   ill  the  hilil 
whieh    il     wa-    h.iwi 


Hi.-.  .Ma-    2(»2.  43  N 

Olilnlilll  Whifl  Co. 
I.V..  r,i  N.  1;.  SitO.  a 
Il  wa-  iM'in^r  loweiid 
f  the  I'liaiii  f.ill  lit 
d.  an'l  -I  link  the 
plaintiir.  Il  wa-  held  thai  it  miild  not 
he  -aid.  as  a  matter  of  law.  tli.it  tlieiv 
was  no  ne>.'liyenee  of  an  eiii|iloyn.  tm 
who-e  aet.s  tlie  nia-ter  was  ie-|Hiii-ihle. 
inasmiii'li  a-  ilien'  T\a-  e\idenie  fmin 
wliioli  it  iniyht  he  inferreil  that  the  sii 
perintendent  failed  to  see  that  the  shaft 
was  evenly  hiilaiieed  on  eiieh  side  of  the 
chain  fall  liy  which  it  was  sup|Kiite<l. 
and  that.  althoiii.ili  the  hilch  which 
proved  defective  had  been  made  hy  I'li'' 
of  the  workmen,  the  su|ierintendeiil  hid 
afterward-  -is-ii  it  and  made  no  ohjec 
tion  \o  it.  ami  was  thus  ^'uilty  of  .1 
breach  of  illlty  in  not  seein;i  that  cm  1  \ 
tliini;  wa-   lisilit. 

In    llrssinii  r    l.imil    rf    hnfiior.    t'o.    \ 
rnw)ihrn     (IS!»Hi     121     .Ala.    .".(».    2.'.    So 
703.    the   plaint  ill's  decedent    wa-   sutTo 
eati'il     ill     a     mine  in    which    a   tire  hud 
hidkei:  out.      It    ua-  held  that   the  own 
ers  iiiiL'lit  pro|M'rly  he  held  liable  on  the 
ihcoiv.  Ilr-t.  th.it  il  wa-  the  duty  of  the 
sii|HTint'  nilciit  <if  .1  iiiiiii'  in  which  a  liie 
stiiitisl.    while   cnijiloyees     were     in     the 
mine,  to  teleyiapli   fur  and   h.ive  appli 
anoes  f(.r  liiHuliii'j:  the  mine  s<'nt   by  ex 
pre-s.  if  the  lives  of  theem|doyee-  could 
not     ptoperly     be    -;'.ved     b\-     any  other 
iiielhiMl,  and,   -is-ontlly,   that   the  fact   of 
the     -ii|>erinlen'leiir-    havinsr    consulted 
th''    o|iei,itive-    a-    to  the   e.V|ieilieiii  \    of 
hratticipj;  up  the  inine,  and  tliil  in  tlicii 
opinion  it   was  tbe  iH'-t  Ihiiii.'  lo  Ik'  done, 
did  Hot  rclii  v.-  tlu   opi  r.iior  oi  ihc  miii, 
from    liability    fur  the  de.i'li  of   .in   cm 
ployee   1  c.«illl  iliy   fluui  sUcll  JLCtiuo    «helc 


!    1 


r 


|jj 


.tNM 


MAiilKK    A.NU    >fci;\  AM 


[CUAh.    \.XX,,l 


i 


t 

i  : 

1 

il;   1    1 
''   '1' 

I 

H 

(•tj          i 

1! 

i 

y   ; 

Hy 

■           !    ' 

! 

iny  nvtnt.  recover  luider  this  pr..vi>i,,ri  ,>i  the  sii.tiitr,  i,nU>8.s  hr  sli.. 
rhat  tJip  person  atir.wr,rnblp  for  the  r^inrlifion!:  or.niplaiiird  of  -,. 


iiintlipr  r(.iir'.\  lir  which  his  lift  n.irl.l 
hiivf  Int'ri  -iMil.  nhniild  h;ive  Im-iii  |.iir 
MKsl  in  the  exercise  of  diir  rare-  jihl  ilil 
i;;;i-iii'c.  Third,  tliat  thf  prcpilpiin-  of 
I  111'  iiiiiip  should  i.ot  bo  iclifv^l  fioiii 
liahilily  for  the  death  of  the  cniiilou-e 
•  III  i.ie  jnoiuid  ili-ii.  beaiiw  of  the  ku 
|KT.ciisiijv('iie,s  of  the  supfriiilondeiil's 
iicn-fs.  he  fiiihil  to  u»e  protxr  mean? 
10  siive  the  employee's  life. 

(!•)  Thr  viriiiv  of  imprupi  r  ilirir- 
'ioiiK  iillh  r'MfMcl  'o  pnrlicular  flrlnila 
of  II,,  iiork. — A  foreman  nia.v  be  jjuiltv 
of  neylip.pce  in  givinjf  an  or.'ler  (o  hoiMi 
:i  pile  while  tlie  full  in  cnii'rht  on  the 
ihiKUiii.;     j;iiard.        Mcl'hce     v.      SiuHii 

iisii.-)!  Ki.)  Muss.  2iti.  no  y.  v..  ion:. 

All  oj.lir  to  clean  maehinery  in  ino 
tion  iiia>  111  found  to  be  a  nej;lij;ent  one. 
\larhii  \.  (K7,(„M  (ISnt:  Q.  B.  D  )  10 
Times  I,,  H.  .'iss. 

Kvidencc  that  the  -inix-rinteiident  of  a 
■itreet  railway  ronipa.iy  jfave  an  or.ler 
to  the  inolori:  an  of  'a  derailed  ear. 
which  placi-d  him  in  a  dangeTou^  posi- 
ion  if  a  ear  -hould  come  forward  on 
ihe  other  trnek.  and  that  while  the  mo- 
torman  was  iti  thi-<  jxisition  lie  gave  an 
ciider  to  the  iiiotorman  of  a  ear  on  the 
other  track  standing  fi  or  8  feet  from 
'he  end  of  ihe  deraileil  ear  to  come 
.iliead.— is  siiDieieT.t  to  warraiil  a  tliid- 
iiij;  that  the  superintendent  was  jiuiltv 
•  ■f  lie;.dij;enee  eontrihiitinr;  to  (he  inju- 
ries of  the  motornian.  who  Ha«  caii;,'ht 
between  the  >;iiard  rails  of  the  two  c^rs. 
O'Brien  v.  ^\^,st  I'nd  Street  R  Co 
'  isnrt)    173  Mass.  105,  5.1  N.  K.  149. 

.\  complaint  ig  not  demurrahlo  which 
illi>Vi-.s  that  a  section  hand  was  killed 
'hrousli  the  nef;lij.Tnie  of  hi-  fnri'nian 
in  cliar;re  of  hand  cars,  in  pi  rinittin;.' 
-uch  cars  to  he  run  at  n  rapid  and  leck- 
les.s  rate  of  sikhkI  in  such  close  and  reck- 
lesg  proximity  to  each  other  that  tlu-v 
■  ollided.  Hi<)hln,iri  Ave.  rf  Hrll  /,'.  rn. 
N.  Dimenherry  i  IHO.I)  OS  .\la.  2.19  IH 
So.  308. 

A  section  foreman  is  not,  as  matter  of 
law,  free  from  neplifjence  in  •jivin;;  a 
signal  for  two  hand  ears  iiiov  iiij,'  close 
toother  rapidly  over  a  trestle  of  a  rivei- 
hndge  to  check  their  speed  at  the  same 
lime,  where  a  section  hand  on  the  rear 
'■ar,  understanding;  the  si-mal  properly, 
applies  the  br.tke  in  the  customary  way. 
!  Ut  the  rear  car  is  not  Ttop|A.-ii  l.efoiva 
collision  with  the  front  car.  XUibama 
Mineral  It.  Co   v.  ./u„ra  M8!l«)   lU   \Ia 


■•in.  «2  Am  .St.  Rep.  121.  21  So  .,.., 
Iioldinj;  that  an  instruction  based  m.  Mm 
Iheorv  that  the  act  of  the  section  IlhiI 
ili-ohes  the  def.-ndant  from  ivsimn. 
Idlily  is  properly  refused.  On  the  -,-, 
"U'l  .ippeal  of  this  case  (121  Ala  U; 
■■ir>  So.  SI4t.  it  was  held  that  Ihejiivin'' 
It  the  sijfiials  simultaneously  wa..,  u,,' 
tieplit^.nce,  as  a  matter  of  law. 

For  the  purposes  of  legal  liahility  ii 
IS  clear  that  the  following  def.uiltv  n 
res|K'ct  to  the  direction  of  work  i,,i,-- 
Ih'  placed  on  the  same  footing  n»  -ti,, m 
orders: 

-Mlowipg  a  subordinate  t.o  do  .,„„.. 
Ihiii}.  which  ought  mA  to  have  been  .li.n. 
Refi.ifiinr  Land  <t  /■■'iin,>-.  Co.  v  <-,,„„ 
Ml  (1808)  121  Ala.  .-,0.  2.-.  So  :',:. 
(where  the  fan  in  a  mine  whii-li  «,i-.  ,,. 
fire  was  stopped  by  one  of  the  servants 
Sec  further,  as  to  this  la-e  -,,li,i.  ,„ 
■<iipra. 

The  omission  to  -rive  an  order  whii.:, 
should  hav.'  bem  u'iven.  r,i,trl,,,  ^ 
CuUInf)  (ISOtii  Hl.-|  M.is,.  4;i,i.  );;  x.  |: 
197  (where  (he  foreman  of  a  quanv  ,!;, 
not  .see  that  holies  «ere  drilled  fur  ih 
dogs  which  were  to  hold  an  unusu,n> 
liesivy  stone  while  it  was  being  hni-ti.|; 
The  failure  to  cniintiTiiiiind  an  or.ln 
when  due  care  re-iuires  that  it  elioul.i 
not  lie  execntwl.  I'nrnaiiaro  v  flmi 
(ISOS,  171  Mass.  .■).-,.,.  ■.-,„  X.  (•:.  jij 
(where  the  siiperiiilendent  si  w  tli.nt  ni 
employee,  not  being  uvaie  that  an  or.!,  i 
was  given,  was  about  to  place  hiiii-,lf  m 
■iiich  a  position  that  Ihe  e.xifiition  .if  tli' 
order  would  imperil  his  safely). 

The  right  of  recovery  under  thi-  Ium,! 
!=<  of  course  conditional  'noii  pnKif  1I..1 
•he  order  was  within  the  seo|>,'  of  li;. 
-ii|(erintendent's  authority.    t^.e  an  im 

rp|K>rted    and    somewhat"  peculiar  1 

mentioned  in  Ruegg  on  KniplDver-,'  l.i^i 
bility  Act,  Ml  .1].  p.  :U.  wli.-Ve.  in  ;i; 
action  alleging  negligence,  the  eviiiin,, 
"■n.s  that  a  master  stevcdon-'s  fnrMiiin 
not  being  s.iti-hed  with  the  wav  a  I,. 
borer  was  (loing  his  work  in  the 'hold  ,i( 
a  ship,  said  to  a  man  near  him:  •ll.' 
hold  of  a   block  of  wood   and  cliiick  ii 

down  on  his  head."     The  onli-r  wa- 

olM'yed,  and  the  latiorer's  skull  wa-  fr;ii 
tured.  .\  divisional  court  held  tli.ii 
theie  could  he  no  recoveiy. 

(c)  Failure  to  furnish  proper  ii/.;'- 
ance». — A  judgment  awarding  dain.i^t- 
to  a  boy  injured  while  cle;ining  out  a 
lirick-pres?ing  mochine   with   hi?  iianJs 


s  lis:  J 


kJlPLUYEKS    LlAlULll'V   ALlS. 


200.. 


..hould  no*  be  sit  .i-iilc,  wIutc  tin-  t\  I 
ieoee  tended  to  show  that  "Brraprrs" 
for  doiDK  this  work  wrre  not  furnished 
in  (iiifficipnt  numbiT  hv  the  forrnian. 
Ract  V.  Harrinon  ('iSlt.l;  C.  A.)  10 
Times  L.  U.  !»2,  Ppversing  (H'^)  0 
Times  L.  R.  Srt". 

A  suflipient  cau.-p  of  not  ion   i-  stated 
hv  an  nviMMipnt  thnt  ii  person  to  whciin 
the   di'fi'nilant    had    intnisted    »ii|H')iii 
itniU'iKc  "nepligently  caused  or  allo\\f(l 
the  use    of    means    or  appliiinns  in  or 
aNiiit  atti-niptinj;  to  (jet  miiil  car  on  -;iirl 
rails,  which  would  likely  cuiisp  or  alluH 
Slid  car  to  fall,"  and  by  an   iivrrmcm 
that  such  a  person  negligeutly  ■i-.nistil 
or  allowed  the  attempt  to  pet  said  I'.ir 
iipcm   said   rails   without   propnr  appli 
^liiriK."    houisville  i  .V.  R.  Co.  v.  .foms 
!  11101)    130    Ala.    45f!,  30    So.  58ti.     In 
iliat    case,   where    the    ni'<;li};oncp  com- 
plained of  was  that  of  the  su|H'riiilcnil 
rnt  in  charge  of  such  work  in  ii-iii;;  jack 
•crews  to  siipi>ort  the  c.nr  which  vas  li. 
ia^  lifted,  it  was  also  held  that  an   in 
•trurtion  which  prcdieatcil  nonculpaliil 
ity  if  j,acl<   screws  were  ^uitiihle  appli 
•inccs  to  use,  and  thus   took   from   the 
iiiry  the  question  of  whclljcr  there  was 
npj.'li?ent    superintendence    in    omiltlMj; 
the  use  of  support)*  in  addition  to  i  lie 
iaok  «crews,  was  erroneous,  and  piopi  j 
ly  rel'ii-<  d. 

The  fact  that  a  stjible  foreman  knew 
■  f  the  unfitness  of  a  hf>rse.  and  iie\er 
ihelcss  took  no  steps  to  prevent  it  troni 
'lein;;  used,  tends  to  show  ii<'vli;;eiice  on 
Ills  part.  Yiiriii'iiith  v.  Fnntii  i  HS7 ) 
111  Q.  B.  D.  tUT.  .57  I,.  .1.  (,!.  rs.  \  "<.  7. 
i6  Week.  Rep.  u'S:l. 

Where  one  of  the  counts  allejies  tlmi 
the  defective  condition  ol  a  brake  'wa- 
not  remeilipd  or  disco\ered.  om  iny  to  the 
nenlijrpncc  of  the  defendant,  or  of  soine 
|ipr»oii  in  his  employ  intnisteil  wilti  ami 
'•xercisin^  superinti  ndence.  or  wlio»>'  sole 
■ir  prinei|Kil  duty  was  superinl.ndiiKc." 
It  is  error  to  exclude  testimony  goin;;  to 
show  that  no  ins|)ection  was  nia<le  of  a 
forei^Ti  car  which  came  from  a  ci'rtain 
line.  Such  evidence,  if  it  .»  oirered 
merely  for  the  purpose  of  showiiii:  a  sin 
!fle  omission  of  duty,  is  incrnip:  n  iit  foi 
the  re:ison  that  the  ear  ins|«  itoiv  are 
the  fellow  servant-  of  the  trainmen, 
liut  it  has  a  tendimy  to  ^huw  under 
what  rules,  instructioas.  and  -u|)erin- 
tendence  llie  insprt'lors  were  acting',  and 
that  these  were  insullicient  to  pinvide 
proper  ins|>eetion.  Coffee  v.  .Veir  1  «i7.-. 
V  n  ,{  //.  A'.  1-0.  (lS!>!i  ir,-.  M-,--  ■_■! 
■-*S  N.  K.  1128, 

(d)     KmpUjtliV     \iiiiitlty      tint     i-'inijn 


lent  for  the  iiv)rA  to  hr  ih,,\r. —  The  fore 
Bian  employed  on  a  pile  driver  may  hf 
guilty  of  nej;li};pnce  in  allowing  a  woiW 
man  apparently  dnink  to  handle  a  fall 
liable  to  become  e^mcht  on  tl.e  choking 
guard  which  hol.i...  the  driving  hanimtr 
in  pl.ice.  while  another  workman  is  en 
ua;;ed  in  .swimiing  tlie  pile  to  its  place. 

I/c/'/m.  v.  .s,  .,(/>/  (lS!i.">i  Hi.")  .Mass.  216, 
:)!»  \.   i:.   1007. 

Since  a  u'lTieial  man.i'jer  exercises  su 
lierinteiiil.  nf  !■  in  <lio<'-ing  incompetent 
vMirkiiieii    1  lie  master  i-  li.ild,'  for  .in  in 

luiy  cau-i  1  liy  their  iin  ompetence. 
whether  the  ni.iiiagir  w.i-  pr'«eiit  or  not 
while  till'  work  was  iM-ini;  done,  Hchin 
V.  Milh.iKiidl  (l,S!)-2)  14  .\ustralian  Law 
Times   (\ictinia)   47. 

(e)  Alloiiiiin  abvoritnilhi  danijcroui) 
roriilitiovx  tit  r.iht  in  Ihr  plnce  of  icork. 

-Ne;;li;;enee  may  pro|"'rly  ho  found  on 
the  principle  of  lis  i/isn  Inqtiitur  (see 
o|iinii>M  of  Kay,  I,.  .1,  i.  wliere  a  manager 
of  .1  colliery  allowed  an  inflammable 
Iv.iltice  (doth  to  stainl  within  2  feel  of  a 

'  ill  ling  en/iiie  havin:;  a   wooden  brake. 
11  ell.   as     lie    inn-i     'nave    kno«i),   fre- 

lUentlv  emitted  ~parks.  Tlionins  v. 
<;,..//■  \tv>/.  ;„    Cultiiru   Co     (1804:    C. 

\  )  10  Tinii-s  1..  i;  J)  I.  Tliversing  jiuK' 
nient  of  l)i\  i-ional  (  i  nit. 

l"or  om-  having  sU|>erin1endence  of 
r.iilway  tr.oks  and  ears  in  a  railway 
yard  to  ilireel  or  allow  a  car  to  !>p  placed 
loo  near  anollier  Hack.  or.  n|Hm  its  be- 
ing there  without  his  fault,  lo  sutler  it 
to  remain,  i-  ni-jli^'eiiis-  «liile  in  the  ex- 
ercise tif  his  SMperilltendcnce,  h'llttHilH 
I'lhi,  .1/.  <f  /;.  /.',  Co.  V.  Iliirlon  il.S'.l.". 
117  Ala.  210.  IJ  So.  S:<, 

In  MvCniitrv  v.  .Vorc.x*  (18r.2)  li')."> 
\Ia-s.  58 1.  ;m  \.  K.  If.!,  the  evidenco 
A  as  that  3*  feel  from  an  op<-n  hole  in  a 
iloor  a  few  iron  lieams  were  placed;  that 
'hey  had  iieen  there  for  two  or  three 
d.iys.  and  that  th..  .jefi-n. hint's  superin- 
ii'iid.^nt,  lieing  on  <  rntehes.  and  walking 

ihout  the  floor  ii|iou  which  the  beams 
were  jdaccd.  in  oidt  r  to  pasi  \)etwe«'n  a 
pile  of  |. Links  and  i  lie~e  lioams  pushed 
..ne  of  tin-  Imiiiii.-  with  his  fo-  so  that 
it  -wnng  around  on  the  other  ms  and 
tell  down  tliroiiL'h  the  hole  i  to  the 
plaiiifitr.  The  ciurf  said;  "f|).>n  these 
facts,  tlie  jniy  miulit  ilnd  that  lln'  iron 
beams  were  ncgliu'cntly  so  placed  and 
left  that  one  of  them  would  lie  liable, 
from  a  slight  inadvertent  push  of  the 
b>ot  of  a  pa— erhy.  to  fall  through  the 
liole.  IteiiiL'  left  in  'his  condition  for 
■.,,.■.  .->)-  ft.r"  ■!■.•.-  ft-..--  ;!;ry  mi-jht  infer 
.1  lack  of  due  .Ml. I  |.rop<'r  su[><.rinfend- 
.•nc».       MIowiiii  -r   h  things  to  be  ucgli- 


i  Iff  n  nn 

!    if 

I!  I  I  ]||< 


r     SM: 


.'00<t 


.M.\Mi:i;      \M)    >K1{V  \M 


[lIMC     WW; 


!     ! 


!'<iiil\  lift  li.r  -II  long  a  liiiii'  in  ,i  (m 
•iiioii  wli.ri-  tlicy  w<ri'  likriy  or  li.ililr 
111  hr  lii|i|.lci|  rAfi-,  III. I  riiic  of  tlieni  (■■ 
l.tll  throii!.'h  tin-  tioli-  in  tin-  llnor,  vvouM 
"Mrrnnt  ;i  tiinlin;;  of  i»uli;;(nce  on  tlio 
I'Hl  of  tlic  -ii(iiTiiitcii.|iMi  in  fvprcisin}; 
-ii|"'iint(iiili  111  I-." 

ifl  I'diliiii-  III  giir  iii-ifi  iiihunn  un- 
■  !•  r  (■iic:in'yliiiii,n  u  liirh  imlimtr  the 
/.I'lln  ,•  lif  ijf  ihiiiit)  .so. — K\iili'n(i>  wiir 
iMMliiii;  tilt?  int'rn'iice  thni  tlipn-  w.i». 
iimli-i  llii-  iiri'uiii-t;iiii  II.  Hii  oliliL':iti(>ii 
111  tii\r  liii-  |>l.iiiitiir  iri^tiiirliiin.s  r<;;.iid 
iri)j  till-  iiiiinnci-  in  wliiili  iiW  work  rMi;;lil 
lu  lie  ilniic.  jiMil  tliMt  liis  injury  \mih 
rans<i|  liy  liis  loii'IiMii'i  f;iiliir<'  t«  pive 
tlio.-iit  in-tnirliorir*,  is  ^llHil■il•nt  1o  mi!! 
tain  a  vcrilici  in  lii>  favor.  Ifmr  v. 
Hanisi.n  (lH<i;i;  C.  A.t  10  Tinii-.-*  I..  15. 
!i2,  Hiv.-r-in:,'  9  Tinn-,  I..  \{.  5»i7.  Sh- 
.'.Uo  Miiiltliii  v.  Htiiii I'liiii  Iron  t'omin'i 
I'o.  (I88!t)  l.S  Onl.  liep.  55.  eil.^j  in 
-uhU.  ((I ) ,  JiJi/i/ii. 

Ijll  Fiiihin  li,  ir.iiii  <i  sininil  ni  In 
titf  ijish  iti-f  I'/'  (IK  iif'HdniHiI  ihtnifrr. — 
I  ho  tailiMi-  to  notiiy  tlir  «itoiiiI  of  two 
iilavi  of  uorKnii'ii  fiiyii^iil  in  ropairin;^ 
:i  niaiiiii-  iMiL:iMi'.  Miat  llii-  rrank  shaft 
liail  U'lii  ill-r.iiiiiiMlcil  ilnrinu'  the  firsr 
-lufl.  tlip  ri--iill  iMiiii;  (hat  tho  shaft 
-\<iiii;r  rouiid  ami  irii-lii-il  one  of  thi;  men 
ifi  I  III-  siioinl  ri'lay,  i^  no;;lif;cn('p  in  tht- 
i\i'iii-i'  of  ~iip)-rint('nilrn<'('.  Mll.rii  v. 
\i  II  1,1,1 1  SliiHiiiii  Dry  Dock.i  Cn  llHST: 
I.'    li    D.I   3  Tiniis  I..  K.  527. 

A    workman   who   i-   ^tnick   l>y  a    luiii 

■  111-  of  iron  whii'h  is  lirini;  uiiloadnl  from 

I  ship,  in  I'onsf'qiicni-c  of  hi.s  fon-man'^ 

■  -iiiillinfi   to   warji   him   tt>  stand   out  of 
till-   \\;\\.    is  cnlitloil   to   rccovor  on   th<- 
LMoiinil  that  the  ne;rlii;encp  was  roniniit 
I'll    in    Ihi-   rvcrcise  of   siipfrinti'MiliMiri'. 

II  M./li/  V.  llii(/n  (1885:  (".  A.)  3  Tinu- 
I..  I!.  T7!i.  Lord  Kshi-r  said:  "An  arpn 
iiu'til  has  Im'imi  addrpssi'd  to  tlip  com  t 
ahiih  amonnts  to  tliis,  -th^it  if  yon  or 
ili-r  a  man  to  stand  in  n  certain  phipp,  and 
ilii-ii  tiirow  .'omi'lliin;.' at  him.  and  injure 
liim.  the  injury  is  not  i-:uisrd  hy  his  eon 
formiiiL;  to  the  order,  lait  -olely  hy  thi- 
-Mli*-.|iient  act.  If  these  refineminl- 
are  t<i  lie  iid  I  iidoeetl  into  real  life,  real 
life  (-anniit  yo  mi  as  ii  dops.  Ihp  oidi-r 
'o  -land  lliiie.  and  the  thnmiii^  i!  nvii 
'if   the  iron,   wen-   all    part    of   the   ~ame 

■  -■I  urreiH-e." 

\  sis-lion  man  ein.'ai,"'d  upon  a  rail 
ii«id  tiack  do<'.  not  take  the  ri-l.  Ilial 
1  foreman  siationi'd  to  iiive  liim  u  irn 
my  of  the  approach  of  train-  will  Ih- 
-ici;!iLTMl  ir;  the  diseiiar;;:e  of  rii.ii  .hi!\- 
thuit  V.  \rti  Ynrl.  V  //.  .(  //  /,•  r'., 
!S<j;i|    I:-.<1   Mas,     -,.!•.'.   :i  i    \     I.     Hiril, 


.\  di.ik  eoni|>.iriy  is  liatih-  tor  iiijuii 
leci  iviH)  owin;.'  to  tho  ne;.diyeiioe  of  it 
foieii-an  in  in.i  tnformin;;  the  pl.iintill 
ihai  a  pii-ei-  of  tin-  micliini-ry  hIih-H  !i. 
rt-a-  enipliiyid  to  repair  had  hepn  an 
loosi-ned  thai  there  was  a  ri-k  of  it- 
falliii'.'.  Aill.di  V.  XcHiiiiit  .s'/i/iiidp, 
Itri,  lli.t.i  lo.  (  1MS7  :  y.  I!.  D.)  3  TiMi.- 
I..    It.   .-..'7. 

A   charye    that    the    risk    of    a    Ii.mw 
-haft    slippinj.'  out    of    the   hitch    of  tii.- 
cli.iin  fall  hy  which  it  was  lii-in;;;  loweriil 
was  u  tiaii-ilory   ri~k,  of  wliieh  ih-fi-n  , 
ant   w:i,    not   n-ipiiied    to   iiutify   a    -.■r\ 
ant  who  was  struck   In    it.   is   pri.|iiTli 
refu-isl       The    risk    is    not    om-    in,  lili-ni 
to.  and  ordinarily  to  Iw  e.viM-cti-d  in  i,, 
cur    in.   till,   prosi-i-ution   of  the  wmk  m 
which     di-eea-ed     waH    en'_M;;cd.      A  hi.//, 
\.   Ihirmii,,    n/iief  To.  (1S!H)|    171   M  ,,. 
I.'i.'i.  54   N.    K.  SMO. 

The   facts   in  e\  ideni-e  may   -uni' liim  ■ 
-ucv'est   the  existence  of  tlii-  dul>    i-  ,,ii 
alternative  uhlifiation  which  011^1,1  tot,, 
disi-har;.'eii  in  the  event  of  the  ser\  lut  - 
i-nvironn.cnt  not  Uinii  made  as  -;if.-  ,1- 
il    would    have  tii-pii    if    -oine  otj,cr  'hii 
linil   lippn   adequately    iwrforincd      If  .in 
inexperienwd    workman,    while    i-iilm;;i  ! 
ill   underininiiiy  a    liank  <if  e;ii-tli    is  in 
iiiicd    hy    the   fallin;;   of   the   haiii,    ii|..i 
him  during  thp  tpin|>orary  iili-em.-  of  in 
■  -iiiplo\er's    >ii|ierintcndenf.    who-.-  dun 
ii  i-  to  w:itch  the  hank  and  In  vv  ,im  m: 

iif  the  ihinviM  of  its  fallinj;.  it  is  :i  i| 

liin  for  the  jury  whetln-r  it  »  1-  p.' 
iieyliyenee  in  the  su|ierintciii|i-iit  in  ,1! 
low  tho  plaiiilill'  to  work  iinihr  the  Ii;iim. 
willioiK  shoiiiiK  up  the  top  of  it.  ui  -I  I 
lioiiiiiy  Mimconc  to  ".'ivc  w.irnintr.  /  "-e' 
».  Mhi„  (18!»3|  IfiO  Ma-s.  -its  .•;;.  \ 
I-:.  5.-.(). 

.\  superintendent  of  a   stn-i-l    i;iil'.,.i 
>\as  not  bound  to  anticip.ite  that  I  he  ci' 
;.;inecr    of    a    dummy    enjiine    IkuiImil'  .1 
material   train   on    tlip    road   just   l.i-fiii' 
its  (onversion  into  a   tn-Ilcv   line  wmiI-: 
hear   a    nois«  of    rattlin;;  and    kms'kiir.' 
rods  underneath  his   spat  in  the  cah.  or 
that,    if     he    did     hear   Mich    a    ma-i-.  !  ■- 
would  priitnidc  his  |«'rson  -o  l:ir  nut  ii 
llie  window    :is  to  lip  -truck  Ipy  a   loilli-i 
|«ilo  2  feet  distant,  one  of  -i-vcr.il  m!ii- 
luiil    ju-l    lici-n  erected:    -ince.   if  tin    ili- 
older  was   sli;;ht   and    iniin.-iti  1  i.il.   r.«l> 
liiL'   at    it    was   nnncppssary.    while   if  1' 
wa-  -prions  and   niatcri:il.  loukiiiL'  at  i* 
would  not    remedy  it.  and  in  cil'iii-r  ca-^i- 
I  he  mo-t   nitural  thini;  for  tin-  eiiulniir 
to  do  i\oiilil  lip  to  st<ip  his  enuiu*-.  .iIil';' 
iiel  (XainiiM-   it    from   the  ^T'-uu-i.    '1: 
-ii|H'(  iiiti'iident   thercffire  was   hot   ■.ui'i* 
'■f  ni-i.diL.'1-nie  in   failin;:  to  iviirti  tin'  i-ii 


»    0»!tl 


tAU'J.OVtltS-  I.IAblLlTY  Al'TS. 


L'imT 


inv  iii;iii  or  siiprriiit/'iidciif.-  W  IhiIht  jiruuf  <.f  tliat  fiicf  will  <iiiilil'' 
iiin  to  irininfaiii  tlm  action  <1<'|M'!ii1>  upon  tin  principlrr'  (liscn-T-cij  in 
ihr  t'olli'winf;  section.  On  tlic  ntlicr  Imnd,  it  the  oviil'iicc  tcniU  tn 
.\\i<\y  that  the  accident  \va«s  can^fd  l>y  a  breach  of  what  the  jiirv  niav 
]irn|)frl_v  find  to  be  a  duty  pcriainintr  to  siipcrintfiidencc,  and  one  of 
ihi'  ('ciunt!*  of  the  declaration  is  based  upon  die  words  of  the  sulHCK'tion, 
Ij.  iii;i-ti'i'  i*  not  entitled  to  a  nilini;  that.  a»  there  was  no  evidenee  ot 
till'  iii;:iii:<nee  of  the  delVtulatit,  the  [)laiiititl'  i-aniiut   recover  under 

■Ills  ninill.'' 

688.  Acts  done  by  superintendents  while  participating  in  the  work; 

liability  of  master  for. —  Tli..  intention  of  the  li-gisluture  that  the  ma- 
t.r  -li:ill  lie  answerable  for  the  neijliijeiK'e  of  snperintending  einidnvei-- 
■rilv  wli'Mi  it  is  connnitted  in  the  exercise  of  .sn|)erintendence  is  soine- 
'.li;it  le—  cxpiifiily  sfatccl  in  the  statutes  of  ilassMchusetis.  New 
V(iik.  and  ('ul'irado  than  in  those  of  Knuland,  .Mabania,  and  the  I>rit 
!-li  i-oli.nies.  lint  it  is  well  settled  that,  under  the  former  statutes, 
■iH  le-s  tliiiii  under  the  latter,  the  fact  that  a  person  is  enqafjed  in  sii- 
■it-riiitendi  nee  dues  not  make  his  emidover  liable  for  every  act  which 
ii   (h«'-  while  so  en<;a.ired."       On  the  other  hand,  all  ilie  courts  are 


1.1  I      if      III     till-      IKwilioll      llf      lllP      |M|.t*. 

\uilh  nil  iiiiiinhiiiii  SIritt  It.  I'n.  v. 
11  ,;;'''  I  l!"'l  )  I. 'to  .\1.|.  4 lit.  ;j(l  So.  .-ilill. 
Ill  7/k'  li'iliili'jn  of  nilis  prumulyal- 
..(  till  Ihr  iiiiiKii  i: — In  so  t'iir  iis  spofilif 
mil-.,  ili-tini'  tlir  niursi?  to  Ik*  piirsiipd  in 
HLMiil  to  niiittiTs  (K'liiiiniii;;  to  tlio  duly 
if  sii|>orint<'n(liii<i'.  it  is  elenrly  not 
'  lull  to  dispute  tluit  tlieir  violation 
iij;n  |iiii|M'rl,v  tie  found  to  Ik-  n<'vli;;eiK'« 
ti'i  utiiih  llic  niastor  is  n•.||>"n^i'llo. 
lliiiii..  ,1  M'lilict  nuiiiu^t  ;)  fiiiltt.iy  com- 
;iHiy  will  not  lii'  ilistur1ii'<l  wlu-re  the  in- 

iiiy  MM-  line  to  the  onii--ion  of  a  fore- 
111. Ill  of  track  ropairers  in  a  jard  to  set 
,1  lin.k.iiit  to  wani  them  of  the  approach 
i.f  trains,  such  duty  being  inip<i-.<'<l  on 
Inn  liy  the  coinjiariy's  rules.  Ihillm-  v. 
'  .J-'./.",iiiii/i  //.  Co.  (1S<>8)  24  Sc.  S<-.< 
I    -    nh  strles.  I);t4.  3->  So.  L.  R.  T'.'li. 

\'ir  where  the  injury  resulied  from  a 
'ii!li»iiin  iH'tween  a  hand  car  and  a  work 
'i.iiii.  chu.mhI  by  the  failure  of  a  .se<iion 
•  I -innn  to  fjive  the  sijfiiala  required  by 

ill-  rail's  of  tlie  road.  Rirhmond  <t  D. 
i;  <■„.  V.  Ihiminnnd  (1890)  9a  .\la.  181, 
'  So.  '>17. 

Viir  where  the  evidence  is  that  in  vio- 
lition  of  a  nile  that  the  engineer  should 
-li'iv  up,  and.  if  nivessary,  stop  his  en- 
-.r..  ■..  I..H.  K-.ii  liihi;  a  -witcli,  to  a-ivr- 
'  im  whether  it  is  properly  set.  the  |ht- 
-m  riinniiii.'  the  en);ine  pushed  the  oars 
\iil     II     .\l.   i    S.— 4.S. 


over  the  s«ilih  at  n  rapid  rale  when  I  lie 
switch    was    inipro[K»rly  .set,  and   laii-iil 
a  derailment  and  the  injiirv  coinplaini  .1 
of.      I.iiiiimillr  d    \.    If.    I'll.    V.     \l,,il.-i 
xlinl    (IHii.l)    1)7   Ala.  -itil.    12  So.   711 

It  would  Mvm.  liowiViT,  that  if  ''n- 
injurioiiH  act  \\;i»  one  which,  under  tlie 
principles  developed  in  the  ne\t  «<^•tilln, 
would  not  lie  considtml  as  lia\  in;;  liiiii 
done  in  the  exercise  of  superinlemliiiri.. 
the  mere  fact  that  the  act  con»liiiiliil  a 
lireach  of  -ome  rule  ou;.'lit  mil  to  all'il 
the  master  with  res|M>nsibility.  lint  im 
ca>c  lia.>  liien  found  in  which  tliis  pre 
ci.M*  situation  was  prt^ented. 

'  Triiiilili  V.  \\  hitin  Much.  M'oW.  < 
(ISlWi  172  M.I",  loll,  ,-il  \.  K.  4(1.1 
(want  of  jranj;  plank  caused  injury  to  a 
wtirkman  lielpiny  to  place  a  mailiine  in 
a  ca  r ) . 

-An  unipialitlMl  direction  to  lind  for 
the  plaint  iff  if  certain  dynainile  wliicli 
e.xplixUMl  had  been  "careli-s|y  led  buried 
liy  the  defendant,  or  it'  ^erxaiils  or 
aj»ents  in  the  diseharye  of  their  duty." 
is  erroneous.  Shrf/nl,!  v.  Ilnnis  (  ISli:!) 
101  Ala.  rifi4,  14  So.  .•?.%7. 

'Lynch  v.  Alliin  (18!i:ii  llUi  Mass. 
24S.  .1.5  V.  K.  5.50. 

'  JoHiph  V.  Gcnnif  ('.  W'hihirii  Co. 
(IHOOi  177  .Mas,.  IT.i.  |„.r  flolines,  .1. 
See  aNo  the  cases  eiled  iu  the  lulluwing 
notat. 


L'UOS 


MASll.l;     \\U    .SKKVANT. 


[cuak   xxxui 


iiuri,,!  iliiii  il,,.  action  is  not  W.wvfd  siiiiplv  by  prf)of  tluit  tli.'  .l.taui- 
of  thp  «iippriiif<'iiil<  III  wh:^  ooniinittcd  while  lip  was  assisting  tli(>  plain- 
tiff  in  ninnn.nl  liiIior.=  A  rollntjon  of  the  authorities,  howpvrr,  Hi. 
(ilosos  cnsidi-rahlo  divert;,  nci"  of  ..pinion  as  to  the  theory  upon  wliid, 
the  lionndary  lino  if  fo  he  .Iriiwu  JMiw.'fn  the  Mff«  for  whidi  tlio  ma.*- 
tfr  !•<  and  is  not  rc-pim'-ihlc. 

Sonic  <-as.'s  prrsont  littlr-  or  no  ditticnlly.  Tims  tli.rc  is  cieaik  no 
ground  upon  which  tho  master  can  be  hold  liable  for  a  merely  nmiiiial 
act  ilone  l>_v  an  einploypo  whose  characteristic  functions  are  not  thus*- 
of  a  snperintendcnr  at  all.'  Compare  !;  680.  subd.  c.  miina.  A>;aiii 
it  is  obvious  that,  wherever  the  dntics  of  an  einployei'  are  snscei.iilil, 
of  a  detinite  segregation  into  iw..  speeitlc  classes,  s..  ihat  it  is  possibl.- 
to  say  that  the  duties  in  one  elas>  an-  those  of  a  superintendent,  whilf 
the  duties  in  the  other  class  are  those  nf  a  mere  -(.pvant  who  is  enniiui.! 
in  manual  labor  or  discharging  some  fnncfion  which  is  characteristic 
of,  and  customarily  intrusted  to,  snbonlinate  woiKmen,  (lie  exeroisi' 
of  superintendence  cannot,  without  doini;  viol  .nee  to  the  expnss  eml- 
of  tho  statute,  be  predicated  as  to  what  is  done  in  iierl'orming  tlie  l.nitcr 
cliiss  of  duties.^      'I  he  posiiiuii  taken  is  tlmt,  "when  a  peps.in  is  eni. 

'Kayiian  Cihi.  M.  rf  U    ff.  fo.  v.  Hur-    l..>r   in   whidi    It.,    wn-.  < I    wa*  ikiI 

fo.i    (1811.3)    or   AIn.    'in.   \-l  >,..  SS;   /,'«./    in  tlio  exercise  of  siip...intcn.|r„r,. 
V.   11 0//1.,    (1887;    (;.   A.)    i-,1   .1.   P.   .ilit,        In     r„sl,,„an    v.     f/i./w    ,isn>i    l.v; 
Aflirminp    (1881!)    3    Times    I,.    K.    777;     MiisM.  :!!:.'.  .-Jl  N.  K.  4,  where  il  ua>  hdu 
iind   the  en«e«  cite<l  in  ni>(e    (tl).   infra,    tlint  the  net  of  an  en^•iIleer  of  a  hMi-tinc 

"The  startins  of  a  t.ihle  u>eil  for  the  iip|..iratiis  in  iniiiro|)erlv  rnisin"  the  full 
(nuisfer  of  cara  in  a  street  ear  barn  l.y  \>  h<Mi  enh'red  to  lower  it  was  nut  an  .nl 
a  car  shifter  whosn  duty  was  to  ^'I'l  ears  of  suiH-rinlendenee,  for  (he  reason  lluit 
ready  for  the  ronduetorM  and  iiiuliiniicn  in  o|M.|M|iii(r  the  en^'jiie  lie  was  t\iiuv 
was  not  an  net  of  su|x-riiiten.leney  a>  to  ih,.  «,,il<  nf  a  lal.orcr.  actinL'  kikiii  Uu- 
a  condiietor  who  was  injin-.-d  liy  llie  direct  inns  of  others,  and  nut  din-itiiK 
tahle.  Whrllon  v.  Ilrv/  /.'„,/  .yinrt  /.'.  Ilicni.  Ill*  cnni  said:  "The  ne''Ii"Pr.r 
ro.  (ISHO)  17'J  Ma.-.  .-..-..-..  .VJ  N.  K.  for  »hicl,  th.'  statute  ,„aUe,  the  eni'j.l.u 
^072.  or   lial>le   is  that  of  a    person  ■intnistil 

*ln  Kilhrd  v.  Itonii  i]SS71  I,.  R.  with  and  exereisinff  su|ierintendeiicp 
10  Q.  B.  Div.  58i>.  where  an  emiployee  The  einphiyc.r  is  not  aii-weraide  for  lli^ 
alle'.Td  to  have  lK>en  intru^^ted  with  sn-  neL'liL;eiice '  of  a  person  intrii.tcd  wilii 
fjerintenih'iipy  hahidially  en-.'aiii'd  in  tho  siiixrintciKleiiee.  wlio  at  the  time,  aud 
manual  lahor  of  hauliii;;  and  throwinir  in  iloirir  the-  act  I'oTiiii!  liucd  of.  is  nul 
hales  of  wool  into  a  .^hi|>s  hold,  and  the  e\erei«iiig  supcrinteii.ii  nee.  hut  is  eu 
injury  wa.s  eaused  liy  one  of  (liese  hales  j-.Tu-ed  in  mere  manual  iahor,— tlie  diiH 
fallinj;  upon  the  plaintid.  it  was  held  of  a  cnmnion  workman.  The  law  rei-o; 
that,  assnmiiifr  thi.  to  )>c  the  situation,  nizM  that  the'  employee  may  hive  l«o 
it  could  not  he  .sai '  to  come  to  anythin!;  duties;  that  he  niny'be  ti  superintciK! 
more  than  this, — I',  a.,  an  employee  who  ent  for  some  pur|>06e.  and  also  ni  orJi 
was  a  su|)oriii(endent  for  some  purjMisisi,  nary  workman,  and  that  if  tiepli/'-it  in 
and  who  was  also  an  ordinary  working  tho'latter  capacity  the  ei!.ple\er  i.s  not 
man  en-ia^'ed  in  the  work  in  which  the  an»w"-ihle.  .  .  .  Unless  the  ict  it 
plaiiitiir     was     likewise     engaf,'Ptl,     wa»    self  tie  of  direction  or  of  over«i:'ht. 

{juilty  of  ne-ilirrenee  wherebv  his   fellow    tend  o   eoiitrol    others   and    to  vary 

workman  wa'i  iniured,  .ind  tii.it  ti-.e  no;;-  il„-ir  .atioii  or  aelion  bec:ni«c  ..'  tii- 
liseiiee,  having  been  ci->iiimitted  whilst  direct  if  it  cannot  fuirlv  he  <.\\i[  (.■!)>■ 
bf  was  in  the  exeicise  of  the  manual  l:i      one    in    the   doinj   of    which    the   [jeT-ii 


I  (is8| 


KMl'LOVKU>'  IIAUlLliV  M  I  > 


■jooii 


plo.ye<l  to  work  with  lii>  UiwU,  as  well  a«  t-  .  ..  icisc  Mip.riuU:nd<u(- 
the  line  mur't  \<c  .lv;i\vn  sninowlion-  Iwiv.oon  «hat  arc  act^  r.t 
.ni»TintcDfIoi)ce  and  uIkU  ar  •  acts  of  inaiiuiil  lal)or,  -r  al)  that  b. 
.l.K-  must  bo  rrpanlod  a^*  Miixrinfotulriicr  <>r  as  iiumn.il  laJw.r,  wliich 
,ii:iiiif<"'tly  w.ml.l  1m'  mijii'^r."  " 


Mill. .-11(1    villi    -III"''  illt.  ll.ll'l 
,\,,|,|.,.     Ill      .ll|i.Tllllr!nll'lU 


i-.  in  till- 
I'or  till- 
,„.  li;(ii»f  "I  -II'  l<  'I  IKTiton  in  doliij;  ll"' 
,i,p'^^«'"»ork  lit  .in  onliniiry  workman,  in 
.iliiili  Iticri'  IK  nil  i-MToise  of  nuw-rin 
i.-ndfiKT,  tlie  cmpliiycr  i*  not  mn<!«  rp- 
•nonsible  by  the  Ktatute." 

In  I'liinii  V.  BoHton  Kkclm  l.tuhl  <'i> 
lSftS)"l7l  Ma**.  305,  00  X.  K.  H.l". 
,1  verdict  for  the  defendant  whk  su.< 
tiiiiipd  wlipre  tho  foriMimn  of  ii  ■iiint'  ol 
linrmen  utpd  to  lalior  as  lui  ordinary 
Morkman,  and  caused  tin-  injury  while 
!i«>  was  helpins  to  pull  hack  an  el«'tri>' 
«irp  which  caURht  tho  branch  of  a  tree 
Mhiih  tho  pluintitr  was  cuUing.  and 
l.rokp  it  ofT,  allowinp  liini  to  full. 

No;fli<;ence  in  the  exerci«e  of  superin 

iKlence  intni-t«d  to  an  employee  i»  not 
prcilicnble   in   the   law?  of    an   en«ini-er 

Im.-.-  duty  it  i»  per-omilly  to  Ofwrate 
Ml  inijine,  althonj:li   lie   usually   has  « 
i!,l|irr,   where   the  evidence   in    that,    in 
•111.  nlisenc«  of  the  holp<T.  by  tlie  neffli 
u-ence  of  the  engineer  in  sUirtinj;  the  en- 
L'ine,  or   in   failinj;  to   prevent    a    third 
(leMon   from    starting    it.    ;■    i>er!«>n   en 
..'nspil  in  repiiiring  the  engine  w.i-  kille<l 
Ihi^i-kr  V.  Ue  ItardvUhrn  Cmtl  rf  /.  Co. 
il8!Kl)    101    Ala.   300.   ll   I-    (!.    A.   MU. 
14  So.  in.     The  cdiirt   *aid :       'It  l»einy 
lii-    duty    personally    to    perform- -nut 
invrilv  direct— thi-x  labor,  and  his  ri^'lit 
..rilv  to  have  the  other  man  bi'l|i  liiiii  ti. 
IKTliirni   it.  his  relation   to  tlie  inarbin 
.n-  lieing  primarily  that  of  a   laliovei-.  it 
iiinmit  be  said  that  he  was  in  ilie  p^er 
lisf  nf  any  siHKTiiiteniliii"'  while  be  w.i- 
liischarjiing  this  primal  d\i»y  of  a   man 
ual    laborer.      His    Mi|),.ilMi<ndi'iice.    if 
.'iiy  he  bad.  extended  only  to  his  actual 
•liiection  of  the  helixr.  and  ceased  when 
iver  lie  did  any  act  in  person  and  in  tin- 
line  of  his  duty  as  the  enginei-r  in  eharj^. 
iif    these     machines.     .     .     .     The    evi 
ili-ncr  in  this  case  is  without   conflict   to 
ilie  elTcct  that  when  the  en^jine   moved 
nr  wiLs  set  in  moti'm  Gould's  helper  was 
ii.it  even  on  the  .wemiscs,  and  that,  if  the 
•  iiuine  was  started  by  Oould.  it  wa-s  the 
.liii'ct  neeliiient  act  of  a  manual  laborer, 
not  Ml  any  sense  done  in  the  exercise  of 
»iip<iintendence,  conceding  that  at   any 
lime    superintendence    was    intrusted    to 
liiMi.      This    leuvts    the    lase    outside    of 


-ll'.-  ■■■     J    .  I    S    -.I'l'l    ,"l    li"'    I  "di'l        Tb.' 
leatli    of     Mi-K.iy,    on    tlii«    li>|i.i!ii.'si- 
■.\ii»i   uot    lausi.l    by   tlie    iiegli;;iiire   ol    .i 
iHTHOn    to    »hoiii     siiiH-iinliihliiiie    wa-. 
intrusted,  'while  in  the  exin'ise  of  hui  b 
sit[ierinteudeiici-.'     On    the   ntlier    hand, 
had  the  jury  conetudi'd  that  tiiiild  did 
not  stiirt  the  engine,  but  that   it  was  net 
in  motion   by  -oiue  lliird    |»-rsnn  in  con 
-equenii'  of  "hi-   failure   to  prevent  out 
side   interference,   the   result    iiiiist    have 
been    the    same.      On    this    hypothesis 
tJould  was  a  iiieii-  watiiiinun.  for  whose 
negligence  the  .■oni|ialiy  was  not  resjioii 
sible    to    bis    fellow    servant.    McKay 
Kobeits   *    \V.    l.iiibility   of    Ijiiployers 
for   hiiiirii-x   to   Workmen,   200.      In   no 
l^wsilde  as|K'et  of  the  evidence  was  the 
plaintilT  entitled  to  recovi-r.  The  udirnia 
ti\e  charge  for  defimlant  wa-s  proiH-rlj 
','iven  " 

The  ne;;ligenee  of  a  loiiducUir  of  a 
fifiglit  train  while  eng.igeil  in  unload 
mg  freight,  eau-iiig  an  injiirj*  to  a 
liiakcman  assisting  him.  is  that  of  a 
fellow  servant.  /.•■uisiHh,  \\  .1.  rf  C. 
If.  Co.  V.  Sinilliirkl.  I  IH'iii)  10  Ind.  .\pp. 
ISti.  44  N.  K.  2113. 

.\  foreman  is  a  fellow  ,-ervant  with  the 
iiiiployees  under  hiin.  where  both  are 
<  ii;;aged  in  throwing  rails  U|>on  a  ear 
l.i'iiisvilli.  V.  1  «'  *■■  If  ''<>■  V.  /torn 
1  1S!U)    10   Ind.  .\p|i.  lil'l,  .;■'   N.  V-    ^23. 

Itinu  V.  I(mI;i>oiI  <liiniil<  Co.  (lh!)3) 
171  Mass.  lti_',  .-,0  N.  i;.  .'>2.'..  There  it 
was  brill  that  the  iit  of  an  employee  in 
.1  i|ii.iriy  whose  iiiincipal  duly  was  thai 
..I  ~ii|ii.rinten.leiit.  in  placiiv.;  a  can  of 
IMiwder  preparatory  to  bl.i«tiiig  where  it 
nas  bit  by  a  sv.iiiL'ini.'  Ia'_'  roji.-  allnched 
to  a  fbrn'ck.  wa.s  not  an  act  of  sniKriii 
t»  iideiice.  The  court  .s.i  id :  "ll  the 
MorU  of  bla-ting  was  in  soui.^  sense  in 
the  nature  of  "uperinlendiiice.  the  mere 
let  of  fetrliiiig  and  pulling'  down  a  can 
.if  powder  piipar.itory  to  blasting  coul.l 
hardly  l>e  described  as  an  act  of  sujx'i 
inlendi  lice,  or  a-  aiivtliiiig  m<  re  than  an 
act  nf  manual  labor  on  the  part  ot 
l.al.clle.  There  was  notbiu;;  in  it  in 
\olviiig  any  control  over  or  direction  to 
nr  <.\ei-ii;!'il  of  any  oihir  woricir.aii.  or 
ie.|iiiiing  any  skill',  or  dislinguisbiiig  it 
11. an  anv  other  act  of  manual  labor." 


.1  m 

I'M 


Jilltl 


MAS  IKK    AM>    s|.|!\  AM 


li  ii»f    \\\ 


!■' 


I    ! 


'1  1 1 


If 


Jiiit  till-  -nlntion  of  fliiit  da-"*  of  ci.  wliirh  fliw  injiir.v  in  liiif  t.i 

ilip  no^'lisrii'-p  "f  fl  iJiijirriiitcii'lonf  in  ri  j:iinl  fo  a  mxiiuiil  act  fH-Miiih 
ilonr  for  tlif  pitr)H'.->«  <*f  «'\prdiliiip  iIip  work  i«  Irsv  na»y. 

Tiic  cr.nfrpfion  niiflcrlying  xonic  of  tlu'  'IrciNiniii  is  that  ihr-f  imi 
•  lentHl  <H{rr('--i(inM  into  tlip  functions  of  u  nuTf  xi'ivani  ilo  not  (mih 
him  oiii.-id(>  thp  -coiw  of  liis  duti*-*  of  •*\i|MTiiit<>n(lt'ii<'v.  I'lii-  ilm 
triiif  hii*  thp  iiiPi'it  of  avuidiiii:  tin-  l.miciil  iiiconfjniitv  involved  in  rli. 
livpothi"*is  that  thp  judicial  itTcct  of  tlip  nnnip  phvicnl  pv»iii  m;n  I.. 
dilTcrcnt  itccurdine;  u«s  it  rc^<nllp<l  fi^ui  tiip  |X'P'<iiiiiil  n«^lifr(iii  >  •<i  ili, 
»n|M-rint('n(Ipnt  hinispif,  or  tlip  npjrliKcncp  of  a  !<nlMirdinntp  in  ciiiniiii' 
out  hi*  orders.* 

Another  conception  is  ilmt  a  Mipi'rintpndcnf  who.  dnrint;  li..\vi  \(  ■ 
hricf  a  pcri-xl,  pn^rajL^cs  in  iniinnal  labor,  is  prima  facie  depmeil  t->  Imv, 
abtlicate<l  his  f»incli"n.s  of  supprintendence.  and  (<•  he  aetin;:  «;./  I,,ii,' 
riritii  in  tliP  Pa)taciiy  of  a  mere  workman.'     .\n  eMremc  applii-aijoi 

•III  It.sli;i,i4    V.  .hnl.iiin    ilSS.'ii    I,.   U.  (hIjc"    IiuIiI    of    a    iiiv     » liirli     i>    Im  m  ■ 

II   y.   H.  I>i\.  111!).   IS   I..  T.   \.  ^    Mi.  l.ia,T.<l    into   tin-   hold    ..f   »    .lii|.     ,„' 

iiiovcry  WU-.  allouril   when-  the   iiijui>  nii|>aticiitly  '•ciinl-"  it  o\cr  li>  nin'  -i.|. 

«as  ruiistMl  hv  llii-  iicyli;;i-iiif  of  a   forf-  ill*-  ri'«iilt  ln-iii}.'  that  it   I'ulU  and  inimv- 

iiiaii  ill  lianilliii);  ii   jilaiik.  the  ntluT  I'nd  i    N<'rv>inl.    i.   dnm-   li\    liirii    :)•   -ii|H'riii 

I.!   uhi.h  wa.'.  Iiidd  liy  Ilii-  |ilailitit).     'X\w  li'iidi'iit.  ;iild  mil   a--  .i  hhtc  -••ivaiil  I,m- 

liiriMiian  took  the  (ilaiik.  and.  in  «-ir«M't.  |NirariIy     vn\i:\ii\w<     in     iniiinial     l.itH.i 

iliii^'lnl  till'  plaiiitilV  III  lake  if  whi-ii  In-  Itoinirllii  v.  .V/«  iior    (  lSj»8)    1   Sc.  v-- 

iiiiilil  .lilt  do  xi  ^ati'ly.  and  tliiiH  thiii^t  I'ao.  .'illi  M<iii-'.    I  MM).  :itt  Sr.   [,.   H.  sTii 

uii   liiiii  i.   duty  hi-  imild   nii'    *iidj    |ici  ■  In    tliis    rasi-    it    «a>    sn(;;r,~,ii.d    ihat    ,i 

loriii.    Tin iirl  -aid      "Ii'  Thi.nia-  (the  foreman  i«  not  to  be  ref^nled  as  li.niii;; 

I'liri-iii.in]     had    dinii.il     ini.lh-r    ;-»    do  .■xi'lianj.'iil   his   t'linclii.nA  of  •uiKiimiml 

Hhal    hf   did    hiin-i'lt.    lir    winiM      iiicly  int   fur  llio-e  of  a  mere  wrvaiit  iiilm^i-.! 

iia\r    liri'ii    iii';.'liyi'iil    ill    th'     .  ■    i    i^i'  of  in    ninniial    lalnir.    unices    lif   i-iivm^i-  in 

^ii|M-iiiiliMidi-iirf ."      Di'iiiiiaii.    .1.,    diitin  -iirh   lahur  some  "appn'rinlilf   l.iiyth  ni 

;^iii-hi'd   Shtifftrs  \.  t;,,ttitil  Stitint  \ar.  tinie." 

|V(.   ilss.il    I..   It,   III  1^.   I!.  I)iv.  :!.'i«.  M        \   I'ondiii'Inr  iinilertaking  to  make  ;i 
I..  .1.  if.  !!.  \.  S.  M).  4S  I..  T.  X.  S.  iJS.  ,,.ui>liny  liel«.i-n  two  cars,  whirli.  if  m.i 
•  il    \Veik     l!i|>.    il'iii.    t:    .1.    P.    :i-Z-.    on  made  pru|M'rly.  will  aifi-c't  the  salViv  nl 
ihe    ;.'iiiiinil    that    llif    ni  ;jli;;i'iit    (H'rson  a    hrakeinan    wlio   has    hwn    oidcrml   i" 
I  hfiT   had   l\M>  diilics.  and   wa-  not    iieg-  iiiuke  n  (ailiidiiif;  betWM'ii  two  other  iMi- 
lij;i-iit     ill    lii«    duty    of    sii|MMiiilendi'ti('ii  is  appari'iitly  assumed  to  be  aetini;  .i-   i 
so  as  to  ean-.e  the  aiiideiii .  while  in  the  su|ierintendent  in.  Alabama   MiilltinU  i; 
case  hifon-  him   ihr  loifinan  was  yoner-  Co.  v.   McDonald    llSfl.il    112   Ala.   I'lil. 
ally   su|M'i  iiitiMidin;;   the   work  on   whieh  -20   So.   472.      But  the  dei-isii'i'   «as  pui 
I  he  plaint  ill'  via-  ein|diiyed.  ii))nii  the  srotind  that  no  iii'y!igeinr  Hi- 
lt   has     ilso   bis'M    laid    down    hy   the  ■   t.'iilished. 
Kiiylish   couit    (it   a|i|H'al   that    the   mere        '  it   is   not  an   art   of  su|>erintend«"iiif 
fait    that    a    superinti-ndeiit    underlaki'-  lii    push    ii    heavy    beam    with   the   fwl 
10   do  some   manual    work    himself   does  »o  that    it    falls  throiisli   a   hole   in  the 
not   preclude  the   in'erenee   that,   while  iloor.       Md'niileii    v.     Xnii-rny':    Mfn'-'i 
iloinp  sueh  work,  he  is  exereisinjf  su|>pr-  1,55  Mass.  .584.  .30  X.  K.  4til 
intendence.      I{iiii   v.    W'alliii    (1887:    C.       The  act   of  a  person  who~e  principol 
.\.)    ■)!   .1.   P.  alH   (walking  foreman  of  duty  was  that  of  nuperintondenee.  in  per 
a   stevedore   pushed   some  planks  whicli  iiiitting   himself   or   another    lahoiiT  to 
he     had     lmvimi     orders     to     lower,     and  lie   in    the   nei);hborhonil    of    ■    third  In 
knoiked  plaiiitill'  olV  a  platl'nnii) .  borer  with  a  crowbar  in  his  hand*   i.m 
ITie   art    of   a    loniimii    i>l    stevedores  not  be  found  to  be  negligent  Kii|iiiiiiiiMfl 
wbo,   by   way  of   pn-hiny  on   ilie  work,  eneo   merely  becnuge  the  event   -lio»«ii 


5  1:     r 


!     'I 


|M«i 


K.Mn.»i\KKS    LIABILITY  ACTS. 


Mil 


.,f  thi*  dMtrinc  i-*  foniul  in  a  caw  which  !*ecm»  topinbodv  the  princi|.lr 

tliat  an  act  which  i?  deriiu"«l  to  have  U-en  done  as  a  mere  -on'tnt,  for 
I,,,  reason  that  it  ><*  niuuiml.  .r-mnmnicates  iu  quality,  as  an  act  ot 

-iiuf  charn.t.  r,  i..  actn  inci.l.-i.tullv  (jimnccted  with  it,  which  wouM 

„i|i.'iwi>».'  hiiv<'  Immh  r.-ar.l.'d  a«  pertaining  U>  supcrintcmlciicc." 
11 ncliisiou  ihii-  ..niv.-.i  al.  lli<  ugh  in  a  •«miW'  logical,  --cems  tu  ig 

,„„v  the  c^cntial  rationale  --f  the  thpor>  "f  diffcrentiatiun  ^vhidi  tin 

.,,,,,1  |.r..f<— .s  t..  Ik  applyirifr.     It  is  -iibinitl.'d  that,  if  flic  miopp  doin;: 

I  ;i  nuunial  act  iniplic;*  ail  hitur  lifiu  a  tcniix»iarv    dcvcstiturc    ol 

|„.  iniKiioi.'  «i  HniMrinlcnd.nco.  the  diwiiarg.-  «f  one  of  tJiosc  fnnr 

i„nr,  even  when  it  i>*  intimately  asstniated  with  the  ninmial  ad   in 

,|ueyti'ai.  sli.MiM  1k'  n'jiaidcd  as  involving  pro  lanh,  the  resumption  o( 
l,e«i.  fiincti..n<.  I'lidcr  any  other  theory,  it  !■*  .lear.  tlie  maslc!  will 
iijoy  all  the  ailvanta<res  and  Ih"  Md.jcct  i..  none  .-f  the  (Irawhacks.  ..l 
l.c  a..<-irine  that  lli.-  applicahilitv  ..f  the  >iatut<'  i-  to  \h-  tested  solcl.v 

l.y  the  charaeiei-  ..f  ili'    tunetion-i  in  regard  to  which  negligence  is  al 

I'lic  si!vere  d.Kirine  adojitcd  in  the  eases  ju>t  cited  is  qualihed  t.. 

\i,'  extent  of  allowing  ilie  -.erviini  to  recover  when  the  uuinnal  act  in 

.nic-lion  wa:?  so  conneeied  with  a  plan  or  or>ler  iiing  from  him  ii. 

,hut   it    W-.H  nusMl.lo  to  li..vin  tli.-  Intt.r  CI.  liT    V     V.    4.-.0      ll.it  Uu-  .■.,urt  *..|.l: 

.M1I.1..W.'    I.v    iirarliffiMitlv     linn.llint'    or  Wr    tluiik    tlh'l    tUi:   «n»«.-i.    -^  «■*.    ;.'■> 

InliM-iii"    the    Imr.      fh^ •;    v.    i:i-lo„  .iImm.I.'    xviis   not    the  dirwtion   ol    :.    hi. 

IS'lH,  In  M..>s.  187.  .-.0  N.  K.  r..II.  i«Tioi-.   t...t    imivly   tho   asMiriin...     in    « 

\  ^tn-.-t  niihvav  toiiii.niiv  it  not  lii.l-tc  f.i^t..iiiiii.v  ...ll.i<|.niil  form,  of  tlio  f.-.lo» 

I,. I-  inimiet  to  a   «.TV«nt  '>lw  to  ii.-yli-  worki.i.oi   wlio   Ii.kI   i.i-|H..t«l   tli.-   ii.ol.. 

.,....(  tlip  «.im-rint.'n.l.Mit  of  it,  |«iiit  lii..t  all    «.,-   s„|-,..      A    loiil.t    niiylit    1h< 

;i,„„  «l,<rp  at  the  tin...  of  .1..-  inji.i.v  tl..'  lai-.-.!  as  to  tlio  .-ir.-t  of  i  pr.>vioii«  .tat- 

.ii|«riiil.ii.lfnt  wa.-a.linj.  a*  .iM.tonnan.    n t    by  tlio   |.|ai.itiir  1-.it   tli.-  fonman 

Hrilla:,,    v.     HV.vf    Hml    Slrp,l     It.    Co.  i;,iv..  Imi.  ..   Iinll.-  ol  ......i  to  i»...r.  « liicl< 

.IS'i;)    1««  Ma-s.   10,  4«  X.  !•:.   HI.  h«'\i*  al   lii-l  Ilk.-  a  .liiv.n.ai  I.,  do  wlial 

'In     ir;M//(i/,r,     V.     hnil    '18071     li'T  iIh-  l.iiin.aii  oii;.'lit  to  h.nr  kn.mn  to    M. 

\|,        -)HS    4(i   N     r     121.    it    wa-   li.-l<l  <l.iii«t'roii.-!.      Hut    it    Hp|«iii>.    fioin    tl.o 

Hint  a  suiH-rint.n.l.ni  of  an  i.on  fouinliy  .onirxt  that  it  mean*  oiily  that  in.-  fon- 

il<K-.  not  oxcr.i-^  .u|«-iiii.fncl.>n<<'  in  M-t  man  that  iiii>rninf.'  wat  .loin;:  llic  inanii:i 

tini:    up    nioUls     an.l     ins|«,tiny     thoni  work   of   Hllins  th.-    ladh-,    aiul    han-l--! 

«illi   nWncf   to  lh.il    ...n.lilion   a^   t«  on.-  to  thf  plaintitl.      It   «a<  j.ait  of  the 

,laiMP!i.'s-.    or    in    a-iiniiK   an   .iiij.h.y.H-  plaintiiro  r.ri.hir  lui-iii.--  t.,  [wair. 

il,i.l  UiPV  arp  all  riyht.   wh.-i.-  -xwU  a.l-  In  a  later  .a-«>  it   «a<  lai.l  .h.v  n  'lial 

,!.■   iiieiv    niatl.'i-   ..I    d.tail    ami    of    r<-  ■the   .niployfr    i.<    not    n.a.le   an^ueral.lo 

..■riini;    iiei-.-sMtv.        V<.-..i.lin^'     to     the  liy  the   -tatiile   for   a.t.^   ..f  su|)erinten.l 

r.laiiitiirs  t,-tiiii.'iiiv  h.-  a.k.'.l  th.'  ,..imt  .-ncfl  neslip-nily  iKTlor.ia.l  in  his  wrvi.c 

iiit.ii.lent    if   the   inold^    »fie    all    ri;;lit.  l.y  an  ordinary  workman    or  hy  one  who 

.ind  received  the  aii-«<r.  •v."'.  «o  ah.-ad,  in    both    workman    an.l    Miperinl-mliMit, 

IV.h"    It  was  artiued  that,  a-^ii.iiinu  the  in    niakiii«   de,  Inration-'   whi.h    may   he 

-U|H!inteiuUnt  not  to  have  a.t«l  as  «ii  h  int.  rpietwl  eith.-r  as  orders  of  a  su.wr 

.1.  --Itinir  up  the  ir.ohl.  he  di.l  .xei.i-e  in1.'i..lent    (r  as    .-iiian.r-  of  a    f.'llow 

„i(,..ri!iteiidenre  in   «hal    h.^  -ai.l  t*.  th.-  workman,  if  in  f:nl  they  are  merely  «ueh 

l.h.iiiliH.     aoeor.'.iny     to     a     ili-tiintinii  a  —  iiian.i- "'/.'";"';"'  v.  f7.i. 7.   ( Isns, 

|...liMc.l  ...11  in  K-illr.l.  \.  /I,'.,;,../ I  IHIMi  171   .Ma-    :Hi7,  i"  N.  K.  .">4i'. 
l.il    Ml".    4(i!'.    470,    4-2    Am.    .^l.    li'-j'. 


^m 


wit 


MASTKI:     AND    s|  (iVA.Nf 


tCHAT.    XV.it  a 


9iir. 


rh«iucflrci<«  of  hi»  authorify  a»  i.,  sh.iw  tliat  the  plmi  w««  ill  cone^'iv... 
or  thr  orrjor  nfjilig'>nf,'  But  tliis  <|\ia!ifi<'inion  is  uotconsfruod  a*  in 
^•o]v^n•:  'lip  oonclu-ion  that  pvory  net  duiu-  l>y  ii  suporintondciit,  mci 
ro  lir'l]»  ill  I'crrviiig  out  nn  order  which  he  hinl■^<•lf  has  given,  sljoiiM  !« 
regarilcd  ii>«  part  of  liis  -  jjxTinrfiuli  ncy.'"  .1  fortiori  i*  the  niiistPi 
lint  liiilili'  wiii'ii-  till'  act  of  th''  Mipcrinti'iuk'nt  hn*  no  j>ri«p<M'  e«iiiiirc 
fioi)  witii  hi-  'iiitir>.  "Tlip  qiu-tiini  wht-thpr  tJuf  coniiiTtion  ]*  clo*- 
«Honj;h  i","  ii-  ha-  hccii  'ib-TiM''!  hy  (liiof  .FiMtic-  Iloiriiv-i,  "nur  ■■;' 
•Icgrcc,  ami  iiatiirnlly  ditliMciK  pfiijile  will  draw  tin-  line  at  ditfcrti 
|Miints."" 


'./f; 


0«'  / 


./.    T     ilf,.,<ie    «'.    U/tt(i 


lii 


(1900) 'it:  M.Mh.  i;ii.  5s  n.  k;  ii;i!i, 

per  lluliiii-.  I  li.  .1.  riic  autliurily  fi>r 
t!ii»  prii|Mi-ilion.  cltol  l.v  the  liMnii'il 
judpp,  tt;i-  li'llinn  \.  /....'./.  (NltU)  171 
Mn««.  nti,  .">i»  \.  K.  t.'iS.  win  le  it  «:i-i  li.l.l 
liiiit  the  itiujiiil  hilxti  III'  II  -ti|>i'iiii 
teiidi'iit  who  iliiiiliil  tlif  iiii'lliinl  <<( 
liiwiMin;.'  thi'  111!'  .iiii|  nllrr  into  il - 
nnt'ki-t,  ill  iiiiuiiiiliii!/  a  rii|ii-  truin  iIh' 
druiuhisul,  cuiiiiut  III'  -i'|>iiriit<.'d  t'ruiii  hi- 
(lufy  in  -ii|K>riiitvniliMit.  «o  u*  to  rclii'vi- 
the  iiiiitliT  tioiii  liiiliility  for  injury  to 
A  iprviiiit.  n'-iilliiiL;  fimii  Die  <«ii|H'iiii 
tpndpnt's  iHLilJL;' iii<'  ill  iiriuiiiiliii'.'  tht? 
i'i>|H>  wlii'ii  it   »,iit  ill  a  ui-t  riiiiititiuii. 

In  ]l,r„l,i-  V.  Shi'hU  {1!M)(1>  IT.'i 
Mil-..  -4:W  .-,((  N'.  i;.  (imt.  tin-  iicliri;; 
-ii|M'riiil<'iiili  lit  ill  u  fiMiiidiy  diri'cliil  llii' 
|iliiiiilil)  to  ii-f  II  iiinlil  fur  11  iM-tin^'.  in 
vtliii'li  )ii>  h.iil  iii.iilf  .1  in'ri'iiialiuii  with  u 
ni-ty  piiii-  111  iinii.  Tlii'  ••\  iili'mc  ti'iidi'U 
In  sliitvv  lliiii.  »li.'ii  tliK  ii.nlii'n  iron  i-aiia- 
in  vuiitact  v\itli  tliL-  rust  in  thi'  niiild  left 
tliiri-  li\  till'  iiiiii  u-i'd  in  |ii'rf(ir.itiii;{ 
it,  it  iaiis<Ml  an  exj>Ki-ioii  n-sultin;.;  in 
plninl  ill'.-  iiijiirv.  It  ua-  held  that  the 
-ii|u'riiiti'ii(li'iit  ill  pinciii;;  tim  daiipinus 
mold  ill  plaiiitiir'A  liaiid-.  and  dirci'tin^' 
liini  to  u-e  it,  aitiil  a-  a  !«upi'i'iiit<Midi'nt, 
l>ut  «hc'tlior  till'  ai'l  of  iitrforalinii  it.-olf 
"a-  lino  of  -ii|H'i  iiiliiiiiriKH!  wa-  imt  dn- 
liilud. 

In  Muhiih;  V,  /•'«//.  r  ilS'.Hii  I.iJ 
ila^6.  ItiO.  2.">  X.  K.  8;t,  it  wan  held  that, 
as  a  for«||ii.ni  nl  a  <|iliirry  w.i-  f.\irivi-iiij: 
-u|M'riiiteiiiiiiirf  in  di'lennininj;,  aftfr 
the  tiring  <'f  a  bl:;st,  that  tho  tuni|>lii^ 
i«hould  be  eli-arud  out  of  a  drillhole  l>y 
drilling,  a  nivant  injured  by  an  I'.vpio 
Hion  wliile  the  work  wtih  hi-iiii^  duiu- 
iiiiffht  ri'TiM-r.  regardle--"  of  the  fact  that 
ilie  jUiic'iiiiti'iiJciil  himself  ^truek  the 
drill. 

In  Crviiliii  V.  riillmg  (  IS'Jlii  lli-'i 
Ma.~.  4;ir..  I.;  \.  I".  Ili7.  where  a  stone 
uiiiid    wa-   III  in:;    Inn-iiil   slipped  out   "f 


the  il<i|:»  whirh  held  11.  for  tlir  reainn 
that  no  hole-  had  l«'i  ii  ifrillnl  I..  r»'fi\i 
iliciii.  a  ViMiliit  fur  a  xrvaiit  iniiiii-|  li\ 

tliefall   of   liie-Iiillf  «,i.       ;i||i-|i|.  ;i:'!ii,||^l 

till'  -iiiH'i  I  .ilnidi  111  iidju-led  uiK'  I  llm 
ilii^A  hiiiix'jf 

In  Kiifi  V.  II  ii//ii»  I  1^X7:  C.  .\.)  ,1 
'I.  P.  al'.i.  the  iiiiiit  iiirii»i..n<Hl.  u-  .e 
Mildiliiiiial  P'  -nil  tor  ImMpi;.' the  def.  ni 
.lilt  lialili',  I  III'  fait  ilial  t'li'  ni;iiuH' 
»i'ik  «a.s  iiiiiiiiM  li-tl  with  an  onlir  pri 
>ioii-!y  ({ivrii,  but  the  deri-ion  «a-  inii 
|ii'nd<-nt  of  this  t  utor. 

'■'.h.-ljh     V.     Iliuiili     I',     \\li,l,i,u    Ci, 
|l!Mk»,    177  Ma.-i.  17B,  .'•«  N'.  K.  tl.lli 

•■l:S<f,lt        \.       «,(l./'/r       C.        ir>ll',,7      (. 

(iMioi  177  Ma—  I7t!.  -'iS  N.  1..  i',;i;i 
Then'  the  plaintllV  was  .it  wmK  en  in 
eiiibonginff  niaehine  »hieli  »ai  imt  run 
ninp,  and  had  hi-  hand*  littuii-ii  i' 
jiiwn,  when  aiiiitlnr  workiii;<ii  mIIi.I  i' 
su|K'rinteiideiit.  who  leaned  mir  lietvu'.i 
plaintilT'H  niuehine  and  uitotlier  to  p^' 
directions  to  the  xerond  workmin.  ^i 
aei'Ideiitly  to.ielied  the  shipper,  tlien-i.i 
-tailing'  plaiiitiirn  iiiai  imie,  aiel  lau-iii; 
the  injury.  Ilelil.  that  pliiintiil  caul 
not  reciniT  "The  pieeiHe  plaii-. "  it  «,i 
!4iiid  in  the  opinion  of  the  eoiiit,  '*ifi 
which  .MeM-r,  the  -ii|«Tiritendent  kIiouI  ' 
be  wliilc  ).'i\  in>;  hi-  direi'tlmi-.  tlie  w.i' 
in  which  he  sliuuld  .ntand  or  sit.  :inil  lu- 
eare  in  n>:iii.i;.'iii;;  his  body  in  tlic  pl.in 
he  m'lcite<l.  wire  too  niiicli  the  acclileiii 
of  hi-  inilepcndeiit  |H'r-oii.iIity.  ami  tc 
reiiioU'  from  the  act  of  v'^i"J.'  •'"'  cnlcr", 
for  Us  to  charge  the  defendant  with  tli'' 
consequences  of  his  lH';,'lcct  in  tlmt  re 
'.'.ird.  The  matter  may  !«•  -tatcJ  in  .i 
ilil7eri'iit  form.  If  the  initiun  cf  Mi-yi- 
which  caused  the  injury  In-  ii-u.ul' J  J- 
part  of  an  act  of  itupi'rintendcim  .  tin 
fact  that  he  was  -,ii|«;i intending  was  in 
iiu  way  a  ncci'  .iry  rh'iiiciit  in  p:'>!'.i''iii'j 
the  injury.  I'lit  we  are  of  opinion  fli.i' 
by  n  true  d.i.sf  riu  f  ion  of  the  -latii'i'  'li" 
siij»  rintendence     must     inntribiiii     »» 


t^timk 


„  „*i  ,;ilOJ  I  \l|'l(i\KJ{h'   I.IAIllLITY    .\<  I>.  tM 

The  «•!•">»■«  ciU'fl  in  thi'*  tion  ?!i.'.il.i  U-  ctnui.mil  wiiU  ilir  wnn- 

iiion-lav  deci*ion9  reviewed  in  §?  5U   547,  rt'i'i'. 

t.  LlABIUTV  toll  l>l  I  nil  >  I  Al  >i  I'  11^  1  III  N  I  ".I.U.l  N'  K  i>K  .\  rF.RSOK 
TO  WHOSE  OROEIIS   llIK  IN.M  KKH  si  l:V.\M    WAS  ll.il  ND  T M<»nM. 

689.  Introductory.— Ill  -.  (•ti..u  I.  -"iil'-.  ::.  <>l'  rhc  Knyii-li  ii<'i.  it  i* 
.ru\id<il  that  a  sorvant  <liaU  Un\r  :i  rii:iit  of  .i.  ii"ii  a.'.iin-i  lii*  riii- 
plovii",  wlicni  ver  iiijiii'v  i»  raii-c<|  tn  a  \w,iKiii.  n  "I'V  r<a-uii  cif  ihc  n<-;i- 
'igiMiiO'f  any  pir-Mii  in  iIk'  •■vvH-r  -■!  ilic  .iiii.l.-y.T.  to  wIk.-p  nnln-s 
„r  (iirirti(.n»  lln-  \vi»ri,iiiaii.  a-  tlic  tim.-  ••(  lia-  injury,  wan  lMinn<l  to 
.onfovm.  luul  (I'M  oonfurni.  wlicrt-  siu-li  injury  rc->iiii.Ml  fiom  lii^  hav- 
ing so  <'onf<.rinc«!.''     Tlii-  i    i.\i-ii.)ii  i;"  in-crtt-d  veri-  nim  in  tla-  ('ana 

■  lian  anti  Au-tralian  Aci-.      Tlio  .-^tatnti ••.  i>{  Alal>ania  iiinl  In.liM-ia  in 

.  j.iilf  a  ,-l,ni>.'of  I'.^wntii.lly  tlic-aii;c  |>iii|M.it,  liut  no  i.r.>\  i-ii..n  of  tlii-. 
(•nor  is  found  in  thos'^  of  Ma-^a.-im-ftt-,  .\.  w  York,  or  Colorado. 
T!ii«  -^nii-tctioii    ni.iy    lie   nirar-lfd  at  In  iu'.:,  I.r  -adiy  spcakinjr,  dn- 

■  liiratoiv  "l'  Um)  "-n|nii'  r  -crvant  d<  '-I  rim"  i  ->  i  eliapliT  .\.\viii.,  sub- 
•itle  D,'«  •/r'),  wiiicli.  wo  liavc  Ik.'I  ..-.m  ;..n  to  rcnark  in  ?  fi«<1, 
-uIhI.  c,  sijiia,  U  not  > nii.  .lad  ia  iIk-  j  <•  r<  .;iim-  sidi-fction  of  llic  art. 
1  liP  di'<'i«ioiw  lia'id  ;'("if  tiiai  (iiiiiinc.  lio,.',\rr.  have  not.  so  far  a- 
.ilipeari*,  intlncnt-cd  tiic  <•   an  ■    .«  an     ''xn  nt  in  tln'ir  .•"ii-iriK-tioii  of 

his  provision.      Tla'  >ii<'>  ':i>;  hinirna;:"  n-d   I'y   ili''  It  lii-latiirf-;  lia.s 
li.me  liLcn  oon<idcrcil  on  as<cr;ainiiij:  ila-  cMout  of  die  iiia-lcr'.s  -latu- 
■  TV  iiabilitv,  and  il  i-  ilanfi  >  ■  nu'n  !y  fp  ii  tla'  :itan<lpoiut  of  .'oin 
I  iniiivo  juri--prudi'iiii'  ihat  lii'   df>t'i-*ion-  wliii-li  apply  tlir  docirini'  .n 
|ii.stioii  are  of  any  inf''i'e*t  or  utility  in  tin-  pr.'M-nt  conmcti  .n. 

690.  Conditions  luecedent  to  recovery.— 'liic   «-tal)liiliincnt   of    ♦'•" 
idllowinji  propositi!  ii-i  i>  an  (•>-«'niial  pi'fiT(pM<it«'  to  tlic  niiiipto:.,,,:. 
■fan  ai'tion  nndor  tliis  provi-sion: 

-iich.   aivl    ttiiit    wlioii.    ii<    Ill-IP.    it    li.id         '  i|i    di"  ..iIht   Ii.omI.    it    1'^i»   i"  •       ■       • 

I'ddiinn  to  lUi  with  the  iiijiiiT  '/I'd  >a|Hi-  lh:il    .1    jmy    i-   jii-lili.'il    in    fi.T'.i'u    "  " 

inlrii.l.iiii-,    till-  ciiso    i^    mil    within    the  m    -iii»i  Piil'tnliiit    in   ^jnicial    ii 'it  -'     •■' 

.i,.t.'  Ilic  ••iitiii-  wuik  of  ili;.'yin.i.'  a  new  ;,,•■' 

Kvpn  if  il  sii|>i'iiiit<-)iili'iit  travi'liiig  on  wii-t  rn:;.i:ji(l    in    nil   art    of  »ii|i<'i  iiit^  11  1 

.1  stri'et  car  a-i  a  im-*-' iijjcr  is  u  >iiiht  •■hoc  in  wiilkiiif:  nliinir  ihc  hank,  and  la 

iiilindent   to  the   t-xtiiil    of   having   his  -tfippintr  to   look   d(i«n  at  llio  «t>rk.  in 

<ve  on    the    way    in    which    the    car    is  tin-    nuirsc   of    which    he    prr<a|)itated    a 

iiiannfred.   his   su|)crintcndcncc,  as  such,  f.ill  of  the  li.iiil,.    Mriuyy.  \\ys"inrou:ili 

Joe»  not  contribute  to  an  injur}' received  (  l"*!!!!)    17-'   Mn--.   .VU.   52   N.   K.   lOlil. 

I'.V     the     conductor     throuj;h      strikinj;  See  aNo   M.C'inliii  v.   Soniimx    (1892) 

.ij,'uiiist  a  tree  clixe  to  the  track  in  con-  K'>.j  Ma^-.   .'.St.  .'to  N    V..    n;i.  Mie  facts 

~iH|uince  of  hi  J  having  to  step  round  the  of  wliidi  .m-  -tattd  umler  S  Ml,  note  1, 

-iiprintpndent  «lii!e  he  ii  st.Hflir,;;  r-n  »•.■,!«!     i/,.    .vii^-jju. 
ilic  ranning  board.     Hall  v.    WiiUrfnlil 
.(  .■•;.  Nr/fff  R.  Co.   (IflOl)    178  XIa-s.  98. 
■■.'I  X.  E.  608, 


I 


2014 


MASTKU    AM)    SKKVANT. 


[rHAP.  xv\ 


,';  it 


m- 


( 1)  'I'liiit  tlip  diroi'liiip  employeo  was  iiivnstcd  bv  ilip  niii^o  r  ■, 
iiiitliority  t.igivo  orders  which  the  injured  euiployet;  \va>  h>.iii  I 

■  'bi'v. 

(2)  Tliiit  iho  i>:i.;i(Milar  ordtT  ffivoii  was  niic  within  tho  sr.i|M 
ilio  autJioritv  thus  <-<(nf<'rred  on  tJie  direct inp  cniployii'. 

(."> )  Tiiat  the  act  of  tiie  injured  employee  which  h<i  i..  lii-  k  r ,  j^ ; 
ihe  injury  was  done  in  coniplianco  with  an  ordiT  iicin.illv  or  iin|.li.  ! 
•jiveii. 

(4)    That  tlier(>  was  a  casual  connection  Ixtwcen  ihc  ^iviii-  ni 
order  and  the  injury  received. 

('>)  That  the  directing  employee  was  wantiiii;  in  due  can  ,  1  i; 
with  respect  to  th<'  order  itself  ..r  with  rc«|Mcl  to  -ome  .liilv  in  ih.  | . 
t'-'rinance  of  wiiich  he  repri-;entcd  the  nia-ter. 

These  constituents  of  the  plaintitfV  right  of  acliun  will  I,.  .|i  .  .-■ 
in  the  following  sections. 
691.  To  what  superior  servants  the  subsection  is  applicable  —  A  h. 

fact    that    the   injury   rc-iilted    lim I'.iniiity   t..  an   ni.l,  r   [.  i;, 

-olo  prereipiisito  to  rccov<'ry  inider  tlii<  provision,  il  w..n|,|  „  , m  ;,.  I 

applicable  to  any  employee  who  is  authorized  to  pivi-  ; '.lir  in  r, 

-'I '  to  the  subjecf-niatter.  whether  he  is  or  is  not  a  -ii|Miintiii.l,  m  ,,; 

foreman,  as  that  term  is  cmnionly  nndeist..od.      .\\\,\  ,,u  ili,    \,||.,i, 
iliis  is  the  eircct  of  the  de.-isions  on  which  the  (|ncsiion  lia>  li.in  .lii. . 
ly  raised.  tliouu;h.  in  reference  to  the  tact>  invulved,  it  r;iii  -,miv,  I    i. 
said  that  they  areeiitirelv  con-isieiif.' 

'  HiHovciy    hiis    lK'.>n    nlliinnl    fnr    llii-  I"  tli.-  ii.';;li;;.-iin'  of  tli<>  iiii|il.  \.  r  in  .., 

iH'clifrriii-c   of  tlio    fiilliiwiii);  ciiii.Ih.mts:  juiiiil in;;  mm  ii iji|M'ti'iii  |iii.,,ii  i,,  .ii|,.' 

A  €'ioiii:in  iinilci    wliosc  clint'limis  tin-  inliihl    :i     work     i,i|iiiiiML'    -ihli    -ri.-.i 

liliiiiitiir  vns  miloii, linen  vim.     Milliifii,!  ^kill  n,  tin.  |.iiIIim"  .li.vMi'.f  „  l.nlllii, 

V.    ViilUiiiil   n.  Co.    (ISSI)    1,.    It.    14  g  lh„,„    V      W,f;.i,r    (  IS'il  1    Is    S      s,.". 

I«.    Div.    tlS,   54    I.,    .r.    <,l.    11.    \     S.    202,  (  ,1-.   (Ili  s..ri<-«.  .Vi.V 
:>■>  I..  T.   X.  S.  2.-..-,,  .ri   Week.   1!.-|,.  :itill.         Hut    ill    //....y»,    V.    //„/«„•    ilsii;,    i. 
411  .1.  V.  4.VI.  |i,ii,.s  1..   I!,  (i,  Ailiriniii^'  12  Tim.-  I     !' 

\n    onipli.vir    n|i»    «,is    sent    willi    ii  .'..IT.    tin-   (Icfciidiint    «:is  hcM    nil    i.i  !■ 

-mail  (;:inj»  i>t  nun   In  crnstriKt   iiii  v\v  lijlil,.  f,,i    llu-  iir;;ll;;inir  <if  ;i   umi.-  It 

viilor.  Mnil   who  WHS  |li,>  only   ,«.is(mi  on  iii;oi  of   ,i    -in:ill  ^'.in;;   .  nTi-l-lin-  ii  i 

\}\i-  |>ii-nii>i>s   antlioii/.i'd    to  jiivc  onliTs  tii:i-on-    ;inil   (ho   nia-on'-    LiImhit-    !■•' 

.iliont      llic     work.        II  iW     V.      \\Hii,,i,nil  ..11  in  ilo  -onii.  n'Oaiis  mi  .\   i.nl"  n     i 

|ls<t2;    C.    A.l    I   Q.    M.  7s:i.  ai    I,.  .1.  {).  ,|,„.|,      |„    ||„.   ,|i,|,|„„    I    ,,    ,!,,_ 

|{.  N.  S,  .•lltl.  m  I..  T.  \    S    .10!».  40  Uivk.  ,  1-1,  n  wa-  |>iil  l,v   M.itli.u-.  .1  .  .,|....,  i 

IVp.  .'lOI,  M\  .1.  I'.  ;tS|i.  ji.iiin.l  tliaf.  to  iiiakr  an  .■iii|il..x.  r  li.pl- 

\   niailiii an   in   a    l'.iiiiiili.\    »lio  ill  ihrir  iini-l   I..-  <oini.oiii.  wlio  li.ni  .iiiih.i 

nn'tcd    the    worknii'ii    a»    to    «lnit    tlirv  ily   fo  ;.'i\i-  ..nln-     tli.it    i-.   mIui  hi  1   . 

•AfTC  to   ilo.   altlioiiyli    I oiilil    nol    ills  inanilat--  fi ll iii|ili.vi.r      II    i  i:ii  I- 

fhar-.i-  tlicni.  ami  coiilil  only  i-nfori't>  lii^  that   llif  .|l^•isi,ln   in  tin-  ...ml   .1  :i|.|" 

iliri-ctions  li\    an  ap[M-al  to  tli..  t'liri'iiian  was    nallv    inlnnliMl    to    r.'-l    iiprii   ' 

of  tln'«oik-.   IMnti  V.    111./.  ).».,«    (1SS">)  liv|M>lli.»|.   thai    llicii.   was,  a-  .c    m  ■' 

12  Sr.   S's-.  Cas.  4th  wiir-,  SO  J.  22  S.-.  .if    fart,    no    ••inan.lati."    from    lli.-   ■  ■■ 

I-  1-  •'■>■-!•  i.loyci.     Or  tin-  theory  of  llu-  iiilni.  " 

\  iiini|ilainl    i-  nol   di'inin  ralili-  wliiili  l.i-.    in    |iari    a(    Ira-t.   thai   lli.r.-  >>  ■ 

in  ctt.st  alli'jji.«  that  tlip  injury  was  ilm-  proof  of  aii.v   ..r.l.r  iiilliiiin  ini;  1 1"    !•  ■ 


t! 


|gj 


I  ft"!  J 


K.MI'i.o\i.i;s   l.i.\iui,ir\    VI  !■ 


iin\   lliiiirv  It   1-  '• 


;il'   tllHl    ll 


II'  iiiii-ii  r 


201.1 


lirliH    li.ii.lo 


fur  ilic  iii'^lip'Hii-  i«l'  an  rmiilnvoc  wlm  lixs  iiui  1"  >ii  aiiili.'i-i/oil.  '^iilior 

i\|irc--l_v  II 

iiKiticr.- 


r  In-  iii\i>luMi  H'li, 


Uiv (•  iirili'r>  III  ri 


-|ll'l't    lo    lIlO    SllllJ''>'t,- 


ill-  srcl  mil  I-  ii)i|i 


li.-J.I. 


Iii|ilu\i'('-i  wliu  :llr  ml  I'll-  !ii 


1  willi 


I ii'.iii iiiii  c'l'  lii^iiiir  iiiT'iM lull-  wliii'li  lire  urilcrs  in 


lie  lr'j;!tnnHt(' 


i.i  iM-cliimrv  iiri'i.|ii;iti I'    ili:ii    iciiii.      An    i'iii|ili>_vo<-   win.    hhti'Iv 

;U  jM..lli.r  lliiii  llir  liiiii'  Ii.i-  .iiiIm  il  Ml-  M'lliiii;  in  iii>ilicin  ii  iii:i"'liiii' 
iiiilli  cm/iiuiil    III   '.i"  i;il  iiii;   i-   ll'M    u   rclil"-"iiWiI.i\  <^  "I 


i.-h    llli'V 
hi,i-lil'.'' 


I'tllltl. 


Sii>  5  li'il.  infill.  «1hh'  fli''     I 


..i,,i.'.I 


is  nMiii'vil  ti 


llr 


llll-f    -|M 


ll        /. 


In'    er;.ii  I'll     Is   tin-  ratii'ii 


lie  III     I.    l;.   II' 


I  ISSS  :   (I     It     11   .    .. 
I,.  .1.  (,>     I!     N.   -     I  I  1 


,-|t..l    i.f 


)•    (•(Hli'l'l-ioll    :li  I  i^«'>l    lit.    1 1ll 

!•  <lii'i~ii>ii.    » 

111    lll;lt     ill     Willi    V.     II  ..;,.,...„/     I  IMIJ 


lii'ii    t.iUi'ii    ill   riiiiiiii  I  mil     "^i' 


nil 


.l.'lll I      Wii'llh 


\.|    1   <,».   II 


'll    I,.  .1.  l,>.   I'..  N.  S.    .iilii.r  -iM.ii 


I-   Tii  hi- 


.1/     is'iiii   -j:;  - 
I'lj,   till'    jii.l'j 

•  lUin.iii    wliii  i-.i 
.i--i-riH'' 


Ml     ill 


.'ll.  cr,  I..    T.  N.  S.  :!ii:i.   in  \\r>U.  \W\> 
.111.  .'iii  .1.  I'.  ;iH!i.  -.•■Ml-  111  iiiiiiiiiiii  ll 

.mil'  Minn-  lliMii  llii-     lli.it  till'  i'iii| 


ll-  llii'iii  a-  111  till-  lii.iiliiii; 
I     lii:ii'|[ilr-rv     nlitu     .1 


\liii  i-  II111-.  ill  II 
ill 


■  if 


iif    III 


tiiii'k      I 
uilliii    lliis    -I'iMiiiii:    hill    llii«    -ii  111-    I" 
(il.uiil  in  i'liai;;i'    111'.  lii'Voiul  all   i|iii'-i  mil.  a   ra-i'   in   wliii'i 


llr 


iiiptiiiii.   is    I  lull'    «:i--* 


iii>    inanil.ilf    limii 


■ll  not  to  111  oiii- of  ilio-i- li>  «liirli    |iliiM'r. 


|iiiivisiim   of    llir    -laiiitc    is   a|>|i 


llii 


(iliiili.r 


lilioail    fi 


V  Im    Ir.iiii  111-  a   1  i'^lit  t< 


ilili'.  Iiiil  thai  tills  |iri'-iiiii|il  ii>ii  nia 

I'liiilliil   liy   sliowiiii.'  thai,   as   a    mattiT    iMifiini 


111.- 


'  |i|c.\    a 

•  llllirs   lit 


(l.l-l.ll  ll 


I. 


..f  liiit.  ho 


illmi  i/iil  ll 


■iliTs     mill  or  Ir.ii'.iiii.in  -inlLiili    Iwimiiii 


II   wmilil   a|.|H'ar.  Imwi 


•r.  that.  lliiTi-  is    or  <>tlirr\M-«'  uii.iMi- lo  lill  I.i-  |.la. 


:.llv 

I  i.-li-h 


iiiiii'  iliiririnri'  of  o|>iiiii<ii  anions 


jiiil'ii-*    III    r 


ililv  of  ll.i- 


'y.inl    to  till 


tl 


i|i|>li 


I" 


■M  in;;     |.i 


ll 


ll-  -tailiili-  to    Ilia 


l.sl 


-o    li'tn|N>r.ii  I 

'I  ' 


Iv    . ■nil. li.v  I'll    will    III 


Ml-ll    I'llljl 

<  liial'killi 


IliM.'-.     tor     VM 


litiil    Siiiilli.    .1.     ill    an    aiiimi    lor   il.iiii.i 


"I 
111   III. 
..-    fi. 


iiiiiiii-,    in    an    I'.irlU'r    ca-o 


iiiiic-.    I.iil    iiol    if   |il.iinliir   ua-    niin 


.It    1.1 


l<>     IH.I-IlT     IS     III 


ll     li.ilili'    for    till 


In  -laii.i.T. 


I.I 


.lifv.l      \.\       till 


I.I  "a  ni 


I'll'   fiiliMiall  of 


II  L'.iii;j 


'liirt.ir  to  conn.'i'i    I  111 


•f  l.ili. 


Hilhinl  \.  I!"-I.r  (  ISsT  .   I..     11 


■I.T 


I'lii.  1;.  Div.  .•iH."..  .".ss.     Il.iwkiii-.  .1. 


;lii 


V|.| 


I    1; 


(1     no    .li'liiiit' 


.r    iliil    llii-     jii-ln 
'I   ■>.  1!.  Hi 


o|.inion     111 


ilial     '  hh: 


oliliUMlii'ii  or  ajn 
.      <■• ii.<   /'.  A' 

:i   Ma   .-.Is.  :!  s,. 


Il|>llli;.' 


hut     w  ,1 


rr. I.  wi 


•  I.'  ll 


I.f 


MM 


.1 


u    hi'lil    III, It    .1    lliijlit    \>at.  Iiliiaii    alioill 


1..  .1,  ll    li     ,1     -talioii.    who    liail    M.liini.'.rily    taki' 


iti.  :!ti  u.i'K.  i;.'|..  '*:."..  .vi  .1    r    |. 


.ai/r    .III    a 


fiviiil.i    tv.iin    I. 


Ill 


.1 1  ion   for  iii|iii  ii 
l<l.iiiitiir-    ilialli    an    in-ti 


i-iilliii;;    ir 


'IM     lullll 


11.  I  imi    11 
ll    lh.lt    till'   ill.  i-.l.'lil. 


hiTi'   I..'  t.NiU   tii- 
i\.  r  f.'i    injiiiii-  r 
ll      if     with  tlm  roll. 111.  loi' 


1I-. 


mhl    iml 


i\    in 


'ln| 


■  nil  I   or   i.-'iii'-l   ll 


IP   ihi'  ll.  hiiilaiil' 


t.v 


I  III 


iinihii'iiir    in 


iliil. 

•iii|.io\ .   was  iliii-i-liil 
,  f   il.l'.n.l 


.11) 


ill'  I  wo  ral- 


folli 


.1 


ll    was   h.'l.l   1I..1I 


l.lti-l    oiic. 
■  liii.T'  10.1 


...it  -    tl.lill    to    -1 
it   W.I-   intr-lali'"- 


I    tin-    laaki' 
iliil  \ 


iiiiliii'tor   111   till  11   .1    -"  It.  ll.   ;.'IM 


iiIhv  -lull  .11      III  .111   inoasion.il   .'iiii 


III    till 


.■(■tloll.   Il-I 


11^'  lill 
the  . 


Mil  ion.  i-  not  crion.'      |..iii\ .  » 


ho  hoar.l.sl  Ih.-  I  r.iiii  of  lii- 


k'i.l.'iii 


rl.  .illv    -111 


'll 


ril,    whih'   olV    .Ion     'li'l    O'l    iiiflir 


;it    int. -late  wji   iiiiihr   ll iiiilinioi     ili.'    iiini|«ii 


nv    lial.l.'    1 


I     all    111  1. 11  \     -11  • 


la  ilmr^ip  ')l    Ihi?   tra 

!'i-  .  i.l..r-  at   111.'  tiiii 


111 


all 


rl     lo     I. III..'. 


I     Uv     -II.  ll    lMII|il'.V. 

with     till-    .lill    iii-i 


villi..   . 

l/./M 


'..i|      -.'li  ImiI.    \ 


I'l 


41,  .VI   V.   1: 


Ih  il.lii.iil    1 


.1   /;. /■  /.' 


Is. II        .,1.| 


\    .    will- 

|.|.iilill!l    I..  t..k 

1 II    .1    til. II.' 


I..II..W    wi.ikm.iii  ilir..,i..l      \Ia    lil.  H  So.  41. 


h.ail  of  iioi 
lith    th i 


hi    Ih 


r.    .\. 


Ill   I.    1 


ril 


h. 


2AI« 


PIASTER    AXn    SEHVANT. 


(OBAr.   SZXvii. 


!!il 


WhoTT  b.jr.Ii  the  tomplainant  am]  the  n^ligpnt  omployoe  wony\r,\ 
positiyii.H  which  implied  the  possession  of  a  power  to  control  other  cm 
ployece,  the  master's  liability  must,  of  course,  be  determined  witii  rcf 
erencc  to  Uie  quotiun,  wheUirr,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  complainant 
was  subject  tx)  the  directions  of  the  iicfrligent  employee.* 

Wieiher  the  defendant  can  be  hold  liable  under  this  provision  tm 
ilie  negligence  of  un  intomiedii.ie  employer  depeieU  iip.,n  wiieth,,- 
iliat  employer  is  an  indeiK-iident,  contractor  or  a  per.-.n  who,  wiili  hi- 
workitirn,  ha^  ent<  red  ini..  liie  >ervice  of  the  defeudani  and  is  m.1.iV<;! 
;«>  his  control.* 

692.  Temporary  substitutes  lor  regular  foremen,  status  of.— [t  spohh 
lo  be  laid  down  as  an  un<iiiali)i.d  jirineiple  in  an   Indiana  cii>e  tliat. 
in  the  absence  of  specific  evideiire  ui  antliorily  i..  ai)point  a  8ub>tifiii. 
a  court  will  presume  that  a  aiip-riiitendent  or  foreman  exeeeds  lii- 
l.owers  ill  U-mjjorarily  delegating  hi.s  functions  of  control  to  one  of  hi- 
subordinat.',,  and  that  for  this  reus<m  a  workman  who  is  injured  1. 
••onformiiig  to  thr-  orders  of  the  delegat.>  .-aniiot  r.^eover  damages  fn.i. 
the  master.'     This  doctrine  s.ems  to  be  a  much  more  dubioiisapplic. 
tion  of  the  maxim,  Deleyaius  „u,i  polcul  d,'lr,,air,  than  tlie  deeisi.Mi- 
nhich  deny  the  Movants'  right  to  never  for  injuries  caused  bv  the  d. 
faults  of  a  temporary  su|)erii.l.'ndent.      See  §  CS.'.,  mipra.     the  onh 
.•ondition  precedent  to  recovery  under  this  provision  of  the  <i;it.ute- 
is  that  the  plaintiff  shall  have  JHr,,  hmmd  to  eotifurm  to  the  orders  oi 
I  he  negli-ent  fellow  .■mpl..y<.,<.       1 1„.  .■dsential  question,  therefore,  in 
such  case?  se^.ms  t-  be.  n-r  wl..il.,r  il,,.  delegation  of  powers  \va<':u. 
thorized,  but  whether  employ.r-.  as  a  class,  would  aeeept,  as  a  v;,li 
excuse  f-.r  di-ob.diem-e  to  the  „rd.rs  of  the  substituted  foreman,  tl,. 
l»lea  that  he  was  nut  u  legally  .ippointed  deputy,      [f  tJiis  quesfi..! 

,hnk    ..7i.  .^^''    ""'■■         '    ^"    """  """•'•■'■   "'«^'""'ic    m   bouiul    to  nmf,.,„ 

link    t  lat    Hurli    a    conimi.ii.i;i(i.,.,    a«  wIhtc  the  evidence  U  that  each  is  -» 

this  B.s  to  st.irlnis  a  ina.liin.-.  from  oih-  preni..  and  of  o.iunl  dcCTw  in  his  i...  i 

>vorkinan  to  ..noll.or.  is  „„  .,nl,.r  or  di  liar  .l,|mrtni«nt.     /ii,;,,i„<,ha,„   ful..,. 

rrrtinn  within  tlu-  in.Mninf{  of  Ihp  wonls  .f  .1//^.  Co.  v.  Gro»»  (1892)  97    \l;i    "n 

of  the  aiibsrctidii.  ulnch  arc  more  apjili  \2  So.  W> 
rable  in  my  view  tu  a  man  in  a  s.iiHTior        \\   mine  own.T  li.is  1,„.„  |,p|,|  .,,„»,, 

position,    and    do    not    apply    to    iVIlou  ..ble  for  the  ne«lip.,u*  of  ,l,e .,ur 

vvorKmen    who  are  not  in  the  least   in  a  of  ■•|„.lly"   u.en.    I   ,■ „    „ho  U"-i 

,.osit.on  oi  M>p,.|ionly  to  enoh  otii.-r.  or  tosether  to  pet   out   .-oal   at   ,..  n.mh  . 

aiiieiiahl,.  ev.-n  to  the  susfiest  ions  of  on«  ton,    the  evi-Vnce  show  in"   that    i:.,.  ,!.• 

another.       Coinpai..  the  common-law  de  fendant  had  the  ri"ht  to  .lis.l,,, urh 

.isions    to     the     etfeet     tliat    employees  emph..vees      Hro„„y.llull.,l,„C..„ir.. 

^ihose  functions  are  to  ,five  gijmals  are  (188J:    Q.    H.    D. )    ii  Times    I      It     I.V' 

not    perf..rminj!    a    non  delegable    duty.  ...■!  I..  T.  .\    S   fMU    M   I    I'    'Id 

N..,  8  007.  .,„,..  'ih..i.,.,    V.    St !.„y'\\i...i    .., 

A  man  eharse.!  with  the  o|ierati..n  of       ISii'i,    I.V.'   Ind.  6b0,  oj    \    I'    ,;'U    il 
'lie  furuaeus  lu  a  foundrj'  iMnimt  prop     N    K.  :!S;t, 


F.MIM.dYKRS'  MAIUUTY  ACTS. 


2017 


j  rt:(31 

must,  ar  ^ooins  irnvitabl<;,  be  answpicd  in  the  negative,  the  thcon-  of 
•he  court  in  this  case  is  clearly  erronoMU-i,  for  the  proposition  that  di^- 
nlxHliriiec  to  such  orders  will,  in  the  large  majority  of  cases  at  least, 
draw  down  upon  a  -servant  the  displ.usiire  of  the  employer,  and  even 

■  xpose  liim  to  imininciit  risk  of  di^mis-al.  iimy  i.;i-..iial>ly  be  >aid  to 
involve  the  propo^iiioii  that  eonfoimiiv  t<.  tlie  orders  is  obH.!iati)ry  up 
.11  him.  It  is  tnie  that,  if  a  «  rvani  na  •  really  ju-tilied  in  di-.obeyinn 
•norderof  a  dep<ily  fuivmaii.  liie  master  would  ii«'t  be  justitii'd  in  dis 
missing' him  because  llie  order  wa^  di-olK-yed.  and  it  may  therefore  b'- 

■mr,]  tiiat  the  law  (•aiiii..t  test  the  .•\i-le>u-  ;..•  aliM'iiee  of  a  dniy  with 
M'tVronce  to  any  utlar  ar-<iimi)t.ion  than  tiiat  the  nia-t.  r  will  art  as  h- 

■  nirht  to  ;iet  in  the  |,iviiii-es.  To  fbi-^  rea cuing  iIk'iv  is  il  may  Im 
...needed,  no  dire<M  answer,  but  its  ettect  w..nid  seem  to  Im  adequateh 
...uiitervailed  b\   ilie  pracii.-al  < siilcration  that  it  i-  n.^itlier  fair  to 

he  ^cnaiit-s  them-clv.-.  nor  .•..inliK-iv o  i><  t\\'-  intcn-l-  of  tfie  master, 

to  lav  down  a  rulo  .vhirli  wuuld  imp upon  sidionliiiatcs  the  duty  ol 

iiiquiriiif:,  in  eaeii  partif.dar  iiistau.-e  of  tin-  appointment  of  a  deputy 
i.v  a  foreman,  wiiether  or  not  the  appoiniiiuiit  ha.-  aetually  been  an 
tl'mrized  by  the  niaslir.      Such  a  rulo  is  opin  t.i  tho  \ery  same  obj"«- 
lions  as  tlio-.-  whirh  hav.-  In-en  deemed  eoneliisive  a-.tiiist  the  tlicon 
liat  a  master  is  exi  ni|.t  from  re-poiisihilily  if  the  order  to  whieh  tin 
i.laiiitifT  conformed   was  ...ne  whieli   the  directing  employee  wa-  e\ 
j.iv^sly  forbidden  to  give.      S(v  ne.st  section.     The  m.-t  rational  prin 
■•iplo,  it  i-i  submilli'il.  wliieii  can  be  laid  down  for  tlie  solution  of  such 
oases  is  that  suboniinai< -  are  entitled  to  regard  them-elve-  a-  beinu 
Wmnd  to  comply  wiib  ai.  order  ol  .in  employee  temporarily  acting  a- 
joreinan.  unless  llie  .lel< -alioii  of  anihorify  ha-,  to  their  knowledge, 
lifcn  expressly  proliibiied  by  the  ma-ter.  or  the  order  whieh  they  are 
icquircd  to  execute  is  manifestly  beyond  the  seope  even  of  the  author 
itv  conferred  ui)on  the  regular  foreman  himself. 

693.  To  what  orders  a  servant  ii  hound  to  conform. —  ( .Sc  e   also     tin 
preeediug  section,  ml  fincm,  and  ^5  '.'.'.'>.  infni.  1     .\n  the  powers  wiiieli 
;«re  rcisoiialily   incidental   to  tiie  e,\eiei-e  ,.f  hi-  general   power  are 
(Itemed   to  have  been    imi)liedly  i-oiiferred   upon   a   supervising  em 
j>|ijy(H?.' 

Wli'ie  injury  is  caused  to  a  workiuaii  by  reason  of  his  ciUiforining 
to  a  negligent  order  of  an  emphiye*'  wiiose  .mli-r-  he  was  hound  to 
iiliey.  the  master  is  liabh'.  altlu  ugh  ilie  order  wa-  to  do  -..mething  ex- 

'  If  the  i'OU|>linf<  of  ran   in  ii  icil.on  KiiiL-    .1      Tliis  (Miiiit   «.is  not    iiuticcil  liv 

"iiv   will   siivi-  tinif.  il   iiiiidiiclur   i-   :oi  iln-  hIIkt  nicnilM-r-  <>t'  tin-  I'luirt.  nor  by 

ii.(.ii/i'il  to  liiii-tt  thoni  to  bp  coajilpd  in  lli'-    b.uiT  loiirl-    (!ls'i:!j    'J.'t   l»til     l!.'i>. 

thill     «iiv.       V.i'ind     Triiid-     II.     C".     v.  I.iil   i  1M):1|  20  Oiil    A|.i..  Kn>.  .VJb). 
Il.,,j.ir  ''isn4)    23   ("iiu.   S.   <'.   ill.   [itT 


li::'  i  i.t.'-;  1] 

i;  mi 


■huh.'' 


J0I8 


MASIKI!    AND    SKK\\NT. 


(chap,  sxnn 


l.rf.-.|v  J'..rl,i.i,l.  I,  l,_v  fh,.  Pniplovpr's  rules.-  p.iit  an  exception  I.,  tin. 
applioiiiion  „t  a  fomiliar  principlo  of  flu-  Inw  of  agency  to  a.tinm 
broii-lit  nndrr  ihr-  staintc  is  admitted  to  oxist  wliiiwor  the  forbiddw 
order  w:is  onr  whidi  the  plaintiff  knew  to  be  outride  the  scoi)o  of  tlit- 
Mutlinriiy  of  the  directiiijj  employee.- 

694.  When  a  servant  i&  deemed  tu  have  acted  under  order*.—  j,,  e„. 
ilU-  iin  injuf.-.]  ^erviint  i.,  iMjiimain  a,,  u<-fi..i,  it  is  not  xu;;..,.ny\. 

'"■"^'''  ''•••'♦  ' ■•'••'■  "■"-  iri^''ii  by  means  of  w.rds.      .\n  onler  witlij. 

'lie  meaninjiof  the  si..i„ie>  may  Ih'  impli,.d  f,-..,,,  ■rii-ennistai,,v-  ,„, 
It  IS  primarily  a  <pi.-ii..M  f„r  the  jury  wl.<tl,..r  it  .hall  b.-  sn  impliHr 
Am.iiijr  the  eireum-.t,ii,e<->  wlii.-l,  „iay  jii^ijiiahlv  tiirnish  a  bii-j.  {,. 
'be  inference  that  the  phiintifT  was  aetin-  nmler -nh-rs  i.s  the  e„.to.„ 
■  ny  eoiirse  of  procctnlinj;  ,,.,  previous  oeeasions  when  similar  w..rk  v .,. 
l<)  Im^  done* 


wr 


m- 


j'l 


fwir' 


Hi  ' 


'Mil, I'll  T.  UsI.uni  iIS!H:  Q.  J;.  ])  ) 
l<»  fiiii.-  1^.  15.  ;i,ss.  «l),-r.'  Ciivf.  .(.,  siii,|: 
Tlu'  li'^'iMlatiiri'  did  nul  iiitiiid  to  l.-iive 
I'  to  tile  «<irkiii;in  In  l'o  ilild  llip  .(iir- 
linn  wlii'tliiT  lh<'  iiidi-i  ;.'ivi-M  wiis  ri};ht. 
if  it  » lis  iiri  order  In-  «j-  liniiiid  t<>  ofH'V. 
I'lit  iiili'iidcd  tliiit  ill  every  e;nc  in  wliipli 
'  sii|MTii»r  IlhI  ■;iven  an  nrder  «liii|i  an 
interior  ttdiild  lie  timuid  to  oIh_\  .  tie,- 
iiKi-ter  «iiiild  l«'  lintile  for  the  "eon-c 
'|ilenei'!<." 

"  III   ltiinl.,1    V.    Mfilliiiitl  It.  (■(,.    (ISS,!) 
tr   I..  T.   \,   S.  47(i,  ;t|    \\„.|..   Ke,,    -...ii. 

ilio  (.lainlill.  ii  \:,n  ,;u:ird   in  II n  iee 

••f  Hie  ilefeiidanN.  Hii>  al  the  time  ii| 
ilio  aeeideiil,  under  tlip  iif.'e  of  lifli'.M. 
ind  wa>  aviare  tliat  theie  «iis  a  riili'  of 
:lie  e,iiii|iaiiy  tlial  no  van  ;.Miard  under 
•ho  life  of  lifleeii  u,i.  ,.\.  I  to  .|ii<,.  a 
^an.  Tiie  defeiirlneil '.  foreman  ordered 
'liiii.  Ilie  |ilainliir.  to  drive  .i  \:in  load  of 
li.li  to  market,  tind  -aiil  lie  uoiild  Ik. 
I'aid  i\lra  iiioiiey  for  .-o  doiny.  The  Ikjv 
did  dri\e  tile  \aii,  and  in  eoii»ii|iieiie«' 
Ma«  tliroun  down  from  hi«  heat  and 
-erioiisly  injnred  Hild.  that  he  «a.-« 
l>ro|N.rIy  nonsnitefl.  on  the  ground  thai. 
.1-  he  \va»  not  ol>li;.'ec|  to  olx'V  the  order 
-o  iriven,  the  foreman   vva<   not   a    |.ri-on 

to  who-e  orders  in  n-.'aid  to  Ih.-  .iil t 

iiiatt<i  he  was  hound  to  coiilorni.  and 
lliat  the  tine  iau..e  of  the  aeeiilent  w.is 
liis  own  eontriliiitory  tieo|jj..,.||i  e. 

'  Milhiniri  V.  Midlnii,!  If,  (•„  (1SS4) 
L.   n.    It   1,1.    H    Div,   i)S.   .-)!    I..  .].   o    » 

X.  s.  ofti.  :,i  I..  T.  \.  .^.  ■_'.-..-,.  .'t,!  \\;^.u. 
v>v\<.  ;»i(;.  r.)  J.  iv  a',:;,  j.er  ih,\.  .;. 
t p.  Till. 

\eeordiiii;  to  l!i..'liy.  I,,  .t.,  in  li,iin-,l,ls 
\  lh.ll.,1,,,,1  I  isiisi  "n  ■limes  L.  I!  .-,.•■,1. 
•  ■  '•.     il     h':i-t.    ,■!    the  jfnaind*   of    t)ie   de- 


rision   in    //.,o/«r   V.    Il„l ns'i7i    ■ 

Time.  I.,  I!.  tJ.  « here  the  (dainliff  ».,. 
injnred  uhile  mi.xiti;;  eenient  in  a  nli.. 
where  he  ua«  lialile  to  U-  strmk  hv  ib,.. 
in^'  train.,  was  that  an  order  lonM  „.,. 
he  ini|di.-d  from  the  faol.  that  the  f„i. 
mm  <•!  the  yan^  was  hiiiiMli  .jeji, 
-imilar  wmk  in  an  e.|ii,ill>  .|.,n:;.n.ii- 
|daie.  S,i.  tnilhei  .i.  to  thi-  ci-i'sn'i] 
n«ite   I,  .N'ly.ii; 

An  e\|iie~.  oiihr  to  ■_ro  liel\v,,M  .i! 
"■ii.L'ine  and  a  ear  to  iine..ii|>le  tlieiii  wi, 
he   im|>lied    from    n    .|«iial   older  to  iin 

■•ou|,|i'    at    a     Ii ;ui,|     niiihr    ilrmii. 

ttanee..  when  il  wa-  iii-.e.-an  to  ;;n  In 
Iweeii  them  li,  e.iii|.,in,  i„  i|„.  ,7,.,.,., 
order.  \li,l,il,  ,f  n.  It  i;,  x  (;,,„„ 
I  ISttj  I    !U    VI...    inn.   in  >,,.    11.-, 

'  \l,lt..,i,.l  V.  W„ll.,:„!  It.  (•„  ;1„| 
I.  I!  H  <.".  I!.  Dm.  M.  .-,1  I.,  .1.  II  l; 
-V  S.  liiij.  .vj  I.,  r.  \.  s.  ■_•.-■.-,.  :!.-;  \v„.v 
l:e|i.  ;ilH,.  |!i  .1.  \>.  1.-,;;.  ii,,.,.,.  ,|„.  j,,,,, 
till  wa.  iiol  .■\..ie"ly  ordired  todnii.' 
work  in  the  m. inner  whiih  n^ullnl  ii; 
injury  to  him.  hut  he  tctilied  that  li 
did  it  ill  that  manner  without  iri,l,i 
liee:iii.e  he  had  done  .o  on  |iri\i>iii- 
ona-ioii.,  and  thai  hi"  .ii|M'iioi  ..oi 
"h.lt  he  W.I-  didllt:  .Hid  loade  tl.i  ..I,]... 
'i"li-  'the  eonteiitioli  of  d.  li-nJii;'  • 
roiiii-el  that  Hie  ae'  did  iiol  .i|.j.l\  I- 
eaii.e  mi  direct    order   wa-    iiiM'n  ^ii  l\v 

lime     III,,     ilijlliv      W,|.     leceivell     ,|i.|     II.' 

|«ic\ail.  Day.  '.!..  ,ai,l:  -SiM.lv  tin 
Older  hied  n..(  lie  hv  i-Niin-i"  wei.l-  11'. 
jiiiy  miL'lil  think  that  an  oid.i  v.-  iiii 
|diid  Iroiii  the  eii.iim-tame-."'  M.ilh.'V 
•'■•  .aid:  "'the  |daiiitill  u.i-  .lii!;.' 
(vllat.    .nioldill;.'    lo    III.    .'V  idellic.    it    i>  i- 

I  he    orrtinaiT    i ii.r    liini    '■•<   '!■'    ' 

iiiilo:idin"  .iiiiihii  "iMid..     I«  Il  ii i." 


I''l 


0B 


I  \ii'i  (>^  i.ijv  I.I  M'li.irv    vi.'i>i 


Sillti 


W 


!•   1-1 


tl 


lie   iii|nr\    ri'^iilh 


tniiri    llif  ill 


Inpf 


ion 


.f  ^. 


i:irMciiliir 


iho.l  ..f  floiiiL'  •I"'  "i.ik  :i 


•  I'liii'ii  til 


H||«l 


l.lr  if  fluil    II 


i.tli 


\\  :i  ^    -licri  lir;i 


.(Tvanl  in  giving  lii-  "r'lii. '      I"  lli 


Ll-IU 


rill  (iinrtion  i*  lifcini'ii  tn  imili'.ii/r  Uic  >l"iiiL'  ut  a  iliiiii 


the  iduiiititK  tlif  ina~tf>r  i>  r'' 
\\\   Hi'.-isii-''"'''  l^v  ili<^  '»uporK't 

il.  ciii-f  iif  s) iric  (liroctjons,  a 

iu  '111 


MiMtiiiiT  roa-i>iiai>ly  prMjuT  I 


HII^    II. 


A  -irvant  is  (li^cTni 


(1  tn  li 


IIIVC    U'l'M    III  Ihlril    \t\ 


1 1> 


'iil'iiriiimir  tn  ;m  m 


iT.  \v!ieri\  ill  I'iirrviiii;  oni    n  ;;i'iirriil   ilii<'-ii(iii.   lir   n-i'<   tin-   iihmh- 


llM 


!t   11112 


li.  to  a  ]iiTsoii  j><»ss('--iiii!i'  his  limitfil  kiinu  Icdiii-  >>(  iln-  iMniliiiun- 
lit  si'i'in  ronsoiial"!'-  lo  iwiopt  iiiulcr  tlu'  i-iiriiiii-iiiiicrs,  iliuiij^h  ui 


iliinti'ii  a  (iilTfrriit  iiiclli'iil 


Apf'rr  would  liavo  ai 

695.  Necessity  of  csthblishing  a  causal  connection  between  the  order 
and  the  injury. —  'l"o  fiiiitln  a  plaliit.ifT  lf>  rr<-:-\cv  uikIit 


Ui-  inn 


^t,  in  fapt.  liavo  .•..nf.iniicd  to  tl 


II'  order 


iivcc  ill  rospoi't  to  till'  pail  iciilar  ai't  wliiiji 


this  provision 

till'  iir^lifioiit  eiM'iii 
liiis  at  till'  tiiiM' 


I'lH'i',  an  acliiiii  111  wliicli  till    plai 


\lii'ii  lif  was  iiijiircij.'       11 

,,ri M'l-oii  till'  ilii'oi'v  tliai  111-  WH'^  iiiiiii'i'il  li 

I  l;lk"  iljl  ill"  po-iljoli    >\  liji'li   i 


ih 


ititT 


i-k 


iinf'innin::  lo  an  onln 


Jclit 


ic  iiii-ii))i('il  Ml  till'  liiiii'  of  till-  ai'i'ii 
iiiii  iiKiiiitainalili',  v^Imvp  tlio  oiilv    poc-ilijc  int'cri'iici'-  fi-..iii  tlio  i'\  i 


Ii'iiii-  ai'r  I'itliPi-  ili;ii  11"  -o 
,11'liialiv  ^ivcii  \v.i>  !•■  -I, nil 


■li  oiili  I    \v;i-  i:i\iii  at  all  or  iliai  ilio  onlii 
a^^il\    f'"iii  'hat  po.,iti<in;-  nor  wIhtc  I.Ik 


iiiilir  llial   ilii'  -iili-rii  ion   iii.iy  .ipi'ly.    \vli. 11,(1    nr    nut    'h,.   ciMiiilin;,'    hail    liiiii 


•hut  an  iMili'i    .-liimlil   Im-   mtIihIIv    . 
'Oil  iiiiiii  til  ill"  wliiil    ii    i-  till'  iiiiliii.in 
nurse  I't   lli-   iliitv    I"  il"   i-MTv    il,'\      11 


nlllllll'tr.l  i 
I 


n    11    Cit-C    M  hiMI'    1  lUTl'    I 


llu 


ovidi'iu'*' 


ll|l'    to  ! 


tliMl  till' ill  1-iili'itl   wasoaiiMil 


I'll 


ivii'K  *.  *' 

i-  1  M-C    Will 


liv    tliiit    fiiriii    iif    iii'L'li 


Wlliill     cull 


fiillowiil  in  ''iix  V.  //.I 


-i*l*   ill   orili'iinii    i>tir    ntmi    tii   lio   work 


/• 


1  I  .SST 


14    (lilt. 


\llirll    i';inillit    III 


Kill.  :;iKi.   «Im'1c  it    u:i-   laid  ilowii   tli.il      iri'   .1— iL^ii.'l    to  it.   it    i^   11    iiii-<cliriitiiii 


"T 
iii-iiM-rv  i-  It 


ili'lv  iloiir  iiiili'.-''<  t\n 

ill 


.1   III', 


IX'llilrMt    upon    p 


inol'   III 


ti'll      til. 


illlV        tllill        lIuTi'       VSil- 


at   iIm'  li 


111'  'jiviiii;  I'l  '1  -in'iilic  iinliT  ii 
"I  till'  jiriili'iil.  itiTii'ial   (iriiir  mil   i-  I" 
iTi'j  ^nllifii'iil . 
A  ciili't   for  tlio  |il;iiiiilll   will   1.1 

ii.tinlHil    nliiTi'   ilii-   i'\  iili'iii' 
lip  In-t  Ills  liiinil  vtliili'  tiikli 


-IK'.    1, 


if 


onliT    Mil  Inn 


till 


art.    anil    a 


•  nliit   fur  llii'  iliti'iiiliiiit    ri'iiili'ii'il  afti-r 


-mil 


ill  I 


11'  -ii't  II 


-i'liv    /;. 


lit  i>f 


ixini;   iini'  liim 


villi.' 


,1-    til. It     1! 


11 


v.    Itiiil    {  IHltl  ;    (J.    IV    D.I     II)    limes    I 


.T 


finii,il    Tl 


I! 


I  lS!lt  I    r.i  t'iiii.  "'J.  <■    l:i 


III     llii'linll.     a 


ml    til. II     lli.-    luriiiiaii    IihI     point    «a-    imt    notiiril    in    tlir 


ii::lil    him   to  iln   tin-,   ami    it 
iial  nii'tliiHl   of  ilniii;.'  tlio   win  k 
1 1,  /i    liiliiiil    l.iiinl-  1 


lit   »l   api 
■  Ihninllin 


»'.\\  iir  ilii  i-imial  I'oiiiT 


Urulq,:     V 


"IH    V.     'I'l. 

IslW;  (  .  \\    14  Ti 


V.     OV'„„„.,- 
"ins.    .MliriiiiiiL' 


1..  I!.  •-".»! 

7'">i/.     I!     f'li     ■J.')  < lilt    lii'p.  1: 


I  lM!i."il    -24     Can      S. 
IHIi-Ji    '.'l    Or,t     App.    lii'p.   .VJli.    I  18'.M 


USIi.l,    ■.':(   Out.    n<>p.    4.li'i.    .MVniiii'.l    in         '//"./'« .v 


I!  1,1  II 


,l'inl      Wh'.l 


lS!i:i 


JO  On  I    .\ 


cini     ||S!I4I     r.\ 


pp. 


1; 


■-'S  I  nil 


1111.    ^     (  .    4-22 


'H'.Mi,     |.-i2    Iml    tiSO.   .-.2   N"     1:    3!»l,   .^il 
N     1: 


:i8:i. 


iiiilor  l.ilil   .1    liraki'iiiaii   to  airaii;;i'   the         '  h'llnrii    v.    Hwl.r    lIHSSi     I,.    R.    21 


ipparatiH  ill  a  nTlain 


li.r    O     I!     |)i 


.1117 


piiipii-i'  of  mnplii 


1;;  an  riii;ini'  to  a     ■>'.' 


Ill 


I   I'l 


il 


.iC.    Wi'i'k.    r.i'p 


I.    .1    (^    n.    N. 


II'  ••ii"iiii'  Il 


Ln'fi.ii'     III 


.1      ]•     S'll 
Mtill    ..iiiii'k  liv    a   li.il'-.  «hil<»  -tamJ 
'I    tlic  hill  I'll. I  ii\    ul  il  cliij'.i. 


!:: 


f^' 


JUiO 


MASIKK     vNU   skuvam 


[CUAC    wxhi 


I'!:- 


supori^r  ^Mvjiiit.  althoii^li  lie  liuM  uutliority  to  <liivci  ilie  plirmiin  ». 
perform  the  duty  which  broii^'lif  him  fo  ihi>  phii-n  wlirro  ho  was  ir 
ItirpfJ,  hnri  no  authority  to  prtid  him  to  thnt  place  rathfir  than  »n  op, 
ofhor.* 

It  i«  rot  rnoiieh  t^  provp  tliat  fli#>rr  wan  noglipenco  in  a  i«frviint  ..• 
ihc  dpfondnnt  whir-h  causpd  tlio  injury,  nor  that  tliat  iiocligciuc  wa- 
the  noplis^ncp  ot  the  person  to  whow  orders  the  plnintiflF  was  Ixiun.i  t, 
inform.  It  must  lie  proved  tliat  tlie  injury  utom',  not  alom-  t"r..ii, 
the  negli-rt-ncp  of  such  a  p('^^«.ll,  l.ni  .ibo  in.iri  his  iinviiip  confctmni 


•One  i>iii|ilirvi'i|  to  Miirk  nl  a  mnrhine 
III  a  »li<il,  who  IS  gul>j(H't  to  direct ioiin 
from  a  ciniu-ntcr  an  tn  what  work  he 
xhnll  do.  liiit  in  no  other  respect,  who 
while  working'  n\.rlime  in  thi-  evenini; 
ii  injiin-'l  hy  t'le  ne);li<;eni'e  of  the  car- 
[K-iiter.  «ho  Win  >^tnrkiii(.'  timher  in  the 
-bed,  in  whirli  it  was  not  «ife  for  I  hem 
both  to  «iok  lit  the  "lime  lime,  nmnot 


recover  ay.iin-t  the  emiiliver.  Snoinlrn 
V  Ifauni-.  >|S!H))  I.,  n.  ".M  Q.  B  Div. 
jC8,  Ainniinl  ill  i|S!iOi  1.  H.  2,".  Q.  B. 
Div.  10.1.  In  the  ciivi-.i.,ii,il  ..oiirt.  WilU, 
.1.,  Hr;;unl  thus:  "It  wiMiN  In  im  thiit 
there  in  no  conn' cl  ion  hetwrin  hi*  doin;; 
that  piei.'  nf  \>iirk  nitlier  than  any 
other,  and  llie  neeirlent.  Selliek  (the 
oarpenferl  had  mi  niiihority  (o  -.rnti  him 
to  any  other  pi  U'e  tn  work,  or  to  e\erci"e 
:iny  dwcretion.  or  ^;ive  any  oirler-t  im  to 
where  be  RhonM  u<  f^n  to  do  ilie  work 
Whatever  work  Selliek  had  tohl  him  to 
<lo.    he    would    have    heen    in    the    -:iiiie 

place,  no  that  it  was  in  no  -rn-,.  tl \ 

•irei^e  hy  Sdlick  of  an  .iiilhurily  vc-i.-d 
in    him     and    e\eioi-i<l     Ky     him     tliai 
broiiKht    the    pliinlill'     in!<)    what     tilli 
inately   proved   tii  lie  a    place  of  daiiL'er. 
We    think    Iho   ordrr    « hieh    in   eonl' 
plated    hy    thin   »uhse<>l  ion    niu«t    tie   i     e 
whieh  i»  p'ally  that  or  tlio  per -ion  in  Ilie 
position  of  Selliek.  and  I'hirli  i»  tli.-  di 
reot  olNprinj;  of  some  eluiec  ur  e\i  ii'i*e 
of   jiidtfiiieDl    and    will    on    lir.    pail  :    if 
not,  it  i"   not  \\i»  order  nt  .ill      .Sdlirk 
had  authority  to  «ay.  'Vou  sli  ill  do  thi-< 
'lit  of  work  or  iliat  bit  of  worl-  '  but  not 
•You   Bhall   do   it   at  this   pi. ice  i»r  that 
place.'     The  rli-nee  of  plaie  nstitl  with 
»omeone   eNe.      So    far   a.«    the    evidrin'e 
goen  upon  thin  jioint.  the  sh.-d  in  que* 
tion  was  the  plaiiii ill's  reyiil.ir  place  of 
work,  and  it  h.i»  not  hi-en  su!_'ip>sted  that 
either  he  had  any  rhnice,  or  Selliek  anv 
>'ij|iliol,    in    rciHi  I    of    the    place    whi-ie 
the    work    should    (»•   done.      .      .     .      We 
think    it    riijht.    however,    to    point    out 
Ml. it.    lie'iili<    the    hrn.id    distinction    we 
!ia>«    ah.  ..In     dejll    «ith,    tliere    ia   one 


ohviiHia     ilifTiTi'iic*-      (whether     air.rtii,.. 
the  rijfht  of  action  or  not).  h.itt,»n  a 
ru»e  in  which  the  ciri'iini-l.inces  nf  dan 
Kcr  are  hroiifiht   about  by  the   (»rfnrm 
ance  on  the   p.irt   of  the   pei-im   iniunii 
of  arts  the  direit   result  of  obediein'c  to 
an  order  tlun  and  tliere  ^iven.  ami  which 
then  e.vpose  him  to  iiriiiediate  ri-k  if  th- 
per«on  Kiviiijr  the  onU-r  be  caphwi.  nml 
a  cjine  in   which   olH>dienn<  to  the  or.i.r 
i«   accompanied   by   no  circiini-i.n   i-  ., 
pie-.ent  risk   fioiii' the  niyliciine  nt  Ih, 
jMTson  {.Hvin?  the  oidi*.  and  in  whi. i, 
if   the   mere    fact    thai    oliedieni'e  Ifi  ih. 
order  iii\olves  the  pi.-eiice  of  Ilie  ueri, 
man    in    t  upot    wliiie    he  is  afiiruir!- 
I  ndan;.'er»'d  by  the  net  of  the  inr-.'ii  iiv 
ilie  'lie  order  is  «i|iliiiint  to  '^isr  a  rijl,' 
of  action,  the  liability  may  llnw  fnpn  .n; 
order  Riven  a  week  or  a  nionlli  i.f.  n-tU 
accident  hap|M'nisl.     In  such  a  iim   If  i 
ohvioiis     that      siieh     an      order     pii.'' 
amount    to    miv    liitle   more    than   tli. 
mere  selection  of  a    luntieular  wii^imii; 
to  lie  empbyed    ii|siii    i    p.ir'i«iilar   |cJ 
:ind  it  is  diiliciilt  i.i  .ii|,|n,se  tli  it  -n.  !i  , 
I'M^   could    lie   within   tin-  ait."     In  r. 
loiirt  of  apjieal   l.i.rd   K^lier  thii-  ii-.i 
•l.iled    bis    view  :       •Tiiliss   Hie   |iliiiil  ;' 
can  show  that    >elliik   had  aiilli  riiv  tu 
'ell    liiiii    wliire  he  va-   to   wml,   .in!   i' 
vtiit    lime,  be  cannol    .iicceeil  in  hn  n' 
lion       f  iMiinot  si'e  any  e\  idfiii'--  oi  *ii'-. 
ail  a'llliority.      The  e\id<-nec  -.Iiha-  tlu: 
the  only  anihority  of  ."'^.•IlirU  v.i-  lo  !••; 
the   plaiiililT   what    work    lie   w.i-   Ml' 
There    i.-    no   evidence   tliat    Selli.k   tu.i 
any    aiitli.irily    lo    tell    the    phiiiiiiir  t 
Mork  OMrliMie.  or  that  under  lii"    i_Tii- 
nient    with    the    defendant    the    |iiiii.'i' 
«a-   luiund   to  W'irl,    ovei-timc  if  '<.lli'' 
toM   him  to  do  so.     Tliere  is.  tli.n'l'rH 
no  evidence   of   any    order   nivin   '<■  t'"- 
plaintilf  by  Sidliik  which  bsl  in  ''i"m- 
I  iileni."     Kry.  I..  .(..  basH  hi-  iU'L-ine! ' 
on  the   jrroiiii'l   that  "thi)  ai-iidii:'  .ire- 
froin  till-  |il  linlilfs  wnrkiiij;  ovi'iiic  '.> 
his  o4>u  Miliiiil.iry  kit," 


KMI'LuVKliS'    LlAUJI.nV     \t  I  >. 


StWI 


.  ut>.'>J 

ir.  ilie  order.*      It'  tlio  milv  iM':;liji<'ii<'.»  clKiipd  i:-  tli:it  whirli  inln-ri - 
m  tlie  order  ifs^'lf,  tlir  two  itiiri'i-riiriil.*  ft'  tli,>  rieli'  r,f  ,i«tioii  t|iu?  syx^r- 

ncd  will,  in  fho  ii.itnrr  of  tlio  cn.ao,  \tr  mprp'<l  in  ilir  -insir  f)iin.-<ti"->n. 

lipflipr  the  injiirv  w.is  dio  P'-ii'icqiii.nro.  in  n  lf;Mil  scii-r,  «{  \ho  sorv 
iiiit's  obcdienw  t<i  lln'  ufdir.      Tlii-  i|iii  -tinn  is  <inf  pjirtlv  of  f;irt  and 
iiartlv  of  law  nnd  is  doici  iiiini'<l  bv  tlio  -aim   tests  ns  tliosc  ordinarily 
.  iiipiovod  for  llif  Ruliiiiriti  of  -similar  iirnlilon.-.''      Sof  I'liiipti  r  xiii.. 

nu.,t.    ' 

Diit  if  tlic  ali<j;cd  bnucli  of  duly  was  in  ii-|i(<l  to  s<.iii.  tliiiiL'  dc^iu' 
..r  oiiiiiud  iiftor  the  sprvaiit  liad  coiriiilicd  with  an  ordrr  wliirli  u:h 
ot  iiM  iinproiMT  ""Mc  fon«id<'riri'_:  tin  i-iri-iMii-tMhi'i  ^  nnii  r  \vlii>  L  ii  \\;i^ 
■  iM'ti.  the  analysis  of  the  riiu- uii'n  i-  li ->  -iii.|)l<\      In  :i  cn^c  jnvlv 

hfr  tliis  siunilion,  it  has  jiccn  hild  liy  tiic  Mn^li-l iirt  of  ap|":ii  ii.;i' 

lie -iTViint  is  not  ri'ipiin  i|  to  proV"  that  tin  injtiiv  n'-nlliii  !imiii  lii- 
■■inf'irniity  to  ordors,  a^  its  raii.<n  rinisniisi.  Imt  iiii  i'<ly  'h.it  >iiili  i'..ii 
I'lriaify  was  the  cfli/.vfl  •"'/I'  7'"'  ""n  'i!  'h''  injury.  I'Iimi  tiiis  (ioi-triuc 
-  -nhjict  to  30II10  liinilaii'ii.  and  thai  il  <l"is  not  rcndi  r  ihc  nri-I'i' 
iiible  for  all  ■iiibscinicnt  d  iliippK'r.i'i.-*  of  ihc  dircciint;  cmiiloMM'.  i- 
i;'|iaront  from  tho  opinion-  •<(  liic  Ini-d  jn-ticc-.  lint  luithci-  ilii-  \\<>" 
ii\ odior  n'portfil  dfci-ion  indiiMtc-.  wiili  any  oli'arm--  liii>  iiiincipli' 
i|Min  which  tliP  line  is  to  U'  di^.wii  luiwiin  flic  ai-is  for  whi'li  iln   11, ;i-- 


■r  is  or  is  not  rrspon-iibic.'' 


MliM    V.    U/ii/./oorf     (18»-2i     1    (}.  I! 

>3.  til   I.,  .7.  Q.  U.  N.  S.  .mi.  titi  I..  I 

\.  ,<!.  .tnii.  40  Wwk.  Hon.  r>(>l,  5ti  .1.  IV 
:IS9.   IHT   U)rd    Hcisrln-ll.      In   the   •'H 


.'.I 


r-.ir.  mIktp  the  pv|iri'-.<inn  ua*  m 
in  ^iii-li  ;i  niiuiiirr  iis  In  iiiiplv  Ihit  i  \;i  i 
"iidiiiary  diliniini'  «a<  to  lie  ii-i.l  lnil 
riHTily  ill  tlip  ciriliiKiiy  bpum-  hI"  a  illi..- 

■  a«c  LiihIIfv,  J.,  cxpresM-il  his  views  a"  tiiHi  t<i  |ir(iii-,i|   wiih   hi*  hiuK.       1/-i''.,. 

iiiIIowh:      ■"Xi'jjlJKMife    imi.«t    U'    |>riiviil.  v.   '''■hiki/i«  (Jii'Iii  MI.hH  f'j.    il^>..:   ij 

l.iil  soiiii'tliiiiR  more  miwi  Iw  |)ii>vf<l,  mill  I!.  Il  1   :i.l  Wii'l;.  IN-p   •.Mil 
aImmi  you  conie  to  examine  the   mi>I  ion        Si'c  also  limns  \.   7'ih/i    <  WSn :   ij.   II 

>ou  imi»t  prove  thi»  miieh  moie,--lli:it  D.i   ">  Tiini's  I..  1!.  J'.!!,  lln'  (icl«i.f  wlii.li 

ilir  npfrlipt-noe  was  that  nf  u  jierson  in  mii-  st^itcil   in  tlu"  follnwin^  -i.iiiii. 
'Iif  pnipluy  of  the  dffcndnnt.   to   who-i-        W  Iicit   iin    iniiiiy    ".i^    r.'U\r.l    liy   a 

■rlfiH  the   pliiintilT   »a-   bound   to  con  linikcninn    in    (hmi-ciiucii.c-    .it'    a     fi-llim 

liiim;  and.  si-condly.  tli.it  llii'  injury  o>  lirikenian'D     haxiiii:    iiivn     to    aniitlioi 

ilic   pliiintifT   resulted    from    his   having'  >  r.ikt'tiian    a    wniiiL'    -r  nal,    xvlii.!;    «.i. 

i'oiif..mied  to  those  ortlers.     'flie  "hole  liniilly    trnn^init.ii-il    t<i    i  lip    iii:;.iici'r    by 

I  lliiiik,  coniei!  to  this. —  that  the  injury  ilu- riiMduflur.  it  wn.s  b.lil  lliaf  ilii-i-aiiv 

in«»t  be  the  r<.«ull  of   iie..;li^'rMrp  ot    tlii'  nf  the   iiiiun'   wa.s  tlie  ne._'li'_'i'iief  of   the 

her-nn   Kiiini'   those   orders   iiml    of    the  first  hraknnan  w!io  ;.',iV"  I'le  Nional.  and 

iilaintill  (•.inforniinn  to  l\io«e  older-.     It  Unit    tlier-    lould    bi-    no   !.H'i.\eiT    iiiitler 

iv'ill  mit  do  to  prove  one  of  ilir-.-  lliinj.'"  iliis    pH'\l~i.iii    of    the    -latiile        <!iii,iit 

•  nly:  the  injury   inuM    Im-  the  re~iilt    nf  I'apitls  if  /.   A'.  Co.  v.   I'^'lit    i  l:iiil  I    \i7 

ili.-'two.  and  if  the  two  iir.'  M)  eomieeteil  Ind.   .\i>p.    I'JO.  00  N    K.    1000 
l<»,'etlii'r  U!<  to  eaii-.e  the  injiin .  then  it        '  In     the    ci-e    referr.-l     to    (  W'tltl    \ 

ippt'iin     to     me     that      llie     oa«e    eonir"  H  .ii/<;.,<,d   |lK!tJ:   C     A.!    1   Q.   I'.    7s:!.  CI 

"ithin  this  <celi<m"  I,      1.   O.    II.    \.    S.   .-iOl.   M   I,.    T.    .N".    ^ 

The  order  of  a    foieinan  to  be  nuiek  :<V>.    40   Week.    I!ep.    501.  .",(i  ,1.    P.   rtSl)  i . 

I"  not  the  "cause"  of  an  iii|iiiv  n.iixiil  'li.-  plaii;!iir  «!i>  h.h!  iiitithd  to  ri-<'ovir 

'•y  a  wiirkiiian   tliii>iij.'l\    ■.timiblin'j  uvi  i  :.>r   an    iinury   re-uUiri;  fii'iii  ih.>  n-Lrli 

MHiie  liHw.-    hi  irk...,    ami    fallini;    ti'i.l.  r    .i  .rfn.>«'  iil  hi..  fi.r..man   in  -taiii'ii.'  an  .  i. 


,M 


». 


m 


(■-"' 


fM    •! 


m 


'M 


H 


1  [■ 


h  ! 


-0*2  AUMI.l:      WIJ    M  |i\   wr.  I,  inf    Nv    i,i 

In   Al:ili:iiii!i  flif  vi»'\v  i.-.  liilviii  il,;M   till'  iiiiiii'iii   -.1    iini  <iiiti,.it  r. 
i-nvpr  'iTil<-r-  tlw  -njiorior  -1  r\;iiii   v  ii-  in;;lij;riif  in  yivinj;  iIh'  <Ji.. 


tutor,  while  he  wan  iit.iiiiliii)!.  in  loinpli 
.ince   with    thi>   fnri'iiiiiti\   diri' 'mii-.   mi 

II  plunk  rxti'inlin;;  .icro-,.  tin-  iln.ilor 
-haft.  Lord  lli'i^i  lull  «iii<l:  'Niirt,  in 
iliiH  taihc  it  ii|i|HMr-i  tti  IIH-.  -iiiiil  I  (III 
not  pru|M>-<>  ti<  lay  iliiwii  any  (jiMnMiil 
iiilc  ii|>uii  th(>  Kiihjwt, — thiit  it   i-i  quill' 

•  leiir  thi-  injury  <lii|  ri"«iilt  from  llii' 
(iluiiitiir  h.i\in.:.'  ronfoiiiit'il  tu  an  iiiilcr 
when  lie  «;!■«  told  tn  yo  to  a  plari"  wlii.li 
»u«,  unit  iiin-t  have  li<><>n  known  to  In-, 
a  diinirHroii-  jilaco,  if  tin-  |ii'r-«>n  «liii 
told  hiui  to  )jO  thiTc  was  t;iiiity  of  ii)';;li 
ti-noe.  That  |>rrM>n  ha\in}>  iH-t-n  •■iiilly 
>>(  ni-ylitfi'npp,  fr«iitp<l  the  d.iii;;<'i.  .iiid 
I'aiisi'd  the  injiiiy.  it  Mwnis  to  nu*  lln' 
I'Ufce  is  within  the  \«'ry  ti'riii'<  01  the  act. 
It  i'»  not  iii'ri'«-iiiv  to  oiidiMvor  in  Ihi- 
|ire'<ent  vav  to  di'li'riiiiii<>  or  lay  down 
any  ;;i'iiir:il  nilo  as  to  tic  ooiwt ruction 
iif  this  -.cclion,  licyond  lhn  — Ihnf  I  am 
<|iiit<?  clear  it  is  not  liniitci!  tn  an  injiliy 
.irisiny  frmii  «n  ord^T,  "Inch  order  is 
iiegliyiMit  in  itself.  That  i.i  one  cniiten- 
lion  put   U-lore   n't.      I   think  the   v\<.r<N 

III  till"  act  of  I'iirliaiiH'iit  arc  com  lii«ive 
..>fain-t  any  -mli  construct  ion.  It  wniiM 
U-  liiiiitiiiy  it  far  l«>\oiid  what  th«  hhiiK 
either  risinin'  or  will  admit  of.  Thai 
is  all  I  lay  down  as  rinfards  the  eon 
~lrui'lion  of  the  -ei'iion,  licyiiiid  this.- 
ihaf  I  do  not  think  it  c»ential  to  show 
ihiil  llie  confoniiily  to  the  order  wa- 
wliat    lias  lus-n   called   tile  iiiii.-.,t   (miiv,i,,v 

•  •i  tile  injury.  Ilie  ncf;liL.'i  iico  iiiii-l  in- 
|ii.>\cd.  and  if  voii  |iiovi'  tlie  ii<"'.|li;;enee. 
I  hen  it  is  siillleient  if,  in  a<Miiioii  to 
luiniiij;  thill.  >(iii  al«o  |>im\i'  ihat  ihe 
injury  resulted,  not  fruiii  the  neylii.>i'nie 
iliilie.  lint  from  the  iii';.'li;!i'iiii  ,ind  the 
I'oiiformin;;  to  the  unler  "  Kai.  I„  .T.. 
di«cus«iiii;  the  thrii-  |m." ihle  coiistnic- 
lions  that  ini^'lit  Im'  |>iiI  on  tKe  '-ii'tion 
said:  ••The  I'lrsl  point  that  h.i,  hecn 
urged  U'fi.ie  iia  is  that,  it  only  means 
an  injnrA'  frinii  conforming;  to  11  iieyli 
•jent  order  -the  ne^rlivence  Im-iii;.'  in  the 
'irder  itself.  The  second  is  that  it  1  ^eaii» 
.invthin);  that  may  (Mciir  while  eoni'orin' 
in';  to  i!n  order;  hihI  the  Ihinl  is  thai 
it  mean-  only  siu-h  diivct  or  indiiis'l, 
H  suits  lis  are  closely  conneei'd  with  the 
■  iidi'r  Hint  has  hei'n  jiivcn.  I  think  the 
nrst  lonstnirtioii  arj;uisl  for  is  imidmis 
-ihle.  The  section  ch'arly  shows  that  it 
I-  not  eontiniHl  to  an  injury  caused  liy 
.1    nejiliveiit    order,    tint    that    it    must   I.e 

•  aU'M'd  hy  the  n.  ;;ii'.>ence  of  the  |>i'r-oii 
'giving  Ihe  order,  jnd   nin-t    n-nli    iiom 


I 'Mifi'riMiiis    to    Hio   order   (jiven       |   ,| 
no)    I  hill'.    Ih.il    it    \M.uld   Ix*  the   pr<  {p-r 
roll-l.u.  I  inn    of    ill,, I    .llli-ectiiiii;    1    ||,,.|i. 
It  wi.iild  he  11,111  h  Ino  iiamiw  to  "iv  thu; 
it   nlei  -  nil  Illy  to  ne(;li;.i>ni'e  in  i:i\iiii/ 
Ihe  oilier.      linn  I  think  the  seion  I  lui 
'•triii'tion  weiild   also  Im*  much  too  »i<l 
To    «ay    lli.it    It    inclndeM    e\ery   i.i-.-  , 
mi.li^.i  -,11'  .iiiir  an  order  has  Ims  n  -u.' 
wliiili    ihe  »i.rl>inan   wan  liouiid  to  I'ui 
fill  III   to  ut   the   time   would   make   it  f^ 
lend   to  a  case   wlnre   the  order    hi-    , 
;;■  iii'r,il   Older  to  assi-t  the   |»'i-i.ii   «! 
pne  it  in  certain  work,  and  which  ini^'  • 
!»■  ;;i\(ii  days  i.r  vuik-  lieforo;  and  il 
Mci'iili  III   iiii;;ht  ri-iilt   from  the  ne.'lu'.n 
act    of  that    pir-on    while   th-  wi>i!,iii,m 
\v.is  a— i-liii^'  him.      I   nin  not   |ir.|i.iif 
it    present    to  suy  that  the  ciiTi-t:ii.  in  , 
of  the  Miilisi'Ction  i.s  KO  wide  us  ilial.     I' 
-iins   to   IM'    the    third    lon-ini.  1  hh    i 
the  niost  reasonahle  const rui'tion  i,\  ii., 

-K'tion-  that    it    relutcx    to    iie^^hj 

"vliiili  ha-  an  intimate  roniKstii  n  «i' 
the  coiifoiiiiiii;;  of  the  workman  l,i  ,ii 
•  Oder  '.'i\eii  him  at  the  time  of  tlu-  n, 
iiiry.  and  to  which  he  was  coiifnrnni'; 
1 1  the  time  of  the  injury.  .  .  .  Hi' 
tiiuli",'enei'  was  really  a  coiiiiiinalioii  " 
,  Imv  two  thiiijjs.  If  til,.  xMiikiii.in  til 
lint  U-eii  on  the  plank,  there  wmil  1  li  n 
I'lTii  no  ne^'li;.'cnce  in  piillin'.'  the  -hii.. 

II  wan  11 iii-s'  the  wnrkmaii  w.i.  I'l.-, 

at  Ihe  momeMl,  confoiiiiiii!;  to  the  nnl' 
u-iteii  to  him  hy  Dnph'a.  Ihal  the  {ni!!.! 
.if  the  -trin;.'  hy  Diiple.i  wi-  an  ;ci  , 
iii';..|ij;,.|iie.  Therefore,  the  iiijiiry  imh 
lit:  -aiil  to  have  resulted  fnni  innl.cii 
ini;  to  the  order,  the  act  hejn:;  .l.ii.'  I,> 
Diiplea  »liil-t  the  workman  hi-  mn 
fonciiiii;  111  hi-  onler." 

riii-    deci-ion     ovcriiili's     //iimi./    \ 
Hi  ini,  U     I  ISSS:    ().    I!.     1).)     .S.S    I.     ,1     n 

li.  N.  .•^.  Il>!i.  (Ill  I,.  T.  v.  .»<.  I.V.',  .■i.l  I.  !• 
:!.'i'.i.  .')  li'in-  I..  I{.  !,'((;.  in  -n  f.ir  .1-  1 
\>as  ',a-<-i|  ,;ii  the  protm- it  inn  tli.il  i-eii 
fi'i.i.ity   li,  ..id. 'IS   \\.i,   i,(.|    liie  eaii-i- .  • 

III  injury  which  n-iiltisl  frnin  ilu 
premature  startina  of  a  iiiarhiiie.  wl'il» 
the  plaint  ill's  haiids  wen-  in  a  il.iii.'ii 
nils  |Hisitinn.  in  which  he  ha. I  |il:iiii' 
them  while  in  the  act  of  eainplyiiii'  "ilh 
the  order.  In  ciiliei-in;;  ihe  tlni  ly  I'l 
l.ord  (Vli'riili;e  in  the  earlier  c:i-e.  lliii. 
the  injury  resulted,  not  from  the  lirts 
tinn-,    hii!     from    lln-    iiKuliliir   li.'itiL'  •"' 

otr    too    scinli     and     at     I'ln    L'li-.tl     a    -f'l-'l 

Lord    Her-ihell    -aid  I    iiin-l    |.-|»'^ 

liilly   expie--    my   ili--iiit    fimii   H"    > 'f  ■ 


If! 


i  I 


1:1 


■ 


I  'i''j] 


^.\l^l.o^  i:i:>'  i.i  miii.ity  m  is. 


2n2;i 


liiiii"  wliii'li  wcrr  riiiilMfiiu'il  fo.'  TliJii  ilii"  loii-ii  iKliiiii  I'f  till'  wiinU 
,if  ilu'  Ktnlnir  I*  r)j)jMi-('(|  III  tin-  \v<'i:rlit  ul  iiiiiluuitv  i«  ii|i|iiirriit  friiin 
ilio  (|('<Msiiiii!<  iilrciulv  cilcil.  The  i';i«i-  in  wliidi  ii  win  iiil'i|iiiil  aiiii' 
,;atr'»  11(7*/  V.  W'tii'ioml  (sci'  iiulf  I,  mi/h'/).  iiinl  ii  iiiii\  1m>  ijiii-iiiiiici| 
wlicllirr  II  <lilltrt'iit  ilicnrv  wuiilil  iint  liii\<>  I'liitiniihiltil  ii-i'll  tn  the 
rMiM't  il  till'  :irgllliii-lils  n|ii>ii  wliicli  fluit  (lr<  i>ii  ii  \\:h  liii-ril  liiiil  U'ci. 
iK'fiirf  if. 

In  mil'  Illiliilllil  I'll*!'  till'  niiirt  pi'iH-rrilnl  lljiMii  tlii<  |irilii-i|ili'  lluil   :iii 

iiijiirv  ilur"  *"  iii'uli;;i'iif<'  '»t  tlir  -ii|iiriiir  mtmiiiI,  whii-li  uiih  I'lPininitiril 
iili-<'i|Ui'iillv  III  till-  <>i\iii<;  III'  ilii'  iii'iji'i'.  ijiil  iiiil  riiii-tilul<>  il  i':ui>i'  tnr 

iriimi.  ilii'  ri'ii-iini  n^-iiiiici!  Iirint;  ilml  iiihIit  ■iiirli  ciirniii^tjiiiri-  llir 
iijiirv  iliij  iii't  rr^iilt  ('iMiii  cull I'liniii 111:  tn  lii-i  miii'i-,  init  I'l'uni  tin-  «uli 

•ri|uiiil  lift  nr  oiiii-'ii'ii.*      Mill    flii«   ijiiclrini'   li;i»   Imtii   (|iuilitii'il    liv 

.itiT  iiri'i«iiill«.  ( )llf  'if  llir«i'  jirnilit4  ri-riivi'iv  \\  licrc  till'  liiri'i-l  iMll-r 
.f  till'  iii.jiii'.v  wii-  -iiiiiiliiina  ijiiii''  nr  uiuiili'il  liv  ilu-  |ii:iiiitiiT'>  frlluu 
.rvimi-  in  (•■iiii|iiiiiiiiT  wiili  a  •icmiiij  nnlir."      In  iiiiiitliiT  the  ai'ticm 

i  I  III!'  iiiiil  I'lilff   jii>tiri!  tli'Tr   iiiiliiMti'il.  nii;lii;i'iit    i'iii|ili'\  ii'   \\.i~    iinl   ii   |h-i'-iim   tn 

ii(cimi»i'.  it  iniiy  In'  tlmt  tin-  iht-.mi  wlm  h1ii>.i'  iir.ln.  tin-  |>l.iiiiij||   wn*  liiiiiinl  tn 

-'.irti-il  the  iiiiuliiiir  \\m-  ih'I   .1   |ii-l«ipii  In  1   'iili'i  111.     i\itliiii     tin-     iiii-.iniii;,'    iil     llii' 

liiw  Kl'ili'l^   till'    |illilllill    \t.li   Inilllnl    I"  -hlllKi'        >ii'    j|   li!l|.    1,1/1111 

'illfllllll:    lint    -|||l|H»illU   till'    |ll.lilltilV   NVill  II      l<     ^111     •llnl      III     l.lkl-     llll>    llt-O     fllilli 

lii.iinil   tn  riililiiiiii,   iinil    tli.it    llir    |ifi>iiii  tin-   jiiiy.   « hiir  Ilu-  i-\  lilriiii'   i»  llial   llir 

'n  uliiw  iiiilri-    111'    \Mi-    ImhiihI    III   run  |il<iliit  ilF.    viliili'    ,it     wiiik    in    tin-    nwi'iil 

iiirm  in  wmkiiii!  A  miiihiiii'  li-ll-  liiiii  to  liii\    ui    ,1    .(.»i'i  |ii|i«-   i'iini|uin,v    anil    i-n 

imt   lii«  liiiiiil    III    11   i»'it:iiii    |i.iit    of   till'  ;.',i;;i'il   ill   pLiiiiij'  rial    ill  till"  |iif<'«.   ua« 

<ii,irliiiii>  and   tlii'n    nruli;:i'nt  iy    ^liiiti    it  iiijiniil    li\    tlw   ail    uf   tl ni|ili>yi'i-    in 

>hili-  llif  ni.iii'i  liaihl   i.-  tlh  i>      I   nun    I  rli.iiv<'    i<t     iln'     |iii'»     in     lan^iiii;    tli>' 

•  ciiiiiit  .i^nii-  that   in  that  ra-i'  tin-  iniiiiy  iilirmi'i    1 mi-  ,\,,\\n  lufuni  tlir  |(laiii 

Ki'li   i<  •aii'i'il    l>y   tin-   iii';;li;;i'iil    -tart  till    liail  (.'Imii   tin-   uoicl       fur  \     lhin:J 

iiiu' iif  till' iiiailiiiH'  in  -111  II  I  iiriiMi-l.imi'-  h,,i  s- n    ,    I'l/,,    r„.    ilsSTi    II  tint.  l!i'|i 

1-    nut    .i\\    injury     «liiili     ri~.iilt-    fimn  .10(1.  .iilii|.i  in^-  iln-  ;;i'.'ii'ial   |iriiiii|i|i'  that 

...     .'...-ii.l....  t.i  lIlA  itlil..!'  .riciall  'I'tll*         lllii        ^.     I'l       .111         .ii.ic        .'.....  .1....        II    1*1. ...it        ^.  I.J.I.. 


.'  -    .-  ; ; 1 »    ■  "■     f ,...■.-.,...     ...... 

"iil'iiiiiiiii;;    til    the    imliT    jrivi'ii         TIih  I hr    -iv.inl    may    nriiicr   witlu'iit    »hiiw 

'.i<l>i    vi\i'ii    »>■'    t<i   |iiii    III'-    haiiil    in   u  in;;  tli.il    llir  nnhr  w.i.  a    ni';:li;^i'Mt   iinr 

■  .rt.iiii  |«iit  iif  till-  ni.iiliini'.  wliirh  is  a  'Till-  i-  mi.'  i>f  thi'  fmir  |iii'ii'i|iii-.iti'-. 
|iirt  wlicri"  lii-i  hanil  will  In-  ill  iiniiii'ili  tn  llic  iii.iinti'ii  inn'  of  tlir  arllnii  iiii'ii 
lie  ilaiiyiT  it  thi'  iiiailiini'  i<  -taitril:  iimimiI  il  l/^/./^  ,{  it.  I!  in.  v.  (Innfii 
mil   hi-i  liaiiil  iM'iii).' Ihi'ii".  till'  ii.';;li;;i'nri'  (  ls:i|  ,   !il    Via.  Ili!>.  10  ^u    1  (."1 

"M-i'.ti   in   ^taitili^  tin-   iiinhini'   wliiNt  It    ha-,   hriii   lii>M.   i>ii    tin-  uiniinil   thai 

i-  li.iiiil  i-  thiTf.      I'n.lrr  •mh  cin  iiiii  il     via'.    |ii'rf -.liy    |iii.|H'r    tn    mriiT    thi' 

i:niii'»  ai  tlin-c  thori'   -t'i'ins   to  liii-  tlir  |ilMnllir    ti'    1  iil    ilimii    a    lii'i-    in    iiliiih 

iM".t  ininiiHliati- anil  intiiimte '-luini'itinn  aiinllni    linl   Imlj-i'il.   th.it   thi-  failiiii'  nf 

I'm  mil'  lan  ninii'ivi-  l»'tiii'i'n  tin-  ni';;li  tlii-  -ii|ii'iiiii    -I'li.tiii    In  infnrni  tlir  «iili 

^'I'lHV  iiliiili  I'aiiM'il   till'   injinv    ami   tin*  nnlinati'  iilim  it   hail  lHrnini>  iin-ati'  t'm 

'iiiifiiiniiii)r  to  thi"  onliT,  b<>o»iisi'  it  !•.  in    him  In  rmlhi  1   rln  (>  mi  tin'  tr liil  n"l 

tnilh  one  ili'mi'nt  of  tlip  m>(>liyi'nri'  tiial  anllimi/.'  ,1   ii'niiiy  frmn  thi-  i'm|ihi\i-r 

111-  .la'i  cnnfniniinu  to  thi"  nnlii-  at    tlu-  /'nv/ii/ V'l /■  •;.  I''ilili   I'n.  v    lliil-^iii  ilHittii 

'inii'.   TliiTpfnri'.  with  great  ri'-i|i«'t 'o  the  II.'   .\la.    I''.'l.  11  So    S.M. 

!.^iin«l  I'hii'f  jnstii'i',  I  uin  iinalilo  ti>  con-  'll'iih/ii      \.      Sfniiilniil      II/1..7      To 

iM  in  thi' view  that  the  conforinity  with  ilSiMh     l.'rj    In. I.   ilso.   :,1    S.    K    :i!il,   .",» 

'I nliT   niii«f    Iw    in    that    smi-c    tin-  .V.   K    'H:! 

■  11../  iiiiisiins  <if  tln>  injury."     Hut   the  'In   /...k.m   //..    V.    I     if   '■    /,'    f„.   v 
.liiiial   of   the    I  i;.ilit    to    rei'.iiir    in    tin-  Wniin'i     ilH'.iii.     1.-,:!    In.!     I'Jii.  .",:!    V.   K 

.  iilier  ea-i'   iia~    innhahly    jii-l  ili.^Mi'  nn  !l'_'7.    Ilie    I'liiiililV   .i-iiimil    ,1    i|.iii'.;i'|i>m- 

III.'  ..iluT  ...iiMinil  a'-- i;;iie.|.   11:..  Ili.it    the  |Hi.itimi    in    nl..'.li..|i.  ,-    I.,    hi^    I'metii.in^ 
\.l    II     M    4    S       tfi. 


Ml 


iife*i 


•JO'l 


M  \.-.TKR    AM)    SKKVAXT. 


liti*r    \\»\ii 


wn«  hold  nu'iiitiiintthlo  ttliorc  ilip  injiirv  was  thie  I  i  tin'  iiij;lin(M<'<  of 
;i  sniKTinu-mlont  in  brindng  a  nakod  lantern  clo,-o  to  n  phuc  ^\lNr 
van  was  escaping,  and  wln'ie  tin;  plnintiflf  was  working  by  his  nxiU-r* 

rhp  court  of  up|)oal'?  tUclined  to  a«eopt  tho  c*  nti  iilioii  that  tho  -latu 
I'Tv  provision  was  nnf  upplicMlilo  for  tin-  roiismi  tlint  llio  injurv  •,>■ 
iMirri'il  long  aft<'r  tln'  'iriliT  lnnl  iM't-n  givrn  ;tn«i  olifycd,  nnd  n-i  n  i-. -n! 

i>f  llif  ncplip'nt   liitii'JIinjr  <>f  tlio   liiMt4'ni."'      Il    llic   >.ii|>riiii nv 

'liKtild  iiltiiMittcIv  :nii>pl  the  dix-trinc  of  tlii*  last  iii-< .  tjif  l;iw  ii  I'li- 
-tail  will,  it  ■if(i'i>.  Itc  \irtMullv  the  ^timi-  ii-i  it  i^  in  Kii;:l:iiwl.  m  li  il,. 
Umlilt-t  Ciisr  I  MH-  note  S,  supm).  wllirli,  -lnin;.c  t">  «!iv.  i,  iiiil  .ili'iTri 
to  in  tlio  l.itiT  opinions,  wonid  Im-  di-^('i'<'<!it('d. 

It  is  fli-.ir  iliiti    imdor  any  ilutirv  ot'  'nc  effect  of  this  pi'dvi-Inn.  n^ 
iii'tioii     iin  Ic  h       "iiini'd  whcri'  the  cvidi-nce  indiriiic^  ih.Mi  ihr  ii!, 

ciciil  c.iisr  of  ti jiirv  WHS  II  niirc  nrcidcnt,"  or  ;iii  net  of  m  jli-ci,'' 

••omniitN'd,  wliili'  ■  >(•  plaiiitilf  Wiis  i'.\cciitin^  a  projicr  ordor,  liy  a  O' 
i'inf)Ioy('<'  to  who>-i'  dir('<'tion!«  In-  was  not  jtnhjct't." 

696.  NeceMity  of  showing  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  superior  serv- 
ant.—  As  pointed   out   in    tht>   pnccdinfr  M'ction.   tlio   iii'i;lii:i-i f"; 

viiicli  till-  nui^liT  is  roipiirod  to  niiswor  nndor  this  provi-ion  ..f  t!,. 
stitlntcs  mnv  l»o  cithor  in  rofiai'fl  to  tin  oidiT  to  whioh  tlio  pl;iiiiiii  !■•• 
foriiiod,  or  in  rojrard  '<>  some  Mibvipiiiit  net  or  oniis-iiiu  of  ilir  iliii'" 
ing  eniployoo.  In  oitlwr  on*p  tho  fpic-tion  i<  simjdy  as  to  \v!i,it  n-niil.; 
have  b«'oii  the  conduct  of  u  prudent  pei-ou  under  the  j;"  ;i  liivin. 
stanco^.' 


orilt-rs.  nnd  wa*  injiirni  In  ri>ii««'i|in'ii<'e 
I'f  liis  (illow  norlniK'H  fil»>_vinK  the  forn- 
iiiHii's  ordi-rs  to  lot  lixisc  a  triirk.  Tlic 
•■ourt  »ni<l:  "Tho  order  to  looso  tlio 
Iniok  wa<«  tlio  iiroxiiiiato  rniiso  of  pluin- 
titf's  injury.  And  it  was  Ixi*'-  dinrtinK 
'ho  plaintifT  into  u  ilaiifjorou  situation, 
lliut  hr  WH*  tinis  hound  to  entor,  and 
llion  ordnin;;  tho  tniok  tuniod  loo«o 
upon  him  witliimt  warning',  that  conxti- 
lutes  the  actioii»l)lo  wnnij;." 

'•/n(/iamij)o/i«  tins  Co.  v.  Shumack 
(189!))  23  Ind.  App.  87.  .".4  \.  K.  414. 

"Harris  v.  I'inu  (18S!»:  Q.  B.  D.)  9 
rinitw  L.  R.  221:  .l/c.W«nu«  v.  W<i.v 
(1882)   9  Sc.  So«s.  Cas.  4th  sories,  42.'>. 

"Elliott  V.  Tempest  (1888;  Q.  B.  D.) 
5  Times  L.  R.  l.">4. 

A  railro.id  company  is  not  liable 
where  a  brakoiiian,  who  assumed  a  posi- 
tion hot « pen  cars  separated  from  each 
i»thor.  for  the  purpose  of  o<Hipling  them, 
aftor  tlie  oonduotor  should  have  made  n 
oiiuplin«  IwtwtTtt  the  first  car  nnd  tho 
.•nr*  attii'lii'il  t<i  tho  «Mij»ine.  is  injuroil 
iiy  ic-a-.  II  I'i  tho  failuroof  llic  coniluotnr 


to  make  the  (ir-t  con  pi  in;;,  iie  ?i"  V . 
Ktalod  he  wouM  do.  if  that  f.iilnr.'  >  i- 
ni>t  due  to  no^rli^'oiiro  "ir  ri'<'kli'--iii-- 
hut  to  the  hjM'od  at  wliioti  llir  iTi;;iiw 
oaiiic  baok  »}.'aiii-t  tlio  tst  oar.  I'.r 
hiimii  MuIUiikI  It.  Co.  V.  Mrlh,iMh': 
(18U6)  112  Ala.  21B.  20  So.  IT.'.  Tlir 
oDurt  said  that  an  .mtiiiu  ]i.'.-ilily  lat 
fur  tho  nojjIipMioe  of  tlio  onL'iiii'iT  iiii'l'T 
«ul>«.  4  of  the  act.  Soo  follnwiiit!  -" ' 
title. 

'(«)  Kriili'imrr  in  rr(;nd  In  Ih-nr,]'' 
ilntlf. —  In  the  alucnco  <\{  son,.  IIiiiiL'  i' 
tho  oontost  to  qualify  tho  •.(iiiiniiit.  i' 
in  a  niiHiJini'tinn  ♦<>  trtl  tho  jury  tlmf.  i' 
they  wore  of  opinion  tli.it  llio  drlii '|Mi!' 
.siiperintoiidont  thouiilit  llu'  <(Miliii"i'. 
«ore  such  as  to  rondi'r  it  safr  to  ;ii 
the  ordir  in  quest  inn.  ho  woul^l  n-'.  '• 
piilty  of  neyliaouoo.  Tho  ri'iil  li-'  '■■■ 
What  would  a  s<Mi-ihlo  man  lino  d"'!- 
undor  the  oireuiii-.taii(is°     .V'"''  i    ' 

iKiril  S.  S.  Co.  (ISltl:  C.  A.)   '■    I  ii ' 

U.  .-.!)■.. 

In  //«...,..  .•  V.  Ifnlmr   (l^:•l;;  ('.  .\  ,   : 
Tin..-  I     i;.  0.  All'iriniiii!  12  Tim.  .^  I.  !: 


•MMH^-^JM 


I  m] 


|;MII.uVK»n     MAHILirV    AlTK 


Con«trmng  the  sub>«.-()ueiit  provision  of  tin*  Iii<liiinii  act,  whioh  oor 
Hwpond4  to  section  1,  «ub«.  o,  of  the  Krglish  act,  the  snpronie  court  oi' 
;'nnt  «tatc  has  licM  that,  us  it  iii(>n>ly  particulttrirns  other  and  different 
.'la'scj  of  eniploytTs  for  whose  nciiliifrnoe  the  master  ia  to  bo  responiti 
Mp,  tin-  scojH'  <«f  tho  Hub'ii'ftion  now  under  review  !■<  in  no  wiiy  limited 
liv  the  rotriftivf  phrinc  which,  in  the  Indiana  act,  dwiarcs  the  rocov 
T\  of  the  pitiintirt' I'l  !(.•  <-.iii<litiiiiii(l  ii[)r>n  proof  thtit  the  nc^li^ciif  per 


'<17.  it   »««  it^iuiiiiil  tli.it   imttiii;;  u   l.i 

'»  riT    III    uxrk    ••n    a    niil»uy    vi-.tiliicl 

itlinut  xrilin;:  u  lixikinit  to  \%iii'n  him 

,,  to  tt>'  .i|'pr<Kuli  i)t   IrHJiii  w.i»  lU'vli 

.'  'in'. 

A  tirilict  for  the  plnintilt  will  nut  lie 
ii«luiU'd  whfTv  the  eviilfiirt-  in  thiit  IIki 

..  niini  VIM  ii  "^.Mnwr"  wli.>  kni-w  iioth- 
inif  aU'iit  pulllii;;  ilown  lioii<i>:  thnt  lie 
iii>  onliiccl  liV  h'n  fiiri'iiiaii  i..  ~:i\v  a 
•  rtaln  piirtilii'ii:  llial  uliili- iiijii;,'iil  ill 
ilii«  work  the  ji)i-t.  •>ii|>|Mirtiii;>  tin-  ii'il- 
ii;;  t'.'iMM'  ilin\ii  Mtlh  tlir  ri>ii!  .mil  killi'il 
III):  anil  tii.il  Ih"  Iiin':.i4in  liml  nut  i'\ 
iniimil  the  jui-t^  to  -ii.  jiuw    llicy  wvir 

I  \ill.  H>  i,n"lfls      V.      Illjllilt'1,,1       (IS'IS: 

'     A.I   14  Tiims  I..  1!.  .m1. 

Nil  riit'liu''"'"'  '■<  <'-t.ilili-linl  l>>  rvi 
iiici"  -litiwin}.'  iiiciclv  thiit  th"  fiHriiian 
'  r'.cnil  tlitt  |ilailitill  III  i:«  ■>■'<'  ><  hiilr 
■lii.i  hiid  tui-n  hrokm  lliru^'h  ii  v\iill 
lor  til"'  |>iir|Mi«p  of  cxcavMtiiiy  a  itII.ii. 
inrt  t!iiit.  while  he  wii-  jiiikiii;;  at  lli.> 
\iill  alaiM>  him.  it  Ksivr  \\;t\  aiiil  .il 
loui'il  llii'cnrth  U'liinil  it  to  f.ill  mi  him 
'(..../,■(>  V.  Ilii'ii  (l«87;  g.  U.  D.)  ;j 
limi-s  l„  n.  (ilS. 

The  men'  frtct  th.it  the  |>liiilitill'%  f"i>' 
•iiiiii  h.irl  (irderod  him  to  hmer  h  stiicU 
iif  ))liink<  iH'fore  the  time  when  it  fell 
"II  liiin  «ill  not  imtify  the  iiifereiiif 
lli.it  it  was  top-hiMvy  at  the  time  the 
unlnr  ua.'  ^jiven,  ami  thai  it«  ruinlilioii 
•I  I!"  known  to  the  leninan.  e«|M-<i.illy 
when  the  plaintifT  iind  liis  witiiesx  ail 
milted  that  they  had  oh-irved  nntliiiip 
Mli'-Life  in  the  hlaek.  <'i,iiiiill  v.  Siirnii 
Shijnin'i     f'oiiinii  i  liiil     Dm     hiivk      >'ij. 

lUSTi'g,  II.  I).  1   .i   I'iMM-H  I..  1{.  i;:!ii. 

The  pl:i  lilt  ill'  oUvid  an  mder  ti>  in 
■.(•rt  a  har  of  iron  under  a  llat  piii'e  ol 
iron  on  whieli  a  lull  of  iron  Wii-  laid, 
.mil  lift  the  roll  >o  n"  to  ;;et  it  into  a 
fiim.Tee  lenjrthwise.  While  it  «a<  lieiny 
lif'cd.  it  fell  off  the  piece  of  iron  on 
which  it  lay.  in  eon-ii<]nen<e  of  it»  not 
'"'iniT  proixriy  seofehed.  mid.  strikinji 
llie  liir.  threw  the  plaintitf  liaekward- 
Ih-M,  that  the  mere  fact  that  the  roll  ol 
nun  fill  \\:K  not  >ndieient  evidence  of 
ii'';,'liKi.iiiT  to  ■iiiliniil  to  the  jnry.  and 
'l"l.  foi   aii^di'   that    apjieaied.  the  ttecl- 


deiii  iiii^hl  lirt\e  wviirnil  nwini;  to  the 
manner  in  wliieli  the  lift  in;;  wax  dune 
hy  hini-'idf  and  hiit  coworker*.  Harris 
\.  7»,t«  \\iiH9:  (J.  II  I)  )  6  Tinie*  \..  K 
221. 

.\  foreman  of  one  -et  of  ai  ti^itn't  work 
ini!  en  tt  liiiildin;;  is  nut  m-Klip^nt  in 
M'lidin^r  th«n,  without  making'  nn  in 
s|M>«.tiiKi.  to  work  on  n  xeulTold.  Inill* 
liy  a  ('i>ni|jetriit  meihanir  for  the  uce  oi 
another  »et.  K-ftliufll  v.  I'alcmnii 
(I  ISO)  -.'4  ."ie.  I,.  It.  !t.-|. 

'Ihi'  pliiiniiti,  who  openited  u  machine 
ill  defendant'^  faetory,  wan  ordercil  by 
the  Kit|ierintemlent  to'Htart  the  maehine 
The  -ufierinteiident  hod  resi^iMi  to  know 
ihat  phiintiir  niii.'ht  nnder-taml  the  or 
der  an  II  eoinmand  to  -.n'  if  the  niaehine 
".I.  all  liyhl.  hy  rexnmiii;;  work.  .She 
-o  nnder^loiNl  il,  and  was  justified  in 
»m  h  iiiiih'i-t.indint'.  Uliile  starting 
the  niaehine.  in  the  excreiv  of  due  eare. 
idaintilT's  hand  was  thrown  from  it~ 
iKiial  plaee  l>y  Ihc  unusual  shaking,'  of 
the  niaehine  and  injured.  Held,  that 
under  the  ein  niiistanei''J.  the  onler  of 
the  sii|H>rintendent  was  ne;;lipnl,  and 
pl.iintiir  mi^rlit  reeover,  /■,'(/ii  t  v.  Al 
l.ih/if  Xuirllii  Mfg.  Co.  (IIMIO)  17<i 
.Mass.  .•l»i!».  .-iT  N",  K,  ««!>, 

To  pn-serilie  an  iiniiropor  methort  of 
niiloiidin;.-  hi-avy  article-  from  a  veliiole 
is  iu»lipence.  Mihrard  v.  Midland  ft. 
l-u.    (1S84)    L.   R.   14  Q.   It.   niv    »iS,  .'.I 

I.,  .r.  Q,  n.  x.  s.  iiv2.  :yi  i..  r,  \   s. 

•-•.-..i.  .in  \Ve«k.  l!ep.  :Hili.  t!l  ,1.  P.  46.t 
(iron  window  frames  were  left  .standinf! 
nnstK'ured  on  i«   van). 

Xo  ne;;li;;eiiee  i-  predieahle  of  the 
omission  of  a  foreman  to  instruct  a  bo_\ 
»ent  !o  ]>i>rf,>riu  lia/ardmis  work,  when* 
he  uiiiler-tjinds  how  to  do  that  work  and 
what  danger  it  involv  s.  W'orthinfitoii 
V.  Goforth  (iHOlii  Vli  A1.1.  656,  26'  .S«>. 
.'i:!!.  For  another  illustrative  decision, 
-ee  Marlin  v.  f'oimnA'ji  Ifuaif  .ilkali  Co. 
ilXH.'i;  (^.  B.  D.)  .1.)  Week.  Rep.  210. 
leferred    to    in    the    preceding    lectiun, 

note    ii. 

In  an  uclioit  hy  u  swilchninn  fur  dam 
.ii;is  for  injuries  sustained  iiy  lieinv 
thrown   from  a   mr  hy  the  •udden  jerk 


"N 


:   ■%. 


;»M 


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(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


lia 

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Hi 

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kki» 

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202fl 


MASTEn    AND    SKRVWT. 


[crap.  xxxTn. 


^1   h 


son  was  "porforming  a  duty  of  ilio  ef)rporation."''  As  this  stilisoction 
Hpcliirrs  in  tho  most  ffrnernl  tonus  that  the  master  is  to  he  liablf  fur 
tlio  ''nofrligpncp*'  of  any  cniplovt'c  of  the  class  designated,  tliciv 
won  Id  sc<>iii  to  be  no  room  for  the  controversy  which  has  ari-icn  wit], 
rospoft  to  the  constrnetion  of  the  sid)seetion  dealing  with  su])eriiiteiiii 
once,  /•/:.,  whether  the  manual  acts  of  a  superior  servant  f  re  aiiionc 
I  hose  for  which  the  master  is  responsible.  See  §  688,  supra.  Tlip 
few  aulhoritii^s  which  bear  upon  the  subject  are  of  a  negative  cnin- 
plexioii;  but  the  implication  in  favor  of  tiic  workman's  right  to  n 
cover  for  an  injury  caused  by  such  an  action  is  as  strong  as  it  can  I'f 
without  a  direct  ruling  on  the  point.  In  Wihl  v.  Wai/ijood  (see  ;i 
Ti!*.",  .vi-pra),  tlw  jioint  that  the  action  could  not  Ik-  nuiintained  hcc;ni-( 
of  the  character  of  the  negligent  act  was  one  so  obviously  snggcsteii 
by  evidence,  that,  if  it  had  l)een  ''onsidered  an  open  one,  it  would  al- 
most certainly  have  been  advert:  '  to  by  one  or  other  of  the  Puiinnii 
judges  and  counsel  wlio  took  part  in  the  discu>sioii  of  the  facts.  ]ii 
one  Indiana  ca-se  the  action  was  held  not  to  \>o  maintainable,  where  ili< 
evidence  showed  the  infliction  of  an  injury  through  the  negligence  of 
iho  plaintiff's  superior  in  handling  a  heavy  piece  of  raachiiu^ry.-'  Tin 
true  rationale  of  this  di^cision,  however,  is  uoi  the  character  of  the  ar 
constittiting  the  negligence,  but  the  theory  that  there  was  no  (mii-i 
connection  between  the  order  ac.d  the  injury.  See  §  CJ).">,  note  8.  sn- 
pro.     In  a  still  later  case  in  the  court  of  apjteals  of  the  same  state,  tin 

\ns  or   dipckin^'   cif   llic  rur.   allp;.'od   to  027.  the  court  said:     "Both  sulhlivi^iin- 

hiivo  liifn   ciiU'icil   l)v   the   iii'gliat'iK'o  of  iiro  equally   parts  of  the  saiiip  ^wtiini 

the   -ivviti  hill;;  ircw    forciiian  or  the  en-  and    relate   to  the    same   suhjec  I  malt.'i 

;.'inerr  of  the  switch  engine,  an  insli-uc-  Each   suhdivision   specifies  difTercni  cin 

tii>n   thai,   ■•althoii'.'h   the  jury   may   l)e-  ployee.s.  Iiut  in  common  (hey  distiiij;nMi 

lieve    from    the    evidence    that    said    car  employees     of     a     suiM>rior"  rank.-iiii 

was     smMenly     stopped,    and    tliat    the  ployees  clothed    with    responsibility  .m\ 

-ycc<\  of  said  tar  was  suddenly  checked,  authority    of   the   employer. —  and   Imili 

am!   that   said  car  was  otherwise  jarred  must  be"<{oveined   hy  the  same  nilr-  ..f 

at    the    time    plaintiff    was    injures),    yet  interpretatif .i.        The    section    must    W 

they  must  find  for  the  defendant  unl»s  construed  as  a  whole." 
they   further  helicvc   from   the  evidence       The  fact  that  the  injurj-  was  imu-i.I 

that  said    sudden    stopping  of  said   car.  I)y   the   foreman's   neglijjently  approaili 

nr    the    sudden    checking    of    saiil    car.  ing   with   a   naked   light    a    place  wlicro 

caused   an    unusual   shaking  or    jarring  gas  waii  esciiping  will  not  pievenl  a  sirv 

of   said    car."   c(>rrc<lly    states    the   law.  ant    from    recovering    under    scition    I. 

and    shouhl    U-   given    at    the   request    of  suhs.  2.  although  sncli   an  act  is  not  in 

defendant.       l.unisiiU,    rf    .V.   R.   Cv.   v.  the  [»erforuiance  of  a  duty  of  tlic  ciirpn 

Siiiill,    (1901)    12!t  .\la.  S.i.'J.  .10  So.  r)71.  ration  under  suhs.  4.      Indlumtimi:^  !,■■' 

(61     Sfgliiioicc    in    regani    lo    siihsi  <        <■.  Sliiiiniiik   (180!))   2S  Ind.  .\|i|>  sT. 
qiKiil    flits    or   ominsioiis. — See    W'iiil    \  ..  K.  414. 

Wfiiin'iod  [1S<I2|   1  ().  B.  78:J.  in  I..  .1.  {.{.  ''„l(ie.i  v.  Sluiidord  Wheel  lu.  i  InW 

B.  X.  S.  .mi.  till  r..  T.  N.  S.  .-iOO.  40  Wwk.  .1,  080.  .-|2  X.  E.  :i!U,  .54  X.  E.  .1S:i 

Rep.  .">(ll.  .Ill  .].   P.  .'tH'.l.  as  stated  in  the  One  uf  the  grounds  of  the  decision,  vi:.. 

preceding  section,  and  al<«)  the  cases  re-  lliat   the  directing  employiv  was  a  dul.v 

I'ci  red  to  in  S  li!*7.  I'/i/iii.  appointed  delegate,  has  tieen  alre.iily  ni> 

In    l.iiiiisiiili.    \.     I.   ,(    ('.    I{.   c...    v.  I  iced.       See   §   Ii!t2.   Mi/(»rt. 
Wiitint,    .IS'Mli    l.-il!   Inil     120,  .->.1  X.  E. 


j5  6'.tS,(iit"Jl 


r.Mi'i.()Vi:i;s'  i.i  \iiii.rrv  .\(  is. 


2027 


l|f:;li^('lice  wns  :i;:;iiill  in  iv-|.(i-l  t.i  ;i  iil;iim:i!  ;lcl,  l'ii<  l'  v  .i-;  ii.it  -ilf;- 
M|.,ir(l  lli;it  tlli>  Wii-  ;t  -iilli.-iilil  rcj-uii  Kt  ivlu-iii-  to  iilluw  lliu  ;K-linii 
lulif  iiiiiiiitiiiiKMl. 

K.    J,IAl!lI.nV    lOi:    IN.II  1:11^   (-MSfu    !1V    Ai-|>  ni;   (>Mls>-|ii.Ns   imi.m;  l)R 
.M  \|)|.  l.\  OIJI.HIKM.  I-    I'l   i;i  I.I.S. 


698.  Introductory. —  Tn  scfiion  1,  -iilir!.  1.  of  iIm  Kiij;1Mi  ;hi  it  i« 
:,i',,vi<l(Ml  till!!.  J!  sci'NiiMt  >1ih11  liav(«  a  riiiiii  <>f  action  ajraiii-i  lii-  fin- 
ulovcr.  wlifiu'vcr  Ik-  i-  iiijiirrd  "by  rcanoji  of  tlip  act  ur  iMiiissiou  ot  any 
IKi'soii  ill  the  scrviro  of  tho  oiiii-ioyci  (Imio  or  iiiatlc  in  oliodicncc  ii> 

iio  nilo*  <ir  liy-law.s  of  tlio  onipli'yor,  or  in  olddicncc  to  |i;irti(nilar  in 
-inictions  aivon  bv  any  portion  (lp]reat<>(l  with  tho  atithoriiy  of  tho  cni- 
uiovor  in  that  behalf."     Thirs  {•lan>e  lia<  been  in-citcil  in  the  statutes 
..f  Alabama  and  Indiana,  and  in  thosse  of  the  Kndish  colonics;  but  it 
i-  tict  found  in  thnso  of  Massaelinsr-tts,  ^ow  V<.rk,  or  Colorado. 

Tlip  effect  of  this  provision,  as  a  v  hole,  is  indicated  by  the  folli.w- 
! Hi:  passage  from  ''"'  opinion  of  I'ly,  f,.  .1.,  in  an  Kiifrlish  ease: 
■'There  are  four  rpiestions  whieh  must  be  askeil,  every  one  of  which 
must  be  answered  in  the  affirmative  before  lb.  plaintiiY  can  sid)sian- 
liate  his  case.  The  first  question  is  this:  AVa<  there  personal  injury 
ciiused  by  the  plaintiff?  The  second  is  Was  there  injury  caiixd  by 
reason  of  an  a<  i  or  omission  of  any  em])loyee  of  tlie  defendant  i  'JTu> 
third  question  is,  Was  the  act  or  omission  done  or  made  in  obedience 
.ither  to  a  rule  or  a  bydaw  of  the  employer,  or  to  )>artieiilar  instriie- 
rions  <;iven  by  a  delegate  of  the  rmployer  '.  Why  Parliament  so 
fniined  the  section  it  may  be  a  little  (litlieult  to  understand;  why  the 
piii'ticular  instructions  of  the  emi)loyer  -ilioiibl  in.t  be  referred  to,  but 
..uly  the  rules  or  bvdaws  of  tiie  employer  and  the  instructions  of  a 
.Icloifate  of  the  employer,  is  not,  on  tiie  surface,  very  easy  to  -^ce.  No 
.Idulittlie  lejiislature  had  some  good  r'^ason  for  so  emicling.  The 
I'liirtli  question  is  wlietlier  the  injury  resulted  from  some  improi)rieiy 
i.r  defect  in  the  rules,  bydaws,  or  instructions.  It  must  not  only  be 
die  result  of  impropriety  or  defect  in  the  rules,  bydaws,  or  instriic- 
ticitis,  but  it  nuist  be  an  act  or  omission  done  or  made  in  obi'diencc  to 
iliem,  or  one  of  them."* 

699.  Necessity  of  proving  negliarence  in  respect  to  the  rules,  etc..  or 
to  particular  instructions. —  Ry  section  i',  -^id-.  2.  of  the  Knglish  act. 
:ind  the  corresponding  provisions  of  the  enlonial  acts,  it  is  expressly 
ilcclared  that  the  workman  shall  not  be  entitled  to  eoinjieusation  "uii- 

'  l,:<li<innpf,V!«  a  .  On  V.  Flhii,„ark  ^  Wliatleii  v.  H',!l;"n'!  (IS'i":  0  B. 
(IsUH)  23  laii.  App.  87.  j4  X.  K,  414.        D.)    ti:i  L.  T.   N    S.  (J.l!l,  ot  .J.   1'.  «45 


I''.  I 


.MASli-j:     AMI    >.LI!\  A.M. 


llllAl'.    Wiui 


pl-y 


mvJ 


less  the  injury  resulted  from  some  impropriety  or  defect  in  the  ru/- 
Wy-law?,  or  instniction.=;."'  Tliis  proviso  i.s  not  inserted  in  the  Amn 
ican  statutes;  but  it  is  elear,  both  on  principle  and  autliority,  that  tin- 
noninscrlion  cannot  be  eorstrued  as  havinj-  t!ie  effect  of  "overnilin:; 
the  general  rule  that  proof  of  negligence  in  respect  to  the  subjecMnin 
ler  is  a  condition  precedent  to  recovery  in  actions  against  the  eniplu\ 
iT.  The  intention  of  die  irj-i-Iatiire«  is  as.sumed  to  be  tli;(t  no  ii:il.ilit'. 
•  •an  be  predicated,  unless  the  defciidiiui  i-;  shuwii  t..  have  been  cnIi..,!, , 
either  in  promulgating  the  rule  in  qiie>ii..n,  or  in  fiiiling  to  pr..iiiii; 
gate  a  rule  to  meet  the  n'(|i;ircments  of  the  cusc^* 

700.  "In  obedience  to  the  rules."— The  etVect  of  f] wu,d.s  i,  ,, 


•A  jury  is  justified  in  finding  an  im- 
propriety, etc.,  will-re  a  man  is  placed 
in  charge  of  an  engine,  and  at,  the  same 
time  employed  in  other  operations  which 
may  involve  risl;  to  life  or  limb.  U  An^ 
ley  V.  UoUoiiay  (1890;  Q.  B.  D.)  f,2 
L.  T.  N.  S.  C.tJ,  54  J.  P.  (i4.^.  mr  Krv, 
L.  J. 

'  In  Dixon   v.   Vextcrn   V.    Tclefj.   Co. 
(1893)   68  Fed.  B.-JO.  it  was  iiisi»ted  by 
plaintilT's   counsel    that    this   olau-e    in 
the  Indiana  statute  ^jive^*  a  right  of  ac- 
tion to  an  emplovec   who  lias,  without 
his   fault,  sustained   an   injury,  arising; 
flora  the  perforinauce  of  any  service  ren- 
dered   in    obedience   t<i    the    rules,    etc.. 
without  rejr.ir<l  to  the  question  of  ne<;li- 
;.'fnce  or  want  of  eaie  of  the  ('»r|>oratinu 
or  its  foreman.      His  aipunient  was  that 
the  subsection  was  to  Im-  eonstriu'd  as  if 
the  employer  liad   been   declaiwl   liable 
where  the  injury  "resulted  fr.ini  the  act 
or  omission  of  the  p<'rson  injured  or  any 
other  person,  done  or  made,  etc."     Dis- 
cussing the  contention,  the  court  said: 
'The  phrase  "wliere  such  injury  resulted 
Irom  the  act  or  omission  of  any  person' 
is  brood  enough  to  embrace  the  injured 
l^erson.     The  e.\pres,ioii  "any  person,'  in 
its  usual  and  ordinary  sense,  is   inclu- 
sive and  embrace-s  every  employee.    This 
clause  of  the  statute   is  not  free   from 
ambiguity.       While   the    languii"?    em- 
ployed is  capable  of  a  construction  as 
broad  as  is  contended  for,  it  will  not  be 
given    such    construction,    if   to   do    so 
would  lead  to  absurd  or  unjust  conse- 
quences.    .     .     .     The  construction  con- 
tended for  would   make  every  corpora- 
tion, except  municipal,  an  insurer  of  the 
safety  of  its  employees  from  injury  in 
all  cases  where  they  were  injured  with- 
out their  fault,  while  acting  in  oliedi- 
enoe  to  the  rules  or  instructions  of  their 
employer.      It  would  suhject  t!ir  indus- 
tries of  the  stote  to  hazards  ami  Imrdens 


of  new  and  danuiTnus  |'ro|«jrti()iH.     ]i. 
mischiefs  would  prove  far-ri-athin:;,  an.'. 

its  injustice  would  he  !,'ri':it.      No ► 

ration  coiilil  safely  coiidint  its  liii-n— 
if  it  wi'i-e  re<|iiiri(l  to  Iiccimhi-  an  a  ... 
lute  insurer  of  the  saiVl\  uf  it-  ,ii 
ployees.  No  priiwiple-  i.f  ;nstiii?  i,. 
sound  pidicy  can  1m-  invr.li.Ml  in  mi|.[,.,i! 
of  a  con-t ruction  wliieli  would  ci'iKiin.ii 
the  einploy<T  to  eonipeiisale  an  ciiiiilnvi.- 
for  an  injury  for  wliiih  th,.  eiiij.l..'v.  i 
was  in  no  wise  in  fault.  The  st.i:ii;.- 
is  susccptilile  of  a  con-tnif linn  wliiii. 
does  no  i  ioleiice  to  the  la[i;;u;i:.'e  cm 
ployecl,  nnd  wliidi  will  pnilcit  llic  ju-t 
riglits  of  the  eni|doy(v.  and  at  tli.-  s.iiii.- 
time   hold   'lie   eiii|iloyer  to   ri'-|"  ii.l  ii. 

dania^        •      injurii's  nsiiltiiij;  ii ii. 

fault  or  ne;;liuciiic,  or  fimii  th..  f,i.|i- 
o,-  negliu'i-nc.'  of  any  person  di-l.--.ih  ; 
vith  autliDiity  to  repiesint  it,  Th. 
true  construction  of  the  clause  rei]iiiri- 
t.he  words  -any  pi'r-on'  to  be  liniili-il  -.• 
as  not  to  inrliiil..  •iie  jK-r-.m  iiiiiin..! 
Thus  coii-tnied.  the  clause  would  rca.l: 
Where  .such  injurj'  resulted  from  tin- 
act  or  omission  of  .my  jx^rson  (f\ii'|ii 
the  |>erscMi  injured)  done  or  made:  {\i 
In  obedicnw  to  any  rule,  rej;ulalii>ii.  or 
by-law-  of  such  cor|M>ratioii :  or  ';.'i  in 
obedience  to  the  particular  insfnictio!i 
given  by  any  person  d<l-.;rat«'d  witli  ihr 
authority  of  the  corpoiation  in  that  h. 
half,"  This  constniition  makes  (li. 
statute  harmonious,  and  givis  elfcot  i.. 
everj'  woni  and  mem!)ei  of  ii.  L'n.ln' 
this    construction,  •>fli"cl     of    thi- 

clause    is    to    prcv»  ..e    cor|«'ration 

from  setting  up  the  deiensc  that,  the  in- 
juri-  to  the  plaintiff  was  caused  liy  the 
act  or  omission  of  a  coeniployee,  when 
such  coemployee  was  acting  in  oludiini'' 
to  the  rules,  regulations,  or  by-laws  of 
the  corporation,  or  in  otieclieiue  to  thi- 
particular  instruct  ion-  ;:i-.cii  l.y  .my 
person  delegated  with   the  authority  ol 


;iii.;(ii| 


EMI'LOVKliS     I.l.vlill.11  V    ACTS. 


Wi:> 


ivlicvo  the  mastfr  from  liability  wlirrov.-r  tlir  rulfs.  rtc.  wore  not  in 
tlirm^plves  improper  or  drfo-Hve,  and  the  actual  caw«^  of  the  injury 
was  the  imprudent  manner  in  which  a  ooscrvant  of  the  plnintiif  car 

rieci  thc-.ii  out.' 

That  an  'wjn^  was  "caused  by  reason  of  an  act  or  omission"  of  a 
,,K.Mai)l..vee,  "don>  or  made  in  obedience  to  particular  instructions, 
r[c.,"  ciiiin.t  he  held  where  h  appears  that  the  plaintiff,  while  engage.! 
in  currying  out  his  directions,  not  improper  in  themselves,  was  in 
luud  by  a  suhsc.pient  breach  of  duty  on  the  pari  of  th<'  clin-cting  cm- 

|ilovce.* 

701.  "Deleeated  with  the  authority  of  the  employer."— The  employ- 
,s  to  whom  tiurse  words  are  considered  to  be  applicable  are  person- 
(cupyinn  tiie  position  of  managers,  whom  the  employer  deputes  in 

his  stead  to  do  or  to  abstain  from  doing  what  lie  would  do  or  abstain 
'rnin  doing  in  tiie  premises.' 

i;.     LlAliTI.ITY     Fon     NK(il.IGK\CK     OF     CKIMAIN     SPKCIKIKI)     RAII.WAY 

KMl'I.OYF.t.S. 

702.  Generally.— The  Knglish  employers'  liaiiility  act  of  1880,  and 

nnv  duty  is  enjoined  by  rule,  etc..  upofi 
ii  servant,  and  tlie  duty  is  omitti-d,  tlif 
corponition  is  liat)le  for  resulting  in 
jury,  was  rejected.  Ttie  court  .-.aid; 
-If' this  was  the  proper  construction  of 
the  spei-itieation.  there  would  l>e  little 
requirement  for  other  provisions  of  the 
act  than  those  of  the  third  subdivision, 
since  it  would  strike  down  the  fellow 
servant  rule  in  its  entirety  wlien'\er 
the  act  or  omission  is  in  tl.r"  line  of  diitv. 
It  would  make  the  corporation  li;il>le 
for  the  act  or  omission  of  a  .s«'rvanl. 
whether  neRli-rent  or  not,  and  whether 
tlie  dutv  neirli^i-ntly  performed  or  nefjli- 
gentlv  oniittiHl  may  have  been  enjoined 
by  the  ;;eneral  ruli-.  etc.,  of  the  lorix. 
ration,  or  is  in  olxclience  to  particular 
iastnictions  from  one  Mcle};ate<l  with 
:'Uthority  in  that  behalf.'  Such  was  not 
the   intention  of   the   legislature." 

'  Poxtal  Cable  7(  /<  7-  (>'•  ^-  HulKeif 
I  1896)  115  Ala.  l!t:i,  22  So.  854  (com 
plaint  held  demurrable  which  showed 
that  the  plaintiff  would  not  have  been 
hurt  if  his  foreman  had  notified  him 
when  it  was  no  longiT  safe  to  remain  in 
the  neiehborhood  of  a  trc>  which  he  had 
been  ordered  to  chop  downi).  This  case, 
under  another  of  its  asjiects,  is  noticed 
in  S  695.  note  7.  xuinii. 

'Claaton    v.   .l/oi'''-»i    (1888:    C.   A.) 
4  Tlm«»  I..  R.  756. 


!hu  CDrponition  in  that  behalf.  In  my 
upiniun  this  clause  of  the  statute  oiifrht 
lo  receive  no  broader  construction. ' 

'Where  it  is  the  duty  of  an  employee 
U)  draw  away  the  wood  which  has  U-eu 
lut  tiy  a  saw'  and  also  to  attend  to  the 
.■ii;.'ine  which  oiKT.ates  the  saw.  a  jury 
i<  not  justified  in  finding  that  the  em- 
iilever's  instructions  not  to  neglect  the 
iii^'im-  required  him  to  abandon  his 
..tiiir  duty  without  giving  notice  to  a 
ui.rknian  "who  feil  the  wooil  to  the  saw. 
Whithii  V.  lIMoirav  (IHOO;  Q.  B.  D.) 
>d  1..  i'.  N.  S.  (i:iO,  6  Times  L.  R.  160. 
Vllinned  in  (<'.  A  1  6  Times  I..  R.  3.i:(. 
Muthi'W,  J..  i">inted  out  that  whit  was 
.l.)iu'  by  the  delinquent  employee  was 
niji  done  in  olx-dience  to  the  instruc- 
tions but  in  consequence  of  disobedience 
t(i  them. 

\\\  iivernient  that  the  plaintiff  was 
iiijuriKt  by  a  fellow  servant's  disolx'di- 
•  rue  to  n  rule  nf  the  master  will  not  en- 
.ihlc  him  to  nciiver  under  this  clause. 
-inci-  its  elfect  is  to  make  the  master 
liuMe  in  preei~ely  the  opposite  case,  ill., 
ulicre  the  act  or  omission  of  the  fellow 
'Onant  is  done  in  obedience  to  the  :  ias- 
ter's  rules.  Lnvghran  v.  Biciirr  (18!16) 
!13  Ala.  .500,  2l'So.  415. 

In  IMtimtnx  d  0.  8.  IV.  /?.  Co.  v. 
little  (18!t7)  149  Ind.  167,  48  N.  E. 
si;2.  al-o.  the  cimtcnlioii  that  the  tru" 
I'onstiii.  tiiiti  iif  this  provision  is  that  if 


\M 


m. 


I'iliil 


4 


wm 


■ji>.;o 


.\l\Sli:U    AM)    SKKVANT. 


[<li  M-    \\\,ir 


i  ■  ■ 


ili 


va 


all  iiii>  (Mliiiii;!!  Mini  .\iii(ciciiii  -^tiiiiiifs  whidi  aro  mxtlflci  ii|P'iii  -i|,, 
iiiii-  liiHv,  n.iiiiiiii  provisions  for  tlip  f.-pccia!  bcnclir.  ot'  iiiilwin 
-irviiiii-^.  r.iit  oil  n'i(  riiiij;  lo  tlin  U'Xt  of  tli(>  stjitiito>  in  .siiiitidn  A. 
■iiiiini.  it  will  1)0  seen  tli;ii  ilni-c  is  -ioiiio  diversity  in  tlie  laiigiiiiyc  em 
[tlovcil  liy  tlio  various  Icjii'^ljiiurcs. 

It  will  !»■  olixTvcil  that  tlio  \irtiial  effect  of  tlicsp  provisions  ig  tn 
alioli-li  the  master's  iniimiii.iv  for  niilwav  accidents  in  all,  or  maiK 
all,  instances  in  wliicli  tlie  injnrv  was  canned  bv  tlie  nef^digeiuT.  of 
^iil)onlinate  aj;-ents  enpip;ed  in  ilireetii'j;'  tlio  iiioveineiits  of  the  rolliiii. 
-lock.  Taken  in  I'onneciion  with  the  iu'ecedirifr  snlisections,  tliev  sup 
pleineiit  a  railway  servant's  riyht  of  action  in  such  a  iiiiinner  tiiaf  tli. 
act.  a-:  a  whole,  may  lie  repiriied  as  lieinji;,  for  practical  purposes,  tlr 
ecpiivalent,  so  far  as  such  servants  are  cnnceriipd.  of  the  statutes  i,; 
those  American  states  in  which  the  doctrine  of  cosj'rvice  is  dccliiri'.! 
to  lie  no  defensp  in  cas<s  where  the  injury  was  caused  by  the  negli 
licnce  in  the  oj)eration  of  a  railway.* 

The  laimiiauc  used  in  the>e  clauses  of  the  acts  which  enable  ii 
-ervant  to  recover  for  an  injury  received  while  he  wa-  <'onforiiiiiii; 
to  the  orders  of  a  superior  (see  subtitle  E,  siipin)  does  not.  in  anv 
dejifee  limit  the  liability  imposed  upon  the  employer  by  the  provi.i..ii, 
di-cn-^sed  in  the  ])resent  snbtitle.- 

703.  Persons  having  "the  charge  or  control  of  signal  points."—  Tlic 
only  Kii^bVh  ease  in  which  tlie-e  words  have  been  discussed  disdus,., 
so  ninch  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  their  import  that  the  dcci-jon.  i.\ 
cept  as  a  determinatiim  that  there  i-;  no  liirJit  of  action  for  ihc  iici;li 
ycnce  of  the  jiarticiilar  employee  v>lio  caused  the  injury,  is  not  d 
mi  eh  ser'ice  as  a  pre<'e(|ent.' 

'  liiwii.   Knii-ii-.   Mimii-diM.     See  rli;ip-  -iilijccl    to  tlip  onliT-  of  an  iii^[»(ti)r  iti 

t<T   X\XI\..   yii:l.  |||(>    MIMIC    (lc|Klltlii.'lil.    who    wa-    ri--|ii>n 

-  Iii'li"iii'inili'i   I'lnini    I,'.  Cii.  V.    Ihitdi  -ilili'    lor    till'    |>i-.i|iiT    iciiiililion    "f   tli>' 

'"!!'    '  l""'.l  '  ,'■'"    I'l'l-    »•'•■    •">•    1-    I!-   A.  i»>iiit>    and     locking;    v'^n  ■    "lii'li    «'■!'■ 

TS7.  lio   \.    !•;.  !H.i.  iiioviil  and  worljcd  in    iiicii  in  llic  -i;'n:ii 

'  ilihh.i     v.     til, If  I      Wrshiii      />'.     Co.  lioxcs:    and    that    Fi'slicr.    having   tal.cn 

I  ISS4:  C.  A.)  I,.  1!.  12  IJ.  B.  Div.  -JIlS.  .">:?  the   oovci-    oir   «inio    |..iin(-<   and    l"iklii- 

I..  .1.  ().   v..  X.  S.  .'-.4;!.  .iO  I,,    r.  \.  S.  7.  ;.'«.ar    in    order   to  oil    tlicin.    n.' ■li-.-ntlv 

:!•-'  \\i-<-k.  lie, I.  ■.\-><\  AH  .1.  ;•.  'IM).  Allirni-  loft  it   pnrjt.ctinj;  over  tli..  niilal-  ..f  tliH 

ill'.    Ilss.ii     I.,    It,    II    (J,    I!.    Oiv.   ii.  4S  lino,  anil   so   injnre<l  a    f.dl,™    v^.nkrii^iii 
I-     I'.    \.    S.    11411.    .SI     WiTk.    Hep.    :ii.        In    llio   divisional    court.    .Mathiw.    1. 

'Mini-    it    «M<    licdd    that    tlio   dcfnidanl  -aid:       "I   find  a  diflicult.v  in  aM-.ii.iiii 

roiild  not    !»■  lirld  n's|)oii..il)le  wliori-  tlie  iii";    what    was    prpristd.v    nicant    li.v   tli> 

fvidcncc  sliowcd  that   it   was  tho  dnt.v  of  irciiora!    lanuiia;;p    ii^odin    -iili>.   .".  hut 

oMi>  I'isher,  the  cniploypi'  whose  .ict  wa.s  ii|>on  th<    licst  intorprrtation   i  can  liif 

the    iiiMiicdiatc    cause   of   the    injury,   to  I    thinl;     'i"   legislature    had    in   iniiti'iii 

•  lean.    idl.    and    adjust    the    point.s    and  plat  ion    the    nejilipence   of    sonii-   [htsoii 

wiivs  of  a  loekiii;;  apparatus  at  various  haviii;;   charge  or  eo.itrol   of  lh>'  point.- 

plaees  nloii<;  a   portion  of  the  line,  and  for  the  [)ur|>osps  of  tn.rtio  and  nl  w^f 

to  do  sli^.ht  repairs;  that  for  these  pur-  nient.       As    I'islier  did   not   aii-uir  tin' 

posts   he    was,    wjili    several   other    men.  di-ci  ipl  ion,  but  wi>s  merely  eiiiphi,V"i '" 


I..MI'l.nS  I  i;'^     I.IMIII.IIN      M   I  S. 


■Mn\ 


M 


iiul 


iImiiki 


lll> 


M. 


,lrllU-'l  I-    i-il.-r-.    - 


l,u    ,i~   Hm-s 


(•  I'illlwilV  coiiili;!! 


ko  till 
Aid  f>r  any  ^pao'  <>f  ( 
wilcli  for  tlio  ])nr)"i~r  nt  Iriiliic^ 


IV  lialilo  tor  tlif  ii';:li;;rM 


llUI>, 


liowcvcr 


-li 


rt,  liavi'  till'  lu.ucT  111  ailiii-i 


li 


,ii  n  civ 


Ihrn 


liu-. 


ani 


lioi-it'. 


auani-t  tlic 


tl) 


)l'll|IOlllli 


I'.l 


III  I 


lir    K 


litr 


iti,  M.  IJ.,  tliai  tlio  statnii'  <nntiiii|ilaii'- 
ilniil)!  is  tliniwii  iipiiii  ilic 


ll    rt 


lar: 


1- 


,|(!'  llir  i-<i|itcM   i>f  llic  |>lii\  i- 


ilir  WiM'i 


.l< 


•nlniii:  il ihri-  cnii 


ciirri'ctiic'--  c.t    ilia!   ilii-..>-\ .  il   \'c  cini 

'I'llC    Illii-'     n.llillMl    <-Mll-.!  I'lli-'i"!!    C'l 

(i\  ic-  '/  111.  a;  '■  ili-c'iarcil  In  l"'  vii-' 


i"ii. 


iiiiiials  in  rcsprct  ui  | 


t  Id  iMi'lii'iilar  Inn. -til. Il-  i-  ilm'  lln'  ii'.;:i-lal  nn    lia. 


ill  vie  w    lllC  <'1MI 


■-    wlici    afliiallv 


lli-t  nil!i"Iil:i  III  Ir- 


i-ilicil. 

iiaxii'i,  ^ 


■I" 


It  I 


lis    fuIM'l 


pIlDl) 


lir    li 


Inn 


111!',      II        I-     !• 


■ar    iliai 


ill 


llii 


(/SI  (lilt  (I  .voriix, 


tiM'in-lii  •  ;i  -ih.ii:;   i-ca-iiii  auani~i    liiiiiliiii; 


111'  ai) 


plicaticiii  <it  till'  piivaso  now  iukIit  ili-(ii--ioii  t 


U'\' 


vc  a  irciii'i'ii 


Icl 


MWiXl'  O 


u 


Hllllt- 


piili   the  will 


Ic.  tl 


MTcli 


i\i-i'-    \\  jh 


II  1-  -nil 


I  I 
I 


,'t!  < 


llii 


;l.    "tciili.    iiiul    iiil,ju-t    tliiit    whiili    u. 
,„,\,-,l  liy  -(Hill-  iiIIkt  tliiiif.'  ill  ll liMf; 

MMJ    cnllilipl    III'    -CHIlf   OtllCl-    IK'l-nll       I     .H 


to     -llcll     IIImI     -lit  II 


Imi- 


.1  a|i|. 


It  ll-  till 


.1    nut    tl 


tlixt   tliiir  was  iu>  1 


\  ill, 11, 


tl 


I  Ik 


itii 


ttic   ]>\l 


Ot       fXi'll'IICt 


III'  |il;iri'  hi'  liail  int.  Mill  il  I., 
llii-  |>iir|.ii-i'  i>l  iiiliii'j  till-  1.11  - 


I'iclil.    J.,    ilimlitcil    wli.lliii 


IhiiiU. 


Uiii'h 
tlial     l-'l-lirr 


ih 


I'l.     I 
liKl. 


till'  won 


Is   "iliaifje  or    CO 


III  11)1" 


iliiivi-  a   lalwiiir.  Itiat   lie  li;i.|  '..  .Ic  in m 


i.iuli'il    to    HUM 


II   ilitTiTciit    tiling 


ll 


>rk  on  M  hat  iir 


1-  ti.M  tl.  ll 


In  tl 


11'  loiirt   of  apix' 


at.  Hrftl.  M.   H..    and  tlial   tin  wa-  not   a   |«i-i. 


vli. 


"I.,l  I 


lis  vii'ws  as 


t'ollow- 


■I 


I'liaii. 


:>t'    till 


tlii 


ll'.'-   ii|.i.ii 


^liii'l. 


..I  iliiiik  lliat  tlu'iP  is  anv  ciilnr  t< 
111;  111'  liail  tlio  oontrol  of  tin'  ivoiii 


>,n       lip  liail   li>  ilo  siii'li  WdiW  uiiilir  -iiili  <ii' 


,1 


I  lllll-t.lIK-l 


I'.dwi'n, 


I..  .1..  til. 


iiiuiit    It 


Iv  i|iu.-tiiin  is  wlK-tliiT  111-  i-  a  |ii 


IS   "siillif'ii'nt   to   Miv   that    Ti-lii 


li'ii  had  till'  ehari.'p  of  Ihciii  williiii    only,   at    the   nio-t.   i-in) 


niplovril   111  ilo   I'lT 


lie   iiicaninj; 


of    tl 


ic   statnto. 


1    tliiiik    lain    woiU    on 


that  to  ho  slicli   a    JXT 


he  eliiiiilil    111'     |xiitil- 


IT    1)11"    or 


il.T 


.|M.|'t      of      till- 

i»f    soiiiflio.h' 


ho  has  ttie  gpnoial   rhar;;i-  of   tlii- 
ir.iiits,  and  not  one  who  iniri'ly  has  ilii' 
.liar;:e  of  them   at    some  partiiiilar  mo 
iiiiiit.      Now  wliat  evidcnci'  i^^  tlii-ri'  thai 
I  i-hiT  was  a  [lerson  wtm  had  -iii'h  ;.'rn 
.ra!  cliar'.'p?      It  is  true  that  lie  liiin-elf 
-aiil  he  had  tlie  oliari.'e,  lint  to  ait   ii|icm 
Mich    evnleiiie    would    l>e    to    make    him 
the  jii.l^'e  of  the  law  and  not  the  wilni's- 
iif  fails.      The  plaintiH-  weie  ImhiihI   I" 
-liiiw  liy  evideiien  what   were  the  diilifs 
i.f  this"  man,   when    it    would  Im'   for  the 
iiiiirt    to  say   whether,  liavina   -iirli    dii 
tie-,  he  wa-  a  jierson  who  had  the  ehirjie 
I.f  the  ixiinl«  as  intended  hy  the  statnle. 
I  i-her     himself,     when     eio— e\aiiiiiied. 
said  what  his  duties  were.      'My  diilie< 
«re,'  he  said,    to  ele.tu  and  oil   the  lurk- 
iiifl  hars  ami  apparatus.       I   had  -everal 
(daces    to    yo    to;     1    workc      iiinl  r    lie 
■i|«'ctor    Saundcr*.'        The     ■■■   'anins;    of 
working  under   Saunders    i       iial    Satin 
<leis  miiiUl  older  Uiui  at  ..  ,y    iucnii  nl 


.•1-1 


Ijiyims'rs    and    eoii.liietors    pn 


lided 


with  keys  t< 


lifch 


lith  the  dntv  of 


1. lulling'  and  fa-tetiitiL'  uhicli  no  <>in'  i- 
r-peiially  i'har;;i'd.  fm  the  purpc.-i'  of 
u-inv  the  -pur  track  altachcd  to  ''iialdi' 
train-  to  p,i--  each  iil  hei .  .i.e  in  cliarve 
of  theswilch  nd  hmic  lirriii.  Iliiiniufi 
Ikiik  /.'.  •(■  r.lciirir  Co.  v.  liit;tliir  i  isa:;! 
101   .\la.  4.S^.  i:?  So.  7fi:!. 

.\  i.iilroi-  coni|>aiiy  if.  liahle  for  nev 
lii."  lice  of  i  out  r  man.  whose  duly  it 
wa.'  to  nine  switches  hy  levers  in  a 
tow  r  on  si^Mials  from  the  men  on  the 
tracks  below,  in  throw  inir  a  diircrciit 
switch  tlian  that  diii'i'teil  hy  a  si;.'nal. 
an  Mpproiicliinj:  train  l)eins  thus  i-uu-cd 
to  run  on  a  wr.aiEr  truk,  and  collide 
with  a  swil.hmaii  who  ^rave  th.-  siL'tial. 
^\.l(■ll  V.  \r(c  Yijil:.  \  n.  cf  H.  H.  I'o. 
ilDDOi  17i;  .\la-s.  :i!i:!.  .i7  N.  K.  i;iW. 
'11.1'  court  declined  to  li"hl  that  the  fi.t 
tiiaL  llii;  uf^'ioi-iit  empl'Ve..  n.i.,i'. .-.i  d: 


•hi 


■^ ; 


- 1 . ; ; 


i 


■iil 


:i>.ii 


.MAMKU     AM)     v|.i;\   vN  I 


!•  u  w.   \\\iii 


iiiii'i 


iftiii 

liJC        ' 

^  1 

mitred  that  the  nonliability  ol  tin  cinplo.ycr  in  flir  '/'i7j//,s  'V/sf-  (,,. 
uote  1,  vipra)  may  be  more  projM'rly  rcfiTrr-fl  h<  the  tlipory  ^iiiiiouiirr.; 
by  Miil!:'-.v.  J.,  uiz.,  that  the  stafnif^  an'  iiiini.l.wl  tx>  cov.t  only  cmm  - 
in  which  the  control  of  ih.'  (.uint-  is  cx.'i-r-i-i'd  in  rcgtilafinj;  tl.i 
movrmcnts  of  car-.'' 

704.  Person  in  "charge  or  control  of  a  locomotive  engine."—,/,  li  /,,,; 
li  on  engine  under  tin  .s/<i'„//-.—  'I'l,,.  wuni  ••.•nj.'inc"  is  .-..m-ii  u,.,|  ;|. 
Mieaninn  a  "machino  n-rd  to  inovc  irain^.""'  An  onpinc  of  an  .-.  i, 
tialiy  dtalionary  tyji.-  is  ur.f  bpMiuiit  wiihin  ilic  purvic-w  of  the  M,,in;, 
by  the  fact  that,  toncfher  with  the  inaehinei^-  operated  by  it,  ir  i- 
nionnted  npou  a  tiin-k,  and  its  power  ean  be  applied  m>  a.s  to  nidVf  iIi;m 
truck  along  a  set  of  rails  to  some  other  i)art  of  the  employer's  pn  i,, 
ises.* 

b.   Whal  eniploi/ees  arc  deemed  to  he  in  "charge  or  conlrul"  ,r 
tiigiiies. — It  is  not  dispnied  !      i  this  description  is  applicable  t.,  i|„ 

rcttioiis  from  tlip  otlitr  M-rvants  timk 
liim  out  of  the  cate<,'orj-  of  vioc  piiiici- 
paN. 

Sec     aNo     CovnhUtn      v.     Cuwhriihic 
(ISnU)    lii(i  Mns».  '2(iM.  44  X.  K.  MS.' 

•In  Iiuliaiin  it  hai  hicn  liclil  tliat  iin 
(•iiif>liivc«'  ill  <liar;.'L'  of  a  switch  is  not  a 
[KT'iiii  "«ho  has  fhar^TP  of  .my  Hi;;iial, 
li'lcj;raph  oHicc.  sujicli  jartl."  since  the 
-fctioii  is  to  he  read  as  [mncliiatod,  and 
no  coninia  is  to  Ik-  in^ciicit  tx-twccn 
•sttitoli"  and  "i'urd."  ISaltimore  if  O. 
N.  \V.  It.  Co.  V.  l.illl,'  (lS!t7l  140  Ind. 
Ii-.;.  48  \.  E.  8ti:J.  Thcsi!  paiticiilar 
words  occur  only  in  the  >laimp  of  tli.ii 
-lato,  and  their  construction  is,  there- 
lore,  iiot  at  prcsi-rit  a  matter  of  praiti- 
i-al  intcii'st  in  aiiv  other  jurisdiction. 
I!ut  th(-  writer  vciiliins.  in  |iii-.-in;,',  to 
e\pre-is  his  .-.tron;;  doubt  ulidlier  this 
ruh-  is  (Hirrect.  Jn  the  lir-*t  f.laee  tlie 
i\piv-sion  is  not  in  coiniMon  iim'.  The 
"iil.v  authnrit.v  cited  l)y  llie  court  i>  .5 
liajialje  i  .Mack's  Digest  of  llailway 
T.,iw.  p.  tiO.  where  one  o''  the  di\i~iiiiis  of 
Milijcets  i,  entilled  •  .iwitch  Yards." 
The  e\pre-sion  is  also  found,  thoiijih 
not  \er.v  fri><jueiitly,  in  the  reiMnts.  See, 
I'or  e.\ani|de.  Hurst  v.  Kniixns  rih/.  I'. 
ii  (1.  If.  to.  ( 1001)  1(53  .Mo.  ;!00.  S.V.Am. 
St.  Hop.  o;!9,  03  S.  \V.  tiO.",;  lUhioiK  C. 
It.  Co.  V.  Co:h!i  (180S)  174  HI.  100,  r,0 
N.  E.  101 1;  Fan  V.  Cliicayo,  .S7.  /'.  1/. 
.f  O.  ft.  Vo.  (1808)  72  .Minn.  102,  1.")  \, 
U.  1.'):  WilliaiD.i  V.  /.oi/isn'//.  Jt  V.  R. 
Co.  MOOli  23  Kv.  L.  Kep.  1124.  04  S. 
.'.  7.!s-  WalLer  v.  Atlanta  U  W.  I',  ft. 
I'o.  (IsOSi  103  (ia.  820.  30  S.  E.  503. 
I'.iif  it  i-  >^iiiilte.'  \>i  !!](•  Centiirv,  St.ind- 
aid,  and  the  other  >lii'tirinarle.i  to  which 


the  writer  has  access.  It  seems  ver\  ii,i 
prohriliie  that  an  cxpre-sion  whi.ii.  ., 
tliis  onii-.'ion  indicates,  is  far  liom  Ip- 

iuR  a  faniilar  one,  should  have  heeji  u 

in  a  statute  of  this  character,     lim  m. 
ma-t  fatal  objection  to  the  theory  i  i  ih.- 
(■ourt  is  that,  in  all  the  acts  of'a  ir'„ii 
siinihir  to  that  of   Indiana,  ••^witeli.- 
are  spei'ilically  nii'ntioned,  and  tlial  it  i- 
Ihcrelore   more   likely   that    the   lnli,Mi, 
h  j;ishitors   intended  to  add   ••.\,iril<"  i  i 
the    list   of   the   specillcd   pai'ts   of  ili,- 
plant,  than  that  they  intended  to  .imi 
on.-  Hliich  is  expressly  nienlione.l  in  i!i.- 
other  acts,  and  substitute  aiiotli,  i   w.i<\ 
«hieli,   as   this   very   dwi  ion    -1im>\-.   i- 
constiucd   as   ub-olvin?  a    railua.\    i.  m 
pany   from   liability  fen-  a   cla-s  of  a.vi 
dents   which  are  pei-e" 
and  in  wliii-h  the  vie 
helpless. 

'  Mm  III.  It   V.    ir./.v 
Q.    I'..   -V.  ,S.  .-,24.   -18        ■■' 

J.  I*.  :)0.>,  4s  ,1.  I*.  - 

.\  |H-rson  in  cliar;;c 
engine  oper:(liii;;  .-i  Ir'iinwiy  on  a  iiiiti- 
injr  slope  is  not  in  -cliar.iie  of  an  eDL'im" 
on  a  'triick  of  a  railway,"  and  is  tlierr 
fore  merely  a  fellow  servant  witli  il* 
enjiineer  of  a  pump  cn;^ine  Ii.eate.l  in 
the  mine.  Wlnitli  ii  v.  Zcviiiu  Cwil  Cu. 
(1808)  122  .\la.  118,  20  So.  124  (demur 
rer  sustained  to  count  alleuin;.'  u-ixii 
genco  of  such  an  engineer  I. 

■  Murplni  V.  Mihrni  (1SS3)  ;V_'  I..  .1. 
0-  B,  X.  S.  J24,  48  L.  T.  X.  S.  7SS.  4: 
.1.  P.  .JCJ.  48  ,1.  1*.  24  (truck  supiwrtiiu' 
a.  steam-crane  ran  over  plaint  ill's  h^iiJ 
while  he  w.is  ::i  .spmj.  ;t  |.,j|  to  -le.el^ 
himself  in   piillinv  at  a  <tonei. 


Inieliv.-. 

ili.iiW 

1  I..  J. 

SS,  47 
st.ili,iii.ir\ 


t.MI 


K^      UAllllil^       V*   IS 


'Mt- 


..mpl"'^te>  uh.'  a.-rii!ill\   ••yrrun-  tbr  lonmiotivr  engines  wluoh  mo^•'• 
-rain?'     Tt  i?  i  qll•'^ti<•n  "f  fart  who  wa.*  in  cliargr  of  an  engine  at  an^ 
,,„ititMilfir  till-  ,'•  and  wlicdirr  Ihp  act  allr-f.l  as  the  cause  of  fho  in 
luiv  aniouiiti'<l  •  >  a  bivat  li  of  a  duty  imposed  on  the  person  answering 
rhi*  (Ic-crii)''       * 


/..,iii.»ii»«  it  V.  /■'.  r,,  V.  /.•iW..i<(/j.i.>i 

IMU,    IIW)  Aln.  232,   U  S...  JU'.t. 

All  .iiLiiin^T  "ho  i<  in  I  hi-  ciiiiilc,, 
iiuMil  <>l  n  iailw:iy  ci)iii|>iiiiy.  and  in 
.•liur;;c  of  an  ctiniiK-  wliicli  i>  at  tlio  liiia' 
iiinnlnjf  iil>™>  '^p  conii>Hii.v'»  track-.,  is 
niinm  facip  in  Hie  disiliarije  of  lii*  <lu 
<\n  as  pn;,'inf<>r,  ami  in  a  c«iii|>lnint 
„i-.d  on  tliis  suli^w'tion  it  i«  not  iiiw- 
•  in-  to  avor  tlial  tin-  enai>i<'<'r  was  in 
iu"di»<har;;c  01  the  dutii^  iiiifKHod  by 
.,j.  ciiiidojiiiont,  wlidi  till'  injury  was 
.iilliiti^il.  Woodward  Iron  I'o.  v.  /itrii- 
,;,„,    (IStlfi)    114  Ala.   l!ll,  -21   So.  430. 

A  ooiiiplaint  in  }!0(-l,  whon-  it  »tat«'* 
ihat  tht!  iMi;.'ine<'l-.  while  in  tli«  sorvirp  o( 
'lie  <ciin|>aiiy  in  oIi.ti.'c  of  a  lonniiotivf. 
ii.-.'liL'>'iitly 'injun-*!  ilie  plaiiilill'.  at  h 
liiiii'  mIipii  IhiiIi  win-  ni'tiiii;  in  llif  lini- 
,:»  ilntv  as  ciiiiiliiwi-  of  llic  <'Oiii|miiy. 
flli>l,iir>ili.  <•.  »•."  <t  ^f.  I'-  If-  ''"■  V. 
Uontiii.nfii  (H'JSi  l.")J  Ind.  I.  71  Am. 
<l.  Rfp.  :'."l.  4'»  N-  I"  '''*-■ 

*Evidcii<i'  tliat  a  tr,i.  kiii.iii  w;i-  run 
liown  hv  a  train  and  tliat  tlio  fiiyiiu'"!- 
did  nm  «lii-tlr.  as  ili..  rulo>  rc'iiiiinMJ 
him  to  do  when  |ias>inji  trackmen,  i- 
-iilliiii'iit  to  ic^qiiire  tli<!  silbiiiissioii  of 
ihe  quc-tii.n  of  the  master's  negli^'eiic' 
10  tlio  jiiiv.  Ilnrkrr  v.  Lomlnn  d  .V.  H' 
/,'.  Co.   ilHdl)    H  Times  ]..  R.  31. 

riie  lilnvin-;  of  a  wliistlfi  by  the  cn^i 
M,r  of  :i  r.iilroud  train  50  yards  or 
more  M'on-  reailiinj;  a  [dace  whore  tlw 
iinck  i-  ol.-.iiri"l  by  dense  smoke  for 
J.'iO  or  ;!IM1  yards  is"  not  as  matler  of 
law,  a  si|tii,-"ii.|!t  exereise  <.|  .'ire  as  to 
i.ilier  einpl.iyet<s  who  may  !>.■  coming  on 
ihe  track  in  a  hand  ear  from  the  opjio 
-iie  (linclion.  WooiJirurd  Iron  Co.  \. 
/;,r.</r„i    llSnni     114    Ala.    101.   21    So. 

cto. 

I'or  an  en^dneer  to  run  a  railway  train 
,it  a  rapid  rate  of  speed  at  a  place  when- 
!lif  -latule  docs  not  regulate  and  pic 
-critic  t!ie  rate  is  not  n(),di;.'ence  ;«')■  sr. 
vniciher  or  not  such  ruiininp;  is  ncyli 
-ince,  so  as  to  render  the  company  lia 
iile  tor  the  di'atli  of  a  brakeman  wlio 
idl  from  the  top  of  the  train,  depends 
upon  the  particular  conditions  and  cir 
■  iinistances.  Pmlve  v.  Louisrillf  i(-  \. 
/,'.  Co.  MSIi.-?)    100  Ala.  535.  14  So.  3r.«. 

F.vi.ifrr.-  that   rh.-'  plaintifT.  a   -"it.lt 
man.  nj-  -truck,  while  \v;ilkinL'  clos,.  tc 


a  traiK.  by  an  eii;;in'-  «hicb  wan  movlnj! 
it  an  e\i(  -sive  rate  of  sikviI  and  with 
ciiil  s..iiiidin«  the  Ull,  will  justify  a  vet 
dill  .iL-aiiisi  the  company.  i'aniidu 
.Si,u//i. c.  /,'.  Cn.  V.  .InvUxon  (18iM))  17 
Can.  S.  C.  :llii 

ll  is  ii.it  irnir  lo  admit  in  evidence 
I  nile  triiiii  ii  railniad  «  'npany't  book 
of  rules  providing  that  "a  lamp  awunj; 
^iiio-.s  the  track  is  the  «i)flial  to  stop," 
uliere  the  i-siie  involviHl  is  whether  the 
ejisinisr  W.I-,  iicpli^eiit  in  failinjj  to  per 
ceive  upon  ihe  track  an  euiplo.  .<!  -aIk' 
had  f.illcii  i\i>\\\\  and  U'imiiic  uncon 
-cioiis  liv  iii-nn  of  sickness.  Hilton  v 
.ilob'ii.iii  .1/ 1. /.'"»</  /•'.  Co.  (1803)  97  Ala 
275,  li  So.  JTi!. 

In  an  acti(m  brmi^jht  in  Kentucky  fur 
injlirie-  n-ceiviHl  in  .Mahaiiia,  recover} 
may  Im'  had  for  the  kiiliiij;  of  a  railroad 
cmployis'  liy  the  nisrli;.'eiicc  of  those  in 
char;.'!'  of  aloconiotive.  alt.liou;;b  the  ncj; 
liyenM-  "as  neither  "gross"  nor  "wil 
ful."  as  it  must  >«■  to  make  the  acllon 
-iisfainable  in  the  former  -tale,  louts 
riUr  <f  v.  ff.  Co.  V.  ilnihiiiii  [  Irt'.IO)  9H 
Ky.  tiSS.  34  S.   \V.  220. 

A  railroad  cnyiiufr  is  not  nejflitient 
towards  a  switchman  on  a  switch  en 
sine,  so  as  to  charge  the  company  with 
liability  for  injuries  to  the  latter,  in 
ninninj;  by  an  oil  Ikix.  near  the  track. 
Iiiit  far  enou;;h  aw  ly  to  permit  the  en 
sine  to  pass  safely,  iinh-s  he  knows  or 
has  reason  to  hejieve  that  the  switch 
man  is  in  such  a  position  'hat  he  may 
lie  injured  in  passinj;  such  liox.      I.ouii 

liih-  i(-  \.  It.  Co.  V.  iiouidin  (isns)  no 

\la.    I.S.i,  20  So.  32.V 

.•\n  engineer  who  pio[)els  a  train  with 
-iich  force  and  violence  aa.iinst  standiii!! 
cars  a>  to  injure  a  brakeman  attempt 
in?  to  make  a  coupling  between  smcb 
cars  and  another  c.ir  on  the  other  side 
thereof  is  gtiilly  of  ne-rli^ience.  althoujih 
he  may  not  have  known  that  the  brake 
man  was  between  the  cars.  .ilabama 
Midland  It.  Co.  v.  McDonald  (1905)  112 
\la.  216,  20  So.  472. 

Whether  a  "running"  or  ■flyinu" 
-witch  is  or  i.s  not  to  la-  le^Mrdcd  as  ne;; 
ligonce  per  He.  a  railway  company  can 
not  succ<>ssfully  assail  the  propriety  of 
1  verd;-f  which  fii»N  that  it  is  not  ncf 
liL'cnei'   to  switch   cars  at   a   -.jwi'il   of  - 


;i  't. 


p 


it ' 


r;     ! 


1'  i  Hi 


ill: 


M-l 


•Jifc-'-,'^ 


1 1 '  I'l     '  'iiii 

£  111  1   I  .     i«' 


i'    i 


uirsi 


|: 


;' 


J0.14 


M  v«<i  I  i;    AM)    si:i:\  \M. 


1'   11  M'      \\\,l! 


!: 


-.1 

1^! 


705.  Tftf-m  having  "thui|{e  or  control  of  a  train."—  n.    Wh.if    ,n, 

-/iliil,:\  u  h,<,,i.  'irniHiUi/.        J  I,.    \';'w  ,,f  tin-  Mlpicilir  ( It  of  M^..,, 

■Iiifclf*  ix  ili:ii  till-  \v(.r.|  ••triiiii"  wu*  nsr.l  by  ilio  l«"gi«lnti(ic  in  t|,, 
■.i>liniiry  scn-r  wlii.-li  ii  Ik.i-c  nt  the  lime  when  tlic  cmj.l'mTs"  iialiiliiv 
J, -I  \v;i«  |,:iMM..i  ill  rli.'ii  -^tarf.  und  flint  this  siilmc'lion  is  tliorcfoiv  uuU 

il|i|.liriil.|c   wli.Tc   the   Iniill    1.^      lie   wliich    i-   -,,.    ,,..1   liv   SI.MIlll.'        Ill  ill, 

la-r  I'iicil  it  \va>  licjii  tliiif  itn  iir-tii.n  coiild  nitt.  t)p  niiiintninpd  for  an  ii, 
.,iirvciiii.(.(l  l.v  tli(Miiiiiiiipiiiciit,..f  a  .-•tnft  rnilwiiv  car"t|icnil<'.|  l,v,.|." 
iriritv  ill  till-  iiMiiil  iiiiiiiii.'f.  'riii>  iliictriiir  secins  to  flin  |ircsf>iit  wiit.  i 
u,  he.  <■{  v.'i-v  (liiliions  conccliics-.  in  -,,  t'lir  iw  it  i*  bascl  on  the  tli.mv 
liiat  II  iiMin  iMtist  he  propcllpd  hv  ^tcaiii  to  !..•  within  the  iiioanini;  nt 
ih.-  Miiliitc.  In  sonir  ropccts  ihr  |)c<-iilinr  iliiiij{<'ix  t..  wlii.-h  milwiii 
.iiiplovco  aM>  pxposfil  Croni  movinj;  .•ars  iwr  I's-^ciitialk  the  «iiiii.. 
ulirlli.T  thf  iiioiivo  power  he  <fo«iii  or  clc-i  licit, .  iiiid  an  iiijiirv  ..!  thf 
kind  wlii<-li  wa-  denied  to  he  aetion;ih|e  i»,  Mu'refoiv.  within  tlii'  spnii, 
il  not.  the  letter,  of  thf  statute.  And  once  it  is  conceded  that  llic 
Miitiile  ci'V(  r-  tniiii-  operated  hy  electricity,  the  further  result  w.miM 

..!■  IC  mil,- iin  JirHir  ..III.,  il  r,'|.iiir  1  i.ii'k.  (.'i«|,li   ..ppiMlor.   wlii.li   clutt'i-*   that   in 

/o.,.s,, //,_.(    \.   irro.  V.  /*.)(. v    (imiO)  iiltcniptiiiK  to  ilo->  :>    inilwav  tr.i.k   ii 

'"   ■^'•'-  ^'*"-  8  ^"-  •''•"'-  il  tiiiM-  wlien  liis  (liiti.-i  ri^iiiiri'.l  liini  i. 

'  ""'I''""   ""■""     >      I!   •I'.',    .f     1.    II.  -lo  »o,  hp  Wii.s  slriick  l.v  a  Ir.ii.i  iiH.viir 

'  ,,.   (  IH'XU    I.-.!"  Mm-,  .ils,  :;4  .\.  K.  .-.:)!».  in  m,\el^  r»r  hour,  wl.i'.-l.  ««>.•  i,.,  «in-." 

V  h.  !,■    OIK-    <>l    till'    iilt.  ■ri.iliic    (h.M.ii.w  iii^' (if  it.x  approapli:  timt  lit'  wiis  iiii.il.l. 

-iiL'^'i'-ttil  111-  111..  I'vi'li'iii  •  WiiH  thii  (.11-  fii  «,><•  its  iipiirnarli.  on  i.oc..n!:t  ><t  hi  i. 

'' .il   l.c.'ii   ■•ki(k((l"  id   »<Ki  yiviit    ,1  siic«il  «c(vl»:    and    fliat    (lie    pHHiiii^cr   .if   tiii, 

>    IMP  .-iivnuMT,  ami  the  ,a-<-  wa-  Vld  train  km-w  -if  lii«  diitv  t<i  cm-  il„.  i,  ,,1 

'".'."■  """•  ""■  tli^  jury.  at   ttip   liiiic— cliaijic',   acti.iiial.l.    ji,;;li 

Mil-  ci.iidiict   (if  ,111  ciifiiiinr  in  iipplv  ycnce.  th()iii;li  the  statiit.nv  diilv   ..|  ihr 

I'lu'  the  iiii-  hraki-  and  In  iii;;iii;,'  tlic  iniiii  cnjtin.vr  to  uliislU-  and  iii'i«  Id-    nil  i.n 

1,1    il    -inldcn    -top    Hitlwiiit    j;i,in;r    iin.v  ii|>)>J(>,irliin<r  a   cki— in;;  loid"  to  -'„|i  hi- 

-lu'iial   <>r    Wiiriiln;,'  •])»■*    imt    nccc— iii  ilv  ,  ii;;inp  miylit  nut  be  «iii>li(iililc.     /„,/i,i, 

,,,11-1  it  lit.,    nctidiiiililc    iH-^di;;.ii,c   iin    tlin  ,/,,„/,,,  /„,„„   /,'.  f„.  y.   //„„/,/,„„    ,|,hi|, 

pi, It  (if  the  imiipiiiiy  iis  Id  iii pliiy,  •  l.'iT    'n,l.  4;U.  "H   I,.  K.  A.  TST.  i;il  .\    K 


'  r<iih„i  V.   itVs7  f.'iirf  N/( ,  •  I  ,v  rv, 

I  IHDHi  171  .Mass.  :i4!i,  .-,11  \.  K.  .Vlil. 
1  lie  ciiiri  ,|iiiilitl('(|  its  (ipiniiin  li\  -r  • 
^,-lin;,'  IliMl  "iHis-ilily  a  Iii  ilniii.l.HliiT, 
111,'  Mi,,li\,'  iH.wcr  ha-  l.c'ii  liiiiri-,-,!  i, 
piiil  (ir  alt,i^,,|hcr  lioiii  -t.'aiii  to  clir 
iricity.  fir  -niiic  other  iiif,liiiiii,Ml 
:i;.'.'niy.   Imt   wliicli   retain-   in  otlur  r,' 


iiijiiicd  hy  licini;  tliniwn  ott  from  a    il, 
,',ir   liy   such    «t()p|),i^'c.       ViHtiiir  v.    Wa 
h„.yl,    It.   r„.    118114)    II    Iiul.  App.   Jll. 
:is    \.    i;.    82:t. 

No  ic,-<,vci-y  Ciin  he  lia.l   for  the  dciilh 
iif  a  tirciiiiin  cjiii-pd  hy  iin  cxidosidn  due 
Id    the    wiint    of   siillicient    water   in    the 
lioiler.    where    the   evidence    i.i   that,    al 
Ihou^'h  the  cimipany  liidii   the  drivar  re 

K|«)ii-ilile  a-    rei;ard's  the  en-ine.   it  Wii-    -jiecis    the    rharacteristips    of    a    -tcirii 
the     lireiiian'-    duty     to    att.Mid    to    tin     i .lilroail.    would    (tjine    within    the    niir 
water   -iii>ply.       ISrunrll   v.   i'liiiiiillnii    I',     view  of  the  act." 
A'.  Co.    (IH8S)    Ii".  Ont.  IJep.  ;I7.^..  In  this  ponneotion  it  mnv  lie  reniiiikcl 

A  railKiad  eiii|iloyeo  may  rr cover  for  'liiil  in  Aliihunia  it  has  lleen  li,-M  llml 
injuries  PiHise,|  hy  sudden  upnep(,ssaiy  'ii  electric  railroad  is  within  the  pur 
movements  of  ears,  due  to  the  negli^'pncc  •  iew  of  a  st.atiite  apjiliciilde  to  -l,;iiii 
•  if  the  en^'iiieer  in  the  handling  of  a  i  tilioads.  iMtiinrille  d  \.  II.  r„.  v. 
liiin  lli/ihl,i,„l  Ir,.  ,C  It.ll  It.  Co.  v.  Xm-hoix  (ISIllJ)  114  Ala.  4>Ji,  Hi  .\ni 
l/,7/,/-   MS!»8i    120  Ala.  i">.1.">.  24  So.  fl.'.."i.    St.    Rep.    Utj.  a  So.   279 

A   (■"iiiiilaisit   in   uii    action   hy   a    tel(!- 


l:MiM,'|^  cits'  i.iAiiii.nv  a(  is. 


fo.i:. 


af>i"'-n' 


t..  i< 


lull    It    r:lM    llUlkl'    IlK 

I  Ik 


lull  I',  lice,  n-*  n-j.iitln  tlio  nui'- 


iiiiliilitv,    wImiIut    iIk'    niuiiv.'    | 


•  I-    i»    liiiii'im 


tirll    liv     wii 


fh  111  - 
villi  I 


line  <'(Milriil  I'xiiit  "!•  t;i  II' 


11, mI 


ir    li'ii 


■  I    ill     111    rll^ilK'   IIMM'llML 


II'  I  nil II. 


I'll 


IS    virW    nri'ivc-.   -.11111' 


ll' 


It    t'ruiii  ail    l'.n;;li-li 


liici,  ....iImkIus  rli.'  priiicii.l.'.  iliMt,   it  li..-  .-ili<r  clriiiiiits  ..f  :i 


'ira 
■(•ill!;  (' 


ill    arc  |>ri->( 


lit,  tl 


ic  fiii|il'A'  r  1-  ll. 


Ir  l.>r  iii|iirii':-  f. 


j,,.,.|,..,^lv  triiii-tVircd   troll: 


'lilt     !•> 


icf.    wll.llirr    till 


I  I 

ih 


IV    It- 


,i:vi'  I'liwci' 
.      ;u|)ilil«i/ 


Ik-  ti\"l 

•d    till'    filcl     I 


ir  iii"\;il 


111  ll 


itli.iiit  propiT  wai-iiiiiii  i«  ciiiiiiiiv   '^ 


ijl    till'  ilii; 
liv 


it'  III-  <>|iiiii"ii  *  iiM'. 
V-  ill    iii.itii'ii 


iHiiiiiii;   iM 


•riMt     Imw.'M 


r    lln'v    iii'i'    iiiiivi' 


111  itpi'ii  wluitcMf  |iiirt  (I 


f  till    liiK 
Jihili'  II  ll 


ll 


■lit    i-:l-l' 


,-V  liolil.tC.I  V.'l'.V    Illllcll   wllCtlKl    till'  lipi'll'  llbllliV   Ol 


till'  wc.r. 


[•pi'inH  ii|>on 


•tl 


11'  iiiiiii 


l.cl'  lit  <';il'n:i'.ii'-   or   till'    lll'lilli'T 


M'lllllotlVI' 


jr  ii]ioii   wheels   wlliell    llie    1' 
iiv."     lie  tl'iHI'illt  the  leiii^liiftire  iiiteii.lr. 
ivrii  t"  the  l:iiis{iiiise  used,  iimi  tiiiif.  •■-i-e; 


was   tiiUiii 


ill 


1  H^il- 

'tr-^  III' 

of     Vellii'le 

Hi;-  till-   rail 


il  "\erv  wide  -eiilii       tu  lie 


iiiij:  111  a  ;;eiier.il  wav 


Irjrisliitlire  meant  llillt  a  loemnotive  eii;;llie  l>v  i 
loiij;  a  vailwav,  or  was  in  cuiirse 


If. 


was  drawn  iii 

I'.iilwiiv  bv  thiit  locoiMotivo  eii] 


,11 


or  iinvthiii; 
1. 


Ill- 
that 


Miiiji  drawn  alotm  a 


Tin  a( 


tiial 


e.Mcn 


)f  tlin   other    law    h 


Me"  should  he  iiirliiiieil  in  the  Wi'Vil.' 

t  ot  the  deci-joii  cited  is  that  several  temporarily  de 

as  there  i^  iiiithini;  in  tlie  opin- 

ate    that    thev    wi-ie    ineliiieii 


■ai'heil  cars  poiistitiiie  a    •train,     lin 


hilt. 


to    imlu' 


put  a  loss  lilwral  (•iiti-.tnieiinn  upon  the  statute  than  tlie  lord  <'han 
llor,  his  theor.v  i  f  its  meaning,'  may  perhaps  !■€  leuarded  as  the  m  ■» 
idicially  accepted  in  I'-nj-laml. 


In  a  Miissai'huseit- 


ease  invoiviii 


is  t'.H'ts  cli.sely  atialo>riiiis  ti 


till 


hv  the  lliiii-.'  of  I.iiriU,  ,i  similar  eoiu'lusion  was  arrivi 


at,  the  statutory  word  lieinir  li'-l'l  applieahh'  to  a  niiuilx'r  of  ears 
I'liiipled  ti.p-ther,  t'ormiii;^  one  eonneeied  wlmle  and  niovinj;  fn-in  oii< 
liiiiiii  to  anotlior  npnn  a  railroad,  in  the  ordinary  course  of  its  n-aO' 
inidcr  an  iniiietus  imparted  to  thnn  by  a  locoiiiolive  which  -In.  iiv 
iiifore  the  accident  had  been  dei.iclicil.*  That  flii>  eoiirl  is  prepared 
to  ni-cci.l,  if  it  has  not  alivadv  ac  'pi-d,  a  cun-l  ruction  of  the  -tatiite 

'  .  .  .  ■     .    ..  .1       .         1        .      1    1  ..    I      ..1    TI   .1    I ., 


to  nccc],., -  .  , 

not  Ipis  favnvable  to  the  servant  lli;..i  that  a.........  •■. .■ , 

is  also  inferable  from  Iwo  jtlier  deci-ioiis  holdiiiir  ihat  a  locnmotivf 


jupfed  by  Lord  llalshury, 
oldiiiir  ihat  a  locnmotivf 

ictli'T  is  "ll   jiiT-iii  ill  cliiifio  iif  a  li.iin 


'Cox  V.  (Ireut  We-slrni  I,'.  T...    (ISSJ)  yrtli'T  is  "a   |M'r-<.ii  in  Hiaijio  nf  a  li.iin 

1,.   (!.  »  Q.  B.  Div.   inij,   ;!0   WwU-.    K.'ii.  ii|K,n  .i   railv,a>  .,,,,., 

Xlli.  47  .].  P.   llfi.  where  tlie  jiin-   were        '  M'd.nl  v.  r„n,t,iiU  \\»'M>:   11.  1^^  \\. 

I.I'M  to  Iw  warraiiteil  in  finding  t'liat  an  .\.  »'    .'iT.  li.'i  I-  •'•  «,•    '''    ^'^   >•  -"-■    "' 

eni|ilovee  whose  duty   it    is  'o  ai.|ily  the  I..    I".  N.    >.  i;:U.  till   I.  1'    I 'O. 
lir,!     'utiv   l,„..fl    l>y'wl,i'h    a    ri.j..t.in    is         ''•,.,. •,!,    v.    «„>/„,,   ,f     I      /.w  r,.    I  1S.I.,I 

iiiii. -■   to  haul   frci^'lit    tars   ciniiilcd   to-  liit   Ma-«.  .'ij:!.   1;^  N    I--   1I-. 


a«M 


I 


ilAbTKl;    AND    >KKVAM 


[CMAf     KXXM\ 


"    I 


and  a  mnjrle  oar  loiiiieck-d  together  and  nm  up.)u  a  railmad  con^lirllt, 
a  "train."* 

e.    What  employvcs  are  deemed  to  have  "cli<-,,jc    or   evnlnd"  of  n 
tram;  condudum. — A  conductor  is  tlio  .-inpIoyfH'  to  whom  th.*  -tafii 
lorv  deisoripfii.n  is  m.»t  obviomly  i|  |.liciililc,  iind  it  ia  not  dispute 
thut  a  niilwav  ompaDV  is  [niiiin  f.,ci.'  r.  •poi^ihli.  f,,r  hj^  nfijlitr'  tjci.' 
This  prisiinipti'ii  iimv  Im-  rfl.iiticd  bv  -lujuin;;  th;ir.  at  the  finir  t!i. 
iiijiirv  was  n.-i-lvcl.  Ii«.  \mi-  ii.,i,  a.  a  matter  .,t  fan.  in  contr.,!  ofth, 
irnin  in  ipitsiiun.   ji  rannnt  U'  sai.l.  a-  u  niaitrr  ..t  law.  iliit  n  .•.n 
diiotnr  is  not  i  ■  cliarsfc  «.f  a  train  i\\\vn\)x  a  It  niporarv  ali-inrc  'In  ,■, 
from.^      Nor  can  any  it,- if  ion  of  \w  conliMllini;  fumiions  1     pr. 
dicati'd  from  the  nicv,.  fa.-i  that  the  portion  of  tlio  train  whu  i,  .-niv 
thn  injury  had  li.,  n  d.ia.li.d  from  thi;  inijin.'  and  tiir  other  .i.rs  „ 
liic  linif  wlicn  phiintiff  was  hurt." 

The  ,-on.li..-iur  of  a  -witch  cn-jin.-  which  is  drauinir  scv.ial  ,-,n 
uinl.'r  hi:i  direction  may  pn.j.erly  l.e  fonnd  to  Ih'.  for  the  time  Inin^,  i; 
charpe  of  a  train  consJMiie,'  of  tl n-ine  and  cars."     l!,it  snWi  an., 

li>H>,,  T.   (Ud   Coloiii/   It.   r„.    tISjIll     l.fir    «,!«    I|..t    li...„t      f,„    ,|„.    r   , 

l.-.:i  M«s«.   112.  2U  \.   K.  -i;i7.   r.,ll.,«,^l    ,l,„t  tl,..  n,„v..„..-nt:„f  ,|„.  ,,,i„  „„i;;, 

MS ;.Tr--,M' ''''," '■•-•('■o*^.^''°-  '•••"'•""^' ""•' "" '''"'■-•  ■>  •"■'■' 

ilSM.)    l,.1  -Mit,.^    1..     ...1   N.   K.  .'tiHi.        nlM.lly   UM.I,.,-  1,U  .li,,.,,i.„.    ,„.!  .1,,.    , 

M-IOI)    -.'S    l„,|.    .\|.|,.    40.   Ill    N.    F,.    IH.  no.     «itl,»„t     hi.    o,I|..,-  |1,!.    ,.!,',, 

.1    «.,s   l..-l,!    II,:, la    ron,|.l;.int    «a-    ,,..1  ,„i,J,   fl,,-,t    wh,.„   fl,,.  f.,,,,!,,,,.,,    I,  „   »!„ 

-Hniirrnblo    «hicli  ..ll..y,.,l   in  viil,sl„„.„  miin  ai„I  ,,.ri„ill.Hl  it  t,.  i,r , -I  «it' 

thnt  a  tirak.i.iun.  wliil..  .lirMlni,;;  i,|.  to  .,iit   him.   it   i.il.J.t   np.iH.rl,    l.,-  i„!  rr- 

itip  top  ot  a  .iir.  wa-  -lM„k  l,\  iiii.,ii|<T  hv   n    iim    il.a,    h,.  ,>m«  ,  i.-,|     i,„|    „., 

i-ai-   whirh   hii-l   1h'.-ii   ii.-.jlii;,i,tly   li-ft  l>r  niitlxl    -ii,  I,   il,i„..s   to  iV  ,|.,n,.    ,-  ,',,. 

11,0   r,.ii,lm!nr   of   i,n.,tl,..r   train   oi,    an  n.r.>-an     in    1 1,..    „ia,ia..,„„.„t    of   tn 

M.l|..,nin!r  M,<-   trak   at   n    pla-'.-  uImt..  train  iii.nl  l„.  -I,.„ihl  ,..i",in  ii    vnili.r, 

Ihf  two  trark-i   w.-rr  onl-  .".   f.v,    ii,K,it.  «    siw<,i!i.f   .„,|,.r   fioni    lii„,„.||    ),„    

,11.1.   imin;;   to   the   tran>v..rs,.    <!.,[„.   on  narticiilar  act:   ami    if  so    II i„i.,i.-.> 

■.-1,1,1,  t!,r  m,\p  triKk  was  hii.l.  tl,..  sta  In  .|.„..iion  ,ni..i,i   pioi^-rlv  !«•  t,.,ii,.|  i 

l,..i,!,r\     lar    leam'il    over    t.. wards    tlii^  liav..  lM.,.n   ,„".|i..,.n.,.  on  his   ,,,11 

"''"o    'T""-      ..,,,.,  .,  .  "/"•'"•    v./f,,;,/,,,,  .ft    A-.r,,.   Ms.,:i 

/(.,,;.//-<,rv.  OW  fofo.iv  «.(',>.   (IHIII)  ir.!>    .Ma...    .T|S     34    V     V     -,!'l        Tm.- 

LIS  ^,.,-..  ji.-.ll.  2ti  V.  K.  m"       Th.Tf.  Ih..  Iwo  .ais   wlii.j,    ha, I   I,,,,,'  "ki.  l..,l"  r.,i 

fon.liKlor  Icfl  his  train  at  n  rcitaiii  sta  ;,.Miiist    n    |,.,-i    «t    tl„.  ,.,|J   of    i   st.,' 

tion   anil   anow-.-d    it    to   pi ,hI   to   tlip  sv»il.li.       It    was   li,.|,|    ihat    on   tl m 

next  statmn  wilhout  him.      A  l,iak..i,ian  ,1,  n.,-.  tl„.   j,nv  iiii.J,l  pnavrlv  flii.l  tiv 

had  oci.asi(,n  to  iiiaU..  a   .-oiiplint;  whil.^  Ii„    .•oi,.h„l,„    „a,  lli,.   |,.f..,ii  «!i„   ^^^. 

the  con.lm.t.jr  was  «lill  al)s..|;i    n,,,,,  hi-  th-  -top  mi,,!!,,,,   f,,,-  i|„.  ,.,r,     ,,,.!  iTut 

post,    anrl    »ns    injuml    liy   a    .hl.rt  iv..  takihu-  int..  .,,,,aiiii   il,..  s,,.,.,|  ;,t  „l,i.i 

draivhar.  oi  tlip  ronditiim  of  wlii.li  the  th.-v  «.-i..  i,i..vin".  Iio  Ma-  !„■  .1,  via  !• 

rondiictor  had  faiici  to  iioiifv  |,ii,i.      It  not'  yi-.  in;:   tl,.-   n,oti..n    ..».ii,.i"  thui  li. 

'vas  hohl  that  the  jure  was  iii-titl,.d  in  diil. 

lindin^' that  the  conduct. >r  was  ii,  cliariii-       "/»(/,,  „  v.  t)!,i  ri.t'„iii  It.  Co.   i  1*0! 

of  the  train  when   tht*  injnrx    was   n'  I.'i:!  .Ma-s.   112.  2tl  X.  K.  AX      'rii.r..  i: 

ceived.  since  nothing  was  don,' that   was  was    h.-M   that,  "in    view   of   tl,.-   ii-.    t.' 

i-ontrary  to  his  orders,  or  nut   rias,,n  whiih  n   ir..i;.||t   vaid  is  pm   in  m  km.- 

ably  to  be  expected.      It  wi.-  also  ,..m  up  train-   an.l    n..-..ivinv.  <uis   ii,  ,„  a, 

tendci.   wilhoiil    sik-.-p«s.  that   llif  oiiii.^-  iiimiti.,r  t:;;i!is.   :,nd   flic  .Ian  -.t-    ■••■!■' 

sjor  of  the  con. liictor  to  warn  the  plain-  ant    on    iiiom,,,.,    .-ai,    anMi.i.ikin;.      • 

tilt    >vil!i    rc.'Mi.l    to   Itip  ilef...-tiM>  drav\  !i-.,iiis    in    ri,,.   ni.jiiiliniH,    ■.^^„.\,   -t  .',    - 


(i  ;^ 

Ehi 

• 

U 

■ 

fcMHUlNfcll*     l.i\liU,ll\     .S«  is. 


Mm 


.turmr  i-  II"'  -!<■•  iii"l  '"  he  in  i-liar;;(  <.t'  ,i  iimih  wlii  mi  lio  iiirrclv  hi-  lr> 

iiiakc  up.     Hi'*  'lutie*  itrr  <iii|i'il  a-  ^'"-n  ii'  tin-  C4i>  ar niio.!k-<l  so 

.!« fc  comi'oso  n  tmin.  an-l  lie  iicmt   Iui-  iluir;:''   <>f   'li"'C  ••ai*    :i-    n 

•niin."' 
,/.  i:i,'fl"'i'"<  other  thdii  iohihih'i>.      If  lni>  Iwcii  laid  'l<'"i    '•>  Mif 

,i|„,  ,,„ lilt  of  M:i^-ii  ■liii-.'li-  ili.ii  l.>    ln'  uonN,  •'  'any  |MT-nii   .   . 

ii,.  Ii.i-  iIm-  .•li:il-«it  "I-  I I  I'll'  I  mI'  ;i  iraiii  '   i-  iii>  ,iiit  u  |i.  r-..ii  '-  li",  fm 

l,P  li  11.  li.ih-  .It  Ini-l.  Ii.i-  iiiilii''ii:it.  .iiii||..rit\  ludir.  ct  tlif  l\{<>\,- 
Mil  III-  ;'ii-l  iniuiiiz-  ■111  .I'  ill.'  iniiii  ii-  ii  wlii'l''.  ami  "I  ilic  hh"  ''ti 
•J,, -I. I  iii."ii  it.""      .'v  niiluiiv   .I'iniiaiiy.  iliiTif-rc.  i-  v<    |M.ii.il.lr  ii.-- 

•III.  ii.;;lii;«'ii<'<'  ''i'l"  I"  "'  ""  '■"-' '  '"'  "'  "  '"••'''•'  "iii'i.  il.  '"■'  "  "■""'•' 

.f  lurt.  citliiT  !•)■  ill'  'M  »'ii»  ill  I'll. Hi;.'  ..t  iin'  n.iin.'-  iJiil  ili''  nn'r- 
l-iet  tliiit.  II  liijlMii'iiii  liiH  •"■••ii  i-ii'  ill  -'I'll  .1  |'"-ii'  'liiit  for  ill.- 
iiiniiuiit  Ik'  |ili\-i'':liv  euiilivl-  :i!iii  .lir.ii-  m-  im  ■  u  t-  iiii'l'T  ill-' 
.vo*)!"!!!-"  «ii|Mfi'>r  <!"<  -  n"!  "'  ''■''"  cni-iitiiir  u  •••n  wlio  lia^ 
.•li;ir;>c  ot"  orci'iiifi.l  of  ill.'  triiiii.'''' 

.1  iiiiliii"  'o  II.  .11   111.    |i.iiiil  when-  11.1.  Isi"    •'<  til.'  truiti       '',11.,,,    \     /;,,«(.,„  if    I.   /.' 

...iiip  t.T-.tii.'i.  tiiiii  til"  -iM.'.'  i>.i....'ii  < ".  ii-^'i.".!  iiu  .M.i*-.  .)j;i.  1-'  V  t"  II.' 

it  i.iiu  the  lulii.iiiiii^'  ti.i.k  i,.  unu-ii.ill>  In    \i>\\    .,f    tli.-    .nrli,  r    .|,'.  hi,..'      H     i- 

i.irii'W.  J  fi'iiit  ••iiiiiiil  -i.'k.  ""  *  Mi.iiK'i  liuil  til  -II-  why  tli.'  ...iirt  ^ll..lll.l   li  iv. 

,,(  Uw.  tliut  it   w.i,  no'   a   iii'ijIiKent    nl  l.-ll   iiii.v    .li'iiM   na   Uii-   i»iiiit. 

10  li'iiv'.'  Iho  tar  ill  -i;.  a  a  lM)-ili«>n.  "fiiiuii  v.  /(„,r<„i  ,1  .1.  II.  I'u.  (H'.>:>. 

'\nrh<iii-:\.  fil'l'l'uxi  It.r,,.  (Iv-i,  if.l   Ma--.  .VJ;!.   M  S.   ¥..   \\i. 

i.)t;  Ma>.<    i:i   :!::   Vm.  St.  i;r|>.  tJ-v  :!o  .n/.-h  v.   \,,r  \„ii..  \.  ii.  .r  /;.  /.• 

S   E   li'.'.l,  Ili.Toiiit  -ai.l:     '  Ih,- -tatut.'.  !•>.  (1800)    17:1  Ma--.   177.  .v.  N.  I :.  .1:111. 

In  rcfiTiiii^'   u>  a    -ivnil.   Hwitili.   I-k'h  li.O.'iiiK    it     uarranlalil.'    Ii'    tin. I    m-li 

iMiitiM-   I'liJ^ii.'.   or   train.'    Mfiii-   chi'tlv  ^.ii.-,-.   wh.i..   tin-  .•vi.liii,-.'    »,i-  tint    tli.' 

10  miili.iiii'lat.'  III.'  .laii^nT   (roin  a   I.""  .f-iii.'  "itli  a  lar  .itl.ulinl  «.i-  |,ii-li.'.l 

ii„,ii\i-  -n'iiK-oi  train  .11  a  ni<>\in^' 1.I..IV.  «liil..  ll,.-  i.lainlill    «a.   in  tli.-  .ar.  aii.l 

III. I    to    pi.ni.lo    a"ai;i>t     the    nryli'."'i<<'  .i    l>iiil<.'i'i.iii    ^^■l^    Mainline;   .m    tli.'    tr..iil 

,(  tlio-c  wli.i,  .itli.r   »li..llv  or   in   pirt.  |,1alli     n.   a-,iiti-t   (.tli.T  ...i-    «iili    ->i.  !i 

...iitrol   it-   aaivoiiKiil-.      Th«  char;      '-r  •    r.  .•  ,       l„    i.i.ak    tli.-    ,.latl..riii-  ..1   tl..' 

,,.tilr..l    i.   .if   thai    wli.i-i-  ohiiriicti           •  •  .i-   ami    tlir.iw    tlw  .nil. I. ,>.•.•   tr.nii    hi- 

i- riiii.l  aii'l  l.ncliil  111. it  ion.     It  r«         '  '■■■'' 

1,.  the  tiiiiii   m  hi.-..ii.i'li\      ■■n;;ini'  ili.- .•ii;:iii.-.r  i.f  .i   r.iili,'"!  Ir.iin  iim-1 

..Ik.I...  ami   not  to   Ih  •    imnvhii'.i    part-  !•.•  r.-ir.!.'.!  a-  Ih.'  |«i-..ii  in  .-har:;.-    for 

ihi.li  nialN.' .'!«  th.' ti.iin    •■  invnip.     Ih.-    ili.-pur|H t  ^'iMii;;  -i-naU  or -la.U.n 

-Mint.-    iiii;;liL    h.'.-..'    I'..'>    -na.h'    l.i    in-  in;.'    'lifil    al    thi-    apinnadi    of    .lan«.T. 

ihi'li- thii.-c  •■' 1  li.iv  <'l'.-"   ■•  •■'  til,,  .-on  alih..ii;.'li    f.ir    nio-t     (.iiri«i-.'i    th-    cim 

-truclifiii   €.•:   ','.!■    iMi^iiin    1,1    I'll'    *in-   .,r  .iui!..r  has  .'.aitnil  ..f  l!ii-  train.       Ouim 

who  in-pert         •  i.      N«  i-'h-,  i   «i  th.ir  .lu  ..    \  -  ir  V.,./..   \.  //.  il-  //.  A".  '  u.    iI8!»:!l 

ties  «.,nUI  !«  lik.-!v  to  .an-.,  an  a, ,  i,l-nt  1  V)  Ma-,  r,-',!.  M  N.   K.    mTl".   K.-IIomcI 

to  t:ie  train  wliih-  in   naition.       I'.iit   ill.'  in  hinn„iin  v.  ISoxl',,  J:    I.  A'.  f<>.  (  IHII.  I 

l.Si.,latur«  in   thi-    part    ..f   Ih.'   -(..nil.-  liitt  Mil.-.  170.  47   N.   1.    lil.i. 

iias    pone    no    funli.-i     than    t"    iiiclinh-  ^-i-  ;i]*4>  Hnlhwon   t<    <>.  S.  V  .  R.  Vn. 

ihnne  who*p  iluliis  ivlaU-  ii,  th.'  iliir;.-.-  v.  fitrr.^oii   i  llK)! )    l.'.f.   Iml.  .•!ti».  59  N'. 

•f  a  locomotive  en},'iiK' or  til.- train  "Ikii  K     10-«4.    »'i"''<"   it    ",i-.   hol.l    proper  to 

.oinplcte."  iiliiM    an    in  tnu'tiiii   that,   if   llir   l)cr 

In     another     cast-     it     «a^     .lonhlccl  -ons   in   cliarj.';-  of   a    train   were   fellow 

whether  a  switehinL'  foreman  who  merely  -.rs.iiit.s  of  the  injur.-.l  |»r-on.  or  traek 

■l.-JL'iiMt.il  th,'  track  on   wliieh   is  t..  !»■  ..  pain-r.   h,'  .oul.l   n.it    i.-owr. 

-limit. il    a    |>art    of   tin-   cir-   of   a    train  '   funfi  v.  liosl,,,,  .(     I.  II.  ('■>.    (1S05I 

..iii.i,  is  .■,.iili.,II..,i  i.v  a. -011.1.1.1. ..  .-ul.i  ;.,l    .M.i.-.   r,2'..    12   N".   K.    !!■>.  wher-   i« 

lie  «iii.l  to  lun,-  ha.l  '■.liarjie  or  .oiiti'il"  ^.a.-  .l.iii.-.l  that  the  statute  wa*  applni 


111  f 


m>- 


ill 


I'll 


M 


irlh 


\M 


203ii 


it 


!i;i! 


,  !■* 


WASTKK   AND    SKlfVANT. 


[chap,  xxxhi. 


Thn  English  dootrinr  would  sorni  to  bo  virtually  tlip  same  a>  tljat 
fst;'Mi>lif>d  l.y  the  Ma.ssaclnisott.s  d.ci>i(jiis,  the  llrm.se  of  Lords  havin- 
hold  ijiat  the  ca.so  wa.s  for  the  jury  where  some  detached  cars  were  left 
hy  the  engineer  on  a  riteop  <rratlicnt,  and,  being  inadequaU-ly  bl(,ckid. 
ran  away  and  .struck  iIk   |)li(iiilil}'.'^     The  nieiuber.s  of  the  conn  wen 
unanimous  in  declariniLi  ihut  the  aclioii  could  be  maintained  n|M,ii  th. 
theory  that  the  engine  driver  was    in  charjic   of    the    train    wlun   [■ 
st/jppcd  at  the  point  where  the  runaway  cars  were  left,  iin-l  iluit  i„ 
did  not  eea.-^e  to  be  in  cli;ir<;e  of  it  because  some  of  the  ciiirii,:;.-  wn-, 
uncou))led  frojn  one  an-ther  and  from  the  enj-ine,  in  order  l]i;ii  tl,(  ^ 
mi;;lil  !>(•  scpMralely  diult  with  in  ojvrations  all  directed  to  one  .n.], 
namely,  the  dischnriiinir  <d'  the  Ireijiht."'     It  was  iilso  considered  ih,, 
I  here  was  another  and  indr'pen<lcnl  ground  which  rendered  it  pmjMM' 

lilc  to  a  l.i.iki'iiran  wlio^c  duly  it   »a>  to    im.\<d.  or  l.rfure  he  removed    tlic  .ic.in,. 
Ink.'    .■Inn;;,,   ol'    a   fniiii    of   far>    »lii(li    friMii    the   train.    uiiK-ss    he    waiilnrUi,. 
«as   hoiii;:  >liiintiil   (into  a  sidiii;;   iimlcr    i«st  of  iIlc  train  to  fiillow,  or  «a-  ,<.ii 
tho  supiMvi^-ion  of  tlie  oonductoi.       Ihe    tent  tliat   it   -hoiild  follow,  it   \va<  iil». 
coiirt    ^iiiil;_    "If   -contrur    i,   om-   tliinj;    hitcly    .-ssc-iitial    that   sonictliiii;;  sIumiII 

and  •cliarj.'c"  is  another,  then,   in.i- <li    he  .hiii-  to  dctaoli  that  part  of  tlio  train 

as  to  sonic  extent  every  hrnkenian  n|M>n  an.]  to  make  it  stationary,  wliile  the  r.-i 
a  train  would  have  'control'  of  it.  <'\.ry  of  the  train  went  on.  That  was  a  .|..ii 
rin|doyee  injured  by  an  aoiiilent  re-iilt-  injr  with  the  train  under  his  eh.ir'.-; 
in;;  from  the  careles.-ne->  ot  a  lirakeman  an'd  it  seiMus  to  me  that  it  was  ]u<  ,luiv 
wouM  have  a  ri^ht  ol  aelion  a-aiii-t  the  to  take  eare  tliat  nil  that  was  n.'o— an 
.■i'r|Huation    whieh    eniidoycd    him.    and    for    Ihe    oiK-iation    with    whieh    lu>   w.i- 

tlii-  defeiis.'   of   conniion   iinploy iit    ..      ..meerned.  namely,  ronvcyin;;  thfve  rar 

to  hrakeinen  would  he  done  away  with.  rii;;es  seveially  and  sncces.sTvely  In  tli> 
even  though  the  liraki-man  iiii-ht  Ih-  ail-  place  where  tlieir  contents  were  le  Ih' 
in;.'  under  an  iniriiediate  superior.  The  disehar;:ed,  was  ilono.  it  was  nut  n,.p- 
statute  i.^  to  he  fairly  eon>lrui-d.  and.  -arily  his  duty  to  do  it  himself.  If  ih,i; 
while  it  i-iiniives  the  defeii-e  of  eomiiein  duty  had  hiHii  left  to  some  other  ~c  r\;iii! 
eniphiyuii  nt  in  ~emi-  la-e^.  ;;  does  not  of  the  eonip.iny.  and  if  he  had  everv  ivi 
i-\'in:jni>l.  it  all.L'elher,  and  we  ih>  not  -eti  to  iH'lieve*  that  tiie  dutv  wa>  hiiii:' 
think  thai  Ihe  leui-l.iture  intended  that  pro|M'rly  |>erformed.  then  it'  nii;;hl  M.r 
it  sli.iiild  !»■  ahidi-hed  in  all  ,a-e~  where  he  tliat'  there  could  not  he  -ah!  M  !..• 
injuries  w.re  -u^iained  hy  the  eaicle^s  iie;r|iir,.nee  on  his  part. — he  would  !i.im> 
ness  of  a  luakeuian.  If  it  hail,  it  wdiihl  dis(liaif;ed  the  oblipation  re-liii;;  n|»iii 
have  u-.«'d  lanyuai'i-  mure  truly  de-,i  ip-  him  hy  slicing  that  the  work  wa"  liiin- 
live  of  a  brakeman's  usual  uiiupalion  iloiie  hy  the  i>ersoii  whose  diilv  il  «a-. 
than  Ihe  \\(niU.    any  in'r-ion  in  the  s^rv    in  tliiit  sense,  to  do  it.     Hut  in  the  |ii.- 

ice  of  the  employer  uhii  ha»  the  ehar;;e   ent   ca.se  there  is  evidence  tliat   he  I » 

or  control  of  any  .  .  .  tr.iin  upon  a  the  method  which  was  heiiej  einpl.i.i! 
railroad.'  It  is  the  cliai>!e  or  control  to  sprag  the  wheels;  there  -  i\i.|iiii 
of  which  the  statute  speaks,  and  not  a  that  he  knew  that  it  was  a  ii  ■  ■hnd  «lii,ii 
charpe  or  control,  ami  it  i^  the  cliarne  on  previous  occasions  had  pii'M'!  iiici 
or  eeiitrnl  of  Ihe  train  a.s  a  connected  fectual:  there  was  the  evidiiire  et  «it 
whole  whidi  is  nieani  .  .  .  Tliinui  v.  nesses  who  were  called  Ix'fme  Ihe  mi'. 
I'itfliliiini  /,'.  Co.  (ISIi.M  l.")ii  .Mass.  13.  that  the  use  of  this  slay  al  ill  v.i-  .m 
n'2  Am.  St.  I!ep.  4:;.-).  li'i  N'.  !".  Ifilt."  impri,|HT      mc'lluid.— that      Ihe     |.M|»r 

'Vl/cCoii/  V.  ('(niiniri!  |lS!)ti)  .\.  ('  ir.etluid  was  to  u-e  uihhI.  Iiiilii  ti.e- 
.57.  65  L.  I.  Q.  Pi.  \.  S.  20-2,  73  1..  T.  ciiciini~lanccs  it  seem- to  me  ini|>i  — ill' 
N.   S.  ti:!4.   til)  .1.   I>.    ISO.  when   once  the  conclu-iun   i-  arilM,!  .i' 

"The    followini;    passa^.'e    from    I.mil    that   he   was   in   ehai;;e  of  the   train.  I" 
Herselicll'-;    npiiiiiai     !  j>.    fifii    -iifnciently    -ay  there  was  no  evi.Ien,^.-  ,■(  Meiilij.i:- 
indiealo-  Ihe  lea-eiiiny  upon  wliich  this    upnn  hi-  part." 
coiicliisiou    was    ba-ed:      "When    he    re-         l.oid  Watson  took  Ihe  •'imiiii'I  llin  ilio 


I    ' 


mm 


,  705]  KMPIXJYKHS'    IJAIIIMTV    A(  IS.  2n;!li 

I,,  >fn<l  tlio  ra^JO  to  tlu'  jury,  ( /:.,  tliai  tlif  pvi.l.'iico  ;i.l.liH-<'fl  in  l»li:ilf 
„t'tlii'  |>liiintitt'  went  t..  >li(>w  tliat  the  forciuiin  \v;i>  iii'y:li^,'.iir  in  rcL'iinl 
to  the  blockiiiji  of  the  fiirs  uffcr  they  liiul  Imtii  ,|rfiu-lif.l.  Tlic  \y<v<\< 
"iinv  porsnii  lijiviiiji  cliavfiv  nr  cuntri)!  of  tlio  tniiii"  <li<l  ii'ii.  it  \v;i-  -niil, 
iioccssarily  point  to  oiif  |M'r-oii  wlio  \va«  in  cliari-f'  of  tlic  wliul.'  iniin. 
Uitferput  <lnti«'s  in  connoflion  willi  ditfcrcnt  i>iiri-  <>(  tlic  train  niidit 
111'  ii>>iirnp<l  to  (lifforent  jxTsons,  and,  in  that  ca-c.  each  ami  all  of  tiii'-i' 

|,ii-(iiis  wi'vo  chargcii  witli  tli nlMct  ..f  lii-'  train;  and  if  any  one 

of  them  \va^  ncfiiigciit  in  his  f.wn  dcparinniit,  tiiat  would  cin-iitiiic 
iir::liiiPnce,  hi-ini;ii;j;  tli.'  <-a>c  within  the  irrin-  <><  the  •iidi-tciion.'" 
Tlii<  case  also  lay>  down  tin-  doclrinc  liiai  tin-  i|U(-tion,  who  wa-  in 
liiai'iii-  of  a  train.  ir>  to  he  dctcnuiiicd.  as  hctwccn  two  or  more  cm- 
|,li.v(Ts,  by  considi'i-inj-  what  duty  was  violated  by  the  act  which 
(•iiu-ttl  the  in.jiifN. 

The  statutory  word-  ai'i'  a|i)iiicahli'  oidy  to  ca-cs  in  whicli  tlic  cou- 
triil  exercised  over  the  train  i^  direct.  They  (hi  not  render  a  railway 
(■niii](aiiv  liable  for  the  ne^'iiicnee  of  an  enii)loyee  who  has  control  ot 
a  switch,  or  of  a  station  ai;cui  who  merely  transmits  orders  to  the  man 
ill  charge  (jf  a  train.'' 

ili-i'n;;;ij;ini;  ut  llii'  '-.ii-  lidiii  tlii>  iii;;iin'  cni-c  nf  lln-  in  ciilfiil .  tlio  niyiiic  diivcr 

:iriil   smiriii;;    tliciii    in    <<\iUy   ttijl    ilicv  ua-    iil-.i    iirylivcMl    in    lii-i    iliity.    it    lie 

iiiii;lit    iciiiiiin    >t;ili(>ii.o\    until    llu-  cii  v.;i-    i-Iimil:!''!    villi    llnit    ilutv.        An.l    1 

-iiii'  rctninc'il  tii  1nl<c  tlinii   up.   mi-  nii  lliiiik.  it  iImi    \  it-w  wcip  t.ilicn.  lii'  Uww 

act  ilimc  in  till' oinihict  (if  tlio  tv.iiii  witli  i|iiili'    wc-ll    1  lie   kind    ui  -piiit:   lli.il    w.i-. 

rtliich  that   iMi).'inf  >liirt<-il.  iinil  that,   if  Udn^'    ii-iil.  ami    had     roa-on     in    kimu- 

iliiit    act    wa<    ni'^diyintly    dniu'     iwliiili  ihat.   altlMHiiih    Icrr    «iinii'   |iiii|"'-i-    -n'ti- 

Ha<  a  in.itli'i-  for  ihc  iiii  V  to  di-tiTaiilK'l.  i-iriit.    llir    il~i'   <d'    it    wa-i   atlc'iidnl    uilli 

the  plaintitr  «a«  ciilithMl    In    icium-i-   if  daiiyiM.      <>ii  the  hIIht  li.iiid,  it  tin-  duly 

till'   |ifi-iin   triiilly   (if   tifLiTiu'i'iHi'   had    at  nf  -pra;;L:iii;;   was   |irii|iiTly   d(d<';;iti'd   lu 

the    time    ■•(■iiarjic    ur    < Ind     of    ihi'  llo|i|,i'f.     lie     \\a-.     to     lh.it     lAliiii.     in 

triiiii."  ihar'jc  ot   Ihi-   tiain.   and    "a~   nci;liL;''iit. 

I.niil    Davry   a^rrccil    in    IliinUini:    tliii  lint    on    u  l,irli.-\ci-  ol    the-.'   alli  mat  im'- 

till' iMi^ini-  .li'ivn-  wa^  '•in  ihai;;i'  of  tin-  iii',;;li'jiMi(i'  lio  toiiiid,  uhitliir  it   Ur  tivrd 

train."  and    innaiiMvl   "in   ihai;;i-  ot  tin'  on    lli.-  cnvini'    diivcr   or    n|rfm    ihi-    tin- 

train"  till  thrdiilii'~  with  «hiili  Ih'  «a-  nan.  I  IliinI,  il   follow-  that  -ii.li  |ii-r-on 

P!itni-t(>d  well'   fully  coiiipli'lnl  :   he  mn-  i<  al-o  li\i-d    in   1  hi'   |H>-itioM  of  tli.'  'ixM- 

.<iili'rnl   it    a    -traii^rc   thin;;   to   -ay   I'lat.  -on  havin;:  i-oni  rot  of  the  t  la  in.'      Il  h.i- 

wlicii  til!' cn^jini'  iliiMr  who  wa-  ihii-  in    lir.  ii    ^ii^'ur-tcd    hy    iiiii'    <if    Ihi'    I ni'd 

ihar;;!' of  the  train  lofl  thof  fomth-  of  |iiilL;r-  in  tin'  i-oiul  of  ap|ical  that.  1  la- 
it  in  an  e.\|Hi-i'd  and  ilan^'crDiis  po-ition,  duty  having;  hci-n  coinniilti'd  to  a  yii'l 
and  it  tiirnrd  out  that  in-nHicii'iil  pri'-  many  |M'r-o!i-.  any  oni'  of  whnni  iniylit 
caiitinns  had  bwn  taken  to  -pciirc  tlu-  liavi'  prrfoi  nic<l  it.  tlu'ii'torr  the  pii-mi 
>afi'ty  of  I  liat  portion  which  was  -o  li'ft  aotiially  pcrforniin;.'  it  w.k  nol  in 
iM'hind.  there  was  no  evidence  to  ;.'o  to  cliar;.'e.'  To  my  mind  the-i'  con-idera 
till'  jury  of  ni'Ldi^eni-e  on  the  p.irt  of  lion-  are  very  iinniaterial.  I  think  Ihe 
the  "[lerMon  ill  char^'e  of  the  tr.iiii."  -taliile    point-     directly    to    the    ]icr-oti 

'   Al   p.    Ot)   of   the    l.aw    licporl-    the  liavin;;      the    iharye    or    control   of   the 

followin;;  pa-s;>;;e  is  found  in  the  opinion  train'  a-  heiirj  that    pei-on   who.  at  the 

f>f    Ijord    Watson:  — "It     is    plain    that  lime  wliiii  Ihe  nei;liyenl    act    is  commit- 

llcippcr  wa.s  the  |H'rsoii  who  in-u(liclcnt  ly  teil.  h.i-  the  duly   laid   upon  him  of  |>er- 

si'i.-t-.-hi-d  the  wairrin  -.vhich  ran  do-.-,  ii  I  hi-    foriiiiiiL'  that   ai-i    with   rea ahle  eire." 

incline  and    killed    the    de»-e.i-t-.l  :    I. ill    it,  '' l-'ninna  i     \.     Hiixlnn    d      t.     It.     Co. 

may  he  that,  althotifih  he  was  the  dircci  (18117)     lii-'     M-i-'.     ITO.    47    \.   K.  Gl.'i. 
Vol.   II.  M.  &   S._47. 


V  '  t 


I;  I 


Ii  :..i 


Ii 


i.tM 


!  r-iffi 

.1  il'  H 


ilAMKK    AM)    si;u\AXT. 


Ll  Il.M'     \S\\'.\ 


,!!■ 


706.  Person  having  "charge  or  control  of  a  car."—  li  is  held  tli;it  „ 
Word  "wr, '  which  is  found  oi\l,y  in  the  Ahil.iima  ud.  i-  not  cniuii,,.! ) . 
iho-ip  ciirs  wliioh  are  intended  to  be  haiilc-d  \<\  locomniive-,  but  i^  ap 
pliciiMe  to  liand  cars  also.'  The  qiiC!*tion  wliftlier  an  eiiii'lov,  <■  ■,„■<»■ 
iillv  had  iharge  or  control  of  such  a  car  eau  vory  rarciv  (••m,,  ;iny 
doul.t,  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  onlv  jupitils  di>rii^M'c!.  h\kw\  li-..|', 
those  of  n-.M'p  pleading,  have  been  whether  an  cniploxee  i-..iic.,l,  ,|  ■„ 
be  in  charge  of  a  car  was  negligent  in  handling  it.'-' 

706a.  Person  having  "charge^f  a  sigmal.'  —  Th.M.  word-,  wlii.-li  -• 
<Mir  in  the  Indiana  .-tatute,  are  ai.j.Ii.-able  to  a  br.ik.inihi  wli..  i-  -,  ir 
"•lit  l(.  set  t..r|vf.,hM>s  as  a  stop  signal  for  an  ap])rM,icliini;  irain.' 

707.  On  a  "railway"  or '•railroad."-ln  Kngiiind  it  lia>  br.,,  I,,.],] 
thai  the  word  "railwaj"  is  us(  d  in  its  p,,pular  sen.-e.  //i..  as  Miriiiiiiir 
a  wav  upon  which  trains  pass  hy  means  of  rails,  and  is  noi  conih],,]  t„ 
railwavs  belonging  to  those  compi-uic-  which  arc  subj.'ct  to  tli,-  pnii 
sions  of  the  railwav  regulation  acts.  Accordingly,  this  sniwvti,,,,  :,„- 
jdies  to  a  tf'mporary  railway  laid  down  by  a  conn-actor  for  llie  pnrpo  , 
of  ilie  construction  of  works.'  A  similar  conclusion  ha<  been  iiniw.i 
at  in  Mussaehnsctt.s,  wher.>  a  ser-ant  has  l.'en  allowed  to  rccov.  r  i'..i 

^>t.,v''",-'"V;"   '■•   '*""""  *    '■    '•'•  ^■'■-  '"■'■   "'■  ■'    l"i'-in.in    in    -/nr    „.■„„!-    n 

(    H'M,    1.,.,   Mass.   :i48.    .-14     X.     K.   .-..-1!..  ,,uir>Ml   l,v  ll».  rnlos  of  Um-  r,,.,!      IM. 

whcro  Urn  foiii|.iiiiys  nonliability  for  the  „.„Hd  d   It.  If.  Co.  v.  Ilamm;.,,!  i  lv«i 

n<j,'njp'nce  of  a   swil.  ht.iaii   seems  to  liu  !•:)  Alu.  J8I    9  So   .">77 
.i-su,ned  in  llio  opini,,,,  A  jury  is  pvopt-rly  <iirr,t..,l  to  fin,!  i,  r 

hanmH     ■,^v,   .W.    .6     B.    R.    Co.  v.  the  plaintiff  if  they  fin.l   from  Iho  .vi 

CaWr,-  (l,s..2)  95  Ala.  412,  11  So.  2ti2.  .Jenc^T  that  a  foron.an  ran  two  rar,  .1 

_  Ihe  inference  of  nofjlifrence  has  lx-.-n  tofrether  at  a  liiuli   rale  of  m«...I  ,.„  ,, 

i.-M   to  be     sure  and  certain."  «lierc  a  trestle;   that,  without    wnrniri-   I.,   th. 

onnmi.  in  f'laige  of  a  hand  c-ar,  with  men  on  the  roar  car,  lie  sipnalf,]  to  tlio- 

knowledge    that    the    oi>erator,s   are  at  on  the  front  oar  to  slacken  sp,.,,l;  ttini 

imes  in  the  habit  of  tiiniin<r  loose  the  one  of  the  eniploye<-s  on  the  r.ar  car 

l.-v<.r    on    a    down    f-rade  and  standing  sc^-ing  the  signal,  applied  the  hi.ik,.  ,.i) 

without   siipiKirt.   suddenly   applies   the  that  car  so  suddenly  that  tlie  U-uv  a  i- 

irakes  on  ,u<h  a  grade  without   notice  jerked  out  of  the  hands  of  the  pi, imiil. 

to  the^ operators  and  without  looking  to  decedent,  and  that  wlien  the  cjr,  .  n,. 

see  whether  they    are    holding    to    the  into    collision    inniuHlialelv  aft,.nv.ii,|- 

ever     Wv««  t''/!/,  -U.  <t  II.  H.  r,>.  v.  he  was  thrown  lo  the  gr.anid.     Ti„.  r-n-. 

(rocker  (1891)  9,,  Ala.  412.  11  So.  2(i2.  thus  set  forth  show   nej:li",nr i' 

the  foreman  of  a  hand  car  is.  as  mat-  foreman-s  pi.rt  and  exclud,.  llie  l,v|».il.. 

ler  of  law  guilty  of  nejiligence  in  enter-  sis    of    contrilmtoi-v    ne"li"enrr.    ./.,..  • 

iiig  at  full  speed  a  place  on  the  track  v.  Alabama    Mineral  K.  Co.   ilS'id    <•,: 

obscured  by  dense  smoke,  without  send-  Ala.    400,    18    So.    30.    Seconal      \;.;.,  : 

iiig  a  flagman  ahead  to  ascertain  if  any  (1896)    114  Ala.  519    «•'    \ni    ^ti;,'. 

tram  is  on  the  track,  in  accordance  with  121.  21  So.  507. 

a,  custom  regulating  the  running  of  hand        '  Cniren   v.    Km/    (inoii    47   ('    (      V 

ears    through    smoke.     Hoo.y,r«irrf    Iron  352.  lOS  Fed.  320   i  signal-  iiol  -.  t  in  l!- 

S'  L/f'^''*'**  *'*^''*   "^  -^'"-    ■■*^'  ^^  "v.mm-r  rciniied  by  tlie  ni!,-i. 
^-.  *■*",  '  DoiKihln  \.  fi/hunl.-   (lSS:!i    1..  l\.  10 

A  railway  company   is  liable  for  an  Q.  H.  Div.  3.")S,  52  I.   .J  Q   1!   N   S   l^i. 

injury  received  by  a  laborer  on  a   rail-  48  I..  T.  X.  S.  5.t0.  48  .1    I'    ■).-)   ulriw 

road   in  jumping  froiii    u    hand    car  to  injured  h\  a  .oHisioni. 
.nnid  a  collision  occasioned  by  the  fail-  ' 


m 


!  :f>n 


KMl'U)YEIth-    LJAlJiUfV    ACT> 


SMI 


in  injury  received  on  a  short  railway  track  int«ncU  .1  for  temporary 
,„e  by  a' city  in  transporting  gravel*  A  dummy  railroad  has  been 
hpia  to  be  within  the  Alabama  act." 

Tlic  location  of  the  rails  is  not  material,  >o  long  a»  the  injury  wa« 
,,,u..mI  1)v  a  moving  engine  or  car.  Thu.,  cars  are  on  a  "railwaj-" 
nliili  tiiov  are  being  moved  on  the  lin-^^  in  a  fniglit  shed  with  a  view 
,0  il„.ir  being  loaded  or  unloaded.*  On  the  <.tli.T  hand,  an  engineer  is 
„„t  iu  charge  of  an  engine  "on  a  railioa.i"  while  it  is  stalled  in  a 
iMiiiKltiouse  for  repairs.* 

It  lias  never  been  dire.-tlv  dccidcl  (hat  the  Kiigiisli  employers  lia 
l.ilitv  act  is  inapplicable  to  Mreet  railway-,  iiui,  thai  such  a  doctrine 
..iHho  applied  wi.nld  seem  t..  be  not  iiiipn.liable,  in  view  of  the  fact 
haf  it  has  l)e<'n  e.xprcssly  declared  that  a  tramway  does  not  come 
■•itliin  i!ie  purview  of  a  sttitute  ivlatini-  to  the  taxation  of  railways." 
li  may  be  conceded  that  the  distinction  thus  drawn  between  ''rail- 
Aavs""aiHl  ••traiiiw.iys"  is  not  withnnt  i)lan>ibi!ity  in  a  country  where 
'lie  w.nls  an-  habitually  ditVerentiated.  bntb  in  everyday  conversaticm 
;„„|  in  le-islation.'  ibil  in  tb<  Ti  "tcl  States  cmnion  usa-e,  so  far  as 
;t  h:\<  any  bearing  upun  the  f|Ue<lion,  is  an  eli'nunt  which  militat/^s 
ai.iii-t,  rather  than  -upports,  the  theory  that  the  tx^rms  "railway"  and 
railroad"  do  not  coniiirehend  those  linc<  which  are  oonstrnctod  alonj; 
.'ifcts  an.l  highways.  'I'liese  words  are  constantly  employed  in  a 
u.iieric  and  very  conii.r.hensive  sen-e,  the  word  "tramway"  being 
"ny  rarely  tised."  It  may  b<'  ..l)-eived.  however,  that  the  Texa<  and 
Mi'ine^ota  acts  whi<-h  deiinc  th<'  liability  of  railway  companies  t.. 
li.  ir  .■ini)lo\ee>  have  been  held  not  to  be  applicable  to  street-railway 

^Cowilili,,    V.    r„,nhri,l<,f    il«!Mii     llii;  >.v  tlir  iraniuays  art   IS70   (3,3  &  34 

\ta  -   ^8    44  N    K    -MS  "  \'i't-  ''""P-  '*^^  ■  "'"'  ♦'»'  ""^"^  «•  »<■'"' 

•«;,"„;,;.//-.„;,//.■    .C     A./.W,,,     <■<,.   n  .l.m.a.t   IH!I4   (.57&.-.^Vict.  chap,  ^Sl. 

I!,nik,r  (iHiKi)    101  Ala.  4SS.  1:;  So.  T!i:l.  In  til.-  latu-r  of  tlirso  the  schedule  specr 

•Coiv.  (,>.«/   \\e.',te,;,  U.  Co.    llHSJ,  li,<   separately  "raiUvay.  tra.nroad.  and 

I.,  i;.  9  O.  B.   Uiv.    lOli.   :!(!   Wrt-k.    Hep  iraniHay." 

SK)  47  IP    Ilti  "'II'-      'ait     thai     the   dwi>ioii    m    the 

;Vm/v.'«Wf •'■'""'/   '«'    '■"•    ''*^-""  Mnlw'iia  '■.<<(•  .-il.-d  in  S  704.  ii..t.-  I    «u 

Iil4  Ma»s    "je    41    N.  K.  2S'.*    i  iiia.hini-t  /ira.    was    put     upon     tlie     .oii-iilciation 

■mWuvj  n-pairs  was   injur.-d   l.\    the  en-  that    the   .-tatinnaty   enfjine    in   .p.est;->n 

■-im-er's   hlowiii-   down' the  eiiyine    into  ,v;,.   not     -on   a    lailway.     and  not  upon 

.lie  ashpit  in  whi.h  the  h.a.hini-l   »a*i.  the     .ound  that  the  tiannvay  » as  not  a 

'Hinin^ra   I,„ nn.r,  nnnix  .(    T,; ,., .r„u  -lailway."  may  ,K.ss.bly  I.e  le-arded  a.-' 

fo.  V.  .S,rn».v,,f.  f;W.i.«  Saniloni  .iiitl,.:  imlieatinfi  that   neither  court  nor  eoun 

ilii  ri8'i>|    I    O    B    ^H'.  HI    I.    ■'.   M.  <  .  ,el  deemed  the  latter  theory  t<i  be   sus 

\    S    1-24    liti  i     T    X    S.   110.  40  W.tk.  tainahle.     But    it    would,  ot    course,  be 

Ken    283 '.'iG  .1    P    24S      In  the  eoiu.M.  umvarrantable  to  lay  much  strcs.t  upon 

o(  Ids  opinion.  Wills.  .1..  lemarked  ihat  :i    ne-alive  argument   of  thu  character. 

■tranuuivs     are     .omelliintr    .•sseiitially  llii-     .ii.umstane^     furnishes     anotlier 

dirieieiit'nom    rail«av«"    and    ihat      ii»  iva-.n    l.-r   doiibtin-   the   eorieotiie^^    "t 

oidinarv    |,^i>on    ha-'anv    ditficiltv    in  Dm-    Ma-aehw-ett-    , I, ■,■1-1. a,    .ited    in    « 

di-tingtliBhing  between   ihe  uvo."  70V  note    1.  suprn.     But    the   ilronge-t 


!!l"|!|«H 


I   i 


l!i 


ti! 


m 


I  111'  ^' 


2043  MASTER    AND    CERVAM.  [cHAf.  x.\xii 

II.    SiafVlcE  OK  NOTICE  ON  THE  EMPLOYICIf. 


H!' 


f,i, 


1 


w 


!*,! 


!  ■■ 


708.  Notice  a  condition  precedent  to  the  maintenance  of  an  actio 
under  the  statute. —  Aciirlv  nil  tlif  acts  witli  which  wc  arc  mmw  ci 
fcnird  provide  lliat  the  employer  shall  he  served  hefore  the  exjiiriiiio 
of  a  spi'cified  period  with  notice  that  the  oni!>loyec  in  qiu  stion  Ims  >u. 
taiiird  an  injury.*  CVimplianci-  with  the  statutory  requirement  U 
condition   precedent   to  the  |)laintiirs  rii;lit   to  avail  himself  of  tl; 

re dial  rights  conferred  hy  the  legislature.     This  rul'  the    cuin' 

have  construed  strictly,  for  the  reason  that  tJie  luanifest  ohject  (.fin 
serli'ii:  the  provisions  as  to  notice  was  to  insure  that  the  luasfer  sliunl 
have  a  sutlicidit  opportunity  to  prepare  hi.s  case,  fcjee  §  "12,  >n\)i\. ,. 
iiifiri.  No  action  can  he  maintained  where  the  notice  is  not  serve. 
until  after  the  writ  is  made,  although  it  was  left  at  the  defendant' 
house  on  the  day  tlie  writ  is  dated." 

It  hits  ai^o  heen  held  that  the  provision  in  the  iMiglish  ( ;;  4)  an 
colonial  act>,  hy  wl  'cli  it  is  declared  that  the  want  of  notice  sh.dj  ho  n 
l>ar  to  the  ui.iinteuance  of  the  action  if  liie  trial  jndire  shall  he  of  npi: 
ion  that  there  was  a  reas.inahle  e.\euse  for  such  want  of  notic-.  applii' 
oidy  where  due  notice  has  not  heen  gixeu,  am!  not  where  no  notice  ii' 
all  has  heen  jiiveii.  It  doe>  not  empower  the  trial  judfrc  to  prncoi. 
with  the  ease  on  the  sirouml  that  the  writ  anil  declaration  gave  the  .li 
fetulant  nolii'c,  and  that  he  ha<l  also  actual  noiice  hecause  his  inaiuisci 
.saw  the  acci'lt  Mf  or  saw  the  phiiniiif  immediately  after  the  accidiiir. 

Hrpanioiit    a<;iiiii~l     tin-     |ini|.ri(ly    of   a  |ia-<(il.    niiitiiiiii'ii    tlic     same    piovi-i." 

construction    of    tlir    act     uliidi     u.niM  « itii  ri';;aiil  to  notici- as  ilial  nf  dnliri" 

have  ttie  ctlVct   of  iMliidiiii;   -ir,.|    rail  fidiii    wliich    it    was   coiiicd.      lint   l.y  .",« 

ways  fioiii   its  |)iir\icw   i«  to  lie  t'UMii   in  iiiul   .")!>  Viet,  fliap.  4S.   §  2.  the  nriiriii.! 

tile  coiisiilcration   inriitionc.l    in   iln-  see-  act,    was    ann'iirlod    by    provicliii};  >iiii|i:i 

tion  jii-t  rcf.Ticd  to.  that  sonir.  al   lca>t.  that   llic  action  could  Iw  I)i()\i^'l7t  at  anv 

of    tlic    risks    uiiirli    >i('nant~   cnci.iiiili'r  tinic   williin   two  years  after  "tlK-  o«iir 

while  working  on  sncli  railway-,  air.  ,ini-  rciicf  of  tli.>  accident.     In  this  IVovino: 

ilar  in  kind  to  tlio^e  wliicli  arc  iminrcd  lla'rcfore,   tin'   rojuironienl    a-  to  iinli.'' 

by   tlie  ein)iloyc<'s  of   steam   railway-  of  has    hwn    ahrofjateil    allo;.'ci;M  r.      Si«>n 

the  ordinary  ty|>e.      In  view  of  Ihi-'fict.  afti-r  the  passase  of  this  anicndiiient  i! 

;t  is  subniitled  that  tln'  former  ela<-  of  \\a<    held    not    to   have   anv   Mich   rclr.. 

servants   .-InnilJ   not    lie  de|iiiveil  of   Ih-,'  speetive  operation   as   would   I'Mcnil  tli.' 

heiietits     (if     remeilial     Ie:;i.|ation    which  time    for   brinyin','   in    a   ea-ic.   « acre  tin 

may.   vyithoiit    any    uniea-onalih-   -train-  injury    had     be<?n     reeeivnl    l«fiire   llif 

ins  of  its  terms,  be  iiiaiie  to  coiupndiend  ame'iilins  act   had    lieen    pa<-cd.     Dixon 

t'lPTi-  v.      Wiiiiiiiirii      lUcdric     Sin:'    I!.    C"- 

Another   ease  beaiin;:   on    the   subiect  (lStl7)    II    Manitolia    L.  Rep.  :,!•<. 

.li«eusscs|   in  the  fnre;;oi!iL'  iviiiaik-   will  The     Acts     of     Alabama   an.l    Imliiii:.! 

Ik!  found   in   §  722,  note  2.  iiiini.  contain  no  provision  as  to  notice. 

'  Kn<iland.     Newfoundland,    and     .\ii--  '  VriiUinn   v.   Xhirsi:    (ISll.'il    liiil  M.i- 

Iralian  Colonies.  !<  1  :  (Jnlaiio.  §s  II.   1.!:  1  i;i.  .'!.")  .V.   K,  4,"i|. 

Itrili-h   Cotiimbia.   ^   it:    Maiiiloba.   ij    7:  '  7'A')),//,,si,,i  v.  Ni-m^/i.  i/i  ff.  (Vj.  i  ISlMi 

Alabiima    Code.    S    -i'MW:    Ma--achii  .-M  s.  \^  \,.w  So.   Wales   I..   11,    (I„)    ir,-j     ii.; 

,5   :t:   (  olorado.   J  2:    \ew    ^  ork,   5   v..  .i   siib-cipient   hearinu  of  tile  la-e  i  I-""  I- 

I'lie  Manitoba   ad   .,f   IH'Xi,  a»  at    lir.st  1!.    [L.J    ItiU)    it  was   further  lieM  that. 


kMiMM 


Mto 


KXIIM.OVK.IJS-    I.IAHII.IIV     \(TS. 


204:* 


t;  :()9. 710) 

709.  Notice  not  essential  to  recovery  if  facts  constitute  a  cause  of  ac- 
tion at  common  law. —  A-  lli'sc  .-.liiitilc-  <1<.  ni'i  .Iciniv.'  ,i\\  iiijvircil 
-ervaiit,  oi  his  cumtiioii-law  rijilits  of  iicii-.n.  it  f..ll,.vv-  ili.ii.  it  tii.'  cir- 

.•nnistiiiirc-^  iillffliMl  iiiv  -ucli  lis  will  iMiai)ir  iiiin  \n  mic  .-illicr  a m- 

i,i„n  law  or  lUKlor  itn'  statutes,  lio  caii'i-.i  Ik-  ilii-wn  ..iil  ..f 
,„i,rt  bv  proul  thai  In-  lias  not  <-ni.i|)licil  villi  lli<'  ~ianii..rv  n'.|iiin- 
niHitasfo  notice,  nnlcs-  lie  insist-^   .ii  irkin-  upon  ili-  Matuif  alonr.' 

|!iit  ;ni  action  at  common  law  cannot  Ix nvcricMJ  ii nc  nmlcv  tlio 

-tiitiitc  simplv  hccansc  ii  \ui-  i.ccn  di^'ovcnil  iliat  th<-  noii.c  rcqnirctl 
l,v  thf  statutP  liiiil  Iwch  ^ivcn  williin  iln-  iiiv-cril.cd  pcrio.l  l.v  a  former 
iiuciit  of  thf  i)laintiif.  who  ha<l  ilid  hciore  the  connnon-law  action  was 

instinitcd.* 

If  the  servant  i>  relegated  li>  hi-  coninion-iaw  ri^'lits  alone,  bv  -.'eason 
,f  the  fact  that  the  p-opcr  «latntoiv  noiicc  wa-  not  i;iven.  his  ahilitv 
t„  recover  will  depend  niion  the  doctrine-  applied  in  ilie  jurisdiction 
uiicre  the  cause  of  i<elion  aros(\ 

710.  Notice  must  be  given  in  \vri ting.— That  the  notice  is  not  valid 
iiiWi!  it  is  given  in  writing;  wa-  luld.  in  a  cas;  decide.l  the  year  utter 
•he  Kiijilish  act  came  into  force,  to  he  a  tirce^sirv  inference  from  the 
|,rovi>i(.ns  (§  7)  that  notice  of  the  in.jurv  shall  give  the  name  and 
:i.l,in-^s  of  the  person  injured,  and  -hail  stal.-  in  ordinary  language 
ihc  cause  of  the  injury  and  the  ihiie.  and  shall  he  served  on  the  eni- 
lil.iver.  and  nuiy  he  .-.erved  hy  d(divi  ry  <pr  liy  po-t.'  "In  the  seeond  of 
ijip  two  cases  cited,  it  wa<  c,,nlcnde(l  thai  an  adequate  notice  might 
lie  iiiadc  out  from  a  refdcnce  to  a  docnnient  other  than  that  which 
had  heeii  reli"d  upon  as  -alisfyiiig  the  -latnioiy  re(iiiireiuent.s,  hitr 
>\iiicli  had  l)e(-n  fotiml  to  he  in-u^Hcier.t.  I.ord  ('olerid-;e  th(Might  that 
die  question  thus  raised  shoiil.l  lie  an-wcivd  in  a  sens(>  unfavorahie  to 
ho -crvaiit.  llrell.  1..  d..  ind  Ilolker,  ],.  ,!..  declined  to  express  a 
.i.titillp  opinion,  Imt  they  -■cm— e-jiecially  the  former — to  have  heeii 
«'fnn<;lv  inclined  to  adopt  the  contra  ry  view.      All  the  members  ot  the 

where  an  application  of  the  |.laiiitllT  to  ^■nt    f:ii1c(l   to  ■-:i!i-fy  tlu-  rtatiitory   re- 

l.n.cwd  notwitlistanilinf:  that  ln'  ^M\r  no  iiuiiviiicnt.'.   it  u.i-  lii'lil  tlinl   tin-  acliuii 

iKitioe.  has  \nvt\  icfiisvil.  lie  r.ilirii'l   tioii  <i>iil(l  licit  In-  iiiaiiitaiiied,  a-  tlic  jiin   liad 

round  lifl.vn  montlis  after  tlii'  a.ci.lciil  found    that    tlierr   wa-    no   dt'fcit    in   tlic 

:mi(1   make   an<     ler   applieation    to    pro-  niacliiiieiy,    nor    in    the    system   nsed    in 

(wd,  on   (he  firomid   that   a    letter   -ent  o)«>ratinf;   it.     lH.itiii    •      !liM«i/).f/   Hhr- 

l.y  his  attorney  after  Hie  expiration   <if  trie  Sim  I    l{.   Co.    {\-           M    Manitolia, 

liie  slatiilorv   ijeiiod  eonst itllted  a   valid  1..    liip.   •">iS                                             ^ 

iMitiif  under  the  lircuiMstanoes.  '   V.niih-   v.  .friilniix    i  .       i )    I.,  11.  S  Q. 

'/.'i/-7»v    V.     Mrrhiiiiiis'     Mills    ilSSlH  I!.  Piv.   llll.  :,]    1..    1.  I).   Ii.  N.  !^.   1  12.  :!•' 

I."i0  Mas-.  100.  .")  1..  n.  .\.  lit;;.  -H  S.   v.  WVek.  I!ep.  .'!24 ;   AOh  v.    ]hllin,ll  Ituik 

-,l,i  Co.    (ISH-i;    C.   .\.»    [..   H.   H   ^^    !'-•    Hiv. 

^Vhrl  V.   Adam    ilSS.".)    12   «0.   S,-s.  482.  .'.1    f..  -T.  (>    I'-    \'    ^    i"-  M  Week. 

la-.  4th  series.  10;i2.  Hep.   M^.   40   .1.    I'.   4.!.-),   4ti   L.   T.    N.   S. 

Mu  a  Canadiau  case   where  the  sen'  472.  ii  .te  2.  infra. 


m'M 


.!!!■  lit 


i;f  , 


.'f»4» 


MASIKK     VM)    "IHIVANT. 


I«;ii4*'.  \i\\it 


w 


'■I  i' 


rourt  werp  a^greed  in  holding  tha',  whether  such  a  reference  was  o- 
was  not  permissible,  a  notice  otherwise  defective  could  not  be  ekrd  out 
by  n  reference  to  a  verbal  statement  previously  made  by  the  injiirH 
MTvant  to  an  agent  of  the  master.    It  wun  accordingly  held  that  tiion 
was  no  notice  in  compliance  wiili  the  act  win  re  a  workman,  <m  tJi. 
'lay  he  had  bcni  injured,  iiiii''"  a  verbal  report  of  such  injurv  t,.  hi. 
employer's  inspccfor.  who  tooK  down  the  details  in  writing  ami  nh 
ihem  to  the  employer's  sup  riniendent,  and  tlie  workman'*  solicii,,: 
afterwards  wrote  a  letter  to  tlie  employer,  stating    lluit    he    wa-   ii, 
-fructefl  by  such  workman  to  apply  for  compensation  for  injiiri.  <  n 
coivcd  on  the  eiiiployer's  premi-'-s.  and  ending  with  the  wonl~.  "jm 
lieu]ar.^  of  wlu<"li  have  already  been  <    iiununiciited  u>  your  siipfiin 
lendent."* 

The  acts  of  MassachuMtts  and  Colorado  expressly  provide  that  tli: 
iioiice  -hall  be  in  writing.  The  requirement  in  the  former  act,  tl):r 
ilie  notice  is  to  be  "signed  by  the  person  injured,  or  someone  in  lii- 
liehalf."  is  satisfied  by  a  notice  -igned  by  a  tirm  of  attorneys,  as  atmi 
iieys  for  the  injured  employee.  In  the  aliseiiei'  of  direct  evidcuir  t., 
he  contrary  it  will  be  presumed  that  tlicy  \v(>re  atit)iori/t>d  to  <\m  it.' 

711.  Service  of  the  notice.— ,/.  Sf-rrirr  on  coriHJiiili<iiis.-A\hin-\u. 
ilefciulatit  is  a  corporation,  tln'  notice  may  be  served  on  if-  (rfi;i u 
-MpcriiiK  iKleut  at  the  place  where  suit  is  lirotight,  or.  during  his  ji!, 


'Keen  V.  Milliiall  Itmk  Co.  ilSHJ: 
(  .  A.)  L.  n.  8  Q.  B.  Div.  4H2.  51  h.  J. 
Q.  ».  N.  S.  277.  30  Wepk.  Hep.  503,  4« 
.r.  P.  435,  46  I-.  T.  X.  S.  472.  A«  !.■• 
^tards  the  point  left  uiulptcrmiiuMl  in 
tliis  case,  Lord  CoU  ridfje  hascd  his  opin- 
ion on  the  word-i  of  the  not  which,  a-  lie 
I'onsidercd,  "describeil  the  notice  us  one 
and  sin!<le,  containing-  in  it  the  incident:; 
which  the  statute  has  required  it  to  con- 
tain as  a  condition  precedent  to  main- 
tainini;  the  action."  The  followinfr  pa-s- 
sRge  from  the  opinion  of  Brett.  L.  J., 
shows  that  arguments  of  no  small 
weight  may  l-e  adduced  for  the  other 
doctrine.  "V  seems,  therefore,  to  me 
'hat  a  noti.  might  be  availal>le  even  if 
it  should  be  defective  iu  any  of  the  mat- 
ters required  to  be  stated,  as.  for  in- 
-tance.  if  it  did  not  in  terms  name  the 
day  when  the  injury  was  sustained,  but 
-howed  it  by  reference;  so,  iilso,  if  it 
ilid  not  describe  the  cause  of  the  injury 
with  suflieient  p.Trticularity.  but  still 
did  nut  di'scribe  it  so  as  to  mislead.  I 
airree  th;it,  :is  a  ceiiernl  rule,  the  notice 
iiiu-t  tie  givin  in  one  notice,  but  I  am 
not   prepared   to   »ay   that    it    would   be 


lata!  if  it  were  ccmtained  in  nunc  tli.ii 
one  notice.  S\ippose,  for  exanipli-.  :t 
)N'rs<,n  in  his  letter  w-itten  on  one  daj 
-hoiild  dwiribc  fully  the  injurj-  he  hud 
s>istain«Ml,  but  should  leave  out  his  ad 
dress,  and  he  should  the  next  day  >eri.i 
a  letter  stating  that,  'iu  the  httir  I 
wrote  yesterday  I  omitted  to  frivc  you 
my  address,  and  I  now  give  it.'  If  IkmI^ 
these  letters  were  written  in  tinn'.  .mu 
both  served  on  the  employer.  I  uiii  m ' 
prepai-ed  to  say  that  the  l.isl-  ini!;ht  ii' ■ 
l)e  taken  to  incorporate  thr'  llr-t,  anl 
therel'oi-e.  though  not  an  aicin.ite.  (ra! 
an  informal,  notice,  it  niijiht  \«'  i.>ii*il 
ercd  a  notice  within  the  nuMiiiiii;  of  llir 
statute.  If  in  the  -irc-cnt  (m-i-  iIu'  N'. 
ter  of  Mr.  I'rad'.  v  Iiad  relVmd  to  ( 
written  re|)ort,  and  to  the  -.latf  :in(I  |i.ir 
ti'.ulars  there  given  of  the  iiij.in..  I 
should  not  at  this  stage  have  s.iid  'lia' 
there  had  not  been  a  ijotice  within  tin- 
act,  but  should  have  desired  a  ruli'  in 
order  that  the  matter  might  lie  iiioi'- 
f\illv  discussed." 

'hoi-m  v.  .4!/.''/nsnn  153  Mi««.  -i*" 

20    X.    1;.    080    (constniinji    aiUfTiilnun 
adde<l  !iy   .Mass.  Stat.    \S!^S.  ch.i(j.  lOJ; 


IMM.t'MI!^-     |l\KII.IIY     \CIS. 


3(Hft 


encc.  on  any  r.f  tlic  MiLnrrliiiiirr  ..thi-ials  in  hi.«  offirr.      ..nyonf  who 

•  ppears  to  Iv  -ndi  an  otlicial  is  a  proper  person  tn  rcorive  the  n^Hw.' 

6.  Servire  ihrowjh  tb-:  posl',ffice.—A   notice   is  not  given   as   the 

-tatutr  rL-quirt--.  unless  it  is  actually  received,  or,  if  sent  tlirmij^h  the 

,.,-tnffioc.  should  liiivc  Ixvii  iveeivcd  in  the  ordinary  "oursf  of  de- 
Lrv,  within  ili.-  |"rind  iiniiled.-  Service  under  the  English  act  is 
-utlicii'nt  where  ilic  letter  givinj;  th<'  noticr'  actually  reaches  the 
„i;i<t(r.  tiionsli  it  is  n..t  registered.     The  provision  as  to  rej;istratio« 

uirclvnieans  tint,  wh-n  tiiat  foruii'lity  is  j^'one  thr..uj,'h,  the  l.urdcu  of 
(, roving  that  the  lettiT  never  reache<i  it>  destination  is  thrown  upon 

lie  master.* 

It  would  ?<'em  that,  if  an  agent  sends  the  notice,  lie  must  register 
!lie  letter  containing  it,  or  run  the  risk  of  being  called  to  account  by 
lii?  principal,  if  tlie  letter  siiiTets  damage  from  its  not   being   regis- 

■red.-' 

c.  Service  in  mst  of  ilxilh.AWwrf  >uit  is  brought  under  section  -J 
fthe  Massaclmsetts  act,  the  notice  iiia\    l>e  given  by  the  widow.'*   The 

-Mciuliuent  adile.1  to  tli:it  act  by  Laws  1S88.  chap.  l.'>:>.  provi(h-.s  for 
;li,.  >ervice  of  notice,  in  case  of  the  death  of  Uie  injured  person,  by  his 
.xcoutor  or  a(hninistrat/ir."  The  construction  placed  upon  this  pro 
vi^inii  is  that,  where  the  action  is  brought  under  section  2  of  the  act, 
:li(  widow  may  give  the  notice,  the  positicm  t^keii  being  that,  as  the 
„(tiim  there  specified  is  not  niiiinfainable  by  the  executor  or  uduiinis 
trater,  it  cannot  be  implied  that  one  or  other  should  Ik<  appointe«l 
„icrely  for  the  purpose  of  -i\!   ,.;  the  notice." 

d.  Excuses  for  fniJinq  lo  ft  irr  ll.r  notice. — I'mhT  the  English  and 
...louial  statutes  tlu-  want  of  notice  is  not  fatal  t4>  the  right  of  action 
if  there  wiis  a  ''reasonable  excuse"  for  the  failure  to  serve  it.    Want 

'.s;„„   V     .V.ir    York.    V.    //•   <t   H.   R.  M/'O'or.i/,    v.    'lancnd     (1.S86)    13  So. 

'0.  iimmi    17:i  .Mass.  177.  :i^  S.  K.  .tmi.  Sess.  Cas.  4Hi  sories,   I03;i. 

\  notiue  of  an  iiijuiv  U.  a  Urakt-mnii,  'In    Rufj-ji    i,ii    Kiiiployers    Lial)ility 

iMii  t.)  a  friM"lit  ayiii't  or  to  the  attor-  Act.  p.   6ti,  an   uii report .ti  case  is  meii^ 

i,.-vol  the  loiiieaiiv  l.v  wliioh  lie  wasem-  tioned,   in    whioli    a.    solicitor  who  had 

hl.'.vcil    »liii!i  lia.l'  iirndfi  no  objection  to  omitted  to  give  notice  by  registered  let 

III,.'  i.v,.ii,t  .if  like  notices  for  five  veais  ter  was  <ne(l  by  hi»  client  for  negligent. 

is  a  MillKliiit  compliance  with  tlie  stal-  .ind   li       to  pay  a  considerable  sum  a... 

,11.     /).    y-o;.(/.    V.    V-ir    York,    \.   H.   it  daiiia^        and  eost.s. 

;/    li   Cn    lUKil)    178  Ma.ss.  .")!».  St>  Am.  ' '<'i.     ifsen    v.   Washhun,  d    V.    MUJ 

St'  l;',-,,   4t;4.  ,-.!!  \.  K.  tifill  '•".    (  1HI>1)    153  Mass.  4tiS,  1'  N.  K.  l"!!. 

M;7>..».(';fc    V.     MiHj.rllaii     (18S0)    13  'See    lUiUi   v.    .\tir  Jvrniy    Khrl  i   I 

-0,  ;v— .   (Vs.   4tli   series,    1000    (actiiMi  <•..    i  1H!I1 )    155  .Mas.s.  1,  2!t  N.   K.  .'■)07 ; 

li.id   not    mainlaiiialde   under   the   Kn-;-  ./.-».v  v.  ISonton  iA_.  It.  Vu.  i  ISili)    1.^7 

IMi  act,   where   the  notice  was  sent    at  \la-~.  ."il.  31  N.  K.   i2i. 

-ii.li  a  time  tliat   it   was  impossible   f-  .  '  <hist,iisr„  v.   Washliuia    d    M.    Ml;/. 

".    to   reafh   the    !".a-ter   until    after   tlie  >  o.  ilS'.tl)    133  Mass.  4I>»,  27  N.  K.  1,». 

Apir.itii'h  of  the  six  weeks  specified  iu 
v'hal  act). 


I   I' 


I   i'' 


1  iiii 


't  ! 


!  iP 


rail 


m 

-hill  fill 


ij' 


•t-:!^ 


iJH 


ilMfl 


M ASTKI!    AND    SKUVANT. 


tcilAP     XXXMI 


•t  li.>lin«  luis  Ihm'Ii  cncii^ciI  on  llii'  j.'n.uiii|  tlial  llii  widnw  of  llic  .!.■ 
•  •(•;i-c.l  iiiiiii  \\ii>  in  an  iMlviiiircil  -imK'  nt  |)r<';,Miani-v,  iind  so  nxcitid  in 
mind  llial  llic  d.«-i..i-  .,rd(  rod  llial  lie  -IhmiIiI  not  Ix-  ron.^nltod  oii  tin 
suhjoot"  on  th.'  around  tlml  tli.-  plaintirt  had  liccn  a  Inn;-  time  in  ih, 
liosj.ii.il,  and  was  not  in  a  ht  Mato  to  j.rocccd  with  tLi-  tiftion;"  and  ..n 
llic  ;;ronnd  lino'  ncijoi iatiotis  for  a  scttlpincnt  l)cf\v(><'n  rlic  wi.lnw  ,,i 
'lip  injured  cniplovcf  an<l  llin  ('inpiovcr  witp  rornnicnccd  wiilun  -i\ 
wepks  al'tcr  tlic  acci.lrnt,  and  IcttxTS  of  administration  w,.rc  rh.i 
iiraiitcd  to  lif-r  till  nearly  oigiif  months  aftor  fJif  a<'cidint."' 

^'"  'I •I'f''  liiiiid.  it  is  .dear  tliat  the  plaintitr-  ijunoranco  of  il,,. 

fact  that  it  was  nc-cssary  to  frivo  tlio  notic,.  does  not  eonsliinfr  a  r, ;, 
sonaldc  fxcnsc  within  tho  mcaniii<;  of  the  proviso."  It  lias  I,, ,  n  In  li 
in  yc.itland  that  no  action  can  ho  imiintaiiKMi,  altiiiiii;;li  ih,  |,.,ii\ 
l.riniiim;  tiio  suit  all.-cs  that  he  was  ar  .dd  man  and  illilcrair.  ,,i„i 
il.al  it  was  not  known  wiictl^.r  the  <h  •cased  wonM  survive  and  iuin; 
suit  hiniself.'-  'I'his  rnlino  ,.  certaii  iy  a  har-h  ..iic.  even  it  the  vi\ 
ant's  injury  was  s,,  severe  that  theie  wa.>  merely  a  chance  of  jii^  n 
<'o\(  r\ . 

In  another  Scotch  case  nhero  t.ho  action  was  hrondit  l>y  tho  wid.w 
of  tiie  eiiiployee.  her  fortfctfniiioss.  caused  by  tlie  j-rief  ,A'  mind  wUw.^ 
she  had  felt  since  the  accident,  was  held  not  to  he  a  reas,,naMe  cxcn-,. 
for  omittiiijj  to  send  a  notice.''  Considerini:  the  rem(«li.d  cliani<t.r 
of  tli(   act.  this  decision  also  s.'ems  to  he  scarcidy  eomtiiendahle.     It  i- 

-uhmilltd  that  it nstrnin,<r  this  provision  a  court  should  not  refu-,- 

f"  r .t-'"'ze  the  fact  that  violent  srief  s,,nietimes  produces  a  'rinp.. 

rary  incapacity  to  attend  t..  the  ordinary  affairs  of  life. 

The  amendment  to  the  .Massaclmseits  act  (Laws  of  ISSS,  chap.  l.".:.. 
*  1)  de<'larrs  that  eiuployees  are  excused  from  fjixinj;  n-itice  wiflm: 
the  thirty  days  prescrihed  in  the  oris^inal  statute,  whenever  frnm  "pliv 
sical  .ir  mental  incapacity"  it  is  impossible  for  them  to  jfive  rlie  netic, 
within  that  time.  Whether  an  employee  is  entitled  to  claim  the  lu'ii, 
tit  of  thi^  provision  is  a  (juestion  of  fact  to  be  determined  aco>nliii:: 
to  the  ( \idence  introdticed.'* 

•Ilrowlf!,  V.  Oldham,  nn  iinr.'ported  (son  of  plaiiititT  diod  a  fortriieht  ntl.r 
(•a<p  oit«l  in  l!ar-^'  on  Knipjoj-.Ts'  l.ia-  aoeidcnt.  ami  notice  was  thr.r  ,lav<  Iw 
liility   Act.  ."id  cd.   |>,   (iO.  late) 

Wales)    1   W.  N.  ]m.  2  \\  .  X.  17.  Mimntl  Oil  (•„.   (I,S!)4|   ■>•'  S,'    Ses.'Ca'i 

'"Hulmiin    V.    /{i.bnlsoii     (1S87:  Xew    miseries    HO 
So    Uales)    4  \V.   N.    131.  "In  a  recent  c;,-c.  wi.ere  the  servant 

hx    piirte    tloiimin     llSilT)    IS  \ew    liad  died  fr..m  the  ettcts  of  the  injiin. 

^"!'l.,^",  • '-  "■  '^'•'  ■*--■  ""'  "'•'"" "'  "»•  j»'«-<!<'i!t  ti-tifi,,!  .i.;,t 

-  M  Indi/r,,  v.  I)<ilmill,„,,i,,,i  In,,,  Co.  he  was  in  lied  alnie-t  two  itk.iiIIi-  iI!.t 
(IS'J,)    24  Sc.  S<.ss.  (as.  4lli  series,  :127     the  accident;    tliut   durin"   niu,l  ul  ll.ii 


t  I 


■ 


:i-M 


KMl'LOVKUS'    I.IAIill.llV    .\i   IS. 


20 1: 


712.  Sufficiency  of  the  particularii  contained  in  the  notire— „,    in  , 

^^.^lt,j,—\   wrililli;  -.'t   up  ll-<  il   IM'liiT  will   11"!    lir  roli-inir.l    Ullli   l.-li 

,ii..iil  strictn<-s  Inii  iw  .•..i.fnts  hIkmiM  m  mII  .  vmii-  -li-w  ilml  it  i-  in 
;,,„'.|,.,|  .,-  fl,.-.  l.a.i^  nf  ;.  riuini  lliiilill-t  111-  .1.  I.  h.l.M.I.  aii.l  iIk.i  iIk 
i„tnniiMli..n  \*  frivn  nn  IxIimII'  of  ilio  pcr-.i.  v.lm  l.iini;-  ili-'  -mt,' 

Vny  nofin-  i^  snili.'icnt  wliii-l itMiii-  -ncii  piuiicnhn-  ^-  will  f:iv 

ilie  rni|.l..vcr  siii.-tnntinl  imli.-c  ..t  wliiil  Im-  ..mirn  .1,  Mini  tliii-  imH 
l,i,„  in  a  i)()silic.ll  to  liuikc  siirli  ilM|liiri.-  l.-^uill  <  luiM.'  Inn,  I..  o,inc 
',.  tiiiil  prcpiircil  to  im  ct  iln'  |.l;ii;itillV  i-ii-i  ." 

A  ]iliiinlitf  i^  not  i".Mii<l  li-  n-.Trtiiiii  mii-I  iiiloiin  iln-  il.  IrmlMiit  ct 

aillic  .•mix-  to  wiiicii  tJK'  .l.'iV.'t   ■■.iii.-ii ;i-i 'I  "lir  iiijiin    i-  i,l 

rrilmtcd.  Tli.-  notice  saii.ii.<  ilir  ^hitiiir  il  ii  -iiit'<  ;i  .^m-.  "lii.'li 
K-tnaliy  cxi^tcl  nn.lcr  snt-li  <'inMniiMan<M-  a-'  wuiilii  ivinl.r  il.c  .).■ 
tVndant  r(-s,)oii>il.lr/'  T1h>  m.iv  ia.'t  llial  a  i.oiir..  allri;.--  .iitirn^nl 
,.rt,wos  for  tlip  injury  do,-  u..i  iv,nl,'r  ii  ,l<  l.vtiv..  if  ,a,-li  ,.f  t!,,.-^.' 
,au>o^  is  a.l<'quatoIy"stat.Ml.'  'IIm-  provisi..u  ilial  ll,o  plaintilT  <iiail 
-fiitc  the  'Vans.'  ot'  til,'  injury"  i^  >;ot  to  !>,•  cou-lni.  ,1  a-^  a  rcpiirnni-ii' 
that  ho  sliall  stafp  tlic  ",-aus,'  ,pf  a,'l!on."''  Nor  will  a  noiic,.  !„•  ,lo 
.lar,',!  in<iirticifnt  uuivlv  for  .he  r,a>oii  that,  a-  tlir  <\  i,l,'ii,'.'  a.Mn.v.l 
Mt  the  trial  sliow*,  the  proviniiit,'  ,'anse  of  lli-  injury  was  not  ^tati'd 

timo  1.0  kn..w  1>.T  .ind  tMknl  fn  her.  ...M  in   'Vr    v-     '/-■;;'"."  J'''  ""•    I',,.,     C. 

that  a  j;,»h1  .l-al  ..f  tlio  ti,.,..  !„•  wa-  cmii-  i  ISH.  ,      4  (Hil.   l.'P.  •  "" 
-cious  ;,„!  kn-w  «l,at  h-  «.,-  .l-m,.'.  TI,..        A   ,,..t.,-,.  tl,.„.  at  tl,-  1,mo  n,„l   ,.  ,,.■. 

,l,re<I.Tifi  'Oil  al«"  l.'-iiti'-'l  tl,:il   !,<•  saw  ,iaiii.Kl.  tli,'  Miva,it    w;,-    ,i,-lM;,lly  U,ilv.| 

l,i,  father   ,.ln,.-l    -vry    -lay    aftrr   tl,.'  I,v  tl,.-  f.illi.,;-  ..(  a  .l..,r>.;k  > n,".  -. 

„W.l.-nt.   an.l     that     I.o     «as     ...,„..i..„-  -•..xnl     ..I     ,t-     hruv-    ,m|>,..,„.,ly    fa- 

„..arlv  nil   (1,.-  tim...     It   «as  l,.-hl   ll,.,l  tw,..!.  m,I1„,.„i1v  -t  o.-     "■;■■'"-;."'"', 

to  *r%f  ll„-  !i..ti.-.<.      I.,<hri,l,ie  y.  Ihilh-  Ma.-^.  .-IIU.  :t!»  N.  t..  ^-^ 

„„-<7i/    (IH'IS)    170    Ma«.    :5-t».  49    N.    K.        A  not,.-.-  t«  a  ra,l,..a.l  .ciii.pany  ,hal   a 

,•50  lirak.'iiiaii  .ai  a   <v,l.iiii  .lay  «a-  ii,|„ic'.l 

\n  instr.,..|i..ii  with  r.'fcr.M,.v  to  lliii  <->n   th.'   railr.u.l.    witliii,    "on,,    han.liv.l 

„r,viM..n.    which     stat.',l     that    a„    ,„,■  yanl^  n.>,tlH.,ly"  of  a  Mati.a,  nam,.  .  I.y 

;,l„v,..-  was   not   exnt-ocl    iinl,-^    li.'    ua^  Kci,,..'  ,MU._:l,t  iH.tw.i,   a   car  an.l  a  I.h-.. 

Uh",„pntallvBn,l  physi.ally  .lisaM,-.!."  -,:niiv.>  .„t:ino   -hv    iva-..,.   ..la   l.n.k.M 

l,a,  l,.vn  hol.f  coir,..-l.     «•„,/„«    v.   /(.■-„.  .hawhar'     „|Hin   tfi.'    .a,',    vvl.i.h    |«r,„,t 

l,n,n    IllinO)    175    .\la".    Sill.    r>(i    N.    K.  l.-.l   th,'  t.n.l.T  ..f  th.-  .■i,t;,i,.'  tc  i„n   ,i|, 

m.     Ilat    niifrrr,    oon-^i.l.-rinK   that    thn  a-ain-l  11 „.l  „f  th,-  <■:,,■  a„.|  cm-h  hi- 

,li-iiin,tivp  "or"  is  u-^<mI   in  the   -tatiit,-.  I,--,  i-  M,ili.i,-Til  ,„  l  „v  (,f  th,- 1  ,mi-    pla,,-. 

'/Jr,vr„;(    V.    fall    llinr    (Ist,.-,,-     lliU  and   <a„-    ..f    111.      '"^'"y-     >'''' ■'''"' .\ 

M,»..«.  1(1.-,.  30  N.  K.  loo:i.  '".'  '■"'■■""  '-■  '■"•  '  '-^''1 '  >■'■'  ^1^'"  •'■''■■ 

■   CliirKs>m  v.  .1/ „.s,;/'OT    (ISS-Jl    T..  R.  :2ii  N.   K.  ><iiX.  ,..     ,, 

0  Q.  It.  Div.  .W..  .-.I    I..   .T.   '.).    I!.   N.   S.           /*../.,..     V.      I'/.r,    MXtHt  I.,..     Ala--, 

■,->:>.  31   \\,.,.k.  Ro|>.  47:    /V.r/w   v.  ilnli;  .'!S(I.  J,;  .\.  K.  is:,, 

IISS8:  Q.   11.  0.)    5S  I..  T.   X.  S.  7iili.  4         ■«■„„„/,/,.,,    v.    r„,„hr;lw  Mv,,,,     lia, 

Ti-,M-sl..  1!.  487.  .M,,-v  J.;-*.  44  \.  K.  -i'v 

A     l,tt.-r     from    plaintilT's    solii-itors        ■  rl„,U.n,   v.    I/,,-./,,,,,  is^    ,    i..   i., 

*tatiiiythat  th,-y  had  Im-.-m  instni,-t,-.l  t.>  0  (I.    II.    Div.   :isii.   ..ij      .'  ..     I-.    V   >. 

cDiiiiii.-npp  an  ai'tioi,   \\ilhi)i,t   il,-lay.  and  .">•_'.■..  :•!   \\  ii-k.  K.p.    I..  |>  i  ||'.-1.  •).    U' 

d.-s>-,,ljiiig  the  injury,  was  licid  sullii  ii-nl  .r.ni). 


f  1  ri 

^Ml 

:^t« 


M' 


'        I     , 


;::i4. 


.'■ItH 


Ilk  ;   : 


vith  l.;;,il  |.r.  .'i-i-.n."    Si  ill  1...  \\\\\  it  Ih'  nci-.  «.jirv  to  »«•»  fMrtl.  v  1 ;. 
l^«■nl^■.l  inono.f  iliPOiiMv*  ihr  •niiisf.  of  tlu- rau^'"  of  tlio  injury.' 

In  111.'  l-:n;;li.|i  ;\n(]  oloniHl  acts,  flip  intention  of  tliw  I.-iri^lntur. 
tluit   ilic  Mittirini.'v  .,(  tiio  noti.v  -Imll  Ih>  ii^r.ri  lincl   in  «(•<■.. r.l.nir,. 

>Mrli  cxfrrni.  K-  lil..|-,il  cnnon-*  ..f  -inii-ti..ri   i-  iinini-ink^il.lv  ii„i, 

■■..Km!  Iiy  fh..  |,n,vl-i..ii  thai  the  -tMi.iiH m  ,i,„l|  U    .hii.lc  in  "..nUiKi,, 
Imhuuii;:.'."      Tjii-  plici-r  is  n.-Hnm.-.l  to  luivr  rrtVivn.-r  to  tlic  fn.-i  tlu 

l.i-f  iK'N  w<.iv  |.M^«c.|  for  111.-  ^|,.■(•il.!  l>.  iM  III  ol  iMT-oii,  i„  a  |,|,|„|,|, 

-[•llClf   of    iif...    iin.l    no)     |,o>^,.s.c.l    ..f    |,|M<'||    kllowl.^i;.,..         I'll,,    .•hlilii;,!,! 

"is  to  II-.'  hi<  own  ninnton-il  lanvinim."" 

'Jill'  wonls  jii^f  in.iiii..no.l  nro  ii.>t  iii-.'if..l  in  tli.'  AiiH'i-ican  nof., 
I.iif  thoro  is  n-ilhiiii;  in  tlio  reports  to  iinli. •,.!,■  iliai  if-  ■.,\,~rur,-  jijs  Iht., 
icnardfd  a*  n  r,.a-.n  t..i-  a|iplyini:  n  -ni.  t,.|'  r-il.'  of  I'oiiMni.'tion  ilmi, 
liial  a.loptod  l.y  ilic  Kimli^ii  coiiii-. 

/'.  htnrrinniifs  ..I,;,!,  do  uol  iin  .I'hhil,'  a  iiui.r'  .  Tli..  Iaiii;iiii-f.  ,,l 
ill.-  i.n.vi-ion-  l,y  \\\n,'U  it  is  <.ciir.',l  thut  a  jplainlitr  -iiail  n.,f  I,,"  ,,i,i 
.•lit  ot  ...iirt  .>imj)|y  l.,vin..'  M.  tioiin.  nr.-  iiiac'iiraic  in  sonw  |iiii-i,ii 

''■'■'  '■•  ''  \^  'II  ' '-'  '•\'  'i,  M..I  (|nit.'  the  sain.'  in  all  ilic  >iatiii.,.     |;v 

'I'"-"'  "'  I-:'i;:1;iihI  mii-I  of  tli Ionics  tlic  vaii.liiy  of  th,.    ,,ii,.„  i<  ur.ul 

""l.|M.|,.|  upon  ili.-.pi.-iion  wlicthcr  the  .'.I'f.'ii.'iant  \va- pivjinjir,  ,||,v 
I'l.  Inac-iii'iicics  coniphiiii.d  ..f.  anil  if  is  ;'xpr,.v.|y  .leclaivil  f|,:,,  tlii- 
-UM-Iion  is  to  I)(.  .i.N'nnin.'.l  l.y  tli.'  trial  jii-i-.-.  '  h,  ti,„>,'  of  \|,,-  ;, 
"liii-i-tN  and  Colorado  'here  i-  nicivly  a  caiiiioricai  stafcimnt  ilur 
'.iiiiin  -.p.'citicd  ina.rnraci..,  -liaii  not  ii.validai.-  the  ti..ii.',..  iinlc-. 
ilicy  w.r,.  intcnd.'d  an.l  actuiilly  did  mislead  tli..  .I.fen.lant  :  an.l  in 

ill.'  al.s.'Mcf.  ..f  any  dcsipiafion  of  rlic  tribunal  wliicli  is  I len.iii;.. 

111!--  <pie-ti..ii.  the  inference  has  nec..<<arily  I.e.-n  .jrawn  thai,  like  oil,.  • 

•r7,,K-,v.,»   V-   ■l/».,,„v,re    (1SS2)    L.   1!.  ,l..,'l.      I.„„rh  v.  All,,,.   ,IH!.,;,    l,;„\l„. 

!t  Q.    I!.    Div.   ■MH.  :,l    L.  .r.  Q.    11.    \.   S.  24.S.  .-l,-)   X.    K.   .^.V). 
..:.'5.  ;tl    Wi'f'k.   H.-|>.    t:.  wli.T..  u   noti.-.(       ■(■iv.-.  .)..  hi  Sl,'„ir  v.  H„di    (1>>.'|  1. 

<uis  |i,.|,|  s,|,lli(  j.'iit  wliuli  MaK'd  Ili.it  Hi.'  i;.  !»  (J.   |{.  Div.  Tli.  .51    I.    ,'f    (i    (s    \    s 

I'l.iiiititr.  it  cliilil.  Mils  injured  in  ,(■11-.-  l.lj.   41;  I,.    T    X    v'    4'M    'Jit  \V,i.k    I'-i 

.|ii.-ii<v  .if  111.'  .li'lViidaiifs  nonllyi.rin'   in  81(1.     1(1    .(.    |'.    fss       In'  tin-    vuiu-  I'i'i 


•Win. 


li    \\i-  li'ii 


•■"*'"-    "    '■"•'■•' •'•    '»   tl''-'"-   ".or  .Mi.ih.'w.    I.,   r.i.iiiik.',! ...„ 

...ii-i'  iii,|.nil.Tl,.,l.  Hl,(.|..|,y  the  plaint  ill-  >i,l.T  tl,at   tin-  <rf)i,-,t   ..t  tlir   !,...i.|:,t.in' 

li.id   liiT  loot   ,,,i|...l,t    ill   thci,,.     ,,.„t    .if  in  pa-sin...  this  ii.'t  «,,        .(„nt.'ra  l..n.- 

II.-    siihl     I,.,,,,.  „|,li„iiy|,    the    evid.n.'e  tit    „n    tlii'    w.ukini;   ,        -,-,,    |    think   11 

-lio«..,l  t  iMt  III.-  a.-.i.  .nt  was  |,n>xi,„ui,.-  would  I,,,  uiiiv.i-onal.i      oiii  unjust.  .uiJ 

y  ....,-..1  l,.v  ih..  ii,.^li;....,H.,- ot  ll.o  phiin.  ...mliary  t„  Ih-  -,.i,,     and   i„t..nl,n„  „f 

fr>.  inist.,.<.  in  ii  l.nvny  h.r  t,.  p,  into  tlu-   ,ut.   to   ri,,„i„.    ,1,,..,.  noti.v-    to  t,. 

111.'  hoi>t  l.y  h.-i,..lt.  f,,,„„.d   with    all  the   paitwularilv   of. 

in  an  action  lor  an  iiijiiiy  to  an  .'in-  -t  ilciiu  iif  of  .daiiii 
|dov«.  l.y  the  falling  of  a  hank  of  ..irlh        ConiiMi-,.    the   Mnt.'iiu'nt   ot    liclJ,  J. 

•  will?  to  till-  ii.'L'!i^.'iii"  .,1   thr  .inploy-  in   iJl.nks,,,,   v.    Mus(„\iri     (IKSil    ?.    R 

.r»  '<iiiJi'rnit.M.iliiii.  a   ii..|i.|.  to  tli.'  .in-  !)  1^.    H.    Div.  :IS(!    51    I.    .J    ()    \\    X    S 

•l.-yH.  -Htinx  f<  itii  liu   ..111.,.  .,1  i)„.  in-  :,i:,.  .11   W.'.'k.  Ki'p.  4?.  that  "tli.'  •.t'llutr 

jury  to  ho     the    lalliML>    <if    a    Link  of  was   int.iid,.,|   for  th.'   use  -if  unl.Mtnol 

.•arth      I-  Mimiit'iit.  alilK^M^h  not   .-f.'!-  pei-.m-.  l.,r  wliotu  it  was  ni.Miil  t.  i.io- 

iiiiS   to   Ih.-    -ii|K,r,i,i..n.l.iit    ur    hi-    con  x  jdc  a   cheap  an.l   -\m;;\:-  reiii.J\  " 


» :r.'l 


I  \iri  i>\  I  «:-    I.I  m;ii  1 1  ^    >•  ' 


.'<itii 


noest-  Til  of  fart,  it  i-  ,..ii.,.rih   f.  r  M.-  jui>       r.nr  -Im  pra.-tKal  r^ 
.,ilts  .1  Mch  .-.f  fh-^'  I'r-^  i-i-n-  fli'i"  ar  m  In  v  irninllv  .rlonfioal.  whrn 
mr-afurrd  by  the  cirruiii-tuiui'.*  rli.,-l....  .1  in  .•;>-.-  wImv  tl..-    .wtioni 
hnvcl.'ni  nll<>\v<'<l  tn  i,io.-o.<l. 

If  thi-  valiiliiv  "t  til.  iioti.T  h.i-  iHrii  .l.rli.r.  .1,  .  iili.r  i>xpr.--l_v  l.y 
,  ,,H<-itir  tiii'liiiu.  •■••  iinplic-lly  l>v  a  vv.li.-i  l'.,r  iIk-  pliiii.iitr.  u  jmle- 
,.„.„,  ip  hi.  f.vor  will  1...1  !-•  "'  M-i.l.-.  .ml."  il..'  c-..n.-hwi..i.  l.u, 
.riifli.'l  will  tiiiinif.'il.v  iiin\ariMM»iilil.  ••' 

riifr  •»o.'ii.s  to  br  only  on.-  ivp.-n.  .1  .l.-.-i-i,.,,  l..aiiHir  iip..ii  llu-  >\w*- 
lion  h...  lar  a  cMirt  of  roviow  viil  jr..  i"  ..x.ii-i.lin,::  ill.'  acii-n  of  a 
'ri.»l  ju.lgi-  vvlio  t.a-  .l<-ni<'rl  r<-f..v.r>  f..r  .,,.■  iva-..i.  ilia.  tli.   la.tici-  \va- 


'  \  Ml.i  fi.'iii  Ih."  pl.ii.aiir-  ...i;.  iiiT 
>hich  miTi'lv  Knvp  tli*-  il.it.'  "»  t'l."  "• 
lun.  and  «UI»I  th«t  tin'  plaintill  w'l* 
..nci  liBii  for  sonw-  tinw"  p.i«.  Ih^mi  um'I.t 
tm.tni.nt  iit  a  ti..«|>iinl  'for  injurj'  to 
lii.  U'i!"  ha*  Imh'h  lifUl  to  he  a  vuli.l  no 

•i,,.  .iio,,,'  V.  /y./rf.  (H+^>  I-  R-  "  '^ 
K,  i)iv.  7ti.  :.i  U.I.  w.  It  V.  «•  *-;i  \*' 

I..  T.  N    J*.  421.  ;!••  \V.fk.  l!e|>.  HI".  4'l 
r  p.  TS9. 
In  .  nrUr  v.   nni^rnlr    i  IMHH)    I..    H. 

ij  Q.  li.  Div.  (II.  .-..i  I..  J.  •^  n.  N'._  f* 

.■i,-.:.  ;i'J  W.-ok.  Kei>.  ITI  :>  tini'.iiiir  tluit 
the  il«.|..n.liuit  Wii-.  n..l  i.n.iii.li.-. 'I  «,i> 
i|mIiiii.<1  to  Im>  warrauliil'l...  vnIi.t.'  tin. 
n..li..r  il-<-lf  oi.iitl.'.l  111.'  .I'll..  ..(  til.-  11.^ 
jury  but  111.,  iilaiiitilf*  '.ilii'it'ir  lia.t 
-■ni  •>  l..|t..r  in  «l.i'l.  tlia.  |Niili.iilar 
,M1.*  stat.-.l.      l.<.r.l     C.i.ii.l;:"    r.-..ia.k...l 

that  hp  .lid  n.>t  -.v  li"».  n'l'l'i"  "' '"" 

rumitann's,  anv  ollii.f  .■(.ii..|ii-i.>n  was 
|K)»«iblp  than  thai  n.>  prpiiidi.-.'  wu.« 
-hown.  „   ,^  , 

In  llnnu  V.  /•(..;/./.>.  Mss:.;  Q.  B.  IVI 
I  Times  I..  It.  47.->,  tlio  plaintilT.  linvin;; 
\»vn  injiiicl  "liilf  i"  l'»"  eiiiiil.iy  of  one 
■(;.  K.  \an  Cainli,'  linti  scrvcil  iii>tin>  oii 
■  E.  Van  CaiTiii,"  "lio  .arri.'.i  »n  liu^i- 
w>-i  at  tlie  came  place.  The  cuiiltv  (..>.lit 
iud^e  f.  lui'l  that  the  n.iti....  ha. I  !«M-n 
iliilv  MTV...!,  an.l  liaviii;:  aiiii.ii.l..'l  the 
iTiaciiiiaov  i.i  the  initial",  rtllowiil  the 
iij^il  to  jii  ..ecd.  hi.ldinj!  that  tli..  em 
pldver  wa-  ii.it  thereby  pri'luilii'td  in 
lii*'del..nM-.  Held,  that  a  jiulKHient  in 
.lie  plaintiff'^  favor  ought  not  to  b»" 
>«t  a-i.le. 

The  onii^'ion  of  the  plaintiff's  name 
iin.l  address,  nnd  a  wrong  dnl<».  are  de 
ii.<n  wliieh  are  not  fatal  to  the  validity 
i-f  tlw  iiotiie.  if  the  trial  .judge  can  still 
s.\  ihiit,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  defend- 
.lit  v,;t.i  m>t  i.if-jlldice<l  in  lii»  defeii.-e 
by  tiles.;  inaceuracies,  and  that  they 
«fre  not  (or  the  purpost-  of  niisl..af!iii2. 
/Vtnti  V.  (Inlt:    (1S8S:   Q.    B.   I>  I    ■'>*<   I- 


r.  \    '    Ti.-'    I    1 1 -  I-    '<■  '""•  I>i-ti" 

'iiMiii..     A....     V.     I/.//. Ml//    huvk     C': 

TiHsj,  I,,  i:.  H  l^  It.  i)i\    isj.  51  I..  .1 

U  II  N.  ■*  'iTT.  :ill  W.sk.  I!ep.  ^m. 
»li  .1.  1".  i:iv.  411  1..  r  V.  S.  47J,  on  the 
i;r..im.l  tl..il  the  alis.nii'  of  pr.-j.i.lice  to 
The  ibf.ii'lani  wa-  n.il  .'  fa't.'r  in  that 
ia«e.  11.11    iiia.h-  tlic  -.  cf  any  arjjii- 

nienl.  the  |.l..li.till  I'vtun  -'''l  t<>  lia»" 
been  ri'.'lilK  ii.tii-iilled  siniplv  f.ir  tii.- 
ii-ason   that    lli.-   nni  i..-   was   in-.illiii..|ii. 

The  follow  iiiy  h't.er  fr.iiii  tb.-  "if."  "f 
the  injinrd   sirva.il    is   >nlliiii'iitly   «p. 
ciHc:      "I    liiid    I    will    n«'il    soin..    iiioi.- 

Mi.im-y.  and    will   y.m    pl.-^ bliye  me 

v\ith  ten  Kiiillint's.  It  is  n.>w  (in-  w-..k- 
Mi.v  A. lam  K.>t  his  acei.l.-Mt.  Mi-  jau 
i,  so  ba'llv  siiiasheil  (hat  he  will  ii'.».i 
l.«.  the  -an'i.-  mail  ii'.'ain.  .V.laiii  lia^  Ihs.|i 
iiilvi-<'il  to  «..|  ciama^'is  troni  y.ii  " 
■/•/..,)« /.^..rl  \.  lti,l.-rUin,  .|>*S»|  \1  S'. 
Si'ss.  C:!".  4th  xri.s,   IJl. 

A  jury  is  ju-lili.'.l  in  tliuliiit'  tli.it 
I  lure  was  no  iiMi.iilion  to  nii'l.'.id.  ami 
lliiit  in  tart  tli.-  .l.-f.-nilant  was  iii.t  ini- 
t.'il,  by  a  noti.e  of  the  .l.^ath  if  an  .111 
plove.'.  stating  that  .lei.'asnl  «  is  killed 
by  a  -Ion..  lieiiiL'  pn..ipit.;itetl  11  u  him 
lioiii  il.f..ii.laiit'>  .b-n-i.k  as  a  nsull  of 
I  be  ni.;;li.j..ii..e  .if  difenilatit  or  of  s.mi.. 
pi.|-i)ii  for  wli.)-e  n..^'ll;;eiice  In-  was 
liabl...  an.l  that  tli.-  noli..-  wa.s  inen.fitre 
..iillicitnl  alth.niuli  the  n.><;lii;.i«e  wa^  in 
fiiliim  to  warn  him  <if  tli.>  raising  of 
the  stone.  lliiiiiniiii'iiri\.\V>bh<lruititif 
it  Cow*'.-.  Co.   (lS!i:!)    ItiO  M.i-ss.  201,  35 

In  Gotland,  whevo  the  jssii.M  ure  «d- 

liisted   bv   .i    diir.-i.iit    ' it    from   that 

which  tri..s  th.>  .a-,-,  the  .lUestioii 
whether  tli..  exc'iH..  f.)r  not  si.n.linu  ll". 
iiotiw  was  reasoiiabl.'  iiiiiy  b.-  .Ic  i.h'l 
l.v  the  f.iiiiier  ciiiirt.  or  in  its  ,li,i  rili.>ii 
i,o~t|N.|UKl  l..r  the  .l..ii>i(,if  ot  th.-  trial 
court.  Triiil  \.  K'Iniai,  (1887)  13  ^^c 
S,.,j.    Cm.     Ith    s,.i  ||.^      i. 


■.m:M 


I 


M  \*-l  Kl!     \M)    «.|  |!\  \M' 


frii«P    WMi, 


'i! 


ii 

fi 


.l,M.i;Mi,  nf    t„  .:,t|-K    ,1,.     ,,;„,„..,  ;,„.|   ,|„,   ,,.f  i.  .„;,  Ir  n(   ||,i,(   .Im....,,  ,, 
-"UK  uli.il  ..I.M'iiic.'" 

I.     I'KMIl  Ml    tMIMov;  l;  „R  ,v.,,  (jKn  KM  IM  OVIK  :   llow  TUB  1»U.IIT..p 
Ai   ili.N    I-    Al  l>;(   IKIi  uv. 

713.  Scopf  of  this  subtitle-  [t  i.  ,„.,  ,„..,| |  i„  ,|,i.  ,„l,,i,i,. ,« .j,. 

'"•"■'■  "'""  -••"'■  I'"'  '••  -'li'  "I   111-    <•'>-'■«  wlu^'l.  Iu.v..  Ih.4.|.  den.l,.,|  -.vitl, 

•  x|.n':*s  ivhiuui,  t ,  ,„•  uihrr  ,,t  ill,.  „,.(-  i,.,w  ,„i,|,.r  tli^nH.Hi.,11.     |',,, 

:t  riM.lv  in,„i)l..ti.  .•.,||,,.|iun  „i  ,M„M  ,l,i,li,iK  will,  thr  ,.fl,.,.f  „f  ,|,,„|, 
upon  ilir  riiilii  ,,t  „..|i.,i,  f.,r  |M.r-nnjil  injini.s,  i|„.  r,„.|..r  miHt  .•.,n-iili 
tlif  yrncral  lriiiii«i<  dii  flu'  -niijiTt.' 

714.  Death  of  en-ployer;  ellect  of.-I„  Knyi.n.l  it  has  Uou  In !,] 
'Iiiit  tlic  iimxiiii,  .\rlio  ,,n-«>nnlis  com  i„rso,i,i  innriliir.  ulii.h 
"IMTiil...  u-  a  l.iir  tu  Mil  .ifiinii  Ml  .M.iiiin.m  law  apiiiist  fl,,.  ,.x.riit,,r,  „i 

'Ik'  .Mill,.!,!,.  ,,i,riv  mNu  pivrh,.!,..  r>i:,uvy  i„  mi  ncli.,,,  I,. ;r|,,  bv  « 

HTvnnI   nii.irr  the  -hiMH...'      Thr.  s, .luciriii..  wnul.l   .luiil.tl.  „"  |„. 

i'l'l'l"  'I  ii'  .'mv  .\ii,.ii,iiii  „f  colnnia!  jurisdiction,  unless  it  U  „tUn- 
WIS..  i.r..vi.|...|  l.v  rli(.  ,i..f  ifsflf,  11-  is  tliooiisf.  in  OniMrio  (S  1 1  ),  ini.l  in 
Itritish  (".,|niiil>i,i  (J;  l.'i). 

715.  Death  of  plaintiff;  nfiidi.g  action  abated  by._lf   „    plaintiti 

•  lies  ;ifi,.r  an  .,<ii„M  mi.l.T  fl:^  s|,:nil-  '    ,  ..nimcnrol.  I.iit.  Mnw  ju-ly 

•  H.'iit.  til..  a.-iiuM  aln.MK  oniii.,.  ur,-,]  :,l.,ih...  Til..  .i..,itli  n.av  ^mv..^, 
nulit  of  :,.-tiu,i  nnil.r  tlir  .laiiin!:..  „.■(.  I.iit  i|,i-  j.  „  .liff,.,,.nt  acti.,11  ,i,„l 
imisf  Ii*.  iii'Mscciifcd  scpanitch.' 

718.  Suits  by  executors  or  administrators.-Xoarlv  all  fl.o  .fatiifos 
now  nn.l.T  .•o.isi.|,.rati,„i  ..xi.n.^slv  prnvi.!,  "...t  th,.  ,.ii.|,,  ..|  ,„.,,■„„ 
iinvn  l.v  ilii'in  ina.v  Iw  ..nfoivi.l  l,y  'lie  "jm  r^.,  1  n'i.r(.s,.,ifativ<.>"  ..f  :, 
-.•nant  who  dies  ;is  a  rcsiilr  ot'  tin.  iiijnrv  in  suit.' 

'1.    U.)    ...  .1.    I.    in.,  a   iKMi-^iiit   Ha-  Mot     HI    .Ncli.iii     Miii.niiiiv    I.f    tl„.    lM,.,ii  1, 

■'    "■  ^'-'l    ■"I'l--—    ,.    not    f,.t:,l    I.,   tl„.    .i-i.,„-    „ r    l.,.„l    (■„   1.    •:  a        - 

'■'"■'•■    'f   11"-  .''f.-nlMnl-   ar I    tak,„    ..'iv..,,    in    II..v,.„'s    K.m„I.,v  ,V    |  i-    ,  i, 

N.  far  as  th..   ,»,Mt,„„  „,  , ..,„rt  .an  .!,..   Ha,,!.'  a,„|„„  V   «',„k      „    V  .' Ii,  „„ 

'"■  '""'-•'■-"'•'I   f'.-m  tlio  v.i.v  , „...r  ,.-  ,V„I,  1.  p.  O.K..      S„.  aK„  I  ,„...,,;  K, 

port    „f    tl...   ....s,,    al,s.,„,.,.    .,,    ,,„.j,„|l,.,.  ,.l„v..,s'      l.iai.ilitv  V". 

S.H..S    to     mv,.   („....,    v,..«,..l    as    „    |,.j;.,|  Sl,.„,„,,  &   |!...|f.  S^,,.  n  yl;  .  ,  Z ,    ,   , 

.1  -I  -..la  ,1  ...„„..  i„to  ,o„,l.    Ml.  .  >M  v,ow         '  il,lh„  V,  h-.„rh,„k   (  1H87;  Q.  H    Pi 
cil    tllf    il.-clsioii,    ,-,t,.,|    .yu„M'.    this    s.niis     :i   TI1IK.S    I,.    I!,    CIS.  ..     /     ..    r 


t.e.l    .r.,|,      t.,,,,  |„.    ropor.    ,,n,l,al,ly    .l.-oision  ,,r  ,|,..   Kn^-lish  V.u"-,  1"  J, ,,!.  ,1 

I.-.  Ilv   lewii-.!...!  a-  ,l,Mi,iv.-.  hilitv  .\<-t.  p.   121    n.t,.    (n)       ' 

In    KobMts   A    Walla™.    l.iaUlity   of        '  Knjila.ul.     Xe«to..n.llan,|     ..„,!      \,.. 


I  TIM 


KMI'l,l»VKI!S     I.IAllll.in     At  IS 


20.1 1 


Ily  Ma.'Jt.  Tub.  Kill',  cliiif..  11:.',  iJ  -'I. 


lin.tlilr.l  l.v   Si.ii.   I""'; 


III.  ;.'(.■»,  H  riulit  ot  aciinn  in  jjiv.n  tn  an  !i.liiiiiii*lnii<ir  m  iiiiv  <m*i 


vh<T*» 


tlir  iiiK-iaif  riiiiM  liavi 


I,  liiit   ii M'lv  i«  iii'i  all'-wi  >1   t'"i- 


till'  iifglij;'  ncM- 

III  iiiilc  »,  i/i/V'i.  it  wiiH  urtiwi 


•  (  a  fVlli.w  .-iTv  lilt.     ]ii  a  laii'f  ''a-f  than  \\n-  <>uv  nti  il 


<l  iliai 


l|ii>  I'liiiilMl:)' 


n  atnl  «(  S  -  "f  ill"'  ompl'i.vir.t   li 


-ii'i 

nil  lU'tii'ti 


ihilii 


■  ilii  t  III  i!ii'  |ii 
V  aii    I  -"I'  ml  I  'I  )   u  a-  I<> 


to   tll< 


II-  txliiiiiii 


•liatur,    f'n'i'    tl-i'lil   llir   ill  lill-'     all-ini;  nlll    nl 


the  ri'lniii'ti  I" 
witlioiii  ciiii-citiiii 


t"  tclliiw  ■ici'vatil*.  III  a  ra-i' 


alli    hail     I'l 


lllnl 


■^iillVrinu,  aiiil  \v'i<  re  tlurr  i>  ii"  wi'Ih^n  M"|'  >1i|'i  ik 
.■lit  iicxt  (.f  kin.     Itiit  iliJH  c'Miitiiiliiih  <li<i  ih'I  pr.VMil  - 


I' 


iiili'i'  till' 


.Mali, 


Ciiilr.  it  lia-  Ihm  II  lirl.i  iiiii  III  !"■  iii'i-.ir\    tc 


;i\cr  ill  tlu'  (■■.iii|>laiiit  tlial  tlic  iiijiiiril  -.  r\;ihi 
iiK  liiin,  tlioiidi  tilt"  'hiiiia^rs  rccuvciiil  an 


It    ali\    lull 


at    law 


-Ul'VM  llllf 


lie  ill-l  llliilliil  ar 


.r.l'.iip  til  tlic  1-tatiitc  of  (ii  liiliiilinn.'' 
In  tiionf  of  flic  slatiiti-.  iin  H|>f<Mal  prov  i-inii  i-  iikkIc  fir 

widow  a.'^  dii'tiiisiii^l"''!  <"''""•  «'•'"'■  |><'i'-'>ii!'l  i 
ion  J  of  tlip  aci  yivi  ■<  ii  wii 


-I    llMI  IM' 


lull    hi 


M 


|--lll'll!l'('ttS,    .«('('l 


iii'|>i  llilrlll     III' 


if  kin  the  ridit  t«>  »"'■  in 


the  «iii 


ifi'ial  I'll-i'   vv  Inii-   tin-  i'iii|i|i'M 


I-    III 


itlv  kiili'il  or  tiiis  witlioiit  coii-cioiis  ^iitlciin: 


I 


ii'li  r  ilii- 


-lnll 


Wollll 


thr 
I  hiiv. 


rcco 


•lit  of 


■rtati  <l  .1  li.i 


vi'i'N   cxi't-  oiilv  iiii'ii'i'  >iii'li  ••iri-uiii-iaiM 


liiiit 


V  in  favor  ol  till  i'iii|i 


if  lir  llllil   ■'III' 


VIVCI 


1.*     Tlif  •■ffcrt  of  -r.-tioiis  1  ami  -2  of  llic  a't  i-.  tl|.|vf..lv.  -imp 


tiiis— lliat,  if  death  is  not  iii-lainan 


'iiil  t! 


c  rr  1-  I'Mll-rliill 


-  -Iltli 


till' action   iini>t  Im' hroii-ilii  I'V  ilif  pn-on  iii|iiiv. 


If    111-    I'MTUImI- 


i.r  ailininistrator.  while  if  tlarf  i-'  iii-iantaiiroii-  (l.aili,  or  ilcaili  ii 


!  % 


iriilinn  r'nlonii  «.  S  I:  Ontiiiii 


H   n.  -illlli.     tell' 


,1     ih.il.     vWmp 


iiriti-h    Ciiliiiiiliiii.    S    l'>;     M.ilniiiui 


-liiMih   kiHiil  111   ilii 


Ml     :MM| 


Utlliillt 


llllil',  t  2.'>'.ll  :   M.i"^irlia»<'li- 
.1,  it  -Z.  3;  Coloriiirr.  i    I,  -uli- 
Vnrk.  {  1. 

•  fV'irA-  V.   \iir 
ilSll.'li    lliO    Miiti,    :i 
till 


i   I,  -nil-,    -llllil  in;;,  iim'  "  i' 


■\\  ir  ii'A 


I  III'  kli 


'I :    .New     liiivi 


I    rijiil    111    .irliiin    fill-    till 


ll.'Mtll 


lllllIlT     till! 


Yorh;  P.  rf  1  .   K.  '' 


I-'    ImIiiIIiv    Mil.    .iii'l 


tlial     tlip   iiiIiiilni-liMt"r    ;il- 


I.    :..!    \.    K.     Hit.    >>f  till'  -'I'll'"  -liilii''-.  -Ii.ill   '" 


,|.,|   t, 


Siiim-  ri'iiiiirks   on   tlir   iiiniitiii— 


r.f    till 


iiiiiitii.iiii  nil  Mil  ii'ii 


f,.r   tl.r   il.llli    ulii 'li 


lilnii-ioliijrj-  ihimI  ill  9  3  »i!'.  Im'  fiminl  al    rniilil  lint  iillni"! 
Ihi'  Mill  of  tlif  ii|>inlii!i  "f  till'  (Niiirt.  tlin  -t  iliiti'  nf    l^• 


In 


III, lint. iitii 


I'ul II infills  ,t    \1.    /;.   '•«.    V.   Hrnillcrd    Unit   tlii'  -tMhil.'  nl    IssT.  ■•|iii| 


.1  II 
iif  ii|' 


llSSS)  Htt  Ala.  r)74.  (5  So.  '.Ml. 


1  Ir.     th 


1(11(1/       V 


(fill      i'ol'illU 


H.    r, 


nut 
llllll'l    Ii 


..kill  I. 


1-1*    luiillL'lll 


III! 


IH'.lli    l,'j:t    Mai"-.    112.   2li    V,    K.    437,    from   t'"'  ■!.  Irn- 


I    is><:i,   iiiii|i, 


!i:: 


ti,.,i     il 


iiirt  said:     "Till"  prnvi 


if  ilii 


,1  il  liv  till'  in-ijli'ji' 


itnm  would  be  iiiconii-ti'iil  'litliili ant.      Sitiiuii 


ill   111'  utaliitc  of    ISS,!,   cli,!)).    Zi'i    i-K'    sMiiili 


vllirll 


11'   iniiiiy    «,i- 

iif  ,1    I'lllnu    -ilV 

•    lii -I  nil  111  i'liii'il 
li,|ll.,.lv     tn     111, 


lupia)     if  tliiit   wen    InM  tn  in      wi.lnw  or  in  si   <>i   kin.   in-li-iiil  "f  to  II 

■  '.  .  .  >  ■     1.       .1  r...,     .-     ..I.   .r.il ...li       ..ill 


notp 

clinle   rasfs    wlicrc    the    ili'i 

!i 


I    iiii"lit    ailniiiii-ti-.iiiii-.  "I'i'O' '1' ,1111  i"-iill- 


nvp    niiiint,iiiip(l    iin    aitiin    iiinliT    tin 
pni| 
u-'iitc'l.       It    cninil    riiit 


illi 
11-  iiill.  rliij.  iiiii-l   111-  Ill-Ill  II 


loM'l^'  lialiHitv  iiit   if  ilnlli   Innl  not     I \i  lii-i\ 


I.,    II 


if    ili'iilli 


'hII 


i 


2052 


AIAMKJ!    AND    SKRVAXT. 


I  i 


i         I 


f 


IfUAi'.  xxxvn. 

l>rocpde.r!  hy  coii-.-iMii.,  -utf.Ting,  rlir  action  must  bo  brought  by  the 
widow  or  imxt  of  kin.'' 

Tlie  pliiaseology  of  tht-  various  act*  us  to  #uils  bj  pei-sonai  rcpii. 
sentntiv<.3  diftors  considerably :  but  prc.-,uiiiiibly  tho  doctrine  liiid  d.nvi, 
m  Jln>sachus(tt>  is  universally  applicable,  ril,  that  there  is  oniv  om- 
••iiuse  of  action  under  thcni.  Hence  they  do  not  {jive  the  adniini^traUr 
-f  an  eni|.!oyee  a  right  ..f  action  a-ainsi  iin  ..niployer  for  cau>iii-  tlir 
.•niplovef.'s  d'-:.iii.  in  addition  to  the  ri.ul.l  a>  legal  representative  t„ 
'••■(•over  daniag-s  accniiiit;  In  (he  in1es<ate  in  his  lifetime." 

The  pliiaMM,|,,Mv  of  the  dania-e  act  whieli  happens  to  l.)e  in  force 
in  the  parli.-nlai  jnriMli,.(i..ii  wh,  iv  the  injury  ,,,-.-nrs  determine-  ^y\uv 

I'arti...  .hnlil...  dr.! I  -I,..,-,,,,:,!  r.pv,.„,„|;,iiv..-"forth-p,irpo-P,r,f 

rhe  eMi|.|.,\..r-'  li.il.iliiy  .m.i  i,,  ,|ur  jini.din,,,,,.  If  the  dMinai-o  art 
pn.vide^  that  ihe  a.-tinn  n)u-<t  l)e  bruiiulil  ly  il.r  .'.veiitors  .,r  aduiimV 
tralors  of  the  de.-.aM-d  pei^.n.  llie  uif,.  „f  ;,  servant  who  ha?  b.vn 
l<ille<l  in  the  course  of  his  employmem  cann.-t  bring  a  suit  in  Ikt  .wi 
:iame  under  an  employers'  lialiility  ael.^ 

11   lias  been  decided  wi.li   referen.-..  I.,  ihe  employers'  liability  a.M 

.i  L        f '•™'«''     I'f-  ;•   brother  an.l   .  ,tantiv,-  .....se  of  action.     It  giv.s  on  v 

^  -^tcr,  .•uul  th..  iMlui-  a,,,...  «a.  d..,H.„d  -.ho  ri^-l.t  of  .■o,n,,,.„satioM  and  romX 

•n.  on  1..M,,  tl...  a.t,..„  .  ,ouI.I  l,e  hrouul.l  and  it  2iv.«  tl„.„;  to  tlu-  .-nrnW.^  o    ,„ 

m    ,.r    ,an.,^al„.,.^        „/,,  V.   y„.  .,,„,,,  ,  ;     ,,,al    r-pro^ntativ,.   i./caV  of  hi, 

V"'  't   1-   ^o-    '"*")     '•••'   il—     I-    -'!'  ■'""til.      It    im,,lies   that    his    rr,„...^nt.i 

■  'l- '  ,■    '.; ,  ,     ...      .,,  .       ,  ''*<«  "re  i.i.ioly  to  .Miewd  to  hi.  li'hl- 

.1,.     ,l,.|...„.|,.„       „,.h,„   11...   ,.,..a„  and   ..........li....      But  tho   law   r.-, „i/,- 

>oT     ,      ;;  7  ;"•■■,""•  "P'  "f  '  '"  •'-"'  ""  -'i-'I't  ..f  .•.„M,x.n.ati„n'  for  tl...  |„.,b 

...t  h-  ..no  of  tlu>  .•hi.-s  of  ,H.r.,.n.  «lK.n.  of  a  ,,r.r«on.  and  pivw  to  a  ,lv<-c^>^»l  .ht- 

O^o  d.,...,.sed  was  losally  hound  to  m<,.-  ...n  no  ronxMios  found.Ki  on  hi^  .'  ,  h 

port.      n..,x-ndono...  ,f  provo<l  a>  a   fact.  Th,,,.  «,n>ide.ations  aro  ...  .-..n,.ra    an 

fo.    (IS!U      I.,..   \a-s.  M,.  :!..  N.  K.  -..24.    Ihe    f.,IlM,vi„;j    ad.litional    arsmmnt    M 

,  ,1;  --  •     .  io-^"""  '  >""'l'<'>i-^'l'-'M  act    |K>Mtion:     "If  fhi.s  clan-.-  (5  I,  Mil,'.  ;ii 

Uh..thrr    the    d.',f.n>..d    dird    without    an  omploye..  a.s  ai.  o.>ctensio„  to  his  rrn 
„Hn,~,'Hl,    fn'.''^*"'"'"-       '\  "    Tr'"'"    "•■^''"•-''iv.-s  of  a  n>ht  which  un.Ur  om 

■^     -,:    V    ,■•,-,.'"■      'f,"'"    '•^^;\'''-^-    --"tativ...   of   oth..r.    who   ar..   lu.t  'en, 

V     p    n',.-     ■•    '"''"    ."■•'   •^'."--    '•■"'•   ■■•'■'  '  i:;lit  wh.T,.       alh  I.  in-laMla„.H„>..    Hut 

I      •■'■■'•'".'  n''-'"    ""'"'^'"?;  ..vi.i,.M.-.-  .„aiiii..,t!y  that   wa«  iinl    int.-n,l...I.     Tl,,' 

,l.vi„..,l  t.>  l,c  siini.i.nl   to  |i„|ify  th,.  in  i,.\t  v.lion  of  Ih,-  statiit.-   c.')  .I.mKm 

f<-r.MK-,-  ot,,.ath  without   m...1,   Miir.Min^'.  |.rp.-,ly    with    ,ud.    ca.,-    in   a   .liir,.r,m 

/•„     ,7som    I-;   \V'    'o',-  '-   )•   ^--   ^'-  "^'-'■-     "  i* -l"it.' «ppam,t  thnt.huHoU 

lo4,  _.J   .\.   h.    UO.i.     All.i    qu.itins  the  a    d«-rased   .Miiplovce  ni.-ivlv  a   liMit  to 

provision    m   question,   tlio   couit    -aid:  r-.wer  the  daniaj.;Vs  fo  which  h."  u'ls  en 

Ihis  phiinly  authori;?e*  an  executor  or  titled  at  the  time  of  his  death  " 
administrator  to  pro.'pe.|  in  (he  risht  of        '  I'mr^i,,,     v      fanndiaii     "     R     C- 

h.3  testjitor  or  inte-iate.  and  ie<w.>r  :.ll  (IS!)9)    \1  Manitoba  L.  Ren    112. 
■  li.mage-  vl.ich   the    li^'enied   imt-oi.   -uf- 


!«  7i7.:isi 


i;mi'I.o\  i:i;s'  i.i m'.ii.itv  AC^^. 


lOo.T 


of  Colorado  tliat  tlie  provision  wliiili  relates  to  suits  by  personal  rep 
resontativcs  cannot  be  constniid  as  liaving  abrogatnJ  by  implication 

he  riglit  of  action  which  i?  given  to  those  represenlatives  by    the 

laniflsre  art  of  that  state.* 


J.    Pi;l{M)NS   KNTIT!  KD  TO  SLK  Cxr-KK  THE  ACTS. 


717.  General  remarks. —  Tlic  case?  which   iiini   upon  tlio  qiu'-tion 
\  licther  the  injurrd  person   i-  entitled  to  maintain  an  action  under 

iicsc  statutes  again.-t  the  pariv   \vli.;ni  he  sc^'k-  to  hold  responsible  fall 
into  three  cat(irories: 

(1)  Those  in  which  ilie  )i^lii  of  action    is  made    to   depend    ii|)on 
iirinciples  applicable  to  -laiiiiory  mid  connnon-law  actions  alike. 

(2)  Those  in  which  tlie  riulil  depends  entirely  upon  the  specifi« 
vrmB  of  the  acts  themselve*'. 

(3)  Those  in  which  the  rij;ht  depends  njion  the  answer  to  tla 
.'iip?tion,  how  far  common  law  principle-  are  nITeeted  by  these  or  other 
ictfi  whidi  modify  the  relations  between  masters  and  si  rvants. 

718.  Servants  temporarily  under  the  control  o:  the  H»>^endant. — 
A'hether  the  ])lai..titi.  :ihleinuh  re^^iilarly  working  for  another  per 
-on,  was,  at  the  time  of  tlic  accident,  nniler  tlu  control  of  the  defend 
mt  in  such  a  sense  as  to  be  an  employee  iid  hour  via  m .  and  therefore 
•ntitlcd  to  hold  tlic  dcfend.iiit  acconntable  under  the  statute,  is  do 
•frmined  bv  tests  similar  lo  tim-e  which  are  a])plied  in  actions  at  coni- 
nion  law.'  The  ])redica'iienl  Mm-  indicated  is  discus>eri  at  ieu^lh  in 
vol.  111. 


'Clrirnfln  itHI.  .f  i:iit,il,,,  Co.  V. 
■.iitchrK  ilSO!)»  -JH  Colo,  •2S4.  .JS  I'nc. 
J^.  Alllriiiins;  MHIis.  lii  fold.  App.  liTT. 
■..•|  l>.ic.  ::!ti. 

'OnrM'lll  U\  ;i  Imi,'  i>!  CdiiI  I  .h-1  m  -  Ic 
■->i.st  their  \\iirkiii:\ii  in  i-oii-liiiil  iiiy  :in 
i.nator  wliii-lt  tliry  liave  i-nmiMc-lcil  to 
■feet  ir.  :i  ImililiTi;.'.  whosp  wayi-  tlii' 
■\vT:fr-  !ii>v,'  j)iiimi-fd  to  pay.  iiui>  prop- 
■  i!v  '.■  fiMiii!l  ii'  1"*  n  MTViint  of  •iucli 
v.vnoi^.  Wihl  V.  \\a„(i<m<l  f1,S!l-i|  I  (^ 
!!.  :>*:!.  <•,;  I.  .1.  (J.  1!.'  V.  S.  .'lOl.  Dt>  1. 
T.  \.  S.  Wm.  10  \Vci'l<.  I!i|>.  •">0I.  .Vi 
■I.  r.  SSf.  I-oi-d  lfor=«'lic'll.  coitniifiitin;,' 
'  n  thp  contention  that  tlic  plninlill  wa- 
!■  It  worUin^  under  .nny  rontiact  witli  lln" 
'li'tVnilar.t?,  and  theroforp  was  not  a 
•  nrl^nian  within  the  nuaninp;  of  the  net. 
mil  cnpable  of  suinjr  nndor  it.  said: 
Thu  only  efTect  of  that  objoct'on,  if  it 
ir  '.  lilfnt.  would  lv>  \\n^. — that  tlipr« 
1"  iil'l  Iv  no  fjii'.tinii   a-    lo   IIh'   .|i  f.nd 


iiif>  liahility;  but  the  action  shoiiM 
h.nc  liecn  one  lirniijiht  nt  eonimon 
law.  and  not  liifHi^lit  under  the.  em 
pliAir^'  lialiilily  acl .  Hut  !  think  that 
in  llii-  ea«'  tlierc  i-  ovideuii'  lliat  the 
|il:ii;itiir  was  a  workman  emplciycd  liy 
(he  defendants.  Duplea  had  iKpie.-tcd 
llinton's  foreman  that  he  r-lonilil  have 
furni-hed  to  him  a  man  for  the  purpose 
of  doiii^  the  work  iu  oonneotion  with  the 
lift.  It  was  not  work  wliieh  Morton 
had  to  do.  but  work  whioh  the  defend 
ant-  had  to  do.  There  is  evideme  Ih.il 
Duplea  needed  and  obtained  a--i-'tanr.- 
for  ihe  work  he  had  to  do.  and  hi*  em 
ploye'rs  reeo^nnVed  it  as  beins  remlere'l 
on  their  behalf  and  a.-iked  to  have  an 
aeeount  sent  in  for  the  work  the  man 
had  done,  so  that  they  mifrht  pay  hi- 
wa^ps  during  the  time  he  was  ro  en 
uai>ed.  It  ie  enoush  to  snv  that  there 
\>as  evidnnee  wliuh  it   wtn  Mni>'i--ilile  to 


l!;'!i 


I!  :    !' 


'\  Hi 


iilli: 


dm 


I     1 


^05  ♦ 


MASTKI!    AM)    >i;i!\AM. 


(CHAP.    \\-ii;i 


719.  Volunteers.— (Compare  SS  t)i'!>-(j;5.-,,  a„fc.)  A  mon-  v„li,i 
tcer  as  rp^ards  tlie  service  under  performance  is  not  entitled  i.;  il,, 
benefits  of  those  acts.' 

720.  Persons  who  have  permanently  or  temporarily  ceased  to  be  in 
the  employment  of  the  defendant.— (C'omjjare  SS  <JiM.  (J2."),  anh.)  j. 
till'  pliiiiiiirf,  liiutifiii  lie  iii;iv  at  sume  previous  lime  liave  worked  ,,,r 
'lie  (|ctrii(|;nii,  was  not  acliiallv  in  his  sei'vic  at  llic  (ime  wlici:  iIk 
iiijiirv  was  received,  ii  is  eiear  tiiat  lie  eaiiuot  sue  under  tliesp  statiitcv 

721.  Independent  contractors.— (Sec  also  S  Tl':!,  Mdid.  -2.  i„fni.f 
Ihese  iiei~  hiivc  im  iipi.llciitiiiii  to  ji  man  wlio  is  cnndncliii;;  lii<  .,;vi 
linsiiie~s.  I'ndir  -ncli  eireiinistances  the  fault,  if  an\-,  is  impiiiMl.;. 
to  hinix  it'.' 

721a.  Servants  of  independent  contractors. — I'nder  the  l-.uiili-li, (■,,;,, 
iiial,  iiiid  Alali:iina  >ianiies,  wliieli  contain  no  .-pceial  provi>ioii  inudj. 
fviiii;  till   livpt  iMJ  rule  of  law  on  the  suhjoct,  it  is  cdear  tliat  the  .,n 
ants  hired  liv  a  coniraelor  or  suh-cuntractor  cannot  sue  the  |)iiiii-i|,;,: 

willKli-.n\    fiMiii  111,'   iiiry  lli.it   the  phiiii-  A    scrvjiit    w!..     U    ii.iiirc.l    whilp  .n 

(ill'  uiis  ill  till'   -.Tvi.c  ..I  llic  (li'lViiilants  tciii|>tiiii.'  to  rjpair  drfci  ti^  c  in.nliiniTi 

williiii  llic  m.Miiiii'j  (.1  llii,  a<l."  (•■■iiiiot   i;;o\,t  under   llii-,.   ~tatiil,..   u 

'MrClulu.lii  V.   f,',(/<    !//„.  (■„.    (18!)2»  work   (Ims   uml.-vlak.'n    «a-  oiii-W 

m  Oiil.   Apii.   l!<>|i.    117,  wlii'rr.  lioweviT.  •  *eo\yf  of  liis  rcLMilar  diilii-.     1/./;.,, 

t!io  roiirl    r.fii-.d   to  >iiy   tliat   tills  iloc-  v.  Mirchanl.i'  Mf(i.  Co.  (ISflOi   l.Mi  .\!.i.. 

trim-  liarnil    iiiomiv   in   tlic  case  of  a  .Ifi-i,  5  L.  I!.  A.  7!12.  2.'t  N,  K    Ion 

fctnaln  eiiiplev.-f  h!i.,-..  hair  \va>  caiiiilit  'My    tlir    rule-    of    a    niiiip    unik,,,™ 

in   an    iiii(<nri(  d    revolving;   sli.ift,   while  ii|Mni   tln'ir  diMdiar;.'<'.   ucn-  imt   ,iiiii|H.i 

sho  was  on  a  luiiili  ciidi-av •iriii<;  to  o|(on  to   rcccivp   their    wa;;es   until    iIhv  Im.l 

a  window    for  ventililion  purposes.  returned  their  tool-.^  A  .'iiimr  mIi'ow'i- 

A    hrakcii.an    who    is    travelinj^'   as    .a  disrhart'ed   on   a   S.iHirdav.   Uiil    li^i.l  ii, 

passeiiLTi-  111   a   train,  an. I   is  not   under  opjjorf  iinily  t(.  uo  dm\n  lor  hi-  t'K.U  on 

the  eoiilrol  .  t  the  condiietor  for  tli<'  pur-  that    day, 'went    di>wii    on    Moiid.:v  .inl 

|K)se   of   the    perforniaiK f   the   duties  was  injured  hv  imi  e\plo,i,in  of  ;..|'is  diu 

rliaraelori<tie  of  his  po-ilion.  eannol  re-  to  inadequate  vent  ihit  ion.     Ile!d.'tli:it  at 

cover  for  iniiiries  i,.eei\ed   in  eouplinjr  a  the   time  of    the    injiirv   he    wa-   ;i(tin- 

ear  in  coniplianee  with  the  diieetion.s  of  in  the  emploviiien;    of   the   iiiiiie  irnir" 

the  TOndiieiov.      Such   a   ilireilioii   U  en-  ConUr  \\  Mur,  kIii  Caul  Co.  (  ISs.-| ;  (J.  B. 

tirely   im.iiil  heiizi  d.  and   fa-lens  no  Ha-  D.l    1    Times   !,.   i;.  ,■):-,. 

hilily    on    tiu'   .oiiipaMy.      dimijin    /'.   /,'.  In   Konll  v.   ClidnliHiluii.  repiiitc,!  in 

To.  V.  /',',/,>/    (  ls^7,    s:;  .\ta.  .MS,  ."J  So.  the  Law   Times  Newspaper.  Maich.  l-i« 

7fi4.      Theic   the   eoiirl    liehl   demiirrahle  (sik^  also  liohi'tl-  &  Wallace  on  I. ialiilitv 

a   count    which   lie;;aii   thus:      "When  on  of   Kmployeis.  ad  cd.  p.  -S.W).  tli.'  |itain- 

a.    trip     down     defendant's     said     road,  tilf   had   lu-en   ocea<ionallv   emplov.'.l  k 

.     ._    .     plaiiitiil',    lieins    aboard    d.-fend-  the   deieiidaiit   as   a    troll'eMnaii.  iiut  m. 

ant.'s  train.     .      .     .     was  then  and  there  the  day  in  cpiestion.  ho  ariived  too  lite, 

ordered  hy  the  conductor  or  foreman  of  and  wa-  told  that  he  was  out  of  eiii,il.n 

-aid     railway     company,     employed     to  ment    for  that   dav.      While  le.iviii:;  tlV 

niami<;e  or  suixriiitend   tli"  Imsiness  af-  premises  he  was  iiiiiir<'d  owiiij;  to  a  If 

fairs  of  said   company  on  the  aforesaid  feet   herein.      Held,    that   lie   wa.s  nnt  :i 

train,  and  whil-t  in  the  exercise  of  his  "workman"  within  Ibe  .statiitoiy  iil'iii 

superintendence,  to  couple  ii  fr(>i<;ht  car  tion. 

to    others    att.ached,"      It    was    declared  ' /Jriice  v.  /;.,»•./.,  v  (  :S'JOj    !7  Sr   --i-.. 

ihat    there    was    nothinu'    in    this    count  (as.  4th   -erics,  SI  I. 
which  -liowed  (hat  the  plaint  ilf  was  act- 
mi;;  as  Idakemaii,  or  had  heen  requested 
lu  do  so. 


^■nm 


!  i 


«  :-2-2i 


EMPLOY  KRS-  LIAHIMTY  ACTS. 


2053 


,.iiiiil..vor  unless  tliorc  i>  evidence  to  <li<'\v  that  tho  control  which  he 
.xi  rci">o(l  over  tlicm  was  tlii  -iiim-  in  kind  and  dcgrfv  as  that  exorci-ied 
l,v  a  iiiii-tcr.'  .Siniihiriy.  tho  st'n'ant  of  a  subcontractor  cannot  re- 
,ipvir  in  a  ^uit  ;if::iin>t  ihc  |>riiici])al  contractor." 

I'ikIci-  the  act-,  id'  Vu  sii.'im-ctts,  Ontario,  and  British  r.dnnil)ia, 
:|ii.  |ii'iiii!ii:il  ciiipic..''!'  i-  iiiixh'  liable  to  servants  of  outract 
.,:■,  ,,!•  -wlicunti'iicturs  for  defects  in  the  condition  of  the  wavs 
iniJicI  1)V  him  for  the  purpose  of  execiitiufr  the  work  contracted 
Wliellior  ilie  iii~irinneiiliility  whieii  caused  tlie  iujnrv  was  one 
,f  ilm-c  to  which  ihis  provi-ioii  applies  is  a  question  of  fact  iv.  eaeh  in- 


inr 
for. 


722.  Railway  servant. — It  ha«  he-m  sufrf;cste<l  that  this  term,  wliich 
:,  fiiiployed  in  tiu  Kiii:lish  act  for  the  jMirposc  ,,f  d.-^ijruatinf,'  one  of 
ihc  spt-ciiic  clasM's  of  persons  to  which  the  provisions  are  a]iplieahle, 
-loiiM  he  undr.'-tood  as  referriiij;  o!ily  to  servants  eniia^ivd  in    the 

„liict  and  iiiaiiMU'eiiient  of  raihvavs,  and  not  n^  embra<-inir  -rvants 

iiiivd  to  do  \v<irk  in  coiine-'ion  witii  a  colhiteral  undertaking  earried 
..11  l,v  a  railway  c(>uii)any  as  an  adjunct  to  its  pro|M"r  business  ot 
.•;iiTl;ue  bv  land, — c.  ij..  tho  keepina  of  a  hotel,  or  the  oi)e!-alion  of  a 

'Till'  iiiiiiors   wlio   tiiko  M-ivice  iiiidcr  mill,   whcrp  he   pa^sos  tlin>iif;li   tho  mill 

thf.   n^iil.lliii.i-ri    known    in    Knyliiiid    »»  to  net   a  drink  of  water,  and  in   rfturn 

liultv"  nicM   arc  lialili-  ti>  ili-nii^-'al  by  in<;  f;iM-^  out  of  liis  way  to  a--.i«t   a   mill 

•  lic|.iiiiiil>al  cnipliivir.  and  arc  thcrcforp  band    and    falls    tlirou.;h    an    niipiiarde<l 

II  'lidcd  a-  lii-  si-nant~  in  snili  a  vn-c  hole  in  tlic  lloor.     t'iulnii  v.  Misiiiiniiliill 

i-'tM  l».  ..ntitl.-.l   to  llic  iM-nctits  of  tlic  (LSOO)    Zl)  Ont.   licp.  -21t. 
■mpliivi-r^"  lialiililv  act  of   ISSO.     liriiin!         In     Timunii    v.     'Iim'niui    (IS'.i:!)     15H 

V.  Iliilhrlni  i:.,a  l-,'.    (1S,S.-|»    53  L.  T.  Mass.   2:!:i.  .33   X.   K.   .3iM!,  the  ca-^c   was 

S.  b.  !m;4,  50  .1.   I'.  -IM).  held  to  be  for  the  Jury,  where  the  evi- 

ScK-  also    Uilli'ldii  V.    Mtiir    (isni)    10  denip  wa*  that  the  defc-ndant   had  ;.'ivcii 

Sc.  Se^s.  Cas.  4tli  scries.  H70,  where  the  ti>   another    |«.r-^on    charL'e   of   a    e.rtain 

^in.rnl  rule  in   the  tc\t   was  applied.  room  in  his  factory  under  an  a;.'rerMii.nt 

"  \V!i:th(r   the    inimediat nployer   of  by   which   the  dcf(.n<lanl    was  to   furnish 

the   |.hiinliir    was    an    iinlepcii.!    it    ion-  the    machinery   and    materials,    ami    the 

ir.utor  or  in  the  service  of  thi   .'    ;  iidant  coiiti-aclor  was  to  hire  and  pay  the  men; 

i-  a   (|iii»tion    for    the    jury.    \. '  ere   the  that    the   defendant    was  to   |»iiy   for  the 

.villi  ii.e    is    1h.it     such    employer    took  repairs:    that    tlie    i.ontraetor    had    the 

work  finni  the  defendant;   that  he  hired  ri;;lit  to  order  the  rcp;iirs  to  be   made: 

till-  pl.iiiililT  as  well   as  other  boys,  at'd  that     the    defendant     had    the    rij.'hl    to 

|.;iiil  tiieni  their  wii}:es;  that  the  idaintiff  ins|)cct  the  machines,  and   was  often   in 

\uiit  to  work  uheii  the  ci  iiipaiiy  w;inted  th-  room:   and   that  the  injury   was   re 

him;  and  that  the  eoiiipniy  repaiieil  the  c.-ivik1   o«ini;  to  a   defect    in   om-  of   the 

iMndiiricrv    u-.  d.    wln-mver    it    was    out  machines  by  one  of  the  men   in  the  em- 

nf  or.lir.".l/«v/-.s  v.  ./ones   (IHiU:  Q.  B.  ploy  of  the  contractor.     In  this  case  the 

I).)    in   Tinies   L.  R.  4(i:i.  con'traclor  was  also  the  person  intrusted 

S«.    ;ilso    the    cases    cilcl    in    !    'i^.  by  the  defendant    with  the  duty   of  see- 

iKite  VJ.  infra.  in-;  that  the  machiiii-  was  in  piojier  con- 

M.<.,/<o/i    V.    .t/«(clii((rcir     (1S8S)    15  dit ion.  under  5  1,  sub-.  1,  of  the  statute. 

Sp.  Sisv  (as.   4th  series.  S5 1.  It  was   held  that  the  rehition   which  he 

'  \   Workman   cmplove.l   bv   a   subcon-  occupicMl  as  contractor  would  not  relieve 

lr;.itiii    ii.    do    work    'oiilside    the    mill  the  defendant  from  liiibilily  for  his  neg- 

..uuiol    iv.inir    fioiM   llie  o«U(jv  of  llw  ligcuce  in  the  discliarge  of  Ihia  Uutj. 
Vol.  II.  .M.  i.  8.-48. 


:!t   I 


^m 


Hiji 


i 

1^ 

, 

IM 

1 

1 

11 

Hi!  11 


JO.'il! 


\i  \^i  1.1!  \.\iJ  .-.Ki;\  \\j 


[<  11  W    \\.\M 


l,i  ! 


line  of  -rrarnlv.ats.'  Sudi  u  dunirinc  uonlrl  limit  ihr  h..nrtit  ,,f  tlu 
acts  in  n  mfuin.T  annlnfrons  to  tho  Hofi-ions  uiKln-  the  acf.*  of  low.i, 
K'iinsi-  a)i<l  Minno-..fj,.  uliid-.  it  is  liflrl.  nliolisli  tiip  flofrnso  of  o.-fr 
ii'c  only  in  cas-cs  wiirrf  ilic  injurif-  wore  rccoivpfl  in  the  acfniil  (iprrn 
'ion  of  a  railway.  lint.  «.  f,.,,.  a>  th.'  uri'cr  know-,  tiicrc  hn-  not  1,<.(.., 
in.v  judicial  cxiircssion  of  .. pinion  a>.  r.i  the  point  just  raixd. 

In  an  Kiifili-ii  .-a-r  ivCrn^d  to  again  in  S  ~-'".  -nhd.  Ii.  infrn.  it  ^^■ .. 
Iifid  iJiai  a  <lri\i  r  n(  n  iratn  <-ar  cuiilil  u"!  -ih  i:;hliT  tlii>  ^ict.  ;is  Ihmi, 
;i  \v.,f\iii,'ni  cnuju"  d  in  ■•inriuial  l.d-.i-  '■-  Tlic  |H.,..il)iii;v  of  hi,  w..\ 
I'viwii.  a-:  a  "railwav  -ri-v;int"  \va«  not  di>cii:-iil,  and  it,  >ieciii<  i,,  h.i  , 
Ik'ch  as-^nmed  hoth  hy  the  conrt  and  fouiise!  that  this  docriiMinn  w,, 
not  ajiplicahlc  to  an  enijiloyoc  of  a  -tivi'i  railway  conijianv.  Tl,, 
i-caM>ns  for  adoptinf;  -ncii  a  con-linciion  of  the  act  arc  umloiili,  ,11, 
-irongor  in  England  ilum  in  t!ir  Cniicd  Slnics.  Sec  ^  7<»7,  v,,^,,., 
iJnt  it  rcnniins  to  he  -ecu  whcihcr.  cvr'ii  in  ilic  former  com.ti\.  li,. 
eourt'i  will,  wlicii  the  pouii  is  iliii'cily  rai-cd.  ^n  lo  the  lenglii  of  I,..;,] 
ing  th.'i'  the  hencli'-i  of  a  remedial  -lainte  rnnsr  he  (Jcnii'il  lo  a  ei;,-.  ,,1 
employee-  who  e;m  only  he  c\<dndrMl  from  its  purview  hy  dint  of  ::t- 
laehinsi  a  somewhai  i:,irr..\,  an.  ■•hnical  meaning  to  the  word  "mil 
way." 

Ill  the  Ontarir..  Manitoha,  an<i  liritish  ('olnnihia  acts  it  iscxpn-K 
declared  that  the  term  "railway  <ei\ant"  inelmles  "trainwnv  iimi 
-in  et  railway  servant." 

It  has  heen  h(dd  llial  an  employee  working  on  a  railwav  confmlli-. 
hy  the  Canadian   I>omiiiion  govcrniiicnt  may  recover  under  the  pr.. 
i-ions  of  an  oinployer>'  liahility  act  pas-ed  by  the  icgishiture  nf  t!ic 
i'rovince  in  which  the  injury  was  re<;eived.' 

All  persons  in  thr'  cnijiloymeut  of  railway  conipanic^,  wlK'tcvi; 
■nay  he  ^heir  rank,  an   within  the  jnirview  of  the  act.' 

723.  Workmen.— I iv  -.-c.   lo  of  the  Fnglish  act  it  is  deehired  thn- 
the  e.\])ressioii  "workman"  nicnis  **anv  person  t<p  whom  tin  eiiip|..v(r- 
aiid  workmen    n't  ot    1^7,".  ai.plie«."     'I'hc  wonis  of  the  a<T  tiiii-  r. 
terre  I  to,  so  fai'  a-  they  are  material  in  this  eonm.'ction,  aie  as  f"i 
lows : 

•Till'  f\|)n-sion  'workiiinir  .lo,  .  not  include  a  domp^tio  or  mcniiil  snrvnnt,  but. 
-ttvc  :i-  .il'..r...iii(i    MM-  :oiv   |ii'r-iin  wlm.  Iioinp  a  laborer,  .servant   in  huiltinJr.v. 

'  Ro!iei1.    i    W  nil, ice    on    l.liil.ilily    ,.f         '■f„„ii,!ii   Soiitlurn    II.   Co.   v    -tdd-iOi' 

Kniploy.  I-.  :!il  ed.   p.  2.U.  (ISitOi    17   Can.  S.   C.   "HI. 

'Cmtlc    V.    \<,ri!)    \'rtrnpt,ltl„,i    Tiinii-         '\   -iipeiinO  rilcnt    drowned    wliilrcn 

''iiys   ro.    tISST)     J..    I!.    IS   ().    H     |)iv  f.;,;,,.,!    jn    inve-t  i-atinL'  1I i..!,iiori  -1 

iis:i.  .-.(i   I,.  .«.  (.1.   H.   V.  «.  .•ir»<>.  an   ]..    r.  :i    u-,!!    u;.-   lu-l.!   *Mit!!!-..|    >••   r.,:v,T  iv. 

\.  S.  4-)S.  .-,:  I,.  T.  X.  S'.  47r,.  :;.-,  \\,,,k.  I'air^uK    v,   (\,„„.ll,n,    I'.    I!    <n.    ,|S!Hi 

l;"p.  577,  jl  J.  1'.  (i;<0.  V>   Mnnilolu    |..   Itcp.   \\i. 


>  :iaj 


k.>U'L(jM.i;^)  i.iAi;ii.in  .\».i5. 


JU.i. 


'ounieyman,  artiliicr,  hanJuraH-iiK'ii,  ii.iiur,  or  olhcnvui'  ciigi^El  in  manual 
;abor,  whether  under  the  age  of  twenty  niie  ycnr-  or  \hovo  tliU  .i;;o,  has  cntcre.1 
iito  or  works  uinlcr  a  roiitr.n't  uith  an  omiilnyir,  vh  'lur  tl.;  fon'r.ict  be  tiia'lo 
iicfore  or  after  the  [la^-iiij;  ot  this  act,  bu  txiin-*  or  iii.|')..  i.  mil  or  in  writuij:. 
inJ  be  a  conlracl  of  scrvicr  or  a  eon'rart  ptr-innlly  Id  i  \'  .  .Hi'  uiy  '■'•mk  "i  labor." 

This  ■section  Im-  b.cii  inci.riiorntcil.  uiili   -■■;:.■  iiiiiM,ii;iiit  ••li;iiigi-s, 
11  tJic  eoionini  net-  uk  nii'incd  in  jj;;  •Jr.n.  r.coM.  suin't. 

Tlic  ipicaiiiii.i;'  "t  tlic  wui-'is  l>y  wlMcli  ;lh  \:,!-iwns  kind-  ■.('  \.'ii-|;iiicii 
,iri'  ilc-'luiiiilcil.  iiii'i  111  ilif  inov.'  >:•  III  I'iil  |.lirj-i  -  wiili  wliirii  ilir  pro 
\isiii)i  ciiiicliiil''^.  i-  to  !'<■  ii-"iM'i.iini  il  ii'it  i.i.lv  fr-in  ilir  ili'i-i-iMii-;  ii|iiiii 
ilie  cnij)li>y(Ms'  li;iliility  iicl  ii-ill'.  mul  iln  ciuiilMMr^  :iiiil  v.orl'jicii 
;iot  to  wliicli  it  vclrr-.  liui  ;i|-'i  tVum  tlic  im-i  ~  in  ^vliich  i'i'ihm-  ^I.MllIl■■ 
nhieh  niJiki'  ti-c  <A'  a  --iiiiiliir  u  .■iiiiii'i|,.;:y  li:i\r  Imimi  ci.n-i  .umI.'  Smur 
•oiiimon-law  i';i>f-  nvc  iil-"  -iTvir:';ili!.'  t.-r  i,in'|i  p-rs  ni'  •l^'iiiit  ion. 


a.   DoinesHr  ai   iiici  nl  m  iri'.nL — I  Si  r  :il-ii  -111'-,  h 


>[">.)- 


Airnrdini'  t"  a    i»'\t-l"iiik  ol'  i-cnn!",  ijniin'-lic  nr  m:  niai   -ir.aiit-'  iirr 
■•th,i,c  jicisiiii-  will'  r  iiuiiii  liniN    ;     i"  iln  ai'iin;   Imilily  w,,r:,  a-  set 

ants  fur  tlif  1"  IS"!!;)!  r. 'in  l"i'!.  i  "in  .ni'  iicc,  "T  iii  \iii'\   of  liic  ina  stiT. 
,iis  family,  or  lii-  nm-i-.  ami  '\ii",  'ur  tl:i-   i."|.  i-r.  ln'i-uni,'  ]i;irt  ot 

■  11   !iias!<T'<  r'-iiiciil  iai  nr  liii.'-i  ri  -i'!.  nlial  r-i.:iil  -liiniait."- 
Wliptlicr  or  not  a   -ci-vaiit  is  a  il"iui-iiL  or  iin'iiial  .-crvaiit  is  pri 

'.arily  a  (]ii"srii)ii  <if  tact  tor  thi'  ;iiiy." 

In  thi-.  i-i'iini'i'tioii.  liottc\ci.  il    i-  ai'  ii'iilii!      <in      Iii-^      nii-tiTs       <rii|ii-rty 

miss  to  rt'call   tlir  iriiiark  iil    l.rl''.   ■'..  '  \'. »/■'/'   \.     I'..'/'    ;is;',:>|   •>  (    ,Mn|>.  .\i, 

liiit  "it  is  a   niiittcr  of  loiiuiH'ii   kmu!  .v   II.  ."il.   I   i;i!'.  ',J.  '•   lyiu.  7a  ".   1   I..  -I 

Il'i'  th:it    word.s    in    <mi-    :nt    of    I'.uli  i  i' .c!,.    N.    .<     l.'.',i;    In. I    hut    ;i    u..'.  i  ti:i-.-- 

n-ii1    ;iMy  liavp   a    ni<:uiinL.'    \>liirli    tiii'V  i '/'.(/'/    v.    A    /  .  .i /i    if-'.-j    ":'    l!.\i'li      l.'>l 

iniil'l  not  have  in  iiai^lliiT."     It  i7v./i  v.  .'2    I,.    1,    '..'..    V     •-.    I.    17   .liir.    ll'JIi 

/'i/io(H    (ISiri)    U    (.1.    1!.    411.").    1!>    1..   •!.  vnr    t',,      ;..:,     I,   .  j.  i     .,f    ii    l.u  u'l'    lioti'l 

1,1.  H.  X.  S.  4!),   14  .Ilir.  :ii;il.  (/'/.'.',     V.    I.  ,,,i     .    ilS7i.|    Ir.    I{i|i.    1" 

UiiliiTts   &    Wallai'c    on    I.i.il.ilily    <>f  (.'.   I..    Iss,;    ,.,,;    ,,,1  i-iii[iI"mi'  wlin  com 

i;ii;|.K.M"rs,  ;id  fit.   [i.   -'14.     Tin-,   il.'iiai-  'an.--    :'.■,■    |,i;,li,'i-    i!    n'-i    ,,  :i;l    uk! 

.I'll      was      ri'i'i'iitly       iii''\iioiii"l       '.\it!i  j.r'!.-::.r   i/'-.;.,"i,    \.l',:i   !:•    fl»ill|  l_'Ir. 

I'Kirkrd     a|i|iri>\.il     li\"     Ci'liii-.     -1.     m  ■  .   I,,   l."''".    J'i..|. 

/•..III.    V.    I in,:,l',„  .',     iisoii    I'J    !..    .1  i'!,,-  -t.',',  :,,.■!,•   .'f   r.l,'.' -  "I,,.   Hull   \\:,- 

').  li.  X.  S.  441.  r.i|   1..  'I'.   -N.   -<.  :!|i;    .'7  •  nl   "in.-il.il'   i-    ilrriv. -l    fvi'in    lu'inut 

I.  I'.   7'10.   wluTr  a    !«ilni:iii    in   a    j^ii'mh  ■  li-    ■In--    uf     ..  i, cii-    I'fli.u'    cnin'   iv.-.l 

iiirtisc  \v;i«  lirM  to  ili-chiir^'i' liiitii-  \\  il" 'i  ■'■    .-    ii</i»   'n'l  ■an .  <\    \    ■   ii.'ii!   ili,-nntc 

were  siili-liiiitially  of  a  iiii-iiinl  nilui'-.  .rli.vriii   p.  ,i:-il  i.i   I'M!"!";.! .  iHi.j   i-  r m- 

In  ai'tions  v.liiai' the  (jui'-tiiiii  iiivuhril  'I    im'    ii.lIiv     :ii'-i;r,!l'i  .,    .,{    t!i,il    mtI 

ivas   wlii'tlnT    tlio    nilc    \va  ■    a|i|'lii',ilil'-.  .'li'-'i  iirc  -lill  ^ijli.wnl  In  lii-li'jure  K'ual 

thnt  dome-tic  servants  arc  iinly  (Mil  itliil  i:,.'ii--.      '\'.\;-    -\!iic!    I-    i.m-Iv    il>rived. 

10  a  nior.lli'-  wari'iiiL'  when  llu'  eontrui''  ,..i'  ;'!,■;;    t.,    ih      I,,-!      li'.i.i!.    ..utlioii 

"f  liiriii,;;  i-  Icniii              it   lius  Keen  lii-lil  '  ic-.  In  i  i  I'lc  ^.i\r.|:  nn  s.n  .  i,i'  <rir.  that 

iliat    the    |i!ii'a-o   "i      lial    .servants"    in  i-    j    i,.  u- !;' M.  in-  I'niily.     S.e  (  dliins. 

'hides  a  liiintsnian  hiieil  to  take  iliir-''  1..    in   /'■.■/'•    \.    /,'/,  .^  '  ■  .  n- .   v»y„,;.  ami 

III"     a    paek    of     fo\!io\in<ls     f\i-  ,11    \.  -'     n'-   111  viii<>l"-i' .il   hi' I..  -i,h   ',,v. 

Urcarrs   ILsiUl    17   i  .    i;.    N.    s.   -J",    li:;  /■  -.,,,    v.  I..:<.^'h,.,  „.    ils"|!i   (1_>  1,.  .1. 

i..  .f.  C.  1'.  N.  S.  2.J1).  in  .hu.  X.  .-.  :l]!i.  il.   X.  '<.  411.  ra   1,.  T.  N.  is.  31ii,  j7 

10  I..  T.  X.  S.  .Vil.  1>  Week.  Ilep.  '.Mil  I  ;  1     I'    "00.  pir  Uilliaiui,  J. 
»uJ  a  head  gardener  living'  iu  a  cottage 


wm 


'     '!( 


'1H 

"Ti 

'■'' 

It. 
■1 ,,  t' 

a 


-1     :'l  't    ■:     I,     -.  .. 
■   Ifii 


■':   (•:.:' 


ih 


I'OJS 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


i!  ," 


-:  I  r  i : 


li;   !i 


h'- 


llIlAlV  X.SXMI 

6.  Lahonr. — (See  also  note  9,  infra.) — The  generic  word  "lal)nivr " 
denotes  a  man  who  digs  and  does  otlier  work  of  that  kind  wiili  Li^ 
hands.*  In  one  srnse  every  man  who  works  or  labors  may  be  calli  .j 
a  "laborer;"  but  the  word,  as  used  in  tlic  stutiitc,  has  a  more  restrict!. | 
meaning,  being  ap])iiciible  only  txi  a  pers.in  whose  work  is  e-sciiti:ill\ 
manual.  It  d'les  not  embrace  an  omnii)ns  coiiductiir,'^  nor  the  cun- 
taker  of  gund*  seizo<i  under  a  H.  da.,"  nor  a  earpeiiter,  nor  a  luiiliri'. 
nor  the  clerk  of  a  parish." 

In  one  case  it  wa-*  remarked  that  artiliccrs,  liaii(ii.T;\ft>iiicii,  iniiuM-. 
etc.,  do  net  necessarily  or  jiropcrly  fall  under  the  deii(niiiii;iti,,ii  ,,i 
"laborers."*  Kut  this  disiinction  is  not  malt  rial  in  the  pivscnt  cun 
nection. 

The  word  "laborer"  in  the  sp(>cial  provision  of  the  stamp  act  liv 
which  agreeiiuiiis  for  tiie  hire  nf  a  "lai)orer"  are  admissible  ju  evi- 
dence, even  if  they  are  unstamped,  is  not  CDuiiiied  to  a  men  lie<l-.  ; 
and  ditcher.* 

C.  Servant  in  liushimdnj. — This  description  applies  to  a  diiirvni;ii': 
who,  by  her  contract,  is  to  assist  in  harvesting,  if  so  re([iiinMi,"'  to  :i 
servant  engaged  by  a  farmer  to  act  as  •'kitchen-woman  and  hvn 
tvonian,""  to  a  w.ignner,'^  and  to  a  "man  emi)]oyed  t<>  <li^  the 
ground,"'^  but  not  to  a  person  engaged  by  a  farmer  t..  weigli  out  t!ir 
food  for  the  cattle,  to  set  the  men  to  work,  and  in  all  things  to  cair\ 
out  the  orders  given  to  him.*'* 

"Ser\anls  in  lni.-.l)an(lry"  are  expressly  excluded  from  the  benetit- 
of  the  Ontario,  Manitoba,  and  Uritish  Cohuabia  acts.  See  M-ctioii  ■ 
subs.  3.'* 


*Brott.  M.  R.,  ill  Moninii  v.  h'nulnn 
flinrral  Oninihii.t  Ca.  (1SS4)  L.  R.  1,"? 
Q.  U.  Div.  8.".2,  .-,;t  L.  J.  c}.  B.  N  S. 
352.  51  1,.  T.  X.  S.  21:t.  32  Week.  Uci.. 

759.  la  .1.  [>.  r,m. 

"D:iy.  .J.,  in  Morfjnn  v.  London  (leii- 
iral  OmniLiis  (o.  iJSS;!)  L.  1{.  12  Q.  H. 
Div.  201,  50  L.  T.  \.  S.  fiS7.  32  Wivk. 
Rep.  41 1). 

*  Urn  I IV  ell  v.  Pi , meek  (1827)  7  Barn. 
4  C.  5311,   1   Mniin.  &  R.  40n. 

'Brett,  M.  P..,  in  Mor<in:i  v.  London 
fleneral  Omnib'm  Co.  (1SS4)  L.  R.  13 
Q.  B.  Div.  832,  53  I..  .1.  Q.  I!.  X.  S.  352. 
51  L.  T.  X.  S.  213.  32  Week.  Rep.  750, 
48  .T.  P.  503. 

'  Lord  Kllenliorouch  in  Loirthcr  v. 
Iladnnr    (I.SOdi    s   East    113    (p.   124). 

'(jxti-rn    V.    Wortlcti     (1851)    21    L.    .T. 
.M.  r.  X.  S.   tl.  2  Drn    f,  (■    .33.".    15    Iiii 
1137.  5  Cox.  C.  C.  382,  Temp,  i  M.  03G, 
holding   that    n    man    t'nj;:iL'(>d    to   take 
ohurge  of  glebe  land  at  a  fi.\ed  salary 


and  a  third  of  the  net  prodts  \vn>  not   i 
"nirnial  -^"i  v.iiit,"  hut  a  •'l.iliuri  r." 

'"/.'jr  ifirtr  lhii;h'i  (1854)  23  I.  .1 
■M.  r.  X.  S.  13S.  IS  ,Jur.  447.  2  UV, :. 
Rep.  405.  2  C.   L.  Rep.    !542. 

"(7«r/,c  V.  .\JXaiiqht  (lS45i  .\rklr' 
(Sp.)    .33. 

'■'■I.illr.j  V.  i:hrin  (1848)  lid  !!  7!J. 
17  L.  J.  y.  B.  X.  S.  132.  12  .fur.  i,l:l 

"Brett,  .M.   R.,   in    Utrfian  v.   /,o,.,/. 
General  Oinuibus  Co,    (ISs,      I,    K    1:. 
Q.  B.  Div.  832,  53  L.  J.  g.  ll  S.  •^  :i:,l 
51  h.  T.  X.  S.  213,  32  Week.  i;,|.   :.)". 
48  J.  P.  ,-)03. 

"U'lvif.s  V.  rUrwivK-  (ISfil,  :i  Kl.  i 
El.  540.  Croiiipton,  J.,  pointed  (.iit  th.il 
his  ''liief  duty  was  to  ki'cp  tlir  -cinTal 
aecounts  Ixdonjiinsf  to  tin-  f;irni.  niul  tlii- 
fiiot  indicated  tliat  his  pn^ilinn  «a- 
rath,-r  tli:»t  of  a  btf«ard  than  tiiai  cf  j 
'Servant." 

"  I'nder  this  provision  it  i-  fcr  the 
jury  to  say  whether  the  plaintiff  wai  « 


kte^Miki 


I  723] 


EMPLOYERS  I-IABILITY  ACTS. 


20S9 


The  Ma?saclnisotts  act  ahn  cxchKlos  "farm  If.l.oror.-." 
d.  Jouriivyman.—ln  a  tivatisp  of  authoritv  the  tulI..\vins<lofiiiiti<m 
,f  tlip  word  "jouriKyman"  is  suirgestiHl :  '-Oiif  wlio,  IhIhj^  iiciilicr  a 
forciiiin  nor  an  a])i>Vciitic(\  anJ  working  not  on  his  own  acnmiit  tor 
the  i,ui)lic,  but  iinilcr  a  master,  works  witli  his  han'ls  in  an  uccui.ation 
„f  a  const ruot.ivp  kind,  rrqiiirinc;  ^kiilrd  knowlc'di:.-,  which  -kiil-d 
knowlc'U'o  he  possesses.""'  Ktymnlonifally  eonsidciT.l.  a  "j<ninie^\- 
man"  i  "'ic  wiio  is  cii.ph.yod  hy  the  day,  Init  lliaf  is  not  tlie  srii>e  in 
u-liich  the  term  is  ordinarily  used,  for,  in  mn-t  of  the  trach's  in  which 
journevmen  are  employed,— as,  for  an  in-tanee.  in  ilie  bn-iness  of 
i.ut.laTs,  bakers,  and  tailors,— they  are  hire.l  and  paid  by  the  week.'' 
€.  Artilircr.—{Svi-  also  subs  /.  n..tes  Hi,  1'.'  .M,  //(/>'(.)  An  "ar- 
;iticor,"  according  to  Brett.  M.  R..  is  a  "skilled  workmrn  "'*  The 
wonl  has  i)een  held  apiilicable  to  a  framework  knitter  who  manufac- 
tiirod  sfockinss,'"  and  to  the  stoker  of  a  stean.er.^"  It  is  not  contined 
to  occtipatious  of  which  the  essence  is  "maiinnl  labor,"  l)Ut  end.rac-s 
Mich  workmen  as  a  calico  pattern-dc>ii;iier.  eima-i-d  to  serve  for  a  t.Tin 
..f  vcars:-'  and  the  overseer  of  a  priniini;'  otbce :-'-  or  th.-  -^uperinteii 
.Ici'it  of  looms  in  a  fact.iry,  whose  lime  is  divided  between  the  -iiper- 
visi.m  and  manual  labor.-' 

f.  lI(Ui(li'rnfls„iiiii.—(f^vo  also  sul)s.  /,  notes  \C,.  4!t.  !iifrn.)  The 
nicaniii-;  of  the  word  ••haii<!icraftsman"  i>  essentially  the  same  as  that 
..f  ihi'  word  'artificer,"— that  is  to  ^ay,  he  is  a  '•skillei!  workman."'"' 

g.  M'liirr. — By  section  7,  sid.s.  -2,  of  the  recent  Kn^rii-h  workmen's 

-,.,vant   in   t.u~l.a,uhT   and   was  .-n;..,u.d  IV    N.    S.   :!:i^    51    I..    T.    V     S.   2i;t.   M2 

in  till-  u-umI   (oiirso  of   hU   work,   u  ii.n  Wr.U.  l..-i>.  >-<'X  4H  ■'.  I  •  •''••I-    ^   ,,     ,     , 

llio  ovi.l.'McT   is   that   a   faniwr   had    iint  ■»  l/.,o(/.o./.sr  v.   /..  •    (ISl.t)    4  Io<t.  & 

...pu-od  him  to  do  any  i>-"ti'alar  kind  I'    :i.-,4   ( tnuk  act  i . 

,.|   «nrk.   hilt    that   he   was   (ii>-t    put    at  -  W  ,ls>,n  v.  /«/»</«    (IKtll)    14  (,).    I!. 

™<on    u..rk.    and    then    at    di^iiin^'    ll"'  ^''V  l'»  I'-  ■'•  Q-  »•  N-  f^-  ■«"•  •*  ■'"'•  •*'''' 

drain   Nil.iih   cavod    in   and   thu-   coi-.-.l  i-lainp  'lott.              _,,,,,.      ,    ,,      ,    , 

the    irinrv    n.i.ndaincd     of.       It-id    v.  ^' /.r  ,„/-/<   0,»irorf   ( IStt  i    IDovxl.  * 

Banirs   (1SII4)    ir,  Ont.  U.-p.  ^l-i.  I-   sJ.k    1    N.w    S,-.   Ca-.   :!S     1:1    1..   .1. 

■•Eoh,-ris  4    Walh.™  on   l.iahility  of  M.  <  .  N.  S.  7:!,  S    lio-,  4:'.   i  d.'ci-ien  ..n 

Emplovers,  ;!d  ..d.  I).  221.  4  (i.n.  II..  chap.  .■(4.  5  :)>. 

"  Morrian  V.  hordoti  (liiwnil  OiiDiibKs  ■"  liislmi,   v.    I.>llz    (IH.)S)    1    lo-t.    ic 

Co    (ISS.i)    I-  K.   12  Q.   I!.  Hiv.  201.  50  F.  401    i  stamp  act). 

I    T    X    S    tJST    32  \\\-\<.  Itcp.   tl(>.  per  -' l.nrh   v.   Iliiilsi'l<     (HS,.,    ,1    L.   T. 

11,1V.'  .J.,   who   rcmaikod    that    thr    term  \.  S.  427.  1  Times  L.  H    :i!il    (hHd  ml. 

woiild  not   he  appliol    in   common   par-  tlcl  to  ncovcr  for  an  injury  cau-cd  In 

lance  to  an  onmilms  conductor.     In  the  defective  machinery,  thonixh   he  was  .  n 

same  case  in  thp  court  of  apiK'al.  as  re-  eajred   in   supeivisiuii   when  tlic  aceideiil 

i-rtcd   in    (1SS4)    5:t   I,.  .1.  Q.   H.    X.   ?•  oceiinvd). 

.■|.V2.  51   I..  T.  N.  S.  21.'?.  32  Week.  Rep.  •'  llrett.   .M.   R.,  m    Unr/;-"!   v.   I.iinil',n 

Ton!  43  .T.   P. 'sO.i.    Brett.   -M.    1!..   said:  (!r,i>inl    Oiinnhim    Co.     (1SS41.    ns    re 

".\  'ifurncvman'  is  a  man  who  is  work-  purled   in   53   L.   .1.  (J.   I!.   X.   S.  352.   51 

ini  for  a  iiiaster.  sneli   as  a  carpenter."  L.  T.   X.  S.  213,  32  W.vk.  R.p.   ,  .>:i.  4S 

Tills  passafic  is  not  in  tlie  law    Ue|><jrts.  ,].  1'.  5ii.>. 

"  ilorqnn  V.  Lnnd^n  Oeiirrnl  Omnibiia  A   hairdrossor   is   not    a    'handicr.-.n - 

Co.   (1S84),  as  reported  in  53  L.  J.  Q.  man"  Itcg.  v.  .histin.s  of  I.outh    (I'.miO) 


: .  ! 

!  -,( 

■  i  .1 
■J 
■  i 


!l  : 


!   I 


M  1 


1    I 

n 


"f^' 


'  '"1  ii  1    I 
'■  ,»  '»      I 


■JIW 


masti;r  and  skrvant. 


(cnAr.  xxxni 


•ii 


"oinjinii- '•;  T-  ;ii't  of  1S07  tl|..-  \v(inl  "iniiiP,"  n<  u<5C(l  t!i.  icin,  nionn- 
.;  Tnii)e  to  '*  I'ich  il-c  c<<a\  mines  rf^utihiti'-n  act  of  ISST,  or  the  inetallif 
(•^ou^♦  1  'K  -  rcuulutic'ii  act  of  1872,  Jipplie^.  T,i  the  ub>encc  of  iiir 
I'xprc-s  .Icchuiilioii  ii!  ihi-  finiikivc i>  and  wovkiucn  act  of  IS".',  it  j. 
iTUvinahlc  to  Mippi.-'  ill  ;■  •'  ->  nilr  of  eon*tniction  thus  indieatfHl 
woi'lil  lie  fMl!..\v.',!  ill  ■'  n.;    .lifther  a  woi-i<tiiaii  was  a  "iniiiT" 

for  iIm'  |>'h|"  -1  -  1,1  I  .  ,,  I-.'  liidiilitv  ;ict.-'' 

Willi  ;i'  (1  1-1  to  ihi'  111-  .ii-tioii  lii-nvi  .11  "ii  ill.  -"  and  "<|ii,irriis"'  i; 
liii-  Ik--'|i  l"!d  'liat  ui.rki  r-  in  iiiidi  i;;r.)iinii  n'Mi-rii'-  of  ^late  an'  on^ 
tiilrd  ii.  ill,.  pv,,i,  ,.|i,,|,  |,i-,,vid,.('  fill-  iiiinrr~  under  ili'  mciallifiTi.ii. 
iniiio  act."''  F'"i.r  -'imc  piirp..-,  -  it  i-  rlojir  tiiat  a  Mirl'ii'- ■  ipiarrv  i<  not 
a ''mini'."'"'  liiii  ilic  (|ni-!ion  uliiijier  a  worl.iiian  i  iiipjovi'il  in  -U'-' 
(!  (piiirrv  i^  IIP  ir  m.t  a  "iiiii.'  i"  i-  mM  iiKilriial  in  the  |>rcsent  cunui'o 
tion.  (^i;iin\  III -n  <<(  all  di'-iTiplii>n>  are  at  all  events  within  tlii'  jmr 
vifw  cif  ill'.  i^'iM  i;i|  ••!  iii-^c,  "otherwise  enjraui'd  in  iiianiial  lahnr."-" 

/*.  /'./s'/f.s  '''ii.i,ri^c  (//.//./(,/  //,  iittiiihiif  inJii.r." — Coiifiiniuilih 
to  a  fainiliiii-  priiiciplr  uC  ■iaiiil>ry  coii-inn-tiim,  thi-  ;;'eiieral  phr;i-. 
i<  liild  til  ri't'ri'  ti>  !:iliMi  (  i,,-ii,  III  ijfin  i  i.-i  wiih  the  specific  kind-  pn- 
\  ioii-'y  iiiciii  i'iii(.(l.'--' 

There  is  -..nii'  diliii'ilix  in  I  linin;;-  the  iii,i-  Ix'Vend  wliich  a  pcr^m: 
will  fail  to  cMiiH.  wiiliiii  tlie  >!<  liui;i..ii  of  a  ■■werknniii"  as  dellncd  li\ 

2  Tr.  IN  |i.  71 1.     .\- III  i!ii~  r  i.i..  .,,.  .il-ii    ..'1-1111.111.11    it    \>...    li..|,i   tli.it    III..  .■> 

-nil-  //.  ii.j.ii.  |.i.-.-i(iii     •■iiiitH's"     il-il     11, ,t     ,.|iiiij.i-. 

IJy    S    4    ,1'    l!i,'    «,.ii,-ii,|,    r.  _.\il  ,ii,.n    ■■■ii.iiri.-."     mi, I     ii     vn-     .,,i,|     xU.a    ., 

.lot     ISlIT     Cllt    \'iil.    ,.:i;i|.      I|i,i       .,:„.,     1,..     .,.|,,ii-y    j..    (Ii-lili:;lli-l...,|    t'|..lll    .1     liili,.  a- 

p,.;i1(il  t.y    11    \i.l     ,i..i.     h;.  -. ',       ii,    II.  l„.iii,.r' "n    |,lii,,.    |||„,,,    ,,,.    .||i,  V,.    i,r   n..i 

it   u:i.-  il..|.!;ii  -I   lii.il    ■■    l..,ri.|i.  r    i   '     imll  iiii.l.r    LOiiinil.''      TlliiiiT.   I,.   .1.,    in   II II 

MKnii    iinv    111, 'mill     I,      ■     lA.i,    -.   !     !.<  v.    II  i7s,.„    il.siiii,    |.,    |;,    ]    (^d.    ;:ii;i.  :;:, 

wiiy    ,  f    III. I,-    ,.i     f   1     |.iii  I.......      I    ^jiiii.  I..  .1.   ell.    \.   s.   ;!:i7,    ]2  ■hit.   N.   s    ^i|,:; 

•n    ei-    in,i.'.    ;i    1    I,,   t',,.    ...iLiii;    ,1    iinv  It    I,,    f,   \.    S.    11.1.    14    \\,;i.   l;..],.   r..; 

.irli.l.-.   .1     '..111    .I    ,.11    i.-ii.l,.    .r    ill    ,r         ■    ■-,   .  /),  ,  .,,,,v/i.',-.    \ .  l{„,rli,iKi,,,    i|S';| 

in'ii!,-)'.!     <-,    !■;■     i.'i,  i  li,....     ;,     min....  'iS  ,1.  I*.  7.'   i  ,.,i  m-  iiiiiler  stiit.  1  (;,-,.   IV 

ortl:ini,.i!',  i'  ;.       lin;  'mii'j,      m      .!-,ri,,i-..  cliiip.  ;!  1.  J  .'l.  in  \»  |ii(.|i  a  „.rvaiit'.  m.i'j.  ■ 

.iiIii|ititiL'    I'nr    --.Ir    .i..\     .irti..'.    ■       i'lM  \M  IV    i'.iiiVIIihI   fur  ali-iMiiv   finm   u.uk. 
'Ii-li'lilifii    li.i-    I",  n    lii'M    I.I    iiii'lii         :iii  l)ii.\-.  .1..   in    Muiiimi   v.   /,'.,,/■■»   (;. .. 

<'m|il...vi'i>  ( ip.  1..:.  il  ill  'li.ii.j.i.  ~ti,i ,..   |.l.iil.  ,/•.,/    Ill, 11, ilni-i   <'i,.    (ISS.'l)    I..   I!.    12  (V 

lirnihni  V.  I'liifi'    I  |s:i  ,    I  .  K.  i;  ii.   j!.  l;    |)i.,.  -^i,].  .-,ii  1,.  T.  \.  S.  (isf.  .1-.'  \\.-.,'L 

71S.    10   I..   .1.    \l,   ('.    N.    S.    _'llll.    l!l\\..|..  Urf:    III..      In  till-  Liiiirl   r.f  :ii.,,.;il    lls<4| 

H.'l«.    1144    I'lM  iih   .  i'  11,. I    ill   ,.|i.|.i.  ,  ill-.  .-,:l   !..    I.  1 1.   );.   \,  ,-i.  .-i.-.j.  .-,i    ).    •)■    \,    s 

.1  cliiM  mi.li  1- ,  i.,.'.i'   \ ,.  II .  of  iiL,.- .  :il:!.   :'._>.   \V,.,.k.    |;,.]),   7."ili.  4S  .f.   I',  .Vi.! 

-'Till'  \\,  1,1  ■■\\  .1 1  111  111'"  in  tl'.'  ,..ii|i|.iy-  lii.ii.  \i.  K.    «;.i,|  t|i;i(  i|ii-  |,|im~..  iik.iii! 

.■r<'  tiiiliilily  net  ,1  \"i..|..ii.i    ( .\ii-lr,ili;i)  "iiiiy    pi  r-.m    i  im'.ij;,..!    in   ili,    -mii...   \\.i\ 

h.    tiy   :in    |.\i>n.--    |>ri\  i-iiiii.    ii,.t    ;i|.;ili-  im  nil    i|.,.  oILith  ure  oii2ul'h1.  .nlli'c  ii'jii 

.•r.iil,'  to  iin>    ti,.i.,.ii  ,.,  II  ii|._.  mill,  r  i|iv.  I.  tlii.y  Ho  not  yo  i)y  ttii'  -;\Mif  nniin  -." 
j>Mt  .'i.  (.f  llic  mine-  ml   i.f  Isno  To    tin-    same    rit'ci't.    sec    iiiiiark-   ul 

■■'.S',-...'     V.     /.•i,)ii,«     ilS7.j)     -J.'!     V,"..|.k.  SiiiiLli.  .;.,  ill  rv,oil- V.  Vort/,  .l/<^/-../i  ./f^i.i 

Rr-p.    7."');    .fo,,- ■<    v.    f ',  .  m,i,i,-/ ,,.,    shilr:  fruii.  n  <nis   Co.    {1SS7)    L.    I!.    iS  n.   Ii 

c.  iisr'.i)  .!!  I..  T.  \.  s.  -.:>;.  i..  ij.  -,  div.  i;s.'i.  .-,n  t,.  ,t.  q.  v..  n.  s.  i'ii'V  :«. 
i:  i-ii.  I'lv.  '  .    .■'  1..  .i  I.',.:,,  N.  .■-.  iio.  1,.  T.  .\.  s.  i4s,  ;•;  ],.  I.  .\.  s.  -1:0...., 

:js  W. ...!..  i;   '•        :.   II  .1    l>.   li;v  Week.   Ki-n.  377.  51  .J.  P.  C:!!). 

I'l    .     .:i   .     '.vii.  ;■■    A    I. .1-1     .»a-    llll.l.T 


m 


K.MIM,«»  I  !>•  I.IAIIII.'     >    ^<   '■ 


hi.  olauso.     In  M„nr  .•„..-  tl.f  tr.f  .■..n.ln-.i.  will  U'\u.\\r.iir.[  U^^ 
,1„.  fact  thnt  thr  lrjji4iiturc  ha-  ii-<m]  thi-  wonl    •labor,     not  "work 


Various  <K-cuiwtioiis  iriu 
iiuiiiual  Inbor.-'" 
In  oilier  OU.-WS  a  "-an-tii.'i.>i-. 


\  b<'  -aid  to  involvf  "iii.iiuii 


work."  and  nni 


l-IIIK'tloll    tlla^ 


1m-  diawii  Im'1'- 


hii-c  vv 


hoM'  labor  i-coiiliiiiioii-.  ami  i- .iiiir.-  no  .1 


i|.l.lii-iiiioii  i.f  thmiiilil. 


1,1  ih.i-c  wlios.   labor  n(iniic 


tbc  :i|.iilif:ifi.iii  of  a  .••  riaiu  am.. nut  ..| 


iii.n.' 


lit  and  <kill.""      Um  'la-  "i"-'  ::''i'-  '-i 


1\   -,  r\  i.-.'iil.|. 


i-lifd  bv  tbc  i|..>-irii 


tbai  till'  "—.iiiial  i|ii('-.ii..ii  10  b.'  .in-\\.  iv.l   m 


1c«t    1-    till 

I 


i-li  iiwfaia-r   1-   w 


liclbi  r   ilii'  ilnii.  -   i"'!'!. 


i;iiTih  nil 


■nial  or  niainlv 


il.  aii.l  lliai  il 


i\    tli.'  -.  i\  ant    v.'i'. 


onlv  wiirr. 


•t  aiM'li'- 


i.  (Iiitif-  bfloni;  to  ibf  laii.r  .mi.-..!; 


Thi-  .I..1-I  I'iiK'  inv  olvcs  til 


lai'v  iliai.  III''  men 


n-c  of  ilii    liaii-U   m   iiiatlors  im 


'idontal   t< 


iiiin  s  ('m|> 


i\  I-      III    lioo 


n.>t  coii-i  r  II'.'  hiiii 


:i   niaiiiial   liili>.r<'r 


will 


nil 


III'  iiii'iiii 


int;  oi  till'  :a'i- 


I' 


.w  '  11-    .ii;l    till-  .'.'111' 


ii..ii    till    i-oiiri- 


i:iv( 


licl.l  iliaf  .111  ai-iioii    'iiiiii'.i  I"    ilia 


iiitaiiii.l  iiii.U'i'  till'  ai 


•f  of  l>«ii 


iV  a  JiiM'-on  rm|doy 

1, 


-  a  ])i'a.'ti.'.'il  voi'i>iii-   .111 
i"lit  wi-'ii  lo  .'ai'i',>   "111.  .11 


■(I  lis    ;i   lll'iii  ol   III 

li.iiiii'.   ill   .li-\  id. 


1  iiiaimfai'tnivr-'  "to  a-i-t  llic  tinn 


lull:;   i. 


li-a-  ill.  \,  till'  li 


,[  I.,  liiii-.'ir  ..riiiinai.'  ami  cai'i'v  "lit  id.  a- 


"il  invi' 


'ioii-  -IIII  : 


1,11'   Oll-I  II 


.1  -ncli  II  nil 


Ills 


eoiidll.-lor  ; '     II. .r   l'\    a 


i|    il    ■■  lalll    .': 


•■'  n..i'  liv  an  oiiiiii 
ii..r  bv  a  ur.i.'ir  - 


,,/,   4,    \..,iii    \hi.-n 


,h:„,.      I, 


,l\      mil'.     Ili.il     tli.r. 


«  ('./.  I  l-«s7  1   1. 


1: 


is  1 1.  r>.  l)i\.  lis::.    liMi-.lh   i« 


-,.;  ]..  f.  ^^  II.  N-  >■  :«'•'  •■" 
141.  ■■:  r..  T.  N.  s,   (Tti    :■..- 

.-,::.  .M  .r,  iv  ii:i".  i"-!-  "'i 

lllu-ll.ltr-     till'     .li-lill.ti.'ll 


I.    I'.  S.  >     '.nil'  -    II"   I'l''  ''  ■• 


til.-  h.tii'l-  I'.  .1    0 

l|  ..IiImI    ,  ir.ill.        II.    Hi.  1 


Wrrk       Itip 

nil.   .1  .     >ii. 


Ii\     ril'.i  I  111.'     .'11 


iIh-    U..I.I-     iiiiniii.il     l.ili.ir'    ;u'.-    1"    li.^' 
Il,"  lull    -iL.'iiil'..o:<'.'   «lii.'li  ."iiM  1"'  I'll' 
1,1     li,      rxli'l'il.-.!     !.■ 


til. -11..      Ill.-V       H.'U 


■.ri|iliiii'j  ., 
V  "iiaii 


I" 
ill  w  I'll  in;: 


,1,      ,  V.  i\  kin. I  111  .  iii| 


.||, Mil,  III  t'llllt 


till-  III!.'  111.  lining 


III     ill.'     -iMllll.'.     Iill! 


.ll-,.--.'!'"    lia-   1 Ii.l.l    ii"l     I"     -"I'l"'   \ 


iioi'i'   ,'oiiliiipcl    inl,i'|>i.'l.ili..ii   iiHi- 


ikiii.iii  '  ..n  til 


i.iii 


,1  tli.ii ,  .il      I'.'  'Ill 


ill'.!   It.     1  a^'i.-.'  lli.ii  ilii-  ii'ii-i  I" 


il,"U;;li   il.'   I-  ■! 


"Ii.iiiili('i.ill-ii".i 


,l,,iii.  Iiv   l.'.ikiim  t')  111.'  ll.ilni,'  .it   li..'  -11" 


lit   .'iiLM^.'.l    in     "I"'"! 


'l    l;,l„  r."       /.'.  "     -i.iiili.il  I'liil'l.'.Mi"'"!'  •""'""''"'"'.'."'' ■ 


./l.^^' 


:u. 


„/       /...!((/,       '    11 


.1..  ill  ' 


■1    11      I! 


,11     11.'    111.  I 


ill  tit. ll    :iml    ,1,  ■  .--.'IV. 
,.    /////    I  l-,s|,    I,.    K.    l: 


\l.i      \.    Uiv.  Ills.   I'l    I    l".   IH 


nlilnii    'I  I'liii  innlx    I  I,.        I  ^' 

II.  II.  Uiv.  iiS:l.  .".li  I..    I    '.' 


I..    I! 


l/o/'/.O.    V.    /..."'/..,.    '.'■  "■(" 


/  r)„ 


I..    T.  N.  >.    MS.   ->; 
Wc'ix.   Ki'i 


li    \. 

1..    1.   N. 


S      I  ..      I 


ISSi 


('.  .\  I    1..   K.    l:i  i.i.   15    l>i 


I,.  .1.  <^  1!.  N. 


>.  .11  I .  .> 


1  .1.   IV  i.:ia. 


■1\: 


\\.'.'k.  U.'f). 


-.1  h.  r.  N 

ts  .1.  I',  .•iii:;. 


-  I'.ill.K'k.  r...  il.  //""'  *.  '"'  '' 
i;.  Co.  iisiiij  I  Q.  li.  ii"i. 


;/.       \iliri':ii 
I..  .1.    .'.11.  .'.11 


I  lss:i 


1  ,   H.    I'J  1^    II.    I>i 


I..  T.  X.  s.  iisT.  :!-'  W.'i'k.  li.ji 


o.  IS.  X.  S.  ilii.  ii4   I.. 
I  IV  4T0. 
"  Hnuiiil    V     Laiiiii 


■y,  N.  V    il->.  ;..)    III! 


/  )(I./,/'(ll/S 

(is.)'.',    t.    A-!     Ith    -.'I  il- 


I  l)i-.ii.pi'ii\iii;;    '•!  li-- 


111; 


■,sl 


.iHI.    wl'.'.'i'.'    i!    .'..I-    li.'l.l    i.s 


1  Q.  H.  2ili.  r. 
L.  T.   X 


1   I,.  .1.  M.  CV  X.  N.  Jl 


Loiil-   .Mull,  ri.'if  iin 


,1   (lilt.  :  '.   Willi 


44.    10   Wti'U.    ]!<'!>.    1.    '■''"•    ■  ^P 


—  il.ll   of   il.lUtil.    Illli;    ,1    tl..lllVM 


I.  p.  11<    ( lU'Vpisine  iti'oi-ion  of  Q.   B.    .hictor    « 


a-    uitliiii    till'    .1'  t  .■       \    <■.'" 


D.I.   "It   is   (hHiciill.     -ni.l    Fry.    \..   ■!.■    .iu.'l."    ^.'i 


,i  r.i.  It 


S\.  r...  '•I'.i-  ii.'t  !if- 


to  iiii^oii"  iniv    work   il..'       In    iii.ii.   sO    llii-  p  ,.--*  nsn's  into  ami  out  of  II..'  omi  i 

,.,i,.'1v  i„t,tl,'.tiii.l  a-  ti.  r.,,nii.'no  kiii.l    l>,i-.       It    i-    tm.'    '  i.it     ,.■    i....,j     ".•il-     ■■ 

.1    wk    with    till-   han.I-;    ..nrt    tlic    i^oi,      .l.in.r  tho  ^or-i- ;  In'    lo-   i.'.il  a„'l   -i' 


I! 


.1  4M 


M   ' 


I 


:il 


S  i!H:i!    ,  Ai 


m 


m 

,i        iff  JiS 


J0fl2 


MASTKR  AND  SKIU WT. 


fcllAIV  XXW.l 


|j 


1,1'! 


i    i 


!|r 


awi«tHnt.;»»  nor  by  •  waiU'r  at  .1  rrstJimMit  ;-^  „.,r  \,y  a  .^kill.>,i  ,,,n 
tiepr  in  ohurgp  of  the  inachiiiorv  ..f  a  lVirvl,..al."'  In  lin.^  with  tl,,'^ 
.leciHions  is  nne  t-r.  the  oll.rt  that  a  -„anl  .if  „  «.«..].  train,  wh..v  „,,i. 
<luty  Id  to  guard  and  conduct  the  train  and  nii-.r.hal  the  car.--,  hut  a1 

i.H  also  ro(|uirrd  to  assist  at  tinios  in plin^r  j.nd  nn.'uiii.iin..  th.r.r. 

and  nnloadin?,  is  not  entitled  to  ih.-  hcn.tit^  of  tlu-  truck  .1  •  ,."' 

On  th..  .ith.-r  hand  t.h.-  phrase  has  i....n  held  to  ..nil.r.u-,.  a  i,,.,,,  i, 
the  M.rvi.T  of  a  wharHnger,  whoso  duties  wore  to  drive  a  h..,-  ,„ 
lr-.l!o.v  and  load  and  unload  the  trollev;"  a  man  engag-d  a>  ••|,.,n,..' 
l.r.ntor,  overlonkor.  and  mixer;""  and  a  Mevedore  working  .„,  a  -hr 
attached  to  a  wharf."  ' 


-i.intittl  l.ii<inf'-i  in  tc  Inviti-  [icrjionn  to  raw 


..Hut     .v,.u,K,ti.Mis     wl.i.h     involve     no        » AVo,/    v.    //„/„,„„    si,„„ 
iimmia     hilxir.    tlioujjti    thfv   .lo    involve    1  IHSiii    7  \,.«   s.    W  il,. 
mnnual   work.      Had   tlic   Icfi-ilatiire   in      (ini 


I.I  n: 


I..  I; 
1  „,i„j  .11  L  "". - iliirc.l  by  Ihr  -tarlihL'  ..!'  the  n<u'nf 

"'^z^La  V.  /.,.,., ,  ,Ho. :  c.  A.,  1."^';^.^  ^:,-  A>i !,;',  "r^  ''v':'>. 

1  Q.  H.  22(i.  (11  I..  .).  M.  (  .  N.  s    ai,  an  .1    1.    470                                            '        " 

■f.  P.  IIS    Lor.l    •..hpr.  .\l.  I!.,  .aid:     "It  l!l  Q.  H.  Div.  (U7.  57  f.  .1.  Q  I!   \  s  7 

appears     that     the    ap|«.llant     wa.s     em  W  .•.■!<.  l{ep.2Sl,  |.„rd   K-liervii.l  i  Mi  i 

plov..l  a.,  a  Kr,..or-.  assistant  i,.  ,.  s|„,p.  •H,.  i,   ,,'  „„„   „,,„  ,|,  jv.-s  ,,    ,.,:„.! 

ami  Ills  Inisines,  „,,.s  t„  lak,.  ..nlors  f,„n,  1r..ll..y  fur  a  Ml,ar(iny,.r.     W ,-  „,„.i  .,".. 

the   justonL-rH  a„,l    to  .any   th,.m   out.  into    ;„.,..,n,.|     wh.t    his    .„-,lin..u     Imv 

In    .lo,ns    th>,    he    may    hav^    to    show  was.      Me    has    to    load    a„,l      „   ',,1       ■ 

Roods,  and   >f  the  c.stomers  take  away  trolley.      That    is    m.onul    l,.l,.,r      li- 

the  Kno<ls  he  has  to  make  up  the  parcvN.  ,l„ty  may  he  ..ompavd  to  tl,:.t  .,t  .,  1,  .|„ 

In  doinp  this   he  has  to  use  his   han.iB.  en.ian   who  .ondiKt-   :.   hai r  li -^fr 

and  the  qu,.stion  ,s  whether  that  makes  up  aii<i  .low.,  |]„.  riv.,-.     Tlie  driii,,'-  .i,. 

him  a  manual  la  ..irer.     There  can  be  no   ho, ,„1  ,l„.  trnll..v  and  tlw  nnu  mIi,  ■ 

manual    labor    without    the   user   of   the  the  lij:!,,,.    f„n„   thl.  ,.,,-i,.-,    ,„,r:  li  o'- 

hands;  hut  .t  <™.s  not  at  all  follow  that  work;    his   n-al    h.bor.    thai    uhi.l,  ,,... 

every  user  of  the  hamls  is  manual  labor,  his  nuis.h.s  and   his  sinews    is  i|„    !„  J 

so  as  to  make  the  person  who  does  it   a  ini;  and   iinloadii,.-  of  th.'  ticll.v  -i  |l',. 

manual     laborer.       Now,    the    prineipal  lif-ht.r." 

part    of    the   nppidlanfs   employment    is  •'l!r„i,„,.r    v.    .{„uslr,,    ,|Ss,i, 

senin;;    t^     the     .•ustoM,.-is    aeross     the  t!  Q.   H.    Div     IS'    ho   ■     .f    M    C 

.•ounter.      That    is    his    snb.<,tantial    em-  48,  43   I..  T.   N.  s.  rm     'ii  \\,.,.| 

ployniMit.    and    if    he    has    to   do   other  •242.  4:)  .1    P    !4' 

things  which   involve  physical  exertion.  "  flnlln,  v.   hhui    i  1896)    17  \cw  So. 

we  must  see  whether  that   is   not   inci-  WiOaw  I,.  R    (L)    13 
dental  to  hig  real  employment.     In  this 


I..  !; 


ii.ii 


•  -ii] 


KMf'VnWAlS'  LIABILITY  ACTS. 


fM3 


Tho  mrre  fact  ilun  llif  nnplovcc,  f..r  the  -nkc  of  *p(<<\  nixl  roii- 
v.iiirricr.  liirf<l  a  (vrinin  iiimilKr  i-f  a-i'tnnt*.  wlintn  lir>  paid  hitifclf. 
will  ri'-l  take    liiiii  out  uf    tlic  da-  «(   |Mr'">n.i  "(iiuap'l    in    inaiiiiul 

A  iicr-ion  wlio-r  occiipafi.m  i^  oih-  i>f  wliifli  tlic  (-■ »rnrc  m  niatiiial 
IuIm  r  :■*  fntitli'd  ii>  rci-i.vci  mii.Iit  tlic  art  if  In-  i-^  iiijiifcil  wliijr'  |mt- 
tnni  iiiji  u  iliitv  or  wnrls  iiicidciitai  to  tliat  occii|iation,  j-vi'ii  tlii.iij;li 
!iiiMiiil\  <Io,--  iM.t  <liir(ilv  iiivoiv  iiiaiiiial  lalM.r.^" 

I.  "Worliiii'i  .ili'iii  ifiiilniil  villi  nil  riiijil'iii'i:" — Tlu-  coiitract  ot 
HiipI"Viiioiit  to  wlii.-li  this  plifa»c"  point-*  i-,  a^  tlio  tiilijcct  iiiaitiT  ol 
till'  act  imiiiati .-.  oin'  of  -(H-vi<'c  a-"  (li-iiii,i.'ni-l'fil  fmni  one  wliich  \f 
<iif<n<l  into  with  an  ••in(li'p:ii<l»'iit  foiitractor."  A<i"<,rfliiii:ly.  nl- 
flioii;;li  tho  work  in  wliidi  the  cmplovtT  was  en;;  <:<<\,  wiio-c  ri.i;lil>  or 
lial.ilili'''  art"  in  (iiic>ti<^ii,  may  have  Imtii  of  siicli  a  clinrat'toi-  as  to 
lifiii}.'  Iiiin  prima  facie  within  one  of  tlic  (Ifsciiptivc  terms  iis<i|  for  tlic 
piiiiHiscof  (Ictiiiin;:  the  word  '•workniaii."  vet  lie  ■•aniioi  sue  iitidir  the 
iict,  if  it  ajipciir--  that  his  ii.creciiieiit  iiiendy  hound  him  to  piMdu.-c 
rirtain  siMritii'd  ivs\dts,  and  did  not  piac<'  hi  undc-r  Irs  employer's 
idiiirol  with  rcsjHct  to  the  means  hy  which,  or  tlic  iiianiicr  in  which, 
tlmsc  rc-uits  were  to  he  attained.'" 

If  his  acrceiiieiii  is  c— etitially  one  of  this  naiiire.  he  U  not  onn- 
vnrtcd  into  a  serviint  by  parlicipatinp  in  tiie  mainial  lahor  hy  which 
tjif  iiiireetneuf  i-  pi  ifi>niied.''  One  of  the  ordinary  characteri-iics  of 
-nch  a^'rcciiieiit  is  ilai  the  coniracfor  is  free  to  perform  his  ci.iitra<-f 
litlior  in  person  or  l)y  .leputy.  In  -everal  cases,  therefore,  the  cxist- 
•  ncc  or  ahsoni'c  of  an  ihti'.'ation  on  th>-  part  of  the  employe*'  in  ipics- 
tidii  tn  do  the  sfijuilaterl  work  himself  has  heen  treat<'d  lus  the  appro- 

"llr'uii'iii    V.    .Ii/'i«/'.i/    (ISHO)    I,.    K.  iitliiT-  to  ns-i-t   llii'ni,  for  whosp  waRR» 

fi  Q    I!.  Dii-.    ISJ.  .)0   I,,  .f     M    •'.   N.   S.  tlii'V  HIT  ri"'|i"ii-iM<'. 

ts     in   I       r     N'     S     (lltH.   -i't    Ur.'k.    I!ip.  S.M-.      lidUiMT.      llnmrK     V.      1,'inlhi 

'i'    4j   I    V    142  (IS.'Hil    'Jr)  1..  .1.  <,».   II    N'.  S.  .171,  fi  Kl. 

"  '  Ih.lhuHl  \.  sincl.t'„i  r,„il  ro.  (IsnS)  &    ni.   .".S4,   2   .lnr.    X.   S.    lis:,   cited    in 

Ifl  New  So.  Wales  I,.  R.    (I.)    10!».  wliiTP  note  :,2,  iiifrn. 

it  «  i«  lull!  ciiiM-  to  noM-uit   a   |>l,iiiililT  .\   |>iM-on  wtio  ciMitract-i  t/>  Hoavp  rer- 

uhn-  liii-l.inil.  a  man  onliiiarily  work-  tain  \>\vvi<  of  -ilk  iimnU  1>t  anotluT  nt 

in;;  a-  <i.:illjcv.ir   iti  a  mini',  wa-  -41111.1-  .•.■it.iin    |iriif-    is    not    an     ■.iililiii-r    or 

c.itpil  hv  -i-K^.      ailo  piil;il'''I.   as  ono  of  liamlii  rafl-iiian"      or      ■oilier      |»r<on" 

in  PNiiliiiTn-  riartv.  in  tueatins  tlie  ori-  within  (!ihi.    I\'..  eliap.  .34.   «   ;!.      Uftnly 

"in  rf  ilie  i-a-        "  v.    Hiitr    i  \»i'.U     0    IJarn.    4    C.    OiKt.    4 

'  "Slr.m.n,  v.  l!or,,ll  (jSdli  2  \UnUi.  Mann.  &  U.  2'.ln.  7   I..  .1.  .M.  C    I  H. 

i  C.  '.Mt.  X\   \..  .f.   Kxeli.    N.   S.    l.Vi.    10  "/.'.(.  i/  v.  Wanl'ii    (1SIH>   2  Kxeli.  .W, 

•lur    N     S.   4711.   n   1..   T.    X.   S     S.il.    12  IS    I,.    .1.    Kxrh.    N.    S.    IJll;    hi'iiani    v. 

Week.  Hop.  411.  \vlieip  it  \va'<  lield  that  /t'/rii»v    iIS.")    7  Kl.  4  l!l.   115.  2fi  I..  ,1. 

Ilie    wenl    di<l    not     ineliKle    ■•liiitty    eol-  Q.    P..    N.   S.   82.   .'t  .Tnr.    N.    S.    l.Vi.      In 

liers."  i.  p.,  iivn  working  in  parhu'r-liip,  tioth  lh(><p  eases  tho  plaintilT  was  denied 

whri    luiitiaet    for    (ri^.';.'illp    eu,,l    hy    tlie.  to   hr    a    ''I^ihorer"    within    the    mC-aiung 

flny.  the  ton.  or  the  pieeo.  aceonling  to  of  tlif  truck  acts. 
tlie  nature  of  the  work,  and  enipl".\  inj 


1 

i'  i 

i 
:'    ■ 
i    I 

.:,!' 


!t 


lOM 


MAMTKM  .\M>  >KKV.\.VT. 


(iiur  \\\v| 


prjaro  nii.i  i„n  for  dpftnnining  whffh.T  ho  wu^  .-ntiilcl  to  tlir  In,,, 
fit^  or  iubjoc.t  to  the  hurdons  of  »tututi'.  rcguluuiij;  tk-  coutn..  f  „• 
•  inplovnicnt.** 

If  th.'  inrcftui'iit  ii.  o^ciiriallv  ..tif  for  |kt>..ii.i  ^orvi ,  tho  ^, 

ploviv  is  f„.t  i-.u.civ..,|  itir..  th."  .-.U.-Mry  of  "ir..l.|H  n,|.  „i  ......fi,,,  r„r.' 

I.y  111.'  f.K'f  fluit  li.   ua-  l.-ft  fnt-  fu  .•iiiploy  a.M-h.i.t,  .m.l  .|j,|  „,„,,i„ 
ih.'in ;'"  n.r  l.v  th..  f.,.t  tlinf  h<-  ui,,  to  be  pui.l  by  tli.-  pi     •,■•"  „r  witi 


"In   Ifihii  \.   11.,,./.,!   (HiHi   i  Kx.li 
■>'■>,  IM  I..  .1.   K\.li    N,  S.    Ii'il.   I'iiiki'.   It, 

IlicI     il     ilovxM     III, It     .<     '■\:,\ I."     HJtliil, 

•  111'    riiniiiiii'.'   1,1    III.'    inii'k    ;iit..    i,   oiu 
vvlni  liii.  .'Ill    11(1   iiilii  ,1   i<  nil  III    111  •.MM 

'lii  inr-.iM.il  -.nil  I,  anil  I i  im.  |,it 

nii-nl  in  "im.  Srf  hI^o  t,,  ih,.  ,,,1,,, 
••tri'rt,  lliiiM.  \  hi,, ml  (|«.iii  Jl  I,  .1 
0.  II.  N  ^,  l.'il  Hi  .Im.  -Jsn-  Sh.i,,,:,., 
V.  Siinilir,  (IS.iMi  |.|  ( '.  |>,  Hi,,.  2.'  |.  .1 
r.  I',  \.  S.  Hii.  .1  (  .,r.  A  K  ;.'!ts.  17  Jiii 
v.  •»    Tii.-| 

I  llili'i-  111  -f  ii-i-  ..  Ill,,, MM:;  man  «li<, 
••n'ii«  inli,  :i  ciiiiii.i,!  Ill  iii.ii>i.  ,1.  iiiiiin 
l>iiil;«  ii«  till-  I'lini  urii,).  ii.,|iiiri'<.  -inn 
.•<iiiii,iiti,|.  -iipi.tviiif  111,,  iii.ii.ii.ii,  ii,„| 
|ia\iiiL'  -II  iiiiiili  n  tliiiiiviii'l  fur  till,  (In 
iilii-.i  liiiils,.  i-  Mi,t  II  «,ikiii.in.  «in,, 
tlii'iT  i.  nil  iiiiili.ua  liiiiiliii:;  him  t»(  ili. 
til,.  \\i,rl,  |i<r-iiii;illv.  Siiiiiii  \  'Kills 
IS.S.f,  |!l  I.,  T.  \  S.  LIS  .il  Uii^k.  Ki-ii 
71111, 

111    till'   |.||l|illHi.|,"    li^Mlily    lilt    of    N,.« 

^i.iitli   Willi-,,  till,  intinlii'ii'iif  Ihi-  Icyi- 
litiiii-   i-    IimIj,  ;ili'il    Willi    „ion'    |in'(i,ii,ii 
ih.iii   III  till-  i;ii,,|i,li  iinil  I'lin.iiliiin  stii 
iiti--.    I,  iN  |.ii,\  i-ii.n,  ill,.  ,.\|,|.,.,,K   ili. 

Hllll'll       to      I-  ■      .,•    .    'ii-illil,.      tl'       t',-,-      Mill. 

iiilir  iiilii  .1  1,  ..,|.t  ,,f  .,.,ii,.,.  ,,,.  „ 
iiililr.irt  (HI, nil. illy  In  lAicillr  ;i,i\  work 
iir  liilior,"  U  h.»  \nfit  ht'lil  llmt  i, 
nintuil.  I.,  i.ill  »itliin  this  dHMii,, 
linn,  iiiii-t  III'  ,1  r.inti.ict  to  mtvi-  |iir 
-<in;illy  iir  In  xtm'  Im-  ^omo  p<>rioil,  or 
lo  (111  <iinii'  ii.iiii,  iil.ii  ui.rk.  and  tliat  m, 
iirlion  ciiii  III.  iiiaiiil.iiiii',1  liy  u  man  whn 
lii'ini.'  Ill''  imiiir  III'  Um,  larti.  uint.  wlii-n 
it  -.iiiliil  liiiii.  Ill  III,.  Iirii'k-kilii  of  tin 
■  li.fi.|i,ianl  .111,1  |.,iii\,.yi.il  lirick-  to  ili  (In 
••nt  jilaii-..  I'll  lln-  ilflinil.inl  >  )iiiiiii.,.- 
not  lii'inL'  liiuiiiil  III  ,|,,  th,.  Hnik.  Iini 
boinc  I'lilitliil  III  ii'iiiw-  a  i.|)<.(iiii.,l  .,11111 
of  niiim-y  if  In-  Ihouyht  fit  to  ilo  il 
f.ohb  V.  Amos  (1S8U)  7  New  .Soiilli 
Ualfs  L.  R.  (1,1  92. 

Sfie  also  Mct'.lrou  v.  iiiitralian  Forgt 
i{  Kinineeiiiiq  Co.  (1800)  24  Viet.  L. 
Kep.  J.)."!,  where  it  was  laid  down  that 
♦  he  sTiipioyt-i:!  ami  rinpir.yrt":  .irt  01  Vii' 
toria  is  not  apjilicalili.  to  pi.rsiid*  ,.in,,|. 
injr  into  a  ronlraii  uliifh  ran  I...  |,<.r 
formod  hv  di-niitv. 


;',».>'■.  ^  I'''.  "'-Im  -'h: l;,,;„ 

il- III  to  Im.  a  ruin  it"  I  :  ll„„,,s  \  /,,, 
'III    (IM.-ii;i    •.'.•,    I..   .1.  ty    II     \    s     ,.|    , 

•  1.  li  III   .-.s)   ■>  .1,,,    V   s.  in:',;, 

w\\    notl'l;    l.;„ll„,    V.    Il»,l,„„     .  Nm, 
><    K.isl.    Il:t    {„•,.  iipxt    in,li.|  :    11/,,!,;, 
V.  Arwilaiir  (jsiid    |.i  \\,,.k    1;,,,    h, 
''i7/ijr  V.  I.liniri  f„„l  ,(  I.  r„    iiK.i,!      , 
I.    .1.  <".    I'.    .\.    S     JOI.    I..    1:.   4   (•     |.    ;•,'. 

.:()  I.,  T,  \,  .s.  !».>:i,  1:  w.i.k   i!,|,  II'." 
Iron  rivi'tf'i-  |iiji|  at  a  iIm,!  pri,,'  i„ 

iiMi.  with  lilH.||y  inph.v  oilur  »„rl 

iiii-n  of  inferior  skill  to  I'l.  ihmIx,.,   In 

iHIll  hllil  to  h,.  ■•h.lllllill   IM.IM,,, 

•vitliin  th(.  Slut.  4  loo,  I  v..  i||.,|,  .11 
(  :!.  I.ii.i,,„,r  V.  r<i(/if  I  iHdii  :;•  i  I 
.M.  C.  .\.  S.  -l-M.  14  V.  II,  \  .<s  .Vi)'  |., 
•Itir.   N,  S,    I7M.  M  I,,  T    \    V    .vr,   n 

Uwk.  Hi.|i,  H:|.-.  (ri„ni,.|,.,|  f,,|  ,,|,^,|„ 
from   work). 

"Ill  HtxiiiH  V.  /,i,i.  Ai„    i|M,-,iii    1;,  I 
•I.  y.    II.   N.  S.   .ITI.  n  Kl    A    III    .IS I 
•liir,  X.  S.    P.H7,  -linlly  niin-  »,i,,  |„.|, 
to  Im.  pntitli'd  to  tlii.  U'lii'iii.  ,,f  tl„.  im,, 
acts.     Tin.   |.vidpni.|.  was   ih.n    ili,.»   |, , 

iMlUnd     tll,.|ll.S'lM.«     to     llo     till.     VM.lk     pii 

.finally.      (onlnisl    .v/,,,,,.,,,    »     ;/„,,,, 
ilN«4,     J    lliirM     *    I       -iiu     ■;;    |      1 
Kxi-h.    N.    S.    l.-i.!,    10   .Inr,    N,    S,    iTii 
I..    T.    N.    S,    s:i4.    Ii>    \\„.k,    l!i.p.   Ill 
ritdl  in  note   47.  1,111,1,1. 

."*o  also  a  working!  t,iiliir  ,-ii . ,i:..pi|  1.. 
iiiiik,.  iliithi-,.  oarh  yaiini.iit  lo  t»"  |mi.I 
lor  aiToidin^-  to  o  [iriif  list,  has  b.-,  1 
hi'lil  to  In'  an  aitillccr  within  tlii.  m.i. 
icrs  and  servants  art.  4  ('„■„.  IV. 
'hap  ."U.  i  .i.  hU  fuirl,  li„r,l„ii  1  Irt.Vn 
r,  I,.  ,J.  M.  C.  \.  S,  I  J.  I  .Inr  \,  s 
'•'*.!  iionviiti.il  for  f.iijiii.'  In  lim-li  , 
■■ii.<|.  of  work  which  In-  had  hi.'.'nii  ■ 

Out-    who   dijrs    a     v. 11    al    «,,   li h    , 

ii.iot  has  h«.n  li,  !,l  to  l«.  :,  •l.ilHinr" 
'vithin  the  meaniiiv  nf  2  (Jm  II,.  .Iiij, 
19.  hoiither  v.  Itmlnur  (181)0)  H  K,i-! 
113. 

See  nl.so  l,n,nei,(c  v.  Tndrl  (HCHi  3-1 
h.  1.  M.  r.  X,  S.  '2.1S,  14  C.  I!,  \  >-  .Ml. 
HI  .liii.  N,  .S.  17,s.  <<  I,.  T.  N.  s  .iii.i.  11 
Wi-ok.   Kfp,  S.1.1,  ..itod  in  last  iiute. 


I  r.i\ 


EMPLUVKHS  LlAlllLirV  ACT.- 


tou 


rtfrrrnrt-  to  the  amount  of  Hi.'  «aU".  -t  Uw  artiil.  wliidi  he  wno  mnnu- 


faiiiiring." 
Til"  plirn*r  in  the  «'uiploy(>r<»  niwl  workiiirn  net  which  i-  now  under 
:,.ru.,ion  ciuuint    U-  fi.n^tni.d    n.s  yivini:  rlic   .rnunt.-.  "f  an    ind*- 
,    .!,  ,it  cmira.tn,  a  rijrhl  of  udioi,  f...-  p.  r-uii.il  iiijuri.  -  iiKiuii^t  tho 

piiiuiiial  ompli'UT.''' 
721  8e»raen.— Srai.Kii  w«iv  .NiMV-^h  excrpt..!  I  nun  th.-  -.-..pf  of 
!„.  Muplnvr.  aii.l  wi.rkhH  n  .i.'»  -f  IsT:..  Tl.i-  pi-vi^i-....  th-ufrl.  r.'- 
I«;ii.,|  fur  ..lli<r  pinp-.  •  l>v  'Ik  in.ivhaui  -.  i,iii.  n  an  ..t  l>^0.  was. 
,„r  llw  piiri- -r.  uf  .l.iln;ii..ii.  U.|.i  alive  bv  -.viimi  11  «(  that  art. 
S,am.n  an-  ihnvl'.-r.   vill  .■s.-lii.l..,l  in  KnKl.in.l  Iroin  il.r  aMvanta^.- 

,  f  llic  .lllpl'.N'  I'-'   !i.:''illl\    a.'l.' 

If  n  (ilaiiiiilV  n  !i.  -  iipi.n  tli.'  llic-ry  tli.il  lii-  f lion-  w-iv  partly 

,l„.,c  ..f  a  MMinian  and  partly   vWi.it  may  I allr.l  n.-nniarilinir.  li'- 

"\  -t.itr   Dr.".r   or    Mull    lini-h.'.    of    .  in|.l. v-l    m,.,.,    I'l.-    »..rU    l.y    (lir    ..ii 

.;,l.      1,\..M..    « .■Ml, r.    , ..„•        T1.0    .1.-.. I      ..,1      .„    ...nun.,.. 

"'  -.inili.vr,"    I..I    an   UMl,.»lnl    l.mi.li  «itli  ull  H.-  ,.,.  n  .•,„,.lu>,..    I.y     I;;-."" 

,,.,Vr,   t   ,..i.l.T  Mat,  ......    IV..  .•(.,.|..  ini.f.r.    -i.h.  I   .!..•   -.v,.-,,!   U     K.  |.l 

',      Tl /..,'. /,.^      l.„H/„./«   (IS.U.  I.y    .1. II..-.*    ..»..-.-.    t.y    «■'■■'•'" 

'\\    .1.    H..1I     lit  .,.nM.I.-i..lii.ii   <.f   Ih'Iii;;   .■i.i|.I...n.  .1   at    tli.- 

....,.k   en...,.l  i..to«. ....•t  with  ...in...    I-   U- :. l..;"".!   •■■   ••';-;"-   H'- 

,   ,„,„•,«  n(  ..  ..'MLrv  to  -ink  a  .lu.fl  r.  ;;.i!..li......  a.i.l  .•..,,.1.1......  i  .1"« ..  f'-r 

,,.  ,l„ir  ..,.,1  M.in-      r.C  tl,..  .untr.M-..  K.  H,.    -.My  -.  H.-  ..".I  ."•',.  ."-j;;':. 

."  «a.,  to  proM.!,-  .....1.  M-.k.  r-.  -f..  ii.'M  t i.at  ji,.-  -'■^"••";":.  <'*  "••;;';. 

,    ,„i.ht  t*.  .'•.■.-.uv   |..r  U,.-  .v.-.Mili....   .I.1....I-   I.y   tlw   .1.-..-..-...I   .li.l   t,..t    .■..-.M. 
"     l,!::.,.k,  ,H..I  ...-  to  ....  ,...i.l   a   .v,      :,    ...n.u...    ..f    -.■....-.■    I..--.-     .MM- 

"„  ,"    U.0  -i-.k....  I..-  l.i,..-lt  a.lin«    ..•..-..I    —   tl,.r,.|..i.-  ....    a    •■u.,.kn,,,n 

',..    ,    ,T,li..n^        '•„,.    .,f     tl...     ,inU..-.  a  .•..nlra.f  «.tl.   II.''  n.ll.Ty  ovM,..r,  a* 

v;,:,|P.'n..,....l..|...i.  tl.-«'.rk.  ««.  k,ll..l  l.i-    .■n,,.l..y.T-.       l,r,..,Jn.l     v.     Inn,, 

^v  a  Iwk   of    l...«l    tailing    u,..n    l.ini.  1  1->I  |    IK.    11.  T.Vi.  Alli.nu.l  .n   [MMli-. 

li.l.l    that    i;.  wa>  an   ih.i.j»ii.l..il   '.."  <-'•  A.]   1  1\.  I!    •>"•"■      .  

;;„;;.,•,  ami  n.al  H .•.■.■..■..l  ^w.,  ....t  a        'A    l.ill    in.....!...'.,     .n    IS'i.    to   npoal 

«..,kni,.n-     .^1...    l.a.l    ".■Mt,.ml    into    or  111.'  act  ..(  Ism.,  an.l.   n,l,r  .,ha.  to  -jiu 

w,''l  un.l.r  a  ...,.t  la.f  with  th-  .'-I  -ani.-n  th- L,  ...lit  ..I  Ih-  «Mh-l  ,..,I-<1  ..n 

li.rv   ..rtn-.H    a.,    hi-    .ini.lov-r-.       ll-'M.  a<ln.-nt.    fail.<l    to   [..i-.    i„l..    law       N'p 

1,,;,  tl.at  th-  c 11..I   ;:.x.i."hy  the  <'.ial  Kay.     Sliii-ioa-l-i  -    A     S-.,.,.-n,    '..l    i-<l. 


min<«  rr.'.ilatioM   a.I     IS.ST.   and   I.y   th"  S    4(il'..  ,     „     ,      ,.  ,        ,     ,.    ,.„i,i 

-p„i,,l  ruh-  ..f  th-  n,in..,  to  th-  m.nai;.'.         In   N.-w  Snmh   W  ..  h-  It  has  l,..^n  MA 

..ur  all    i..i-..n.    in    Ih-    niino.   di.l    not  that    th,-    i.li.a-.-   "..Hi   lui-.-   -i,:....--.!    .n 

.n.k-  K.   aihi    Ih-   -ink-r-   -ii.|.l..v-.l    hy  inHii.ial  lil..i|"  nio-t   1„.  .  ...i-l  lu.-.l  a-  !«• 

I.im   '•»o.k„i.n-    in    th-   -,„|.l..yi...'nt    of  in-  appli.  ,.l.h-  ..mI>    L.    |..-.-..r.s   .;"s'/'>» 

:h,-iv!li,-rv  ..»n-rs.     M„n,„r  v.  Fh;,!,,,  fir,ivr,s     with     tl iH-.il..-ally     ni.'n- 

it  a    i;    /'...>!  rf   rir>-  /.■.../,    Cn.    [ISlia;  tioiir<l.   ami   th.it    it    .iitl>    .•iiihrac-s    p-r 

C    \1  2  O    U    IKS    in    .>    .1    CJ.  B    N.  S.  "on-t  wnrkiii;;  on   l..n.l       llnnun,,   v.  .1  m- 

,j7fi"  ■'      >i-      •         •  ■        -^  r,-a/«.«iV/«  .S-'MH,,    .v./.  f...   (HSIi   .5  N-w 

1  he  owners  of  a  -oUiorv  ent-r-d  into  So.   Wall's  I..   F!     ' '•      tl"      •'•"!   '-y   Ote 

,,,,,,,.,,„,,,„,  ....ith  a  i-ontrri-torhv  whwl.  M-t   of  ofl  Vh  t     \.    .;      .  ..i.-n   are   now 

"..•  latl.T  -,.titi,.-t-.l  to  -ink  ami"  "all  a  -ntith^J   to   -u^     i.o'l' r   tl,-    -t.ilute. 
>!"if(  ill  Ih-   Milli.iv.      On.'   ..I'   th.-    ii.'-i 


'     lli.il 


i!' 


ilttl 


ill: 


ill 


i 

if 

■ 

'i060 


MASTER  ANU  SERVANT. 


[chap.  XXXvil 


cannot  recover  unless  ho  proves  expressly  and  distinctly  that  he  actu- 
ally had  an  employment  separate  from  that  of  a  seaman.* 

'1  he  word  "seaman"  applies  only  to  the  crews  of  sea-poiii:r  -lii'i-. 
An  action  will  therefore  lie  for  the  death  of  the  fireman  of  m  ,.,,i,a; 
boat  who  was  drowned  by  it.s  capsizinj;.^  This  rule  has  been  nhnv.l  t., 
some  extent  by  express  enactment  in  some  of  the  British  (•(,!. „ii,-,. 

725.  Servants  working  in  government  departments.—  Accui.lin^r  ,. 
]\Ir.  Eeven  (1   Xeg.  S73),  the  definition  of  "wt.rkman"  in  il,, 
plovers  and  workmen  act  does  not  ir.cliide  Crown  servants  f„r  i!   .( 
two  reasons : 

P"irst,  the  rights  of  (he  (  ri>\ni  are  not  affected  by  any  act  in  uh,,.;. 
the  Crown  is  not  spccialiy  iiiiined.' 

Secondly,  the  Crown  is  not  liable  for  torts  comnntted  bv  \r<  <,•:. 
vants.2  This  rule,  a*  it  would  ^oeiM.  >till  prevails  in  most  of'tl.c  IJri-. 
ish  coh.nies;  but  it  has  been  ;ii,ro-atod  wholly  or  partially  in  s,„neof 
them.* 

K.   T)a.m.\(;i:s  RKcovKKAni.E. 

726.  Damages  recoverable  where  the  injured  servant  is  himself  the 
plaintiflf.— The  provisions  spccifvimr  the  amount  recovoral^l.'  I,v  an 
injured  servant  do  not  j-iv."  a  measure  of  damajres,  but  mcrelv  tix  a 
limit  beyond  which  the  jury  cannot  award  compensation.'  W  iihin 
that,  limit  the  measure  of  damajjes  is  left  to  be  defcriuiiied  upn,:  tlip 
ordinary  principles  which  re-ulate  the  a>scssment  of  tlie  iudemiiitv 
in  actions  for  persoiuil  injuries. 


'  Hanrnhati  v.  I.inii  riil.  S.  S  Co 
(18S0)  Ir.  L.  R.  18  V.  L.  1X5  (lioi.ling^, 
on  llio  urmind  that  fhcic  was  no  such' 
pniof  furnislKsl,  tliat  a  mute  of  a 
sicinicr  ((iiilil  not  rpcovor  for  iniiirics 
rrccivcil  wliilo  (ic  was  superiii1cmlin<! 
the  loading  of  a  raryoi . 

'Oahi.i  V.  Munl.liiiid  Iron  Cn.  (18S4) 
11   Sr.  Soss.  Cas.  41  li  scrii-.  .".7!1. 

'  Hacon's  .\l)r.  tilli-.  PriTotiat  ivc  (E) 
.1.  Ilardca^tli'.  Statiitoiv  l,a\v.  Craics' 
c'<l.  p)).  4(il-4:il. 

'Siilliiii  V.  ■/i.lnis-loiii-  (1787)  1  T.  R. 
4!l.'{;  lli'nin  v.  Driitiinii  (IS(S|  2  Kxch. 
lI'iT:  U'litiiih  V.  diischni  [IS'.IS]  1  ( 'h 
73.  ti7  L.  J.  (1..  X.  S  -,<t,  77  L.  T.  X.  S. 
420.  40  ^\•p.k.  IJpp.  • 

'Tlio  Xiw  Zcalan.i  iiiiplnvds'  liabil- 
ity act  is  expii'ssly  made  applitalile  to 
Crown  sonants. 

In  Canada  !)y  virtue  of  tlio  Dominion 
act  (.">0  &  n\  Virt.  o!i  Ifi;  rmp!--.ypp>  pn- 
gaj^  on  any  "pwlilic  work"  can  recover 
for  the  negligence  of  any  otlicer  or  serv- 


ant  of  the  Crown  if  the  eircnni-tnii'i-' 

were  such  that   he  could  liavc  n 

in  an  adioti  a;:ainst  a  private  iiiitilowi 

(Jmn      -      ■■    ■  ;;;;;-       ^_     - |      " 

I 


a  privati 
V.  l-ilioii  I  1S11.1)  24  Can.  .^.  I.  4v> 
I'olhiwinj/  QiiiIhv  v.  Qmrii  (lS!i|i 
Can.  S,  C.  420,  wlicre  it  w.is  l.ii.l  ,1,,,!: 
that  the  efTect  of  the  Domini,  ri  -s.ilutc 
(50  &  .51  Vict.  chap.  10.  §  IC.  p.ir.  (f.i 
was  to  confer  upon  the  e\i  lic(|u.  i  i.iurt. 
in  all  ca-i>s  of  claim  a^'ainst  tlie  ;;n\crn 
nicnt.  arising  out  of  the  de.itji  of  or  in- 
.jury  to  any  pcrsort  thnjugh  the  iii-;;!i- 
gence  of  its  ><>rvant-  on  any  railu^y  nr 
other  public  work  of  the  noniiiii.ni.' t!i.' 
same  jniisdiction  as  is  exercisi-.l  in  li!..' 
cases  hy  the  ordinary  court.-  ..i.r  [Ulb- 
lie  companies.  Ap|iarcntly,  this  st.if. 
ute  o|M'r.ilcs  so  a.s  t<i  give  a  g.i\crnni™t 
.servant  a  right  to  take  advaiila;;..  of  ;ii:> 
employers'  liahility  act  which  m.ay  I" 
in  force  :n  the  Province  where  lli.'  iii 
jury  wa.s  rciTivcd,  if  hr  wa.s  cn^-ap, -i  '•: 
a  railway  or  other  puMic  work. 

'  Borli'ck    V.    Head    (188.5)    .fl    W-k. 


:■!■:] 


EMl'UOVKUS'  LIAIULITV  ACTS. 


2007 


Indcr  flic  Euirli>li  ainl  soinu  of  tko  colonial  acts  the  iiiiixinium 
.„„onnl  whicli  .-an  be  awiinlcij  is  a  variable  quantity,  aei)eiuleiil  upon 
the  eariiini;  capacity  of  the  supposed  in.juivd  person."  The  Aiiieri- 
,an  acts  simply  declare  ti.ut   the  daina-rs  -hall  nut  exceed  a  .•ertain 

-mil.  .  1  11  • 

.V  nii.xtiire  of  these  twu  methods  is  adopted  in  the  Ontario  and  l.rit- 
;.! C.iiniihia   acts,   the   servant    liavinf;   the    priviiej:v  of   reeoverin-; 

;;!,!'  a  f'Xed  sum  or  one  eonipntecl  on  the  ha-is  of  eariiiiii;-.  \vlii<-ii- 
,•,,!■  hi:      DC  the  larger.      The  precise  aiiiouni   r.  covcraMi'  within  the 

i,;:!!  li   IS  fixed  is  determined  (except  in  so  far  as  it  may  l)e  atlccted 

■  .■  the  special  provisions  in  some  of  the  acts  respecting  dodnciions) 
A-ith  reference  to  the  principles  which  regulate'  the  measure  of  dam- 
,rros  in  all  actions  for  personal  injuries.  An  .xtemh'd  diseu-,sion  ot 
she  siihject  would  therefore  he  out  of  place  in  this  article. 

Where  the  phiintilT  i.4  eiitith'd  to  damages  at  common  law.  a-  well 
;i.  under  the  statute,  the  amount  of  the  indemnity  recoverahle  i-  not 
r.-tricled  to  the  sum  fixed  hy  that  act.-' 

727.  Damages  recoverable  by  the  personal  representatives  of  an  in- 
jured servant.—  The  various  clauses  in  these  statuir-  by  wiiich  a  righi 

■  t  aciioii  is  given  to  the  representatives  of  a  dee.a-cd  servant  have 
Ihcu  treated  as  an  expression  of  the  intention  of  the  legi-latuns  that 
■he  provisions  of  the  dauiagv  acts  and  the  dcisioii-^  in  which  they  have 
hfcii  construed  are  t<j  be  regarded  as  couirolliiig  iijiou  the  ()iie-tioiis  of 
ihc  a-essiiient  of  damages  in  cases  wliere  death  re-ults  from  the  acci- 

ilcnt  ill  suit. 

In  Kii'iland  the  right  of  action  given  to  relative-  of  a  (bvease.l  per- 
-on  by  the  earlier  act  is  not  a  right  given  lo  them  <ni<'i  relatives  t<i  re- 
cover'datiiages  as  a  sulaliinn  for  the  di>tre-s  which  may  be  ueea-ioned 
totliciu  by  the  ileatli ;  nor  is  it  a  ri;:lit  'raiiMiiiife.l  to  th(>m  by  the  de- 
ceased, to  recover  dania<;es  for  the  loss  or  for  the  jiei'-oual  pain  ami 
-iiffcrinc  which  he  endiind.      It  is  a  ri-bt  giviii  to  the  panic-  named 


Hep.  102.  .SS  L.  T.   K.   R.  OnH.  .-)0  .T.  P. 
:t2T. 

^Tlip  plaintifT  is  cntitli'd  to  prove  as 
ilaiiin;;'--  loss  of  waj/cs  in  re-iKM-l  liotli  of 
hi?  eini'lciyiiicnt  with  the  (Icfi'iulniits. 
and  (il>o  in  ri'-|irft  of  certain  overtinu! 
latior  imdiT  ani'tlier  eniplovi'r.  wliere  the 
tiit.il  aniuiint  whieli  he  can  tlni-  recover 
ja  1(--  than  the  anioiinl  he  nii^'ht  have 
l«-i'n  aHarihij  in  re-i>is't  of  his  pstiiiiated 
eanuii'.'s  for  three  vears  in  the  defeml- 
aiif-  -.-rvii-p.     Bnrluh    v.    Henri   (1SS.->| 


rp. 


me 


.-.:'.   I,    T    V    S.  H09. 


M  ■].  P.  327.  2  Times  h.  R.   103. 
An  apprentice  cannot,  unJiT  ihia  sec- 


tion, he  auariieil  niore  than  the  -am  to 
wliieli  his  wa'.;i's  at  thi'  time  of  the  ac- 
eide'it  Honlil  anieiint  in  thrre  years.  The 
lianu'L'e-  eaiinol  lie  auLMneiili'il  liy  I'on- 
-Iraiiin;  the  woi.l  "earning-"  as  inehnl- 
in;;  tile  <()nipiitr(l  value  of  the  tuition  he 
was  reeeivin;;.  That  wonl  means  money 
or  thin'js  eapitile  of  hein'_'  turm'il  into 
nionev  hv  accurate  e-liniation.  Yocf  v. 
I{.,lnilh'  Fouiiilrii    Co.    [1S!1(!1    1    Q.    H. 

a:,:\.  ti5  h.  .T.  (1.  I!.  N.  s.  ;!:!(i.  74  L.  T. 

N.  S.  mCi.  44  Week  llep.  407.  12  Times 
L.  R.  2)S. 

'  O'Ci'iDinr     v.    lUimiUuH    bridge    Co. 
(1894)  25  Out.  Rep.  12. 


iil 


M  !l  !. 


I'i: 


1 

1 

!1 

' 

i 

1 

•  f.r-  M  1 


;  ills) 


.    I 

i 


i 


ilil 


jiirts 


.\i.\->im;  AM)  >j:ii\  vNT 


I  I   II  VI' 


in  the  statute,  to  roc'vor  diuiiiiij;'  >  far  ilio  death  of  fhnir  rolativo,  v.hc; 
';nd  ouly  ivhen,  tht  doiith  lia.~  fnii-ed  such  parties  a  penminrv  I.-.;; 
;'tiil  to  thp  pxtont  only  of  su<'Ii  ;■'  '"iininrv  loss.' 

Tlio  Ci'ii  ninl  ant«  arc  pniuv--i'(|  in  the  same  tenns  ai   1  tin  r.tV,^ 
'■'■ii-tni".l  in  the  -:ini"  iiiiiiiiicr  ris  rhni  of  Kny^Iaud." 

lii  AI.iImiiim.  t  oloiiid.,.  and  Imilana.  the  nu'asnre  of  diiiiKmi-.  i. 
''iii''''<l  I"  '111  I'i'ciMiiarv  injiirx  -ii-t'iincd  'ly  the  iicrsr.n-  t.,  wli,,. 
'i  II'  !il  ilir  ivcnvcrv  inure-.  l'"\eni|ilarv  or  viuilictive  dam;,;.  >  i;i|. 
!i.p|  lie  rcr-uvcred,  nor  eaii  anything;  he  allowed  <>u  account  of  die  lui' 
and  sutlcriiifi  of  the  deceased,  the  irrief  and  distress  of  his  fainilv.  ..r 
'lie  loss  of  his  s(jei(  ly.'' 

In  -.Massachus-tt-  the  rcpresontalivos  of  th<^  dei'i  a.-cr]  scrvani  u:.!' 
iii-dvcr  d:iniai;es  for  ail  (he  dania;;.'  aceruiiii;  to  him  before  di  uiji  j-. 


•liidinj;  iii.s  mental  and  physical  lutfiTinj's.* 


ilill 


rr-'i 


L.  TiMAr.  I'liACTicK.  " 

728.  Scope  of  subtitle.—  fn  this  .sulititl.  ir  is  proposed  m.nly  t: 
r.dli'<-t,  under  ap|)ropriaie  headin;;-.  liic  ca-i-  in  wliidi  \  ;iri..iiv  ]...in  . 
"f  |de.idiiiii  and  [iroccdiire  jiavc  l.(.,.|i  dcid-inincl  in  ;i.-ii,,ii-  I.imumI,- 
;iiidi-r  the  sialules.  li  w.aild  he  out  of  place  io  allcnipt,  in  ihc  i.n- 
Mil  connect  ion,  to  develop  fully  the  ffcncral  riihw  whirji  tlic-piM-- 
illii-lrate.  [-'or  a  inon  {•.duplet,,  di-ciis.-ion  of  rlir  --nhj.'crs  tniifhr.i 
■loon,  ihc  reader  is  refern'<l  to  the  varioii.-  treatise^  <,n  trial  pnictur,' 
t  'ilier  illu<lraiive  eases  are  col!,e!ed  in  chapter  .\i.v..  /ii,>l. 

729.  Within  what  period  the  action  must  be  brought.—   In    all    tl  . 
:icrs  reviewed  in  this  chapter.  e.\ce))t  those  of  Alahania  and  ^ 
there  are  express  jirovisions  fif  whicli  the  ofTect  is  that   the  , 
MTvant"s  riii'ht  to  niainiain  tin'  statutory  suit  is  c/mditioiial  iip- 

li(  in;:  in-tituted  within  a  s]ieeitied  period. 

It  has  heeii  held  will)  ri -ard  to  the  Kn^Iish  act  diat  the  time  liiiii 
is  ahsoliile.  and  that  a  servant's  action  i«  harred  -'.en  where  his  e.\cu- 

■  llii.'L'-.  !-;ni|.li.y(is-  I,j;il,ilil_v  .>,(•(.  pp.  A'.    Co.    v.    Ifi/wH    (ISSS,     12r„lo    '.'n 

i:;i  li  ,v,,,..  CitinL'  lhlln,,l  \.  I.,i,:i„-<hirc  20   Piio.   .'ilO;    (Ihii,  ,(■    M     /,'    Co    V    JV, 

.(  y.  A*.  Co.  (  IS(S)   12  L.  T.  n.-iC:  /Vm  V.  itnU    lls.-)!li     n    Ind     .I,;!;     7*    \iii    D« 

Hinit    \orlh.ni    li.   Co.    ilSc.T)    4    Best  2iV,).     S,.,.,    ti-nrrallv,    SiUlitrland,  Daiii 

^  S.  :!'.i(l.  :il   I,.  .1.  (}.  v..  N.  s.  :;77.  hi  :,;;os.  5s   12(i:i  <t  .■«',,.;  .'siieanii,  4  Kea 

Jur.   N.  S.   inn,  11    W.M-k.   licp.  022.  ami  Ncp.  Jo   i:!7.  4i;fl. 
"""''■  '■•>"'-■  '"^^oo  Slirarin.  &  Uc-di.  Xofr.  ?  7i;:'i. 

-  l!o;,ihoi:;h   V.   H.ihh    I  1110(11    27   Onl.        'So   far  ii.   Uip   Knu'li-li    |,iv,v.!:ir(-  :- 

\l>]>.  IJi'i'.  :12.  concoriK.I.  tin-  worlvs  i,f  Mr    lloo-ii.  Mi 

'  r.'.iu^rillr  .1    A.  A'.  Co.  V.  On-  (ISnO)  l!u..;r^,.   ,,,1.1   Mc^sr.,.    Kclwits  4   Walbiv 

nl    Al;..   .-,!S.  S   '-■o.   .^(■,n:    ./,;,», v   V.   A'-'/,-  „„  ..mpl.nvrs'  liiiliiliiv.  will  ^unplv  l.n> 

■'".'"'  'f;."-    '•'    ''"■    'I-"""'    ''-    -V'^i-   ■•2.'51-  Vf      in    .'Iirf    hiri^.li.' f  ir.n^  ,vith    III  t'-' 

!i  So.  :)".'i   (liiitli  <a-<-  iiiiJii   llu-  fiiiplov-  infiniiiitiuu  that   tlirv   are  likelv  to  re- 

iTi'   liabilit;.    att )  :    ih  nrtr.   *?.    P.   d   P.  quire. 


!  I 


,j  ;;;o-:;)Jl  KMPi^JViiKs  LiAUiLirv  Acrs,  2imo 

lor  not  takinp:  proceedings  is  that,  between  the  time  of  glvir^  notice 
f  -Jie  injury  and  the  expiration  of  the  period  within  which  the  stat- 
ite  prescribes  that  the  action  must  be  brought,  h-  was  in  a  luualie 
.^vliim,  in  con«e(punce  of  the  impnirment  of  hi.<  faculties  by  the  acci 
lent.'     If  this  deeisioji  is  o.,.,(l  law  it  discloses  a  very  shameful  defed 

ill  ;li(  sliitute. 

730.  Service  of  summons;  waiver  of  irregularity  in.— An  employee 
,v;iivuj  an  irregularity  in  ilic  -.Tvii'c  of  Mic  Miiiimou-  (in  the  case 
•itcd  it  was  served  several  days  too  latn  liv  aiiiwai-iufr  and  cic^cx 
iiiiiiiiiiir  the  plaintiif.' 

731.  Joinder  of  employer  and  negligent  coemployee  as  parties  defend- 
ant.— In  an  action  broua;ht  under  thcs..  statures  for  an  injury  caused 
iiv  the  culpable  act  of  any  of  the  empl"ye<'^  Inr  whose  ncgligeiu-c  tli. 
rmiiloycr  is  declared  liable,  that  act  obviously  coiustitutes  a  breach 
K.tli  of  a  duty  owed  by  the  employer  and  of  a  duty  <iw(m1  by  the  em 
ployee  him-eif.  The  injured  per.-fm.  tlKicfure,  uuny  maintain  an  a.- 
•iiiii  ii^ainst  the  employed  and  the  d.liiupKMit  ("ii)iloy.  <•  jointly.' 

732.  Institution  of  distinct  suits  at  common  law  and  under  these  acts. 
-I!v  the  express  term>  of  th"  Kui;lish  ai-l   i  §  t'>l,  a  -tatuiory  aetioii 

must,  in  the  first  instance,  be  foinuicnec.l  in  ii  i-"imly  court.  l!ul.  a- 
ilifCMiiinion-law  rights  of  a  -erv;ini  are  not  atiietcd  by  the  act,  the  in 
-titution  of  •^ucl"  an  action  will  not  debar  him  from  briuirin;:  auoii,.  , 
jr'tii.n  at  connuon  law,  either  in  tli«  couuty  eourt  or  the  liiuli  eoiut. 
It'iietiotis  are  l)rought  in  dilTevent  courts  one  will  be  stayed.  [t  boil; 
IT  hrouglit  in  a  county  court,  they  will  be  consididati d  iind  tried  t.: 

I'vther.' 

733.  Joinder  of  causes  of  action  under  the  different  provisions  of  thest 
acts.— If  the  plaintiff  intends  to  rly  upon  bevenil  di-tiuet  e;iu-es  of 

rtiiiii. — as,  a  breach  of  common  biw  duty,  and  the  ii.'pligence  of  one 
It'  more  of  the  persons  for  whom  the  employer  is  by  tin --e  nets  reii- 
lered  responsible, — the  faet.>  mti~i  be  alleged  in  -eparaie  eount-.' 
V  euinplaint  is  deimirrable,  if  in  one  of  the  counts  it  sets  forth  tv.o 
•(^parate  causes  of  action,  one  under  each  of  two  di-iiurt  provi.  ions  ol 
. me  of  these  act.s.=     This  rule,  however,  is  subjeei  to  tlie  (lUiilitl'-iiini: 

'Johnsloii   V,   Sh,iir    ilSSS)     >]    Sc.   I,.        '  lli'lhlniiil    \><\  d  H' 11   It.  r,,.   v.  Dn 

;;.  246.  scnbcnn    llsnii    !M     AIm.     11:1.    10    Sc. 

■Dunn  V.   ItiiUrr    i  1 SS.", ;    {).    U.    I),  i    1  274;    lliiihhni,!    An.    .t     /.'■//    A'.    Co.    ' 

"imes  I,.  I!.  4:ti.  l//»rr   iISlWi    1-Jil    \li.  .-.:!.'..  H  <n.  :•:,:,: 

'Vharma)i  v.  l.nke  Knr  A    II.   H.  Co.  I.oiiisiill,    li-     V.    A'.    r<,.  v.    ]h,lli' ,sln ,' 

1000)    10:>  Vo,\.  440   (riMiiovnl  of  ciuno  il.Sli:})    <i7   All.  liUl.   \1  S...  71  ». 
irom  tlip  ^t.^t(■  to  tlip  I'lilei'.il  court   wns        -i'liimiiis  \.   .\lfiln„iii    (I.    S.    I'.  (',. 

4eni.il  on  thin  uioiii:il).  ,1SI)|I|    127    Al.i.    l(;i;,   Js   -.i    IM:):    Ih'ji 

■  ISte    iievcfi.    I%lii|>lovert'    I.iattiliis.    Jil  t-tntf    A  i  •  .    it    /»'-'''    /»'■    ^  ■  ■    •"■    /'■      '       ''J 

L^l.  p.    liiS.  "  I  1. Sin  I    '.U    Ala.    li:i     111    s,,     J7I,    /;„  ; 


l§'§ 


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s" 

,,';    ii 

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1 

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'ft 

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■^i  1 

,  nl 

2070 


\LVSTKK  AXU  SKH\  ANT. 


[( iiAi'.  xxxni. 


tliat  scvcriil  (li-ifiiicf  "doicct-i"  may  lie  nll»'sri'il  in  th('  saiiic  t'  mt,' 
and  iliiii.  if'  tlic  iiijurv  roultccl  troni  tln'  cdiicurri'iit  operatii»ii  ul  tv.i. 
iir  iiinrc  (if  ilic  |pairicnlar  kinds  i>(  iicjr!ii:ii,(i'  (•nvcrcij  In-  .-ijiai.i' •  «iil, 
divisions  ot  tin  acl.s,  tlicri'  iiia.v  lie  an  avfrnniit  \i>  riuU  cllici  in  ,,i,, 
coUMi  :  ilic  piaintitT  liicii  lias  tlic  Ijiinlcii  id'  t'staMi.sliiug  llie  srvtm 
allci;aii<  as  id  in  !;li:;(iic('.' 
734.  Joinder  of  causes  of  action  under  thece  acts  and  at  common  law 

—  Jn  Kiiiilaiiil  it  lias  iiccn  ••iisiniiiarv  to  join  ciiMininudaw  auil  -rmi 
torv  causi-s  (>{  aclidii  in  ilic  s;iiiic  -iiif,  and  in  spite  dI'  <ino  jiKlicinl  in 
tiniation  advci'so  tu  tiiis  rnic  oi  ])ri)ccdnn',  it.s  ])n)])ri(>tv  iiiav,  inihaji-. 
bo  rcirardcd  as  i)cini>  now  no  loniicr  (ijicn  to  controversy.' 

In  Scotland,  also,  this  joinder  is  perniitleil.'- 

In  Massaclnisetls  (lie  |)ro]iriety  of  sncli  a  joinder  Iia«  novci.  >ri  fn: 
as  the  writer  knows,  hum  (inestioned.  and  a  lai'i:i'  nuuiliei-  ot  la-,. 
niiijht  lie  I'iied  in  which  the  complainant  has  included  c(nnit~  s|.|ji|,M 
forth  claim-  hoih  nnder  the  sratnte  and  at  common  law.''  A  sin,;];,. 
roniark  is  a|)|ilicahle  to  the  Alabama  course  of  pi';'cti<'o.* 

Set-  also  §§  si'.i.  ,s.-,(X  i,„sf. 

734a.  Joinder  of  causes  of  action  under  these  acts  and  other  statutes 

—  It  has  been  held  bv  the  Kni;lisli  coiir!  of  appeal  thai  the  c:iii-i- ,, 
action  for  the  deiiili  of  several  emplovees  in  favor  of  their  ri -pccii'.. 


a 


iiioiiit  ,(  h.  II.  Co.  V.  ir.r,-,,,  iiHitiii  !); 

Ala.  27(1.  12  S(i.  lS(i;  l.niiisnilr  il-  V.  I{. 
Co.  V.  Mi,n„is!i,,l  (IS'.i:!)  07  Al.i.  2(il. 
12  So.  7H. 

'  Ahiliiniifi     (I.     S,     A'.     Co.     V,    lliiili'ii 
(ISH.-.l    112  Ala.   Iti7,  20  So.  .'n:!. 

'liriilqis  v,   7'i  11/11  .vvr  r  ConI  Iron  <f    A'. 
To.   (I8!V)i    10!1  .\la    287.   10  So.  40.1. 

'  III  .\l  iiiiiliiii  \.  ThoiiKS  Iniiiii  o)l,s  <(• 
Shiijhiiililinri  Co.  (1SH2I  L.  R.  10  ().  H. 
Oiv.  .-.0.  'yl  I..  .T.  Q.  li.  \.  S.  110.  47  I.. 
T.  N.  S.  :i,")l.  .\Iaiii-l.v.  .(..  cxpivsscd  a 
(loulit  wlictlior  a  -tatiitorv  iictioii  iiisti 
tilted  ill  a  couiily  luiiit  ami  rciiiovcd  to 
a  su|K'rior  oniii'  cinild  Ix'  loiisolidatcil 
with  on(>  in>titiit(>il.  prinr  to  the  loniov- 
al.  in  flic  supiiior  loiirl.  Itut  tliis  die 
tuni  is  inconsistent  with  the  case  of 
Larbrjt  v.  (lifiiiforxi  (rejHuied  only  in 
the  Time.'*  ne\vs|>a|n'r.  .luly  2.3.  l.S.1.">). 
where  the  action  in  the  county  court 
was  removed  in  onler  that  a  coniiiion- 
law  claim  miL'ht  he  added  to  it.  -Mr. 
Ruc};;!,  "ho  refers  to  th's  decision  (Em- 
ployf  .1  I.iahility  .\ct.  p.  141.  notei. 
states  that  the  same  course  ha-s  heen  fol 
lowed  in  other  cases.  See  aUo  Minroti 
V,  Flimhii  ,(■  I)  M,  Colli  rf  fhr  Brirl; 
Co.  (180SI  2  Q.  U.  .-i^".  (i7  L.  J.  Q.  15. 
N.  8.  9;6,  79  L.  T.   N.   S.  ,f07.   w'      • 


Iheie  was  lioth  a  cumiiikui  l;iu  .in^l  ,i 
-(atiitory  claiin.  and  no  oKifr  liciu  |. 
this  Jniiidir  «a~  iMi-ed. 

For  the  ^^eiiiial  rule  as  to  tin-  ic>ii:.|t. 
of  alti-niative  laii-i-  of  action  unilir  Ihi 
iudicatuie  act.  s,.|.  Ilnqol  \.  I'an!... 
(  1S77)  L.  R.  7  Ch.  Div.  1.  47  I..  '  (  ii 
N".  S.  22.5.  .•?:  1..  T.  \.  S,  ;!(l!i,  :.'i;  W.vl 
I!e|).    lit). 

■  MuriiHiiii  V.  Iluiril  (ISSJi  ]n  s,, 
Sess.  ('as.  4th  -cries.  271;  <:'in.lf  \ 
I'liiil  (isnti  22  Se.  Se-~.  r,iv  -(t!i  V 
ries.  1:  Ituthir  v.  Cnhdoiii'i  I'.  <'<• 
(180S1  ;!.-)  Sc.  \..  R.  72l>i  i;».i.i.,  V 
CliiiiiiiHil'iiiii  I  ISOD)  17  Sc.  Si--,  ('a- 
4th  serii>s.  HI.-.;  1/r*'oH  v.  fu./i.  (l-i!'l 
IS   Sc.    Sess.   Cas.    4tli   si-ries.  .'lO:. 

Mt  will  he  siillicicnt  to  nienlluii.  i- 
e\;iinples.  the  followin;;:  Din, 'it  v 
MiirnhnU  (l.SOOj  172  M;iss.  ."iis.  :d  X 
v..  lOdO;  lord  v.  Mt.  Tom  Siiliiliiti  Vuif 
Co.  (1800)  172  Mass.  .544,  4H  I.,  1!  \ 
00,  .52  X.  K.  10(1.5;  llnll  v.  Wuhn-.Ui 
SI.  Slrnl  n.  Co.  (1901)  17S  Ma-  !" 
,50  N.  K.  fuiS:  Uiighrit  v.  .!/(/;.;>  .(  1/ 
diiKlight  Co.  (1897)  lf.8  -Ma.-,  :!«.  -t: 
N'.  K.  125. 

*  iMir  e^aniple-  (if  the  ioiTiiliT  nf  I'oir. 
mon-law  and  il;itntoi-v  coonl-.  -r,-  i'l.„. 
rnln    V.    .Uahiima    G.'  S.    K.    Co.  M^W" 


■ail 


;5  :;!J  737 


i;\ii'i.t»vi:us'  i.iAKii.iTY  Acrs. 


8071 


rciativc-.  uiiiiiM-  Lord  Cmiijil'tir^  iit-i  uiid  iLo  i'iiii)l<>vci>'  lialiilitv  m-i. 
arc  jcMial.  ;inil  <-:iiiiii>t  lie  Joined  in  uiic  action.'  IJiit  -ucii  a  joindrr 
i<  now  i)pniii;ird  nnilcr  oidci-  S,  rule  la  of  the  count;'  court  nil"-, 
uhifli  wa-  added  in  con-itMiucncc  id'  tlii>  decision. 

735.  Election  between  different  counts. —  It  has  not  vet  lucn  ddl 
uitelv  dttcimincd  in  .Ma>saciHisctts,  wlictlicr,  in  a  case  wlicn-  tiic  ii:i 
!,ilin  oi'  t'ic  di  tVndant  i-  -latcd  in  scwral  counts,  -onio  under  tlu 
-tutiife  and  some  ai  conmion  law.  tlie  piaintitV  can  l>e  eoini>elied  to 
,.li.(>t  tipon  wliicii  counts  lie  will  lio  fo  tiie  jiirv.*  i!ui  prolialilv  an 
.itciinn  iMiiiiot  1)0  <oiiii)elli<l  wlic'i  file  I'ounts  are  all  under  the  stai- 

ilc.- 

736.  Former  recovery  in  action  under  another  statute  or  at  common 

law, — A  |d:iiiilill  to  whom  coin|iensaiion  has  hecn  awanled  tinder  the 
lu!::lisli  act  ot'  1*^!»T,  I'eviewed  in  ■•liapter  xi...  post,  <'aTinot  reeovii' 
hi, nazes  i'or  the  same  i'ljurv   under  the  oiiiplovcrs'  liahiiiiv  act  ol 

i>s(t.' 

.\  ju(^Lrinent  in  favor  of  a  defemlant  railway  coin])aii,v  in  an  action 
iiiidr-r  the  om])loyers"  lialdlity  act  is  ii  bar  to  a  sul.seciueiit  action 
::::iiii-f  it  at  coiniMon  law  for  the  same  injury,  but  not  to  an  action  un 
:\PT  a  statule  which  declai'es  such  cr)ni]ianics  to  h<?  liable  ninler  ci-r 
nil,  -III  I  ilied  cil'CUm>taiiee-.-' 

737.  Comphiint, —  hi  ihi-  sd'tion  it  i-;  jiro|io-ed  Ui  consider  merely 
he  formal  n i|'>i-ii  ■-  of  lie  com|)laiiit.  Its  v\uliciency.  in  so  far  a- 
■liat  depfiids  "Upon  ihe  c(.rroefiies-  of  ,e  rule  of  sub^tanilve  law  v.iiieli 
ii  ciiilioiiie^,  ha-  necessaril;  been  ill  l<-i  iiiined  a-  an  incident  of  the  ili- 
riissioM  of  the  Various  doctrinal  ]ioint-  inve-iiualid  in  ]irecodini;  snl. 
■]'\r~  of  ilii>  cliapfer. 

S.'ine  of  the  deei-ioiis  to  be  cited  |)ossibly  apply  a  stricter  standard 
it  iii-'iiiical  cori'eciiiess  iliaii  would  be  deemei!  neces-ary  in  ,i  portion 
nf  the  jiiri-dieiions  in  whicji  ihe  more  liberal  of  the  modern  system- 
if  i.JiMilin:;'  have  been  adopted.      P.ut  even  to  praetiticMCM-  who  have 

I'"    \li     llii;     'H   So    (li:i:    l.uiiiKrilh    cf-         '  Cliiri    v     \rir    y,,il:   d     V.    /;.    I{.   Co. 

\.' i;.  <;,.  y.  V,,,::  liwii   i-is  Ala.  W,-),    ii^iisi    172  Muss.  2li.  .-.I   N".  K.   ins:!, 

:;o  s,,    (;7i;  citin;;  -cvpral   ('U-<'-. 

1,1, I, r    \      n'mht/    flS'.lli;    ('.    .\.l    2    tj.  -  H'lluiriKiril       V.        II",  ^/,       tiia.iilr      i( 

;'.,  M:;.  i;.-|  l..  .r.'  (j.   H.  N.  S.  .-.:17.  74  I..  r„,i.ilr.    Ci.    n«!i:!i     Hilt    \!,is-..    20I.   ."!.•. 

T   \.  S,  74t.  M   ili'ii-ina  \inilpr  i'  '^  Kiij;  N'.   K.  .■>.■).'>. 

li-ii   iMiimv   coiiit    nili-.    (inlcr    44.   iiili'  '  Ciiinptull      v.       Culuhniiiiii       II.     Co. 

IS,  in  vv!iii'-!i  the  cunt   follimiMJ  Smiitih-  \  \A'Mh     1    Sc.   Si-*>.  Cn>.  .'itti    -iTii's,  8S7. 

'■■■I'.    V     ]Un,n<i\i    nS!l41     A.    C.    404.    Ii  "  Vlnn    v.    \iir    Yuri:   d     \      F.    I{.   Pu. 

IN|.ri-.  2:m.  ii3  T.;  .1.  Q.  B.  X.  s.  737.  (I8<J8)   172  .^..        211,  51  N.  K.  10S:(. 
71  I.   T     N    S.   l.-,7.  U  Wovk.  \\v\,.  IKi. 
;i  .t.ci-i.'M  uitli  ri'iTiiid  to  orrlor  111.  ni!e 
I.  ni   (ill.  -iiiiiiMiic  iiiiiri   rule-. 
Vul    11  '  M.  &   S.— 49. 


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MArsii;!!      \M>    ><1.KVANT 


1  U4P.    iX.M, 

i|n'isiii!l-    vvi 


tc  draw  complni'it.s  witii  rc'ffr<ii<'i'  :■■  iln.-i'  systoms  ;inci 
.iffonl  sr-mo  iiistnictioii  am!  yiiidjinct'. 

a.  Rrlalinn  of  onj'Uni' r  mill .  ,/i/>^  //<./. — Tbo  relation  of  oiii|ilovri 
must,  exist,  and  imi-t  in'  -ft  t..rili  in  tiir  comiilaint,  tn  pnnlilf  tlic  ii 
Jurcd  person  t<i  -up  iimlcr  tlipsc  <iiiiutfs.' 

6.  S(C€SxUy  of  itlhijiiK]  Ihof  nr'/i't'iini-,  ,in>  /■■/.■niiillril  }ni  ii  statu 
lory  rice  priiifipiil.  -\  (■i,t]\])\y\nt  is  dt  imirrul>|p  inilos-  ilic  allii'a 
linns  slidw  tliuf  tlip  niiscoiidiu't  wliicli  is  fJip  liasis  of  tlip  claiiii  w-.i- 
ihat  of  onp  of  flio  particular  Piiiplovces  for  wlmso  fault,  tlip  Pinpluvc: 
i-  inadp  rpsponsilde  hy  iIip  statute-.-  A  cuunt  wliieli  cliaiui-  iml'I; 
-•■nee,  in  tiio  alternatixc.  "iiiier  u>  tlip  master  or  lii-  vicr.  |irinci[,;i:, 
Tiiu<t  aver  fact."  importing  tlio  nia-tpr'<  li;ibi]ify  hoiii  for  liis  own  aii.i 
liis  viec  principal's  nei;li;;enpp.' 

<•.  nrifl  h/i  xiirh  n  nrr  /iriiir' fnil  irltilf  (idn.q   in  the  liiir  nf  lii~ 


'  yirliolson    V.    Miir\iiiti 


ilSSS,     l; 


>;c.   S.-s.  (■ 


tliC   dulii-    ili-C'liiii>;i(l    liy   thi- 


ll [. 


4tli   M-rifs.   K.">4  ;    Siriinr/i     i  i.  i    -orviint.   ^ind   lliat    lio  w.is   not   crl 


hiiiiriin    (1S021     I'.t  Sc.   So--.   Ca*.    Ith     narily  cti;;:!;;!.!    in    iraiiuiil   laUir.     !''■ 


\,   A'-i.vv    ilS'Mh    17  Sr.  Sf^v.  Cas.   nil  s.- 
I  i' -.  I'M''.      ISiit  in  .1  latiT  one  il  u.i-h-ld 


-.•ri("i      870:     Cotif/liHii     v.    liuslnti    7'. 
Iti^al  (■',.   tlSilO)    l')!   M.i!.-.  !>J.  J.!  \.  V. 

'i\.      In   tlic   ln-li'iti'(l    (vi-f    (lie    .■(Hill  iliat      i     i-ciniplaint     i-s     not     ili'iniirii!il  • 

lii'Iil   that,  upon  a  ^'cnoral  ili'timroT  iii>l  \\hlili    -liuw-  ttiat    llic  ni"4lif.'ciil    -.n.iiii 

l"iinlinu'  Out   any   -|HTilic  .li'lrd.  a   dim  iiianaL'fi    the    rii-fi'ndanf-    i-l;.tr,    v  In!' 

plaint   was  j.',xm1    wliirli   allr;;<Ml   llial  tlm  he  v.a-  iilisi'iil.  altliiiiijrli  it  dm-  n..i  .n,i 

■  Iclriidant  \va<  the  o«ncr  of  anil  Iiad  the  in  tciiiis  that  hi;  was  not  ordinarily  m 

iiiaiia;;cnipnt   ami   control     of    a     ccrtaiu  pi;:i'd    in    manual    !at)or.      W'/.. ..,/  v    /'. 

ls(i:!i    •l(\  Si-.   ^Jcsx.  Ta-     Itli  -itIi- 


\"'--<d  on  a  rrrtain  day,  that   the  plain-    c" 
tilt  iva-  then  and  tii^ro  at  work  <in  -aid     isi. 


Alli'L'atinn-  tliat  tlio  iniiiiy  "r,inn") 
on  till'  d"fcnilanf,!  road  on  wliiili  it  «:i- 
at  I  he  tiiiii'  o|M  ratin;.'  hand  car-,  and  m 
I'lic  ot'  defend. lilt'-  liand  e.ir-.  on  «lrir 
tate.  a-  an  em|diiyie  nf  ilefi'iilin; 
wa-  at  the  time  on^raKed  in  the  dutii- 
of  lii-  eiiiphiMiant.  and  lh.it  one  Ii.  u„- 
l!ie  foiiiii.in  ill  eh.iru'e  of  -aid  cir.  ;ih 
-nilieieni  to  -how  lliat  II,  \va-  at  (In 
lime    the    foreman     of     ilie     drfindint 

lllr,l.l„,l,l      Ire.    if    lirll    R.    Co.    V.    /)i/t,N 

l;ri-f    ilS'.iSl    !IS   .\la.  210.   i;i  So.  IIIH 
.V  eom|daint  alle^'in;.'  faet-  \\liieli  sIiom 


■  e--id    as   a    I.  Iiorer,   sliovolinir   eoal    and 
•  lisdiar/injr  tlio  cirfro,  and  that   lie  w.is 
then  and  there  in  the  pni)iloy  of  one  \'>.. 
a  stevedore  then  doini;  the  work  of  di--    om 
eharpinj'  tlie  saiil    carLio  of   -aiij    ve— el.     ini 

■  .\   eount     in     an     .:'lion    for    iiiinrie..    wa 
iMU-ed    liy   "defeel-"    i-     hid.     nnh-..     it 
'•ontains      an     allei.'a1ion     of    ne^liL'^'me 
either    in    the    eni|dnyer   or    -oniione    in 
tnisted,  etc.      Itmi,  x  v.  Oyer    (isno,     1| 
Vew   So.  Wales   I,.   R.    (1,.  I    4."U. 

.\vernients   ihat    a    person   namiil    was 
in    the   employnient     of    the     defendant. 

Ihat.  he  had  -nperintendenef  intrn-ted  thai  the  ean-e  of  tin-  iniiiry  wa-  tli 
to  liini.  Ihat  he  wa-  ne;.'lijrent  while  in  iieLdifreiKe  of  a  fellow  servant  in  ri"sf«ii 
1  he  exereise  of  sindi  -nperintendenee,  lOld  to  I  lie  detail-  of  the  work  is  deminr.iMr 
Ihat  he  wa-  the  defendant's  snpirin  lv/i/<p;  v.  Ilnti  (ISSS)  U7  Ma-.  'iT.'! 
lendent,— elearly  show  *hat  the  sapor-  i  T„  R.  .\.  ;<,•^'>,  18  X.  K.  4Ifi. 
iniendenee  which  he  had  was  intrusted  I'or  this  eason  a  complaint  by  a  ."ft 
to  him  hy  the  ilefemlant.  Be.ssinier  lion  hand  for  injiiriefi  caused  by  heili.' 
/.rtiirf  tf-  Imjiror  Co.  v.  CamphrtI  (1808)  -tnick  hy  a  hand  car,  "heins  n|>er.it<"' 
121  Ala.  .'■.0,  77  Am.  St.  Rep.  17,  2n  So.  recklessly,  wantonly,  and  with  lto- 
703.  ne{;lij;eneo  hy   defendant   or   its  a:;i'tit  al 

in  one  Sootoh  case  it  wag  laid  down    that    time."    is    had.     Central    It.   Co.  \ 
Ihat  the  complaint  in   an  action   for  in-     l.nmli    llSllOl    124   .-Ma     172.  20  So    ilti'.i 
juries    caused    by    the   nef;lif;eniv    of   an    See  also  note  .5,  infra. 
.•inployee       exereisiny       -nperintendenee         '  l.omsi,  illr  if     .V.     /?.    Co.    \     /.'...i'./mi 
Miiist  contain  a  distinct  avi'Miient  show         ISH,"),     110    Via     IS.'i.    20   So    tt2.'i. 


,  ;a;j  i;Mi'i.nvi.i;s    i.i.viiii.iTy   Ari>  ^'>r- 

^uty.—.\  ^^pwill''  .'iH'Oiitiiii.  tlinl  a  ritani'-n    .ii-V  principal  wj^  in  Mi" 
,IiHli..ri.o  of  iho  duties  imp.- -fl  upon  1  ' -i  hv  Iii?  '■luploymnrt.  'vl.r- 
i|ii-  iiijurv  \v!i5  iiit'ii'ii'"!.  i-  "I't  nrd  -iiin.* 

,1.  Siiffi'-iriiqi  w  l!i<  n!:,,:!lnw  of  iirql'rfi^rr.  \-  r. -:ir<l-  Hi'' 
.uftioiiiicy  of  til.'  (•••riiiilMiii'  in  !■' -p.vf  to  its  -l:it,-tii(iii.  >•(  tlir  !.!v  ii.'l. 
„f  (iiirv  vflif'l  upon  11-  ;i  .•:!<,-.    ..;  ac-t.i«.ii.  lli.-  -   :-  ral  ml.    \-  :\\.r.   i;   i 

;  ,i^:iiii-i  .1  iiciniirriT,  wh.ii.  .,i,.i  milv  wlic,,,  it  folh.w-.  citln-r  ;i'"r 

allv  ur  siiiisiiiiiiially.  tlic  wonU  >'l'  t.lie  partic.\iliir  prnvisi«>ii  wiili  ivi 


,  ir-iirc  f"  wln'cii  iIk' 


nlii'Mtirin-  'vcr  •  fraiiu'd.^ 


'Tlii*  mil-  v.n*  lai'l  iio«M  in  "  ri-p  ■<'iiic  otlior  »iiy  thi>  apiiliiiiioc  or  aiipli 
uhore  till'  .•<Miit  relied  uptii  tlir  •■  ii-iii-  :.n.rs  on  llu-  .l.fcct  ivc  qiMlilv  vi  uliicl. 
.i.itii.n  tli.it   iin  on^rinccr   "!i<.   i-   in   tlie    the  [.Liiiitiir  r.!i.- 


V.  /,■ 


l.nin^lltlr    .r 

,.,„,,lovn;.;iil   of  a  railway  eonipaiiv.  i.ii.l  Co.  v.  ./„„.. s  ,  lii(l(l|    IIIO  Ala.  4.-.I1.  :10  S., 

,„  'liar-e  of  nn  engine  wlii(  li   i-  at.  tlie    ,-,si;.     Or  wln-re  In -f.- t  to  ulnrli  tl,. 

imie     running     upon      the      •'><<'V»"y'''  ']}l'i:>''}  ''<i"'J  ''^'' f:''''  ';,''"] .^^^'^i 

ir,irk«.   i*  prima  facie  in   the  .ii>.harge  ll/i.,((ri/  v.   /■.••.la  'V-.i(  To.   (  iM'.iS)    12: 

.•i  hi*    dutira    n»    engineer.     Muuiltairil  .\l.i.   118,  ^t)  S.i.   IJ 

;,,„>  Co.   V.    nmidi,,,    11800)    114   Ala.  In   ^^'h•l,    .f    O. 
I'.H,  Jl  So.  430 


h'.       Co.       V.       niHTiJi 

1891)    !U   Ala.   l!l!l.   10  So.   14,:.   it  «u- 

'\  winiilainris  good,   where   it  ■-t.;ite!.  held  th;.t   ,in   averment  that   •Mcf.n.lanl 

:it  the  engineer,   wliile   in  the   serviee  tiegli^i-inly  u>i>d  in  il.s  hu<iiio-s  a  steuni 

■  if  the  ronipanv.  in  eharge  of  a   IfKonio-  fir.-iii..  .ir   loeniiiotive    uhiii    w.n  oui 

•  ive    ne.Mi"entiv    injured    the    plaintifT.  nnler.   <o   that    it    ..nihl    not    he   "^lop 

•t  11  liine  when"  Loth   were  aeting  in  the  prfaMptly.''  .■ouhl  not  he  reu'ardi'<l  a- 

'iiii-  of  ilutv   as   emi>h'M'e>   of   the   eoin  eqnivihnl     ot     tlie    sLitutory    laiiL:u,i,L 

j,.i„v      VilUhitrah.    C.'r.    ,f    i^t.    I.     II  The  .-.iirt    .^aid:       -The  engine  may  liav  .• 

IV)  "v.    Mnnlri'iiiuTii    !  1  >*0S t    IS'J    Ind.    1,  'lein   iie'.diL'inlly  ti-iil    iii    the    l(ii>ines-. 

71  Aiii.  SI.  kep.  ."501.   1!'  N    K.  .'>,*< 2.  and    vet    tho   dofeet    comidaiiiecl    of    not 

■Injinii     rnii'm;!    '\,<i     •././.erv    iii    thi  have   iri-en  from,  or  hwii  di-eovered  and 

,.„-,s"   ,lc \    eoniphtini    whieh    state'-  ri'niedjed  i.v  ing  to.  tlie  ncL'ligi'iii  ■•  ol  de 

•■eiienillv    the    faet^.    and     ille;;,-    that  teiidant,   or    of     -"iii.'     person    intru-le.l 

tVvcim'.litnle  n  .lefeet  in  the  va.\-.  ete.,  nith  the  duty  of  -i-enej  that  the   v\.n-k- 

1-  iiot  deiinirrahle      l.twlsiilh    A    V.    A",  ami  niaehiii.iy  were  i:i  |>i-oper  eomlit ion 

-•o    V    I'.nrsun    m'r'.)3i    07    .\l.i.   211.    12  The  adverl.  -ne-lij.-M' 1;.  .•  a.s  employed  In 

<o   !:»;■   WUlni  V.  lUixt'iii  Fhririr  liiiht  the  eoiint,  ()uah'''  -  ''  ■•  natmer  in  which 

(V,    ilSOTl    Ufs   Ma--,    to.   :(T    1..   1!.   A.  tlip    i-iigine     was     ii-ed.  .uid,   fairly   eon 

:"'.\   4(i  N    E.  30.5.  st.nie.l,  doe*   net   n  late   to  the  ori,i'iii  of 

'\  ooni'plnitit  which  alle;;i-s  that  the  in  the  defeet.  <.r  to  the  failure  to  discover 

i\ir>   was  caused  liy  ■•(lefeet-.  •■tc."  ami  and  renieciy  it:   and  i-veii  when  taken  in 

ifin'.hules  with   ■•nr..  the  -aid  liand  ear  conni -I ion     with    the    siihi-eipnnt     aver 

«a«   .ail    of   pliinili."    and    "wa-    -.'    im  mlmiI    that    plair.iilT   w.i-   injur.'. 1   on   ar 

|in.nerly  adju-ted  that    it   na-   likely  to  count   of  'tin'   n.'L'liuenlly   .lef.-ctive  con 

lUiiiper  he  thioun  from  the  track. ■'' has  .liti.'ii  of  tiie  er-ine'   i-   mt   the  cpiiva 

li.i'n      hi'ld       -nllicicntly       7-(>ccific,      as  lent  of  .in  avenmnt  that  the  d.f.'ct  aro-..' 

.ii;ain.-t  a  demurrer,  in  it-  description  of  fioni.  or  w,i>  not   .li-coviTcd  nnd  rem.- 

the  .lefects.     Southern    K.    Co.    v.  C,,it,  di.-.l  owing  to.  the  neg.tgence  ot  .l.'l'en.l 

tun  ilSOS)    122  Ala.  2.!1,  2.')  So.  34.  ant.  or    of    any   (Kr-on     in   its  employ 

It  is  not  ncces-arv  to  -tale  the  nature  nient." 

of  the  duties   dischargeil   bv   the  pcr-on  To  the  -anic  .  Ifeel    sec  r.nlnil  /?.  C, 

iiitni-ted   with   the   duty   of   seeing  iIkI  v.  I.n.t,  HSOO;    121  Ab.  172,  2{i  So.  000. 

the  wavs,  etc..  were   in   good   condition,  where    i    cninplaint    for   injuries   euisul 

l.iiiii.yritle  d  \.  A".  Co.  v.  Orr   ( ISOn   OJ  hy  being  .-t  ruck  by  a  haml  car  which  wa- 

Ala.  602,  10  So.  167.  not   "prnperly  (i\cd  -o  a-  to  control  it." 

A  complaint  in  an  action  to  recover  wa«  held  .l.'miirialde  for  the  omi-sion  of 

!•.!■  an  irijurv   caused  bv   dcff>.-t:   in  the  *1"--    '  >'r-~-   a!h  i^-itien. 

nay-,  works." machinery!  or  plant  of  the  .\  .1. 'el, nation  which    tir-t    set-    forth 

.l.findant  Jii  Jcnmrrable,  where   it.  docs  the  nuinner   in   which   the   accident    oe 

n'l   indicate    bv     name    or     identify    in  curred.   and   theji   allepi-   th.it    the   ''de 


HI' 


Ml 


I  'ill 


i;>h' 


:;{ 


2074 


MASTKI!     \Sl)    SKKV.WT 


[(   llAI'      \\\U1 


It  is  t'rnir  to  -ii-lMin  n  (l"iiiiirrt'r  t"  m  ciiiniiiaiiii   ih'-  ;i\i-nii  !:•■  ..; 
wliic'li  •iul)^i:iiitiiill.v  i'oll,,v\    ill,.  |;iiiuiiiM.,'c  of  till'  -:;itii!.  ,  Iml   ii  i-  .iri,- 

fendaiit  cui  |>.irnlj(>ii   liy  jl-.  ~fn;inl-i  mill         in   .in   ;i.liiiii   iiiiil.  i    ih.-    \l,,'.,,ii ■ 

ii^'rlitH  Wii,  iir;;li;,'|.|it,  ami  ^\,l^  Hllill.\    o(    ili..   loinplaiiit    allr-.il    tli.it    \\„     .l.ti.l 

a   hrcarli  .if  iliily   Inviirds  tin-  plaint  ill'."    .n ,in|.,iiiv    faili-il   to   prnvi  li-   -,;•■  ,., 

ilofs  nut    ull(j;i'  any  ilrf.vl.      l/,i/„i;,   v.    |ili,iiin»,  anil    iil-.<>    that    it    i.irin,,|  t'.. 

hits,,,!  \l,„h.  r„.  ,  isii.'i)   ifili  .\|a".  )•  ;.    I,,,.|.    tlii'iii    ill    np.iir,    .in<l    t'l..    i,.;., 

■■<•»    >«•   I'-  >*!•■  .-111.-,.   »a-   follii.-r,l   l,y  til,,  u.^i.!-      Mii 

It    lia.-   I>ii-n   Im'M   llial   a  niimt   ,j(  i,i..    Uhim  iii^lv   alluMnl    tl'"-  sainr  i..   i,i.,,,ii 

foMijilaiiit    wliidi    alli-c-i   tli:(t    tlicri'    \\n t  ..f  iviiair"     Tl:'.'  np|i|-t   lnM  im/iii- 

a   ili-fii't    in    tlif   i..ii,lili,,n    ,,f   tin-   \\,iy-.    wni.l    •ki'iowiiii.'ly"   .Inaild    Ih'  .-.  !i.ii;i,.| 

uiiik.-,   inai'liiiiiMy.    or    plaiii     rum Inl    a-   a|i|.lMiiL;  only   to   tlic   l.iili ,i   t'„. 

with  111-  iiM'ij   ill   il,,.  Iiii.iiir thf  ill'-    ,|,  I,  ii.i.iiii    lo  k(v|)  (hi-  a|>|ilianii-   in  i,. 

fcnilaiil,  in  that  tin'  ••aii|ili.iiii  •■>  ii-id  hy    |..;ir.    .iiiil    tliat,   a-i   tin-   alir-ili...  ,, 

ili-fi  iiilanl  in  or  aiioiil   alliMii|il  in;:  to  _•<  t     iiiliiir    lo    |irovii!i'    a(i|>lianiv.i  i-         „i 

siiiil  car  ii|K«ii  s.iiil  rail,  \\,\,-  not   |.rn|.ir    ll Niplaiiil  -lui;.  ii-nt,  ami  Ii  ■- 

anil  sulliriciit   lor  that    |mii|>o-c."  i^  -uli-    r.ii-i'  tin-    i)iii'-lion     of    thi'    ih  ;  , 

joft  to  U.-niurr.T.      /,.,i/i.v, ,//.     ,(■     A.    U.    I,ih,,v  !nl;;,..   il    roiild  he  i.1,j,.,m,  .1  ,    , 

i'o.    V.    .I,,„>s    (I'MMM     l;«t    .\l.i.     I5li.    :il>    uidicl    for  I  lir  plaintilt  that,  haui.j  ,,„' 

So.  ,*»8li.     Till'    ooiirl    look    till'    iM>-.ition    ini  i  -  ,ii  ily    alli;:cd    know  Ii'iIl".    1 ,, 

that,  in  urdiT  to  tMoaiK'  romhinnaliuii  !i,,iimi  li/pioM'  il.  I,r,i(imill,  .i  \  /; 
by  siiiOi  an  iiviTiai-nl.  tin-  drii-mlanl  c  .  \ .  r,,„li,,:,  (IHSS,  «i)  .M;i.  IJ:i.  .■,  ^.. 
would  liavi-  to  >liu\v  that  the  tliiii--  u.-cil  toS.  Thi'  ur;.'iinii'iiL  lierc  -|.i  n.>  In  .  i, 
«iMV  not  only  pro|xT.  hut  ^iillirinit,  to  lii„ii  .i  •  ■■  of  iln'  i,ii,(-  ,  f  i,,,,,,! 
fll'iM't    till!    pur|ii>s<'.       !!iit  il    tiu-y    arc    ulij.h   ■  ry  to  tin-  wiivii  of  mi 

priiprr  to  iiM-  a.-,  an  aiisili.iry.  the  naMC  llnaily.  a;.  ..^liial.  il  in  §  ti;  1,  -ul..l  .,, 
fai'l  that  thin'  arc  in.-iiMiiii-iit  to  ai-i-oni-  Mifiin.  as  well  a-  to  l!ir  nianii.  -i  -.■■,.,- 
plisli  the  whole  iiiidcrl.ikiin;  docs  not  of  the  phrase  now  under  <listn--i..ii 
show  that  they  ou;;lit  not  to  he  u^ed.  .\ .'/'"/' '!'■''  of  i„i.s,,ii  ni/u/si-/  ,,/;, 
Sup|>osinj:  there  was  smh  in^iiHieieney,  sii/i,  lini,  in!,  n,-, . — A  L'liieral  a\.i 'i:!-!! 
^it  liii,L:lil  imply  nr^liyiaice  in  the  -u-  of  Ihc-  iHL'li.ij.-m-e  ol  the  person  intni-t..! 
perinlendeni  of  the  work. — hut  il  did  with  ^ii|ieriiitiiii|i'ne<'  i>  enniivli.  \ii 
not  ehar;;e  the  employer  with  ni';;lii;eiK-e  iivirin'-Pi  of  s|Meili(:  ne;;li;j-.iu'e  i-  ii..t 
ill  furnishin;-  the  ai/pliamr-.  iei|ui>i!e.     Thus,  a   lompl.iilit   In  .m  .!,• 

The  complaint  should  -tale  that  the  lion  lor  ne^di-eiitly  e.iuMne  ih  •  d.  ii!i  i,| 
"defect  arose  from,  or  hail  not  lutii  lein-  an  eii:ployee  in  a  r'nine,  .ilie-in'j  liiit  .!f 
edieil  owiiii;  to.  the  iii'^lii;eiicc  of  the  em-  femlant's  -ii|KTinlendenl  ii  ■!:I:.i  l.lly 
plover,  etc."  Mohil,'  a-  O.  Ii.  Co.  v.  faihil  to  t.ike  due  and  pi..|.!  i  1.^, .  .li 
>U<ji<jv  (1S!»1)  ;H  Ala.  I!l!l.  10  So.  14'):  lions  to  preveiil  a  lire  whih  In  I  i  ir'.- 
Siulii,ili,l  Mfii.  Cu.  V.  II  ..<,./.v..;i  (ISHI)  ed  in  Ihe  mine  fren:  cau-in;;  ihe  .iiil,,i  1 
!I4  Ala.  l-l.'S.  1(1  So.  87:  llir,,ii,i,ih,iiii  U.  lion  er  .isph\  \i.-il ion  ami  di;;ii'  ..i  ;.l,'i!i 
ll-  /•;/.(■/(/.■  To.  V.  //-I.1//0/'  (|Sli:!j  101  Ala.  till's  inte-l  I'le,— su!Iiririill>  a!i.  ;.  >  !hi> 
488.   l;i  So.  T'.l.'l.  nef;lieenee   of   the   -iiiH.riniendeii      /;  (■ 

In  one  Alaliama  case  it  was  held  to  sr„i,  r  l.aml  <{•  Jit,j)i,,i\  (H.  v.  ('  ',11 
lie  unnecessary  to  alle^-e  that  a  reason-  (18!tS)  1:!1  Ala.  .">0.  77  Am.  Si.  I  17, 
aide  time   within    which   to   remedy   the    25  So.  "!).'!. 

defi-ct  had  elapsed  when  the  .iccidcnt  or-  A  count  in  the  complaint  el  a  aiimir 
curred.  (.'•iiiitiil  v.  Unni  '  l8llo)  10!)  onipluyee  wliicli  ,i\  i,  tiiat  hi-  eiri|M"V- 
.\Ia.  130,  111  So.  .'i!i8.  Thi-  riilin;.' seems  nient  was  of  a  danuerous  natiiiv:  tii,"it 
to  be  essentially  incon-i-leiit  with  an  he  was  yoiinj;  and  iiii-\perii  nii  d,  ;iml 
earlier  deei>ion.  in  which  a  complaint  mentally  and  physically  imniMiiuv :  tliit 
was  held  to  be  demurrable  wl.-  'i  merely  these  facts  were  well  kiioun  to  li.f'iiJ- 
allei.'es  tli.at  the  defect  "wa-  i  iiown  to  nnt"»  foreman  who  liail  com  rol  nl  the 
the  suiM'iior  ollicers  of  plaintifT  and  work  in  which  |)Iaintiir  wa-  cnqileU'il, 
known  to  defendant."  It  is  consi-lent  and  of  the  car  upon  which  pl.iiiiiiir  \iaa 
with  such  an  allef,'ation  il'at  the  defect  ri.linir  in  the  ili-cliar^;e  of  his  diin.-  at 
may  have  become  known  io  short  ii  lime  the  lime  of  the  injury  ciimpl.iiiu  J  of; 
liefore  the  aeciilent  that  then-  was  no  and  that  defendant  iie;;li'jeiil  !y  lailtJ. 
oppoitnnit"  to  remedy  it.  Si-nboaid  l)\  it-elt.  its  said  fonnian,  or  .nueae 
ilffl.  Co.  V.  Woodson  (1801)  84  Ala.  ei-e.  to  uive  plaintilF  any  warniii::  "i  ilie 
143,  10  So.  87.  dan^'er  of  his  employment,  or  to  instruct 


■ 


i:37i 


EMPLOYERS'   LIABILITV    ACTS. 


207S 


f  > 


witlinnt  prrjudit'o,  if  an  (imondmenr  which  r-piciili^s  the  particular 
facts  relied  iip"n  as  hoiiip  indicative  of  mgliyeiicc,  but  iinp<'-o<  no 


him  itr  to  tltr  safest  imtlio.l  of  dixili.irj; 
ing  his  (liitiiv.— 'I;iti'.  M  y..i..l  I'iiii-c  of 
iiftion.  «!i<ii  it  i"  finDi.T  iiviriiMl  Hint 
•mil  iii'j.'li/i'ii<<'  ii-iillril  ill  till-  itiiiiry 
,(  till'  lll.iiiltlll'.  l''l'"i/,i.l  Xlinililt  It. 
,  n.   V.    Viirciis    (llHMii     1-JS   Ala.   ;!.'..'i,   :!" 

-0.  liT'.i. 

A  riMiiit  ill  a  0(Mii|)l:iiiit  iilli'L'in;;  Itial 
ihf  <li-fiii  liHil'i  "iiiHTiiitiMHlcul.  knowing' 
tliiit  to  >;ivf  >l.Hk  to  llif  ri'i"'  •"  «lii''i 
.  ciTl.iin  t>:ir  oi  iri'ii  v  as  ai 'irln^il  wmiM 
iri'^il'ly  oiiiisf  saiil  I'.u-  1'^  Hirilii-  uium 
,,,.  .,m;, !,",,(  :i  -iMlhilil  on  «'  ii'li  till-  |)l.iiii 
tilT'ii  inli-lal<'  v.a-.  stan.'.iiL'  ani  r.ni-t' 
ilic  «aiii('  to  suiiiir  or  .■-.i-illalc,  iir;^li 
;;.ntly  ordi  rnl  tin-  |mt-  n-i  in  rhaip-  cf 
Tiic  piilli'V  tiy  wliirli  -.ii<l  liai  of  iron 
«,is  tipiiii:  lii'i'tod  to  ^ivi'  -Ink  to  tlir 
i.-|.^.  «lii'ili  tliry  •liil.  and  I'ccaii-.i  tticrc 
,,l-,iiil  l';ir  \vM<"tli,,iuii  or  ^Ini'U  a;^iin'<l 
.;iii|  -iMll'i.lil.  caii-illL'  tlic  ■*aiii.-  to  nwiilL'. 
mil  by  riM-oii  tli^Tn'f  <'aii-iil  plaint ilT'- 
mti'-t'it.'  to  lall  oil  till-  -cillnlil  to  the 
■.Moiiiid.  iiillii'tini.'  tlin  iiijuricri  coin 
|>Iairi"l  of.  is  snlliidcnt  and  dciniirralilr. 
,iwy  ii  i-  not  uviTri'd  tlicnin  tliat  the 
•  id.r  liivcn  wa"  iuin(r('--aiy.  nr  tliat  a 
iva-imaldo  nnd  (irolialdo  ri'^nlt  of  tlii' 
-uiiiirir^'  of  llic  scallold  \va«  to  llirow 
ilii>  di'(va-i'd  oir.  or  tliat  tlio  swi»'rintcnd 
lilt  had  .my  kuiiwIiMlj;!-  tli.it  siioli  wniild 
111.  thr  )iroi)alilp  or  l•l•a^l'^,allll1  rt-iiilt  of 
the  1,'iviTi;;  of  >aid  oidi-r.  nnaliir  Cut 
Whrl  d  Jlftl.  ('"■  V.  Mrhaffr,,  MOOD) 
1-2S  Ala.  21J.  J!)  So.  tUti.  In  tlii-s  ra-c  it 
■\:ii  alio  hi  111  that  wlicif.  in  addilion  to 
the  avprniiMits  just  set  forth,  it  is  also 
.iviriod  that  tlip  snpn  intiiidinl .  woll 
LnfiAinj;  iit  the  tinif  tli.it  lhi>  ^l.l^kiIl-• 
i.f  thf  roiic  would  cau-r  the  iron  to  hit 
,i?ain-t  the  scallold.  iind  cau-ic  it  to 
move  anil  swinj.',  and  "thiri-liy  have  ii 
li'r.di'iicv  to  throw  tlir>  plaint iir'.'»  intes- 
tate olf  (if  >:iid  sealTolil."  and  thus  en 
(l:in;.Tr  him,  as  then!  was  no  other  per 
-on  on  tlie  -rairolil  to  a-;sist  in  reecivinL' 
the  iron.  ifi-..  jjave  an  order,  and  hy  n-a 
-en  thereof  llie  iron  strilek  the  sialTeld. 
iMi-iiiL;  it  to  >uini,'.  and  the  plaint  ill'  to 
f.ill  ulV.  said  eount  suflicieiitly  state-  n 
■  Mii~e  of  aetion. 

In  Kniixafi  Citii.  .W.  rf  Ii.  U.  Co.  v. 
/!^;;.'i„i  (lS!>:i)  07  Ala.  240.  12  Po.  S.'^. 
tlie  i.;iiiriple  tliat  the  "supi  liiiteiidpiiee"' 
r"iil.'n;pl  itid  liy  tlie-e  nets  is  that  whieli 
is  exiiri-ed  over  men.  not  over  iiiani 
tK;Oi»  appiianre-  i  see  ft  ilS;?.  ini/''"i.  \\i»- 
hrhi  not  to  involve  the  oonseipienre  that 
■■<  e")iipl;iint  was  had  in  wliieli  the  alh' 
sat  ion  was,  Bnbstantiallv.  that  some  in 


orcanie  appliance  was  left,  hy  the  or- 
ders of  a  Kiipcrior  employee,  in  -mli  a 
|Misitii.ri  nx  to  endan;.'er  unduly  -iiv.iiil* 
eiiL'i'_"'d  in  the  work  a— i^jnid  to  tlie  in- 
liii'd  In  r-i  n.  There  an  a<t  ion  was 
liioiiLiht  lor  an  injury  eaii-id  hy  a  rail- 
way i.ir  whieli  was  left  tiHt  elo-e  to  tho 
tiaek  adjareiit  to  that  on  wliuli  it   -looil. 

'I'll Mill    said:      "The   sil|>i'iinl«iidinie 

aierrid  has  relation  to  inoie  than  the 
Ir.iek  of  till  deliiidant.  and  the  ea|-  lelt 
ilaTii.'i>riiii-ly  elo-<>  Iheiilo.  The  aver- 
nil  lit  is  III. it  the  yard  iiia-ter.  hy  whom 
we  under-tand  to  he  inli'tidnl  a  |«i-son 
ihar.'ed  with  Hie  omtrol  of  the  Iraeks 
and  ears  in  the  yard  of  a  lailr.i.ol,  was 
intrusted  with  sU|HTiiiteiidi'nri'  in  tho 
plai-iiiL'  and  p  '-itioli  nf  ear-  in  tin-  yard, 
and  henee.  nei.-sarily  and  ohviou-ly  the 
perfoi  iiiniie  of  his  duties  itnohi'il  the 
niovenieiil  of  ears  and.  in  eiin-ii|iiene<'. 
the  eoiitiol  and  direction  of  nun  and 
applianees  neoes-ary  'o  sn<  li  iiiovinient 
as  was  rii|Uisile  to  place  the  ear-  ill 
-al'e  and  luojM'r  pi-ilion-.  The  e-s,.nee 
of  the  aviTieent.  therelioe.  i-  lh.it  the 
yard  ma-ler  had  intni-led  to  liiiii  -iiper- 
intcudi-nee  of  the  men  and  appliances 
ii-ed    in    the   piaeins;  of   this    particular 

■  ■ar.  and  that  whilst  in  the  excnisc  of 
that  xiperilitcndence.  he  ne;;li;;cnl  ly  per- 
mitted and  suirered  the  ear  to  In-  |d.iied 
so  near  to  an  adjacent  track,  with  a 
pas^iny  train  oi'  which  pi. lint  ill'  wa-  dis- 
ehar^'ing  his  duties  ns  switchman.  a« 
Ihat  it  collided  with  the  )«i-on  of  tho 
idaintilT.  and  prfMlneed  the  injuries  cmn- 
jdaincil  of." 

Kor  other  examples  of  complaint-  in 
which  nepliecnce  was  allirmcd  or  denied 
to  tie  pi-edicalde  as  to  the  acts  of  -uper- 
inteiidcnt.  si.(.  also  .I/oore  v.  fi'/m.MOi 
llSIMIi  17  Sc.  Si--.  Cas.  -tth  -cries.  '\'C> 
(?  (isr,.  note  1.  sninii):  lli'ihl'iml  Air. 
,f  lirll  It.  Co.  V.  Iliis,  iih'rrti  llXill!)  ^H 
Ala.    2."0.    i;i    So.    Tills     iS    (is7.    note   2, 

■  'I lira  I . 

hijiii-r  ciiii^'il  hii  III  fiUnmrr  of  piiKnn 
•o  iihnfii-  nntrrs  thr  nrrrriiit  rril.H  hfniiid 
to  fijiifunii. —  .\  complaint  is  suHiciciit 
to  take  the  case  to  the  jury,  "hen  it 
.illcL't's  in  siili-lance  that  the  injury  wa» 
eiused  hy  the  ne;;li^'ence  of  the  ijefeiid- 
.nfs.  or  of  their  fi. reman,  specially 
averred  to  be  a  person  to  wlii>se  orders 
'he  iniiired  servant  was  hound  to  con- 
loiiii.  ill  i.iu-inp  .-.lu-h  servant  to  -.lork 
ill  a  drain  from  7  to  10  feet  in  depth, 
without  -iiHicieiitly  prnppina  the  sides. 
I  he  result   beinfr  that  the  sides  eoUap-ed 


m 


ij'tr  I 


•o:e 


>l\srER    AND   sr.nvAXT. 


(cs4r.  xxxTii 


1 


'yiii 


ii   . 


.iiiditi<inal  biinlrn  rti  the  [>iaiiititT,  if  filed,  and  •  deiniirirr  to  it  over 
nil^d.* 

A  or.inphiiiii  alleging  injurirs  from  a  dcfuRtive  system  is  sntHricnt 
|«  sjii'ciiic  niili(.ut  u  di'^tinct  uvcriripjit  to  sIkav  liow  and  in  wliat  mar; 
iiiT  till-  -iv -trill  \v;iM  diroi'tly  authnrizid  [,\  ilic  ik-fciiduut.^ 

fji  a  fri!ifi-i'  uf  liiuh  .iiiilinrity  if  i-<  snid  tn  U^  noco-^arv.  iindi^r  thf 

(•'iiuli-li  nil'  -  uf  |ii  .ii'i  ii '■.  'Ii.it.  in  i'Mtv  I'a-i',  i'\fc]ir  wlicn'  iIk   hi  .ji 

:.'cni'c  !■(  lii   I  '>ii  i-  il iii|il.i\  1  r"-  [h  r-i>n:il  •ii'i;liucii«.>«>  uloiie,  tlic  |.:iitii' 

.inci    (fll    ii|«.ii    liiiii         .l/'folJ    \.    Hull-  li'ifii'iiiii   i,t  nc(.'li;.Tnce.       Hnililaml    |.. 

iN'Mi    l^  .-,    V,  ..    (•;,-.  nil  >,ii..    .-.m;  ,(   ifit  It.  (■(,.  \.  Mill.-r  (IH'.is,   l-.'(i  ai. 

\   r-m-iit    ill   .1    • -iii|i!.iiii!.    uliii'i    .:.i.i.  .",;;."..    '^  i    »...    m.'i.'i.       In    Ihp  "iinir   ci—  i- 

tint    |il.i:i.iiir  r '■■•■iM'd  the  ii.u.rv.    uliili  «■■-  liclil  tli.u   the  i-<iin|>liiiiit    in  -iirl,  m 

III  till'  (1I-.  l-.'iL'i-  111  tiU  JlilH-"  .1-.  ;iii  iiii  .irlimi    m  ■  i|    nut    ;nii    that    tlir    -li...  k  ..r 

nldVi'c    of    ilili  11(1,11,1.    Iiy    rii-iiii    of    tlir  icrk   \.liiili  caii-.-.!    Iilm  tn  fall   liuin  !■,, 

Ill  L'li;;oiiic     111'     l!i.>     i|rfi-ii.|.iiit'«     niM-t  ion  .;  r   \\a«  nf  (iinri-  than   u-ii.il   \  iMii.ni-,.  ,„ 

I"'-*.    «hii  I'liliT  il    Ml     |ii  I   iiittdl    till'  «':i»  ■_-r.alil-   than   «a«   iirijiiiallly    inii'li 'it   |r 

tifiiM    wliiili    till'    |iliiiiiiil     fill    or    Ma-  ilii-     -tailiiiL'     iimI     iiioMMiii'nt     i.f    i^r- 

ilirowii.  a.'iil  hy  vliiih   |.l    iiitilV  w.m  nil.  >\  htiv  in  tin-  tn-t  coiint   il    j«  ciiar^ijin 

i.\ir.  to  hi'  mil  ai   .i     lii'.'i"ii-  aii'l   in-k  liaM'   Imtii   i  iii>i'<|    h\     iim'-iiii   uf  .i  Ji|'i,' 

!i--  rato  of  "I.  'Im  i-  '._\    ;ii"'liiciii;'  ilii-  in  thi-  i-ir.Mn  ■,  ami  in  tl.i-  lliif'l  (i)iint  l.\ 

ii'iiiiii's    riitiiiil  nil' il    •>',    -ill'-    .1     I'l.'   '  I  In-    iii'Lliv'riirf    of    file    ••ii;jini'''i 

'Mii-i'    if   artii'ii        1  .'.///'i.'iii     'Ii  '■I'll    I,'  In  .III  ailiiiii  to  rt-coMT  f.ir  tin'  ii.;;li 

(    ..    \.    Mnrrui,    (ItiOdi     lis    Ma,   ri.'i.',    liii  jiiicf  of  n   (H'l-on  "in  I'liir;.'!'  of  an  ev 

*o.   t'lT!'.  .iiH',"  it  Iia-  l'i>-ii  lii'lil  -iilhcii'iit  to  .i\i-r 

It     il    mil     II' if",u,\     to    -i-iily     111!  |iK.t  tbi'  iiijiirir-  wi-ri'  intllcti'il  "hy  r'M 

latui-i'  i>f  the  iliitii'"   ili-i  lin  ji  il    In-    lli.  ,i.ii  of  i|i-fiiiil,iiit«'  nfj!li!»('ni'<»."  tlii'  [km 

|ii'r-(in  til  w'li'-r  'H'|ii~  llu-  i.l.iiiitiil   w.i-  i  loii  U-ii'-,"  t.ik.'ii  that  for  thi-  |iiirpi'M' nl 

lii'iiinl   111  I'.iii' irm.       f.i.'i..,!  ,  .Vi    it     V.    /;'  iili-.i'liiij.  tliiii'  i-i  no  ili-liiii  tiiiii  l«'tsii-n 

(■',.    \.   '»'>■    I  Hill  I    !>l     \!a,    ijif.'.    in   Si,  !hi'    ■•||i-i;'i.-.ii','  nf  a    railuay    I'.'iaii.my' 

"'7.  I  ml     llu-    npf.'Ii^t"i('t'    of    an    "I'li'.'iiu'rr " 

Vi'V    i-    it    I --iiy    111   -l.ili'   ill    HJiai  litiliiimifiolis   Cuiun    l{.   Co.   V.    f/'iti/i/mn 

I', mi' III. II    11    |Nii~   til,.  oiiliT  ^'ivi'n   «a-  i  l!)(»t  )     I.'iT    Iml     t!)4.   .14    I.,    I!     A    >:. 

iii>;;li,:i.  lit.       l/i,/,i7-  ,f  O.  /.'.  f'o.  v.  Ilnirtii  ilO   V.    E.  t>4;i, 

IS'.ij  I   04    \la.   lull.  10  So.  14.5.  A  count  in  a   coinplaint,   whiili  inn- 

\    i'iini|ilaiiii     \\liiili    iliu<    not    show  i  hat  tlic  injury   was   roi'i'iviij  whili'  lln' 

Hi. it  till'  pl.iinliir  ua-  ti'iiiiil  to  conlonii  I'laintiir-     inti-tat<-     «'as    riyli'tully    in 

to  the  iiiiliT  111  i|iir>lii'ii.  tli.il  till-  injury  li-i  har'.'i'   of   tlii-    rliitii'S   of   hi-   cniii'oy 

ii'-:il(i.l    tniiii   lii'<  liavi'i'.'  »o  roiifoinic<l.  imiit  hy  tlio  ncfiliyiK ''  of  a  fclhuv  -in 

ami  till!   till'  oii'iT  wa-  in"jlii.'i'iit .  i*  de  ant    in    i'liar'_'f  of  an    .■iij.'ini'.  which  -.vn- 

iiuirrahli',        I'osiiil    Ti  !•  ;i    Cnlilf    Co.    v,  -o  I'aiilt'^-Iy  hainlhil  .i*  to  pruihiiv  tl;. 

Utilnrii   (IS'.itii    ll.>  .\la.   l!i:t.  22  Si.  «.')4,  injury,    i-i    ^iiflicifntly    o'rtaiii   and  di'ti 

liiiiiry   C'liimil   fiii   nln  diriri    to  rulrs.  iiitc.  and  state-  a  j;oo<l  caii'*c  of  aolion 

•    (.  -.V    count    liaimd    iindiT  the    firovi  i.oni.^iilli    if    V.   /'.   Co.  v.    York    (IfilW 

-inn  a-  to  iiiiiiiii--   ini-i-d  by  nUilii'iiii'  I v!'<  .\la.  .in.'i.  .^O  So.  07fi. 

til    mil-    i-    had    mil--    it    oontaiiii    an  .\    coinplaint    in   an    nctinn   to  rviovir 

,.ni-;;atii'h  tl'at   thi-  injury  ri's.iltril  from  fnr   an    injury   alli-;;cd   to  U'  duo  to  th'- 

'tiiM!  inijiri  |n  i-  iy  iir  ili'fni't  in  th;-  rule-.  iu-iilii;iii'-i-  of  aii  I'lnploypf  in  *'i-h.Trj^  ni 

.1'.      Ihti.'s  \.  h'l'i-  I  ISIIO)   11  New  So  a  i-.ir          ,     .     U|><iii  a'iaih\ay"  i-bi! 

W.ilii   I..    I!.    (L.i    431.  if    it    fails   to  avi-r   that   -uich   eniplori"' 

liijuri' i  itiMot'/  111/  nciilii/mce  of  luii  \i.n    in    char<»e   of   the    car    in    qin-lim. 

nits    lailirun    iimjiloi/tc'). —  An    nvemu'in  .ind  that  it  \va-  on  a   railu.iy.      I'-Ktrni 

in  a  count  of  n  coinplaint  in  an  actiun  /•'.  t'u.  \.  I.auib   i  IHiV.'i    I-l  Al.i    1"',  2i'' 

hy  a  InaUpiiian  a:;.iiii>t   a   railmnl  coin  '*o    OlW. 

|Mnr.  that  he  was  shaken  or  jolted  from  '  l.iiughran  \.  Itnuir  ilSitOi   113  .Vl*- 

Ihtr  ear  atnl  hi-    illjulii-    v.vlr  fail-fl   \r.  .'.t}!'.  21    ^o.    11.'. 

the  neglitrcnic  of  t1;c  iii;^iin'.  r   in  allow  ^  II  emit  ism,  v.    Wiilnun    (1892)    ID  8«. 

ing  his   car   au'l   ciiL'iiii    to   hi    su  Idcnlv  ^.ss    Cas.  4th  srrita,  9.J4. 
and  violiiith   -hmki-d,  i*  u  sullicicut  al 


.  ;.,7)                               I.Ml'l.inl.i;*'    I.l.'.llll.m      \i|»  -'OTT 

ulara  01  ••  '■lniiii  -liMiilil  i;ivi  Ixjili  tin-  luiiiii'  Mini  flu'  il'.crlpt'mn  of 
hf  pi  i-soii-  ill  'hi^  I'wiphjyr' •  -•<  rxii-f  who  arc  iillc^r-d  t^i  Imvo  l>r«ii  noa 
ieint.*     Tlu"  (lii'i-iori*  n«  to  t|ii^  |ioiiif  in  Ali.lnnnii  ar.-  i-nvi^ii-ly  in 

■,irni'-'<iit-''  '»  M.I"  I' liii-ct!-  till'  aaiiii- "t  n  i„  iiliu'-m  -ii|ifiiniiiiii 
•nt  is  iiiiiiiati  iiiii.'" 

('.    yotirr  of    'dim  I,.       In  :iii>    itii  i-'li'timi    win  re  iln-  -i\  in::  "f  •>' 

lii-ciif  till"  injiirv  i-  ini,.|i'  H iiliiiiMi  |)i-«ci.li  nt  i.i  liic  piiiinliiy'-  riulii 

•„  Mil'  mnliT  mil'  ol   liu.-i'  «iiiiiui-  (-<■,■  *  7i»*,  .^nimn  .t  <',.iiii|)iiiini   i- 

liiiu;rr;ilil<',  ,inlc->  it  aili'ir<'>  ilmi  ti^'iiir  i>l'  tiir  iiijnrv  w:h  ^ivcii." 
It  i>  -iitiicii'nt  U>  iilliiir  'liat  tin-  |il:iiiiiill  ••ciiilv"  ;:.ivf  nMij.i.'- 

/.  Krrissi/i/  uf  iillc'jdiij  ai'fi'tiCf  uf   V'/iiii  ilmtijiij   urijliij,  ncn. — S<'»' 
J  858,  fosl. 

"RucL'i-'.     l'.iiipI'A.i»'     l.i.il.ility     Ait.  In:.    14   So    IT.'.   «i(/>ra,   \mi<    i.f r,iii'j.l> 

II    r.''J."lii  tin'  ii|"i|hiii1In  of  ll>i'«   >vorU,  .noli;;!!,    not    n-fiTiiil    to    in    I'itlicr    i^f 

ihc  Ifiiinnl    .inllior    iiivi-^     i    iuimiIh  i-    i.f  llii-i'   lalcr  ci-i- 

foiiii'  111'   imitiiMiliirs   of   .li'inaml    »liirli  Tin-  nmlliit  <if  .iiitlmritii  -  i^  romli'ii"! 

!i;)n.   ticfri    actiliilly    U'<-il     in    *t.itiit.r>  -till    iim'Iv    |m  r|.l.\iii;;    \<\    anutlier    (lf<  i_ 

,,lj|,                                  "  aion.    ulilill   iiMllllli-   l.'Klim  illi    if   .V.    It 

'  M.I  ..lie  ..i-.-  it    u...   ln-lil  Dili  u   .-..m  Cu.  \.  Iluuhli,,    .Hli.-.i    lln  Al.i,    IS,'..  .;<> 

.hint  it  nut  d.-innnatilp  fur  tlic  r.-iiioii  S...  ;i-.':..  .inj  l.ivs  il  .luHn  tliat  ttu-  iiaii"- 

iliiit  it  (iof-i  not  il.-iL.iiii"    '111-  n.iim-  or  of    tlic    |M-i-<in    intru<lr<l    with    sujuriii 

|K.-ili..n    i.f    till-    |..i-uii    iiilni-tiil    witli  tciiili'Mii-  iiiii>l    lie  iivcrri'il.       Wnoilc'ifl 

•hf  iliilv   of  .ifciiiL'   tliiii    111.-    «aj>,   «te.,  lion    ((/.v.    Hi  ii.,li,ii       iMMIi     lit    Ala 

ire  in  iir..|.c.r  n.ii.lil  i.ni.       l/t  V.n/iura  v.  ll'l.  il   Sii.    4:;ii. 

/..,.,ri,i    llS'.i.'il    100  Ala.    IHT.   14  So.    IT.")  In    otliir    r.i-..-      nii.ri'ov.i .    it    i»    In. I 

IVlVn^laiif-    ci.iiii-.'l    <-il..l     V'lbih-   if    O.  ilnuii    lli.it    tl...   iiaiii..  ..f  a   n.-i..li-.'iit  ri.i 

It.  Co.  V.  (,..,(./.     (IMU)    HI   Ala.   I'J'.t.   10  |il<..\r..   li.niTi;.'     ■.  li.Mt;c.  (ir  ri.iili..|"   of   .. 

<o.   1 1.').   HJH'ri-   it   w.i-    .i|...vi-l''.l.  ari)ii-  train    tl.-      inii^t    !»•  alli'i'inl,  ..r  il    iiiii-i 

•  H.;...  Iiiit  not  (>X|ir».^>l\   ili'l.  Ill il.  tiiiit  1.       1.11..I  lliat    -iicli   nanii.  «.i-  unUnovM. 

•'.,r.r  iiliailin"  ri'iUlilril    *!i..   ii.iini-  of  the  lie     |.l,iMitill.        Smilhir,,    U.    Co.    \ 

[.,..11    to    «li..-n    or.ii.i-    ill.-    ..miiloyi.c  (  ..,i.ii,i.//..i...     (iH'.i.'.i     U'J    Ala.    4!lti.    io 

«,i,  '.Min.l  to  coiif.inn.   t..   I..-  -tat.'.l.   ~o  .■<o.  li:Ht ;  r.„hiil  I!.  Co.  V.  /..(m/i   (  IH'.l'.l  . 

..  to  ^'iM-  lite  a.-lcn-laiit    iioli.i.  Ilii-ri..f.  I-'I   .\l.i.   17i.  ill  ^o.  <MiO. 

.  ii.i    prf-riit    an    i--iii''.l..     t.i.i     wli'llir  Tlii-  ii|i-li..t  of  I'n.-i- iiiHiiv'-^,  th.-n-forr. 

-i;  Il   |icr-.iii    win    ill    till-    MiNir..   or   .in-  i-    -iiiililv    t'lo   <".l.il.li-liiii.-iil   of    ttio  ex 

..loviD.-iit      of     dcfi'iiiliiiii.      or      wli'l'i.-i  ticiiK'ly  l«<  liiii..il  an. I   arl.itr.iiy  ili^tiin- 

l.l.i'inlilT    was    Ih.iiikI    to    coMfomi    to    'li.--  lion.   Ili.il    if   tin-   n.-li:;.  ni    .  iii|iloy(.<'  !..■ 

T.ln-.     Tliii  oa-.'  was  (ii<tinyiii>lii.l  l>y  loiif^   to  v,-   ..f   two    par.  i.iilar   <-la«-.- 

M,p  miiri   on  tli«  jirouti'l  tliat.  .-vi-n  >up  of    >l..tiil..n    \  i.  i-    priii(ip.iU.    Iii~    nam. 

|.o>in(.'  tlint  till-  .-^lJ,'l.'^■^lio;l  i.iiil.o.li.il  tlic  nm-l    !..■  ..v.  .....l.  wliilc  if  ho  lirlmif.-*  t.. 

|.ni|.<r    rule    a-,    to    plr.i.liii^r    iin.l.T    tli.'  thi-  oiImi   ot  llii.~i.  <la^-i->.  Mieh  an  avei 

>iili-HOtii.n  ilfuit  with.  i:i;..  that  irlafini;  iin-nt    i-  uiiiii.i-:-.nv. . 

'"  .onlVirniity  to  or.Ki-,   il    .liil    not.  fol-  V    vailroail    i-iiiploy.-e    Ciimiot    rocovcr 

l.n\    tliut  the   same  strii-Ili.--   sliouhl   be     fimn  ll oinpiiiy.  uiiiliT  a  count  of  tli"- 

o-iuirc'd    in    a    (l.'ilaration    alli-yiii;:    an  .■onipl.iiiit  alli--i,iL;  lli.it  tin-  name  of  tho 

iiiiury  from  del.it.-.  person    j;iiilly    of   the  alh-;.'i-d    ne;'li;,'oii.'.' 

But  in  a  later  ea~«.,  it  wa-.  laid  down,  was   unknown  to  him.   where  *ueh   all.- 

..n   tho   authority    of    the    verj-    deti-ion  ^-atL.ti    i-^   dispr>>vi-.|    l.y    the   un.li^putod 

^  (lisliniiui^lieil!   that  the  name   of   tjie  .li.li-ne.       .1/.//..///'/  '.'.  .">'.  /.'.  >''>.  v.  Dmi-^ 

\>-\<on  "intnistid    with   the   duty,  etc.,"  (ISIi.Si    11!)  Ala.  .".Ti.  it  So.  SHi. 

limn  be  averred,  or   the  plainti'fT  must  '"  »o.../'."»i/  \.  I'u^t  i  H'.i:))    158  Mass. 

ill.-e    lliat    he    wii.s     ignorant     tliernf.  140.  .'i:!   N.    K.   si; 

.'.-,;;;.■.;;.'<■,{  .V.  /?  Co.  r  n.-.„i:!:.:  MHii.-.i  "  l>:r!.i:  \ .  /;•■-'•..•.  i?  .!.  /•'  '■■•    .  IHSI 

111!  .\la.  185.  iO  So.  325.      To  the  -aiiie  i:!l    .M.i--.  .'iI'l. 

■l..t   i-  Ciiilnil  II.  t'n.  V.  I.'i,r,l,    .is'ili.  ■    N/,  ;;,     \.    ill, I   '  .,/.,. .<    /".   '-i        ll'.ii. 

-'I  .\l.i.  ITi.  ill  So   !i.-.".      -ni..  lulin-  in  l.'iO    M.i-     -'i.i.   ■■»    ^     I-    H-T. 
U'\(i-,.nro    V     /.r.j.i,/       \-i'.i:',\     Ion     .\l,i. 


;(■  »! 

}u'm 


L'OTi 


MASTKK    .VNIJ    SKUV.VNT. 


[CIIAJ-     WXMI 


738.  Snfflciency  of  the  plea.— A  plon  ■.fatini;  tlmf,  if  tlim'  wn-  ..„ 
fav.lt,  it  \v.i«  flint  of  u  fi'lli.w  9tTv;iiii,  lias  Inch  htltl  ■.utHf.iciitlv  -iir.iii. 
fc)  go  to  trill  I  II  j  ion.' 

A  plin  wliifii  uvcrx  tliaf  tlir  piiii'iiifT  "km-w,  or  by  tlio  hip  if  ,,r.!i 
nan  ciiif  coiilil  liavr'  kimwii,  <>f  sajii  ilcfvi  t"  lia-  licin  luM  di  hiiirr;! 
ble  fur  tlu'  rcasiiii  that  tiirsc  -^tatiifo  pniviilf  tliat  the  fiii|il  .-.ii  -'i.;. 
not  lie  iialilo  wlicii  the  vrvaiil  know-  not  wlicti  lio  miijlit  ..r  .li..u'i! 
Iiuvc  known— iif  tin'  ild'cct,  ami  f'iiils  i<>  yivc  iiil'.iiiiiiition  tin n  .t.- 

730.  In«trnctions  to  jury.— 'l'.,  a*k  a  jiin  in  piu-mi  \v,.nls  v  |„  -I,,, 
liiorn  v.i\*  any  (IctVct  by  rca^'on  of  wliir-li  rlic  ap<M(i"iit  Iiiip|Mii.  .|,  ,„ 
any  n<'c:lii.'fnc't'  on  liie  jiart  <>f  i.n  t'iii|)luyci  liavin;;  -iiiMi-int*  ndi  m, ,  \. 
not  a  propor  way  of  •■•ibmiftin.'r  tlu'  ni^o  to  tlicni.' 

If  onf  cliiiiait'  i-<  lir,-f  ;:iv(n  at  tli.'  n(pit  .«l  of  fiio  plainiilT.  iiii^l  ih.- 
ano)li(>r  i-;  ■:iv(  n  at  tlic  n^ipicst  of  the  (iftVnci.int,  ciiiiiiiiiiiii;.'  I'p.ni  f!, 
t-asc  tiio  (■  Hint  ot  tiic  coinplaint  on  which  the  first  rliari:r  i-  Iki-i  1.  t!- 
mo-'f  that  t'iiii  be  -aid  of  the  tir-t  cliargt'  is  tliat  it  was  ah-'rn  '  -,v. 
infirmity  not  ili  iiiamlinL'' a  rovcrsai." 

740.  Provinces  of  court  and  jury.— (Sec  prncTallv  §  sn:..  ;,,</,, 
W  h(  thcr  ihi'  aci.s  of  oiiiis>i(iii  or  ooinniission  covcri'ii  iiv  tlio  Niiiimi. 
M'ctioiia  of  thi«c  «ialiitrs  slmw  an  ali-ciuT  of  due  cure  \<  a  (ji-^iii 
for  the  jury,  whciicvcr  iIip  (>\  iiloncc  is  <iich  that  rca-oniiblc  im  n  i,  :i 
iJitTor  ns  to  tiic  pfoiicr  infcroiu-c  to  be  draun  fnmi  it."  A  Mil;.-  f.  r 
tlif  plaiiilitT,  ilicn  t'urf,  should  not  bo  set  a-iilf  whcic  iIhtc  u.i-  :ii(\ 
ividi'iKT  to  support  the  catisc  of  action  alii  -  d.-  lint  an  iv.ihiiiui 
tion  of  tlio  facts  in  tlio  ca<cs  decided  under  ilie  si;ifiitc-  -i;..u-  tIli- 
t!icy  have  exercised  witii  cjiii>idcrabl<;  freed.. in  llieir  power  >.l'  r  .kUm; 
lirii;  the  oction  of  jiirios. 

The  <iii'>stion  whether  tlie  niatorial  «ub-<taiices  coiis| Jiutin::  t!-'  in 
>trniii.iii,ility  whirli  was  the  inimediaie  cause  of  tiie  injin-\  wi  r 
aiiioiiiT  those  covered  by  the  statnti'-  is  al~o  one  for  t!ie  iiirx.  \'-li'  ii  v.;' 
ilie  proper  inference  from  the  facts  is  a  matter  of  doubr.  or  i!ie  t':;.'- 
thenis(d\rs  two  a  subject  of  coniroxcrsy."  lint  n  court  is  aliiio-'  ;i! 
ways  warranted  in  re\iewin<ra  v  rdict  for  tiie  ])IaintifV  wliieli  iii\..!\. 
the  determination  of  this  (piesti  .n.  for  the  elements  of  im.i  i-r:ii'  - 

'  .Vr.VnV   V.    Kliinrll   r„„l   Co.    (IS!1S|  I,.  T.   K.  P.  C.Tl.  CK  .1.    |'.    ISii.  ,    r  l.il 

2.5  So,  S.'ss.  Ciis.   nil  MTips.  !m!:J.  VV;il"on    (p.  ti'ii. 

'  [.om.snllr   a-    A.    /.'.    f'o.    v.    II. ml,  ins  '  !!■  iinnhls  v.   Ilnlluiiiiii    (  IS'N     ('    \ 

(1800)    02  Ala.  241,  0  S<..  271.  14  Tim.-  t..  U.  r,.-,1, 

'  I'ritrhard   v.    l.avg    (I8(1!I|    .5    iiiiiH^  \<  |<i  th,.  jr,Miiii.|s  ii|„>ii   wluili  ,i  n. « 

L.  R-  fi.'lO.  tiiil   «il|  he  ;L:rniil<Hl   iin.l.r  I  In-  i:r.'i-!i 

'  ni:s.irmrr    Iniiil    <C     Imiiror.    i'o.    v.  jmlii'iitiir.'    net.     ^.-o.    i:,nriMll\ .    IIii.  j. 

Cin,i,,h>ll    (ISiiSi    121    .Mil.   :>M.   77    .\m,  Kinpl'iM'i.."  i.iiil.iliiv  Aci,  pp,  1  IJ    ' - 

St.   Hep.   17.  2,-)  So.  70.3.  '  rrrnilihli    v.   f>,'„iir,n,,i'   I!    ■.    1^'' 

'  l/rr.,)Y/ V.  rV/miii.//  [IHOfi:  H.  L.  K.j  fn.   (ISO.'i)    Kii)  Mass    l:!l    .!.■.  \    K   lir.i 

A.  C.  57.  nr>  L.  .1.  g.  n.  x.  s.  202,  7.'i 


,i;4l.741»l  KMl'LOVKRS'   LIABILITY    ACTS.  t«» 

n|,i.!i  rrrxl.T  thr  fih-linn  'f  a  jtiry  .•.....•liiMVi-  are  mU.iu    |.r-.nt. 

i<,.,.  .,,...^  rli.M  ...  ;.ni  ill  SS  W'Jf*  •>"*^»  •■''''• 

I,  ,.  :,l..i  f..r  tl,..  jiir.v  in  ili.'  tirM  iiistiuw..  fc.  say  wlirtli.T  flif  lu-li- 
..,„,  ,.„i|.!..y.v  xNi./u  Mii..rinti.ii.l.'nf.  (>.■..  ;  ■;  •'.so  (!>:.•.  .,„^,r,n.  'T  ;. 
I„.r..,ii  u,  wiinsr  .inlrn  till'  plaiiitiir  Wii-  Lmmimi  In  (•,,nl'..riii  >  —  S  •"''•'l, 
,„,„„|.  .>r  a  l"i-"»  .l.'l.-at.Ml  will,  flu'  aiillmrity  ..f  f.h.'  .•i,ii.lM,v..r  I.. 
,„,,],,,  nil.-,  or  t..  f-iv.'  parti.'ular  ii.-!niHi..n-  (  -•..  §  7»tl.  s„i„'i  I,  .-r  a 
,,.'r-..n  in  .-liari;-  nf  ntw  ..f  t|i..  vavi,,u-  iii.|.rL,ii.'.'^  -p,  nll.Ml  i„  t|„.  pp. 
vi-i,,n  ,vlMtiM-to,M"Jii;'i..'.   ill  ili.up.n,ii..„uf  railwa.v^  (Mr  ,r.  Tn:i 

TOT,  .si/yni)-      •'"'   '"  ''■'-  '"' ''''""  ''-"'"  ''"'  '■"""'"'  "'  ''"'  J'""^^ 

,,vi    flu- n  Milf  i-i 'ifit  II  in<ivl\  ii..iiiiii:ii. 

A-  I.,  ilif  fiiiK'ii  'I1-'  «(  <'"iiit  iiii'l  jiiiT  ""  'l''"niiininL'  wIp  ili.'i-  ina<- 
,.,ini.'ii's  ill  thf  iKitic.'  wmv  pi.'jn.li.Mai  l<>  tin-  ilrt.ii.laiil,  .-iv  <!  71-'. 

741.  Removal  of  actions  to  higher  courts.—  T. I  in. hire  a  iihIl'..  of 
ihr  Ktiiili'i!  Mii-rciric  .■-lurt  t..  -rant  a  writ  ,(  .-.  iii.-mri  n>  ivni.>\i.  an 
j,!i,m  fnmi  the  oiiniy  (•..,irt,  s..ni.'lliinj  ni..n.  i>  n>c.  -  .ir.v  iliaii  an 
;,M;,|„vit.  wliit-h  niciTiy  allrii,.-^  in  Mil-tan.-c  iliai  tii.'  Mitlirii-n.-y  uf  ili.' 
i.olirc.  and  otlirr  (pi.-iii.n-=  np.ai  uliidi  ila  iia'niiii.^  "(  'lir  u.lVn.lant 
,i',.1,m;.'|s.  aro  of  .-onsi.l.'raiilf  compl-'Nily  an. I  Icirai  .iifli.-nlt  v.  Spr.-ial 
.•iiviiin-tancos  sik'Ii  a*  arc  not  lii^i  ly  m  ari-..  in  ras<  -  ..f  ilii-  i>p.'.  \<u\ 
.liicli  ii'i'V  ari-i-  in  <'\'->  piionai  in-Min'i'-.  inuM  i.>^  aviMT.-l  m  uiMn-  U, 
'■n<ui:-  a  r«'mo\al.  I'lnliT  any  oflicr  <l.i,.|rini'  liir  ini.iiii..n  ..f  tli.'  K- 
i^liila'n  tliat  tlio  cuiiniy  ccnvi  -!i.'ul-l  !><■  llir  n-iilar  trilmnal  t'..r  iIh> 
iri.il  of  tlavso  actions  niijilit  U-  fniMraif.l  in   lln'  jifcit  majority  ot 


A-^  to  llio  jMiwrr  of  ninoval  i;.  ncraliy  nnil.'i  tlu'  jinrn-afiirr  ac'-  ami 
\\^  niiK'n-inicnt.s  and  tlio  amniy  conrt  aci.<.  "(v   ]lw<s-r,   Kni|>l..ycr-" 

I.inMlity  Aot.  jip.  i:''^  '/  .S' 7. 

741a.  Appointment  of  assessors. —  Xot.witlistandinir  tliai  ilu'  Imi-M-Ii 
iict  'ncivlv  provi.li-  tiiat  a<<o^>orn  inav  lir  appointed  "for  tiio  pni-p.>><' 
of  iiM'<>riaining  tlic  anio\nit  of  complication,"  .Mr.  KiU'U'ir  (  Kmpi'>y- 

>  1/1/ ».(.»/    V      Thnnirs     lr<>,:  :r„rly    A  ■!.   P.    t'C.  it  w,.-  li.l.l   tl..it   S   .Tl  .>f  tlic 

.''■ftiimwi';  Co.   {\S^i\   47  L.  T.  N.  S.  .-..-.1.  r,>iiiily  .-..art.;  mcI    Is,-,.;.  iM..M.ln  l:  t...    m 

1..  1!.   10  Q.  I!.  Piv.    ■)!•.  ."I'J    I..  .1.  <.>.   IL  ^'ii.^  "f  ""•  priHd'.liii.'-  ..11  ..ilaiii  .-ii.li 

\    S    119       Sre  iil-o   U7.'i(.i/  V.    II. (frr-  tii>ii-.   \\.i>   inU'n.l.'il   t.>  a|i|>ly  l.>  .i.n  .n> 

ft,r,l  it.  S.  Co.   (ISS.i)    Ir.  L.  U.   10  C.  L.  >\liiili  cinil.l  !).■  l.n.ti-lil  i.illicT  in  .■!..•  ..f 

•291  thi'  »a|Kii.ir  inait.-.   nr  a   rminty   c'lirt. 

In    ()urrn    V.     l.iiiiilon     f'nurl    ./»./../.'  and    .vas  tlicri-lore  not  aj.|>!ic.il.l.-  to  an 

(ISS.K  C.  .\.)   L.  R.   II  Q.   H.  Div.  on.'),  a'tion     tirou;;lit     iin.Ur    tin-    (•n.|>l..yiT-' 

it   1-.    .1.    f).    n.    N.    S.    ;):!(>.    Wl    L.    T.  li.iliility  act.  ~iiin' by  <;  1!  of  ttiat  a.  t  till. 

\   S    .-,:!7.  -.a  Wcok.  \\r\<.  7110.  .VlIirniinK  art  ion    inust   be   brua-lit   in   the   oomily 

M".-,-   T..  K.  I-i  <).  i;.  Do.  8is.  ."i4  i-.  .1.  ...art, 
Q  U.  X.  S.  301,  33  Week.  lUp.  521,  40 


m 


!  >    1 


20S0 


MASrtK    AND    SERVANT. 


\rA4' 


^ 


ii-i'i- 

til 


'  1 


[chap   xxxvii 

"^■s'  Lialjilitv  Act,  p.  127j  thinks  that  it  wu.-  really  intt'nded  that  ii,r 
u?scss«)rs  alsouid  serve  the  same  purpose  as  as><.-sors  in  omitv  cour 
iietions  generally  ;  that  is  to  say,  they  are  to  give  such  advice  and  ». 
.-istance  as  i>cr-..iis  of  ,-kill  and  experience  in  the  matter  to  wliidi  xh- 
action  or  niatli  r  nlaics  are  tiiialitied  to  give.  If  this  conjecture  i- 
well-founded  llir  same  loimtrnction  would  be  pia>-<ii  on  the  'imi!,- 
ianfiuafie  of  the  ('aiiaiiiaii  ami  .\ii-i  ralian  act*,  liiil  -ci  tar  a-  jinii 
'ial  aiilliiirity  i,'<i<->,  iIh-  |i(iiiir  is  ainiarcntly  still  an  o|m  n  oin'. 

742.  QuesticiM  which  may  be  reviewed  on  appeal. —  In  l-in:;!;!!,.!  ;„ 
•  ilipenl  fi-om  a  .■oiinty  eiont  ti>  ih.'  Iii^li  cmrt  is  i.nly  allowecl  mi  ,|ii,., 
(ions  ..f  law.  Se<'  Kiir.;ir,  Kmi)loyers"  i-iai>ility  .\et,  j).  1  17.  li  i- ;, 
>MU,liii,,ii  preiM'dent  to  llif  ridit  of  api^'al  tliat  tin-  »jiie-tion  on  uiiici! 
il  i.-^  d. sired  to  appeal  slinulil  have  Ihmh  rai^i'il  hcfore  the  eoinitv  o'lir 
jndfje:'  and  that  it  slionld  ha\e  hei-n  raided  at  or  iinniediatx>ly  iiftpi 
the  ai)j)eal.^ 

As  the  .\ineriean  staintvs  contain  no  specific  provisions  atTicfitiL' 
ihc  procednre  on  ap[>eal,  the  actions  under  them  are  in  this  ros]Kr; 
j;o\crned  hy  the  same  rules  as  actions  at  common  law. 

'  lihiiiivH  V.   Ureipool  ComnierrinI  In-  march  v.    Walker    (1885;   Q    B    D )  7S 

<<.v/.  i'o.  (1870)   F,.  K.  4  C.  r.  Div.  12.-.:  L.  T.  Journ.  .301. 

'Iiirl.xrm   v.    Mu.ifiravr    (1882)    I,.    K.    »  '  Ihssrmer    Land    A    Imurw     Co    » 

1).    n.    niv.   :J80.   51    L.   ,1.   Q.    1!.   X.   S.  Campbell    (1808)    121   Ala.   SO,  77  Am. 

.'::r..  .11   \\pok.  Kep.  47;  Cimk  v.  Cordon  St.  Hep.   17,  26  So.  793. 
\C.  T.)   61   L.  J.  Q.  B.  X.  S.  44.);  All- 


mm^ 


CHAPTER  XXXVTTT. 


iii 

^ 

i 

tiiji 

nTATUTES   of  ARKANSAS.    MISSISSIl'l'l.   MISSOIRI. 
sniTH  CAUOLINA.  TKXAS,  LTAll. 


MoMAN'A,  OHTO. 


743.  Scope  of  chapter. 
\.  Aekassas. 

743a.  Text  of  statute,  S  1. 

744.  EfTrot  of  ttii.-  >oct  ion. 
"44a.  Te.1t  of  statiilc,  H  1. 

745.  EfTccl  of  tlii*  -■■••tion. 
li  Misslssim. 

745a.  Text  of  Coii'.titmion  and  »t»tiit«>. 
745b.  Provision-*  ooiistriied. 

,1.  Superior  servantn. 

b.  Servants  in  ditTerent  depart.iiieni*. 

C.  MlSSOUBl. 

740.  Text  of  statute,  §1. 
746!i.  ElTcct  of  tlii.-*  >icction. 
746«a.  Text  of  statute,  §ii  2  4. 

I).  .Mo.NTA.NA. 

74Ub.  Text  of  .-statute. 

747.  Effect  of  tliii  «tatut<'. 
F.  Ohio. 

747n.  Text  of  stntuto  §S  1,  -.2. 
747b.  Effc".v  ot  tlu"-f  section  . 
747c.  Text  of  statute  §  :i. 

748.  Effect  of  tlii-  -.K'tion. 
F  SniTii  Carolina. 

71Sa.  Text  of  Con-'titution. 
7481).  Effect  of  tliis  provision 
f,.  Tkxas. 

74'.1.  Statutes  a^  to  railway  -crviee. 
74'.»a.  <.o^^.t ruction  of  this  proNJ-ion 
74!)!),  Text  of  statutes  as  to  vice  pi  iiiiipals. 

:M.  What  euiplov.i'.s  are  vi.'i'  pi  in.  iMil^  unrler  tin"  «rrtion. 
7oOn.  Text  of  statutes  a-s  lo  common  s.ivici 

751.  Who  are  fellow  .servant-  on  Iit  this  ».cliuu. 
751a.  Other  provision.s  of  Texa.-  sliiiuif. 

H.  Utah. 

751U.  Text  of  statute. 

752.  Conetruetiou  of  tlii-  pruvisiou. 

743,  Scope  of  chapter.—  .\ii..tlier  a;i'>iip  of  .'(.utiito,-  uliii-li  embody 

•20S1 


ii  il 


^' 

r 

; ' 

M 

( 

■  1 

:1 

hi 

:r 

Ml 


2082 


MASTER  AND  SKRVANT. 


[chap,  xxnm 

provisions  of  a  similar  character,  and  which  may,  therefore,  he  appro 
priatoly  ,  -^vi-jwod  together,  comprise?  the  enactments  by  whicli  tlicl,,,. 
trine  of  common  employment,  tis  it  is  applied  in  the  maji.ritv  nf  jij. 
risdietions,  has  been  moditied  in  the  sfntos  specified  above.  Tlif* 
enactments  render  applicable  to  coi-poratiMiis  frenerally,  or  to  railwiv 
cotiipiiuics.  ^'itlu^r  one  or  ibc  otlicr  of  two  tliodries  which,  as  aln,,i,]v 
explained,  have  been  adopted,  indcpf  iideiilly  of  statute,  in  sev(>;-al  i: 

risdictiims    (see    JJS    SOO-uOO,    and    ."iiil    .".2  J,    (tn(e),—thr-   fli i',. 

namely,  tliiit  all  superior  employees  are  vice  principals  a-  ivL;,ir.. 
fhe-ir  suboi'dinafes,  and  that  coservice  is  not  a  l)ar  to  an  action  fur  ii, 
juries  caused  by  the  nci^ligence  of  an  employee  in  a  diffc.'ciii  deturi 
ment. 


^  I 


r! 


1 

iiir 

i 

I 

■1    :!.' 

'  ii. 

A.  Arka?:sas. 

743a.  Text  of  statute,  §  1— J.aws  of  JS03,  chap.  4C,  p.  CS;  San 
dels'  &  H.  Dig.  chap.  lUO,  §§  (ii'lS,  Gl' t!>. 

The  contents  of  tliis  statute  are  as  follows: 


An  Act  ])«fli 

in  the  scivioo  e 

(liin  .state,   wl 

tcntlonci'.  coir 

corporation. 

iince  of  any  u 

are  not  fellow  servants  with  .such  ciiipKiyee. 


and  Kei^nlaliii;;  Conlracts :— Sec.  1.  That  all  persons  enpj. . 

.•  r:iihv:iy  coi  pui.it  ioiH.  Idiiifiii  or  domestic,  doing  biisinos- i: 

inlrustcil  by  siioli  corinniition  \ntli  the  authority  of  Mipri:! 
foiniiianii  of  other  i)crsi)ii.s  in  the  employ  or  servic  ■  of  sii- 
the  autliority  to  direct  any  other  employee  in  the  perfnrii 

.  such  employee,  arc  vice  principals  of  such  corporation,  at: 


744.  Effect  of  this  sectioa.— JJailv.ay  companies  have  been  held  Ha 
ble  for  injuries  received  by  a  stdjordiniite  owing  to  the  neglicnicc 'f 
a  foreman  of  a  section  gang;'  and  of  an  engine  foreman  wiio  cur. 
trolled  a  crew  engaged  in  switching  and  moving  cars  in  a  yard,  an^i 
who  had  no  power  to  employ  ilie  uicti.  iiut  only  reported  them  for  neg- 
ligence or  refusal  to  do  their  v,-ork.- 

.\  wiiite  man  as-^.x-ialed  widi  colored  hdiorors  in  the  enipioviiieiit '.; 
a  railroad  company  in  setting  a  [Mpst  is  not  made  a  vice  priiieijial  !«- 
eause  such  laborers  regard  him  ;is  ,i  boss,  or  l)eeause  he  assumes  soii.c 
.-ort  of  control  without  authority  from  the  company.-' 

'  S<.  Lnuis,  I.   v.  d-  X.  /,'.  Co.  V.  llivk-  to   warn   the  section   men   «!io  were  at- 

man    (1S!)8)    Cr,  Ark.   i:tH,  4.">  S.   W.  M.  templing'  to  remove  it,  of  the  ;i|,|,r,u.!i 

holding  the  foreman  to  he  iiuilly  of  iiej;-  of  tlie  train. 

ligencc  in  failing  to  oriler  the"  removal        -St.  I.<.ii,s.  I.  M.  rf  ,\'.  /,'.  Vn,  v.  T- 1 

of  a   hand   car   from   the   (rack   nulil   it  /<<■,/    (1S!>9)    07    Ark.    ioM.    77   .\in.  >' 

■•'■a=  too  late  til  (irc\ciit  its  being  ^iruck  i;,,'.  lOii.  ."it  N.  \V.  .".';. 
by  an  approaching  train,  ami  in   failing         'Ihiulu-   v.    Khiikhs   Cih,  .f    »    /,'  if 


II  744a,  745] 


ACTS  OF  AKKANSAS.  KTC. 


2083 


744a.  Text  of  »tatute,  §  2.— '•ii-.  2.  Tlmt  all  i>(  r^oiis  wlm  arc  cni.'ii};o(l  in 
the  ooiiiiiion  s^eiviof  of  such  railway  corpoialinif*.  and  who,  while  --o  (■iif.M;,'oil,  ar.' 
working  tofjethir  to  u  conmion  imr|ii  -r,  ol  n.uw  tira.lo,  iicillier  of  siicti  person* 
,<,i„j;  intrusted  by  such  corimratioiis  with  any  .MiiHiiiitomleMce  or  control  over 
their  fellow  employees  are  fellow  -en.uil-  uilli  eael.  other:  I'rovide.l,  nothing 
•  iroin  containrnl  >hall  be  so  eonslnied  a-  !■>  make  .inplovees  of  su.'h  corporation 
in  the  serviop  of  »ueh  corporation  fellow  -ervants  with  other  employees  of  such 
,OTl)oration  en^ja^fed  in  any  other  departineiit  oi  -.i\iee  of  -iieh  corporation. 
Fmployee-*  who  do  not  eoine  within  tlie  proviMons  ,,|  ihi.-  -.etion  -.hall  not  be  con- 
-ilcreJ  fellow  servants. 


745.  Effect  of  this  sectiou. —  .\   ilrin;;i!i  ;iiu!  riiiiiiiocr  on  tlio 


same 


/;,„;./(  (0.  (ISnS)  2!)  C.  C.  a.  20(!.  54 
i  S.  App.  'I.'':!-  S'<  Ked.  ;i7!>.  The  eiairl 
-.liil:  "AVe  have,  under  this  ..videiiee. 
'in- oa-e  of  threi'  men  workini:  to-ellier 
.;i  ttie  citinmon  piir|)i)si  of  setting'  a  Jiost 
III  a  hole  prepared  to  reeeive  it.  That 
snowileii  reeei\ed  larger  pay  than  Hun- 
•iT.  or  that  in  some  r.^sincts  his  work 
«as  not  tlie  same  a~  that  done  by  his 
issociates.  does  not  dilerniine  that  he 
^\if  a  vice  principal.  The  determining 
.|iie>tion  under  this  statute  is  wh.lhei 
;ie  was  intrusted  by  the  eorporation 
with  the  authority  of  si  •rintendence, 
i-ontrol  or  eommand  of  those  with 
whom  he  was  asscjeiateil  in  the  vrviee 
if  the  ronipany.  or  witli  aiitluirity  to 
direct  these  otlier  employiis  in  the  per- 
i.irmance  of  their  duty  to  tlie  coinnuiii 
master.  When,  as  in  this  ease,  it  is 
-hown  that  several  |>ersoiis  are  asso 
Hated  to^'ether  and  workin;;  to^'ether  to 
,1  coinnioii  purpose  in  the  same  de|>art- 
intnt.  thev  are  presumed,  under  the  2d 
-ectioii  of  the  Arkansas  statute,  to  lie 
fellow  H'nanls.  and  the  biinlen  is  u]K)n 
him  who  claims  that  a  diiVercnt  relatioii 
••xi^toil.  to  establish  that  one  was  a  vice 
principal.  .  .  .  Tliat  limit,  r  ~li(iiild 
icwrd  Snowdcn  as  a  -bo^s.'  or  that  lie 
i.>\l!i;ed  io  have  some  s  irt  <l  eentrol 
over  thos<.  associated  with  him.  will  not 
make  liini  the  repre-.  ntal  ixe  id'  the  cor- 
licration.  The  a-jlliorily  |(p>'  a  vice 
I'tincipal]  to  control  and  direct  others 
niusl  be  an  authority  •inlru^li'd  by  siieli 
corpuration'  to  him.  His  autliority 
may  .of  course,  be  iiMpli(sl  from  the 
vpry  nature  of  the  duties  imposed  upon 
liim.  but  he  is  not  a  vice  principal  mere- 
ly heoaiise  his  higher  character,  fireater 
iiitelliL'ence,  superior  race,  or  natural 
habit  of  conuiiand  caused  him  to  assume 
in  authority  not  intru-ted  to  bitii  liv 
the  common  master,  or  to  be  re^ardiMl 
and  treated  with  a   resjiect  due  to  his 


pei-..iial  ipialities  rather  than  to  his  del 
i-LMied  po«,r  of  eoiitrol  l)y  those  asso- 
ciated «illi  him.  .  .  .  'i'lie  mere  fad 
that  this  conmion  carpenter  ii^inp  the 
LMU^'c  and  level  -i  niibl  in  their  u-e  have 
occasion  to  ■dire,  t'  lliat  iiis  fellow  labor- 
ers shoiib!  cle\.il.-  ij-  lower  a  jiost  or 
shi  ubl  ii.ove  il  a  few  iiicbe.  more  or 
le--.  iieanr  or  fiiillier  from  the  line  of 
the  li.ic'..  did  not  ve-t  him  with  such 
•aulhdiitv  to  direct'  as  was  i-onteni- 
plaled  by  l!i.-  1st  sei'iiiiu  of  this  act.  ,iny 
mole  tli-m  woiiM  be  the  i-ase  if  one  of 
the  oth.-r  three  were  to  throw  a  few 
^p.idesfiil  more  or  less  oj  earth  into  the 
bid.',  or  to  UM-  iiii.re  or  les>  .-trokes  of 
the  raiiiiiicr  in  tampia;;  the  earth  around 
the  pc-t.  or  any  oilier  eiimmon  direction 
lil:i.  that.  if'Snowden  should,  in  ad 
jii-liii;;  hi-  L'.iup'  or  usin;;  his  level. 
have  comiiitted  some  enor  of  judjjment 
which  was  detected  by  one  of  the  other 
three  eidaboreis.  and  he  should  say  to 
Snowd'i!.  'Put  your  level  here.'  or  'your 
j;aii:;e  Ik  ri'.'  he  would  be  in  as  much 
MUthority  'o  f;ive  direcdioiir.  about  the 
coiiimoii  work  as  Siiouden  would:  and 
it  is  not  Slab  natural,  iiicidentiil.  and 
i:eci'>-:.iy  •iliicction'  and  'I'oiitrol'  as 
11111^1  Occur  whenever  two  or  more  work 
lojiether  to  which  this  statute  refers, 
but  that  kind  of  master  like  command 
which  involved  the  i.l.Miieiit  of  superior 
will  and  autliorily  f.ir  more  than  Snow 
den   had    in   Ibis  ca-e." 

The  fact  that  the  employe*-  alleged  to 
be  a  vice  principal  slipped,  the  result 
beiii::  that  ilie  [wist  which  was  bein^r  .set 
up  fell  on  and  injured  a  laborer.  «a- 
al-o  held  not  to  be  neulii-cnee,  where 
the  slippiiiii  was  due  to  the  character  of 
the  uToumi  on  which  be  was  obiijred  to 
stand,  and  all  tin-  precautions  iitM'essary 
to  the  -i-c-miiiL'  exiLcri'des  of  the  situa- 
tion weie  observed.  Hunter  v.  liansaK 
City  ,0  .If.   /.'.  d  Bridge  Co.    (1898)   2!l 


■'i\   t 


n  -    ■: 


:   (.i 


^:           i 

-'084 


.MASJi:i!    AND   SKKVANT. 


[CHAV.    XXXVi!, 


t     ! 


f^ngine  are  fellow  servaiitf  .if  ilio  ■same  grade,"  wlior»>  neither  isr\i- 
••ising  superintendence  or  control  over  the  other' 

The  foi'om.in  of  n  -"i'dnni;  erew  and  a  ^witcliman  of  anotjier  w 
arc  in  different  depjn-tinent.'^,  and  arf'  not  fellow  servant.?.*  TliP  i: 
spector  in  a  roundlioiise,  who  is  subject  to  the  authority  of  the  rur 
ihaniciil  department  of  tlie  railroad  company,  is  not  a  fellow  servaii 
of  a  fireiuiin  while  on  the  road,  who  is  subject  to  the  autliority  of  iL- 
transportation  department.^  The  members  of  two  different  «wiui 
ing  cre\( *  are  not  fellow  servants.^ 

Sw.  .1.  N*!)  i-onlnicl  bi'trtccn  the  employer  and  employee.  ba.«e<l  upon  thi- cui. 
tiiigunoy  of  the  injury  or  death  of  the  employee,  limiting  the  liability  of  the 
employer  under  this  act,  or  flxing  damages  to  be  recovered,  shall  be  valid  to! 
binding. 


li*  -1 


■|i' 


B.  Mississippi. 

745a.  Text  of  Constitution  and  statutes.— Const  1890,  art  7,  §  193 
This  foiistiuitional  provision,  wliich,  witli  tlie  (xcejition  <>f  tlu-  k-' 
f^enteiiee,  was  re-enacted  very  nearly  in  die  sair.e  words  in  the  (,'oilei.: 
1892.  §  3.->.50.  and  in  T-aws  of  lS'.t«.  ehai>.  87,  runs  as  follow.-: 

Every  eniployee  of  any  railroad  eor|)oration  (by  chapter  87  of  the  L;uvs  r,; 
1896,  this  provision  was  amended  so  as  to  make  it  applicable  to  eni|iliiyc.i'-  nf  a! 
corporations)'  shall  have  the  same  ri'fht^  and  remedies  for  an  injury  >niri'rnl  li 
hdm  from  the  net  or  onii.s.sion  of  the  corporation  or  its  employees.  a<  aiv  allm.r 
by  law  to  other  persons  not  omployeo.  where  the  injury  ro'^ults  from  thi-  iniri 
gence  of  a  superior  a^ieiit  or  oilinT.  or  of  a  person  lia\iiiLr  il»  ri^lit  to  c.ii'i..!  . 
direct  the  .servieeo  of  the  party  injured;  and  alfo  when  the  injury  results  froi:. 
the  neplif;iuee  of  a  fellow  servant  ensajred  in  another  department  of  Inlinr  froci 
that  of  the  party  injured,  or  of  a  fellow  -(•want  mi  anotlur  iialri  of  i,i,-.  n  .. 
engaged  about  a  dilferent  piece  of  work.  Kiiciwled^r''  hv  mi  eiiiployic  ifii^inii  <•: 
the  defective  or  unsafe  eharaeler  or  luiiditioii  of  any  ni.ichinery.  w,\y.i,  ..r 
appliance."  shall  not  be  a  defense  to  an  'tion  ii>\  injury  caused  ther.liy.  i'Vivk 
as  to  comluctors  or  engineers  in  char  'irons  or  unsafe  e.irs  or  riidi!.- 

voluntarily  open'ted  by  them.     Wlier.  ti  es  from  any  injury  to  an  n:, 

ployee  the  legal  or  personal  i.'preseiitai  ive  of  ihe  person  injure<l  shall  have  ta 
same  rights  and  remedies  a.s  are  allowed  by  law  to  such  reprc-intalives  of  oth. 
pprson.s."-     Any  contract  or  agreement,  exprewi  or  implied,  made  by  any  eniplm.-. 


C.  C.  A.  20l>.  .54  r.  S.  App    •)•-.:»,  85  Fed. 
:»79. 

■  Kansa.1  Citii.  Ft.  S.  if  .1/.  R.  Co.  v. 
Hfcker    (1897)    63   .\rk.   477,   39  S.   \V. 

.•;53. 

'St.  Louix,  I.  ^^.  <t  8.  R.  Co.  V.  .Ifr- 
Vain  (1900)   67  Ark.  377,  55  S.  VV.  165. 

'Kansas  ''Hv.  ft.  S.  li  .1/.  A".  Co.  v. 
liecker  (18<J9i  67  Ark.  1.  46  L.  R.  A. 
814,  77  Am    St.  Rep    78.  53  S.  W.  406. 

•fit.  LouU.  I.  il.  d  S.  H.  Co.  v.   Mc 


rahi  (inoD)  (i7  Ark.  377.  .m  S.  W.  li;- 
'negligence  ii;feiahle  where  car-  uif 
kicked  at  night  down  a  transt>r  tract: 
at  a  high  rate  of  speed,  without  an; 
attempt  to  ascertain  whatbcr  Ihe  traft 
is  clear). 

'  Sen  lirookfi  v.  ilisiissippi  Citcn  0 
I'j.  -'ISO!))  TO  Mis,=.  <!74,  e-  So  iV-' 
where  an  insln'ctio  i:.'iioriTiL'  '!  ■ 
rhnniic  wii-   held  crrniii.i>u-. 

■  .\s    the    effect    of    this    -ciiiirHi.    ■  •• 


J  ;4ibJ  ACTS   UK     \1{KA.N:SAS,    KTC.  20S.. 

•,,  naive  lht>  beiietit  of  t..i.-  -cclioii  liall  1«'  mill  aiirl  vniil  in  i  i  !ii<  r.-tion  shal' 
-nt  be  M'ti.'itriicd  to  depnvo  any  employee  of  h  rorporatioii  or  1ii>  lejfU  or  per^onnl 
lopresentHtive.  of  any  right,  or  rriupdy  that  lip  now  haa  liy  the  law  of  the  land 
Ihc  Ifgi'l'itnre  may  •-...■nd  the  renif'ili«»  liercin  proviili-<l  lor  to  ;iny  oilier  cla.^»  oi 
rmployec-. 

By  llu>  Law?  of  1898,  chap.  OC.  tin-  act  of  18!t6  was  aniciuled  bv 
jddiiis  a  .section  to  tlip  "tfoct  tliat  jMiidiiij;  suits  should  wt  be-  atTrcUd 
•A  iiiiy  (if  it-;  |)r..\  i-I..ii~. 

745b.  Provisions  construed. —  a.  Sniniinr  :ji:rraiil-:.      Tlic  coii-ititu 
riiiiwl  provision  is  iioi  ii|i]difalilo,  iiiilc:->  the  deliiiiiii''iii  sci-vaut  i-j  sii 
.  ridi' to  tliP  otbcr  in  ■^iicli  a  -in-c  dial  die  foi'inii'  can  c\rrci-c  a  dis 
nii.in  ntid  jiidoiiiont  in  controiliii:;  tin  arii..ns  of  liw  latior.' 

A  railfoad  cnjiineor  is  not  a  siipirioi-  a;;i  ni,  olficcr,  or  ikt>"1i  liaviiiL' 
111'  riulil  to  control  or  dirt'ct  the  services  of  a  brakenian  on  the  iraiii.- 
i'hc  eiioiiieer  of  a  switch  eniriiie  i-^  not  a  stiperior  agent  or  i.liii'ev 
f  the  railway  company  a>  to  a  yard  master.^' 

The  ''lei'.dpr'"  of  a  railwax  drawliridt^c  i'-  a  fellow  serxaiit  of  a  -cc 
■  ■n  hand,  as  ho  is  not  a  siipi  rior  ollicer  in  charge  of  work.* 
h.  Serranis  in  diffcrcul  il'  iniihiiciif/i. — A  Hreman  on  a  loconiotivc 
iisinp  and  a  telegraph  operator  are  engaged  in  diiferent  deiiartiiient- 
;id  ahfmt  a  different  piece  of  work.* 


■  it  the  statute  diJ   not.   inure   to  tlie 

■  nefit  of  parent,  child,  hil^haiid.  or 
ifc  (see  Illinois  C.  K-  Co.  v.  Ilinilir 
iH!)21  TO  Mi^.i.  471,  12  So.  482).  it  was 
iii'nded  thus  by  the  Laws  of  ISlifi. 
.iip.  87:  "Vlierc  death  en.sues  fnin  an 
i|ury  to  an  employee  an  action  ni.iy  he 
iiiii^lit  in  the  name  of  the  wiiion-  of 
I'h  employee  for  the  death  of  tier  hus- 

MtuI,  or  liy  the  hushand   for  the  death 

■  f  his  wife,  or  by  the  parent  for  the 
!«ah  of  a  eliild,  or  in  the  n.inio  of  the 
hild  for  the  death  of  an  only   pnrent. 

fir  "uch  (laiiia^'os  as  may  be  >ulTen'd  by 
hfm  re<p»>et ively,  by  reason  of  such 
ii-ilh.  the  ilamaf;e.s  to  he  for  tlie  use  ol 
•iicli  widow,  hu^hnnd,  or  child,  except 
^hiit  in  ca-e  the  widow  »hould  have  iliil- 
Iren  the  daniaRes  shall  lie  distributed 
'<  personal  property  of  the  husband. 
Ilip  legal  or   personal   representative  ol 

ill  person  injured  shall  have  the  s:tnie 
Mt'lit.s  and  reni*'dir'>  a-  are  allowed  tiv 
!;i«  In  such  representatives  of  oilier  (kt 
-I'ii'  In  every  such  action  the  jury 
■n:\\  ^'ive  such  daina^res  a.s  shall  lie  fair 
aud  just  with  reference  to  the  injurv 
irsiilliiiK  from  such  deatii  to  the  per 
iKMU  suinjr. 

'FeninH-  y.  Illinois  C.  K.  Co.   (1900) 


III  ('.  C.    .\.  .ino.    100  Fed.  247.  d.irvin- 
ri'i'overv  whei-e  one  nieniber  of  ■,\  N«iir|i 
ins  crew,   whose  biisiness  it  wa-  to  ili- 
triliiiU-    c:irs    on    the    various    tracks    in 
the  yard,  to  make  up  the  trains,  wa-.  in 
jiireil  by  the  iicj.'liL'eiRv  of  another  inein 
Ikt  of  the  crew  whom   the  van!   iiia-tei 
bad  appointed   foniiian  for  tlie  niuht  of 
the  Mceiilent,  and  to  wlioiii   lie  ^.^a\e  the 
switch  li>f,  the  evidence  bi-in;;  that   -ucli 
liirenian  merely  called  out  the  track  on 
which  a  Ci\r  was  to  he  -wilclicd,  a-,  lived 
by  usai.'c  or  by  the  ~\\ilili  lisi,  and  bad 
no    authority    to    command    the    s\\ilc!i 
man    to   pursue  any    paiticular   liiw  of 
act  ion.  and  that  he  was  of  the  ~ami'  rank 
in  the  service  as  the  others  of  the  cren. 
and  neither  employed  nor  bad  jiower  to 
di-eliarpe  them. 

'  ICtatif!   V.    lAini.iville,    \.    O.    if   T.   11 
ro.    (I81I3)    70   Miss.    527,    12    So.    ,581, 

'  Farqiilmr   v.    Miilifimo   d    V.    It.    Co. 
I  HlOO)    78   Miss.   li)3,  28  So.  8.50. 

*//^■|ll/l«  '•.  If.  Co.  V.  itLfhop  iD^nn* 

70  Miss.  7.5S,  2,5  So.  807.  So  far  as  the 
report  shows,  the  que-lion  of  a  differ 
ince  of  department  was  not  raised. 

■  Hiiitum  C.   W.   Co.   V.   UuiiUr    USa^i 
70  Miss.  471,  12  Sa  482. 


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MASTKI!    AM)   Si:i!VA\T. 


[CHAP.    XXXVlt 


A  tcloirrnph  operator  unci  a  lirciniin  ;iri'  iii;..i'^m,1  "iiliiiiit  u  diil  nni 
piece  of  work,"  in  such  a  sense  tli;ii  liiev  are  iiui  cu-ciViiiit--." 

Laws  of  1SI»7,  cliap.  '.Ml;  IJev.  S,.ii.  l"?',*!!,  S  ->>~-i.  As  to  iL'j  cut- 
stitiiti'iiialitv  of  this  statute,  see  S  i;i."i,  ,-ubil.  Ii,  aiile. 

C.  MissoL'ni. 

746.  Text  of  statute,  ^  1.—  Jli,.  conteut.-s  of  Mo.  Rev.  Stat,  l^i'i.i. « 
•i87o,  arc  as  fullou-.s: 

An  Act  to  Dfliiie  tlii'  Liabilities  of  Railroad  Corporation-,  in  Il<.|ati(in  tn  1j,!i 
iigcs  Sustained  l)y  Tlieir  Eniplovec\s.  and  to  Define  wlio  are  I'ellow  Servint-.  .i:,i 
who  are  not  I'Vllow  Servants,  and  to  Prohibit  Contraets  Limiting  I.iaUiliiv  uii.i.i 
this  act. 

Sec.  1.  Liability  of  railroad  corporations  for  damages  to  ajfent^  or  -.rv m  ■ 
contributory  nej.'lif;eii<;e  a  del'ensc. — That  every  railroad  corporation  .n,.iii];.  ., 
operating  a  railroad  in  this  state  shall  be  liable  for  all  daina}.'es  -u-t.iiii-i  i.v  m- 
agent  or  servant  thereof  while  engaged  in  the  work  of  operating  such  r;ii!i.  li,  !, 
re.i.son  of  the  negligence  of  any  other  agent  or  servant  thereof:  I'roxil  ,!  i!;.; 
it  may  bi-  shown  in  defease  that  the-  per-on  injured  was  guilty  of  ncgligi  i,  i. 
tributing  as  a  proximate  cause  to  produce  the  injuries. 


746a.  Effect  of  this  section.— Tlii.,  sttitnti^  is  in  pari  mal,  riu  wli. 
Uov.  Stat.  I'^S!),  si  L'titK!,  ilefininn;  tlic  lenu  "railniad  I'nrjHJiiti,  i,, 
and  both  statutes  must  he  eonsliiied  together.' 

All  employees  wiiosc  functions  are  flirectly  connected  with  tin-  np 
ning  of  trains  tire,  n?  cinirse,  eovei'ed  bv  the  \vor<is  ••(•ie;:i-,  .|  i,,  o 
operation  of  such   railnad."-     Tint  the  ])lirase  is  not   a|iii'i'-:r': 
such  enipliiyees  al(in(>.     'l'<>  luing  a  serviiiit   within  the  st:i'ii;i'  i:  i- 
iiieiely  necesstirv  that  he  sliouM  he  ''(MijiMged  in  sonic  ser\  u'    il,  ' 
necess.Trv  to  the  movement  of  trains.'"' 

746aa.  Text    of    statute.    SS    2-4.— Sec.    2.    Vioe   principals   deil'ir  1.    Ihi 
all  persons  engaged  in  the  service  of  any  such  railroad  corporation  ilnm^  '.  .-i;/-- 

'Illinois  C.  I'.  Cii.  v.   Iluiilvr    (IH',12)  of  negligiMico  in  oiniltins  1"   ■' ii  i  >  i' 

70  Miss.  471.   12  So.   -tS2.  (I;i-!n,ui    to   loe;ile   the   woi',    I,  mm;     :! 

'  Poivrll  v.  Sliiiiruiiil    (HlOl)    102  lie.  a!:d  tliit.  as  tiie  ears  of  tl 

1)05,  6."?  S.  W.  485.  wiie  heiii-r  pushed  before  tl 

'In    a    case    where    ar.    e\tra    fr(>ight  failure  to  post  a  llagniaii  mi  ipr  It    li:: 

train    was    dispatched,    will-,    orders    to  car  to  warn  the  eiijnrer  if  .ii';':  ■" :;  . 

look  out  between  two  sp(.<'ilieil  ])oints  for  danger,  as   ncniircil   l.y  ilie  nil.--  c  I'  ''«• 

a    work   train   which   on   t^iat    section   of  conipany,   const itiili.l    iieLilii;" /■' 

the   road   li.qd   the  right   of   way.  except  mil  v.  OiikiIki.  A'.  <'.  d-  /.'.  /.'.  <  ".  ili"! 

as   to   regular   trains',    il    was    held    il)  if.t  .\lo.  270.  (14  S.  W  .  liM. 
that  the  failure  of  the  train  dispatcher        'S!iilihf)  v.  (hniilui    h.  ('.  i(  /.'.  /'  '  ' 

to    notify    the    oi),'ratovs    of    the    work  (millli    H.->    Mo.    A|:j>.    I!IJ.   Ih  l^liii;;  i!.'" 

train  of  tin.  aj>pr<:ach  of  the  freight,  so  an    employee    eng.i"ei!    in    i-cpl.i-iir,'  '  ■■' 

that    I1:il:s   cotild    have   been   set.   consti-  rails  bv  new  ones  i.  uM   ri'i"vir  I  r  tw 

filled   n.gli^'eiice;    (2)    that  the   |M'r»nns  nesjligence   of   a   ecimjiloyee   i  ii^afjcii  i.' 

.ipcr.iting  the  freight  train  were  giilty  the  same  work. 


i,.iii.'.  '.:■•• 


1  I 


■MiMl 


ACTS  OF  AUKANISAS,  KTC. 


8087 


)i  746b,  747] 

in  this  state,  -.vho  are  iiitruste<l  hy  -luli  cori.ni.n  luii  witli  the  authority  <if  »iip«'r- 
intrniidicc.  I'ontrol,  or  commniid  of  other  persons  in  the  oniploy  or  service  of  siieh 
,flrporiition.  or  witli  tlie  autliorit.v  to  direct  any  otlier  servant  in  the  performance 
„f  any  Uuty  of  sucti  servant,  or  with  tlie  duty  of  in-piMtion  or  other  duly  owinff 
i,v  the  master  to  the  servant,  are  viee  prineipals  of  such  eori>oration.  and  are  not 
iilloft- servants  ttitli  such  employees. 

Sec.  3.   Kellow  servants  dehned.— That  all  persons  who  are  enciyed  in  the  eoin 
.,„n  service  of  such  milro.id  corporal  ion.  and  who,  while  so  enj:a;.'i-.l.  are  working: 
■."'illier  at  thi>  same  time  and  place,  to  a  .nnimon  [)urpose  of  s.ime  ;;rade.  mil  her 

f'-ULh  persons  heiiij;  intru-led  hy  such  corporation  with  any  superiiiieiidence  or 
,.,nlrol  over  tlicir  fellow  employees,  are  leHow  servants  with  each  oilier:  I'ro- 
viled.  That  nothiii},'  herein  conlaimil  shall  be  so  couslrued  as  to  make  any  a;;ent 
.■r  M'Haiil  of  such  corporation  in  the  service  of  such  corporation  a  fellow  -erv.int 

ill)  any  other  a^ent  or  servant  of  such  corporation  enpi^'cd  in  any  ol  her  depart- 
ment or  service  of  such  corporation. 

•Sec.  4.  Contracts  limitiii}.'  liability  deelar.-.!  invalid.— No  cuntrael  made  bo- 
uieeu  any  railroad  ccrpcuation  and  any  of  its  a^ei.ls  (;r  servants.  l)i.se.l  iipon  the 

Miitinceiicy  of  the  injury  or  death  of  any  a^'cnt  or  s,.rv;!nt.  limitin>r  the  liability 

I  -uch  railroad  corpuration   for  any   dania^..s   under   the   proviM.iii>  of  this  act, 
-Imll  be  valid  or  binding',  but  all  such  contract-s  or  a;jrecnitnls  >hall  be  null  und 
V  (lid. 
.Approved  February  !),  1S!)7. 

D.    irfiNT.WV. 

746b.  Text  of  statute. —   \',y  n   k  rriioriul   act  ori-iinally  pas.^od  in 

1■^T;5,  it-  was  i>r<.vi<l('(l  as  fullDws: 

In  every  case  the  liability  of  Ihe  corporal  ion  lo  a  servant  or  employee  actinj; 
iMhlir  the  ord.Ms  of  his  superior  -hall  be  the  same  in  e:i,-es  of  injury  sustained  by 
iif.uilt  or  wroiifrful  act  of  his  superior,  or  to  an  employee  not  appointed  or  eon- 
iinllo.l  l.y  him.  as  if  such  servant  or  employee  were  a  passi.n^'er.  See  also  Rev. 
-in.  1S7!I.  §  31,  p.  471:  Coiup  Stat.  1887,  chap.  3:'),  $  t)!t7  ;  .Mont.  Code  1S!),>,  { 
!lll,'i. 

747.  Effect  of  this  statute. —  ruder  tins    |ir(ivision   a    rail-.vay   com 
]m\y  was  liolil  lialilc  fur  llic  in  lilioi'in-c  nii  an  oniiiiic  liustlcr,  rcsiiltiiip 
in  iiijiirv  to  hi*  IicIimt;'  ami  daniafics  were  rct'ovcfcil  apiiiist  a  iiiiii- 
iiii:  Liii'ipaiiy  for  the  iicglij-cucc  of  one  who  ciiiiilovod  and  <lisc'liarg<><i 

I'plciycvs  in  a  mine,  sujuilicd  materials  and  implements  fur  it.**  devol- 
opincnt.  and  liad  full  control  of  tlio  proprrty.  emi)loyees,  too],«,  and 
materials,  and  comploto  cliarii"'  of  the  manajiemcnt  and  development 
of  the  mine,  no  other  offiiicr  or  agent  boinji'  present  at  the  mine.* 

If  was  also  laid  down  that  the  etTeet  of  the  provision  wa.s  to  jjivo  a 
caiiso  of  action  against  tlie  emplover  for  tlie  wronaful  act  of  anv  -su- 

'Mnstl  v.  Montnnn  fiiion  R.  Co.  (180."))  10  Mont.  4S4,  41  Pac.  273  (ac- 
llfldil)   24  Monl.   1.5il.  61    Pac.  0.  cumulation   of  ihhri.i  allowe<I   in  a   tun- 

'hrlliii   V.    loiiiih    of  .lull/    Mill.  Co.     nel  prevented  the  escape  of  a  miner). 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— .-,0. 


Hi! 
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^'«. 

:!:1« 


.'IIH8 


MASTKH  AND  SERVANT. 


|l  IIAI'    WXtlll 


IXTJor  iscrvant,  wliethw  or  nut  he  exercised  an^-  coulml  uvur  ihc  m 
jnred  person  before  or  at  the  time  of  tlic  accident.* 

But  as  the  statute  impo^cHl  a  greater  burden  upon  douiP-iii;.  tiia 
upon  foreign  companii's,  it  was  declared  to  have  Ikou  annulii mI  In  m; 
15,  §  11,  of  the  Constitution,  which  enacts  tlial  no  (^)nip;in\  Ioium  , 
under  the  laws  of  an\  other  (•A>untry,  stnt*-,  or  tcrritorv,  >iiiill .  \in;- 
within  the  state  of  Montana  any  grcut<r  rights  or  pri\  ilim-  lii,,, 
I  how  pO(>S4.'ssed  by  corporations  of  the  siiuie  or  similar  '•liaiMrti  i  i  ]•■ 
ated  under  the  laws  of  Montana/ 


I' 


i 


ill' 


£.  Ohio. 

747a.  Text  of  statute,  §§  1,  2.— Act  of   April   2.    1800;   f-:  OHk 
Laws,  p.  Ut);  Bates's  Anno.  Stat.  1787-  IHOl',  §§  XWo   -20  ■2:. 
The  contents  of  tliis  st^itule  are  as  follows; 

Certain  Rofruhiliori.-!  for  Protection  of  Railroad  luiiployres. 

Sec.   1.  Bf  it   I'tiucted  by  tlie  general  asnembly  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  Thit  r, 
~liall  be  unlawtui  lor  any  railroad  or  railway  eiirpuratioii  or  cdiupaiiv  oimiihl'  :iii 
"|poratiiit!,  or  ii|H'ratiiij;.  or  that  iiiav  htrcaiter  own  or  operate,  a  railroa.l  in  rtimli 
oi  in  part  in  this  state,  to  adopt  or  proniiil}:ate  any  rule  or  rejiiilatioii  Iit  ih,  ^,,1 
iiiuiieiit  of  it>  servuiit.-i  or  employees,  or  make  or  enter  into  any  ennii.i.i  i.i  .i^'i.' 
iiient  with  any  person  eii<.'a;;ed  in  or  about  to  eiifiaye  in  its  service,  in  hIh -ii.  nr  I, 
Ihe  term-  of  whieh.  siieh  employee  in  any  manner,  directly  or  indiiiitlv.  |iiniiii... 
<M'  a^Mees  In  hold  such  corporation  or  company  harnde-s  on  adoiiiil   ni  miiv   ijnm 
he  may    nceive  liy  rposon  of  any  accident  to.  hreakayi.  .h-lect.  or  iu-iiili' irii.  \  i; 
ilie  ear-  in  iiiarliiiiery  and  attachments  thereto  l)elon;;lMi,'.  upon  any  ear-  -n  mui- 
.Old  operated,  or  Uiiijf  run  and  opcrateil.  by  such  corpor.ition  m   rHiii|Miiv.  li.ii'. 
vlel'e<li\e:    and   any  such   rule,  regulation,  contract,  or  agreemeiil    shall   in    ni  > 
I'tleel.     It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  corporation  to  compel  or  r.^piire.  dinitiyMi 
mdirectly.  an  employee  to  join  any  company  a—oeiation  \vliat-o<\ir.  or  to  «itl 
hold  any  part  of  an  employee's  wages  or  his  salary  for  the  payment  ot  due-  "i 
assessments  in  any  society  or  orjrani/ation  «hatsOcver,  or  demand  or  require  eitli< 
as  a   condition   precedent  to  securing   employment   or  being  employed;   and  sui 
railroad  or  railway  company  shall  not  dis<har;rc  an.v  employee  because  he  refn-- 
or  neglects  to  Ik'Couic  a  member  of  any  society  or  organization.     Anil  if  :iny  m 
ployec  is  discharged,  he  may,  at  any  time  within  ten  days  after  neeivin;;  ,i  miii  ■ 
of  his  discharge,  demand  the  reason  of  said  dischaige.  and  -aid  raih\(iy  nr  r.iii 
road  company  thereu|K)n  shall  furnish  .said  rea-on  to  -aid  di-elnii;.>id  eni|ilovit  i" 


'.Vor/ftern  P.  K.  Co.  v.  Mune  (1894 » 
11  C.  C.  A.  63.  27  I'.  S.  App.  2.(8,  63 
Fed.  114  (railway  company  held  liable 
to  a  fireman  of  one  train  for  the  negli- 
<,'cncc  of  the  conductor  of  another  train 
in  lenxang  a  switch  open),  Reversing 
(1893)  57  Fed.  283,  and  approving  eon- 
-I ruction  given  to  the  statute  by  Sliiraa, 
(..  in  Kagsdale  v.  Northern  P.  R.  Co. 
(1890)   42  Fed.  383. 

•  Crt.<fireIJ  v.  Montana  C.  R.  Co.  ( 1896 » 


l!S  .Mont.  lliT.  .iS  I..  R.  A.  o.'i4.  44  I'.i. 
.">25  (ctndueior  held  not  to  he  a  viw 
principal'.  Reversing  MS!),"))  17  M'^n! 
189,  42  Pac.  767.  The  view  of  tliecmir 
was  that  the  Constitution  «.i-  -■•Ifiv 
eouting  a.s  i  prohibition,  lint  n'lt  :i-  .'i^ 
affirmative  imposition  U|Kin.  or  -i. ;!!■ 
meat  to.  foreign  compunie-  ol  liic  ii:r^'- 
or  privileges  only  accordisl  by  -tate  bv,- 
to  domestic  companies." 


m 


:i  :»;b-;4Si 


Al  TS  111--   \KKA\'SAS,  Enx:. 


2mp 


vritinC'  •^'"'  '■"  r,iilr<>.><i  ('riiii|iaii\ ,  innuruiu-r  soriotv  or  Mnnr.iatMB,  cr  Otkrr 
■crfon  *li«ll  deniiUKl.  ncicpt,  riimiri-.  or  enu-r  into  any  eontraet,  aKTMnwiit,  or 
■tiniuttion  Willi  »»>•  piTson  about  to  enter  or  in  the  amploy  of  any  railroad  com 
^iny,  wliercbj-  emli  pernuii  ktipulaltt.  r  a};rees  to  atirrender  or  waive  any  right 
10  damagi's  aifiihist  any  ruilroaJ  conip"nj',  thereafter  arlaing  for  personal  injur; 
,r  death,  or  wliiTcby  he  nifTi-ce  to  -iiiK'H'ltr  or  waivo,  in  i;nf  be  ii»»iTt»  the  samr, 
my  other  rijrht  wbatsofv.-r:  and  all  -ucli  *tipiilation  and  nffrecinents  shall  be  void. 
,iiil  cvcrv  I'oi  poialiuii,  a—dtialinn.  or  pcr-iin  violating,  or  aiding  or  abot(ing  in 
,,.  Tiolatioii  "f.  llii-  -.ictiDii  ^liall  lor  facii  ollciiKe  forft-it  and  pay  to  llie  pcTitori 

rnn"i'<l  or  ilcpri\i.l   of   In-   ri«liU   I iitibr   llii'  -.uiii  not  Iran  than   lilt\   dollar^ 

jjO)  nor  more  than  tlvt-  hiiti<lri-d  ilolbu>  s.MMM.  to  be  rt'covercd  in  a  civil  action 
Sec.  'i.  It  shall  ln'  unlawful  for  any  >.urli  coriioration  to  lcno«in«ly  or  nrgli 
jpntly  use  or  o|h  lalc  any  car  or  loi'iiiiiotiv<-  that  i»  defci'livi',  or  any  lar  or  loco 
•nolive  upon  whirli  th<-  niachimry  or  atlacMnii-nts  tlivi'  ti>  Uloii^iin;;  are  in  any 
iiaBner  defective.  If  tlio  euiployiv  of  any  »ueh  TOr(>oration  .iball  receive  any  in 
jury  by  reason  of  any  dt-fi-et  in  any  ear  or  locomotive,  or  the  machinery  or  attocli 
menti  thereto  l«lonj,'iii;,'.  o«iie<I  and  operated,  or  being  run  and  operated,  by  «ueb 

■orporation.  sucli   poralion   -liall   be  dirmcd   to  have   hiul   knowlcilge  of  sui-b 

d»fect  before  atid  al  the  time  >iieb  injury  is  so  eiUKluined:   and  when  the  fact  o( 
■uch  defect  »hall   lie  made  to  appear  in  the  trial  of  any  action  in  the  courts  oi 
•hi»«tate,  brought  by  .-.inli  .■niploMn'.  or  his  legal  repri>«enlalive-..  again.st  any  rail 
oad  corporation   tor  daMia>;<-  on  ai'oiiiit   of  stich  injurie.t  »o  received,  the  aanic 
hall  be  prima  facie  i'viibnci'  of  ni-sfli^icnic  on  the  part  of  -such  corporation. 

747b.  Effect  of  these  sections. —  I'lic  .i|i('iati<>ii  of  a  flat  car  havinc; 
no  siiif  or  end  buunls  or  .-.tiiiiilai'iU  to  prevent  heavy  stones  whieh  are 
■>adcd  on  it  from  fallins;  "if  i>  noi  within  the  prohibition  of  this  soe- 

•ion.' 

747c.  Text  of  atatute,  i  3.— See.  :i.  That  in  all  aiiions  against  the  railroad 
oriipany  for  personal  injury  to.  or  death  re.-ultinjj  from  per-ional  injury  of,  any 
j.iTsOii.  while  in  the  employ  of  smh  com|,airy.  arising  from  the  negligence  of  such 
onjpany  or  any  of  its  oHicer>  or  nnpli'Vn-.  it  ■.ball  be  held,  in  addition  to  thr 
liability  now  i'\i-tin^  by  law.  tl'ai  evciy  pcr-on  in  the  employ  of  such  company, 
.ictually  l"  ring  power  or  authority  to  direct  or  control  an.v  other  employee  of 
•iich  company,  i'^  not  tlie  fellow  servant,  but  .superior,  of  such  other  employee: 
•ilso  that  eveiy  per-on  in  the  euiploy  of  «nch  company,  having  rrharge  or  eontrol 
■'f  enipliivees  in  any  separate  brunch  or  department,  wliall  be  held  to  be  the  n\t 
rii'iior,  and  not  fellow  servant,  of  eni|doyees  in  any  other  hranch  or  department 
who  have  no  power  to  direct  or  control  in  the  branch  or  department  in  which  they 
.ire  employe<l. 

748.  Effect  of  this  section. — A  chief  inspector  of  cars,  hanng  other 
in'poctors  under  liitn,  is  not  a  fellow  servant  of  a  brakenian.' 

A  train  despateher  is  a  representative  of  the  railniad  company  as 
ii'srarJs  a  leconiotive  enjjiiie<'r,  hotli  at  coiiirnim  law  and  under  tlii-: 


•  Tol.ili,    d     'I.     ('.     It.     Cu.     V.     lUanl    i:,ij. 
iisnsi  -Jii  Ohio  C.  r.  681.  1 28. 

'  f'olii,,:!,!,'..    il      Viillrii    rf    7.    It,    Co.    V. 


(l!S'U,    .-,1  Ohio  St.   I4C.  37  N.  K 


1 

j 

1 

i 

} 

1 

:;!■ 


%:    ]  li^^JI 

1-^ '  t 

;     f^.^^.. 

2f>no 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[ClUP.  XXXVII 


«tttuto.  Piiit  trl»'n;riiiih  oporators  nrp  imt  vice  princi"  als  as  to  trait 
men  iinJcr  flir  jitatutr,  ui\y  mori-  than  thi'v  were  prior  to  iu  iiuoi 
tiurt." 


H  i 


'  Biiltiiiinir     rf    O.     /{     Co.     V.    Ciimp 

(I80r>i  l.i  '■,  (•  \.  .•:!:;,  :n  i  s.  A|.i.. 
213.  i\->  l.>.|.  !),-)J.  riif.  n>m*  -:ii.li  "In 
oiir  o|iiiii<iii  till-  lflij:iii|ili  i.|M-iiiiiir  liic* 
iifitliiT  po\\cr  iiiir  .iiilliui  ily  lo  dir.  ct 
or  rotttrol  liir  iii«iiiiir.  lie  h  only  llic 
nipdiiilii  tliroiiu'li  wlmiu  iir>lcrn  frmii  Die 
trtiiii  ili'iKilc  liiT  an-  (oiiiiiiiinii' iinl  tci 
Ihr  pnt,'iiii"T  anil  tlw  mMilmlor.  lie 
ffivos  ncitli'c  (o  tlur  riiyiiuiT  .mil  llii-  <<i|i 
diiotiT.  IIo  ^'ins  iiiJtiiT  to  (In-  cni.'iiiK'r 
of  wrt.Tin  fa<t^.  tnnii  wliiili  tlir  iliily  <if 
Hie  i'ii;,'inror  nrispt,  iimlir  tin-  iiilii  of 
the  coiniMiiy.  Tlip  ooncliiilur  i»  in  con- 
Irol  of  till-  trail',  and  llw  ••nyiiiciT  and 
the  bnikonuin  arc  his  siilx.rdinatcs.  Sup- 
pose that  thi'  ciiiidiK  lur  «indH  an  ordiT 
to  the  pn";im<T  hy  the  lirakcman.  Do's 
the  bruUi'iiian  tluTclpy  hiciiim-  a  |m-i-'>ii 
actually  havinij  imjwit  hi  aullioiily  to 
direct  or  fonlKd  thr  i'iif.'iti<'<T';  .\I.ini- 
fostly  not.  When  a  iwitrliinaii  thrnws 
a  switch,  nnd  sjiiiials  to  the  (•n;,'iiic>T 
that  he  hnj*  done  mj.  i<  he  actu.'illy  cxrr 
cisin;;  |K)\vit  or  «utli.>iity  to  dinit  or 
control  the  en:;iMiir'.  Clearly  not,  TIk! 
duty  of  tlio  !*«  itclimnn.  in  such  .\  cast-, 
is  nieroly  to  fiive  notice  to  the  e?ii;inc<'r 
of  the  condition  of  allairs  u|Min  which 
the  pn;;iiiccr  is  ni|Miied  to  act,  .\iid  so 
the  cnL'ii""'  r's  duty  to  act  ii|miii  thi'  :>i^ 
nal  from  the  tid'^:ra|ih  o|«ralor  does 
not  come  fioin  any  aiilhorily  i>v  pcjwer 
to  control  iv|Mi*cd  in  the  teleu'raph  o|«r- 
ator,  'I'lw  antJKirity  or  imilrol  is  in 
the  train  dis|t,ne!ier,  wlio  j.'iv(s  the  or- 
der, not  in  '  inere  traiiMiiittir  of  it. 
When   thcr  no   order,   hut    the   tele- 

praph  oper  '"iiveys  by  siiinal,  to  tho 

cn;;ineer,  :  neat  ion  as  to  the  |M>sition 
of  otlier  ,ns,  or  the  coiiilition  of  the 
tra<k  alicil,  the  ojH'rator  is  the  mere 
rcLMster  ol  the  fact:  a  nu>re  notitior;  a 
niero  piver  of  in  format  ion,  upon  which 
the  enpineer,  under  thi'  rules  of  the  com- 
pany, at  once  knows  his  duty,  and  acts 
accnrdin.L'ly.  .  ,  .  Thi-re  is  n.i.ch  less 
pround  for  holding'  that  a  telcL'raph 
operator  has  any  inntrol  or  authority 
over  an  cnpiiiei'r  or  a  conductor,  than 
there  is  that  the  enpincer  has  control  or 
authority  over  a  brakcinan.  The  enpi- 
ncer oMTcises  diserelion  to  determine 
when  the  brakes  shall  be  put  on,  and 
wlie!i  not.  Kiinwinp  that  his  sipnils 
are  to  be  apte<l  on  by  the  brakeman,  and 
hnvinp  discretion  to  pive  them  as  he 
thinks  it  proper,  in  the  running  of  the 


train,  he  mny,  with  iome  pliiii«ibiliti 
Ik-  said  to  e.xcrcine  actual  poMcr  an 
.luthority  over  the  brakeman,  thnur 
umli-r  tlie  decision  of  the  supreme  i.iia 
of  (Ihiiv  as  we  liaM'  -•■en,  this  j.  i,i,t  th 
proper  view.  Kill  a  te|epra|.li  (i(»r.itii 
in  pivinp  notice  to  an  enpiiinr  of 
train  nboiit  to  pass,  hni  no  ili.iiiii< 
whatever,  lie  piven  the  exaet  tiDli. 
which  the  train  ilispatcher  orih  rs  hir 
to  pive,  and  no  other.      He  eviT  i-es  n 

disi'retion.      He    is    a    mere    n n.'r 

hoy.  He  is  the  vehicle  by  which  v 
order  is  carriiMl.  Hut  it  is  s.nil  ihy 
while  this  iiiipht  otherwise  be  n  r«i-ei 
.ible  and  pro|«'r  coiistiuiticn  i,f  th 
statute,  there  is  a  clause  in  scctii.n 
which  iiiipo>cs  ii|>on  the  court  the  Im 
of  pivinp  to  the  words  'actually  h,i\in 
power  or  authority  to  direit  and  rrn 
trid,'  a  meaiiinp  they  do  not  ii-ii.il!' 
have,  .  ,  .  The  arpunient  i«  tint  I. 
cause,  by  the  dwisinns  of  the  sii|iri'n 
(oiirt  of  Ohio  pn'vioiis  to  the  [ms^j; 
of  this  act,  where  one  emjdiiU'c  iutiul; 
had  i>o\\er  or  authority  to  direct  cr  ion 
trol  another  enipl<iye<\  the  two  «iri>  iii 
fellow  servants,  and  the  master  vn  In 
bli'  for  the  neplipence  of  the  su|«riM 
then-fore  the  court  must  now  str.ii'i  li' 
meaninp  of  the  words  'actually  h.nii. 
power  or  authority  to  direct  or  cnntrJ 
so  as  to  pive  them  a  wider  eirnt  i!i;ii 
the  then-prevailing  rule  of  li.ihility.  m 
so  satisfy  the  lt>pis!ative  ititent  f\ 
prcssiHl  in  the  words,  'in  addition  to  thi 
liability  now  existing  by  law.'  Fmr 
this  necessity  for  n  strained  constn 
tion,  the  court  is  urped  to  hiM  th.i 
mere  mediums  of  coniinuniealini' oHcr- 
mere  sipnal  pivers,  mere  repi-lirs  c 
facts,  exercise  actual  [Miwer  and  authfT 
ity  to  direct  nnd  control  the  person?  t< 
whom  it  is  merely  their  duty  to  commii 
nieate  information  or  orders  issueil  h; 
others.  It  is  true  that  in  the  constri. 
tion  of  a  statute  it  is  the  duty  of  tp. 
court,  when  it  can.  to  pive  elbit  .in 
meaninp  to  every  clause  and  part  of  i; 
It  is  also  true  that,  befoR>  the  p;i.-^vi? 
of  the  act.  it  was  uniformly  heH  H 
'tate  courts  of  Ohio  that  any  p«Tson  ir 
the  employ  of  a  railroad  compiiny  oi 
other  master,  actually  havinp  nc'.i'r  oi 
authority  to  direct  or  control  iny  otkei 
employee  of  the  same  master,  was  kj' 
superior,  and  that  Ihe  iriister  was  li.i'^'' 
for  injury  to  the  inferior  caused  by  th( 


MMMriM 


I  748»] 


ACTS  OP  AllKANSAS.  KTC. 


ttf»l 


All  rnginwr  in  cliiirsii'  of  h  loodinntive  on  a  rnilrnail  train,  having 
aiitlii'i'liv  to  iliroct  or  i'onlri>l  a  firciiian  in  :i  l)riini-li  ,>r  tliimrliiii'nt  d 
ihe  service  of  tlie  company  sojiiinite  from  iliai  of  a  brakpiiian  on  an 
rtlier  train,  is  one  of  the  cmplnvocs  coxcri'ii  by  tiio  tli'<i;ri|itivp  worfl" 
in  tiif  latter  ]mrt  of  tlic  section,  and  is,  tiuMcfi.i'r.  h.s  to  such  iirake- 
iian.  H  vice  priiici|)al.'* 

The  ncjilii-cnce  of  u  <upf'rior  servant  of  a  railioaij  company  can^ 
iiiu'  iiijtifv  to  an  finpioyco  iitnlri  his  confrol  r'-iulrrs  ilic  I'mploycc  lin- 
'ilf,  alliioii2;ii  tiie  ncirlifjence  was  in  r<'S|>i'(t  of  flic  pfrforninm't'  of 
work  of  till"  kind  done  liy  the  injured  pir-on.  and  not  in  llic  pcrforni- 
iince  of  any  tluty  imposi-d  by  law  on  tjjf  ma^ii'r  pcr-omilly.* 


f  11 


F.    SolTII    r.VI!i>I.I.\.\. 

748a.  Text  of  Constitution. —  (.'on^t.  IMi.,.  air.  !»,  5  1.'. 
Tilt'  content?*  of  this  (•on-;iitiiti)iial  pro\i-ii.,i  are  a-  fullows: 

Sco.  li).  KviTj'  employt-e  of  uiiy  railruml  coriK)ratiiiii  >h:\\\  li.i\c  tin-  -nin'  rijlil" 


r.;:llj;i.iioi'  of  Much  superior.  .  .  .  Bui 
liii'  wonl",  'in  inlilition  to  tlip  liiiliilitv 
iici.\  i\i-.liiii;  !>>■  l;nv.'  can  IiiiVf  no  ritri'l 
ii.  iKTvcrt  tlip  tirdiiuiry  ini-anin!;  of  lioi 
jML'i'  ('(ilirl-  lllP  not  i'riiii|H'llril  to 
•liiltlly  tlu'in-i'lvcs  for  tlii'  |iiii|io-i>  of 
iviimi'iliii;;  ini'\|ili- .ililc  iindn-.i-l<'ii(ii'. 
'f  IfKi'l.nturt's:  i  >r.  in  tlii-  caM'.  i-  it 
ii(ir.«,iry  for  llic  I'ourt  l<>  di^  vi.  I'll.' 
-••ii  nd  provision  in  section  :i.  nan:.  ly. 
that  Itie  '«U|x'rior  in  one  l>riiiicli  or  dc 
|iarliiicnt  >ihall  not  ho  the  fellow  Mcrvanl 
"f  11  subordinate  in  another  hraneh.  doc  - 
ii'M  to  the  li.ihility  of  the  railway  com 
[Mnies  under  the  decisions  of  the  (iliio 
courts,  as  they  were  at  the  time  of  llo' 
pinsas."!'  of  this  art.  .  .  .  The  wdid-. 
in  inlilitien  to  the  lialiilily  now  exist 
ins;  hy  law.'  therefore,  may  lie  ;.'iveii 
I'Ifeet  hy  n'ferriii';  llicm  to  Ihi-  latter 
provision  of  the  siHlicii.  Takiii;:  the 
|iarts  nf  the  -cdion  Ic-cthcr.  it  would 
-«-ni  thnt  the  first  clause  was  intro- 
ihicwl  as  in. 'rely  di>(  laratoiy  of  the  law 
Ih™  existing,  for  the  pur|Mi-e  of  makin;; 
lullir  and  I'learer  lh(>  meaning;  of  the 
IfL'islature  with  reference  to  the  second 
laiise.  In  coninieiilin;;  on  the  first 
'liiiisp.  and  the  alhtied  implication  in 
the  st.-,liit|.  that  ii  increased  the  liabil- 
ity of  railroad  eompanios,  .tudfre  Brad 
Irtiry,  in  ihdiverini;  the  opinion  in  Cin- 
tiiiiiali.  II.  rf  n.  If.  I'd.  v.  Morqmt 
iiru,  .-,t  Ohm  St.  I.W.  ;i7  N.  Iv  11 
(sw  next  note),  said:  'The  remedy  was 
so  (tanplete.  where  the  relation  of  su- 
perior and  subordinate  actually  existi>d 


that    the    siatiiti-   hen     ciail.l    lia\e    lillle 
ir   no  opir.ilioii.      Mill,    it    may  tic  -aid 
lliil    ihi-  statute  makes  I  he  riiji  s  nf  Ija 
liilil\    of  leHain   iiiid   iiiiiveis.il   applica 
lion,  .leiiyiii;:  ,iiiy  exiepi  ion  to  ii.s  ii|ii.|' 
at  ion.   \shcrivcr  the   rel.it  ion  of  -iil»rdi 
iiale  and    sii|,erior  e\i.|,  and   the  siilmi 
diiiale    is    iiijiiied    hy    the    Ui  ;rlit;enci.   of 
'he  ^iijH-rior   while  ciiLM^red    in   the  com 
hioii  seiviie,'     'Ihere  is  no  sii^.^est ion  in 

this.   1,\    ll iirl.   (hat    I  he    unrds.   Mc 

III  illy  li.'\iii',-  |Hiwer  iiid  aulliorily  to 
direct  anil  eiiilnd.'  do  n<>l  dcsci  ihe  :i  re 
laiioM  ill  \.liii!i  one  is  ilie  "siiiMrii  r' and 
llir  oilier  the  'siilionliiiate.'  within  the 
olililill.N  llleallill'.'  ot  I  lio-e  term-.  It 
se(  Ills  too  plain  for  fiiillier  arL'iinient 
lli.il  till  eniiiluctor  and  the  eii^'ineer  are 
not  -uhiiiilinatis^  of  the  tele;4ra[>h  o|><'i- 
ator.   within  the  slaliitc" 

'  riiiii,,ii'ili,  H.  d-  II.  I!.  <'ii.  V.  Ur;r- 
'irat    (ISIU)    r.l    Ohio  Si     130,  ;!7    X.    K. 

11.       (\llllp:lle      S'dllhi  1)1      I'.      It.      I'll.      V. 

l/.(,sr  (  lS!Hi  11  V.  V.  A.  t!;i,  -27  V.  S. 
App.  •2:iS.  i;:;  Ked.  114,  de,  ided  under  the 
-Montana  statute.  8  "lilh.  .•<\iirii. 

'  I'litii  V.  I  ini  Diisi  II  I  ls;i7)  '24  ('.  C. 
A.  •2Sn,  47  r.  S.  App.  ;i.3!>.  7H  Fed.  (!!);t. 
The  co'irt  said  that,  if  a  ditTepiit  eon 
stniction  were  adopted,  the  Ohio  stat 
ute  would  lie  deprivi  d  of  all  practical 
value  and  the  manifest  ohject  of  the 
leL'i-lature  in  passinj,'  it  would  he  de 
feateil. 

.\s  to  the  common-law  doctrine  under 
similar  circumstances,  see  §S  543-547, 
ante. 


t|| 


UH 


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til"! 


M^MTEM  AMt  >KK%' VNT 


r. 


ill 


Wil:!. 


if.:- 


:ji  R 

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i!:i! 

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1 

1 

ii 

It  ::■ 

I  .  .      . 

I? 

1 

1 

■  t 

'lid  riMi.-Hn-   Inr  «ny  injiii.x    .iiirnr"!  by  '  .in  from  the  *i*»  nr  rviiii-.i..ii     ,.  „ 
irporauon  or  iu  miiplovro  n*  Dt>-  •Him-wJ  M-  f»w  to  nthrr  p<>r«»ii-  not  wii.imw 
>h«ji  th»  miury  rmult«  trntn  thf  rx-jlip-ncp  nf  ^     ncrrior  nsmt  or  «>ffi"'r   ..r  of 
pcnon  haviri;;  •>  rijf'tl  In  "on'rul  or  4iirt.l  th*  .-i't\  ir«>»  of  a  party  injurivi,  unit  ,1^ 
when  the  injury  rf«uUi  from  ihr  lu'iiiittrncr  of  t  icUow  MTNjnt  fii',M;;iil  m  .nothf 
ilepirtiriptit  of  Inli.r   (roni  tluif   of  the  part;    Inmroil,  or  of  n    follow   -pr\  ,nt  n, 
;inothiT  tr«in  of  enr*,  or  onn  fiiir.iL'fl  aliiHit  n    lilT'  i<-nt  plfco  of  »<>rk      K"!).,!,.,! 
Ii.v  aiiv  oniployw  iiijiiroil  of  ilu-  .I(f4-,ri>p  m   iiiciid-  (•harnj-trr  or  cuii.lii  ion  of  ,5 
iiuKliiiiiT.V,  Wiiy-    or  ii|ipii;ifi.,,  Hhall  Im    "i<>  di  fiii,e  i<>  an  artiim  for  iiiiiin  1  ii-. 
thereby,  iM'ipl    ha  Io  i-niKlui'iorH  or  ei'    iiioi-    .11  rlnir^'i'  of  iliinji^'roii      .r  111. j; 
run  or  iiij(ii»-.  voliinl.irijy  o|i.Talr(l   li>    ihcin.      Wlipn  diMlli   1  n-'ii-    li>.i<i    im  „ 
jufjr  to  eniployerK,  thr  Ir'sral  or  pir'onal  ri'pri-i'iit:ilivo»  ot  ilii'  )..  i-cn  mi  u,  I  .1,. 
have  the  «ame  ri/ht  and  ri'itie<lic<t  an  Mre  iiIIoomI  by  \i\n  10  .n.  h  iipi.-.  ii-  1  •>,... 

othrr  per-"ns.     An;    i-ontra.-t   or  afrrci  uhiiI.  .Apr I   m    nii).,     I     1.1,1. 1.     ,»  „, 

I'Oiployre  tti  Hiiive  the  Ixnctit  nl  tliU  Aeeticm  ■•ball  l.<  null  .iti.l  mril:  ,iii4  flu,  „ 
lion  >liiill  not  be  coiutni'  i  to  deprive  any  employ. e  of  a  lorpoiaiKin,  or  li  ■  !,.• 
or  personal  reprmentAtive,  of  any  remedy  or  rieht  that  In-  no«  Im.  by  llm  nv , 
the  land.  The  general  a.4Senihly  may  e\t..n  '  the  reiii'.'lie.  Iii'irin  1  rovi,|,..|  inr  • 
any  other  eln*-.  of  .•mployee.. 

748b.  Effect  of  thii  provision. —  Ilu   riclii  of  a  xiviiiu   t..  rc.i.. 
under  thi!»  i)r"vi.iif.n  i.s  estitbli^liol  bv  niiy  fviiictjcc  wliii'lr  iustit'ip^r 
jury  in  flndinp  I'l^it  flif  (IfliiKiiioiif  i'tn|il<>_v(.»'  .•..ntroH.-.l  ili.-  -itrvi 
of  thf»  pfr«')ii  injured.'      An  in^fnu-tion  which,  in  I'tlVct.,  -tiitp?  thi- 
dootrino  is  propcr." 

G.    TlXAH. 

749.  Statutes  ai  \o  railway  service. —  l.juv*  I'^Ol,  cliap.  21:  La" 
lS!i:5,  ciuip.  !•]  ;  l.nw.-  I."<!t7.  fliiip.  ti.  p.  14.  A-  to  rlic  (•(.ii«iitmiiiii;i 
ity  of  this  siatiilf.  i^po  §  (Ih),  siih.l.  0.  niil  .  The  sf.\c  ral  -I'ctioii. . 
'ho  ;ift  h_v  whicli  the  iinbiliiy  of  riiiKviiy  <'oin)):iiii(>-  in  ihi-  ~tiitr  i- ;. 

pn<eiit  defined  jire  set  ont  below.     The  - nd  and  tliini  uf  thtisp  >p. 

tioiiH  are  virtnally  ideiitieal  with  t.W"  opii'ain.'d  in  lite  earlier -tatii!.-. 
->)  far  as  their  bear'nsr  upon  the  rehition-  iiiween  the  servi.m-  i-coi 
eemed.      lint  in  the   later   irvisiim  tl^Te    ;.re,  n>  will    be  s.'eii.  -m 
important  alteration*  ile-iened  f/)  extend  the  right-s  of  injured  mi;:iii'- 
nitli  rrepect  to  the  classes  of  empl'.ver-  wlio  <hnll  he  di-f'ined  1.,  1- 
within  tlie  pu^^•ie^v  of  this  statute.' 

.Vn  Act  to  Preserilx'  and  Define  the  Unbilily  of  l'.r«on.s.  Kereiver*    <ir  ('orp.ii 

'  A  member  o(  a  ffanp  entrajjed  in  load-  Uulli<rfi,rtl   v.   Southin,    U.   r„.   ,  ISM 

int.'  rails   on    Mat   cars  may   recover  for  .'iii  S.  C.    H(i,  .'15  S.   K.   l."»;    'fail  •»  !■ 

itiiuries  caused  by  the  nefrlifrence  of  an  ronnlerniand  an  order> 
.iiipb>y«v    who    Has    charf-ed    with    the         '  lliissrii  v.  Chnrlritt  n  xt  \\    rn  C 

■  luty  of  giving  orders  to  the  men  when  iISliS)   ."ij  S.  C.  4:tH.  :tO  S.  1  ,  tTT, 
!..    ta!.-.=     !ir.!.l     of     r:Ml-,    wh^n    to   rsir--         =  Out-  of   the  .ilteratinn-i  -,vj--  :riira>' 

I  hem,  and  when  to  throw  them  on  the  to  counteract  the  elfect  of  a  il.-'i-imi  n 

'•nr.     It  is  immaterial  whether  the  "call-  which    n     street  r.iihv.TN     lonipipv   iti- 

.m"  is  appointed  by  the   foreman  or  se  held  not  to  be  a  "railn,i\   .■ornoi.ition 

letted     by     the     worknifii     theMi-elve-.  ^^ithin  the  nieanin);  uf  tlo;  a.t  ui  l^ft' 


I  ;*"•] 


ACl.^UK    VllKA.N^AS    Kn 


I  lii'ir  *•  rviiiii'   111  I 


„„„  ii|M  i.itiii...  t{iiilrua<l«  iir  Miiii  l!.iili\a>.  i..r  liiiiiii- 
liiiiil".v-  "■  l)<l'ii''  »bo  mtf  K.lli.w  S.'r\.ini-.  .iii.l  l«  JTolnbit  (oiiiri.t*  h«fw.-.ii 
liuulu,.  .in.l  liiipliijiT  I5iini<l  iiiMiii  the-  (  imtiinf<''"y  "I  'li'  \«t'^'y  •"  l>'"''  "• 
!)m  f;uii»io)f.  ,  1,1'iiiiiint  il»-  l.iiilulily  of  Hir  K-iil.i.\<T  (iir  Diinm«'-» 

Sto.  I.  Bt  It  eiiiiii'il  Ia  ilf  i.ijfi«liitiirf  nt  Ihf  Mntr  of  T<a«.-i:  I'li.il  ••>  i  i  >  |mt 
,19.  recfiver,  or  rciriHiniiiim  .i|MTiiiin);  «  i;iilr(>aU  or  i'  •tn.-f  raihvtiv  tin-  liiip  nl 
„Mo^  "li""  ^  »itii''Utl  in  «lu>|p  <>i   111  |KMt   in  thi»  •tut*'.  *hall  »i*  liiil.lf  <or  all 

l„na^..-  -ii.liiiiir.l  l).v  iinj-  tt-rvuiil  m  i-iii|il.iy.f  ii..r-<>f  while  .•iikiikoI  in  th*  woil. 

.1  ,.|Hi.iliM(r  III.-  iiii-.  liici»inutin».  .11    iiiiili.  <>l   nii.li  |Hr-«>ti.  ir.riviT,  ur  .•oipi.ii. 

.11.  by  r.M-Miii  of  il.<    n.-Kli;,'.ii«'f  «f  iiiiy  olli.r  ■..Tviint   or  .  iii|.l..yf..  ,<i  mi.-Ii   |«i 

„i,.  r.wivcr.  or  .f>i(M.r.ilioii .  iiii.l  llic   fi<t   tliiil    -iidi  ■«rr\aii|.  or  .  mi.l.n.'.-^   wi-te 
i,.||..w  -ifrviiiiN  uith  ci-li  >itlnr  .'mil  not  inipnir  or  ili»((roy  -tirli  lial.ilii) 

749«,  Couitructioii  of  this  proviiion. —  This   provisiou   is  virtiiullv 

,,1' ihc  .,  iiM    iiiicir  ii-  t!n'  -uuutos  of  I(»wii.  Kiiii.siis,  and  -Miinii  Mita. 

<pp  (luiiii.r  xx\i.\.,  /jo>/.      It  excludes  tiif  detVii^e  til"  coservice  wlicn- 

ho  fin|il"V.<'       II. "I'd  waN  a  swilcliiium  emidxyed  in  coufiliiii:  car-, 

diilo  a  fniiii      :i-   ImIii;;  inadf  up  in  the  yard,'   or  WiH  a  brak< man 


/;;.  /  V.  f;.i(r-v/.o.  <  ir'i  It.  i  ..  ( ixmn 
;:t  I.A.  (  iv.  \|.|>.  1\:.  -i.'"  >•  W  "-rt 
i.lo|iliii);  il""  'iiony  iiiliiiiiitioii  lo  that 
'.I  I  III  I.M/  ,1  I'lipiil  Ti'iii'-ii  K  I'll.  V 
„/;..  (1H"."M  NS  T.A.  2112.  :!l  >.  \^■. 
<•.  Till'  iiiirt  it.iil«'(l  il«  r<'ii«oii«  tor 
1-1  i-cimlii-i«iii  .1-  tollow-:  "rtiH  ni.iiiy 
,ni\  c\v:\t  il;»ii..--rs  to  lili-  mill  liiiil'  I" 
«bi.-)i  till-  mini.  Mill.  |«'i-oii>  pnuutsitl  in 
"l-ralini.'  rnllriKidK  »lio-.-  cars  iir« 
!iiini->l  liy  ulciiri  wen-  i-x|"i»wi,  uml  ttm 
•iiaiiy  illiTiTiMit  .|i-i>iir!iinMit«  of  laUir  in 
vtlii.'li  such  o|>i-rilivi  ■*  wen-  cniployi-d. 
.veil-  iliiuhtlc-i  Ihc  |>rlMii|>aI  reii'-'iii-t 
iliiih  iniliiccd  llw  li"„'ihl.inire  to  iiioili 
IV  tin-  rule  of  l:ivv  hi-i-ct(.forn  i,'m«?minK 
'ill.  ril.ition  of  iiia-HT  aiiit  wrvanf,  und 
H.-irlliiii;:  Mii-ir  rccii-roi.il  dutitw  and 
iiuS.llitii--.  I;  it  tlii^e  r.Ni-<iiis  for  ■•liaii«- 
iii!.'  the  liiw  .1.1  not  i-\i-l  ill  ri'*|«-ct  to 
tliDs-  inuMtrid  in  opiratiii!.'  ^tni-t  rail 
»  ly-.  Till-  '-tww  ariicic  of  the  R.-vi«ed 
^tiitiilt-  wliii  h  autlh  rizo  the  ere..!  ion 
iif  a  private  cor|Mir.ii  ion  for  Hi'*  lon- 
-tniotiiiii  and  inaintciiam-  of  a  'n't 
r.iihvav  ;inthori/<--i  also  pr.  ate  cc  r|Kira- 
•nil-  i.ir  the  follow  5111'  pur|«o-ii-.  ;  Kor 
"  .iiiulai  I  iiriiig  or  niuiin;.'  biwir-'-^s ;  lor 
lilt-  niaiuitacturo  and  supply  of  gax:  for 
till-  supply  of  lifiht  rw  ti"ut  to  the  pub 
Hi-  )iv  .iny  mean-  for  thn  bnilding  and 
n,ni>,Mli.  0  oi  sti  niboais.  and  the  car- 
ri.i  ji'  of  p*T<ons  and  property  thereon ; 
for  tilt?  con  'rni  t  Min  and  inaintpnnr"c  of 
II  ill-  and  Km-      The  employe*'-   of   any 

It;'-   "f  these  e<jr  luu-iit  ioii^    si  re   evnn*ed    to 


neiiWKiry     to    make   any    loant'e    in    the 
law  for  their  pii«iii-tion.     The-M'  i-on-id- 
eratio!i«    are    !« r-iia.-<ive.    if    not    romlu 
■ii\e.   that   tli.     intention   .>f   tlie   li-;,'i-l.i- 
tare  in   pi\i«-iii^'  the  felU.n  -er\.iiil-(  uit 
wa»  not  to  ini'liide  street  railways  with 
in    its    provi-ions,   and    that   the    word- 
'any  railway  coriioration'  in  '    e  1st  s.-e 
tioii   of  the   a<t.  should  bo  \<      ricl<-d  to 
the   usual    and   popular   inipoi      of   tli  it 
term     and    that   the   act    shtiiil.l   Ih'   hel.l 
not     'ii     enibracv    railways    const riicliil 
and  iii.iintiiiiieil   u|>i>n  streets  and  other 
lu^rhw.iys    in    and    ontiguous  to  iilii- 
and  towns  for  cnrrying  p«Tsons  " 

Another  alteration  overrode  the  clIiNt 
of  a  decision  denyinj;  the  appln- ildliiy 
of  the  statute  where  a  line  wa.-  in  llo- 
hands  of  a  receiver.  I'nmpf"'ll  v.  Cf"-'. 
(1.S!I4*  xii  Ti-x.  lloO.  40  Am.  St.  R.  i. 
878,  -Jli  '-.  \V,    tsi;. 

It  ha-  l»'i'n  held  that,  a-n  the  only  ma 
terial  ditrrreii'-e  between  tli.    acts  of  18H1 
and   of    IHit."     ,as   that    tb.    scoi«-  ..f  the 
1.1 '.V   was  exteii  lisl  so  as  to  eiiilirai  ■    rail 
way  coqiorations  ofierated  by  a  riiviver. 
nianajrer,  or  any  other  person,  the  result 
of  the  repeal  of  the  former  act  and  tin- 
re  i>n«ctnient  of  the  provisions  as  to  fel 
low  sen'ants   is  determined   by  the  rub- 
of  construction   that,  when   one  statute 
is  repealed  by  another  which  is  suh-tan 
tially   of    tlie   same   tenor,   the   liiinliii^' 
force  of   the  earlier  one    i-   neitlii-r  di- 
stroye<l    nor   interrupted,      .^-'nii     Intonm 
,(    t.  /».  A'.  Co    V.  Kellr.    i  lS!i.')i    11  Tex. 


nuui-  .IS  jireat  „nil  i-  many  risks  as  are  (  iv.  .\pp.  •><!!•.  -12  S  W  .  S47 
'he  employees  of  -street  railway-,  and  '  If  i.ixoi/i  i.  h.  d  /  /'.  ' 
y-l    the    leifislature    has    not    thought    it     (1!«MI;    Tex.    t'iv     .\p(i  '     ."i** 


1^ 


I 


Ul 


I         '11 


:i  t»! 


V    «<i;.e, 

W.   Hlit 


in. 


■i'lfi  \f. 


■p 


20U4 


MASTER  AND  SKKVANT. 


ttllAIV 


w.wiu 


itt':' 


coupling  wjrs."  But  section  men  engaged  in  ioadinir  a  ear  ari'  unt  ••,,i, 
eraiinji"  it  in  such  a  sense  tliat  one  of  tlieni  may  recover  for  iujiirk-. 
caused  bv  another's  negligence." 

749b.  Text  of  statutes  as  to  vice  principals.— Sec.  2.  All  persons  .ii^Mjri 
in  tlic  service  of  any  person,  leceiver,  or  corporation,  coni.ollin<T  or  0|i('i,itii;i' j 
railroml  or  street  railway  ttie  line  of  wtiich  shall  be  sitliated  in  whole  or  in  |  ,rt 
in  this  sfa'e.  who  are  intrusted  by  such  person,  receiver,  or  corporation  with  tiip 
authority  ..J  sJifO'rinten.lfiice.  control,  or  coniniaml  of  other  servants  or  eniphncp; 
of  su<-h  ptr-on,  receiver,  or  corporation,  or  with  the  authority  to  direct  any  ciUiir 
employee  in  the  performance  of  any  duly  of  such  employee,  are  vice  prinii|i,il. 
of  such  person,  receiver,  or  corporation,  and  are  not  fellow  servants  with  tiirir 
cot  mplovers. 

In  the  net  of  1801  (entitled  "An  Act  to  Define  Who  are  Fellow  Serviim.  .iii,i 
Who  an-  not  Kellow  Servants"),  chap.  24,  S  1;  Saylcs's  Civ.  Slat.  .Siipp.  bjv 
18!i;i,  art.  JJ.'Klf.  this  provision  was  woide»l  as  follows: 

That  all  pers(jns  envajfi'd  in  the  .service  of  any  railroad  corporations,  fun  i;.-!!  or 
domestic,  doinfr  business  in  this  state,  who  are  intrusted  by  such  corporiitimi  uith 
the  authority  of  superintendence,  control,  or  command  of  other  persons  in  tlir  i-n. 
ploy  or  service  of  such  corporation,  or  with  the  authority  to  dire<t  any  otiicr  mi 
ployee  in  the  perfcniiiance  of  any  duty  of  such  employee,  are  vice  priiuipiils  of 
such  eor|)iiration.  and  are  not  fellow  .servants  with  such  employee. 

In  the  act  of  lS!i:i.  $  1  ( l!ev.  Stat.  IS!)."),  chap.  IJb.  art.  VmS),  the  phix-,..!,,;.-; 
was  .somewhat  chanjied.  and  the  provision  assumed  the  followin>r  form: 

All  persons  enjja';ed  in  the  service  of  .any  railway  corporation,  foreijni  or  do- 
mestic, iloinfr  business  in  this  .state,  or  in  the  service  of  a  receiver.  iiiaiKiL'er.  or  of 
any  person  et)ntrollinK  or  oi>eratin:;  such  corjioration.  who  are  in'ii'stid  |py  mjc'ii 
corporation,  receiver,  or  person  in  control  thereof,  with  the  authority  of  sii|i.r 
inteiulence,  control,  or  command  of  other  persons  in  the  employment  of  sn.h  .  r- 
poration,  or  re<-eiver.  manajrer,  or  person  in  control  of  .such  corporation,  ur  ui!!i 
the  authority  to  direct  any  other  employee  in  the  perforiiniiice  of  the  iliity  uf  -ik'!i 
employee,  are  vice  priiicip.ils  of  such  i-orporiition,  receiver,  nianajjer,  or  pir-ou 
controllinj;  the  same,  ami  are  not  fellow  servants  of  such  employee. 


It  y 


750.  What  employees  are  vice  principals  under  this  section.— TLij 
sei'tion,  except  in  so  far  as  it  makes  vice  principaLsIiip  il(|iiii(l  -<],]v 
U[)nii  tlie  exercise  of  eontrol,  ajiart  from  the  que.sfion  wlietlier  th-  (■■■ii- 
trolling  employee  possessed  tiie  power  of  diseiinrge  (see  ;•  .'pl'.".,  .(//'.  i. 
is  merely  deelaratory  of  the  ''sujieriitr  .servant"  doctrine,  wliicli.  as 
will  he  seen  hv  referring  to  ehiipter  xxviii..  siilititle  D,  nnlc.  still  [m- 
vails  in  Texas  under  the  common  law,  in  all  cases  in  which  the  sUitiite 
is  not  a]iplieable.' 

'  MixDniiri.    K.  «f   T.    R.   Co.   v.   Bnker  the  common   law,  both   in   Texas  nri'I  in 

(1000:  Tex.  Civ.  App.)    ."iS  S.  W.  !M!4.  other  states  where  the  sup^Tior  sorv  int 

'  l.iiiirinrc  v.  Terns  r.  H.  Co.    (lltOl)  doctrine  is  adopteil,  are  sonieiim'N  litM 

'2.">  Ti'X.  f'iv,   App.  2!i:l.  Til   S.  W.  :U2.  as    authorities    in    decisions    idnstruins 

'  The  continuity  of  doctrine  uinlir  the  the  statute.     Thus,  the  prHc-e<li?ii  relii-J 

co:iiiiiiii   l,n\    iiricl  the  statute  is  indicat-  upon   in    Ft.    W'nitli    d    U.   C   /.'.  '"    ' 

ed  by  the  fait  that  the  decisions  under  Peters  (1804)  7  Te-X.  Civ.  App.  78.  2.i  S 


rrpu; 


J  :5oj 


ACTS  OF  AKKAXSAS,  ETC. 


2095 


Tlic  fiillowina;  einpli.vo''s  liavc  hocn  lit'ld  to  bo  vice  i.ilncipiils  as 
re^an]^  the  '('rvaiits  muicr  their  coiitml: 

\  niastiT  nicchiinic  in  cliurj^c  of  a  railway  roiinilliousr  ;  -  a  con- 
iluctor: "  a  locoinofivo  engineer,  as  to  hin  liromaii ;  ■•   a  yard  ipastcr;  * 


\\    1077.  is  UissoHvi  P.  R.  Co.  v.   W'tl- 

Ikims  I  IKSOl  7.')  Trx.  4.  Ki  Am.  SI.  ]\v]>. 
■i07.  1-  S.  \V.  S.3,").  Siiiiilaiiy.  in  '/Vj.rs 
i:  h.  C".  V.  I'ld-Jir  llSllli)  tMt  'l<'\.  .!:!. 
:i(i  S.  \V.  i'M.  ;lic  iiullioiity  titril  is 
I'lll^hur'ih,  ('.  if  N'.  /'.  /•'•  Co.  V.  /,'<wi- 
,,,1/  (1SH2)    37  t>liio  St.  tlii'). 

All  iii>l ruction  in  an  action  for  llic 
, lentil  of  ii  raihoiid  ciiiplovci-  that  if  a 
,li',i^niatP(l  [KTson  \va~  iiilrusl.d  with 
l»mcr  to  ilircct  such  cnii)h)y(V  anil  ;;avc 
mv  (liivction  an  to  llu-  iMTforiiiaiioc  <if 
th,.  work  which  wa.-  an  iiii|>ro|HT  ami 
,iiiii-u:il  method  of  (ifrformini,'  it,  ami  it 
was  attiiiih-<l  with  unusual  lianjjor  and 
h.iziinl.  and  it  was  np'jli^'ciicc  to  so  or 
.|,r.  and  such  nc},'lif;oncc.  if  any,  dircitly 
,,iu-«'<l  the  death  of  the  piiiployif.  plain 
titf  is  ciititKil  to  recover,  is  not  ohjce- 
liniialile  as  iM-rniittiiiK  a  recovery  if  the 
KTl'iirnianw  of  the  work   w 


at  the  rei|iicst  of  the  complainant,  a  con 
duetor  in  the  employ  of  the  di  fi-nd.int. 
was  tastelicd  to  the  ic:ir  of  hi-  tniin  to 
a  —  i-t  it.  and  s:;.'nal-  wtrr 
iiiiidiiitor  .•ind   the  whi-th- 

ro.ol's   en;.'i!U'.   which    

till-  starliii;;  up  oi    

wards,  on   a  "slow up   si;.Mial"   froi 
y.ird    foniiian.   dt  tV 
'plied  the 


ittcndeil 
uilli  uiiusual  danfrer  and  hazard,  with- 
.lit  reference  to  whether  or  not  such 
■V.xw/fT  and  hazard  were  ordinarily  in- 
.i.lent  to  the  character  of  the  work. 
lUilrrMon,   II.  <t  N,  .1.   R.  Co.  v.  Hoiiurt 

lS!Mi:  Tex.  Civ.  App.)  .3S  S.  \V.  813. 
Where  the  evidence  justilies  the  court 
III  assiiininK  that  the  culpable  sii|H'iior 
-civant  was  a  vice  prineii»il  for  thi'  rea 
.(,11  that  he  had  the  power  of  hiring'  and 
i|i-iliar^'in<;,  an.'  in  instnn  ig  the  jury 
.ii.i.r.lintrly.  the  .lefendanl  cannot  com 
|il:iiii  of  the  failure  to  submit  to  them 
llic  qiK-tion  whether  he  had  such  ])Ower. 

{iistin  Unpiil  Transit  R.  Co.  v.   droth' 

ii,sn.-)i  as  r.x,  202,  31  s.  \v,  imi. 

-l/ivv,»n  /'.  R.  Co.  V.  SaKse  (IS'.i:!; 
Jf\.  Civ.  App.)   22  S.  W.  187. 

'I'lilji'ppir  V.  lulrrnationnl  if  (r.  .V. 
H  <•».  ilS!)7)  no  Tex.  ti27,  40  S.  \V. 
.?8ii.  Rcvcrsinir  on  this  point  (  lS!t7  :  Tex. 
Civ.  App.)  .18  S.  \V.  818;  (i<ihr>,lui,.  II 
i  ,*.  .1.  R.  Co.  V.  Robiiirlt  (ISfit;  Tex 
Civ.  App.)   .54  S.  VV.  2fi3. 

In  an  earlier  case,  it  had  been  niercl.\ 
laiil  (Uiwn  that  a  conductor  was  a  vie 
principal  as  to  a  hrakemnn,  if  it  shoiihl 
be  shown,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  that  he 
hail  control  over  such  brakeman,  and 
Ih.ii  the  ipieslion  whether  he  was  "in 
ch;'r(;e  i.f  a  train"  should  have  been 
suliiiiitted  to  the  jiirv.  .\loorr  v.  ./oils 
(1S97I  15  Tex.  Civ.  App.  301.  ,39  S.  W  . 
693. 

Where  in  engine  of  another  railroad. 


h\    llie 
7if    tlle  'oilier 
will'  answered    by 
the  train,  and  after- 
.i    tiip 
■ihlant's  eni.'im't'r   ap 
|iii.<.   •...-    •iMiiir;;iluy   ,iii,"  sti.ppiii;u'  t''^ 
train    s(,   -inMrnly    that    an    ac.ideiil    re- 
sulted  to    plainti'lV,   il.f.iidaiit's   -ruant, 
the    <pic-tiiin     of     the     la  ;.'li;.'ciice   of   de 
fendant's   eliuiiiMr     wa«     lor     the 
(l(ili(Xton,   II.  if    N.   .1.   R.  ('■ 
I  lIHIO;    Tex.    (   i\  .     App.  I 
.)ud;;iiicnt    .Mliiiiiid 
Kill.  .-)8  S.  W.  Si! I. 

Where    nih - 
trains    In   be    iin.lir 
conductiir.  and  t!ial 
a  station  willniit  a 
duetor.  th 
not    filli. 


f'o. 


■   I'i'y- 

I'.   .\  llu  ins 
\\.   so:!, 
I  r.MHIi     !U     Tex. 


f     a     railioa.l     ri-.piire 


tl 


I    ,.f    thi 
li.iiii  -iiall   Ic.ivc 
■oii- 
aie 


.11.  ..  -iyii  il  iM  111  I  111 
ai.liiil.'r  .111.1  iii..'irHii 
rvaiit-  a-  lit  an  in  iiiiy  re 
eeiviil  by  the  ciiL'inccr  iM.aii-.-  >  I  -Mit 
in;;  his  train  pur-iianl  tn  lli,-  .i  ii.ln.i.ir's 
orders,  niilwitlistaii.liiiL'  linlh  i.-.  ipi.-d 
for  orders  coiiiiiiandiii;;  ilu'in  I.'  li.'Ll 
the  train  until  oilier-  li  i.l  p:i--id.  -iMc-e 
the  rules  rcipiircd  all  m.'.M-  to  lie  di- 
reetisl  to  tho-i  who  u.m-  In  exr.iile 
them.  (Inlri^h.,:.  II.  .1  .s'.  1.  /.'.  '  ■  .  v. 
nroiiii  illlOtI:  lex.  (  iv.  .\pp.i  .">:•  S. 
\\".  930.  This  iucli.'iiient  was  n-M  r- 
(11101  )  !l.")  Tex.  2.  Ii3  S.  W. 
merely  on  the  ;.'roiin.| 
neylipnce  in  vinlatin^; 
l!ailroad    employ 


I  in 

:;ii."i,   hut 

(if     (-iiMl  liliUtniy 

1   rill.'. 

of   a 


Itailroad  employees  in  iliii;;e  ol  a 
train  are  not  rci|iiircd  tn  u-e  "ill  rea- 
sonable means  in  their  pnud"  to  pre- 
vent injury  to  another  employee,  as  it 
wi.uld  lie  ixaetiiij.'  to.i  liiu'h  a  (lei;r.-c  nt 
care.  Ilniiyliii.  /•.'.  if  II.  7'.  /'.  ''"■  v. 
Ilnrliirlt    (IS'.IS:    Tex.   Civ.    App.  I     1><   S. 


care.  Il'iiisti'ii. 
Ilnrliirlt  (IS'.IS 
\V.  773. 

•  lliiM.'ilun  if    T. 
(ISOS;    Tex.   Civ. 
lieversed.     but     not     on     this 
(IHim)    <I2  Tex.  .'ilO,  .'lO  S.  \\ 


C.     /('.   C'l.    V.    Shiiirl 
App.  I    4S   S.    \V.    7!M), 
point,    in 
:)3:l. 


The  question  whether 
neer  is  a  vice  principal 


i:ot    an  en^'i 
(iri'ii!  III.  so 


neer  is  a  vice  principal  of  i  liri-miii.  so 
as  to  render  the  i'i)iii|iany  liable  for  the 
death  ol'  the  latter  froiii'  the  nevliyetice 
of   the    fnrmer.   Wii-    held   to  be   for   the 

*,ir.1.       Ilium       (il.idi.lli'li       tillli        M        l-ilte      (if       the 


jury    uiMUi    eviiicme    iiiai    a    rule   nf    the 
company  provides  that  the  engineers  are 


jury    uiMui    evidciiie    iiial 


if 

lUjI 

i    i 

1      ^mj 

1  1  iImII 

i 

! 

1 
1  . 

ii 


_  ! 

J;   I 
ii  :i 


ii. 

?  "HI 
'.     iff 


f 

.1 

i 

1 1 

::i»!t«i 


MASTKH  AND  SKRV  A\T 


llllAI-    W.Wlii 


■ 


I  ■    r 


it  !   ^    I 


ft    1 

11  .id 


14 


.1  yard  supfrintendL'iil,  as  rf-^'ards  tlic  fi>r« man  <>f  yard  fii;;iiic-  >■]■■. 
ffaged  in  switching  cars  about  the  yard;''  .i  toremau  of  a  .^witchin: 
i-row;'  a  foreman  of  track  rcpairors:  "  a  forniian  of  rnn-tnarif.i, 
vvork  o'l  a  bridge." 

If  thf  evidence  clearly  shows  that  the  ii.'i.dit;eiii  enipioytN-^  iiad  i^. 
actual  control  over  the  injured  r.nc,  tJje  inner  cannot  recc.vcr  niiiliT 
I  he  statute. '" 

A  servant  who  merely  gi\es  signals  i-  not  considered  to  be  a  vi.f 
principal  mepely  L.-  reason  of  his  discliarge  of  that  function."  ('i,|]. 
iiare  §  522a,  ante. 


ill  charpp  of  tlinir  firmnpn.  and  shall  re- 
iKJrt  them  if  tlipy  ri'fuse  to  obey  tlioir 
iirdor-,  and  e.\trin«ic  tpsfiniony  that  llie 
tiipinei'r'j  iindpr  siioh  nilp  had  such  con- 
Irol  and  direction  as  to  chan^v  thi'  r« 
lution  of  fellow  servants,  (lalveitton, 
H.  d  K.  A .  R.  Co.  V.  f  orrf  (  I  H<m :  Te.x. 
»"iv.  .\|>p.)   46  S.  \V.  77. 

'  As  respects  an  piiginiH>r.  '/'( x(i.<i  it  I'. 
K.  Co.  \.  Iheil  (I8!i;.)  88  Tex.  4;t!1.  .tl 
S.  W.  lO.-.S.  AITirtninfj  (isn.-i:  Tex.  (Jiv. 
App.i  :iL»  S.  W.  118.  As  ros|i<.<ts  a 
l>rakeni;in.  hilcrnntiomil  <t  '«.  V.  11. 
Co.  V.  Si/ioIr  (l.Sit.'j:  Tex.  Civ.  App.l  2n 
S.  \V.  (IHCi:  Misiniiri.  K.  rf  T.  It.  Cn.  v. 
IhimillOH  (18!t.-);  Tex.  Civ.  App.)  30  S. 
U.  *>7!t  (yard  master  failwl  to  adjiinl. 
|iioperly  a  stiek  to  be  used  to  push  a 
■leniiloil  ear  on  to  the  track  by  fnree 
loinniunicated  from  the  engine  throiij;!! 
:inolher  ear.  the  result  bein};  that  the 
»tiek  ^^lipped  and  allowed  the  ears  to 
lonie  tojrether  and  crush  plaintitT). 

'reran  d  .V.  O.  R.  Co.  v.  Talmnit 
(  1895)  10  Tex.  Civ.  App.  4:14.  .31  S.  W . 
:\3:i  (switch  engine  collicled  with  a  flat 
lar  left  standing  on  the  track,  possibly 
Ipv  negligent'  of  superintendent,  and  in- 
liirisl  foieinanl. 

'^H/^  C.  rf  N.  h:  R.  Co  \.  Powell 
(I9(in  25  Tex.  Civ.  App.  91.  tlO  S.  \V. 
979  i-«ite1i  displaced);  Hounlon  if  T. 
c.  If.  <;,.  V.  While  (1900)  2.T  Tex.  Civ. 
\pp.  -'SO,  r.ti  S.  U.  204  (train  was  start- 
ed by  foreman  without  notici",  catching 
dicedeiit  between  a  derailed  ear  and  a 
l)iiitform.  and  was  then  negligently 
t..,.ked  while  he  was  in  that  predica- 
ineiil  ) . 

'  Sirifiifii  V.  fhilf,  C.  if  S.  /■'.  R.  Co. 
,  IHM'.M  84  Tex.  4a.l.  31  Am.  St.  Rep.  71, 
19  S.  \V,  555;  Ft.  Worth  A  I).  C.  K.  Co. 
V.  I'rttrK  11894)  7  Tex.  Civ.  App.  7H. 
•i5  S.  \V.  1077.  Aflimied  in  (1894)  87 
I'ex.  222.  27  S.  W.  257. 

Kvideiiee  that  defemlant  companj''8 
lurcuian  threw   a  lie  -o  far  from   a  ca- 


boose as  to  strike  a  danger  \ont  and  tut 
plainfifT.  an  employee,  nia-hing  hi<  !■■; 
while  he  was  endeavoiiiig  ti,  ^i-t  (in  .\ 
the  way.  «a«  sutlieient  to  siiiipii!  i  i.r 
diet  lor  damages  in  jdaiiiiill-  !.n.' 
(lnhr.<ilotl.  n.  if  S.  A.  R.  Co.  v.  Ihlaus,' 
(  liMIO;  Tex.  Civ.  App.)   .17  S.  U.  ill 

'Sun  .iiilonio  d  .4.  /'.  R.  Co.  \.  i/ 
IJonold  (1895;  Tex.  Civ.  App  i  :tl  s.  W 
72  I  foreman  failed  to  give  seiv:ini  ii,. 
tice  of  danger  from  swinging  limUi 

'■'An  engineer  of  a  freight  train  i-  n.! 
a    vice   priricipsil    of    a    head   brakcn.ai: 
where  the  iiilos  of  the  company  suljjrrt 
all  the  trainmen,  including  the  eni;inivi 
to  the  Older  of  the  conductor,  an'l  i. 
(|iiire    the   engineer   to   obey   the   luttn 
unless  his  orders  arc  in  violation  of  tli' 
rules  of  the  company  or  involve  ri-k.  .t< 
ilinugh  it  is  customary  for  liciid  l.nik. 
men,  as  a  matter  of  eimvenlenee.  to  -!■.► 
info.-matifin  as  to  their  ilutii«  frmii  i 
eiigine.'r,  who  has  the  same  riinnii];;  ..i 
ilers  as  'ne  conductor.     Iiilfn"ihu,i,il  ,[ 
II.    V.  R.  Co.  V.  .iloore   (I**!!:!    lii  T.  n 
Civ.  App.  51,  41  .»<.  \V.  70. 

"  7V.r<i.«  r.  R.  Co.  V.  Frii:,.,  ,  Is'.nl 
90  Tex.  33.  3(i  S.  \V.  4:!2.  I!e\.i-ni; 
(ISlIti:  Tex.  Civ.  .\pp.  I  34  S.  W .  liiil 
.ind  holding  that  a  rule  of  a  i'<>in|iaii 
liv  uliich  an  eiigiiieiT  i--  iiilrn-l.il  u  . 
(li-erelioii  to  give  --ignal-  n'itif\ini;  l!i" 
brakeman  to  apply  lirake^.  ili»'«  mil  ;.'ivv 
the  former  "authority  lo  direct"  tin-  i.ii 
ler  in  the  pi'i  formaliee  of  hi-  iliitii- 
The  court  relied  upon  PittuhuniU.  ''.  .i 
SI.  ;,.  R.  Co.  V.  Raiini'ii  ilssi,  .t;  i)!„i 
St.  005.  a  comnionlaH  deei-ion.  ant 
.stated  it»  views  as  follow-:  'The  pur 
pose  of  the  statute  wa^  to  impute  to  ti- 
master  the  negligcnc<"  of  an  eniplii" 
upon  whom  he  has  conferred  aiitiieii') 
or  power  to  iiiiluence  the  action  nr  voli 
tion  of  anotlier  einployiH-  in  il»'  !"' 
formance  of  his  dutie-.  I'litlei  i^' 
common-law  rule,  a-  -itili-1  in  'ii' 
state   before  the   statute,   the   !i.-jlii'.-ii« 


!  i 


I  ;mj 


\cl^<)^  \KKA^■s.^s  kit 


•_»o«7 


Where  oDf  (  iii|pIm\i'<-  i-  iMiriiiiilly  in  oinMol  of  anotiier,  80  ao  to  1)0 
a  vifp  piinc'ipnl  mi'lir  rlir  stutufe,  :i  ruk-  of  the  railway  company 
•\-hich  empowf  rs  a  -tiliordiiiiitp  to  rxf  ivi-i  ini  iiidopp.nrlnit  judfrment 
«-lnn  certain  ."untiiificiicii'.s  ari-r  <\<>e~,  nut  nporati'  ~o  as  t^j  ronilcr  the 
:\vo  eniiilovco-  f.  ll^w  -crvMii'-  ilinini;  >ne!i  ]i«'riod  as  tlio  siihi'nlinate 
iindertakos  T"  m.-t  npi.n  lii-  "wn  rcspon-iMlity  in  'he  tnannor  thus 
iiitliorized.'* 

-Iiow-  tlmt  iiiulor  the  rules  of  the  de 
fcndaiit  ooiii|i.Mi>  llic  fomlnctor  had 
'.'iMHTil  »ii|H'i  inii  mliMire  oviT  ttie  raove- 
tiiiiit^  of  !!:••  iiiiiii.  .11(1  cutnniiiiiil  of  all 

tl iiii>li  y(i>  I'lp^.i'jcd  in  its  operation; 

liiit  it  iil-o  triiil.il  to  show  that,  when 
tlh>  -i\!r{\  of  tlic  train  heoanie  involved. 
the  in;;lni'<T  wiu^  no  loiif^r  s\il>ject  to 
the  al>-i'liiti-  cimticil  of  the  rondiictor. 
lull  wi»  I  iii|i(HM'rcd  to  :ii  t  upon  his  own 
jlld;;Hlrllt.  The  wiitirn  rule  of  the 
r(mi)i;ii-._v  ii«  to  tlic  niitliority  of  these 
I'lnplovci-.  \\a»  iiM'l  ill  evidenii'.  and  is 
js  fidlii"-:  '  Ml  n.iiiis  will  hi'  run  un 
der  till'  diictioii  ni  loiidmturs.  cxeepl 
when  tlii'ir  diieclinii^  eonlliet  with  rule.s, 
or  involvi'  li^U-,  in  wliicli  caso  the  en 
viiieer  will  lie  held  ii)iiallv  ri-^pon.sihle.' 
I  lie  euntentioii  w^enif  to  Ih'  that  when 
■•ver  r.  ri-k  Iniaine  involved,  and  the  en 
viiHsr  saw  |iro|>er  to  stop  his  train  in 
ijder  to  aviiid  it.  for  the  rea^Mi  that 
lie  «a-.  not  then  -iil>ieet  to  the  control 
of  the  eoiidii  III.  tliey  beeanie  fellow 
ser\ants.  ind  ~i'  reniainiHl  as  Ion;;  a.s 
that  Male  of  alTair»  continued  to  exi^t 
Hut.  as  we  have  previously  intimated, 
we  are  of  the  opinion  tli;it  this  (lositioii 
eaniiol  h«>  niairitaiied.  Meiclv  liccause. 
Iiy  reason  of  the  eiiL'iiesr's  superior 
teehnieal  knowIedL'e  and  -kill  in  OIMt 
atinjr  the  niaehinery,  it  was  not  deemed 
iidvisahle  to  emivjwer  the  conductor  to 
dire-t  the  ail  ion  of  the  engineer  in  err 
t  I  ill  1  ontifi^neies.  it  dives  not  follow 
tliat  the  latter  wa.s  not  under  the  (len 
eral  »ii|»^riiitenilenre  and  eoiit  trd  of  the 
foiint T  Till-  .^eeiition  i-iiipliasi/es  tin- 
rule,  roiieediiij.'  that,  in  ease  of  danger, 
the  engineer  has  [Miwer  to  stop  the  train, 
does  the  innlnetor  rease  to  have  a  ^6" 
enil  sui)erinten<l(  nee  over  the  train  in 
ease  he  sees  pniper  to  exerciie  that  pow 
er?  The  eondnetor's  authority  is  not 
alirocatiil,  hut  merely  restricte<l  for  the 
oeea-ion.  The    mere    fart    that 

ui>on  the  happeninf;  of  -nine  eontin 
L-eney  the  en;;ineer  may  act  independent 
ly  of  the  londiiitor  does  not,  for  the  oe 
'■:isioiK  t'i.tnL'*'  I'l"  ■'•  n- r-i1  relation  o! 
-ulmrdiiMtion  p\i-ijiif;  hetwi-^n  them 
The  eeieiiielin    -till   lius  the  '.I'lieial  ion 


..f  an  employee  would  not  have  heen  im 
|iutMl  to  the  master  unlis—  he  had  the 
]i(i\vpr  to  employ  and  diseliarj;e.  it  In'in}; 
I— uiiiiil  that  siieh  power  was  necessary 
•e  -uhjeet  the  will  of  the  latter  to  that 
..I  the  former,  'I'lie  s|:itulc,  li(i\\e\er,  is 
i,a«e<l  upon  the  theory  that  the  amlmr 
iiv  or  power  in  oni-  employer  In  -ii|x-r 
iiitend,  control,  or  command,   or  direct 

iiothi'r  employee  in  tlie  perl'orniaiice  of 
,i.  duties,  aselTei'tiially  iiilluenee»  and 
.,ih;iil-.  to  the  former  llie  will  of  the 
,ilt  r  as  does  the  power  to  employ  and 
ii-rliiirj.'i  Hut  it  was  not  llie  pur|Hise 
,,f  the  -tilute  to  iiniinte  to  the  ni  i»ter 
■iie  iie<,'li;;eni-e  of  an  eniployis'  u|hiii 
,>hoiii  lie  li.id  conferred   im  -m  li   piiwer. 

at  liail  inendy  impo-.il  tlie  duty,  in 
ii-rt.iin    eontiii^-eneie.     ari-in;:     in     the 

niir~e  ef  Ms  employ  iiii'iil .  of  irivin;;  a 
-Isnul  wlierehy    mother  employee   would 

iieiv  that  the  r.eea-ioit  had  ari-en  for 
iiiin  t(.  perform  -ome  duty  itnpo-isl  u|Min 
!iim  by  the  rules  ;Toveriiin!»  his  employ 
men!,  leaving  •uch  employee  free  to  p<'r 
i..rni  such  duty  in  his  own  way  under 
-iioh  rule-.  In  smh  a  ea»e  there  is  no 
-uhieelion  of  the  will  of  one  to  that  of 
the  otlur  .  .  .  We  are  of  the  opin- 
ion tliat  the  si;rnal  given  by  the  en^iiu-er 
liir  lirake>  wa-  i  mere  notice  to  the 
'■rakoiiian.  Kiazier.  that  the  measion 
li.iil  arisen  fill  liiin  to  |H'rfoi  in  a  iliity 
inino-ed  U|«in  hiiu  hy  the  rules:  that 
llie  fait  that  the  eti^'ineer  wa-  intru-ted 
*iy  the  iiiinpany   with   the  discretion   of 

letinniiiinj.'  when  the  brakes  should  be 

■  |iplieil.  and  to  «i?nal  therefur.  dii'  not 
jive  liiin  any  "authority  of  !-U|>erinteiid 

■  nee,  control,  or  cninmand.'  or  'autlior 
iiy  to  direct'  l-'rnrier  in  the  perferm 
ime  of  his  duties:  that  Fra/ier.  in  at- 
icmpfing  to  set  brakes  in  the  perform- 
■iiici-   of   his   duties,    was   governed    and 

i>m rolled   by   the    dire<'tion     and     com- 
mand of  the  rules,  and  not  of  the  engi 
iiicr;    nnd    that,    therefore,      luder   the 
-tatiiie.  they  were  "in  the  s.mie  gr:ide  of 
■mplnyment.'  and   fellow   servants." 

(Tl  f  ■'{  If  Itf'r-f  \,  Irthf  rt'th'tnal  tf  'r. 
V.  /.'  Ci,  I  IS!>7)  (in  Tex.  i;-J7.  tfl  s  w. 
'•*>'.    til     itMirt     •aid:         The    tH.tiinonv 


^fi  I 


20!)8 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[CIIAI-.  XXXVlli 


'1, 


':      '  1 


my:    r 


A  snptTior  Pinployeo  docs  not  coase  to  be  a  vico  priiKnpid  uitliii, 
tin-  lU'-aiiini,'  of  the  statute,  wLile  he  is  performing  tlie  duties  of  I 
mere  servant.'^ 

750b.  Tear:  -jf  itatntea  aa  to  common  •errtce.— Sec.  3.  All  prrsoin  «!io  tr- 
<iij,M«((l  in  thp  <-oii,ni<ai  -.rvicf  of  Midi  p..r>on,  rweivor,  or  corporation,  omn,; 
liiij;  or  operating  a  railroad  or  .tnot  rniluay.  and  who.  while  so  cmplov..!,  arc  ii: 
tho  sanir  jfrade  of  <-n.i.lo,vnicnt  and  are  doitiL'  the  samo  oharact.'r  of  work  or  .,., 
icr  and  ar.'  workinp  t-.^'eUicr  at  ihp  same  linif  and  place  and  at  thr  vimr  |.i.,..  „i 
»ork  and  to  a  conunon  piirpo.,e,  are  fellow  servants  with  each  other.  KmpMv.r- 
who  do  not  come  within  the  provisions  of  thi.%  section  .shall  not  he  e.Mi-i,li.„ 
fellow  servants. 

The  eorre^pomlinR  .section  (2)  in  the  act  of  ISlil  runs  as  follows:  'nKit  all  [h-, 
sons  who  are  entM^ed  in  the  ronmion  -erviee  of  such  railway  <()rp„r.Uin„s.  „! 
who,  while  so  en^'afjed,  are  workiri-  to^'etlier  at  tlu'  same  t  inn  and  place  to  a  cun, 
mon  pur|)()se.  of  same  j;rai:c,  neiilh'r  of  such  per.-ons  heinK  intrusted  by  -luli  ,.,„ 
|X)ratinns  with  any  supirintendeinv  or  control  over  their  fellow  eni|iluy..,>  ,r.. 
fellow  servants  with  each  other:  Provided.  That  rothin;,'  herein  contain,,!  ^l,a! 
be  so  constru.nl  so  as  to  make  employ.^-s  of  such  corporation,  in  the  servi.v  „, 
such  eorporati..n.  fellow  servants  with  other  e:nployees  of  such  eoi  poratiun.  ,., 
ra^'cd  in  any  other  department  or  service  of  such  corporation.  Kmpluve,.-  wl,..  .•. 
not  come  within  the  provisi,>ns  of  this  section  shall  not  be  coiwidered  MU 
servants. 

Siction  2  of  th.-  art  of  isiili  ( |!ev.  Stat.  ISM.V  chap.  12b.  art.  4.-.»!nff)  is  s!i:;l,ih 
.iiir.ient:  .\ll  p,.i-„ns  who  are  en;ra-ed  in  the  common  service  of  Mieli  railw.iv 
corporation,  nciier.  Mian:,).'er,  or  person  in  control  thereof,  and  who,  wliil,.  si: 
einployrd,  are  in  the  same  ^nade  ot  employnu'nl  and  are  working'  toj;,.||i,  ,■  at  tli. 
same  time  and  place,  an,l  lo  a  common  pitrpo-e.  neither  of  sucli  person.,  hcing  in 
trust.-.!  by  s.ieh  ...rporalion,  r.wiver,  mana-er.  or  p.ison  in  c.mtrol  th.T.nf.  «ii;, 
any  superint.'nd.nee  ..r  ...ntr.d  over  tli.dr  tVll.n  .n.ploy.vs,  or  with  the  aml...ril> 
to  dirc.'t  any  .>ther  ..mploy.-.'  in  the  p..rf,.rman.',  of  anv'.lulv  of  sm-h  .■niph.y,..  ar 
fellow  .servants  with  ..ach  other:      I'l.nide.l.  That   n.,thin-  hen-in  c.ml.un.'.l  -hill 

be  so  .■onstrned  as  to  nmlie  empl.iy.vs  of  such  corporation.  re.-..iv..r.  man: r  ui 

per-on  in  control  Hicvof.  fellow  s,.rvan|s  with  oth.r  .■mplov.'.-s  ,.n;...,-,.d  in  any 
other  .h.p.utm.nt  .n  -erviee  of  such  .•orporati.m.  r.v.dver.  m'ana-..r.'"or  p.i-on  in 
.-.jntr./l  iher.M.f.  Kniph.y..,.,  who  do  n.,t  .ome  within  the  provisi.ms  of  tl.i-  ckit.- 
tiT  shall  not  he  con-idir.-d  fell.iw  servants. 


Irol,  suhj.'it.  for  the  time,  to  Ihp  enyi 
11.1  r"s  po\M.r  to  :ict  U|K,n  his  own  jinh,' 
iiiiiil  linriti!.'  the  em.'rf.'.'ncy.  As  soon  as 
tilt-  .lan;.Tr  i-  olivial.sl.  the  |>o\\.r  .)f  III.' 
I'ondii.t.ir  ni.'ain  comes  into  play.  To 
li.d.l  tlial.  h.-.aiiM'  the  .■.inductor  iniy 
teiii|pniiirily  h.-  .l.-|>ri\.-.l  of  the  jiow.'r  to 
eonti.i!  hi»  -iihor.liiKil.'.  th.'  rule  of  tlie 
statuti;  is  not  >  >  iipply.  woiil.l  tie,  in  our 
.ipinion.  lo  .-t.nlim  iu  .ipiriition  within 
limits  which  I  he  liyishtlun-  ili.l  not  in- 
tern! to  pr.'s.i-ilie." 

'"A  '.IS-  ,(  /'.  //.  Co,  V.  It,,, I  (  isn.i)  SS 
Te-<.  f.V:-,  3!  :-'.  \\.  Ii;.-S.  .\riiMi,iii;>  ,  IS!!.";: 
Tc.\.  (n.  .\pp.  I   32  S.  \V.  118  (.-.iinuanT 


h.-hl  liable  for  the  failure  of  yard  mo- 
l.-r  to  si;.'nal  enj.'ln.-er  to  moderil.-  si^wi 
of  ear  wlii.-h  was  alKiut  to  he  kii-l>i-,l  uii 
to  main  track,  th.-  .-onseipn-n..'  Iieini: 
that  hraki-man  i-ouhl  n.it  stop  ji.  iiml 
«as  injure.l  by  its  e.dlision  wit'i  a  sta 
tioiiary  .-ari  :  Sirniiii,  v.  (;iilf,  r.  rf  .S. 
/■■.  /.'.  Co.  i  1S!)2)  Hi  Tev.  4.!;!.  .'fl  Am.  .«t 
Ki'p.  71.  1!)  S.  \\".  .'-,.-,,-,  ifon-nian  lliri-u 
swil.-h  premntuiely,  while  li.iii.l  cir  wa-, 
passing  over  it,  iiml  th.'  car  wis  .1,- 
raili'.l ) . 

The  siinie  rule  prevailnl   in  Texas  iin- 


.ier  tile  common 


firevi; 
aw. 


.S*  S  d-l(i.  fluff. 


i    I 


1761] 


ACTS  OF  ARKANSAS.  ETC. 


2000 


751.  Who  are  fellow  servants  under  this  section. — Tim  general  Pileui 
,if  this  section  lias  1)0(U  thus  oxplaitieii  liy  the  siiproiiip  court : 

"The  distinctive  clianicteri^tic-<  im'-e-i-iocii  bv  the  statute  as  c:^-,oi\- 
tial  to  be  found  conciirriui;;  and  coniniuu  to  t\v.<  or  rnnrc  I'lnplnvces  in 
,,r(ler  to  constitute  tlicm  tidlow  -crvanls  arc:  Fir-t.  ilirv  must  lie  'on- 
'iii;ed  in  the  cominoi!  sci-viw.'  A-^  licrc  ns-'.l,  '-jfrvici^'  means  the  ihini; 
.,r  worii  iM'injr  [lerfi'mied  lor  the  emplcviT  at  the  time  uf  tlie  aeeidcnt, 
iiid  out  of  wiiich  it  irrew,  and  •cumnn-n'  means  tliai  which  iieitains 
.mially  to  tin-  (nnploxees  snnt>lit  to  be  luld  feUow  servants;  and  thevi^ 
fore  'common  serviet '  means  ihe  |mriieuiar  tliinji;  or  work  beiiij;  pcr- 
mrmod  for  the  employer,  at  the  time  of  the  aeeident,  ami  out  of  whieh 
it  grew,  jointly  by  tlie  employees  sniidii  to  be  liehl  felh.w  -crvanl-. 

.  .  Second,  they  must  be  'iti  the  same  grade  of  employ ment." 
'Irade  mean-;  the  rank  m-  relative  pu-iiii.n-  oc.  upied  liy  the  employee-. 
diile  'engaged  in  the  eouunon  servier."  This  detlnitio:),  however. 
.ives  us  no  certain  means  of  determining  whether  given  employee^ 
,ire  in  tlie  same  or  ditTiient  grades,  for  it  furnishes  no  U'M.  by  whieh 
iheir  respective  ranks  or  ndative  pu-;itinus  'in  the  fommoi\  service" 
i-an  be  ascertained.  In  the  absence  of  a  statutory  test  the  grade  wmild 
have  depi'inled  upon  ilie  test  which  might  have  been  adopleii  by  the 
,.f,,,ris, — such  as  authority  one  over  anuilier,  order  of  priinintiini,  skill 
ill  the  service,  compensation  recei\cd.  i  te.  We  are  of  the  opinion 
ii.it  the  legislature  auticii)ated  and  settled  this  diilicnliy  in  tlie  eon- 
eruption  of  the  word  'grade'  by  the  tise  of  the  elanse,  'in'itlier  of  such 
persons  l>eing  intrusted  with  any  superintendence  or  control  over  their 
fi'llow  emidoyees,'  etc.,  as  explanatory  id"  what  was  meant  by  the 
clause  'in  the  same  gra<le,'  \\m<  adopting  the  most  natural  test  of 
2:rade  in  the  const  met  ion  of  tlie  ^latute,--autliority  one  over  the  other 
'vhilo  'engaged  in  the  cuminoii  ,-ervice.'  Probably  the  most  -(>rioiis 
■lifTicnlty  in  arriving  at  the  eoiiehisi<  ii  thai  one  clause  was  intended 
lis  merely  explanatory  of  the  other  is  the  fact  that  the  explanatory- 
clause  dees  not  inimedialely  follow  the  one  it  explains;  but  this  objec- 
lifiii  i-  removed,  when  we  consider  thai.  the  original  s4'<'Mon,  as 
inapled  in  ISill,  the  «]inilifying  elaiise  in  liaiely  follows  the  word- 
■<aiiie  graili-."  and  was  evideii'ly  intended  ,..  'Xplaiii  their  meanincr. 
We  do  not  think  there  was  any  iiifeiition  to  ili:in;:e  the  eonstrnetion 
'ftlio  statute  by  changing  the  position  of  ibe^e  elaii-i<.  and  expr(^--in;r 
ilie  Words  'of  employment,"  which  were  clearly  iniplie<l  in  said  origi- 
nal sec'i'in.  .  .  .  Thinl,  they  must  be  'working  together  at  thi> 
-iiiiK-  lime  and  place."  "\Viiiie  'nr'  iridicaff-  neani.  —  in  li:;::-  ami 
place,  it  does  not  demand  an  exact  coincidence  as  to  either,  b\it  only 


!      Ill 


i         1 


iii 

■    i  ;t 


f  H 


iiil: 


I 


ft! 


I 


:ini^ 


2100 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


ICHAP    XiXVDl 


that  it  shall  bo  iuftii-ic-nlly  so  to  afinrJ  tlip  oiuployoea  a  reasonahle  op 
portunity  ol  oIim  rving  the  conduct  <>i  each  other,  with  a  viow  r.f 
guarding  thcm?elvts  against  injury  thcivfrom.  .  .  .  Fourth,  thf 
must  be  working  'lo  a  coriiinnii  purj)o.se.'  Tiy  this  is  irioant  fliat  thi- 
acts  required  of  (.'ach  in  the  pcrforiii.iiicf  of  his  duties  at  tlio  tinif  <•', 
'hv  accident  must  1k>  in  furtlnraiicc  •>(  llie  coniuion  service.'  .  .  , 
WTien  tJiese  four  di-ti'ijini-liiiiL;'  chariict'Ti-tic*  are  found  wTieiirrin: 
aud  foiiiinoii  in  two  or  !ii()r('  ciajiloyci-^,  tlicy  idmsI  beheld  fcllnw  -;pn- 
ants  under  tin-  statute;  otherwise,  not."' 

According  to  ilie  court  of  ajjpoals,  thoe  ^tiiiiiK's  .•slutw  an  iiitiiuini 
<in  tile  part  of  ilie  lej>;i<latiire  to  adopt  substantially  the  doctrinp  .  ■ 
those  decisions  which  proi'i,(  d  upon  the  theory  that  eiu|)loyees  arf  H" 
in  the  same  departnieiii.  and  in  a  coniuiou  rmploynient.  iiiilc-s  tin  ■ 
are  sulijeet  to  tJK'  same  iiniiieilia'i'  -iipei  vision  and  control."  Tin'  -mi:;. 
court  also  considers  that   ihe  ^latnies  ;diroj.;i|c  the  common-law  rn!. 

'(Ivlf.  v.  A  S.  /•■.  K.  Co.  V  Wiir.n,  '■  y<,T  tills  n-a^iiii  it  whs  IkI.I  that  .,i 
■  1806*  8!t  Tex.  a::,.  ^r>  S.  \V  MA.  iK.ld  .  H-iiitci-  iniiiiiip-  :i  train  on  a  railrou, 
itif  that  a  switcliinaii  is  a  l'cll(i«  -crvant  immIit  llic  su[kt\  i-ioii  r.f  tin-  train  iii;i. 
»ilh  a  switch  on^inciT  wlicrc  the  latter  i.-i  at  one  |ilair  i-  in.t  a  f.ll-n  xiva..' 
lias  no  aufliority  or  control  over  the  with  a  yard  iiii;iih.er  in  iliai;:!'  ot  . 
former  and  they  are  niiiiiliers  of  a  -uileli  engine  under  tin-  su[Hivi-ioii  .t 
-witching  eipw.  althonjih  they  l.elon;..  to  iMo  yard  inaMi'r  at  anollnr  pla.e  ,>.( , 
dill'erent  departments,  are  eiii|il"M-.|  lir^o.o,  J-  .1.  /'.  /,'.  Ci,.  \.  //,ii',,. 
and  discharged  liy  dilVerent  |Kr-oii-.  ami 
'he  duties  of  the  en;.'in<.er  r<i|iiire  -kill,  li 
iaboT  while  tliOM'  of  the  s«  ililiman  do 
not. 

In  San  Anto.iit,  .f  I,  /'.  It.  r-,  v. 
Hoiilm  (tSil.'i:  Tex.  fiv.  App.  i  .«)  S.  \\  . 
S(i.  the  court,  in  holding  that  an  en;;! 
neer  and  a  brakenuin  upon  a  railway 
train  are  not  enpased  in  the  same  graile 
•  .f  -ervice,  and  for  that  reason  are  not 
filtow    ■ier\'anlsi.    said;      "The    duties    of 


'  is'.i.-.)  11  Tex.  Civ  App  t'tr.  ■;:;  s.  \\ 

■fT.'l  The  eoiirt  -aid:  ••'Hh-  -•  nan' 
iMving  control  of  liliici-  i-  lii-i  .li.i'l,;r.-i 
i<.  -taiid  ill  the  relation  of  iii;i-!ir  '" 
!ho>e  under  liiiii.  ;iii(l  lln'i.  in  il.'iiniiij 
ihe  relitioii  ol  ol!ii.|  einployii-;  lo(,ii' 
..iher.  it  i-  pi-o\  i.l.'d  that,  in  oi.ler  to ':.■ 
fr-lh'u  M'lvaiit-.  tiii\  inii-l  !..•  in  tli. 
.•omiiioii  ser\'ice.  in  llii>  -ame  .li'pan 
i?'en(.  of  the  >aiiie  ;.'rade.  ".nkili;;  t. 
ether  at  the  -aine  time  ainl  pla.*.  an '. 

the   formi'r    are    nineh     more   Iniportiint     to     i     iMiiinioii    piir|)i>«e.     The    -enant- 

and   an-  n..l    different    froiii   tliiwe  ot    the    -iilijeeled  to  the  eoiitiol  of  ijiir.iint  -li 

latter,  and   their  -in..  — ful   peifornianee    perioi-  are  thus  treated  ;i-  heiiiL'  in  -it 

refpiires  s[>eeial  know  led.L;e  .ind  trainini;    .irat.-  ilipiiMiiieiil-  and  .liltir.'iil  -.ni 

not    neeeswirv    to    perform    the    -erviee> 

ii>'iially   reiiden>il  hy  a   hrakeman.      It   i' 

Hue  that  the  -eeond  -ectioii  of  the  i-lal 

nfe  nlMive  quoted  is  aukuanlly  eo'i-i  i  net 

•  A.     Nevertheless,    wi'    think    thi-    word- 

of  the  same  prade.'  a-  ii-.d  in   -.li.l  -ee 

tion.  refer  to  the  common  serviee  di'-ip 

nateil    in   a    previous    part    of    ihe   -arae 

-ection.     Thi.s    is   the   onlv    construction 


When  we  I'on-ider  that  many  luith.n 
lie,-,  inellldinj:  »ome  of  the  later  e|. It. 
aiw  of  our  -npieme  naiit  iii.l  i\ 
].if--ed  ilie  vi«'w  that  sound  n:i-i.n  f. . 
'iie  e\i-teme  of  the  rule  a-  to  fcllo" 
-ivaiif-  rould  only  Ix'  f..iin.l  in  cj->~ 
where  the  employees  Men'  -..  -ituati'l 
with  refi-r.'iiee  to  earli  other  a-  te  '" 
iiiahled    to   exeieis,-  mmt   the  coniln.t  ..f 


that   will  give  the  phra-e    jii-t   (pioted   a    e.ich    other    that    wat.hfulia'--    re^'.i 

reasonahle  and  practical  meanini; ''  This 

decision   was   niodilied   on    lehcariii'.'    in 

(1895:    Tex.    Civ.    App.)    atl   S.   W     TJT 

but  not    in    respect    to    the  point   here 

ruled. 


I'sseiitial  to  the  1  llii'ieney  of  ill.' 
ice  and   the  safet\    i.f  thi'   oiiMi.-.  we  -o 
that     the    k.Mi.kitl'ire     lei-       ..li.|ili'.!     :!i.i< 

view.  ;inil    iiil.Miled   I |..i.i-  it    in  tli. 

pio\  i-ion-    refeMi.l    Id." 


.1 

i  I 


Mil 


TMJ 


ACTS  OF  ARieVNSAs.  y.TC 


tin  I 


•hr.t  all  oiiipluNfi's  of  tlii'  sniiit'  jjiade  ovit  the  whole  line  are  fellov 
-pnant.-,  sis  a  inntter  of  law/' 

Servants  may  be  in  the  same  dt-partinont,  according  to  the  system 
.(  uouicnclatun-  adopted  by  tiic  niilwuy  company  itself,  and  yet  iu 
litlc  uiil  .IfpiiiM  mints  within  ilie  mcaniiij:  of  the  dtaluti-.  The  com 
..Miv's  liahiliiy  is  determiniMl  nv  tin-  ivlatinn-i  which  the  employee^ 
Hiu.iJlv  Ixiir  \<<  each  othn-.  aixl  u<><  \>}  ihe  nu-rc  names  that  are  given 
.V  ii  ti>  llie  ditTcrent  hninehi-  of  liu'  service.^ 

The  suhjoiii'd   niliiij;-  \<in  ^liow    tin-  consiriiction  wliich  has  been 
put   upon    the    sta'nte    in    action,    for    tin 
.mployees.' 


iii'irlij^cni-i'    of    varion.- 


'Oalvestoii.  U.  rf  •*<■.  /*.  "•  '"  »• 
Worthy  (180.-.;  T.>\.  Civ.  App. »  ".i  S. 
\V.  557,  roitcnitiii;;  opinion  in  ilH'Jl: 
Tei.  Civ.  App.  I  li:  S.  W.  120  (nwr-r.l 
.w  another  jxiiiit  t)y  tlie  Mipii'im-  rimii  i. 
ihat  then'  "as  no  t'lnn-  iti  ii'fii-iiic  to 
in'triict  tlic  jury  tliMt  I  In-  i-ti^'iiu'<-i-  on  a 
ihroujjli  fri'l;.'lit' train  i-  not,  iih  a  mat- 
ter of  law.  a  fellow  -eivant  with  the  en 
.'inwr  iind  briiUeniaii  of  a  loeal  frei;;lit 
train  operatpd  liy  the  same  company, 
where  the  evi<lenfe  xhowed  that  the  de- 
linquent nnd  injured  -irvants  were  at 
no  time  on  tlie  day  of  the  death  olo-<er 
to  Kiih  other  tlian  20  miles. — the  one 
Vinp  in  rharv"-  of  one  train,  the  other 
..f  another,  the  on>>  riiMninu  a  gravel 
triiin.  the  other  a  local  freisjlit. 

•Nail  Aiit'oii')  ii  -t.  /*•  It-  <*o.  V.  Hnrd- 
ni)  (ISfl-.l  It  Tex.  Civ.  App.  497,  33  S. 
\\.  37.'!.  (lenyinK  that  the  two  engineers 
innerned  ( ->v  note  2.  supra)  were  eo- 
■■n;int<.  allhoiijih  they  wore  both  in  the 

iii<iti\e  power  d<'|Kirtnient."  and  so.  in 
I  »en<c.  in  the  <ame  department. 

'(ill  /,'.  o"<(v  alldwed  on  the  ifrmind 
i.iif  (/.•,.    ioi«  no  coxervice.     A  Iwomo- 

ivi'  en;.'iiii'ir  i,  not  a  fellow  servant 
litli  the  ti.iin  di-patihers  ami  tele^iiaph 
.|wr(itiir>  nivini;  order,  for  the  move- 
ment of  hi-  train.  Hcnuii  v.  J/ivi'iiiri, 
K  ii  T.  l;  r„.  (IS!>,"))  HH  Tex.  tiTS".  .T2 
s  \V.  ins.'. 

A  lirikeiiian  and  an  enyineer  liehing- 
M12  to  dillVriiit  crews  operatinjr  ditTerent 
'rains  on  the  same  division  of  a  rail 
rood  an>  not  fellow  servants,  noimlon 
.1-  T.  r.  R.  Co.  V.  I'attrrwn  (1899)  20 
Tex.  Civ.  App.  25.1,  48  S.  \V.  747,  Re- 
iterating Opinion  in  (1897:  Tex.  Civ. 
.\pp.)   49   S.   W.   442 

.\n  enginiHT  in  iharae  of  a  road  en- 
I'ine  in  a  railroad  yard.  teiii|Mirarily.  for 
the  |mr|)t>e  of  tnkili);  out  a  train,  is  not 
t<  fellow  ser\ant  of  Ihe  foreman  ind 
ttii-mbcrs  of  the  vard  crew.        l/i.«>   ■ni. 


A'    »f   7.    /;    ro.  V.    Whillnrk    (1997)    l« 

I.  v.  Civ.    \pp.  I7ti,  41   S.  \V.  407. 

.\  liiaki'ii  an  on  a  train  whiili  hns  heen 
madi'  ii|>  and  is  aliout  ready  to  leave  the 
\ard  and  -l.irt  on  it«  re;;iilar  trip  is  not 
ii  fillou  tenant  with  employees  in 
rliar;.'e  ol  a  -witili  enirine  uiii'li  i>  not 
;il  Ihe  time  .'ncai^'-d  in  .in>  -erviie  or 
(-•rfoiiiiin;;  any  act  in  nfenine  to  -ucli 
Irain.  I'attitson  v.  Houslun  a  T.  C.  it. 
1-0  (1897;  Tex.  Civ.  App.)  40  S.  \V 
442. 

A  switchman  on  on<  engine  is  not  a 
fellow  servant  of  u  -"itchman  on  an 
other  euKine.  (liiln slon.  II.  li  S".  .1.  A* 
r,i.  v.  1/«sffr.(.i»  (18U1>;  Tex.  (.'iv.  App.  i 
51   S.  W.    11191. 

.An  ens/iu^T  in  e^iar;.'e  of  an  enffiii'- 
doiii;.'  switch  work  is  not  a  fellow  M>r» 
ant  «ilh  a  fireman  on  anollier  enuin'- 
also  employird  in  doing  switch  work  in 
the  same  yard,  where  the  crew-  of  the 
two  enirines  are  not  workinjr  together 
I/<iv7.(M/n  V.  diilii^lon,  n.  d  .s'  .4.  I{ 
I'd.  (1H97:  Tex.  (  iv.  App.)  4  S.  \V 
1001,  Writ  of  Krior  Denied  in  (189Si 
91  Tex.  3S.i.  4.!  S.  \V.  8Tj. 

Yard  crew~  are  not  loservants  of  train 
irewR,  dull.  r.  rf  .v.  I-'.  It.  Cn.  v.  M'i7 
hiimn  (1897:  Tex.  (iv.  App.t  39  S.  W 
!i(57:  //oi/.«/o)i.  K.  tf-  11.  7'.  /■'.  Co.  V.  Pair 
.11  I  1897:  Tex.  Civ.  App.)  41  S.  W.  fi9.% 
I  train  run  at  spi-ed  evi  ceding  that  per 
mitt«d  by   ordiname);    I nl' iniilional  <f 

II.  y.  R.  Co.  V.  Johv.Hon  I  I'.KtOi  it  Tex 
Civ.  App.  KJO.  .'>."»  S.  W.  772  (l.rakeinan 
injun-d  by  negligence  of  switchman). 

Kmployees  of  a  railroad  company  op 
crating  a  train  are  not  fellow  -ervants 
with  track  repairers.  Suuth' m  I'.  Co. 
V.  Wi/OH  (189.-.:  Tex.  Civ.  App.)  29  S 
\V,  .->27 ;  i»<  llnf'  v.  Hounton.  I-:,  d  ^^ . 
T.  /.'.  Co.  (1900)  22  Tex.  Civ.  .\pp.  403. 
.-..-.  S.   W.  534. 

\  eai   repairer  who.  at  the  time  of  tin- 
.olli-ioii    in    wlii'li    he   wus   injo.-l     hi- 


it 


m 


2102  MASTER  AND  SERVANT.  (chap,  xxxmii. 

A  ("orvrtnt  who,  after  a  teinjiurnrv  transfer  to  anothor  place  of  work, 
!•<  injured,  after  r^^^luning  liis  original  cjulies,  by  wnditions  cnatfii 


nn  ft  rnr,  iiinlor  ordt-rn  to  go  to  tin-  Mccm- 
of  a  Aleck  to  ri-|i;iir  cufh.  it  not  ii  fi'l- 
low  «<TMint  of  I'itluT  11  "lio'tlcr"  fin- 
[iloji'il  to  run  loroinotivrH  to  iiml  from 
II  roniiillioM«i'.  .or  of  u  sh  itrliiiiiiM  uIiom- 
Tii';:li;.'on(i'  lau-ccI  tlio  injury.  Suit  An- 
luufj  if  .1.  /'.  n.  Co.  V.  Killrr  (Isn:,)  11 
r.'.\.  t'iv.   A|.|>.  5(l!l,  .'l-i  S.  W.  847. 

A  iiijilit  crew  (■iip.i;.;c<l  in  loailinj;  riiil- 
roa<l  ticn  fr'iin  ii  Murk  on  cars  on  one 
tiiilroiiil  Inu'k  are  not  fellow  siTvantH 
witli  iiM'itlii-r  cnnv  <"ii;.Myi'(l  diiriii;.'  the 
il.ivliiiii-  in  unlouclinK  tifs  from  cars  on 
iiiiollMr  ti.irU  on  llio  o|)|«j!<ili'  -iilu  of  the 
-tui'k.  iiimI  placiii;;  Ihciii  on  the  stack. 
Ttsni  «(  V.  O.  It.  I'll.  V.  h'.vliiiln  (I8!l7) 
17  Tox.  Civ.  A|>|..  077.  41  S.  W.  4SH 
(->iick     |int     lip     liy    nijihl    crew    fell). 

'rrainiiicii  are  not  fellow  scnantH  of 
laln>rcrn  ciii.'ii;;cil  in  iiiiloailin;:  car*.  .\r- 
lorilinfily,  in  a  ci-c  uhcrc  a  servant  al- 
lc;;c(l  that  n  train  wan  backnl  with  such 
force  ai;aiii«t  a  car  which  he  was  iin 
loadiiif;  that  he  was  thrown  down  and 
injuri-d,  the  case  is  properly  siiliniilled 
to  the  jlirv.  wliere.  altlioii;:h  no  witness 
leslitleil  in  express  term*  llial  the  jar 
or  jolt  cansi><|  hy  the  colli-ion  of  the 
two  cars  was  unusual,  or  that  it  was 
canned  hy  im|M'rfect  appliances,  it  was 
shown  that  the  noise  I'f  the  impact  Ih" 
Iween  the  two  oars  w.is  unusually  haid, 
and  that  the  collision  was  sulliciently 
vioh'ut  to  throw  plaintifT  down  ii|Min  the 
floor  of  tile  ear.  Tixaa  «(•  /'.  A".  I'u.  v. 
.Xhrrnuthii  (1900;  Tex.  Civ.  App.)  58 
S.  \V.  17.i 

An  alli'_Mlion  of  a  ploadin;;  that  lum- 
ber was  iiiipro|icrly  loailcd  on  a  car.  or, 
if  pro|>erly  loaded,  was  ncjIiLciitly  |)er- 
mittod  by  the  seiv.iiils  of  I  In'  railway 
to  become  iin|iro]K'rly  anil  unsafidy 
loaded,  may  authorize  the  sulnnissiin  of 
the  quesf'on  of  ne^diyence  of  the  railway 
company  in  ninnini;  its  train  at  too 
hi;;h  a  rate  of  s[xed.  iu  a  suit  to  ri-eov- 
er  for  causing  tin-  dciili  of  a  section 
hand  by  liiiulier  falliii};  from  the  e..r, 
Houston  &  T.  G.  U.  Co.  v.  fi paike  { IH'.VJ ; 
Tex.  Civ.  App.)   51  S.  \V.  500. 

A  braki'uian  is  not  a  fellow  servant 
of  an  employee  of  the  railroad  company 
enpajred  in  paintin;.'  a  coal  house.  .1/i«- 
wi/ri.   A',  rf  T.  If.  V.  Ciilllnn   (ISitfi) 

15  Tex.  Civ.   Ap|)    .       39  S.  \V.  150. 

A   station  I'j^iMit  int   a   fellow  s4'rv- 

.int  ni  The  iiiruilirr-     "  a  train  rrrw  (in 
ployed  ut  the   statiuh   in  coupling  cars 


to  their  train.  *!ulf.  V.  d  S.  t  It.  c. 
V.  VaUirt  (  1895)  11  Tex.  Civ.  Aim  JC 
3-2  S    W.  J4tl. 

An  eii).'iiie  wi|H'r  subject  to  the  nin 
trol   of   the    fori'iiian   of  the  ioiiii,|li,ii|„ 

is  not    a   fellow   servant   of  einpli,\ ,| 

the  yard  niasler.  althoiiyh  it  w.i-  jn  |t,.. 
line  of  duty  of  bolh  sets  of  cim|.|i)vh, 
to  take  co.il  from  the  ear.  //•■!(./.,,  ,i 
7'.  C.  It.  Co.  V.  Tiillri,  (ISMil)  15  T,\ 
Civ.  App.   115,  .19  S.  \V.  'JOll. 

A  si^etion  hand  returniii}.'  fr. m  H,r, 
to  the  tool  house  to  place  Ins  tivl- 
(herein  was  not  a  fidlow  scrv.mt  wiii, 
other  section  men  eiiKajred  in  iirryin; 
tools  to  the  toid  house  on  a  h.iml  .ar 
U'cause  doinp  the  same  clianoiir  i,i 
work,  since  the  inenns  einplovtsl  in  d.i 
injt  the  work  diirerentiated  it-  chiiii 
ter:  nor  was  he  a  fellow  servant  l.cc  iii.. 
working;  at  the  same  pii'ci-  of  work.  .jr.i. 
he  was  earryin;;  his  ttsils  without  tba 
aid.  /,ufi(/  V.  <  hviiijti.  It.  I.  a-  /.  lt.(; 
(19001    94  Tex.  53,  57' S.  \V.  Sii,;. 

Kmph^yei's  I  ■  an  inside  and  of  nn  nil 
side  forcmari  of  a  roundhou-e  are  nnt 
co>er\aiit».  T'j-iii  t(-  /'  /,'  r  .  . 
SiTiKKin  (19001  23  Tex.  Civ.  App.  712 
.58  S,   \V.   I8ti. 

.\n  eiii|doyee  of  a  railroad  reiiipMiV 
while  ridin;;  in  his  empN  yei'-  (Mr  ti..iii 
one  place  to  aiiotln'r  in  olhclii  tit.'  tu  or 
del*  is  not  a  fellow  servant  with  thp  rn 
;rineer  of  ihe  train.  Ilnlrixl'in.  II.  ,1 
N.  I.  //.  Co.  V.  Vorriv  (IS'M:  -I.  \  f  ji 
.\pp.  I  ^0  S.  \V.  9.50;  C,,ih;sli,i,.  II.  d  .* 
.4.  It.  Cn.  V.  Crniiford  (IH94;  Tex.  I'ii 
App.)  29  S.  W.  9.58;  C'llnslon.  II.  .(  .> 
.1.  /.'.  Co.  V.  Leonard  (I89t;  Tex  Civ 
.\pp  1    29  S.  \V.  955. 

Iir.i1.emen  in  the  employ  of  n  nihi  iv 
("iinp.inv.  vv  ho  are  s<'nt  on  a  tr.iin  to  i 
certain  place,  are  not  fellow  sirviii- 
with  Ihe  enirincer  in  ehari/e  of  thi'  •!; 
jliiie  attached  thovi  to,  when-  tiny  ap 
not  operating  the  train,  alilionMJi  tiny 
are  yetting  their  re^ilar  pay  ;iiid  ii' 
suliject  'o  be  ordered  to  take  cli.ir.'- 
theivof.  OahcKloit.  11.  ,i  S.  l.A'. '•■> 
ll-(/'/..  (1394;  Tex.  Civ.  App.)  'Ji;  >.  U 
100! 

Mei-iliers  of  a  loidjre  >;aii;;  traii-p'i'nl 
with  tiif  material  used  hy  tlieiii  fp'iii 
one  [Kiint  to  another  as  tleir  work  Ir 
mini!-!  are  not  fellow  ser\ant<  of  tin' 
condiutor  in  charee  of  the  train.  wliiT' 
ii.  ha.s  nnthin::  tn  lio  with  trie  :■■;:!:!:.' 
and  unloading  of  the  cars  or  tiie  »urk 


liiiflMi 


|TM] 


ACTS  (»F  AllKAXSAS,  ETC. 


tlM 


hU  iili-^iiii-f  l)_v  liis    foiiiHT    u.sM.fiat*"'.  niid    Irft  unrnnrdifd 

iroiiu'li  tlifii'  ni!iliui'ii<-<',  i^  pnrhulfd  l>v  the  -.tiUiili'  from  rooovcrinp." 

Till'  iiieri-  faff  that  tlio  ncfrliiicnt  iiiid  the  injured  scnaiiti  an-  Imtli 

Nirri-iiii"  sii|>«'riiil<'iid(  lice  over  other  men  will  not,  prevent  their  bp- 

,,jr  f,.llo\v  -ervant-  williiu  the  ineaiiing  of  ihe  statute.' 


..l  huilJinp  liriilgi''<.  Missduii.  K.  if  T. 
I!  Co,  V,  lliiiis  t  IS'.iT;  r.A.  Civ.  .\|i|M 
;'l  S.  W.  l.'i-.  Iiiililin;'  tliiit  tin-  ri-iilt 
\.i*  not  chiOi(.'c«I  l>y  lln'  fai-t  Unit  llic 
.ni.liiclm  wax  at  "tl»-  '""''■  fviii);  to 
•  i,|.  iiMf  (if  ttic  finnt:  from   in jiiriiij.'  the 

i,k  iif  till'  'ill-. 
(Ill  i;, li, I  tii:  ill  II, •■il   «ii    ilii    ijiuiiiiil 

■  ii,.i-nir--.-  Kailroiid  Piii|il".vi'("»  i  ii 
:,ii.Til  ill  «\vitiliin;;  <Mr»  uri-  tVllirw  -i-iv 

iiN  witti  11  CM   iipiiirfr  wliii  i-  iiijinvil 

V  the  riiluif  of  tin-  fomi'i  <"  ^'i*'" 
impi-r  iioticf    liff.  re    niniiiiij    cU"  on 

'.,  I'r.p.iii  ir.ick  on  ..  Iiiili  -iH-li  11' 
siiror  i-  I'limitiiil  in  icii.iiiin;,'  ii  car. 
;,m«  <f    /'.    I!    i'li.   V.   (■„„,/.(../;    (  |H!I»| 

•  S.  W     IIIM:   ruhiiiliill  \.    I'liik  it    /'. 
;■  Co.  (1»!>71    II!  'I'lV    In.    \p|> 
W.  llll 


-talnti-  i».  "I-  think.  Ihnt  n  •ofN.ml  in- 
tiii-icil  witli  »ii|K'f iiilinilfiici'  iiiiil  ion 
tlol  ovf  .iiiollicr  i-  not  a  tclluu  >ii\  nil 
MJtli  -lull  olliiT;  but  111-  ina.v.  ihmiHii' 
li— ,  111-  a  ffllow  MTVaiit  uitli  riii|iii'yiT'< 
i.vir  «lioMi  lo'  Inn  no  .tucli  -ii|m  riiiti'inl- 
1  iiif  or  I'oiitrol.     WliiTi-  thrrc  i«  no  xiuh 

-ii|«  rinliii'lonii-  or   ronlrol   liv   oi \cr 

•li-  ullnr.  the  qiicstjon  (lc|H'niN  ii|>on 
olln-r  |iro\i^ioM»  of  tlic  art.  Tlii'  lir-it 
million    of    tlic    act    funii-lir-   llir   ruli', 

\>  lirn>  tlaTf   i*   ••iiiKriiitrMilin t  ci.iti 

iniiiid.  pro\i.liny  tint  tin-  -ii|Mri(ii  i:* 
not  a  tVllo«  -irvaiil  «illi  M*  'iilionli 
inito.  liiit  i-i  a  \  ill'  |irinii|>al  vf  tin-  lor 
|Hiiation.  Ill-  tIaniN  in  IIk'  ti'l.ilion  <i( 
>  ill-  |irini'i|>a1  of  llii'  niriMnnlion  only 
(111.'),  .■!!•  to  tho-i'  « llll  arr  iiniliT  liiin.  i'ln'  -i'<'- 
oinl   Mil  ion  of  till-  act    provlilo  all'inna 


Til.'  f.i.l    that    .1    train    |>ir1-    into   two    tivily   what    (■iniiloyri~  an-  to  l.i 


ctiniis.  IpaviliL'  till-  roMiliiilor   il|ion  tin' 

.  ir  one.   (Ii'i'~    ml    i-riMlc   '.flufii    liiin 

;ii.l  thi'  i-n^rini'iT   Ha    •■'«'•■   ii'lation-  a- 

,i.t   Ih'twii'n    till'   ion. In. -I"!  ~   ot    .lillir 

I  Iniin-i.  ami  tlni-  cl.-liii\    Ho-  iclation 

,  f  nisiTviic.       Uiiiiii    V.  -I'liii^    I  I'^itTi    l'> 

r,.x.  Civ.  .\\,\>.  :t!il.  .-Ill  s.  W.  •">'.•:!. 

.\  Ix.ilir  wa^lior  an. I  a  liostlir  ini 
.|m«l  liv.  and  work  in;:  iiiidir.  a  roiinil- 
ii  .iiM-  fiii-iMiian  an-  fcllo  a  -irvaiil-.  l/i.i 
.."ri.  K.  cf  T.  It.  I'D.  V.  U/./'iA-. -■(  |N!i.-.i 
II   IVn.  Civ.  A|.|..  lliiS.  :i.l  ^.  \V.  Till. 

A  iiii'IiiUt  of  a  ;;an(;  onyai;cil  in  ri" 
..lirinL'  a  liridt'''  i"  a  fidl.uv  -iivant  witli 
.  lirikiMiian  of  tln'  tiain  wliicli  liaiiN 
Mm  iivt-r  the  road,  partly  for  tlio  pur- 
].ii^.  of  ilidn^'  lii'  work.  h'v'iii  if  V, 
a.  ;,',  ('...  V.  Itiiillii  I  l^i'.lli  Ii  I'lA-.  Civ. 
\|.p   fi.'iO.  21  S.   \V.  !i:U.     S.I .  liowiMr. 

i-.>  liti'd   at    till-   end   of  tlo'   pr-fiiliiiL- 
iil..|ivi-ii.'i  i.f  llii»   iiotiv 

M/'iip  v.  dnliT.iliiii.  II.  .t    >■' 

MlMii    I  I    T.N.  Civ.   .\pp,  .-1.  !. 
171    I  iiliintitl'   was    injini'd   l>y 


f.i-lciii'.l  wlirii  it  was  tir-t  lai.l 
-till  in  thnt  rnmlition  wlirn  hi' 
'..  hi-  fi.rni'T  work* . 

'TiT'ii  rf    V.    O.     It.    Co    V 
O-iMi   in  Tix.  Civ.  App.   t:u, 
■m.    Thorp   it   wa-   held   tliat 
ipon  nf  two  yaid  r>n"in<»«  pnirav'i'd  in  tho 
-lUiio  yard    for    ^biftin;;    and    «\vitohin2 
furs    !irp    fidlow      -nrvant.«.     Tho    ponrt 
«.iiH:     "Thp   proppr  pon^lrui'f ion  of  thi- 
Vol,  II.  M.  4  S.     SI. 


•i.n^id 
■ri'.r  follow  -«'rvant'<.  pxclinlinL'  all  who 
do  not  roini'  within  tho  di'linil  i.>n  Tlipy 
.no  dilini'd  to  ho  'all  pfr-mi-  win.  ari' 
,..,^rjM|.(|  jn  the  poiniiioii  ■.ciNir.'  i.l  -inh 
railway  conipany,  and  who.  win!.'  -..  rii 
yaycil.  aip  workiiiL'  toL-pthcr  at  tho  »[iiiii' 
tiiiif  and  plan'  to  a  loiMiion  piirpoM'.  of 
-aiiip  ;:railo.'  .\ll  not  thii-  d.-linr.|  an- 
ilii'Iari'd  not  to  he  follow  vrvani-.  \nd 
of  llio-i'  who  niiylit  iilliorw  i-p  fall  with- 
in till'  di'tinition  L'ivrii.  tho  -t  iliii..  px- 
I'ludf^  thii~i'  iiitnislpil  with  -u|iii  inlpiid 
rnco  or  lonlrol  ovi-r  ilipir  follow  piii- 
ploypc*.  A<  to  thi"<r  till'  riili'  i-  ihi'larid 
iiv  thp  tiist  -I'Ption.  and  thp  -pioml  spp 
lion  ill"-,  not  alti'r  that  rnlo.  hnt  -ini 
ly  i'\.  Iiidi'-  Ihosp  -iiliiipt  In  it  from  tlip 
hlinitioM  yivon  of  fillow  -pi^.m;.-,  TIip 
»iToiid  -I'll ion  al~o  I'M'lii.li  -  from  its 
dolinition  of  fpllow  spr\aiil-.  ptiiployi-oj* 
of   Hip   railway    lorjioration   i'ii>.'.i;;i'd    in 

dilTpiPiit  ilppartinpnts  or  si'rvi )f  -uih 

por[H'ral  ion.       'I'atman     ami      llolzin;;i'r 

wpro  in  ilio  sanip  ilppartnipiit  of  scujn'. 

and   Ihp  proviso  of  tho   statntp  just  re- 

fcrnd  to  doi's  not  apply  to  thpin.    .    .    . 

Tho   ipip-tion    thi-n    is.    whi'thpr    or    not 

Ilolzin'.'Pi-   ind  Tat  man  woro  xvorkin-r  to- 

Ttiliiiiin    (.'othpi   at   tlip  <i\\nr  tinip  and  plarp,  and 

.'!!   S.  W.    to   n    pommoii    piDposp,      It    i«   ponrpdpd 

thp   forp.    that  tlipy  wprr  of  thp  sumo  pra.lo.    Hoth 

wiTP  pn!.'aL'pd   in   moving  pars  about   thp 

yards,     tlid/.in^'r    and    his    prow    vietr 

nuikin-.'    up    a    train,  and  wprp  moving 

thp  pars    from    the    main    line    to    ilm 


I" 


I     I!.  <•„. 

■■'•:  s.  \v. 

Ilip  -lip 
not  iH'cn 
anil  was 
ri'tiirrpd 


i' 

f 

V  \ 

:  t!   \ 

111 


Hi  :i-;  1 


.'I  in 


MAClKK  AM)  »i:i!\  \.\T 


'  lui'  \\:,nii 


751*.  O'  .  ravisteat  at  Tasa*  ■tatat*.— Sir    4     Nn  ■niiir.wt   ii,,,.|,  v 

iwi'tti  thf  t>h  ;  ^r  niiil  rmploj'M-,  IiumhI  on  Ihi-  c'iiiitiiii'iii<-,\  nl  tiijim  ur  !■  nh  n' 
111.-  miiilojcp,  imiiUnjf  thi-  liability  of  tin-  emploviM  inulrr  ihi-  mt.  or  livinn  ,i.„., 
.i;;!-.-.  to  Ih-  ri'cuvi!r«l,  sluill  be  valid  ur  binJiii;:  (llii"  |iii>vi<i<ih  i.  ih,.  ^im^  „ 
tliiil  nf  ««<•.  :i  in  each  of  the  earlier  acta.) 

Sec.  5.   N'otliiii);  in  thit  tt«t  ohall  bo  hcKI  to  lin|iaii   ui   .liiiiini-ili   lln    ,|, ',  n-. 
•  ••rilriliiilory    nivli){nice  when  the  injury  of  the  -ervmil    or   I'liiplnyir  j.  ,  ,,i. 
proximiitfly  by  hii  own  contributory  nivlixi'iicr 

N'C.  (1.  Till-  "lion  Unnttioii  of  the  »|H'ciiil  tie->nii;ii  ol  tlif  li';ji-lniuri'.  .mi  tin  {„■ 
Uial  the  t'\i-tiii(>  fullovt  mi'. ;int  l.nv  i^^  imiilfi|UMti'  to  iirtnuiiili-h  Ht  [iiir|....c...  ,in 
ilii  fact  thrtf  II  liirKi'  I'orlioii  of  our  rili/i-n*  Imvc  no  iiiliiiiiali'  ri'iiH'i|>  I'l.r  (i.r>f>iii 
iiijiirlfx  "•ii'tiiiii.  d.  rrriilc  nn  I'lucrpcnrv :  mihI  :iii  liii|M-iiili\<-  piililii'  iii..'.'«.it\  p\i,i. 
Miiif  the  rnnHtitiitinnnl  rule  ■■■<|iiirititr  bill"  to  In-  tihI  on  thiw  -••iriul  iImv..  I,,.,  nn,' 

ilii"  <miii<  i«.  hi'n-liy  "iL-iiended,  anil  that  tlii"  .m  tukr  dlfct  i4ii.|  In-  in  iij.p  \, 

iiiil  iilli-i  iU  pa>^ii;tis  and  it  la  »o  cuuwtcil. 

Approved  June  IR,  1S07. 


M.  U 


TAIL 


751b.  Text  of  lUtnte.— The  eonipin-  i.f  |{iv.  Slat,  cliap 

;in'  ;is  tV(|li)W"  ; 


■".m;. 


i'l 


ii! 


Ii  -i 


Htr 


S'.'.  I HJ.  Who  are  lice  priisripaU.  All  person"  ensnyMl  In  llir  ~rr\id-  nf  )n> 
l>i'i"on.  liriii.  or  coi'|)nraHon.  fon'i^ni  or  <lonie"»ic.  iloinj;  lni-incs*  in  llii"  «late,  »'• 
iif  iiiini"icil  hy  <tk'Ii  ihtxiii.  Iiiiii.  or  "■•Hj.ni Mtioii.  a-  i-inploy.i.  uilli  tin'  niith.; 
ii.\  of  -iiiirrintendfiiw,  control,  or  <i>iiiiiiiniil  o|  odicr  pcrsoii"  in  tli.-  .  iii|.|.i',  .. 
-I  rxico  oi  hiirti  eniiiloyer.  or  wil!i  llir  iiiitliorlty  to  direct  any  otlur  i'iii|ilii\rr  m  ii;, 
.111  .'oriiiuncc  of  any  duties  ot  such  employee,  iiie  vice  prinripuls  of  "ii.  h  i.rii|il"Vi-r 
im!  HTP  not  fellow  wrviintx. 

^■r<:  ).U:\.  Who  are  fellow  ^4ervulll9l.  All  p<T8ons  who  arc  en^'aj^  in  the  -in 
'  of  ."iich  employer,  and  who.  while  so  eiif^n^vd,  are  in  the  same  grade  of  "(rrir. 
.mil  ari-  workinff  together  at  the  .same  time  and  place  and  to  a  nmnion  piirpiw. 
pipither  of  siieh  persons  being  intrusted  by  *mh  employer  with  any  supcHrt.  mli-na- 

•  'r  control  over  his  fellow  employees,  are  fellow  servants  with  eiuh  oth.r  Pru 
lideil.  That  nothing  herein  contained  shall  be  so  roiutrued  as  to  make  tin  m 
ploycrts   of  such   employer  fellow   HervaiitK   with   other  employee."  cnj,'af;id   in  ;in' 

•  >ther  department  of  service  of  such  employer.  Employees  who  do  not  conic  Miihin 
I  he  provi.<iionK  of  this  section  shall  not  lie  cf^/isidcrcd  fellow  servants. 


-"ilcli.  when  the  key  of  a  drawheii'!! 
I'roke  and  the  drawhead  pulled  out.  an-1 
-'iini.  of  the  i-ars  were  left  standing  <in 
111.,  main  track,  and  some  of  llicm,  with 
I  III-  en{.'ine.  on  the  switch  track.  They 
'mil  thus  In-eii  nUuiding  lor  two  or  thri-e 
iiiimitcs  when  the  collision  occurred. 
llul/.iiipT  and  his  crew  were  waiting 
lor  the  car  repairer  to  rephu*  the  key. 
«liich  work,  the  evidence  shows,  re- 
i|uired  only  a  lew  minutes.  Tatman 
was  also  moving  cars,  intending  to  puss 
through  the  .switcii  to  the  "aiiie  "idiiig 
that  was  being  used  by  Molzingt'r      Wo 


think  they  vx>me    v/ithin    the   rtcliuiti. 
;;iven  by  the  statute  of  those  In  ttli« 
the   nihw  established   by  the  is.nrt- 
to  the  liability  of    the"  master    t"  !  i- 
"cnant  for  negligence  of  a  fcllnu  .,.|> 
ant   are   still   to   apply.     Kai!i    "i  ti'- 
being  required  to  do  the  same  kiiil  .i 
work,  in  the  sunn-  yanl.  .iiiil  at  .ill  pin- 
of  the  yard,  mil  it  liciny.  tlicnfnri.  ii''. 
essary  for  each  to  oli.sciAc  ,iiil  taki' ii'j 
ni7jinee  of  the   movements  of  the  ulhir 
iHith  the  language  and    reason    uf   'h' 
"I  at  lite  make  them  fellow   "iM\,*iilB," 


Mil 


:m. 


xrlN  uV  \i:k  \.\>as,  ETt 


tio^ 


762.  Construction  of  thi»  provuion.— Wlicflw  r  <'r  ii"'  n  workman  t^n 
..a)iC<l  ill  lii'^  li-w-rr  t\intn'l  ol'  u  iiiiti'-  wi;-  a  t.ll-nv  ■>.-nMii  of  onn  on 
].ij,,.,l  ill  tlu'  iipiior  timnol,  nUiit  li'  iVct  .ilx.vo.  w.-i-  hcltl  t.»  !"•  :i 
|!H.ti"n  f'T  ilio  jiin.-  uiMin  ovidfiKf  'Iiiii  ii<  nlni  wa-  <irtlinarily  ii: 
.ij;lit  i.r  IifiM  riR  of  tlir  iiilicr.' 

.\.  in  flu'  •oiwtituti'-iiulitv  nt  till:,  >iaiui..  MT  i5  til.'j,  /',  anic. 

Itnthurg  v.   l/rr.u»   lluld  ilin.  rf   l/i/<  tioii.   111.'  up|MT  to  th«  lower  lovel  <>t   .. 

r„    .jsdHi    !>*   I'fiih.    IIO.  ."lA   I'll!',   :iii7.  iiiirnv    uli.i.'    it    wii»     lUrk.     and     fli 

i,r|!iriiv  it  to  lif  ^tostt  ii>-.'ll[rPIHi'  Im  !"•■  <  liiiii:;'.!  ii'iiilil  i'>n  "Hi  not   oh-iorvalili' tc. 

„0M.  th.    \vii.-l<'  Mii.portiiiK  oiii-  ii|.i  it;ht  .  n.-  atl.ini.linj,'  to  I«»»  ttom  tUt  UJil"' 

..( »  Uil'ter  lued  by  workmen  in  punting  levvl. 


ii 


nrvrrKu  xxxrx. 


Illi^ 


STATITFS  OF  COLOKAIM),  KU)liri)\    iiK<H!<il.\    litWA.  K\\sa>j   Minsk 
S(»T.\,  Nuinu  CMtitMNA,  WIM  UNSl.S.  VWuMlNU. 

75:1.  ScofH"  of  I'lwiptrr. 

A.  ('(>!.< iRAIM). 

T'l.'ln.  Trxl  iif  lln'  ^tatut«. 
7.'i4.  KlTcl  of  ilii<  -trttiiU. 

B.  Fl.niiinA. 

i.VJii.  Text  of  th<»  >ltatlltl>. 
7.').'>.  KITcct  01  tliU  «i'otiiin. 

C.  (iKOlll.lA. 

r.iti.  Milt  lite  an  to  rnilwiiy  ■•crvi.e. 

7-i7.  KITr<  I  of  thp«p  (wctions. 

'^H.  Proxi^inn  .lcclnr.ilnij   of  I  III-  ilfM-triiio  of  cnmmon  rmplovin-  nt. 

D.  low  A. 

T.'iSii.  Sliiiutoiy  provihiiinn. 

T.">!i.  Wliiit  injiiiiiv  KIT  within  llic  [iiirvirit   of  the  -l.itiilo. 
K.  Kansas. 

"•■>!):i.  Statutory  provi-iiiiit. 

"nil.  Wliiit  injuries  me  williin  thf  ^  .ipc  of  tlir  stalutp. 

V.    .MiNNKSdl  V. 

7llt).i.  Stutufory  proviMon-. 
■  til.  What  injitrii's  arc  within  tlu-  piiivitw  of  the  -t.itnte. 

0.  Xolll  II    ('AI1(1I.I.\A. 

7(Ha.  Statutory  provisions. 
7liliia.   Iltirilfn  01  proof. 
Hi-2.  Kll'irt  01  statute. 
H.  Wl.stoNsr.v. 

7(i:t.  Statutory  provisions. 
7(H.   Kill.  I  af  ihiM-  statufpg. 
7riJa.    i.ili'i    h';;i-Iation. 
7(i'>.   I^iriit  (if  this  provision. 

1.  VVyomi.no. 

70jn.  Statutory  provi.-i'  :i<. 

753.  Scope  of  chapter. —  Atiothor  frronp  of  ctatiifpi?  tvlncli  mny  U- 

coiivonipiitiy  dealt  witli  in  tho  •jaiiio  cliitpttT  is  conipn^rtl  of  ili't-i'  hv 

which  all  omployors,  willnpitt  distiiu't ion,  or,  as  is  the  ofTix*t  of  iim-f  of 

ihp  cnactnioiits,  railway  conipnuios  only,  have  been,  citiior  rntirrlv  or 

ii!  rppov'l  to  '^ortftin  ■•la'5*ps  of  injiii  ir<;,  «1»  privod  of  llio  pr>!''<'tior.  af- 

f.ird-^d  by  the  defense  of  common  "mplovmcnt 

2108 


mdM 


II  ;i3»  T54»»  ACTK  OK  COl.nKADO,   KTC. 

A.    Coi.UIiU'O. 


ttw 


753«  Text  of  tin  itttute. — St--*.  I.uw.-^  I'.iOl.  i  Lap.  »;7.  Tlu'  con- 
tmts  of  this  sUiuJH'  arc  a.'*  followi' : 

.\B  Art  to  01t»  •  Riifht  of  Aition  uipiin-l  iiti  Hinplc.xii  fur  liiiiiri'-  ..r  P'ath 
llMiiItinjt  to  UU  Agent*.  Kinpliiyii-.  or  Siiviinl-..  ■•iilirr  fmni  tlir  Knip:  \,.r'-.  Nog- 
li»nci'  or  from  thr>  Ni^liu''"''''  <>f  !^oiiu'  of  Hi-  "IIht  Kiii|iliiyi'i"i.  s,  rvanln,  or 
Vi(»nt«,  ami  to  Ri"|>«al  .\Yi  .\i'|i  .iinl  I'lirt-  ol  Ail.-  in  (  iiiillict   II.ha  jlli 

S-c  I.  llmt  i'Mi\  ror|»ir;ilic)ii.  (niiipany.  or  iu.lii  ilii;il  "  im  ni.i\  I'liipli'v  .ip'iilx, 
.M-rriinU,  or  «>nip1'>yw,  mirli  iip'nt"'.  "iTN.iiit".  or  iinployii'-  \>riu^i  in  ili.-  rxiTci-i' 
of  Juf  iiirr.  Khali  tie  llablp  to  r<'Mpon<l  in  •luiii.i^'i"'  for  injmii-  or  iIimiIi  .ii.hiiii«t 
hj  any  iiwh  agent,  emploviT.  or  -(■rviirit.  ro"!!!!  iii):  Iroiti  tlir>  crtri-ti--iii---.  Minl-,«ioii 
III  diitv,  or  ncifliu"'!"'''  "'   •»i" ''  iioplovrr.  or  «l:iiii   iiiiiy   liitvi-   rifulli'l   fioiii   fhr 

111  ,..Mn»ji,  oniimiuii  of  duty,  oi  mu'liai  iii'«'  of  any  ollifr  iitffiit,  Mcrwint,  i.r  fin- 
ilujii:  of  the  said  eniployt-r,  in  \hv  -nine  nmniii'-  aiiil  to  tin-  »iinif  <'\li  •'!    i     if  !li' 

,,,.l,»,,i,.^.  uniiHoiun  of  ilnty.  or  in;;liifiTii'>'  r:iii.-,in>!  tin-  injury  or  ilt^ilh  wa-'  that 

I  'he  Hiipioyer. 

p.  2.  All  Beta  ami  piirt<  of  actj-  in  conllirt  lifri'Willi  arc  hiTi'liy  ii'prilf.j :     I'ro- 
,ii|.Hl.  however,  thnt  Ihis  iiet   -Imll   not    lie  ioii«triieil   to  repeal  or  rliaiii-e  (he  ex 

-tini;   lawn   relalln((    to  the    ri^lit  of  the    |Mr-oM    injuri'd.  or,  in    la-e   of  ileal li. 

,c  riglit  of  the  !iu«l'aiiil  or  wife  or  othei  relalive»  of  a  ili'eea-cil  pir-oii  lo  in.iinlain 
Milan  ;  'niinl   i  lie  employer. 

\<  I"  till'  curlier  I'liiplovcrs'  iiiil>ility  act  of  tlil^  ■'tntf,  "(•••  cliaiilcr 

vv  .'    .  Itll'r. 

754.  Effect  of  this  statute. —  I  hi-  'iinplf  ;uiil  sfriii;:liit'<M-\i:irii  m- 
iiliin'ut  placr^  the  stjilc  of  (  oliirjnli'  ill  I  lie  liulmralili'  |Mi-ili'iii  ,,|'  liiiiig 
thr  tir-ii  of  the  ctnintiics  in  \vlii:'li  tin-  <'niiimioi  l.iw  prt'v.iil-,  \n  alu-D- 
L'iite  a  li'ictrinc  wliicli,  a.s  tin'  writer  lia-;  e',ii(-ii\oreii  in  -limv  in  an 
earlier  sfX'timi  (475),  doo.,^  nof  re<t  e  <  ••!  any  -a''  .e  turv  li.i-i-,  inirj. 
'•al,  *iioial.  or  ecoiioniio,  ami  wliicli,  h\  i-el':,.,  <  ;  .  iiijiireil  |Mr-iin 
lohis  jictioii  a^rai'isf  a  coeniplovoe  who  i^  ;■-  .i  j,  ,  ,,  -ule,  tinaiieially 
irresponsible,  leaves  him,  in  the  };re'i:  ,  i,.''-' .  '■'  .  '  aiiee-:,  wiihuut 
any  prospect  whatever  of  oiitainin^r  «•      '^'1  ••       ••  •    i'^'iily. 


tn 


I    !' 


IliH 


I   I 


B.  Fi..)Hii)... 

754a.  Text  of  the  itatute. —  Law.s  l^'.t', 
of  this  statute  are  as  follows: 


I  I.       The  eoiifetit>i 


S«e.  1.  That  no  person  shall  recover  ilaiiiaj^es  from  a  raili'ii'l  rntii|ioiy  for  in- 
jury to  himself  or  hi.s  property,  when  Ihe  same  ii  ilone  hy  his  ion  i-nl  or  i-  caii-ert 
liy  hi.s  own  nejrli);en<-'e.  If  the  complainant  ami  the  afriiit-  of  ihi-  .'ompany  are 
lioth  at  fault  the  former  may  recover;  hut  the  dama;.ri>>  -hall  U'  iliniini-hr-il  hy  the 
jury  tryinL'  the  case,  in  proportion  to  th-.'  amount  of  .lefault  altriL'Ul  '''!e  to  him. 

!^c.  2.  If  the  person  injured  i*  liiinsilf  an  employei-  of  the  lompiny.  and  the 
ilaniage  was  caused  by  another  employee  and  without  fault  or  negli^'iiiie  on  ihe 


•  1*1  M?ti 


MOS 


MASIEU  AM)  SK|!\  AM". 


[cii.w    x\x.i 


part  of  tlK"  ppT^on  injured,  his  emplnjiiicnt  by  tlip  company  slinl!  be  no  hnr  tnt- 
rrrnvpTT:  and  no  rmitrart  which  rp»trict«  such  liability  (ball  be  lestal  or  hituiinf 

765.  Effect  of  thi»  section. —  Tn  ono  casp  it  was  hold  that  tlio  liiht- 
wt  any  son'ani  whoiso  injury  n-.-r.  roccivpfl  bofnrc  thi«  iipf  mw  inr. 
tnrcc  were  jiovcrnod  bv  tlu-  foinmoii-lnw  <loftriiip  that,  a  iiui-tcr  u-,i. 
mil  Hablf  to  .1  servant  for  injnrir>;  trnin  tin-  ii('i;li};(MiC'('  of  ii  i-<t~rr\,,\:\ 
ill  a  coiiitiioii  work  or  in  the  «anio  ircncral  (>iii|>lo_vinent.' 

The  etfi'Ct  of  tiu-  provision  as  to  contributury  negligence  ia  state; 
in  §  652.  ante. 


I.. 

■  i 

1 1 

It 

A 

C.    GKOKCilA. 

756.  Statute  as  to  railway  service. — As  to  the  eonstitiili-HKilitv  ..: 
liie  statute  reviewed  below,  see  |;  (!4."<,  siibd.  a,  tiiilc. 

in  18.'j5  Laws,  p.  15o,  the  doctrine  of  cuuinupii  eiii|il(pMiii-ut  w.i 
:;lirogated  as  res^urds  servants  of  railroad  i'ompaiiie<  by  tlie  tollowii;. 
|)rovision : 

Kailroiid  conipanies  arc  common  carrit'i>.  iiiul  lialilr  a.-.  >iich.  As  .ii.  Ii  ioiii|. 
iii.'s  iiccpssarilj  ha\c  iiian.v  i>iii|>1i>v<t>  wImi  imihkii  pu^-ilily  I'liiilml  ili.-i  «; 
-lioiiKI  ('\rrii'<c  cui'u  mill  diii^'i-iice  in  tin*  niiiiiiii^  ol  train.-.  ->iirli  .iiiii|i.iiiii".  -In 
l.f  lialilc  to  Mich  cii'pioyci's  as*  to  pa"<ii';-i  -  liir  in  juries  arising;  from  iIh^  Maiit  ^ 
-lull  i:irc  anil  ilili;.'('nc<'.' 

'J'liis  pnivi.sion  was  sub.sejpiently  incorporated  in  the  (Vnle  of  l**;" 
;■  :i0.57 ;  of  1873.  §  20.-)T ;  of  l^sJ,  !;  iiis:; :  of  lS!t.->.  §  '_':.'07. 

In  view  of  the  in<liistrial  conditions  which  prevailed  in  (Jcorgia  a' 
the  date  when  the  act  was  llrst  j)assed.  the  fact  that  this  sinnilil  liav- 
been  the  earliest  of  such  sintutes  in  any  connnondaw  juri-rllciini!  i-. 
as  Mr.  McKinney  observes  in  his  work  on  Fellow  Servants  (p.  -j;?:',. 
somewhat  remarkable. 

Under  this  provision  a  railroad  company  is  liable  for  injniii-  ' 
ihe  person  of  an  employee  by  the  neiiligenoe  or  misconduct  of  ntli'i 
employees  of  the  conipnny.  wlietiier  sncb  injuries  are  coiiDiiti.l  -mu 

'  Piirrish    v.   I'mmroln    rf    .4.   It.   Co.  18ii.'t.    p.    IS2.     See   fiini/../.    v    /,'.i»,',t.,( 

<  |S!»I  )   28  Fla.  2.'.1.  !»  So.  liOti.  there  r  '  IHliiii    rU  (Ja    422. 
iiivcrv   «a<  clcniod   in  a   in<c  wlipre   (ho        Nor    docs    thi«    provi-ioii    iili|>l\   I"   ' 

.lit   had  come   into  force   while  the  ap  iM^ie  wlieri    Ihe   injury    In    -mi   w^i-i  f 

|H'iil   was  pendin;:.  ceived  hv  n   bhoier  in  Ilie  iiiiiili'V  of  c 

'The  act  of   ls."irt.  Iiein;;  only  npplicn-  iiiili'|M'ndeiit     cnnlnctor.    owiii.'    fn   t* 

lile  to  railroad  companic'*.  was  held  not  nef;ll;;i'nt  o|H'r:itiiin  ni  ciix  liirni-lii«l  i" 

lo  cimfer  any  riulil-  on  cmployii's  wdrk-  -ncli   contractor    by    the    r:ll^^,'y   ni" 

uiL'  on  the  \\c-tcrii  \   .\tlanl  ic  Uailroail.  (lany.   and   entirely     iindir    lii-    i-ciiUi'l 

Hhich  iKdonjrcd  to  the  stale.      WiiUrr  v.  Cmlrnl  It.  d  llln.  f".  v.  ';rii,if   .is:.' 

SpxiUoiL    lls.'):(    i.l   (ia.   4;ttl.      Uiit    the  4li  i.-.i.   417. 

Iienollt*  of  its  pro\isions  were  extended        The  act  of  IStlO    repealin;;  liic  :M  -f' 

lo  UiMe  eniployw-  li\    (he  ad  of   .\pril  lion  oi   the  .u-t   nf   Is.'iiJ.  ji.l  imi   I'l-- 


M  l>  III    I  <i|  (»|;.\IMi    KTC. 


Jltfi 


the  nimui.^::  '>t  'riiin.-<  or  otlifrwisr-.-     'Die  stiitiiU'  hu.^,  thprcfori'.  ivn 
'(■n<\f(]  tlio  liijliility  of  railrou-l  <'oiiipanies  further  than  ha?  b<>r!i  <l'inp 
in  Town.  Kini^iH,  and  Minnosota.     See  subtitlrs  0,  E,  and  F  of  tliis 
i-haptpr. 

;;  .'(i.-,4  iind  2980  of  \\w  Co.!.-  o(    18(13, 

"iiil,.i,Uiri;;  tin-  ;n-t  ••!  l**"'""-  U'lunjia  It. 
,.  /;;../'.  »■«.  V.  (><(/,v  I  IS74I  W  Till.  410. 
Ili.ii  .til  hail  lif"!!  H'iu'iiIimI  ur  iuih'I- 
.,,|,.,|  \.\  the  net  i>(  I  Stilt  udojitinj;  the 
I  Mill'.  !>-  well  K"  li.v  till*  odnption  of 
iiic(ikIi'  Iiv  tlu>  (  iiii>litiitioii  uf  I8U8. 
f„<(  Tdiif'xxr-.  I  .  .(  II.  It.  Co.  V.  Dug- 
1/1   iln;4l    .">1   <;a.   -111. 

■llinmiiKim   \.   Criilnil   K.  d   Bkq.   Vo. 
IsT'i)   .'il  iin.  •'>"!'. 

Ilm  ilmtrim-  tliu-  .•<t.il>lislied  was  re- 
iiliiiiicil  in  IliMiijiit  It.  <o.  V.  hiy 
\*%\ ,  ','■'<  (lii.  4'!''  liiiiiir.v  rric-iviMl  in 
.Imi|i>i.  llic  luiiil  tlm-  ili-|Mis(sl  ot  th<- 
...Mil  iiiiiiii  lliat  llii  iliulriiii'  of  I'liir 
.h<:'si.'<  'liil  not  hv,\r  Mil  ilii-  (M-f:  "A 
..n-trwrliuii  of  u  ^latuti-  in  H'lVinuf 
„  ilio  li'jj.il  sl-ilii>  of  all  iiii|(l-i.M<-  of 
lailriMil  iDiiiliaiiit-:-.  in  their  rvhilioii^  to 
•  ilier  iinphivi-es  and  to  Ihi-  <oi [lorationn. 
,1115  l:i\i-ii  ill  that  ca.->t'  [i.  i.  the  7'/io»i/) 
,11(1  i'ltx-]  h\  a  iiiianinioiiM  Ih'IIcIi,  anil 
WcaiiH' scHliil  law;  it  rnlfifil  into  cvi'iy 
umliMit  iiilwcen  iiia-.l<i  ami  srrvaiil ; 
II  ii\i-<\  iIm-  lialiility  <>t  tin-  ina-tcr  lur 
I  III.,  ilclaiill  of  a  ri«'ni|il<i.\iv  in  ta-r  ol 
r:i  lie  l.y  ihf  <iTV,llll  lllllt;  il  lniik  l.lil 
iiMil  •iiiii|i.inii-  witlHiiil  Ihr  iinlinaiy 
iiilf  .11  111.'  liahilil.v  ol  the  nui-ler  to  hi.' 
-,rv.iiil;  il  ina.h-  the  corixiial  imi.  on 
llic  one  hand,  mure  eaii'lill  lo  eiiifilov 
.(niiiHl.'iil  iVIhm  xMvaiits,  and  the  in 
iiirni  -.ivaiit  iiHiri-  e;.iili.m-  ill  hi-  o«ii 
I't.s  -II  as  Id  Ih'  fill'  uf  all  taiilt  him 
-.If;  1111,1  tlill-  tlie  llia>lel  when  he  eon 
iructnl  with  ini|di>.M'e-'.  and  the  em 
|p|ujii  wlieii  ee  eiii;av'''l  to  work  with 
iii:>  iiia>ter,  the  i.iillo.nl  eoi  |mii  alioli, 
unlraded  with  eaeli  oiliei-  in   llie  li^jht 

■  i  ilii-  law  a-i  iipii>iiiH'<l  li.v  ihi,.  court.'' 

Laler  ea-e-  III  which  the  .same  due- 
niiii'  wa»  aijiiii  apiiliid  are  llie>e: 
i,i..Mmi  U.  .(  IU.il.  (■".  V.  «r..i<-H  (18!Mt) 
Mill:!.  ;;-Jlt.  I'i  S.K.  81i  (pieie  of  tinilier 
fi'll  I'll  f.ii.l  ol  servant  workinj;  in 
-limn;   (,ii.M;r.|   /.'.   Jr   likij.   Co.    v.    liirl..- 

■  IS'i4i    (1.)  <ia.   :!01.  22   S.   K.   111:1    lin 
iin    iiiH-iM',!   in   putting   a   liin'  of   aa- 

iii|ie  on  the  iviliiiy  of  :i  lar  ^liopl  ;  f.'.oi 
11.1  /.'.  .t  /(/,.;.  '■„.   V.    Milli,     ilHlt2;    !«» 
lij.  671.   !•>  S,    i:.   n.'IH    (holilin'_'  th;il    il 

li.ii'A'  to  the   I  licet    that    the    plaint  lit 

"ul.l   not    ri'cover    iinle-s    his    injuries 

,ir,'    iminiitiil     with     the     riiniiiii;;    ul 
n.iiiis   ti.cl    ii.-.-n    pMipi'ilv     ret u -I'd  I . 


.\  railroad  company  is  liuhle  for  tiin 
disitli  of  a  yardiiia>fer  who  wai  iiii.l.i 
the  nr.lerH  of  the  su|M-rin'eniliiil.  ni'' 
who,  without  fault  on  his  own  pait  aii'l 
ill  ohedience  lo  the  direetiuii-  of  -luli 
sii|M'rinfendent.  to  lirenk  into  a  ijairooni 
U)  extin!:ni!.h  a  lire.  wa->  killed  l>y  the 
walls  fallini;  in  u|miii  him.  when-  lln- 
-.ii|M-rinlenilent  knew  or  on)sM  to  have 
known  of  the  danger  in  wliieli  lip  wa-, 
plaei-d.  .\iiyuslii  I'litlorii  v  Hill  ilSHIt, 
s;t  (ia.   "(19.   10  S.   K.  4ril». 

The  questions  whether  the  kiekinf;  of 
a  hand  ear  follow  inj;  another,  hy  oiie 
^ittin);  upon  the  forward  ear,  to  prevent 
it  from  running  into  the  latter,  wa-  -luh 
an  aet  of  ne;;li;.i'nr.'  as  would  reinlii 
the  railroad  eonipiiny  liable  for  injiM\ 
to  a  fellow  M'rvant  hy  the  >iili-<'ipiiiii 
derailing;  of  the  ear,  and  ulii'lier  Ih.' 
injured  |ierson  himself  put  in  mot  Ion  the 
ehuin  of  events  vvliiih  led  to  the  .njiiiv 
hy  the  nianiiiT  in  wliiili  he  ran  ilie  eir-. 
and  whether  the  kiikiiif;  of  -mil  e.ir  wa- 
-ullii'ient  to  aii'ininl  for  the  ilei.iilneiit 
of  the  front  e;ir. — .ire  for  the  jiir>  wh.i.- 
there  is  eviilenee  eai  li  way.  Sfnilli  \ 
.s,,»//i.  (I.  It.  r,i.  ilM'itli  7.-1  I  .'il  III.. 
iverilii't    for  defiiidaiit    upheld). 

A  lion-llit  is  ellontsllls  where  lllele  i- 
I'videini'  tendiii'.'  to  show  that  the  iiiiiiiv 
was  eaiisnl  hy  llie  ne;{li);eni-e  of  .i  fellim 
servant,  althoii^rh  there  may  lie  -oiin' 
te-tiiiiony  teinliii};  lo  show  that  when  Ih.- 
plaintill  w.i-  hurt  he  wa-.  ;i  \  iie  prin.  i 
|Hil  of  the  defi'inlaiit  eo::ipanv.  ('/i.im//.  / 

V.  Nou//i<r«  /.'   r„.  (liNih  ri:t  <ia.  i:i(t 
;i8  s.  K.  :»o.'.. 

There  i*  no  error  in  refiisins  to  iharye 
that  a  railrond  employee  is  prevented 
fr<»in  reeoverina  from  his  employer  for 
an  injury  iM'eiiiise  the  ne^li^'ence  of  a 
eocmployis'  was  ihe  sole  eause  thensil. 
il-i,nrn' If  if  llkg.  r,i.  v.  «'o«6v  (I8i),'ii 
!t7  (In.  •.'!>!l,  22  S."  E.  912. 

\\  here  a  rule  of  the  eoinjwny  eiijoin- 
iipoii  II  eoeiiiployee  of  the  plaintilT  lii>- 
perfornianee  of  a  partienlar  duty,  sinli 
•.'Oi-niployee  is  hound  to  exeni^e  or.liiiai_\ 
lare  in  the  discharp"  of  that  diit\.  Ii 
i-  not  laii-e  for  reversal  that  the  nniii 
ili.ii;,'itl  (he  jury  that,  if  -ueh  I'ltn. 
pi. .VIS'  failed  loevenise  ordinary  ear,'  in 
.||-i  iLiryiiiH  -mil  duly,  they  ■'ouiilit  i" 
lllllt  •\i>-  ileti'iiilaiit  ismipiuiy  in'ijlejeiit    in 


ill  I 


i!:!    > 


,wav  ,,'% 


!;■!•': 


I    i 


'I.     I 


t!»iii 


^ilH 


iLilliilii 


H' 


2110 


MASTKU  AND  SKRVA.VT. 


5'| 
'  >  I 
ll'' 

n  ■ 


(chap     XSXis 

It  has  also  boon  held  timt  the  boncfit  of  the  provision  j.  ,„.i  p. 
striftt'd  In  omploycos  \vii<»  cannot  fjontrol  tliosc  whoso  fiini-ti..|,  ,t  j. 
to  oporatf  t  mi  IIS.* 

By  the  Crxlo  of  1S7.3  it  was  fnrthor  provided  as  folh.ws: 

S<'o.  ;«>;!:!.  a  niilroml  c.iiii|.iwi>  «liiill  Iw  lijl.li-  for  any  d;iiiiiini-  done  to  per.,*, 
ftn.k.  or  Mtlicr  |.M.|i.rly  l._v  Ihr  niiiiiiny  i>f  tin-  lo.oinotivc^.  or  .^r*.  or  <.tlj,-i  n„i 
cliiiiiTV  of  siiili  toiiip:iii\.  or  for  iliiin.i;;!".  iloni'  l,y  tiuy  porsoii  in  th.-  <?ii|.l,.\ 
and  scrvix'  of  suili  ii)iii|i;iii.v.  nnli-^<  tli,.  coniiiany  -liall  make  it  u 


nii-iii 
ppcar  tl];it  tli.'ir 


ill' 


ajfcnl«  liavr  .\,■rl•i^^(•(l  al!  ordinary  ami  r.a.sonaldc  rare  mid  diii;,'.iioc  -  lli,-  pi,. 
smiiption  in  all  nisp,  iM-iiitf  a;:aiii-l  tli.'  .•oiiipany.  The  .same  pro\i»ion  {•  hm,\ 
in  (ikI.-  of  IHH'.'.  H  ;iO;t;t.  and  in  Co,!,   of  \A<.i:,.  J  j'.-.'l. 

Sit.  :;n:»i.  if  tli,.  person  injures!  is  liiiii...|f  an  employee  of  the  eiinipiiiy.  ai;; 
tlie  damiini-  wax  caused  hy  anotlier  employee,  an, I  «  il  lioiit  fiiilt  or  nej..lii....ii„.  ,,ii 
the  part  of  the  pei^oii  injured,  hi.s  employment  hy  ilie  isiiiipaiiy  -hall  1m.  w,  l,,,r  : . 
the  reeovery.  The  same  pruviMion  is  found  in  the  Coile  of  I^shJ,  s  :;i>  :ii.  m,!  j,, 
Code  of  IH'.lo,  J  23:;:!.' 

757.  Effect  of  these  sections.—  Cn.l.T  ;;  :;ii:;;!  alnno,  nn  oiii;pl.iv.rnf 
a  railmad  iMnnpiiiiv  wmild  imt  lie  ontitlcil  to  rccnvcr  .l:iiti;i;r('s  t',ir  ;;:- 
injury  -iiislaiiicd  hy  him,  ••niiscd  liy  flic  ncoljo,.!,,.,.  „f  ,,ihi.r  .•nipl.v,,- 

of  ti nni[)any.     Witiiont  i;j  l'O^:;  and  -.Ui-.U;,  {„■  uuiil.l  he  inidii'li. 

(•niiiiiinnUnv  rule,  and  fi.iihl  not  ii-.aintjiin  an  action.'  lint  the  itiVrt 
of  fhcsc  tliroc  sections,  when  consfrncd  toptlicr.  is  that,  win n  ih. 
piainiilV  >liows  that  the  injnry  was  inllictcd  tlironi;h  t.hc  iK-li^'entv 
ol  a  fellow  servant  ehi,Mj,nMl  in  and  alioni  llie  eonnnon  eiiip|,,vii:iii', 
and  withont  faidt  on  the  part  of  the  tornier.  the  iinrden  js  c.,,,!  ,|,, ., 
the  company  of  sjiowini;  (,nly  that  its  servani-  cm  rcised  ordiiKir\  ^m.i 
reasonaiile  oare.      An  instrnefion  to  tlie  jury  which  inip.ises  np<>ii  !|„ 

that    n-jiard."      ttishtn   d   .1.    II.   Vo.   v.         ^H-nniin    I!,   d    lil.>i.   r,,,    v.    i-.^.hl,,,,. 

HiiMsrii   {  IS'Mt   nr>  Cn.  riS4.  ia  S.  K.  207.  1  isriii   r,r,  Ca.  MMJ.  nei;ati\in:.'  the  tii....r\ 

In    a    -iiit    a^t'iinil    a    riillrond    on    ae  lint   tiiiiiineii  « ere  not   uii'.jn  tli,.  pur 

i-ount    of    the    hoiiiieide  of   an    employee.  \  leu    of  the  statute,  as  llii.v  eaii  ikmt.! 

an  iillr;,ation  that   the  r'ompany  did  the  the  oondiictur  and  eicjineer  hy  re|«iitirii' 

ne^rli^'eiil    or  rnrelis<s   act    whiih    eaiised  ihini  for  iieiileet  of  dutv. 
the    homiilde.    or   omitted    the    dili(.Tnee        'This  seiti.ni  was  not  n-|HMl...|  I.y  t'l" 

which   Hciiild   have  preventeil  it.  in  sulIi-  ait    of    Istiil    rejiealini.'   the   ait    oi    h.',,, 

cient,  and  is  ei|uivalint  to  an  allegation  The   act    of    ls.",tl    hail    hisn    ri-|n.il,.d  .t 

that     the    eiHMiipliiyees    of    the    dii-i-delit  sii|iersedoil   hy   the   act    of    I  Silil  .1  l,.|,'in.' 

were    jruilty    of    such    ne;,dif,'ence.      Cii-  the  Code,  as'well  a.s  hv  the  :i.|i.|.ii.  !i  . ! 

tral  It.  Cii.  V.  Crosbii  {IHS.'.)   74  (la.  T.C,  the   Coile   hy   the   Coiis'litiii  ion    ,.l    |s,.s 

58    Am.    itep.    4(1.(.  fUiKl    T'nnrMsrr,    \  .    J    (/.    /,'.    Co     V.  Il'i'l 

When    eoiisiruisl    in    eonmitiim    with  iion    ilHTJi    i)l   (ia.  212. 
this  pri.visiim  ii.s  to  railways,  i  2!t7l   of        '  r.nii/ih' II   v.    Allmiln  d    U.   Air  /.me 

the  Code,  whieli  (fiviw  a  «iii,.\v  an  aetimi  I'.  >'>•.    t  IHT.'ll    53  (Ja.   ISS. 
fur    the    honiieide    of    her    liUsliaiiil.    pie  .\    iliar;.'e   with    referen,  e    to   thi-   -.1 

eludes    riioveiy    for   a    .le     'i    caused    liy  tioii.  that  the  lompaiiy  is  li.iMe  f,rr  .hini- 

the   iie;,'liyen!e  of  a    fellow    servant,   uii  iil'i'  "to"  any  |i<Tson   in  the  ,  inph'y lit 

less   the  homiiiile   amomite,l   to  a    iriiiie  ot  the  coiripaiiv,  is  erroni,,iK       li,>/  1" 

in  the  delinquent  servant .  either  murder  d     1.  A*.  Co.  v.    I  i/m/iiir   1  Is'.iD)    iHit. 

or   man-laiiKhler   of   some  tirade.      Ihihi  \'i>.   11    S.  K.  781. 
V.  Sl'.ililaid   (I8.S0   )tJO  Oa.   145. 


I738J 


ACTS  OF  tOLOKAUU,  EIX. 


lii\ 


ilit'indant  the  superadded  d\ity  of  showing  how  th<'  i:t>ualtv  Dceurred 
\i  erronof)US.* 

Tho  clTi'ct  of  tho  clauso  ns  to  tlic  abscnco  of  oontribufDrv  iioj^lif^ence 
i«  ili«cii-'?pd  in  §  C>'t2,  ante. 

758.  Provision  declaratory  of  the  doctrine  of  common  employment. — 
riic  il'ii'trinc  ol  ciiiiiiiion  I'liiiilnvniciii  i^  .'iul»i<li<'il  in  tin-  liillowiiig 
|iriivi-iiiii : 

The  principal  is  not  liuMc  tf  cm*'  ii^ciit  for  iiijiirii'^  MiJiin;.'  fnun  llii-  iitsliiji'iico 
or  nii-iiii»liiit  of  (itlirr  :ii.'i-tilH  uIhhii  iIh:  -.iiin'  work.  I  nAo  i)l  IST.l.  t  JJIIJ,  Coil« 
u(  IS^L'.  §  --'<>'2;  ('"'If  i>f  H!i.-.    «  WM). 


In   the  Code  of  1  Ml."..  S    :;"ilO,  the    l'..l!..\viiii 
iklcd: 


|il'li\  l-KUl    W!IH     al^ 


Kxcijil  ill  r. !.■.'■  of  niili'oiit  i"i>iiipjiiic«.  tln>  iii:i-l(r  is  m.t  liiMi-  to  mik'  «cn;iiit  for 
iiijurii-  iiri-iiiv  from  tlu'  nc'KlijT'iK'i'  or  niiM-oihlml  of  oilur  -in. mis  jlioiit  tlii" 
-.line  bii»ini<s. 

Thcsf  prnvisjuns  o])orat<»  a-;  an  cxplii-it  di'dar.-itioii  of  what  !<  nh- 

y\t<u<\y  a  iiialtcr  of  ni'C('<-.arv  irifrri'iiri'  iV'in  tl ilicr-  alnady  coiii- 

iiiiiitcd  nil  ill  ilic  iirocfiliiig  scciiipiis,  riz..  lliat  tin-  (•"iiiii."n  law  rule  a< 
'.I  coscrvicc  is  applied  in  (icof^ia  in  all  casi  <  cxcipr  ihosc  in  wliicli 
.1  railmad  ('nijilovr-c  is  injnrcil.      Tii*'  |iar!icnlar  I'Tim   imdri-  wlii'^li 

'lint  rule    ;iri'\ails  in  this  state  Iia«  iilfiadv  I n  con, id. .fed  in  ton,ier 

•li;i]it(Ts.  Sii"  fiiaptrr  .\xvii..  suhtitlt'  li,  and  the  sununarv  in  IJ  ."»l'.», 
..I,/.'.' 

Hn.riiiii     H.     d-     Itl'l.     Co.     V.     Wi(7,-s  I'arriiT.     b'.llnnit,,,!  \.  lUnn  r  Ih',,,   luui- 

ISII4,  !>.">  Cii.  .'101.  -J-.'  S    K    ill;t.  /..,■  f-..    (lH|i:!i    (i;l  Ci,    .-,.).    |<(  s.    K    Jl; 

A   liiiirLM'    to    the    piToct    thnt,    uniler  Wliilr  v.   Kimiini    (Issin    Sl.l  Cm.  \\y.\.  !t 

ilii«   sc(|ii.ii.    the   Hliils    »i    priixii.c    tliat  S.    K.    lOS-.;:    h'lihii    \.    i;,iil,iitl     (I:iil0i 

"■nliimry  ewe  uiis  pxi'ni-cd  is  ii|ion  llii"  Il'2   tin.  2S>*.   :(7    S    K.   :liK»    I  winiiliiitlcr 

i.iiluiiy  riMiiiiiiiiv   wliin    a    jMT-'n    in   its  irijiiii'il   liy  ih-L'tiii'iici'  nf  I'li'.'inci'i  i . 
employ  i<   injiiri'il   hy  the  in'srli^'ciicc  of        Vo    ri'<'<>\(ry    lan    l.i-    hail    wlii-rc    an 

a  i-(is«"rvanl.    is   •■rrimroiis.      W'lxtirn    <(  ii|M'ralivi'   in  a   rnlloii  factory    is  iniiiriil 

I.   II    Cti.    V.    l(iHi/o.  1     'jSOOi     S.-)    C.i.  hy  fh,.  ncyliu'i-fiif  of  a    uori<'ni,in   liavinu' 

4Tfl.   11   S     v..   7H1.    liviiiL'    it    ilown   1li.it  rliaryi-  of  f  «o  ntfui  -  in  tlio  pi'k.T  ■ Z 

ilip  pri-^nniption    i-    out    a;.'aiii-t    a    mil  MiHnrrrn  v.  <'<ihii,i\,iiy    Mf'l    ''"■    llHST) 

iv.iy  ipiiiipany  when  tin-  servant    injiiriNl  ho  (!a.  'ii27.  5  S.    K.    l!i-2. 
I.  roMni.(t.sl   uitli   till,  not    wliiWi   railsoil  y   -inanl    «Iiom.  .iiiti".-  vviri-  to  -t.iiil 

111.   ininiv  nnl.-s  ho  shows  his  fr.s-.loni  „„    a    MMtr.,M    iis..,l    in    tin-   r.in.-tni.l  ion 

'T"/""'.  ,•     ,,      .  of   a    liniMini.-.    an.l    r...,u,.    an,!    .Ii.t.ch 

rii,.    .tatii*,.    ..    not    applicalil,.   to   n  timh.-rs  fr.oi,  llio  ,l,.rri.!,  «h..n  tlii-v  wore 

™,h..r    o.inpany    o,».rat,ni.    car-    on    a  .„„i,,i,.,„,,.   .,,,  ,...„.,|    ,,„,  ,,„. 
irnck  fur  tlic  rnn|HiM'-  mainly  of  its  own 
liii-ini'«s ;    ami    rvrn    lliinii;li    i1    lim 


iiiti'inl 
fi'llow     scnaiit    of   oni.    who 


Mi-mi-s:    an.l    i-M-n    thmiu'li    i1    'im-.    on      ,  '■, , ';    '     , 

«im...Kra-i,.nstran,p..it  i,:.ss,.n-..rsanil  V'"'.'    ""      '"•   u-ronml    ami    o,,,.rat.d     ho 

frii-ht  fi.rhirp.  it  i»  net  a  railwav  loni  y>>''^-   "I"-"-"   "I"'  •M.l.or,.   shows   that 

ti:iiiv.  within   tho  |.iirvi..w   of  that    >t.it      ''">'    "''"'    '"''''■   ""''    ' '"""    '•'ii|>l".v- 

»U:  ..,  :,.  i„  r.-n.h.r  it    liaMi-  to  a  track    ""'"•     ""I    ' '*'"'   "flcf    fioni   another 

rp|>.iir.r  who  is  injiird   liv  a    iiiovcini-nt  "s      ij"  i  inl'ii'l'iit  of  tin   entire  con-tiiii'- 

nf  'li..   lu.-i.inotivc  at    a    time    an. I    iip.>ii  lion.    aKIioOL'li    it    ii:..y    al-o    h..    proMil 

in  ."-.ii^iiui   when   it    is    in   no  -en-.,  .ii-  that   the    |«'r-on    uli.i   ojx.i.iti^l   the  ihr- 

ftiged  in  transucting  liusinesA  a.4  a  pulilic  rick    was    iiive»ti.d    with    authority    to 


H^l 


iw 


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1    , 
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t 

%i- 

! 

■fi 

i. 

i 


1 


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li;- 

i 

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:\     I 


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yiiii: 


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r  I        ii 


\M  w 


tiu 


D.   Iowa. 


iutur   ix^u 


T) 


f'r    ' 


i=:ii  . 


768a.  Statutory  provision*.— As  to  the  oustitutionalify  of  the  suv 
iiic  rcvi(  \vf(i  bolr.w,  -see  Si  64(5,  anfc.  By  Laws  1802,  chap.  109,  ;  ; 
ii  u;u-i  provided  a-  follows: 

■■|;»iT.>    luiliuiiil  .oiii|Miiv   -liull   bt  Ijjlilr  l.ir  ull  diiinaiii-   -ii-liiiiicl  by  Jtiij  ori 

,UII    111    ..,ll.-,-.|ll,-ll.r   ot    .lll.\     llljllelt    of  tllf   u«rlll»,   Ol     b,V    ail>    Mll-lll,lllilf.',hi.|ll   01  111 

.-iijjiii.ii    or   olluT   employw   of   the   corixiiulion,    to   aii.v    lu-r^oii    *u-laiuing  »ui 
iliiDiajii'." 

ihis  act  was  supcrs'i'ded  by  chapter  tJ.'),  §  1,  of  tlie  Laws  of  ls7:, 
U)  till   follnwiiig  eftfH't : 

tv.r>  c«iii<>rali()ii  iiiiJ  person  owiiiiiji  or  i.|»ratiiH{  u  iuilriNi<l  in  tlii.~  -lalc  »li«, 
be  liublf  lor  uli  llama;;.-,  >u.sta4Ui'il  b^  aii\  )>.i~,,m  in  c-..ii>,i|ii,-imi-  ui  uu  niiiu 
»roiiv>.  ulii-tli.T  of  (■..iiiiiiis-ion  or  oiiii--inn.  oi  lln-ir  a;;iiit-,  ami  finplMvi-.  ■,,  »|,r; 
»ucb  wilful  Hioii^T,  an-  in  aii\  iiianiicr  ouniierted  \iitli  tlie  a-,i-  and  <i|m  i.itiun  oi  ii 
ruilruad  »o  owned  or  operai.-d.  on  or  aliout  wliiib  tliev  ^>hull  bt?  eiii|.:.  ,    l. 

li\  iIm-  I'ude  (;f  1n7;5,  S  1o07,  this  provision  was  inodititil  -.,  j.  i, 
read  iliii^ : 

K\.iv  eor|..irali„ii  updating;  a  railway  sliall  he  liable  for  «ll  daiii.4;e.,  ,a.iaii,.  , 
h}  aii_\  |per-oii.  iiK  liidih;;  eiii|.lujee.-  ol  .-iieli  eorporalion.  in  miLMMiiuiue  ui  i  !„■  i„. 
I.I  I  III  Mi:, 111,,  .ir  liy  aii.v  iiii,iiiana;;i'nieiil  of  llie  .•ii;.'iiMii>  m  olli.r  . mi. :..»..- .i 
IIm-  ...i|M.ralioM.  and  in  c-on-.-.|ii.-iui-  u(  th<'  wilful  »r..ri--.  wlietlier  .>!  .-..1111.11--1  i. 
..I  .iitii--i.i|i.  -if  ,ii.-li  iijrenl>.  eii;;ili.-i-i-.  or  iil  lier  eiii|.!..\.-e,.  when  -.iieli  vucii:;-  n 
in  anv  inaiiiu-r  i-.iniu-et(.<l  uilli  the  u~f  ami  operalioir  .>l  any  railwav  ..n  .„  .,1.1,1 
wlii.li  llie.v  -ball  Im'  t-niployed  :  iiiiil  n.i  loniracl  wliitb  i.--iiicl,-  :-iiili  liil,iiiit  ~iui; 
be  l.-pil  (ir  biiidinp.  Same  provision  in  .\icClain'>  Atim..  Coile.  i  Jniij,  ,,: :  loi. 
..I   ls!<7.  *  liOTl. 

A  o.iisinieii<iii  company  which  iis  engaged  in  building  a  niil\Vit\. 
und  is  fill-  that  purpose  runiiing  gravel  trains,  is  operating  a  ruilur 
within  tin-  meaning  of  the  stjitute.' 


direct  how  and  when  the  elevation  of 
the  tiinber-i  shoulil  l«>  made,  (.'umii  v. 
\\  illiihiliiim  (ItiOlli  111  r,a.  427,  ;tH  s;. 
K.  Hill. 

A  ii.i-.iii  ami  a  earpenter  Horkin;;  on 
the  sail..'  huil.lin^'  are  e(iser\-ant-<.  Aii7/i 
*.  ir.(//,.c  litjii  ,f  Coal  Co.  (IS8S1  SI 
(ill.  V.I.  \1  Am.  St.  Hop.  2!li;,  7  S.  K.  Itiii. 

It  Im~  Ikm-ii  held  with  s|),.i-ial  refii  i-ii.-»> 
to  S  JUKI  (if  the  Ciiile  ol  IS'.i."i.  that  tlio 
ina-ti  r  i-*  not  liable  to  mie  >i-rvaiit  tor 
iiijurii-  .iri-in;;  from  thi'  nei'liy  n. .-  of 
..Mi.thi-v  «<T\.iiit  alxiiit  till-  -iiiii  l.ii>i- 
lll•»^.  lliiniyli  lliev  may  In-  eniplnMil  in 
iliirereiil  ile|>artiiii  ti1»  iif  I  ii-liie-...  and 
-d    (iM     n'liiiiveil    fr.iiii    iMt'h    i-llii-r    that 

one   .-Mil    in    mi    .l.%;ii til  ml    m     ii-llii 

ence    the    I'oudu.t    .-l    the    ol  li.-i        /f/iiv/i 


hirvtric  l.iqht  rf  /•.  Co.  v.    WflU   ,  I'.imi 
110  (.•ii.    1112.  35  S.    K.  :ifi5    (,-ni;inm 
iwwer  hou^e  of  ehrtrie  i«iih|Miiy  li.-!ii  :- 
be  fellow  servant  of  lineman  1 

Another  recent  ruling;  i^-  tli.ii  a  ...ii 
plaint  averring'  that  plaint ilfs  hii-baii-l 
was  a  ni^iht  watchman  in  Ih.-  emplov  -■ 
ilefendant.  » ho  was  op.-iatiiii;  a  m» 
mill,  and  h.im  kille.l  by  th.-  i-xi.lii^iun  oi 
a  lioiler  ii-.-d  in  ninninL'  the  mill.  «lnfi' 
w.i-i  ooca-idii.-.l  by  ni'.^li^.'i-m-e  .if  an  «i 
(.■iiieer  liaviiiu'  rhiiri'e  of  the  boil.  r.  UA- 
t.i  -tato  a  i-aii^e  of  artioti.  l/.-r,n/..r  i 
Ihllini  ,(  /».  Lumber  Co.  iliKldi  110  (l.i 
:ijs.  :!.-,  s,    K.  .■!ii!». 

'  UilMiii/ht   V.   /nuu    rf    if.    K    Coiuh 
'■'.    I  IS7il\    »;i   Iowa.  -406 


:.     it 


u  I  ■ 


111    1  Oi.KKALX'    tiX. 


ilia 


liut  it  does  not  eimrr  to  tlip  Ihim  >it  <>{  liu  •uiipluycf'j  of  indei>cnilent 
nontractors  engaged  in  oi-.n-triiotiiic  a  railway,  n-Iioro  the  injury  oom- 
plaiiird  of  wa^■  cau'od  h\  tl,r  art.s  of  ^orvam-  o*  tin'  railway  company.' 

759.  What  injuries  are  within  the  yurview  of  the  statute. —  The 
oh--  uf  acts  for  v.-iiich  riiiiniad  (•(.iiipaiiio^  wen-  r.'ndrrcd  lialdc  by  the 
.,,•1  .if  1S62  if  hold  to  liavr  Imhm;  ii.irn.vvr.l  iiv  the  aiii'  .wJmcnt  of  th«- 
A\y  ill  1ST''5.  Till'  \MinU  ■Sm-l.  \\r..i!--."  in  lii.'  liinifinir  clan-.-  .-t 
iLc  -ri-i'iiil  act,  aro  dooiiicil  nut  in  n'iai.'  almii*  to  t!i-  wilful  wmugs 
jHukiii  "f  in  tlio  prowdins  claii-.o.  Imi  al-n  fn  tiif  ii.i-iM..nai;iiiiiMit  and 
nci'liLi-iiii-f  <i>'il«n  iif  in  a  prcfidin^'  i-laiHc'  I'mliT  ilii-  ciiiisii-ucLiun 
till'  lial'ililv  of  tlio  {•oiiipaiiif-.  wliidi,  I'v  \Uo  iiiuf-lri.  inl  tt-niis  ol 
•111'  iii'f  of  isi'ij.  I'xii  ii'l.-d  to  atw  nii;lii;riifo  wli.itrvir  which  thoir 
,  ;i,|,lciv<c>  iiiiiilit  coiiiiiiit  ill  flu-  ■■oiir-o  of  ihcir  nnplov  niriii,  i*  imw 
UMiitid  to  ■'.such  danuii:t-  as  arc  (Kra«ioiioi|  hy  the  in'irli^inco  or  mis 
maiiiis'Mnpnt  or  wilful  wrongs  of  its  employ,  i-  wiiii-li  arc  rouncctod 
witii  llie  usf  and  oiicraiion  of  tlio  railroad  on  or  alioiii.  wliich  the;. 
jreniiplovcd."  *  In  llio  case  ''ilod  it  wa~  arumd  iliai  llio  oiiipli  yinoiil 
,,f  the  pluiiitifF  wa-  ciitiro,  and  tlni.  as  part  of  hi-  -i-rvici-  related  t" 
;lif  tui-iiiess  of  opi  rating  ilio  roail,  lie  had  hi-  reimily  imdir  the  stai 
iitr,  oven  though  llie  injury  win  imt  sustained  while  in  the  perform 
.mce  of  that  parti,  iiiar  part  of  ilie  snrviee.  Tiic  coiiiM.  in  rejecting 
liiis  tlieorv,  .-aid:  "'riie  -iili-npieiit  !ei;islatiiin  hii.>  estalili;-hed  a  new 
nilo  a-  to  the  da—  of  act.-  fir  which  the  coinpaiiios  are  liahle.  So 
iliiit  to  entitle  an  employee  !io:\  t..  nrover  airaiii.-l.  the  company  tor 
injuries  wliieli  In  lia?  -n-t.iim  d  in  coii-eipieiice  of  the  neplijience,  or 
mi-Mr.an.i^em.  lit,  or  wilfulness  "f  a  coeiu|)loyee,  ho.  nni.st  show  (li 
that  ho  l)elonn,.fl  to  the  cl.i--  of  emiiloyoos  to  wh'un  the  statute  affords 
A  ronidlv,  and  (  J  )  that  lln-  act  which  occasioned  the  injury  was  of  the 
I'lflse  (if  flcts  for  which  a  remedy  is  given." 

To  brine  a  'm-^c  within  the  statute  it  is  not  neci  sr;ary  to  show  that 
the  injured  fiersoii  was  actually  eiigaire<l  in  tlic  opn-aton  of  the  road. 
\u  jirovisions  lake  etfect  wlierever  it  appears  that  the  injury  was 
'■aii-cil  hy  the  operation  of  the  road.'' 

'\-'     V     liuhiitiU'-    if    .*>"     f     K     Co.  pliiyiin'iit  W  -iirh  ns  [iprtnin"  to  the  nm 

ISiii;'   iO  Towa    .TIT.  nipsr   of   tnin-.     .     .  There    i»    lan- 

't'.hi,   V.   Clurnnn.   li.   I.   A    P.   H.   Co.  ;.nia<:i?  in  '^eim-  cif  thi-  r:i-.>s  wliirh  swm» 

il^st.   1.4   li.wii,  (in.  21   \    'A     124.  to  imply  tiiit   llii'  statiilo  rtiitTaifs  only 

».;/.. 11.    \.    ISurlir.gtnn.    C.    li.    rf    V.  tlin-i-    wlii)    .m-    vxr.'.icfd    in    t!n>    actual 

/,'    i;,,    ilSS4)     fla    Iowa.    417.    .'it    .Xm.  eiM-iatinn   "l   ii    railf.ul    in    niiiiiin'_'   'h" 

Ki-p,  II.  21   N".  W.  T.ili.  tr.iiii-.      r.in   thai   llic   riL'ht   ..f  action   i- 

' /'if  rir  V.  'rntnf  /f/irn  /,'.  f'</.  ( ISST  1  not    thii«    iiiiiili'il    i-     itM'imr        Tiatk 

Tn  li.v.  I.  110.  M  N.  W.  7S.1.     Thp  omirt  mpn.  >\vit.li  l.-ii.I.r-.  an.l   otli-i-    iino*. 

•aid         I'hi"  «1ntiitt>  i*  not   c(in»lruril  to  .liity  rpi|uiir-  thnn  to  lie  up"?i  Ihc  liait, 

iMciiii   tint    ailioiis    call    lit-    iimintaiiic  I  Tf  iiion-  or   li  -■  .  s|".-.>il  to  the  lui/aiil- 

'^   tnoDini'O  onlv.  or  liv   uhmi   wIio«<'  i-iii  .  f  thr  l.u-ii u!    r  .olroa.ling.  unij    -ii'l' 


:ti 


i! 


Cl 


I  il 


■i  ■ 


J 


j 


J 


2114 


ilASTEH  AND  SEttVAN'T. 


IfllAIV    XXXU 


ip!^ 


f  i! 


11 


:i.[. 


Tlip  siil.joinrd  notp  inrlicafo'.  the  classes  of  oitipl(.yoos  who  an\  and 
tlio.^c  who  aro  nor,  d.  oniod  to  be  entitled  to  recover  under  thi^  !,roud 
constnietion  of  the  statute.* 

employe.-",  when  inj.ind  l,v  the  use  or  while   ninriinK   -lock    «n,    injuro.l    „a. 

opprnlKit.  of  the  road  «n.l  l.y  Iho  ,,,-jU-  h.l.l   to  l>e   ..   .ni.-linn    f..r  tli-     ,„ 

p;rir..    or    roemployce*.    nre    im    plainly  Ihuihivii  v.    lhir„„o.   It    /    rf   f  ' It   i 

williin  lhi>  provisions  of  the  stJitiites  as  l  \HH:,\   (iii  Iowa.   I.e..  J.l  N.  \v    (in      ' 


ll.villK  Mwitohrs,"  ami  .|i 
jvoid  siK'h  Mwilchin;;  .•\,i,  ij 
It  iiipicim*  tlicir  «i>ik."  iM  .(■l',i.,,ii 
iii.'ii-lv.  .'iiiit  <li)f<  nut  forlijil  .i/h 
swilohi-,.  The  faet.  th.T<l..ic.  tli.t  j, 
o.iiiliictor  onhrs  a  hraknniii  I.,  i,,;,!;.. 
Hiirh  a  i-wilili  is  not  sucli  i..-;ii.'.  i  ..•  .,. 
will  rcmlcr  the  .(uiipaiiv  liaM,.  f„r  m 
jiirii-  to  lh(.  lail.r.  'y„„ll  \  .\.„a 
Cilii  ,f  /•.  It.  Co.  (1SH3)  Mi  l(m;i  .14.; 
L'H   .V.  W.   7.3ti.  ■       • 

Wlicii'  .|etaehe<l  e;iis  arc  fcllmvira  i 
~hnrt  ilislancc  licliimi  u  tr.iin.  u  ,".ti 
ilnctor  and  lii\iki-iniin  arc  iicv'Ii.'i  i,t  in 
not  soon  di^'overi;:;:  llii'  iI.m  hIim.!:! 
not  iH'iiif!  on  top  III  ih,.  |.|,i 
rurlrii  V.  r llii  111)11,  It.  I.  ,(  /'  /,>  c,,' 
(  IhSl  )  .-,(!  Iowa.  .I.i:.  it  N.  \\ .  j:;,i 

'I'lu-  fads  that  a  fiii;.'lit   ti.iifi  ~ii.  ! 

ifi!,'  at  a  Htatiin   started   whil,.  tlii.  cui 

diiclor  was  attcndiin;  to  liii-iii..,s  ii,,:,. 

f  lhi.  station,  ^uppo^iii;.'  thr  hri 


th..M.  whose'dnly  requires  lliom  to  asMSt        A  rule  l,v  which  eondni-l 

in  the  running  of  trains.     \\p  think  llie   tinned   a<    to 

j>r<i|)er  test   in  ilcterniininf;  the  qni'stioii    leeted   to 

IS,  Does  the  (Inly  of  the  eniplnyee  reqiiiro 

him    to   perlorin    sj.rviee    whirh    ex|Hisi^ 

him  to  a  hazard  pi-euliar  to  the  business 

of  usins  and   iq«r:it  iiiy  a    railroad'     I( 

it  dot's,  and  if.  while  in  the  line  of  his 

duty,   he   Iiy   the   neuliyeme   of   a    eix-m- 

ployee  re<eives  an  iiijun   froni  a  p!i.i<inK 

train  or  from   other   applianees  used   in 

the   use   ami   ii|Kratioii   of   the  roail.   he 

may    reeovi.r."     /'i/nr   v.   Chiniyo.    It    it 

Q.  II.  Co.    (IHHO)    .'-,4   Iowa,  22.3.  37  Am. 

Hep.   108.  ti   \.   W.  I'SI. 

"The  eases  are  nil  grounded  upon  the    not    so. 
view   that    the  stiilute  applies  when   the    and    in 
emplcynient     and     the    wron;;    are    eon 
ni'eted    «ith    the   handliiij;   of    r.iilroad 
ni.uhinery  moved  upon  railroad  tracks." 
I.iirxi.,1   V.    Illinois   C.    It.   I'll.    (I8!»4)    91 

low. I.  SI,  .-,s  \.  \v.  lOTi;. 

.\  railroad  eimipany.  therefore,  is  held  ,_, 

li.ihlc   whenever  the  iniured   p.rson   was    have  heen  Mili'i'cieiith   set    lie  hin.-.  It  „.  i 
jMie  who  was  "expose.1  l.y  the  nature  of    having'  >et  llie  l.r^.k.'s:  and  tlir  ih,.  nr- 
hi- employment  to  the  p.euliar  ha/ards''    colli. I.'d   with   <.ther   d.'laeheil 
ilK  ident    t<.    the    o|M'ratioii    of    railw:iys 
(lliitliT  V.  riiiiniio.  n.  .1  i).  It.  Cii.  flSll'l] 
87    Iowa.   2(11!.   .">»    .\.    W.   2(Wi;    i,r   who 
was.   hy  the  n.iture   of   lii»   employment, 
e.xixiseil  to  the  hizards  incident   to  niov 
ini;  train-,  even  thou^rh  he  may  not  have 
heen  en;,'aeed   in  opi.ratin;,'  them    (Sinilli 
V.  Hutii'.itoii  if  .S'.  /,•.  r<i.  f  IHSilj  7S  lou.i. 
68.1.   4.T    V.   \\.   ,")15i:    or   who.   "in   the 
perfori'ianoe  of  the  duties  ol  hi.i  emph.y 
nicnt   was   mcessarily  expe>ei|   to  all  iif 

the   ordinary    risks    and    dani.'(rs    which    uneoupled   l.v    the   <('n.lu. 

arise  from   the  oiHTation  of  Ihe  trains"    at   a   >i;fnal   th.-  ..re'iiHrr 

(Tliniihhni  V.  nu,l,„,it„„.  r.  It.  rf   Y.  /,',    <l..n   jerk  which  thr.'w  the  nhiiiiliir  f,,.i.| 

Co.  [|.-<S.  1   ,2  Io«,i.  7(10.  ;!2  \.  \V.  4..        the  ear.  ami   he  was  run  over       /-    r  / 
ia»   /.,„/,/.,./.  .V  /,,/,'  1,1  !,>■  iiilliiii  Iho   v.    hi'ikiik  ,f   />.    1/.    /.'.   f,,     dssl,  .-,i; 

utiituli-. — That   the  siitiilc  is  appliciihle    Iowa.  r,ir,,  i)  \.  \V.  8S4. 

to  m.  inhers  of  trail,  en  w-  is.  of  rse.         .V,  ;:li;reiioe  of  which  a  li,c..t,Miti'..>  rirf 

iH-y.mii  di-.pute.     The  es-ential  questions    man.  injured  hv  falling  from  tli.'  injiiire 

in   lases    uhiTp   snch   i'in|do\,es   nr.-   in     as   ears  attache.!   to   it 

jured  ar.'  nirrely  «li..|l;.r  the  "oservanf 

was.   as    malt. m' of   fa.l.    nei.'li;...-nt.    ami 

wheiher  the  injuieil  s.^rvant  w.is  himself 

in  fault. 


Ill" 


.    Mil 

a  l.rakeman  thei-sm  -<|o  n..!  -h.n 
ncfjlit'enpe  on  tl...  i  i.ndiietor's  p.iri 
Itniihl  V.  Ihnliiiiiluii.  C,  It.  ,f  V.  I!  C',. 
(I«s7i   72  lo.va!  .".:;.  :i:;  \.  \V.  .:.io. 

.\  vir.lict  for  tin'  phiinliir  is  jii^ii!;.! 
l.y  evi.l.iic,.  showiiif;  thai  he  h,i-  .; 
ph.y.'il  on  a  eonstrii.'li..ii  tr.iin  .oil  ;'i 
tin-  .li-i'lMrg.'  of  hi-  .liity  \\,il|,,-,|  i.,  li,,. 
rear  of  the  tiaiii  wliil.'  it'  vv;i-  ie  !ii..li,'n. 
that,  when  within  .'>  f.il  of  ili.  ii.t  .-ir 
in   front   of  ih.    I'al.iM.-.-    tji,.   lii'..    >.  i» 

•i..r:    I   I'mI 

a   signal    tin-  en^fini.  r   imii-i.!  a   -ii.l- 


came  in  <'i.nl.ict 
with  staniling  ears,  may  ouin|il:iin,  i^in- 
not  hi-  pridi.ited  of  the  act  of  ;i  lr:iii.- 
m.'in  IM  gi\ing  a  siirnal  in.licitnu'  » 
longer  ilist.inci'  to  Ih.'  |iitiiii  ..|  ..iii;iliiii 
Wh.-ilier.  umlrr  thi'  eir.'iiiii-lin.-es.  the  than  sli.iuhl  have  l.i.ii  in. li,- it, si  \\\w 
tonduclor   of   a.   train    was    ii.i;liL'ent    in    the   sigii.ils   wii..  oiih    .|.-ij.i.  I   tr  in.li 


ni>plyiii.,'  the  brake  whi-ii  he  .|i,l.  wherehv    rate 


in  a  geiii'ial  v.»\  the  .li-i  iin'c  to  h« 


brakemnn  engaged  in  I'uttiiig  the  train    trnversi-il    before    rejehing   tlie   ciupliiij 


^PIP« 


IJM] 


AlTS  OF  COLOUAOO,  ETC, 


2\\!i 


uoint.  «nd  ttip  Iriiininnn  liid  not  know,    load    employer*    wmkin?    pMr    the   np 
jmd  hud  no  r«ii»i)ii   to  p\f*ot.   that  the    pioai'h  of  n  lui.Ipr.   iiul  to  pfrfnrni  such 
'    ■  "  ■     other  sen  iocs  us  I'u    fcr.  iniii   -■ImII  ili- 


iienian  »«*  '"  "  I>l">;f  ot  il. inner.  AX 
.,»  V  ChU-^no  A  v.  ir.  It.  Co.  (18US) 
l(ii;  Iowa.  2.-..1,  :c  N.  W.  tiTO. 

Ttip  fact  that  ii  briikii.ian's  fticil  wad 
.niiflit  in  n  rail  *o  llml  h.'  i-oiihl  not 
,.ra|it>.  an  he  nthrnvi-»f  iiiij,'lil  have  done, 
from  u  nir  whiih  wax  ilrinii  ovit  him. 
,1)11  not  "M'n«i'  the  cniiipMiiv.  if  tlii' 
•iianmr  in   wlii'-h    the   cai-    wiiv   niKVnl 

<.|i,l>r I  nij.'lip-nrT   irii-|.c  itiv<    ot   thi' 

'.r.ikcrrian's  ai'liial  ii>ncliii.i'i,  «lifl!ii-r  !»• 
,,„,  free  to  t'll  mil  of  iIjc-  vi.iy  or  iioi. 
/i.eiii*   V.    r'l'iKi.o,    /i.    /.   if    /'.    U.   f'o. 

1«82)   TiS  Iowa!  1511.    12  N.  W.  222. 

A  di'hi.v  h.v  trai-kiiii'Ti  of  a  llilli-  mr 
(wenlv  niiniilcs  after  tl 


icct.  the  injiiiy  licini;  •"•'"-•'I  ''.^  'I'l'  nra- 
liffpnt  runniii''  of  a  tr.iin  a»  a  il.inunotis 
■.IMK'd  acnw"  ll'i>  liri<l;.'<-.  wliiili  i^  Miilln 
i>h(>d  and  in-M'irc.  Kt'ill'ii  v.  ////,i.,i.i 
('  W.  Co.  i  \W'n  114  Iowa,  t,s:,.  ti:l  N.  W. 
."iiili. 

.\  oar  iii-pi  •lor  whosr  duty  riii'iircd 
liini  to  f;o  iiiuliT  ail  cars.  ffiwiK  v. 
Chicago.  .If.  i(  si  I'.  It  Co.  (ISiC)  101 
Iowa,  (il.l,  TO  N.  W.  7.V.. 

.Mi'ii  cmiili'Vid  to  r»Mi]oM-  ashes.  I'tc, 
from  liKMiiiipi  i\i  s,  to  Miiiply  tliciii  with 
w.il'i  iriil  s.umI  and  to  iimplr  liHimir)- 
li\r  l.iiiK»  f.iniiii'i,'  a  nn-,-— iiy  |i.irt  of 
.■   tiiiiii.  -•'  Ihit   tlii'V  <(iii!,|  III-  mi>ti'd  to 

i.f  R  stcinii,   in   iii«p.''liii'.'    Ihi-  tiack   as    ih.'ir     proper    pi. fiT    liMin     servirr. 

luired   by  a    nil.'   of    llie    icmpany    in    /In//,  r  \ .  (  Vik.j.;.,.  /,'.  ,(  n    ir  Cn.  {lHi»;ii 
«cof  a  siorm.  doe^  not  oon-titiite  ne^-     hT    l..wa.  20(i,  .M    \.  \\  .  Ji.s    iininiy  rt- 

\ed    while  colli. liiiL'  the  t.irksi. 


iiiiciici'iiicnt 


A   dete.'iv. 
ehai'.'e  of  his 


!ippn«'  whieh  will  support  an  action  for 
injuries  In  an  i-iiiph.y.e.  ciiiised  liy  the 
mpne  catcliin};  up  a  liiiih  «hi<h  had 
'1*11  lilimn  iip.iii  the  track,  for  v.  Chi 
,„l„  it   \.    11  .   /f.   Co.    1  IS'.t:  )     lllj   |..«a. 

:il.  72  X.  \V.  :i(ii. 

Kinpli>.vee>    ill    cliarp.    of    .ui    <'n;.'iiie 
'i.i\e  thp  ri(.'ht  to  assunif  that  a  awiich 

..III  \lei  liiis  .III)  iMp1e<l  III  iiKHinl  on  the 
Iiont  fdotlioaid  for  the  piii)oM.  of  mak- 
,ri;  .1  -wilch  has  ^uccecdcil   in  doinj;  so. 

■  lifip  lip  is  hidden    fiom   their   \iew  hy 

ilu>  linilir;  and  they  are  not   reipiiicd  to    Ihe    ..pinion;     Im 
-Ifip  llie  ciijjiiip  to  ascertain   wheth.i    or    -iil.il.    il".     ../i<i 
.,nt  hp  lias  iliiiie   so.       /■'.  i  ./.(voii    v.   Chi- 

■mo.     If.    .(•    St.    I'.     It.    Co.     I  IS!):)      IIKI 

1..U.I,  :;;:!,  iiti  X.  W.  Iti2r.. 

Kniphiyees  oppratiii;;  a  switch  eiij;ine. 
.I:nsi.  (liify  it  is  to  he  nn  tin'  lo'ikniil 
i.ir  empli.yees  on  or  near  the  traiks. 
..nil  til  nam  th.'iii  of  the  ajipKiaoh  of 
'hf  piiiiinc  hy  rin^'iiif,'  tl\.'  I.i'll  or  Idow- 
ni;  tli..  wliis'th'  or  in  si.in.-  olher  man 
iiT.  !iri-  not.  as  mittcr  of  l;iw.  frc  from 
prjIifieiKc  toward  an  eniployiv  walkin!; 
iliili;;  the  track  in  Ihe  e.iiirs.'  of  hi- 
liiiy.  wliprp  no  -ifinal  of  any  kin.)  is 
;ivcn  of  the  approach  of  >iirh  cn^rinc. 
\lrl.rr„l  V.  Ch, ■■„„.■  d  V.  If.  /.'.  Cn. 
ISHT.    lot  Iowa.   i:i!i.  ::!  N.  \V.  tlU. 

Ilii-.n(i\    lias  I.eeii  allowi'il   where  the 
iiijiny    na-.    rccciMil    hy    the    following    not    lcs<   .I,. pic 
.mplnycfs    cnnaped     in     nurkiiif.'    on     or    Ihe  -kill  and   1 
iiciir  Ihe  track  uinh-i    the  circiiuistances 
ln.ili.,i(e.l- 

\    Ini.'iiian    of    :i    liii.|f;e    uaii;.'    whose 
lily  it    Has  to  set    out    a    slow    (la.;  on 


.\  pcr-oii  iinpi.yi'.l  in  "i  milv.iv  i:\t 
-hop.  who,  nhih-  i.n  a  ladilcr  l.-.ii.iii'j 
.iL'aiiist  on.'  of  the  c.irs  in  a  train,  was 
Injiiicd  l.y  the  ii.  L'liL'ciic.  of  eniploye.- 
in  clniri:..  i.f  Ih.-  Iiain  in  nioxin;.'  ii   with 

out    noti.-c.       /' I     V.  Ctihul   Intrn    H. 

Co.   I  IssT  ,    7:i  |,,»i,.   Ill),  .-il   V.  \V.   ,"H.!. 

(In.,    '.sli..-..   .inly    It    was    lo   opirale   a 

tlirntal.ll'.         l/rl'ofi.     V.    Ilinlniilliin.  C     It. 

A    \.    It.    Cn.     ilsSli     (!.'■>    I. .W.I.    417.    M 

.\ni.  l;..p.  II.  21   N.  \V.  7-.i!   .  c.,ni-...lc.l  in 

iPliial     (l.ii-ii.n.     >.(• 


injured. 

Inly,  l.y 
,in  ccjin.-i  1 .  /'i/.i.  \ 
/,'  I'll.  .  ISsin  .-,1  l,,ua 
IPS.  r.  \.  W  .'sj  I,. 
il.  niiiriMl.l.'  whi.li  alhi 
to  walk  aloii._'  III..  Mi 
.■oMiplia  III-..    v\  ii  h    th*. 


w'lil.'   in   111.'   .iis 

III..    I-,.    •IlL-clli-  •    of 

(V,...o....   f,.  ,1    It 

■II.'..  :ir  .\ni.  i;.p 

niptaini    he!. I    nol 

..|  thai  he  sit  out 

>k   tl.  a    hoii-c    in 

.1.1. as   of    th.-   .h- 

fen.l.inr-    a.jcni.    ,ind.    hciii!:    pr.i-lial.sl 

liv    -nn-trok.'.    »va-   run  iiv.i    w  hil..   in  a 

-!ati.  .if   in-cn-il.iliiy  •  . 

.\  hilioriT  w.'ikiiiL'  in  cmnrctioii  with 
.1  const ruci ion  tr.iin.  wli...  althoicrh  he 
was  i.n._'ai;c.l  ..\.dii-iv..|y  in  shin. .ling 
..'rav..!  .111.1  Innl  notliini'  lo  .1..  wiili  tlir 
niain;L.'.'inciil  of  th..  train  w  is  shi.v..lin(; 
'.Mavcl  from  III..  Il  lie  an.l  was  theii.for.' 
nl  toi  hi-  s.ifety  iip.iii 
lily  or"  tho...  who  W'.re 
iiia|ia._'iiii:  il,  llian  if  pnil  of  the  man- 
i.j.incnt  .liv..l'..s|  iip.in  him-.lf.  If.'- 
h'liinht  V.  lour,  ,{■  If.  /,».  f'.i)i«/r.  f'o. 
iIS7ri)    4.1  I.iw.i.    liiii    .injury  caus...l  l.y 


.ipiimnch  of  a  train,  if  Ih.-  e.in.lition    -n.l.l.n  -l.iitin;;  ..f  ti.iiiii 


'i  'il'  trick  over  the  l)ii.lL;e  reiiuiroil  il 
A..i(/,./  V.  Illiiioio  c.  It.  r„.  iis<>7)   lii:! 
II."  1.  '2S2.  72   \.    W.    .'il.'.    I  froiirht    ear 
Wt  thp  Unrk  and   fi.||  on  plaintilli. 
One  "mployiHl  to  carry  water  lo  rail 


An    eiiiplo>.i.    who-.'    duly    it    was    to 
issist    in    hinliii',;   aid    unlowlinc  piavel 
•  ars.  an.l    lo   p.  rf.nni   any   other  -ervio 
r.'.piiie.l  of  him   >)■   or  ahoiit   such  woil, 
.iiid    tl,    ride    to    aii.l    fio    on    the    'ji 


i!:it 


P 


H   i 


I 


.'  ^ii 


il ; 


;=:rf1 


.'lie 


MAhlKR  AM>  -^KRVANT 


[OHAt     \xxii 


[i: 

i;  'I     I 


^!. 


i 


Hi: 


mn  Hitti'iil'iit  V.  llii,liiioiii».  C.  I! 
A  N.  R.  Co.  (1887)  72  low*.  70ft,  .')2 
N.  VV.  4. 

A  luburcr  who  wnn  i-iipagiKl  In  «hovrl 
ing  nirth  on  lint  on'*  wliicli  carric<l  it 
to  a  pliuf  »li('i«  it  Uiin  ii-i'tl  ill  iiiiikiiiK 
nn    fmliinkiiii'iit.    nii'l     «lio    -onH'tiiiH"- 
vt'ent  witli  tlir  tiiiiii  !■>  iimIohiI  tlii'  enrlli 
.iimI     mt     Otliir     tilllo     lirii.iihni     iM'liillil 
uliilc  thi-  tiain   wiit  aloiiit.  mihI   Iii'I|h'iI 
lo  iinilrniiiiif  till-  liiink  uliiili  v\,i<  litiii;; 
HXCiiviiti'il.       /»•/./.!    \.   Chiiiiii'.    It.    I.   i( 
/'.  R.  t'li.  I  \s.-.i)   W,  |.,«a.  :>1   iliiiiik  fi'll 
nil  tlic  pl.iiiii  Hi  I .     "It  i-  triit,'  lli.it  tli4 
riiinl.    llii     plaiiilill     "n.i-    nut     injiiiiil 
>\hilr.   or   \i\,   <i|M'r.it jiii;    llir   liiin;    Imt 
Mi'itlH'r   llic   iift    ii~<ll    nor    :lii    riiii-.tilii 
tiiiiial   li'iiitiitiiMi  ii'.|iiiji..   I,-   i.t  |,iii    llu- 
Vfi\    ir'i|iu\   I'lHi-l  r"c'l  inn   'i|ici,i   ii.        I'l..- 
pliUMiill    >i  I-  ciiipli'Mil   Imi    III.    .lUrlnum' 
of    a    il'ity    wliiili    r\|Mi.t^l    hitu    tii    I  In- 
pcriN    aiiil    Iiii/mi'*!^    *»I    tli«'    Kii-.iiii'-.'*    ot 
iiiili'M.iil- :  aiiii  altliiiii'.'li  till-  iiijiiiiiK  iliil 
\\o\    ill  i^r   I'riiiii    -iH-Ii   Itii/artl-'.  thi'V   ran 
not    !«•    x'pallltfil    fri'lll    tllr    rlliployilll'llt 
If    llif   pliiiilill    liail    Ihi  II   ciiiplovKl   i\ 
•  ■Iii-iM-ly    for    >-lMni'liiiL'    or    lon'liiiL'    tin- 
iljrt    lie   roiild    iinl    ii'iomi'.    all  lriiii;,'h    lir 
niijfht  liavc  riiMrn  to  aiul  fiom  his  work 
oil    tlir    I  ii>.  '         I  III'    ili'ii-ioii     \\:\*    Av 
irlai-fMl   to  lip  eon  III    in    Mnlnin    \.    liiii 
linnlon,   C.    R.    <(     V.    R.    Co.    (IKSt)    |I5 
lowB,   417.    .'il    .Am     Rep.    II.   ■i\    \.    W 
7.ifi,    tliniich    it     ",i<    pointcil    out    tlinl 
^oinr    of    tho    i'xprr--^ioii>    u*r(|    in    tli* 
opinion     wmc     no     lon;;iT     aiilliorilatiii- 
iiinli'i'  till'  lat)'!    ai>l. 

A  laliOK'i  riiiplov'il  in  liir  «oikin^  oi 
.1  ilitrliii'2  piarliiin'  on  a  railinail.  wlinl 
wii  i  opi'ialiKl  by  inovin;;  iilon;.'  tlic  Hark 
the  train  of  wtiicli  it  forninl  a  pari. 
\Vf.vo»  V.  rtiitiiqo.  V.  A  tit.  r.  K  r„. 
1 18S7 1  7:i  loua.  .'.Tli.  :{.'i  N.  W  lill 
(plaiiitil)'  was  •.tnhk  liy  lln'  frank  ol 
a  winiHa^'N  twm)  to  lower  lln*  *coop 
hiiokctt.  T!ir  c'iMiii  -ij.I:  ■The  iliti'li 
ing  nnn'liirie  i-  a!loi;rtliir  unlike  a  -li'ain 
slioviler.  or  a  dri'l^i'  Horkeil  liv  ,i  -ta 
tioiiarj  I'M'jiiii".  It  '■  n  propcllnl  in  a 
nio\in^'  ••nuiii"'  npia;  !'••  Irark  ol  I  !»• 
ii>;nl.  It  Is  tri  ■•.  llif  (  lainlilV  wa-  mil 
injuir''  iiy  font:!  !  wi'n  till'  wlieiis  of  .i 
car  or  .■ii;,"ili<' :  Iml  tl.i-  was  not  iiirr~ 
sary  in  nulir  to  iiiiitlr  liiin  to  moii'i 
ln'oiniM'  It  i!<  ii|ii.illy  true  that,  if  (In 
•-ar  hnd  not  l>eeii  in  niotion  at  tin-  time. 
it  would  liiiie  111  en  useless  to  r.iistt  ui 
lower  the  Imeket  or  i-lioxel.  It  was  file 
movenieiit  of  'lu-  train  that  made  ii 
necessary  to  Iow.t  iho  rear  end  of  the 
bucket.  It  \va«"  i!Oi  iieeissary.  to  main 
Iflin  the  netion,  thiit  the  plaintilV  should 

tw    an     employee    eliy.il.'eil     ill     the    aiMll.ll 

ino\eni' 111    of   the   train,    i-    .in   .ii.'imei 


liirtkeinan,  or  loieluotoi  it  is  snttiinmi 
if  he  wns  one  of  the  eiew  nen-sary  fm 
the  [icrluniianie  of  the  work  intemlM 
to  he  iloi.o  liv  the  train  Hnd  it*  mucli.r 
eiy   and   uppliancea." 

rile  foniiiiin  uf  II  crew  iw.fkinij  . 
piledriler  c.ir.  llalirr  V.  f'li:.,iii„  I; 
I.  rf  /',  R.  Vu.  (  ISSi,  tiO  lo.v.i.  .•.;»,  ,■ 
.\w  Hep.  ti:i,  14  \.  W  .  778.  The  inju. 
In  this  iise  wa*  e»ii«eil  hv  tlie  f.ilj  oi 
.1  cm  |ioli-,  fo  that  the  deei.<iiiii  ..i^ir,. 
of  iloidilfiil  eoi  rei  I iies^  See  anthnriti.- 
I  Itisl.  ill' I II. 

line  ot  t«o  employee^  en;,M^'ed  iii  Ii! 
in^  liiidiis  \wlh  coal  from  imi>  >||i. 
an     adjoining     track,     the     iiiiiny    li'.in; 

laiised    hy    the    iiej.di;;eiii i    il.i.   .itii.i 

.ni|'lo\ee    in    pushing    into   tin    iomI  n- 

1    pi. ink   I'Meielie;.'  fron,   the  i I  r:ir  i 

I  lie  teiiih'i  and  n-ed  in  lillini:  lln  i..n<iii 

Itler    the    i\oik    had    he.  n    ei  uniih  I  .cl    .on 

I  he  •■ii'jiiM-   \\.is  aliiMit   to  stall         ikiv}'. 

\  ri,,,,iii„.  H.  i(-  «.».  A".  Cu  iiv'W,  1(1, 
III. Ml.  ."il.  7.1  \.  \V.  Ii7ii. 

.\  pel  >oli  elllployi-«l  to  tnitPl  .III  I 
ii.iiii.    and    to    i.-iiioM'    snow   and    in-  j' 

\arion«    i i-    lioni    the    tr.nl     oi  t'l. 

lailvi.iv  i..  eiitjslrl  to  MiiiM-i  i„r  ii' 
jiirii-  iisiiltini;  Inan  the  ni;;liLii  ">  ot 
the  emplo.M->>  ol  III.-  lo.id,  ait  limi-jli  il. 
train  wa-  not  in  iiiol  ion  at  tli.  iiii!.  .' 
the  aeeideiit.  and  he  was  not  ihfii  t-ii 
^Mflisl  in  the  duties  uMpiired  of  lii' 
.s';)i///i   V.   II II ',,1. slim  d  S.   II.  Cii     (  |«i-.'i 

vs  lowii,  y<::,  t;i  \".  \V.  :>^:>. 

lit  .1  e.i--  a  here  a  worklilaii  eiij  ej^i 
i!i  takiii*^  down  a  hrid^e  wa-.  iiijiMt-'i 
uhile  liaM-liti;;  on  llie  train  wlii-li  hj- 
t  ian..porliirj  I  lie  ijmlieis  lo  tin-  [.l.e 
iliele  they-  Were  (o  lie  de|io«ilii|.  it  M;e 
liidd  that  the  ease  w.i-  propel ly  hit  t 
till'  jury,  with  insli  m-lions  to  the  ilTi' 
that,  if  till-  pi  linliir  «.i^  iniphanl  I"' 
the  piiipo-e  of  takliiL'  diwti  and  ni"' 
iiij;  llir  lirid^e.  and  in  doin;:  tlii«  MiiiV 
.1  tr.iiii  aa~  ii^isl  on  defendants  I"m' 
upon  whieii  plaii'till.  in  lla  emii-i  "' 
his  employment  and  in  ohei'.ietiot'  to  t)--- 
leipiiremeiits  of  his  siipeiioi  «.is  riliti; 
.it  the  time  he  ^n-tained  tin-  iiiiury  !>• 
"ai'  eiiiriyed  in  opeialilif;  lla  ro.nl.  .in' 
liiat  if  tlie  iiee|i!;enei'  of  the  ih  ti  liditii 
.Hid  th.'  care  ot  the  iilaintilV  ".!■  r.iiin-l 
till  defi'lidant  was  Iialde  niidej  tlie  slai 
lite.  The  eiiiiri  -aid  that  the  |iiir|»~ 
tor  wliieh  the  tiain  »a^  upenli-.l  i-m\U 
not  relieve  the  defetiilani  troiii  liiinliii 
if  the  injiiiy'  was  sn-tiiiinsl  in  it-  opii 
.ition.  Sihiindir  v.  Cl'iiiuin.  If  I  it  '' 
/.'.  Ci).  lIH7;i  47  Inwa.  375;  First  .\i 
pe.Tl    (H7.''.i    41    Imva.    144. 

l!e<-o\erv  lias  hism  allowed  wlien'  n- 
.H-i-idi-nt  oeeiiiii'd  lo  .i  -eetion  ni.in  «'iil' 
lie      uas      eii';a'^i-.l      in      ti;ii'k      i.-piir:'.' 


S.i 


I  T491 


AiTs  OF  (  iM.nij.xwj,  KTC. 


tiir 


Badfu  y.  fl"»'r  Citt,  i  /'.  R.  Cn.  (1>*H41 
5J  Iowa,  2iti.  (Ml  \.  W.  537  (mi'ijon 
ioremaii.  »<t«'r  stcppiiis  on  tli«?  tiark 
iftw  thi'  1r*t  "I'ti'iii  f>f  n  trnin  liiul 
'.atMtl,  uuit  otiiiL'k  <li'\\ii  liv   tilt'  iiecund 

.i.ijnn.  iIm    ii|>I>> I'   "I    "liK'li   hi-  had 

„i  r<:'<iiii  til  p\|M'<'t  I )  :  mill  whilr  )i(< 
i,i>  liMii;:  til  l'i'i>ii"<'  N  liitliil  rill  liniii 
•he  tiiiVk  i/'.(((i./)i  >.  t'liii.iiii,.  It  I.  il 
/'.  n.  To.  llMTai  ■;i.  Ii>».i.  :I7-.'I:  mul 
.hilf  111'  ^•i''  irawliiii;  nii  liii!4!il  i'iii'< 
.,,ii|i<l    witli    iiiatrii.il     foi     II  illi'.tin;:. 

iiirh  »«■»  to  \if  iiiiIii.hIi  il  iit    i   »|MPiliiil 

l,i(v  i liinilitini  V.  t'inliitl  loi'ii   If.  I'o. 

liniil  71  l.iuH.  ti:lT.  .'l.'i  \.  W.  i.»m;.  .IH 
\    VV.  .'i-.'O  ||iliiiii1iir  wliili'  yi'llina  mi  :i 

II  »ii-  tl.ii>»ii  iiir  liv  <iiiMi'ii  ji'ik|i. 
.1  <l\ili-  III*  W"   tiiiv.liii^'  on   II    liiiml 

Il    iSiuith    V.    I'liirniii,   *;.    II.    It.   r». 

is'i'i;  loMiii  M(i  N.  w.  r,:>s  iii.iii-ioii 

,itli  .I'inll'ir  h:ili'l  I'lirJ  ;    l.tin-m   \.   Ill' 

i.i.  (.    It    V„.    |1M!I»|    Ml    li,»».i,   81,   :iS 

V    W.  IdTli  l-iiiiil.T  ill-,  ii.-iil  I  ). 

In  the  l.i«t  I'iti'il  in-"'  tin-  nmrt   -.li'l 

It  ill  trill'  .     .     Il<i>t   nitiniii^  liaml 

ir»  i»  iii'l   iitli'nili'il   witli  (lio  saiiii'  <lr 

.riM  (if  .1  in^'i  r  tlial   iiltcmls  llie  riiniiiii!.' 

f  I'li^'iiii'-  Kii'l    ii.iiiis   of   ("lis:    Jet    ill 

iM(»  iif  -••niiii»  lU'i'iilinl'-  ill  tli,il  ■'cr* 

lire    nmiii  loll-.        flux     iir<-    in'l     >i> 

'Mnllill'     II-     otlltT     lllill'ulil     ai'('ii|l'llt». 

iirtMUKi'  f»'»ir  pi'isoii-  iirr  t'\|io«i'il  iiikI 
li"  <ii-iiiilti.-  nTP  II-".  It  !■•  proli.ilili" 
M.it.  if  llir  iiilifMliiclioii  of  r:iiiriiiiil- 
iA  hrmiylit  no  ,'riati'r  piiil-  limn  iit 
cIkI  thf  iiioM  rilitit'*  of  liallcl  (ill-  llii' 
ulc  of  ilii'  I'linnion  Ian  woiilil  not  liavi' 
..^•11  r!!itit;.'i'il.  It  ha-  Iti-cii  rhan'_'i'*l. 
'ltd.  w(*  think,  -o  a-  to  iiu  tii«I<-  -iirh  a 
;iM'  11-  that  -tatril  in  pl.iint  il) 's  pi-t  i 
■i"n." 

\v  i'iii|'l"y»'i'  wlui  riT'-i^nl  .in  injiny 
iliilf  liiliu;.'  oil  a  -mall  anil  omti'IowiIiiI 
ind  car.  o.vin:;  iiaillv  to  Ihr  ronipaiiy''- 
'iliiri'  to  proviili'  llir  hainl  cur  «itli  ap 
pliaiiri'«  for  iiinoviiiL'  -lunv  from  tlif 
MJl.i  mill  II  pro;M-r  luakr  aiil  foot  ri'iN, 
'tid  |>;iilly  to  llic  ni'.'liyrnt  ron-liiirtion 
f  Ihi  i-attlp  ;»Maiil.  \*  williin  tlir  *lal- 
itp.  (hiniijn.  V  i(  SI.  I'  It.  I'l,.  V. 
Irfrri/  i  IsitOi  1:!7  r.  S.  .-|i>7.  ::|  I^  p.1. 
'47.  il  '■op  (  t.  I!ip.  I -ill.  riir  conn 
•lid:  '  Till  plaiiilin  was  upon  a  mov 
lie  '':ir  pn.'|Hthil  liy  Iiaml  jowii.  The 
noMiaiiil  of  (hi-  car.  it-  <pi..|.  tho  po 
■iiion  of  thp  plaiiitiir  ii]i<iii  it.  ami  the 
liities  he  hid  to  ili-('liaii;i'  in  ihat  po-i- 
'ii>n,  were  nnUer  the  <lireilion  of  the 
("feiiian,  who  wh"  upon  the  -inn-  car. 
The  injury  was  din^i-lly  coiinccliil  isitli 
'lip  ua*  and  opernli>"i  I'o  tl  .■  lailuiy.  in 
ilio-e  common  seiviii'  the  tonnian  and 
'h"  pl.iirtitr  wiTc.  anil  th"y  \\-ivr  iMi'm 
ilnvfc-     .     .     .     -nil'  rnilwav    v.i.  I.iinp 


ii-H-d  and  oprTiitiil  in  thit  mori'mcnf  nt 
till'  hand  car.  qiiitr  »■>  much  at  if  Ihr  Ini 
tcr  lind  tiri-n  a  train  of  car*  dra«ii  hy  h 
locoinntivH.  If  a  aim.'!.'  Incomoiin'  U- 
on  its  Viuy  t»  it*  ■iii'iiii'  hiiiixr,  alli'r 
liavinv  H  tiain  nhica  it  Imn  drawn,  ni 
if  it  l«'  -iimniiimil  to  yo  iiloni-  lor  >.cr\  ii'r 
tu  II  point  iiioif  or  h  •-  iliitant,  ami,  in 
lilliii  I'l-i  111  till-  In; '':i  1111' 111  one  rni 
ploMi'  ii|Hin   il     iinollii'i    iMiploi'ie  i-  in 

jiiiimI.  the  iiiimy  lake-  pi. in  llie  ii-i 

iiiil  iipiiatioii  of  till'  iiil  v.iy.  iiiiili  I 
S  I.'!tl7.  ijiiiti'  .1-  niiii'li  »-  il  il  laki- 
pl;ii-i'  while  the  loroniiitii c  i-  i)i.i^\iiiu' 
a  tr.iin  of  ijii-  Tlii-  we  iinlei -i.in  I  'i. 
lie  the  inanifi -I  purport  ami  iHi  ei  oi 
the  ijiii-ioiix  111  till  -npiiiiii  I'oiiii  Ml 
Iowa  oil  the  .iillijeet.  u.'*  will  a-  ol.\  i 
oii-lv  till*  proper  inlerpretiilion  of  tin- 
-talllle." 

\  jury  may  pioperly  llml  a  fonniin 
ill  '  li.irjre  of  II  haiiil  ear  jf'iil'y  "'  "ei: 
ll;:iiiie  while,  upon  the  c.ir'"'  eiiniiii^'  up 
lieliinil  inollier  Iravpliii','  miieli  ntori' 
■i|owl>.  he  ;!avc  I  hi  -iyiial  to  -.lai  k.  n 
-pill!  hy  motion  iiiiiely.  ami  not  lo 
-li'iiklm.'  to  tl""  lirakenian  to  the  end 
I  hat  there  liii"l|t  he  iir  nii-iiiiihr'itaiiil 
in;;.  /.oi/i'mi./  \  fln,.,iiu  It.  I.  li  /' 
It.   (••:    I  1K77)    t:    lim.i.    I'M. 

.Xlthotitrh  M'ction  haml*  incur  nioie 
than  oiiliii.iiy  ilaii;.:ii  while  tiny  aie 
taken  over  a  road  in  a  hand  en  u  hen 
a  train  i«  oMrdiie.  their  nalily  i-  n-il  of 
-mil  p.iraiiioiint  importance  that  a  we 
lion  ho--  inilxl  nei'<'--nrily  he  pro 
nouiieid  j.niilty  of  nevliyeiue.  if  le-  ha- 
evoo-i-l  Ihein  to  Ihat  d  int"  i  I'limf,!,.  U 
• . '  il,,i,iiin.  It.  I  .1  /•.  /,'.  r„  I  is7ip 
l"i  lowi.  7ii.  diiappio-.  iiij;  in-lniilion- 
"hiih  iniplieil  tli.it  -iich  a  i  mir-e  wa- 
neyli^'iiit  if  it  in\iilv"i|  "mon-  than  onli 
iKny  daniiir." 

\n  eiiirineer  of  n  «|ieeial  train  wat 
not  ^'iiilty  of  nrj.'ll^'ini'e  in  ninniii;; 
down  a  hand  car  proii  ediii;;  in  tin-  -ame 
din  It  ion  aiul  operated  hy  em[i!iiyii- 
who.e  baekH  were  luiard  the  tiain 
wheie  he  jravp  all  the  -li^inals  tli.it  dill 
;.'enee  reqiiin-d,  appiriiatin^'  llie  t.iel 
Ihat  n  •*lioiijT  wind  then  hhei  in;;  mi^'hl 
prevent  hi-  nijrnal-  iioin  l.iin'j  In  ml 
and  ii-ed  every  appliiinei-  .m.l  illoit  n( 
hi"  eomiiiMiiil  to  -top  the>  tiain  a-  -ooii 
a-  he  h  id  rea-oii  lo  I-  licvp  that  his  si:; 
nal  had  not  hern  heard,  \rlliiiii  \ 
rl,i,;i,,o.  SI.  p.  ,(  K.  C.  It  Co.  i1k'I.-i, 
IN  Iowa.  ."•.■4.  li.'t  .V.  \V.  .'.tl,><  I'lri  tli- 
-eeoiiit  appi-al  the  rule  was  l.ii.l  iI.imi 
lh.it  a  railro.id  enaimir  ha-  ,i  lijht  t- 
a— lime  that  i  -iitioii  man  will  pii  form 
hi-  duly  in  w,itehini:  for  train-,  and  i-" 
iindei  no  o1ili;.'aiiiin  "to  ehrel,  his  liiiiii 
on    -iiinjr  him    ,ind   another   -fi-i  ion   '■■•.I'l 


I! 


"fli! 


I  ^' 


JH 


\i^  111  I 


♦  I 


5'f 


■M 


Mi  .i.i 


nm 


Ir     -h 


I'.-! 


I.'.!' 


m 


lit! 

Ill 
m 

ill'  : 


2111  MASTER  AND  »KKV ANT.  [rn«i-  xu:) 

An  injured  employee  i»  nnnr  tlw  lo*^  mtiflod  to  thr  bomfif  ,,f  th^ 
-fatuii',  for  the  rca-on  tlint  tin-  jM.T»on  bjf  wh*>:io  uegligciiu  lie  Wi- 
in  in  rod  wus  iiiulcr  his  coiitml.* 


on  n  IiiiihI  i^ir  on  thv  trurk.  until  it  i* 

if.i-t.iiiilili  .i|>piiii'tit  flnn  llity  iiri-  mil 
likrlx  li.  .I.ir  till'  1r!Mk  in  tinif."  \ill 
•  nil   \     rh    „,,„.  St.   /'.  if   A.  r.  H.  Co. 

,  |s<ii, ,    MS   |ii«a.  .'i,".!!.  tiT   X.  \\     4HI 

\  riiiliiviil  <'i>iii|inii,v  i«  Mill  liiilili'  fur 
iiii  itijiin  l<>  nil  i'iii|ili'yi'i'  niii-i'<l  liv  till' 
"liiiliiiy  "I  ,t  li:iii(l  111  liv  II  I'l-llim  »rrv- 
iinl  wliili  III!'  fniMii'i*  ImmiI  hm-*  III  n 
iliiiii.'1'iniis  |M>-ii  nil.   «liii      no  mil'  kiirw 

of     ilH     |MI«iljfH|,    iili.{        Ik      |;||      \\;|*i     Ht]irtill 

uitliiiiii  iliic  .•!  ifiii  iMiiii  ||ti.  (iiifiimii. 
H'nniltiii  \.  ri.ir-.i„.  It.  I.  ,(  I'.  It  Co. 
(IHnji  'i.l  ti.H^i.   II.  Ill   \.  \v.  4i.->. 

(1)1  f^lHfthili'-  V  nuf  th  I  null  to  hr  Itilh- 
in  Ihr  mIiiIiiIi  \  vcljoit  IiiiikI  iiijiiii-il 
wllill'  liiiililll.'  'ilillu'l  nil  II  (II.  iSifillll 
V.  Il.nln.iilnii.  <■  It.  ,(  \.  It.  ('•>.  {  ISSJ) 
,-i!)   Iimii.  T.l.   I-.'   \.  W  .  TlHI. 

A    rill     li|i;lil'i'l     wlin.    :lll  l|iiMi:li    lii>    u  ilK 

111   iiiiii~  i<'i|iiiri'il  til  tiiki'  |i»..ij^'i'  ii|Miii 

till-    r    -  ..ii.'r    of    n    fli  Il'IiI    tlilill.    Ill     ill    u 

|iii--iiii,'i  I   111'.  Ill  il'li'  111  lii«  «iiik,  HUH 
not    rii|iiiii  I    In   I  im  i'.'i.   in   lil«  i-iiijilny 
nioiit  ill  I'liirt,  \\lii.|i.  ilii.||.  wen.  iiiii\ii>t.' 
friini.       r-1'  "    \.   fh'rrou.    It     I.   .(■    /•. 
K.  r„.  I  IMS  1 1  III  i.iuii,  nil.  J I  \    \v. 

124  lilljlliv  IMtl-nl  liV  till'  I'.lll  iif  ;l 
oiir  wliicli  »ii«  111  i  ..;  ili'Vulnl  liy  i.icl<- 
uprrwn).    <ll-liiii.'iii-l.liij    /d /i/ 1     \.    t'hi 

•ii'i'i.  It.  I  if  /'.  /;  r,.   (isT2i  :m  \,n\:\. 

r>2  (ill'  illiini'l.  nil  till'  ;.'riillllil  lllll  in 
lli.it  IiMir  i'j«i'  jiiit  n|  |ilniiiiiir  .1  ilniirn 
wrri-  |iriitli.if  In  ||...  ii|"iiiiiiin  of  n  mil- 
IPilil.  Ill'  111  ill;;  mil'  nf  tlir  fnri'i'  ncci—iiiy 
to  ni.ikr  I  111'  rn'«  nf  a  rnii^lniclinii 
tr.iin.  Njiiriil  «Iit--  «n«  laiil  im  tlip 
ilirliihi  ill  lllill  I':!-!'  Illllt.  If  tllc  |il:lin 
liir  "liiiil  liccn  i'iii|i|iiyi'i|  cMliiiivily  in 
'  ivi'liii;;  in  Ii  h'Ihl'  llii'  illii  lie  rniild 
not  'iiiiMi .  nil  1)1111^11  111'  iiilj,'llt  liiivr  Mil- 
lion   In  iukI    fin   Itiiip    liis   wuik   on   tlio 

'i  ni'iiiliiT  nf  n  01111.^1  riirt inn  Kiii.ir. 
wliiwp  lllll li"<  ri'uniiiil  liini  to  iro  iiml 
I'iilr-  11)11111.  iiiiil  In  wmk  iijinn  iiml  aliniit. 
i*iirs  mil  tiaiki.  U  i'.s<.<(  v.  f '/ii'i'ni/o. 
It.  I.  if  /'.  It.  Co.  (IMS,-,)  tw  Imvii.  -li. 
2.'>  \.  W.  nil  (pliiiiillir  wns  ininnMl  l.y 
n  lirin-y  htiini-  tlnown  liy  n  cni'iniilny r" 
«iiili'  till'  ciintr  "III'  i.ii-ini;  lii"<). 

Orii'  i'in[iloy('(l  in  .i  rnllwiiy  coil  lioiir.p, 
wlii'ii'  ll'i'  Injury  riMnlti'd  from  tlip  neg- 
lipi'iii'i'  of  :i  ooi'iii|iloy('i'  wliilp  ponl  w.is 
luiiiy  jniilo'l  on  n  v.<r.  I.urr  v.  Chii-nnn. 
St.  !•  M.  ,f  O.  It.  Co.  (18S.->)  fi7  Iowa. 
;-..  J I  \.  W.  I'lOn. 

.\i\  1  iii|i!(iyif>  hanrlling  a  dorrirk  usod 


in  coalinir  kn  rnirinr.  RrHilmqtnn  , 
rhiruiii}.  .If.  <f  SI.  I'.  It.  Cii  I  l>ii|  10, 
Inwu.   1111.    7N    .\.    \V.    HIMI,    Ri'in.,,,,.  „., 

Kiliciiriinr  ilsiiS'  7:>  \.  U.  i,:!i  j),.' 
Iin^'iii.«liin^'  lAivmi  v.  t'lmu,/:,  /;  ,i  i, 
It.  Co.  (INIWi  Hill  linva,  ,'ii,  7.-,  \  u 
ii7iil. 

lllif  wlio-c  >.<ilt'  duly  i'.  In  i  li  \  ii,  m, 
to  till'  |iliitfiirni  iiiiivi  rit-nl  im  .l.jiui 
In;:  il  to  till'  ti'iiili'i>  nf  1 1,,  , !,_,,.. 
Slinh'i-  V.  Chiiiiiio,  If.  ,f  .s(  ;•  /,'  c 
I  ISHtii  70  low.i.'  ."i."iri  ..-i!!  \ii,  l;.  ,  I,, 
.11  N.  \V.  (in  |Ht,.|,i  l.'Milin;.'  I,,  |,l,,:,..|. 
^'ivc  way  I . 

Wnrkniiii  i'iii|ilnMi|  in  iln'  m,.  ;., 
-lliip-'.  I'tlllil  v.  'fin.ii/.  /,'  I  ,1  /'  /' 
f'o.    (  1877)    411  loiia.  :in'i 

A  KMiN'pi'i     in    a    iniin.ll .,     n  1 1,., 

Iiy  fallili;.-  illtn  II  linji'  mIiIiIi  h,.  .|||,.,,| 
v.. II  ni'j.'li)»«'nlly  lift  nni'iitiii.l  li\  ,,.i,.., 
i'lnplnyi'i'>.  Mtlniiiiiii  V.  /(mi/  .  .,,  ( 
It.    .1    V.    //.    I'd.    (iHSi)    lit    lin,.,     Jill     i„ 

N.  u.  nm. 

Oni'  i'ii;.Myiil  in  wiping;   I ,,,,i,.,  ,, 

j,'ir  «.  opening'  inil  iln-iii;.'  ili.ii.  .i|  n 
pn^'iin-  linii-r.  anil  ii'iiiniint  .'...■  iiiin 
«  tiirnlalilc  and  tlir  t(ai'k>.  l/.i/... 
Il,irli>i>ilt„i.  r.  It.  ,t  .V.  A*  f'.  l«-i 
115  Iowa,  417,  fiJ  .\iii.  R.p.  11.  .'|  N  \\ 
'M  (whi-rr  iiciiMiy  was  il.ii.ij  fm nr 
injury  nriiMil.  imt  in  wmkini;  tin  tun 
'alili'.  lull    In   clnsiuL'   Ilir  ili.ni. 

Wlip.i*  an  iMiiplniii'.  »lij|i.  |.ii  |.,iiit!: 
to  oniipli'  (■ai'«.  wa-  <'aii;;lil  li\  ilii-  i  .• 
liitwii  n  tilt'  yiiaril  rail  .iml  nm  of  tin 
rails  of  llic  track,  and.  liiin:;  mi.ililr  ''i 
t'.vlricali'  liiinirlf.  ni.idi'  niiiciir.  iilitrli 
wiTc  licard  liy  n  fcllnw  lirakiinan  «li.. 
caiMi'd  till'  tiiiin  to  lie  -|np|,,..|.  Imt  nut 
In  lime  to  pi  event  «iicli  iiii|ili.\ii'  fnni 
lii'ili;.'  run  oM'i.  jmlynicnl  MpMH  a  in 
did  fnr  |ilalntltV  was  ri'Misi.l,  iticri' I'f 
ill^  iinlliiii^f  wliati'Vcr  In  '.limv  n.^li 
•.'pnco  on     till-    pari     nf  dcfiii.!  itit'-  iin 

plnyil's.       I'nlil     V,     r.nhill     h,,:i    I!     f^. 

(ISHIli  lift  Inwa.  Ilj:.  1\  \.  W  :,^:.i> 
\".  \V.  7-1.-.. 

'  In  llnii\ii  V.  f/iic./i/n.  /,'.  /.  ,(  /•  P 
Co.  (1SS2)  HO  Iowa.  2;!0,  til  Am  |;.p 
IW.  II  \.  \V.  778.  wliiic  the  f.ir.iiuii  f 
a  lirldire  ;.'unjr  was  tlie  pl.iiiitlir,  t'" 
court  said:  "Tlie  statute  ant  Inn  i.  if.' 
recnveiy  by  employees  for  ll'e  r.i'.li 
pence  of  oilier  etnptoyecs  is  viiy  lir.i'! 
and  Heneral  in  Its  term'.  Il  make-  'i" 
ilistincllon  ns  to  tlip  rli.ir.irlir  "f  'w 
einplo.vinent,  or  tlic  stntion  nr  tiaili  "f 
the  employee.     If  »e  should  h"lil  tlit 


tr-'l' 


II  7.'>ta.  TOO] 


ACTS  OK  COLOKAIHt,  KTC. 


2111) 


An  in*lrnotion  to  tlio  «'fT(>ct  Unit  a  railway  company  !i<  loMiid,  nntli-r 
!he!'t:itnt<*,  to  wf  tlinf  ««xtrai»rdinary  diligincr  mul  care  are  CMicii-cil 
liv  e-miipliiyi'!*  i.-<  c'rrt>ncou«.* 

'  li  i.iix  Ufii  held  that  u  ouiiijlaint  in  an  action  on  tlii^  ^-Mliiti'  Aun\\<\ 
4la'p  tliat  tlic  nppiifU'iicc  of  an  eniployi'o  i*  n-lii'd  on  as  liic  faiHi-  uf 
action.  .m<l  »\*«  wliat  enii»loyro  was  ncpiij^cnt.  In  tlip  t-a^c  cited,  the 
piort  nfiKcd  to  di^ciists  wlictlior  allonafions  cliurfiinp  a  raiin-nd  cnm- 
rativ  "itli  nc>;liL'<  nco  could  be  BiipiKirted  hy  ovidunce  of  the  ii<yii 
fPixe  of  a  cocinployeo.* 

759«.  Statutory  provisions. — Ah  to  tlio  constttutionnlify  of  tlio  stat- 
ute rcvip\v«l  Ix'Iow,  see  §  Gil,  ante.  The  statute  as  tirst  enaclcd  in 
;liis  statfl  ran  thus: 

Kvcry  rnlIroiuJ  company  orfrivni/pd  or  doing  biuiini'M  in  thi«  rtntf  »hnll  bt- 
liable  for  daninfjM  done  to  any  employee  of  •ueh  ronipany.  in  con.'c^iiirnrc  of 
any  ne(.'lij{' "<*  "f  it*  agentH,  or  by  nny  initunderHtan<lin;i  of  il«  er;;inwr»  or  otlu-r 
tmployte*,  to  any  perion  mutainin;;  Huch  dnmn|^.     (Stat.   IM74,  rlinp.  l>:i,  |  1.) 

The  provision  now  in  forco  (rjpn.  Slat.  1S8'J,  ^  1251;  Uon.  Stat. 
1807,  cliap.  70,  §  15)  is  substantially  the  same: 

Svrry  railroad  oompany  or){anizod  or  doini;  buxineiM  in  this  Ktnte  ahall  be  liable 
for  all  dnniiiRPJi  done  to  any  employee  of  Huch  conipnny  in  coii<Mi|ai'n<'e  of  any 
nrgligince  of  it.t  omenta,  or  by  any  nii»niana);<'mcnt  of  ita  engiiicvra  or  otiicr  etii- 
ploycM,  to  any  person  auslaining  aucli  diiniiige. 

The  oporntion  of  this  statute  is  confined  strictly  to  railroad  corpo- 
rations. A  partncri^liip  of  private  persons  engaged  in  construct inj;  a 
road  is  not  within  it.s  purview,  although  it  is  operating  cars  and  train?< 
in  the  prosecution  of  it)*  work,  havinjj  servants  and  employees  at  work 
upon  the  road  and  in  charjie  of  the  trains.' 

760.  What  injuries  are  within  the  scope  of  the  itatnte.-  The  Kansas 
statute  is  couched  in  lanpiuigo  very  similar  to  that  found  in  the  first. 
Iowa  act,  upon  which  it  is  avoweiliy  based.     In  Kansas,  therefore,  the 

the  foroman  of  a  (jnng  of  bridpe  biiildera  drrstnnd,  employs  bin  men  and  din- 
is  not  II  roemploypp  with  tbe  men  woik-  ohnrpea  them  at  will,  and  otlu-r  ••iiipldy- 
ing  under  his  direction,  and  thus  by  vrn  who  have  the  direction  ami  »ii|iit 
instruction  limit  tbe  langiiajfe  of  the  vision  of  men  under  tlnin.  come  williiii 
•latiite.  it  would  lend  to  all  manner  of  the  provisions  of  the  statute." 
distinctions  which  would  Im!  extremely  *  llui>t  v.  Chirniiti  if  N.  II'.  R.  Co. 
dfficult  of  application.  We  would  Im-  (18(!S)  20  Iowa.  .Itl.1. 
called  upon  to  determine  whether  a  con-  '  Hiin,f  v,  ('liiriui".  Jf.  rf  Si.  P.  R.  Cn. 
ductor  under  whose  orders  the  brake-  (ISSli)  tlO  Iowa.  4."i0,  58  .Am.  Rep.  '^27. 
man  performs  his  duty,  a   >(ectii>n    fore  .10  N.  \V.  2."i. 

man  whose  duty  it  is  to  direct  the  men  '  Hn.snn  v.  liusinhnrl;  (ISOO)  -t  I  Kan. 

under  his  charj.'e,  and   who,  aa   we  un-  flCO,   10  L.  R.  A.  830,  23  Pac.  48. 
Vol.  n.  M.  &  S.— .52. 


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MlOtOCOPV   RBOWTION   TEST  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


A 


/APPLIED  IIVMGE    I 

1653  [osl   Main   SIr.er 

Rochester,    N«w  York         U609       USA 

("6)   482-0300-  Pf.ori« 

(716)   288-  5989  -fox 


2120 


M.\STER  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap,    XXXil 


!lli 


liability  of  railway  companies  is  determined  upon  principle-  -imila 
to  those  discussed  in  the  preceding  subtitle,  employees  being  Ik  Id  et 
titled  or  not,  according  as  tlicir  work  was  or  was  not  '■directly  ojl 
nected  witli  flie  operation  of  the  road."  ' 

But  in  the  absence  of  any  amending  act  similar  to  that  of  Iowa,  tli 
provisions  of  the  Kansas  statute  are  deemed  t<i  be  applicable  to  vari 
ous  classes  of  employees,  who  under  the  decisions  rendered  with  rri 
erence  to  the  more  recent  legislation  in  the  sister  state,  would  not  b 
entitled  to  recover.  The  I<jwa  doctrine  which  confines  the  beneilt  o 
the  act  to  cases  where  the  delinquent  and  injured  employees,  or  eitlie 
of  them,  were  engaged  in  the  use  and  operation  of  a  railroad,  is  n 
jected  in  Kansas.* 

The  cases  collected  in  the  subjoined  note  iniiicate  the  employe*' 
who  are  and  who  are  not,  entitled  to  claim  the  benefit  of  tJie  stiitutt\ 


^Chicago.  R.  I.  d  P.  R.  Co.  y.  Stahlcy 
(1S04)  11  ('.  C.  A.  8S,  27  U.  S.  App. 
157.  (i-i  l'<^.  .•)(■..■{;  Chinign,  K.  d  W.  R. 
Co.  V.  I'linliiis  (18!I4)  ir)7  U.  S.  200.  3'J 
\j.  ei\.  (17.").  1.")  .'>iip.  (t.  Rep.  58.5;  Atchi- 
soti.  T.  <.{■  N.  A'.  It.  Co.  V.  Koehler  (1887) 
37  K.iii.  4(i:i,  !.■>  I'iic.  507. 

'iiiinn  r.  A',  f^.  V.  Harris  (1885)  33 
Kan.  4Hi.  li   I'.ic.  ,571. 

•  (a)    I'.niiiUnj' c.s  within  the  statute. — 

A  l)mk('miin  tlirowTi  from  a  moving 
car  by  llip  iMiuirietT's  suddenly  stopping 
the  eiipinp  nm\  car  with  a  violent  jerk, 
without  sipnal  or  neeessity,  when  the 
car  was  niovinjj  at  about  6  miles  an 
hour  ami  was  aliout  400  fwt  away  from 
the  stationiiry  part  of  the  train  to  which 
it  was  to  be  coupled  under  signals  from 
the  brakeman.  Kansas  City,  Ft.  S.  <f 
M.  R.  Cn.  V.  .Murray  (1895)  55  Kan. 
330,  40  Pac.  640. 

An  employee  who,  while  engaged  in 
ditching  along  the  track,  was  struck  by 
a  piece  of  coal  from  the  tender  of  a 
passing  engine  on  which  it  had  been 
piled  to  a  dangerous  height.  Croll  v. 
.4/c;o.5o»i.  T.  ii  .S.  F.  R.  Co.  (1890)  57 
K.T,n.  548.  40  Pac.  972.  Reversing  (1896) 
3  Kan.  App.  242.  45  Pac.  112. 

A  section  man  injured,  while  travel- 
ing on  a  hand  car,  by  a  collision  with 
another  car.  Cnion  Trust  Co.  v.  Thorn- 
a/.on  (l.SSl)  25  Kan.  1. 

A  section  hand  upon  whom  a  colabor- 
er  let  a  rail  fall.  I'nion  I'.  R.  Co.  v. 
Harris  (1885)  .33  Kan.  416,  6  Pac.  571. 

A  section  man  injured  while  unload- 
ing ties  from  a  ear  for  the  purpose  of 
repairing  a  railroad  track,  by  the  neg- 
ligence of  a  coeniployef  in  t\iriiing  the 
fie  before  the  former  has  seciued  a  good 


liold,  and  pulling  it  .so  as  to  strike  \.\ 
.\tchison,  T.  d  S.  F.  R.  Co.  v,  llrasslid 
(  1S93)   51  Kan.  107.  :!2  Pac.  814. 

One  employed  on  the  track  and  in  th 
yanl  to  assist  in  loading  rail~.  wlll^ 
particular  duty  it  was  to  iissisi  in  |il:ii 
iiig  the  rails  on  the  car  afliT  liny  .ui 
lowered  from  the  pile  by  anotlur  si-t  ■ 
employees,  the  injury  being  due  to  th 
negligence  of  the  latter  eni|ilini(s  i 
lowering  a  rail  before  plaint  ill'  liail  in'H 
cient  time  to  get  out  of  the  way  :i.''f 
being  duly  warned.  .Mrhismn.  T.  if  .> 
F.  R.  Co.  V.  Koehler  (1HS7I  .17  Kat 
403,  15  Pac.  507. 

An  cniplovie  upon  ii  cniistnictio 
train,  whose  busiiu'SM  was  to  currv  u.i 
ter  for  the  trainmen  and  to  g;itliir  ai; 
put  up  tools,  and  who.  while  riilinu'  "j 
on  the  train,  was  directed  to  pick  u 
a  tool  on  the  rear  flat  car,  and  in  al 
tempting  to  do  so  was  tliMwn  olT  ti 
the  reversing  of  the  engine  witlioiit 
signal.  Miftsmiri  ['.  H.  f'n.  v.  Ilih 
(1881)  25  Kan.  35  (negligence  on  par 
of  engiiiwr  was  denied,  as  oiigino  vva 
reversed  to  prevent  a  collision  with  cal 
tie). 

An  employee  in  a  loundhoiise,  em 
ployed  in  putting  an  engine  into  condi 
tion  for  immediate  use.  Chicaqo,  K.  i 
d  P.  R.  Co.  V.  Stahlrij  (1804)  II  C.  C 
A.  88,  27  U.  S.  App.  157,  62  Fed.  ,W.' 

X  fireman  on  a  switching  enf;inp.  wh 
was  injured  by  a  collision  with  anotiu 
switching  engine  while  he  w.is  sliovi 
ing  coal  into  the  engine,  l/ivsoiiri  / 
R.  Co.  V.  Mackey  ( 1885 )  ,13  Kan.  29« 
0  Pac.  291. 

An  employ!^  whose  general  einpl"; 
niont   va»  as  a  bridge  carpenter.  Imt  -.vh' 


Ill 


m 


i'COa] 


ACTS  OF  (dl/tHAno.  KTC. 
1".     Ml.NXK>i>lA. 


tm 


7fiOa.  Statutory  provisions.— i;y  Law.-^  of  I'^ST,  ch^y  1".  ntnl  r.pti. 
Swt.  IM'-l.  >  -T"l,  it  i-  fiiactcd  as  ft.Ui.wa: 

An  Act  To  D-fine  tli.-  Lial.iliti.'.s  of  ItailroaJ  foiMpain...  in  liiL.tioii  t..  l)im;.-.-s 
Siisuimil  liy  Tl.iir  ICmi 'oyccs. 

NV-liMiuT  of  coi'iiiplovecB ,  lial.ility  of  ooinpim.  Kv.tv  ra.lm:,,!  crporatinii 
,Jnin''"n-  oi..Ta.i..j.'  u  raiiro.,,!  in  this  stal..  shall  1...  'iaM-  for  all  .1  unafi.s  >,.s 
.  .ine-fhy  anv  »K"nt  or  servant  thereof  by  rettson  of  the  M.u'liv'-""'  "f  "".v  -"I""- 
,..,.nt  or"  servant  thereof,  without  contributory  ne;:lis;enee  o.i  his  p,.;.  «Im'n  mi- 
tained  with  in  tliis  state;   and  no  contract,  rule,  or   reffulalinn   l,.i«..e.i   ,uc'- 


ricoived  injuries  by  reason  of  the  neg- 
li"Oiicc  of  a  coeniployee  while  en^a^'ed 
in  loading  timbers  on  a  car  for  traiis- 
aortation  over  the  road.  Chicago,  K.  d 
ir  n.  Co.  V.  Pontius  (1803)  52  Kan. 
'04  34  Pnc.  739,  AfTirined  in  (1S'J5) 
ioTU.  S.  209,  39  L.  ed.  675,  15  Sup.  Ct. 
Rep.  5S5.  ,  ^  .,  , 

The  engineer  in  charge  of  a  switch  en- 
gine is  not,  as  matter  of  law,  free  from 
riHisence  in  failing  to  obs.rve  that  a 
puih  car  which  he  sees  in  front  of  him 
at  a  siiiricient  distance  to  stop  the  en- 
gine before  reaching  it  is  so  close  to  the 
tr.iok  as  to  collide  with  an  employee 
ridin"  on  the  engine.  Atchinoii.  T.  <i  S. 
F.  R.  Co.  V.  Slattery  (1890)  57  Kan. 
499,  4(i  I'ac.  941. 

A  freight  engineer  who  apiiroaches  a 
work  train  in  plain  view  in  front  of 
him,  so  near  and  at  such  a  rate  of  spce<i 
that  it  is  necessary  to  make  a  sudden 
and  violent  application  of  the  air  brakes 
to  prevent  a  collision,  whereby  a  brake- 
man  is  thrown  from  the  top  of  a  car 
and  killed,  is  guilty  of  negligence.  .4/- 
chison,  T.  d  8.  F.  R.  Co.  v.  Carter 
(1898)  no  Kan.  65,  55  Pac.  279. 

A  riiilway  company  is  not  liable  for 
|KT?onal  injuries  sustained  by  a  fire- 
man on  a  motor  or  dummy,  through  the 
alleged  negligence  of  the  engineer  in 
failing  to  keep  a  proper  lookout  for  ob- 
structions upon  or  near  the  track,  un- 
less the  obstruction  is  there  for  a  sulTi- 
cient  length  of  time  to  enable  the  engi- 
neer in  the  exercise  of  reasonable  care  to 
know  of  it,  and  stop  the  motor  before 
reaching  it.  That  it  is  there  at  the  pre- 
cise moment  of  the  collision  is  insufli- 
eient.  7'c/ic  v.  Lenren  north  Rnjiid 
Transit  R.  Co.  (1893)  ,50  Kan.  455.  31 
I'ac.  1076  (for  general  principle  here 
applied,  see  chapter  x.,  n»i(c). 

An  engineer  was  negligent  in  failing 
to  slop  a  train  in  lime  to  prevent  a  col- 
liuou  with  a  hand  car  upon  the  track. 


wTiere  he  had  time  to  do  so  after  it  wa» 
reasonably  apparent  to  him  that  the  car 
could  not  b«'  moved  from  the  track  \>J 
workmen  who  were  engaged  in  siieh  an 
attempt.  Walker  v.  Shtlton  (1898)  ,5» 
Kan.  774,  52  Pac.  441. 

The  foreman  of  a  crew  of  section  men 
who  takes  one  end  of  a  rail  upon  his 
shoulder  to  relieve  a  section  man  who 
has  been  carrying  it,  and  gives  the  word 
to  throw  it  down  before  the  latter  baa 
stei)ped  to  a  place  of  safely,  by  reason 
of  which  he  is  injured,  is  guilty  of  neg- 
ligence which  «iil  reiuhr  the  company 
liable  to  the  latter.  .itrhif.r>n,  T.  rf  S. 
F.  R.  Co.  V.  Vincrnt  (1890)  ."ifi  Kan. 
:!44,  43  Pac.  251  (service  neeesMiry  to 
the  use  and  operation  of  the  roul). 

A  section  hand  who,  while  in  the  per 
formance  of  his  duties,  took  a  hand  car 
oir  the  track  to  allow  a  train  to  pas- 
and  while  standing  near  it  ami  in  sight 
of  the  engineer  was  stniek  in  the  eye 
bv  steam  ami  water  thrnivn  from  the 
passing  engine,  was  held  to  h.ave  a  ciuse 
i.f  anion.  Mrhiioii.  T.  d  N.  F.  R.  ''«. 
V.  Thul  (18H4)  :t-2  Kan.  2.')5,  49  Am. 
Rep.  484.  4  Pac.  :i.".2. 

Tlie  act  of  a  railroad  employee  in 
throwing  the  forward  end  of  a  plank 
from  a  car  in  motioTi  before  the  sIlomI 
to  throw  had  been  given,  and  bcluie  tlie 
employi-o  holding  the  rear  end  had 
thrown  the  same,  was  gross  negligence. 
Rilcv  v.  flrattd  l.ihrnd  Rm  nri.t  i  Is97) 
72  Mo.  App.  280  (decision  as  to  Kansas 
statute). 

Where  a  section  of  a  train  has  bei'n 
shunted  on  to  a  track,  those  in  the  man 
apement   of  the  train  must   use   rea-cm 
able   diligence   to  see   that    it    ha^   g..ne 
sufficiently   far     to    be    cleared    by   any 
other    cars    which    may    afterwards     be 
shunted  on  to  an  adjoining  track;  and 
if  the  .second  section   strikes,  the  com 
panv    is    liable    for       •ly    injury    whicl» 
mnv  he  caused  by   the  collision   to  an 


i!  ■ 


•I.   y 


il 


tiffi'ii 

»      Hi! 


2122 


ILXSTER  AXn  SERVANT. 


[chap,  xxs 


'■■...' 


II 


,11 


I 


i    f 


eorporation  nrd  any  nirpnt  or  «orvant  sbill  impnir  or  diminMh  such  liiliilii 
Provided,  tlint  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  render  uny  r  lilr' 
company  liable  for  damages  sustained  by  any  employee,  agent,  or  servant  w! 
engageil  in  the  construction  ol  a  new  road,  or  any  part  thereof,  not  open  to  pu! 
travel  or  uae. 

This  Statute  is  not  applicable  to  street  railwajs,  although  they  m 
be  operated  by  cable.' 


employee  on  the  first  section.  Atchi- 
»on,  r.  <C  S.  F.  R.  Co.  v.  Uutler  (1890) 
66  Kan.  43.3,  4.3  I'ac.  707. 

A  railway  company  is  not  liable  to  an 
employee  injured  through  the  act  of  a 
coemployee  who,  while  they  were  jointly 
lifting  out  of  its  place  the  fire  box  of 
a  locomotive,  suddenly,  without  warn- 
ing, dropped  his  end  of  the  box  and  in- 
jured the  former,  because  some  ashes 
M\  into  his  eves,  causing  intense  pain. 
l7i»«oi»  P.  R.  Co.  y.  Uahaffy  (1890)  4 
Kan.  App.  88,  40  Pac.  187. 

(b)  Employees  not  within  the  stat- 
ute.— A  stone  niasim  employed  by  a  rail- 
road company  in  setting  curbing  around 
a  depot  and  ofTice  building,  who  is  in- 
jured by  the  fall  of  a  curbstone  left 
standinu  in  .in  insecure  position  by  a 
cot^mplovce.  is  not  within  the  protection 
of  the  a"et.  .Uissmni.  K.  d  T.  R.  Co.  v. 
ilrdnris  (181)!>)  00  Kan.  151,  55  Pac 
875  (not'"a  peculiar  peril  incident  to 
the  operation  of  the  railroad"). 

'Funk  V.  St.  I'aul  City  R.  Co.  (1895) 
01  Minn.  4.35,  29  L.  R.  A.  208,  52  Am. 
Bt.  Rep.  608,  63  N.  W.  1099.  Mitchell, 
J.,  in  a  concurring  opinion,  said:  "In  its 
original  literal  sense  the  word  'railroad' 
means  a  road  with  rails  laid  on  it,  up-" 
on  which  the  wheels  of  carriages  or  ve- 
hicles run.  In  this  sense  it  would,  of 
eourse,  include  street  railroads.  But 
accor-'ing  to  common  popular  usage  the 
word  'railroad,'  without  any  qualifying 
or  explanatory  prefix,  is  generally  un- 
derstood as  referring  exclusively  to  or- 
dinary commercial  railroads,  used  for 
the  transportation  of  both  passengers 
and  freight;  and  whenever  street  rail- 
roads are  referred  to  the  word  'street' 
is  prefixed.  This  is  also  the  general 
legislative  use  of  the  words.  In  all  the 
legislation  of  this  state  I  have  found  no 
act  (unless  this  be  an  exception)  in 
which  the  word  'railroad'  or  'railway,' 
standing  alone,  was  not  evidently  in- 
tended to  apply  exclusively  to  ordinary 
commercial  railroads.  Neither  have  1 
found  an  act  (unless  this  be  an  excep- 
tion) which  had  reference  to  street  rail- 
roads in  which    the   word   'street'  was 


not  prefixed.  I  do  rot  claim  tlmt  th 
mi;,'ht  not  be  a  law  enacted  wlnre 
would  be  evident  from  its  siilijiit  m 
ter  and  object  that  the  word  'iiilio 
was  intended  to  include  street  nilioi 
Hut  in  my  opinion  this  is  eliuly  i 
huch  a  case.  The  occasion  for  cimm 
this  law  was  the  peculiar  risks  iiioii! 
to  the  operation  of  railroads,  nnj 
pecially  those  resulting  from  the  nf: 
gcnce  of  fellow  seriants.  The  ren,. 
sought  to  be  attained  was  better  prot 
tion  to  railroad  employees  frnn  tli 
peculiar  hazards.  The  peculiar  con 
tions  which  were  considereil  to  reqii 
peculiar  legislation  for  the  protection 
employees  engaged  in  the  operation 
railroads  are  too  familiar  to  reqti 
repetition.  Generally,  it  may  be  sta 
that  the  most  cogent  ones  were  ' 
high  rate  of  speed  at  which  tnins  ; 
run;  the  great  momentum  acquirnl 
long  and  heavy  trainp,  where  an  ai 
dent  to  one  car  is  liable  to  wrrck  ' 
entire  train;  the  peculiar  danu'ers  ir 
dent  to  the  operation  of  frei;;ht  trail 
that  the  roads  are  often  built  \i[ 
high  embankments  or  trestles  wIiits 
accident  would  be  peculiarly  dan^oroi 
the  danger  of  collisions,  owin^  to  i 
fact  that  numerous  trains  are  opera' 
over  the  same  tracks;  the  vast  nunil 
of  employees  of  different  grades  and 
gaged  in  different  lines  of  work,  ma 
of  whom  are  necessarily  persoiinlly  i 
known  to  the  others.  The  more  fi 
that  steam  was  used  as  a  motive  pov 
was  not,  in  and  of  itself,  eitlicr  tlie 
casion  or  the  justification  for  the  < 
actment  of  a  law  establishing  lOr  r: 
road  companies  a  special  rule  of  I 
bility  for  the  negligence  of  tliclr  sf 
ants.  If  one  of  these  companies  was 
substitute  electricity  for  steam  as 
motive  power,  it  would  still  he  siibj 
to  the  provisions  of  the  act.  In  t 
case  of  street  railways,  whatever  lie  t 
motive  power,  the  peculiar  conditic 
above  referred  to  either  do  not  ex 
at  all,  or,  at  most,  only  in  a  very  mo 
iicd  degree.  This  is  a  fact  of  •■Kh  w 
mon  knowledge  that  it  need  not  be  m( 


I    I 


,  ;ci]  ACTS  OF  COLOUAPO,  ETC.  9123 

To  l)rinf;  a  riiilmad  compiiiiy  within  tlic  art  it  is  not  noeo«sarv  tliiit 
it  slidulii  own,  but  ouly  that  it  should  be  "operating,"  a  railr(.a>l  in  llio 

ttato.- 

Wuriv  (lone  hv  a  railroad  company  in  constnutin!;  a  yard  to  1  c  n-rd 
in  (■(jiiticction  witii  a  line  already  open  to  the  public  '"  ■  not  con-lnie- 
tiou  of  a  new  road  within  tlie  proviso  with  which  the  statnti?  oai- 

761.  What  injuries  are  within  the  purview  of  the  statute.—  To    on- 

;jbie  a  servant  to  claim  the  benetit  of  tliib  statute  it  is  not  ni'iM~^:;ry 
ihat  the  injury  should  have  been  received  throMi;li  iiej;iii;eiice  in  iIh; 
(.prralion  of  trains,  or  in  the  moving  of  detiu-hed  ear-.  Uteovery  is 
allowed  wlicrcver  the  injured  pers<in  was  eiig::ire(l  in  work  which  ex- 
posed him  to  some  element  of  hazard  or  condition  of  diiiii;cr  peculiar 
to  ihe  repair  and  operation  of  riiilroad-i.  The  scdin-  and  elVeet  of  the 
.tatiite,  therefore,  are  virtually  the  same  as  that  which  has  been 
.  nactcd  in  Kansas.* 


ihiin  st.nlod.  The  qiipstion  is  not  wheth- 
(r  tue  li;.'islatiiiL-  luul  tlie  power  to 
jiliice  strn'l  railroiuls  in  tin-  '•ainecliiss 
with  oriliiiary  rominerc.al  railioails,  Imt 
••vhrtlicr  they  have  in  fact  done  so.  Tlie 
Jiircii'iice  in  conditions  allecliiij;  tlie 
ri^ks  to  wliich  ein|il(iycos  arc  exposed  is 
Milllcii'iillv  8ul)staiitial  to  aiillioiize 
tlie  li';.'islatiire  to  nnitie  tlie  law  ajipli- 
■•  ■  ordinary  commercial   railroads 

alone,  and  fiirni'slus.  in  my  judj,'mP"t, 
:inip!e  reason  for  concludiiifj  that  they 
so  intended,  and  that  they  used  the 
word  ■railroad'  in  its  ordinary  popular 
sense,  and  in  the  sense  in  which  they 
themselves  had  generally  used  it  in 
other  statutes." 

To  the  same  elTeet,  see  Lundquint  v. 
DuMh  Strict  R.  Co.  (1890)  05  Minn. 
:iH7.  (i7  N.  \V.   1000. 

'ilornn  v.  Knsteni  II.  Co.  (18!)2)  48 
Minn.  40,  50  X.  W.  'J.'JO  (defendant  was 
operiitin^  a  line  composed  of  the  tracks 
of  several  companies). 

'Murnn  v.  Fnslcrn  U.  Co.  (1802)  48 
Minn.  40,  50  N.  \V.  930. 

'  (a)  t:iiii)toyf'ra  trilhin  the  statute. — 
A  section  hand  injured,  while  at  work 
on  the  road,  by  "—  nt^lip^nce  of  an  en- 
gineer in  oper  his  enfrine.  fmith 
V.  St.  I'aul  rf  i...  .  Co.  (1890)  44  Minn. 
17,  40  N,  \V.  149. 

.\  car  cleaner  engaged  inside  a  passen- 
ger conch,  and  injured  by  the  kicking 
ngiinst  it  of  another  coach  at  a  danger- 
ous and  unusual  speed  through  the  negli- 
genee  of  a  switching  crew.  Mitchell  v. 
Sorihirn  P.  R.  Co.   (1895)   70  Fed.  15. 


An  engine  wiper  in  a  roundhouse,  in- 
jured while  assisting  in  coaliig  an  en- 
gine, by  the  negligence  of  a  eiiiiiiployee 
in  moving  the  same.  Mil.i.i  Ltiin  v. 
Trursiliil,'  (1895)  03  Minn.  I:i7,  {,5  N. 
\V.  2t;(). 

A  wiper  in  a  roundhouse,  injured  by 
the  negligence  of  h;s  fello.v  si'ivaias 
while  engaged  in  straightening  a  uire 
cable  used  to  pull  a  jilmv  in  unloulii'g 
gravel  from  Hat  cars  in  repaiiiig  the 
Kiad.  Mclii'la  V.  Chirayo.  M.  it  .s7.  /'. 
/.'.  Co.  (IS!'.",  t  00  .Minn.  .tilt,  lii  N.  \V. 
;fSO.  The  loint  said:  "it  is  cliiiiied 
l,y  respondent  that  the  use  of  a  cable  is 
not  peculiar  to  the  railioad  iiusiness; 
Ihat  cables  are  used  in  operating  eleva- 
tors atid  mines,  in  traiisuiittiig  power 
in  factories,  and  in  many  w.iys.  and 
that,  therefore,  the  st.,'ute  does  not  ap- 
]ily.  Tlie  test  is  not  whether  the  con- 
ditions arc  in  any  respt.ct  paralbd  to 
those  to  be  found  in  some  other  kind  of 
business,  or  whether  the  appliinces  are 
in  any  resiieet  similar  to  those  useil  in 
some  other  kind  of  business.  If  there 
is  any  element  of  ha/ar<l  or  conlition  of 
danger  which  contributed  to  the  iiijiiiA, 
and  which  is  peculiar  to  the  .aihoad 
business,  the  statute  applies.  TlieK. 
certainly  are  such  elements  an<l  cumli- 
tions  in  this  case." 

An  employee  whose  duty  it  was  to 
step  fiom  a  high  platform  on  to  stock 
cars  as  they  drew  up  opposite  the  pi  it- 
form,  and  pull  bundles  oi  hay  from  the 
platform  on  the  top  "f  the  ears,  and 
who  wa«  thrown  to  the  ground  and  in- 


ii1lf 


ilt-jff  IT 


2124 


MASTi:U  AND  SERVANT. 
G.  NoUTH  CaBOLKNA. 


ICIIAP,   \H 


Ml. 


,  'i  llii 


III 


76Ia.  8t«tntery  provliloaa.— Ry  Private  Laws  1307,  phnp.  sn,  p.  9^  ( 
titl('<I.  All  Act  to  i'ri'sCTibe  the  J.iiiliilitii'S  of  Kiiilroads  in  IVrtaiii  (  i.,,,  jt 
provided  ns  follows: 

&fc.   1.  Tlmt  any  servant  or  employee  of  any  railioiid  cninpiny  opirnin:; 
tliis  stale,  who  shall  sutler  injury  to  his  person.  <u'  the  pergonal  ripn  -( iii  !ti-, 
any  such  servant  or  eniplo^-ec  who  .shall  have  siiU'ciiil  death,  in  llic  cdiii-  ■  of  1 
services  or  employment   with   said   company   by   the   nejjIi^cniT,  c  ir.  I  •-[;.-,, 
incompetency  of  any  other  servant,  employee,  or  agent  of  the  coniiiany.  •■!  In-  a 


j>ired  Iiy  stepping  from  the  platform  on 
to  the  lop  of  a  car  movinj;  will.out  his 
knowledf^e,  at  an  unsafe  i  of  speed, 
in  obedience  to  the  order  of  the  con- 
ductor. //(/(•/•  V.  Miniirsola  ItiltLine 
R.  <t  Tiarsfrr  Co.  (18!)o)  03  Minn.  20:<, 
ti.5  N.  \V.  2i;!). 

The  dan^'cr  incident  to  great  and  ex- 
tra.mliiiary  haste  in  which  '.he  work  of 
nphiciiig  ties  i."  performed  in  order  to 
avoid  danger  to  aiiis  is  peculiar  to  the 
"railroid  business,"  within  the  con- 
Btriictio.i  placed  upon  the  statute;  and 
a  sietion  man  iiijureil  under  such  cir- 
cumstances by  the  dropping;  of  a  rail 
by  a  fi'llow  servant  is  witliin  the  pro- 
t.'Clion  of  the  statute.  Hloimiiiisl  v. 
<lnat  Soillirrn  It.  Co.  (1800)  05  Minn, 
on,  07  N.  \V.  804. 

It  is  ne^liftciice  in  an  engineer  to 
drive  a  loeumotive  against  a  car  to 
which  it  is  to  be  coupled,  with  an  ex- 
traoiiliiiaiy  sudd<'n   impulse.    McKniqht 

V.  ciiicuqo,  .1/.  jC-  si.  /'.  n.  Co.  (ISOO) 

44  Minn.  141,  40  N.  \V.  204. 

A  railway  company  is  liable  for  inju- 
ries to  a  siclion  man  on  a  hand  car  un- 
der the  direction  of  the  foreman,  sua- 
taine<l  by  the  negligence  of  the  foreman 
in  net  slopping  the  car  and  having  it 
taken  oil  the  track  when  ho  knew  that 
a  train  was  following,  tliat  fact  being 
unknown  to  the  section  man.  Slctle  v. 
(Irral  \orlli<rn  It.  Co.  (1803)  53  Minn. 
341.  Sr,  N.  \V.  137. 

A  8wir:;,'man  on  top  of  freight  car 
next  the  engine,  whose  special  duty  it 
is  to  look  out  for  signals  from  the  rear 
end  of  the  train,  and  watch  so  as  to 
avoid  accidents  in  case  the  train  breaks 
in  tw  .,  <loes  not,  as  matter  of  law,  ex- 
ercise reasdiiaiile  care  where  he  fails, 
■while  settini'  a  brake,  to  observe  a  signal 
from  the  coi  duclor  at  the  rear  end  of 
the  train  after  a  break  occurs,  repeated 
several  times,  for  the  engineer  to  go 
ahead,  as  a  resi  't  of  which  a  brakeman 
is  injured  while  attempting  to  uncouple 
the  engine.     Wood  v.  Chicago,  8t.  P.  if. 


i  0.  R.  Co.  (1890)  60  Minn.  ^1),  i;8 
\V.  4112. 

Kvidence  which  shows  that  nn  pn 
neer,  on  receiving  from  the  c(]!Hliii' .,. 
signal  to  stop  after  the  train  liii'l  (n- 
the  .iiile  lioard,  adopted  the  iisiiil  ,oii' 
for  a  station  stop,  except  tliat  l.e  ], 
on  a  little  more  air  than  usii.il,  ,\, 
not  show  that  the  engineer  was  m\\\ 
of  negligence  in  nuiking  an  uii  lull  - 
den  stop.  Ciane  v.  Cliinujo,  !/.',(  , 
/'.  A'.  Co.  (lOOl)  83  Minn.  2;n.  s,; 
\V.  32S. 

Whether  or  not  the  woik  u;n  bi 
executed  under  siieli  ciieaiii-t.mi'.^ 
to  expose  the  plaiiitilT  to  the  p'l-ili 
hazards  of  railroad  service  is  a  ijUi-  i 
for  the  jury,  where  the  eviilrriiv  ^i,„ 
that,  while  at  woik  with  a  rnmliii 
others  charing  away  a  wrick'. I  ti  i 
he  cntend  a  ear.  and  was  iiniidiri;.'  . 
the  contents  to  otbiis  on  tlic  lop  ui  i 
car;  that,  owing  either  to  tlnir  iiiiiii' 
or  the  removal  of  the  coritctils  fr 
rtithin,  the  roof  sagg(<l  dovii  on  hi; 
.iiid  that  the  road  master  bad  fjivcn 
(iirectior»  as  to  the  manner  nl  i\,o! 
ing  his  orders,  but  had  repealedlv  tc 
the  men  to  hurry  the  work.  A  r.  «:rr 
drcat  yurthcrn'lt.  Co.  (1001)  83  .Mir 
38.i.  80  N.  W.  413. 

The  conduct  of  a  switcliing  orpw 
using  the  main  track  of  a  riilio.id  f 
switching  purposes  at  the  time  a  p. 
sengcr  train  is  due.  and  in  pl.iin  vi"! 
tion  of  the  rules  of  the  company,  isjic 
negligeiicfc,  almost  wanton  and  piimii; 
vhicli  renders  the  company  liable  fori 
juries  to  the  engineer  of  the  pi^-iig 
train  resulting  therefrom.  // ■// 
rhicaqo,  B.  ti  .V.  R.  Co.  ( 1801)  4G  ilin 
430.  49  N.  W.  239. 

Whether  an  engineer  in  charje  of 
second  locomotive  was  guilty  of  nt-: 
gence  in  failing  to  heed  a  signal  to  sir 
off  steam  is  for  the  jury,  where  tlie  te 
timony  shows  that  such  signal  wn«  gi 
en  after  the  leading  locomotive  kft  tl 
rails,  but  the  engineer  in  charge  of  ti 


j{  T.,laa,  Ttaj  M  IN  OK  I oLol!  \I>U.  KIC.  2«-^ 

i,|.r>  in  ll..-  iii.i.M.uT.v.  nay.-,  .t  ..i,i.li,iii. , .-  <>i  the  n.ni|.any,  slinll  b*  eiiMtU-il  to 
maint:'in  iin  iiolimi  :i«iiii.«t  siu-li  rimiiMiiy. 

S,c.  J.  Tliul  any  <oiilnict  or  atric.' t,  rspr. 1  ..r  iniplitMl.  miido  by  :iiiy  imm 

plojc-of  ^ni.l  cMiiimny  to  Wiiivr  lit.'  U-ii.til  of  Ih..  ,,h.i.-.iia  -.•■•lioM.  -lull  !"•  null 
»ii(l  void. 

761aa.  Burden  of  proof.—  'I'liis  staniii-  i<  ;-.  i>iiMi<'  Inw.  ..f  which  the 
Miirl  will  fiikc  notico  witli.Mit  \\.<  hcinu:  j.h  iwh'd.  :illli<'ni;li  it  ha-  t"cii 
ini[ir.ij.prl.v  puhlisliod  nnion^  tho  i>riviitf  iicw.' 

762.  Effect  of  statute. —  .\«  the  (Ivtrii-i-  ><i  r.)imiHiii  i  im|pI.' 


»hi.-  -li'i'iic  is  wiiolly  nh'.li-lir.l.  so  f;ii-  iw  imi 
qii(-ii..ii  wlicthcr  tho  (Icliiuiiictit  sciviint  wa- 


ul' w.i-  I'.o 


I't     llV 

i.  111.' 

r..|  ,,f 


( 


1|.: 


jfti.ii.l  cii'-'no  ti'-lifios  that  In'  did  imt 
)ip!>r  it  Mrdrnth  v.  (Imit  \orll'<ii'  U. 
Co.  (tSd!))  76  Minn.  lUi,  78  N.  W.  072. 
N'l  ,li;.'iiici"  is  iin'dit':ildt'  fidiii  ivil.in.- 
which  «lio\v«  IlKit.  after  tin-  for«:iid 
part  of  a  train  had  Ixi-ii  niiCDiipli'd  and 
moved  some  <listanco  awiiy  frntn  the 
r«<r  sfction.  the  on^iiutr,  iliidin;;  that 
the  forward  wotioii  was  -t  iMcd,  l).icko<l 
down  n?ain  without  riiiiriii'-'  a  hell  or  ll'tr^nn  v.  rh 
»oiiiidin<»  a  whistle,  and  ortishcd  to 
Heiilli  the  brakeinan.  who.  aft.r  uncoiip- 
lins  the  two  spctions  of  tlip  train,  was 
proc'cdinf;  to  do  ronie  uoik  on  the 
cmipliT.     llanjH'i-  v.   ilrint    SortUnn 


llil-       till-      IiiWU 


ill  il-i.>ll-      Ml 
:mM      !:    .  .'iM.    Milt.'    I.    -  I'l'l.    I  .1  )  .  il'i'r. 

!;iiltM;'i|  i.iii|ilo.M'i-.  ari'  iriit.  »■*  iiuil- 
i<\   .if  hiw.  fni    IriiiM  iii'.'lii;.  i.i'  in   mii- 

iiiiifr  a   hard  rar  at.  a   hiu'h  ralf  of  s] 1 

on  a  i\'i\\n  '.nadi'  and  .-lippciy  trai'k, 
only  till  feit  liihii'd  anothi'r  hand  cir, 
whiTf  thr-  11-ual  (ii>trMiri.  at  which  liaiid 
i'n>  arc  k'lil  apart  i-  .">li»  fcit.  f'/un- 
■fiqo.  SI.  /'.  U.  .0  O.  [{  Co. 
(IKIMI)   (17   .Minn.  '.14,  ti!l  N.  W.  f.UI. 

(h)  I'.iitiihiijirH  >\t,t  iiitliiii  llir  sint- 
uti\ — One  of  a  rrcw  of  nun  i'iiiri..'"d  in 
ropairiii'j   a   hridu'o.    who   is   inj'.ind    liy 


It.    the  np;rli^.'<'iiri'    of    a     fidlow   servant    in 


Co  (HinO)  80  Minn.  401).  83  .V.  W.  440.  loaviiis  tho  draw  iitifa>*teTie  I.  .h.hiifon 
An  en-ineer  who  is  ahoiit  to  back  a  v.  St.  I'luil  A  /).  II.  Co.  I  1S!10)  4:t  Minn. 
train  on'to  a  side  track  for  the  purpose  222.  8  f*  R.  .\.  419.  I.l  X.  \V.  ir>r,, 
of  havins  attached  to  it  some  loadcil  One  of  a  cnw  of  section  men  ininred, 
oar.*,  and' ohservps  that  there  is  nnf.t her  while  en jrat'ed  in  loadin?  railrcnd  iron 
par  farther  on  which  is  onlv  partially  tipon  a  Hat  ear,  by  a  ra:!  ncL'li.u'ently  al- 
loail.cl.  is  bound  to  know  'that  there  lowed  by  the  others  to  fall  ii|ioii  liH 
mav  be  .someone  workinu'  on  the  latter  arm.  I'rnrson  v.  Chicafjo,  M.  cf  St.  I'. 
nr.  and  is  tlierefore  nesli^rent  if  he  pro-  /.'.  Co.  i  ISOl )  47  Minn.  !).  4!l  \.  \V.  rM-2. 
prN  the  train  with  such  force  that  the  A  servant  ininred,  while  piittin;;  a 
coupling'  is  missed  and  the  lo'uled  ears  ho^e  on  an  en'.'iiio  tender,  then  standins 
driven  ajainst  one  partially  loaded,  the  still,  by  the  filliii';  of  loo^e  coal  ilis- 
result  beinj!   that   a   person   enjiajred   in    1odfr(Hl   !iy  another   servant   standing'  on 

the  tender  to  receive  the  hose,  llr  ivJ 
V.  Knxlrrn  R.  Co.  (1900)  "9  Minn.  215, 
82  N.  \V.  570. 

An  einph)yce  injured  by  a  bolt  driven 
throii;rh   the  bottom   of  a  ear   which    ha 
was  a^-ii-'ini.'  to  repair.     IIoUt  v.  drnt 
thp   OTieiation    of     trains.        Ktrffrnsn'n    yorllirrn   If.  Co.    (1897)    09  Minn.   521, 
T.  mr'wn.  M.  <f  fit.  P.  R.  Co.    (1891)    72  N.  \V.  805. 

4.5  Minn."  ;i55,  11  L.  U.  A.  271.  47  N.  \V.  A  boiler  maker's  assistant  injori"-!  by 
IfliiS  (notion  held  maintainable  where  the  ne'.'!i;;ence  of  a  co>ervant  in  letting' 
an  employee  was  thrown  otF  a  movin'i  fa!l  the  smokestack  of  a  hHoinolive 
hand  car  by  th"  carelessness  of  a  coserv-  which  was  being  remov(.<1.  l,,n-(illr,  v. 
%.');  Benson  V.  Chicago,  St.  P.  M.  A  0.  St.  Paul.  M.  <{■  .1/.  /.'.  Co.  (ISSil)  40 
R.io.  ilsiut)  75  Minn.  10.1,  74  Am.  St.  Minn.  2!9,  41  N.  \V.  974. 
Rep.  4  77  y.  W.  798  (collision  be-  ^  llntirork  v.  \orfolt  rf  »  V.  Co. 
tween  ha„a  cara).  (1890)  124  N.  C.  222,  32  S.  E.  ■■•  0. 


loadinc  thai  car  is  killed.  Jarobfion  v. 
.*;(.  /'.hi;  .f  0.  /.'.  Co.  (1889)  41  Minn. 
2fl(;.  42  N'.  \V.  9H2. 

Tlie  statute  is  applicable  to  injuries 
raiisixl  by  the  operation  of  a  hand 
Mr,     as     well      as     those     caused     by 


»:t 


h 


t\M 


MASTER  AND  SEKVANT. 


U'HAl"    XUl 


the  injurrd  one  has  ccnMil  to  be  niatorial  in  Xorth  Coroliiia.' 
summary  in  §  549,  atitc,  f(»r  common-law  rulo  in  this  state.) 

Tiiis  ?tatiiti!  lins  brrn  dcclnrcd  to  bo  inapplicable  to  an    aou 
which  occurred  before  itrf  cnactniPnt.' 


'I'A 


II.  Wisconsin-. 

763.  Statutory  provisions.— Ill  1S75  the  following  provision  u, 
enacted  : 

Every  rnilroad  cnrporntion  »lmll  ho  liable  for  nil  dnmnpon  siistninrj  hv  ai 
agent  or  »rrv.int  tliprcof  by  reason  of  the  nf;.'li,!iiiicL'  of  any  other  ii;,'.tit  or  sen 
thereof,  willioiit  contributory  negli;.'.Mire  on  lii.t  part,  when  siistiiiii.d  wiiliin  t: 
state,  or  when  such  agent  or  servant  is  ii  resident  of.  and  his  contraet  of  eniril. 
Dient  wius  made  in.  this  state;  and  no  contract,  rule,  or  re;;ul.ition  l.ituriii  a; 
sueh  corporation  and  any  agent  or  servant  shall  imiiuir  or  diuiiiii  '■  *;. 
liability. 

This  act  was  repoalod  by  Wis.  Laws  1880,  chap.  232.  From  tli; 
date  coniiiion-law  doctrines  were  applied  until  anotlicr  statute  of  ti 
following  t<>nor  was  enacted: 

Wis.  Laws  1880,  chap.  438,  {  1810a  (Sanborn  4  Berryman's  Anno.  Stat  18' 
I  I81(;a). 

Liability  for  injuries  to  employees.  }  1.  Every  railroad  corporation  dojr 
bu.sini.v<  in  this  state  shall  be  liable  for  damages  sustained  by  any  empKm 
thereof  w-illiin  this  state,  without  contributing  negligence  on  his  part,"  ,vh:n  siif 
damage  is  caused  by  the  negligence  of  any  train  despatclier,  telograiili  oporatu 
superintendent,  yardniaster,  conductor,  or  engineer,  or  of  any  other  einpl<iy.,.  «ii 
has  charge  or  control  of  any  stationary  sign.'l,  target  point,  block,  or  swvdt. 

Sec.  2.   This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  publieatioi 

Approved  April  )0,  1889. 

The  act  of  1889  was  modified  by  Laws  of  1893,  chnp.  220,  entitle 
An  Act  To  Define  the  Liability  of  Railroad  Companies  in  RoJatioi 
to  Damages  sustained  by  their  employees. 

Sec.  1.  Every  rnilroad  or  railway  company  operating  any  railroad  or  rn\W.n 
the  line  of  which  shall  be,  in  whole  or  in  part,  within  thi.s  state,  sliall  lip  lial.l 
for  nil  damages  sustained  within  this  state  by  any  employee  of  siid!  compar; 
without  contributory  negligence  on  his  part:  First,  when  such  injury  is  rau'- 
by  any  defect  in  any  locomotive,  engine,  car,  rail,  track,  machinery,  or  apj.lianoi 

' /riimrv  V.    \orth    Carolina    R.    Co.  dence  of  negligence,  in  an  .ic-f inn  hv  t!ii 

(IRnS)   122  N.  C.  nOl,  30  S.  E.  .11.-J.  engineer  of  the  latter  train  for  pri'-nn 

Co'hsion      between      two      passenger  injuries  sustaini>d  in  the  eolli-ion.   A' 'i 

trains  in  broad  daylight,  one  of  which  nr,i  v.    .Vorf/i    Carolina    R.  Co.   (1S3<I 

was  running  at  n  high  rate  of  speed,  the  122  X.  C.  901,  30  S.  E    313. 

other  having  slowed  up  when  the  former  '  Rlltrnhr.nsr  v.  \yi!y.;;>'qfr,n  ,«(r<-f' ,'? 

was  seen  approaching,  is  of  itself  evi-  Co.   (1897)   120  N.  C.  544,  28  S.  R  91- 


'm 


I  -M] 


ACTS  OF  «OI.(»K\IM>,  KTC. 


S12T 


r«iMired  by  "aid  company  to  he  uiwd  i>y  il"  .mi.lojivs  in  and  ahout  U  i-inrot 
o(  .uch  eniplojiii.'nt,  when  ouch  df(«t  c.iul.l  liavr  btn-n  ,li>.'ov.T.-d  by  fiucli  com 
punv  by  reasonable  and  prop.T  care,  ttsts.  or  iiL-inotion ;  and  proof  of  »uili  defccl 
.Vil'l  U-  pre^iiniptivf  fvidentr  of  kno«Ii  I  .-.•  tlicrcof  on  tli.-  l-..it  of  siu'h  .ompany  ; 
.v.oii.1,  While  any  such  enipl-yee  is  «(.  .ti-.i};...!  in  opi-ratiiiK.  r-niiin;:.  ri.lin^-  i.pr-i. 
or  ■.witching  pas.-..n;.'.T,  frei^'ht,  or  otluT  tram-..  ,.nj.'iii.-s  or  wim,  ami  wliil.'  iii-i«id 
in  the  iirrfornuuice  of  his  duty  as  «ui.-h  ••niiiKiy.-c,  and  wliiui.  r-uth  injury  -h.iU  have 
|,„.n  caused  by  the  carelcasneas  or  ne^jli^.-iu'e  of  any  other  eniph.y.r,  ..lliivr  or 
,;.,-nt  of  auch  company  in  the  disijuirj;.'  of.  or  for  failure  to  di.^char},'.-,  bis  dutiei 

„<  such.  ,  -1        1 

No  contract,  receipt,  rule,  or  repilation  Ihtrteni  any  eii.ph'vee  and  a  railroad 

.oiporatiou  ahall  exeinpl  such  corporation  fi..i.i  the  full  liaUlity  impoeed  by  tlui 

.('(■lion. 

Sic.  i.  Chapter  438  of  the  haws  of  1SH!>  U  hereby  repealed. 

sro.  3.  No  action  or  Ciiu-.e  of  action  now  e\i-tinK  .shall  be  afTected  by  thin  act. 

>w  4.  No  contract,  receipt,  rule,  or  rcjrulalion  lietween  any  employee  and  u 
,,,iio,..l  company  nhnll  exempt  such  corporation  from  the  full  liability  impoicd 

b\  tills  act.  ...  J 

'  <..,•  :..   ITiis  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  In  force  from  and  after  >U  paisage  and 

|ii;'i|ieation. 
Approved  April  17,  1893. 

764.  Effect  of  these  statutes.— So  iTitich  of  the  phrnsoolnsy  in  tlie 
last  two  statutes  is  identical  that  tlic  decisions  relating  to  both  may 
be  conveniently  reviewed  together. 

The  word  "sup.Tintendent"  covers  a  foreman  f  a  swit^<hing  crew;' 
but  not  a  foreman  of  a  repair  shop.^ 

Ncfrligence  of  a  brakemnn  when  UM  t4)  accompany  a  passenger  car 
kkked  rapidly  into  a  railroad  yard  in  the  dark,  in  riding  <m  the  rear 
iiiViead  of  tlie  front  of  the  car,  so  that,  he  gave  n..  warning  to  a  yard 
workman  who  v.'as  struck,  renders  tlie  employer  li;ililc.'' 

A  railway  c^inpany  is  liable  where  an  engineer  is  negligent  in  the 
managcme.  i  ngine.* 


'.N'pgliSel.'     ■■ 
beirj;  warne  >   .! 
cli;iinod  on  a 
mnn  dcliliciat. . 
biiH<('il    against 


•  !)le  where,  after 

is  about  to  Ik- 

.ack,  such  a  fore- 

..  ilers   r,   train    to   be 

the    ears    standinjr  oti 


such  track.  Pier  v.  Chicitgo,  il.  rf  )<t. 
P.  U.  Co.  (189G)  04  Wis.  S'u,  08  X.  W. 
4(i4. 

■Il'irlfoid  V.  Xorthirii  I'.  If.  <'"■ 
•W.K,)  n  Wis.  374,  64  N.  W.  10:»3. 

'  I'ronirr  V.  Milu:<tuk('\  L.  f<.  d  IV.  /f . 
Co.  (1S05)  no  Wis.  •21.'>.  48  .-^m.  St. 
Rep.  !)().-).  63  N.  W.  00. 

*  .\s,  where  a  brakeinan.  while  mak- 
ing a  coupling,  is  injured  by  the  enjii- 
rc'i-r's  neglijrently  and  without  notice 
iiiciciisine  the  speed  of  the  train  when 
the  brakeman  has  given  no  signal  and  is 


in  a  position  of  extreme  dnnirir.  Knise 
V.  Chiraao.  .]!.  d  SI.  f.  U.  Co.  (1892) 
S2  \\  is.  .'jr.R.  -,2  S.  W.  7")."). 

Where  it  is  eoncciUMl  th.it  an  en;,'i- 
nccr  was  not  suilty  of  neu'li.i-'ince  in  iiii- 
dcr^-tandin;.'  a  ri)nilnc|iir'.s  signal  to 
iiic.in  thai  all  the  cars  ucic  to  he  cut 
oir.  he  cannot  be  found  guiliv  of  negli- 
gence in  .u'iviiig  his  attention  to  the 
liraki'inau  at  the  tender,  who  was  cut- 
ting oir  all  the  cars,  anil  in  failing  to 
see  the  signals  of  plaint ifT.  who  was  in- 
jiireil  by  the  speed  of  the  train  being 
increased  while  he  was  endeavoring  to 
cut  olV  one  car  at  the  other  end.  IJea- 
pina  V.  Chiraqo,  M.  rf  St.  P.  R.  Co. 
(1899)    105  \\is.  i;0,  81  N.  W.  493. 

A  railway  engineer  who,  without  re 


.;  I 


i}, 


•i 


i 

Mr 


iii 


SIM 


MASTKI!  AMI  .sKHVANT. 


[ciuiv 


ii 


II  '•, 


»■  .1 


:.    in 


Ono  eniploynl  i  *  vanliiiii^fi  r,  iliiiiii.'li  iic»t  to  bo  regarded  at  in  il:.,t 
capacity  wlirn  sw  it'liin;;  curs  is.  ur  out  of  u  9|)Mr  track  loadiTi-.'  i.,  i 
quarry,  \va»  in  "cli.ir::i>  ur  <-i>iitn  1"  cf  the  "switch"  to  flic  -pur  im.. 
where  il  'vas  his  (hity  to  ci|i(  n  and  einso  switclirs  and  follow  tlic  vlt, 
ffnp'ine  from  yard  to  yard,  takiiifr  ears  in  and  out  from  tin-  niirr  , 
and  lu!  had  a  key  for  the  piir|><i-i'  of  opening  and  closiii!,'  swiiihi 

The  provision  for  the  iMiiefii  of  oniployees  "enpufjcd  in  o|i(  imi  n." 
etc..  "train«,"  etc.,  covers  i  "mso  where  a  frei^'lit  hanillcr.  nU'  n- 
Bisting  to  separate  hy  hand  one  freight  car  fri>ni  other>,  w.i-  i'liur.! 
by  the  negligence  cf  other  employees  in  riitmiiiir  a  train  a;;:!i;i  •  -u,]. 
freight  cars;*  but  not  a  ease  wiicre  a  warehouseman  in  the  ciii]il,v  .f 
a  railway  eonipany  was  injured,  while  engaged  in  senlin?  a  cir.  U 
the  negligence  of  the  trainmen  in  sutidcnly  moving  it  without  warn- 
ing;' nor  a  case  where  an  injury  was  ■.ii-iaiiir<l  li\  a  e,i  ■  iv  ;,iii  ■ 
tlirouj;;!!  tlie  negligence  of  a  switchuuin  in  eausing  .1  <'ar  tn  he  kir!,,.' 
against  tlu;  st^ilionary  car  under  repair;*  nor  a  case  w]ien>  a  r'ilv.i. 
conductor,  standing  hy  a  car  for  the  pur|)o.-e  of  watehinir  a  suiiih  le. ' 

wiviiiir  nny   notipp  from  liix  fircmnn  of  lir-  «  is  ili.in^'  tli<>  kind  of  m'ni..'  -ii  ,  i 

•lis  iiiliiitinti  1(1  <,'(!  unilor  >.  c  pn!,'itic  fo  tii"l   in   tlic  act.  nt   tlio  tiim.  nf  the  r 

rlonii    lilt   til.,  ii-li  pan.  sucli  lei  tlio  well-  inr.v.      If    he  \\;<h.   »liilli(.r   siuli  >..iii.  ■ 

uiiilc-r-<li)ri.i  ni»l(iiii  iuiioMf;  i'i;;.'in(.(.is  aiiit  in|iiii<.i|  liim    tci    ii»>i-it    In  riiiinii  i;  ! 

tiri-iiM'ii  r(i|iiiii's    -liiill    lie    f;ucii.  Muus  <  :ii-  at  ii  distiiru'i- of  tlir. .    c  ir  Ifi  ..•ih«  or 

off   l!ir   i.|i;.'ir:c    while   thr    liriniiin    ia   so  a    (ircatcr    (liMlaiioc.   or    wliill.cr   l.v  tli. 

nt  Willi;  iiiiiliT  it  ami  sfnl.U  liini,  i>i  not  |iouir  of  a  li..Mmiotive,  i     li.v  si.i.     ..;, 

guilty  iif  iii.j.r|iu'i.n(v  in  »o  doiii;;.     Crnne  means,  niiki's   no  ililTerrnce.     W    il,.  ;» 

V.  1'hir<i(in.    M.  ,f-  .v7.   /■.   U.  »'«.    (  ISOO)  tiially  eii^.M^eil     in    nKniii;;    tlie  ....  1., 

«;i  \Vn.   IK7.  t;7   .\.  \V.  11. .J.  was     witliln     tlip    pxlraoidinnn     |,iri!- 

'Mlnirhl    V      Mihriiuhr  ,f   S.    It.  Co.  wliioli    tlie  act    wa-  ilesixiu..!   I<i  pin,,,. 

(lH!)(i)    lit  W;-.   ;H»7.  C't  \.  \V.  Ci.-i.  ciiiiil.iyee^  n«ainsL" 

•/.'/./  V,   r   irntid.  M.  (t-  SI.   I'.  It.  Co.        ^  Ih'l.h'trd   v.  Chicorio.  SI.  I'.    M.  if  h 

(1807)   !I5  UiM.  (Ill,  (1!»  \.  \V.  1)!»7.     Tho  It    Co.    (1807)    00  \Vis.    li:t.  71   X.  U 

court  saiil :      "Tlie  lest  in  any  given  ca.«e  S07. 

is,  Was  tlie  [ler.-iiii  injiiieil  einiileyeil   in         '  Smilh  v.  Chiciifio,  .1/.  if  ,'7    /'    /.'.*'., 

oiip  of  tlie  liiaiieliK  of  the  railway   serv-  (|.S!l.-)i   !)1  Wis.  HM.  (i3  X.  W.  Is:;,    f". 

ice  rovereil  Iiy  the  act.  at  the  tinipof  the  cmirt    eiinsiilen'd     it     quite    cleii    llul 

injary?     If  »o,  lie  i«  entitled  to  its  bene-  whether   the   intent     of     the    Ir^'i-!  iinr.- 

fits,  whether  sueli  service  wa.s  tlie  prin-  should    lip   uscertaine<l    hy   the   (iiinciple 

cipal  kind  of  woik  to  he  performed  liy  that  statates  in  deroj.'ati(in  i.f  ilie  (..in 

him   under  liis  contract  of  eniploynirnt.  inon    law    are   to   lie    stiictly   const rinii. 

or  a  mere  incident  to  his  „enerul  duties,  or  by  the  principle  that  renieilial  laiv» 

As    in    cases    where  an    einploypp    is    in-  are  to  lip  lilicrally  constninl.  ilic  \>.i.l-, 

jured  liy  the  neslifrencp  of  another  whose  "while   engaged    in   the    pcrfnrin  ime  of 

general    eniploynietit    is    that    of    a    vice  liis   duties  as   such    emp'ovie.'   nftrriHi 

principal,  and  such  other  is  temporarily  to  the  words,  "while  operating.',  niiinini.' 

doing    the    work   of    an    employee,    the  tiding  upon,  or  switching  passin;.'!  i  or 

right  of  the  injured   party  is  governed  freight  or  other  trains,  engines,  or  <irs.' 

by   the   nature  of   the  service  in   which  and  that  the  object  of  this  port  of  tin 

such  other  is    engaged    at    the  time  of  law  was  plainly  to  give  a  right  of  action 

such    injuiy:    so   here,   whether   the  de-  to    the   class    of   employee .5   prgaiie*!  io 

ceased,   had    he  lived,   would   have  been  operating    and    moving    trains,  eiiginw, 

entitled    to    the    benefits  of  the  act  in  and  cars,  while  actually  so  engaged. 
4)uestion,  depcoda  wholly  upon  whether 


fi"!ili 


II  ;fi4ii-7<l-"w»l 


,\(  |>  rii    .  <t|  III:  VI H>.  r.TC. 


2129 


,l„.in;:  dif  car  «I.H.r  wh.r,  ii  xvii-  iiiil..:..|r.l,  w;!"  «tni.-k  iin-!  injiin-.l  U 
•ilmncllom'{;lij;«''"'b  tlimwii  I' rum  tin-  i-iir  l.v mi'lny.-s." 

Tnick  rcpiiirorM,  Hliil.    i-i.lin-  on  I i  ''iirs  t'rnm  tli.-  I'Iim'.-  \\\vr<> 

.!„.v  iirr  workii.p  •<•  fl..  ir  iM.nr.li.i- (vir-.  miv  ix.t  ".■..f;;i,iZiMljn  iIh-  .li- 
.■\uir<rp  of  thi'ir  diitifi*"  wiiliin  tlic  iiicaniii^'  <>f  tin-  statul<'.'" 

\u  1. 11011  iiia^  1)0  inai'itaiii.'.l.  iin.l.T  il.i^  ■^tiiliit.-.  L.v  ilio  iLlmini-" 
•rator  of  a  docciisrd  railroa.l  .  inj-l-.v....  ^^U,>  w.i-^  killr.l  \vliil<'  c-i.-tmUiii,' 
,ars  otc,  throngli  llio  nc;;li?<'iicv  of  anotlicr  ciiiplxvoo  or  np-iit  ..f  tlio 
.oin'panv,  jmividod  tlio  cin-iin^laiKTs  •  >r"  -iuuli  tliat  ili.'  d.v<  as.,1.  if 
!,o  had  lived,  could  hnvo  maintained  an  aofion  for  his  injuries  under 
the -tatnte." 

764a.  later  legislation.— Tlir  lialpilil.v  nf  railway  .•.Miipanios  wn-* 
jiil!  turlher  enlarjied  hy  the  fnll.winu'  piovi-ioii  in  Laws  of  lb'.>>, 
!S  1>10: 

nihility  f«T  injiirii-f  to  Miipl-vif,.  Kv.r.v  r.iilroM.l  niiiiuny  opiMtin-  nny 
riiilioul  wlii.li  i.H.  ill  wlioU-  or  ill  j.Mrt.  wiilii-i  tl,i>  -li.t.-.  -Imll  Ih-  U.Mr  lor  ,ill 
linrn;;...  Ml.taimil  wil.liiii  \hv  wiiiip  l>y  any  nf  iw  .■in|.l..y...-  »illMi!H  .•,.•,!  .il.iil,.ry 
rc'li'iTO'  on  his  part: 

"l  Wlion  sueli  injury  ii.  caused  by  n  .1.  f.ct  in  any  locomolu.  ,  ..i-inc'.  our,  r.iil, 
■  r„k,  rnad.inery,  or  .ip,,linnce  ri.(iair..<l  l.y  .-ai,l  ...„n|..uiy  I..  Ik-  i-.-.I  Ly  .1^  '  ni 
f!ny.-.s  in  ana  about  tin-  I.iisin.-.s  of  tlii-ir  ..innloymmt.  if  hii.1,  .1  f..'t  .oiil.l  li.vo 
V,n  .li-.'..vfrcil  by  surh  company  by  roaxonnLlc  iml  pr.ip.r  nrr.  t.-is  or  111-;!  v- 
ti»n;  und  proof  o(  8ucb  d<fcct  bbull  be  pri'-sumpiiw  ni.lrnce  of  kiio«l.-li,H'  tiiorfof 
?B  the  part  o(  *uch  com  puny. 

765.  Effect  of  this  provision. —  Where  the  waives  of  worknipn  in  a 
railway  bridfio  jranR  covor  t,!..i  wholr  time  ilmiu-j;  wiiich  they  are  ali- 
ment from  the  place  whr>re  tliey  reside,  they  are  "en-a-ed  in  the  per- 
foniianco  of  their  unlie<."  durin-  the  time  -\vn\.  in  traveling  to  and 
from  the  plaeo  of  work  by  train  and  hand  ear.' 

Compare,  ijenerully,  the  deci.-inn<  eiteii  under  §§  G21,  025,  ante. 
and  §  7  (18,  post. 

^'VCIMIN'O. 

765a.  Statutory  provisions,— 'Hie    teri-itorial    act   of    ISfiO    (Wyo. 

'},!,, ll,rr)<i  V.  Chicano.  ».  rf  .*>'.  P-  fi-  tbo  diri'^ion   ritpil   in   the  following  spc- 

ro/dlMi;!)    livi  Wis.  ini.  SI  \.  W.  li.'iO.  tion.  „    i>    r. 

Two    |.|.1mm    i!i.«.ntc<l.    mainly   on    the        "  /.Vin  v.  rlnnnin,  ^^ .  ,f  St.  P.  R.  Co. 

croniM  tint  tlir  ron.liiHor  w.is  rn;:n.;e<l  (1«!'7)    i'S  W ''*■  <i''-  •'"„^'-  ^^'^  ""•,      „, 
in  WiilHiiii"  till-  HNvilfb.  ami   was  th.Ti--        '  WalVn  v.  Iloslrm  If.  Co.    (inni  1    H3 

forp  operating'  tW  train.  Mil""-    H"-  •''«    I-    "•   ')■  ''**'•  *"'   ^'   ^^• 

"'/{(N.,«)i    V.  Chiriiqn.  St.    P.   .If.  <t  <-.  7:1.     S(i-.     hnwcv.T.     tlu'     «.»i«,.,     f  .i^.- 

;?.  Co.   IISMO)    78  Minn,   rial,  SO  N.    W.  (ISil!))    7S    Minn.    :i(l.1.   SO    V.    W.    10,^.0. 

10.-)0   (hand    cant    colliilfil  i.      ( ontrant.  oiird  i     §   7til.  iiol.-   III.  .M./jro. 
tonimon-law   cn-xpK   in    5   fi24.   nnle,   and 


1 

s 

'■ii-'' 


l!!f 


I 


l1(„ 


m\v  m 


SIM 


MAHTKK  AND  XKKVANT. 


i<  MM-     XWlj 


C'otiip.  I.awB,  p.  512,  chnp.  t»7,  §  1)  wliith  has  situjH  bo.ii  ruM'.il  ,|,  run 

.n  folliiws: 

^Ml.•r••  ntiy  ]>rmi>n  in  thp  eniployimiif  of  «ny  riillrond  comimny  in  tliw  t,  iriimr 
limy  Ik^  |.il!.'.|  liy  any  l.>i-nHi.)li\c,  our,  or  olli.r  nilliir^'  il.ick.  wlirtlur  in  tU-  («.," 
(iiiiii.iiii'.-  (I  lii..  ililty  or  ollii  I  ni«c,  his  willow  i,t  liiir*  inny  liiivr  111.,  ^.nm-  ri;;!  i  n( 
lilt  inn  fur  il;iiim«.-i  n<r:iiii»l  tiiirh  niinpiiny  n*  if  "liil  |m  r-i.ii  xi  Villnl  wir.   iKit  |.| 

*' iii|>li).v  iif  siiil  ooiiipiiiiy  :  iiiiv  iiyrnriK  tit  lii'  iiuiy  lime  iiiiuio.  «lii'lli.r  ir'  il  ,>r 

Hiilliii.  to  liolil  micli  <(Piiip;itiy  tiiirinli""!  or  frci'  from  iin  iiptioii  for  liiin!  .-.  ,  in  t!i* 
iMil  of  mull  kiliin,',  <li:ill  Im>  null  ami  voiil.  nml  «liiill  not  Iw  n.linitl.l  a.  if.ri. 
Iiiiiny  in  iK'Imlf  of  Kiiiil  roiiipnny  in  I'liy  iii'tion  for  il.inin;;i«  whirli  niiiy  !..■  Ipr.Mijht 
iiUtiiwt  tlirni;  nml  any  [Mmon  in  tho  fiiiploy  of  miiil  conipnn.'  who  nmy  !.■  inuirpi 
ly  miy  lixoniotivr,  c;ir,  or  otiior  rolUiijr  «.lii<k  of  naid  t>.,  ipiiiy.  or  liy  nih^r 
pro|Hrly  of  iciid  ronipiiny,  nlmll  liuvc  lii«  notion  for  ilini^^'i-n  ii^'iin-t  •ill  c„n. 
[iiiny  tlic  «;iiiio  tin  if  lie  wvrv  not  in  (lie  cinplny  of  -iMiil  I'onipiiiy;  nml  nii  ii:;ri(iiiiut 
to  i!ii'  I'oiitr.iry  »linll  br  ;olinilli'il  im  ti-tiniony  in  ImIiiiI'  of  aixUl  coiiiji.i:iv. 

Tliis  net  sli  ill  Inki'  ilfi  <•!  from  nn.l  nftiT  it-  pii>-  i^c. 

Tlh'  Wyoniintr  Const itut.ion  prcn  ;  ;,  «  (art.  10.  {  4;  llint  "iiny  (•oiitri.i  nr  nyrw 
liirnt  Mitli  any  ciiiployio,  wnivini;  any  ri^'lit  to  ricov«r  daniajjca  for  cau^iri- tU 
Ueutli  or  injury  o(  tuijr  eni|iIoyi'e,  diull  Iw  voiU." 


gailfaMi^g'^ 


Hi 


m 


cnAPTF.nxi* 

ENGLISH  WOnKMKNS  COMI'KSSATION  ACT  18!>7. 
760.  PurpoKP  and  pfTn't  o(  tlie  act :  fr<'n*'ri>"T- 

A,  CWCl'MSTA.M'EB  UNOra  WHICH  ''UMIXNIIATlO.f   IS  RECOVHAiiLC 

"fiCa.  Tt'xt  oJ  iodion  1. 
"•17.  "Areiiloiit"  (WT.  I,  «ub«.  1). 

Tfl8.  "Out  of,  and  In  iUc  coiir**  of,  the  employment"  (apo.  I,  iiuba.l). 
;(!9.  I'lriod  of  dinnbli-nunt  (sec.  1,  iiiha.  2,  o). 
770.  Alterntttive  rcmedip*  rrpen  to  wurkmen  {tec.  J,  milm.  2,  6). 
7T1.  ".Serioui  and  wilful  nii»oomluot"  (icc.  1,  auba.  2,  o). 

772.  Arbitration  (aee.  1,  auba.  3). 

773.  Recoverj'  in  ca*ja  where  nonliabili' "  apart  from  the  act  ia  eatnbllshed 

(arc.  1,  subs.  4). 

774.  Application  of  flnea  impoacd  in  other  proccodinga  (»oc.  1,  auba.  S). 
774a.  Text  of  aection  2. 

775.  Notice  of  thp  accident  (ace.  2,  auba.  1). 

a.  'Troccedini^." 
6.  "Claim  for  i^ompenxation." 
e.  ExcusHM  for  not  Korving  notice  in  time. 
77.')a.  Text  of  noctions  3  and  4. 

776.  Liability  tc  aervanta  of  oontractora  (a«c.  4). 

a.  Generally. 

b.  "L'ndertakcra." 

«.  "Work  merely  ancillary  or  incidental  to." 
776a.  Text  of  aection  S. 

777.  Proceed  liigH  under  thlt  aection. 
777a.  Text  of  ncction  6. 

778.  Troceedings  under  aection  0. 

B.  ElirLOYME.NTS  TO  WHICH  THE  ACT  18  AFTUCABtE. 

7T8a.  Text  of  soctiona  7-10. 

779.  Scope  and  effect  of  these  provisiona;  generally. 

780.  Moaning  of  the  phraae  "on  or  in  or  about,"  wl-'-n    med  in  cohr  ctlon 

with  varioua  kinda  of  concerna. 

781.  "On  or  in  or  about  a  building"  wliich  exceeds  30  (cet  in  height 

a.  Heij;ht  of  building. 

6.  "Keing  conetructed  or  repaired." 

c.  What  lit  a  "scaffolding." 

782.  "On  or  in  or  about  a  building  in  which  n  .chinery  driven  by  itoam," 

etc. 

783.  Meaning  of  "railway." 
783a.  —of  "factory." 

a.  "Dock,  wharf,  quay." 

2131 


If 


^1  !|i' 


A I  \ 


':.  ! 


11  t 


S13S 


MASTKI!  WJJ  SKltX  AM. 


[CH  W 


IL. 


J.  "I'll  ini»('>    »\licr<>iii    -tcaiii,   wutcr,   or   otti«r   iiiMrhniiintl    p.nvfr  i, 

u^cl" 
0.  ■■Aliicliiiiny  or  plant." 

d.  ■I'nnii-i's  wliprein    .    .    .    any  manual  labor  i*  rxiTci'^a    ,   . 

for  purposes  of  gain." 

e.  "Miu-hiiu'ry  used  in  the  prncc— i  of  loading  or  uulouding," 
/.  "Blpiicliinfr  or  dyeing  works." 

g.  "iShipbiiildiiig  yard." 

784.  —  of  "engineering  work." 

785.  —  of  "mine." 

780.  — of  "iindertakers." 

a.  In  the  case  of  a  factory. 

6.  In  the  case  of  engineering  work. 

787.  —of  "workmen." 

a.  Contractors. 
6.  Seamen. 
787a.  — of  "dependents." 

a.  In  England  and  Ireland. 
6.  In  Scotland. 

788.  "Shipl.uildirg  yard"   (sec.  7,  subs.  3). 

0.  COMI'h.NSATlO.N   BhXOVKUAIiLK  U.NBKH  TllK  ACT. 

788a.  Tc\t  of  statutory  provisi 

789.  Amount  recoverable  in  case  of  death,  by  persons  nrliolly  dependent  or. 

workman's  earnings  (par.  1,  a,  i). 
790. —  by  persons  partially  dependent  on  the  workman's  earnings. 
7U1.  — in  case  of  total  or  partial  incapacity  (par.  I,  b). 
792.  Average  weekly  earnings. 

a.  Generally. 

6.  Period  of  employment  necessary  to  furnish  boi^is  for  computaticc 
of  i^verai»e  weekly  earnings. 

c.  Trade  and  calendar  weeks. 

d.  t'ontinuity  of  the  employment, 
c.  Deduction!*. 

703.  Medical  examination  after  accident   (par.  S). 

7ti4.   I'aynient  to  dependents   (par.  4). 

795.  RcvIl-w  of  weekly  payments  (par.  12). 

D.  AltDI'lU.\TlU.N. 

7'J.5a.  Text  of  statutory  provisions. 
7'JG.  Klfect  of  these  provi.'sions ;  generally. 

E.  Act  of  IHOO. 

797.  Klleet  of  this  .statute. 


766.  Purpose  and  effect  of  the  act;  generally. — The  antnte  wliich  i« 
discussed  in  this  cliaptcr  n  iir.'scnis  an  entirely  new  (loj.irtiini  in  tJif 
law  of  employers'  liability,  as  it  enables  a  servant,  under  tlio  eirciMp- 
stances  wliifli  fall  within  its  purvnew.  to  recover  without  esUiblisLii.^ 
any  negligence  on  the  part  of  the  defendant.  Th(^  theory  of  the  ac: 
is  that,  apart  from  any  negligence  or  miscoiitiuci,  a  iiian  cmi'io^cd  in 


|7«6«1 


ENGLISH  WORKMEN'S  CO.MI'EXSATION  ACT. 


tin 


certain  dangerous  employments  shall  in  a  certain  sense,  be  insuTtnl 
against  any  accident  that  takes  place  in  the  course  of  his  employment,' 

In  a  practical  point  of  view  this  statute  is  at  present  of  no  iuipor 
tance,  except  to  residents  in  the  United  Kingdom.  But  it  is  well 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  lawyers  and  statesmen  of  other  count ric.-, 
M  being  the  earliest  specimen  of  a  type  of  legislation  which  will 
unquestionably  l)eccme  more  and  more  common  in  future  years.  ll«i\v 
far  the  constitutional  limitations  by  which  the  statutory  powers  arc 
circumscribed  in  the  United  States  will  assist  employers  in  rosi^^tiiij^ 
such  legislation  is  a  question  which  remains  to  be  settled.  But  in  view 
of  the  existing  relation?  between  capital  and  labor,  it  can  sciirccly  be 
doubted  that  strong  efforts  will  be  made  before  long  to  secure  tlio 
enactment  of  statutes  framed  upon  linos  similar  to  that  with  which 
WB  are  now  concerned. 

The  number  of  cases  in  which  the  meaning  of  the  provisions  of  the 
Kuglish  act  have  been  considered  is  already  so  extraonliniirily  larf;i> 
,13  fully  to  justify  the  remark  of  Lord  Brampton  tliat  it  is  "so  framed 
as  to  provoke,  rather  than  miniiuize,  litigation."^  It  b.  istles  witli 
l)sourities,  and  is  so  extremely  ill  drawn  that,  during  tlio  few  years 
if  its  existence  it  has  been  a  target  for  more  censure,  and  evi-u  ridicule, 
han  has  ever  been  leveled  against  any  statute,  within  the  same  space 
■if  time.* 

In  view  of  the  tentative  nature  of  the  act,  and  its  nifrcly  local  in 
•  rest  up  to  the  present  time, — whatever  tlie  future  may  biitij;  forth,-— 
t  is  not  proposed  in  this  chapter  to  do  more  than  statf>  tlie  ctrcct  of  tiie 
actual  decisions  of  ajtpellate  courts  with  regard  to  the  various  provi- 
sions which  have  come  under  consideration.  Anytliing  beyond  thin 
would  be  out  of  place  in  a  general  treatise.  For  a  more  detailed 
analysis  of  the  act,  and  a  discussion  of  the  procedure  applicable  to  it.s 
ulministration,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  treatises  compiled  by 
Mr.  Beven,  by  Mr.  ilinton-Senhouse,  and  by  Messrs.  Parsons  and 
Bertram. 


A.   ClRCDMSTANCIiS    'NDEK   WHICH    COAFPENSATION   IS  KECOVEBABT.K. 
766a.  Test  of  ■eotion  1. — An  Act  to  Amend  the  Law-  with  Respect  to  Com- 


wliich  they  are,  as  lawmakers,  presiimp 
tivply  responsible.  In  the  situ.ntion 
thus  disclosed  there  is  a  touch  of  coin 
fdy  which  carries  the  thoughts  to  tli.it 
iimiisin);  scene  in  the  "Mikado,"  wliere 
-Mr.  Gilbert's  official  pluralist  describes 
the  act.  and  that  they  have  thus  pl.Tcrd  the  rmliiirmssinpf  mnflict  of  dti*!"" 
themselves  in  the  curious  pre<licanient  which  results  from  the  discharge  of  hi» 
of  criticising,  as  judges,  a  measure  tor  manifold  functions. 


'Cooper  V.  Wright  [1902]  A.  C.  .302, 
ptr  Earl  Ualsbury,  F.  C. 

'Cooper  V.  Wright  [1902]  A.  C.  302. 

•It  is  noteworthy  that  several  mem- 
bers of  the  House  of  Lords  have  been  es- 
pecially severe  in  their  comments  upon 


2134 


JUSTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap,  xt. 


m 


pensition  to  Workmen  for  Accidental  Injurios  SufTorcd  in  the  Coiir^i>  of  t  ipj, 
Empldj-inpnt.  [Olh  August  18!»7.]  Be  it  enaotcnl  by  the  Queen's  most  IaccI  int 
Majisty  hy  and  wit  It  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Lords  Spiritual  arul  Timpoi,,!. 
ami  Commons,  in  this  present  Parliament  aa;ieniblcd,  and  by  the  authority  of  ibe 
same,  as  fol low's: 

Sec.  1.  (1 )  If,  in  any  employment  to  which  this  act  applies,  personal  injuij-  hi 
accident  arisirj;  out  of  and  in  the  course  of  the  employment  is  caused  to  a  work- 
man, his  employer  shall,  s\il)ject  as  hereinafter  montir  ned,  be  liable  to  pny  <giu- 
pensation  in  accordance  with  the  first  schedule  of  this  act. 

(2)  Provided  tli.it: 

(a)  The  employer  shall  not  be  liable  under  this  act  in  respect  of  any  iiijurr 
which  does  not  disable  the  workman,  for  b  period  of  at  least  two  wciks.  from 
earmnjj  full  wages  at  the  work  at  which  he  wa«  employed; 

(I)  When  the  injury  waa  caused  by  the  personal  neglijrence  or  wilful  apl  of  ihe 
employer,  or  of  fome  person  for  whose  act  or  default  the  employer  is  ro>|>oM~i;i>. 
nothing;  in  this  act  shall  afTect  any  civil  liability  of  the  employer;  but  in  that  c.i>e 
the  workman  may,  at  his  option,  either  claim  compensation  under  this  act,  or  tak» 
the  same  proc3pdii\ij.s  as  were  open  to  him  before  the  commencement  of  tliis  aci ; 
but  the  employer  shall  not  be  liable  to  pay  compensation  for  injury  to  a  workiiuii 
by  accident  arising  out  of,  and  in  the  course  of,  the  employment,  both  inJcpci: 
dently  of  and  also  under  this  act,  and  shall  not  be  liable  to  any  proceedings  inil- 
pendently  of  this  act,  e.tcept  in  case  of  such  personal  negligence  or  wilful  act  a- 
aforesaid ; 

(c)  If  it  is  proved  that  the  injury  to  a  workman  is  attributable  to  the  serioi- 
and  wilful  misconduct  of  that  workman,  any  compensation  claimed  in  respwt  o. 
that  injury  shall  be  disallowed. 

(3)  if  any  question  arises  in  any  proceedings  under  this  act  as  to  the  liiibiiiiy 
to  pay  compensation  under  this  act  (including  any  question  as  to  whctlior  i!i' 
employment  is  one  to  which  this  act  applies),  or  as  to  the  amount  or  dur:ition  o- 
compensation  under  this  act,  the  question,  if  not  settled  by  agreement,  shall,  «ub 
ject  to  the  provisions  of  the  first  schedule  to  this  act,  be  settled  by  arbitration,  ii 
acordance  with  the  second  schedule  to  this  act. 

(4)  If,  within  tho  time  hereinafter  in  this  act  limited  for  taking  proceedin;-. 
an  action  is  brought  to  recover  damages  independently  of  this  act  for  inju;> 
caused  by  any  accident,  and  it  is  determined  in  such  action  that  the  injury  :- 
one  for  which  the  employer  is  not  liable  in  such  action,  but  that  he  would  lia-.v 
been  liable  to  pay  compensation  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  the  action  sin" 
be  dismissed;  but  the  court  in  which  the  action  is  tried  shall,  if  the  plaintilT  slinll 
80  choose,  proceed  to  assess  such  compensation,  and  shall  be  at  liberty  to  dnluct 
from  such  compensation  all  the  costs  which,  in  its  judgment,  have  been  eausai  bv 
tAie  plaintiff  bringing  the  action,  instead  of  proceeding  under  this  act. 

In  any  proceeding  under  this  subsection,  when  the  court  asses-ses  the  compen-.! 
tion  it  shall  give  a  certificate  of  the  compensation  it  has  awarded,  and  the  direc- 
tions it  has  given  as  to  the  deduction  for  costs,  and  such  certificate  shall  have  tii» 
force  and  elTect  of  an  award  under  this  act. 

(5)  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  affect  any  proceeding  for  a  fine  under  the  '•ma- 
ments  relating  to  mines  or  factories,  or  the  application  of  any  such  fin,-,  but  if 
any  such  fine,  or  any  part  thereof,  has  been  applied  for  the  benefit  of  the  person 
injured,  the  amount  so  applied  shall  be  taken  into  account  in  estimating  the  ooa- 
pensation  under  this  act. 


•I  ;c:.  («»]       KNtilJhll  WOKK.MKN >«  LO.MrKNSATlUN  ACT.  2l:i'. 

767.  "Accident"  (see.  1,  subs.  1). —  This  word  involves  the  iilia  i»l' 
■onietliing  fortuitous  and  un('X]H'rtod.' 

Wlicre  a  workman  sufiFers  injury  while  doing  his  ordinary  work  in 
his  urdinary  way,  and  tlie  primary  and  ftllcifut  cause  of  the  injury  is 
his  (lispascd  or  impaired  pliysieal  condition  at  tin?  time,  tlie  injury  is 
not  caused  by  an  "accident."* 

Oil  the  other  hand  it  is  considered  that  an  injury  was  caused  by  an 
accident,"  whenever  it  was  the  result  of  some  fortuitous  and  external 
ovent.  although  the  consequences  of  the  injury  may  U;  aggravated  by 
pliiintitr's  physical  condition  at  the  time  when  he  was  hurt.^ 

768.  "Out  of,  and  in  the  course  of,  the  employment"  (sec.  1,  subs.  1). 
-This  phrase  embraces  only  those  accidents  which  hapjwn  to  a  scr- 
ant  while  ho  is  engaged  in  the  discharge  of  some  function  or  duty 

which  he  is  authorized  to  undertake,  and  which  is  caleulntcd  to  fur- 
ther, directly  or  indirectly,  the  masttT's  lnl^illcss.' 


'llcnsey  v.  White  [1900]  1  Q.  B.  481, 
■1  L.  T.  N.  S.  7ti7. 

A  rnptiire  causi-d  by  the  cfTort  of 
"paratin^'  n  pl.ink  from  one  to  wliich  it 
.vi«  stiirk  by  ice  foniird  (Jurins;  the  pre- 
f-oini;  ni^'lii  ni;iy  propiTly  lip  fonr.<i  to 
■ivc  lioin  cansiHl  by  an '■accident."  Tim- 
■niH  V.  I.rrd-s  Foi'i/e  Co.  [lS!l!t;  C.  A.] 
;i,  Tinifs  L.  It.  521,  83  L.  T.  N.  S.  120. 

A  workman  in  riji-mal  licaltli  was  en- 
,'iSfil  ill  tlu>  course  of  liis  duty  in  re- 
)!:Ovinp  a  beam  from  a  Inoni.  lie  was 
i:,  tlip  act  of  liftinij  the  beam  on  to  liis 
-IwiUler,  wben.  liiKlins  tbat  it  was  not 
(idily  bilnnced,  be  };ave  it  an  extra 
lift,  or  bitch  up.  and  in  so  doiii^  lup- 
tured  several  fibres  of  tlie  niiiscle«  of 
iiis  back,  which  incapacilatcil  bim  for 
aoik.— Iield,  that  he  bad  siistaiiUKl  piT- 
-n:ial  injurv  by  "accident."  ISimidiitan 
V.  ScotI  [in()2;  C.  A.]  1  K.  B.  43,  71  L. 
J.  K.  B.  N.  S.  1002. 

Internal  injuries  resnltinfr  from  an 
miusiinl  strain  in  liftin<;  heavier  articles 
thin  those  which  tlie  einployee  had  pre- 
viously been  handling  do  not  arise  from 
nn  'acciilent."  Roper  v.  Greenwood 
urn]  S;i  L.  T.  N.  S.  471. 

Where  a  miner  was  employed  in  hew- 
ing coal,  and  while  so  employed  a  piece 
of  coal  worked  itself  into  his  knee,  with 
the  result  that  lilood  poisoning  set  in 
and  caused  his  death,  there  wa.s  nn  in- 
jury resiiltin;;  from  an  "accident." 
TliOiiiiixon  V.  Ashinglon  Coal  Co.  (1901: 
C.  A.l  84  L.  T.  N.  S.  412,  17  Times  L. 
R.  34.5. 

'Hrnsry  v.  While  [1900;  C.  A.]  1  Q. 
B.  481,  denvinff  the  right  of  recovery  in 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 53. 


n  ease  where  a  workman  who  was  inher- 
ently weak,  internally  rupliiied  a  blood 
vessel  when  niakii'g  an  eliort  to  start 
the  wheel  of  a  gas  eni.'iiie,  which  had  be- 
come stiir   from  di-ii-". 

A  woiknian  (iiiplovid  to  niike  a  steam 
pipe  joint,  wlio  siiiiers  injiiry  through 
the  red  lead  coming  irio  contact  uitli  a 
finger  which  had  previously  been  in  a 
blistered  conditiim,  does  nut  sullVr  in- 
jury bv  "aeeideiit."  Wdll.ir  v.  I.ill'-- 
shall  Co.  fliinO:  C.  A.]  1  Q.  B.  -i^-i.  Si 
h.  T.  X.  S.  70!). 

'Where  a  workman  in  h.andliog  a 
hammer  makes  a  mis  hit  and  strikes  a 
"(latter"  held  by  anolhir  woikman,  thus 
jarring  his  arm  and  produeiiig  a  severe 
swi'lling,  there  is  an  "acciilent."  al- 
though the  sw.  lien  conditior:  is  declansj 
by  a  doctor  to  have  been  due  to  gout 
bronj!;t  on  bv  tlie  jar.  Llvud  v.  Sinjg 
( 10(11)  1    1    Q.  "ir    ISli. 

'  (>\)  l!i  rorrrp  /las  6rr?i  allnu'd  under 
Ike  folloiciiifi  ciictniiKliinrrii.- -Where  a 
carter  in  the  employirHUit  of  a  railva} 
compinv  was  iiijurwl  wbile  he  was  eu- 
deavoiing  to  stop  a  horse  wliieli  ba<l 
suddei.ly  started  off.  from  smue  iinex- 
pl.iine<l  cause,  with  tlie  cart.  Oeviii<  v. 
Culedonian  It.  Co.  (ISIMI)  1  Sc.  8rss. 
Cas.  .'ilh  series,  llOa,   .'it;  Sc.   L.   R,  877. 

Where  a  miner,  believing  that  a  shot 
had  missed  fire,  went  forwaid  to  exam- 
ine it.  and  was  injure<l  by  the  explosion 
of  tiie  charge.  McSicoll  v.  Niirii'it 
(1890)  1  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  oth  series,  604, 
30  Sc.  L.  R,  42S. 

Where  a  workman  undertook  to  as- 
cend by  a  hoist  to  a  platform  for  the 


•  ' 

.    ;■  t  • 

t 


lli 


1 

m 
11 


,  ( 


I 


till 

>  iUll 


1,1 


SI3S 


MASTER  AND  SKKVANT. 


[cnAp, : 


If  the  act  which  caused  the  injury  was  witliin  tJic  scopp  i,f  t 
servant's  employment,  the  mere  fact  that  he  liail  been  e.N])ir>slv  f 
bidden  to  do  that  act  will  not  necessarily  be  fatal  to  Ids  cluim.-    It 


purpose  of  obtnininf;  a  cprtain  article 
wliicti  lie  requirod  for  liis  woik.  Ijoguc 
V.  FuUcrton  (  1901)  3  Sc.  Scss.  Cos.  5th 
•cries.  1000,  38  8c.  L.  R.  738. 

Where  an  enfjiiieer  was  run  down, 
when  recrossin/;  a  track  to  rench  his  en- 
gine which  he  had  left  in  order  to  a-k  a 
trallio  re;,'ulator  why  he  had  been  ordereil 
to  t;ike  it  to  a  certain  place,  (loodlrl  v. 
Caledonian  R.  Co.  (l!i()2)  4  Sc.  Sess. 
Cas.  5th  series,  080,  39  Sc.  L.  R.  759. 

Where  an  engineer  who,  after  being 
relieved  of  dniy  when  his  engine  was  on 
a  siding,  walked  along  the  track  to  a 
iitation.  where  he  had  to  report  himself 
as  being  off  duty.  Todd  v.  Caledonian 
R.  Co.  (1899)  1  Sc.  Sess.  Cus.  5th  se- 
ries, 1047,  30  Sc.  L.  R.  784. 

Where  the  injuiy  was  received  by  a 
servant  who  was  sitting  near  a  fire 
wanning  himself,  while  he  w;is  waiting 
for  the  arrival  of  some  trucks,  the 
wheels  of  which  it  was  his  duty  to  oil. 
liunlson  V.  Whiltaker  (1899;  C.  A.) 
IG  Times  L.  R.  108. 

In  liionn  V.  Scott  (1S99)  2  W.  C.  C. 
11.  Times  Nevvspiprr  dune  12.  1899,  the 
court  of  appeals  i  Williams,  L.  ,].,  dis- 
senting') allowed  recovery  to  be  had  for 
an  injury  receiveil  by  a  boy  who  under 
took  to  oil  a  michine  while  in  moliim. 
in  compliance  with  the  order  of  a  I'd 
low  woiknian,  who  had  no  authority 
over  him.  but  told  him  falsely  thai  his 
foreman  had  given  the  dirceiion  thus 
conveyed  to  him.  B\it  this  decision  can 
BCirccly  be  intended  to  embody  any  gen- 
eral  piiiieiple. 

(b)  Kirotcrij  hnx  been  driiird  nndir 
the  following  circumslanr.'s: — Where 
an  injury  Wi's  rdcived  by  a  ticket  col- 
lector while  riding  on  the  footboard  of 
a  train  for  his  ow  i  pleasure,  and  not 
for  any  object  of  his  employment. 
Hmilh  V.  htiic'isliiie  &  Y.  R.  Co.  [1899; 
C.  A.]  1  Q.  B.  141,  08  L.  .1.  g.  B.  \. 
S.  51.  The  court  emphasised  the  point 
that,  to  render  an  employer  liable  to 
piiy  compensation,  the  accident  must 
arise,  not  only  "out  of,"  but  also  "in 
the  course  of,"  the  employment. 

Where  a  girl  engaged  in  passing 
sheaves  undertook,  in  disobedience  to  an 
express  prohibition,  to  step  across  the 
opening  through  which  they  were  fed, 
merely  for  the  purpose  of  apL-akirijj  to  a 


friend,  and  without  any  niei-isity  ar 
ing  out  of  the  work.  ('iilUi<,l,nn 
Maxurll  (1900)  2  Sc.  Sess.  Cus  ■ 
series,  420,  37  Sc.  L.  R.  .11.!. 

Where  an  accident  happmeil  to 
wr)rknian  while  en!;;i<.'i'(l  i'  liU  w 
through  a  torti<ais  act  of  a  fellow  woi 
man,  whicl.  had  no  relation  wluicvii 
their  employment.  Aniiiliiiir  v.  Ia„> 
shire  d  Y.  R.  Co.  [l-)02;  C."  A]  2  K 
178. 

Where  the  injury  was  Ciinscl  by  i 
plaintilf's  fellow  workmen,  who  ,u  ' 
time  were  not  engaged  in  tliiir  vi'n 
but  were  indulging  in  liorse  phv.  / 
eoner  v.  Londcn  d  G.  Shiiihuil'lnig  t 
(1901)   3  Sc.  Se.s9.  Cas.  oth  ^.  ri,s,  ,",. 

Where  a  woikman's  foot  wis  pjij, 
by  the  spikes  on  top  of  a  riiilinj  nl,i 
he  undertook  to  scale  in  onUr  to  fw 
a  church  through  a  window,  iiftcr  lii 
ing  that  the  do>r  was  lucUcd.  Oil> 
V.  Wilson  ( 1901 )  3  Sc.  Sess.  Ca.i.  : 
scries,  001,  38  Sc.  L.  R.  4-.0. 

'Recovery  has  been  allowed  wborp 
carpenter,  part  of  whose  duty  wis 
sharpen  his  tools  on  a  giindBtmic  n/.j 
ed  by  unchinery.  had  been  fori Mil-n 
touch  the  niiieliinery,  and  wis  injui 
while  endeavcuin^'  to  replace  the  h. 
which  start<'d  tlie  grindstone  after 
had  slipped.  Wliihland  v.  R'-n: 
(1901;  C.  A.]  2  K.  B.  4S.  84  L.  T.  X, 
.•>14. 

.And  where  a  workman  emploved  ' 
llie  defendants  to  attend  to  a  steuii  i 
'.'ine  within  a  Rhe<l,  aTid  to  a  riiiiiiirp 
outside  the  .-ihed.  woiked  liy  the  ste^ 
engine  ,\n'.\  used  to  uniiid  niortiir  fni 
iiuilding,  was  c^uiglit  in  a  revohi' 
-liaft,  as  a  result  of  liis  enteriiij  '' 
shed  by  a  door  which  lie  li.nl  heeii  f.i 
bidden  to  tise.  .l.'e.V/e/io/'K  v,  Ot  .>-, 
riH9n  1  Q.  B.  773,  i;S  L.  .1.  Q,  I!.  : 
S.  470,  80  L.  T.  X.  S.  317,  47  \W 
PiPp.  nOO. 

And  where  a  collier  leiviiitr  ;i  mi 
induced  a  hoy  by  a  triiik  to  wimi  li : 
up  by  a  shaft  which  wns  n-cd  only  (. 
pulling  up  tools,  and  by  wliieh  t!ie  !!!■ 
were  prohibited  to  ascend,  the  lii.v  !« 
ing  so  startled  when  the  collier  r.Ac'i 
the  top  that  he  let  go.  Doiinln^ 
(hiitcd  Mineral  Min.  Co.  {('.  A, I  Tiim 
.N'ewspaper,  Februaiy  20,  1900,  2  W.  t 
C.  15. 


■I:  1 


■iS: 


1708] 


ENGLISH  WORKMEN'S  COilPENSATION  ACT. 


2137 


otherwise  where  the  prohibited  act  was  one  which  lay  entirely  outside 
the  raiifro  of  his  functions.* 

A  workman's  oniployniont  begins,  in  the  ordinary  course,  when  the 
time  for  work  has  arrived,  and  the  locality  has  Iitou  reached  at  wliicii 
ihe  work  is  to  be  performed.'*  But  recx^very  may  be  had  for  an  acci- 
dent oceurrina;  before  the  place  of  work  was  reached  if,  duriiii;  the 
intncodent  period  within  which  it  oeeurrud,  the  servant  was,  as  a  niuL- 
icr'f  fs'ct,  under  the  master's  control.' 

Whether  a  servant  whose  active  duties  arc  fini*he(l  for  tlie  dny,  but 
who  is  still  on  his  employer's  premises,  is  entitled  to  recover  under  the 
;ict,  proiiahly  depends  on  the  circumstances  of  the  case.  There  seems 
tok'  no  reason  why  a  more  rigorous  standard  sJionld  b;*  applied  undi^r 
this  act  than  under  the  common  law,  which,  as  has  been  shown  in 
;<  025,  ante,  treats  a  servant  in  many  situations,  as  being  s'i!!  within 
the  protection  of  his  master,  although  ho  may  not  be  actually  at 
work.' 

A  servant  does  not  cease  to  be  in  the  course  of  his  employment, 
merely  l)ecauso  he  is  n(jt  actually  engaged  in  doing  what  is  sp-eialiy 
pre^orihed  to  him,  if,  in  the  course  of  his  employment,  an  emergency 
arises,  and,  \^ilhout  deserting  his  employment,  he  does  what  he  tliitdxS 
neccs:^ary  for  the  purj)ose  of  advaiiejng  the  work  in  which  he  is  cu- 
casred  in  the  interest  of  his  master.' 


'Wliprc  a  person  employod  in  a  f'c- 
tory  to  do  purely  unsliillcil  lalior,  mnl 
tx|)ro«sly  foiliiddeii  to  toiicli  any  of  tlie 
niiieMrury.  was  injured  while  attenipt- 
iiif.',  in  vidlation  of  sueli  orders,  to  clean 
a  m;ipl'.iiie.  I.oirc  v.  ['taison  [ISO!*;  C. 
A.l  1  Q.  B.  2(;i,  08  L.  J.  Q.  B.  \.  S. 
122. 

'U'licre  an  enidoyee  of  railroad  eoii- 
triicfors  eiijiaped  in  ballasting  a  railroad 
silling  was  run  over  by  a  train  about 
fpven  minutes  befi^re  tlie  luiur  for  com- 
nctoir;,'  woik,  at  a  point  several  hun- 
dred yinls  from  tbe  work,  as  lie  was 
prnci'i'iiiifr.  in  accordance  with  his  em- 
ployer's directions,  alonjr  ttie  main 
tnok,  for  the  purpose  of  fioin-;  to  work. 
tlii»  was  not  an  accident  arisiii;;  out  of. 
nml  in  the  course  of.  his  eiiiplovnient. 
llnU„.iii  V.  MdcLau  [ISOO;  C.  A.]  2  Q.  B. 
310.  68  I,.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  724  ( Ronier, 
L.  J.,  dis-sentinj;) . 

'As,  where  an  enjjine  eleaner  who  had 
bpon  oonveyi>d  free  of  charge  in  his  em- 
pliiver's  train  to  the  place  where  he  was 
to  do  his  work  was  run  over  while  cross- 
inir  the  line  to  reach  the  shed  wliere  the 
oifines  were  standing,  llohmx  v.  Crrttt 
northern  R.  Co.  [1900;  C.  A.]  2  Q.  B. 


■nn,  S.-?  L,  T.  N.  R.  44,  distingiiSs'iing 
between  the  beginnin;;  of  the  employ- 
nient  and  the  beginning  of  woik.  Com- 
pare cases  cited  in  g  (124,  anir. 

•In  a  Heoleli  ease  recovery  was  denied 
where  a  woiknian  who,  after  the  eo'iclu- 
s'lm  of  his  day's  work,  was  waking 
home  along  a  private  raihv;iy  track  be- 
hin^dng  to  his  employer,  was  run  over 
at  a  [loint  about  2'!0  yards  from  the 
pi  lee  where  he  woiked.  "airm  v.  .Vfo/i- 
iiiirlir  «(•  Mnsscnd  Iron  if  dtnl  Co. 
{i'Mi\    4  Sc.   Sess.  Cis.   .-ith   sirics,  <IS!). 

^Durham  V.  llrnim  (IS'.tH)  1  S'e.  Sess. 
Cas.  ;-)th  serief.  27!).  ;i(i  Sc.  F,.  I!.  I!li). 

In  Krrs  v.  Tlioinn^  [ISfHI;  C.  A  1  1 
Q.  B.  101.->.  (IS  U  J.  y.  1!.  X.  S.  .'i!0. 
rreovery  was  allowd  whcir  a  liicunn 
employed  in  a  cou.  niine  was.  in  the 
course  of  his  duty,  eirivin'_'  a  report  of 
the  stjite  of  the  mine  fnmi  the  pit's 
mouth  to  the  ollice.  a'ld  the  horse  (haw- 
ing the  traniw  ly  truck  in  which  he  was 
riding  ran  away,  ami  in  endiavoring  to 
stop  it  he  fell  and  was  killed.  I.niri'  v. 
Pairfon  risn-h  C.  A.l  1  Q.  B.  2:11.  fiS 
r,.  .1.  Q.  B.  X.  S.  122  (see  nete  :i.  snpra), 
was  distingiii...hed  on  the  ground  that 
the  uct  there   which   waa  done  outaiUe 


S13S 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[CIIAf 


8.i 


I-; 


■M 


«;Ur 


A  scrvnnt  doea  not  cense  to  be  in  the  course  of  his  einployincni 
cause  lio  takes  a  wrong  or  dangerous  nictliod  of  doing  what  iiiij;li 
done  safely.* 

'I'lic  liiinliM  of  proving  tliat  an  accident  arose  out  of,  and  in 
course  of,  tlif  workman's  eniployniciit  lies  on  the  plaintitl." 

The  eas('!<  eited  in  tliis  section  should  he  conipared  with  those  coi 
ered  in  chapter  xxxiii.,  ante. 

769.  Period  of  disablement  (sec.  1,  sabs.  2,  a). — A  workman  w 
Avorl:  eonsist/^d  partly  of  supi  riiitendence  and  partly  of  llic  nil 
incnt  of  certain  machines  was  held  to  have  been  disablcnl  from  "c 
in:?  full  wages  at  the  WT>rk  at  which  ho  was  employcu,"  wiiliiii 
meaning  of  this  subsection,  where,  although  it  was  shown  that  a 
the  aeciflent  ho  coutinued  to  work  for  the  same  employer  at  the  ? 
wages,  it  wa>i  also  proved  tJiat  he  was  unable  to  attend  to  the  ad 
ment  of  machines;  that  he  could  do  no  work  except  that  of  sup' 
tendence;  and  that  he  would  have  l)ecn  unable  to  earn  tlie  same  n- 
if  he  had  had  to  take  service  under  another  employer.' 

770.  Alternative  remedies  open  to  workmen  (sec.  1,  subs.  2,  li 
Till*  iirovi:-iou  does  not  prevent  a  workman  from  maintainiiiir  a  ( 
uiou-li.w  suit,  after  it  has  been  determined  that  bis  case  wa.-s  nut 
which  came  within  the  purview  of  the  act.' 

An  el('cii)ri  to  take  under  the  act  is  evidenced  by  recfipt^  fiT  v.t 
pa\uient«,  some  of  which  were  worded  "in  lull  satisfaeti^iti  of  aiiK 
due  to  me  under  the  act."'* 

771.  "Serious  and  wilful  misconduct"  (sec.  1,  subs.  2,  c). — Tiif^  r 
tioii  whelher  the  servant  is  or  is  not  debarred  from  recovcn  f'li 
ground  of  "serious  and  wilful  ini.sconduct"  ceases  to  bo  of  ariv 
portauce,  when  it  is  apparent  from  the  circumstances  that  the  aoi 

tlie  Boope  of  the  gorvant's  employment  available  to  him.    }tcyi''hol:i  v.  I)i 

■was  not  (lone  in  any  eiiifrgciuy.  [1S!I!>;  C.  A.]   1  Q.  IJ.  77;!.  t:s  i,.  .), 

A  'ahorer  iiijintil  while  giving  as.sist-  N.  S.  470.  47  Wcik.  Hep.  .'.imi. 
ance   to   a    machine   man,   in    replacing       •  .l/cVic/i'/Zi/.?  v.  Orii  ,vo».  r.s  [,.  .1. 

some    loose    lielling    while    the    machine  X.  .S.  470  [18!1'.>1    1   Q.  13,  77:!.  Si) 

waH  in  motion,  was  held  entitled  to  re-  N.  S.  317,  47  Week.  Kep.  .'ino. 
eover   in   Mciizics   ■>.  Mi-Quibbun    (IflOO)         ^Chnuiihr  v     ^mith    [Istui;   r,  ; 

2  Se.  Sess.  Cas.  5th  .,jries,  732,  37  Sc.  Q.  n.  .500,  08   .     .1.  (,>.  1!.  .\.  S.  Ml 

L.    U.   321).  L.   T.    i\.   S.    317,    Folhjund    in   /m 

•  Durham  V.  nroirn  (1808)   1  Se.  Sess.  v.    Macfarhnr    (liMIO)    2   So.  S,..<. 

Cas.   .')th   spiies.  270,   30  Sc.   L.   R.    100,  .5th  series.  fi.'!2,  37  Sc.  I..  H.  '>'■>»:  ( 

per    Lord    McUiren.      A    fatal    accident  yorthcrn  of  Kiolhnid  /.'.  Co.  v.  F 

to  a  worknnn   will  be  deemed  to  have  (1000)   3  .'^c.  Sess.  (.'as.  5tli  strict, 

ocenrred    in   the   course  of   his  employ-  38  .Sc.  L.  R.  0.53. 
merit,  notwithstanding  that  at  the  time       '  liccklcy  v.  dcott    (1002)   2  Ir. 

when    it   ocenrred    he    was   going    from  604 

one  pl'cp  of  his  employment  to  another       '  f.iltlr  v.  1fr?r?,rHo>»  ( 1000)  2Sc. 

by  a   forbidden   route,   which   was  more  Cas.  6th  series,  387. 
d'angeious  tlian  another  route  which  was 


,  772)  ENGLISH  WORKMKS  S  COMl'KNSATION  ACT.  «13» 

did  not  arise  out  of,  or  in  the  course  of,  hi-*  ciiiployiiu'nL'  But  if  the 
workman  brings  hiiiisolf  within  the  net  l)v  sli..wing  that  tJie  accident 
arose  o>it  of,  and  in  the  course  of,  his  enii)l«)yini'nt,  his  case  can  only 
be  mot  l)y  tlie  omployor  by  showing  tliat  Uie  injury  to  the  workman  is 
attributable  to  his  serious  and  wilful  misconduct* 

The  judicial  conception  of  what  constitutes  "serious  and  wilfiil 
misconduct"  can  scarcely  be  said  to  have,  as  yet,  assumed  a  .lefinite 
form.  But,  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  tlie  companitivcly  few  docl- 
jjons  which  bear  upon  the  subject,  tlie  phrase  implies  smiirtliitig 
nparlv,  if  not  quite,  the  same  as  that  "wilful  niiscondii.-t"  wliicli  was 
explained  by  the  court  of  appeals  in  a  case  involving  tiu;  lialiiiiiy  of 
ii  t  Tier  for  damage  to  goods.  "There  must  be  the  doing  of  some- 
thing which  the  person  doing  it  knows  will  catise  risk  or  injury,  or 
rbe  doini:  of  an  unusual  thing  with  referenci'  to  tlie  matu-r  in  hand, 
(ither  in  spite  of  warning,  or  without  care,  regardles,s  whether  it  will 
,r  will  not  cause  injury.'" 

772,  Arbitration  (sec.  1.  subi.  3) — Jn    order   that   this   subsection 


•totre  y.  Pearson  [1809;  C.  A.]  I  Q. 
B.  2111.  08  L.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  122. 

•itcMrhnlns  v.  Unicson  [ISil!)]  1  Q. 
B.  773.  ti3  L.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  47ii.  80  L. 
T.  N.  S.  317,  47  Wwk.  R<!«.  .V)0,  per 
Collin?.  Iv.  J. 

'Cotton,  L.  .1.,  in  Lrui»  v.  Oreat 
]\,-stan  R.  Co.  (1877)  I-.  R.  3  Q.  B. 
Div.  1!)5,  47  I-.  .1.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  131,  37 
L.  T.  N.  S.  774.  211  Week.  Uep.  2.').'>.  ITie 
lanxiiafTP  "s'C'l  'ly  t-lio  other  lordr  jua- 
lices  is  to  n  similar  elfpct. 

A  finding  in  favor  of  a  servant  will 
not  be  pronounced  erroneous,  as  a  mat- 
ter of  law,  where  a  rule  made  under  the 
coal  mines  regulation  act  of  1887  was 
violated  by  a  workman  employed  in  a 
mal  mine.  Rumboll  v.  Nuiinrry  Colliery 
Co.  [1809:  C.  A.]  80  L.  T.  N.  S.  42.  Nor 
where  a  miner  failed  to  inform  liimHclf 
as  to  the  contents  of  a  rule. — e.spooialljr 
where  the  evidence  shows  that  it  was 
not  generally  observed.  MrSicoll  v. 
Spdrs  (18B9)  1  Sc.  Seas.  Cas.  5th  series. 
604.  36  Sc.  Ii.  R.  '28.  Nor  where  an 
engineer,  after  lea'  :'g  his  engine,  walked 
along  the  track  to  n  station  where  ho 
had  to  report  himself  off  duty.  Todd 
V.  CcWotn'flti  R.  Co.  (1809)  1  Sc,  Sess. 
Cm.  5th  series.  1047,  36  Sc.  h.  R.  784. 
N'.ir  whore  a  watchman,  stationed  at  a 
icrtain  point  to  warn  approaching  trains 
of  a  laniNlide,  went  along  the  line  for 
»boi!t  300  yards.  Olasnnw  rf  R.  W.  P.  Co. 
T.  iMidlnw  (inOO)  2  Sc.  Scs.s.  Cas.  5th 
•eries.  708.  37  Sc.  I..  R.  593.  Nor  where 
»  boy  of  nineteen,  in  contravention   of 


an  express  order,  put  his  hand  across  • 
circular  saw  to  pick  up  an  uncut  screw 
which  had  fallen  from  its  place.  Ilrekt 
V.  Kynock  [1001;  C.  A.]  18  Times  L.  R. 
.34.  Nor  where  a  servant  used  a  hoist 
to  a.scend  to  a  platform,  in  contraven- 
tion of  a  prohibitory  notice,  hut  the 
trial  judge  did  not  find  that  he  knew  of 
the  prohibition.  itcArthur  v.  McQueen 
(1901)  3  Sc.  .SesB.  Cas.  iith  series,  lOOtl. 
Nor  where  a  miner  failed  to  get  into  a 
manhole  in  the  main  haulage  roail  of  the 
mine,  after  he  had  been  warned  by  a 
fellow  \\orkman  that  a  train  of  can 
was  approaching.  John  v.  .4/fcion  Cool 
Co.  [1901;  r.  A.I  18  Times  L.  R.  27. 

On  the  other  hand  no  recovery  can 
be  hail  where  a  girl  engaged  in  passing 
sheaves  on  a  threshing  niacbine  uihler 
took,  in  disobedience  to  an  express  [,io 
hibition,  to  step  .icross  the  opening 
through  which  they  wei.  fed  to  the  ma- 
chine, merely  for  the  purpose  of  speak 
ing  to  a  friend,  ami  without  any  neces 
sitv  arisinc  out  of  the  work.  Cnllaqhitn 
v.'MiJTinll  (1900)  2  Sc.  Sess.  Cas!  oth 
series,  420.  .■!7  Sc.  L,  R.  .'Sir,.  Nor  whero 
a  miner  infringml  a  rule  forbidding  liim 
to  carry  a  nuked  light  on  his  cup  whilo 
carrying  cartriik'es  not  inclosed  in  a 
case.  Uailly  v,  ItVi/son  (19001  2  Sc. 
Sess.  Cas.  .5th  series.  1044,  37  Sc.  L.  R. 
782.  Nor  where  the  servant  cleaned  ma- 
chinery in  motion,  such  an  act  being  for- 
bidden by  a  rule  known  to  him.  Outhru:- 
v.  Bonse  Spinnintj  Co.  I  1901)  3  Sc.  .Ses*. 
Cas.  5th  series,  tc.tl,  .W  So    h.  R.  48J. 


"I 


I 
i  ! 


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ijH 


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1 1 


1140 


MASTER  AND  .SERVANT. 


[CIUF.  XL 


mny  apply,  it  mutt  bo  sliown  tliat  n  qiioslion  lias  arison  and  tlmt  it  Im; 
not  Wn  spttlcvl  h\  uaroonioiit,'  When?  a  qiicsiion  as  to  the  arm.iint 
or  duration  of  coinijonsation  has  been  actllod  by  agrcflnioiit,  th  if  U 
no  rooiti  fnr  arliiinitinn.  The  workman's  proper  course  is  to  },'tt  a 
momornndiiiii  of  iii^rponiont  rcoordod.* 

773.  Recovery  in  cases  where  nonliability  apart  from  the  act  is  estab- 
lished (sec.  1,  subi.  4). —  Tills  sulisoction  is  api>licable  wlnrc  it  i.i 
found  tliat  no  ciuiso  of  action  at  comnion  law  and  under  the  act  of  ISSO 
was  statrd  by  the  averments  of  the  complaint.' 

AVhcre  a  workman  who  hiis  failed  in  an  action  to  recover  d.urinsri^ 
is  {l(i.irous  of  having  conipfiisation  for  his  injury  assessed  uiidir  tlio 
set,  he  must  follow  the  procedure*  prescribed  by  this  suhsoftion,  ani 
must  apply,  then  and  there,  to  the  judge  trying  the  action,  for  an 
assessment  of  compensation ;  lie  cannot  at  a  subsequent  date  initinto 
independent  proceedings  against  his  employer  by  a  request  for  a-hi- 
tration  under  the  act.* 

774.  Application  of  fines  imposed  on  other  proceeding^!  (sec.  1,  inbs. 
5). —  The  enactments  hero  referred  to  are  the  coal  mines  rcjiulatifii 
act  1S,S7;  the  metalliferous  mines  regulation  act  1872;  and  tlio  fa- 
tory  and  workshop  act  1001. 

774a.  Te»t  of  lectlom  2.— Sec.  2. —  (1)  Proceedings  for  the  rtciiMry  iinlfr 
this  ai'i  <)f  fi)iiiiM'ii>iition  for  an  injury  riiall  not  be  maintainnblp  unli-x  notice  of 
tlie  accident  h:is  Im'cm  <(iven  as  soon  as  practic.ible  after  the  happoiiinf,'  tlnTiof,  mil 
before  tlic  workimin  has  voluntarily  left  the  employment  in  which  he  «a-i  injurrl. 
and  unless  tin-  eJaiin  for  rompriisation  with  respect  to  such  accident  lias  hci'n  maJc 
within  six  iiiciiitlis  from  the  occurrence  of  the  accident  causinjf  the  injury,  or,  in 
case  of  diath,  within  six  months  from  the  time  oi  death:  Provided,  alwiiys.  Thi* 
the  want  of,  or  any  defect  or  inaccuracy  in,  such  notice  shall  not  be  a  lur  to  tho 
maintenance  of  such  proceedings,  if  it  is  found  in  the  proceedings  for  sitl  lin<;  tlip 
claim  that  the  employer  is  not  prejudiced  in  his  defense  by  the  want,  di-fcct,  or 
inaccuracy,  or  that  such  want,  defect,  or  inaccuracy  was  occa-sioned  by  nii^Ukc  or 
other  reasonable  cause. 


a; 


•  Field  V.  Lonfiden  [1002]  1  K.  B.  47. 
There  a  workman,  having  been  incapaci- 
tated for  work  by  an  accident  arising 
out  of,  and  in  the  course  of,  his  employ- 
ment, his  employers  had,  since  tfie 
second  week  after  the  accident,  paid  to 
him,  by  way  of  compensation,  weekly 
payments  of  the  full  amount  mentioned 
m  schedule  I.,  8  1  (b)  (sec  subtitle  C. 
infra),  and  promised  to  continue  to  do 
80  during  the  period  of  his  incapacity; 
but  the  workman,  nevertheless,  filed  a 
request  for  arbitration  in  the  county 
court,  and  the  county  court  judge  made 
an  award  for  compensation  in  his  favor. 
It  waa  held,  that,  under  the  subsection 


it  was  a  condition  precedent  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  county  cmirt  jud^'e 
that  a  question  should  have  aii-cii  as  to 
the  liability  to  pay,  or  as  to  tlie  ;inioint 
or  duration  of  compensation  iimlcr  tin- 
act,  and  that,  no  such  question  hivinj! 
arisen,  the  county  court  juili;i'  liaJ  no 
iuris<liction  to  make  an  award. 

'Dunlop  V.  Ra»kin  (1001)  4  So,  Sms. 
Cas.  5th  series,  203.  .30  Sc.  I,.  H.  Uf). 

'  fiendrrson  v.  ains(joir  (1!M»IM  2  ?c- 
Sess.  Cas.  5th  series,  1127,  37  .'^c.  L.  R- 
857. 

'Ediiarda  v.  Godfrey  [1800]  2  Q.  B. 
.333.  68  T..  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  Gtiti,  80  h.  T. 
X.  S.  672. 


I  "5) 


KNOLISH  WoRKMKNSCO.Mi'KXSATlON  ACT. 


tt41 


(i)  Nnticp  In  rrxpoot  of  nn  injury  umlor  t1'i<  nrt  «1inll  jH't  ihr  nrinip  and 
,^,;r,.«  of  tlio  p<T.<in  injiiml,  iin.l  slmll  >lnli'  in  ..nliniry  l:inyn:ta<"  tli.'  I'luso  ol 
(kp  injury  iinl  tlic  iliitc  nt  wliicli  it  wu^  nn«l;iino.l,  iin.l  uliill  l'«'  xiTvr.l  on  tlic  fin- 
pi.Mi,  u'r.  if  ll  iTi'  i"  iiiorc  tlian  oni-  cinploycr.  n|Miii  iinc  of  *iwh  I'liiploycTH. 

(':))  Tlif  notic-  ni:iy  lie  mtvimI  liy  dilivcriii^'  llic  mni.-  to  or  ut  llic  rc.-i  li'iiw  or 
fl.if,' (if  liU'inc-^-i  of  llic  pcr-on  on  wlumi  il  i«  to  'r  .-('rvi><l. 

,4)  Tlii>  tiotici'  niiiy  iil-o  he  scrvnl  liy  po^t,  liv  n  ri';.'i^t(  re)  Irtirr  niMri-'sr.l  to 
ll:e  niTv.ii  on  wiioni  it  i.«  to  l.c  -irvfil,  nt  \\U  lust  liMown  pl.i(r  of  n  -i  Irii.r  or  place 
of  Ui»ii  <•»■■*.  '">■'  '*  •'••'■v'"''  ''.V  po-it  »1iai;  be  drc  nicl  to  liiivc  hrtni  i-irviil  at  llic  time 
»hin  the  letter  coiituining  tlio  sump  would  liavc  Ixcn  (IiIImtcnI  in  tlii'  orliniry 
fMir«o  of  p(»-t:  lUid  in  provii;-;  the  service  of  xucli  notice  it  xliill  l)e  Millieient  to 
(irovitliat  tlie  notice  was  propc  rly  nddre^mj  nnd  rejri^tered. 

(5)  \^  111  TO  till-  employer  in  :i  l">  ly  of  persons  corporate  or  iiiiiiicoi  pirate,  th* 
notifo  •ntiy  i'l>o  lie  served  \<y  deliverins  the  same  nt.  or  l>y  sendiiij.'  it  l.y  po-t  in  a, 
n"i-t  ri'd  letter  nddres-iMJ  to  llie  einpli'yer  at  the  odlcc,  or,  if  tin  re  be  muie  than 
ci  e  olUce,  any  one  of  the  oUiccs  of  aui-li  hoiiy. 

775.  Notice  of  the  accident  (sec.  2.  subs.  1). —  <i.  "Pr'rrr^ivrj'i." — 
Tlii.'*  word  is  li-cii  in  a  "s(■Il^^e  dilT'TiMit  from  that  wliidi  wmild  (li'-;cribe 
'vta\  piMc-'tliii'o  ordinarily."*  It  •iii;nllics  n  claim  for  cotii|i"ii<;iti(>n, 
:in(l  a  rpfi!-al  of  .siu'li  compfiisatii'ii.-  A  notice  of  injury,  not  lol lowed 
lvacl:ii<n  for  comjx'n-saiion,  is  not  a  "proceeding."* 

h.  "Chilli  for  coin^niisalion." — Tliis  phrase  moans,  not  tlie  intia- 
•i  n  of  proceedings  belcn^  the  tribiinnl  by  which  tlio  conii)ensation  is 
to  be  assessed,  but  a  notice  of  a  claim  for  compensation,  sent  to  the 
wnrkiiiaii's  emiiioyer.'  A  request  for  arbitration  is  a  sutlicioi.t  "claim 
fur  eoiiipeiis.'ition."' 

c.  Excuses  for  not  serving  notice  in  time. — The  provision  which 
rrqiiires  tiio  claim  for  compi'iisation  to  be  made  within  six  months 
<  f  the  occurrence  of  the  accident  causing  the  injury  is  not  nece-sarily 
an  absolute  bar  to  proceedings  for  the  assessment  of  compfiisnticiii, 
wmiiieiiced  after  six  moutl's  by  an  injured  workman;  and  the  county 
court  judge  or  other  arbitrator  has  jurisdiction  to  incpiirc  whether 

'lord    llaNlinry    in    Potrrll    y.    ilain  nccidont.  filed  a  rcniicst  for  nrliitrition 

Colh'Ki  fit.   [liXiil]    A.  C   'MM.  in    the   county   court.      The   <lcci»i(in    of 

';i'..«   V.   Main   CuHli'iy  Co.    [lilOO]  the  court  of  appeal  ( [10(10]  2  Q.  U.  145) 

i  Q.   li.    lir>,   per   Itoiiier.    L.   J.,   whose  was  reversinl. 

,<o-(ln-inMs  wee  adopted  by  the  House        A   letter  was  written  hy  the  n;,'fnt  01 

of  l.dnU.  a   deceased   servniifs   father   to   liie  ein- 

'I'liiii  V.  Cli'mcntu   (1901)    17  Times  plover   to     he   following'  pllect:      "I    am 

L.  i;.  .'rj.-i.  4!)  Week.   Rep.  (ili!).  iii-inicted  l^y  his  father  to  intiin at,   that 

'I'uinll  v.   .l/iiiri   (!iil!i:iy  Co.    flOOO]  he    holds   yon    liahle    for   conip.iisation. 

A  (.'.  3(i(i.  liolilinjr  th.it   the  proceediiifis  This    notice    is    fjiven    in    trrins    of    the 

icrc  in  lime  win  ri'  a   woikiiian  sent  to  statute."     !lelil.  that  the  letter  wjis  not 

lis   employers,    within    s-ix    months,    a  a    claim    for   coiiipeiisation.   lint  meiely 

rntirf  uf  (lip  nceideiit.  nnd  also  a  notice  notice  of  an  iiiteiitioii  to  make  a  cliini. 

slitii;:  that  he  claimed  a  ce  lain  amount  Itniurlt    X.    ll'ori/.e    (ISDO)     1    .'Sc.   Sess. 

is   .-n;rp,  i,-,iti.iii    lor    tin-    injury,    and  Ca.s.  .")th  serifs.  S.').5.  'M'l  .'-c.  L.  W.  \.\?i. 
tlieo,  uioie  than  six  lucutha  after  the      'U'ii^/t(  v.  liaijiiuU  [lUUUj   2  Q.  B. 


'i  ' 

i 


•(  (. 


•dWi 


ilAMl^K  AND  CiKUVANT. 


(I'liir 


^'1 


in 


i!iprc  are  any  circiimiitunwH  in  the  case  to  duLar  tlio  eiiiplnyrr  frc 
ijiisina;  that  defense.* 

The  onus  lies  on  tlie  worktiian  to  show  that  the  eniplovir  hus  i 
boon  prejudiced  by  the  fonucr'a  fuiliirc  tu  give  duo  notice  of  tin-  ( 
cidont.^ 

775a.  Test  ef  •Mtiema  3  mad  4— 8#«.  3.— (1)  If  the  ri~r<«trnr  of  (ri.-m 
'ocicliin,  after  taking  stcpi  to  ucertaio  tlie  vipw<  of  the  uinpUjyi'r  and  tttir!,n! 
riTlilic*  that  any  Hchcme  of  conipfiisatiun,  benplit,  or  inturnnce  for  the  umkm 
of  an  einphiyiT  in  any  employ nieiil,  whether  or  not  such  nchenie  lncliij(s  oti 
.11'  'i.yprH  iinil  their  workmen,  is,  on  tlie  whole,  not  lens  favoruhle  to  the  pn^ 
I  y  of  workmen  and  their  dcpendetitH  than  the  provision*  of  this  art,  tlii'  r 
pliiViT  miiy,  until  the  ccrtilicate  is  revoked,  contract  with  any  of  thone  «orkir 
thnt  the  provisions  of  the  scheme  nhitll  be  suhntituted  for  the  provi^ioita  ut  tl 
net.  and  thereupon  the  employer  shall  t>e  liable  only  in  acooriluncc  wiih  t 
■cheme;  but,  save  aa  aforesaid,  thi^  act  shall  apply,  notwithstaniling  any  cuntn 
to  the  contrary  made  after  the  cninmcnct-ment  of  this  net. 

(2)  The  r<-),'iKlrur  may  give  u  certitic!-.t«,  to  expire  at  the  end  of  a  limited  peru 
not  lp»d  than  five  years. 

(3)  No  srhcme  shall  Im  so  certified  which  contain*  an  oblij^ution  upon  t 
workmen  to  join  the  sclicmc  as  a  condition  of  their  hiring. 

(4)  If  complaint  u  made  to  the  reffistrar  of  friendly  societiex,  hy  or  on  bch. 
iif  the  workmen  of  any  employer,  thot  the  provi.-tions  of  any  iicheme  are  no  Innp 
on  the  whole,  so  favorable  to  the  general  body  of  workmen  of  such  ciiiplcjir  a: 
their  depend,  nt.t  as  the  proviiiions  of  this  act,  or  that  the  provisions  of  «u 
scheme  are  being  violated,  or  that  the  scheme  it  not  l)eiiig  fairly  adniinistpr.Hi. 
that  satisfactory  reii.-ons  e.xi.st  for  revoking  the  ccrtilicate,  the  re;,'islrar  »li.i 
examine  into  the  complaint,  and,  if  sati.siied  that  good  cause  exists  for  such  coi 
plaint,  shall,  unliws  the  cause  of  comp'.aint  is  removed,  revoke  the  eerliiimite. 

(5)  When  a  certificate  is  revoke<l  or  expires,  any  moneys  or  seeiiriliM  held  f 


240,  82  '  T.  N.  S.  3««:  Frasrr  v.  Qrrat 
Sxrlli  of  Scolliiiid  It.  Co.  (1897)  3  So. 
Se-s.  Cas.  .'ith  series,  008.  38  Sc.  L.  R. 

.■i;):t. 

'Ar;  atrreenient  nrnvc<l  at  between  the 
parties  shortly  after  the  accident,  that 
t Ill-re  is  a  statutory  liability  on  the  em- 
ployer to  pay  ciHiipensation,  the  amount 
of  coiiipeii^iition  being  left  open  for  fu- 
ture settlement,  i.s  evidence  upon  which 
the  ,iud;;e  or  arbitrator  may  propi'piy 
lind  that  the  employer  is  estopp<>d  from 
M'ttinjj  up  the  dt  tense  thnt  the  request 
for  arbitration  was  not  filed  witliin  six 
months  of  the  accident.  Having  allowed 
the  six  niontbs  to  expire  while  the  nego- 
tiations were  ."till  proceeding,  the  em- 
ployer cannot  then  turn  round  and  say 
t'  'he  time  for  claiming  compensation 
>ne  bv.  W'liqhi  v.  lUirtunll  [1900] 
?  .  240,  82  L.T.  N.  S.  34fi. 

But  the  niclc  fact  that  Iha  employer 
has  made  weekly  payments  to  a  work- 
Ban  is  not  such  evidence  of  an  aduiis- 


sion  of  liability  and  of  an  ngreem.'nt 
pay  compensation  as  will  eiiiillf  tl 
woikinan  to  commence  prmi  i  liiii;."!  ii 
dcr  the  act  after  the  expiriiinn  of  « 
months  from  the  neeid.nt,  uln  re  llicfi 
ph.yer  took  a  reeeipl  wliieh  stalcl  thi 
the  money  was  received  on  aeiniint  i 
compensation  which  niiirht  be  or  Iwnn 
due  to  the  workman  umler  the  ;irt.  /.'i 
dull  V.  IliU's  Urii  Durl.s  d  F.nnsm'-rw 
Co.  [1900]  2  Q.  "n.  ■>\:,.  I)i-lii.."ii-liit 
Wriyht  v.  Itnqtmll  [190i(]  2  y.  .  -li' 
82  L.  T.  N.  S.  34t!.  .«u/.r.i. 

A  trial  judge  is  in  error  if  he  lii 
misses  the  action,  when  he  h;is  ddpi 
mined  that  there  was  no  gooil  pxcii' 
for  the  want  of  notice.  He  is  si  ill  ho'in 
to  inquire  whether  the  defenlant  iv.n 
aa  a  matter  of  fact,  prejiidioed.  McUa 
V.  Cam"  (1899)  1  Sc.  -Sess.  Cas.  51 
series,  878. 

'.SVicurcr  V.  Miller  i  ISilOi  2  •'^iv  S-^i 
Caa.  5th  aeries,  114,  37  iSc  L.  U.  80. 


•  nil 


ENULIfSII  Wt)KK.MKN  H  fOMI'KNHATlON  ACT. 


ilUI 


i)m  purpoM  o(  the  M-li«iiie  nlinll  Ixt  tUntrilMil' .1  ••  moy  Im  arrunx**'!  bctwMit  <h* 
mploxcr  wnl  workmen,  or  «»  muy  l>?  ili'tcrminwl  I  Ih*  n-ai^trur  ol  (riviulljr 
MieittiM  In  the  event  uf  •  dilTfii'nee  of  u{>inii.-i. 

(6)  Whenever  a  ■clicuie  bun  tx'«-n  riTtilU'd  aa  aformiiiil,  il  xliull  be  thr  ilii'y  ol 
tiM  rmploycr  to  anawer  all  »ucli  inquiries  and  to  (urni«li  ull  tiicli  ;i.i>iiiiitit  in 
rfpird  to  the  iich)>mt  M  may  be  made  or  rcquirr.l  liy  tlip  regi»triir  of  fii.ri.lly 

•otnrtii'4. 

(7)  The  chief  ri-Rintrar  of  friendly  ioclctlf«i  ahnll  include  in  lii-i  uiinuil  ii|i.  it 
Ui(  piirtliMiliirn  o(  the  pro<i'.ilin({»  of  thu  roKi'trar  uihIit  IIiik  jitt. 

SfC.  4.  Where,  in  an  eniploynii-nt  to  which  this  net  tt|.|dii.-i,  the  iinlirt  iki f<,  aa 
hrrrinnder  defined,  contruct  with  any  per*on  for  the  e\iviition  l>y  oi  iiii.l<  r  "ii.li 
.ontnu-lor  of  any  woric,  and  th*  cndiTtnliorM  would,  if  m  -orlt  were  ixnnhd  iiv 
*orltmin  imnicdiutidy  rniploycd  liy  thcni,  be  liable  to  puy  ciimpfti*itiiin  iiiidir  ilii'« 

iH  to  those  wi  rliiiien  in  renjH-ct  of  any  accident  uriHiii;;  out  of,  and  in  iU-  < ■•• 

uf,  thtir  employment,  the  urdertakem  »hall  be  liable  to  pny  to  any  woiUiii.ii 
employed  in  the  execution  of  the  work  any  conipinHiitjon  which  ia  piy  ible  to  ihc 
jorkmen  (whether  under  tliit  act,  or  in  reapect  of  personal  necli;.'iei<T  or  wilful 
ipt  indcpi-ndently  of  thia  act)  by  «uch  contractor,  or  would  be  so  p.iyulilc  if  such 
contractor  were  an  employer  to  whom  thia  act  applies:  Provided,  That  the 
urdfrtakers  ahall  be  entitled  to  be  indemnified  by  any  other  person  who  would 
have  Isen  liiible  independently  of  thia  section. 

This  section  shall  not  apply  to  any  contract  with  any  person  for  the  exe<Mition 
by  or  under  auch  cop'-nctor  of  any  work  which  is  merely  nncillury  or  inrtdental 
10,  and  is  no  part  of,  or  procesa  in,  the  trada  or  buainesa  carried  on  by  such  under- 
taiiers  respectively. 

776.  Liability  to  lenranti  of  contractor!  (sec.  4).— a.  GvncraUy. — 
This  section  "coiit<'iiiiiliit«'8  the  case  of  persons  wlii>,  Ixiiij:  iiiidiTtakc  rs 
ill  lespect  to  a  partictilur  class  of  business,  sui)stitiite  for  liicmsclves 
a  contractor  to  do  some  part  of  that  busines.s,  anil  provides  that  the 
workmen  of  such  a  contractor  shall  have  the  same  rij;lit.s  ajraiiist  sucli 
persons  as  they  would  have  if  they  were  employed  hy  fheni."' 

h.  "Umicrtakeia." — The  meaning  of  this  phia--'  is  discus-cd  in 
§  78G,  infra. 

c.  "Worh  merely  ancillary  or  incidental  to." — Whcflur  the  ein- 
l)loyer  in  exein[it  from  liability  under  this  ])rovisi()ii  is  cliMcrmined  in 
pwh  instance  as  a  question  of  fact.  The  decisions,  u.s  will  be  seen  by 
ihf  subjoined  note,  arc  not  consistent.' 


'Collins,  L.  J.  Wriglry  v.   Unfiley  dom-    undir    CfiMtnot    by    n    firm    of   <>n- 

lli1(»l]   1  K.  B.  7^       SI  h.  f.  N.  S.  '4ir>.  •.'in. (IS.      lt»i';/t.v   v.   Ilri^il-u    flUOl:    C. 

'The  following   operations  have  been  A.)    I    K.    R    TN(i,   St    (,.   T.   \.   S.    115, 

held  to   be   "merely    ancillary"    to    the  AnirnuMl  in  [l!MtJ|   A.  C.  2m. 
biNiness  of  the  defendant:  The  tixiii;.'  of  ;iii    iron   roof  by  n   --iih- 

The  erection  of  a  station  build! ii:;  for  eontraeior    for    n    builder,    the   evidence 

a   railway    eomp;inv    by    a    contnietor.  sliowinfr   <lii>t   this   u.is   no   part  of   (he 

Prnrce  V.  Lotidon  d'S.  iV.  R.  Co.  [1!)00;  hitter's  busine^i.*.     Hush  v.  Iliivin  [l!»02; 

C.  A.)  2  0.  B.  100.  •'.  A.]   1  K.  B.  21fi,  "1  L.  J.  K.  B.  N.  S. 

Ihe  work   of   puttinf;  a   new  drivinji  I'lS. 
wheel  Into  a  steam  engine  belonpin;;  to        The  erection  hy  a  contractor  of  coal- 

t  oottou   factoiy,   where   such    work    is  hauling;  macliineiy  at  the  power  station 


•Mil 


ii   ' 


^iaf'l 


.♦'i 


%. 


1  ii 


1 

i!8* 


i,  i|;li 


^U4 


MAWTK.n  AND  SKISVAVT. 


(iiur  n 


770*.  Tail  mt  Mctlaa  B.— St.  5.  (1)  U'Ihtp  nnjr  rmploypr  I>m'..mi.  .  lub! 
utnlir  (hit  Mc-t  to  p.iy  f«iii|ii'ii>:ii  ion  in  r«'«|nrt  of  uiiy  iiiii.litn,  ;i  ,  |  j 
t'lilillol  to  any  Kiiin  Iriiin  In^iiniK  irt  ri'iprrt  uf  tin'  ihiikiiiiI   iIup  in  u  vmiKfiu 

Uiiilir  aut'li  liiil>iliiy,  llirn  In  llic  tvent  o(  tlir  fmiilowr  Ih iiiiiB  liiiit.iuj.i,  o 

ninkiii;;  it  rmiipoxilion  cir  iitr.mxi  iim  nt  «vitli  lil<  cri'illlur*.  or  W  Ihc  •>ni{>''i'.,  r  U 
conip.iiiy  o(  tin-  company  liiiviiix  <''piiiiM'm'i'.|  to  !»•  x.imumI  up.  micli  Muikmi'i  Jn 
liii\i'  A  lirat  cliiii(;i'  upon  tlit*  nuiii  iilorr-.:ii  I  for  tlii'  :iiiii>iin(  >o  iliii-,  mii  tlu'  jii|,i 
of  tlif  cniinly  court  nuy  dirn'l  IIk-  inKuriTa  to  piy  »iirli  mini  into  tlip  I'lHtnl, 
hin  in:<  Hunk  in  tlie  nunir  of  tlic  n  ;;i«lriir  of  mu'li  iMurl,  iiml  onlir  llir  •  nm.  td  l 
tnM'-hil  or  upplird  In  ncronlunco  with  thi>  proviiiont  of  llu>  tlr^l  m-lu  liili'  furiti 
Willi  ri'frrrnct!  to  tlic  invr^liiii'nt  in  tlir  INxtollici-  Siivinirs  II  ink  of  any  »uiii  iimiMh 
as  ronipi  n<nlion :  and  tiit.Hi*  provl«iiin'(  uliaP  iipply  iiri'iiriliiij.'ly. 

(2)  In  llie  appllrnlion  of  tliia  arrllon  to  Scollanil,  tliu  wurUn  'imvi-  a  lii-.l  iluir^. 
upon"  oliull  nit'un  "1m>  prffiriutiiilly  rnlitliil  to,'' 

77V.  Proceeding!  under  thii  lection. — \u  i\\>\>ci\]  ]'\o*  to  n  ili\H;nTii 
cotirt  frmn  un  ordiT  of  a  county  court  jinljj;' .  fjiviiij;  a  wuii^mau  : 
oliurp'  ii|Kin  moiioyn  dtic  from  an  iiiaurcr  to  tln>  fiiiployor.' 

777a.  Tt*t  of  Metiom  0,—iiec.  6.  Wlu'ri-  the  injury  for  wliicti  p,mipfn.ii|n| 

U  piyiililc  uiulcr  lliin  avl  wiw  launi'd  under  c-irniniHliiiu'iM  ircatiii;;  :\  ]i.i>\  hil.iiin 
In  luiiiio  ptr^uii  oilier  tluin  tlie  rmploycr,  to  puy  daniiiurn  in  rc-ippci  iIm  r.df,  tin 
workitiiin  iiiny,  nt  his  option,  proccrd.  citlior  at  law  nffiiinxt  tlint  pir-on  to  rvnnf 
A.>m.>i!in,  or  iipiinut  Iiih  riiiployt'r  for  ninipciixntion  unilcr  tliin  net,  Imt  imt  n;;  in- 
ImiIIi  ;  and  if  roniiH-ii-alinn  be  paid  undt-r  tlii*  act,  tha  einpluyt-r  bIiuII  bv  iniitlt-:  i. 
bv  indciiinilicd  by  the  «uid  other  person. 


of  an  elci'trlp  riilway  compiny.  Rrrn- 
mill  V,  Itiililiii  I'niird  Tranitrnitt  Co. 
(llMHI)  2  li.  IJcp.  241. 

'I  III'  eiirtioM  liy  II  contrictor  of  a  re- 
•iiinir;.'  wall  to  |iiot(-ot  the  trnrk  of  a 
r!liK^ay.  Ituniln-  it  [ihrimlh  Joint  R. 
Co.  V.  CiirUn  (  mm  )  ,3  Sc.  .Soss.  Cas.  .'5lh 
►■■lii*.  xi:i.  :is  Sc.  L.  R.  t)3j  (xcrvaiit 
run  over  liy  train). 

Tlic  wot  I;  of  a  man  pmploj-cd  by  a 
window  o'lMiiinjr  ooinpiny,  who  was  in- 
jnrod  while  clenninj;  the  windowi  of  the 
defi'iid  int.  A  tlnn  of  tailors.  D<  mi>slfvr 
V.  Iluntir  (1002)  4  So.  Sesii.  ('as.  5th 
geri.».  .'■iSn.  .in  .'<e.  L.  H.  :i!).j. 

Woik  done  liy  n  suhoontraetor  for  a 
firm  of  liiiildins  contraotors.  wtio  hiliitu- 
nlly  made  eontracU  for  the  ileniolition 
of  old  huildinps  on  the  oite  of  which 
new  ones  were  to  be  conitrueted.  Kniylit 
V.  r  I,  hi  It  fl!)n21  1  K.  B.  .Tl. 

Ilie  follow.  Iff  operntionn  have  been 
held  not  to  be  "merely  ancillary"  to  thu 
bUKiness  of  the  defendant: 

The  erection  of  sifrnnls  fo'  a  new  rnil- 
•,vny  Biding  by  a  contractor.  lliinKs  v. 
North  nritisk  R.  Co.  (lOOOl  2  «c.  Ses«.. 
r"a«.   ."51  h  series.  020.   37   Sc.  L.  R.  448 

Hiirkman  waa  run  uvur). 


Work  done  In  the  coiir>e  of  hi«  or: 
ployiiient  liy  n  Hcivant  of  r  mhiticii 
for  the  collection  and  ileli'.iy  of  .'."M' 
conviycd  by  n  railu.iy  '.\iT  a  line,  ,■' 
rate,  (lidnhill  v.  I'tihiliniimi  I!,  Cr, 
(lOnO)  2  Sc.  Se»f.  ("as.  .'.th  •^  i  i. -.  T:i; 
37  Sc.  L.  R.  52t  Isfrv.int  inji).  i  «lil. 
trinsferrinp  a  liarnl  fioiii  a  luiiy  to  a 
j^oods  tiain) . 

t'nrtiii};  work  done  by  the  =iTv.niit  nl 
a  (Irni  of  eontr^K-iors,  wlm  urii'  ii"lii 
cniitraef  to  do  nil  the  cirlii",'  \\n:k  in 
conniclion  with  a  faeloiy.  It"  v.  In  «< 
(I'KIK)  2  .Sc.  Se«s.  ('n^."-)tli  s.mI.-.  4'"', 
37  Sc.  L.  XI.  328  (fait.ny  o.viur  lnvl 
liable). 

Woik  done  by  a  carter  in  tlie  emn'"V 
of  a  raihviy  cnnipuiy,  wl  ile  le  w  <  fn- 
'/a?e<l  in  transporting  tlie  iruMl,*  of  \hf 
defendants,  a  ihin  of  siii.i;,'e  ni.iki'i*. 
to  a  station  on  the  railwy.  r<  ■,«  r  v, 
MrCovtn  (1002)  4  Sc.  Sc--i,  t'w  .llh 
series.  210.  This  deci.sion  is  almost  ci-r- 
tainly  erroneous. 

'  Kiiirrton  v.  Korth'rn  Fii;'/"'"".'' 
}fut.  hnlcffity  Co.  |I0021  1  K  li  *«". 
IS  Tin.i  ■•.  T..  R.  .'■"!:  Mmr''.  v.  Vn  f'^n 
l\miilntirrii'  Mut.  Indemnily  Co.  [liJ'2] 
2  K,  D,  105. 


||T;».TTtal     ENOLISU  W<MiKMKNSt;oMI'KXS.\TI<»N  M't.  IU5 

778.  ProcMdingt  under  Mction  6.— W'licrr  Im.iU  tln>  "im'lrrtii!;'^r«" 

jnd  u  .'.iitruftor  with  ilioin  am  imi'li'  n>i«>ii«lci»tfl  to  b  ••l.iini  f..r  com- 

,H.„.uii.m  iinJtT  tlie  ucl,  iiml  tho  «!.)iiiri.«'t..r  i.»  f..iii..l    linl.l.'  l-  i':iy 

;,,, „-;i!i<.i),  a  I'liiiin  f..r  iri.lcii'iiity  caiiiiDf  Ix-  niii.lf  in  iln"  r.rl.iira- 

ii„n  liv  the  tiiKliTtiikir^  u^'aiii^t  tlif  .•<.nrnict..r  iiiuI.t  ml.'  iJ.'l  (-')  of 
the  w.'rkmcn'H  c..iii|M>n!'iiti..u  rulo*  iH\>t,,  luilis".  the  i..  m  ;.!.  .111.1^ 
b^  ruh'  I'J  lius  lx'<'ii  ^ivfu.' 

B.  Empi.ovmkntb  to  which  tiif.  act  i«  aimm  hmh  i;. 

7T8fc  T«t  o»  Metlena  7-10.— Src.  7.— (I)  Tlii»  nrt  -Imll  :x\<y\y  "iily  tn  «n- 

ikfr4 


,nt  by  till-  iinilrrtuk«TP«  n«  luT4'in-ftiT  cli-rlnnl.  on  nr  in  -r  .il.-m  n 


(jiioiV.  mine, 


qinirry,  or  i-nyiniTiini?  ,.oik.  iitui  to  »'ni|>lii>iiii'nt  l>y  t  In 


III.  I 


ti  IhTi  ilia 


iftiT  ilrllnoil,  on  ir,  or  rl t  n 


nv  l.iiil.linL'  wlilih  rxw"*.!"  :»>  fwt  i"  U-i.-lit 


III  ii  I'it 


thiT  Ix'inj'  ronstriii'Irl  or   r>-imiri-.l  liy  nii'ii 


mt  (>(  .1  nruirnMinK,  ur  l>i'i:>i{ 


(irnid'i 
[«i»pr, 
tUriiif 


•  hill,  or  on  wliicli  nni 


■liinrrv  iliivoii  tiv  i-tciini,  wiilir,  or  otliiT  mn ' 


•  I 


U'in;( 


UKcil  for  tlic  imriMwe  of  the  coiii.lriictioii,  r.-piir,  i-r  U.niolii 


iti»  ri 


In  thi*  net  "rnlKviiy"  inennji  tho  rniUiiy  o(  ony  milw.y  coiiipiny  lo  wlii.'i 

ni!  ii'ilii'l' ■<  II  li^'lit   niilrt  ly  mili- 


uliilion  of  riiiUviiVi'  m-t    lH7:i.  iipiiHi" 


ii«  in  lb.'  «niil  nit.^  of  IHTM  iiri.l  Hflii:  •■f:iili.i\  •'  lri«  tl..'  ^iiiiii-  ni.iii- 


i„|,.r  !.!.•  liBht  railway*  act  ISMO;  iiml  'Tailway"  nn.l  "niilway  n.iiipiiu 


ire 


1  till-  failory  ami  w<>rl;-liop  lu- 


U  IhTH  lo  1>''1.  anl  iiNo  im-l'il.t  any  ilo-U. 


:irf.i|.iay.  wnr.liou*.",  niartiimry,  or  niant,  to  wI-hIi  ary  provi-imi  of  Hi.'  fo'lo.y 
i.  M|.pii<-.1  l>y  til.'  factory  ami  work-lii.p  act  H:'...  ami  every  laiinlry  u'  ,!...l 

|_v  .11  Mil,  water,  or  olli.r  niiVlianie.l  imiw.t  ;  '■niiii'-"  n nn  a  niiiir  to  wlii.'li  llie 

nrnl  niiiii-^  resitliilioM  act  Iss;,  or  t'li'  mi'tallifi-roii.  miiii.s  n^iilaii-in  a<t  M7-'. 
jp,,|i,.>;  "ipiarry"  niiaiis  a  .|iiarry  iimler  the  qinrri.H  not  ls:i»;  •■,.ii-iiMriiii« 
Mork"  means  any  work  of  eott.-lni.lion  or  nll.Tatioii  or  npair  of  ii  railronl,  liar 
linr,  i!o.k,  canal,  or  mavit,  ami  inHmlrs  any  otlifr  wmU  for  tlie  con-lriui  i"'i.  alter 
ttion.  •'  -"iiair  of  wlii^'h  mncliinery  .liiven  by  Meaiii.  walrr  or  olli.r  m, .  "laiiical 
powir  i~  "J;  "uii.lertaVeis-  in  the  ca^e  of  a  railway  ni"in-  the  rail  v  ly  com 
riKiy;  111  the  case  of  a  f.ietory,  quarry,  or  laundry  nii'aii.H  the  ocMip.  r  tlnreof, 
nrhin  llie  nieanin-;  of  the  fartnry  nn.l  workshop  ncli  IsTS  to  WX,:  in  tlie  ca-e  of 
I  tiiro  ni.nas  the  owner  therrof  within  the  nieaiiin,'  of  the  coal  niini-s  r-ii'  'lion 
art  Iss:,  or  the  metalliferous  mine*  rejfulation  net  1H72.  a*  the  case  may  !«>:  In 
lleca^c  of  an  endiiieeiiiii;  work,  miaiw  the  person  un.iert  ikms  the  con-lriiei'  .n. 
tltmtinn,  or  repair;  and  in  the  ci.e  of  a  biiil  ling  nuans  the  prr-oiis  un  hrlakin;: 
thf  construction,  repair,  or  dimnlition ;  "employer"  inraides  any  holy  of  persons. 
corponte  or  imlncorporate,  nml  the  le-al  p.rsonnl  ropp-ntativc  of  i  dee-as.  I 
fmnlcv.r;  "workninn"  inoludrs  every  person  who  i-s  eiiL'i-i-l  in  an  ciii|>Ioyiiieiit  to 
»l,ich"this  act  applies,  whether  ly  way  of  manual  lahor  or  otlurw  ise,  and  wheth.i 
his  a?nimcnt  is  one  of  tier. ice  or  apprentici-^hin  or  other«  i-.  and  is  expr.-s"-!  or 
implied,  is  oral  or  in  writins.  Any  reference  to  a  woiKiiian  who  has  been  ir 
jured  shall,  where  the  workman  is  dead,  include  a  reference  to  his  le','al  pi-rsoni! 
rfprointativc,  or  to  liis  dependents,  or  other  peraoa  to  whom  coiiiponsalion  is 

'Afplrhy  T.  Uomrhy  Co.  flSnO]  2  Q. 
B.  .V21.  «ii  L.  T.  N.  S.  853.  08  L.  J.  Q. 
B.  N.  S.  892. 


Nil 


<H 


ik  i 

fti  . 
Mi  ' 


.   ) 


ll'll 


2146 


MASTEK  AMJ  SEKVANX. 


[chip.  XI 


1' 

li' 

I 


payable;  "drpcndcnt:  "  means  (a)  in  England  and  Ireland,  such  members  of  th 
worki.  iUi's  family  gpedlied  in  the  fatal  aociiientB  act  1846,  as  were  w-liolly  or  ii 
pan  dependent  upon  the  earnings  of  the  workman  at  tlie  time  of  hii  deatli;  an< 
(6)  in  ScotliiiHl,  hiieb  of  the  persona  entitled  according  to  the  law  of  Scotlanl  t, 
sue  tlie  I'Miploycr  for  daninj,res  or  solatium  in  respect  of  the  death  of  the  workiii.n 
as  were  wliully  or  in  part  dependent  upon  the  earoings  •(  the  workman  at  th 
time  of  his  death. 

(3)  A  wuiUniun  employed  in  a  factory  which  ia  a  shipbuilding  yard  ihall  no 
be  I'xc'Iuclcil  from  this  act  by  reason  only  that  the  accident  arose  outaide  the  jari 
in  the  course  of  hia  work  upuu  a  vessel  in  any  dock,  river,  or  tidal  water  near  Ui 
yard. 

Sec.  8. —  (1)  This  act  shall  not  apply  to  persona  in  the  naval  or  military  scrrici 
of  the  Crown,  but  otherwise  shall  apply  to  any  employment  by  or  under  the  Crowi 
to  wliich  this  act  would  apply  if  the  employer  were  a  private  person. 

(2)  Till'  treasury  may,  by  warrint  laid  before  Parliament,  modify  for  the  pur 
puses  of  this  act  their  warrant  made  uruler  section  one  of  the  superannuation  aci 
ISS7,  and  nolwitlistanding  anything  in  that  act,  or  any  such  warrant,  may  fr,ini( 
a  Ki'lieme  uith  a  view  to  its  being  certified  by  the  registrar  ol  frinnlly  societiei 
under  tliLs  jvct. 

t-ec.  9.  Any  contract  existing  at  the  commencement  of  thin  act,  whereby  a  nurk 
man  relini|uishes  any  right  to  compensation  from  the  employer  for  personal  injur; 
arising  out  of  and  in  the  course  of  his  employment,  sliall  not,  for  the  purpos.-,  oi 
this  act,  be  deemed  to  continue  after  the  time  at  which  the  workman's  contract  nl 
service  would  determine,  if  notice  of  the  determinatioa  thereof  were  given  at  the 
coinmeneonient  of  this  act. 

Sec.  10.   (1)  This  act  shall  come  into  operation  on  tlie  1st  day  of  July,  1898. 

(2)   This  act  may  be  cited  as  the  workmen's  compeosation  act  1897. 

779.— Scope  and  effect  of  these  provisions;  fenerally^Froin  the  pro- 
visions a  ove  sot  out  it  will  be  seen  that  the  right  of  tlio  siTv^nt  to 
recover  compensation  under  the  act  is  made  to  depend,  in  tlie  niaJT- 
ity  of  instances,  upon  two  distinct  tests,  viz.  (1)  physical  coiitigni'v 
with  respect  to  the  locality  in  which  one  or  other  of  certain  spceiti.  i 
classes  of  business  are  carried  on ;  and  (2)  the  character  of  tJio  opera- 
tions in  which  the  servant  is  engaged.  In  any  case  in  wliicli  tlie 
former  of  these  tests  is  controlling,  the  essential  subject  of  iiiquirv 
is  the  import  of  tlie  phra.se  "on  or  in  or  about"  The  applicability  of 
the  latter  test  is  a  question  which  hinges  upon  the  connotation  of  ilie 
various  i'?rnis  used  to  designate  the  various  kinds  of  busiuass  whicli 
fall  within  the  purview  of  the  act 

780.  Meaning  of  the  phrase  "on  or  in  or  about,"  when  used  in  con- 
nection with  various  kinds  of  concerns. — In  the  subjoined  note  is 
stated  the  efTect  of  the  cases  which  turn  directly  upon  the  question 
whether  the  conditions  of  physical  contiguity  implied  iiy  the  plir^ise 
"on  or  in  or  about"  existed  at  the  time  of  the  accident,  with  regard 


i.tr 


1780) 


ENGUSU  WORKMEN'S  COMrEN'SATION  ACT. 


2147 


to  certain  localities  in  which  one  or  other  of  the   various  kinds   of 
husiness  which  are  coverrd  by  tlie  act  was  carried  on.* 


'(a)  On  or  in  or  about  a  rnilira;/. — 
iSee  also  i  783,  infra.)  The  conditions 
contemplated  by  these  worJs  do  not  ex- 
ist where  a  carter  in  the  employ  of  a 
contractor  for  the  cartage  of  rocxN  to 
and  from  a  stntion  of  the  company  is 
injured  owing  to  the  fact  that,  after  his 
day's  work  is  finished,  liis  liorse  bolts 
just  outside  the  gate  of  the  station  and 
diisties  into  a  shop  315  yards  distjint. 
linlhgate  v.  Caledonian  R.  Co.  (1!K)1)  4 
ic.  Seas.  Cag.  5th  series,  313,  3U  Sc.  L. 
R.  240. 

Sor  can  any  compensation  be  recov- 
ered under  the  act,  where  the  condnotor 
of  a  frcij,'lit  train  met  witl.  an  accident 
about  a;  of  a  mile  from  the  main  line 
of  a  railway,  from  which  a  private  siil- 
inj:  belonping  to  a  trading  company  di- 
ver;!fd.  Biudie  v.  North  Urilish  H.  Co. 
iliiiiO)  3  Pc.  Sesa.  Cas.  5th  series,  75, 
:VS  Sc.  L.  R.  38.     With  re.sptct  to  this 

nse  it  should  be  obscrve<l  that  the  sid- 
1:^9  itself  was  not  a  "railway"  for  the 
;virpo«os  of  the  act,  as  it  was  not  one 
■0  wliich  the  reir\ilation  of  railways  act 
1ST3,  referred  to  in  section  7,  subs.  2, 
vas  apjilicable.     See  §  78.1,  infra. 

In  Kiipland  the  accepted  doctrine  is 
that  no  part  of  the  premises  of  a  rail- 
vav  company  car  be  rcgardwl  as  being 

ui,>il  for  purposes  of  public  trallic," 
nitliin  the  meaning  of  the  regulation  of 
railways  act,  unless  some  one  of  the 
processes  directly  connected  with  the 
operation  of  the  traias  are  conducted 
thereon.  This  doctrine  is  assumed  to 
involve  the  consequence  that  no  recovery 
pan  he  had  under  the  compensation  act 

vbere  the  accident  occurs  in  a  railway 
ri'freslinienf  room,  to  which  the  only  en- 
tnnce  for  the  public  is  from  the  station 
plitfcirm.  miner  v.  Great  Snrthrrn  li 
To.  [innO:  C.  A]  1  Q.  B.  79i>,  82  L.  T. 
\.  S.  187. 

But  nnnther  view  prevails  in  Scot- 
land, ser  .ts  having  been  allowed  to 
recover  \  .ere  the  accident  <><eiin<d  in 
a  sniitliy  within  the  area  of  a  yard. 
where  the  hnrsos  used  by  a  railway  cnrii- 
piny  fur  collecting  and  delivering  goods 
were  «ho<l.    t'uledoninn  li.  Co.  v.  Ilirilin 

(10(10)  2  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  5th  series,  ll'iS, 
37  .«e.  T..  R.  308.  And  also  where  the 
claimant  wa.s  a  carter  whose  Irisiness  it 
naa  to  deliver  to  consi;r"e«'s  goods  re- 
ei'ived  nt  one  of  the  stations  of  his  em- 
plnvers.  a  railway  company.  Drvinc  v. 
C'lirdnninn  R.  Co.  (1809)"  1  Sc.  Sess. 
Cas.  6th  series,  1105,  3«  He.  L.  R.  877. 


Of  these  two  theories  the  latter  wo\iId 
seem  to  be  the  preferable  one.  The 
English  decision  ignores  tlu'  pl;iin  and 
lilier.il  meaning  of  the  words  "on  or  in 
or  about,"  and  fastens  on  them  a  re- 
stricted signilicaiice  whicli  is  not  jw-iti- 
tied  Dy  any  of  the  phraseology  employed 
in  the  act  itself. 

(b)  "On,  in,  or  alout  a  factory. " — 
Recovery  has  been  allowed  wheie  an 
emjiloyee  was  injure<l  while  loatling  a 
cart  l)elonging  to  the  owners  of  the  fac- 
tory, standing  in  a  street  close  to  tho 
entrance  to  the  factory  yard,  in  a  pl.ice 
where  it  was  usually  loaded.  I'uiii:ll  v. 
Hroivn  [1HH9;  C.  A.)  1  Q.  C.  l.'.T,  OS 
L.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  151,  79  U  T.  X.  S. 
C31.  47  Week.  Rep.  145.  And  where  a 
workman  employed  as  a  <|uay  laliorer  at 
a  wharf  was  injured  on  the  street  out- 
side the  wharf  shed,  while  engaged  in 
removing  girders  to  the  side  of  a  steam- 
er, atniin  V.  tflnnn  (1901)  3  Sc.  Si.ss. 
Cas.  5tU  series,  (;()3,  38  Sc.  L.  R.  4;.'>. 
And  where  a  car  driver  i  a  cable  rail- 
way company  was  injured.  Tiliile  oiling 
his  car  in  the  car  hlied,  374  feet  ilistaut 
from  a  machine  room  adjoiiiiHL'  the  slied 
in  which  grips  and  other  parts  of  tlio 
cars  were  repaired,  ilouniij  v.  Edin- 
burgh d  D.  Tramuaiis  Co.  (1901)  4  Sc. 
Sess.  Cas.  5th  series,  390,  38  Sc.  L.  R. 
2tiO. 

Recovery  has  been  disallowed  where 
a  carter,  employeil  liy  the  oceupiers  of  a 
factory  to  e.ul  goods  to  and  friini  tho 
factory,  wr.s  injured  when  he  wai  uboMt 
a  mile  and  a  half  distant  from  the  fac- 
tory. Louth  V.  Ibbot.ion  [1899)  1  Q.  ». 
llio:i,  80  L.  T.  N.  S.  341,  Ii8  I..  .1.  Q.  B. 
N'.  S.  405.  And  where  a  laborer,  wln.se 
■  luty  it  was  to  fetch  water  in  a  cart 
from  a  brook  at  some  distance  along 
the  main  mad,  for  the  use  of  a  faetoiy, 
was  injured  while  returning  with  tlie 
lart,  at  a  spot  about  110  to  100  yards 
.listant  from  the  engine  ami  iiinrtar-iiiill, 
owin"  to  the  hor.se  running  awav.  h'nin 
V.  .vlilrr  [1900]  1  l^  n.  788.  82  T..  T. 
N.  S.  284.  And  where  a  cart  used  to 
carry  timber  from  a  factory  upset  alxii.t 
•2  miles  away  from  the  I.ietoiy.  and  in- 
jured an  employee.  Ihll  v.  ll/i.Co/i 
flS99)  1  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  5th  series.  9  12. 
And  where  the  workman  was  iiijiniil  in 
the  employment  of  a  firm  of  ship  re- 
pairers, W'hile  repairing  a  shi[>  in  n 
pid)lic  dock  at  a  distance  from  his  em 
idoyer's  factory  of  .">.")0  yards  in  a  direct 
line,  and  about  a  mile  by  road.    Barclay 


•  ill., 
'     'MSI 


i  r.f 


il  *ii 


■     :        i ;  ,, 

<I-'S 

\ 

4j!'iiiiiJI 

;  ] 

'  f  * 

U-  u     Mllllili^M 

[| 

h '  '•  i 

i  J 


2148 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[ciui'.  t 


781.  "On  or  in  or  about  a  building"  which  exceedi  30  feet  in  height- 
a.  Height  of  building. — In  an  arbitration  before  the  county  ciui 
uiidor  tliis  act,  the  question  whether  a  building  "exceeds  ;30  iVct  i 
hciiiiif,"  within  the  meaning  of  tliis  section,  is  a  question  of  fact  tot 
detoriiiined  by  the  county  court  judge,  having  regard  to  the  piiriicula 
circuHi.stances  existing  at  the  lime  of  the  accident  to  tlie  workmuii.' 


V.  M'Kinpoit  (l'.)Ol)  3  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  5th 
sciii'^.  4;i(i,  :!8  So.  L.  R.  321,  AllirmeU  in 
[litOl]  A.  f.  i.'ii!). 

Till'  expression  "employment  by  the 
iiixli'itulvvis  ...  on  or  in  or  about 
a  .  .  .  fnotory"  means  employment 
by  ttio  undei  tiiUeiM  on.  in.  or  about  their 
Cvvn  fiicloiy.  A  woiknnin,  therefore, 
who  is  sent  by  his  cniployers  on  their 
l.usiiu'ss  to  the  factory  of  :i  third  party, 
and  is  there  injured  iiy  aeeident,  is  not 
entitled  tu  e(iin]iensati(in  under  tlie  act. 
/'  'IK  IS  V.  Turner  tiros.  [I'.tOO]  1  Q.  B. 
478. 

Ill  a  eise  where  a  railway  car  :i  rtas 
iiijiMid  while  taking  ftnods  from  a  fac- 
toiy  to  a  dray,  in  wliieli  they  were  to 
be  ciiiiviyed  lo  the  station  of  a  railway 
wliieli  liad  eiiiitracted  for  tlie  conveyance 
oi  the  f.'i)od-<  for  a  lump  Kiini.  incliidiii;; 
tiilli  ei.lhcliiin  i.nd  delivery,  it  was  held 
tliit  tlie  ipwiurs  of  the  f;ietiiry  were  "un- 
«lert;iki  r-i."  and  that  the  aeeident  oc- 
ciirre<l  while  the  cirter  was  employed 
''in  or  alioul"  the  factoiy.  ilctluimi  v. 
fooiMr  (IMOl)  4  Sc.'Sess.  Ca,s.  otli 
Miles.  24!).  But  this  decision  seems  to 
be  wl'iil'y  anomiloiis  and  unsound. 

It  lias  been  held  that  a  workman  eni- 
pliiveil  on  liouil  a  ship  lyintj  in  ilotk  is 
not  employed  "on  or  in  or  about'  a 
dock,  and  is  theri'fov'  t  employed  "on 
or  in  or  about''  a  faiUiry,  wlietlier  the 
doek  itself  Is  or  is  not  a  "factoiy"  with- 
in the  iiieaniiii;  of  that  word,  lus  deliiu'd 
in  the  act.  (See  §  78;ia,  infra.)  Floints 
V.  Chainbrra  [ISnO;  C.  A.]  2  Q.  B.  142, 
Stt  L.  T.  N'.  S.  834,  fi8  L.  J.  Q.  B.  X.  S. 
048.  lint  this  case  was  overruled  in 
/i*'ii«e  V.  Jobson  [1901]  A.  C.  404. 

(c)  On  or  in  or  about  ii  mine. — Hc- 
covery  has  been  alIowe<l  where  a  servant 
was  injured  while  enga_'i'd  in  blasliiii; 
boulders,  for  the  purpose  of  formiii};  a 
road  to  be  used  in  the  operation  of  a 
mine  which  was  beinjr  op<'ned  a  few 
yards  awav.  Ellison  v.  I.ongdcn  (1001; 
C.  A.)  18" Times  L.  R.  48.  And  where 
a  brakenian  in  the  service  of  a  colliery 
company  was  injured  while  coupling 
ears  on  a  sidiiif;  beloiifiiii^  to  the  com- 
pany.    Uonaghan   v.    United   CoUicriea 


(inOO)   3  Sc.  Segg.  Cao.  5th  .seriis,  Hi 
38  Sc.  L.  R.  92. 

Recovery  has  been  dis.illowiil  whii 
an  eii;;ine  diiver  in  the  eiii|i|iy  oi  co 
liery  owners  was  killed  aliuiit"  ',  nf 
mile  from  the  pit  mouth  of  tlie  eulli.p 
while  his  enjiine  was  drawing;  a  ci' 
train  to  the  depot  wliere  the  eml  »j 
stored.  TurnbuU  v.  iMiublun  Ci.Hirn, 
Co.  (1900;  C.  A.)  82  U  T.  \.  .S.  jy 
Hi  Times  L.  R.  329.  And  wl„-iv  an  ir 
jurj'  was  received  by  a  iM'rkiiiiin.  wbi 
after  the  eonelusion  of  his  ci.iy's  w.nl 
was  walkiiij;  home  aloii;;  a  piiiatc  nii 
way  beloiif^ing  to  bis  em|ilnyir,  anii  iv.i 
run  over  at  a  point  ahoiii  SM)  vhiJ 
from  the  place  where  he  Huik.  I  ('./;:. 
V.  Suinmirlee  li  J/.  /io,i  d  r.,;/  Ti 
1 1002)  4  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  .'ilh  >.  ri,-.  ;i-:i. 

(d)  On  or  in  or  iibnul  "i «;;,;(/. r.;i; 
iiorh." — Tliese  words  are  mil  diMriji'iv 
of  an  accident  which  occurred  to  a  wuik 
man  while  he  was  engaf,'ed  in  uiileili:;; 
from  a  hopper,  about  IJ  iniliH  out  a 
sea.  mud  drodjred  from  a  liail.or,  not 
witlistanding  that  he  was  at  liiius  en. 
ployed  on  the  dredger.  Clininliri  v 
ll'/ii^c/iaicn  Harbour  Comr.i.  [lS!i;t;(' 
A.l  2  y.  B.  132.  08  L.  J.  Q.  1!.  .V.  :? 
740,  80  L.  T.  N.  S.  580,  47  We.k.  R.; 

'  ^tct!ralh  V.  Kcill  [1002;  C.  A]  1 
K.    B.    211,    71    L.    .1.    K.    1!.    N.   N    > 

ap|)iovii!g  a  finding  that  the  ImiMi:.: 
was  over  30  feet  in  height,  wLm'i' tin 
judge  took  the  lowest  part  ol  lii'  If' 
ings  as  the  level  from  which  to  e-tii:iUi 
the  height,  and  there  was  no  evil.i'i 
to  show  that,  at  the  time,  aiiylliinir  nioi' 
than  the  footings  had  been  cuMr'.l  in. 

An  accident  to  a  workman  ciiiiilnyel 
on,  in.  or  about  a  buihling  in  tlie  omn-' 
of  eonstniction,  which  iloes  not  at  t!:i 
lime  exceed  30  feet  in  height,  iillli"".'!! 
it  is  intended  that  when  eoiii|il.tid  it 
shall  exceed  such  height,  is  not  uii'iiN 
the  act.  UiUimiH  v.  Il'illniiini  (ISMi. 
C.  A.]  1  Q.  B.  70,  08  L.  J.  Q.  B.  S.  S. 
10,  70  I..  T.  N.  S.  30ti. 

A  finding  that  the  employment  of  lli« 
uoikiiiiiii  ttaa  up" in  a  liuililiug  ovrr-y.'i 
30  feet  iu  height,  being  denloIi^lltJ,  is 


;i1' 


1781] 


ENGLISH  WORKM'NS  COMPENSATION  ACT. 


2149 


The  distance  from  the  ground  to  tho  tup  of  tlie  roof,  and  not  tho 
distance  from  tlie  ground  to  tli<'  top  of  the  wall-i,  is  to  bo  considf-rcd 
in  dricrmining  wlietlier  a  building  is  more  than  oO  feet  higii,  witiiin 

the  act* 

h.  'Being  conslrucfcd  or  irpaticd." — Tlicr^c  wonls  do  no*  ■  >iifine 
ihe  employment  to  the  construction  or  repair  of  tlio  building  a3  a 
whole.  "Construction"  hero  includes  a  casr;  where  tin?  building  has 
been  constructed  and  believed  to  be  eoiiiphte,  but,  having  been  ;iftcr- 
wanh  thought  to  be  faulty  and  unstable,  is  being  strengUic  ikhI  by  tlie 
.idilition  of  stays  or  suj)ports.' 

The  word  '"n  pair"  includes  paint  iiii;-,  wliilewnsliing,  and  dubbing 
the  ceiling  and  walls  of  the  interior  of  a  building,  where  the  painting 
and  whitewashing  is  a  portion  of  the  work  ntci  ssary  to  finish  tlie 
liuilding.* 

On  tlic  ground  tliat  the  buildings  in  question  cnnie  within  tho  de- 
scriptive words,  "'being  constructed  by  a  sealhilding,"'  recovery  has 


justifi  ililc,    where    llif    pvidoncc    shows 

i'>:U,  although  the  buiMiiij;  U:ul  lifpn  re- 

(1  to  less  tlinii  ."iO  fci't.  the  p  ii  i  vuull 

^een  the  biiiUlitit!  and  the  luljoiiiiiiff 
one  remaineil  intact  nt  the  time  of  the 
accident,  and  was  more  than  M)  feet  in 
hei^'ht.  Knight  v.  Cuhitt  [1!102J  1  K. 
B.  31,  71  L.  J.  K.  B.  N.  S.  'J3. 

The  conditions  indicated  by  this 
phrase  arc  satisfied  where  the  hei<;ht  of 
the  bnildin'i,  without  including  the 
foundation,  is  moie  than  30  feet.  Hul- 
sicad  V.  Thomson  (KtOl)  3  Sc.  .Sess. 
Cas.  uth  series,  6tiS,  38  !Sc.  L.  R.  473. 

Internal  couinuinication  between  a 
Imililing  ov(r  .SO  feet  high  and  an  ad- 
joining buililing  less  than  tliat  height, 
owililiil  with  the  fact  tliat  the  .same 
husiiicss  is  carried  on  in  both  buildings, 
is  not  evidence  to  justify  a  linding  that 
tlie  lower  building  is  a  part  of  the 
hijlur,  and  that  a  workman  injured 
while  engaged  in  demolishing  the  lower 
IpiiiMiiig  is  eniplovid  on  the  di'itiolition 
(if  a  building  exceeding  .'!0  feet  in  heiirht. 
lt:j>:OM  V.  I'lilchard  [\<.>m)\  1  1,1.  B.  WO, 
H2  L.  T.  N.  S.  18l>. 

'HrMinolt  V.  AeirfOH  (ISOO;  C.  A.) 
fiS  I,.  .1.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  4!i.-),  [IWIO]  1  Q.  U. 
IftlH,  Allirnicd  as  to  this  point  in  [H'OlJ 
A.  C.  40. 

Mm  Hoddinoft  v.  A>»  fon  [IDOl]  A. 
('.  -l!!.  SI  F,.  T.  N.  S.  1,  Reversing  tlH'.llI: 
<'.  A]  1  tl.  15.  1018,  08  L.  .7.  ^.  15.  N.  S. 
495.  l.onl  Miicitichten  said:  "Construc- 
tion, repair,  ueinolition. — these  three 
operations  cover,  I  think,  evi'ry  varying 
phuM-  iu  ihe  life  of  a  building,  from  its 


beginning  to  its  end."  Lord  Murrissnid: 
"In  my  opinion,  when  you  reali/i'  what 
the  entity  e.illed  the  building  is,  all 
operations  on  it  must  be  eilher  con- 
strueling.  or  repairing,  or  deuiolisliing, 
—alteration  in  its  construction  is.  in  my 
opinion,  const  met  iiig.  ...  In  my 
opinion,  wliiiliei  eoinpleled  or  not  eoiu- 
pleted,  if  work  uf  the  nature  of  con-truc- 
I  ion  goes  on.  that  is  conslruel itig ;  if 
wiiik  in  the  nature  of  repair,  that  is 
repiiiiiig:  and  there  is  no  room  for  any 
third  operation  of  so  cnlhcl  alteiation 
as  disliiiet  from  eio.-l  riiel  iiig  or  repair- 
ing." l/irds  Sh;iiid  and  l.iiidhy  dis- 
sente<l  from  the  judi,'nient  of  the  ma- 
jority. 

'Jiuldyv.  Broihrick  (lOOl)  2  Ir.  Ho. 
32S. 

A  lart'e  amount  of  wliitrw  i-liiiiL'  x-  K 
was  being  don>'  upon  a  si-hiud  luiilding 
iiiori>  than  30  feet  hi'rh,  by  meaii-^  of  a 
-ealt'ohling.  and  a  woikiu-iii  eniployecl 
ujion  the  work  was  kilicil  ouImli  to  the 
collapse  of  the  seallulding.  Held,  that 
the  building  was  "being  repaired"  by 
means  of  a  scairoldiiig.  I)ir,!iir  v.  Con- 
ii„,i  [l!)01]  2  K.  B.  4J,  84  1-.  T.  X.  S. 
:i4.5. 

The  .ourt  stated  that  the  .•iTecl  of  the 
ileeision  in  lloililmoU  v.  Siirtan  |  I'.IOI ) 
A.  (  .  4!t.  84  L.  T.  N.  S.  1.  SK/na,  was 
to  overrule  the  earlier  ruling  iW'oiid  v. 
Wohh  flS!i!l|  1  (.1.  H.  l(H)!l,  8(1  I..  T. 
N.  S.  .'?4.->,  08  L.  J.  ().  B.  N.  S.  4!I2)  that 
the  ordinary  outside  painting  ol"  a  build- 
ing is  not  "repair"  within  the  meaning 
of  the  act. 


'Ji!' 


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,f     -f     ',    ;;  KH 


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1!|- 


ii 


11:;;! 


2150  MASTER  AND  SERVANT.  [riiAp  xl 

been  allowed  in  a  case  whore,  at  (lio  time  of  tlie  accidtiit,  tln'  <•  ,| ,. 
ponent  parts  of  the  scaffolding  were  lying  on  the  ground  naiK  f.  r 
use,  but  tlie  scaffolding  itself  had  not  bot-n  eroctefl;  *  and  in  »  ,;: , 
whore  the  building  itself  had  been  eoniplotod,  but  the  scatTuldin-  w... 
still  standing.' 

c.  Wlinl  is  a  "scafjolding." — Tt  is  now  dnfinitol.v  s(>ttlod  th;;:  ;!.. 
word  "scaflFolding'"  is  not  rostrictod  to  lh(.-c  iicrnKitiont,  i  \!iii.,!i 
sfniclurcs  to  which  the  word  is  most  ooiimioiily  U|iplicd.  but  ;iUi.,.ii;. 
braces  an  internal  staginjr,  arranged  by  mciins  of  plaTd<-'  uik!  iiv.i(^ 
and  without  polos.'  Wlielhor  a  nvro  tcinpi«r;irv  .stngiiii,'  of  lii-  kii„] 
is  a  seniToiding  is  a  mixed  qiicsljon  of  law  and  fact.  When  t!.c  fjuis 
are  ascertained  it  is  a  question  of  law,  upon  which  a  court  of  review 
is  not  only  entitled,  but  bound,  to  oxpn^ss  an  opinion.* 

The  cases  dealing  with  the  question  wiufiior  a  ladder  is  a  "sculTu'd- 
ing"  within  the  moaning  of  the  act  are  so  strangely  conflictiii:^  tluit  if 
is  diliionlt  to  prodic*-  in  what  manner  lliis  jxint  will  finalh-  In'  -^culti 
In  two  of  those  cases  it  has  been  hold  U)  be  a  conolrsion  of  law  tliar 
a  ladder  us<:d  in  the  ordinary  way  is  not  ouibraoed  in  tlio  wun!  "-ryf- 


*  nnl-itrad  v.  Thomson  (I!)01)  3  Sc. 
Srss.  C  i>9.  rtth  scrici,  WiS.  .18  St  h.  U. 
473.  Tlio  s|Hci:il  coii^iclcratioii  on  wliicli 
tlic  iciiit  r.liiil  was  thai  "llie  sc.illoM- 
iiii,'  w.iM  rcLTiilarly  u-od  fioni  tiiiu-  to 
tiiiir  liy  all  (lie  trailesincn  eiitr.ii  '.  in 
llic  wiiik  dill  ill};  tlie  const nicti'  ,,  the 
liuililiiiL',  liotli  prior  and  siil'  ,er  ly  to 
tlie  ap('i<li'nt." 

•A  biiililrr  rrcctcd  B  scafToIdinjj  for 
tlie  piHjiose  of  raisinff  building  materi- 
als fioni  a  lower  level  to  the  higher 
level  on  which  the  building  which  he 
was  coiislriutiiifr  stood.  Aftir  the  build- 
ing was  complete,  and  while  it  was  in 
actual  use,  a  wiiikman  was  injured  as 
lie  was  renioviii;;  j/ear  from  tliis  scaf- 
fohliiif;.  Held,  that  the  workman  wa  i 
cmplnred  on  u  biiildini,'  which  was  'he- 
in<;  constructed"  by  means  of  a  scalfold- 
ing.  frid  v.  Fenton  (1900:  C.  A.)  82 
L.  T,  N.  S.  103. 

^  llmldinott  V.  \eu:ton  [lltOl]  A.  C. 
4&,  84  L.  T.  N.  S.  I,  Reversing  [ISnn] 
1  Q.  B.   1018,  f,8  L.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  49j. 

'  llodiliiwtt  V.  Xeulon  (IPOl]  A.  C. 
40.  84  L.  T.  N.  S.  1,  per  Ivord  Mac- 
naphten. 

A  new  house  more  than  30  feet  high 
had  been  roofed  in.  and  workmen  em- 
ployed by  the  builder  were  plastering 
the  walls  and  ceilings  inside  the  house, 
for  whi<'ii  purpose  trestles  and  boards 
were  bein,'  used.  One  of  the  men,  while 
■tanding  on  the  floor  of  the  top  landing 


plastering  the  wall,  fell  dnwn  t)ie  \v.!i 
of  the  stairerise.  there  licii".'  no  r.iiii; 
and  was  killed.  At  th:il  time  n'in-r 
workmen  were  at  work  plasi.iii.;.'  .,jme 
of  the  rooms,  and  were  st.riMn^'  on 
boards  placed  acioss  trestles  4  f^'i't  Iii.-h. 
in  order  to  enable  them  to  r.a''!i  the 
ceilings  ami  upper  part  of  the  w.ills 
It  was  held  tliat  there  was  evidence  to 
jtistify  a  finding  of  the  coiiaty  jiil.'e 
that  such  arrangement  of  tresflc.^  anJ 
boards  was  a  "scafTolding."  V-m.h-  v. 
lirook  [  VMO]  1  Q.  B.  575.  Colii-is.  L,  J., 
dissented,  being  of  opinien  Ihiit  the 
word  ".sc.ilTolding"  ouglit  to  l>e  con- 
strued in  us  ordinary  popiilai  nu.inip;;. 
taken  in  connection  with  its  eoiit(\r, 
and  that  it  meant  some  sfnicturr  of 
ph.nks  and  supports  cap.ljle  «i  tu-irij 
used  for  tin:  cuastnirtion  or  ri-piiroia 
building  over  ,30   feet  in  l)iii;'ii. 

A  new  house  more  than  ^'>  fci  t  ):i:.'!i 
had  been  roofed  in  and  the  evterii.il  ^.if 
folding  removed.  The  applieint  M;isdi 
gaged  in  plastering  the  walls  aiul  oi-:!- 
in;;  in  one  of  the  rooms,  anil  in  or.iir  Ic 
reach  his  work  was  standing  on  a  struc- 
ture of  trestles,  with  boards  on  tlicm. 
While  at  work  in  this  nnmner  he  met 
with  an  nceidcnt,  for  wliieh  he  e!;iimoil 
compensation.  An  arbitrator  apjioiiitri 
'ly  a  county  court  judge  deeidiil  that 
the  structure  was  not  a  seaH'oIding.  and 
refus  d  to  maUi-  an  award  of  rinnpcnsa- 
tioM,    but    referred    the    matter    to   the 


j  781]  ENGLISH  WORKXIKN'S  COMPENSATION  ACT.  2151 

toWiiiir.""  In  nnotlicr,  a  findiiig  that  a  "cniwiiiif;  board"  used  in  tlic 
repair  of  a  roof  was  "scaffoldinp"  was  held  not  to  bo  an  im[)r<ii>i  r 
.jnc.'"  In  a  third  tiie  court  of  appeals  refused  to  disturb  a  fiudiuj;  !■. 
•liecfTect  that  a  ladder  placed  so  that  one  end  rested  on  the  j^round  antl 
iheotlier  iifrainst  the  parapet  of  a  house  was  not  a  "scaoldin}^.""  Thr 
.|UC«tion  whether  or  not  an  arraiijienieiit  of  a  plank  and  ladder  is  ;i 
scaffolding  is  doemod  to  bo  a  question  of  fact.'*  The  result  of  the  df 
I'isioiis,  iis  a  whole,  is  manifestly  to  brinj;'  within  the  purview  of  the 
act  some  classes  of  structures  which  are  assuredly  not  scafTolds  in  the 
;ense  in  which  that  term  is  ordinarily  employed,  when  it  is  applied  to 
!)  contrivance  for  facilitating  the  erection  of  buildings.  The  que-sticn 
nheiher  the  interpretation  tlms  adopted  is  correct  is  now  practically 
'losed  in  the  only  country  in  which  the  meaning  of  the  provision  is,  as 
vet,  a  nintfer  of  any  moment  But  it  would  certainly  seem  to  be  not 
imprehable,  to  say  the  least,  that  the  legislature  really  intended  to  con- 
rfno  the  statutory  right  of  conipoiwation  to  cases  in  which  the  eausr 
.'f  the  accident  is  a  scaffolding  which  is  of  such  a  height  and  in  such 
a  situation  that  the  workmen  on  it  are  exjrosed  to  the  danger  of  falling 
I'.bout  iiO  feet  or  over.  The  pres(>nt  mode  of  interpreting  the  act  in- 
volves the  curious  result  that  a  pinsterer  who,  when  working  in  a 
house  exceeding  30  feet  in  height,  falls  from  a  low,  temporary  plat- 
form, erected  in  a  room  where  the  flofir  is  completely  finishe(l,  luiil 
where  he  is  in  no  greater  danger  than  if  he  were  on  a  similar  i)!atforiii 
in  a  completed  house,  uuiy  recover  compensation,  while  on  the  other 

onnrt  jiidcrc,  who   rcviMM'd   tlic  dicision  niiilwl  triUisvprsc  iiicccs  of  \vo(xl  to  jrivc 

)f  tlio  iirliitintor  ami  inviuilcil  the  com-  support  to  t'  ,•  man  wliilc  woikin^'  iipcMi 

(icn-ation    piovisioimlly    svtllcil    liy    tlio  it;    on   the   uimUt   sido  at   one  I'liil    Uii< 

jrliitr.ito'*.     On  appeal  it  was  helJ  that  f.istiiKil    a    pidss-piccc   of   \vo(k1,   whicli 

llie  qiif'stion  whctliiT  the  structure  was  liUtKl    ovrr    tlie    riilj;i'    of    tlic    roof    ami 

.1  soiiirolilinfr  or  not    was  a  question  for  kept  tln'  lioanl  in  po^ilillM.     At  Ilic  time 

'lie  iiiliitrator,  and  that  hi"  (Indinj;  was  of  tlic  acciilnit  the  wnikiTian  «;is  on  Ilie 

r.ot  open  to  review,      t'cryusoii  v.  f/ict  ■  roof    ll\in;x    tlic    naw  liiiL.'    hoinl.    wtiilc 

[IWl]   1  K.  B.  2.').  the   lower   end   of   tli"   Iw.ird    was  heinf; 

Tlip   word    "scalfoldin^'    includes    an  steadied  liv  an  a--i-!    it  ~iaiidin\' on  tliir 

iiitoniil  stilling  formed  liy  pliuiKS  rest-  ladder. 

ing  on   the  step  of   a    ladder  and   up<n  "  M^'isIhiII  v.   H.iiI,  fnrth    [ItMlJJ   2  K, 

one  of  the  roof  principals  in  the  center  n.   17"). 

of  a  room.      Ilaldii  v.  JSioJciick   ( lUOl  ;  Sec    iKo    ],„:,■,;   v.   fholllr  [1002]    1 

C.  A.)  2  Jr.  nep.  .T2S.  K.    T-.    A'M.    S.->    L.   T.    N.    S.    7}.    where 

•lloe,/ V.  Ua/.5;i  [1800]  1  Q.  B.  inOil.  ((dlins     reniaiUed:       "A     ladder    .iiif,'hl 

i;''  h.  .1.  0.  B.  N.  S.  4!t2;   M'DoiKilil  v.  he — at   any    raw    I    eiiinot    say   that    it 

.'/(/'/f,.';  (lR!)n)  2  Sc.  Se-ss.  Cas.  atli  series,  could      not    lie     a    -c- 1  UnMin;; ;"     and      il 

:f,  Hfi  Sc.  L.  R.  303.  would    make    no    dill  en    e         lieihcr    it 

'"  lVn;ci/   V.   Chattle    [HI021    1    K.    B.  were  liiL'ti  above  ^'ii.und  e     •  .c  roof  of  a 

104   (Stirlinfj,  L.  ,1.,  dissentinj;) .      The  laniso,  or  whether  it  were  re.stinf;  on  the 

iriiHlinfr  hoard,  a  contrivance  onlinarily  •;''"""''• 

used  in  the  repair  of  roofs,  consisting  o"f  '"  WDnd  v.   Wnhh  f  l'<!>ni   1  Q.  B.  1000, 

a  wo<iiieri  plink  about  18  to  20  feet  Ions  80  L.  X.  N.  S.  oio,  Gt;  L,.  J.  Q.  li.  N.  b. 

and  10  inches  wide,  across  which  were  402 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 54. 


H  ■ 
.  1 


IS 


I  i 

,1  I 


t 


I   iijit 


I 


if 


■■^'ii' 

fI52 


MASTKIl  AND  SKUVANT. 


[chap.   XT 


hand,  no  cr>nip(  n-iation  is  rccovoraMo  by  a  Morvant  'vlio,  wliilo  Wi.rkiiii. 
on  a  limisc  of  lesn  tiian  'M  feet  in  heijiiit,  falU  from  a  platform  n-Jtin- 
on  tJie  ^roinul,  wliicii  subjcct-i  him  to  precisely  the  saino  aiiiuuiit  i.r 
peril.  It  i«,  no  doni)t,  trno  that  the  eonslrnction  of  Uio  net  iuis  ili- 
eloscd  other  nnomalies  of  the  same  dc-eriptidn.  Cui.  in  this  iii>,t;iiir 
the  eoiirls  apjiear  to  hav(>  ^oii(>  out  of  their  way  tn  create  one. 

782.  ''On  or  in  or  about  a  building  in  which  machinery  driven  by 
steam,"  etc. —  The  act  applies  to  employment  in  or  .olwiu  a  I'.uMiic 
"in  wliieh  macliinery  driven  by  9toan>,  water,  or  ether  mei-!i;iiiii.:; 
power  is  beii'g  nsed  for  the  purpose  of  the  construction,  rojuiir,  or 
demolition  thereof,"  although  the  building  ddi.'S  not  exceed  IJU  f(  t  ii 
heii.dit.' 

783.  Meaning  of  "railway."— See  also   !$    7S0,  note  1,   sulid.  (a.;. 
.supra.)     Private  railways,  not  being  "[i^ni  for  j)urposes   of   piilili' 
traiiic,"  are  not  covered  by  the  compensation  act,  although  they  iii;i 
bo  connected  with  a  jinldic  railway.' 

783a.  — of  "factory." —  Ir  order  to  render  intelligible  the  de.i-i,,i! 
which  bear  upon  the  meaning  of  this  word  as  used  in  the  c miiiiiisi. 
tion  ael,  it  will  be  ncecs^ary  to  set  out  in  exlcnso  two  of  tlio  soi/tiuiis  ot 
the  factory  acts  which  are  referred  to. 


^ 


-a'  1 


;''ii 


[•'iK'loiy  Act  1878,  §  US.     'tlic  expio^sion  "nontcxtile  factory"  in  tliis  nit  miir- 
(1)    .iiij    works,  waiilioiiso,  furnacr.s,  mills,  foundric!,  or  places  miiiu'l  in  [nr 
v.w.  of  till'  fnurtli  sclipiliile  of  tliis  act;    (2)  also  any  proinis-s  or  plncc*  mnivl  i 
part  two  of  the  said  sclii'ilulc,  wlicrein,  or  within  the  close  or  curtihiur  (u  pMiii.;- 
of  which,  steam,  water,  or  other  mechanical  power  is  used  in  aid  of  the  iiiuii!:.' 
tnring  process  carried  on  there;  (3)  also  any  premises  wherein,  or  witliin  tiic  t-'.i'- 
or  curtilage  or  precincts  of  whicli,  any  manual  lahor  is  excrei.sed  by  way  of  tri'!' 
or  for  purposes  of  gain  in,  or  iiiciilental  to,  the  following  purpo-e-,  or  ii'iy  ^ 
tliem;  that  is  to  aay, —  (a)  in  or  incidental  to  the  making  of  any  artielc  or  of  pn 
of  any  article,  or  (6)   in  or  incidental  to  tlie  altering,  rep;\iring,  oniMiiiiiiiiii,'.  ■ 
linisliing  of  any  article,  or   (c)   in  or  iiuidcntal  to  the  adajjling  for  silr  of  ;\i. 
article,  and  wherein,  or  within  the  cIo^c  or  curtiliige  or  precincts  of  whii'i,  -leir 
water,  or  other  mechanical  power  is  used  in  aid  of  the  nianufaetiirir.L;  I'lo.v-- 
carried  on  there. 

The  expression  "factoiy"  in  this  act  means  textile  factory  and  iioi!t(\liIi'  b 
tory,  or  either  of  such  descriptions  of  factoriw. 

The  expression  "workshop"  in  this  act  means  (1)  any  premises  or  [ila.  i  ■;  mir' 
in  part  two  of  the  fourth  schedule  to  this  act,  ..hich  are  not  a  factory  uitliia  'J' 


'The    word    "railsvay"    is    not    appli-  which   docs   hu.^incss   witli   t!:r  ■l''''] 

laWe  to  a  siding  in   a  dockyard,  con-  company.      lirodie  v.  Surlh  Uritish  K 

-tructed   merely  as   an   adjunct  to  the  Co.    (1000)    ;?  Sc.  Scss.  C'as.  .'jtli  si^rief 

ordinary  business  of  the  proprietors  of  ".'>,  ;i8  Sc.  \j.  IX.  38. 


IM   1         I 


i  TS3a] 


EXOLlSll  WolIUMKX'S  (OMI'KNSAl  ION  ACT. 


21S:l 


meaning  o(  this  act;  (2)  al.«o  ,\ny  ihoiumiv..  ronrii,  or  placo,  not  being  a  factory 
iiithin  the  meaning  of  tliiH  act,  in  wliir-li  prumisci.  room,  or  place,  or  witliin  llu 
iloseor  curtilage  or  precincts  of  wliiili  |)niiii»(-i,  any  manual  labor  is  exiToi-eil  l>y 
,vay  of  trade,  or  for  piirposi-s  of  gain  in,  or  incidi'ntal  to,  the  fnlloHiii^'  pin  |>"-r 
or  any  of  them;  that  is  to  say, —  («)  in  or  inoiiliital  to  the  inaliinir  of  any  ailic!  ■ 
or  of  part  of  any  article,  or  {b\  in  or  inclilontal  to  tlic  altcrinj;,  ri'pairiiiL'.  orn.i 
menting,  or  (Inisliing  of  any  article,  or  (r)  in  or  iiiciilcntal  to  tlir  inlipliiig  for 
*ale  of  any  article,  and  to  which  or  over  which  piiniisc,  room,  or  pl.u  ,■  the  nn 
i.]r)vcr  of  the  persons  working  then  in  Iun  the  ri;;ht  of  ai       <  or  coni  rol. 

A  part  of  a  factory  or  wurk^hop  may,  for  the  piirpo-ts  i  ;'  this  ail.  In-  l.iUcn  In 
l;o  a  separate  factory  or  \voil<«liop;  and  a  place  solely  n>eil  a.s  a  ihvilling  shall  nol 
UMliciiicd  to  form  part  of  tlic  f.'.etory  or  work-hop  for  the  piirpr.«es  of  tills  act. 

Where  a  place  situate  within  l!ie  clo<e,  cnrlilnu'e,  or  preeinct-i  formiii;;  ;i  f.ieloiy 
.irwiiikshop  is  solely  UM'd  for  mmiic  piirpo-e  other  than  the  m.\niilactMriii,'  pr.xji-* 
,.r  hanilicraft  carried  on  in  the  factory  or  workshop,  such  place  shall  not  hi- 
.licineJ  to  form  part  of  that  factory  or  work-hop  for  the  ]iiM|io-es  of  this  act,  Imt 
shall,  if  ctherHJse  it  wouhl  be  a  factory  or  woik-lmp,  be  ileein<<l  to  bo  a  se|iar;ii.' 
factory  or  workshop,  and  be  regulated  accor.liiii;ly. 

Any  premises  or  place  shall  not  be  excluded  from  the  delinition  of  a  f.utory  or 
workshop  by  reason  only  that  such  premises  or  place  are  or  is  in  the  open  air. 

Kai'tory  Act  ISD.'i,  §  2.).  (I)  The  following  provisions,  namely,  (i)  se.tion  SO  of 
the  principal  act,  (ii)  the  provi-ioiLs  of  the  factory  acts  with  respi  et  to  jeei  'ini-. 
iii)  section  (!S  of  th"  principal  act,  with  respect  to  the  powers  of  iii-inei.H -. 
ivi  stelioiis  8  to  12  of  the  ad  of  ISIU,  with  respect  to  spis-ial  rules  for  duigerou- 
■■iiiploynient,  and  (v)  the  provisions  of  this  act,  with  respect  to  the  p(jui  r  lo 
miike  orders  iLs  to  dangerous  machines,  shall  have  cllect  as  if  (rt)  every  dock, 
wharf,  quay,  and  warehouse,  and,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  i)roee-s  of  loadini;  or 
unloading  therefrom  or  thereio.  all  machinery  and  plant  ased  in  that  process; 
anil  (6)  any  premises  on  which  machinery  worked  by  steam,  water,  or  other 
uiechanical  po.ver,  is  temporarily  used  for  the  purpo-e  of  the  coiistrurlion  of  ;i 
liuilJing  or  any  struetur.il  work  in  connection  with  a  huihling.  weie  inrliiled  in 
the  «oril  factory,  and  the  imiposc  for  which  the  machinery  is  uied  were  a  maiiu 
facturiiig  process;  and  as  if  the  person  who,  by  himself,  his  agents,  or  workmen. 
limpor;irily  uses  any  such  machinery  for  the  before-mentioned  purpose  were  tli.- 
•  foupiir  of  said  premises;  and  for  the  purpose  of  the  enforcement  of  tho-e  sections 
rile  person  having  the  actual  use  or  occupation  of  a  dock,  wharf,  quay,  or  ware- 
lim-o,  01  of  any  premises  within  the  same  or  forming  part  thereof,  and  the  person 
-'■  using  any  swc-h  machinery,  shall  be  deemed  to  be  the  occii])ier  of  a  faeio  y. 

i2)  The  provisions  of  this  act  with  respect  to  notice  of  accidents  and  the  forma! 
invisitigation  of  accidents  shall  have  cfTect  as  if — (a)  any  building  which  exceeds 
-M  feet  in  height,  and  which  is  hein'.:  constructed  or  repaired  l)y  me^'os  of  scifTold- 
ing;  and  (6)  any  building  which  exceedr,  30  feet  in  height,  and  in  which  more 
than  twenty  persons,  not  being  domestic  servants,  are  employed  for  wages  were 
included  in  the  word  "factory;"  and  as  if,  in  the  lirst  ci.se,  the  employer  of  tin- 
persons  engaged  in  such  construction  or  repair,  and,  in  the  secoinl  case,  th- 
occupier  of  the  building,  were  the  occupier  of  a  factory. 

The?e  provisir.?!?  aro  now  inoorporatecl,  ■vvitli  «on<r  mMifi.nw,  in  Mn^ 
factory  and  workshop  act  1!)01. 
a.  "Dock,  wharf,  quay." — Tho  coinbiin''!  I'tficf  "f  flic  act  of  IS'iT 


w 


miff 


I 


'  I:  i 


mik 


2IM 


MASTER  ANU  SKKVANT. 


[CHAr.  ! 


if 


hihJ  tli<!  fa(!tr)ry  ncta  is  U»at  cvory  clock,  wharf,  or  -..uv  is  (IpcriieJ 
\>e  a  "fiK'Uiry,"  within  the  moaning  of  the  forn'ur  >\J,  vvhctlier  stea 
powfT  was  or  was  not  being  used  in  the  woik  *  .hich  the  sena 
flaiiriiri';  ciiiniKiisation  was  engaged.* 

A  floating  stnicture  carrying  cranes  for  loading  and  unlomlii 
ships,  which  ia  moored  in  a  river  500  feet  from  the  shore  by  <■' 
fasten('<l  to  piles  driven  into  the  bed  of  the  river,  but  is  not  ci 
with  the  shore  except  by  boats,  is  a  "wliarf."' 

Wiiellier  a  space  not  immediately  contiguous  to  the  area  afipn j. 
ated  to  the  phii)s  themselves  is  embraced  under  one  or  other  df  t 
tenns  "dock,  wharf,  or  quay"  is  determined  as  a  question  of  f:irf,  wi 
rel"(  Tcnce  to  the  ehinents  of  distance,  the  intervention  of  barri(  r.-.  .n 
the  uses  to  whi::li  the  space  was  put.' 

It  is  now  settled  that  a  ship  lying  in  a  dock  is  to  be  rejinniccl  ;i- 
"factory"  for  the  purposes  of  enabling  a  servant  to  recover  uiulir  tJ 
act,  whether  the  tloek  is  a  wet  one,*  or  a  dry  one.' 


'/ffiine  V.  Johson  (1901)  A.  T.  404. 
In  that  cnse  llu-  rospondciits  ndmittpd 
that  tlir  coiiHtruotion  of  tlie  act  spcci- 
fied  in  tlif  text  was  tlie  correct  one.  and 
the  admission  was  referred  to  by  Ihi- 
Lord  (.'haiiccllor  as  being  "very  frank 
and  proper." 

The  decision  of  the  Hotiac  of  Lords 
discredits  the  earlier  judgment  of  tlie 
court  of  appeal  to  the  etTect  that  a 
wharf  on  wliich  no  machinery  is  used  is 
not  .a  factory  within  the  net.  Ilall  v. 
(inouilrn  (ISiin;  C.  A.l  1  Q.  B.  l.SC..  tiS 
L.  .1.  Q.  n.  N.  S.  045,  80  L.  T.  N.  S.  .5,)4. 

The  doctrine  of  the  House  of  Tx)rds 
has  been  also  applied  in  Scotland.  Strain 
V.  Sloan  (limi)  .-iS  Sc.  L.  K.  475,  3  Sc. 
Sess.  C'as.  5th  series.  (i(i3. 

'KltiK  V.  Conj  [l!tO-2]  1  K.  B.  38,  71 
L.  J.  K.  B.  N.  S.  72. 

•An  acri'lent  happene<I  to  a  workman, 
while  enffaf^ed  in  removing  timber  from 
a  stack  upon  a  piece  of  land  which  was 
within  the  ambit  of  a  system  of  docks 
belon-finfj  to  a  railway  company,  and 
which  had  been  let  l>y  the  company  to 
timber  merchants  for  the  storajje  of  tim- 
ber. This  piece  of  laml  was  about  40 
yards  from  tlie  water  of  the  dock.  Be- 
tween it  and  the  water  ran  the  lines  of  a 
dock  railway  or  tramway,  hut  it  was  not 
separated  from  the  adjoiiiinpr  wharf  or 
quay  spaw  by  any  fence  or  other  physi- 
cal barrier.  Timber  had  sometinii's  been 
landed  from  the  before  mriitiiitie<!  dock 
and  broiifiht  to  the  snii!  piece  of  land, 
but  during  the  year  1000  all  the  tind)er 
iitacked  thereon  bad  been   lan<led   from 


other  docks  forminp  part  of  the  i\i< 
system,  more  or  less  remrile,  ami  bum; 
to  the  said  piece  of  land  by  nil.  !!■ 
that  there  was  evidence  in  ^ii[i|-(irt 
finding  that  the  place  where  lln'  :ii' 
dent  bappened  was  a  "factoiy,"  n^  lui 
a  "d<xk.  wharf,  or  quay,"  ami  tli^it  t 
court  was  bound  bv  such  fimliiiL'.  Km 
V.   llairinon  [lOOJ;   C.  A.]  2  l\.  H.  1: 

For  the  purpose  of  iinliiidinf;  timli 
from  timber  ships  a  dock  boird  [ircjiiil 
quay  or  wliarf  space  inland  fer  1 
yards  from  the  water's  edge;  at  tlit  fii 
ther  end  of  this  space  was  a  imee.  wi 
gates  at  intervals,  behind  w!iirii  oime 
s<>ries  of  yards  lease<l  by  ttie  ilnck  lioa 
to  difterent  timber  mercli^ints  for  stn 
ing  their  timber,  the  wIh.Ic  being  t 
property  of  the  dock  bond,  ami  sij. 
rat<Ml  by  a  wall  from  the  siirrDiinilii 
property.  A  wor!'iii;i;i  einpliyeil  liv 
linn  of  carters  was  killed  while  movii 
a  log  of  timber  in  one  of  the  van 
leased  to  a  firm  of  timber  merchant 
Held,  that  the  word  "wharf"  m'lst  1 
(on.strue<l  in  its  ordinary'  and  populi 
signification  of  a  place  contiu'unns  ' 
water,  over  which  goods  piss  in  the  pr 
cess  of  loading  and  unloiidiiig:  tliit  U 
yard  where  the  accident  liappen«l  n 
not  a  wharf  within  the  meaning  of  tlm 
sections:  and  that  tlie  enipl'ivnient  i 
the  deceased  was  thi'riToie  net  enc  '■ 
wliieb  the  compensation  act  npilii" 
lUiddnel:  v.  Humphrev  fl'^ini  1  0  1 
fion.  S2  L.  T.  N.  S.  72  ( Pvi-ly,  h.  •' 
diss<'iitiMg) . 

'  Ciilli  rinole     V.     Atlantic    Trnns;''' 


<i  1 


I! 


ENULIMI  WUKKMKNS  CU.MI'KNSATIOX  ACr. 


tlS6 


b.  "Premises  whrrcit.  almm,  tcnler,  or  othfr  mfchnnira!  /xti/.f  w 
used." — In  viov  of  tlinso  dcscriptivo  wi.rds  ( fiictorv  iifr,  ls7n,  S  *••!*. 
subs.  3),  it  has  boon  luld  tliat  a  yard  in  wliidi  .-itoius  art"  dre-scd  hv 
manual  labor,  nii<l  in  wliicli  ilicro  i^^  an  o;ij;ini'  Iiuiho  in  wliicli  the 
fforkiiii'n'a  tool^  aro  sliiir|K'ncd,  is  a  "faotoiy.""  I»nt  as  niiicliiiicry 
uotiintcd  by  band  power  is"  not  williiii  this  di'-ci'i|(liiiii,  tlio  user  of  sucb 
niachiiiorv  (loos  not  eiin-titnl<'  tlic  priMni-f-  in  wliicii  it  i^  oinployotl 
a  "factory."^  Xor  i-:in  llic  words  qimiiil  al  tin-  lMi;iniiiiij;  of  tbi^  snb- 
section  1)0  so  constriiod  iis  to  briii'i;  wiililn  tin-  o:itcv;ory  of  ''faclorios" 
a  thrr^liiny;  iiiacbino  and  iriU'lion  ciiiiiiii'.  wliicli  nt  tlin  tiiiio  of  tlie 
accident,  wore  in  transit  to  n  placf  wliori'  llicy  wrrc  to  Id'  nsi'd  for 
ilirt'sliinfi,  tiio  oiiiiinc  luinj:'  ODiinoctcd  witii  tiic  iiiai'liin(>  for  no  pnrposo 
liiit  that  of  lii'.uluiro." 

c.  "Maclnucrij  or  flani." — 'I'liost'  words,  as  nscd  in  tin'  'otory  net 
1S!»5,  §  '!'•),  liiivo  been  bold  not  to  be;  applii'abli-  to  {;imn\vay  dfiors 
tlirou?;li  wliiiib  oarijo  is  taken  into  or  di-'obarjifd  from  a  siiip;*  nor  to 
a  sta^iiirt  ont-^idc?  a  sbip,  on  wliicb  tiic  sorvant  was  standinn'  to  screw 
up  the  iron  doors  of  a  sbip  after  the  loadin;;  was  i-oiiipli'tod."' 

The  effect  of  tbo  clause  in  §  23  (1)  (i)  (b;,  of  tlie  factory  net  of 

Co.  [1902;  C.  A.l   1   K.  n.  204;   Ihirtcll  of  a  vr-s,.l,  iiMiorciI  Ix'twwn  tlio  1i;;liler 

^.(Iray  [li)02;  C.  A.)   1  K.  B.  2-'.').  and    the    c|ii:iyi;     //(((//    v.    .l/'i '•,;,,,, or 

The    case    of    t'loucis    v.     Chnmhcrit  (lllOO)   2  Sr.  "Siss.  (';i.-i.  5tli  scries,  ii:!4, 

[189!);  C.  A.)  2  Q.  U.  142,  (JS  L.  J.  Q.  B.  .'t'    So.    L.    It.   4.54    (art   licl.l    not    to   1)6 

N.  S.  fi4S,  80  L.  T.  N.  S.  8:!t.  47  WftU  .TppliiMljlc  wlioif  the  work  oi  Uy.uWug  or 

Rfp.  Sl.'i,  in  which  it  was  held  that  a  iinlo  wliii;;  a  sliip  i.i  done  h.,  serv.iiil.s  on 

sorkniiin   injured   on   a   ship    witliin   a  hoanl   Iht.   ami    li,v    nicMiis   r,f    her   own 

dooli  WHS  not  within  the  purview  of  tlie  iiiarliinc  nM  ;   Alunliin  Stiiini   Tiiinliiirj 

act,  was  overruled  hy  the  Mouse  of  Lords  cC-    l-'isliin;/   Co.   v.    I'lliis    (IsiMl)     1    Sc. 

in  R'line  v.   Jobxon    [1001]    A.   ('.    401.  Se^s.  {'as.  ,5th  series,  78(1   (art    lu-ld  not 

See  next  note.      The  ellect  of  that  dcci-  to  be  applieahle  to  the  work  of  lo:iditi;; 

lion  is  ,tIso  to  destroy  the  authority  of  or    unl>i;i>Iiii£;    maohiiiery    wliieli     forms 

the  follo.viriir  cases,  in  wliieh  l-'liiiiris  v.  part  of  the  app:-ratiis  ot  a  ship  Ivinir  in 

Chambns  [ISli!);  C.  A.]  2  Q.  B.  142,  80  a  doek)  ;  .Mjruhrn  .SV.voa  TiarHimi  Co. 

L  T.  N.  S.  8:i4.  08  L.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  v.    «.•)»;.,   Cited    in    Wu^'j^j.    Kinph.yers' 

64S,  was  followed;    llohicss  v.   MurKmi  l.ialiilitv.  4th  tsl.  p.  211.   iinle    (  .k  ) . 

(IsnS;    C.    A.)     1.5    Times    L.     It.    :!.5i,  »  In  A'a^Hr  v.  ./o'.voa  [  IIIOI  !  A.  (".  40 1. 

[ISIill]  2  t).  B.  310.  OS  L.  J.  ().  B.  X.  S.  Itivcr^iiifr  the  drcl^ioii   of   the   court    of 

724:   Uurrie  v.    Wnmn    (1808;    ('.   A.)  apixal.  compensation  was  held  to  he  re- 

l.j  Tiinis  I^.  R.  ,30.5;    l,oic  V.  Ahirnrlhij  covcrald.'  wliere  one  of  a  ^'aiii;  of   ship 

(I!)()0)  2  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  5th  .series,  722;  repairers    fell    from    the    j;aii;,'vvay    con- 

Jtickson  V.  Itoilriitf!    (1000)    2  Sc.  Sess.  iiictin;,'  tlie  ship  with  tlie  cpiay. 

Cat.  olh   series,"  ■:,:):)    (where   the   comt  *  I'ctrie   v.    Heir    (1000)    2    Sc.    Sess. 

fnipliasiwHl  the  fact  that  the   lilting  of  Cas.   .5th  series.   1041,  :!7   Sc.   L.   I!.   705. 

tlio  ci:;;!!!™  in   a   steamer,  the   work   in  '  W'ilhiititl    v.    I'liton    [100?]    1    K.    1!. 

wliicli  tlic  s<'rvant  was  enj;ntred,  was  be-  2.'i7.  71   Ij.  J.  K.  B.   N.  .S.   \. 

in?  done  .vilhout  the  aid  of  aii.v  steam  '  iliortjc   v.    Mnrdonnlil    (1001)    4   ."^c. 

P''wcr);   Lning  v.   Yniinri    (lOOtJl    3  Sc.  Sess.  C;is.   5th   scries,   100,  30  .'^c.   L.  I!. 

Sess.  ('.IS.  5th  scries,  31  "(act  held  not  to  130. 

!«.  q-.p!i."-,Mp   to    a    lishter    fitted    with  '  }frH   v,    Vrfr.r    ■.]<-'A9.;    C.    A)     1.5 

ni;iclili!.My,  the  property  of  and  worked  Times  L.  R.  304. 

b.T  stcv.Hlores,   which    was   employed    in  '"fiKrri'c  v.  BVir/f  ii    (1838,   C.  A.)    ' 

rai-iiy  j;oods  from  the  hold  to  tlie  deck  Times  L.  R.  305. 


Hii 


!    if*  r' 


J!  11 

r 


0    ;i 


w 


M5U 


MASTEU  AND  SKltVANT. 


[tiur  X 


t«' 


181)5,  to  tlif*  cfTfof  lliaf  flic  itr<)vi.si(.ti!»  of  tliH  act  witli  rosiicit  t..  i| 
jK)\vf'r  of  ill''  iii-<|>f'?tor  tt'  iiiiiko  onlors  ns  to  (liuif»T()ii3  inacliinr-  ■^'ut 
liavc  effect  its  it"  "any  premisM  on  wliicli  niiieliinery  worked  liv  stian 
viiter,  or  other  iiieeliiuiical  power,  is  ti'iii])orarily  used  for  the  piirpn 
of  tlio  coiistnictiou  of  a  liiiildiiij;,  .  .  .  were  included  in  tlie  w.i- 
faoiory,  ha"  l)eeii  hold  to  he  tliat  an  en^'ine  slied  and  room  ociiniiiiiin 
«  steam  onuine  coniieefed  with  a  inertar  pan  for  luixinj;  iiiorlar  Inr  n- 
on  a  hiiildin^  near  at  hand  is  u  "factorv"  uilliin  the  nieaiiiri!;  of  tli 
'•nniperwation  act." 

<f'.  "I'reniiscK  nl,  I'in  .  ,  .  an;/  ukuiikiI  Inlwr  is  c.nrris,,!  .  , 
for  f/urposcs  ,  f  (jain." — Constrnin;;  tlu-<e  words  Cfaclorv  act  1^7* 
§  yj,  suhs.  ;i)  the  iScofeli  court  of  i!(--ion  lias  held  that  the  refii-.-  i!i 
j)aich  works  of  a  city,  where  the  «aleahIo  part?  of  the  city  nfiwc  ai 
^cparated  from  tlic  unsaleahle  part  by  processes  in  w!iich  steam  im.w, 
is  n<ed,  is  a  "factory."  '-  IJiit  a  workman,  who  was  eniiilnyxl  iiv 
farii;er  on  his  farm  to  drise  a  niovah'e  -.t(>ani  engine,  for  the  |Mir|..- 
of  workinir  a  mill  for  i;rinilinif  nieai  iiiliiided  to  Ik;  used  for  fuM.l  fn 
«tiick  on  the  farm,  and  not  fir  sale,  i*  not  employed  on,  in,  or  ab";i 
a  " facto. y.'"^ 

e.  "Mncluiicri/  used  in  the  jirocrss  of  Itudlinri  nr  ini'u'tilinrt."- 
Thcsc  words  (factory  act  LSI*,'.,  §  j;i.  subs.  1)  im|iorL  ciilicr  a  lamliii 
of  something  from  a  ship,  or  a  loading  on  the  ship  frmn  the  lun.l.' 
They  are  not  applicable  to  a  sleam  winch  on  a  ship's  deck,  wliich  i 
beinj!  u>;ed  for  ihe  puriiose  of  loading  g(Mids  fioni  a  ligiitrr.'' 

/.  ' niiiirliiiifj  or  il>;(  iii'i  worLs." — The  clTcct  of  section  !•:'»,  siiI- 
(1)  of  the  act  of  ISTS,  wIkmi  constni"d  in  couno<'tion  witii  -cliciiu 
IV.,  part  1.,  S  -,  '^  that  promises  in  wiiich  the  proci-s.s  of  liddkiii;; 
la])ping,  making  up,  and  packing  cloth  are  carried  on,  are  a  "facturv,' 
oven  if  none  of  those  processes  are  carried  on  as  incidental  to  blea'L 
ing  and  dyoinj! 


10 


"Vr\irhnliiiiy.f)aiiyon  [18!U>:  ('.  A.]  tlie  course   of,   the   workman's  cmplMT 

]  Q.  H.  77.'t,  f)8  L.  .t.  i).  R.  N.  S.  470.  inciit  on  or  about  inacliiiiciT  usfd  in  I'l 

'•■  lUiidnson   v.    Corjiorntinn   of   (lias-  procps«  of   uii!(i:i(lin{;  to  a*(|ii;»y  withii 

goir   (I'.HMt)   2  Sc.  Si'ss.  C'iis.  5tli  series,  tlie  nipiininji  of  tlir  net  of  ISli?!    11"/ 

1127,  .'i7   Se.   I..  H.  S,")7.  ham   v.    AUniitic   'frniisiiort  Cn.   (Is!  ' 

"AVis/i  V.  ilollinslinul   [1901;   C.  A.J  C.  A.]   1  Q.  U.  l,j.  l.S  L.  J.  g.  U.  N.  > 

1   K.  15.  700.  17,  79  L.  T.  X.  S.  li'.K,. 

"  Wlicro  tt   sliip  was   unloading  in  a  This  ripcisinn  was  followfil  in  i  n"tlir 

doek  by  means  of  .'i  cr.ine  on  tlie  quay  where  a  workman  was  killed  wliili' fr 

liireU   by    ber   owners,   and   a  workman  Raped  in  making  up  sets  of  Im.'-  t'l  " 

employed  by  tliem  in  unloading  her  was  hoisted     from   the    bold   of   a   f\n\>  i) 

killed  by  the  explosion  of  a  case  of  per-  means  of  a  crane  opeintid  by  a  ni;in  i ' 

eus:4ion  raps  which  he  was  plaeing  in  a  the   CJMRT'.       Ij(tv:^o»    V.    Altnntir  Trin^ 

basket  attaehed  to  the  chain  of  a  er.ane  /lort  Co.'  (1900;  C.  A.)  82  J..  T.  N.  .^  •  ■ 

for  the  puq)0-<o  of  its  bein;;  hoisted  out  "Hennessey  v.  McCabe  [1U(»0J  1  y.  B 

of  the  ship  onto  the  quay,  it   was  held  191,  81  L.  T.  N.  S.  .575. 

that  the  arcidi'iit   aroM-  out    of.  and  in  "Rogers   v.    ilancheslvr  I'acking  ('" 


KNtil.l>ll  WiiHKMKN.s  C(».\irKN>.\lUiN  ACT. 


aiJ7 


fj.  "ShliihuUdiiifj  i/i»(i'."--'rin'  fiit't  tliiit  rc'iiiiirn  uri'  Imiiij:  tlniic  t.> 
,  .|ii|)  (Iocs  not  iiiiiko  llic  «lo«'k  a  '•.>liiiilmil.liii^'  yanl"   witliiii  Uif 
Miiiiiitif!;  of  f.l.e  fai'tory  ai-t  ls7!<,  Hcliolulo  IV.,  |i:iil  II.  (lil).     Uii 
li'r  nu'li  i'ircuni-*hiiwis,  tliiTcforc,  Hi;-  dufk  i.s  imt  a  "fiu-lory"  wifhiii 
jIip  iiicaninir  ">f  •^I'ctioii  7  of  llic  conipi'iisilinn  ai-f.'' 

784.  — of  "engincerinj;  >^')-k."— Tlic-i'  ilcMTihlivc  wnnls  liavo  Imcii 
iicld  iqiplicaltlo  to  llu  iMiiplovmcut  of  tlic  ilrivcr  of  a  \val<r  rart,  iisco 
M  sprinkle  a  newly  laid  .-iirfaci'  la'fort-  it  is  rolled  l>y  a  Icaiii  inll.>r;' 
m\  to  work  wliicli  iii'diid<  >  the  lioistiiiy  <d'  iron  ^dnli  r-  In  K'aiis  of 
,1  siciiin  'vincli  to  the  top  of  n  hnildinn  lo  wlii^'li  ii  luw  >tory  !■<  In-in^': 
i(|(l(>(!,*  It  may  be  tliat  they  also  eiiiluaee  work  on  a  sloaiii  lin  d-i-r.' 
Hut  llu'V  do  iiotc()ver  pulleys  worked  by  a  wineli;*  nor  tJie  operation 
if  lifiin;;  an  air  compresser  liy  means  of  a  hydraiille  jack,  fur  iho  pur- 
iioso  "f  takinfi  it  away  on  a  Iruek  after  it  had  tx'en  purclia.-.ed  Ironi 
lippiirty  vlio  liad  used  it  in  building  a  bridge.* 

785.  — of  "Eiine." —  'Mie  pi'ovisioi  in  the  eoal  mines  re'_nilati<iii  aet 
I>37,  §  "if),  to  the  ellc'-t  llial  '"in  tlii:,  aet,  unless  the  eoiilo.\<  otherwise 
iKl'iires,  'mine'  ineliuh  ■(  .  .  .  all  the  shafts,  levels,  planes,  works. 
iraiMways,  and  sidinpts,  both  be|..w  ground  and  above  ground,  in  and 
.adjacent  to  and  belonging  to  the  mine,"  cannot  1)C  eonstrued  in  siieh 
,1  sense  as  to  enable  an  engine  driver  to  recover  for  an  injury  n  :(i\id 
while  he  w.ts  operating  his  engine  on  his  employers'  private  r;i'!ua,\ 
iltoiit  ^/i  of  a  mile  from  the  pit  mouth.  The  words  "adjaeeni  |..  and 
lii'k'nging  to  tiio  miiu"'  mean  ''phy.-ieally  adjacent  to  and  bel-ii-J!-  to 
:lipnunc  itself,"  an<l  not  merely  belonging  to  the  owner.' 

Road  work  done  as  a  necessary  preliminary  to  the  operatii'ii  <..'  a 
mine  has  l)cen  held  to  be  a  ''mine"  within  the  act,  although  no  miiM  in 
ii'tiial  operation  may  exist.* 

A  tramway  laid  along  a  puldic  road  is  a  "railroad"  within  the  <l(li- 
'iiti(in  of  "engineering  work."* 

llie  word  "railroad"'  is  used  in  the  same  comprehensive  sen^e  ai 

1S!I81  1  Q.  n.  344,  07  U  .1.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  l>oin},'  t.old  not  ni:iiiil,iiii.itil<>  for  nimilMT 

SIO,  7S  L.  T.  N.  S.   17.  rcnson.      Sep  8   780,  miU)   1,  nn\>ti.    (di, 

".«;..  N(.r  V.   Lhctt   [1000;    C.   A.]    1  iupia. 

'}.  11.  4nH.  'Wrinlcy  v.   Uagky   [liiOl]    1    i;     It. 

'.ViW./?/mt«,»   V.    Bern- id -ah  ire    (1000)  780. 

j  Sc.  sv.^«.  Cas.  6tli  sciii's,   302,  37  So.  *  (lihson  v.  M'ilion  (1809)    1  Sc.  S. ■-.■*. 

I.,  n.  2'i7.  Cas.  5tli  Rprips,  1017. 

't'()'r;)7,iy    V.    I'artinglon     (1000;     C.  ^  Turiihull   v.    I.nmhtnn   CoUirrirn   Co. 

k.)  17  Times  L.  E.  30.  (1000;    C.   A.)    82   I,.  T.  N.  S.   .--.SO.    IB 

'In  Chnnihirs  v.  Whilclnrrn  Ilarhour  Times  L.  R.  300. 

Comrs.    [1800]    2   Q.    B.    132.   80   L.   T.  *  F.llinon  v.  LoiK/'Irn   (1001)    18  Tiim* 

N  S   '.".r,,  47  Wrf-k.  Rep.  5.".?.,  ('.8  h.  J.  L.  H.  4S 

Q.  B.  N.  S.  740,  tliis  point  was  referred  'I'letcher  v.  I.omlon  Urtitrd  Trainiinij.t 

to,  but  not  explicitly  decided,  the  acUon  [1902;  C.  A.]  2  K.  Ji.  209. 


A  \ 


,!     I 


m 


■'1!!. 


'  .!  Ili    'i» 


11 


tUM 


\l\sri;i!  ANU  hKUV.VNT. 


[l  lUP 


i 


i' 

t 

i 

ikL^ 

1 

1 

Uio  word  "niilwiiv  "  un<l  in  ikh  n-strichtl  U>  tin-  jwrmanciit.  way  imri- 

78G.  — of"  fakers."— fl.   fn  Ihr  mse  of  a  fadorif.—Xu  'u, 

jlrrtitkfr"  ..  •  ,1  ii-luiiori  to  ii  fiu-ton'  is  u  iht-hiii  who  oci'iipii-i,  ii!}>l  rui, 
(liH't.H  liin  liii-'iiii'--'  ii|Mifi,  tlic  prciiii^cH  wlicri'  flmsio  proccsic^  nr,-  c,,,, 
•  liu'tcil  v/liicli  r..ii-iitiiti'  ilic  |)lao('  of  work  or  "fiK'tory"  wiiliin  tin 
iiicuniiit;  of  tlic  act.'  Ai'furdiii^ly  a  person  who,  for  tho  titiie  Ij.ini; 
lias  the  actual  ii-c  of  a  "ilock,  whart,  or  quay,"  a*  tlio^c  terms  nf  !■■  i, 
striKM  (itno  §  Ti^^'Jii.  suImI.  a,  snjira),  is  iialtle  as  an  "iindcriaki  i"  t',,i 
.in  injury  n-ci-ivcd  l>y  ono  of  hi*  workmen,  whili-  eiipi;;ed  in  anv  i.' 
tlio  operations  wiili  a  \  lew  to  wliich  tiie  u-e  of  the  premises  ha.s  !«■,• 
olitained.'  ,\s  n  sjiip  in  a  diK-k  is  deemed  to  ho  a  "faclorv"  (-(,« 
Ts:!i,  supra),  an  emplou  r  who  i«  doinj;  «ork  on  such  u  ilii|i  is  ^\~ 
an  "unih'rtaker."  ■' 

To  render  the  eni|doyer  an  "undertaker"  it  is  not  ncc,  -^^aiv  tl:!- 

'Fiillirk  ▼.  />n»i«  (IWl;  ('.  \.)  81 
L.  T.  N.  S.  11:1,  li.ililiii.,'  Iliat,  wliiro  ii 
wurkiiiaii  wax  acciilcntally  iiijuicil  in 
flic  cciiimp  of  lii<  i'iii|iliiyinciit  on  tlic 
c«)ii.<triiilion  of  a  ni^nnl  lio\  on  ii  new 
lino  of  liiilway,  liis  laiiploynii'iit  wn»  on, 
in,  or  about  a  wmk  of  ronstruction  of  a 
"railroad." 

'  So  •  the  jiiilj.'iiiiMit  of  Sniilli.  L.  J., 
in  I'liniiii,  V.  Turin  r  Hint.  (I!)0(»1  1 
Q.  II.  isa.  whcio  it  ua»  l.iiil  .Icnvn  that, 
in  llii'  ilriinition  of  "iitiliitiki  i  s"  in  tlio 
iMihi'fii-at  inn  ill'!,  till-  loiMTiii  ;.'  of  tlii> 
Wnnl  "iMiniiifi"  U  not  atlirtcl  by  tlio 
wnw  in  wliicli  lliat  umil  it  iis.it  in  jcc 
tion   -Vl  of  Uic  faiioiy  act   IS'I.'k 

'  \\  liiri"  tlip  oNuiiiH  of  a  Hliip  moored 
nliiiiL'-iili'  of  a  i)iiay,  wlio  actoil  as  tlioir 
own  sicviilorc".  Iinl  (ho  u<p  of  tlic  por- 
tion of  ''»■  (|iiay  alonfrsiilc  of  which  their 
ship  liy.  for  Hip  piiriio-jo  of  unloading 
the  ship's  pai^o  onto  the  iniay.  and  a 
uoiUinan  pniploycd  by  thcni  was  killed 
tlmiii'/h  an  npcidcnt  aritiii','  out  of,  anil 
in  the  course  of.  his  eniph>\ mint  on  the 
quay,  the  ship  owners  are  liuhle  as  "un- 
dertakers." Mrri'tl  V.  Wihnn  [1001; 
<'.  A.]  1  K.  n.  .'!,■>;  Ilninslioiniiffh  Y, 
Hnlli  (inoi:  (".  A.)    18  Times  I..  R.  21. 

Persons  who  arc  in  the  aptani  use  or 
opptiiiaticm  of  a  dock  (or,  urmhlp,  of  a 
berth  in  a  (lock),  and  eniptoy  workmen 
in  pleaninff  or  n  ■  ■  inc  a  ship  in  the 
dock,  are  "niuh.  i. liters"  within  tho 
ineanin-;  of  the  act,  nv\  liable  to  pay 
eoniiiensation  to  a  workman  injiirod  in 
the  course  of  his  emplovmcnt.  Ilaine 
V.  Johson   ( 1001 )   A.  C.  404. 

A  person  using  machinory,  the  prop- 
erty of  another  party,  in  the  process  of 


loading'  a  ship  frnni  n  piiy,  is  an  'iii 
ihrtaker."  i'liniiiiiUni  \,  /(.nun.'. 
]  10(11  ;    V.    A.  I     I    K.'H.    ■.•a.   holdill-  till! 

in  'I'tiiin  'J'l  of  the  ricioiy  :iii  nf  W.c 
the  I  \prcs.,ion  "sneh  ni  iiliiiniy,'  ji 
last  u  I  in  the  latter  part  of  the  •« 
lion,  ivl'ers  to  the  "ina<liinery  .Tt:l 
plant"  nii'Mtiiined  prcviini-ly  in  "cliiti'c 
(a),  and  nut  to  the  "in.ieiiiiiiiy"  inc!: 
tioneil  in  elniHe    (h). 

•  Stpvedorcs  were  loadin;,'  a  V('-..il  v.: 
\  dock  by  moiins  of  tnielii.u  ry.  Tin 
cargo  had  been  put  into  the  In.M.  .iti! 
the  men  cinployed  by  the  steviilup- 
were  "linisluiij;  oli"  by  sliii'.'iii','  iri.' 
beams  across  th'  '■^■^\■  \\ .  '[{•.,•  ...i 
chinery  having  beconip  .  i.i.iijli  I.  t<'^c  (,■ 
tlip  woikinen  went  to  di-i  iitan^'le  it.  »  i.< 
eaiight  by  it.  and  injiiiid  so  tli.it  In 
dieil.  f.'mler  these  cii(!iiii-t;iniN's  it  ui- 
held  by  the  lIoiHc  of  l.oiils  (I.iiil  I/n! 
ley  disherit  ill;.' )  lli^'t  the  s|i.\i.InH-  mr. 
occupying  a  •■f.ielory,"  namely,  tlie  ii:.i 
chinerj-.  within  the  meaiiiti^'  of  tlie  :k' 
and  tliiit  the  deeeasi-d  was  iiijin.!  i- 
the  course  of  his  eniplnynail  in  Inaili:- 
from  the  wharf,  the  pi.ici-s  nf  hu  ijiit 
not  bpipg  comphtp  till  the  hni  'iwij 
was  secured,  within  the  niiaiiinL'  "t 
those  acts.  Stuart  v.  .\m..i  [I'.''! 
A.  C.  70. 

A  shipbuilding  firm  whieli  has  sint  ;i 
newly-launched  ship  to  a  puMie  ilmk  ti 
have  the  engines  for  whieli  il  liail  <w. 
traeted  wi  ":  another  (inn  eiis'ti-l  aii'l 
fitted  are  "iiiidfrtakprs."  Jnrtsnn  v 
Jtoddcr  (ISOO)  1  Sc.  Sess.  (as.  5th 
series.  \0oX,  30  So.  L.  R.  851,  37  S(^  I 
R.  300. 


Hi 


IIMJ 


ILSOLIMI  WOIIKMKNH  I'oMI'KNWATlON  ACT. 


IIW 


!ii«  poMHowion  of  tlif  |irfnii'«»!<  sliuiiM  be  ox'-linivo.  All  tlint  in 
nmiiMto  is  Uiiif  li<^  slioiiM  \)c  in  p<wm-i-.i..n  «<>  l;ir  u.x  jiiav  Iw  ui>CL'<t*ury 
l..rtJin  i>iir|K>!"'  of  (ioiinr  ili"  wink  in  Imiid.* 

It  liiis  boon  hrld  tliiit  tin  cinplnytT  is  not  linl.lf,  n*  an  '•iinil.Ttakcr," 
fur  iriiurica  r-ffivftl  \,\  oni-  o|'  his  srrviint^  i  tlic  fartjiry  of  nnoUuT 
ii,.r?(iii  wliilo  lir  wa-i  rtiuiii:"il  in  ri'niovin^  n  |Kiriii(ii  of  fIh'  pliint  wiiiclj 
i,n  to  be  triUHfcrn  (I  i  'lie  ilffrniliuit"-*  own  tiici..ry.^  I'.nf,  inani- 
i,,tly,  if  i>»  not  "icv  to  .hrmo  pn-ci-toly  tin-  iMHiii'lary  lim-  iMMwi-on  tl>e 
.irtMitiistanw's  wliii-li  i-all  for  tin-  applii'alinn  of  the  principle  fliU!<  (>,x- 
riiiplifictl  anil  tiint  \vlii>  h  coniniU  ca-ii-i  of  the  type  iiicalioin'il  in  the 
iTi'iTcliiip  para-rnipii. 

h.  In  (he  fn.sr  of  iUuiiiK-'nitii  v<i>k.-~  Whcie  it  U  liio  tiMnal  prac- 
lii-oof  a  firm  of  biiihh'r^  to  rnlir  into  conll•al't^  for  jniliin;;  ilown  and 
iclmililinjr,  hut  tJu-y  invarialilv  snhlot  tho  work  of  pulling  down,  tiiey 
IP'  "iindortakor!*"  a-*  naiini-;  tlie  servants  of  tJie  Hiiheontra.'tor-i." 
r!i'>  owner  of  a  building;  who  contraeis  with  someoiio  to  exeeiita  nv 
|pairs  on  the  bnihlini:.  and  does  not.  ein;aiie  in  flii-  work  iiirii^elf,  is  not 
,iii  "uiulertakcr."^      J!ul  a  hnildini:;  coiitraelnr  wiio  ia  creel iuff  a  tone- 


'A  firm  o(  employers  ■•iiiii  I. icli'il  to  do  v.   Ilinrti    (lOOO)    2   Si-.   Si  ,s.   Caa.    Hli 

iii>  [lainting   niiiJ    pliiiuMiii;   on    a   xliip  scries.  717.  .'17  No.  |j.  K.  .'ill. 
Kill);  in  a  dock,  and  sinl    workmen  on        't'niiu  i>i  v.  Turmr  (l!Hio|  I  (,>,  11.  I7H 

I.  Mil    to   do    tlie    work.       .Sinne   of    ttie  Willi    t  u-    diri-ion    lii.iV    lir    i pii.d 

.nw  wcrp  in  clmrgp  of  tlip  slop  for  tlip  llirie  .vi'..i.'li   ri^is.       In   nii'  of  llii-.i'  n 

..miirK,  litit  tlie  llriii  wvto  in  po.-s(  s^ion  firm  of  enginocrs  mnkiii^'  a  pr.  lin.iiiMiy 

iif  the  «liip  «o  far  an  wiis  titci  >s  i ry  for  run  tor  lln'  porponc  of  ii'«tiiiij  nuicliiii- 

tlip  wrik  lliat  tliiy  hiid  contraptiil  10  do.  pry    in    a    linililiTi;;   lM>li)ni.'iii^;    ti>   a  cold 

Om-  of  ihe  woikiiHMi  w;ia  iniiircl  liy  an  stora;,'p  conipiuiy  were  ilc  niid  to  he  "oc 

■icoiili'tit    in    tlio    course   of    Ids    employ-  ciipirrs."       /'urni    v.    SI- nir    (  l!MM))    2 

ment.      lldil,  tliat  the  posnossion  of  Ihe  .'~c.    Sc-i-".    Can.    5lti    mci  iis,    HS7,    37    ."^o. 

-'lipovn,  r<.   for    a    purpose    not    incon-  I,.   U.  liliil. 

-i'toiit  with    the   poani's.-i,.i;    of    llir-   cne         In  iiriotlur  it  Wiis  h'M  ttiit    liip  Iciin 

pioycrs,  did  not  prevent  the  latter  from  "ociMip.-i.-i      «.i«    not   iipplli  iiile   to    l)in 

liiv;!!!;  tlie  ''aotiiil    use   or   iK'Ciipation''  phice  wiieio  a   hilioier  in  tlie  employ  of 

rf  the  ship  within   the  meaniti;;  of  the  a  coal   ili'iihr.  who   was  iimler  contract 

lictery   and    workshop    net    1H'.I.">.    Ji    'J.!,  to    di'liver    coal    to    the    Hteaniers    of    a 

-uIkI.  "(b).      Ilirli  II  V.   tlrajj    (11102;   C.  packet    company,    f' II     into    the    wiler, 

.A.l  1  K.  B.  2-2.'i,  IS  Times  I,.  It.  70.  while  he  was  w';iitir;.'  for  the  niiival  of 

.\    similar    doctrine    i:"    emloilird     in  ^  steamer  on  »liie!i  ^onie  coal  was  to  he 

Jnd.rn   V.    Itoilgrr    (ISH'.I)     1    Sc.    .'^ess.  shipped,     l^lriiart  v.  l)<ini;fni  II   iI'mi-J) 

(as.    .ith    scries,    10.").1.       lint    in    other  4   Sc.  Sess.  t'as.  Mi  series,  ^.:.'i,   :!'.»  ,Sc. 

SmIcU   decii'ion.s    a    dilTerent    view    was  j^   jj    ^j,,! 

taken.      In  one  of  thc-e  the   mere  fact       'jn  ^.i^ther   it  was   held   that   an   iron 

that  a  ste.msh.p   was   ly.n;;   in    a    dock  f^„„,^„  ^.^^  „.,t  ,i^,,,,^  to  the  widow  of 

while  a  workman  emp  oycl  l.y  a  l,rm  of  ^   „.„r,,,„„n.   „.,,„   „.,„  billed   hy    fallinfr 

pH'Tinpers  wns  ensa^cd   in  repairin<»  tlie  ,  it  11       1    1      1  1   •    . 

loilirs  was  held   not  to  make  the   firm  ''""'    "    f'.'^"'''    «'"l';    ''«    ^^'^    '\"'f 

■Vcupi.r."  of  the  dock.      Low  v.  .IfccT-  »""";  ""'k   '"  ''  """P   '^""'"'.v     "  "'"oh 

BrMv  (innO)  2  Sc.  Scss.  Cos.  5th  seri(«,  '"'    ''i"'    '""'"    "''"*    ''""    "'•''     V"'l<'>^<'- 

722,',')7  Sc.  L.  R.  .500.  Unlcolm  v.  .l/'.Ui»iin    (19001    2  Sc.  .Sess. 

in  nn'otiier,  shipping  agents  who  liad  Ca.s.  otii  .series.  .52ri.  ."7  Sr.  L.  R.  3s3. 
rontraoted  with  th»  jwners  of  a  vessel        'Knight    v.   Ciibilt    [1002;    C    A.I    1 

lying  at  a  dock     >  load  her  were  denied  K.  B.  31,  71  L.  J.  K.  B.  N.  S.  fi.". 
to  be  "occupieri     of  the  dock.      Uruce       ^  WUrcgor  v.   OannKcn  (18'JU)    1    fc'c 


I  • 


•mf. 


;r  m    1 


1 

\4 


Mill 


21C0 


MASTEK  AND  SKHVAXT. 


[fllAP.  XI 


.1    . 


iiu'Tit  for  hiinsplf  is  dcdiifil  .f>  lie  witliin  that  deseriiitioii  in  such 
sniiso  as  to  be  liablr;  to  ii  sorviiiit  of  one  of  tlio  tnidiiij;'  linns  with  wlmr 
he  had  contracted  for  ]);irliculiii-  parts  of  llic  worli  wiii-'Ii  mv  iiotlein 
executed  I)y  liis  own  work  men." 

'J'hc  word  "underlaker"  is  not  I'cstrieled  to  i)er.-ons  who  enntiact  f 
the  construction  of  a  huiidiiii^  :i-  a  whole.  Hence,  wht  re  a  luiildin; 
over  30  feet  high  is  Lein^j;  conslrni'ted  hy  means  of  a  s.-alToiilin^r,  an^ 
the  work  of  construction  is  cari'ied  on  by  several  persons,  not  a 'liii: 
jointly,  but  each  of  lliein  contraciinf;  with  the  building  owner  fur  tl. 
construction  of  a  sepa'-atc  substantial  part  of  the  buildin;;-.  each,. 
them  is  an  "underlaKcr,"  and  is  liable  to  comiten-ate  tin.'  workiinii  (i, 
jdi'ved  by  him  for  pt>rs<inal  injury  sustained  by  tliem  in  the  c  msp, 
their  employment.  Every  workman  emi)loyed  by  tJio  nmh  itakt- 
upon  the  building  is  within  the  act,  whatever  may  be  tlie  natmv  uf  ii; 
iHvn  particular  work.^ 

A  linn  of  engineer-  who  have  sold  a  hay -cutting  machine  arc  ''n:: 
dirtakers"  as  regards  one  of  iheir  workmen,  who  is  injured  wliih'  i: 
operation  is  being  tested.'" 

It  was  at  first  held  tluit  a  subcontractor  for  engineering  work  is  uo 
-ui  "undertaker"  within  the  meaning  of  the  compansation  act.' 
])ut  this  view  has  now  bwn  i)ronoiinccd  erroneous  by  the  lloii.-e  . : 
I.ords.''^ 

An  employer  who,  under  a  contract  with  a  firm  engaged  in  hiiilt; 
ing  oj)erations  on  their  own  promises,  supplies  the  labor  for  the  brick 
Work, — the  workmen  so  supj)lied,  although  paid  by  liim,  ly/nv^  uiuli ; 
the  control,  while  at  work,  of  the  foreman  of  tlie  building  owiu  i?,— i 
not  an  "undertaker."'* 

787.  —of  "workman."— rt.  Conhaclois.— It  is  not  dispui.,1  th;r 
recovery  imder  the  act  cannot  be  Jiad  if  the  facts  show  tiuit  the  in 
jured  person  was  an  independent  contractor.'  Compare  the  dccisi..!  ■ 
cited  in  §  7ii3,  subd.  i.  nnlc. 


Sess.  Cns.  .'jtli   scries.  .';:((;.   :iO  Sc.   L.  R.    anuiiiiil  fm-  which  lie  is  liii).!c  to  n  work 


39.T    (Lord   Voinii,'  disscniing. ) 


num  pni|ilo^cd  liy  tlio  lillii. 


'  Slalh-r  V.   Walhirr  (  liloo,  2  Sc.  Scss.  tidn   1.  siilis.  4  of  the  act. 
Cas.  .'itli  si'iics,  IIOl;,  37  Sc.  L.  U.  8!t8.  "/'rn-ival    v.    (lantrr    [VMM:    C.  A. 

__"  Mason  v.  Ucun  [UHiO:  C.  A.]  1  Q.  B.  2  Q.   B.  40(k  hohliiiR  that  tl.c  pci^uii- 

'if"-  from    whom   recovery   slioiiM   hd\e  Won 

"'  /'rid  V.  /•''.)» til 3   (inOl)   3  Sc.  Se»8.  soiiKht  were  the  firm  of      nlractors, 
(Jas.  5th  series,   lOud.  .'iS  Sc.  L.  R.  720.        'A  contr-ictor  for  a  lii,ii|i  sum.  w1io»h 

"Cass  V.  />'ii(/rr  [1000]   1  Q.  B.  777;  temit-r  is  for  lahor  and  tools,  but  who 

Cooper  V.  lianiiiMit    (18!i8;  C.  A.)    10  is  not   to  supply  any  materials,  i''  noi 

Times  L.  R.  2lJti.  witliin    the   act.       Siiiimoiis   v.   t'auldi 

"Cooper  V.  Crane   [10021   A.  C.  302,  (1001;  C.  A.)    17  Times  L.  U.  S.U 
holding   that    a    person    contracting     to        iSee  also  J/'OYf^or  v.  iJ(nis7.(-n  1 18!)!li 

erect   a    building;   is   entitled   to   be   in-  1  Sc.  Sesa.  Cas.  5th  series,  ,5:Ui.  3ti  Sc. 

"iciiuiiticd    by    a    subcontractor    for    the  L.  R.  393,  a  case  of  a  small  eontiuctor. 


! 


,  ;^;,,J  E.\(iMsll  WOItK.MKX'SCOMl'KNSATlUN  All".  21iM 

i,.  .sV(i?/it'fl. — Tl.c  compensation  ai-t  (l<)Ofs  not  "dfal  with  iIm  r  hi 
[ion  Ix'twocii  sliipownors  and  sailors,  when  fnj:agi(l  in  tlicir  uiiii!i:if\ 
icriipation  of  pailiiig  npoi-  tlip  8oas."'-  Coniparo  i;  7:24,  mile,  lint 
iliJM  doctrine  viocs  not  involve  the  con>o(iuencc  that  tlie  mere  fact  of  ili  • 
accidinta  having  liappi  lU'd  in  or  n])on  a  i^hip  ])revents  tho  injurnl 
\V(.:km:in  from  claiminj;'  eompen-^ation  under  the  act.  His  ri^ht  of 
letovery  nnist  be  tested  with  rcfe'--  >k     to  ;'>n  ein-iini«tanoes  attendiiij; 

rlip  accident' 

787a. — of  "dependents." — a.  Ii  Lufilah'I  •  .uI  Jrdnml. — At  p. 
] 97  of  his  treatise  on  Accidents  •>  Wcv:  i.^.n,  .Mr.  Minton-S.-idioiise 
remarks  tliat  the  vord  "  'do])endeiit  pn.l;.  Mv  nieans,  depen<lint  for 
the  ordinary  neces-^aries  of  life  for  a  [lerson  of  that  elass  and  ])osi 
tion,"  and  this  deiinition  lia*  been  ajjprovcd  by  hii;Ii  jmiii'ial  autiior- 
itv.'  The  term  do<'s  not  signify  a  jH'rson  who  nuMvly  di  i  iv  d  a  bene- 
lir  from  the  earninu-:  of  ilic  injured  wovkiiiaii.- 

A  father  eariiiiij:  waiic--  may  1"'  "in  ]iurt  di'[KMidi'iit"  upon  the 
Milling-  of  his  child,  within  the  meaning  of  the  act ;  and  there  is  evi- 
dence npon  which  the  father  may  be  found  to  l)e,  in  fact,  so  deiiend- 
Mit.  and  to  be  entitled  to  eompensatiou  for  the  death  of  the  child, 
v.'iKre  it  is  proved  that  the  child  contribnted  to  the  family  wa.i,'es  fund, 
auJ  that  the  father  rec(uved  the  eonlribnlion  and  sjicnt  it  in  niain- 

On  ttie  otlior  hand  a  findinpr  tliat  (he  wliicli    tlio    :iot    :ii  iilii'«.       D'Uiiiilnn    v. 

Mijiiifil  iM'ison  was  a  "woikiiiaTi"  is  jiia-  DinidiiU:  if  .\  .  Sl"nn  I'arl.rl  Co.  (ISitOl 

tiiiiil'le,   wlic'ie    lie    was    <'in]iloy('il    in    a  Xi  Ir.  L.  T.    II.   .'JH. 

.|;i!iiry    iiikUt    an    iij,'ro(iMciit "  tliat    lie        'An    ordiiiaiy    talMinr    rmiilovcd    for 

should  ho   iiaid   so   iiiiioli    for  every   ton  tlio   iiiii|in-o   of   dllilI^'   miy t'liii^'   tliat    i^< 

ho^'Dt  (lilt,  iiiid  tlie  tools  were  found  for  to  lie  done  on  a  sliiji  lyinj.'  in  a  doeU  is 

l.iiiii.  iiiul  lie  used  to  liire  and  diseliar;:e  not  wlllioiit  tlie  scope  of  the  act.     I'uinr 

the  iiii'ti  wtio  worked  under  liiin.     /.'I'aiis  v.  .luljuott    |1!)01]   A.  ('.  -lOt.      K.ir  is  a 

V.  I'ciurylt  Dinas  Kitirn  Ifriih-  Co.{\i*0\  :  man  woikiii;;  on  a  dred!.'.r,  wliicli  went 

C.  A.)    18  Times  ]..  I!.  ."iS.      And  wliero  2   miles   out    to  ^ea   for   the   imrpose   of 

he  was  one  of  a  squad  of  ineelianies  who  lieinjr    eni|.tied.        C/inmfir  is    v.     Il7ii/r- 

•.verc  paid  by  the  piece,  for  woik  on  a  linnn   llnibour  Coinis.   [1S!»!)]   2  Q.   H. 

vessel    under    construction,     hut     were  l;i-2. 

bound    to    work    continuously    all    the       '    liomer.  L.  J.,  in  fUmmons  v.  Mliili- 

working  hours  recogni/ed   in' the  yard.  «ro.v,  [ISiiO]  1  Q.  P.  1007,  fi8  L.  J.  Q.  1!. 

were  supervised  generally  by  the   fore-  \.  S.  "iitT,  and  TiOrd  Sliand  in  .t/(iiii  <'iil- 

man  of  the  employer,  and  were  suhject  lin;/   To.   v.   Duvics    [IfloOl    A.   C   ;t."iS. 

to  printed  rules  and  regulations  "to  be  In  the  latter  case   Lonis   Halslmiy   and 

ohsenod  by  the  workmen  in  the  employ-  Davey   expressed   the   opinion    that  the 

metit"    of    pliipbiiilders.        M'Cirady    v.  <|ueslion    of    dopendeney  was  to    be  de 

Dviil'.n    (IBOO)     2    Sc.    Sess.    fas.    5th  rided  without  respect  to  the  stiiiidaid  of 

seriis.  1027.  .17  8c.  T>.  T{.  779.  livinir  in  the  nei^diborhood  or  the  ela-s 

Miord    Ilnlshuiy   in    Itninc   v.   .lobsnn  to   which    the   family   belong':    that    the 

[IflOll   A.  C.  404.      In  an  Irish  case  it  aet  sets  up  no  such  standai<I:  and  that 

was   li.  Id   that   an    nblehodied    seaman,  the  actual  means  of  living  and  expeiidi 

workiiif;  at  the  hoistintf  of  a  ship's  boat  ture    need    alone    be    refjank-d.       I.oid 

liy  !!!i;(n.«  of  a  crane  on  the  quay  nlori^-  >sh>nd  did  not  atrree  with  tliis  view, 
sidf  Ids  ship,  is  merely  carryinj;  out  the        ■Siininoiis  v.  White  (IS'J'.t;  C.  A.)  80 

tioriiial  duties  of  a  seaman,  and  is  there-  L.  T.  N.  S.  344. 
fore  not  cngaircd  in  an  eiu]doyment  to 


lill'i 


in  r 

Ili!  I' 


Iri 


!'  ". 


i:  i 


'■-ii 


It 

III     i 


I      I 


H:!;- 


ii 


^;:h;. 


m 


21U2 


MASTER  AND  SliUVANT. 


I'    lAJ-.  XL 


mi 


taiiiins:  himself  ami  ]iis  fiunily.'     Similarly  it  is  lield  there  i 
"dopcntloncy"  for  tlio  pnrjjosos  of  the  act,  although  the  chi; 
«hle  to  maintain  hinioclf  and  family  without  the  assistance  oi 
(loasrd.* 

In  the  case  of  the  death  of  a  workman,  Icavinj;  dependents, 
by  wiiicii  to  determine  whether  they  were  wholly  depcndei;' 
oarniTigs  at  the  time  of  his  death,  within  the  meaning  of  tl 
whether  money  Avhich  the  workman  was  earning  at  the  ti; 
<!(  alh  was  fJie  solo  source  to  which  they  could  look  for  maiut.  : 
that  time.     Accordingly  the  fact  that  moiu\y  came  t/>  thei  ; 
dealli  of  the  workman  cannot  be  taken  into  consideration.* 

1).  hi  Scotlaiul. — The  mother  of  a  deceased  workman,  v.'i 
rents  were  in  part  dependent  on  him,  is  not  entitled  to  sue,  ■. 
fath(!r  is  alive." 

(Grandchildren  are  entitled  to  claim  compensation  for  the 
tlinir  grandfather,  in  cases  where  their  father  is  dead.'' 

An  illegitimate  child  has  no  right  to  sue  tlie  employer  o, 
ceased  mother.** 

\  woman  living  separate  from  a  husband  -who  only  conti : 
small  sum  to  her  support,  the  rest  of  her  sustenance  being 
from  H'latives,  and  occasional  employment,  may  claim  com 
for  his  death.' 

Tlie  fact  that  the  father  of  the  decedent  was  assisting  a  .• 
relative  does  not  show,  as  a  matter  of  law,  tliat  he  was  not  " 
dependent"  on  his  son's  eariiiiigs."' 

788.  "Shipbuilding  yard"  (sec.  7,  snbs.  3).— The  question  v, 
dock  l'  iniies  from  a  shipbuilding  yard  was  "noiir"  it  was  hel 
quoritio!!  of  fact,  not  of  law.*  In  the  case  cited  tlie  court  asi 
the  finding  of  the  arbitrator  in  favor  of  the  servant,  as  1ki\ 
inii;r(  d  "near"  the  \aru. 


•<y  bea 

naiit  J! 
Llio  (i(- 

til,,  to-- 

on  hij 

■  not,  ic 

•  of  lii; 
iri'e  at 
on  ilif 

insf  pa- 
.';retlie 

'alli  of 

liis  df- 

'•nU-i\  a 
i'tairif'd 

::-;ltinr 

•rippled 
'.ii'tiallv 

"tlior  a 
to  lie  a 

•  ■d  with 

!12  bof'ti 


'  Jfahi  Cnlh'rrii  Co.  v.  nmirs  flOnn] 
10  .\.  C  3">S.  This  decision  pmhn;lips 
n  <1ortriiio  siiriilar  to  tliat  niioptoil  in  an 
rarlicr  rase,  in  wliicli  it  was  liolil  tliat  a 
finilinsr  of  "(li'pciidoncv"  was  siifliciently 
Bup|)ortc<l  by  eviilonpo  tliat  the  parents 
of  an  pniployoo  fiiurtoon  ypars  old,  who 
was  killed,  had  reocivod  his  weekly 
waires  for  five  weeks  before  his  death, 
ai'.d  handed  over  to  him  such  pocket 
money  as  tliev  thonirht  right,  fUmmons 
V,  While  nrnn.  (ISOO:  C.  A,)  CS  L,  J. 
().  n.  X.  R.  .507,  (1890)    1  Q.  B.  100.5. 

'Ifonrlh  V.  Vivirin  (1901)  IS  Times 
I..  R.  :i(!. 

'  /'/  iirr  V.  Penrikvhcr  Nar.  Colliery 
Co.  [1902]  1  K,  IJ.  221. 


'H'incit  T.  \orlh  Hn'i^l  p.  Co. 
(ISnO)  1  Sc.  Sess,  Cas.  .Uli  ^n  ios,  1139, 
30  Sc.  L.  R.  874. 

^  llaiilln  V.  .l/e/)0Sf  (ISnO)  1  Sr.  Si'!i«, 
Cas,  ,5tli  series.  1012,  M  Sc.  f,.  tt.  SI  I. 

'Clrmcnt  v.  f!,ll  (189!))  1  ^c  Sos*. 
Cas.  .5lh  series,  924.  .•!(!  Sc.  h.  W.  Ti.'i. 

'  Ciiiiniutiliniii  V.  M'drrr/rjr 
Sc.  Sess,  ("as,  5th  .scries,  7 
L.  R.  574, 

"  r.rfjfjrt   V.   fiiirlr    (1902) 
Cas.  .-.th  series,  (i!).!.  .W  Sc.  T. 

'  M'Millaii  V.  Uiirphni  (ISH'M  2  .«c. 
St.sa.  Cas.  5!h  series,  Olj  37  S"   I,.  R,  61. 


■  I  noil   3 
,   ,3S  Sc. 

K.  ■It'*. 


1788a]  ENGLISH  \V0KKMKNsa)Mri:NSAT10N  At  I.  Uti 

0.    CoMPF-NSAirc^    KiH-OVF.UAltl.l-;  LXUKK    1111.  A(T. 

788a.  Text  of  •tatutory  provisioni.-l- ir.t,  Srhclulo.  S.mIo  n.id  Con.l. 
tion*  01  CoiM|.en»;iUoi..  (1,  lliv  nnmiiiU  of  .•<.M,i..i,.,;itioi.  un.l.i  U.i.s  AU  bIui.I 
be-   la)  wliiTC  (Icatli  result-  from  tin-  injury— 

n)  if  tl.c  workman  leav>  a.,y  .1.,,,  ndci.l.s  wlu.lly  .loponM.m  ..,...„  1,ih  ,.armi.|:> 
,.  tl.e  time  of  liis  deatli,  a  Mim  i-iual  to  hi.-*  .Mri.iiiijs  in  tlie  .mi.loyin.iit  of  the 
„me  en.plov.r  during  the  three  years  next  preevdin.i,'  the  injury,  or  the  sum  ot 
im  whiehev.'r  ol  tho-e  .-un,s  i-  the  lar-er,  hut  not  e.veeed.n-  iii  any  ea-e  i-Ui-': 
Provided  That  tl  e  amount  of  any  weekly  payn.em.s  made  under  tlus  act  shall  be 
Je>lucted'from  buch  sum,  and  ii  the  ,,.riod  of  the  sNorUu>an\-*  employment  hy  ti,e 
^id  cmpioyer  has  Win  Ie..>  than  the  said  three  years,  then  the  amount  of  hi, 
arnings  during  the  -said  three  years  shall  be  deen.ed  to  be  15ti  tin,e«  h.s  average 
.«.kly  earnings  during  the  period  of  his  aetual  en.ployment  u.uler  the  said  en, 

''"^irif  the  workman  does  not  have  any  sueh  depend<.nts,  hut  leav,-s  any  de 
,,en.l.nts  in  part  dependent  upo,.  his  earnin,u>  at  the  lime  of  his  death,  sueh  sum. 
not  ..ceediiig  in  any  ca.se  the  anumnt  payable  under  the  foregoing  provi-ioirs.  as 
may  lie  a^rml  upon.  or.  in  default  of  agreen.ent.  may  Ik;  .letern,ined,  on  arhitra 
tion  under  this  act,  to  be  reasonable  and  proportionate  to  the  injury  to  the  sa.d 

litpcndenls  and  ,-     ,     ,,       i 

(iii)   if  he  leaves  no  dependents,  the  reasonable  e.xpL-iue»  of  his  nu'dical  atteial 

u.ce  and  burial,  not  exceeding  £10. 

(6)  Where  total  or  partial  iiieapaeity  for  work  r.sults  from  the  injury,  a 
wn-klv  pavm.nt  during  the  inea|,aeily  after  the  second  u.'.k,  not  excding  .".O  per 
cento'f  hii  average  weeklv  earnings  during  the  previous  twelve  months,  .1  he  has 
i*en  so  long  employed,  but  if  not,  then  for  any  less  ,M-rio.l  during  whuh  he  has 
bctn  in  the  employment  of  the  same  emidoyer,  sueh  weekly  payment  not  to  exeeea 

'  (2)  In  fixing  the  amount  of  the  weekly  payment,  regard  slull  be  had  to  the 
difrcrence  between  the  amount  of  the  average  weekly  earnings  of  the  workman  he- 
lore  the  accident,  and  the  average  an-ount  which  he  is  able  to  earn  after  the  ace. 
dent,  and  to  any  p.yment,  not  wages,  which  he  nuiy  receive  from  the  em 

plover  in  respect  of  "his  injury  ;  pcrioil  of  his  incapacity. 

(3)  Where  a  workman  has  g.  e  of  an  aeei.leiit,  he  shall,  if  so  r,,iunr,l 
by  the  employer,  submit  himsel.  lor  ex,.minalion  by  a  duly  ipulilied  m.-.li,;,l 
practitioner,  provided  and  paid  by  the  emph.yer,  and  if  he  refuse-  to  submit  him- 
self to  such  examination,  or  in  any  way  ob.-truets  the  same,  his  right  to  com 
pe^ation  and  a,  y  proceeding  under  this  act  in  relation  to  compei:sation,  thall  !"■ 
suepinhd  Ln'il  such  examination  takes  phue. 

(4)  The  payment  shall,  in  ca.-e  of  death  be  made  to  the  leg.l  per-^onal  repre 
sentative  of  the  workman,  or,  if  he  lias  no  legal  per.>onal  representative,  to  or 
for  the  bencliU  of  his  dependents,  or,  if  he  leaves  no  dependents,  to  the  po-.e, 
totti.om  the  expenses  are  due;  and  if  made  to  the  legal  personal  r..pre..-i;lat  u. 
shall  be  paid  by  him  to  or  for  the  •  ^t  of  the  dependenUs  or  other  per.,un  eii 
titled  thereto  under  this  act. 

(5)  Any  question  as  to  who  is  a  dependent,  or  «s  to  the  amount  payable  to 
each  dependent,  shall,  in  default  of  agieement,  be  settled  by  arbitration  luider 
this  net. 

1(1)  The  sum  allotted  as  compen-ation  to  a  dependent  may  bo  invested  or  other 


t  h  U 


W 


Mm  ) 


I  i 


if 
m 

4 


it  if 


!l*i4 


MASTICU  AND  bKRVANT. 


..u.w.  \i 


¥ 


J'!  II 


■tr 


wiM-  ap|>lioJ  for  the  benefit  of  the  person  entitled  thereto,  as  ngrefil.  or  ;is  irLr. 
by  tile  iiiiiiniittec  or  other  arbitrator. 

(7)  Any  sum  whieli  is  agreed  or  is  ordered  by  the  coinniittrc  or  arimrrnr  i 
lie  iiivcsled  nmy  be  investeil  in  whole  or  in  part  in  the  I'ostolhce  !Savi:)j-  ':,.v.k  L 
the  riHi.-.Uar  of  the  county  court  in  his  name  as  registrar. 

(8)  Any  sum  to  be  bo  investi-d  may  he  invested  in  the  purchase  <>f  in  i  i/.i 
from  the  National  Debt  t'omniis^ioners  thiough  the  Postolhee  Saviii-s  li.u;!.,  „rL 
aoeiptea  by  the  I'oslmaster-Ueiieral  as  a  depo.-il  in  the  name  of  ih,-  i.  - -iiir.i 
such,  and  t  .e  provisions  of  any  statute  or  rcj,'ulalii>n3  respecting  tl.r  linii.  , 
ilep.i,i;s  in  saviM;.'s  banks,  and  the  (helaration  to  he  niaile  by  a  dcpo-it,.r.  .u.\\\  n 
apply  to  such  sums. 

vO)    No  part  of  any  money  iiivc  ied  in  the  name  of  the  registrar  cif  any  i w 

court  in  the  I'ostollice  Savings  liaak  under  this  act  shall  l>e  pai  1  .>ut,  .xc.j 
upon  authority  addressed  to  the  I'os(ma-l(  i-Ccn.ral  by  the  lrca,ijr,-  ur  by  ':. 
jiiilge  of  the  county  court. 

ilU)  Any  person  deriving  any  benclil  from  .my  muricys  invi-l..!  In  the  1'.  ■ 
ollice  Saving  Hank  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  may,  ncvcit!i.ii--.  i.|-ni  :i 
account  in  a.  postoflice  savings  bank  or  in  any  other  savings  hiiik  ia  I, is  .« 
name,  without  being  liable  to  any  penalties  imposed  by  any  statute  or  rcnliliwi 
in  respect  of  the  opening  of  accoiuits  in  two  savings  1,  inks,  or  of  two  iucuiiiiu  ; 
the  same  savings  bank. 

(11)  .\ny  workman  receiving  weekly  payments  u;uler  this  net  si  .I!,  if  fn  j. 
.piired  by  the  employer,  or  by  any  person  by  whom  the  employer  i.-.  i  ,iti'!  .  ici.:^ 
this  act  to  1k'  indcmnilied,  from  time  to  time  submit  himself  for  e;,i!iiiii  iiinn  iy 
duly  qualilied  meilical  practitioner,  provided  and  paid  by  the  enipl.  ver,  or  -ii 
other  p-rson;  but  if  the  workman  objects  to  an  examination  by  ti.iL  iiu!i> 
practitioner,  or  is  dis>ati-ticd  by  the  ecrlificate  of  such  practitioner  ti'-n  hi 
condition,  when  communicated  to  him,  he  may  submit  himself  for  o\aiiiiinti.n  t 
one  of  the  medic  u  practitioneis  appointed  for  the  purposes  of  this  act,  a^  :■!.' 
tioned  in  the  second  -eheiluie  to  this  act,  and  the  certilieate  of  that  i,,;  lii- 
practitioner  as  to  the  condition  of  the  workman  at  the  time  of  the  c-cai)iiiiiti" 
shall  •'"  given  to  the  employer  and  workman,  and  shall  !)<■  ci>n<.-lii.-ive  evi  I.  uy  i 
that  coi.  -ion.  If  the  workman  refuses  to  submit  himself  to  such  e\,ni;i  i  I'ioi 
or  in  any  way  obstructs  the  same,  his  right  to  such  weekly  payments  sluui  !«•  -i 
peruled  until  such  examination  has  taken  place. 

(12)  Any  weekly  payment  may  he  reviewed  at  the  rcipicst  either  of  V.n- <■:> 
ploycr  or  of  the  w<iiknian,  and  on  such  review  may  be  emlcd,  dimiin-lie.l.  or  ii 
crea.-^ed,  subjiict  to  the  maximum  above  pronded ;  and  the  amount  of  piyii.e 
shall,  in  default  of  agreement,  be  settled  by  arbitration  imder  this  aet. 

(1,S)  Where  any  weekly  payment  has  been  eontimutl  for  not  h-^s  lli"i  .-. 
months,  t'^e  liability  therefor  may,  on  the  application  by  or  on  behali  of  t"ie  .ii 
pioyer,  be  redeemed  by  the  payment  of  a  lump  sum,  to  be  settled,  in  il  •imt  . 
agreement,  by  arbitration  under  this  act,  and  such  lump  sum  may  he  or.l.  n.l  I 
the  committee  or  arbitrator  lo  uu  invested  or  otherwise  applied  as  above  n 

tioned. 

(14)   A  weekly  payment,  or  a  sum  p.aid  by  way  of  redomptiim  tliere.if.  -:■' 
not  be  capable  of  being  assigned,  charged,  or  attacV-u,  and  shall   not   i   •- 
any  other  person  by  operation  of  law,  nn     shall  any  claim  be  set  oil  agiin-i  i 

-ame. 

(  1.-))  Where  a  scheme  certified  under  this  aet  provi  les  for  payment  of  cmp.: 
.sation  by  u  frienilly  society,  the  provisions  of  the  proviso  to  the  first  suhsoeiion. 


■> 


Hit 


(' ;89,790]       EXULlsa  WUliKMKNS  COMl'KNSAll'iN  MT.  JUm 

.(ition  8,  section  10,  ami  ^(C(ion  41  of  the  I'liriiilly  six-iiti.'.-i  iicl  ISMii,  nli,!'.  iwC 
,:[ily  to  such  aof-'fty  in  ri's|ir(l  of  -iifh  s  hi'iiic 

ilH)  In  thi-  aj.;  iic:ition  of  thi.s  siliciliile  to  Scolliiml  thi'  cxpn"!.)!!  "i  .•.■,■!  ru 
,:  the  county  court"  inoaii.-  •vhi-iilV  <  lerk  of  the  coumy,"  ;ui.l  'jihl'^.'  i>i  tin- 
,   inly  court''  incniit  "-hrriir." 

,17)  111  tlie  nppliiiilioii  of  this  act  to   Iril.ind  tin'  provi-iuu-   nf   !!„■  <(>min 

.yrs  and  coiirl.s  (Irtlaml)  act  ls77,  witli  rc.-pcct  to  money  ili  in.-iiiM  in  thr 
'  -totlicc  Savings  Hank  under  that  act  ahull  apply  to  nioiuy  inve.-LcJ  in  the  I'ojI- 

leSiiviniia  Hank  under  tliis  act. 

789.  Amount  recoverable  in  case  of  death,  by  persons  wholly  de- 
veudeiit  on  •workman's  earnings  (par.  1,  a,  i). — Tlio  etfi'L-t  <>t'  tliis  prov- 
vMii,  asa  wliolo,  is  tliut,  wliero  dontli  ro.-ult.s  fnnii  tUv.  injury,  ;'ii(I  llic 

-rkinan  lc;ivcs  ilo])ondents  \v!iu  wcro  wliolly  (icpciKJeiit  on  liis  ciifn- 
'  /z',  the  amonnt  of  compensation  is  to  bo  n  sum  cijiial  to  liis  earnings 

!  the  cnii)l<>yiiiriit  of  tlic  <;uii('  ciiiploycr  dnrinu  the  flifco  years  next 
;n'e'>!ins  the  injury,  or,  wlicro  tlio  eiiiplnyiiieiit  lias  jjeeii  less  tli;;ii 
■'le  tlirpo  years,  a  sum  e(iiial  to  150  times  liis  average  weekly  earni!.^< 
i'lriii?  the  period  of  liis  actual  employment  Bnt  in  neither  case  i- 
;;e  coitipensation  to  exceed  iioOO  or  bi'  le^s  than  C1.">0.     The  max! 

lum  and  niinimmn  amounts  of  coinpcn-^atioii  which  arc  specilh'd  aji- 

Ivto  the  windc  provision, — not  merely  to  the  llrsL  branch  of  it,  but 

!-i  to  the  second.* 

Where  a  worl;iiian  dies  some  months  afler  an  awar('  of  a  weekly 
-im  1ms  been  made,  bis  dependents  are  entitled  to  claim,  as  com]icii 
■itiim,  three  years'  wages,  after  giving  credit  for  the  pMymeii  s  al- 
■i„(ly  made* 
It  liiis  been  liobl  tbat  where  the  sole  (h-ji'MKhMit  of  a  deceased  worh- 

..m  dies  after  having  served  notice  of  the  accident,  but  before  any 

■:aim  for  compensation  has  been  made,  the  right  to  I'-cover  coiiipcns.i- 

::'in  does  not  pass  to  tlu;  personal  rc])i'escntative  of  thf;  dependent.' 

The  (lc;ith  may  be  tbe.  result  of  the  injury  within  the  meaning  of 

•lis  pawgrajili  of  tho  act,  even  tliongb,  in  fact,  it  may  not  be  tin- 
iMtnral  or  probable  con-ecinonce  thereof."* 

790.  — by  persons  partially  dependent  on  the  workman's  earnings. — 
ilicro  can  be  no  claim  under  the  act  by  a  person  in  part  dependent 
'!i  u  worktnnn  at  the  time  of  his  death,  if  there  is  in  existence  a  per 
>on  who  is  wholly  dependent.' 

'Fnrrcslrr  v.  M'Callum   (1901)    3  Sc.  'O'Donovnn  v.  Cnmrmn    (10021    2  Ir. 

•■fss.  Ciis.  5th  series.  (i.iO,  .18  So.   L.  U.  Rep.  nX\  34  Ir.  L.  T.   ICO. 

4-t'.    Keconsiderinj;     and     Disapproving  'Dunham    v.    Clar--    ri!l02;    ('.    A.)    2 

Ik.yU  V.  lirnltie  (  IflOO )  2  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  K.  V,.  202. 

'tb  ?«ri«.  UK!,  :!"  9c  T,.  R.  01.5.  '  Fnqnn  v.   VuHnrl-   (l.^OO)    1  S<-   Se=^. 

=  n'AV,.,>  V.  Luiott   (1001;  C.  A.)    18  Cas.  r>th  scrips,  1170,  '■W  Sc.  L.  U.  021. 
"■  lies  1-.  li.  J7. 


;'i'?r; 


f 

i;  4 

i 

Mot 


MAS'lliU  AM)  SKUVANT:. 


[CIIjU'. 


i 


iiH 


In  dctfrniiriing  the  sum,  '"iviisonnhlc  and  proportionatr.  to  the  i 
jury,"  wliicli  is  to  bt-  awarded  to  tJie  dopciident.-^,  the  funeral  expcu. 
of  tlic;  workman  may  be  taken  into  consideration.* 

791.  —  in  case  of  total  or  partial  incapacity  (par.  1,  b). —  In  fixi 
the  amount  of  conipen^alion  in  cases  of  partial  incapacity,  tlic  ar 
trator  ni.ay,  if  upon  the  evidence  he  sees  tit,  give  as  conipeiisutinn  t 
whole  amount  of  the  dilfenuce  between  tlio  average  earnings  oft 
workman  bei'ore  the  injury  and  the  averaj^e  amount  of  his  I'arnii 
after  the  injury,  providf d  that  it  docs  not  exceed  50  per  edit  nf ; 
average  earnings  before  the  injury  and  does  not  exceed  £1  a  wtrk.' 

The  proper  and  only  test  of  the  rii;ht  of  a  workman  to  W  awani 
a  weekly  payment,  on  tlie  ground  of  a  partial  incapacity  for  wmk, 
his  comparative  wage-earning  capacity  befr;-3  and  after  the  acciiKi, 
If  an  actual  diminution  of  his  wage-earning  capacity  is  ( -tahli-lii 
tlio  fact  that,  at  the  date  of  his  claim,  ho  was  earning  the  sainif  wa; 
as  he  had  earned  before  the  accident  does  not,  of  itself,  sIkav  that 
is  not  entitled  to  compensation.  The  arbitrator  may  cdiisidcr  i 
probabilities  that,  if  the  injuries  had  not  been  sustained,  iho  iri 
mi^ht  be  making  more  money.^     Xor  is  his  right  to  coiiipcii^ati 


*  Hi  von  V.  Craunhuy  [1002;  C.  A.]  1 
K.  I!.  '2r>,  71  h.  .1.  K.  B.  N.  S.  4!). 

'I'ail:<r  v.  I)i.,nn  (1002)  4  t-o.  Spss. 
C.is.  5lh  series.   1147,  :i'J  Sc.  L.  U.  (i()3. 

'■In  IroiiH  V.  Davis  [1811!);  C.  A.J  2 
Q.  1!.  :!:J11,  lis  I,.  J.  Q.  U.  N.  S.  (173, 
80  1/.  T.  (iT3.  47  Wotk.  Rep.  (ilO,  a 
woikniaM  lost  till'  top  joint  of  his  left 
tliuinb.  iiiul  was  ennseiiuently  incapaei- 
tat«j<l  f<'r  wik  for  a  certain  period. 
Suhseciiitiitly  lie  was  taken  back  again 
into  tiie  service  of  the  same  master  at 
the  same  rale  of  wages  as  before  the 
accident.  Imt  npon  a  ditfercnt  ki^v.l  of 
work.  The  county  court  jud^re  'uvardcd 
hiiM  compensation  for  the  period  during 
which  he  was  incapacitated  for  work, 
an-i  aNo  half  a  crown  a  .veek  for  life. 
Upon  appeal  it  was  held  that  there  was 
no  evidence  justifying  the  award  of  half 
a  crown  a  week  for  life. 

In  I'omphrey  v.  tiouthivark  Press 
[1901]  1  K.  B.  80,  83  L.  T.  N.  S.  468, 
an  apprentice  sustained  an  injury  to  his 
right  hand  which  prevented  his  working 
as  a  skilled  artisan,  and  the  indenture 
of  apprenticeship  was  canceled.  lie  ob- 
tained, in  proceedings  under  the  act,  an 
award  of  a  vseekly  payment  based  on  his 
wages  for  the  previous  year.  He  after- 
wards reoiunnl  work  at  weekly  wages 
higher  than  his  wages  at  the  time  of 
the  accident,  but  less  than  those  that 
wonld  be  ordinarily  paid  to  a  workman 


employed  on  the  same  class  of  vi 
^inee  tlio  injury  he  had  sii>l:iimil 
lieted  his  ability  to  earn  fall  wi 
Tiie  county  court  judge  ilisniisscil 
a]]plication  by  the  emidoyrrs  fur  tin' 
view  and  termination  of  the  wetkiy  i 
ment,  on  the  grourd  that  the  woiki 
was  earn'ng  less,  by  a  sum  e,|aal  to 
amount  of  the  weikly  piymeiit  nuMn 
than  if  he  had  had  the  u.'^e  of  lii<  ;i 
hand.  On  appeal  it  was  held  tli.it. 
a  review  of  a  weekly  pay,''eiit  m.uu 
award  under  the  act,  the  test  to 
applied  is  the  dilTerence  bilwecii 
amount  of  the  average  eariiiii;.'s  li.- 
the  accident  and  the  averiie  aim 
which  the  workman  is  able  to  eiim  a 
the  accident ;  that  in  the  absence  of 
deuce  of  advantages  ineideiital  to 
employment,  and  capable  of  heini' 
praised  at  a  money  value,  the  earn 
ijefore  the  accident  must  be  d<tinii 
by  the  wages  received ;  that  the  <" 
court  judge  was  therefore  wriin;.'  in 
fusing  to  review  the  weekly  piyni' 
but  that  the  weekly  piynier.t  •-!,uiil( 
continued  at  a  nominal  amount, 
order  to  preserve  the  linlit  ef  tlic  :i| 
eant  to  make  any  further  applici 
that  might  become  necpss;ny. 

'  Freda  ad  v.  Marfnrlmir  (lliiliii  :; 
Sesa.  Cas.  5th  scries,  832,  37  tie.  I 
,-)99. 


J  ;w] 


KMilJSlI  \\n|!K\..-NS  (OMI'KNSATION  ACT. 


2ir.r 


liwsrianlv  fcrlVitcd  !.•  tMiisf  ho  rcriis(>(l  to  iiirrpt  iin  offer  of  liis  cin 
•dovcr  to  i;ivo  him  \\>>vk  at  Wii^vs  i'(|iiiil  to  liis  former  caniin^-i.^ 

i'lip  winds  "ii'  lir  lia.^  iiii  II  s^i  loiij;  cmidoyed"  do  not  import  ciiiplov 

,iit  ill  tlio  ^aiiio  da?:-  ur  kind  ol  cmplov  nicut,  Imt  i'iii|do_viiRUt  Wv 
lio.-iiiiio  fiiiployor/' 

TliC  clause  wiiieli  provides  tiiat,  in  fixiiij:  the  aiiiouiit  of  a  weekly 
■laMiiriit,  n'lrard  is  to  Ih-  iiad  to  tho  dillVreiu'e  hetween  the  averaire 
vc'ckiy  eurniiiiir.  of  tlie  workman  bofore  the  aeeidoiit,  and  the  av(>ra!:e 
■.•iii.uiit  which  lie  is  able  to  earn  after  llie  accident,  does  not  op.  rale 
-.1  as  iiiiessarilv  to  cut  down  the  !iia.\iimim  rate  of  compensation  al- 
,.wc(l  by  this  parairraijh  of  tl  -  schedule.''  .V  workman  cngaf;ed  at  a 
cckiv  salary,  who  has  received  coni]>ensation  under  the  act,  in  re- 
-pectto  ])artial  incapacity  resiiltiiijr  from  an  injury,  is  not  entitled  to 
hiiiii  liis  waires  during;  the  time  for  whieh  he  has  be^-n  incapacitated.' 

792.  Average  weekly  earnings. —  a.  (.iciuialUj.  —  The  "average 
ivw'kly  caniinj^s"  of  the  workman  constilute  the  basis  of  computation 
for  the  assessment  of  the  umount  recovi.'rahle,  both  in  cases  where 
here  is  a  fatal  accident  after  a  period  of  employment  amounting  U.\ 
:('S3  tliiui  tJiree  years,  and  also  in  cases  where  total  or  partial  incapac- 
ity results  from  the  injury,  'i  his  phrase  has  been  defined  as  the  toUil 
amount  actually  earned  by  the  workman  during  his  emi)loyment,  di- 

ickd  by  the  number  of  weeks  diiriiig  which,  or  during  part  of  which, 
lie  v.'.is  employed.' 

The  only  proper  basis  for  the  asscssnieni  of  the  amount  of  compen- 
•ation  witJi  nd'erence  to  the  average  weekly  earnings  of  the  workman 
ii  to  consider  the  period  of  aelinil  employment  under  his  own  employ- 
■  r,  aiul  the  sum  actually  recovered  by  him  from  that  employer.  .\n 
arliitrator  is  not  entitled  to  take  itito  consideration  what  the  wurkincu 
;:iiplit  piissihly  earn  in  ilie  eiii])loyuient  (d  other  eiiip'oyers.''^ 

'/■niMi-  V.    tlrcnt    Suilh    of   SchIIhikI  Co.    (VMi-li    4   So.   .Sc.^.:.  Cas.  ."idi   >cri,  >. 

II.  Co.  (llUll)   r>  .Sp.  Se.ss.  t'iis.  ."itli  s.Tii-.  S'.IO.   .'ill  >c.    I,.   1!.  US  I. 
:ms,  lis  Sc.  L.  I'v.  •'!:!:».  'Ill   Unrlhtt  v.  Tiillnn   |1!hi'J;   C.   .\.| 

-yvin    V.   Miiix'l',1    lls!i!i;    C.   A.]    1  I   K.  B.  12.  71   L.  .(.  K.  H,  .\.  S    r,2.  a 

Q.  B.  4',).'!,  SO  L.  'I'.  N.  S.   15,  liS   I  •.  J.  workman    employed    as    a    casual    di^rk 

',1.  li.  N.  S.  .'i07,  holding  tlial  tlie  amount  lalwrcr  to  woik  for  a  day  met   with  an 

'i|  ciiMiiiinsation  dvie  to  a  workman  wlio  accident   in    the    course   of    liis    eiiiplKV 

liaj   Ijccn    employed    by    tlie    same    em-  nient.     He  was  paid  3s.  .3d.  for  tlie  work 

pliiyir  (luriiif!  twelve  montlis  before  tlie  done  by  liim  up  to  the  time  of  the  aii  i 

aoiiilcnt  should  'le  computed   from  the  dent,  beinf;  at  the  rate  of  so  much  ati 

'•vwkly  earninj;s  during  the  entire  twelve  hour  for  the  number  of  hours   he   had 

months,  allhon};h   the   character   of   his  worked.       There   was    no   evidence    that 

work  hud.  within  that  period,  been  al-  the  workman  had  ever  before,  or  would 

liTod,  an<riiis  wapres  increase*!.  again,    work    for    the    employers.       An 

' ItUnguorlh   v.    Walm.'ih'y    [1!)00;    C.  award   in   tlie  workman's   faicir   for   ."jO 

A]  '2  'i   R.  14-2.  82  L.  T.  N'.  S.  (547.  I>pr  rent  of  ISs.,— which  the  judjr:-  fnutid 

'Kltiotl  V.  Lifigrns  [ino2]  2  K.  B.  84.  to  \,r  the  average  weekly  earnings  of  an 

'Fleming   v.    LocUgrllii    Iron   i   Coal  ordimiry  casual  dock  laborer  in  the  poit 
Vol.  II.  M.  i  S.— 55. 


'     -  i 


^■;•^J;' 


.  ■: 

If  '' 


■  \» 


j-m 


m\ 


i 

•  ■'  1 


2168 


MASTEIl  AND  SKRVANT. 


(C«AI' 


ill! 

ilii 


In  cotnputing  tlie  average  weekly  earnings  for  a  year  or  niMri'  t 
total  nniount  of  tlie  year's  earnings  sliould  bo  divided  by  .".',  iiii.]  i 
by  an  V  lesrj  number,  obtained  by  excluding  the  weeks  when  lie  wa.,  i 
at  work.  ■ 

In  a  Sl-..1i'1i  ease,  wliere  death  ultimately  resulted  from  injuria 
feivcd  (Inrini;  tlio  workman's  first  week  of  en!;)loyment,  i)ut  Ije  L 
eontinucd  to  work  during  a  second  week,  it  was  held  tluit  tlie  ca 
ings  of  the  sefond  week  might  be  taken  into  account  in  calculiitlngi 
amount  recoverable.* 

b.  Period  of  cinjili'ijnicut  nccrssurif  to  furnish  iasis  for  cnmpu 
tioti  of  anraije  wvckly  enrnimjs. — The  Englisli  co>irt  of  appeal  L 
dowii  the  rule  that  in  order  to  obtain  tlie  benefit  of  the  act  a  workni 
must  have  been,  for  at  h'ii.-t  Iwo  weeks,  in  the  einpldynunt  of  Uie  r 
ployer  in  whose  service  he  lias  sustained  llie  injury  for  whicli  ho  >f< 
compensation.'  But  tlie  deci.-ions  cited  were  reversed  by  tlm  IJoi 
of  Lords,"  and  tlie  correct  doctrine  was  declared  to  bo  tlmt  the  ri; 
to  compcTisation  given  by  section  1  of  the  act  is  not,  n  -nirti' 1 
schedule  I.  to  employments  by  the  w(<'k,  or  for  weekly  w:^  >,  or 
two  weeks  at  least,  and  that  employnuiit  by  the  day  for  oii"  it  i:;^ 
days  is  within  tlie  act.  It  was  remarked  that  llie  word  "■.i\r\-.,-^," 
the  expression  "average  wwkly  earnings"  is  used  loo^oly  ;uiil  'w.-.v 
rately  in  the  schedule,  and  that  the  words  in  -cciioii  1  ''in  iicc.nl;!! 
with  the  first  schedule  to  this  act"  arc  not  intemlcd  to  limit  or  ro-;;i 
the  right  of  the  workmau  t<j  ree(>ivo  cuiiipiiisaiiou,  or  tln'  iiljiiirat 
u[)on  the  employer  to  pay  it,  but  denote  the  manner  and  mode 
which  tJie  payment  is  to  be  carried  into  etlVct.  The  ciricf  <■!'  ihij  d( 
sioii  is  that  the  right  to  compensation  does  not  dej)eiid  on  the  iciigtli 
hcvvice,  but  men.'ly  on  the  fact  that  the  workman  was  injiirij  \vl 
in  the  cMipl'iyinent  of  the  "undertaker"  tlinjugh  an  accitlnit  ari- 
out  of  the  employment^ 

There  is  a  conflict  between  the  English  and  Scotcli  courts  with 

of  Bristol  (whore  tlip  woikmnn  worked),  irrpjiular  intorvnls,  diiriiii.'  a  prrinJ 

tiikiiji,'  oiii'  wiik  with  aiiotticr  through-  105  wppUh,  the  tot.nl  niiioiiiit  of  tlie  f 

out  tiie  year, — was  lield  to  be  erroiit'ous,  inj^    should    be    divideil    liy   tlie  wl 

as  Dure  were  materials  before  the  arbi-  nutnber    of    weeks,    witlioiit    (liscar 

trator   upon   which   it   was   possible  for  weeks  in  which   there  hid  l)icn  no 

him  to  Cmd  the  weekly  earnings  of  the  ploymcnt.     Small  v.  Mri'oiuiirk  (b 

workman  iu  the  employment  of  the  de-  1  ISc.  Scss.  Cas.  5th  serits,  bS3,  3u 

fendant.  L.  R.  700. 

'  Kcast  V.  Barron  Hematite  Steel  Co.  'Doyle  v.  Reattie   (IdOO)   ?  Sc.  f 

(1898;  C.  A.)   15  Times  L.  R.  141.     To  Cas.  5th  series.  lltiO,  37  ?i'   I..  W.'. 

the  same  eirpet  is  a  Scotch  ruling  to  the  '  Lysons  v.   Knoicks   [lOCOi   1  Q. 

etl'oet  that,  in  computing  the  "average  780;  Stuart  v.  Tfixon  [lOOOi  2  Q.  C 

wi(kly  earnings''  of  a  laborer  who  hud  82  L.  T.  N.  S.  4K!). 

Iiei  u  iinploved  for  a  varying  number  of  *  [lilOl]  A.  C.  79. 

lii.ur^  MM   sVventyseven  stated  days  at  ^Leonard  v.  Boird  (1901)  3  Sc.  S 


I  792) 


KNOLISH  WORK&IKN'Sl'()MPKNSATIf>N"  MT. 


2169 


pirJ  to  tlio  ffT<"'t  of  the  drcl^idu  of  tlw  llouso  of  Lord*  u|miii  tin*  rif,'liti* 
of  a  servant  who  i»  woikiiiji  iiinler  u  weekly  coiitniet.  The  eoiirt  of 
apiM-nl  has  taken  (lie  position  thnt  where  sueh  ii  servant  lia-I  wrkol 
less  than  two  wcH-ks  before  the  aeeidcnt,  the  uverai:"  earning;-*  iin?  U>  he 
arrived  at  by  taking  the  aeliial  fuci.s,  and  dediuiii;;  therefrom  a  hypo 
thetical  sum  whieh  re|«re>inls  what  the  workman  svonld  have  earned 
if  lip  had  had  the  opjiorlnnity  of  iieifuniiin;;  his  duties  dnririf;  two 
comiilete  weeks.  'J  he  actual  sum  eariK  d  in  u  j;iven  fraction  of  a 
week  is  not  treated  as  the  week's  eai'nin!:^/  The  same  court  tuis  ulao 
holt]  tiiat,  where  the  employnirnt  iias  e\leiidt>d  (tver  two  ealcndar 
weeks,  the  amount  actually  car'"  1  should  nni  be  divided  by  two,  ^o 
lu  to  avrr.ifife  the  amount  undi  i      ■»  werk>'  earnin<;-i.'' 

In  Seotlund,  on  the  other  li;;         !t  has  iieen  lu'ld  that  the  prper 
i'im?tniefion  of  the  decision  oi    ..!■  IIcjiisi;  oi  Lord<  is  that  the  a'lual 
fariiitiss  for  part  of  a  week,  if  the  period  of  work  has  been  no  l(,n^<'r, 
arc  to  hi'  taken  as  the  earnini;s  with  reference  to  whieh  th  •  coiiipen 
-atiou  is  to  be  asse-.-ed.'" 

There  '  lillcrenec  of  opinion  as  to  the  pf)inl  that,  in  cases  of 

(•a«nal  anu  ...  .  rniittent  eM'ploynienr,  th(^  averajre  weekly  earnings  are 
•irrivod  at  l)y  takinj^  the  total  amount  earned,  and  dividing  that  sum 
k  tlie  number  of  weeks  during  w'  "ch  the  employment  lasted." 

Where  a  workman,  after  working  one  week,  is  injured  so  soon  after 
the  becimiing  of  the  following  week  that  no  right  to  any  wages  had 
iLen  acerued,  the  sum  earned  in  the  first  \.ei'k  representd  hi.s  average 
weekly  eartiings.'* 

c  Trade  and  cab'iular  tncL's. — In  an  Knglisli  case,  where  a  serv- 
ant worked  for  si.\  consecutive  days,  beginning  on  Wednesday  and 
piiuiiig  o.i  the  following  Tuesday,  the  work  being  done  under  a  daily 
ingiigeinent,  no  notice  on  either  side  being  necessary  to  terminat<^^  the 
cunnwlifin,  but  where  it  was  also  shown  that  tliere  was  a  custom  in 
the  trade  to  pay  weekly  wai;i       it  was  held  that  compensation  was 

Ca?.  5th  sprit's.  800,  38  He.  L.  R.  (ilO.  MrCI,is!.;!i   (lOOO)   2  So.  .Sms.  Cas,  ."th 

holdiiiir  lliitt  in  a  case  wlicre  a  servant  scries,  1312,  .17  Sc.  L.  It.  n:?l. 

was  killed  so  soon  after  the  employnipnt        •      irrs  v.  Hwlrrulf]p  fl!»02]   1  K.  I!. 

that  no  ri^rlit  to  hmv  wiipes  li.id  neciiieil  'u .  71  I*  J.  K.  B.  N.  S.  2S. 

at  the  time  of   liis   dealli,   a   dependent        "Tliia   point  was   involved   in   tlie  see 

was  entitled   to   recover  £1,10.  ond  and  t'lird  of  the  cases  cited  in  tlm 

There  is  n  snUicient  basis  for  coniput-  last  note. 
in?    the    "averajre     weekly     earnin^js,"        '"  .]tr('iic  v.  Ilnrrlni/  (1002)  4  Se.  .Sess. 

where  a  servant  worked  on  the  Friday  Cas.    .ith    series.   0(10:    <!rriinr   v.   Calr- 

in  one  week,  and  then  diirini;  the  follow-  rfniiiaii    It.  Co.    (1!102)    4   .'so.   Sess.  ('as. 

iti^  nwk  nntil  Thnrsday.  when  the  acci-  5tli  series,  80").  H'l  Sc.  Ti.  R.  1187. 
dent    (leeurred.        Vnih.oir    Coal    Co.     v.         "  Willianifl  v.   I'oiihon    (1800;   (".   A.I 

<:u^'nni   liiiOOi    .1    fie.    Svs^.    fas.    .-)tli  Hi  Times  L.  It.  42. 

series,  72.  IIS  Sc.  L.  R.  40.      .Vnd  where        "  ychon  v.    K<rr    i  1001 )    H  Sc.   Sess. 

thesennnt  was  injured  on  the  fifth  day  t  as.  Sth  series.  .S0.3.  38  Sc.  L.  R.  <U5. 
o' his  siTond  week  of  work.      Uii.ysi  II  v. 


i 

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I     t 


■J  170 


MASTKH  AND  SKIIV>     f. 


■ » '    ■  ■ 
i      ' 

1 

1 

l.roprrlv  aM-ard-^d  on  tlif  1"  lOtiiiK  tlint  tlic  sum  onnud  diirin;,'  ihr . 
days  n-prpdont/xl  hi«  avorapo  weekly  ouniinji'*.  Tlic  <'(Uirl  cM,ini,|,  ■ 
iliiif  it  was  inmiatf  rial,  for  tlio  jmrposcs  of  the  coinpiil.ali.ti.  tiui-  ■ 
trade  week  of  tlic  emplovci  iiidr.l  on  tlio  Tlnir.Hday  ni;;lit,  aii<l  i. 
lived  the  conliMition  of  tlie  employer  lliat,  for  tiii-.  reason,  tlic  a\.  r, 
wfekly  ea;niii.:,M  were  half  of  the  amount  aetiially  receivcl.'i    1 

another  view  prevail^  in  Sfotlaii<l.  where  it  Inn  I n  held  tliui  t 

week  U>  U-  taken  as  the  unit  of  division  is  not  the  ealeiidar  \vicl<,  i 
the  trade  or  pay  week  of  the  particular  employmenl.'* 

1 1'  there  is  no  lra(h-  week,  the  calend'ir  week  from  Sunday  to  S,i' 
day  i>  to  bo  tflken  as  the  week  with  referenee  U>  which  llii^  a^' 
earnings  aro  to  bo  eslimuted." 

d.  Conlinitily  of  Ike  ('m}>lvym<'t,t. — TliR  words  "pr^riod  of  1,;. 
tuul  oiiiploynunt  iin<ier  the  said  employer,"  as  iise<l  in  ii:irii-rai|.i 
ia)  (g,  are  construed  as  denotin:?  t.lin  period  of  contiiuioiw  .nijiL 
inent  immcdiatxdy  ])rece(liii<r  the  accident;  and  that  perioii  ;il..nc  i- 
be  taken  into  account  in  compufinj;  the  amount  of  conipiM-.iii.n 
coverahle.'"     Any   scpavati;   and   distinct   periods  dwrin;:  \\Vw\\ 
servant  mav  previuiisly  have  worked  are  not.  iiit<'iided  \»  be  takni  ii 
(•oiisideration.' ' 

A  teiuijorary  cessation  of  w<u-k  does  not  luco-arily  break  tiicc 
liniiity  of  the  employment  in  such  a  niannur  as  to  exclude  fn.m 
oomputati       the  period  nnforior  to  tliat  cessation."*     To  briii;;  uU 
that  ei.,>'    ;  nee  iliere  leust  have  b(>en  an  actual  inten-iipii  <\  f.r 
time  Ix^iet:  of  the  relation  of  ma-ter  anil  servant,      Wlicijirr  llnnr 

"Wattvrs  V.  Cluvir  (1901:  f.  A.)    18        '•  .ipi>h  l,,i  v.   Ihns.hy  Co.   [\<W: 

Times  I,.  R.  tiO.  A.]  2  U.  M.  5^1,  8I»  I.  T.  N.  S.  s.Vi, 

"tinning   v.    Lovkgilly   Iron   A    Conl  I,.   ,1.  Q.   li.   X.   S.   8li2,  and  cases  ci 

Co.    (1!»02)    4   Sc.  Scss.  (.'as.   .IHi   sirics.  hifra. 

890,  .'(!»  Sc.  L.  R.  »)84.      Tlic  fiioU  were        "  Hrenar  v.  Ciilriinnitin  It.  Co.  (10 

that  the  claimant  had  bcon  pmpldyod  for  t  Sc.  So.s.^.  Civs.  Htli  M>ri(s.  81)5,  3'J 

three  days  in  one  week,  and  durinfj  tlie  I,.  R.  (i8T. 

whole  of" the  next  two  weeks,  and  on  tlie       "There  is  no  break  in  (tie  workn:; 

.Sunday  of  the  fourth  week.    It  was  licld  cniployincnt  win  re  lie  goes  awiiy  o 

that,  in  estimating  his  average  weekly  holiday.       Krnsi    v.    HuriiiH    //«.'! 

earnings,  the  total  amoant  of  his  earn-  N/rri  Co.   ( 18118 :  C.  A.)   15  Times  L 

ings  must  be  divided  by  the  number  of  141.  0.3  J.  P.  .')(>. 
calendar  weeks,  «.  c.  four,  over  wliich        In   .Innra   v.   Or.nir.    Coal  Co.  (1' 

his   employment   extended.      The   court  C.  A.]  2  Q.  H.  124.  lis  L.  .1.  (,i.  li.  .N 

explainiJ   tliat   the   special    point   thus  T.'il,  wliile  it   was  dielarHl  (hut.  « 

ruled  upon  had  not  been   raised   in  an  tlie    average    of    tlic    wcilily    imii.i 

earlier  case,  in  which  the  system  of  com-  should   not   be   rrdiiccd   by  t  ikinj:  i 

put^ition   followed   was  the  same  as  in  account  a  part  of  tb<' year  iliiiin_' w! 

llie  Knglish  case  just  cited.     I'racock  v.  the  relation  of  master  and  s.rvant 

\iil<lii'-   lO    «.    Coiil    Co.    (1!>02)     4    Sc.  not  exist,  a  dillerent   rule  was  appl 

Scs.H.  Pas.  ."ith  series,  443,  30  Sc.  L.  R.  hie  where   the   relation   eoiitiniieJ. 

317.  the  men   did   not   work   siiiii;)y  Iitoi 

''  itrCuc  V.  liiirclny  (1!102)  4  Sc.  Sess.  there  was  nothing  for  them  to  <lo. 
fas.  5th  scries.  002. 


I  l'H\ 


KM.I.IMI  WtiKKMKN  S  IDMI'I      ^AlUiN  ALT. 


2171 


I^.|i  >ncli  nn  iiitciMii.iiiiti  i»  to  li<-  ilrtiriiiiii..|  tn-m  '  cviditir 
,|iiisti(.n  of  fact.'* 
To  ciuiMi*  a  <'<iiirr  In  -av  tliat,  '"a  siM-if-  ><i  'iimf  piriiMh  |(.l'  \s.>rL| 
Miil'i  I""  taken  t<'j,'rtli(  r  aiul  tifainl  u^  a  fiiiiiliiii->im  ti'iin,  tii.Tc  iiiii:*i 
l^.^niiic  iicriis  to  join  .lnin.  'ITkti'  tiui-'l  1"'  some  I'onirac!.  tAiircH-i  or 
iiiiplirj,  svliidi  rai^<'.-«  u  rcn«onal)l.'  cxpo'-iiiiion  ot  nmiiniiiiy  in  lli.- 
,iiii.l(>vi>iont  In  tl.c  ali-cncf  of  that  hr.nis,  ca-iiai  cii'^'ai;' imni-  on 
i;niitH)iii,fact.  (lav?«  <lo  not  con-tifuti;  one  contiiuioii-*  t'niiil"\  nn m,  lor 
■ii>'V  an'  not  IhmiihI  i"-<iliiT.'"" 

f.  Dcduvdom. —  In  one  case  tlie  i-onrt  of  i|'|":ii  approviil  of  fin 
,.,\iT<o.  followfil  Ity  ail  arbitrator,  who  (lisiT;ranii(i  a  wn^klv  iliMlm-iion 
iroiu  llip  worknnin's  waito-;  wliifli,  iinilcr  llic  cnii'l^.v.  r'^  iiil<-,  \va- 
iiiiuJcon  uecoiiht  of  laniji  oil  swpplii'ij  to  liini,  and  looi<  ilir  lull  aiii.Mint 

"A  worI<iTian  wns  in  tin-  i-iiipliiyini'nt  /n/i    i\'.M2)   4  ."^c  Sis<.  Ca-..  .'illi   scries. 

,,f  the 'li'iCndaiitH  nx  II  rivrtiT  nt  ii  wcik-  071.  .'i!'  Sc.  \j.  It.  ".'(li. 
Iv  wa«i;  i)f  i'i.    l"^-.  fr"'i>   '•'•'  -"''•  "'        ■'^"''''    l""'ti""    "'    ''"'    p-'ii"'!    "f    "hp 

vptrinlur,   IKll."),  to  llir    Ititli   of   .Marcli,  y.Mi     pici.  .liiii:    tin-    injiliy    «»    or.  iiriril 

l>'.Mi,  wlicii  li*-  WHS  iiiMiicd  l>y  an  an'i-  |iiiui    lo  a   >liik.-  iliuin^'  wliirli   iIm'  in 

il.nl  wliiili  incipacitariil  liiiiiloi-  ili'Vc!.  jiiii'd   wmkinaii   «a<   iiol    iiiiploviij.  mid 

iiiintlm,  diiiiii!,'   wliiili   time   lii'  did    not  al'lrr    tlii'    Iciiiiinalion   of    wliicli    In-   ri' 

mirk,  nnd  cai nrd  no  wa;;c.<.      In   i'llirii-  I'litcrcil    (lie    iMii|di>yiiirnt    iiiidiT    a    nrw 


ary,  18U7,  till-  dof-nd.inis  cinploycil  liiiii  ii^ro' ii"''it,     \*  not     lo     la'     coii-idi  in 

14  it  time  kci'pfT  III  u   wi'iUly   «.i;,'i'  of  ./i-m  v   v.   Oivioi  Cunt  *'".    (ISIill;   (J.   \.] 

tl,  lOs.,  and  In-  coiitiiiiU'il  in"  siiili  cm-  2  i).  H.  I'JI,  li**  I..  •!.  •,'•  li    .N    '"'    "" 
|i|nnnciit  until   tlif  ^7111   of  Siptrmlicr 


,S.  T:il. 
"Colliiw,  U  .1.  ill  //i/(/i""ii'/ V.    l/f/Hs 

IsWwiicn  he  was  killed  l)y  an  ac'cidfiit.  I'riiilvni  fo.   [llMil;   f.   .\.|    1    K.   15.  !»>, 

Hel't,  that  for  tlic  pinposo  of  calruhit-  S:;  I,.    T.  .\.  .S.  4H.').      'llni.-  a   woikiiiaii 

iiig  the  conipcnsalion    payaldr,    tlif    pi>-  was  iiiidir  an  a(.'i»iiiuiil   lo  work  foi   lii.- 

riod  of  the   woikniaii's   riiiployincnt   by  oniiduycis    on    the    ni^'lit-i    of    I'liiir-day 

the  dpft'iidants  had  liccn  li-i-<  tlian  tliifi;  and   l-riday   in   cacli   wnk,   for  ii   piiiiHl 

v«ir.<,   nnd    I'lat    liit    '•averap-    weekly  extendin;;  omv  l  uo  weeks,  and  ut  u  fixed 

iarniiigs"  mn.st  bp  caleulaled  with  refer-  rate  of   waL'es   for  eneli   iiiL'lit.      Diirin;: 

^nce  only  to  the  [x-riod  between  the  limo  the  rest  of  the  week  he  worktnl,  at  li s, 

.ilien  he  resinned   .voik  and   the  date  of  for  the  same  eniployeis,  uheii  t ley  hail 

\'M  death.       Aiiphbu    v.    Iluisrliu    Co.  work   to   give   him.   and   nt   olliir    limes 

('.  A.)  I'S  L.  J.  y.  U.  X.  ^^.  S!»2  [ISllD]  for   o.her    linns    cinyiiij;   on    a   similar 

i  Q.  Ii.  ,");;i,  80  L.  T.  X.  S.  8."):t.  Imsinesis  to  that  of  the  employ,  is.      The 

\  lliiiliii'i   that   the   eiiipUiyiii.iit    was  woikinan   w.is  injiiieil  .Iiiiii!^;  the  third 

i;ot  continaoim   was   hehl    juslilialdf   in  week     of     his     employment     under     the 

;i  ttiso  whore  the  workman  had  been  ab-  apreeinent,  and   an  award   wns  iiia.Ie  in 

viit  eleven   weeks   on   aeeount   of    sick-  his    favor,    based    on    '.he    weekly    wa','es 

nc»»,  althoii^'b    when   he   resiiimsl    work  earned    by    him    in    respi  et    of    the    two 

no  fresh  enjjajjempnt   was   cnlensl   into,  niplits  a    ,\eek  dMriii;;  whieh   he  u.nked 

lleiililt  V.   He/iburn    ( IStlO  ;    C.  A.)    Hi  un.ler  the  ai.'ierm,nt.     ( )ii  appeal  it  w.is 

Times  L  II.  !>(i.  I'eM    H*    that    the  eniployiinnt  for  two 

A  period  of  six   weeks   ilurin^   whieh  iii;.'hts    a    week    was    a    eonlinnoii.s    one. 

the  servant  wan  disabled  from  work,  ow-  nnd    that    the    eariiiiiirs    of    those    tw.> 

inj;  to  a  previous  aee  dent,   constitiite-s  ni^'lns  were  pro]KTly  lak.-n  iiil.i  a.-.-.iiint 

a  broHk   in    the   employment,    an<l    any  in   deterinininK   the   weekly    p.y nt   to 

o(ini]ieiisiition    that    may    be    due    for    a.  be  made  to  the  ap|ilieanl  ;    (_')   that,  the 

second   injury    reeeived'  after    resumin<;  amount   reeeived    for   eisual   wink   done 

work   must   be   aseertained    with    refer-  for    the    same    or    diirennt    employers 

nice  to  the  periixi  which  had  elapsc.l  be-  t'.,ul.i   nt.t  be  t.ik.  n  inio  airumit  in  r  ■:_ 

tween  the  resiiniption  of  work  and  the  matinjr  the  avera^'c  weekly  earnings  of 

OCT-urroncc  of  thi'  seeoml  aeeident,  upon  the  iipplieaiit. 
which  the  claim  is  based.      <liltb  v.  Oun- 


'III! 

i  I  L 


^  fm 


i'  ' 


V']' 


ill 


:  m 


it»*l 


:ii 


m 


M.VSTKK  AND  SKIIVANT. 


(lM4> 


l(    (' 


w 


;  ! 


iiii^ 


ih 


•.•172 

uf  lii«  w<<  kly  wnj^rs  as  Uie  basin  of  tlio  awunl.*'  In  nnotlur  i\i*, 
.■.aim-  I'o.iit  itifiniuUtl  its  opinion,  Imt  tliil  not  i-xpn-ly  lini.lc, 
t[iv  viihic  <if  tin-  iiiition  given  U)  an  a|iiiri'iitif<'  slmnld  not  lie  takci 
to  tKci.unt  in  computing  tiie  umoiint  nf  liin  "uvcrHge  wcoklv  t 
iiis^M."*"  In  annthcr  it  wnii  lulil  by  tin-  Si'dtrh  onirt  of  («-i^i<tiis  i 
in  <»?:'iuiting  the  avtr.iuc  caihin'^^^  of  a  servant  who  was  paid  lut 
ing  to  hi!)  out'  lit,  nothing  is  to  Ik-  (hMlni-tctl  in  n^jM-ct  to  tlie  vah 
tiio  wnii'oa  of  his  h)|i.  wiioni  he  iMiiph>y(<l  as  an  assistant,  wit 
paying  liiin  aiiylliing.''^ 

703.  Medical  exRuiination  after  accident  (par.  3).— Tim  mrro 
that  an  cniployer  has  made  no  oliji'ction  to  the  coinrncncoinfiit  of 
cutHlin^s,  on  llio  gniiiml  tliut  no  nuiiei'  of  tin-  acciilciit  wa-  jihc 
tho  workman,  does  not  warrant  tiio  inference  of  n  waiver  hy  tlif 
ployer  of  his  right  to  compel  the  workman  to  .submit  lu  a  niiili'M 
aniinauoii,  nor  jiisiily  the  arbitrator  in  imiKi-ing  tirnn  iip'.n  ih. 
plover,  as  a  eonditiou  of  his  obtaining  an  order  liiat  the  u.  rk 
.ijinll  be  examined.' 

'J'he  report  of  a  medier.l  practitioner  appointed  for  i!;e  piirp- 
Uie  act  is  eoneliisive  upon  the  question  wluilier  the  incaii.niiy  :ir 
from  the  injury  has  eeasrd.* 

794.  Payment  to  dependents  (par.  4). —  Where  nn  ap[)licMiii.n 
couiiK  n-aiion  under  the  workmen's  compensation  a<'t  Ib'Jl  i-  ur.K 
tJie  Iciral  personal  repreientatixc  of  a  direa-ed  workman,  on  luliii 
himself  and  other  depen.lenU  of  the  workuuin,  tlie  comity  court  j 
i.r  other  arbitrator  has  juriadielion  luider  scli'dule  I.,  ii:ir.-.  4- 
order  so  mueli  of  the  ex»mpensation  as  is  allot^d  to  the  d'  p.  i.ln.i 
be  paid  !o  tJic  county  C(.urt  reiiisivar  for  iuvestmeu!  in  bis  nam 
their  behalf,  and  is  not  eompcdied  U)  order  it  to  be  paid  to  ihn 
])ei-soniil  reiircrc  nti^tixe.' 

705.  Review  of  weekly  payments  (par.  12^. —  A  wickly  p.iy: 
awarded  as  wmpensation  to  an  injurrd  workiMan  can  only  lie  ivvii 
under  the  ju-ovisiou  in  e.iscs  where  the  ciicumntaue  s  lia\o  clia 
since  the  iiuiking  of  tlie  award.' 

When  an  appliciition  to  review  a  weekly  payment  is  bron^dit !« 
an  arl)itrator,  he  is  not  bound  to  treat  th"  agre;  ment  for,  or  awar 

^Hounlilon   V.   i(>ittf,H    Ilrath   d    Lra       •  FrrriVr  v.  Coi/r/'ij/  ( 1"":!  4  Pc, 

arern    CoUirrUs    Co.    [\<.m\;    C.    A.]    1  Cap.  ."itli   series.  711;    .1/.  Ikui  v. 

K.  B.  (13,  83  L.  T.  N.  S.  472.  Kpi„,ii»g    Co.   (1!)01)   3    ti^c.    ^s". 

"Vi.mnhrcy      v.      Southuark      /'»•<«  5lli   series.    104S. 
ri'mn    l   K    B.  86,  8.3  r..  T.  N.  S.  4i.8.        ^OunUl  V.   Oornn  Conl  To.   [IW 

-•.V./.M-.»  V.  Krrr  iimtl)  3  Se.  ^-ris.  d  2  Q.  !'•  ^■'50,  -'^  t.  T  V,  «  'j: 
(as    5th  Beries,  8!>.3,  38  Sc.  L.  R.  645.  ^  Cross/irl,l   v.   Tainan   [VJW;  t 

'Oyhorn  V.  Vtcfcer*   [1000;   A.  C]   2  82  U  T.  N.  S.  813. 

y.  li.  it:. 


|J95i»J  ENOLISH  W(»UK.MKS8COMrK.NH.VTIoN  Ml.  •illi 

iw«'klv  payment  a»  riiforci'alilc  up  U}  tin-  time  "f  lii*  <lni-i'>ii,  but 
fcii,  jiirUdiction  to  iiKpiin'  wlicthor  tlip  incapacity  liml  r(aii  «1  whni 
•lie  uppli'-ati""  '<•  rcvitw  was  mado,  or  at  any  hikI  what  xtil.  <  .piotii 
•ime  hoforo  tlio  luariiiu.  an«l  to  tiiakc  lii.s  award  with  rurcrt'iice  to  tlw 
iate  80  determined.' 

P.   Ai:niTRATloK. 

T95«.  T»«»  •*  •tatntorjr  pro»Ulo««.— SciDnil  Sch«><Ull<>.  Arhifrntinn.  The 
•■>llu»iiii{  provinicMM  kIiuII  "I'lily  tor  mttlin},'  an.v  niatti-r  whiiti,  im.l.T  tlii*  act, 
i,  to  t*  M'lll"'!  Iiy  urliilrution:  — 

il)  M  liny  cDiiiiiiittw,  represent :itivc  of  un  eni|>l»jir  iinil  Jiin  workmen,  exi-t 
mh  power  to  nettle  innttera  under  tlii«  net  in  tile  mi.  of  the  employer  iiti.l 
turknin,  tlio  matters  bIi.,",  iinle-- '  .illi.r  piirly  olijeet-*.  .y  rotice  in  ttrilin« 
„iil  lo  llie  other  piirty  before  llie  <jpniniitl.-.'  meet  to  eon.«i.l<  r  the  mutter,  lie  --ei 
\A\>y  lie  (irliitralion  of  »ik-Ii  eouimiili  >•,  or  l>e  referr.'d  liV  tliem  in  their  ill- 
rition  to  iirhilriilion  a*  liereinafler  pro\iilei|. 

•Ji  1(  either  party  ko  olijeel-,  or  there  U  no  -mli  eoMiiiiittee,  or  the  eonitiiillee 
.,,  pl>r»  the  matter  or  f.iiN  to  sett'e  t!ie  matter  within  three  mi.ntliji  fnim  the 
ijtiiif  the  ehiim,  the  mutter  xhall  he  Heltled  hy  ii  -iiit'le  arl.itrilor  a;,'ree.|  on  l>y 

•'f  piirtiiti,  or  in  the  ah».ence  of  n}!reeineiit.  hy  the  nmiily  cmrt  jii.l;.'e,  a n.liii>; 

'„  ll,e  pnicedure  prejferiheil  l>y  rules  of  court;  or  if.  in  Knulaml,  the  Ixir.l  Chan 
,i;t,r  sii  aiil!iori/(-',  iieeorcliii},'  to  the  like  pro.e.Iiire.  hy  a  Hingle  arbitrator  ap- 
oiiiti'il  hy  >iieli  eoiiiily  eoiirt  jud^'e. 

i:il  Aiiv  arliitialor  appointed  hy  the  eoiinty  eonrt  iucl;.'e  ^hnll.  for  the  piirpo«r» 
ifthisHct".  haM' nil  the  pciuers  of  a  eonnly  eoirt  ju.l'/e.  and  sliall  he  piil  fnr  out 
4  money.,  lo  he  provi.hil  l.y  Parliament  in  aivordanee  with  refriilationH  l.>  he 
:;  ;  i..  by  till-  treiisiiiy. 

4)  lln.  arliilration  aet  ISSIt  shall  not  apply  to  iiny  arhilratiim  uiidiT  fin. 
it,  Imt  an  arhitrator  may,  if  he  thinkt  lit,  sniimit  any  i|iie-linn  .if  law  for  tin. 
l.i'i.inn  of  the  county  court  jlld;;e,  an!  the  dni-iiin  of  the  jii.L-'  '.ti  ativ  .pi.-limi 
if  law,  cither  on  mieli  Kuhmiinion,  or  in  any  ca^e  wlieri'  lie  lun-.li  -.Ml.-  the 
!i.att(T  niulir  this  aet,  .-hall  he  final,  unh— .  within  the  lime  and  in  ner,.rdaii.-i.  with 
•i.endilition  prescrihed  hv  rules  of  the  supr.  nie  eoiiil  either  party  appeal-  lo  the 
ourt  of  appeal;  and  the  eonnly  court  jud^-e,  or  arldtratur  appointnl  hy  hiin. 
•  ',;ill,  for  the  piirpo-ip  of  an  iirhitration  uiuIct  thin  ;iet.  have  t!ie  -ame  pow.  i-  ..f 
■nxuriiif:  the  iitteiidiiiee  of  ttitnes..*es  and  the  produelion  of  d(KUinent«  ;i.s  if  the 

.litii  for  ecanpenaation  had  liei^n  nnule  hy  plaint   in  the  county  court. 
'.'ii   r.uhs  of  court  may  iir.ike  provi-ion  for  the  appearance  in  any  arhitr.ilion 
>.i.ufr  Ihi.s  art  of  any  party  hy  some  other  per-on. 

(ti)  The   costs  of  and    incident  to   the  arbitration  and    pier.  •  .Hiil'-    conneeleil 

lurt'nilh  shall  be  in  tiic  discretion  of  the  arbitrator.     The  cn-l-,  wliet.her  before 
ui  iirhitrntor  or  in  the  county  court,  shall  not  exceed  the  limit  prescribed  by  rulen 

i  court,  and  shall  be  t;ixed  in  manner  prescribed  by  thwe  rule.-i. 
iTi   In  the  case  of  the  death  or  refusal  or  inability  to  act  of  an  arbitrator,  a 

.!;;(•  of  the  high  court  at  chambers  may,  on  the  appliciition  of  any  party,  appoint 
1  111  w  arhitrator. 

'ilorlon  V.  Woodward  [1002;  C.  A.] 
i  K.  B.  278. 


ifl 


li  I 


h 


U<         ii 


hi 


2174 


iUSTKR  AND  SKllVANT. 


[ciup 


(8)  Wliprc  tlie  amount  of  cojiipcneation  under  this  act  shall  have  been  a.-.fr 
tainetl,  or  any  weekly  pnynient  vurioil,  or  any  other  matter  decided,  unclir  t!  i 
net,  either  by  a  committee  or  by  an  arbitrator  or  by  a-frecmcnt,  a  nicnioriiiljr 
thereof  sliall  \>e  sent,  in  manner  pri^oribed  by  rules  of  court,  by  the  said  ci.i.i'i r 
tec  or  arbitrator,  or  by  any  party  interested,  to  the  reffistrar  of  the  county  d.  .< 
for  the  district  in  which  any  person  entitled  to  such  compensation  rc-i  lis,  »i., 
shall,  sifbjcct  to  such  rules,  on  being  satisfied  as  to  its  gcnuinenc-s,  nc'nrJ  su 
memorandum  in  a  special  register,  without  fee,  and  thereupon  the  said  imni.ir.i; 
dum  shall  for  all  purposes  be  enforceable  as  ii  county  court  judgment:  Proul 
That  the  county  court  judge  may  at  any  timu  rectify  such  register. 

(9)  Where  any  matter  under  this  act  is  to  be  done  in  a  county  court,  or  In-,  i^ 
or  before  the  judge  or  registrar  of  a  county  court,  then,  unless  the  contrary  iiis: 
tion  appear,  the  same  shall,  subject  to  rules  of  court,  be  done  in,  or  by.  to,  w  i 
fore  the  judge  or  registrar  of,  the  county  court  of  the  district  in  wliioli  all  i:, 
parties  concerned  reside,  or  if  they  reside  in  dilTerent  districts  the  Jinlriot  : 
which  the  accident  out  of  which  the  said  matter  arose  occurrc<l,  without  pnj; 
dice  to  any  transfer,  in  manner  provided  by  rules  of  court. 

( 10)  The  duty  of  the  county  court  judge  under  this  act,  or  of  an  ailiitritor  as 
pointed  by  him,  shall,  subject  to  rules  of  court,  be  part  of  the  diiUis  m  i! 
county  court,  and  the  ollicers  of  the  court  shall  act  accordingly;  and  riih's  of  omr 
may  be  made  both  for  any  purpose  for  which  this  act  authorizes  rules  of  court  t 
be  made,  and  also  generally  for  carrying  into  effect  this  act  so  far  :is  it  aiF.-f 
the  county  court,  or  an  arbitrator  appoi"'-^  by  the  judge  of  the  county  court,  an 
proceedings  in  the  county  court  or  bcf'  /  such  arbitrator;  and  sucli  rulw  m,.> 
in  Kngland,  be  made  by  the  five  jud^ia  of  the  county  courts  appointed  tor  ti; 
making  of  rules  under  section  104  of  the  county  courts  act  1SS8,  and  wIumi  nWm. 
by  the  rx)rd  Chancellor,  as  provided  by  that  section,  shall  have  full  clVrct  \vi!li.«; 
any  further  consent. 

(U)   No  court  fee  shall  be  payable  by  any  party  in  re-ipcel  of  any  pro. li: 

under  this  act  in  the  county  court  prior  to  the  award. 

(12)  Any  sum  awarded  as  compensation  shall  be  paid  on  the  receipt  of  tin'  pn 
son  to  whom  it  is  payable  under  any  agreement  or  awanl,  an'  hi^  M.lii.i.ir" 

agent  shall  not  he  tntitled  to  recover  from  him,  or  to  cl.aim  a  lie i.  or  'Iflii 

any  amount  for  cos^s  from,  the  said  sum  awarded,  except  such 


•  iini  a-i  111. IV 


uny 

awarded  by  the  arbitrator  or  county  court  judge,  on  an  application  iiiinlc  by  clt!!, 
party  to  determine  the  amount  of  costs  to  be  paid  to  the  Siiid  solieitor  or  :\fn' 
such  sum  to  be  awarded  subject  to  taxation  and  to  the  scale  of  costs  pnwril. 
by  rules  of  court. 

(I'f)  The  secretary  of  state  may  appoint  legally  qualified  medical  pr.iclilinim 
for  the  piirpuse  of  this  act,  and  any  committee,  arbitrator,  or  judge  may,  ^ul  i. 
to  regulations  made  by  the  secretary  of  state  and  the  treasury,  apjioii.t  any  -m 
practitioner  to  report  on  any  matter  which  seems  material  to  any  question  nri-iu 
in  the  arbitration;  and  the  rxprn.'ic  of  any  such  medic-al  practitioner  slia!!.  -u; 
jpct  to  treasury  regulations,  be  paid  out  of  moneys  to  l)e  providol  by  I'arli.iiii';; 

(14)  In  the  application  of  this  schedule  to  Scotlnnd--(n)  '•sherilV"  sliall  be  s;ii 
stituted  for  "county  court  judge,"  -.slieritr  court"  for  "county  court,"  ".ictinr 
for  "plaint."  "sheriff  clerk  '  for  "registrar  of  the  county  court."  and  'act  ' 
sederunt"  for  "rules  of  court:''  (b)  any  award  or  agreement  as  to  m\ 
pensalion  under  this  act  may  be  ecmipctently  recordol  for  exeeoliou  in  ti 
liooks  of  council  and  session  or  sheriff  court  books,  and  shall  be  enforcrnl.li'  : 
like  manner  as  a  recorded  decree  arbitral;    (c)   any  application  to  tlie  slnrnT  j 


ti  :    i 
>       1 


ESGLISH  WORKMKX'S  COMI'KXSATIOX  ACT. 


I.itrilnr  shnll  be  henrd,  trioil,  and  .lotorinincl  gmiiiimrily  in  the  mannor  provi.Vd 
U 'the  o'i  section  of  the  slu-rilV  oouils  (S<^,tUu.d)  act  ISTU,  save  only  that  parties 
'■,v  iH.  roprosontcd  by  anv  person  aulliorized  in  writin-  to  aiipcar  for  tb.in,  and 
'„'i;;,,t  to  tl.c  declaration  tl.at  it  slmll  he  con^-etcnl  to  eilluT  party  witlun  tl,.- 
,i„„.ai.J  in  aecopdanci'  with  the  conditions  prosnil...!  l.y  act  (,f  sederunt  to  re.pnre 
,i,,  .l„.riir  to  «tate  a  ease  on  any  question  of  law  detern.i.ie.l  l.y  hin,;  and  hi-,  de- 
i  ion  thereon  in  such  cxse  may  be  submitted  to  either  division  of  the  .ourt  of 
',.si"n,  who  may  hear  and  determine  the  san-e  finally,  and  remit  to  the  sher.ll 
„i,l.  iii-lruction  as  to  the  ju.l-nieiit  to  l>e  proiKMUued. 
(1-,)   IMra'Taphs  4  an.l  7  of  this  -eliedule  shall  not  apply  to  Scotland. 
llC)   In  the  application  of  this  schedule  to  Ireland  the  expr,-^,ioa  "county  c*.urt 
;,„ij.e"  shall  include  the  recorder  of  any  eitv  -•  town. 

796.  Effect  of  these  provisions;  generally.— Tri  a  gouoral  troatiso 
,„on  the  law  of  employers'  liability  it  would  ho.  out  of  place  to  uiider- 
Mkc  to  analyse  such  provi^ioiiH  as  those  which  arc  set  out  above,  or 
make  any  reference  to  the  local  rules  of  court  which  have  becti  framed 
«-itli  reference  to  the  aditiinistration  of  the  act.  The  rights  of  injured 
<'nam  from  the  standpoint  of  procedure  are  fully  discussed  in  the 
Knslish  works  mentioned  in  §  TOO,  supra.  But  it  will  not.  be  amiss 
•0  mention  the  substance  of  the  few  cases  in  which  the  clVect  of  these 
nrovisions  has  been  directly  under  consideration  by  courts  of  review. 

A  county  court  judge  sitting  to  hear  an  application  for  compensa- 
:io*n  is  acting  as  an  arbitrator  only,  and  has  no  jurisdiction  to  grant 

a  new  trial.' 

An  appeal  will  not  lie  to  tlie  court  of  appeal  under  par.  (4),  agamsl 
!he  refusal  of  the  county  court  judge  to  direct  insurers  to  pay  insur- 
;;nce  money  into  the  Post  Oflice  Savings  Bank,  in  accordance  with  tlu 
ITovisions  of  sulisei.'tion  1  of  section  5  of  the  act.* 

The  memorandum  of  the  compensation  awarded  by  an  arbitrator 
iiiiilcr  the  act,  when  recorded  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  paragraph 
1 8),  may  l>e  enforced  by  an  order  of  conmiittul  under  tlic  debtors'  act 

l'^(;^),  §  5.' 

When  a  workman,  resident  in  England,  is  injured  by  an  accident 
"OTirrins  in  Kngland,  but  his  employer  n^sides  in  Scotland,  proceed- 
iiijrs  fir  eoui])ensation  under  the  act  may  be  taken  in  the  comity  court 
■  f  the  district  in  which  the  accident  occurred,  and  service  of  the  neavs 
^ary  notices  may  be  effected  by  registen  d  post.* 

in  cases  within  paragraph  14  (c)  no  api>eal  lies  to  the  IIous*^  of 
Lords  from  a  decision  of  the  Scotch  court  of  session.* 

.Vn  arbitrator,  althotigh  he  has  no  power  to  vary  his  award,  is  en- 

'JfounMm  v.  Parr  [1899;  C.  A.j  1  Q.  '  ltnilr,j  v.  PUuit   [1001:  C.  A.]   1  K 

B.  80.5.  «8  L.  J.  Q.  B.  X.  S.  447.  B.  31. 

'Iccrh  T.  Life  d  llrallh  Asuur.  Assn.  'tin  v.  Oi/ru  [10021  2  K.  B,  430. 

[inoi;  v..  A.]   1  K.  B.  707.  'Osborne  v.  Ilarcluy  [1901]  A.  C.  209. 


'i  i 


f«i 


if 

J  ill  ;yiiiiiiii 

'4' 
'UP 


liKtt 


MASTKK  AND  SKKVANT. 


ICIIAP.  SI, 


i!'l 


titled  to  floal  with  n  subsfcincnt  claim  hy  tlie  dcpoiulrnts  of  a  workmai 
wlio  lias  died  from  his  injuries,  aft<!r  having  boeu  iw^rded  weekh 
payments.* 

The  limitafirms  of  the  powers  of  the  court  of  appeal,  as  dcfinod  !i\ 
paragraph  (4),  are  indicated  by  the  following  remark  of  Smith,  L.  J. 
■'In  cases  under  this  act,  as  in  apjieals  generally  from  county  court.s, 
questions  of  fact  arc  not  the  subject  of  appeal.  The  county  cnim 
jiulpi"  has  found  the  facts  and  has  relegated  them  to  us,  and  wo  Lav. 
to  dccidi!  any  (question  of  law  arising  on  them."  ^ 

E.  Act  of  1900. 

An  Aft  to  Kxfcnil  thp  ".ciictlts  of  the  \Vorkiii|»men'a  Comppnsntion  A(>t  1S97,  to 
WoikiiKii  ill  A;;iioultiire.  15e  it  enacted  by  the  Queen's  most  Kxcelliiit  Majwtv 
by  anil  witli  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Lords  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  an; 
Coninioiis,  in  this  present  Parliament  assembled,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  san,. 
as  follows: 

Sec.  1. —  (  I )  Trom  and  after  the  commoneement  of  this  net,  the  workmen's  com 
pensation  lut  1S!)7  shall  apply  to  the  employment  of  workmen  in  agriculture  bv 
any  employer  who  habitually  employs  one  or  more  workmen  in  such  eiiipldyniint 

(2)  Wheie  any  such  employer  agrees  with  a  contractor  lor  the  exiviition  by  or 
under  that  contractor  of  any  work  in  agriciiltnre,  section  4  of  the  woikinen's  n.n, 
pensation  act  IS!I7  shall  apply  in  respect  to  any  workmen  employe'  >ir!i  k„t\ 
as  if  that  employer  were  an  undertaker  within  the  mcaniiis  of  that  ,  I'rrajii 
That,  where  the  contractor  provides  and  uses  machinery  drive  uiiiiinical 
power,  for  the  purpose  of  threshing,  ploughing,  or  other  agricuitu  i  k.  In,  rul 
he  alone,  shall  be  liable  under  this  act  to  pay  compensation  tc  >■  'kinan  i;u 
ployed  by  him  on  such  work. 

(3)  Where  any  workman  is  employed  by  the  same  employer  mainiy  in  a^rri'u! 
tural,  but  jiartly  or  occasionally  in  other,  work,  this  act  shall  apply  also  to  tii' 
employment  of  the  workman  in  such  other  work. 

The  exprosion  "agriculture"  includes  horticulture,  forestry,  and  the  iho  of  hiii  i 
for  any  pur|iose  of  husbandry,  inclusive  of  the  keeping  or  breeding  of  live  >l"n>, 
poultry,  or  In^es,  and  the  growth  of  fruit  and  vegetables. 

Sec.  2.  This  act  nuiy  be  cited  as  the  workmen's  compensation  act  1000,  and  f-kx''. 
be  rend  as  one  with  the  workmen's  compensation  act  18!)7,  and  that  act  and  tlu- 
aet  may  be  cited  together  a-s  the  workmen's  compensation  acts  1S;)7  and  UIOO. 

Sec.  3.  This  act  shall  come  into  operation  on  the  1st  day  of  July,  l;»01. 

797.  Effect  of  this  statute.— The  meaning  of  these  provisinn;;  has  S" 
far  been  very  little  considered  by  courts  of  review.  The  onlv  mpoiiPi; 
decision  by  such  a  court  seems  to  be  one  in  which  it  was  held  tliat  the 
work  of  a  innn  hired  by  a  saw  miller  to  cut  down  trees  and  cart  then 
to  a  saw  mill  is  not  "forestry."' 


'O'Krrfe  V.  Loralt  (in02)  18  Times 
L.  R.  57. 

'.s'mi7A  V.  havcnshire  d  Y.  R.  Co. 
[18!t!)]  1  Q.  B.  141,  68  L.  J.  Q.  B.  N. 
S.  51. 


^  M rally  v.  Menottan  (\W1)  4  So. 
Ses«,  Cas.  5th  series,  883.  31!  Sc.  S«"«- 
Cas.  602. 


CHAPTER  XLI. 

STATUTES  IMPOSING  VAKKU  s  sl'KCIKIC  DUTIES  UPOX  EMPI^YEUS. 

799.  Srrvaiit's  iIhIiI  to  '"i-  f»r  injur''-'  lauwl  by  a  breach  of  a  stalutoiy 

duty;  p'licrrtlly. 

800.  Sanio  subject  contiinipd:  pio\i-ioii  <il"  «ppcial  rcine.ly  for  violation  of 

duty :  eifect  of. 

801.  Employe     not  remleieil  an  insurer  of  liis  servant'.'*  .safety  by  tlie  im- 

position of  a  .specilio  duty. 

802.  Construction  of  statute-s  impo-in<;  specilic  duties  on  employers. 

Theextpnt  to  whi^"!!  tlio  imposition  of  a  spocifie  diify  upon  u  muster 
;.  rci^r.rded  as  creating  :\  non-dclogablc  duty  is  discussed  in  §  5G.-.. 

'inle. 

As  to  the  statutory  and  eon.-titntional  provisions  rcfuunng  railway 
companies  to  receive  and  forward  foni-n  cars,  see  cliapt^'r  xu..  aiilr 

As  to  the  necessity  of  sliowing  tliai  tlie  breach  of  duty  alleged  wa- 
ihe  proximate  cause  of  the  injury,  see  chapter  xi.ii.,  post. 

As  to  the  constitutionality  vt  staiiiteb  imposing  specific  .liifies  i.n 
employers,  see  §  Ci7,  a)tte. 

799.  Servant's  right  to  sue  for  injuries  caused  by  a  breach  of  a 
statutory  duty;  generally.— The  general  rule  which  detines  the  extent 
of  a  scr\-ant'3  right  to  bring  an  action  for  injuries  caused  by  the  breach 
of  a  statutory  duty  has  been  thus  stated  in  a  recent  Engli.-h  case:  "It 
cannot  be  doubted  that,  where  a  '-tatute  provi.les  for  the  perfnrinanee 
bv  certain  persons  of  u  particular  duty,  and  someone  belnii'iing  to  a 
"ias?  of  persons  for  whose  beneilt  and  protection  the  statute  impose-; 
the  duty  is  injured  by  failure  to  perform  it,  i)rima  facie  and  if  there 
l)e  nothing  to  the  contrary,  an  action  by  the  person  .so  injured  will  lie 
jgainst  the  person  who  has  so  failed  to  perfonn  the  duty.'"* 

Dv  many  courts  it  is  held  that  a  violation  of  sudi  a  statute  con- 
■titutps  nc'digence  per  so,  as  respects  a  person  entitled  to  sue  for  it.^ 
infriii^rment.*     It  has  also  been  held  in  numerous  ca^es  that  fault  is 

Uirnrrs  v.  IVimlomc   [ISflS]   2  Q.  Ti.  nearly   all   of   tbe  eiso-^   cited   in    5   S02, 

402.  415.  1)7  T-.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  Sliii,  per  infra,  .ind    is    pxplii  itly   enuneiateil    in 

VauElian  Williams,  L.  J.      To  the  snme  the    following,  anion;,'    others:     A'iohv,- 

cfTrct  sec  .S7ai;icr  V.  Hall  Mines  [IS'JO]  v.    Mi»nn,,    !  is'l.-,i    ->;'.   (I'-.io   St.   2C..    I'l 

8  B.  r.  ,579.  N.  E.  SSO    (violation  of  statute  conipd- 

•This  principle  is  taken  for  gran'od  in  ling  mine  owners  to  adopt  safety  appli- 

2177 


'  i'l 


t . 


1 

m 

j 

- 

1 

1 

^  1 

1 

ill 

il 

i:iT  l! 


m 


* 


I 


ihI 


MASTER  AND  SKRVAXT. 


{UiAIV    JU.I, 


11    ;'   '^ 


u 


it 


jirc(]i(rnblo,  as  a  iiiuttfr  ot  law,  of  tlio  infringeincnt  of  a  immiiii,;,! 
onliiiiince.'  According  to  other  autlioritics,  on  tlie  oMicr  liaml,  ilit 
fiiiluro  to  comply  with  a  statute  or  ordiiiaiicc  is  iiuTuly  ••viiL nco  i,i 


ciiipaltiiity.'' 

niicc's  for  tlicir  oiiiplovcos)  ;  Ciiiriiiiinti. 
II.  d  h  If.  Co.  V.  iail  llnriir  (ISl'o)  IG 
C.  ('.  A.  182,  :!7  U.  S.  Api).  MZ,  (i!)  l'\'il. 
l.'in  (hlocki.'ij;  of  frofjs)  ;  Cutiii  v.  Lnl.c 
I'.rir  A  W.  It.  Co.  (18!Hi)  ;!.-)  Oliio  I..  J. 
15  (lilockinfj  of  fio{,'s)  :  Srhliiff  v. 
l.tiuisiUlc  &  S.  K.  Co.  (18!t3)  100  Ala. 
;!77,  U  So.  105  (telltales  on  riiilvvavsi  ; 
11  i/i.s/ii/)  Much.  (Jo.  V.  liurycr  (  IIIOO) 
110  r,a.  2!)U,  35  S.  E.  120  (iiiacliiiiciy 
rcasonaljly  safe  for  operators  to  be  fiir- 
iiisli.il)  ;  Storris  v.  Stan/ield  (1898)  81 
ill.  App.  204  (eniploynietit  of  child  under 
|>reseril)ed  n}je)  ;  Jiodrll  v.  Brazil  Block 
i'oal  Co.  (1000)  25  Ind.  App.  654,  ■'58 
N.  E.  856  (miiiinf:;  act)  ;  Hochxtettlcr  v. 
\losicr  Coal  cC  .Win.  Co.  (1893)  8  Ind. 
App.  442,  35  N.  E.  927  (mining  act); 
Kcenan  v.  Edison  FAcclric  llluminatiiiq 
Co.  (1893)  159  Mass.  379,  34  N.  E.  3(i(i 
I  automatic  gates  to  elevator  shafts); 
Lore  V.  American  Mfg.  Co.  (1901)  160 
Mo.  608,  61  S.  W.  678  (guarding  of  ma- 
chinery) ;  Colliott  V.  American  .ilfij.  Co. 
(1897)  71  Mo.  App.  163;  Greenlee  \. 
Houthern  K.  Co.  (1898)  122  N.  C.  977, 
41  L.  R.  A.  .399,  05  Am.  St.  Rep.  734, 
30  S.  E.  115  (self-couplers  on  railway 
cars)  ;  Craham  v.  Nenburg  Orrel  Coal 
A  Coke  Co.  (1893)  38  W.  Va.  273,  18 
S.  E.  584  (ventilation  of  mines)  ;  Mcs- 
.scngcr  v.  Pate  (1876)  42  Iowa,  443 
I  fencing  of  machinery)  ;  Kuerra  v.  Mer- 
rill Lumber  Co.  (1895)  91  Wis.  6.37,  65 
X.  \V.  374  (fencing  of  machinery); 
Kutchiva  V.  Goofliirillic  (1896)  93  \Vis. 
448,  67  N.  W.  729  (fencing  of  m.-Khin- 
ery)  ;  Queen  v.  Dayton  Coal  rf  /.  Co. 
(1895)  95  Tenn.  45S,  30  L.  R.  A.  82, 
49  Am.  St.  Rep.  935,  32  S.  W.  400  (em- 
ployment of  boys  under  twelve  in 
mines). 

It  was  intimati-d,  but  not  expressly 
•  lecidej,  in  a  .Scotch  ca<e.  that  a  mine 
owner  is  liable  if  the  i)liiinlilT  was  in- 
jured by  doing  the  ineaiitious  thing 
which  the  statutory  rules  forbid,  and  it 
:ippears  that  the  ri\les  had  not  been  pnli- 
lislied  as  directed  by  the  statute,  tliaij 
V.  Lan:ion  (1860)  22  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  2(i 
series.  7 10. 

'Tliis  principle  was  applied  for  tlie 
!ii-iie!it  fif  serv:ints  in  Thompson  v.  ('Hi- 
:r»s'  SIrrvt  It.  Co.  (1899)  1,')2  Ind.  461. 
-).■!  N.  E.  462;  Ciiirijinuli.  J.  SI.  I..  A  C. 
U.  Co.  V.  Long  I1HH7)  112  Ind.  166.  13 
.\.   K.  6.">9    (opiiJlion  of  trains)  ;  Pitts- 


hurgh.  C.  C.  d  fit.   h.   It.  < 


0.   V.    V;. 


I  IS9.S)  l.Vi  Ind.  345.  44  I..  U.  A,  i,:., 
53  N.  E.  290  (i)|H'rati()ii  of  lr:iiti-i  :  /;, 
liiiiorr  i(  t).  S.  11.  It.  Cfj,  V.  /'/.«,.,„ 
(  liMPl  I  l."i(;  Ind.  .'!i;4.  5!i  N.  |:  1(1(1 
(eoniphiiht  held  liot  deiimrrilili'  wlii,;, 
cliiirged  that  injuries  to  a  rnilrniil  on 
pliiyce  were  caiKed  by  the  vidl.uion  ci 
a  valid  city  ordinance  niukiriij  it  li,,^ 
duty  of  persons  in  cbai^'c  of  a  ninvin" 
locomotive  to  ring  a  bell  altnolied  tliriT 
to,  and  providing  that  no  train  -.jjaii  l.i 
run  backward  without  a  w^itclini.in  i,» 
the  rear  thereof)  :  Central  I!.  A  Hl.n.  »', 
V.  Brantley  ( 1S!)3)  93  Ua.  iM,  Jo  .S.  h 
98  (ordinance  limiting  spi'i-.l  of  ]i,ciim>' 
tives  in  a  railroiid  yard)  ;  V'o'i. ;/  v.  I!u, 
lington,  C.  R.  d  N.  Jt.  Co.  (is'.t:)|  ji) 
Iowa,  256,  33  L.  R.  A.  4!li;  (12  N.  \\ 
761  (kicking  Ciirs  at  forbiilden  siwj 
As  to  this  Iowa  case,  however,  .see  iiuii 
4,  infra. 

In  declaring  the  right  of  a  pcr^^on  t' 
recover  for  injuries  causc<l  by  Utf  iinari 
of  a  municipal  ordinance,  the  Niw  Vml, 
court  of  appeals  spoak-*  of  "tlie  asif 
matic  truth  that  every  [xTsnn  wliilcvi.- 
lating  an  express  statute  is  a  wroni: 
doer,  and,  as  such,  is  ex  ncci.isilali:  m; 
ligcnt  in  the  eye  of  the  law;  ar.l  tin' 
every  innocent  party  whose  pii-iim  i- 
injured  by  the  act  which  coiistitiitcs  th' 
violation  of  the  statute  is  enlitlnl  to  .i 
civil  remedy  for  such  injiiiy  nutwi;!; 
standing  any  rtxiress  the  piililio  ni.i; 
also  have."  Jetter  v.  }>'fir  Yorl:  rf  II 
It.  Co.  (ISO.'i)  2  Keyes.  154.  Tliis  sen 
tenee  was  (pioted  with  a|iiMo»al  iv 
Freeman  v.  tllens  Falls  Piiin-r  Mill  ('■ 
(1891)  61  Hun.  125,  15  N.  V.  .Siip|..  iV,: 
See,  however,  the  New  York  ci-ci  oit>; 
',n  the  next  note. 

'  S«>e   ejises   cited    in    Sliea'n,  &   lloli 
N'eg.  §  13.  note  12.  and  also  MrCumU:  i 
V.  {<latcn  [slunii  MiilUind  It.  <'n.  i  H!'» 
32  App.  Div.    346,   52   N.    V.  Stipp.  St'^' 
(municipal  ordinancel  ;   I'ilr'irr  v.  .V' 
York  C.  d-  II.  It.  It.  Co.   (ls:i|)    127  N 
Y.   678,  28  N.  E.   130    (telltiiies  on  mi 
ways):     Ihirlin    v.     /iih/isA    (IS'.k-   . 
Misc.  402.  54  N.  Y.  Supp.  WXl  l!.v,;- 
ed    in    (ISOll)    26    Misc.    3H1.   .V,   N,  \ 
Supp.   275.   but    not.    as    to  this  poiiiv 
Marino    v.    Lehmaier     (liHIl)    62   -Vpn, 
Div.   43,    70   N.    Y.   Supp.   790    (empl"V 
uient  of  child  tinder  le-.'al  a'.'e). 

In   one  recent  case  in   Illinois  it  wa; 


I  T'JaJ 


ACTS  IMPOSING  SPECIFIC  DUTIES. 


■ii:h 


That  the  former  of  these  theories  i,-*  the  correct  one  <iui  M-iir'-  l.v  Ixi 
,ioubted.  A  (loctrino  the  os.sontial  eliect  of  which  i-  thul.  the  ([iialilx 
,if  an  act  which  the  Ic^ishituro  has  prescribed  or  f.-i-biihlcu  In'n.incs 
;,nopcn  question  upon  wiiich  juries  are  entitled  to  express  •••.  »piiiiuii 
would  seem  to  be  hij,'hly  anomalous.  The  comnuuid  or  pruhibilloii  of 
a  permanent  body  wliich  represents  iin  entire  coimnunity  ondit.  in 
;inv  reasonable  view,  to  be  regarded  as  equivalent,  to  a  iinal  judirinent 
.iiKin  tlio  subject-matter,  which  reii<l(  rs  it.  both  unueeessi.ry  and  ini- 
nmper  that  this  question  should  be  submitted  to  a  jurv.^*  As  tJius 
aetermined,  the  actual  lialiiiity  of  the  delinquent  party  is  preeiselv 
rhe  same  as  that  which  results  from  considerin-r  the  juri<lieal  situa- 
•ion  from  the  standpoint  which  is  indicated  by  the  following  renwirk 
of  Ri^by,  L.  J.,  in  a  case  alre.idy  cited:  "Where  an  abs<ilute  duty  is 
imposed  upon  a  person  by  statute,  it  is  not  necessary,  in  mdiT  to  make 
bim  liable  for  breach  of  that  duty,  to  show  negligence.  Wliellier  ther« 
can 


be  negligence  or  not,  he  is  responsible.  t]i;aiiniiiiic  rut,  for  non- 
performance of  the  duty."" 
Ill  any  juri:-dietiou  in  which  negligence  is  inferable,  us  a  mntl-T  of 

i.iiinrkcil  tliat  tlio  'notation  of  a  Htat-  blrmnn  Cnnl  Co.    (ISil't)    110  Iowa.   H'.'t. 

iitf  estalilishi'd    for    the    protection  of  SI  X.  \V.  227.     Tlip  laiitriMirc  tliii>  iHiil 

iicrsoiis  is  prima  facie  evidenee  of  no^'li-  sccins  to  imliciitc  a  puial  of  viivv  ilillVr- 

Wcp."    .'i(/ii<P»-  Coal  Min.  Co.  v.   Mir-  <iit     from    tliat     wliicli     w;m   M<lo|it,.(l   in 

Trr  (ISIiIli   84  III.  App.  !Hi.      In  a.iotlior  Tohrii  v.  linrlivrilriii.  ('.  It.  i(    \.  A*.  Co. 

the  -Mini-  rule  was   laiil   ilown   willi    r«-  lis!!.",  i    <I4    Inaa,  Zr,!,.  X\  L.   It.   A.  -llKi, 

Mid  to  tlic  violation     .  a  imiiiiiipal  or-  tlj  \.  \\  .  "<11.  cUM  in  iiolr  .T.  siiimi. 

"iinaiiO'  wliii!)   proviilrd   lliat   every  per-  In  S  UTO.  note  7.  niilr.  several  tlntaiio 

iwiiiiiL' or  operatiML' any  frei^'lit  ele-  cases   liave   been   cited   wliicli   apply   tlie 

valcr  in  any  liiiildins   within   tlie  eity  doelrine  tliat   where  a  statulory  oMi'.'a 

.liMiM    employ    a    eumpeleiil   per-.oii  to  t ion   exists   a   noncompliance   with   it   is 

•,ikc  ehaine    lif    and    o|)irate  the  same.  e\iileTiee  of   nei;lijrei,i'e  upon   wliieh   it    is 

md  preseriheil    a    line    for  a  failure  to  fomiuteiit    for  a    jury  to  lia>e  a   vi'idiet 

ooni|ily  with   the  proviNions.     //.   (linii-  a^jainst  an  oin|i!oyiT.     'I'lie  aullim  itati\e 

mn  c'n.  \.  Ilnhn   {V.)0\)    18!)  111.  2S.  .-,!•  weij.'ht     of    these    riilinf.'s.     however,     is 

N.  E.  ri22.  Allirmin"  (MKtOl   !*0  HI-  -M'P-  "meh  impaired,  if  not  de«l roved,  hy  the 

I'M.     .\n(i   this  seems   to   he   the   theory  i:ii{  that,  with  one  eveepliciri,  they  note- 

up        'inh  the  courts  of  this  stale  pro-  d;ite   tlii:iiK   v.    Winihiinn     |ls'.is|    2   >.}. 

riy  all.  if  not  all.  the  eases  H.    102.  Ii7   1..  .1.  (.•.   li.  N.  S,  Sti2.  Til   I.. 

_        nf-           '-.ji  act,  whicli  are  citi'd  in  T.   N.   S.  2S1,  47    Wi'ck.   Hep.  87    (noU'S 

§  802,  not.    1,   itifra.     Hut  one  .h ci-ion  1  ai;d  :i.  .'niimt).  and  that,  in  the  ~ire.;le 

by  the    court    of    appeals,   in     whieli   a  deiisidu  which  is  of  later  date  than  the 

breach  of  a  stalutp  was  treated  as  ne<;-  Kii;rli>-li   case,   it    was,  so   f,u-  as   the   re- 

lijipnoe  );(T  sc,  has  been  cited  in  note  2,  poll    ^hows.   entirely   overlo(.ked   l.y    tin- 

.(uj,r,i.  court.     As   to   tlie  other   enor   involved 

In  iov.a  the  court,  while  holding  that  in  these  decisions,  see  §  800,  iiolv  8.  in- 

in  instruction  that  the  violation  of  the  fra. 

italulc    piovltlin^'     for     ventilation     of        'See  the   laiifrua^'e  iwed  by   11 lairt 

mines  is  ne;;liL'eiiee  .justifyin;.'  a   rrcov-  in   Tobri/  v.   Iluiliniiloii.  ('.   U.  i(-   .V.   It. 

pry  \v;is  proper,   ill   the  al)seiMv>  of  any  I'o.    (lS!l."i)    !U   Iowa.   2."i(i.   .'!,'(    L.    R.   .\. 

»siMl|,;itery     evidence,    remarked      that  4'.Mi,  (12  X.  \V.  701. 

sncli  :in  iirstniclion  would  have  been  er-  'droves  v.    W'imhonir   [lS!l'i|   2  Q.    U. 

ronpous  if  evidence  had  been  intri>duc(Hl  4(r2,  412,  07   L.  .).   <^   H.   .V.   S.   802,   "f» 

which  leiidi'd  to  show  that  t!   •  defendant  I..  T.  X.  S.  284,  47  WCek.  Hep.  87. 
waf  wiihout    fault.      Ifcvyro. r    v.    Xim- 


m 


Vt*; 


-'4 
U 


I. 


''• 


I     II 


liii  ^i! ' 


,.i"f 


hf ' 


2180 


AlASTKK  AND  SEHVANT. 


I'    lAK  H 


^1* 


Iri;  I 


law,  when  an  iiifriiiiT<  im-nt  of  a  definite  statntory  roquircnien  is  om 
etiUihlished,  it  is  not  competent,  in  an  action  for  injuries  c  ■\m'\  \ 
sneii  irifriiigcinent,  t(>  introduce,  for  the  purposes  of  e.\cul[>:iiii)ii,  ov 
deuce  that  the  arranj^enients  prescribed  wouhJ  ho  dangorou.-  ami  ai 
to  ciuwe  awidents.  'J'he  proper  system  to  adi)[)t  is  a  nialtiT  !o  1,,.  J 
<'idt'(l  hy  tlie  lesrisslature.'  Nor  can  a  witness  Im-  asked  wlin  vaj  i 
his  opinion,  a  safe  manner  of  affordinc;  the  proieclion  omi  upLitc 
hy  the  statute,  and  whetlier  the  method  actually  adopted  1  di,.  r] 
fi^ndant  was  prudent.  The  sole  question  to  be  dcteruiihed  i  vlictln 
the  d\ity  created  by  the  statute  has  been  performed.* 

.\n  employer  is  liable  to  any  employee  injured  by  tiic  Imt;,  ,i  of  tl 
siatiitc,  although  he  could  not  reasonably  have  anticipate^]  ''lat  tl 
accident  wiiuld  hapi)en  in  the  precise  manner  in  which  it  ac;  lly  di 
liappi'ii." 

Will  re  the  injury  is  a  direct  consequence  of  the  vicdatir  n  <-  a  pen; 
statute,  t}ie  only  prerequisite  to  a  conviction  in  a  eriiiiiual  pr  ■■ciitio 
is  the  sid)inissi(,n  of  satisfactory  evidence  that  the  statute  1  \\  bee 
violated.  liut  in  a  civil  action,  involving  questions  of  ncixli  nr.  o 
llie  ])art  butl)  of  the  ciiiplnyep  and  emi)loycd,  ])niof  nf  a  vin  iiiun  ( 
the  statute  is  not  nec's-arily  enough  to  futith-  ikn  sr  am  i 
damages.'" 

800.  Same  subject  continued;  provision  of  special  remedy  for  lolatio 
of  duty ;  effect  of . —  AcccTding  to  a  standard  trei!ti>c  iIm'  -vh  la!  ru 
is  tliat,  wjien  a  duty  or  obligation  exists  at  ctjiumnn  law.  in  l"j.  ndrntl 
of  the  statute,  a  new  remedy  given  by  the  statute  is  simiiiy  iimul 
tive,  and  does  not  preclude  the  ordinary  common-law  rrii'cdv  hv  wa 
of  action,  uide!^-:<  there  are  express  words  to  that  effect,.'  Ii,  this  ii 
stance,  therefore,  the  determination  of  the  questiim  whether  'lecoii 
mon-law  rights  of  the  party  suing  have  been  superseded  by  tiicgivi 
statute  '"dopeiids  usually  ujion  whetlier  the  statute  is  at  variance  wi; 
the  common  law,  or  is  mcndy  cumulative.  The  legishitui''  cniil 
formulate  a  complete  code  of  rules  .so  particular  and  tninnto  in  tlio; 
charaeter  as  to  cover  all  commondaw  rights  with  referciic"  to  .inv  pa 
ticular  business,  and  in  that  event  there  would  l>e  a  coiiijili".^  siipp 

^  Slate  V.   Anaconda  Coiiiicr  Miii.   Co.  ape  at  wliieli   he  iiiidit   l^mfn  \-  iv  ej 

(ItlOO)   23  Mont.  498,  50  I'ac.  8.54.  ployed,  w.is    injuioil    ul.i!.-    ^  liintari 

'Spira     V.     Osiige    Coal    li    Min.     Co.  poin;;  al)Oiit   a   fncton.  uml  I  ,(  cvfo 

(  ISS.5)   88  Mo.  OS.  in<;  liiiiiMclf  to  (laii^'iiuii-  in.u  iierv  tl 

'  Clirisdaiiiion    v.    yorlhicrntrni    Com  cliaractor  of  wliich  lie  «.is  oM    '.'li ' 

l,>,I!<,ni(l    Co.    (1901)    83   Minn.    2.5,   85  appreciatp. 

\.  \V.  8211.  '  Ailili-i-n.  Tort-.  ]•.  75.  citiui  i^i>in.vn 

'"  Hraiis  V.  .imi:rican  Iron  d-  Tube  Co.  Dijxcst,  titir    \rt„,i,   np'tn  Si-  ■■'•    'Ci 

(189(1)    42   Foci.  519,  donyins  the  riglit  Chainnan   v.   /''r/.vr.v,;/;(    i  i7i..;  .'  Wil 

to   recover    where   a   child   of   less   than  145. 
twelve  years,   mid   therefore   under   the 


ISOO] 


ACTS  IMI'HSIXU  Sl'KClKH.'  UlllKS. 


■ilHl 


sedurc.  But  xuileds  that  is  »l..uc,  all  common-law  rights  n<>t  at  vari- 
ance with  some  provision  of  tlio  cnactmont  wouM  continue  in  forco."" 
Tiiere  is  liii^h  authority  for  the  unqualirwd  do<'trine  that,  ''wiicrc 
a  new  duty  or  prohibition  is  created  by  staliil;-.  an. I  tho  same  act  gives 
a  n'liicdy  for  Uic  breaeii,  by  penalty  or  otliirwi-e.  for  the  bonelil  of 
die  party  grieved,  he  has  no  other."  Tint  in  u  very  recent  Kngli-li 
mo  the  rule  is  laid  downi  in  the  more  guarded  form  that  the  remedy 
prescribed  by  the  statute  is  exelusive,  where  upon  the  purview  <d'  tiie 
whole  act  it  appears  that  the  remedy  so  given  is  intentled  to  be  a  sul>- 
ititute  for  the  risjht  of  action  which  would  otherwise  exist.*  The  in 
fereiifc  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  legislature  that  the  parlieular 
remedy  designated  should  be  the  only  one  available  is,  it  woidd  scein. 


'ConsoUdatrd  Cnnl  Co.  v.  linhnnip 
(1808)  75  111.  App.  60.>,  Amriii.-<1  in 
,  18119)  181  111.  9,  ri4  N.  K.  5ti7.  Thon- 
itwa»  lield  that  the  statutes  of  Illinois 
regulating  coal  mining,  rcqiiiiin;;  own- 
ers of  mines  to  keep  on  hand  a  supply 
(it  tiiiiliera,  and  to  deliver  the  same  to 
the  workmen  as  required,  to  enable 
them  to  properly  secure  the  workings 
fnr  their  ow-n  safety,  do  not  superseile 
the  requirement  of  the  common  law  that 
a  niiistcr  shall  furnish  his  servant  a  rea- 
-onnbly  safe  place  to  work.  An  action 
«is  drt'larcd  to  be  maintainable,  on  this 
ground,  by  a  workman  driving  cars  oyer 
tracks  in  a  mine  entry,  who  had  nothing 
to  do  with  the  propping  of  the  roofs, 
the  evidence  being  that  the  mine  owner 
had  been  notified  of  the  unsafe  condition 
of  the  roof  of  the  entry,  and  had  as- 
sumed to  repair  it. 

By  §  43  of  the  act  of  Congress  of 
February  -28.  1871,  entited  "An  Act  to 
Provide'for  the  Bett«r  Security  of  Life 
on  Board  of  Vessels  Propelled  in  Whole 
or  in  Pnrt  liv  Steam,  and  for  Other  Pur- 
po^ra"  (1(1  Stat,  at  L.  453,  chnp.  100, 
U.  S,  Conip.  Stilt.  li)0!,  p.  .30,->S),  it  is 
provided  that  the  master  and  owner  of 
.iny  vessel,  or  either  of  them,  and  the 
vessel  itself,  shall  be  liable  to  any  pas- 
sensor  for  any  damage  sustained  by  him 
(ir  his  baggage  from  explosion,  fire,  col- 
lision, or  other  cause,  if  it  happens 
throiigli  any  failure  or  neglect  to  com- 
fly  witli  the  provisions  of  the  law;  and 
also  that  any  person  sustaining  loss  or 
injury  ltiroM'_di  the  carelessness,  negli- 
penoo,  or  -vilful  misconduct  of  any  cap- 
tain, mat  ,  engineer,  or  pilot,  or  his 
neslect  or  refusal  to  obey  the  provisions 
nf  the  law,  may  recover  damages  for 
fuch  loss  or  injury  from  the  captain, 
mate,  engineer,    or    pilot    causing  such 


loss  or  injury.  .\  shipowner  fcon^'bl  to 
draw  the  inference  fioni  lliis  sirliuii 
that  a  mariner  on  a  vessel  w.is  |iiii'iid 
ed  from  a  suit  ag.iinst  the  vessel  for  .my 
injury  done  him,  becuise  an  aeliou 
against  the  vessel  was  given  to  pa-.^en 
gers  only  for  damage  from  tire,  ivjiio- 
sion,  collision,  or  other  euise  ari-iiig 
from  neglect  or  failure  to  eumply  »ill< 
llio  law,  and  that  he  was  renillid  ii\ 
the  last  clause  of  the  section  to  an  ac- 
tion against  the  captain,  mate,  or  other 
olVieer  who  caused  such  innry.  This  ar 
gument  did  not  prevail.  The  provision.* 
of  the  act  were  considereil  to  be  eiiiiiu- 
lative,  and  not  intcmled  to  iiiterfi-re 
with  the  rights  of  sailors  under  the 
maritime  law,  or  to  depriie  tlieni  <if 
remedies  given  them  bv  that  law,  lliud  n 
V.  The  IK  S.  Caq,'  (  18"72)  1  Woods,  4ill. 
Fed,  Cn-s,  Xo.  '2.C02. 

In  some  cases  where  the  liability  tn  a 
penalty  is  speeilied  as  one  of  the  eon-.' 
quenees  of  tlie  violation  of  a  stalutp.  t!ir 
legislature  has  inserted,  ex  nliuml'H'h 
cautrla,  a  proviso  that  such  statute 
shall  not  be  construed  so  as  to  prohibit 
the  bringing  of  an  action  for  dani.i;.'es. 
•See,  for  example,  Mass.  Pub.  Stat.  <haii. 
104,  5  22  (aa  to  the  fencing  of  niaehin- 
ery). 

'./ones  V  StannLad,  .<?,  <f  C.  It.  Co. 
(1872)  L.  a  *  P.  C.  ?18,  110,  41  T-.  .J. 
P.  C.  N.  S.  1..,  20  t..  T.  N.  S.  4.-II1,  20 
Week.  Rep.  417,  8  Moore  P,  C.  C.  N.  S. 
312  (infringement  of  statutory  right  to 
tolls).  To  the  same  efTect  see  the  re- 
marks of  Lord  Campbell  as  quot<-d  in 
note  8,  infra. 

'Grmrs  v.  Wimborne  [1808]  2  Q.  B. 
402.  412,  07  T„  -J,  Q.  B.  N.  S.  8(i2.  79 
L.  T.  N.  S.  284,  47  Week.  Kep.  87,  per 
Rigby,  Ij.  J. 


i 


Ji 


H^ 


ll\ 


' ,  h    J 


i 

1  ti   S    ,  ,J 

>t    • 


>   I 


r-'  i 


'^'1  Iwi 


i    I 


1 

ill 


HI 


!1»2 


MASTER  AND  HKKVANT. 


I>ll»l'    M 


i^ 


peremptory  and  iiivariahlr'  wliorever  llio  sialnte  in  (piostioii  .-taii 
ouU-ido  tlie  catof^orv  ^<i  those  which  are  ciia'tcd  t'<>r  liie  hciictit  i.r  pr 
l.H-tion  of  a  i)arli(iihir  olass  of  persons.''  lint  if  the  MntuU-  is  ■[ 
wiiicli,  like  tliosc  under  review  in  tins  chapter,  beh)n<,'^  to  lii:it  w 
i;ory,  the  mere  fact  tiiat  a  penalty  is  imposed  for  tlie  iiifriii-ciiienti 
its  provisions  will  not  neeessarily  preclude  a  party  who  is  spociai; 
injured  by  that  infrincemcut  from  maintaining  an  action  for  dar 
ages."  Whether  an  in<h'iMnity  can  lie  recovered  in  siidi  a  pnciclii 
ifl  a  question  which  is  to  be  determined  in  each  instance  from  u  ,., 
sideration  of  the  words  used  in  the  provision  which  has  hccn  vidlaf. 
and  in  any  other  jiarts  of  tlw  statute  which  throw  light  upon  tlic  i 


•In  Gorris  v.  droit  (1874)  L.  Tl.  9 
Exch.  125,  30  L.  T.  N.  S.  4:U,  43  L.  J. 
Excli.  N.  S.  92,  22  VVi-ik.  Hep.  5T:>.  it 
wan  liolii  tliiit  tlio  (not  tliat  plaintilT'H 
sliwp  were  wasticd  ov<'rl)OnrJ  liy  rfiiKuii 
of  tlio  failure  of  ttip  Rliipowncr  lo  jiio- 
vido  tlie  pens  prescrilied  by  the  Kn^jliuli 
oonfiifrioiis  Uisciises  (animals)  net  of 
IHO!)  would  not  give  him  ii  right  of  ac- 
tion for  the  daiMiige  thus  ejiuspd.  Dis- 
oussing  the  contention  of  counsel  tlint. 
unilcr  (fi-tain  circumstances,  if  siK-eial 
danuiire  results  to  anyune  from  the 
hiiMcii  or  violation  of  the  statutory 
duty,  tlicre  is  then  also  n  remedy  for 
supji  damage  liv  way  of  action  for  sueli 
breach  of  duty,  Kelly,  f.  U ,  said: 
"That  is  true;  hut  in  eases  only  wlicre. 
by  the  act  of  Parliament  wliosc  provi- 
pi'ons  are  thus  violated,  a  henclit  is  eon- 
fen-cd  upon  the  individual  who  sulFcrs 
from  the  breach  of  duty.  And  if  the 
prol(vtion  or  the  benefit  of  the  individu- 
al owner  of  the  animals  were  the  object 
and  intention  of  the  act  of  Parliament, 
then  undoubtedly  this  action  might  be 
maintained:  but  nothing  can  1«'  more 
olain,  on  looking  at  the  act.  than  that 
sucli  was  not  the  object  or  intention  of 
the  legislature  in  passing  it.  but  that 
the  providing  these  pens  and  footholds 
was  entirely  for  the  protection  of  the 
animals  tli'cmsclvps  from  unnecessary 
sullering  during  the  voyage,  and  that 
any  private  individual  benefit  was  not 
within  the  intention  of  the  act  at  all." 

These  remarks  of  the  eliicf  baron  were 
recently  referred  to  with  apjiroval  by 
Smith.' L.  .J.,  in  (Irorcs  v.  Wiiftlmnir 
riSOSl  2  Q.  li.  402.  ()7  L.  .1.  Q.  R.  N.  S. 
8fi2,  79  L.  T.  N.  S.  284,  47  Week.  Rep. 
87   (sec  note  8.  infra). 

.No  action  lies  against  a  lnc:il  liourd 
for  personal  injuries  caused  by  its  fail- 
ure to  keep  a  highway  in  proper  repair 
in  .Kcordance  with  the  provisions  of  the 


Knglish  public  health  act  of  IST.").  (  . 
Irii  V.    \i  u  uiarkvt   J.ornl   llntinl  [!>■. 

See  also    the    .ipinioiis    of    tic  \,.; 
justices  in  .4(/,-iii.«/n   v.  Sunnsll,  ,i 
ll<i <cn(orA-»  Co.    [18771    I,.   H.  '1  V.y 
Div.  441,  4ti  L.    I.  y.  H.  .V.  S.  "k 
h.  T.  N.  S.  7()1,  25  \Ve.k.  Rep.  T'.M. 

The  following  rule  has  hci-ii  furiiiu!, 
ed  by  Mr.  Addison  (Torts,  p.  74 
"Where  no  specitic  right  is  crculnl  ai 
vested  in  the  plaintiil'  for  Ids  own  b<i 
fit  and  advantage,  and  no  s|tcilic  ili 
ill  favor  of  the  plainlilf  h:is  liwn  ii 
posed,  but  the  statute  merely  proliihi 
a  tiling  from  being  done,  under  a  ]« 
alty  for  doing  it,  an  action  for  iliiiiuii; 
is  not  maiiitaiTuible." 

•  lilatt  V.  .V.  f.  t'ostrr  l.nmUrr  ' 
(  ls;i7)  !i7  Wis.  fill,  7.1  N.  W.  .v; 
y^ arriimorr  v.   CIrirlaiid,  C.  ('.  if  >' 

i{.  Co.  i  isiiiM  4S  T..  R.  A.  <;s,  :•.:  C. 

A.  V.i'.).  !li;  Ted.  2:iS ;  .Vcir  Y'.rl:.  l\ 
St.  h.  It.  Co.  V.  LamUrujht  (ls!'li 
Ohio  C.  <".  -in-T:  FiciHUii  v.  (.7'^«  /•! 
I'aprr  Mill  Co.  (ISni)  (il  Mini.  If., 
N.  V.  .'iupp.  0.'>7 :  Mis.iniiii  r  v.  /'■! 
(  IS7li)  42  Iowa.  443;  (,)».. .i  v.  /li/' 
Cn'il  <f  /.  Co.  (lSli:>)  9.-.  Tinii.  4.> 
I,.  R.  A.  82.  49  Am.  St.  I!i  p.  fi'."..  "1 
\V.  4(10:  Cannthrll  v.  Ciil'l,  flmnk  ^1- 
,{■  C(ml  Co.  ( 189S)  ;;.".  Sc.  .'-^iss.  (V.-.  -I 
scries,   753    (explosives  net  I. 

See.    generally,     tlie     (m-'s     cil."! 
Shearm.  &  Redf.  Ncg.  §  4r,7. 

In    Wilson   V.    ,1/riri/    (IS(^)    1,.  P.. 

n.  \j.  Se.  App.  ras.  •.^21).  .fii.  in  i,. 

N.  S,  ;!0.  Lord  Cliclnisforl  nii'in'- 
that  the  .scope  of  the  dccisiuti  in  (''.« 
v.  St.rl  (i8,54)  3  i:i.  &  1!1.  4n:.  !i  ('. 
Rep.  940,  23  L.  J.  Q.  IJ.  N.  S.  121. 
.Tur.  515.  was  merely  that  a  ju-r^m  » 
fcrisig  d.image  from  an  nnu-wion  ffi 
duty  is  not  deprived  of  his  rcmnly  I 
cause  the  legislature  has  attacIicJ 
penalty  to  such  omission. 


fte.! 


I  SllO] 


At  IS  IMIMtSINO  SPKCIflC  DtriKS. 


■JlHl 


,f  ill.'  lifii-l.iiiirc.'     In  vifw  •>{  llu'  iihut  ic  >'rni  .!ici-i.>hs  iiml 
i,r(-:-ioii^  ..1  judicial  ..),ininii  in  Kiiiiliiii.i.  it  ^'(•'■iik  to  bf  imiMi-iliit 


tclltli'll  < 


sUili' 


tl 


K    sitn;ili'>ii   iii"ii' 


I'livuniliiv   iliaii  ilii- 


f.ir  ill 


In  di'ii' 


I, 


'■M    V.      U  l»l'j"/ 

.:  I..  .1.  ".'.  II.  N 


li'- 


2  y.    II    liinicli    cif    it*    |irovi-ii>i 


•;(  rviiii 


\.l.i 


I,  ul- 


•I   1..    A 


.1     /. 


1 1    C 


lliiKli    ^.■«   M.I. 


S.  S,  •.•H4.  47  Wi'ik.  Iti'ji.  XT.  VaiitrlKui    .\|i| 


4SII, 


,\   -liiiiiliir  I'l.ni-i'   i'   iluii'.'t 


i\illi.iiii. 


I,.  .1.,   >iijil    widi    riii-iriin-   li 


li  »~    ill...!  Iril 


till  till 


y   lU't:      "I     huM'    •■■|Uiill.V 


„ulil  thill,  wli'Tc   in  11   .^tiitiil 


I   llii- 


iiilii 


/.,  M 


i\  llii« 


kiiid  II  I'll"-*': 

|irlliillliaM 

i,.il  i-  II  iiiiillcr 


Iv    i<    iinniilrit   ill   I  i-r-   III    '' 


\.   II  I 


|l-!iS;    I   .     \    I 


,1     Ih. 

til  111'  I  ikiii   iiili 


iluiv. 


T.  \. 


I,,  .r.  1.1.  1!.  N.  .- 

JSI,    IT  Uiik    l:.|i. 


criitiiiii 


for  till'   |iiii|ii 


till  llii'i-  1111  111 


Ill  ill  III  mill 
ill  li"  I'm   iniun 


^.(■ix.inl    w.i* 


lll.VMll     li 


>\<\      III!'     Ill 


,1      l,v      till'     ill  |i'li.|:llll'«     P-i'll 


ll|«.,l    liV    IIIHIjll'l  iMIIllllllCI'    I 


if  iliii  limy. 


ipliiiri'i'    « 


illi    till-    I'l 


0\  I'iiilM     I 


■r    tt 
:i.at    ll:l-H' 


li.ilii'i-     till'     li'^'i~liiliiii'    nil 


,  l.'il     r;ii;.;li-.li    lailiiiy   not    with 


hIhii.IiI    111'    Ii'i    otiiri 


t  till 
::iii|  III  ilii 
mill.    I-.   .1. 


i.aii   till'   stiituliiiy 
,v     nil    iii..,iiiH     niiii 


lu- 


ll iiiicly    •.'iMi'liii^    111'    iii.iiliiii.iy. 
ih  .    liiit    il     1-    iiiiili'  till'  fi'llimiiic  ii'ii.iil^-:      "''    '-  •'' 
i'u'.'oi    till'    "Illy     !"■  i.l-i:\.'l.  i"   II"'  lir-l    |.I;ici'.  Mi:.i    iiii 


111    Ik-    l.lki'll     illli 


iri..iili.i  .il 'iiii    I 


for  tliiit   |iiii|i''~ 


If   it    111'    liMiM.I    Iiml 


1.1     t\.r     |il 
if     till'     till 


.||\ 


|,iiiviili'il    liy   till'   -litiili'    -nil    ii'.|iii' 


.1 


.--Jlil> 

lli~   fllllli 


I" 

111  till.  Ill'l- 


fur   till'   liilii'fit   of   till'   luTMlll     -Kill 


i.-  oiih   tli.il  I  111 


ly.      Till'   jii 
I  liii'lr  111   iiiiy  p.irt 


ll     llV     I  III'     llli 


i.iiiri' 

mv.  lli;it  i-  nil  ailili 


if   I  111'  >.taliitiiiy    iif  it   limy 


III   |.l;ltli'r  V.  lii' 


'lit    t.)  Ill'    tllUrll    i 


!.t 

I  in;.'  »i 


niii  I'liii-i'li'iiitiiii! 


llir  iiijiii 
I'lwi-i'.    II* 


.1  |., 


M'l 


lir.l   fur   till'  111 


il    iif 


lii"  I', 


iiiiiiy.  Ill  111 II 

-l;ll..     |||.|.'|. 


til   till'   i|iii  -Inn 


ilii'tlii 


-l.iniri'  iiiti'ii'li 


ll      III! 


-l.ltllllH  V 


n  111      fiiii-  nil' 


I  iK 


if    I II I 


lii.ti.r. 


Ill:i'ji-i  1  111  -.    Ilp'iii 


,,iv  til  111-  ilii'  <iiil>   ii'iiii'ily 


■  tut   iI'.mIii. 


.Illl 


I  11  1 .11  inn-   nil'   lliiA'   'i 


fji'l  th.it   till'  li^'i-lntiiif'  lini  (111 
llml  tliit    ri'iiiiil\    -liiill  iiiiir 


1,1      ill.!. 


till 


lliliillllt 


tl>. 


ir  nil     'till     mm  ii 


ir  -..liiii'  ciieiiiii 


.Iniiri-^  -linll    iiiilH'.   fm     "'"i 


111  111.  till 


rLnini'iiT  111  llii-  in 


.  tH'iiilit  111  tin-  inr-iiii    111  Illl  I 


I'lii-ivi' 


i)f      till 


111;. .-t  lull,    nii 


riiii     li'iu'i". 


llli-    1   .-lirt    wiiiil.l    l.r   II 


.'liri    1.1 

ihiT  lit 


i|.     ;il      .1   -.rriiill-  111  lit   n    vrilln 


I   I'l 


iiiin.'l. 


'I' 


i.ii'.'li  it  limy  III'  i ;.i-ii:    n 

■).i.li.|;ilii.ll.    iitlirl     liinttil- 


111    «i.i.l 


rlity    \ 


wi'  lli.it  it  «ii-  I)''  till'  Inllii   ihnitrii'V. 


,iNii    linvi.    lull    n    |' 


■  r-iiM    (\.i-    iiiiliirl'.lii: 


h|.  rnn-l 
In  •/.''' I 


liiiil.' 


ili-ii] 


lU'Iiri'   o 


it.lv    kill-.l 
f    it"      Wlinl 


ll.,;,'   <(■    //.    A".    »'".    liiii'  nil    Illl'  imi'.'i-iint.-  In  iiiinn-i'. 


.\ro 


ll-lMl 


K.'V 


•^.    Lit.  till'  iliii'iriiii'   pin     tiny    to    ii.i|m-.i' 


:.li..l  in  III:, in 
I  1  Slid  I 


lt,lln:lu   .(     .V, 


I..   I! 


iiiiniiiil    n-   It    ll    ui'ii'  n 


III.. 


f     till 
nnil   I'n- 


•2-2  N.  >.   l^il.  Iliiit   I'll'  1"" 
iltv  liM'.l    l.v    nil    iir.li!iniii-|.    n-    In    "i 


^li'i't     In    fi'iii 


'i'lii.    lii-l    tliiiii; 


hill-    lif     I'M 
lllil-il    til,'    I 


:l-    till'    lillly    r.ill-    .|lli'll.- 


.Milllil   -ny 
-'.irr    wnll 


ilinl    tlii'V  uii'ilil   lini..  tn  I'liii 

11     111.     ulll'tlllT    till-    liiVlll-      Uils 


M^    iMiji. 


i-i'il  ll 
1 


r  It-  Ml 


iLilnrcil  tn  -mini   li|inii  ;;miiiii 


Intiii 
.U  ll 


iilitfi'l  to     jn-tiiy     lis    n|.| 


liiili. 


ll      .1     L'l.iM 


liny    111'    -11 
11 lilt   1.1  1 1 


I    til  ll.    il 


i.tllll  u  i-i' 

ii.i  miiiiii*; 


til.'  I'll;!  liii'Irr  o; 


f  111. 


not  -trii'tlv   witliiii   it.      Tlini    ilnc     inini 


IV  -'1-;  liiii  I  li\    till.  u..:Kiii.iii  wi.iil 


,11-   |.\|.!i.'itl,v    .li-iMi-.li'il    ill 


U.I 


in;-iili  11 


.1.    I. Ill    I    mil    iii'i    -"III 


,.,/;,  V.  Ihhw'ii 
..(  N,  V.  .VJ4. 


.(  ;/.  f./'i.i 


/  r.,.  (  ISTlii     lliil    i-   il'i-   111.  n.iiiiL'  nf   tl 


tint 


Wlicii'  till'  lint  ii'i  iiiiim. 


-,.,1    l.v   stntiil. 


nt   |.i 


tl.iii 
-I, 


Illl    I 


1-   itiliii' 


111'  tl 


arc  nuTi'lv  liiini 


ini-li'i  i.il.   till'  'Ji'iii'i 


,1    mil.    in..?!,. It   lit  111.,  limy  mil' 


ii.  i.|ii|. 
.-,  .1   l.v 


tli:it  an  acti 


ill   III 


it    iln-  -nit   lit'     iiiil   mil-' 


1.1 


|'i"i' 


n  t  i..n  .1..   In  t  Ml-   I' 


tlip 


|rirty   iiL'L'rii'i 


.1     llV      tlll'tll. 


I'irl.' 


Ilii- 


1-i.l.. 


1ST:!  I    I..   I;.  «  ('.  r.    1"^''     tiiiii.    mil 


1    tl'i.    fiiil     tlint    \\l:nl.'..r    p, 


.'inn.  4'2 


,1,  r.  1'.  N.  s. 


.'1    Wnl;.    n!l>    tlio    iniui-'i 


nop.  TSii,  2(1  !,   T.  N.  S.  -.MO.  p. 


nri.'t. 


ilv 


I,,    ill.'    iiipir 


rl       ll, 

.1    .AiirUiiiin 


liis  fniiiilv.  1,'ail  mi'  to  H 


c!ii-ii 


TliP 


miiiin'.'    ni 


t     of     Mi-'-ni 


iii     (Fii'V.    ilmt    it    i-niiinil    ti.ivf    I.nn    thr   in' 


■^tat.    ISSfll    pxprc 


-Iv   ilii'Inri"*    tlint     n 


if     llic    !,".'i-!,iliiir    tlmt     tlio     pi 


I'nnnt   iii;iv  sun  ti.r   iniurir-   rnii'r 

Vol.  II'.  M.  &  s.    ,-)»;. 


ll    ll\      w 


liirli  iiiipo-t's  upon 


till' 


IMlip 


InVi'r  a  111 


li 


i        I 


I  I 


(k> 


ir; 


■^j 


m 


fii  I 


id  I 


.'184 


MASTKH  AM)  SKHVAXT. 


I'lUK  XI 


tlioiipli  "no  miioli  fli'^'iHwril  ••si^f  Iuh  l)orn  .^upposod  to  riuli.lv  • 
lirnnd  fiinoial  |irii|M.-<ifi<»n  "ihuf,  wliori'vor  u  stntut/iry  duty  \~  .■n-.^u 
liny  pcr-'iii  wlin  can  slmw  tlmt  lii'  Iihh  sii>«tiiiiiod  injurifs  fi-uiii  il.c  i 


an  a  piiiiiHtimpiit  for  nrjflpct  of  hl» 
^liiliilnry  iliilj-  xlimiM  tiikf  invaj-  t\\v 
|>riiiia  laiii'  ri;.'lit  of  tlip  workman  to  In- 
liilly  l'lllll|>l■ll-.al4^l  for  iiijiiiy  ocniHii.tiol 
tn  )ijiii  liv  lliiit  lii'Klrf't.  Aliotlicr  oU-i'i  ■ 
vntioM  uliii'li  iiiaki-D  tlie  matter  ntill 
plfuriM'  ariM'M  from  the  fact  tlint,  liav- 
ing  rcgani  to  tlie  provinioiiit  of  {  H7.  it 
moy  not  Im-  the  piiiploypr — pri'Hiimaldy 
a  pi-rsoii  of  mraiiH  and  rapalilc  of  paj- 
injf  a  HiilMlHiilial  Hup — «lio  would  liav 
to  pay  tlip  line.  L'ihIit  tliat  sci'lioii  tlip 
pmployiT  may  bp  cxcmptpd  from  thp 
ppnalty,  and  the  tinp  may  'jc  inipoHpd 
upon  IliP  aptiial  ofTciHlpr,  who  may  lip  a 
workman  employi'd  at  wci'kly  waj{f«: 
and  yet  it  i«  said  lliat  a  tinp  payahlp  by 
«iich  a  pprson  i-t  the  only  renipily  jf'^''" 
by  till'  statute  to  the  injurpd  workman 
for  hrearh  by  the  oeeupier  of  the  ini- 
peralivp  stntutorv  duty.  1  cannot  read 
this  statute  in  tlie  manner  in  which  it 
i«  Hoii^'ht  to  be  read  by  the  defendant.  " 

!{|;:l>y.  ]j.  .1..  HUmmetl  up  his  conolu- 
-ions  as  follovvs:  "Ixniking  at  the  whole 
[luniew  of  the  act,  is  it  one  of  those 
aols  by  whieh  the  le^'islature  remlers  a 
partliiilar  course  of  conduct  im|MTative. 
and  a  deviation  from  it  punishable  by 
IKii'lly.  in  the  ;reneral  interests  of  th< 
public  at  larye.  but  doe<  riot  intend 
thai  an  individual  shall  have  a  |iii\ali' 
ri;.'ht  of  action  for  injury  occisioncd  to 
him  liy  breach  of  its  provisions-;  Or  is 
it  one  of  those  acts  in  which  thi'  lepis 
hituic.  lia\iii(.'  created  a  new  duty  in  the 
int<'rests  of  a  certain  class  of  piisoiis. 
and  havin<j  provided  a  statuloiy  rinicdy 
f(M-  hieai-h  of  that  duty,  intcncls  that 
that  remedy  shall  be  the  only  one  avail 
able?  It  is.  in  my  opinion,  neither  one 
nor  the  other." 

See  also  the  evtiact  in  noti'  T.  siiiirn. 
from  the  opinion  of  VaUfihiiM  Willianis, 
1-.  J. 

That  there  is  a  riylil  of  action  for  in 
juries  causi'd  \<\  a  breach  of  the  provi 
sioiis  of  the  kiifilish  factory  act  wa- 
takcn  for  irranliHl  in  the  cases  cited  in 
5   Su-J,   note    1.   infra. 

That  till-  .American  doctrine  is  to  the 
same  ellrct  with  regard  to  a'"  statutes 
enacted  for  the  prilection  of  servants  is 
shown  by  the  derisions  citp<l  in  the  last 
note,  as  well  a  y  n  any  of  those  col- 
lected in  §  Si  ii(fin.  Sec  especially 
those  relating  to  minp.s.  In  none  of 
them  does  it  spom  to  have  been  seriously 


contendpd,  much  1p»ii  dec  dc  I,  il,.it  i 
iiillnlion  of  a  penalty  had  lli  iir.c 
prii'luiliii);  the  injured  senaiit  iiuhi 
coNciiii);  dama),'es  in  an  aiiinn  for 
breach   of  the  statutory  diii\ 

In  Fiiimiin   V     nil  II n  I', ill.   I'.ti...   I; 

(•'-.  (  ISliI  )  t)l  llun,  i:;.->,  1.-,  s.  \  s,| 
11.17.  it  was  tjiken  foi  :;i  irii..|  tl.it 
si'ivant  hiid  a  ri;;ht  of  aiii'Mi  |ir  i 
juries  eausisl  by  the  failiii<  i>\  \,\,  m.i 
ter  to  comply  with  an  (irdiimii..'  mIu 
imposed  a  penally  for  the  uini.-i,  i; 
have  aiitonialii"''<y  clo-in;;  .l.mi-  to  i 
vatoi    shaft.s. 

.■\s  to  thp  ease  of  Ctinili    \-    Sini,  . 
the  followinir  note. 

(hi    Af'tidH    hftd   not    miti  itirinnhlr 
The  statute  of  2:1  &  24  \'irt,  cliij..  1,1 
for    the    rc;;iil.itloM    and    iiispM'tiii 
tiiinps.  s|H'cilies    ( S    lU)    sevi'ial  riil<- 
Ih"   observed    by    peisou:,    opi  r.iiiiii;  n 
milH's:    one     4)f     the-e     pii.vi-i..'.  Ur 
that  an  ndeipiale  amount   nf  \iii!liiti' 
shall  be  poiistaiilly   ptiidiiceil  ii,  .in!, 
extent    that    the   |.'ils.  etc..  .li;ill  l.i.  i.i 
tit   state  for  wcukiu'r.     liy   5  -2  n  pf 
ally   is   iuiposi'd    tor   a    MulMiinn  ni   i' 
of  these  rules. 

.Vci'ordiiiL'  to  Ion!  (  h-iip-|.i.!— '' 
iillier  law  lords  drcliiicil  in  iv|iri—  . 
o|iini<iii  on  this  point  tlii-  «l;iti:ti' ■!" 
not  (jive  a  iiiiiur  a  l  i;.dil  of 
he  U(aild  not  have  hail  u  ii 
v«n  V.  1/.  nil  I  ISliS ,  I..  I! 
.\pp.  (as.  :i-Jii.  .'Ul.  l!i  I.. 
■•  The  statulable  duty. '  In-  I 

loubt.     crciittil'    mIi-mI- 

purposes  <if  t  he  act  ;  tat* 
wliich.  if  unperioi  nil  il. 
t'oieed  by  the  penally, 
tirotiction  of  the  piil 
covered  afrainst  the  ■  ,i 
who  causes  the  work  le 
indiviilual  sustains  an  injury  in."'- 
f]Uenee  of  the  work  bein^'  iiiipi  rl'clly  . 
iinpropeily  perl'ornicd.  a  civil  liiiMhi 
is  not  iiiiposisl  upon  til!'  iv.Mi.r.  if  "i' 
(ait  the  statiitildc  ..I.IIlmI  !<mi  !,.■  u'ni' 
not  have  bi-eii  lialdc."     Tlic  rr:i-""ii'i' 

the   court    of   e\clicipii  r   elialnlii-l    il:   'i  -I 

V.  fiiiini  (isiiti  .-.  Hcsi  &  s.  n:ii.  ml 

.1.  Q.  n.  X.  S.  :2(;."),  11  I..  T.  N.  s.  .-1. 
13  Week.  Hep.  'J.lT.  where  an  leii'in  \\. 
sustained  a<.':iinst  a  hons<'  ew  net  wl"- 
omission  of  a  statutory  ilu'y  for  l' 
nonperformance  of  which  a  pciiilty  »> 
imposed  caused  an  injury  to  a  nii'i;i'' 


a. 1  hill  ..!:i 
I. .Ill   it,    II 

1  II  I.  - 
T.   \    y  :: 

iiiiin.i.l.-: 
i,l\  fur  <•■ 
1    i-  II  ijir 

..iilv  !..■  . 

iliiv  I'll  il 

1 1.1  lip  I 

(.1-  (.f^piiiii. 
ilonc       If  :l 


m^ 


I  m] 


ACTS  IMroMXa  Sl'KllIK    DITIES. 


tlM 


iTtiiriiui 


ii^o  of  flitit  flut\  tiiti  liriiia  an  uctiun  for  tlaiuages  ngainst  the 


iicrxi: 


II  on  whom  thr'  ijiitv  is  'inpusto. 


f  th»  pi'l'li''.  «■"»  ""ii-iili'ii'il  by  liiiii  to    riiilit  i--  niHtiil  iiml  vr'.lr.l  in  Ibi-  plnin 


Ull-^l!l-llll'll"',">'- 


)    iHt     Im^ 


Ml    Ih'IK  lit   aiul   ii'lv.iiit. 


_\,   .lltlrli     :lll.'>;l    "I     tilt'    IJ'li  lii'C    field-     iiikI    111!    -|ii     illc    illllj-     ill 


l.f  till 


no  iii'i  lApi''' 


.Iv   .Ii'I'Im 


.1,(1.   Ill    iii>\M<«('    nil 


.Ills    iIm 


lli.it   it-  |irii     I 


ll.lllliill     In-.    lnHll    il|l|M)-C<l.    lull    till 


nf   All   I'Mip 


Vl'l     III    III 


ir  till'  lisil  luws    of    till' 


I II. I 


«i      till'  nil  Ills    piiiliiliil  ■.  a  tliii;.'  Iiiin/  ilmii' 


i«    iiKilir  .1 


ii.iliv  fur  ili'iii''  ii.  nn  aitinn 


''I',    fur  iLiini/ri   i<   not    tliaiiil.ilii.ililr. 


All 


inM-iotit   art- 


Ill    111-    tii'iiiiij    j^    (liMiii,    Tiiit-..  litli  itl.    JO. 


hirl 


,v  ri.;;iil.ilioii«.  will 
liiviM    tu    lint-    am 


1  iniri  h 


W'. 


il  IMhiiii    Milh   r. 
ilMMii    20  (an.  S.  (■ 


iliprl        'llii-t    w.is    llic    lon-iniflion   put    li.v 

.    .\.   IM'.I.S'/.      .(. 

<  .  A.I    U  I!. 


Ill    iiiipi  i-iiitiiuiit.    (jord  Ciiiii-  in  .Itkn. 


V.  <■< 


\\nl. 


w,  s  ro.  ( 1H7 


IaiIi,  iJis.  til.  Hi  I,.  .1.  <^  It.  \.  .•>. 

",-..  .'Ki  I,.  T.   N.  .s.  Till.  J.-i  U.  ik.  i;.p 

II.    iipiiii     III).    I.iii;,'ii.i;:i'    iiMil    liy   llu 

If  I'ln     foiirt  (if  l^iiii  lis  lifiifh  ill  Cnm  h  v,  Sh-^  ' 

il  iiiipoMtl  11  piiiully  fur  a  vi«      ilS.'il)    ;t    Kl.   i    lil.   402.   .•   i'.    L.   lii'p. 


lli^ 


A  liH.il  liiiililiiia  art   iii|iiiriMl   lire  rs- 

i,,«  on  liiiililiii;;'*  win 

Hiljll     llUMllirr     of  0|MTHliM.-. 

i.'Mtl.  an 


(if  till'  linv,  anil  aKn  piosi'lil  fur    li|i 


I,.   .1.  <^    I!     N.   S.    l-'l.    IS  .h 


(•lliiii.     llflil.  tlial   an  iipii;ili\f    ."il'i.      Ilulli    In'  ami    l!ii'  olliii    ImiU    ju- 
iluvi'l  ill  Kiirli   a   liiiililiii;^   lunini:   in»    lins    liail    Kravi'   ilii.ilit.H    .ilniiit    tin-   nn 


iill'l  not  niaiiil.'iii  ,iii  ;M'iiii||     in'lin' 


■I    til 


-t    till 


III'  Iriini 


fur   an     iiiiiirs    -11.1 


o    piiipo~it  lull    11 


Itiil.       'rllli-.c    ilollllt-.      rtl'lc      afliTH;ll(U 


III 


llii'  liiiililii 
1,1//  d  t'oiitr  Co. 


\\a-    niinp 


lli'il      III      llill'latl'lt     liV     l.lilll     lll'V-l'lll'll     ill    fl,:lt. 

\.   Shi      V.     \' II  1,1111  L  I    l.iii.il    II'iiikI    (iMi^i     .' 


(Ihrsli    U   It.   I.   C.   ■•U."i 


III   (  ()(/( 7i    V.  SI"  I  it   \Mi-   lii'lil  lli:it    a 


Vv  iliiitrinc  Pinlioilii.l  in 


il  I 


II'    >*i'.iniii 


II     will 


mill  ri'l   iiijiin    l-y  tv 


is  tliiil   till'  pro\  i-iiiii-  lit  lilt'    oi    till-    failiirr   ot    In-    iinpluwr    to   fin 


iicN    of    tliil     pi 


iHiil.    iii-'i  111. 


iippl\    of  iiii'iiii'iin"^  pn-i'ii 


I....I 


St.it.    1HS7.    iliap.    HI:    tint.    I!i  V.    liy    tli:-    l'!n;:lisli    .sliippiiii;   act    coiilil    1 
.  b;i7.  I'liap.  ■JilSl    arc  iii'ii.il  iihti  iy,    roviT  ilaiiiiii;rs,  all  liiiii;:ti   a  priiallv   « 


111  roiifiT  any  civil   riulil   ul  ac     aUu  impoKiil  for  iionpirfoiin 


f  I  III 


The  llicury   |>ropiiiinilcil   wa«  that    •.taiiitmy   iliily.      I.oni   (ampin  .1,  wlm-i' 
sun  Willi  i:f  i'liniiil   liy  a  siutiiioii    views   \\cr«-  ailopltil   liy    llie   rc-t    of   tlic 

irt,  cxprt -Mil  tlic  opiniiin.  in  tlie  lir>t 


'■f  llii'  <i:Mi|loi'y  iiriivi-icini, 
!o  lirini;  -iiit    fur  ilaini 

iiiiiiMtiii  !;i\v  ri;;!il -  01 


illlll    wi-lii 


I'le 


Ml 


.1.1. 


f  ai'li 


•i|    plact-.    ttiiit    tlip    staliiliiiy    pr 


UM-Iilll     III 


11.11.  Mini    i{Uestiiin   w.i.s  rnai 


tel    fol     till'    111 


il    liiinself     l.f     llii.-e    j.iuvi     iiiilivHiiiiils.  and    lli.it.   iiinler   tin 


cMi'pl   tu  tlie  extent   of  aililiieiii^'    fiinistami -. 


t)ic 


'a-e     fell     williiii     till 


ili'fiiiil.i'it'.i   failure   t 


o    COIII| 


h'    w 


a  lir'Uiii-tanec  wliieli  teiiiN  to    in   Ci 


itii    Mupc  of  the  ^reneral   priiuiple  laiil  iIuhii 


I'l.'le    l|.','li'4elli 


iinj 


l'«    Ui^'est.     tllle       le^l'i-l 


»/.. 


his    pari    iS     TIM),    Sliiliiti-   (Kl,  that,  ■'in  every  c;isi.  win 


ri„i.i 


(If-illil    2(1  Out.    I{ep.   L'H:    lli 'hijiiiil    the  hcnelit    iif 


stjtulc  i-ii:iets  01    pri'hiliils  a  thiic,;  fii 


he  -hall   li.nse  a 


V     V<CUir 


\tl.j. 


( ls!i:i)    'i:)  (Int.    reiiici 


Iy    II  pun    tl 


le   !-aiin'   -t.ililte    fur 


thi 


M it'll, III  rill  V.   Hull-   Mfn.  <'o.    tliiii;;  ciiiiileil   fur  his  lulvaiil; 


'Wi-li   in  (lilt.  .\pp.   liep.   117;   ftuihi   1.1    the  i|.euiii|. 


nt  a   Willi.::  .h. 


.  or  for 
to  him 


\.  IliiiiiUiin  l'„n„,i   Co.    Ils!i:ii    -2:1  (int.    coiitraiv  tolhesui,)  hiv 


n.'ii.  4':.'i.     The   rilliii" 


iiri  of 


llppe;l!     ill    (illli 


the     KiiL'lish    also  ph 'I   iipun  the 


111 


(  I   Stai.    l:.ti 


st.l 

'll.  1 1 


l.'eli.lllee   was 
ite  cf  We-tni. 


ip. 


."ill.   w 


hich 


|S!«|  2  (),  It.  4(12.  117   I..  .1.  (,».  It.  \.  S.    t'ivcs  a   riiiicily  liy  aclimi  uii  the  casi 


to 


*i;2.  70  I,.  T.  X.  S.  2S1,    17   We.k.   I'.t'p.    all  win 


ii'^rieveil    li\    the   UCLrlect    <if 


■(r  l>i:e  siihd.    (a  1 


to  have 
llicsc  lie 


.111 fii II 1 .    won 


i.l    s, 


ceiii    iiiiv 


dills 


d     I. 


slalllte. 


veilhriiv.ii     the    aulhority    of    (  uke'i   lii-t.  4X11.      lie  then  pn 


T'liat    nilin;;    \iiliiali\     fi.lli 


•Till 


'letemiiin.-  tliat  a  faituiy  act  liained  011    aeiiiniit    reipiiiiii;;    ll 


■lie.)  as 

the      -ii.iplc     cn- 

l\    iif    nir-di- 


11.     slMiIi 


the 


same    lines    as    the    KiiL'lish    one    is    (ines    would    hi 


piitilled    the    plaintilV 

ill'    .-.line   niannrr   ar^    if 


no't  within  liio  purviow  of  the  priniiiilc    !..  ,11.  .irriun 

relied  upon  in  the  first  named  of  the  On-    ihe  oldiiration  had  been  imposed  hy  tlio 

tario  cases,  ci:„  that  "wlure  no  speoiiic    foiimiun  law.  or  li.id  been  expressly  in- 


rfl 


tn 


■  i  ' 

I 

^1 

:i: 

. 

i 

k 

m 

1 

■ 

If 

ii 

UjiiBi<< 


21M 


MASTER  AND  StKRVANT. 


(i  inr 


li'ii  i 


For  n  mf^rf  'omplrfp  discii-^ioti  ,•>£  tlif>  <■   '"lit  of  flu'  ri;'!if  i.f  an 
f;ri(vcil  ;  iili\i  ii       to -uc  for  dainii;;' -»  rc'iili  inj;  from  tlif  iiili'i>i.'.'i;, 
of  a     Mtiilr,  ill  i.i-C!*  wliert'  u  |"Ualfv  i^  iiii|io-ri|   for  n  I'l.^nii, 
rcailrr  is  rcfci'      '    o  gi'iuTal  fn'afi-c.-i  on  tin'  law  of  iic;.'lij:i  ..... 

rliKli'd  in  the  iihi        urlidcii.     JIovvi'Vit,  |um;iIi_v   m<(i\i.|:iIi|c    liy    n    pi.m.rii.n 

i    IH  i.f  *     it.    7  •*     ^  irt.   cliap.    IIJ,  luiimr   In  ii-    iiiiiii'Siil   na  ii    imni-ii'i 

V  l.icli   ri':\lrn  thi-  .liiti      •\iu,   nuiki'i  llii'  fur    tin'    lii.ii|pii  fm  tii^tii-..    i.t    il.,.   p,, 

|i.ui\   » t  11  oii'jlit  tn  ;•  I'  I  III  il  li.ilili'  to  iliity.    .  'I  lu'  im-i   nt  .v         ,  , 

a   iicii. ihy  (or  i.  !  ■•      our.  to  Im'  re-  ...■/,.     (|s;s)    II   i,i     II    Ml     i"   |,    i 

(•i.MriiJ  nt    'he   -i:  I    i.f    m       |ii'i»nn.  nml  I!.  \.  >.   Iitl,  Ii  .liii.    1T7    i-  ,-],:,th 

tu    l)0  ii|i|ihi  I    in    ,'.•>'     'II    till-    ililmnirr,  liii;.'iii>l>alil<'  fi>'iiitlii'  |>..-.iii.     \„  .■ 

jiihI  tlic  iisidnc      1  |i,t    '  I',     inn'n  llosiii-  *\i-.   Ii\    llh-     i  iliilc     m     ili.ii    ,  ,h. 

tal  Soriity.      P'  •  |"  r    'i_\       in^  niiiii-xt'il  |.i.-.i|   upon  tin.  (IrdiiiLii  i  ;  I      ■   -  . 

to  till'  ulli  ii«(t    I  <     'i       I ',t     't.iil..'t'  of  IIk'  f>iii!iiliili  i|    iiniirr   it    pi'    ili. 
act  cri'iiliiis  il 
pri.('.i.(lin({   coil       \if 

pri  ~i  II      lllilkili;'       '<  fi 
liriiHJi    of   the    il. 
till-  not.     The  .III" 
iiiiiiuc,   the  il.  t 
l'_\   (III'  riiiiinii. 
II  liri'.uli  iif  it,  < 
niiMJi'  of    piiii.slii 
M'lil.cd   l.y  thr  II 
lir  uiiiii''  in  con 


■II 


p'    U 
,1    l.v    . 
An  f 
lint.  Hi 


I   '    u.   .Ill    or  dIIki  '  i-ii  k  tl"'  ri;.'ht  of  liht       ■  <■. 

iitfiiinnt   *lii'  III    li.iil  it   lit  tli<>  I'liiiii     ,  III      {I.. 

til"     .   rri'  11. i|    Iiiiiiiiil     to     pi  I  iiiriii     ii!i',    |.,iiii.-i 

lion    hi'      '  iitv   I.I  iti'il  l.y  till.  .-Ill    I. Ill    ■.    I,  • 

'!   !•:       i.ii'i  o  ilii   tliiit    w'lipli     liiil     fi.r    ilif  ,iii 

,..1.  iiiiu'iit  him- iloii.-.     .     .     .     Iiiiliri. 

i'    lor  lluiriii,)!!  V.   (iii^'trHlit    1  it;  .      :  \\ , 

ili.iilur  (Mill,  :t  U'iN.  i\.\.  an    ihm .ii 

lly   i>ii'  ni^i' Hii-  III  111  to  111' iii.iiiiMiii  •'.:    ,i.- 

1'  pull  ;i    ilrpiHi    |,.i>i!ii.i.|i  r     f..i     i,    l.|,   .i] 

<     I  liiiiv    III   nui  ililivi'iiii'.'  11   pi^«i   li'ii.T 

<.|y   Int    tlint    pi    -mliiil    hj    'lie    i  i    nt  rr.|iilriil     l.y     Slat.    0      \nii.     .•..j. 

I'.irli  iiMMit.     'riiiTi'   is.   lio.M'Vi'r.   liyi.'nl  IIhui.jIi    lie    wjk.    Iiy    tin-    -.m..    .    • 

till'  pitlilic  wroii;;.  a  Hpriial  atiil   p.iinii  liiilili-  to  ii  pi'iiilty  foi    i|.  I  il'r;j  I  !i 

lar  (laiiiii;(p  siisiiiiin-l  liy  Ihi'  pl.iiiitif;   l.y  Tin.  uliji'i'iiuii  \hm  t.iK  ii.  ..    nn 

(r;i''on  of  till'  liii'.M'li  of  duly   l».v   tl'.'  i!''  I  In*  I'lniit    liriii;^'  of  iii'ivinn  )'..'.  i'.. 

fi'ii'Iant,  for  wliicli  lip  has  iin  iriiii'ih   iiii-  the  iliity  wn-  rrratnl   's   -l.iiir..  i! 

li«H  an  iiclioii  on  llii'  ruso  at  lii<  tnit  lio  lii.i   I  ly  at    coniiniiii   l.m       h:  >  .'i 

ni.iintaiiialiU':      n'd      llip     ipii-iioii      is  as   in   tlii-.   tlii'   piiiilt\    w  ■ .  v,.-..'.i 

wlicllirr  ''■■(■  pi'ti.iily  aniicMil   lo  tlir  of-  liy   a   rdiiiiiiiiii  ininiiiHT.  .in. I  ii'ii  1-v 

fi'iiKe    oiKii'liidcr-    the    plaintilV.    wlio    his  pnriy   yiicvid. 

)>ii~laiiii'ii  a  xpi '  lal  and  paitirnlar  dam  "In    t  lii'    pii -int    r:i-i      if   <       -t  r 

a^i',   as    well    Us    tlii'    piililic    llioii),'h    no  had     prr-i'i  iliid    a     paili-il.ii     ii..l. 

part  of   llio  penalty    is  pay.ilde   to  I'ini.  wliieli   a    iii-.m    -  i-'  .|h:    -^  :•■   "il  .1 

"If    the    pel  I'oriiia  lice    of   a    new    duty  a;.'e   liy    iri^mi   ..t    ,    I.:,  m-.  ..f  tin.! 

created  hy  act  of  rarliaiiiint  i<  eiifoici'il  iiiip..-^id    l.y   lli.-   ~!    !:iii-   »  i-  i..  i. 

hy   a    penalty    reeiiveralile   li\    tlie   party  riiiu|.i 'i-.il  imi.    !iii.|..'i''.'r.||\     iNii     i. 

af.'KI  ieved   liy  the   noiipeifunn  iiiee.  tliiie  nnl>     eiiiild    he  iiiinjili  I:   i.iit    »'.'!.  ' 

is    no  other   leiiiedy   lliaii    tlial    j.'i\.'n   li.v  S  \iri.  ili.i|i.  Il'i.  has  mil.    p..  j  t"i  ■ 

the  act.  either  fur  the  puhiie  or  li.e  pri-  inr  eiiiii|..  n-.ii  ii.ii  tn  a   p.  i    "i  -ii-iir 

vale    wroii";:    hut    hy    the    penalty   :;iM'M  spiejil  .l.nii.ii'.'  '\    i-..i- i  n  lin.- 

in  the  act   now  in  ipu'stinn    l.'^tat-.  T   &  the  dnt.\    pi.-iiilud  l'\    'in      .    ;  n.  ■ 

fi     Vict.     chap.     1121,   oiiiiiprii>..ilioii    I'.ir  there  anv    u..id-  tak'i-j  av   '\    t'.    i 

private    .speeial     daniaue    -eiins    n.ii    lo  «liiih   the   iiijiiri.l    pull    umil!  '•  '■ 

inve    heen    conteiiiplated.     The     peiiallv  ei.iiiinnti    law   In   iii.iiil  li'i   .ri  .i.i    ': 

i^  recover  ilile  ill  ei-e  of  a  hreaeh  of  the  spiel  il  il;iii'.-i;:i>  aii^'n;;  li.ii  l!  .■  I'f' 

pulilie  duty,  tlinu'.'h  no  i|:.ina;,'e  may  ae  of  a    j.iililie  duly;    tlu'  p.  nillv  '.'ii.'i 

tll'lly  have  heen  -iistaiiieil  hy  anyhmly;  the  slitute  hi-iii'.'  apnlii-.'""  i'"!>  '" 

and   no  aiilhoril.v    has  lieen   eited    lo  lis.  pnldic  uron:;.  an. I  n.t   I',     pil.  ■'.■  •! 

nor   are   we   aware   of  any,   in    whieh    it  a'.'e.    .    .    .    Ijnin  priiiii|.!.  .  i!.;:..i-' 

has   Ixen    held    that,    in   such    a    e;se   as  as    U|ion    aiitiioil'y.    a~    fir     -  »<•  li 

the    present,   the    cneunnn-law     riylit    to  heen  ahle  to  tinil  any  iipmi  I'l     i"'iiit. 

niaiiiliin  an  antifin   in   ri-pect  of  a  spe-  think  the  ^eeond  e.iiiut   is  aiiiiitilM 

ciil   dania'.'i'   r.«iill  ii'ir   fioiii   tlie   hreaeh  an. I   that    the    plaim  i;l"«    \'.-^:.t.  hy 

of    a    piihlic    duty    (whether   siirli   duty  eoninion   law.  to  niii"t.iin     ii  :iili"'i 

exists  at  coniinon   law   or  is  created   hy  the    ease    for    spnlal  iliini.i'  -ii-tii 

statute)    is  taken  away  Ky  reason  of  a  hy  the  hreaeh  of  a   puhllv  .iit.v.  i- 


wm 


AffN  IMl»»iHIN(.  MU.nhMf  Ul  TUX 


3117 


i»ol,  »u.') 
gOl.  Empl'^ycr  not  rendered  an  iniuret  of  hi*  tcrv.mt'i  safety  by  the 

KpMition  ot  a  ipeciflc  duty. —  It  lu  I'.ni  i.ii.l  .Inwu  iii.it  st;iiiii<^  -.1 
tiekiti.l  hiTc  \in«liT  n-vicw  «li.  ii"l  -i'  r.it.-  -.>  a-  t..  ivmli  r  (he  «>m(il"yiM- 
„nin«iiivr<>f  hit' *cTVimf'-<  -.il.  ly  in  y-i»vt  t-.  tli.  |.  •i-|..r:ii.iii<'<' i.f  th<' 
Intv  imiM.-oil  hy  tht-  statiiti':'  aii.l  il.nl  Iii--  li:ilii!iu  I'l.r  a  ln'.'iK'li  of 
..jcii  II  .lillv  i^  imt  ii."'>|ntc,  liiit  '■•ilnlili.'ll.ll  llp'-ll  lii-  I  lu"  fli.ll  ucilili- 
itli  .ii.iitT  thai  till-  |iii'\  i-ii.ii-i  of  li.r  xiiniiif  liavc  tid  In .  n  f.pini.iicil 

802.  Cu  stniction  of  itatutet  imposinu  ipeciflc  duties  on  employeri.— 
Ill  tic  siilijoiiii'il  iioU-  arc  irollirtol  iJif  <l.'ci^ii>iis  in  wliicU  tlir  ooiirl- 
.ivi'diii-inii'ii  viiriou"  >^tatiit('<  prox  idiiiir  for  llic  ^afi'iv  and  \\<  iltli  of 


..II  un.iv  l>y  rpiiv>n  "(  tin-  «l:iltiti' 
h!i  {icii'tii  till'  iliily  iiii|Mi'iii;!  it  1"  n- 
u  ri('c>»fnilili'  liy  a  cimiiimn  iiifoiiii«-r 
r  mj;'''"  '"'  I"'f'<"'l"  if.  thoimh  iiu  Hc 
111  ilaii^.iyi-  lif  intiiiiiixl  •>>  iiiiy">tii-." 
r.-lilo  iiiliiiiiiliiii;  llnir  (li..ii<;iir 
It.  ;i.  alicidy  stiiti'd.  «ilh  tlir  u>\t 
il  |iri.|"i-ili"i'  iiiciitioniil  in  (lie  tr\l. 
liiril»  jiis-ticfn  in  thf  Ml.nsDii  Tum 

•::;  r.  .\.i  L.  K.  •_•  KmIi   Div.  441, 
:.,  1.,  .r.  Q  n  N.  s.  7T.->,  ;ii-  i-.  r.  .n. 

V  Tiil,  2.">  Wiik.  Hop.  Till,  I'lOil  ;iln)vi', 
(|iii— -nl  iliiir  iiiiiliility  t(i  .!'■•  |il  l.">ril 
.iiii|)U'ir.t  Uitory.  Unit  llif  -ui  iiiiili'i' 
i.iii-.iim  \vu»  inisHfd  for  tlii>  ■iciirlil  ot 
...livi.liinl*.  111. It.  li.  .1..  iiUm  ^mcI  tliMt 
e  fiilrrtailK'il  llic  ittraii^'c^t  .IdiiIiI  a» 
■lithe  niri  ret  III  s  of  llip  lillr  ciiiiliiiiiltMl 
;  till'  (>:l>»:i);i  (|ll(ltl-il  .lliin.-  tllllt. 
ilK-rc  .1  nt-H  ilnly  i-  iMi'iili-.!  liy  .iliitnti-. 
nj  a  piiially  is  iiii|Mi^id  for  its  liriiuli. 
iMoh  [wiialty  is  to  «»•  to  tlic  iiit^kii  in- 
ired  liv  xiiili  liioai'li,  thp  pi-n.ilty.  Iiow- 
tr  small  and  ina<l((|uat('  ii  i'i>iii|i('ii.-a 
ii'ii  it  may  In-.  i-<  i-i  Hiieh  u  ra-ir  tu  lir 
'  ;'arii>'(i  as  imli'.if .ii);  an  iiili>;liiin  <>ii 
'if  p;irt  of  thr  11 '.•islaturp  Itiat  tli.Tc 
•!(i'il(l  be  no  aciioii  liy  siirli  pi-ison  for 
,ii.i:iL'i>.  Iml  tlnit,  aIiito  a  xiniilir  duty 
.•  on-.iti-il,  and  a  similar  |»'iinlty  ini- 
jiikpil  «hicli  is  not  tn  p>  tu  till'  prison 
.'jinii,  then  the  iiitiiition  is  tliut  hi- 
•  to  liive  a  lifrlit  of  ai-tiun." 

'Bourno  V.  lt/ii<c  llHll.l)  159  Mass. 
JIC  34  X.  Iv  101:  C'  •ix'iliiliilrij  font 
<\  V  firhcWr  (1801)  \1  111.  .^pp.  lilil; 
I'l.f''"  V.  Inirnrnn  Mm.  Co.  (  18!»7  )  71 
Mo.  .\rip.  llilt.  In  tli<"  Instpilod  caso 
'he  court,  in  disciissini;  a  statute  (.Mo. 
-«B  .\'t-  ISHl,  §  :(,  p.  KiOi  which  pr' 
vidi-d  t' it  "tlip  beltins.  shafting.  !,i>a.'- 
inj.  anr!  Inims  in  all  iiianiifacliirin),' 
Mi'diamc.  1.  anil  other  fstablislnncnts  in 
'hi«  stall-,  when  so  placid  aa  to  be  dan- 
:eroui  to  persoiu  employed  therein  or 


thiTi  alioiit  while  eni{.ii.'(Ml  in  Iniir  ordl 
ii;ir\  iliiliis.  shall  111"  safrly  ami  «<  cure- 
ly    (iMarili'd    when    p<>-«ilili-."  st.it.'l   il» 

niiirl'!siiii;«     an     folluun:      "Th li 

i<'i|iili  I'll  all'  s.ifp  anil   scciiri'  om  n 'i 

j^i.iiil*    lis     >'  ill     proti'ct    tl II  ,    iiy  p 

liiiiii  itiiitai't  .sith  till'  inu'liimiy  hy  ih«> 
\i-o  of  i.iilitiaiv  |.iiiili  iii'i'  and  pain  inn  on 
his  pnii  W  I'  ..»  not  think  iIip  pui  pusp 
of  the  1' ^'i^latiire  wa«  to  III  iki'  tin'  mas 
Irr  an  m-iircr  of  the  unfpty  I'l  '  Iip  sitv 
ant,  hilt  It  was  ■»  pvidpiit  purposp  to 
iiipiiasp  ilip  ili'^jr. -•  of  pail'  ..piirisl  hy 
I  III-  poiiiiiion   l.iw.      The  piiaiir-  lip  is  rp 

iri'd  to  provide  arp  sm'li  a-  "ill  pro 
til!  tile  piiipliiu'*'  iisiiii;  Old, II  ly  pare 
ayainsi  all  d,iii:;irs  that  <aii  hr  turi'-iiii 
liy  onliiiiiy  human  foiir.ij;ht :  init  tlip 
niaslir  is  nut  rispiiiiil  to  ),'iiiiril  a;jaiiist 
tlip  iii|.'li);enpp  of  tlip  eiiiployii'  nor 
a^'ainsl  such  diiiyers  or  ai'ridiiit-  as  no 
liiimmi  kiionhil;,'p  or  experience  could 
anliei|i:iti'." 

'  Miiliiiiit  V.  I.rhujh  VnUiii  r  ,„.  f'o. 
llH!Mi  lt;i  I'a.  27(l'.  28  All.'  1087  (dp- 
I'isloii  as  to  reiiii-\  Ivaiiia  ii  no  l.iw  of 
18S.').  ri'ipiiriiii.'  til. It  a  person  iinploypd 
at  an  iii'jiiH'  »hall  he  a  ^nlier  ami  ot-in 
jieti'l  t    pil-i'li  I  . 

Ill  a  piu-i  eiil  imi  iiiiiliT  "i  i  ti  Vi'l 
ehiip  !l!l.  till  lij. hill!;;  the  eiiiploynieiit  oJ 
wiiiiHH  ill  liiiiies.  it  was  testili.il  Ihai 
l»o  uniiii'ii  liii'l  1.1  I'll  sis'ii  loweiii,'  par- 
ties into  the  pit.  This  wis  hi'lil  to  I"- 
insiillii'ii'iii  I'viileiiee  to  eli:oi,'e  tin-  pr  i 
son  operatinpr  the  mine  with  know  li'il:;e 
i)f   the   hi.aeli   of   the  statute     tlii>'i;.'li    a 

hppn 
.vhat 
isid 

I..  T. 


ilitTi'ient    ci)nilil~ion     would      h  ivi 
ju.sli     ihle  if  it    had  apjie  ^ :  .-.I    ilia' 
I'l'iirred     w.is     liahitu    \    or 
l:r(J.    V.    Ihlii.llrn    (Is      II 

S27. 

>ee.      Iiiiwevi'i.     ill.       XiirlM     i  .irolina 
oases  citi'd  in  |  s:iJ,  nxie  J,  foin. 


had    I 
iiKirv. 

\.    .*s. 


li 


J  t 


hi 


i-'i 


>:•  I 


\'im 


li 


II;..   i  (i 


m 


MH 


I 


1' 


2188 


AIASTKU  AN])  S|:K\  ANT. 


[CIIAP 


•J 


servant.'?  by  thf>  iinpo.-ition  i>f  siHcitie  Unties  upon  thoir  omplnvf 
Some  of  theso  statutes  undoubtcdlv  operate  so  as  to  enlarge  il,e  rij 
of  servants  beyond  any  limits  wliieh  could  conceivalily  have  been  r 
o!Tiiiz''d  if  tlie  liability  (if  tlir  employers  bad  been  left  to  bo  dctfrmir 
by  tbe  application  of  enmmun-law  principles  to  tlie  i^iven  :;ni;i]w 
facts.  As  regards  dtliers,  it  may  be  said  iliat  tbey  ])n>balilv  cmk 
a  standard  of  duty  wbieli  woubl  liave  been  ultimately  tixi  il  in  uio; 
of  liti-iMtion,  and  ibat  tiny  liave,  tlierefure,  merely  anticipated 
results  of  tbe  slow  process  of  forensic  Icfiisbition. 

A  eoinpletc  li>t  of  tbe  statutes  ^vbicll  affect  tbe  exlciii  of  tlie] 
bility  of  em])lovers,  botli  tliose  wbicb  liavc  and  lliosc  wliicli  juive  i 
IxH'ii  construed  in  tbis  cbapter.  will  be  found  on  p.  21:;it,  jmsl.^ 


'  (a)  Statutes  niiixisiiKj  niriniiK  dii 
ties  oi;  railirn;i  roiiiiiniiirH.  'I'lir  provi 
sioiis  (if  lliird's  HfV.  Stat.  (Ill.i  cliap. 
lU,  S  OO,  tliat  no  laitroixl  >liall  mil  a 
tiiiiii  "for  the  tiaii>|iort:it'tiii  of  iii.r 
clianilisc  or  other  frcijjlit."  witliuiil  » 
siillioiciit  linike  nUaclicd  to  llu-  rear  car 
and  a  likilful  brakcman  in  cliaip.  iin 
loss  tlic  lirakcs  :\ve  operated  liv  power 
applied  from  the  loeoiiiotive.  tia-^  no  ap 
plieation  to  tlie  switeliin^  (if  loaded  ears 
and  tlie  niakin^r  "p  "f  trains  in  tlie 
jards  of  the  railroad  conipaiiy.  It  re 
fers  only  to  train.s  running  from  one 
station  to  another.  Vhinimt  A  H.  I.  It. 
Co.  V.  l/o/oiKi/  (1H!»8)  77  111.  App.  ini. 
In  thin  ease  it  was  also  held  that  there 
was  a  praelical  conipliaiiec  with  this 
provi-idii  where  the  switdiinan  in  a 
railroad  yard,  who  was  stationed  on  the 
rear  ear.  after  openinj;  a  switch  iiotilied 
one  employed  to  clean  snow  and  ire  fiom 
the  tracks  that  the  train  was  alioiit  to 
liaek.  and  to  look  out  for  it;  ami  tliat 
the  company  was  not  liahle  wlieie  he 
failed  to  do  so,  and  was  rnn  ovci. 

Ki^'lit-wheeled  {.'(indola  or  Hal  ears  are 
not  iNVepled  from  S.  ('.  flrii.  St.it.  S 
1-J!l!i.  reipiiriiii;  ln.iki'^  to  lie  placed  on 
every  fniLiht  ear  other  tlian  four- 
wheeled  freight  cars.  l/<  n  v.  C/iin/'s 
tun  <t  N.  II.  Co.  (IS'.ISi  .>■,.-,  S.  C.  !KI.  .% 
S.  K.  S-.'S. 

.\  railroad  company  mi;;lil  use  cars 
not  eipiipped  witl  aniomalic  couplers 
prior  to  .laniiary  1,  ISO"),  provided  such 
ears  were  not  first  s.-nt  onf  for  use  in 
the  state  after  the  tikinfi  elTeet  of  \eh. 
Se~s.  Laws  ISIU.  chap.  l!l.  makiii};  it  un- 
lawful to  put  into  use  in  tlie  state  any 
new  cars  or  cars  sent  into  tlie  shop  for 
•.'eniial  repairs,  not  eipiippeij  with  such 
louplers.  Tliom/iyoii  v.  .MisKiiiiii  I'.  II. 
Cu.   (1807)   51  X2b.  oJ7,  71  X.  \V.  01. 


.\  railroad  coiiipany  is  not  nogli;: 
as  to  a  liiaki'iii.'iii  in  coii^lnicliiif;  ;i  < 
lie  fi  lard  several  huiidri'd  I'li'l  lion 
sticet,  at  a  point  where  the  onii:; 
rii;lit  of  w.iy  ioiiied  the  railiu.ul  »t;i; 
grounds,  which  wove  crossed  by  s 
si  net.  under  the  Michi^'an  statute 
ipiiiiie_'  i.iilway  eompaiiie-  to  o«ii-tr 
cattle  yuaii's  at  hiirhway  cio.s«iiij;s.  / 
/i  r  V.  I.iil.r  .v/io/(  it  1/.  ,S.  A',  t'o.  ( 1<! 
lOH   .Mich.  CiMl,  i;il   \.   W.  .VI.!. 

Where  a  telltale  is  erected  in  lua 
aiice  with  a  .statute,  hut  the  oiiij!! 
-iotiers  who  are  to  appinvi'  it  Iriw 
acliKl.  its  siiitalilene^s  is  a  ipieslioii 
the  ji'iy.  and  a  court  cimiot  s;;y,  a 
matl<  .  of  law.  that  a  lelllale  ivilii  wi 
that  do  not  come  down  .i^  low  ;i. 
under  surface  of  the  luidu'e  is  siiiin 
lliiKhi  v.  Ilo.-loii  ,(•  .1/.  /.'.  Co.  (IS!llr 
.\.    II.  .-iJ.i,  41    Att.   17!l. 

t'nder  .Mass.  I'lih.  Slat.  chap.  1 
S  liitl.  il  is  not  iieee~-ary  to  iiiiiiii; 
a  f;iiard  at  a  coriiiee  of  a  iiiut  nvn 
-tatiiin  plalfiirni  wliieli  i~  I  |.»it  ,i  iiu 
from  ihe  lle.lle*!  line  of  t  !te  out-iitli' f 
sine,'  tlial  piini-ioii  nipiiie-.  -mil  pi 
only  wlieii'  some  portion  'it  siieli  >tr 
lure  ■'crosses**  the  railroad,  t^uiiui 
\>,>  Vol  I.-.  V.  //.  ,(  //.  //.  r,i.  ,]<M 
17.)  .Mass.  l.-,ll.  .-,.-1  N.   K.  S!il. 

In  the  follouiiiL'  pal  a'jr,i|i!i-  tin- 
feet  of  the  ea-.e*  ih  wliieh  llie  pi'U 
have  eoii>lrued  various  sintnt..^  T'-,\\ 
iwti  that  frop^,  etc..  -hoiilil  !«'  biiNJ 
is  stated. 

The  |iOWer  conferred  upon  the  r.iil» 
eomriiltee  liy  the  r.iilway  art  el  lln'  1 
minion  of  (anaila  i.*il  Vict.  ihnp. 
S  -Jli:;,  siilis.  41.  to  allow  •'siieh  lillii'; 
lie  left  out  from  Ihe  inolilll  iil  D.Vi'li 
to  the  iiionlh  of  .\piil  i'l  each  yi:ir. '« 
months  includeii.*'  rif.is  only  to  ' 
duty  pi(  serilied  hy  suhs.  4.  ol  lilliii.' ' 
spaces  between  winged  rails  aiiil  niii» 


!902] 


ACTS  1M11ISIXG  SI'KC  IKIC  DITIKS. 


218:) 


fi'fUir 


iig    th 


iron  and  betwren  guard  and  track  rails,        (b)    Slii  .  „ 

ind    not    to     the    duty     prcMciilicd     by  oitu  ninihiini  n  .vlmlt  bi- <iii<nil'il.  —  rnilnt 

.11,;   3  of  tilling  the  spaivs  bcluiiMi  :iii<l  Kimiilom.      ISy  tljr  liulniy  «i>ikHlii.t,  ;u'l 

in  front  of  railway  fiogs  and  cro'^-.in'.'s  IsVs.   §   ,"),   ^iil/-.   .1.   it    «;i-   |ui.vi.lr.l   ;i-. 

aiid  bi'tui'i-n  the  lixcd  lailn  of  >ttililii-«  IuIIoh^: 

ttlicre  the  spaoi'S  are  li>s  than  .'>  iiirlus  in^'  --liall 

iiidc.    iSiand  Trunk  II.  <'".  v.  Wnxhiiin  in  ^mli  a  im^il 


■K\try  part  nf  tlir  null  >ji'; 


illid'  I 


r  hf  ?*rciii  t 


•Iv  f. 


-.1. 


Ik 


IISli!);  P.  C. 


A.  c.  r. 


(IS  I..  .1.  r 


tioii   a'*  t(t  ln"  i'f\ 


iialU    -III-  ti 


ciii-l  rue 
r\>iy    |ii 


X    S.   37,   AHirniiii 
'  (V  1S4,    Which    l!.-Mr>.Ml    i  IH'JT 


LT  (  1S!I7)    2H    t  nil.    >i)ii  riiijili'Vid  ill  till'  facliiiv  a>  it   H.nilil 


24    I 


ir  it   it    «i|p 


rilli  Iv 


■-!.••      I!\    111. 


lint.  A|.|..  Ilcp-   >«•' 


lactory  wtuk^lmp 


l>!il.  S  'i 


Till 


ilmv    imp 


isnl    liv     Ihi'    Micliijran    tlii.'*    prii\i>ii>ii    was    aimi 


iliitP   I  Laws 


■I 

.( How, 


18H:i.  .\ii   No.  174,  S  L'2t    iiig  licfoii-  till 


rd.s 


Anno. 


lullilli'ii  hy  the  ailiipli 


Stat.  S  .■t:t'.t7    jail.  i>  not     rtnnl- 


iif  a  iih'lli'»l  of    I  liiiii 


all    ih 
and. 


.lid 

IMTV      I  P. lit' 


SIlllS.    2. 
ill-i'l  I 


til. 


rroiis  pint-'  of  tilt*  III  I 


lilookiii;:  "hie 


;h  the  oidiiiaiy    ii>i' 


roail  rci 


liTS  inotVi'itual  in  Iwi 


of  I  lie 
tlnci' 


III    lliiittli-  V.    Hirtirisllr    (ISlCl     1    l^ 


i!.    It 


7li  h.  T.  N.  S.   I.V.I,  till 


nut   of 


.I:ivs 


—in  this  case  liv   the  wluil   llaiiu'.'    lirKt    instance    in   const niii 


tli 


ilow.i   the  liliiikinv  so    tar   that     «ioii    priHTi'dcd    on    tlii-    tliioiy    tliiit    th^ 


It  Ixciimc  practically   useless 


ill: 


ivmative  safe  iiu 


tliod   -ii''yi-ted   «a 


111-    iiianiifactiirer    is    only     re-pon-ilile     for 


~  to    inai'liiiierv   which   is   in    itself  dan; 


'  the  lilocking  a  •;roo\eil 


or  liirrottei 


•urfiice,  .so   as    to   allow    the    ll.iiiyis    of    injr.       Heferrii 


1    in   the  ordinary  course  of  careful   wink 


wlieels  to  piss  without  iiiti'ifiieiice.    opinii 


I};    to    til 


Wills,  .1.,  said; 


s    cxpri'SNioii 
"lie  sienis  ti 


lit 


it    I/.  .V.  It.  Co.    think  that   no  machinery  can  lie  said  to 


i:n.\lmu)i  V.  Lfil.c  Si" 
lstl4)   nil  .Mich.  :i'.>',. 
IniliT  Mich.  Coiiip.   Laws.  5   li:!|:i.  re-    it'-elf,  however  caielillly   worked.      I   el 


(id  N.  W. 


daiii'i'iHiis  iinlcss   it    is   daiipioils   in 


'I'l 


irinj;    railroad     cmnpanii 


•it  is  tlic  diii.v  of  til 
^iinies  to  make  the  frojis 
fi'  as  pii-sililc."  and  cvidene 


block    tirely  di-a^ree  with  smli  an  iiilerpii 


I  rug; 

nilll|li 


ilroad    tit 


and  think  that  it 


lid  I 


illlit    in; 


'.|...-k 


,f  a  certain   fro: 


■arly  iniiiei  iiilly  a  very  In  nellcial  act  of  I'ai 
that  the  lianieiit.  It  seems  to  liie  that  iiiacliiin'i  \ 
old   and    or    parts  of  niacliineiy    i>  and   are  dan 


liv  the  llan-'cs  is  siillicient  to  ren-    j»crons    if.    in    the    ordinary    course 


!i-r  till'  i| 


iii-tion   of  a  con 


nipa.iy  -   iii';;li     human    alfairs.    danticr    may    I 


one  for  the  jiny.     It  is  eoin,  liance    ably  antieip 


iiteil    from    the   Use   of   tliciii 


.litji  the  statute,   and   not    iiieiily    nit 


li    without    orotcction.   No  doiiht    it    wmild 


lipcstiihji-'lieil  pr:i 


that  is  ruipiired.    be    iiii|-     -ilile    to    .say    that     beeaii- 


■tolUS    V. 


I'liiit  (i  I'.    )l.    I'    I'd.    (I'.ttll)    acciileni     had    happened    once    tlniil 


Mii'h.   I!t8,  8f)  N.  \V.  s.iS. 


the    maebinerv    was  dangerous.      On    tie 


By  Ohio  Itcv.  St;it.  §   :t:i(i."i.  it  !«  pro     other  hand,  it  ia  equally  out 


th; 


"1"'- 


vidcd   tliat    every 


oi  poralioii 


tioii    to    say    that    macliiiieiv    laiinoi    bi 


"peratin;; 


tli.it  state  -hall  till  in  blmk    danseron.s   unless  it  is  so  in   the  itnir-e 


Iriv.'s.  s«ilche~,   and 
tracks,  with  the 


lan'.   rail-  on   it-   of 


eful 


;orkiii] 


In 


n-idi 


rif  guard  rails    wliether    ir.aciiincry    is    dangeioii-.     tli 
on  briiUi s.  so  as  to 'prevent    the  feet    of    contingency  of  carelessiii-s  on  the  pai 


ita  employiis  from 


beiii"  caught  tlnrein.    of  the  workman  in  cliar,7e  of  it.  and  tin 


1b  a  c.im"   where  a   servant    wa^  iiijilled    freipieiK 


•V    with    which   that    imii  in^'.  ii 


a  structure    18   feet    liiu'li.  by 


.on    is  likelv  to  arise,  are  matters  tli.it   niii-i 


iifdefemlant's  failure  to  block  t'he  space    be   taken    into  consideration.      It    i-   en 
l*t\vecn   the   main    rail    and    the   guard    tirely  a  ipicst ion  of  degree."     It   w;is  ac 


■ail,    it    was    held     that     the    ipie-tir 

whitlior  such    stmitiire    was    a    biidge.    b 

uilhin  the  act,   was  a    qiie-tioii   for   the   their  bisl  under  circumstances  reii.leiiii 


ilingly    held    that    shntlles    of    colli 
which    occasionally    liv 


jury 


Johnx  v.   <■!•  iiIiiikI.  V.  C.  d-   SI.    them    dangerous   to  any    person 


in    till 


LR.Co.  (I'.IUO)   7  Ohio  N.  I'.  ,5!IJ 


The    word    "employee,"    in    the    Ohio    tlie  weaver  in 


line   of    Might,   became  of    negli;,'eii; 


charge. 


or  a   fiini"ii  --iil 


itatiite   (Rev.  Stat,  Vtli   ed.  S  '.^^ll:    8.")    stance  accidentally  getting  into  tlh 


slinl 


Dliio  \st\\-.  .March  2:!.   ISSS) 


all    tie  race,  or  defect    in   the   yarn,  tli 


ilio*p  who.  •by  ri;;lilfiil  aulhorily  of  the    not   in   themselves  defective,  are   Miiiuii 
iminiiiy,   are    eiig.iged    in    the    ini-iiie-s    ilie  purview  of  the  provision,   if  miy   "f 


If 


UK 


rr   th, 


ill   guard    the  e; 


of  I! 


llviiii 


out    111, 


although   eniplined   and    paid    by    to  occur  with   any  degree  of  freipnni'v 


another  coiiipany.      l/A/oi  v.   Wnbanh  li.        This    piovisioii    iinpo-es 


a    li 


Co.  (188!))   41   r.'d.   l!)ij 


gent   obligation    than    that    impo-.d    ly 


% 


2100 


MASIKR  AXU  SKIiVANT. 


[ni 


^H    SI 


ii 


j-  i 


i'S 


the  puhs.  2  of  S  .^.  witli  rcL'iird  to  a 
''wlierl  iiior."  wliicli  !.■<  ic<|iiiit'(l  to  1)0 
ubsoliitily  I'ciiccil.  liiit  wliiic  :i  ^iii.int 
is  killed  wliilc  oiliii;,'  iiiacbiiK  ry,  owing 
to  till'  WMiil  of  a  liiiiiii  I'liil  to  piotcct 
the  [/it  ill  wliicli  it  w  i-  sunk,  u  virlict 
for  hi-;  widinv  will  iml  he  set  iisiili',  al- 
tl.oii^^li  (III'  tii'il  jii(lj;e  lia>  oMiittiil  to 
ii'.k  ilii'  jiiiv  wliitliiT  till'  pil  h:ii  a 
"wlii'cl  nu'c.  "  I'liiliT  >nrli  ciriinnstanocri 
it  in  for  the  jniy  to  miv  uIhIIiit  the 
ali^i'ncc  of  llip  lailiii;;  iiii|ilicil  iic^'li- 
fTriici'.  anil  it  caniiol  \h-  ilifriinl  that  the 
v<Tili(>t  womM  have  hii'ii  diiliri'nt  if  the 
proper  qne>liiin  had  lieeii  put.  Clitip' 
mu:i  V.  Mliol'liosiiliiilc  Co.  (1885)  1 
Times   I,.   I!.  4!i:t. 

The  i'linnil  servant  is  ontilled  to 
maintain  the  action,  wliether  the  hreach 
of  the  stainte  was  in  not  providing;,  or 
in  not  iiiaintainiiiu'.  a  fenoe.  ilrnyrs  v. 
\\ii>ih'„i,r  (Is'.isl  ■•  {.).  ».  4(l_'.  07  \..  J. 
g.  1!.  X.  .S.  Sii^,  7U  L.  r.  X.  S.  284.  47 
Week.   r.ei).  87. 

'i  he  rtipiireiiient  as  to  lenein'j  is  not 
liniiti'd  In  siii'li  niaehiiierv  as  siip]ilies 
or  conviys  the  nidtive  pouer  to  the  nia- 
rhines  l.y  which  the  industrial  opera- 
tion- of  I  lie  facloiy  are  inn liately  ef- 
fected. Iml  applies  to  all  niiH'hineiy  in 
the  faclorv.  Ilxliimii  v.  I,li„i<l  H8!l."i| 
1  Q.  I!.  S7li.  114  i-.  .1.  M.  ('.  X.  S.  1,-,.-.. 
15  I!i|iorts.  4(t:i.  72  I..  T.  X.  S.  .■.(i5,  43 
Weil;.  Hep.  527,  18  t'o.v  C.  C.  14it,  59 
J.  I*.  2!i.i. 

The  piovi-ion  as  to  fincinjr  inicliincry 
is  nppiicalile.  thoii;,'li  the  servant  was 
not  acliially  eiii;ay:i'd  in  the  perforinaTiee 
of  his  diitits  at  the  time  of  the  injury. 
KiVn  V.  iilohi'  Siifiar  Hrf.  Co.  (lM);i) 
20  .Sc.  Sess.  (as.  4th  series.  8:i:l. 

An  employer  is  <:iiilty  of  a  violation 
of  the  slaliite.  if  he  maintains  iin- 
unardcd  eu^wheids  in  such  a  position 
that  i:irls  of  twelve  or  thirteen  years  of 
ape  are  iei|Mired.  in  the  course  of  their 
duties,  to  place  their  hands  and  dre<«c« 

within  ahoilt  8  or  !•  inches  of  the  wl Is, 

(]r  III  hi  ills  V.  (I  nil  I  oil,-  /'o/)c  l\orA'  Cn. 
(ISiill    2:1  Sc.  S<~s.  (as,  2d   sci  ies,  425. 

.\  "iMHidiiiiit  is  not  dcinurriihlc  which 
.illc'ies  th.il  the  phiiiitill'.  hein;:  oldi'.'cd 
to  st.iiid  upon  an  iioii-hound  lahle. 
slipped,  and  in  tiyiii;,'  to  save  hjie-elf 
thiu~l  his  hand  into  an  uncovensl  pinion 
wheel.  Kliiilflx  v.  MiikIikI:  (IS'.l.ii  2(1 
Sc.  Si'ss.  ('as.  4th  series.  727. 

Wheie  a  iiiiuliine  is  woiked  hy  hand. 
there  is  no  >ueh  danger  as  ciil's  for 
fencin-r.  W(///-.„i  v.  Miiir  (  Hill  |  lit 
So,  Sr-s.  Ca,.   nh  st-ri.-s,  IS. 

Tlie  mere  fact  that  there  wiil  he  dan- 
•jer  if  n'a-iuial  !e  care  he  not  t.ikcn  hy 
the   woiknieii   does   not   show   that  it   is 


a  case  in  wliich  feneinj;  i<  iiii!i;'i'Mr 
/!i,IjI,  v.  Utilloi-U  (  18'J2)  19  fee.  .^i^s,  (.a 
41I1  »<  ries,  !i7  I. 

The  provision  in  t!ip  act  of  7  Vic 
chap.  1.1,  §  ;;1,  wi;s  held  to  eovir  a  ci 
in  wliieli  an  emploie  had  lu  intfr 
space  hetween  a  II;  wheel  and  a  n. 
wheel  for  ihe  purpose  of  oiiiiii;  t'i,.i 
It'ilinn  V.  Hunt  Wixhrii  ('',", ,„  (' 
I  1872)  I-.  I!,  7  lv.(h,  l:;ii,  11  L.  ,|.  Kv 
N.  S.  !!!>,  27  L.  T.  X.  S.  1:;.-,.  20  U,, 
Kep.  52.->. 

Ilrilinh    cnlonirs. — I'ndrr    tin-   guil. 
factories  ael   an   eniph',\ir   is   Ii    .li.  1, 
injuries   to  a  iiiil   enipioyi  d   in  his  fa 
toiy  whose  hair  is  eauilii  in  n  nveliii 
shaft    miller    the   talde   al    wlrili   sin- 
at    woik.   as   she   stoops    lo   jiirk  iin 
conih.   where   such   shaft    is   'inl   ii.\,r. 
or      otherwise      RUarded.      /;.m. ,.,« 
7ooAc   (18!»(i)   Rap.  Jud,  (Jin  Imc.  8  C 
50U. 

In  eonstniinfr  the  words  -.ill  l.,.|ti: 
shaftinir.  !.'earin<;s,  llyulr.l-.  i|r;i;n 
and  other  moviii},'  parts  nf  m 'i!iiri.;\ 
(Out.  Kev.  Stat,  lss7.  eliap,  Jiis,  s  [ 
siihs.  1).  a  divisional  i-mirt  ua-  of  r,j,i 
ion  that  the  jieneral  claii-e  en\ri..il  011 
those  parts  of  machinery  ulii.ii  w,];-, 
a  similar  nature  to  tlio~e  eMiiiiicrii' 
appcilically.  and  that  the  word  ■•ni<nii. 
was  used  in  the  transitive  seii-e  nf  -ji 
IKdlinir."  and  was  nccoidinLdy  iiehl  n 
lo  he  applicahle  to  a  saw.  Ihi.niltoii 
droesbirl:  il.Sito)  1!)  (Int.  K.'p.  7(1.  T!, 
construction  seems  to  lune  liicn  1 
[uoved  hy  the  court  of  appivil  1  b!' 
18  fint.  App.  liep.  4;!7).  whi.h.  l.y  ii. ! 
insr  that  no  ne;.'lii.'ei'ci'  on  the  defiiidan; 
part  was  shown  in  lea\iii;j  the  sa  v  ii: 
j.'uaided.  nmy  he  pre-unied  to  have  pr 
ceiMled  on  the  theoiy  lliat  (lie  plnimi 
was  reh;rated  to  his  coiiiiiioii-l.iw  ii;;iii 
Whether  this  nairow  eoiistriiitien 
correct  would  seem  to  he  very  disiiiit 
hie.  to  say  the  least.  Simie  of  tin-  1110 
daii^jeroiis  parts  of  maeliinis  n'e  thii 
which  do  the  actual  wiuk  for  '.iliicli  ll 
luiieliines  are  desi;.'iied.  and  it  is  dilti.;! 
to  helievp  that  it  was  not  the  intfiiti' 
of  the  lefri>laturp  to  include  tliesi-  \vii!.i 
the  purview  of  the  act.  'I'li  eciii-tn 
that  act  in  stich  a  sense  that  iiiily  t! 
••propellill;;"  'iiirts  would  he  eiivell'l  ^ 
it  vvoulil  dipiive  it  of  at  leiist  one  lu 
of  its  heneli.ial  oper.it  ion.  Clearly,  hov 
ever,  thire  :ire  some  kinds  of  -aHs — ^,( 
the  circular — which  eannoi  he  jruarli 
without  rendering  them  virlnally  u- 
le-s,  and  a  decisiiui  hohli?!^'  the  .ict  to  I 
i'iapp!ic:il>!f  to  sn.-h  .:t-vs  ii.ij'>t  ■--r!v-i 
he  sustained  on  the  proiind  lliat.  iini! 
-iich  circiinisliinci's.  the  ea>e  was  "• 
which  came  within  the  purview  of  tl 


ACTS  IMI'OSINU  Sl'KClflC  DUTIES. 


I  802] 

ivirg  clause  of  tho  stiiti-tc.  which  ex- 

mpts  eiiiplovcrs  from  the  obli}.Mti.)n  to 

ruard  inailiiiiciy  uhore  it  i:.  iiol  iir.icli 

"ible  to  do  «o.     Another  sIiotik  rc;i-^<>n 

•or  doulilin;,'  the  corr.'P' iiess  of  the  con- 

nictiori   placed    in   this   cise   »i)iiii   tlie 

,ord  "niovinp"   is   thsit.   in   *nlw.   ■>  _.>f 

<  5  of  the  iMit;!''*'!  fac'lorics  ael  (il    ISiS, 

'•  i,  .lir.Hed   tlmt    ■•;ill   feneiri;   -'liII  he 

„„,t,iillv    inaintaineil    in    an    ellioieiit 

.l;,t(.   wliiU-    tlic    pailH    rei|iiinil    to    he 

•riicwl  are  in  motion  or  v-i."    ((nisider- 

1(1  tlint   thi->    statute    i*    the    irie    from 

llicli  tli:it  (if  Ontario  is  eii|,icd.  il  secii.s 

,    re.i-i".:i''le    inlVrenei'     l'i:-,t.    althoii-h 

),p,e  [incise  words  are  not   Imnid  in  the 

i.ttcr   -tatute.    the    eihmi.il    Ic.L'i-l.itnre 

,,.,.ii,|,.,I    to    enact    a     piovision    wliich 

,.iul(l  "ive  servants  p  prnteetion  at  least 

„  conq  leic  a^  tliat  whieh  they  derived 

■,,,m  tlie  Kii?lish  art. 

liv  the  iiineiiiled  faitmies  act  of  On- 
•ario  (r,S  \iet.  cliap.  50.  «  .i.  (»nt.  Rev. 
Stat  IsnT.  chap.  20  (1)  at.  eiii|doyers 
,rf  r.iliiireil  to  fiiiee  "all  dangerous 
Kilts'  of  machinery.  This  clian^re  en- 
tinly  pets  rid  of  the  anil.ignity  of  the 
'irlifr  act. 

The  niaintenanee  of  unproteeled  spin- 
,!li.«  with  a  project in({  set  screw  has  in 
("nimda  lieen  rejrarded  as  a  hrench  of  the 
irt  as  il  stood  liefore  this  anietidment. 
iiroiiiior  V.  Iliiitiilloii  liriilfh'  Co. 
181141  2:>  Out.  I!ep.  1'-.  .Mtirnied  in 
\\'.H\  21  Out.  App.  Uep.  5'.)l»  (ISll.".  i 
.1  (an.  S.  (  .  -,08. 
IniiniiKi.-  \  eoiiiplaint  in  nn  action 
•ti  Burns'-  Snpp.  1S!'T.  §  7l)87h  (Acts 
isdT.  p.  loll,  whieh  proviiles  that  ma- 
I  iiierv  of  tve-y  .hscription  shall  he 
properlv  (rnaidcu"  in  manufactiirinj: 
-talilislinu'iits,  ia  deninrraiile  wher(!  it- 
illipitions  are  that  plaintilf  was  re- 
mired  to  hold  down  pieces  of  wfxid 
iliich  were  heinj;  run  throiij^h  a  sticker: 
'hat  while  he  was  so  doin^  his  hand 
.iiiiirlit  in  the  hit  of  the  machine,  the 
il,!,ii.laiits  liaviiif.'  knowin;,'ly  and  ne>;li- 
L'lntly  allowed  the  machine  to  Income 
!iis:iie  in  that  there  was  no  (Xiiard 
irouiul  the  knives  and  no  rollers  to  hold 
tli,^  piipes  of  wood  ill  the  proper  posi- 
lioii.  Imt  they  had  to  he  held  down  by 
hatid:  and  that  they  were  negligent  in 
-uireriii):  the  maehiiie  to  become  out  of 
ii|«iir  and  in  allowinj,'  plaintiff  to  work 
iil'out  the  machine,  he  being  inexperi 
.110,(1.  as  iliey  knew,  and  i};nornnt  that 
L'liiMils  were  necessary.  Such  a  com- 
plaint dees  not  show  thnt  the  injuries 
iirr  i\:w  til  the  v.:i!it  of  ^'.'.ards  or 
rollirs,  or  due  to  tin  fact  that  plaintilf 
»a«  lioldinj:  the  timher.  or  that  it  was 
iiegligence  to  allow   plaintifT  to  do   eo. 


21»1 


or  that  ".Miar'is  weie  nieessary  to  the 
sale  opernticn  r^f  the  maehiiie.  I'i'lii.an 
V.  H'li'iril  (loipli  2(1  Ind.  Apj).  ItiH,  .'>:• 
N.  ■■".   HiSO. 

Michi'liiii. — The  lailure  oi  .in  eiiijilKVer 
to  pr(i\i!e  co'.iTiii;.'  I"i  i'il;  .^  lie' l~  a~  re- 
f|iiiied  hv  :i  li.i'.'..'  .\ii!'o.  Slat.  (■'  :  p.  .i, 
S  nt'.C,  will  not  reiiiler  liiin  liiMe  for 
iMJiiiy  III  a  hoy  f.Oli  •_'  into  -i;'-!i  wheel- 
in  a  -eiillle.  wiicii  the  iiclicc  from  the 
ins|.((ior.  jroxiddl  lor  hy  sueli  -t.itiite, 
has  111. I  liren  <;i\.ii.  Iloirl:  V.  V  ■■/./(;  i/i 
Hi, II  <(■  Sill  11.0-/.S  (ISini)  111  Mieh. 
IJIi.  (IK  X.  \V.  2.1 1. 

'.Iii'.^'irj.i'v,  I  ''■■.'    \n    .  ini.l.iy.  I     is    not 

liable  to  eriidiiia!    pn ;  ion   or   lo  an 

action  for  injniies  by  an  i  iu|.!ie.  .■•■  nn 
diM-  Mass.  I'iib.  Slat.  chap,  lot,  mtiIII 
he  has  reciivid  notice  from  an  in-|  ( lor. 
as  reipiind  bv  S  "2  of  that  elii|.:ir. 
/■'o/ei/  V.  /••■tt'ir  .\t("h.  Uor.Vs  itss'li 
no  .Ma.ss.  294,  4  I..  R.  A.  -)\,  21  N.  K. 
.•!01. 

Viinirinln. — Win  tier  it  i-  '■|!aeti- 
cable,"  within  the  n.einini,' "f  'he  \liniie 
-ola  act.  to  fence  a  parlicMlai  piece  ol 
m.ichiiiery,  is  a  (|iie-tion  for  the  jury. 
Prtrrson  v.  .lol  ii^on-Winl  i'  ff'th  Co. 
(IS!»7)   70  Minn,  .>:l^,  7;i  \.  W  .  .'.in. 

Where  the  hood  or  blower  to  a  revoK- 
iiifi  cvlinder  with  knives,  in  a  |.laiiin^ 
machine,  was  batlereil  aed  woin  -o  that 
it  did  not  lit  clo-ely.  .md  llnTeby  a  >ue 
lion  of  air  was  ereale.l  ovi  :■  a  I'ller  into 
the  eylindiT  under  the  hood,  ai.d  cue 
was  reipiired  to  adjust  it.  it  w  is  li.l.l 
(hat  the  hood  was  not  a  proper  |.m. lec- 
tion lo  .lai'ijeloils  111  leliilleiy.  ./.(n.s-ev/.i 
V.  (»■■  ,'»Of/  it  «.   !//«;.  ''o.  I  I'.ioOi  SO  Minn. 

:i!i;i,  S.I  N.  \v.  .'isii. 

Misytiiiii. —  In  an  action  for  injuries 
loiinded  on  the  ael  <if  April  20.  IStll. 
declarin;:  that  all  daniieroiis  sluitiiii,' 
and  ^rearin?  in  maiiiifaeliiriii:.'  <-tabli.h 
menfs  shall  be  "sal'iiy  aii.l  seeiiiely 
Kuardel."  it  is  noi  iiece--.iiy  that  the 
coini  int  should  :el'ey  lo  the  title  of 
the  .et,  or  aver  tint  defenduH's  neirli- 
■;cnee  was  in  vioh.lioii  of  the  act.  Il  is 
snllicieiit  if  il  <lil.-  f.icts  brinfjinf.'  Ihe 
case  within  the  '.latiite.  /.o»e  v.  I  i-oii 
crtii  Mfg.  Co.  (l;ioli  11.0  Mo,  (iOH,  (11 
S.  W.  (>78. 

In  the  ..ante  ease  it  was  held  that 
an  instruction  thai  Ihe  employer  does 
not  (Tiiarantee  or  iii-uie  the  employee 
a^'aiii-.t  injury  from  niaeliineiy.  but  In- 
<liseh.-ii'_'..s  the  inea-^uie  of  his  iliity  if 
he  jirovides  such  ;;nards  for  the  prolee 
lion  of  the  eiiiihu  e.s  as  a  pi  i-oii  of 
ordi'iaix  care  uoiiM  deem  ■.iiilieient.  was 
properly  refnsiii  since  such  ,ii;  insliuc 
lion  caileil  for  a  h-s  di  :Mee  of  care  than 
that  reqiiiied  by  the  statute.    The  plaie 


I     il 


m 


2192 


MASTER  ANU  SEUVANT. 


[cUAf, 


•I- 


tilT  wii-,  hcM  ei!tiili><l  to  recover,  the  evi- 
ilonec  liciiij.'  to  llic  ctlVct  that  the  i<k1h 
piotecliii;,'  the  •.'"Miiii;,'  linil  become  liellt 
»o  as  to  iiroiliRi-  :ii:  (j|/< 'liiii,'  which  the 
-heet  iioii  within  tlie  rmln  iliil  not  guard, 
an!  that  in  pa^^iii;,'  aiound  th;;  rnaehine 
i:!  tiii  ili^cliarjie  <ii  h' r  duly.  -\if  clipped 
on  the  Ihjor,  reiidind  •.lijipiiy  Iroin  the 
>r'iai  in;.'  of  oil  from  ih.-  iiiai'liiriiiA.  and 
her  hand  |ja--<c|  thm.i^'li  li.e  upi  niii;;  in 
the  Jiuard.  ami  wa-.  ci-.i^hed  in  the  eoi; 
rtinil.s. 

That  this  art  doe^  not  iniikr  the  em 
ployer  ;in  in»iirei-  uf  hit  servant's  -afelj. 
.see  S  iSiM    .-.ii,  . '.. 

Seic  \(/il:.  lailnie  to  comply  «ith 
N.  y.  Laws  l,s>s(;.  chaii.  AK'.K  §  S,  as 
amen(hd  hy  Isiii;.  eliap.  1)7:!.  S  ,s.  i(i|iiir- 
ing  that  ail  eoj.'s.  iielliny.  -Iialtinj;,  etc.. 
shall  he  "|iropci  ly  ;;n.iidid."  in  prima 
facie  evidinci'  ni  Mi';;liL;en<<'.  in  an  action 
by  an  employee  ai;ainst  his  employer  for 
injuries  caused  l>y  <omin^'  in  contact 
with  co^s.  Iliirliii  V.  hitih.^li  (l^llSp 
•-V»  Misc.  402.  04  X.  V.  Siipp.  l(l!t;t.  He- 
versed  in  (IHHD)  2(1  Mi-c.  ;!81,  oti 
X.  v.  Snpp.  ^T.'i.  bnt  merely  on  the 
special  ground  that  evidence  shoHJii},' 
tlnit  the  <h'fendant  hail  no  contrid  ovc-r 
the  maclilmry  in  ipn~li'-n  had  In  en  ini- 
pro|(erly   excluded. 

This  statute  does  not  ropiire  em 
ployers  to  fence  every  machine,  tint  only 
those  whidi,  "in  ri-asonal>le  anticipation, 
may  be  a  source  of  d.inger.  '  llinnc  v. 
.Vi/o  <(■  11.  Ciirixl  Co.  (l!Sll!l!  Ui  .\pp. 
Div.  479.  til  X.  V.  Supp.  741,  holding 
that  the  defendant  was  not  bound  to  an 
ticipate  that  a  child  wouhl  attempt  to 
adjust  material  passing  througli  a  swift- 
ly moving  machine  which  was  in  no  way 
connected  with  the  child's  work  in  an- 
other part  of  the  factory. 

It  is  error  to  rule,  as  a  matter  of  law, 
that  there  was  a  noncompliance  with 
this  statute,  where  the  evidence  is  that 
the  injury  was  caused  by  a  set  screw 
projecting  i  of  an  inch  from  a  shaft 
which  was  15  feet  above  the  tloor  ami 
was  reached  by  a  ladder  use<I  only  when 
necessary  to  oil  the  shaft  liearing.  Illi ,is 
Falls  Portland  <'<  nirut  Co.  v.  Triivrlcrs' 
Ins.  Co.  ll'.MIO)  lli2  X.  V.  :!!in,  r.ti  X. 
E.  897,  Allirming  (IS9tii  II  .\pp.  Uiv. 
411,  42  \.  V.  Supp.  2S.-,.  rhc  court 
said:  "The  necessity  for  the  guard, 
and  the  character  and  dc^cri|ition  of  the 
guard,  nnist  of  necessity  (Upend  u;.on 
the  situation,  n.ilnre.  and  dangerou-. 
character  of  the  machineiy.  and  in  each 
Ciise  Ih-ooiiifs  a  ipii-.-tio:i  of  fad.  .  .  . 
The  manifest  pur|Mise  of  the  enactment 
was  doubtless  to  give  more  force  to  the 
existing  rule  that  masters  should  a'Tord 


,1  reasonably  safe  place  in  wliiih  u,; 
servants  are  called   upon  to  uoik" 

.similarly,  it  has  beeji  he!.!  (:„it  ,|„,ii 
ing  and  set  scifws  in  a  i.ictoiv.  .■„■ 
ixiided  !)  feet  above  the  lloor,  ai(  |,^ 
within  the  pioii«ioiis  of  tlii,  .^t.itii, 
(i'llsslc'l'i  V.  \riiy  Yorl:  f:rrfir„,,.,„ 
l',l,it:,iy  Co.  I  IH!)5)  13  Mi-,.  174  ; 
\.   \.  !sup|).  (■.!!. 

'i'he  owner  of  a  inanufaclin  i  j  ..;,, 
Ii«hnient,  who  has  proi  ichd  .,  ..i,.,,,, 
lor  ma  liiiaiy.  sullicient  to  |.ii\eiii  tl, 
clothing  of  the  emplovies  fMi:a  (hiiiii! 
in  eonla.'t  therewith,  is  not  liiM,' un,;. 
X.  \.  i.aw~  ISIMI,  eliap.  3!iS.  ;  |j.  pr 
vidirg  that  .ill  machinery  •■-hnji  • 
prop^ily  giiardiil."  for  ininii.-,  ««., 
sioned     by    .in    employi-e's    llii.,,iiin;  i:. 

hair  over   Inr  head   a-  s|„.  i ji,',^,  ,, 

ill   siK-li    a    nmi    th.it    ii    i|i,.,   |,.„|,.| 

neath  a  t.iMc  li.ick  of  the  !■,, -..;,<.,;  , 
the  shafting.  Siieli  an  acciijii,'  j.  |, 
one  which  could  have  been  atitii  ii.r.. 
Ci'hh  V,  II. /./or  I  isitl)  T.i  linn.  > 
2t(  X.  V.  Snpp.   Iiiils. 

('II  111.'  tl ry  lb. It    iiogi,.||,i   ,|iii',  , 

iiiip'i-ed    m'on   a   niaiiiitail  iii  ii    |.v  .V.  \ 
l.aw^    ISsn.    chap.    .-)t;o.    |    c.    piuviih,;. 
ihat  all  (oy>  shall  lu'  piopirU   l'h.ii.I,,. 
Iban   devolves  upon   liini   umln   tliviM; 
luon    law.    it    has    U-en    held    ih.it   ! 
lani.-^ion   to  provide  giianU  din  .  i,..t  n 
ate  .1   liability  tor  injiiriis  t.,  ^:  .,iv.,f 
where     the    i'i.;;s    could     iioi     |i;iv.-    i»-. 
gMardi'd  in  any  miiiTi.r  iIimi   h,,,i|,|  |i:i, 
lriid"d     to     niak"     tln'iii     -uln     |,,r-    ,;.. 
[dnyees.     willlont      pleM'lllilig    !l,ii     :i.. 
■•<liiiiililii'q    V,    'I'di-I.ii    ,(■    C.    (■<.,,'.,.    i„ 
I  IH!;.".  I       i;;      .\Ii-c.      .'iiis,      :{(      \.     ) 
Supp.   2.17.      In    this   rase  a   K.  \    i.i  -.> 
tit'li  employed   on   a    rope  wall.   ni:ir' 
cogs   tripped,  and   in   fallinu  bioii.L'lit  ',!■ 
hand  into  contact  with   llnin.     'I'lif  in.ii; 
iiiM-    ill    which    the   cogs   uere  ;;ii:i|i|.'.i  h 
not   di'-i'iibed. 

Tlif^e  statutes  were  re-en, ii-t.  .i.  \w'' 
a  few  niodilicalioii~.  in  the  lalmi  luu.c: 
1897    (X.   V.   Law.-   IS97.  clia|..  il,->l, 

I'riiiisifliiiiiiii.-  In  a  i-a^c  u  Imti' a '■" 
thirlii'ii  years  old  ua-  iiii|i!i.yMl  n- 
slati-  picker  in  a  coal  brealicr.  anil  di 
into  a  pair  of  rollers  bieakiiig  eoiil,  iiii'i 
was  injured,  the  evidence  sdn.  fd  I'n.ii 
the  master  had  cox'ered  the  rolltix  v\i'' 
a  box.  in  the  lop  of  which  w.is  an  iii» 
ing  cimred  by  a  plank,  ami  ihiil  T 
plank  was  displaced  by  a  fillnu-  -in  i" 
of  till'  boy  at  I  lie  I  inn-  of  I  lie  ai'ii'liM 
and  had  often  been  tlius  di^filai'inl  !»• 
fore,  with  the  boys  kno»leili;e.  It  ».i- 
held  that  the  ina-tcr  had  (ini;.  id-  it"-- 
under  the  act  of  \laieli  .').  l,s;u.  |.i.ni.l 
ing  that  all  inaeliinei.y  wleie  lnv-  v>l'l^ 
shall    be    properly    fenced   oil,  anil  ilia! 


^mi\ 


ALT>    l.\ll'tJ.SlNti   Sl'lXll'IC    HI   lil-S. 


21i>;i 


the  l>uv   oniil.l    not    iinii.tiiin    im    action 
a„,in»l"  the  iiituKr.    Honor  v.  ,ltbn;ihloii 

11  ,.,■.'., IM II.— Ill  Tliomiisnii  \.  I'.ibrdrd 
/'.  .!/;.»  '■".  (IStt.'. )  H'.»  \\i»-  •">-^.  "■-  >•• 
U  5-".  it  "■'*  iii;-""i  il'-'t  ""-'  I'lovi 
-i/in  111'  S;iii!i(irii  \  I'm'I  iviiimii'-.  Anno. 
»,,t  S  lii.liif  (  KfV.  Still.  S  liiliiljl  ttliicli 
,l,,!/ll.'-  Ili:il  illl  I'rllil;-'.  <l<'-.  -"  li""llcil 
|,  to  li.'  ilinj;i'ioii»  to  .iii|ilo\.M  s  wlioii 
i ii.rijiiHl  ill  lliiii  onliiiaiy  iliilic^  >1p.iII 
l,|.'",,riiicly  ^'inirili'il  or  Ifiicril  -o  .1-  10 
I,.  ..if.-  tor  |Hr-(.ii-i  t'iii],loWMl  ill  Miiy 
,i„.l,  |,lui- of  •■iiiiil".viiii'iil.  "liJ  ""'  ''I'l'ly 
M  nil  clniilovi'l-  "lio  w.l.  ,llf.M;;ril  in 
„,iik  upon  t'lio  fiini.x  l!ii'iii<i-lv.-.  Init 
,ii,.,,.K  to  llir  <'a->'  of  otliiT  .•iiiplo\.rH 
»\hii  in  |MTloriniii^'  their  iliitii-  arc  in 
.iniiL'.T  of  liciiif;  caiiKlit  I'V  tin'  ■icai-'. 
l,ut"\lio  iiic  not  rnipiovrd  diii'illv  iijioii 
or  iil.oiit  lli<-ni.  Till-  i-oiirt  n-ji-et.-il  llif 
i.„iiti-i!tion,  ami  lu-lil  'I'Ht  n"  "^l"'  "'i"- 
nliiMi  iiijiiii'<l.  was  f.-i  Im;:  a  sliaft  to  m-c 
if  it  nil*  lio!.  wilt  (-milli-d  to  n-i-oM-r. 

ilic  pnivi-ioii  citc'l  only  ri-i|iiiri-i  tln' 
i':i:iriliii-_'  of  MK-li  niiicliii'i-ry  •>*  i-  'Ian 
".(-iiiii-  in  an  iiii;;inrili-il  c-onilitioii.  'riic 
m,.i,.  1:11-1  tliat  it  orcasioiMMl  iiii  injury 
to  an  iiniiloyi'f  doc-,  not  of  it-.-lf  >huA 
ihiit  it  cini'"  witliiii  this  di'-.-i  i|i'ion. 
;v,  - ■i/.s/.-e  V.  f'r.  .'ill  ''(■'.'/  lirUI;  <'<>. 
liiiili  110  Wi-^.  »iil.  f<ii  N.  W.  15.!. 
\\l»tli(-r  a  M-t  si-ri-w  is  -.-o  lo.-:iti-il  a> 
to  111'  iliiiii;i'roiis  to  miployi-.-s  i'ii^m;;(-1 
in  tliiir  ordinary  ilutiis."  so  a-  to  n- 
.|iiirc  it  to  III'  c'ovi-nd  or  yiiarih-il.  is  a 
.jiicstion  for  tin'  .jury.  Iliin.iin'  v. 
/,iM,ni-.S7o»/  it  <'('.  Co-  (1s!p7)  !p.'>  \Vi~. 
iv>.  70  N     W.   071. 

It  ciiniioi  In'  said,  a.s  ni:itt<r  of  law. 
iliiil  lu-^di^'i-nco  is  iiifi-raldc  from  tin-  fni-1 
th.it  a  «ct  M-n-w  on  a  p-ipi-r  vvindi  1  pro- 
li-cti-il  /,  of  an  iiK-li  ahovc  lln'  .-iirfiici' 
.'.f  till' collar.  Wlicilicr  suc-li  an  iiir-iir.'.- 
iiii-iit  was  indii'alivf  of  ncHli^rciirc  i,  .\ 
lion  for  the  jury.  AKo/t  v.  II  is 
,1  A'li.  r  /Vi;,'«i  it  I'lilp  To.  (I'.lMl 
111!  Wis.  (14.-),  80   N.   \V.   Oi;-i. 

A  iiM-ii-r  i'  not  required  to  ^-.iiid  a 
sli.iftiiii;  which  is  so  located  that  111 
i-M'pliiyce  iiiiisl  neecs>arily  yo  out  of  his 
iiriliniiiy  coiir-e,  or  the  coiiisp  uhieh  lie 
iiiiy'it  h(-  reasonaldy  expected  to  ttike.  in 
order  to  reach    it.      J'onalskr  v.   Cri  mn 

('.(« ''"'■'■•  f""-  (lonn  no  wi".  401.  so 

-V.  W.  l.-)3,  denying,'  recovery  where  the 
.  !i;.tl"Miii  lit  of  a  servant  did  not  lirin;; 
iieii  uiUiin  the  reach  of  danger  from  an 
iiiiu'iLiid'-d  shaft  wliich  was  ahoiit  19 
iiii-lif's  from  his  pl.iee  of  uork.  and 
\>!.-.'i-i'  a  n'oveiiient  diie'.-tly  towards  the 
shift  was  puard'>d  ngain»t  by  »  \.nu'' 
(lile  iif  stones.  :iiid  llic  only  way  to  ri  ii<-!i 
the  shaft   was   by    stepping   out   of    bis 


-in.- 


liitli  an. I  lip  oil  I'u'  pile  of  stones, — an 
act  which  Wiis  not  ri'itiind  in  his  work. 
All  iiiiplosir  i^  iiol,  as  inatu-r  of  la«, 
free  fiom  "m  •;ii'_M-iiee  in  hiivin^'  nii 
;;iiarded  II  con-laiitly  nio\  in;;  elevator 
eh  nil  and  t:il  ryiiiu  chain  ill  a  point 
where  the  two  "meet  on  the  surface  of 
the  liooi  ind  run  oM-r  a  spriK-ki-t-w lii-el 
prujii-iiii^  lii-t  iiImkc  the  siiri'.iei-  of  the 
lloiir.  Ik  sole  tthieli  an  ine\perie:ieej  em 
|i|.pv(-e  seM-nteeii  yeais  old  is  pl.icej  at 
v.oik.  A/i"  V.  \.r.  /'iis/.i  l.iimhi  ,■  Ci). 
I  lS!t7  I    07   Wis.  till.  71!  N.  \V.  .')('.:>. 

In  a  late  easi-  in  which  rreo\eiy  wi- 
diiiiid  on  the  ;.'ioui;d  lh.it  the  plainlilV 
fiiHv  appiec-ialed  mid  lia-l  assumed  the 
ri-k.  the  court  remaiki-d  that  it  was  not 
yet  settled  ill  Wisi-oiisin  whether  Ic-ivir;; 
p-.iis  u>ieoM-red  constituted  iici.'li^'enee 
llli.ler  ll."  act  cited  ahoM-.  U  i//"i»is  \. 
./.  «;.  ll-.";i.''i  «'•».  (  1001  I  110  Win.  4.-iO. 
SO  N'.  U.  1.".7. 

(c)r)//iii  .s'ii/ii/c/ri/  iimr:>iiuiis  I'lofiii'i 
to  /iiw.ii  -  <iid  ir,,rl:.-ih(,iis. — Any  phiee 
ill  Hhieh.i  iiirt  of  theniiiei-ssesnienlioiied 
in  the  >iii'ilory  ■li--.i.ii  imi  of  a  certain 
kind  oi  f-ctu-y  ale  e,:irhd  on  is  a  "'fae 
loiv"  uilhiii  |lie  imaiiiiiL'  of  the  statute, 
altiioii'jh  lie  iiiiin  p.oi-.  ss  from  uliu-h 
(hat  partieiil.ir  di-seiiption  of  faeiory 
le -lives  its  desi_'!i:i' ion  is  eairied  on  in 
;i  distinct  est.ildishiiieiit.  Hence,  piiiu 
i-i-  in  wlin-h  the  pron-scs  oi  hoi.kiii;:. 
hippinu'.  ii-ikiii;;  up.  and  packiiii.'  cloth 
all-  eaiiie!  ml.  are  a  facloiy  within  the 
l-',';;lish  t:ct.-iy  and  woik-liop  act  of 
IsTH.  j  O:'..  leliilin;.'  to  the  i  iii|)loyiiieiit. 
of  \oiiM_'  peisoiis.  even  if  iiniie  of  such 
pr.,ee  -IS  arc  cirrii-d  on  as  im-idi'iital  to 
hie  i.-hin-;  or  dyeing'  within  the  provision 
inrludif;;  lile.H-hiii;;  ;.iid  dyi  ii-i;  woiks.-- 
th.-it  is  to  say.  :iiy  preniisi-s  in  which 
such  (ileaehin;;.  ilyein^;.  and  the  proci  ^si-s 
-|.ii-;hed  are  ciiric'l  '-n,  I'miiis  v.  Mnii 
,1,  si,  r  /'•  .-/,„,;  <;..  ]  Is'.iSl  1  (,).  n.  311. 
07  I.  -I.  II  I!.  N.  S-  -III-  7S  I,.  '1'.  X.  S. 
17,  4  i  W  -k.  l^-p.  :i-'il.  <•■!  .1.  P.  lOO,  IS 
fos  C.  t      •''"< 

'1  he  fio-ii"-.  and  woikshop  aei  of  !«>*:! 
i40  :,  17  \ici.  eli.ip.  ,");i).  §  1,  which  de 
el:ir  -  thit  it  slmll  he  -iiilaivfiil  to  Ciirry 
on  :i  wiiite  ii  -1  ■leioiy.  unless  it  is 
oe.Iiliei!  I'y  nil  ir-|.ec',.i;.  t  hat  the  owner 
has  eeiiinri'd  wiih  the  -lin-ctions  of  the 
I'd  with  re;:iid  to  vent  ilr.iion,  etc.,  has 
heen  held  not  to  he  applicii.le  to  a  fac 
torv  in  which  a  prni-.-.s  was  ftnployod 
which  was  iTivi-nted  after  the  pa.ssa^e 
of  the  net  a'ld  prodiii'cd  an  article 
wlii'-fi.  althoiiL-ii  it  prcented  tile  same 
:ipn.  iiraiice    and     w.is    adapted     for    the 

sa uses,  diiv-red   111  s, ,.,■.,•  es..ential  re- 

-pects    fic  111    thit     V  -.:'-iis|y     iiianufac- 
tu^«^l — ecpecially  in   neard  to  the  iact 


:'►; 


I 


i 


lifflf 

1     .  ..H'i)iii4 

■Jl-llf 

;  i  ill 

^^H 

im^ 

^9 

21m 


MASTEK  ANU  SEUVANT. 


t'llAl'.    XII. 


1, 


of  its  lipinpr  nmc]\  les«  dnnpproiis  to  tlip 
workincn.  Cn-wj  v.  Ilnniiay'n  PtilrnlH 
Co.  (lhS:i)  It;  .•>c.  SiftS.  Cus.  4tli  seiiea, 
093. 

An  iii'ilir^rroitnd  plnce  wliicli  for  fif- 
teen jpjiis  h:\n  boon  u-0(l  a-"  ;i  li^iUcliouso 
<lo(»  not  ocMHc  to  Im>  «f.  UMil  wliili'  iinclor- 
(.'oiiifj  npiirs  unil  nui, lining  iinDcciipicil 
tlirii;ifli  r  at  till'  liiiii'  (if  tlie  t.ikiii>,'  of- 
frot  i)f  the  i:M'_'|i>li  fuotoiy  iiriil  wiiik- 
»lioj)  net  l.sii.'i.  S  -JT.  r-ulis.  .i,  |iioliil:ithiK 
tlic  11.^0  oi  a  plaoo  iiiiilor  f,'riiiin'l  ns  ii 
liakohoiiso  "iinl(«s  si.  iisoil  nt  tlio  enm- 
nioiici'idoiit  of  Mioli  not."  Tlio  court  took 
tlic  iMisiiiini  tlial.  fur  tlio  |iiir|i.i-.os  of 
the  net,  tiyii;.'  to  lot  the  |irii'iisos  wan 
oqnivulom  to  nsiiii;  tlioiii.  ami  lliat  tlioio 
hull  Iiiiii  no  iiilori  Mjitioii  of  imc  as  a 
bnki'lionso.  ns  tlio  o\  i.|i'iiiv>  ^lio.io.l  tliat 
•liirin;;  a  poiiioii  of  llio  |iiiiii.l  (liiiiii(; 
wliloli  llio  pniiii-os  had  irniiin:il  unoc- 
cnpii'l  llioy  liail  boon  iiinlor  itjiair.  and 
that  (liiiiiii;  llw  wIkiIo  of  tliat  po.'iol  a 
notice  to  llio  illocl  til  It  tl'.'V  \Mio  to  lot 
had  oni^laiitly  boon  exbibitod. 

A  jii^lii'o  may  bo  coMi|ir!icl  by  niin- 
dninii-.  to  hoar  a  conmlaiiit  a^'aiii^t  [lait 
of  tho  liWiiois  of  a  iii no  vvliii  failed  to 
proviilo  a  boiler  with  n  |iropoi-  sloani 
jrinifio  as  ro|iiired  by  18  &.  10  Viet., 
chap.  lt)«.  5  11,  ns  th"  net  renders  any 
owner.  i!'_'int.  or  viowor  liable  for  noL'loot 
111  ol'  I'T-r  the  riili's.  Qiifn  V.  Iliiiiiii 
(l.-<.-.7)  7  i:i.  >\:  HI.  7.-.:.  '2li  I,.  ,1.  .\l.  C. 
X.  ,s.  is:;.  .■!  .fnr.  N.  S.  7l."i. 

A  eity  ordi'iatiop  ron";ii  ii'ir  e\orv  vat 
with  hot  linnids  to  bo  siirrmiMdod  with 
"proper  safi^rnaids"  for  preventing  Occi- 
dent or  injury  lo  tlio-e  i'?ii|>lii,>'ii  :rt  ,ir 
near  tbom  n-ipiiros  some  niaotiotl  ^afo- 
Riiard  wliioii,  wliile  allorilin;;  roa-annble 
soeiirily.  dm  s  Mit  unreasonably  intiii'-re 
with  llio  work  which  nin.st  bo  |iirfiir.iiisl. 
Cli'riuio  I'  rlinp  rf  ['rdiisiun  I'li.  v. 
Itohtili  {\H'.)>)  47  111.  App.  Ii40.  di-ip- 
provin^  an  instrnetinn  wlilih  lofi  it  to 
the  jury  to  say  whelbor  a  railiin;  which 
had  boon  provitled  was  a  propi  r  safe- 
};iiard.  a  matter  ns  to  whioh  no  ovldonce 
had  been  pri>lnce<l.  and  uliieh  oonld  be. 
settled  only  by  nn  o\port. 

The  duty  of  the  owner  of  a  ninniifac- 
tiirini.'  estnblisbinent  to  piovide  an  in- 
closnro  for  an  elevator  shaft,  under  N. 
Y.  T>iws  1S87,  chap.  i&i.  S  s!  nnionding 
N.  Y.  r,nws  18^1).  chap.  -lOfl.  arises  only 
after  the  insiioolor  has  iliel.ired  that  in 
his  opinion  it  is  necessary  to  do  so  in 
order  to  protect  the  lii'e  or  limbs  of 
those  eniploMKl  in  iho  esliblishnient. 
n,„l,„  V.  t/.i..'  iKS:i2i  2s  Abb.  v,  C. 
l.'W.   IS   N'.  Y.  Snpp.  lOfi. 

\  S.  T.iuvs  1SS7.  clnp  "lit).  pro\idos 
for  protecting  the  opening  of  a  hoittway 


in  wnrelioiMps  by  a  nubstantlal  rijij-., 
or  with  flood  iind  sullicieiit  ir.ijp  .j.^j?,' 
to  be  kept  clo-cJ  at  all  liiiii.  ,-■^,^..• 
«lioii  ill  actual  use.  liid.i  this  ni^ 
\i^iun  it  was  held  that  win  re  an  im- 
plnyoo.  just  after  enloiin;;  a  loiillii ;.  on 
a  link  niorniii;;.  fell  into  a  liiii.iu.v 
whieli    had    boon    left    opou    l,v    a    c.i.iil 

(iliiyoo    will,   had    pa I    tliiii:i-|,   .,  (^, 

riiiiinlos  In  lore,  it  was  for  ilir  jury  in 
.i.iy  wlioilier  llie  protooiioii  r^  •|iiii.<|  l.y 
the  stalnio  was  jjivon.  M'f.nil.,,  i 
S,„ilh.  (18!i2i  47  N.  Y.  S.  U.  .Mio  i', 
\.  V.  .'<npp.  !)!II. 

'I'lio  (liitariu  faetorio-  act  lSs|.  [.li;,p 
:l!l.  ii  !.'>.  subs.  1,  ]iroviilito;  iliat  \  iij.i'i. 
dangerous  plaoos  shall  i.o  McinfK 
.^i.ii-diil.  is  infiiiij{od  ulioio  a  vat  nii 
whioh  workmen  have  to  stand  is  iml, 
ipialily  eo\rred.  Druii  v.  Itiihu'i,  ( .  ■ 
ton    Mills  Cn.    (I8H7)    14  Out.   |;,.|,.  \\;i 

.\  dopro>sion  in  the  lloor  of  a  inill.  nf 
tho  depth  of  the  lloor.  mad.-  In  an  opii 
inir    in    tho   same  at   a    piaio   ,\liir.-  tlif 

elevator   pa>-.'s  up  and  ilm\ti.  il |,..|| 

ini:  being  elo„.d  by  nn  aiitoM.ni"  -ii.l,.. 
diii>  not  const iiiite  a  violaiiiui  of  \|,ii* 
I'lib.  Stat.  e!iap.  1114,  S  H.  d.  iKiniii:  ilut 
Jill  hoistiv.iy^  and  olo\atois  cm  imit 
lloor  of  n  faetoiy  sbiill  bo  proi.cU'il  dy 
-iMlieiont  trap  doors  or  soli  lio-iiiji 
Inlilios.      Iloiiiil  V.  Itliirl:.\lniif'  Mja.  C.,. 

iliMMii    177  Mass.  (;i|.  .-,s  .\.  i;.  is.i. 

A  driivLd-t's  eslab|i>hnioiil  in  iii.ic-h 
the  only  |>'rl  of  the  w.iros  ni.unif.u  luriil 
is  that  whioh  is  pnidiieod  in  a  laliori 
lory,  lie  entire  ontpiil  beiiiLr  only  al.n'i! 
2  per  eont  of  the  biisiniss,  js  mil  a  'I'lic 
loiy"  within  the  moanin;r  of  a  -titiit.' 
roipiiriiii,'  fire  e«e,ipos.  Ih  n-.imlnl  v, 
7'i.ii/v  Ihun  (•„.  (Hitil)  M  Tox.  Civ. 
App.  1,  til  S.  \V.  41!l. 

Kor  a  oi-o  in  wldoh  tlio  def. 'mI  ni 
was  sited  for  broaeh  of  a  statute  ri''|iiir- 
inp  tho  eon^trnetion  of  tiio  c-iiihs 
(Wis.  Laws  l.sit.-,.  chap.  :'..'i.")  Wfv.  St:it. 
18!'S,  li  4;i!M,  and  was  hoM  imi  to  !..■ 
obliv'id  lo  eonstrnct  now  tiii-  o-cipi-. 
for  the  ro-i^on  that  his  f.Kiniy  n-.n 
within   the  statulory  excoplii-i  as  I-im; 

"supplied  with  n  roasiuitTblc  tiro  i-in " 

see  hiiiihirry  v,  U'i'i  h  Mnlh^ihU  it 
Wrniifilil  /,(,'n  Co.  i  ['M)\  i  IIU  U  i-.  3ltl, 
85  N.  \V.   1I12.-1. 

A  safe  landlnsr  place  is  in  os-iiiliil 
part  of  nn  eltioionl  lire  esoapr.  Ilmce 
ovidoneo  ihat  a  lire  escape  ntl.iilud  ton 
factory  torniinatod  above  a  cliiito  ex- 
tondinfr  into  the  basomont  of  the  Iniili- 
inc.  so  that  persons  atloiiiptin;.'  to 
di  r-'i'Ji.i  l.ilidod  ill  sr.oli  ehlllo.  jii-lilici 
n  findinff  that  Iho  lovnors  failol  1"  lira- 
vide  a  jiroper  tire  is. ape  a.s  roquiiod  liv 
the   New    York    statute   providing  tlut 


,1  <  i 


itoi] 


ACTS  IXIFUSINU  si'it  Ifle  DITIKS. 


JH»5 


fjctoriM  ihall  be  prmiaed  with  stiitiibli' 
and  proper  lire  oscii|i<'s  coiinecliiiK  with 
rach  lloor.  Johtisijii  v.  .Situwi  iiixuip  d 
/onfcrn  Co.  (18>J3i  7 J  Hun.  53;).  J.i  N. 
V.  Supp.  089. 

Ni'gliBfnce  by  the  pioprii'tor  of  a  fac- 
tory ninnot  he  pii  ■lirati'd  o/  thf  fact 
ihat  thi'  windows  UiKliii};  to  the  liri- 
escapes  wrre  HCiiwnl  ilnun.  wiuTi'  mhIi 
ttiii(!ows  wore  li;.'ht  slriiitiin-  iiiul  cuuM 
Msilj  have  hwii  kiiknl  out  with  a>  lit 
tledelav  us  woilhl  li-  oir,i..ioiicd  liv  raiB 
1,1(5  111. 'in  if  unfa-Uii.il.  and  proppiiiff 
t'ltin  up.  lludit  V.    Ii  ,<  /  i(vi/i  (;/i/tosr  Co. 

l^il,•)l    13    iliM'.    r»p.    'i'lT.    'ii    N.    V. 

'.'31. 

In  conatniinfj  tlie  Ontiino  fart. hum 
.lot  (Rtv.  Ktal.  l->s7i,  §  !.■).  suhs.  -1. 
|,rnvidii!)f  for  sifi-ty  .Icxiccs  on  ele- 
\;itor«,  the  co\iil  n  is  luld  that,  even  if 
•lie  ilcvicc  fuiTii>l;.(l  ha.H  neither  hiin 
ijiproviil  nor  disappiovrd  liy  the  (jovmi- 
•iicnt  int-pector,  tln'  idaiiitiir  cannot  re- 
nder milcsa  ho  »ho\\s  tliat  it  was  of 
.iiili  a  pattern  a-  to  ui'k.'  tl.r  M>c  of  it 
'UiriiHonuhle.  lilii' I;  \.  <l,iliiiio  Whni 
r„    (isno)    m  ((III.    l^.'p.  .">7H. 

K  manufactnrer  iinkiui:  use  of  ele- 
viilia-"  !•»  not  eoin;n'll.  ■'.  U!ah-r  Masw. 
^lat.  ixs-j,  ehap.  2ii><.  ani'-ii  li'ij;  Ma-'s. 
I'll!..  Stat.  ehap.  104.  .«  14,  pro\  i.!lii;4 
!!ial  all  olevalois.  calis.  or  i'ar>  shall  In 
|.rij\iliil  witli  soiue  siiil  ihl'>  nieehanieal 
i.vice  to  1r'  apjiri.vi.l  ly  the  slate  in 
-li.rtor  of  faclciiis  a:id  |ii:lilie  Iniildinfis. 
vhiTchy  the  r.ilw  or  cat-,  will  he  "sr 
nircly  held  in  the  eviiit  of  a.ri.li'iit ,"  to 
l.iuvi'ilf  an  arr",!)u'(inent  thai  will  surely 
,111(1  Miurely  In.M  the  ''ir  in  every  eir 
c'lni'laiin'.  hut  only  sLinc  d.-viee.  to  he 
iipproved  by  the  iiispiet.u'.  il.'si;.'neil  for 
ilic  piirjiose  of  secirely  hohliii^;  the  e.ih 
ill  (M-e  of  Mecidriii.  Iliii(i<;t>  v.  \l/.i7.- 
,1S!I',|   l.-,p  Mass.  'Jit;.  .'It  -N.  K.  191. 

Sn>    al-o    //,    I'liiiiiiKiii     f'o.     V.     Ilnhii 

l!iii1  1  IS!)  111.  -JX.  .■>(»  N.  K.  rr21.  cilc.l 
in  f  Tfl!l.  note  4.  sii/'ni. 

1(1)  Sltilltl<''<  lifluliitinii  thr  rii'ri  itliri,! 
'if  hdncs. — As  ri'i^anls  some  of  thcur  pio- 
vi-ions.  the  statutes  \vhieli  liave  been 
iiiiii'ted  for  the  re^ulaii..n  "f  iiiiiics  in 
ilio  rnit.-d  .'slates  and  the  oth.u-  eo'in 
Mil-  wiili  wliieh  we  are  eonei-rued  in  ili.' 
|in-.t.|  triatise  are  sin.ilar.  i>r  siih-l  u 
•iiilly  identical.  Hut  it  siciiis  t.i  he 
ptctirihle.  on  the  vhole,  to  ela-siiy  thi> 
CI-.-  nilh  referenri'  rather  to  terriioii,il 
l:nr-<  than  to  the  Mihj.e'  matter.  .No 
I>rnvi-iMii«.  rf  eour-o.  will  Im-  ailverte  1  to 
liiTe  r\(V  pt  those  which  hm-e  a  dir.'.-t 
...'Til';.'  upon  il:e  exte'it  of  tlie  I'r^hi  of 
miners  to  recov.r  damages  for  in|inirs 
revived  ii.  the  oourse  of  their  employ 
ment. 


L'nil<'l  A..iy'/'/M.— The  shall  ..I  a  had 
luine.  which  i.s  eniiipleted  and  has  a  lun- 
uel  diiveu  f'oin  the  bultofii  of  il  for 
the  imrj^ -.  .d  arri.in;,'  at  the  ore.  ul 
Ibouvh  11.)  ..1.  has  yet  linii  got  oiil,  is  a 
"worUiii;;  sliall  "  within  the  lueaniii;,'  of 
the  tniilish  met  illifrio'is  ndi,.s  re.^ula 
lion  uet  IsTJ.  §  ;i,l,  sulis  lo;  an  I  the 
owners  of  the  mine  are  liahh'  to  h.'  con- 
victed of  ail  oU'ell-e  ,l;,Millsl  that  -.•clliui, 
it  the  mill  eiiiployi.i  ill  the  mini'  are 
drawn  up  the  sli.ill  in  a  b-.i.-Ui '.  iiiipro- 
vidiil  with  >;iii.l.  s.  f'ustir  v.  \uilh 
llciidi;  Mm.  Co.  |1S!)1]  1  Q.  IS,  71,  f.O 
L.  .].  M.  C.  X.  ^.  6,  153  1..  1.  N.  S, 
l.-)H.  17  (ox  C.  C.  -illi.  ,V)  .1.  r.  l'i:t.  Ihe 
diei.sion  was  based  on  the  piiiieipie  that 
llie  daii;;ir  to  the  miiieis  is  the  snuie 
wliethir  the  mi    c   is   prodin-iix-  or  not 

Inder  18  X  lit  \  ic!,,  diap.  HIS.  jS  4. 
le.piii  in;,'  \eiit  il  1  i'.ii  eoust.inl  ly  il  a 
eollierv  "he  wiil.-l.'  the  susp.iision  of 
actual  work  from  Saturdiy  to  Mmidiy 
will  not  suspi'1,1  the  re'|iliieiiieiii  s  .is  lo 
ventilation  diiriii:?  that  time.  Airo../..* 
v.  Uirl.i.inoii  I  I  sen)  :•  I'd.  .Ii.  Kl.  7o,">.  2!» 
I..  ,1.  .M.  C.  N.  .>s.  1 :;.").  Ii  diir.  N.  S.  ti78, 
S  We.k,   I!cp.  411. 

I  iidi-r  -23  i  i'l  Vict.,  ehap.  l.')l— an 
'ft  for  the  rc'.'ulnioii  nn.l  iiisp.  <-t  ion  of 
.iiinis,^so  nii:<h  of  the  mine  luiist  lie 
'm  jii  'entilaled  as  ti.  render  the  wiirking 
pliecs  s-if...  Itiiiinil,  V.  Iloiiifnni  (IHil^i 
I.-.  .Miuirj;  llip.  Ii.  L.  1!.  3  l^.  Ii.  771.  37 
I.,  .1.  M,  C.  N.  S.  177,  Hi  Week.  Kep. 
I  I-.'3.  !'   lii -t   i   S.    |o-J. 

The  eoal  millers'  re  j.'ul.iti.in  act  1SS7, 
'.'iiieral  rules  No.  l.l.  piovi.bs  as  fol 
lows:  "r.veiy  roa.l  on  which  pii-.ins 
liaM-l  uinleiyiouiid,  where  the  load  is 
■  li;;,\n  by  a  horse  or  other  animal,  shall 
)  ;-  p.ovidid,  at  intervals  of  not  more 
ill  11  ,Mi  y,irds,  with  siinicicnt  manholes 
or  Willi  pi, .IT-  of  rifii.;r;  and  i-vriv  such 
plice  of  refuir.'  shall  be  of  siKlicient 
hiLiih.  and  al  h.isi  3  fret  in  wi.Ith 
l.il.v.'rn  the  w.iix.iiis  riinniii!;  on  the  io,id 
aial  the  side  of  smh  loail,"  In  n  Scotch 
i-ise  it  w-as  hi-lil  by  lyord  Marloiiild 
I  lie  other  jii.h.'cs  resirvinj,'  their  opin- 
iMi!s  on  the  point  i  that  the  nioullis  of 
Ihe  cross  roa.ls  uhi.'li  lei  olT  the  m.iin 
I'mI  of  a  mire,  and  wire  within  .">0 
virds  oi'  i-ii-h  iiihci,  wrr.-  lo  be  eonsi'l- 
rj-r-d  as  *-m;'!i!:id( -"  in  the  spji-n  of  the 
rule.  Ilufilu.i  v.  rlniir  I'oal  Co.  (  ISII]) 
I',i  Sc.  S..SS.  Ca^.  4th  si-iirs.  313. 

As  to  the  qii.-tion  whrther  the  efTect 
of  the  act  of  123  A  21  Viet.  chip.  1,51, 
5  1ft,  v.itl,  r..,ii.'  to  the  vcniilniinn  of 
eoal  mitirs.  is  or  is  not  lo  mike  the 
operator  of  the  mine  absolutely  respon- 
aible  tor  failure  lo  provide  hmcIi  ventila 


U 


i'>. 


i  t 


'f.l   1 


il'- 


■W 


AIM 


2196 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


IdlVP. 


iftm^iMiJSimtm- 


ji 


tion,  nnd  thiu  rxehide  /iro  lanin  the  de- 
(flifp  of  cowrvin',  hco  $  ."jti.'i.  ante, 
ttrttish   colo.tic.i.—lluU-    Is,   (   25,   in- 

Kpwtion    of    IIHtllllfl'IOlH    lllilMM    apt     ( H. 

t'.  Uev.  Stat,  clrip.  1.'I4»,  runs  as  fid- 
Iowk:  "Kucli  win/<j  or  null  holt  exltiid- 
in(»  from  one  li'vcl  or  <hilt  to  Miollipr 
Ipvel  or  drift  shall  !«•  proti  clcil  at  the 
to[)  liv  11  povii  or  piiiid  i.iil."  This 
proviRJon  <loi"<  not  pom  pel  n  mi  tip  om  iipi' 
to  co\pr  an  o|MriiM<,'  on  nii  iiiiiriiiiiliali- 
IpvpI.  Martin,  .1.,  in  Shiin ,  v.  Hull 
Minri,   (18!l!l(   li  H.  ( '.  oT'.l. 

S'ppijon  ti.  Mill.".  [><!,  of  til,.  Viptoriu 
rpfriilatioii  oi'  iiiiiiPH  •.tiiliitr  of  1S77.  de- 
plarinf;  tliiit  no  pprrion  in  plmrp'  of 
■>lpa?Ti  iii.ipliinpry  in  ponnuction  willi  thp 
working  of  any  mine  nhall.  niihs-.  re- 
lipved  liv  a  pompplent  (M-rson  for  that 
|)ur|Mi-.p,  nl)«pnt  hini-ili  or  ii';i»p  to 
Kii|jiTviM'  the  inapliincry  dining  'he  tinip 
it  i*  n«p<l  in  workinn  the  niiiip,  applip" 
onlv  in  the  ca-ip  of  niacliinrry  in  ciiiiiipp 
tion  with  uorkiii};  of  a  mine,  ami  not  in 
II  ra>p  M'hPiv  tlip  piilpaMi'  pirtv  i*  a 
contractor  pii^ja^rp'!  in  puitin;,'  niaphin 
p|\-.  Ihiiinliiii  V.  Sti  I'lirt  lIHSOi  li 
Virt.  I„   IJpp.   (I^.)    17.-.. 

Illinois.  I'nilpr  il'p  inlninL'  liPt  of 
thi^  itatp  ttip  lialiility  of  tlip  owner  is 
ponilllii>i:i'<l  upon  pmof  thai  lip  has 
"wilfully  violated"  tlip  statiiioiy  re- 
ipiirpmint-.  ('niis'ihilnii  J  i'mil  Co.  v. 
i'aisi,)!  I  IS!HJ)  t;r,  III.  \|.p.  a:\\.  Mpre 
nonpniiipliaiipp  with  tlir-i'  rciiiilii'inrnt?' 
•lops  not   ponstitntp  a  "wilful  violation" 

Ihirpof.  Ollill       ('mil       Co.       v.       f)ril„,llll 

I  imHU  IS.-,  1)'  ll:t,  7li  Am.  St.  lipp. 
15,  57  S.  K.  11'.:.  Anhriiin;;  (IHii'li  84 
III.  Ap|>.  I!MI:  Siiii,ir!siilf  Coal  Miii.  lUj. 
V.  iiii,ii<iii  (|S!i2i  h.\  III.  App.  Ill)  lin 
striniion  Ipii.-iil  on  oppo«itp  ijaiay  lii'h! 
pri'onpoii"  I. 

Instriiolinns  aip  dpfpclivp  unless  tlipy 
are  such  as  to  kci'p  [«'rn.ancntl>  h<fnr<' 
thp  jiirv  the  (|iip>liiiii  wlicllur  the 
hipach  of  the  stalMiniy  rpi|iiircmpnt 
pomplaincil  of  was  wiltiil.  IliwU'it  v. 
Dailiti    I  1HS3)    13   111.    \|ip.   :;!tl. 

W'lierp  the  report  of  an  p\aiiiiiiati<ni 
of  defendant's  mine  did  not  show  th.it 
.ill  the  conditions  were  safp.  and  plain 
tifT  gave  dpfcndant  notice  of  llic  d.iii,-!  i 
OU3  eondition  of  an  pntiy.  and  was 
permitted  to  enter  the  niin"  to  work, 
and  was  iiijnri'd.  there  was  c\  idc'ic,.  to 
snpport  an  instruction  liased  oii  wilful 
violation  of  niinin;;  net.  §  4.  pinvidin^ 
that  all  mines  shall  lie  exaniined  every 
tportiinf^,  nnd  flint  no  one  shall  he  per. 
hiitted  to  enter  until  the  conditions  are 
reported  to  he  -.nfe.  f'mv.ifr  Coiil  Co. 
V.  Woi/ee  (1000,  ,St  111.  4nj.  ."lO  X,  E. 
(i21,  Uevprsing  ilSUSj   79  111.  App.  469. 


"Ill  phi 

I'r'ji 


I'l    I. 

-i.in  • 
tii't. 

ii'.l   o:' 


Wilful  violation  in  preilicited  vhf 
the  owner  in  nllected  with  notice  t! 
the  requiiciiients  have  not  Ikmii  i 
with,  and  fails  to  renic.ly  tli.. 
condilioiiM.  Ilxrtkit  Cou'l  <l  I,,.,.  ,„ 
Uo'iih  tlK7;i)  08  111.  174;  Jiipu.  r  l\, 
I/i)i.  Co.  V.  .Uiirr,  ilSHiti  St  111  \p 
!Mi;  (lliiinl  ('(III  Co.  V.  II  IM/  ..  <  I  !»', 
■'>i  111.   Apji.  !.!•. 

In  n  else  where  a  deelai.iiic.n  ,il|,_., 
that  plaintills  intestate  i 
le.ltli  liy  defi'lld. lilt's  wilful  ..mi. 
comply  with  two  sections  of  ilic 
was  held  proper  to  r.  fii-c  to  ,il| 
ceis  of  dpfpiidant  to  tc-iily  tlj.it  t! 
int<'iide<l  to  eoiiiply  with  Ilic  >' iin,.  i 
^'ood  faith,  siiiiT  tlic  wonl  ".viii.il.'. 
employed  in  the  dec!  ir.il  ion,  ,li,|  ;•, 
ehiir;;e  wroii-ifnl  intent.  I.iii  ,,,|iv  t|. 
the  o!iii*-ions  were  poii..{,ioii"  .ku  nt  V 

mind,  and  did  not    r  -nil    i ri.n,  ji 

ailvertenee.      f<('i/i    Cinil   r  .,.    v.   /(.  ,„i,j 

(imio)  isr,  111.  41.!.  7i;  Am.  M.  i:,|i. ) 
.■i7  \.  K.  192.  .Vtliimiiif;  i  ls!i'i>  m  | 
App.    1!K». 

Ncilli^'enee  so  Jflo^s  a-  to  aiiiiMiiit  ' 
iicklcs,iicss  and  imlicate  a  willit|,.'iii, 
to  suhjeet  cithers  to  a  known  and  av<ii 
aide  risk  will  suppoit  a  c!iaij;c  of  ui'n 
wronj;:  litit  mieh  a  phar;:c  is  not  ^n 
tained  hy  proof  of  a  wanl  merely  nj  , 
dinary  laie.  (liinril  ('mil  I'o.  v.  lli, 
'/"ii  "(  I.S!i:fl   52  111.  App.  iil>. 

Whethi'r  there  has  hein  a  ..iliiil  iii 
lire  iiiu~t  he  deleimlnid  i,y  llic  jiir 
upon  a  coiisidi'ration  of  all  tiic  t.et-ati 
ciiellliislaniT-  of  the  case.  Ilihn  (V 
'■.,.  V.  Ill  11111,1,1  (ISlMli  H»  111.  A|i|i.  I'm 
U»././i/  \<illiii  I/i/i.  ,(-  1/  ,,.  ('„. 
I'i,illil,.y    (  18!HI)    :;<•   III.  App.  ;!7i;. 

I  Oder  Starr  A  »'.  Anno  si.it.  J.l  . 
diap.  11.'!,  S  4.  which  pro\  i,i. .  ili.n  i 
mines  in  which  men  are  emplovcil  sha 
lie  o.\aiiiined  evciy  iiioriiiiiH  '"  'M'liiui 
olistriiclions  to  loadways  and  oili.r'ln 
f-croiis  eondilions.  and  §  1  (.  '.'iwn;: 
ri^'ht  of  action  to  the  widow  and  cLi 
dren  of  any  jieison  killid  hy  llio  hiIii 
violation  or  failure  tc  eom|,l\'  willi  *\if 
law,  where  any  injury  h,i|i|"i!-  cuilii! 
poraneously  with  the  eonliiiucd  vini 
lion  of  the  statute,  to  a  pcisi.n  withi 
its  proti'ction.  a  verdict  lin,li!iu  t'l 
th"  violation  of  the  staliilc  cmi-hI  i! 
in'  liy  will  not  he  set  aside  mile-- thfi 
is  an  entire  nhsence  of  piooi. 
C'liil  Mill.  Co.  V.  Mcirrr  (  ls;i: 
App.  (Hi. 

.4  wilful  viol.ation  of  §  7  nf 
icir  ;tet ,  which  forldds  the  ow-n. 
in  charf.'e  of  a  hoistii;,.-  ,  ;.'i!:i 
an  pxperience<l.  conijii ;  •  i.  ,i 
jwrson.  is  eslahlishci;  niiere 
finds    that   an   incompetent   pt 


.hil.;. 
I   S4  II 

Tli 


I,--   iui 


Ml 


w^ 


le 


ACTS  IMI'OSIXU  Si'liCIKIC  DUTIES. 


tlB7 


.mploj-wl  (iii'l  fftainofl  with  knowledjip 
if  hl«  incoiiipflriify.  .Vf<iii<ic  Voal  d 
!/,„  Tn.  V.  Uunard  (1888)  l::(i  111.210, 
15  X.  K.  2114. 

The  inftTeiicc  tliut  a  mini'  owner  po»- 
..ard  thiit  knowl>'il;;p  of  tlif  failure  to 
limply  Willi  the  ntulule  wliji'li  w.iriiiiit!* 
",if  conchiniun  that  he  huii  uilliiliy  viu 
[,it«l  it  miiy  properly  be  Urnwii  w  lien- 
I  »a»  operating  u  eoiil  mine,  the  mi^'i 
■i\  shaft  of  which  was  200  (eet  in  ilcfili, 
inJ  hnd  (aih'il  to  con--lrurt  an  aiMi 
i'>nal  or  eticapcnit'nt  ^llaft.  in  the  man- 
irrHiuirttl  hy  -  Man  «V  V.  Anno.  Stat. 
h.ip.  M.  9  3,  within  a  year  after  coal 
va«  niincJ  for  "ule  or  use.  t'liiirn  illr 
lodCu.  V.  Abbott  (18U8)  81  HI.  App. 
:'.9. 

Kvidence,  in  an  action  for  death  re- 
■  ilting  from  ne;;lij;enee.  that  the  state 
nine  iii«pe("tor  has  never  nnaile  com- 
■flimt  of  the  condiliont  siirroumling  the 
•nalt  of  a  mine,  is  not  concln-iive  that 

ifh  conditions  were  not  the  result  of 
.vilfiil  violation  of  the  law.  Oilin  Vual 
r„,y.  Driimiiii  (  IS!l!M  84  111.  App.  1'."). 
I'ldprnnt  AllirniMt  in  (1900)  18.">  III. 
ll:l,  T(i  Am.  St.  Itep.  4.5,  57  N.  E.  192. 

Sections  4  and  •>,  Kev.  Stat.  1874, 
iiiil  i  4  of  the  statute  i'P»itIed  "Health 
nd  Safety  of  .Mincri,''  (Sess.  Laws 
i<S3.  p.  114),  re(|uire  the  owners  of 
mines  to  have  the  working  places  exam- 
ircd  every  morning  in  order  to  detect 
r.re  d.inip.  This  provision  is  applicable 
rnt  only  to  an  employee  actually  en- 
.'jjed  in  diprging  for  coal,  but  al^o  to  an 
niiplovce  who.  «t  the  time  of  an  explo- 
-ion.  Hiis  timbering  a  shaft  C'oaf  tliin 
'■'.Hi  Co.  V.  .lonis  (1880)  19  III.  App. 
:ii,i.  Rcverwl  in  (188«)  127  111.  .•?:!•.  8 
v.  K.  8t;5.  20  N.  K.  8\  but  only  on  the 
:rinind  that  the  breach  of  the  statute 
'id  not  c<intrilp\ile  to  the  areidetit. 

A  niiniiij;  enmpany  wilfully  negleet- 
i;;  to  priMiit  aiciimnlation  of  gas.  as 
i.fiirnl  l.y  the  act  of  July  1,  1SH7,  is 
mill'  fnr  injuries  to  nn  employee 
iu-.-,l  tlicniix.  Miirhli/  VVi7/../  l/iii"  .t 
'l-i  Co.  V.  /•hillipa  (1890)30  III.  App. 
3:0. 

I  ai.r  111.  l!ev.  Stat.  1874.  chap.  93. 
•  0,  ;•<  ana-iiiled  liy  act  of  May  11, 
'X',  the  per-'in  >vhoi-e  diitj  it  is  to 
r>i>.irt  .Troi(li>nts  to  t'le  mine  inspector  is 
V  pdM.ii  \^ll!^  iriT.  iinmediaLe  persiiiial 
h.irt,'  nf  il'.e  !i.inp  or  colliery.  The 
'i«ner  nr.d  operatrir  of  the  mine,  or  his 
•sent,  is  not  within  the  penalty  unle-^s 
I""  has   pcisonal    charge    of    the    mine. 

.«.-..'( V.  i>.;;,ir  iisrn)  m  in.  lao. 

Recovery  lias  been  allowed  for  inju- 
ri'ii  cnnsed  by  a  wilful  violation  of  the 
proviMon  i§  7)  requiring  the  owners  of 


mines  to  provide  safe  hoisting  appftra- 
tus.  siillicienl  brakeii,  and  sutlieient  light, 
and  not  to  place  an  incompetent  engi- 
neer or  a  boy  under  eighteen  years  of 
age  in  charge.  VungnUilaliil  ('out  Vu. 
V.  1/oWif  (1>8!))  130  111.  :,:,\.  il  X.  K. 
7l.'i.  See  also  Vio/i/ic  Vuiil  A  \liii.  To. 
v.  I.iuimrd  (1H88)  12U  III.  2lii.  ID  N'.  K. 
•JIM. 

The  fact  that  thr  statute  eanie  into 
elfect  only  a  few  days  belme  the  aici 
tlent  oeenrred  is  \\t\  e\eM*e  for  a  nnnenni 
pli  inee  with  its  pro\  i>i(m>.  II  unable 
lo  eaiiy  out  any  of  the  stalulo  v  duties 
at  onee,  the  mine  owimt  is  bi'iuid  i"  -11- 
pend  operations  uiiijl  be  has  in  1  le  the 
nn'.ssaiv  preparatidM.  ll'UlUn  ('(.«/ 
i  Min.  «'o.  V.  Itomh   (I87.!|   tlS   III.  174. 

The  operator  of  a  coal  mine.  who.  be 
fore  permitting  persons  to  enter  siuli 
mine,  causes  it  to  lie  e\aniiniil  by  a 
competent  and  duly  nutlioiizid  agiiit, 
who  in  good  faith  mikis  an  e\auiina 
tion  to  asecrtain  if  there  are  aiy  dan- 
gerous eondiliiins  whieli  ren  b  i  it  un- 
safi'  for  ii'i'ii  to  work  thiniii,  mid  re 
ports  the  mine  to  1m-  in  a  safe  eondition. 
when  in  fact  it  is  not,  cannot  be  suisl 
under  that  piii\is|on  of  the  st.itiite 
wliiili  relates  to  the  ins|Mct ion  of  mini's 
(2   Starr  k  C.    .Anno.   St.it.   i>7llt.   ebap. 

92.   5S  4.   14),  tl ;;li  p<i«,ibl»    i.,.n.ry 

may  be  bad  in  a  eoinmon  law  u-iion 
for  negligence.  Iliiiiimi  /'.,.;/  I'd.  v 
Svhronlh  (1900)   91  III.  App.  I'.il. 

Section  6  of  the  act  of  IsT!"  inaits 
that  there  shall  be  provided  for  l.ii-iing 
and  lowering  mimrs  a  e:ij(  eoviied 
with  boiler  iron  and  fumislnd  with 
guides,  a  brake  in  every  drum,  and  safe- 
ty catches. 

.\  pit  boss  in  charge  of  a  mine,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  see  that  the  bni-lin-.'  appa- 
ratus satistles  the  statutmy  ii>|uire- 
ments.  cannot  reeovi^r  under  I  hi-  s,ction 
from  the  mine  owner  for  injuiii  -  e.iu^ed 
by  bis  failuie  to  perfonu  tlii-  duly. 
Ill  iiiif'iiiii  dull  To.  V.  Ciiiifrr  {  iNS.t)  \i 
111.  Ap|..  .17,3. 

Rev.  Mat.  187 ».  ebap.  93,  S  14.  re- 
ipiires  tliit  'every  drum  sliall  be  pio 
xidid  with  a  siillieicni  brake  to  prevent 
aieiilent  In  case  iil'  the  giving  nut  or 
biiaking  of  m.iibiiiery."  The  I  liliire  of 
the  inaebinery  to  perform  its  proper 
olliie  is  a  "givini.'  oul"'  within  the  niein- 
iiig  of  the  statute.  Itmnl  v.  Sl.i  hlini 
(IHS.'ii  ]\",  III.  .^St  linsliuetion  to  this 
elfeet  a|i|iioved),  Allirming  (1SS3)  13 
III.  App.  ■)!. 

The  provision  in  Rev.  I..ivv-  1874. 
ebap.  70.  S  11.  regarding  the  e.r  .  iir.j  of 
hoisting  cages,  applies  wlai,.  ,1  pi  1 -nil 
was  kilbt!  while  upon  the  eayi    fur  the 


li 


;i 


\V  .j'^ 


i! 
If' 


i 


21!>S 


MASiEIl  A.VU  t»fcKVAXT. 


[(  tlAl- 


!• 


y\ 


|iiirpofu-  of  briijr  boixtfd.  by  a  lump  of 
coal  which  fell  donn  ttii'  Bliiitt,  the  C:i((u 
iiul  lji'iii{{  cuvii'i'il.  Lililifuld  Coal  t'u. 
T.  TiiytoT  (ISTtll   HI  111.  5U0. 

A  hnv  ri'4iiiiinf.'  riiiiio  owners  to  pro- 
viiit*  iidUtiiif;  iiiiu'liiiiery  which  will  keep 
the  iniiu'rs  sad-  "ii"  fur  o»  pomihle"  is 
tint  ronipliiHl  with  where  a  valvt'  of  the 
hoi-liii;;  «ii(,'iiic  of  a  miiif  (Mf^r  i«  il*-- 
tirtiM'.  to  till'  kiiinvh-d^'c  (if  the  otiicfrs 
of  the  eoiii|i:iiiy.  mi  ik  to  nllmv  the 
vli'iiiii  to  i'MMp<'  thriiii;;h  it  ami  Htarl 
the  f'n;.'ino  aiitiuualically  ;  ami  the  tnin- 
ill','  ciiiriiniiy  i«  liiililf  fur  the  death  of  a 
iiiiiiiT  (-.iiiM'il  liy  --iicli  unexpected  start- 
injr.  roiisniiihh,!  i'diil  Co.  V.  ilakl 
(ISSH)  .11  III.  A  pp.  irrZ. 

IIiikIh  Hiv.  Stat.  (III./  ISS!»,  chap. 
DM,  i  (I,  proviiie<i  that  h  MUllleient  li;;lit 
Hliall  lie  fiiriii-ihed  at  the  top  of  every 
nhafl  of  a  mine  to  insure  Ihe  safety  of 
per-iinx  ('etiiii';  on  or  oil  the  eii;.'r.  (Sec- 
tion K  reipiiriN  :liat  Ihe  lop  of  every 
shaft  whall  In'  srciinlv  t.iierd  liy  ifalcs 
properly  proteelinjit  iinch  -haft.  Section 
14  proville^^  that  any  iiijiiry  iiri->inK 
from  failure  to  omnply  uilli  the  piovi- 
sions  of  the  act  -.hill  ;,'ive  a  eiiUKe  of 
action.  In  a  ea-e  where  the-.'  piovi- 
ftionH  were  coti-ti  iied.  it  wii-  held  that, 
where  a  mine  <i\\ner  had  ereelnl  ahove 
the  opeiiinj;  of  a  shaft  an  iiiiiMclosed 
framework  of  tiniher.  siippoilinf;  • 
structure  called  a  "tipple  house,"  to 
which  the  ca^e  conhl  be  lioiMled.  and 
throufrh  whieh  the  day  xhift  entered  and 
left  the  Hhalt.  lint  it  was  customary  to 
let  oir  the  niirht  i^hift  at  the  surface  of 
the  •rniund.  and  plaintill't  intestate,  la- 
injj  one  of  the  night  shift,  and  endeavor- 
ins  to  aliyht.  fell  info  the  shaft  anil  was 
killed  (it  helrij;  dark  at  the  siirfiice.  and 
there  liclii;:  then  no  finei-  there),  it  was 
prop<-r  to  submit  to  the  jurj-  tlie  ques- 
tions will  (her  the  sMiI.iee  or  thi>  tipple 
hiiiisc-  was  (he  lop  of  the  slmft.  within 
the  meiiiii!!;  of  §  H.  and  whether  the 
pi(>\im;ite  caiiM-  of  the  iajiiry  was  the 
absence  of  a  lii;li;.  ihlui  Coiil  Co.  v. 
Ihnmoit  I  lOOOl  IS.',  111.  413,  70  Am.  St. 
liep.  4.'i.  ."i"  N.  K.  192.  Allirminp  (ISH'.t; 

P4  111.  App.  inn. 

l;e\.  Stat.  chap.  03.  i  S,  providinff  for 
sIl'"'!'-.  apiilies  to  all  eosil  mines  with- 
nnt  refirenee  to  the  motive  power.  San- 
<i'i-ii->n  Ciinl  Mill.  Co.  v.  Wiqqeiliaua 
IIHS7)  2.-)  111.  Aiip.  77,  (1887)  122  111. 
2Tn.  13  X.  E.  lltt*. 

)!y  Kev.  Stat.  chap.  93.  S  16,  it  was 
en.ieied  thnt  the  owners  of  coal  mines 
shoiihl  keep  a  suflieient  supply  of  tim- 
ber to  be  n-i'd  as  props,  and  send  down 
such  props  when  required. 

A  recovery  may  be  had  under  this  pro- 


vision   by    a    miner,    thr.  '  •  ^r, 

which    he    is    vpcninx    ha  ^  , 

daii|;eious  roof,  und  he  it  i.,  .  y.,i,l 
reason  thereof,  a  price  excinling 
scale  fixed  bv  the  union  to  wl.nli  h« 
lontfit.  Such  a  person  is  u  vuikii 
within  the  meaning  of  the  Htalutf. 
(»/iie  d  H.  Coal  Co.  v.  U'it„,k  \V>> 
IslO  III.  3»,  BO  N.  K.  lOj,  .Mlirii, 
I  lllllU)   92  111.  App.  441. 

.\  ileclaration  km  rrinu  a  fajliiri' 
furnish  props  and  prop  the  nuf  >u  t 
it  should  not  fall  does  not  >le<»  ,i  \| 
tlon  of  thin  pHivision.  (viiv./hi 
Ciuil  Co.  V.  Yung  I  ISHTi  L'l  III.  \ 
2,-.."i. 

The  implication  fimn  this  |ite>i.i(, 
lli:it,  where  no  liniLerman  i»  ini{!ii 
it  is  the  duty  of  the  inliii>>.  ,\-  .i  | 
of  th  ii  employmetit,  to  nli-i'ivp  r 
fully  the  roof  under  wlilih  tin- 
woikina  from  day  to  day.  and  ..i  p 
wherever  they  seem  to  lie  niid.-.l  i 
HdllJnlrd  Coi'il  Cu.  V.  Schilltr  lls'i]; 
III.  App.  til!». 

It  is  proper  to  lefuse  to  dircpt  n 
dirt  for  the  defendant,  when  it  .qq.. 
that  plaintilT's  intestate  hid  inr.! 
the  ''pit  boss"  that  a  rock  wis  U.A.I 
full  an<l  was  dangerous,  and  that  he 
dercd  plops  for  it.  which  tlie  hmj  |,i 
ised  to  send,  but  failed  to  -end.  iiiid 
rock  fell  on  plainlill's  intest^ite  II 
iiM  AHllii'ii'ife  Coal  it  r.  ;..  c. 
«.',rcr  I  lili.M  102  111.  :!:!:!.  lil  N 
:i:i."..  Aninninp  (UmO)  !•..■!  111.  A).!..  !i 

\\  h- re  'h.  >-UHtom  cstaldi-lidl  lii 
fendant  wa^  f  ir  miners  to  urilf  > 
bl:>(kbo;,,-d  |i  eed  near  the  iiinn!! 
the  shaft  for  the  purpose,  the  nun 
of  props  and  caps  (lesjied,  «!ior! 
>.inled,  and  when  fiiriiislied  tlii-v  i 
Slid  down  and  delivered  at  th.'  mil 
room,  and  there  was  evidence  thnt 
philntitT  had  for  three  sncii—ive  i 
iiefore  his  injury  placi'd  his  indvr  I'li 
board,  and  the  props  and  cap-  win 
furnished  to  him.  a  trial  jiid^'e  «a* 
tifiid  in  instnictin;;  Ihe  jury  that  pi 
till'  had  made  a  demand  f"r  -uili  p 
and  caps.  Doiik  lliii.>i.  ''.„il  rf  *'i,/,<' 
V.  I'tloH  (1901)  lli2  111.  41.  lil  S 
a.W,  Aflirniinj;   (llHiOi   n.j  111.  App. 

The  miner  himself  is  tlic  one  In  ■!' 
mine  the  length  and  dinii  nsimis  ui 
props  and  cap  piec-s  niii--;ny  top 
eriy  secure  his  safety,  and  it  he  or 
props  and  cap  pieces  of  one  ilinn:; 
and  lencth,  it  is  not  a  coniplinncv 
the  statute  for  the  owner  to  imnisii 
props  which  must  be  spliced  or  'n 
before  they  can  lie  used.  UV«f'i« 
ihiarile    Coal    it    Col.r    Cn.    v.   ft'- 


I    I 


tfMMMiiii 


in--t|ii( 


I  ji'-j) 


At  IN  IMl'tolN'.   '•I'l.ill  IC   1>1   riKS. 


21f'> 


1(1(11 1    102   III.   ■'•  I'l.  '•!    N     I'    H-'"'!   Af  i;;.ii!i-l    >ii«  li   1111   i.\riii    "i    i.|..ij<ot    for 

fmiini'  lil'iMl)   !'.■>  III.  .\|i|>.  fl.'i.  iin    iiiuiiy    ri'»iil(ji'.:    from    ii    f;iiliiri'    t«i 

\    iiiiiiir    lanniil     ■'■•iii|il 'in    tlml     ll"'  iinni'li    «  illMlir  .iii .      SiiiPi' I  !!■■  |iiii  |<ii-r 
..riiM.  i.ii|.|ilii'il   •»•!>•    11"!    <>(   till'    |iitri>i'       f  tl'..  iic.    i-  •(!  |iii.t..cl   .ill   i'.i-'ii.  ,'..ik- 

!,i..lli    liiiil    h*    «iiiili'l,    mil.-.    Ill'    in-  in^  In  i^il  hum  •    ii    iiiicn    .m  .!.\.,|  ul 

f,.riiir<l     the     tlrfilnlinil      vJiif      Irii.'lli'"  tlie  Imli.im   i>l'   :i    -liiifl    l.i   iiiii   iii«    into 

,,,!(•  rr'l'lif''-       ■*"'/■"    (V"/.     l/.„     I  I,.  Ilic  |.   ■;.•    i.   im>I    |iir>  i  mI  i"!    I'm"!   i.immt 

,    i;i,i^-n    (INIIHI     177    III.   :t-l,  .'.J    X,  inir  f.i    .nt   iiiimy    ii-.i  liii;   ln'iii  a   vin 

K    47j.   llrM'i-i'ij;    ils;i7)    lb    III.    .\|i|'.  I.iipni  >il  I  In    -iiMitcliv    il..    iTi   Mi.il   1»' 

■.|         '  Ml-     l.l.t       ■-I'.-pliiL'    111'  .Ii  -.■•■Ilil.l.J,        /.'" 

U  an  ill-linn   fur   ii' !-'rn.','iitljr  r.i'i-iii;.'  ''  U  \.  Hit.  I  /.".../,   r,„i  r.,.    .  I  ii'H.    ,'."> 

.....Ii'iifs   .lentil    l.>     liilinj:    It.    fiiiii^li  III. I    .\|i|i.  >.:>\.  .'.s  \,   i:.  S".ii. 
',,.  iiiii'.iT.  afliT  -."' .  i.il   »7iiii--i-  liiHf         Itinii-'-    l;.\.  M.ii.    Is!i|     '   TC'i.   |.i.i 

■clitilKl    lli.lt     Wlllll     IlllllllT     «.l»    nil     ll'll.l  Si.l.  ~     llilll      llll-    li|i.  I.lllir     .1       :      '       .1       :i.ll.- 

;•    nil-    k.-)  I      ll     till-    ll..l'..lll    of    till      -1     ill.  -Il.ljl     lh,j.l..»      .1     (.•  ..|,.  ■!  11'       1     ,,1111.:     I',.. 

' ,.  ii'i.-ti'.n    ii»ki«l     w  i(  III'".*!--,    wliiili'-i  '•,.  'Minll\    W.I   ■  '''  ,■■,■1    1 1 -■  ,11,  .\.i\       .If 

■i.n   wit"'  lirni.-.  "Ill  liiiii'l  111  lli.'  I'liil.'in  "-i.ii'.ii  7  IT'.'  i.,'i!'-   -i.'.   I..,-,  i,.  \  j,ii 

.,f   till'    -!l:lfl     nt     till'     lilllr.     i-     mil      I'lrii  .l",!    •-■.illnllr   im  l  V    i..,ll,;i         |il  ll;    t!.' 

nlW.    tlii.ll^'h    till'    i-t:llllli-    iliir-.    mil     H'  llii'li'    lit     ll  il-t    i\il\     ulli:    'i..    .1  ly,    ,1.    I 

,iirf  tli.m  111  Im'  ki'|il   in  iiny  |iiiil  ii'Uliii  (.•  i-\:iiiiiiii-    ii,  I  -  .'iLul    -'.•  !i   |,l.i..      .m- 

■lif.-,      .1/r  (>/ir.   ,(    .V.  <'(,./((■„.  V.  /,'.!./.  |.ri.|.iily     ..1111..I     liy     (iimi        in,!     Ili.il 

'l.vhrr     1  tflOl  I      11MI     III.     -l.'l.'-'      lilt     .\.     I-'..  -.ll.'V    *i.    il-~illi.l        '.\     I-..1-       1.   ■    ,1     ■   •'lU 

<<s,  .\ffitii.iiic  il'iiHii  !i-J  111.   Vpi'.  \t-i  iiii."  ill. It  11  I"'--    i|i|'<'iiit.  I  i.v   ,111  ..:.ii 

I'l'iliT  llll'   pil.M-Min   lif   l!ii'  IK't    III'    \^''2  11  tor   f  'iliil    ll.  r\  I'llillr   '  1    •   ml':.,   in   M  l,l'll 

iiii'Ii   ri'|iiin'*    .iiiit    11    ""^i ml    i-i'iipi'-  I'liiintiJ    Hnik,  ,1.    ,i  -    iii,i,ii.  1.    ,iiil.    im 

■,.nl"    >i|i,il!     I  1'     (il'in  iili'.l.     it     will*     lir''l  l.liii«ri     tn     I'lilil,' ill'      ll.i'     1'    ll'-     !,.lv.    ,11 

'li.it  li.i'iiliiv    iillmlii'.l.    Ili'iii'-'!i    ill"'   liri'  tl"-  i  '    ■■.-   i>l.i..     •   il  v.i     i, ::,.,. I  1,.     iin- 

,!iich    "u'l'iiili-il    nil    llll'    ii."'i-i..'i     u  lii'li  -..  Ihi'i   lliil   11   I'll,!  r_-i'  1.1   )i'    ■    I,  i   ii-,   !   iii 

,•  tifcil  of  the  k.i'i.11,1   ■'■i('ii|ii'iiii'iit    \\n*  iiiinii  ..;   1.1,  .i    mii.  niii.   am!    I'lit'il    w  i^ 

.v],.||.  iii'iil   will   iii'i-iiliTtiil   mill    iiiiplii'.l  i"iliir.l      i«      lint      "I'liniir  i'.|.'.      /',./.'» 

,,  fiiiilt    ill    tlic   iiiiiii'   ..\uiir.       Ilr.v''"/  /;/",./.■  Ciial  Cu.  V.  \\  ■  Us   (llilll   _':i  lii'l 

i;i„  fwil  fo.   V.   Ihitlrr    (lS7ili    HI    111.  Aivp.  1.  CI   N.  K.  'J.ii;. 
]>,;.  /'.ic'i.    --  lly      Mil  Iain-      l.n.  i     <  ml"'. 

Scliim  S  of  til",  net  of  1S77.  [in^iorih  SJ  .'ti!:t.  2ir,."i.  it  i-  pini  !•  I  iIkiI,  il  my 

;::2    till'     I'nn-lllli'li'in      "f      1'-i'iI|m  lllrlll  i*.  i'lii|l'>'i'    ill    ii     liii'i.'    l'.;jlr.l.    I.I-    lifii-..^ 

ml   tixir;;   ii    liini-    williin    wliii-1i    llicy  l<.    -irHicly    |'in|.    i!i<'    i""!     "I    ciitiii-' 

■'mil  tip  rrnitniriril.  in  kcpl   ill  Inn  .■  Ly  nmji'i-    lii-    runli.il    Ic    -liiill    It    .Iiii.tI 

the  pri»i«o   in   J   :i   of  llii-    ii't    n(    \s''.<  ;:ni!is   ni  a  nii-ilfini'.im.r ;   i'    i-  m  i  I     il,.' 

iliic'h  ri'pcaN  all   tlii'  ciillicr  ai't   I'vccpl  ilnly    nf    I'm    a'.'i'iil.    miiii'i.    ni    m,   -.ilm 

'ho.*   p;irl»    wliii'ti    arc    cumiiiI    l.y    tlir  In   k.-.-p   iin    I1..I11I    a    ..iiir.ci.-iil    -upi  !;.    nf 

(irovi-n.      Ilamitlou  v.  Sliili    (  lKH-2)    ,02  liiiiliiT  In  lii'  ii-.il  as  pi.,p-.  ai'l   -.11. i  t  lin 

111.   3(!7.  -M IllWII     In     (III-     \(,ilklllill      U  III  11      11'- 

Sfotion  .1  of  the  net  of  .May  'iS.   IS71I,  i|iii-r  !        Tlil-i  pi"\i-i.  :,   .1..  -    nnl     ippl.v 

ii.qiiiriii;j    tlii'    ooii'-tiiK'tiiiM    of    I'sc.pi'  in  ili.    i'a<i' nf  an  in jui>   in  .niv   iiiijiln\i'.' 

iiii'iits.  is  not  inlcmlid  (nr  tlic  Ix'iiclit  ot  irijnnil  in  a  slniiiiiir  1  '  1 1  \  ni    1  i.ul  inii.c 

!iie  owners  nf  mini-.  Iml    u.is  ilc-iy^ni'il  iliinii;;li    «hic!i    cnul    i-    liimcjiii    i..   tlic 

to  prulwt    till"    licahli    anil     iiisiiri'    tin  -iirt'aic,    \\  licrc   ~iicli   1  :i,|l..\  .■.     i-   nni    in 

vlfot.V    of    tlic     pcr-nlls    C111pln\i.|     in     llll-  i-n"tlnl    nf   t  lie  cut  ry.        Till-    i-    lli'l      I    1.1-.' 

mints.      A  conn  lia<  no  pnu,-r  iin.lcr  il  clicrc  tlic  kicpinj.'  of  llic  pi  n-i    nl    umk 

In  iliri'Cf  11  iiiiiip  owner  to  IcaM'  npi  .:  1 1"  in  ri'pair  i-  iiniilcntal  In  I  !i"'  1 1'  .■.    .\  liii  !i 

:;i--ii;'i's  |.  luecn  hi.i  own  mine  anil   a'  i-  to  lie   pel  tin  nictl.      Tlic  .liiiii-  nf   ilic 

iiljniiiiiii.'    niii',    HO    tliat    nn    csi'iipcnicnt  l.ilinri'r    liiivc    no    cinnicii.iti     wiili     ilic 

iinstrnftiHl  by  liiin  may  sorvc   fur  tmlli  incparalinn    of    tlic    pnliy.    ul.iili     I-    a 

incn.      iuosr   v.   I'cople    (1S'*2>     II    III.  cnniplilcil  J.ii  cc  of  w,.ik   a-   t.n    ,1-   In    i- 

ipp.  44.1.  iiiMci  I  iifil        f'ncvnii    V.    r.,.,/     //.//    c,  ,,l 

/iii/iiiH«.— Act     .Tunc     3.     Isin,   S      't  r„.   (ls',i7i   101  lo,\a. -J.'!.  7ii  \.  \\ .  ls."i. 

Biirns'i  Kcv.  Stat.   1S!)4.  5  74(ili;    llnr-         .\    servant    eaiinnl    ncncr    iiinlci-    1  he 

Ri'rV  l!i       st,it.  Is|i7.  $  ,5tsi((j,.  rcipiiic-  iinvisinn    rcpiirinu     tin'     f'li  ni-liiii..'    of 

..viicrs  aiiil   opcratiirs  of   i-oal    mine-   tn  prnps.    u  here   'i;ci.'    is    nu  i\i  '.iie,-    ihii 

"iicr  the  cap's  with  '^-inrh  lioilcr  |iliitc.  lie  cillcil   fni      'ly  pinp-  wliicli   wcii'  nm 

'..r  Jhn  s:.,f,.ty  of   |it-tsniis   asccialiliu    aid  fill  lii-!:i '!.       '»,'■  vnji   (.    !.'-•;'■'•    lii---    l'u:r! 

•Ipmi  lullnt;    the     shaft.         nurns"s     Hcv.  ,(    l/i,..  f.,.    i  IPOl  )    ll.",   Iowa.  74.  H7   N. 

Mut.  im.M).  $  7i7:{   i  Horner's  Hev.  Stat.  W     7.»i. 

iMC    §    ,")lHOn),    aiithori/i's    an    aclion        .\   jury    is  jii-lillc.l    in    linilini;  thai    .1 
Vol.  II.  M.  k  S.— .-.7. 


% 


!llf  i    !!'  1 


m'I; 


.'200 


MASTKR  AND  SKUVAN'T. 


l< 


•■"■f    \; 


I 


iAidi.. 


fl 


mine  ouiiiT  «.i«  jfiiilty  oi  nn  nrtiiMiiihli- 
brnii'li  o(  llic  |iiiin«i"in  H  2IHH|  o(  llic 
Imvu  I  ihI<'  ii'-;>i'i'liii(;  tin-  tc  ntiliitioii  of 
mini'*,  wliiii'  till"  •  1,  iilriiiv  liiiiU  ti>  -limv 
lliiit  llir  nioiii  »lii'ir>  llip  |iliiiiitilT  uiiikul 
v,i<*  lilltnl  \»illl  |)oi>olniil-.  ;:(l»rt  III  ■<llrll 
iin  cxlfllt  tli.it  to  liii'.itlH-  it  w,i«  iliiti;;i'i 
iillit  to  till'  Ill'Ultll.  l/o»i;ioir  V.  /.Illllllf 
„„l„  f;,ll  r<>.    I  |M<|l||    110  Inwii.   lUlt.  Ml 

N  w.  n:. 

lima  l.iiW'i  I8S0,  i'liii|>.  2112,  i  IS,  wliirli 
ilii'liri'H  it  til  lie  II  iiii'-'Iriiii'iiiiiir  to  ri'li- 
ii|iiin  II  IkimIi'I  nil'  or  »iii:<>ii  in  ii  -liiiO 
iir  Klii|if,  ilin-  not  iipfily  III  II  Ki'iViiiii 
u  lio,  iin  riiiiiliU'tor,  iii'i'Miti|ijiiiii'«  a  ti'iiiii 
nf  i'iir«  wliii'li  IH  l»'iM!j  IiiiiiIimI  out  of 
till-    iiiini-.        Tin-    |ir<>liiliiliiiii    ii    uliiit'it 

II'ITI-Iv      at       illtllllltiliillTl.  I'lllhlll     V, 

WuIhIIii  «  .."/  <•(!.    I  issiii   ti8   Iowa.  Til. 
•it*  \.  W.  .-III. 

Ar;i'i«7, 1/. -Till' |irovi«ioii  of  K\.Slat. 
i  27:!2.  ni.ikiii;:  it  a  iiii-iliiiiiMiioi'  tor 
any  |ii'i-iiii  i'ni|ili>\i'il  in  a  mini'  to  iiili-n' 
ijiiiiallj  or  Hiltiillv  nrjilri't  or  ri'fii»i'  to 
Ml  Hilly  i'ro|i  tin-  roo(  of  a  norkinu 
plan-  niiiirr  liii  control,  unit  proviilinK 
that  liny  iiii(iloyiM'  who  ni';.'li'vtK  or  rv- 
lii«is  to  olii'V  an  onlrr  hy  tin-  suix-rin- 
iiiiili'iit  of  till'  iiiinc  ill  Illation  to  the 
-iiinit>  of  till'  liniik  wlii'rr  ho  in  lit  work 
^liall  I'l'  lialih'  to  a  line,  rcftTi  to  |«'r- 
-ons  aciiially  iii(iajji>U  an  mini'rH  in  tak- 
in;;  out  i-oal  anil  thrri'liy  ri'inovina  thi- 
natural  |iii>|is  of  tlir  roof,  uml  haw  no 
a|iplliali'in  to  an  rniployii'  pinploypil  a.s 
tiai'k  liivrr  alimtf  the  roailwuyx  of  tin' 
iiiiiH',  wliiili  ail'  no  niori>  iinili-r  hi>  ooii 
trol  than  that  of  any  other  jjennal  ein 
|p|oyii. ;  ami  liis  failure  to  prop  the  riMif 
m|  siieh  iiiailu.iyn  i.s  not  »ueli  eontriliu 
torv  ni'.'liyrtiri'  a»  will  priMMil  a  rei'ov- 
iiv'  lor  lu^  iliMth.  .{shhiii'l  I'n'il  .(■  /. 
/,'.'('..  V.  II. !//./..  ilsiiT)  nil  Ky.  (12(1. 
X:\  S.  W .  2li7.  Di'iiviiig  ItiheariiiK  in 
(IH!»7l    KM    Ky.  (i44.'  42  S.  \V.  744. 

\lis.\tniii.  \  mine  owner.  Iieing  hy 
$  It  liaiile  only  for  wilful  violation*  of 
the  Hialiile.  cannot  lie  «ueil  for  a  hreach 
of  5  Hi.  respeetin;,'  the  supply  of  timlier 
1(11  pro|i«.  iinli'iH  he  knew  that  the  prop* 
iM'ie  niecs^arv.  I.rslir  v.  liirh  Hill  Vitiil 
Mill.  (•>,.  (isil2)  110  .Mo.  .11,  10  S.  \V. 
:'i(iS,  Compare  di-ci.sioiis  on  lllinoi'* 
iiiiiii'i'.'  art"*. 

liKlcr  5  (i  of  the  Missouri  act  of  1S81. 
wliii'h  pioviiles  that  the  owner,  etc..  of 
ivriy  coai  mine  shall  proviile  a  ea;;e  for 
loweiin;;  or  hoislinfr  the  miners,  ami 
tliat  the  ea'.'e  shall  have  »  sprin);  eateh. 
the  iirtual  owner  i*  liahlr  for  an  iiiiiir\' 
caiiseil  liy  a  lireaeh  of  the  statute  as  to 
the  hoi->tin}r  eage.  altliou;;h  the  person 
injureil  was  in  the  iiiiploy  of  a  eon 
liactor  opening  the  mint'.      Ftll  *.  Itivli 


Ii    u 

111  lilt 

a  l"i.ii. 
illi-r  r 
■  li.iii>! 
it..-  nil 

/../ 
tin  V 

"ik  ,ir 


HiH  loal   Mill    Vu.  llxStti   .' l  M„    u 
2111. 

liiilei    I    I'i,  wlinli   pfri  i-l,  ■,  thm 
owner,  lie.  of  ii  iiiiiie  -li.ill  kir^  a  «i| 
rient    '"i|'|>l,\     of    lioiher    to    Ih'    'Imi| 
piiip-..    .iiiil    -eiiil    ili;.\ii    tile    p|ii|..  Vii, 
leipiin-'l.  the  owner  i>  liahle.  tli<'i/||i 
ilijuiiil    »eivi'it    was    inip!ii\.  I 
iilio   hail   eontrai'i' >l    with   iIm-  < 

lake  out    till Ill   .il    ^i>  iiiiii  Ii 

riie  oiilv  w.i,(  ill  which  I  In  i 
ielii\e  lii  '  -  il  "I  the  iliiiy  I-  I 
the  eonlii.l  ami  oiri||iati.  '  nf 
li\  ha«e  111  ill  her  isniiijii. 
ihrh  lllll  i;,nl  \liil.  t'u.  I  iMi.: 
:tl.   |!t  S     W,     !iis. 

.\    niimr's   (■on'iiiiiaiiie   of  v 
Ilin   ileinanil    for    plop-   li.i>  In  <  n  i,'r. 
iliM's  iiol    relieve  llie  i.mpli.\,i   <.r  k-i.. 
-iliilily   lor  stnh  .hi  i'leni-  ,i.  ni\\  .,ii.. 
ipieiilly   he   eau-eil    liy   a    w.inl   ul  ji- 
pin;.',  if  there  was  no  paliiil  ilmiiir. 
the  ileinaiiil  w.is  m.iile  out  of  n  en 
caution    nierelx.        I<''iiii»    v     Ai.*i- 
T.  Coal  Co.    liilOO)    S.-.   .Mo.    \|,;     Is. 
A    per-iiii    enipl<i\i.|    a«    e.ii..  i    .ii   ' 
hottoin  of  the  sjiafl  of    i  eoil  mn..  u 
in    injured    in    the    perl.iiin  m.     ..t'  > 
illlty  liy  .1  lump  of  coal   lal!i m  Ih>i:>  ' 

top  of  the  shaft  iiite  an  iii v.r.  I  .  ■ 

is  entitleil  111  iiiiiNer  .lMtii;i..i  -  » 
the  piii\i->ions  of  the  .\||--..iiii  .lot 
March  21.  IH'^I.  re.piii  ini;  !'..■  .  i;;..  t.. 
eovereil  "so  as  to  keep  -ili.  a-  iir 
|'.i--.ilili'.  pi  rsoiiB  ill -ni'lii  ■:  liiin  I 
asii'iiiliiiy  out  of  sai.l  «liall.'  .illli..! 
111!  may  not  he  siri.lly  williie  lli.'  i 
ler  of  till  I'lause.  Ihinlnl  \.  /....'' 
f''«i/  l/i».  Co.  (  IHHH)  !I7  \|i>  i;2.  In 
W  .  4S4. 

Sill  l/..i.'«.— The  op.  r.il.'i  .1  .1  in 
i^  reipiinsi  lo  use  iea><iii  il.li'  ilLiii- 
leeiire  the  reipiisite  ventilali.ili  f.ir  ' 
inineis,  miller  th.'  ait  of  (  .'i!Lr.— 
.March  .1.  1S!I|.  re.|iiiriii!,'  ii|iii.ili.r- 
pi'ov  lile  a.leipi.ite  Veiitilition  nf  net  I 
than  I  »picilieil  iiiiiiilier  of  riiliii'  li..' 
air  per  ininiite  fur  so  many  nun.  hi"I 
force  the  same  throii;;li  I  lie  mm. 
proper  applionees.  ('../i//.,.. 
Co.  V.  Ihmrant  {  I8i»7  i  !l  N. 
I 'lie.  H07. 

.\,w  lo.-Jt.— liv  Laws  isno. 
i>S  !••  10,  and  Liws  isn:, 
5  122.  it  is  pKiviil.-.l  lliat  tin-  i'"" 
and  operatois  of  nii'ii-  shall  cause  tl 
mines  to  he  properly  tinihinl.  iinil 
roof  and  sides  of  each  woilaiiL'  f! 
thereof  to  he  pro]ierly  seciiriil.  iiii'l  ' 
e.o  jsei  ^on  he  permit  If".'  td  vvak  '" 
iinsale  place  nn.l  u'ndir  dan.'.ma-  i 
lerial  except  to  niak.'  il  si>.ui.'.  '■'■ 
action  iiu.iir  Ihis  proii^inn.  ^i  m 
lot    the  plaintill  wua  wairantisl  bv  i 


M.  V> 

clia,..  :; 
.■ha|i.    I 


m 


\l  IN   IMItlvIM;    -I'MIKI*     |)t    riKS. 


2201 


,,r(.  tli»t   hi-    ii''<.'    !>•    "!•■«    IviH.tl    I.} 

,  IjII  of  «  iiilhu  of  t.ilc  wliilr  iiur.'!."''! 

,|,.fi'iMl.int<    liiiiH';    tliiit    il.  |.  ii.l  .m'l 

T  ruling  ait*nt  Imil  iii'tiw  ui  tlic  il  in- 

i,ni«  (ioKiU'ii  of  llu-  pilUr,  uihl  iif  in 
'iil.ility   to   J.ill,    |irt'Nimn    to   tin-   .tni 

,j.t;   that    timlitTii    lift'l    ("•••n    innruu'il 

•  r  i)riiti<tir((   al,   wliich    liad    not    l.nti 
,,,|'.  aiiil  tlml    water  Ip.mI  luriiiniihili-l 

lii.«  iipiMT  "il'-  of  till'  jiillar.  .ii«l.  Iij- 

i|NI. 111(1    dO.HI     Iw'tWIIIl     till"     •lllll'"'''     ol 

■  .'  I.iviri   ol    »:il>-.    -iil'tiiinl    till'   •:v>-i\-s 

tirhil.  ''-'""'"K  •'    '"  -li'li       '!'• '!•■  ih.H 

'     /  „d<l    HUll'H     '/.;  I'll       I   llMtl  •      lli.'i 

•  \,  «b,-,.    rill    N      1       ll.il.    A  Ilrmii  .- 
•!M  41  Aj»|i.  I>iv.  I'l-i.  '>*  N'.  ^■  Supii. 

ii:.^,— Ily  It.  Mill.  <  f,!<Tl  (wlu.-li 
li  .iili-iiilil'tilll>  oi,;iii'il  iKiiii  till'  net  iif 
A     I,   Ii72i.  It    ii  III. Hi      1   i'iiiiiiip;>l   "I 

, .,.  f.  ■  ,1  prt-di  i'iii|i|.  I'll  ill  II  liiMii' 
,  ii>";l'  i  or  ii'l'  -'■  '"'  I"' r  "■'•mt'lv  H"' 
!■..(  and  i-iilrii""  iinili  I   iii- ri'ii'i  .-I.     Il  ii 

;,o  prii^i'l'''  till"  'li*'  >'»iirl.  '       .  '•Imll 

fp  »  Hii|»    »   of  liiiiiwr  t'on«i    i.tly  on 

■  !.  ;iiii|  .IrliviT  II  "  saiiK'  Id  till-  uiiik- 

,  :  y\,\te  of    th«  iii.iiiT:    iiml    it    is   lU' 

ii.'l  tliiit  no  niiiitr  shiill  ''i'  linlilo  for 
i.i.iit*    «l:i'-li    occur    in    iiiiiir-i    « lull" 

•  i«  [irii\i-iiiii    lii>«    II"'     I'i'fn    (•■itii|ili'i| 
ilh.     .\ll  tli..t  i«  iii'ii  -»:ir.»-  to  .•>liil.li-.li 

L.i:li;i.tiii'  niiilir  lliis  (nclion  i"  to  ^ll■•« 

lilt  ilio  tinilHT  V,  1-.  not  <li-li   i-rril.      It  •• 

iiii-r  \*  not  rciiiiii"*!  to  u.-k  for  it,  or 

..ivf  notiii-    to    aiiyiiiir.       I'ill\h,^iiih    .1 

.'.Colli  Co.  V.  r'-iif  iiiiiiiti  ( isn.'i    y,i 

"iin  St.  4.1.  4(1  X.  !■:    TJ.'i. 

,",i,nM,/  .1  .  .i.-Tli«-  art  of  M.irpli  3. 
.•:n,  |iioxiili(!^'  for  IliP  lii'iiltli  iinil 
■aiity  ot  pii-iiiH  .ni|>liiyi.l  in  rcuic*, 
1  !  rwiunitij;  iii^pii  ion,  ctiv.  look  pllVct 
!:..",'    i.iti'ly.        ("'(111.       V.       (iiuiingliam 

bill  tiiri',1  ftit. 

In  an  notion  to  enforpo  tlir  pennlty 
r!iiviili..l  liy  tlio  si-cui'ii  of  tin  act  of 
Miioli  :;.  I'sTn.  pniliiliitn  -•  till-  norkin^' 

I  iiiinri  not  li.iviii^;  two  -h.ifis  for  every 
••am  of  c.inl  workeil,  willi  ii  pnAirio  that 
''i<  «li:ill  not  apply  to  op>niii;;  .1  new 
nine  or  innkiii;;  coniin\iiii<'.>ti'iii«  lii-twin  n 
•!:.ift«.  so  I'lnj:  as  nut  iiiiif  tliaii  Iwriity 
;'i-oi:s  nil.  i  mploycil  in  -mli  ni'W  niino, 
■'e  "|ii,raUi'^'  of'  tlie  lii-t  iiii.l  third 
-.  ims  ill  a  rritain  mini-  Hiiiniltaiir.iU'ly 
litli  the  oiJi'iiinn  of  the  fifth,  ^^ili'•h  had 
'iit  one  i.tillci  uai  held  not  to  he  niilaw- 
iiil.  US  the    liflh    Ream    was    ~iniply    in 

■  reparatiin  for  woikin;;.  Ilaihlorlc  T. 
'V..I.  ilss;)(    l(l,'»  I'a.  -IVi. 

The  !'!ovi«io!i  a-^  to  v.'ntihi' i"n  in  th? 
ft  of  .\Iircli  n.  ISTO.  lines  iii.t  apply  to 
'H  ail  -haft  until  a  eoMiiminiratiini  is 
f  rmni  lu'tneen  it  anil  the  mine,  where 
"i:fli  »haft  is  being  construetwJ   by  an 


l.-piii-l-nt 


itiartor,    II nil    th)>    nilno 


iiwhrr  only  -npiiUMn  to  see  if   it    i<  ai' 
■>iillliK   III    I'liilrael         Ui/«/i    N      /.. '■  i/h 
i(    ».  lout  Co.   (ISHll;   Pa.)  3  tent.  Hep. 
Mili. 

I  nder  tti»  aet  of   li^TO,  rii|uiriiit'  the 
iiiiiiin','  hi'^s  to  hue  iii.ain  dmns  all'-  >  U'd 


and 
"I" 


Ullul'iUi. 
.  h.-  hi 


J  I. 


pii\in(   llieir  1m  iiij;   lift 


iliMri'lion.    ('. 


././..   1    Kii!|..  i\ 


V.  II. n 


\  iiiiiiiii;;  Imi-s  (or  each  •ipenin;{  nee»l 
Mil  h.  iiiphixil  ilinler  the  lel  uf  .liine 
III.  IS"."'.  Il  ipiiriiiLr  the  |.iiiplii>  nil  111  "f  .1 
ii'iiipilelit   1"^-    -inee  a  oi.il  iniin'  me, in* 


ih    t 


en  111. Ill . 


drifts,   as    lie-,   eoinpieili    adja 


uhillirr    one    or     morn 
I  lid 


III     its     will 

iiper.i'i'iM. 

I'a.  DiM    II.  ."il. 

\    n  .I'l'    "U  Ml 


kliiu  eoiisiii  nil  r  hut  a   single 
ruM.    V.     »  ii;/o«i     (iNSil)    i 


II.. I  relieved  from 
iiiiiipli  nil '  mill  the  I'l  mm-\  !\ania  utat- 
nil-  bv  tlu-  laet  thai  I'l  a  p.iiUeiilir  iniin' 
I'l'tin     reipiinineiii-'    me    iifiin  ir-s  iiy. 


(X  iii.    11  i'/iii)..«  V.   A'l 
IMU  1    Ii  K  :lp,  ^.i 


'>toil   I'mil 


Uh. 

iiitlets    ami 


III. 


nil'  has  the  sl.litloty 
H..ikeil  fnrih-r  ■..■'  ■ 


I'ral     'iiiiiilii'!    III!      'Iiilir.'    I  he    wiiiiis,    it 
I'i      and  .III  oillh-i    l..r 


1  -  a   111 


M'.lll  lllllll    llllli 


net    of    HTil. 
W  ,ll.;sl„irr< 


'i|. 


'd  I.I 


,1  r, 


]<■: 


Kep.  31.  nil  I'liil.    I.  -    III- 


.\    biieki't    3    I. 


li 


II      //.I.,...     H. 

I    l.'i  .Milling; 
!l:i. 

el  II.     .i    tilt 


ilrip.  and   eipal.le  iil    i    Minj;    i'.  n    n 


with  no  priiii  1 1  ..r 


.1 


1.1 


j/iianl    -wiiif.'iri';  from  -i.li'  'i  snl.. 
stiikiiii;    th. 


si.h- 


ill     Ii 


>liafl 


l.eini; 


lised 


mil 

il     the 
•Wired.  iiiM"» 


not  eoiiiplv  uilii  the  act  of    lune  J.  Isfil, 
i  3.  n 


huntiiiKs  ; 

int.-  of 

eirnt     salitv 


th  till 
u'liiiles,  in  the  SI- 


i|Uirini,'  a  cage  \vi 


.1 


iiy 


shafl.   wllh   hail. I  rails  an. I  .Mi- 


Uei 


ind    a    sii!lii'i.'nt 


iver  (Uiiheail.      Coin.   v.   I'll:   llill  ('mil 


d  I.  Co.   1 


isosi   4  Uiek.  lAj-al  Ni 


It 


111  ailioii    lor  dealli  hv    in-Lili'.'i  iiii 


ihe  ipii'siion  whether  a  iiianway  ii"piiied 
by  the  aet  of  .\pril  is.  lS7ll."wa-  -iilli- 
eient.  is  one  for  the  jniy.  ('niiilinn  liim 
Co.  V.  Hhiilfrr  (l.S.ST:   I'n.l   li  Cent.  I!,  p. 

As  to  the  status  of  foreman  app.iiiite.l 
under  th.'  IVnn-vh aiiia  ael-  ni  is7ii. 
1S7T,  an.l  Hs."),  »i'o  J  520,  note  1.  siihd. 
(O),  null . 

Tiiiiii Murc. — The  provi-ion  in  the  act 
of  l^'^l.  ehnp.  170,  §  7.  tliat  in  no  ease 
shall  a  furniiee  he  used  in»i.le  a  mine 
where  the  eoal  breaker  aiil  elnile  biiild- 
in^'s  are  direetly  over  and  envei  ilie  lop 
o  the  shaft,  for  purpose  of  [iri'.ii'einjf 
a  hot  lip  cast  of  air.  is  only  applieahle 
where  the  coal  is  taken  out  by  a  aliaft. 


'? '  ittflii 


iit, 


I 


ii202 


MASTEK  ANU  SliUV AXT. 


[ClUP. 


i";  ^  I 


IMP 

'■  M 

!  J! 


«r:d  not  where  it  in  rnmoveil  l>y  ii  liori- 
/oiiuil  entry.  CwU  CixcL  Mm.  Cu.  v. 
I)i<i:i  (IH'.H)  no  Tenn.  711.  1«  S.  \V. 
387  (suirocalioii  caused  by  the  buinin;,' 
of  tlio  buildings  at  tiie  cnliaiioc  uf  llif 
int^iki'). 

(p)  Htatutea  reliling  to  srnijfililinijs. 
— Uy  \.  Y.  Liuvg  18!»:.  i'!i.i|..  41.j.  it  is 
nuide  tlie  duty  of  tlie  ni;i>tir  to  f^nii-li 
snfe  iind  proper  scMlToldinfis  f'lr  fiii- 
ploycos  ti>  wiiik  U|i<>n. 

I'rior  to  tlif  inactnii'nt  <if  tliU  't  iiuti' 
a  ni.i-<li'r  wuh  not  liiilili?  foi  injiiiiis  to  a 
nuclianic  resulting  Imiii  a  m;;  i^r'il  uw. 
or  si'lfctioti  from  a  i.rii|i.r  ^iipl'l.v  I'll 
ni-iiiil  by  till'  niasiir.  of  ni.i!i!i.il  fivr 
u  M  .ill'old  wliicli  it  wan  tin-  iluty  m  -ucli 
inii'lianic  and  his  frllow  nicilKiMii-  to 
coiislruet.  Ilfiiizliiil  v.  huiltii;/  (ISli!)i 
28  Mi>c.  l!i(i,  :")!»  N.  Y.  Su|)|).  .'):!.>,  Ki- 
Vfr-iii';    (1><!MM    27    Mix'.   H>\.  .".7    N.   V. 

Sui>|).    hL'S     (Ml-    SS    on    •'Ki.   Ulllr). 

Its  (tli<l  is  to  rt'iidcr  a  niM>t.r  re- 
Bii<>i:-ll.lr  for  a  dcfrctive  ■^.ilVolil  not 
Milliiii  nt  to  iiiiir  till-  burden  placul  ii|h'1i 
it  beoall-c  of  failure  to  bi;iee  the  up- 
rij;lils,  nolwitlistaiidiiif,'  thai  he  fur- 
nished .-ullieieiit  and  proper  iiiMterial 
and  intru.sled  its  eoiislnu'lioii  to  eoiii- 
petellt  elliploveci.  Sli  nail  V.  /'./,(/"*<"' 
(  1>^'.\H)  ;U  App.  Div.  515.  54  N.  Y.  .Supp. 
(ilj,  (1S!I!>)  44  App.  Div.  .">.S.  (iO  X.  V. 
Supp.  4:i!l.  On  a  third  appeal  it  wa.s 
hiid  down  that  the  collapse  of  a  scaf- 
fohl  haviiij;  thereon  only  the  weii-ht  re- 
quired for  the  purpose  for  whieh  it  was 
eonstruele.l  was  prima  faeie  evideiiee  of 
the  emplovers  ne-jlijjenee.  (IIMIU)  52 
App.  Div. ';U7.  t!5  X.   V.  Supp.   14!l. 

An  emplovi  r  is  not  only  bound  to  fur- 
nish a  ha fe  scaffold,  but  must  niaintain 
it  in  such  condition  during;  the  \,ork. 
//("/'/  v.  I!urkr  (1901)  35  Misc.  ?&4,  71 
N.  Y.  Supp.  1027. 

The  statutory  provision  refers  to  a 
completed  scalVold.  J'urnlrii  v.  Kdi/c 
Moor  Itniliir  llor/.-i  (11101)  KiS  X.  Y. 
680.  tiO  X.  E.  IIIO.  Allirmin-;  (I'MMH  50 
App.  Div.  71.  07  X.  \.  Supp.  710  (not 
applicable  where  a  falsework  fell  while 
it  was  beinj;  constructed!. 

The  question  of  whether  or  not  a  scaf- 
folding was  suitahl-.  uropiT,  anil  safe 
for  the  purpose  for  w'lieli  it  was  in- 
tended, is  for  the  jury.  M'hdtiiililiii  v. 
Fidlil.:  IIHOO)  50  App.  Div.  51H.  0» 
N.  Y.  Supp.   I'.n 

The  fMrl  tin*  tl'e  servant  who  erected 
the  scalfold.  and  the  servant  who  was 
injured,  wire  both  ei':.- r-'iil  in  the  sami' 
work  foi  wliieh  the  sc Holding  was  iisiil, 
did  not  make  them  IiIIoa  sirvants  so 
that  the  master  was  relieved  from  lia- 
bility for  such  injuiies.      Kust  v.  I'reid 


(loom    32   Misc.   fl28,   60  N.  y.  Si 
487. 

(fi  Statuli'f  rcgulatinij  lln-  r,„ii 
mriit  of  rliildrni. — The  o<'i'ii]ii(>f<  i,{ 
spiiiaing  mill  are  liable  to  a  i,iu'  uii 
tin-  Eiit'lish  faetiiry  and  work-ddp  \,-, 
1S7S.  «  ..'t  prt)\idiii;»  thereli.r  «i,.i, 
youii;;  pel  son  is  employed  euiiUari 
its  pio\isifins,  where  a  youny  ]iir-"n 
tliiir  employ  durln<;  the  tiiin'  alln 
foi  a  ine.il  oils  pun  of  the  ihulu:], 
nolw  ithslandin;.'  iie  iloes  so  euiiir.irv 
orders  and  fi'i'  his  own  .iiiiiivii,> 
I'l  ,111  v.  Shiilliii  iiilf  Sjt'iiiiiiiiiCi,.']^ 
I  i).  It.  SSI,  78  I..  T.  N.  S.  .-,:i.'.  «:  !. 
i).  I!.  N.  S.  015.  40  Week.  Ih  |i.  !«». 
.1.  I'.  :)5S.  The  po-ilioii  «,!«  i|,it 
seivaiil.  ill  doiii;;  what  In-  wmill!; 
(lone  if  he  hail  been  aclii:;:  miiiIit  orl 
rt.is  ■•wiiikiii^'"  .It  a  fill  III. Mill  ti 
within  the  ine.iniiii;  of  the  ;u'l 

.\  lie«sp:iper  stall  ccni-i-lilli;  ..] 
hoaiil  laid  on  tresHes.  at  a  i.Mimn  ■ 
way  station,  at  wideh  a  bey  i»  i'm|iiH 
lor  a  few  hours  ilaily,  las  iirinii 
phiee  of  employnK  lit  heir;;  ;il  llip  !.c 
stall  of  the  railway  junellnii  J  ni;l.. 
t.iiit.  is  not  a  "-liii|)"  wilhiii  lU  . 
boms  act  of  1S!I:!.  and  titi'  neiii' 
ipiiiiil  by  IS  4  oi  thai  ail  imil  nut 
evbiliiUil  u|(in  it.  Siiiilli  \.  /\  v/i'  (If 
1   K.  11.  2Mi.  71   I..  .1.  K.  Ii.  N.  S  It; 

Where    a    boy    twelve    Viai-   nl.l. 
plo\eil    aft    a    messeii;.'er.    is   iliri*rtnl 
ills    master    to   vvoik    in    the   fu  nry 
viidalioii  of  N.  Y.  Laws  ls!l7.  chap. 
i    70.    prohibiting'    the    eiii|i!iniiii'iit 
children    under    fourteen    yini-  ni 
and   the  child    is   injurnl.  I  Inn-  i«  - 
cient  evidence  of  the  niasicr  -  tn  jll.' 
to  take   the  case  to  the   jiuv       l/i 
V.  /../imrtiVr   (I'.IOI)   02  App.  I)i>.  •!:! 
X.  Y.  Supp.  700. 

The  owner  of  a  faelmv  is  j;i,i!i\ 
ne;;li};ence  in  nuttinsr  a  ;;irl  Hlimi; 
emi'loys  as  a  "full  tinier,"  in  iimiii 
tion  of  the  same  act  (SS  II.  \-.  !"i 
do  such  dan^'crous  work  as  ki.piii 
cardini;  niacliine  free  fiom  to». 
must  respond  in  dam.ivi »  if  slie  i« 
jiired  in  attemptin).'  to  eh  in  il  «(i:' 
motion,  althoiiijh  she  has  lniii  i^jni 
directisl  not  to  do  this,  .v/eri/i  v.  /' 
liiiul  Siiiiiniufi  fo.  (188.") I  I-  So.  > 
(as.  4tli  series,  574. 

The  employment  of  a  iliiM  U! 
twelve  to  work  an  elevator  for  tlip 
of  a  manufacturing  concern  Win.'  ii 
illecal  hv  the  faelnries  act  el  Oii' 
(Out.  liev.  Stat.  chap.  2iN.  5  Ii.  sui 
1  ;  §  2.  subsec.  1:  S  15.  s.il-io.  4i. 
hehi  that  the  employer.  Ije-ilcs  b 
siil'ieet  to  the  penally  proviilid.  hi 
e\ercis<>  more  than  ordinary  precaut 


(9021 


ACTS  IMI'OSIXU  SI'KflKIC  DrriES. 


2205 


(or  tlip  well  bfinit  iind  s!ifi';.'MarJinc  of 

minors  who  linvo  Im'cm   tiiki'u   into   lac- 

•orj-  work  contrary  to  the  provi--ion  vt 

•he   legislature.       O'Hrii-ii    v.    .Sanlord 

18921  -i  Out.  Kip.  137,  per  Boyd,  t'h. 

The  conclu.sion   of   the   '^oiirt    was   that 

ihe  caw  should  not  be  withdrawn  from 

'U-  jury.  "•*  there  wa.n  iviili'iicv  tiMuliiig 

:„  dhow    that    the    iiijureii    person,  —a 

hild  under  the  statiitoj  v  i'lre  of  employ- 

i,„iit,— was  not  ooMipctiiit  !•>  nuina^'e  an 

.•Irvator.  the  con-trnclii>n  of  which  wa< 

iiiwial  if  not  danniTnii~. 

The  words  "after  <l\i;>   notice,"   in  the 

llichiciiii    statute    prohiliilinir    I  lie    ini 

lirtiuent    of     eh'lilren     iiuihi     foiirtee'i 

,,.:i"r»  of  a}{e   witliiMil    the    wiittin    p<r 

!  i-sion   of  the   paretit    or   (,'narilian    (3 

ii.w.  Amio.  Stat,   ji    I'.l'iT.  el.   7(.  mean 

per  iiHliee  IjV  the  innpii'lor  nuiilioiH  J 

ii  the  preei'dinjr  Meetiim  :  luiil  until  'iich 

ctir.'   iN   (.'iven    the    statutory    li.ilnlity 

.».  tint  exist.      Itiiiel:  v.  Mivliiijan  Unit 

,1  .\i/(  lloifc*   (lH!»ti)    111  Mich.   1:2!',  li!' 

\  W.  •i.>4. 

ilif  proprietors  of  a   plaiiinj;  and  >.iw 

i:ill  are  not   prohil)iteii  from  eiiiployinj; 

iliilil  iHiilir  fourteen   vcmis  of  a},'e  to 

.  ik  in  the  Innilar  yanl  liinn  wliiili  tlw 

iiiilicr  for  the   tnill    is   -Mpplieil.    iinilrr 

\.  V.  Liws    ISSIi.  ehiip.   .",1.11.    proviilin^^ 

■\\M  no  iliiM   nniler    imirteiii    \i:w<  of 

,:-  shall  lie  enipliiyisl   in  any  ni;unifiie 

•  iiirij  eslalili-hnunl.    and    N.    V.    I.iws 

Wi.  chap.   tiT.l,  (liliniii};   ••inaniifaitur 

ii;j  i»labli.«hnients"    to   mean   any    mill. 

I'.cKiry.  or  work^liop  wliere  one  or  more 

,ri..ins  are  employed  at  labor.      l/ii/(./ii/ 

..ltn„'i-tl    lISlMi)     11    App.    I)i»-.   -Jl'S.   AI 

\   V.  Snpp.  til. 

A  iiiiniir  (Mnnot  recover  in  an  action 
iii.lrr  X.  V.  Law.*  ISTii.  chap.  12:2.  'To 
I'nunt  and  Punish  Wioi,;.'"  to  t'liii 
lien."  inilesii  the  master  is  :,'uilly  of 
"iiif  -[)i<'il:c  neyli^enee.  Ilrnie.  a  ma* 
iiT  »lio  liire»  u  Ixiy  of  tifteen  to  work  at 
I  •taiiipin;;  niaehiiie  i.s  not  n  -poii^ibli' 
I'm- such  |>ei>onal  injurie-.  as  lie  may  re 
'viip  after  proper  piecailtion^  ha\i'  ln>en 
"kin  iiiiil  adeipiale  iii~!Mielion.<  ;:iven. 
//'i7"i  V.  Ilu.:li  rf  U.  illy.  Co.  (1HS()| 
1".'  X.  V.  Ills.  .I  X.  K.  TS4. 

It  hi'  .  iil-o  lieen  liehl  that  Ihi-  net  h:i- 
no  appliiation  to  prodiietive  ii;ihi-.lriis, 
T  to  a  useful  or  nei  -.^ary  Im-iness  or 
n'Ciipatinn.  The  ine;iniii;r  of  the  words 
lunincs,"  s\ni\  ••vncMtiim."  as  used  in 
i^ii"  list  of  Pinploymenis  within  the  slat 
iitorr  prohibit imi.  i<<  held  to  be  limited 
by  the  eiintexl  and  the  ixrni'ral  *cope  of 
till-  statute  to  employments  uhiili  are 
fi'ln  viiiiiin  in  theni^ilves.  or  wbieh 
firiakc  of  the  ehaiieler  of  an  aniiise 
r.i'nl,   llirhf,  V.  ranffr  (1 88.5 1  ttft  N.  Y. 


204.  :,:>  Am.  Ucp.  10.  1  X.  K.  «8.-),  Ur- 
ver^inj;  (18841  .'.J  lliin,  7.  and  overrul 
inj;  i'(iiil:<  v.  L'llii/icc  (iiosjuui  Mf'i  Co. 
(  1884)  3.1  Uun,  .'f.')l. — a  si'oonil  dieiaion 
of  the  sMpremc  court  rendeied  while  the 
appeal  in  the  lirst  one  wa.-,  still  pending. 
The  follortinjf  passa;;c  sulliciently  indi- 
cate i  the  nature  of  I  lie  act  and  the  rea 
Konin;;  relied  upon  b  •  the  court  of  ap- 
piiiK:  •  I'be  tii«t  miction  dielans  that 
Mni  |H  rsun  b  ivin;;  the  e.ne.  eu-tody,  or 
eontrol  of  iiiiy  cbiM  unili  r  the  ai,'e  of 
sixteen  years,  who  shall  exhibit,  use,  or 
employ  .  .  .  sU(li<bil'l  .  .  .  in  or 
for  the  vocation,  nciup  il  inn.  -erviee.  or 
pill  p(i>e  ot  in^'in^'.  pliiyini;  on  musieal 
iii-t  runieiils,  ri|»-  or  win-  «  ilkin;;,  dune 
in^',  be^irin^'.  or  peildliiiL'.  or  a-  a  }.'ym 
na»t  roiiiiirlioiii>t.  ri'ler,  or,  luTobal.  in 
iiiy  pi. lie  «li.il'iM-\i  r ;  or  for  or  in  any 
obveiie,  indei'ent.  or  iiiiiiioral  piiriiiwi", 
I  xliiliilion.  or  practice  wli:il~iii-\er;  or  for 
ur  in  ;'iiy  l.ii-iiic-s.  i>\!iiiiiiiiiii.  or  voca- 
ticii  injiirioii-  to  the  lic.lth  or  daimcrous 
111  the  life  or  limb  uf  -iicli  •■liihl ;  or  wlm 
-ball  cui-c,  proeiiic.  or  ciicoiir:i;.'c  -.'ich 
child  to  ciijj.ijie  tlicnin.-  -hill  be  ^-iiilly 
of  a  mi-ilciiicanor.'  'I'lic  next  siciioii 
pio\idc>    that    'every    pi  i>on    « bo    shall 

liikc.    r lie.  hire,  i  iii^liiy.  u-c,  exhibit, 

(11  b.i'.c  ill  custody  any  cliiM  umlcr  the 
a;;c  .iiid  fur  any  ut  the  piiipu-,-  nicii- 
limicd  in  'be  tir^t  -cct:iiii  ot  Ibi-  act. 
-ball  be  (.'iiilly  of  a  iiii-d>'ini:i;i.i .'  The 
foililb  -cclion  is  in  these  wind-:  Who 
ever.  li;i\iiiL"  tl:c  cire  <M  cii-li^i!y  of  n  iiy 
chilli,  -ii.ill  willully  cms.-  i  i  p.  v. nil  tlie 
life  of  -neb  iliibl  tii  be  embn ';;crcil  m 
Ibc  IiimIiIi  iif  ^iK'li  eliild  to  be  injured: 
or  who  ■.linll  vvilliilly  ciu~c  m  pciniit 
-neb  (li'M  ;o  In-  p! 'ced  in  -m-li  n  -itni 
tiiiii  t'l.il    it-  life  m.iy  lie  iii'l.uii,'i'ied  or 

il-    be;lllb       b  'II    be    l.l^ilv    In    be    illjlllcd. 

sh.iil  be  u'llil'v   of  a  mi-ileiiic  iiioi .'     .     .     . 

T!;c   -'■III 1    ibc  act    eaiinol    be  broader 

than  i'-  title:  "To  I'nveiit  mid  |'niii-b 
\\  run;.'-  to  (  bililini.'  I  o  that  end  il 
probibii-,  I'list,  tliei-  I  Mi|  liiy  nielli  in 
eerl.iin  -I'ccir.ed  aMie.it  iuii-  jiiliiide.l   for 

till-    aillll-elriellt    nf    t  be    Jillblie,   ;ini|    wllicb 

bo.-.c\ei  iiiijiroritiibb-  to  t  belli  .iiid  .Ian 
^'cloiis  to  the  iielur.  :iie  at  b,i-t  in 
llienisel\e>  innue,  nl  :  -eeuiid.  in  ibe  most 
P'lieial  terms,  'any  pitrp'-c.  cxliibition, 
or  practice'  wbieh  i-  eiiliei  ub-eeiic  or 
Ills  ;in  indecent  or  imniur.il  inirpo-c: 
an. I,  tbiid.  tbeii  eiii|i!uyineiit  lur  or  in 
;i  e_\    ■bii-itie-s.  ,  ^lijl.i   i..|i,  ur  vuc, ition  in 

jniiulls    til    till'    lle;lltl!'    ur    •ibin.'eloll-    to 

the  lif  oi  limb  uf  -"ell  el, ill.'  Here 
are  ibiee  ebin-e-.  lb.-  lii-l  implying.'  a 
~el\iee    11     cxliil.j' ii-ii    ..in.iitiic    to    the 

spectaior.    I .i',-i    i.''    pei-ieril    -kill    or 

dexterity  of  the    perluimei:    the  seeoiiil. 


p:-. 


ih 


li  'II 


•  ill 


2201 


MASTKR  AND  SKKVAN'T. 


[CHA?   XI 


prnctiri'H  which,  tending  to  degrmii-  nad 
corrupt,  ure  n^ninftt  good  morals:  the 
third,  'any  biuinesa,  pxhiOition,  or  voca- 
tion wlii-M  is  injurious  or  dniiscrous.' 
The  woi'l  'Micition'  appears  in  the  lirst 
clause,  wlicri-  its  meumni;  is  illustrati-J 
by  an  eniiricration  of  piii'suits  literally 
within  the  uiiKchief  of  the  act;  the  word 
'exhibition'  fitly  describes  those  pur- 
?<uits,  iinil,  if  they  Ktood  alone  in  the 
I  bird  ehinse,  although  preceded  by  tlic 
word  'any,'  would,  within  well-settled 
rule*  of  construction,  eniliraee  only 
things  of  the  same  kind  or  class  iis  those 
with  which  they  were  lirsl  eiiniieete<l. 
The  other  wiird.  'business,'  is,  it  is  true, 
used  for  till-  tirst  time.  In  general  use 
it  has  a  broader  aignilicuuce  than  either 


of  the  others  and  mijrht  ini-bi.!!-  .irv  j 
fair,    however    serious    or    tiivi.il.  "ir.: 
which  volition  entered.     Din  liii'.  n 
used    with    words   of    limited   n.raiiir. 
whicii   have  received  in  llu-  ni.mn  af 
partieulnr  applieition.    nnd.    u|i<jri  •: 
same  prineiples  of  const  ruelion.  inii- 
nfrrrrd   to  things  of  the  -.uw  kii.l 
those  speeifird,  and  to  ulijcii  llje  on, 
words  are  refined.    (  IVo/,</ii/ii  v.  /.■, 
[IHS-JI  !(()  N.  V.  21S.r' 

."•(•I-  al-o  /.'/■(Ills  v.  111. rue  ,,  (,,,., 
7'ii'i«'  f'fi.  I  ISJtO)  42  KVd.  .-|l!i  n,,;\ 
S  T'.l'.l,  note  10.  .111/11  ci;  V"""  ^  /' ' 
foil/  .f  /.  ill.  (IS'l.'ii  !!.-.  r.i.M.  ).-,- 
I..  1!.  A.  s_'.  10  Am.  .St.  l;,  j,  :i;i.-,  - 
W  .  4(>(t.  eitid  in  H  7U"J,  nott  2,  a;,a 
SW,  note  7,  tuiiia. 


:r  I 


CHAPTER  XlTI. 


CAUSATION. 


1  till 


802:1.  Introductory. 

\    GENKUAL  IMUMIl'IXS. 

MK).  Necessity  <>l  proviii};  that  the  iii'^iliirclici'  iillcficil  wiw  the  caa«i 

injury. 
»04.     -anil  .il-ii  the  proxiiimte  cause  of  llie  injury. 
805.  I'rovini-es  of  court  and  jury. 

r,    l.\TKBVKXI.\(i   CAlhKS. 

800.  Generally. 

SOT.  Opt  rat  ion  of  nonrosponsilde  apenoies. 

SOH.  Noni'iiliialde  acts  of  resjion-ildc  actors. 

SOO.  {'ulpaldc  iictii  of  re>pon-ihli>  actors;   nc':li;:en.<   of  posirvanti. 

HlO.  Sanu'  subject  continu<sl :  ncjrlis-'eiicc  of  injiiriMl  servant   hiiii~clf 

811.  .Master   liable   where   liis  own    nc;;li^cii.c   intervenes,   as  a    |Ui 

cause,   l)etween  a  delimplent   co^ervant's   ne';!i';enie   ami   the 

812.  —or  between  the  iie^'li;.'ence  cf  the  plainliir  liini-eh  and  the  in 
•    t'oNdliKE.NT  ( .\r.si-:.s. 

813.  (niH'rally. 

814.  Miister  liahh'  wlicre  his  own  aiiti-oedeiit   ncfrli^ience  and  a  suli 

delinquency  of    .i    ci»-er\ttnt  are    both  ellicient    cuUsi~. 

injury. 
a.  (ieiierally. 
h.    Illu-trative  ca.«es. 

815.  Master  liiilde  where  he  or  his  vice  principal  directed  the  detail-  i>l  1 1 

work. 


i\iinate 
injury 
,1'i'v. 


t     th' 


1J 


m- 


Kiir  it  pcnoi-al  <liMii>Mon  of  the  subj«vt.  of  catLsatiim.  ace  1  llrvcii. 
NVc  \t]>.  tt;!  11(1;  Sliciirni.  k  Modi.  Nf.ir.  S?  25  et  w/. ;  <  'ool.v.  r..rt-. 
pp.  t;^  7'J;  Wharton,  Nc.tr.  SS  '^T    It'-*- 

As  to  the  burdoii  i.f  jnovina:  thai  the  nedigpnco  allc-ri'il  was  flic 
l>roxiiuate  cnns<'  of  tlic  injury,  sco  S  ''^•5f>.  p^xf- 

802a.  Introductory. — A  iMtiisidcralilc  part  i.f  flio  prcivliiif^  diaptoi-.s 
has  Wn  devoted  to  an  p.xposition  of  tlic  varimis  aspects  of  tlio  qtica- 
lion  whicli  tirst  prc.scnts  itsolf  for  determination  in  every  case  in 
wliicli  a  servant  is  claiininj:  compensation  for  an  injury  re<'oived  in 
iieeotirsc  of  ids  employment,  ri:..  whether  the  acts  or  iimis.=>ions  com- 
plained iif  were  siioh  as  imported  culpal)ie  ne^iireiice.  cither  on  the 
hart  (if  the  employer  himself,  or  on  the  part  of  some  aj^ent  for  whose 

■liOo 


i 


'H  m 


ii 


3200 


MASTKU  AND  SKKVANT. 


IfiiAP,  xu: 


W^''. 


defaults  he  is  reaponsi'hlc'  Uiidfr  tlic  j-cncral  principlos  of  tlie  h-> 
of  npgligonco,  that  qiu  stion  rcwivc-  aii  iit'iniiiitivc  «r  a  in'u;itive  u:, 
>wer,  Jiw.'oi'dirig  us  it  is  shown  ihiit.  in  tlic  frivcii  iiistnn<'o.  thr  impI.A, 
did  or  did  not  owe  the  injund  imt-mhi  a  duty  to  prevent  tlir  cxi^t,!! . 
of  the  condition?,  or  llir  occ-urreni-c  of  the  event,  to  wliich  tlie  injur' 
is  alh'jjcd  to  be  traceable.' 

'  I'ndor  the  ninrilinie  litw  llio  princi-        A   rule    of    a    rnilrniul  r«mi|.,niy  tl,,, 

I>1<   lliiil  ricdviTV  is  ( lilioiiii!  U|x)n  iU  will  friiitH  must  rtiii  caiitinniily  aidi 

lii'liij;   |ii(i\i'l    ifiiit    (lie    injiiiy   roiilt(sl  I'uivcs  aiul  ovir  jjralr  c■lll^-lll-■.".  likj,,.: 

I'rniii  till'  iiij;lii,'<ii<'<'  "I   't»'  "iiililo.M'r  or  out    l"i)r   tnukiiiMi.   will   Im'   i.l.mi,1ii|  ,, 

liis  ir|iri --I  tilalivi-  is  siilijcl  tii  tl'i-  nual-  liavitif;  tii-iii  made  with  refiiiiH,  tot! 

iliciilicpii    that,   wlicrc    tlic    action    is  in  -afcty   of  tlic  liaiii.  nnd   not   tlic  inrl 

rem,  tlic  ali«cticc  of   nc<.'!ij.'ciicc   will   not  iiicn.  ulicrc  tlicrc  i>  cvi.lciiic  that  tiaiK 

entirely  ah-ohe  II, e  ^liip  fioiii  lialilliiy.  men    liail   no  other   means  nf   [iiniiru  : 

Thiis.   a    iiiarii"!-   «lio  is   injiiri-l   in   the  .'yaiiisl   wild  trains  e\cc|it  to  take  cu 

service  of  a  ship  is  entillisi  to  lie  cuvimI  i.f    tlicnisclvcs.     Siilliian    v.    l-'ilrlj,,,, 

at    the   ( \pi>nsc  of   Mic   ship.   thoii;rh    no  /,',  r...    (1S!U)    KM    Mass.   \->:,,  ui;  \   | 

one  Is   in    laiill.      Hiima   v.   Thr   Ittmltsh  ''A. 
Johnmn   (1873)   1  Woods.  :!(ll.  Kcd.  t  as. 
\o.   l.M'.i:'. 

"•'The    ideas   of    re<,'liyi  iicc    and    diilv 


A   railroa<l  company  \*  nut  liiljli': 
the  dialh  of  an  employee  \>y  l!i.-  .Iir.j 
iiiL'  of  cars  thr>>n>.'li  defects  in  ii,  im.I, 
are  slrictlv  correlative,  and  there  is  no    while   he    was   walking'   aloriL'  Ihi'  tn 


such  tiling'  lis  neciii;ciice  in  the  i>l«sirael. 
.\c!:li:_'i-iicc  is  siii:|'l_\  nc;;lccl  of  simie 
rare  wliich  wc  arc  hoiind  hy  law  to  ex- 
ercise towards  somchody."  TI11111111.1  v. 
(Jiiitrliimiiiiie  (1887)  K  R.  IH  »;.  II. 
Div.  (isr).  5(1  T..  .1.  Q.  n.  N.  S.  -lio.  M 
L.  T.  N.  S.  .■•):!7,  .1.-1  Ueik.  I!ep. 
.1.  P.  ."ilii.  per  lloHcn,  1,.  .1. 


his      way      from      his     eiii|ilciViiiri:' 
it  Ih, III,,  II  V.'  DiiUith.  .*.'.  N.  if  .1    /,'.  ( 
I  18!M  I   8!»  Mich.   174,  .")(l  N.  U .  sul 

A   master  is  liahle  for   injnrii-  t,, 
servant  in  the  exercise  of  ilue  care  (n.: 
the  nc;.'li<;cnt  nnd  iiiipinpiT  perfiimiarr 
"il    of  a  duly  which  he  voliiiit  irily  iis^m,.,.: 
alllioll;jll    he    owed    llo    (ilili;;,il  ion   to  til 
.Neiiona'hlc  ne^'li;iei]cc  exists  from  an    s,.i\aiil  in  respect  thiiclo  in  tlietirstir 
oiiiis,!ii)ri  to  pcrfoiin  tlie  duly  of  ohscrv     staiwc  ('niiKnliihitiil     i'l.nl     Co.    \ 

inj;  due  care,  aicurdiiiir  lo  the  circiini  Srh<ili.-r  (lH!l7l  lii7  III.  ."i.!!!.  47  X.  K 
nt,ances.  10  pic\,Mil  iiijiiiy  to  the  pi  r-on  l(l.")2.  Allirniiiifr  jlsilili  il.".  111.  App.  :i"l 
or  iiroperty   of  one   who  ha*   a    ri;.'lit    lo        .\  mere  error  of  jiid^'iiieiil  uiitlie] 

expect     the    duty     will     he     pel  tor d." 

Ciinff  V.  Il!n„hiiril  Sill-,  f'o.  1  I.SS7  I  till 
.Mich.'  li:tS.  II  Am.  M.  I!ep.  .".11.  :i:t  S. 
\V.  711. 

K.iiliire  of  a   railroad  cninpaiiy  lo  hal 
last,  still i,..'e  or  swiicli  trmUs  is  not  m 


if  the  master  or  of  an  enipl.iy.*  f. 
uliose  acts  he  is  nspiinsilih.  will  ti" 
eicato  anv  acti  uialile  lialiility.  ilou' 
V.   Ihlilir,),,    Jc    II.   Cillllll  Cii.    (IS'.il)   11 

I'.i.  r,.i.>.  21  All.  7:!:i. 

Still  less  tan  he  be  called  to  accou- 


lii'eiiei 


le.|.i 


a    hr  lUi man    injiiiid    lor     an     nccnrreiiee    which   iniius  unii 


the  description  of  acciitcnl  or  cKiinlt; 
1  ,/-/.(  V.  Mhiiilii:  M.  rf-  (*.  It.  CiilSv: 
I  IliiLdies.  III-J.  SH  Kcd.  77:1.  ip.irl  ' 
i.ii.lL:e  yol  out  of  pliiinh  and  fill  11  II- 
V.  Illiiicis  r.  K.  Co.  (IS.-.Ji  1.-)  I; 
.">."iO  (principle  neoyni/cd  in  ili<i'ii--iii: 
III    siiliieii-ncy   of    eoniplaiiit  i  ;    t'ir(i<i 


liy  haviii;,'  his  Inot  caught  hclHceii  tic- 
on  such  Hacks,  while  allemptiiej  lo 
make  a  coiipliii;r.  since  railroad  li.icks 
are  not  liallasled  for  the  piiipo-"  of 
makiii;:  tlieiii  safe  for  hraki men  to  \\.\\V. 
ii|H)n.  lint  to  make  Ihiiii  liiiii  and  -ale 
for    the     pa-siu'C     of     tr.lilis.       I', mull    V. 

Ihli'ir.ii'.  I..  .(    n.   It.  «'o.    (lHil2i    IJ^i  rhi':i,:i,  A  .V.  \\  .  II.  (''>.  Ms!i7l  fl.'i  Wi- 

N.  N.  till!!.  1'.^  N'.  1-"    *<2."i.  tlil>,   711   N.   \V.  liil.'i    iswilelmian  siippf 

The  I'lockin^r  of  ;.'iiai.l   rails  lieii'i.f  in  or  stiiiiiiled  au'iiiisl  the  arm  of  .1  j;iar 

»i-!'ded   oiilv   to  prueiit    feel    fin'ii    ''11:1^'  rail    while    eoopliic.;    carsi:   ,/o/i)H"ii  v 

eaiit;l't.  the  failure  lo  lihiek  a  liiiiiid  rail  fiiilrn.li,,,,  II.    if    .SV     1.    A',  fn.  MW 

wilfiiot    iiMlir  a   raihv.iy    eompiny   liii-  Te\.  Civ.  App.  I    -W  S.  W.  it.)   icnip;",y,, 

ble  to  a  saitcii'iiati  who  i-  Ihiown  from  fell    of   an    en;:ine  as   the  result  "f  '■■'■ 

a    car     and     li.is     his     aim    eaiiL'liI    and  mist  ike  of   jtidLMncnt   a«  to  the  anrnin 

crushed  helwirn  ihi'  rail  and  llic  -uard  .if   force   le.piiinl   to    lift    a    drawli" 
rail.      If, I  Unlit,-   V.      \i:m.-<,iri     /'.     It.   I'o.      Ii..,..i;i     v.    I{, 1,1,1     (isp.'.i    (U    III.  Apr 

\\!i'J2l    110  Mo.  312,  19  S.  \V.  38.  III.',    isenaiit     injured    hy    stiiLinshi 


(  «(ija] 


CAUSATION. 


2207 


In  tlir  i.ivs,.iit  rh\\>\or  it  i-  pi-.-iHisc^d  \»  .Hs.mks  *n  far  a^^  ^.-in-  -1.' 
-iral.k'  t'-n-  tlx-  l>ui'l)'-«'^  <>!'  ll"i><  tmitis.',  tlio  s,m'uiic1   i.iviv<|iii-itc  to 
-he  mainlt'iiaiKf  <'f  tlif  action,  lliat  is  to  sav.  fli.'  .'^tai-ii-^liiiiriii  of  lii, 
pn.lK.^ili^Il  lliut  tlir  ucfilitiviu'-  !"'"V''I  ^^•a-  ili.'  l.-al  .•aiiM-  of  ili.-  in 
iurv  received.      Not  a  few  of  tiic  ca^cs  in  wlii.-li  nia-^tcr.-'  have  been 
.,„",1  l,v  thoir  son-ants  and  in  wiii.-li  lliis  point  has  bi^n  ci.nM.lcnd. 
,K,  in' a  real  and  c.-cniial  scn.-c.  illn-trativc  of  ilic  scop.,  of  ,oiiic  of 
•llp'cilaI•actcl•i^tic  doclrincs  of  tiic  law  of  .inplovi  r>"  li:ilulity.     Otiicr 
,.;h.s  of  tliis  ty|H-  do  not,  in  anywi-o.  involve  ili.i^e  doeirines.     In  a 
•trinlv  lojiicai  jioint  of  view,  iierliaps  only  the  former  chr-s  of  de 
,i.i,ms  shonld  l.e  here  dis«Mis-e.l.     lint  the  deei-l.iis  in  the  hiiter  .-la-s 
,,„•>..  n.s<-fnl  from  the  praeiitioiirr's  point  of  view  ili;ii  lla^y  cannot 
Acll  he  pasM'd  over. 

nwr  n-ninst  a  iKH.k,  while  iittpinptinR     l..l..lriirtion    pln'-f'     ""     "■'l''^     ''>■<"•" 
V    Inn"     "i.-at      upon    i.n..l!MT    l.i-U  i  •.    ti,,..io.  ■,-,,  \m.,I ->  .';.''.'.  .(.V  /.  A. 

,;,„.//,,;v.<;»/M /•<■,•,;,„.(  /.•»'-'"'  I//;;.  ''■'■  *•   »  "";'   '"'•'•">•    ''a    «.v.  A|,|>.i 

.„  ,l^S'l|  li:t  N.  V.  ",1(1.  21  N.  K.  717  .l.-)  S.  W.  K..,  iuii.ni!lic.n/c.l  nmnv.,!.  I.> 
i,'i„t,.r  not  li;ii>li'  for  'Oi  injiii-y  to  a  MUn.dtir  iiMkiiowii,  ..f  :i  lip.'  ili.r.l  \„ 
„v'  t«.lvr   v,-,o>.   olil.   wlMwc    liand    was    -iinnl   a   car  u.i   Nvl.lcl.   K  1' oo_, .   v  •  iv  at 

.„t  llnmv  tlM^-.«s   «-..ie  .la„f.'.i..ils.  but  r„.    (  Issj  i    »  l|u-l,..s.  ISO.  i,.l.  «  ..-.  N... 

■„„iM.  1.0  sliiM..-.l    and    f.-ll    liy   a   lucio  :i..V>lt    i  l.ial<riiiaii   ^«.|.l    ..11   <:n    l.v    wiiv 

uri.l.m     an.l    inslinrtiv.'lv    tlirrW    out  Mr.l.-li.-.l   acr..-    tia.k     l.y    I"'-"  -    

i,  l,;M..i  to  rocovor   liims.-'lf ).  -mhI.t  ll.c  ,l,f,....lanf>  _<-....t...l  .  :    1  -o    ^ 

Fit,.or     contiil.utniv      ll<■L'li^'.■ll'•.•     or  r.nsi     l.ouismn,,    A.    (  ...    ils...i  i.i 

.„rP  aoi.lont   is  the  l<Val  cau.sr  of  inju-  Ann.   .'Ss."..   ,    S...  4..t    .  I  no.,   .1.  i..i     .1   l..v 

ri,s  Mi-tainnl    t>v    a    niil«...v   .■nMl.'.V'"  l'l.>"k     '.'"'l     "•'"-*     "■"'^     ''>    "i  kn...Mi 

,,mM  his  f.mt  ami  threw  hi.i.  upon  iho        In    ,.'./'o..«  v    ri„r.:,i>.     I     .r  ■^>\J' 

nil-  in  front    of    a    nioviii-  l.aii.l  c.ir,  Co.   (isssi    ...  l..v.a.  ..  i...     :•  N    U.  S.  1 

,vl„.r..  it  «as  his  .luty  to  i)r..|..ily  plar.-  an  nr-lion  for  iio.in.-  i...  .w.i     ,y  a  oar 

tlie  inii.l.-.m.nt   on  tho  car.      rr.,i,,,„nlh  rrpairor   as  a    r.vih     ,.t     ..     .•..lli-i-.M   ..I 

>    .s„„!;,    Ilf,-ni,l   It.   Vo.    (ISmt)    107   <:a.  I.i..vii.-   oai-<    Willi    tl...   „r:.-   ....    «lii.-.   I..- 

.]    T>  S     !•"     liliH  "■•""  •''    »"'1<.   ''"■  '■"I"'-   "'ii''     ""t   "'■".' 

'  A  riiiMOwnor   is  not    lial.lo  to  a   l-.n..'  in-  ll ..no.tia-  ..f   H-    •.  n.i.il    rii!.- 

-!i..n.nian     m.Mapilalo.l    into    tho    wator  lai.l  .h.un   in  tl„.  al...^.■  .m-,-    Ih'M  tlial 

Al,il..«l....'lii,^'fnau'htonl...ar.la  stoani  tho   ntat.T.al   ,|,i.-n..ii    «a-    ah.lL.T   th.. 

Jiip  iil.inL'  a    plall'onn    shown   to   Ik.   in  .mi-    wor.'   in..v..l     in     a     p-...ii.r   ii,  ii-noi 

™«1  ,„.lor,  whoro  tho  injury  was  oooa-  an.l   at    a    pi-p.r  Inn".   ai;.l   a,  tl...  fa.'l 

-ion.-.l.ithorl.v  a  sw.01  from  s.ano  pa-*-^  that    tho  oars   wo,.-   ~Uxi\,-\    in    r,  ■•!...ii-.- 

inif  v,..,ol,  or  tho  oniis-i.Mi  of  th.-  w..rk-  to  a  M-nal  :rivon  l.y  a  p. a-...  no'   ...  tho 

.n,>n   to    olian.'o     tho     faslonl.i-s   a.*    Il.o  oniploy    ..f    th-   o..in..  ov     !...<!    l.o    l.-ili- 

ti.l,-   f..lt,      lhnls„i,    V.    nr.vn    S.    S.    Co  mail.  l..arin!.'  iipei.  t  .M   ,|M.-li..n.  .1   wa- 

IHsSi    llfl  .N     V    ll'.>    17   N-   '•■   •"'-  ■'"■'■'n'   '!>    instrtiit     tho     |.iiy    III. I    tnov 

I'rinia  faoioa  mastor  is  n..t   lial.lo  'or  mi^'ht     o..i.M.!.r    ovi.l,  ...•.•    .!,„vvii.l'  that 

itij.iri.s  oaiiM.l  to  a  sorvaiit  l.y  tho  un  sm-li  a  si-nal  w:...  u'.v.;...    -  .-xplaii  .t..ry 

4.ith„ri/.-.l    arts    of    stran'.'.TS.     l!-n,ull  of  Ih-   manii.  r    ...    v^'^.-h   iho  oar.s   w.io 

V.  ;.oii7  /.V7.I.1./   /.'.   '•'..    Il'^'l')    21    .\l.p.  mnv...|. 

Div    '5    4"   \     ^■     Siipp    "aS    (■ilrai...'ir         Wlioro     tho     pro\imal."    oan-o   of   t'lo 

..wnod  swi'tohi:  W. .//./  v.  >.i,/,w  !  IH!).-.)  .hall,   of   a   oar    r.'p.ir.a    ua-    th,.   i.naii- 

11  Mmr    IIS    ;il   N.   Y.'  Siipp.   loll    i  por-  tli<.r;/..l  i.'na.vil  l.y  -"n..    'eU.n..vn  [wr- 

-..nsnot   tin.lor  major's  o.,.,tr.il.'arvi.-.l  a  -.m   of   a    r.d    fa-:    .i-..l_a«   a    s, -.,:,!    of 

•rnvv  Loan.  anroH.s  a  totiip..rarv-tni<'l  ..!■■  .lai..'-r.  tho  .pi.-i  ;..i.'  ■.Mi,.ili.i-  a    ...;.'  ol 

....r»o  oa. I    it    to   fall   on    plainlitTi:  that    ooh.r   ua-   a    -..11-. ...it    vv..ii.r-.   ..r 

Ilrr„r>  V.   h:n,y„.i   Cili,.   Ft.    S.   ,(    If.   R.  who!l..-ra  tia- of -.,:.■..■  h.-r  o.,Ior  -.vo-il.l 

Co.    (IhUo)    12!»   Mo.   41,   31    !S.    \V.    347  Lavo  I.,  on  m.no  siiital.lo.  at.    iimiial.  rial. 


nlffi 


r  '^''bm 


n(A 


MASTEH  A.NU  SKK\  AN T. 


I'  MAi'    tu 


1  '■'■ 


ii 


\ 


I 


A.    GeXEKAL    PIlIXCll'I.KH. 

803.  Necessity  of  proving  that  the  ntgligence  alleged  was  the  caai 
of  the  injury. —  i'lic  tenant  imi.»t,  in  the  lii.-t  \Amh\  \i\->>\^-  ih-.t  i. 
iiijtirv  was  caused  l»,v  llic  allff;<'<l  in'y;lifj<ii<'c.'     'I'licrc  can  lie  i,i.  n  ■• 


(S 


WW  V.  Ihlinr.irr^  fl .  <  il  <'.,.   (IS(tO) 

;il    \.  V.  S.   K.  .t'lli.  10  N.  V.  S'i|M'-   ••'•^ 

.iiftir  tlic  rrtiiiil  ordi'ri'd  in  IS'^'n  l<>:t 
\.    V.    ".SI,   r,V   Am.   Itip.  773.  U    X.   K. 

'I'hc  iiiIp  pxcinplilioi  in  tlip  (<iisc«  jiist 
citf^I  i".  <>f  0(1111  ■>!..  Htitijcrt  to  I'xo'lillon 
in  (•ll^c  s  h!iit<'  till-  iiiii-l"T  liail  miiioo, 
aotiiiil  or  luiiMtiiictivi',  of  ttif  iliiii;;cioii» 
ruixlitii  II-  lor  wliii-ti  he  \v;i«  not  orin- 
iimlly   li>|«insil)li'.      Sec  ji    Ivi'.l,  aiili: 

'■•Il  is  ini'c>-iirv  for  tlic  |>l:.iiitiir  to 
■■^tiililisli.     Iiy     cvi'iliiicc',     ciriuiiisliiiicrJ 

fr wtiidi'  it    til  ly   fiiirly  lie  ii!f>Tri-<l 

tlmt  llicti'  is  il  I'l'MsoiiiiMf  |itoli:iliility 
t1l:lt  till'  :i<i|ili'nt  lisllltrd  floMi  tlii-\v:lllt 
of  siiiiif  |in  T.iiitioii  wliiili  till-  (Iffi-nil- 
iiiits  iiiiL'tit  and  oii;;ht  to  liavc  ri'soiird 
to."  \\  illrs.  .1..  in  Ihiiiiil  \.  \li  lioimli- 
Inn    H.    r<,.     (IHliS)     ]..    n.    :!   ('.    P.   210, 

•J2.1.  .ini.  .-t;  u  .1.  r.  I',  -'sd. 

A  iMiistii  (•iUiiiot  he  liidd  lialilp  for  an 
injury  to  a  servant.  diU'  to  the  coiiibi- 
nation  anil  oo  o|n'rat  ion  of  a  niinilii'r  of 
(:iii-i-M  for  no  one  of  wliicli  lii'  i»  lialde. 
('><f:lirtl  V.  Ul7fllliii;^itl  <(■  V.  If.  I'o. 
(|S!l!))  2  I'rnn.  (Did.)  210.  4:1  Atl.  (i2!>. 
wlicrc  tlic  wioiiL'  "a"  oaiisi'ij  partly  liy 
till'  til  ;.'li;.'iiM'('  of  n  fl  How  servant,  and 
paitly  liy  ronditions  tlii'  risks  of  which 
the  (ilaintiir  iinilirstii(i<l. 

A  siTi.int  who  sliow!»  that  lii*  injury 
wn«  Paused  liy  tlip  dofertivo  pondilioii  of 
a  eerlaiii  apjiliance  is  not  liouiid  to  show 
specilioally  by  what  partieular  defert  it 
was  oaii-id.  Uiiii'iiun  v.  Itiillioii.  It.  rf 
r.  Min.  Co.  (1K!17»  l.i  Itah.  .'ilU.  ,50 
Pai'  S:it;  \oilnii  Itrox.  V.  Siziniiiik 
(l,S!)7l    70   111.   App.   liSli. 

Alle^jitions  that  a  niastpr  was  npffli- 
J;.  !it  ill  failing  to  rovpr  and  keep  in  ro- 
u.iir  a  machine  hy  wliioh  a  servant's  in- 
juries were  inllielid  arc  insiiHieipnt  to 
justify  recovery,  where  there  is  no  aver- 
ment or  Hhowim.'  tli.il  the  injiries  were 
caused  hv  such  myli^'eiice.  Lnl'iuirllc 
Carpet  Co.  V.  Slaffind  (IMOO)  25  Ind. 
App.  1S7.  57  \.  F..  !M4. 

A  petition  in  an  aelion  to  recover  for 
an  injury  resullliiir  from  the  master's 
neirliijenee  in  eiii|.lip\  inL'  an  ineonipe- 
tenl  servant  is  fal  illy  defeetive,  where 
it  does  not  alliL'i'  111. It  -ueh  servant  \v«» 
careless  or  iin-kiltnl  at  (he  time  of  the 
accident,    and    that    the    carelessness    or 


iinskilfiiliii'Ss    enimed     the     iniurv   c, 
phiiiiid  of.      hi  mill    %-.    AiiM.ii.   i    i„. 

■I.  .(  r.  II.  i;.  Cii.  '( iHs:ti  th  \i,,  .ii;j 

A   eliarye  enilmdyint;   the  |iiM,ii|,l, 
the     te\l      is     proper.      \\  rnilil     \.     , 
Vol-/,-  r.  /.'    '•„.    \\s.:,^\    -m  p„iil,.  Ml 
liriiH'd  ill   ilsii-^i)   -J.",  X.  >.  .iiij 

It  is  erroi  to  give  an  iii-iiin! 
which  permits  the  jiiiy  to  iiif.i  ilii! 
di'feiidaiit  wiiM  llalde  if  it  wa.,  uail'' 
any  ne'_'Ii;.M'iiee  whatsoi'Vei-.  e\,'n  tli" 
the  aei'idelll  would  have  im'i"||.,,|  v; 
out  siii'li  ni'^'li;.'eiice.  Hull  \.  '■.'./ 
(1.1- II  <f  .V.  Valliii  It.  Co.  I  iNss.  I')  li 
;iT.t.  :i   X.   Y.  Siipp.  5St. 

It    is  error    to    chaitre    in    ei!,.i  i 
where     an      iiiiinstrueled.     in.  \].,ii. 
einployec  is  set  to  work  .<<   :i  ilir-j  i 
maehiiii'   which   he  does   i),i|    iii).i,i-,,t 

and  Uses  ordinary   care,  a  " n  i! 

follow.      Cnir'n      v.      Smilh     .  \y>i 
Wis.   110.  1)1    \.  U.  317. 

.-\n  instruction  to  the  elleci   ilm 

master    llli;:ht    he    held    li.llili'    v|i'r.|\ 
on    proof    that    he   did    iinl    n-      i  Im 
care    is   erroneous,      liiinniiil    \     h-:- 
SItiiil  rf  <'i..  Co.   (18051    INI  W  i>    i-; 
X.  W  .  1125. 

It  is  proper  to  refuse  a  ,  !■  i'_-,  !■. 
efTect  that  the  mere  fact  Hi  i  I'l  . 
]iliiyer  eii^MKisI  an  unliii  n-i  I  i-:i'. ■" 
to  manafie  a  steam  lioilei.  m  m,,!-: 
of  law.  will  render  liini  li.ii,i.  m 
other  employee  injiiiid  hy  tin-  i  ji- • 
of  the  lioihr.  Hiniiiunli'iui  i  /' 
(18112 1   21    I),  f.  200. 

Where  defendant's  -e.-iimi  li.i.Minti 
clared    (hat    the   ear   li.\     viiiirii    |il.iiii 
was  injured  was  until   I'nr  n-,-.  .iini  li 
previous  to  th"  aeeident   lie  li.i,l  riii'i 
ed   the   road    master   to   fiiiiij-li   ;iii"'! 
an   instriiclioii   which   suluiiiit,  1  t!" 
sue  to  the  jury   wliellier  or   ii"I   ill,- 
left    the    track    liie.iiise    of    il-   .i.l. , 
condition    was    not    olijeel  iniiiil.!,-  .i- 
supported    liv    the    evidellli-.      Coi.i.i.'- 
Owia/i.i.    K.    C.   ,{-    /.•.    /.'.   Co.    1  IslMi 
Mo.  App.  175. 

It  is  error  to  uile  an  iii-irn 
which  contraM'iies  the  priiiei|'li  ili: 
niiistci's  failiUB  to  leimt  mii  .iMi'i.i 
which  he  knew,  or  sin, ill, I  liu,  ki" 
to  he  defective,  and  lo  niilil>  '''■  - 
lUit  of  its  coiiilitiiin.  is  lint  .icii-' 
nei'lii'i  lice,   unless   it    was   lie    |i:ii\ii 


I  tM>3] 


CALSATION 


«0)i 


i-n  u 


liore  tlic  ovidciico,  s"  t';ir  :h  a 


iiv  i.'i  Ttaiii  il<iliK'ti«iii:«  c;iii  !><'  Jrawn 


iroiu 

CI  ill  I 


it,  teiuls  to  prove  that  tlio  acciiltiii  wa.^  ii«'l  iaiiM''l  l.v  ili(>  dofivt 
1  ut'.-     Tlio  iionrxi-'i  II it  a  ii::a!  i  •  iiii' -li'.ii  '...■t>\i'tn  tli" 


iiiii'i 


•idll 

Iccll 


.pi, 

liiii  lie.   aii'l  tlio  iiijtirv  i-;  prcMliciiKIc  win  iirvcr,  t..r  an;;lit  that  a]' 
-.iili'iit  nii^;lit  lia\c  liai'i'iii.  .1  .v.'ii  i!  fli<'  dcl'i'd^  in  nw 


■<.  Il 


!!■  a 


luul  U'lt  <'.\i>ti'il.  <■]•  it'  '111    [iirraiiti.  II-   wliicli   ui-n 


>iiiitt''<l  liail 


taki 


riic  II 


-tiiT  <'a!iiiiii  I'l-  ln'lil  lial'li'  it  lii-  in  :,liuiiifc  \va- 


■n  Iv  a  cuinlitiDii,  a-i  ii|(|><i-i- 


tl 


If  I'lliCH  III 


(.1  tl 


lip  iiijiiiy  i'iiiii|iliiiiiii 


.,!  iif.    /I..W      ih^ 


',,   \     Ho'^s  l.linlt-'l    I'o.    (ISIIll)     |(i:i\\, 
;j4.  7!)  N.  W.  21.1 


i|'  llli'  ill  jilI'V. 


^   aliirli   I  ■■II-!  iliilr^l   one  ol 
(,.i/.  .  -'•.  .,  //    <l    ■>.    I.   I! 

;i  I  i'*;ii  I  II  \<\.  I  iv.  .\|i|' 


■tructiiiii   tliiit.   if   an  itii|>li^>>i-    HI".  Jt  s.  U  .  1m 


All   ill 
i,,la1,-.l   :i   Mile  nf   lii"   nMiil>'i 


111    \\liirh 


A    -|iiii  il    <■' 


lifi    vsliiili    fail-   111  >li(«rt 


liail    kiiii" 


l.-l; 


III!    >iiili     vi.ilalhiii    lliat    111.,  iiii  ii.v   u  I-  r.iii- 


,..(1  till-  iii.iiiiy.  ai 


triliuli-< 


1  to  l)\    (III-  iii-;;li;.'rnp>'  < 


il   it    Mas  mil    <'iiii 
il'  tin-  lie 


nr    olMl<-:iili     til     li 


li\ 
Villi. Il 


nllli'  act 


l..|i.lailt  in  re; 
i|.,^n  tlif  iiiir 
.in  ornniii'ii.'.  "•*   in 


rani  til  (.•iiain  a|i|ilianoi- 
(iiiilii  not  iniiMi 
it    alliiaili..'   Iiiiii    l< 


ill     1I..I 


,,|. 


III.'    1. 


lilt     II      jii'l-.iii.i 


l.iVl 


|.laiiiliir.      /•■'.//./ 


.1.  tl  ll.lalit 
I    tiir  till' 


,T.    llioii''li    tlic    injury    ,' 


liavi 


(.(iiitiiliuliil   til  liV  ollnr 


I'.'liuilic. 


■  if  (Icii-llilalit,      7'i 
».lii;,iM     I  H'Ol  1    -ill 


.(    /'.    It     r 


s    I. 


f.ii 
1 1-',   l: 


I^!1M      I'.l     lllll        \|.|.       :U1.    4'l 


■;/  \.  ;/  //. 


1 1>^>:  I   luii 


N.    \ 


T 


\.  I  iv. 


Aiip 


:is:i 


IS    It     rints-l    Sll 


Hi 


i  s.  w. 

An  iii-tiuiiiiiii    i 


\  lii<  il.  !i.i  I   it    imt 


II    an    arti'iii    I'nr    lln'    • 


■tnl.   tl 


.atli    "I"    a    rai 


•I" 


•ificil  acts  of  tlir 


ilniail    i-iii|ilii 


tlial    it    III' 


I'  111  nil  V  w< 
//.,,/■ 


mill 
i/m  !■. 


i.il.i 


nil 


l-l. 


I'-H|i    lilt 


•11.  JH   I.   ..I.  41", 


.,l  the  train   cmi 


-litiil..!   iii"jli 


til.     II-,.   I 


I     ll.ji 


iilil  liml  till'  riini|iaiiy  liaMr  nil 
■  I    III  lln-   ill 


im-ll    4'iilltl 


!,.-<  Ilic  .I'- 
iiiv  liv  Ills  own   II' 
.'liji 


iliiliiit 

Lrli'.'l-lll' 


■  k- 1. 

mill   Ih.il    liis   iiijiiiv 


.  I  \:iM 


III. 


nf  111. 


villi. ml   ri-     ■' 

.■i.ll.lllcli.l      -Il 


,li. 


iliiv  il 


i.t     lii- 


lliat     111.'    .liri'l.lll 


lunc 


•il   tlir  inliiiN .   i-   r.'vi.i 


liJi  III  l:l    I    lllll     I. 


-ilili'  cnor. 

!l://i.. 


r.iW;,  '' 
1807  ;    Tl- 


.(•  .s'.   /•    /.' 
.  liv.   Ai.!. 


11  11...1 
II;  I- 


l.|. 


I.I       ih.ll        r 

I  iM.'ii   '..  i: 


lllll  .1    on    tllr 

,1-    ■llll-    to    till' 

ll'ii-'fl      lllll-l 

...,1.1    II..I    lia'i- 

I  hliiit   iliii'ctly 

i.        \h,lt.:fl     V. 

I'.   C.    11. -1,   li 


I..    1.    \.   S.    llll.  Il    Ml  III-  I".  C.  f.   .N.  S 


III    Vn>il\IPe    V. 

r..v.    (  iv.    App, 


)  <i)  f.'ir'iii 


;/i     I  l> 


1   :ii;;i. 


iin.    1\    >.   W.    1-1. 


■  ■l.lti 


■;r  was  ilis,i[i|.i  iiv 


•  I   wlii.-li 


ilnl   l< 


that    tin.   lia'iilily  ol'  a    rai 


..'ill  in 
,,i    llll 


ii(  a  li.'i 
11, .1   lit 


..■li  iirilinaiid. 


,111     iiiiaiv   to  a 


.•ll!|i:ll 


IV   fur   its    iii'ijli;.'!  lit 


lli-sinll     III     Miiiliitlli 


III  its  siTViints  of  I Al  la 


li 


rise  from   thf  n-x-  of  "   <■:'■'  "' 


mis  to    III 
.111    nil      I. II 


il.r    il. 


1  mill  innri'  tlian  onlinai 


ii>iia 

.ills  riiii-tnicl  ion    i 


iiv   ll.l 


.l.-p. 


i.l..il 


iSllI'l'll 


■  I  In  r      |i. 


■  iiijarv  tt  Is  ('llll 


-.■■I  liv  that  .iiiii--iiiii 


WliMi 


l!ll     I" 


iiii,i!i  III  \\     ■•  .i:--   1      l.y      a 

|:on    11 .11     a.    ll     |>a--iil 

I  It  .ii    lllll     f.ii     -i;.ii    vii'1,1 
u.ul.l     h  I.  .   I..  ■  11    at    an 
/;.,,,./     \.     .V.,,,,,       \i,trk 
,1.-.     43    \i!     .'Ill       Till' 


It 


iiior  to  itislrn 
I, ill]   111 


't    tlic    ini.i    tliai 


(1   for  til.'   plaiiillll    if  1 


II.  111.,   phi 


ill    111. 


ifis  rot    piovi 


■  Ird 


■villi       plopiT 


illipli'       1 lllll    of    till-    ;i.iii||.| 


'li.|;l .   «i 


■  I    I, 


111. 


i-hl 


it   till 


■nt«.  anil  .lid  not   iinilir-larnl  llif  'Ian     ihnn 


III   a    I! 


,  ..-i'_r 


III 


I'f   ■.viirkint; 


-hill,     //if.'.s/.oir,    Oil   ( 


itli     till'     iiii[il-iiM'iit- 


V.    Whii,     ini 


1SH7 
Win 


IVx.   Civ.    App  I    41    S.    \V.    H7I. 


llll    liav,'    |. 
-ht      as      II'  I  lllv 
1  llllliiill.'    -low  I 


rl.'l.       Ti 


I  ciiisrs  iif  an  iiijiirv  arc  a* 


that     1 


•ll.  it 


is  en  or  to  L'- 


\.'  an   in-l!  '.irlioii 
IV  iiifrr  tha'    tin- 


I.. IV. 


I'll  1 1 


.il    h 


■  I   f< 

■  aiii"    tiling' 

ll.-ll.  .1    to    11 

■  ■r  it  i.ii-lit  liav.' 
.|..  ,'1  all. Ill'  wniinl 
\.i!,i!   till'    tii'p  to  a 


lii'ii,  vvliicli  till'  jiirv  11     . 

''.f.iil.int    is   not    li.ilil"     if   il   !>>   prnv...!         In  .'/. 

lliat  ihf  plaimifT  hail   full  l.no»l..l.'i'  ol      i     \|.p 


/■,i'/   II 
70.    '••< 


i;..>l  (• 


ipp 


I  iv^nr.  I 

11)40. 


''i  i5i 


m 


1*210 


MASTE!!  AXI>  SKKVANT 


1'  ii»l-   Xl: 


I.  II  i 


tt«l 


1. 


Ill  tIk'  Ti'ito  Ik'Iow  arc  ('(dhvifd  a  nimilior  of  im-i-  ^In.v,  iii:r  tli.-  in.,! 
nor  ill  wliicli  tlirsc  iii'ikimI  [•riiifiplc'-  liuvc  Utii  apiilii'il.  cii!,.  !•  !,,•!; 
!i<lviuitiii;('.  up  tci  tlic  ili~iiilvuiit;ij;<',  of  the  >i(rviiiii.  For  niln  i  I'.j.. . 
-(•<•  the  follDwinf;  MM-iiniis.''' 

804 —  and  also  the  proximate  cause  of  the  injury. —  I'lic  -<  r.a; 


till*   |ilaiiililT'-'  cDiitriiti'iM   uii'>  tliat   the 

lliicli     uIkTi'    ill'    W.l^    l'.il]|ili!l|/    l.\H    W:l« 

rciiiliTi'il  (Imii;,'<'|(>iik  "iipun  Ihi-  iii-liiiit' 
l>^'  an  iiiiii^iially  I  hick  iImhI  hI  .tram 
from  II  ilifii'livc  viilvi'.  nir<[  tliat  thin  va- 
|><ir  fn>iii  llii>  ilrfri'livf  valve  wax  of  hucIi 
iliii-ily,  irrisini'tivi'  of  tin-  \a|i<ir  (rotii 
I  lie  rilii'f  valve,  a«  I  "  ureal  ly  iiiipair  hi" 
virion,  iinil  llie  jiii;'.  Hi'e('|i1iii^  lliin  e\ 
|>laii.ili<in.  Iii'l  tlieii  ilra»M  tln'  euMelii 
«loii  tlial  ilie  \  !|iiir  was  tlie  iiiiniediate 
IT  |ii'n\iiMate  caii.e  of  llie  |ilaintitr  u<''' 
till^'  hi"  liallcl  l.ilv.tell  the  lillirers.  The 
I'uiirt.  liowever,  ■  1:  "rhi<  va|ior  via-" 
ijol  llie  eaii-e  ol'  Hie  iie'-jihril ,  hilt  wa- 
il ("oiiilitimi  iiii'i'T  «liieh  it  oceiiiieil. 
.iikI  that  co'.liliiiii  uai  wholly  uiiex 
[leeteil  anil  not  likely  to  !ie  lon-reti;" 
aUo  that  '■till'  ili«eli  iijre  of  »leaill  i»  n 
ii-iial  III  tieee--aiy  loiieiiniilant  of  the 
use  of  tile  eii;:iiie:  anil  a  suilelmian 
must  lie  eNpeeieil  to  Iir  envelo|ieil  in 
more  or  less  sti'lll,  i|  re-|M  el  i\e  of  iinv 
ill  feet   in   the  v^'lve-." 

In  u  ca-e  wiieie  a  raihv  ly  -eniint. 
iifliT  llii«iieee>sfiilly  alleiM|iliiiir  to  ii" 
ei)iipli»  two  cur»  liy  leeaii!.  of  a  lever 
whieli  w  11  out  of  oiil.i,  liiei!  to  ilraw 
the  c<)ii|iliiiL'  pill  with  his  hinil.  ami 
whilp  walUiei.'  Iieiweeii  the  i.iinir^;  ear> 
eaiiyht  his  finil  liitwieii  the  i;iil  anil  iiii 
iiiiMoekeil  ;;iiaril  rail,  an  iii-lriiel  io>> 
siilmiitlin;.'  to  the  jury  tin-  ipiesiinii 
tthellier  the  ilefemlaiit  wa-  neL'li;;eiit  in 
leaving  the  sp.iei-  open  iiiel  iinliloil.eil. 
and  of  siK'li  a  wiil'h  lli.  t  iiii  eiiiployie -i 
loot  iiii-rlit  be  oaii'jlit  mhI  ImM  hy  it  Inn.: 
enoii(;h  to  Rii-lain  i!i|iu<  finiii  a  tram 
in  motion.  «ii»  hehl  mt  to  !"■  olijeelioii 
iihle  ns  oniiltinjr  to  niiiitioii  .lefi  lelaiit  ■ 
llelilJL'ellce  wit!l  li'jiril  to  the  level.  I'll 
iler  the  olieiiiil»t:iMi  s  that  iii  !.'liy.'iie.' 
was  merely  ineiili  itt.il  d'.  mi!  mil  the 
proximate  raiiM'  of.  the  iiijiiiy.  Trull 
V.  Chii-<uw.  II.  I.  d  /'.  It.  Co.  (  MIDI)  11.-. 
lown.  Sti.  81!  N.  W  .  .1:1. 

Many  other  p:i-is  illii-iratinf;  tlii- 
phnse  of  the  sulij'el  are  eileil  in  tlir 
next  note. 

*(a)  lirenrh  of  ■ifahih:s  find  ortfinnn- 
(•!•«. — On  the  ^'roiiml  thai  tl.-te  wa^  im 
e\'ii|nTiPf»  to  eniinert  tin»  injury  \^ilh  tin 
ilefpnilant'sili.rcL'an!  of  a -litiitnry  Inly 
the  action  1i:.j  hi  en  held  not  maintain 
iihle  io  caseb  where  the  st.it iite  viulateil 


was  one  whieli  pioliiliiteil  the  ein^loi 
mint  ol  eliihlieii  iiikIii  i  niiiiin  .ij, 
hlilrhiiil  V.  tl'iinhrillii  (Is'i.'.i  ii;)  \\  . 
US.  117  \.  U.  T'J'.t;  II  hih  \.  U. (».„„, 
I.ilhniiiiii'lni  <■„.  ilSlMI)  :,H  linn.  :i< 
l:i  N.  N.  Stipp.  |SS:  /;iii,i,  V.  I„eri' 
If,,,  it  r.ilr  !■,,.  I  IMMli  \1  r...|.  ,■,!•. 
«.//..«  V.  .hirl.-,,,,,  {  Isoji  \  I'.i.  |)j,(  I; 
1!M.  .\n4  ill  a  else  where  the  |i|  iip'r 
relieil  on  the  I'enn-vlvania  act  nf  h- 
I  I'lili.  Laws,  217.  55  I.-).  17i,  riii'lrnt, 
iiiiiiini.'  eoiiipiinii  s  li  ilile  for  eiiiplMiin; 
a  iniiiinc  ho-s  who  h.ul  no  eialiiiiMlH  , 
eompi.ti  nev.      f'/i; 'V,'.  Ill  r   v.    «',i, ,,'„,;,!,, 

.(•  i:.  I.,  c'.ii/  r„.  iis'.iii  I  Hi  I'a. «:,  J 

.\tl.  ii\.  \liil  ill  a  else  «  lure  iiiu'i: 
ery  «as  le<t  leliieil.  in  eollipli.Uire  Uit 
the  provisini  s  of  .1  ficloiy  ait  I'l.o' 
V.  II- I,,.  If,,  llsii7i  •>7  {■',„,  S.  c.  .-ii: 
.\ni|  in  II  ea-e  where  a  ;.'ii:iii|  mil  l.i 
mil  liii'n  hlur'.'.l  .111(1  lilleil.  as  rr<{iiin> 
l.v    siatiite.       1//,  i/»     V.     n',il,'i.sli    /,'.  ( 

'iHsin  41  Kill.  l!i:i. 

An  eiiip!i.\er  is  not   lemleri-il  liiMi.i 
iiiiiirii'   111  an    eiiipliiyee   iiniler  -ivti.i 
fioiii   a    properly   t'uanleil   hn//   -uv.  1; 
i.;il'iie    Io    oil.,  ne    the    .Vew    >..rk  •' r 
■lie    .  I.invs    l.ssii.  chap.   4tl!ii.   i.-.piiii'. 

noli' t    the    hoiiis    of    lahnr    ifpiai 

from  einpli.vei-.  iimler  si\liin  to  lu'  |« -t 
eil.  with  a  li-t  of  slleh  ehilillell.  ;II1.|  .ll 
liilavits  as  to  tlieir  a;.'es  anj  ilil.sol 
hirt'i  to  lie  kept,  alnl  pliilrli.till;.'  t!i. 
iiii|i|'i\  nil  lit  of  rhililren  ii'LiMe  u,  r.M. 
or  uiile.      .v7i/./n  II  v.  SI,  I,  I',   i|s''l'4' 

v.  V.  s  i;.  s.-.n,  21  \.  V.  >;ii.p  :n. 

The     f.lilille    iif     a     eontraelnl     In    (Hill; 

ply  with  \.  >.  Laws  1S!I7.  elMji.  41.).  i 
ill.  reipiiiiMi.'  iHiil  raetnrs  in  e'lii-tnii" 
111^'  a  liiiililiiiL'.  the  plans  anil  -p.  n'iri 
lions  of  whieli  rnpiiie  the  i!.H  r-  u,  ' 
■lelle.I  hi'Uiell  the  Iti-ains.  !.i  .  Mi;.'  '■ 
llie  Moorilii'  IIS  (In-  liiiilili'iu'  I."  ■."i-.i- 
i^  not  siioli  ne^'li;;e!  .'e  as  wi'!  iin.ii 
liiiii  liaMe  for  an  iniiiry  to  an  i'ii].i.ru- 
■ly  .1  falling  seilli.M."  whrii'  tin  up.'' 
'■'nil,  iliil  not  eiiMlriliiile  t"  I'l''  i'',i»!.'^ 
.s/ii(n7  V.  /'.'■ii/H  1(111  ilslisi  lit  .\|i|' 
Div.   .-.l.'i.   .'51   N.'  V.   Siipp.   r.iv 

A  rr. -livery  cannot  In-  In  I  fnr  t!" 
:.  I'll  of  pli'iinlilT's  intent  ■!,  l,i'!.-l  ;' 
1  mil  ..  Iiv  i:i(.  fall  of  1  el.i.l  .4  iir'.  <■■ 
;tii  ■jr..;ii!i!  thiit  tl  •  il  femlant  ■■.i'l"'i> 
till.  I  to  e\ailiil,e  I'n,-  lliilli-  Is  I.  fliri'.. 
l.y   III.  Rev.  Slat,  etiap    i':'.  S   II    ^■<-io" 


I  wm 


CAUSATION. 


2211 


,,,11-!.  in  tlio  wond  plnof,  provp  tliat  the  allognd  brcnrh  of  duty  wn- 
,h,.  proxiiiiuto  cause  ol  D.c  injury.    As  will  be  seen  by  t-onsultiiig  tli.> 

jury  riTpivi'd  l.y  m  l.r.ikrinnn  »lio  i» 
nlruck  liy  111"'  1m.|','i'.  iiftrr  cliinl.iiiK  on 
to  ttic  CUT  111  II  I'll.''  «liirli  wiiuld  liiiw 
l„i'ii  hil Willi  tlir  luilirc  mill  tliv  •tell 
111.'."  if  tli.Tf  liii.l  I'i.'ii  tt  t.lli  I'lv  M 
hn  V.  ltijHli,n  if    I/.  K.  '■').   I  !•''.'■*  1   •'«'••  N 

II,  j:i,  :«t  All.  !i;s, 

'I'lii'  (;iot  lli.it  a  >wilrli  rtiuim'  I'lkfl 
i.tfaiii  CO  li.ully  n*  to  l>iiv.-iit  111. 
cii^iin'cr  (nun  hiiiiijj  a  -i;;!!!!!  U^  -•■■p 
iii.ul.-  liy  11  i««itrliiniin.  vli"  li  I'l  iiii„lil 
liiH  fool  in  a  fro;,',  iinij  wlio  «.i"  nm 
oM'f  and  itijiiri'"!,  (Miiiiol  In-  fniiinl  to  In- 
tlic  pro\itii  iti'  iMii~r  ol'  tl'i-  ili|iM.>.  if  il 
ii|i|iriiis  tliiit  tlic  carM  .vtTP  »>•  . !  -i-  I" 
till!  mull  wliill  tin-  Kit;li:ll  w.M  (JUrli 
tliat  tiny  conlil  not  liavr  In-.  ;i  •.if(i|iiMl 
in  tiiiif  to  |ii(\riit  it,  rMii  ii  lii>-  -iL'iial 
liail  111  111  >iin  ami  iiIm\i  I.  Ih'iii  v. 
A'lMH  (l!U)(i)  III  V.  C.  A.  :i72.  HH)  K<"l 
•.•.■>ti. 

A  lirakiinan  iiijiinil  liv  ni-in  of  lii- 
font  111  iMiniiiu'  ciii;.'lit  in  a  flui.'.  wliil' 
Iiaiviny  hIiiii^t  «illi  tin'  tiaili,  altiin|il 
ii.'_'  to  1  .i|ili  .  '1  ■.  i-iiuiiil  nriiMi  I'll  llii- 
^jnailnl  til, it  (111-  I'lav  l"Mi|-i  of  llir  ral-* 
\\r\r  nut  |irili<'tl>  iii.UrlKil  ami  .lnj  iml 
i-.iii|ili'  II. 1. Illy.  siiiiL  ttial  wa-  imt  tin' 
|.ii>\iti  ill'  1  111-!'  of  tilt'  injiuN.  Ill/ 
/ill  .<  V.  fintrai  R.  Co.  (IsViii  l:l  Iii«a. 
.•l!t(l. 

'i'lio  ililTi'iciit  Iiii-lilx  I'f  1- ii.i'linffn  i-< 
nnl  till-  iMiiM'  of  till'  ciii-liiii^'  111  (ilaiii 
till',  liiiil.  Willi.'  it  MciiM  lii'.i'  I"  I'll 
I'lll-lli'l.  I'Vi  II  if  till'  riilll'llll^.s  ll.lil  liivll 
ixarllv   oiiim.-iilo   eai  II    nilii,      Kiitsr   V, 

f ■;,!.. .I'/u.  I/,  .(  SI.  i:  II.  r„.  ii-^n-ji  s-.' 
\Vi-.  r>iA.  .->.'  X.  \V.  "."i-'i. 

Till'  failiiH-  of  a  rail 1  I'lnni'iiiy  tn 

fi:r- i-h  an  ini|iliiyi'i'  willi  a  rMiii.liiin 
(.till.  .Ii.i's  iiiit  iiiaki'  it  liilili'  to  liiiii  fur 
iniMrii's  in  alli'iniilinvr  li  'Iriw  a  |nii 
floiii  a  riiii|iliir,'.  for  wliiili  |iiir|io-i-  tin- 
stii'k  I'oiilil  nut  lini'  Imn  o-i'il-  U' '■ 'i 
V.   \.r    »"'/.  r.  .(   //.  /.'    /■'.  Co.   (ls:iji 

■i:t  \.  ^'.  s.  It.  '.•."iH,  i:  n.  v,  snpp.  :u-i 

'llial  III.'  ilr.iwiii  iiK  '.f  l«i>  I'ai^  rtliiili 
a  liiak. man  in  tiyii^'  to  i'.iii]i;.'  i|.i  ii.-i 
tiiii't  on  till-  «ai.'.-  I-  •  1  il'ii'-  mil  ri'iidi'i' 
till-  i.iiiij.a'.y  lial.li-  fi.r  nil  injtiiy  i.i  Ihi- 
1.r:'ki'inaii  Vaii-id  l.y  I'l.'  .li..',>'i.'al-i 
^tiikii,"  au'ain-t  racli  oilui,  aiul  laa  liy 
tl'i'ir  |ia--ii;^  oni'  ovrr  tin'  "''.'i,  I!  ''ill 
V,  \,  Ii  i:ii'ihi-l  II.  Cn.  (  l^MT)  IS  A|  ;i 
Div.  ■.'Il'i,    i,-i  N.  Y.  S'lpp.  ;i."i!». 

In  an  a.  li'vn  to  i m  i    f.  r  ilic  .1.  itli 

iif  ,1  liii  iii'ii.  r:'.'-  1  iiy  till'  t'li'l  r'- 
li  inii...'  till'  till'!.  .!<   a  i-.-iliiii  pl.i.',  ,  l.iit 

MMi  i;,i..i.-j!i  i;     -i.i'  i.ii.iL'  ";■  "•"  r  w-. 

it   i'   iii.mai.  li.il   vl.illi.  i   tt..-  r.iiU   M.'fi: 


ii...  nun  iMVnn  t»ork,  when  a  milnMiiiniil 
.>iiiiiiiaiiiiii  wa»  iiiailf  in  Koml  faitli, 
irinr  to  tlip  uciiili'iit.  unJ  it.  i-.m-e  nut 
,.,„M-iiil  Hitwiin  d  I.  Co'il  t'u-  V. 
.,),„, i/».  I  l^fiH)   77  111.  App.  :>'.':\. 

l,i,|,.r  till-  art  of  .Inly  I,  1h7'2.  provnl 
,„.,  im  lial.ilily  for  wiKiil  f.nliiri-  to 
,,r.i\i.li'  two  inilli'ti  to  niiiii'"  wluri- 
„i„ri.  ilian  tlfti-i-n  niiiicru  art-  ..inpluyi..!. 
,K..  I'l.iiipaiiy  i"  lialile  wIh'K-  tin"  -.itiiikI 
.tuilt  ii  "111  pro\iiliil,  anil  at  an  alaiiii 
„f  firi'  rt  miner  fi'H  ilown  a  nliifl.  in  tin' 
riliirt  111  i-i'apr.  for  (I'ar  liin  mitlil  smuiM 
l»  fill  nil.  aliliiiiiKli  if  111'  liail  ri'inaini'il 
at  hi*  po-t  I  lien-  wiiulil  liavi-  Imii  no 
.lanpr,  Wi.-I"!  C'lfl  t-'unt  Co.  V.  Ilxil 
,,  ilsTfi)    HI    111.    I'Jii. 

Kvi.lriicf  that  at  tlie  placf  wliorc  Ba» 
Pxnlii.li'il  till-  liiiiKTs  lial  vmiUr.l  mhik' 
mom  llilri'  lioin-.  "Hl'  an  uprli  lamp. 
i*fuii'  till'  aii'lili'iil  iiriiniril.  i.lio»>i  that 
•111'  f.iiliire  III  «'xainini-  tin-  plaop  with  a 
iiifily  lamp  in  tin-  iiiiirniii!.'.  n»  rrquin-il 
iiv  statute,  in  no  iiiaiifii  r  con'i  ilniliil  to 
tiie  ui'i-iili'iit.  '"(1/  /I'iiii  <''nl  ('o.  V. 
.!„„,.■,  (issin  127  111.  ..7'.t,  8  N.  E.  Hii.V 
■u  N.  v..  Hit.  , 

A  ri'.pii'-lril  ii'-lrnrliun  whirh  in  d 
iM-l  holiN.  an  ninltir  of  la.v.  that  ll" n- 
van  no  I'aiisal  ronni'i'lioii  luluirli  tin' 
.Kfiiii'iit  to  plaintiir  mill  the  iiini«>i|oii  nl 
,hf  ili'finilant  to  pioviile  iiiiloni  il  ic 
.!'Kir«  at  nil  ilrvilur  u.ll.  an  ri'.piiri'il  hy 
\-.  V.  Ijiwh  1SS7.  I'hap.  4ilL'.  8  S.  i-  pio|i 
■  rlv  ridi-i'l  »ln>ri.  Ilini'  ii  a  thnny 
liavin;;  >iaiii'  Hiipporl  in  tin-  rviiliiicr, 
ivhii'h  cnilirii.'.  mhIi  a  cau-al  cnnni  i' 
lion.  Si|..'Hii,a<  V  l''l-rs  (IH07)  20 
.\pp.  Div.  'J.'il,  4li  N.  V.  Snpp.  SOO. 

Kvilinpc  that  an  i-iiipluyii'  «a«  foiin'l 
.l(.ail  ni  ir  ii'imianliil  wlin-U  iliivi'M  «illi 
.Tout  rapiilily  is  .-.iiiririinl  to  fo  to  the 
iiiry  (in  the  "ipiostiuii  uf  tin-  ni';;Ii^'.  nee 
ill  tlic  tniplnyor  in  f.iiliii..z  to  ..-iiaiil  the 
'Ui-.l-i.  in  ai'f'iiiilaii.i'  '.villi  tin-  staliil.'. 
Jill,  a.-li  '111  II'  il  (■vi.li.rc'p  that  sin-li  em- 
pli.U'e  had  pri-vion-.ly  d.i^nrd  thi-  in'iiili 
in  vliii'h  tfiP  wh.  ..Il  wi-ri-  >ilii.ili'i!  <>n 
plirlii  pliird  over  it.  had  lii.ii  i-aii 
tiiiniil  not  tu  ilo  so.  and  that  the  plank.i 
HI  If  lliiie  al  the  '.  inie  of  tin-  aiii'lint. 
Hrrviii  V.  Cnnndifin  Colouxd  ('ullon 
'.lills  I'o.  (I'J'.irii  -JH  Ont.  Rep.  7:i.  Af- 
liiiii.'.l  ill   (ISliS)   2.-1  Ont.  App.  Rep.  311. 

t.11'  til«o  rule  4,  «»;ira. 

(hi  Ihfidiip  contliUon  or  arrange- 
wiif  of  itioni'inir  in^tntniinUtltti*\^. — 
T|.|.  « ml  iif  li  "telllale'  to  warn  train 
Linl-  1. 1  the  piosiiiiilv  of  a  Imv  ov.T- 
lii'uj  hiiilgc  in  not   the  cmiip  of  an  in- 


^■'■m 


iiSU 


\|  \^1KU  AM»  >H!'    Wi. 


[tiiAf  xm. 


i^ 


J  tl 


!Hm. 


t-vnlixcM  wliK-li  .1.-:>1   vitl.  il.o  law  c-f  tH.^li^^.-nr.      -  a  xvli..lr.  rl.o  i,„'l,,n. 
u,.,  ;irr  vtM-v  tar  I'n.iii  1    ii.^'  liurjn..i.iui.-  .  iti.ci'  will,  ro^s.nl  t..  tl.. 

,„..,»rlv    ,|-ik.,l    .M    ..■Iwr    ,.l,..r,.    nr    .t  ..I    .1...    .l..„-.l     •  .     «     M..,k..l,  .   I,..„. 

Il,ai   I.I.Mr,  -i.Mrf.....l.j"'   "f  'P'l^i"*"-  ""■ ••"     """     *""      '"    '1  "'"'""  • 

I..   iii.Miil    111'-    II     '-    <i    i  1      ['I.  I'liov  f'"""'l 

K«C   V     »>.«. .   /      *    .V      I'     fV        TlM-   ln,l.,r.    nr    ihr  m.-.H    .o,u,,,H 

r  ss    ,      .  I.-...  ....I.  :tl  N.  W.  -■.^.       ,  an  ,.,.,.  u,.l„.  f,.,  -...,.,.inK   .  i.m    .i;..  ., 

•il...  (,..|   tiMt   „   .>   I   l,.nl..„t„I.    n^.■.|  nr.|.T     n-     pr..v....l     I.-    ,.•.«. .,t.    1,.,.,,  , 

•      .;„„,li„„   ,,  .  „,   ,,,    ,.,...    1,1    .l..i.-.-r  iruiii  iHiiic.linMi  l..l«r.M  nn.ui.-nil 

",:';  '  ;;^.  ,  i .:  -'..... •  ^-i."  ■■-  -■ ..■-!,..  m,.,  !...i...  ..„ . 

,  '.  ,,    .„   »...(.  ;.   ml   ..•..!   u,..  run    ..;'">    r..v.t.-.l   in     !..«  wny.  "Imt,  u. 

1,  ■  ,  ,  I     ,1  I    ,l!,.M   ■     ..II        III'      il        ■>■      I'     •"     -'"•"     "'■!'     "     •^'''<" 

;n.',:;"iM:.:.): "'!...  ;i::.>  ..,-.. .,,.-.-  !-•  •-«  ...,.,,11,..  .„.„ 

•,•"■■       ,     ,„„    ,.,    .    ,„.   ,„  •i-i M-i.l    u..;il.l  lKl^.■  t».i.  110  <>I>|«>rnin.i-.   I.>  li- 

'"W". :-r";!:;;,i'"; .•::":::  'r:';,"7;;^::.r„f 

n     ;/       /  V..'      )'   V...V.I    1/        'I     »Ih.-         I.I  «■»-    oati:jl.t    n    a    inniu: 

MSU     -^'  .„,..„     i    ..nil....  r.Mll.n..t        -ni.  ,.• 

"     M.    .      I-     !..■     ■    •-     ail.n,|.lh.-'     (..   .lair.MT    wlur.'  1..-    "•     -    .1  ";'  I"-'-". 
., ,      ,,„.•.' all.r    l...viMir   i!.r..\vn    lo  I'..'  opi-nilion  ol  H      „,i,rliim..  ah>l  ■• 

.„*;.,:     „..„,    •„.  ,,„.  .,.|..MI   P^vvi     -Inki.iK  of  tl>..   ,..,1    from   IH    ..mil,; 

i , .  . ■; 1 1 1  t!.  ■  >:  .'i'n..i  iM.,  .■  I ..■  (.-".  -."..■ii.i"^  •»'  'I'-  "»>';;'•';"'  ""'  ',r' 

1.1,.    ,.    ,,Jtt.Hll..l    lU.    :..■.•!  ■.'    »'^    ""•     il-    I."'-''"'-"-      /''"''■;-     '     '■'■ 
;'".,;.,    "n"i!|.i'.l   '"'^    'i'l.l..    n<„.'ic  S, fo._(l««S,     II.    h,.i    AM 

^™,s-'ud^r:-;:.'^»V'V::i;.;•;^;..l,.,M 

"■..      ... ;.i..    „    -„,!i.i...>l     i.l.il      or    i;r;,ii|.liM.;-    on    III.'    lop   .'i    .i"'-"' 


Kiiilii..'    to    i..o\i.l..   11    «mli.i--i.l     |.lai  or   i;,;,i.|.1.m.;-    on   in.'   Top 

fon        M.'.i,    iirto-M.,.1  on  ^^..uM  not  Ho-  l.ollon;   v-M   i;.t   k-  ..n  .•„,   ■• 

•..,,. I.... ,.ro    to   .!,l..   I.nt     v.li.ri-  li.il.li'  for  i"l'H\  <'•  «"  •»'y>-y-  U\i 

,,;,.,..    I  Ih.M,     101    \\i>.   ..la.  ,l,.,,,Uin^.  to  pla<'.-a  Ml   np.ma  piilK' 

"tIu.  f.ihu..  to  ii.ivi.)..  a   -..iVtv   valv,.  ami  the  work  r..i.iiif.I  ml  1,  a  >tr,,n  .,] 


the    ai-.i.liia 

mriil   <'(,.    {  I'l.il  )    57   App.    I'lv.   - 


I.   CS  to   fall.   »>ut.    lat'iir.   tliat    iIk-   «i.rk  ' 

.  -  was  .loiiifj  ri'niiirc'il  hm.Ii  a  -ti  on  ny 

TL'f''!!nv.''of    an    rniployr   f   Mr-  tin-  la.l.Ur  a-  to  oa.tno  it  to  m,,v.  jl . 

-  t;--'  •"- IV' ;;  .1  "k  i r:;;:.  :r i;v:i=;^;:';;;;r  ,;nili,:!::;:i 

,;„„..,    l,y  u  ^V  1^''''''- ;^' '■■;,''   J 'j,^i  ...Mirln-ion  thai    it  was  m-crli..-.  m.- in  .1 

,„  (.0  "^"V"-     i''";.,;  .   ,..,'•.   ,v.  il.intilT-H  ,.~o.     ■n„-r.-  I.  ro  .,r.  "M  f 
„,     ...w   si,     ul.n       '•;■'';.■; '^,^„o',      1„.   ,...m-li,-i.ui    that,   if   tlu'   l.ii '^r  V 

!':i:,^;;;,r'':.':,^i,^:,;,r-,.,h .m  --:;^:'„r;.'-.!';"^;:r' ... 

;xr;:^:.r;;;.rn::'i,a;:.:;u!;:-;:--:^.-^^        -^ 


1804] 


CAL'SATION. 


ttIS 


prf*'!***  nifnnmjr  of  tlio  |ilira-»p  "pnixiniii'f  <mh-.  ,"  nr  n*  t"  'lie  rir 

,Um>fUIH'<'<t    Uinl'T    wllirll    lliit    pliru^'    i*    U    COIfrrl    <lfMTi|ttii>ll    (if    tlio 

V  2*1.   I"-    I''''''    '--'     UTimiy    »a«  ntriiiiK''   **•'■<   Hri«r    in   niiil    tin-   |>liiii 

(111  im  lliv  un'iiinl  lliiit    till'  iiiilv    ili'  lilt  irijiiri'l:   ami  ll   n    .1   riii'i   |i    \i',ii. 

,,t  in  iin  tvi'  l«>ll   cif   .<liiili  t'lc  iiiii-.tri  ly  priAi'liil  tn  Imlil  p,.'  -liipiM  r  iiitci-  tin' 

i.|  iiotiiT  ImiI  iiu  i',iii-.il  ri'latiuii  tu  ilii'  U'li  ».i-  tliii>»ii  li.ni  ili-a|>|H  ii.  I     hiM 

,  i,i,y  ll   ll    iIh'    .iI.«vi;<t    111    llii'    iMl.li    iliil    <■■  ' 

In'?'"     Iliitro    lliinrliiiiiiii    ,|SSHi    33  cntiliilintv  in  iiny  »:i\  to  ran-.'  iii<>  nrri 

,1    ;,;,.|    ||„,    .|iii|itii'»->   of    till-    riiililcr  <l>iii.  unci  lliat  thi'  |ilaiiiiiir  »  ■<  not  i>n 

Miirt  v,n-   liilil     not    to    li.iM'   Imi'ii   llie  litltil  (o  i;ii  to  llip  jury .     riicciiiiii    -.li'!' 

iii^  nf  a  xMiiniin'ii  liciiii.'  tliiown  ovit  "Nwain    liftiil    tin-   -l'ip|HT   lo   •i>i|i   ilir 

r  whi'i'l   nlu'ii  11    liiaiy    xia   -iiiii'k  the  niiii'liinc;      ll      ^Ii|i|m'I     Iiomi     hi-     IiiiikI. 

iililff.  «lii(li  \\:\-i  yi'  i-y.  ami  lliitu   llir  ll.  ll  on 

S(«  rN"  ir>ii/('tii  it    I.  I'    f'u.  V.  Hm  to    till'    ilia»iiii.' in     |i'illi\.  aii'l   rni«'.| 

.,qrr  ilwt.'ii   0."i  <i».  T.'U.  J.'  S.   K.  .^Hil  III!'    injury    to    llu'    |ilaiiiiilT,      If   tlii-rr 

lifirt*   ill    pliink    iTo^-ih;.'    iniiiiatrrial,  li.iil    hrcn   a   oalili.     ami    tlii'  ali^i  iiri'   of 

ii,i,.  till-  <'iii|ilojri'    ili'l     not     lo-t-    lii>  .iiir  !■.  t  lir  only  ili-fi  it   .iii;:;i>ii  I      it   i« 

<iiini{  at   till"   |il.i<'i'   w  liiH"   il    wa*  ill-  iMi|ni--ilili'    to    hci'    \iliiit   '_'<"m1  it   homIiI 

'Ttive)  :     \\  iitiiish      H.     Cn.     v.    Ihiini,  lia\i>  iloiir       It  wool. I   not   li  ivc  r.nli'ii'ij 

hTSi    2    III     A|'|'-    •''I"    itiaiioiian    in  it    iinin-ci— <aiy    foi    Sv\.iiii    to   t.ikr   liolj 

irpi  liv  ilriailiiM  111  of  linn   "lihli  ml  of    tlic    «lii|i|iii-.    or    lim-    |.ii..Mti.|    tlic 

ilfd  «iili  I'lltl"'  on  till'  iiMrl,.  iirlil  iin  -liiji|i<  1    fioin   -lippii",'  out  nl   In.   Ii.iml. 

!.|r   to    niaiiitair      an      aitlon    on    tin  .mil   it    ^\.i.   that   whl.li  cm      I   I  hi    n'li 

.ixinil  thiit  till'  fciiri'  Ha«  ilil.cliM'.  nil  .li'iit."     Stillirn,,      v.     11  ii,,i>.,»/.i       1/i//« 

..jit  .111. nil  lie  |irinril  that   tlif  I'.ittli.  iInU:*!    I,"..-.   \l  i-«.  'Jlnt.  Jll  \.   K    .",l(i. 

im«  throiij.'h    tlir    fi-in'i'    at     tin-     pli \  lailw.iy  r.iiipin.\    ulii'li  p.  1  mil.  tlie 

>li)>rr    il     tt.i*    <li'l'>rtiM>l  :     Liiiiunki    V.  I.|akr»   upon  a   liri^'h'    <  11    to  hi-  .iml   rP 

■,i7u»*(j/iii<(   <'"ii/   f'o.    (I**'!:!!    |."i7    Pa.  main  out  of  oi.li  r  i-  1:  ihh    i..r  ll  .   ll.  :illi 

">Xi'  All.  all    lininiy  ran-.il  hy  cav  of  a   hrkinian   wlio.  whih'  api.hniy  tlit- 

■••in  of   till'    roof    of    a    iKim-.    tlii'.ii;.'!i  hiaki'.   in  an  1  If.irl     t.i    >iii|.    ih.-  11, iin, 

iriimul.i'i'il  "atrr,  not  ailionalili'.  .» Iii'ii  i>:i«    -Iniik     hy     an    om  rl  1  ..l    'ni.hji.   to 

'  ii  net   »li..Hii    tint    ••iirli    watii    rani.-  ihii-h  hi-  hark  wa     tiiiin.l    >vh.ii    it  I  In- 

rora  the  iiciiiiiinlalion   of   imiIiii  on   tin  oraki-  hail  hii-n  in  j.'i.i..|  ii  hi   I'.-  ii  1111 

.'irf.ifP  o'       ,'  (.Tounil.  01    that   tin-  mini  Miiilij     have      h.  m      -ti.;.|..  il     i.l.i..     1  hr 

liil  «ii«  in  aiiv   «ay   tin-  i-iii-i-  of  tl.r  l.ii.lLTi'     "as     riM.hnl.      /.'■■i..'     \     i'l,,t,i 

DJnryl;    Mii'hinii  •>'  \.    rlr.  n,,,.    If.  ,1  /.. ../,.■  if   M,    ll.   Co.    (H".-;      !hi    \  ,     :i.-,|, 

<'.  /'.  It.  Co.   I  Will  I  «(»  \\  i-.  L'TT.  Ill  \  !■>  ^.  1:.  -"i.Vi. 

A,  IMl.'l  iili'iailnirnt  of  rar  not  -lumn  to  Whin-  a  luakiiiiin  iMtrli-  his  iimi    In 

■ivf    iMi'n     ran-ril     hy    a.'.Miiiiiihil  ion    of  1    t  ii  .    ..nil    .111    iiii'ii!",    .hln'li\i'    in    tli.il 

■c  anil  -mi.n    lii-t«ii-n   llii'  llmk-i.  it     run!!    not    In-    ijinUy    s'lippil.    ritlf 

In  an  m-'ioti   for  pii«iinal   injiiiii-«  ri'  omi    iii-  ti.i.l.  a   jiM\    is   in.iil^i.l  m  linil 

■ivinl  liv     111-    plaiiitill     wliilp    at     «oik  ini:   that    tin'   ilifirt    in    tin'   iir.'i.ii'    v<a« 

|«in  n    ninlc    s|iiiiiiiii},' inarliinc    alli';;r<l  llii' I'aii-i' of  thi-  in jiiiy.      Itifms  \     Sum 

■n  Ik>  ilifcitiM-   lor    want    of  a   cilih    to  <"vr.  H.  it    \.    1.  /•'.  I,,,    1  |ss|i   :i|   Unti. 

..H  III.' I«ll   shippir    llnii'  was  rvi.hiir.-  I.">3. 

■h,il  at  ll.r  tiinc  of  tlii'  acriili'iit  tin-  ina  .\  railway  lonipany  is  lial.h-  for  injii 

iiim-  was  ill  rliar;.'i-  of  a   inachiiiist   »|.nl  1  ii-s    to     a      hi'akiiii.iii     whoT    f....!     w;o< 

' V  a  niJi-l.int-  i-.inipany  to  rrpair  it.  an.t  i'.nij_'lil.    whilr    he    was    iinro.iplin;;    rirs. 

■iif  plaii.lilf  was  ih  laih  .1  to  a-si»t   him:  h\      ,1     Inikihiain     whii-l-     hii'i;;    only    .1 

'lat  in  HO  .loii'^   Ihi'   plaintiir  -looil  he  iiirlii-s    from    llii'    rails    \>'i,n    il     -hoiihl 

'oi-ntlio  lolhr  hi-ain  ami   llu-  rirria^ro.  liaM'   liiiiiL'  at    l.a-i    n   iml..-   Ihiiiiinni, 

'liiWi  wiis  ilrav.ii  out  ami  al    n-st  ;   that  whin    iln-   ,irri.|i-iit    \miii|.I   m.l    lian-  or 

'!if  lull    \'  1-    Ktill    nn    tlir    ilr.iw  inu' mil  iiiii.-.l     if    il     lia.l     hunt:    at     tin-    usual 

ill.y  ami  Iln-  Hpimlli  s  wi-M-  rrvoh  in;; ;  hi-iu'lit.      Ti.nis      I',      ft.      Co      v.     W'hilr 

•Kit  tlif  ii.ailiiiiist   hail  o.-rasion  to  -lo|  IS'll  )   s-2  Ti-v.  .'ii;t.   is  S.  W.    ITS. 

hf  "piii.lli-s.  :uiil  took  Iml  I  of  tho  ship  Uhiii-    1  s|.i-\ant  is  iiijiirnl  hy  thi.  ail- 

:"-r  to  throw  tlio  lull   on   tlip  loosi-  piil  ..nialir  stiitinj;  of  a    iiiarhin.'.  i-Ni.lriiT 

i'f,  hill    hi«   lianil    wii»    ;.'ri'asy    ami    tin-  ihat     tin-    injury    I'.nihl    only    lia\i-    liit'li 

•' i;)|ipr  slippcil   from   it    .m.l   c.urii-.|   tin-  .an-nl    h\     Mic    -liifli'iL'   of    a    hi'l'    from 

'It    hiyiinil     llip     looM-    piilli'y    mili.   th.  lii.-   I.ii>-.-  ii.   llu-   :i\i.l    piilhy    v\airii-ts   n 

-Iriniii;,' in    pulley;    that    tlicu-iipon    tin'  in. Iin;;  tli.i.    a   pii.|»i    ai|jii~I  im-nt  ol   tin' 


, 


I      ) 


M 

I 


itR 


MICROCOPY   XESOIUTION   TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


^  /APPLIED  Ifv/MGE     I 

SC  1653   East   Main   Street 

^^  Rochester.   New   York         14609       USA 

^SS  f  6)    482  -  0300  -  Phone 

^B  (716)   288-  5989  -  Fqk 


2214 


MASTKK  ANO  SEKVANT. 


[lllAP.  XL 


relntion  bptwoni  a  <;iviMi  ciilpablo  act  and  tlio  wi-onq;  complained  o 
But  in  a  trcuti-^o  liki;  llie  pn-cut  it  would  be  out  of  pliice  to  di-cr, 


i    1 


I  .11 


piilliys  anil  lull  wniild  li;ive  picviMlrd 
such  a  cil.i-l  rdplic.  Ihintilnir  V.  Dioicii 
(1?!H)    !,-.»  \Ui-.  21,  27  N.  E.  U7:). 

(0)  liiioiiiiii  l(  III !/  of  ftllou-  mifaiil. 
— Xi>  iccoMTy  can  hi'  liiul  on  tlis'  fxiiiiiiiil 
of  the  ini-oMi|iclci:r_v  of  a  n(/li,L;iiil  h  1- 
low  M-ri  lilt,  wlicic  ll'fii-  irt  no  sullii-ii'iil 
iviilciicc  lo  conniit  tlic  injiiiy  with  the 
inoDMijii'tciicv.  IliilliiiioiT  l-.lriiilur  Co. 
V.  .\><i;  (IXSC)  (if)  Mil.  4:iS.  5  Atl.  .■!;tS: 
Sitoilqiiiss  V.  Ciiiiiifiir  Sli  rl  Co.  (1H!M>) 
173  Pa.  JiS,  n3  .\'ll.  1 101;  A',™.i/  V. 
Knii.:<,s  Vihi.  SI.  ./.  d  C.  II.  It.  tV).(  ISS.I) 
79  -Mo.  :!t'2;  Ihiniii  v.  Sac  York  V.  it 
//.  /.'.  /'.  Co.  (I.SSii  SH  X.  Y.  481  (nio- 
mrnlary  inaltciilioii.  not  iiaMiin|n-li-ncy, 
liolil  to  lie  i'aii~i'  of  injury). 

To  t'lialili'  a  liiakcMian  to  rceovir  for 
injiiiirs  on  tlip  •/riMuiil  that  an  inconipc 
tt-nt  liicman  \va-  li'ni|:niaiily  left  liy  the 
cnfiinccr  in  ihaii;c  of  the  cnLiinc.  it  nm^l 
he  I'stalili-l'cMl  that  the  liiinian  was  so 
incxpcriiia  111  as  not  to  hi'  lit  for  the 
position,  th.it  lie  niisnii|iia;iril  the  cniiinc. 
anil  tliat  the  niisiiiaiiairiiii'Hl  causrd  tin- 
injniv.  ('(/(■.  V.  Ohio  Uiirr  H.  Co. 
(lS<i:'il    3S  W.   Va.  4.ili.   18  S.  K.  .VMi. 

Where  a  eollision  in  whicli  a  jueonio- 
live  tireinan  is  injiireil  results  from  the 
failure  of  the  en;,'ineer  to  see  a  sJL'nal, 
ami  not  from  the  failure  of  a  servant 
known  liy  the  eonipany  to  he  inconiiie- 
tent  to  iiive  the  i>ri)per  sifjual.  the  eoni- 
pinv  is  not  liahle  therefor,  linird  v. 
W,;-  York  C.  cf  //.  /.'.  R.  Co.  (liiOl)  64 
.\|)p.  Uiv.  14.  71  N.  Y.  Siipp.  734. 

Tlie  iiieonipet'-ney  of  a  tireinan,  .is  rc- 
<;nril«  niKlerstanilin^r  and  transmission 
of  siirn-ils  hy  a  hr.'.keman.  while  eonp- 
linpr.  eannot  he  found  Ui  he  the  eause  of 
the  lalter's  heiiij,'  injured,  where  the  tin- 
eontradieted  evidence  of  the  eni;inei'r  is 
that  no  instnii'tiiins  were  communicated 
to  him.  Ciilliii  V.  Mii'liiiidii  C.  It.  Co. 
(  1S,S7)   Ci)  ^lich.  .'i.'iS.  33  X.  \V.  .il."). 

Where  the  eviilence  shows  that  the 
inanaffement  of  those  parts  of  a  hoist- 
injr  ajiparatus  from  ihe  opeialion  of 
which  the  injury  resulted  were  entirely 
under  the  control  of  the  plaintilT  liini- 
self,  it  is  immaterial  whether  the  co 
servant  who  was  runniiifr  the  enjrine  vns 
eomnetent  or  not.  .Mkin  v.  fiinith 
1  lSii-2)  4  r.  C.  A,  (i.54.  i  U.  S.  App.  618. 
.-)4  Keil.  SnO. 

A  railroad  fiienian  cannot  recover 
from  the  comiiany  for  injuries  received 
from  a  collision  occnriin<;  liecaiise  the 
eii^'iiieer  of  the  en^'ine  upon  which  he 
was  eniploved    plnii  il   it    upon   a    switch 


too  ncnr  the  main  track,  mi  tlie  uifi'i! 
that    siieli   elif;iiie<T's   vi-i.in    aj~  ,||.i,, 
ive,    where,   within    3.')(1   feet,   his  ■,!  , 
was   pood.      t-ii<l<l!iiii'!l    \.    I),  Un  ■iii , 
A  W.  It.  Co.  (is'J4)   7S  Iliin.  .■»><,  ;;;i 
Y.  Sujip.  42"). 

A  reeevery  cannot  he  hail  nn  ; 
prouiid  of  the  ineolllin  leliex  nf  the  l;i 
liileni  co-eiA  lilt,  if.  ii'ilw  il!i-t  iinli 
the  latter'-  lack  of  pMi|.i-r  qimli  i 
tions.  he  iierl'm  iiied  llie  .i;i'i:ii:iiii 
question  eiefiilly  an  I  priln.t'v,  n 
as  skilfully  as  a  con;pii"i!l  eiiijil.i' ii- 
ordirsry  care  and  piiiilei,.e  wm '.li  lu 
perforiiied  it  under  the  ciicuin-i  ii;rv 
Ciilnstoii,  II.  i(  N.  .1.  /•'.  I'll.  v.  I'liir 
(1S!I7;  Tex.  (  iv.  A|ip.'i  In  S.  \V,  l:i 
C,ii}f.  C.  A  S.  i:  II.  r,..  v.  S.l.,r.,l. 
(  lS!t2)  1  Te.\.  (  iv.  App.  :,:.'..  21  s.  l 
7l)('.. 

An  employee  ni.iy  not  ieiii\rr  of  1 
employer  for  injuries  reeeivid  iliiii 
li's  emiiloynient  liy  reason  of  t'c  ih';- 
t;enee  of  a  fellfiw  servant,  alt!  ■  .h  it 
shown  that  the  employee  i,i-  \v  \ 
hahit  of  hecomini;  intoxiealiil.  uli..|i 
is  not  idearly  shown  that  tie'  enipli'V 
was  ni't;li'_'ent.  or  that  hi~  ininMinii 
!iad  anythinjj  to  do  wilh  llie  iiijiii 
Wilsh  V.  I'l  iinfitili'iiiiiit  It.  <'ii.  ll'fii 
102  Pa.  60,  43  Atl.   II12. 

Xo  action  can  he  niaiiilaiii.il  n?i  t 
theory  that  an  inteiiipei.ile  eiiii'l"i 
was  hired  or  retained  in  llie  iiiijil' 
nieiit,  where  lie  was  neither  ititii\ii;iii 
nor  perforiiiin;;  his  duties  iii-:;Iiu'riii 
at  the  time  of  the  accident.  I'n^l  , 
Ldiiia  Connrrlinn  It-  '~''i.  v.  Slninii 
(1S1I3)  52  III.  App.  420;  Co.vi/'on 
/'i7mo;i  (1894)  103  Cal.  2tis.  :!7  r 
2.32, 

In  HiKiellinidt  v.  Di  Inn  nir.  I,.  ,f 
It.  Co.  (1894)  78  Hun.  aSS.  2n  X. 
Supp.  425.  recovery  was  d.  iiiid  mi  t 
i;iound  that  an  en;.'iiieer  had  net  ih;i 
on  the  day  of  the  'accident,  and  iImi  1 
diinkinp  "hahit  lud  not  reieleinl  li 
physically  or  mentally  iiieiiiii|iitint 
discharfje  his  duties  when  se     r. 

Evidence  a.s  to  the  intoxiealjnn  nf  i 
foreman  of  a  mine  is  inailiiiis-il'l'' 
show  neijlipence  on  the  part  nf  tin  e 
ployer,  where  the  intoxication  is  in 
way  connected  with  the  ari-ilmt  w 
plained  of.  even  thoiiirh  siieli  loriiii.i 
iinfitiiess  and  ineoiiipeteiiey  ;iri'  ;illi'. 
in  the  complaint.  .l/i//<r  v.  /!""' 
liirk  rf  C.  Mhi.  Co.  (ISllSi  IS  It 
:',.-iS.  .-5  Pac.  58. 

.\   railroad   company  is  not   liiilae 


sdlj 


li  n^in.  aii<1 


CAlSATlnS. 


sliiill  iiicfflv  riilloct  in  n 


itc    t 


II    lie 


liicli   liii\f   Ll'L'U  rriiderciJ   fm-  or  iii:iiiii-t    ilir  ^fi'v;iiii,  wiili 


ton  llniiKin  r:Mi~ril  bv  Uie  ii'ui     ''.    W.   Cu.   v.   .Invll    ilsiiTi     10    II! 


x.lllllll     O 

ml  "P 


i  a   Irniii    iniiiiiii;    iliivMi    iipiiii    OiJ    Am.    Die   -Jlii,     In    r,,/,_ 


ilip  f-'i' 


iklii^r  ii 

Mill    tllill     till' 


IC      till  Will 


itioM.  on    J ',,7.   r.  if  //.  n.  II.  >■■ 


H^iiii    IJJ   N. 


ilmlor  of  siirli    V. 


Ill     .\iii 


SI. 


ii   n::iii  "it   liilriiipi'ia 


Ic  li;iliit^.    -N.   i:.  III."),  it 


l!,|.. 


::). 


iiiL'i'il  tliiil  till'  ni'ijlrot 


I  III'   I'iiimIiii 


liir   liiul    111'   kiiiiuli  il^'i-    111    till 


till'  Ir.ii    inul  lit  till"  ti  an  liml  liri'ii     |iiii\liiniti'  raiiM'  (if  tin 


llll'liin|lflt'nl     ^rlXiHlt      WM-^     iinl     H 


I'iili'iit.  till'  .ir- 


,l,,';i,.!i|.,l  liy  till'  i.'.l.'is  of   til 


(•   i'll''llirrl'. 


lit    1.1 


tl.iit. 


ir:l^llllli'll      il> 


tin 


lii> 


villidiit  lii'<  liii'iTlidii  anil  riiii»i'iit,    ~i'rvjiit  liii'l  Irft  tin'  -'ixiirli  n|'i'ii.  Inir  I"' 
lit    111    iiii'li    kiniuli'ilf;i'    Uii-i     lii'Vi'il   lliat    In'  h:\<\  rln-r,!  iiinl   Ini'k'.i   it. 


i;li^illi 


jMi.il   5  Ti'\.  (  iv.  App. 


Cainiilifll     V.     Hiiii/    Ml   tliiit    trnins 


.iiM 


4:il.  21  S.  \V.    Ill 


I'-i- 


tin 


inirU.   it    iliil    not    fulln 


tliiit. 


lie  Iniil    ri'iii.ilni'il   in   tlio  Miril.  In 


Till'  riilf  tliiit.  wlici'i'  till'  inriiiiiiM'tciici 


Iniv 


«'    :i;.Miii    cMiiniiiril    I  lii'    I '    ''!<.- 


illi:;iil    i- 


lln 


(i-^iM-    use    oi    silling 


illv 


It       Wll^ 


I'lUl'l-. 

,--  ill 


till'  III  lint  ill'  I'.iiiiiiit   rccovrr  iiii 


'MIC     OCI'll-illl 


lis    he    fiiili 


"111 


ilint     tin-     injury 


vliii'l 


I      W: 


ili'll'il.'il.     1" 


mill 


il    till' 
1-1'    111' 


lU-lll    llV    till'    illt'Tljl 


I'lalc  Iniliils  of  tin 


;li;;riit 


i'i\aiit.   Is   aNo    h-i'iiljii 


il    in 


ii'i  cMi;  i;;i'il  t'lsrwlii'ic  in  llii'  \,ii'l.    Tin 


It.    I'l 


IT.    sai.l: 


•U. 


.t    tin 


/'m.'/.«/   V.  Ill  Uiinult  r 


I  ISS,")I     Kill   .\.    \. 


iiiiiioii.    Innvi'ViT.   tliat     tli 


II'     I  my     n.'ic 


;\  S.  K.  1S4  (liii'iiian  iiijiiii'il  liv  \vanaiilr>l  in  assiiiniii^'  tlial  liail  Silir.iiii 
1  uf  I'liiiilnctor)  ;  Cm  ir  V.  N/.  /,(i»/\.  /v.  |tlic  (lrlini|ni'iii  '^iTvant  [  ninaiiii"!  ill 
.V.    W.    l(.    Cu.     (ISSI)     -211    l''i'il.    ST:    tin.   Mini.   In 


inilil   liavi'  c'liii  iilii  I 


itli 


,(/(iill    V. 


Yuil:  C.  €(   //.  A".  It.    tin.    iiili'    ami 


I1SS8)    l!i  X.  Y.  S.  P..  20,    1   N.    \'.    icfi'ii'iici'  to  ~ii.'iiiiliii'_'  ilii'  train. 


'il    III"  'liiiii's   ill 


"I'P 


tUd:  lloiDirr  V.  Wlntcoiiib  (IS'.tl)     If  he  liail  ii'iiiaiinil 


111  till'  var 


IVx.  ITS.  I.-)  S.  \V.  Sim. 


ilil   liavi'  111 


il  liis  (liilv 


III  I 


ia\i'  i'\  iini'iiil    <ln 


In  .hihn.sl 


I'ill.'.hiiiqh    rf    H*.    It. 


vilclii's     a''aiii      ln'fn 


t! 


llSSil)    111     I'a.     4i:i. 


pa'iscn^.'i'r 


All.    IS4,    train  arrivi'd.  ami  licfuri'  liis  si^'iial 


Ipiaki'iiian  was  iiijini'il  tliroin'li    ilisiilavnl.    tr 


Iliat    till 


pii 


.'liiriiici'  of  till"  (•iiiiilin-liir  ami  en-    crly     .ict .     Tlip     |iri'>iiiiii.t  ion     tliat      lie 


111  it 


was  a»('r 


till  tliat  tlic  con-    woiiM  Inivi'  i! 


one  -111  must  pii'vai 


il.      Hill 


as   sick   ami    unlit    to  tikr   out    wis   an   accident    cmimiI    liv   the   faili 


iiie  tram. 
lOiitiriini 


ami  tlie  entriin'iT  liad  Lccn  on    of 


-  dlllV 


I  lliat  111'  was  unlit  ic 


scrxant    to    pii  fonn    a    pui  icnl  u 


duty.    Iiccaiisc    of   liis    ali-cnc 


t'l'i'iii    lii 


Inly,  lialiiliiy  was  ili'iiiid  on  tin- jiroiind    post.     We   cannot    a-,-.iiiiie    lli.it    Inn!    In 


■!;,it  it  wa>  not    sliowii   that  tlie   injury    In 


it    111, 


•d.    Ill 


i.i'i  (luc  to  tlu'ir  cniidition. 


.\  r,iili\  ly   coinpiiiy   is   not   liahlp   for    fd 


li'clcd   that    which   lie 


lid    hav, 
tin 


I" 


.111  acciiliiil  caused 
-ti'p|iiiiL'  into  an  open  sp; 


iiklv 

I  let 


ervaiit  s  | ,]  (    fiisiiiljirii  nl     ihiki'iit    of  srirniil.i. 


ween  tlic 


nf  a  111  id;: 


ind  thus  tlirowin;;  the 


ci;;lit    of  a 


iiaiil    rail   iipiiii 


till 


-Kailiiie  of  a    railiuad  <iiiiiiiaiiy  to  ob- 
soi'Ao  a  oiistoiii  to  have  a  lirak'  iiiin  sta- 


iiijiirrtl  piT-^un.     Tiodily   ~lMii;rlli   would    ] 


tioned   on   the   rear  of  r   train   which   is 


I'l  h 


ted 


ivc  iircven 
.7  \-.'<!iiti'slij 


an    accident. 

//.  <(    .■<.    1.  It.  Cn. 

bli.n   sn  Tc\.  72.  r,^^  S.   W.  XU.    This 

innilii-inii.  hiiwcver.  wuiild  lie  jiistilialile 

'■nly  on  the  hypothesis  that  the  excess- 


ill-'  ha.ki'd.   for   til 


e  prot'ci  I'lii   of  em 


ployecs  on  ilie  track  and  to  uiin  tlicni 
of  diini.'er,  does  not  render  it  li  ilile  for 
the  death  of  an  einphiyce  kilh' 1  on  the 
track,  where  the  >iiinke  w  is  ~o  dcii-c  at 


ivc  ..vci-ht    did    not    tend    to    make    the      '"'   """'   "'■"    -""■''   <-i'i|'!".y  ' »"t 

-.  I  Vint  more  iin-Uadv  on  his  leers.     The  ^'"^''  '""''"   ■''■''"    ''■'     ■'     'ir'h.  man   if  one 

iiil.ililv     of     the      coinpanv.     therefore.  ''•"'  '"'''1  ""   ""■  f'""-      "'■""'  '*•-   ''''■"' 

"iL'ht  apinrentlv   'o   have 'liecn   treated  ^<"''"'"    R    f'"-    'l.sil,  1    li,     Minn.    .-iiM. 

,.-11  .iin-liiin  fnr  the  jiirv.  f'"  •"^'-  ^^  •  '"''•''■ 

Tl,"  iiicnin|ictciH'v  of  an  rnsinoer  may  -^  nia-ter  i-  not   li.ihle  to  a  servant  in- 

*  lii'iinl   to  lip  the  e:uise  of  an    injury  jnred   upon  an  ele\a!.ir   for   want   of  an 

'Ill-Ill    l.y    the    excessive  oscillaliou   of  employee  to  ^'ive  siyeals  to  start,  where 

!iii  train,  if  the  evidence  shows  that,  at  the   servant    liinis.'lf  ;rave    the   siijiial    to 

lii"  liiiic  (if  till'  acciihr.t.  it  was  riiiiiiiii;;  -tart,  and  tlie  injury  did  lait   ari-c  frmn 

(iuuii  i.'i.n|,.  at  an  undue  speed.     IlUiwin  the  starling,     liiunlmi    v.    tic.'.n    .b'.  6'. 
\ut.  II.  .M.  (t  S.— jS. 


\:W 


!l  -n. 


H  ; 


22  Hi 


M ASTKl;  AND  Si:i!V.\Nl'. 


['Uw   1 


Pi. 


!! 


r)>icinl  nlVrnvico  to  t!io  (|iK'-tiiiii  will  'lior  ]irr>xiiiiity.  in  flic  li  n;,]  <,, 
of  llif  Wild.  \v;is  jiniJicabli;  in  rc.-prct  to  tlie  cause  to  wliioli  iln'a 


Co.    '  IsUl  1    121    N.    Y.    (ij."),  2(1  X.  E. 
Ui27. 

Nfi  iiiiivi'i y  can  lie  lind  (ili  the  'j-tiiiiKi 
tliMi  :ui  ("viT-^ivc  ininiticr  of  iliitic-.  uiMi- 
iiiijii  -.  il  i?|iiiii  lli.--i\  ml  wliosc  :uM  vviis 
tho  iiiiiiK  iliMtc  i?;iMM'  of  the  iiijiin'. 
wliiiT  I  lie  cv  icinici'  ^llln\■s  tli:it  tlic  lu-t 
111'  (iiiii---iiin  <il'  the  -i-rviint  wliioli  ciiu-^i'il 
)lh'  iiiimv  iliil  iicl  inisc  fmni  ;iiiv  i'l 
iiliililv  on  lii-.  )i;nt  to  |ii'it'i<nn  llii'  wmk 
III'  -A  I-  -"I  Id  lio.  Ii\it  \\!is  li.i'  ri'-iill  if 
iiiiilirii' i"ii  mill  (■  IV  ■l'--i'i-is.  Il'iiriii 
V.  All'  V(.,/,  ('.  •(  //.  A".  A".  Co.  (IsSL'i 
HS  N,  ^.  ISI.  I'll,  II.  Ibr  ili'1iii'|ii(iit 
HPi'vant  liail  hiiii-.ll'  ti'-lllii'l  lli.il  lir 
left  llio  ^ujll■1l  and  wi  Ml  In  lllr  li'li'- 
;.'ia|ih  oHiiT.  sat  ihi.vii  nil  a  linx.  nnil  was 
sittiiii.'  Ilnio  fii;,'a^'i'il  in  a  pniiviasaf  imi 
witli  till'  n|i('ia1or  \ilnii  tin'  Ir.iiii  ini 
wliioli  llii'  ilicrii»('il  was  ii  llii'iiiaii  pa^-^i'il 
liini,  "Tlii-.,''  said  ilii'  rcunt,  "prnvi's 
til  it  liirt  failiiiT  to  c'osp  till'  svidji  can- 
not  111'  atiiilniti'd  to  tlic  ficl  llint.  at 
tills  inslaiil  of  limn.  Iii'  was  callnil  to 
tlip  i!i-cliav;jn  of  -omc  oiIm'I-  ami  roil- 
iliriiiiir  duty,  llavinj  siilnciniit  time  lo 
prnii'i'ly  adjust  tlin  switnli.  and  laiow- 
ill','  wfll  l;inv  to  o|u'r.H('  it.  lie  wml 
away.  In.iviiii.'  it  o|h'ii." 

Tliat  a  sorvaiit  ninnot  rn'ovor  unless 
tlio  insuH'iniciit  nuinlicr  of  servants  was 
tin-  eaiisi-  of  his  iMJiiiy  is  also  reeo;;- 
iii/eil  in  .loliiif-riii  V.  Aylilniul  W'nto-  Co. 
(IS'^'^i  71  Wis.  .'.-.,%  5  Am.  St.  Rep. 
2'!.'?.  .i:  X.  W.  .^2:1. 

(e)  \ii\ii}'N  fiiiliiiiih-.  —  .\  jdaintilT's 
injury  eam'ot  lie  attril'iitnl  to  any  vi- 
cious liabit  or  ooinliicl  cif  a  mule,  wliere 
It  appiars  Unit  lio  stopped  the  animal 
to  reieisp  him  from  a  coal  oar  which 
w.TS  about  to  be  allowed  to  drop  down 
a  irra.le  by  its  own  inouii'Mliim.  and  be- 
fore he  had  liine  to  detach  the  stretcher 
the  miiie  stalled,  and  the  plaintilV  was 
struck  by,  and  thrown  under,  the  ear. 
The  inferrnce  i.s  that  the  anim.il  start- 
ed, not  in  order  to  run  away,  but  bc- 
cnii^e  the  car  was  still  in  motion,  an 
occurrence  which  was  likely  to  happen 
however  fientle  he  inip:lit  have  been:  oi 
that,  beinp  in  the  habit  of  fiiidint;  him- 
sei*  fr^e    within    a    certain    time  after 

loi>[iin'j.  he  step]icd  forward  in  order 
to  pet  out  of  the  way  of  the  car  and  al- 
low it  to  drop  down  the  prade.  I'illn- 
ton  Coal  Co.  v.  McXmHu  (188S)  120 
Pa.  414,  14  Atl.  3ST. 

(f)  Drfrctiye  aystrm. — The  failure  of 
au  employer  to   establish  or  enforce  a 


re;,'iilalion  for  the  removal  nf  sn-m 
does  not  all'ect  his  liability  for  iin 
jury  to  an  employee  at  a  time  Khf. 
scrap  iron  is  shoun  to  have  Ijctn  i 
en'  Ciiiii:i,nil.riiii  v.  Il.iih  li;.:i  \\, 
I  IMIIO)   <);;  Me.  i-,i)i.  4,'t  .\tl.  in.i. 

Where  a  train  running;  ali(;i.|  i,| 
ri',;;iilar  time  cc  ines  into  inlli-iun  \ 
anolber.  an  eiiiployee  iiiji.ie'l  |,v 
'oIlisioM  cannot  recover  d:' in  i;;rs  fin 
iheiiiy  llii't  the  syleni  of  niniiiii^tr 
was  defeeiive.  iinle-s  the  train's  mm 
iibciid  of  its  time  is  the  ilinel  (.ni- 
tlie  accident.  I''l>i">  v.  A'l.v.iv  f 
I- 1.  S.  d-  (1.  n.  Co.'  I  ISIiii)  11:2  \I,| 
IS  1,.  i;.  A.  SIT,  21)  S.  W.   1^11. 

Fiiilure  of  !i  lailronl  cn'mnv  to 
scribe  a  rule  condiiiii;,'  the  '_'iviiif;  of 

mils  ic  ^'inie  one  )iei  ^un  i '■;.,!  i 

the  nnikin^'  up  or  moveiii'iit  of  ii  fi.- 
train  ujll  not  render  it  li -ble  In  n  1,:; 
man  injured  by  the  starting'  of  llio  t 
upon  a  si^intal  J-'iveii  by  anialirln 
man  who  supposed  that  t!  foiii 
■vi'i-k  of  uncoupling  Ciirs  Innl  ;  .,ii  , 
pleled.  in  the  abscn.'e  of  ;u;v'liiii. 
-Iiow  that  the  s;inie  fiislak"  I'liilil 
li'ive  been  made  h;id  the  I  liik:  iiinn 
inu'  the  si;;inil  been  tin  only  |if>r~'iii 
thorii^i-d  to  siyMiil.  Cuh  \.'A'.,„.,,I| 
It.  If.  Co.  (18U3)  72  Hun,  InT.  2.-,  .V 
Siipp.  27ti. 

Where  the  loeomotive  of  a  fn 
train  on  a  main  track  is  inn.-iK.rn 
set  in  motion  and  coini's  into  colli 
«ith  one  ~t,indiinr  on  a  '•ile  lr:ick  r 
to  the  junction  between  the  t»n  ti;i 
thereby  crushing;  to  death  III.'  fin'iiii 
the  latter  who  is  eiio;i;ji'|  in  niliiij 
wlieels,  the  Wiint  of  ii  pio|iir  systcii 
sif;iiali!ii.'  is  not  the  enicie;:  canso  of 
accident,  wdiere  it  app'iirs  tlmt  the 
na!  required  by  the  rules  of  the  cmiii|i 
was  not.  as  a  nniiter  of  fact,  ^rivpii. 
that  the  si^'iial  in  obcdieiie,'  to  « 
the  locomotive  was  aclmilly  pat  in 
tion  was  iiii-uiider-'looil  bv  tin'  iiiL'ir 
Pcii.^Jk'  v.  Fitchhiirq  It.  I'n.  (  Ispo) 
Mass.  ]-).-i,  25  X.  R  71. 

Where  a  special  oiili  i  of  l!ie  ciniii 
piohiliits  the  ruiuiiii'j  of  Iviiiiw  ■: 
greater  rate  of  sjnetl  than  '_'<)  iiiili'- 
hoiir  at  a  frivcn  switch  point,  tin'  '*' 
does  not  err  in  charpiii;.'  tlic  jiny 
follows:         "If     .  .      [the    cn-iii 

was  not  riinniiifr  filter  tliaii  2"  :i 
per  hour  when  he  passed  the  switch, 
oufi-ht  to  lind  that  he  did  not  vlohito 
bulletin    order    mentione'l,  cvca  the 


liki^i. 


1804] 


<Mi;S.\T10N. 


2217 


-|llt'U 


he  ran  fintcr  than  that  u     .  't  fur- 

ther back  on  tlie  track/'  n  <f  .1. 

;;  Co.  V.  Uunnry   (1894)    <  .  5S4,  23 

r  E.  207. 

Nor  is  it  error  •..  viow  of  the  cxi  it- 
,nv  of  such  an  ordor,  to  nfiKc  a  le- 
luest  10  charge  that  it  was  the  duly  of 
ilie  engineer  to  "»liicki'n"  tht-  speed  of 
ilie  train  at  such  point, — the  recpiist 
;M\iiv  out  of  consiilir.il  inn  the  rali'  of 
tii  at    which    the    traiji   in   ipic^i  on 

ii*  iietually  heiiig  run  at  such  n't.i'U 
huint  at  the  (inic  the  collision  occui  red 

iliich  resulted  in  the  injury  complained 

uf.        Ibiil. 

Failure  of  an  employer  to  make  and 
,.iijniiil;,'ate  rules  for  o|M-nitini;  a  ma- 
i.iii''  lines  not  render  liiiu  lialile  'or  an 
td'iileiit  to  an  employee  from  her  haml 
iiiii?  caught  between  revolving  eylin- 
iors  whde  cleaning  the  same,  ouiii;;  to 
tlie  inherent  danger  of  the  work,  and  not 
M  any  action  or  failure  to  act  on  the 
|i.irt  of  her  fellow  servants,  which  prop- 
,r  rules  might  have  prevented.  l>c- 
]uunq  V.  liiing  { ISDti)  5  App.  Div.  499, 
IS  X.  V.  Supp.    1U80. 

.\  ship  owner  cannot  be  held  liable  on 
ilie  theory  that  the  master  of  the  ship 
'itatcJ  in  an  improper  manner  a  sea- 
iNin  who  was  frost  bitten,  wheie  tln'rc 
i-  no  evidence   to  show    that    the   treat- 

lit  wliieli  it  is  deelared  lliat  he  .should 

have  ado]ited  would  have  been  elVeetive. 
■hjlnisun  V.  lloliiKS  (ISItili  17;!  Mass. 
.■|14,  .").1  N*.  K.   1000. 

If;)  Failure  to  insliitil  nr  iiaiii. — 
IVlicie  an  injury  to  a  lamp  trimmer  of 
iiulootric  light  company  was  eau.sed  by 
the  live  wires  of  another  eumpany  cum- 
in? into  contact  with  those  which  he 
!uiil  to  liaiulle,  and  not  by  the  dampness 
..f  the  latter,  his  employers  cannot  bo 
hi'lil  liable  on  the  ground  tliat  they 
lailifl  to  instruct  him  as  to  the  increased 
i!an;riM  in  working  on  pole  lamps  in  wet 
'icatlier.  (''(»)■  V.  MiI'kIii  stri  I'.Uclr'n; 
Co.  IlltoO)  70  N.  II.  .'iOS.  48  Atl.  2Sli. 

A  minor  servant  eiinnol  recover  on 
■lie  gromul  tlint  he  was  not  iiisinicted 
IS  to  the  dangers  of  his  employment, 
iheie  the  injury  resulted  from  a  mere 
ii'cidcnt,  from  which  no  aniuunt  of  can 
linninfr  would  have  saved  bim.  lim-l. 
'■M  v.  r.utta  Percliii  d-   Itiilihrr  Mfq.  Cn. 

i.S8«)    11.1    N.    V.    540,    21    X.    i;.    717 

plaintiir  slipped,  and  in  making  an  in 
-lii.ctive  movement  to  recover  himsell 
I'lit  his  hand  between  revolving  cog 
"heels). 

The  negligence  of  a  master  in  putting 
H  common  laborer  at  work  about  a  nia- 
fliine.  without  instnietiig  him  as  tn  its 
uptration,  does  not  render  him  liable  for 


an  iiijiiiy  to  the  l.itter  'vhicli  does  not 
lesult  friiiu  hi.s  un-Uilfulness.  .lii:o)i(i 
l.iiiiibtr  <{■  Timber  Co.  v.  llootiiy  (lS',l.'i; 
Ariz.  I   42  I'ac.  !).J2. 

Ihe  nias'.er  is  not  at  fault  in  failing 
to  cu'iiiiiiinicate  a  fact  whieli  is  imma- 
terial to  the  sei\anl's  -afety.  and  wliich, 
if  he  iiad  known  it,  would  iml  have  af- 
fietcd  his  ai'liiiM.  Ileiiiliisun  v.  11  i/ 
lh,i„s  (IS'.il)  liii  N'.  II.  40,'),  23  Atl.  :!ii,>, 
where  the  cimit  luld  tliiil  veriliel  for 
the   plaint  id'  bii-eil   nil   il  eory   that 

the  (iei'eiiihinl 's  sii|iei  intiii  .  ^  was  neg- 
ligent ill  iiiil  inforiiiiiig  liim  th.it  an  un- 
e.xploded  eli,iiL;e  .vhich  he  was  nrdered 
to  drill  out  had  a  wet  fuse  could  not  be 
.sustained,  as  there  was  no  eviilence  go- 
ing In  show  either  th.it  it  was  more 
il.iMLfeious  to  e\trael  .i  eiiaige  which  had 
lailnl  to  iy:nite  on  aeeounl  of  the  wel- 
ne-s  III'  llie  fuse  tli.in  one  which  had 
failed  til  ignite  o«ii:g  to  iine  ol  the  sev- 
eral causes  fiiiii;  which  siieli  an  oceiir- 
reiiee  may  result,  or  that  the  method  of 
e.Mniiiing  the  chaige  would  have  been 
at  all  dilVereiit  if  the  failure  to  explode 
had  been  due  to  some  other  cause  than 
the  wetiie-s  of  the  fuse. 

A  boy  about  fourteen  years  old,  who 
was  injured  by  coming  into  contact  with 
uncovered  (i>L'wheel>  revolving  alongside 
a  narrow  ji.issage,  through  which  his 
iliilies  took  liilil.  is  not  entitled  to  have 
the  jury  cliargiil  as  follows:  "It  no  in 
-liueliou  was  gi\en  the  plaintill  as  to 
the  route  in  going  to  and  irom  the  nia- 
ehine  at  iiich  he  was  injured,  except 
'to  do  as  the  other  boy  lielore  him  did.' 
and  he  did  so  and  was  injured,  there  wan 
neiiiigenee  on  tlie  deleiidant 's  part."  It 
might  have  been  that,  though  thus  in- 
jureii,  he  w.is  injiind  by  no  negligeiiee 
oil  the  part  of  the  lietiiidant,  but  by 
ne^liijenee  on  his  own  ,111).  Siillii'iii  v. 
Ihilid  Mfn.  Cn.    |1S7;!)    II.'!  .Ma-s.  :i!)i:. 

II  all  iho-e  cases  in  wliieh  ilie  exist- 
ence of  a  duly  to  iiistri.it  a  servant  i.s 
denied,  on  the  griiUMil  t!i.il  he  appre- 
ciiiird  the  risk  in  ipiisiimi.  it  is  pos^ilde 
to  reijard  the  evidenee  es  Ijeing  also  in- 
dicative of  the  coiieliision  that.  e\en  if 
■I  bre.u'li  of  duty  could  be  inferrel.  tlie 
want  of  instriiel  il  11  eanuot  be  rei;.uiled 
,is  having  eoht  riouted  to  an  *ccident 
'.vhieh,  I  J-  liiipiilli) ni.  uoiild  not  have 
i'l  111  pievenled  by  tlie  yiving  of  the  in- 
-InKiioii.  The  correlatio.i  of  these 
|ioiiUs  of  view  is  notice.ihle  in  the  couise 
v.iiieb  the  reasoning  of  the  court  t.ikes 
ill  /'ii/i.o /•  v.  Iliinisiiii  (1^S.'))  57  Mich. 
IS2.  J.'i  X.  W.  1.24.  where  it  is  in  the 
lirst  pla  e  decl.ired  that  tlie  danger  was 
maiiifisi.  tlie  inli-ieiier'  di'.iwn   fiom  this 


lilt 


li:i:: 


i 


I 


vit 


lacl 


that    liieie  u.is  no  iiekiigeiice 


^'^18 


MA^^IKK  AM)  6EUV  ANT. 


[t  11.41', 


1 1    ," 


l:4 

t  .,     t'. 

i  1 

dent  Wii3  allf'gpd  to  ho  diir.     Other  (Icci^inii.^  luariii^u:  upon  il, 
tiou  are  collected  in  the  t\vn  oucw'ttiini'  suhiili..-  ni  ihis  clinii: 


on  tlic  <tcliiiilaiil'.s  piirt.  and  it  i-s  tlicii 
olispivcil,  IIS  an  ;i'lilitiiiiial  icimjii  liir 
di'Mviii;,'  lircivriv.  t!i;it  :i  warniiii,'  woiiM 
not  liiivc  [)ii-viMili(l  till   I,     iilnil. 

({,'1  \ii/li[iiiin-  in  rryiinl  to  thv  Ic- 
tuih  of  lln'  II oih.— 'I'hr  ini|iii)|ii'|-  aclion 
of  a  -c'clidii  fiiii'iiian.  in  '(M|iiiiiiij,'  a  sec 
tion  man  to  Imlil  a  ki'^'  of  ln-cr  wliilc 
ridiii};  on  a  pl^mk  jilai'itl  lU'm^s  a  )ianil 
car,  il(H-i  not  rciidi  r  tlir  coriipany  lialdi- 
for  liis  dentil,  wiiiii'  tlic  ai'cident  u;i^ 
due  to  the  fact  tliat  tin-  plank  was 
struck  t>y  the  lever  of  a  drawlniilue 
wliioli  liad  liri'n  left  in  an  upii^ilit  posi 
tion.  tile  rosiill  Umii^  that  tlie  sei-tion 
man  was  thrown  oil  tlie  liridye.  Illinois 
C.  II.  Co.  V.  Ilislioii  (IS'.Mt)  70  Miss. 
758.  -Z')  So.  ,si;7. 

'i'lic    speed   of   a    train    is    inniiaterial 

li[ tlie  question   of   the  lialiility  of  a 

railioad  company  to  a  swiieliman  in- 
jured by  its  derailment,  due  lo  tlie  pre.s- 
ence  of  a  liorse  upon  tlie  tr.iik.  where 
tlu'  spetil  had  iiotliiiig  lo  do  with  ciiu.s- 
in;;  the  accidiiit.  Hones  v.  Iloiil.int 
(IKOSi  2S  C.  C.  A.  .524,  ufi  U.  S.  App. 
•217,  84   fed.  7117. 

Vheic  defendant's  tia<'ks  aloiifj  the 
side  of  eerlain  coke  ovens  were  fn- 
cpieiitly  covered  li\  smoke,  and  phiintill's 
intest.ile  was  killed  while  on  a  liaiiil  car. 
which  proceeded  aloni;  smli  track  lie- 
hind  a  train  ooniinf;  into  siicli  >aid,  and 
collided  with  a  snitch  eiii;i!ie.  wircli 
cnnn'  onto  the  track  alter  siicli  iiiconiiiifr 
train  had  passed,  the  fact  that  on  the 
siilo  of  the  track  on  which  the  hand 
car  was  approacliini;  there  was  a  sidini; 
on  which  the  switch  eii;;iiie  mi'jhl  li.ive 
litH-n  standinp.  an<l  from  which  it  mi^dit 
have  ^oiie  onto  the  main  track  as  soon 
as  the  incomiiif,'  train  passed,  and  'j;one 
ininiedialely  into  the  smoke,  from  which 
11  collision  would  have  resulted,  will  not 
warrant  the  direction  of  a  verdicr  for 
the  dcfendai't,  if  it  appeals  that  the 
enfrine  was  not  on  the  sidiiiii;  in  (|',ics- 
tion.  Woofliinrd  [ton  Co.  v.  Ilrtndon 
(IPOl)    l:iO  Ala.  .■?r,4.  no  J^o.  ,'!70. 

Where  the  complaint  of  a  switchman 
allepes  that  his  injury  was  due  to  the 
fact  that  two  cus  wliicli  he  was  coup- 
ling came  tocriHier  with  exc-— ivc  force, 
as  a  result  of  the  failure  of  hi-  foreman 
to  rcpc'it  to  the  eiiL'i'ieer  the  sip;nal 
which  hi?  had  eiven  that  the  cars  should 
approach  slowly,  and  the  evidence 
showed  that  the  movinj  cars  hnd  heen 
kicked  -.III  tlie  (lack,  the  ciij;i:ic  being 
detached,  it  v.as  held  to  be  error  to  re- 


fii-c  to  ch,!i-c  th.it  pl.iiiiiiil  ("i.||i|  ro- 
icco\.r.  even  ihuii^ijli  lie  ,^M\e  !!ie;,ioi,, 
-iu'iial,  which  was  nej.'li^i'r,il,  ,\\.^,. 
•j.,rded  by  the  for.'m.iii.  ji  ili.  ^j^-i;.; 
il  it  had  been  traii-iiiii  i..|  i,j  rl„" ,, 
U'iiiccr.  .\oiild  not  h.uc  ],i,.>,  ..i,.i  ,|,, 
accid"iit.  MiK.Kiii,it,  A',  ,(  /'.  /.■  Co  ,' 
/;.'/,./■  (l!l("':  '1V\.  Civ.  .Vpp.,  :,>  s  \\ 
'.n;\. 

Sl-e  also  Hoillll  V.  Chi,,'.:.,,  II,  ,(.  (J  ;. 
''.,.  llSS,->)  lit;  low, I.  ."ilill,  _'|  V  w'^r 
wlnre  the  M.';.'li'jciicc  ol'  a  cm,  :•.  ■..r  v.  i 
held  not  to  have  hieii  ilic  |rii,\,iiit. 
cause  of  the   injury. 

In  an  action  by  an  em|.l.j.,  •  in,  j,, 
juries  al!e;.id  to  lia\e  '" 'ii ',..■,, ,, .,,;,,  | 
while  unloading'  ccrt.iin  1m. \r-  •\\  ci;, 
dels  from  a  push  car.  evidiiic-  tii,;i  '\ 
boxes  v\eie  iiii|iro|M'rly  iilac'd  o;i  t!i- 
car  by  direction  of  the  foriin;!?,.  n;i, 
that  they  could  liax.-  Ikih  e  i-ily  im 
loaded  if  properly  placed  on  tin- .Mr.  ;r;' 
lii.it  the  injury  was  iieca-i.ii,.N|  win!.. 
attempting'  to  f.r,.t  them  in  |...-iti.iM  \..: 
unloailiii;;-,  which  coiiM  have  h.in  ei-ii, 
done,  wilho'il  resort  lo  a  piy  i,i  1  i.r 
if  they  had  been  propi'rl\  jihcp^l.  ,- 
sudicient  to  .show  that  the  impiopr; 
ida'iiii:  of  the  hn\(s  m.i-,  i;,,.  iiii~i: 
lilt  inimy.  It;  rntr  v.  .s7.  /..,„,«  ,(■  .v  / 
/.'.   Co.    I  lllliOi    Mi  Mo.   Api'.    ijn. 

NcLiliL'cncc  of  a  briil'_'e  ;;aiif;  in  iii. 
loadinj;  timbers  from  a  car,  cii,  hi.: 
them  to  roll  olT  and  strike  i!i.-  (,■■■. 
duetor  of  the  train  in  uhidi  -udi  fr  i- 
plaecd,  witlioiit  any  conlrilnilni  i  n.^ii 
;;cnce  on  his  part,  is  tl'e  can-e  nl  ti.' 
iiijiiiv.  ,Min.'.oiiri,  A".  i(-  '/',  /,',  C,  ' 
//iiicv  (1807;  Tex.  Civ.  App. .  in  S.  W 
I  -)2. 

In  an  action  for  an  injury  to  iin  rs; 
phiycp  while  eiitliii'j'  down  a  tiw.  ii 
which  anotlicr  tree  i.-  I.I'jmI.  hy  onl.i 
of  a  foreman  who  pim,,!-.  !  lo  lr!|  Ijii;: 
when  it  In  came  diic^i  ion.,  inr  iiim  :■ 
chop,  an  in.~l  i  net  ion  ll;:i;  ii  llie  iai;.  I» 
lieve  th.it  plaintlll  rciri',.-,!  i-.ilc  h} 
the  sereecliiii;:  of  the  ticc  ih.t  it  w.e 
about  to  fall  al  the  s.  nir  toiii'  -'loii 
superior  did.  and  stari'd  to  nil  ii.iii:f 
diatcly,  the  failure  to  reive  no'i'' 
from  such  superior  cannot  he  »;iiil  I'l 
have  conduced  t<i  tlie  injury,  i-  |iropiily 
refused,  as  oniittiii.sr  all  iii'iuiiy  wiitl.'f 
~ucli  superior  was  ncjliji  ■  i  in  ii  ■' 
sooner  dis.-ovc  ■•iir  iilainlill"-  Jii^l'' 
I'oslnl  T,  hn.  (  c.,,  V.  //»,'.v..i/  I !«!': 

115  Ala.  in;!.  ■       M>.  s.-.i. 

-  t  a  ,t      L:rt     ■!    :        f ,■    .'.',        ;    :■■    ■  : ;'■■ 

of  the  tides  of  a  lailroad  coni|Kiny  lim- 


|8W] 


CAUSATION. 


nin 


It  is  worthy  of  rrninrk  tliaf  the  fncts  involvril  in  onsf^s  likr  thnso 
lujt  cited  aro  ^riiiu'iiiiii's  -u'.-ii  liiiit,  by  a  slijrlit  oliMiiirr'  in  the  [iniut  r.f 
view,  ihov  nmy  he  eon>i(lcrod  as  boarini;,  not  upMU  tlie  question  of 


Mrs  llic  r:'*P  ff  ^lH'i'il  "f  tr.iino  iindor 
irlain  coiiilitii'ii-'  i'"<'^  ""•  cini-ttitiitP 
1  cround  «'  linliilily  t<ir  itiimi<"<  (li'c  to 
■he  fiH't  tli;it  llii'liriilp  c,r  a  trci'  fi>ll 
mTO"-"  the  fiiiok  iinil  i':.ii-imI  ii  dcriul- 
-  i-rt.  o.vinp  t«i  it-  l.riii'.'  c  iii'.'lit  up  hy 
■ip  cliiiilii'  .il!<l  llnll-l  ir.Mir-l  tl.  lili'ik- 
.,r  ami  iMil-  iit  -.1  ^\\  ili-l'.  ''"r  v.  ('In- 
wo  rf  .V.   >1'.  /•'■  Co.    (IS'.iT)    IdJ  town. 

The  (■iii''iMi-tiiicp  of  a  cotKtiiclor's 
;.niii'_'  lii-  liiilil  of  a  ticnvy  \x>\  wliiili  he 
i<  tii'lliiii'J  till'   p!.iii;tiir  to   iiiil(i:iil    fi<Mii 

I  car.  mviiii;  I"  Ms  nccidi-iiliilly  putlin;,' 
his  foot  tliii>iii,'li  n  hi>li'  ill  the  lloor  of 
'lie  eir.  is  not  tin-  |i|o\iMi;i1c'  iMiisr  of 
,in  ii.jiiiy  wliicti  tlic  phiiritill  iiM'ri\c'- 
•liroiij;)!  "t!ip  f^illinp  of  tljc  bov.     I.nnix- 

'•}h\   Y.   .1.   it    '■'.    ff.    Co.   V.    Sotithirirl: 
ISIMJI    10  Ind.   .\i>p.    isii.  -44  X.   K.  Mli 
NPiili.'ir  and  uniisii;il  ai-i'idnit.  not  to 
!  ivc  liwn  iintiripiitc<H  . 
Tlic  ncL'tlLvm-i-  of  n   r.iilrond  company 

II  iiiiiniii;,'  a  tiaiii  at  a  pmhlliiti"!  rate 
f  spccil    within    till'    railiual    yard    is 

lilt  di'iair'il  to  lie  tho  pro\iniatc  caiiso 
,f  t^p  (li.itli  of  nn  eiiipUn-co  ulm  is  run 
vcr  ly  tli.it  train  iinli's.-,  under  all  the 
,  ;tr!:il'iii;.'  (•ircmti-taitff».  ordinary  pni- 
!.itii'  Wfiiilil  lia\('  admonished  those  op- 
.latiiij;  the  train  that  sneh  excess  of 
■i»i.il  wnuld  piolialjly  result  in  injury 
M  i'oiiieo'ie  in  the  vard,  llniisluii.  I'. 
,1  W.  T.  It.  Co.  V.  'I'niitll  (1807;  Tex. 
liv.  App.i   41  S.  \V.  CHo. 

The  omission  to  comply  with  thi  pro- 
■  i-ions  of  a  statnte  forhiddin^  eiiiploy- 
<ri  to  hire  a  child  under  fourteen  years 
of  age  in  a  factory,  without  rceeiviiif; 
'Ip  written  pormi--ion  of  the  parent  or 
'.ni.irijinn.  is  not  the  j.roximnte  cause  of 
I'pc  clrld's  h'iic'  injured  tlir'ai^^'h  f.illin^ 
upon  nnco\ered  eo'^s.  while  scnlllin!; 
irith  another  CMiplnvee.  liorrl- v.  .\l'clii- 
inn  ISoll  <f  \'it'  IforAs  (I'SIXil  111 
Mich.  12(1,  (in  X.  W.  'J.')!  (construim,'  3 
lloff.  AiMio.  Stat.  elKMi,  .1,  §  l!l!>7  i.  See. 
Imwcvpr.  Ilr.i  V.  M,iii;fin  W'risli  t'liiinicl 
rn.  (ISSC;  Q.  I!,  Div. )  2  Times  L.  U. 
."IT.  Cited  in  siil„I.    (b)    of  this  note. 

.\ii  .illeieation  hetween  a  re  d  master 
and  a  lahorer  under  him.  in  which  im- 
pvepir  ;ind  iuiIm  cnmiiii;  lan^'uiije  is 
ii-iil.  is  not  sneh  neLiliL'eiiee  as  will  ren- 
der the  employer  liable  for  an  injury  to 
.ni:i.!her  eiiiployei-  half  an  hour  nfl-r  the 
c!ii-e  of -mcli  altercat  io!i.  caused  by  other 
frnpliivicB,    who    heard    the    altercation. 


<lro|)pin^'  one  end  of  a  steel  rail  without 
notice  to  the  emp!o\ee  injureil.  who  wa< 
helpinjr  to  carry  the  other  end.  Ilii'  H-iil 
Ion  d  1/.  /I'ovr  II.  Co.  v.  Hiulin  llSll.",  i 
ti  Colo.  A  pp.  iT'i,  40  I'ac.  jti:i  (mental 
p<>rturbatioii  histin;;  half  nn  hour  from 
-iieh  a  I'Mii-e.  not  a  re-ult  rea-oiialily  to 
have  been  a  nt  iei|ia  led  i . 

The  failure  of  an  employer  to  furnish 
eompetellt  employees  does  not  render 
him  liable  for  an  injiiiy  to  a  fillow  si  rv 
ant  of  such  emphnees.  wbo  has  ti.it  as- 
sumed the  ri-k  caused  by  sinb  incour 
pelencv.  unless  he  ou'.iht  leasonably  to 
lia\e  aporeliriided  that  the  lelention  of 
till'  iiieiiiiip,.'.  nt  sirv.int  would  piobahly 
imperil  his  coeltiplnvees,  Minll'lild  V. 
Cilliiil  I'lifK-r  Co.  I  isU7)  P7  Wis  47<i. 
(1.-)  Am.   St.   I!(.p.   l:!7.  -■>  N.  U.   Mil. 

Xeyli/enee  in  re-|ieet  to  the  eniph.v 
ment  of  an  unlit  person  cannot  be 
predicated  in  a  case  ul,  ic  the  injur\ 
was  a  "remote  conseipn  nee  of  the  evil 
use  of  his  ton^'ue"  by  a  ipii<k  tempered 
servant.  Iluhnlsmi  v.  I'liifciiu  d-  /.'.  A'. 
Co.  (isnti)  14fl  Ind.  4Sfl,  4.-)  X.  K.  d.". 
I  phiiiititl'  straineil  himself  in  attempt- 
in;.'  to  lift  a  heavy  weielit  in  compliance 
with  an  order  ?ivcn  in  violeiit  and  pro 
fane  lanyua'^'c) . 

Where  an  injury  to  n  minor  employee 
occurred  from  an  accident  wbii'h  no 
human  beinir  could  have  thouLtlit  of  as 
possible  to  occur,  re-ult  in;.'  from  an  ap 
parentlv  safe  act.  it  cannot  he  said  that 
it  arose  from  any  lack  of  knowledire  on 
his  jiart.  even  though  he  reeei\el  no 
instruct  ion-.  llirLii/  v.  Tmifl,  ilSf-'7i 
10,-)  N.  Y.  Sil.  \i  X'.  E.  2Sii.  There  an 
eniployies  fiuL'cr  cmiLdit  iu  the  lad  ton 
hole  of  a  collar,  and  was  dra'_'.;ed  he- 
t>veen  the  rollers  of  a  manple  before  it 
could    be   eM'icated. 

.■\  m:i-ter  i-  not  bound  to  iLtive  warn- 
in;:  and  in-t ructions  to  a  yoiini:  iind  in- 
exjiiiieiiced  servant  concernino'  dan^jcr- 
of  the  employmei'.t.  where  they  are  of 
such  a  nature  as  to  render  injury  very 
improbable,  and  only  enme  from  nec;!*- 
^.'cnce  wliieh  the  maslei-  has  no  reason 
to     evpcct.        Siilil'ill     v.     I'liri/ic      Milh 

(isnn  \c,-2  Mass.  .17S.  .-^s  X.  ;■:.  ncn. 

Xcprli'.'cnce  in  failin^r  to  instruct  n 
hoy  se'.'entnen  years  of  ajre  as  to  the 
danijer  of  his  work  cannot  be  predii'atcd 
of  a  eiise  where  be  fall-  i  If  a  hand  car 
in  runnin','  it  back  to  a  switch  to  jret 
out.  of  the  way  of  an  aiipreachin;;  train. 


li      m 


iflnra 


MA.STER  AND  SERVAN"^ 


[CBAF. 


I!l|i' 


i 


if 


from  wliirli,  nn  it  han  lioen  properly 
tlaggcd.  tlio  iiipii  on  tliR  liaml  cut  arc  in 
no  il.iiigir.  If  liij  fall  nac  cauHcii 
Ihroii^'li  his  hrail  l>i  iii^  (ilVrctod  by  liin 
jiOBitiim,  that  is  u  r«  «iilt  wliirli  tlie  em 
pliiytr  wiis  not  loiiml  to  niiticiiiiitc. 
Itiiilf/s  V.  \iiii,ort  Af  H»  it  .1/.  1  u»iy  To. 

(I.s!t4)    15  Ky.   U   Hop.   UlS.   _M   S.   \V. 

lU(;!t. 

In  li<iii(ian  v.  //or/  i  Issiii  4i)  Hiiii. 
.189.  u  liiljdrcr  slMiv.-liiij.'  din  -.tiuid  be- 
tween the  tail  of  his  e.ut  and  lie  e<I};e 
of  a  hank.  Owing  to  a  dd'eel  in  a  hoi.k 
in  the  harness,  the  hor«c  ;,'•■!  hit  head 
cramped,  widch  made  him  liMck.  forcinj; 
the  lahorer  over  the  hank.  It  wai  held 
that  on  no  tliemv  could  the  iMii->ier  hi' 
charged  with  lialiility,  the  cnMil  >ayiiiu: 
"Assinninjf  the  honk  was  not  piiipi-:  l.\ 
made,  it  is  clear  that  the  defiel  was  not 
the  proximate  c.iiise  (it  the  injury.  .  .  . 
Xo  human  foresiylii  enuki  luitieipalp 
that  a  horse  would  throw  hi-,  luud 
around  so  far  as  to  ealeli  his  hrid!e  ii|p"ii 
this  hook  and  back  strai;,'lit  Ii.hU  and 
squeeze  a  man  Ofrainst  a  bank.  That 
Buch  a  thiii^  is  p(w,sil)le  is  proved  by 
the  happeiiiii;;  of  the  aeeident  in  this 
case,  but  that  such  a  ihin^.:  was  prob- 
able or  likely  to  occur  is  al.suirl." 

In  Ii<H/i<l(l  V.  Viii-iiiim  Oil  Co.  (1S!H) 
75  Hun.  2m.  27  N.  V.  Supp.  Hi.  the 
pla'ililV  was  injured  by  an  explo-ion 
caus(.il  by  the  contact  of  the  llanie  of 
his  lamp  with  gas  whieli  e.ic.iped  fnim  a 
tank  of  paralline  oil  when  he  opeui  d  it. 
The  court,  in  coinnnntinjr  on  the  t.'sti- 
raony  of  the  iilainlitf.  that  he  had  been 
in  the  habit,  during  the  wlioh'  of  his 
experience   witli   the    paralhne   tanks,   of 

ioing  Die  woik  assijtned  to  liini   in  the 
same  way  as  on  the  night  in  <piestion, 

nd  that  no  explosion   had   c  er   b(  fore 
'    rental k(d:      "If  tliis  i^  ttui' — - 
:     (1    habiiuiilly    raised    the   liJ   of 
..K  with   his   lantern   in    his  hand. 
•  iig  on  his  arm.  and  done  so  with 

.y,  then  the  inlcrerce  is  unavdid 
tliat  the  conditions  present  on  the 
night  in  question  were  materially  dillVr- 
ent  from  tho.-e  whiih  ustitilly  piivailed. 
and  the  only  reason  for  that  dillVrinee 
which  is  suggested  by  the  evideiwe  is 
that  the  heat  in  the  'ank  was  greater 
than  it  ordinarily  u.i-  when  the  lid  was 
raised,  and  that  this  wa-  eiused  by  leav 
inj?  the  steam  on  longer  tlian  was 
proper,  and  that  the  tank  was  opened 
too  soon  aftei  the  steam  was  shut  off. 
This  concliisioii,  if  it  all'oich'd  the  cor- 
rect hypothesis  to  account  for  the  un- 
usual and,  indeed,  unprecedented  explo- 
sion, is  impoilant  in  two  k  spinets  as 
bearing  ti|)oii  the  question  of  the  defend- 


iint's  liabihiv  ,  for,  lint,  it  tnid* 
»liow  that  the  danger  here  encounic 
was  one  not  reasorably  to  have  1« 
'Vi  -ehended  by  the  defendant,  iind  , 
-lid,  it  demonstrate*  either  that  the  n 
li;  lice  of  the  fellon'  servant,  the 
I'liiecr,  who  devolved  his  own  duly  u| 

^  [diintiir,  or  of  the  plaintilf  him* 
who  undertook  the  perforni.inee  of  tl 
duly,  or  Of  both,  contributed  to  oen. 
I  he  aecident  and  to  produce  the  inji 
eoni|ilained  of,  nial  in  either  ci^c  tl 
■  iiuld  be  no  ri  <overy  in  this  aelinn." 

Sei>  al-.!)  Ihi/ii  w'fult  Hi(„,l.  (■„„/ i 
(iMMil  ;(  App.  Div.  70,  38  N.  V.  ,s,i 
IDM.  eiled  in   s  sn:?,  note  4,  fnii.ni. 

If  the  accident  was  can- 1|  In  i 
l.ie.iking  of  a  slaft.  and  the  I'hf 
proved  i-  the  delieieney  of  n  ioiir'; 
there  em  1m'  no  reeowry.  uii!,.>  ( 
proof  sliows  that  the  delieieney  liiid 
lendeiiey  to  eatisc  the  br.'ak,  aii.l  i; 
such  lendeney  was  siilTieii'iit  to  ih  i 
the  iii-ter  with  notice.  Ilrrin  v. 
I,'iii\  <i,oi,i<i'ir  Co.  (1H!I>>  .jO  \lo.  A 
I'll-'. 

U  here  a  railroad  servant  lias  liwn 
jiii  d  by  a  sudden  sub-ideii  e  eft 
track,  it  is  error  to  refuse  to  siihi 
to  the  jury  the  special  qiiestinn,  "[ 
the  defendant  have  an.v  reason  to  app 
liend  siieh  a  sinking  of  the  roadlic.l  a 
track  thereon?" — where  in  a  spiv 
question  actually  asked  there  is  nmlii 
which  is  calculated  to  elicit  a  finii 
upon  that  issue.  A  question  in  aii-.i 
to  which  it  is  found  that  the  defenli 
could  by  the  exerc'.se  of  ordinary  i-; 
and  prudence  have  discovereil  ami 
paired  the  cause  of  the  accident  M< 
the  accident  occurred  is  not  of  its 
siiHicient,  inasmiich  as  it  leaves  tlienii 
tion  of  proximity  of  cause  uiitniiri 
and  still  at  large.  Mrdoiraii  v.  Ch<ni 
t£-  K.  If.  n.  Co.  (18il5)  91  Wis.  147. 
N.  W.  HOI. 

.\n  atlirmativp  answer  to  the  questi 
whelher  the  <lefondant  was  gniltr 
negligence  which  caused  the  aiei'lcnt 
not  a  sullieieiit  finiling  as  to  pniviiii: 
cause,  since  it  leaves  undeteniiiiieil  t 
question  whether  the  injury  w.ns 
natural  and  probable  conseqiieiac  of  t 
negligence,  .iliiillnnd  v.  (iMcrt  /''i; 
Co.  (  1807)  07  Wis.  470,  (!.'>  Am.  St.  \\< 
l.i7.  72  X.  \V.   !12t. 

.V  six'cial  verdict  in  an  action  by 
servant  for  injuries  alleged  tn  have  ho 
causctl  by  the  master's  negli;;eiiro  i-^  r 
siinicicnt  to  support  a  jinlgiiient  I 
plaintilT,  unless  there  is  a  finding  '1: 
the  negligence  of  the  master  was  i 
proximate  cau.se  of  the  injui-y.     Gn 


iS04] 

1.  Thnmnil 
X,  W.  ITS. 
A  »|iiC'U 
■M  (li'fcnilanl  on; 

into  the  knivi'H   o 


C'ALS.vnON. 

<i    (lOnl)     11(1    Wis,    4SS.    8«    rraii'hill     v.     Oirnf     V- 


I  (/in/ 


I  l!M)i  I  ,s:(  Mi 


lIMl. 


il   vcnlicl    iiinrh    llrulitit;  tliat     l.")><.  >ii 


N.  U.   10. 


'lit  to  I 


T  of  a   Iiov'h 


1  ivc  a.iiii'ipii 


U-\ 


I'll. 


ill  I'li'tiM 


I i|lc<     til 


I'ttiii'. 


hi 


Iniiil    "  lii'li    l.iiiki'   mill    lit  a    \» 


2221 

1.    M.     Ill  |l, 
ll.lllil     CAT, 

111    wuikili',' 


'iitiri'    IH    III 


-iilli      il    f.ill    iiiuii    tl 


.ir,  ill 


t    in    i.liiin     wliuli  In 


ictit  to  ^uplMlI•t   n    J  mil 
•Ill's  favor.    It  «lioiilil  ill- I  ^tiiti'  wlii'iliri-    iMi' 
the  failure   < 
ihe  macliiniTV  or  to  in 


I'l Iv    I'.. II 


I     I'l.tl-r.inillr.-     OI 

l.v  .1111.1  |,|.r  ii.iiiil 

■|Im.     |.i 


f    till'   ilili  I  iliiiit    to    j;iiiitil    niii-o  oi  till'  mjiii^-.      /.'.(../.n   ^.    \\,i>.-nh 


his  iltiliiM  mill  till'  il  iiit!ri- 
iliii-n, 
I  ls!i."i  I 


■  X  'Ui't    till"   lioV   11'' 
"til. 


11. 


I,'.    Co.    (IS'Mii     Itl    Ml. 


M'l'- 


iiti-  cmisi'  (it  tiic 


It    11    stinclilii'   iiri'lvil    li>    II    l.r>vviii;i 


Mm  ill  1,11  II 


i'o. 


!ll     Ul- 


.iiipmiy  \: 


Urn 


'.I  I. 


\.  \V.   .'CI:    Kiil-lf 


II n    111' iiinrliiiii' 


,/iif  ilSIMil  !l,')  Wis.  Ji".  li.'  N.  \\ 
!b)  iii'hi'itii  iiifiiiin  it. — WliiTr  11 


tl 


'!'■ 


If    SlllllC    |> 


rmiil.     ilili'  rontiii'_'i'i:f'y  tint    tlir  i'iii[i|.i_\. 


\    ll  -    ]ii'l  1MI--III11 

inir  liiiii- 
. I. ill- 
's  of 


It  i> 


.•i|  is  so 


fti 


ll    I 


IV    wiiti'i    lit   n    I'rrtiiiM 


il.icp.  it  '\*  It  iiiitiiriil  mill  |)ii.liilil 


I  III'  ii'i'-Miiii'liiiii»  ('oiii|imiv  will  lit-  iilili'jr.l 
III   wi.rk   on  01    III. .Ml    till'  liiiik.  mi.l.   if 


.ijucncf 


thiit  it  will  >iik  Mi.lili-iily   it   ii    llio  slnicl.iri'  i-*  in-nlli.'ii'nt   .iii.i   u;i-;if 


ir  is  run   on   to   it. 


ill    tluit.    if    tlii»    it    i»   ll    ron,-ii|iii'Tii'. 


to      III 


lli|)rr;irli 


I.. I 


,i[i|.en 

/.'.ill,«ri 


il    lirii'    iiimi  s    toot    limy    --lii 


tliiit   till'  tiiiik   will   lull,  mill  in   it-   '    II 


tie  ,(  Y.  II.  Co.  V.  A".  ).i;<t 


r  (ISIi'.ii     I'liiiv  il.iwn  mill  injinr  lliii«i'  ill 


i.-..1  Inil.  Ills,  .-.:!  \.   K.  Ii.'tl. 


.\  railtoiiil  roiiipmiy  w 


liicli  lia«  notit'i' 


ll! t  it. 


•Idlid  la-   Mil'  U.  I'o. 


lit    the    llunirii    o 

1.1. 


f    till 


\lii 


of 


n.l.T  nil-  i-i)  rtoni 


tliiit  tli.  ri'  is  ilmi._"r 


Will 

ml    s. 


(  IS.^Hi    liii   III.  Al.p.    Ill 


till 


ill  liit( 
I    rt.. 


I>I<| 


rn    pi 


ll.. 


I  V 


I  lis  niiiiiiiiji 


nil'  till'  tiail 


liiilili'  fill    lilii>t.  ill.'  mill'-  I. UNITS  wn 


(■  li.-M   li.ilili' 


-nil  ill','   fioin   til. 


I'k   of 


til. 


.'l..lln.l     tlllll      -IH'll     11     tl'-lllt      U:H 


.vliicli  till'  cviilcnii'  >liouri  to  liiivi'    mil'    ulii.li    tin'    iii-p. 


llsiil    liv 
llHiii,-. 


till 


(li'iiiiliniiit    of    till'    <oin| 


limi. 


ipp.iii 


11. '.I 


111 
,1  >;iil  iiti'.  iiii'jiil  ri'ii-oii- 


'.'Ull- 

ISMi  47   111.  App.  411 


(•«. 


I'irtlv   iilily    li.ui'  iiiiliii| 


•ih: 


of      till 

■I  I.     /., 


./..I  Hid 


iii'.l.   with   '111-  kno.vl- 
wtiicli    ln'    pus- 


ri.ll.llll.iIH 


('.,.;/  r. 


A  ilifi'Ptivp   i'liikc    is    the    pioviiiiati 
;.  .p  of   thp   ilpath    of   a    liiiniiin    from     i  \Wl  )  -I'l  Iml.  App.  1,  (il  N.  K.  2:!t>. 


\\,lh 


illi»ioii 


with   thp  car 


>hi 


sllrh 


'I  ho    ni'^iliu.  I'll'    of    n    iniiie    owiiir    in 
a  -lull  of  ^t(lno  to  ii'Miaiii  in 


iisliliiun  from  a  siilini;  upon  tlio  iii.iin    pprniilti   , 

I    wouhl    not    h-iM'   niovcil    hail    tin-  rmi.I.v.iy  of  tlw  mini'  nmy  Ih'  il.iiin.I 

iti'   liiii-i'   of   an    injury    to   mi 

will)  »iis  k'i-I;iil   from  tin'  tail 

111  fi'll  a"ainsl 


lick, 
iich  brnki'    hopn 


ilri|llat 


I'nnrr    v. 


lime.  \V.  d  ().  It.  Co. 


Div.  :.I5.  40  X.    V. 


1  ISIi.si    •2,->  App.    iinp 


Appml    I  ISH'))    88    linn, 
■iipp.  lOS. 
The  onii' 


l^npp.   ."itl( 


I'. 


I'liiiin  of  11  I'  11   l.v  a  n.iili'  an 


IS.   .34    X.   \.    th"  -lull 


111  iiilli'il  iiiiilrr  till'  car.  whrn 


hi'  I'oiil.l   l.avi'  I'siiipiil  tlip  par  if  il  had 


HI!   of   a    riiilv.iiiil   I'.iinnmiy    ii" 
have  a  hiimlholi!   upon   tlip  top  of  a    '' 


t    III 


fur     till 


/'.(. 


d 


/.'. 


I  ISHS)   Til  111.  App.  4ii!l. 


!'m;;ht  car  is  thp  pro\iiiiali'  c 


rif 


injinv  to  an 


liiiii! 


pnipli 


'riiat  till-  .il.-i  ni'o  of  a  ;;naiil  to  a  joiii- 
-  (hi 


l)V  lipiii"  cni-lii.l    iV  in  a  saw  mill  wa-  (ho  prusiiiiiitp  laii-p 


t  another  car  stan.'lin^' on  a  switi'h    of    the    iiiinry    cMpliiinnl    of    iimy    be 


I  ni'ar  the  main  track,  win  ro  ho  would    li-^iit  iiiiii'i 


Iv  iui'.i  ii'.l  fioni  a  lin.lli':.;  that 


iiivc  avoiilpil  the  injury  i 


f  such  hoi. 1  had    a    lioar.l    tell    and    >tniik    tin-    pl.iintilVi 


;    d    C.    .V.    hand. 


i.i-cn  providi-d.      I nli  niiilioiin 

K.Cn.  V.  ,s'i';,ofc   (1805:  Te.x.  (  iv.  .\pp.)    the 

3  S.  ',V.  I'l' 


1 


kill 


..I   h: 
jiliriii 


liinnl  to  striko 
'inifj  ' 


(  IPiH  ;  C.  A.)    1  (Int.  I..  Rpp. 


k  coni] 


ilaint  allp.'in;;  that  a  cir  with 


\\  hero  a 


inp  of  -iind.iril 


..lit  air 


Inak. 


was  p 


hu'i'd  in  the  mid. lip    inaki'   was    found,   afli'r    certain    rcjiairs 


"f  a  train,  in  whipli   nil  the  ot 


hpr  cars    had  lippn  madp.  to  lip  loose  in  ;hp  ini'dle 


the  trii 


providi'il 


loh    Inakps.    that    liar,  so  that  thp  npedle  would  -tiiko  the 
divided   liv   the   lirenkinur    side    of     th"     plate     tlmni'.'li     wliicli     it 


ith 


.if  tile  coiiplinj!  on  that  car.  and  that  a    p 
'.I   liy  a   siilispipipnt     pi 


1  <•  spd . 


apei.li'nt  tli.n    is  to  Im  inlipi- 


rakenian  was 


inpii 


(p.i  is  that  till 


pp. Ill'  m.iv  I'l'.-ak  mid 


.•iilli'^ipn  helwppn  tlip  two  spptions.  states    that   a  fnifriii.-nt   niav 


1  cause  of  aetiun.  as  till'  pi  oximate  cause    of    the    op.'i.it'ir.  ^ 


s(    ' 


the    p, 


\1'.(//'T 


.'f    thp 


hiv     ill 


L'lP^atii 


the  nnon  :u  Mi 


171.  ,-|l  \.  V.  S.ipji. 
lial.: 


mi     ii!|iiiy 


lutomiilie  svstem.  leaviiiff  the  end  of  the        A     master 

train  liwond  the  ciintrol  of  the  engineer,    caused  by  the  coitael    of  a  yoiins  cl.iM 


",.1! 


ill 


51' f 


(-1 


U'    1 

tVi 

2222 


MASTKK  ASU  SKK\  ANT. 


[mi 


M   ! 


v'< 


I  ' 


MM 


'ji   1 


i;!p 


I'i 


!    I 


witli    ni;ic'l;iiiprv    which    hml    iiof    I n 

fnici'd  lit  I  lie  fiK'liiiy  net  li'qIliKtl,  ill- 
thdll-ll   I  III'    ir.  i.l.iit    >v«lllil   lint    liilM'  Imp 

pi'Miil  if  (III-  |>liiii,liir  hnii  II.  ■  Iwen  piny 
iii^'  uitli  1  lornpiiiiidii.  Ih^  v.  Alinrnrn 
WiImIi  I  ,„ntl  In.  (  ISHtl;  (/.  ».  |)iv. ) 
i  Till!.-.  I,  It.  .-)4;.  Sec,  iH.wcvcr.  /l-urA 
V.  I/i. •/(.,,,.„  Hi.ll  ,f  \„i  \\,„kK  lIS'.ii.i 
111  \li.li.  ijii.  nil  v.  \v.  ■i:,\.  citi-il  III 
►iiImI.    (n)    of  tliii  iinfr. 

A  riiiliiMil  roiiipaiiy  in  rli:il(>iiibli- 
nitli  rii  u'liijiiH'i'  towiirds  an  cinplMvi'c  or. 
iii'coiiiit  III  ilif  iji-plctiop  of  tiMiii"  new, 
wliiTi'  till'  .ilii.liilf  iinili  V  ;  eh  llic 
tiiiiii  l«  run  iinilirs  it  iiiMi-.^iiiA-  for 
!«imii>  of  till.  ini'iiiliMH  to  uliM'jit  tlifiii- 
Milvr"  Inr  iiiriiU.  anil  this  iiinli;4i'iiic  |i 
tlic  piii\iiii:itr  oaiisi.  of  any  iii'oiilcnt  tlioiiuli  tin 
wlijli  may  iKi'iir  in  i'iiii-.i'ipi('.|ici'  of  llir 
train's  Ih  inj;  liliilri' inaiinnl,  alllii)li;;li 
till  :ili«.iMf  of  till'  Iraiiiiiii'ii  \\a»  a 
bri;..  h  of  tin-  I'oiiipanv  1  iiilis.  I'mnsi/l- 
laiii'i  Co.  V.  V'l'iilfir,,  (li.!l4i  i;iil  Ind. 
430.  •_"!)  r,.  1!.   A.   1114.  ;iS  N.    K.  (17. 

Sii'km-H  anil  paral.vsi-i  iiii'  a  natural 
nnil  prolialijc  ciinsiiim.ini-  of  a  iiiaMlrr's 
iirj;liL'"ii>'i'  ill  si'iiilinj:  a  wrvanl  to  Huik 
ill  n   ii'tiion   wlii-ro  lir   will  lir  rxposinl   to 

xiiow     •<liiiMi-.    anil    I pi-lli'il    to    «lfip 

with  in^iilliriint  oovi'iinL'  ami  with  noth 
in;:;  lint  ilaiiip  piiii'  liraiii'lirs  lirtwi"'ii 
liiiii  aiil  (hr  wit  or  fro/rii  ;;MMinil.  rtif 
font  V.  1).  „v,r.  N.  /'.  .f  /'.  «.  f„.  (  isstil 
0  Coll,.  ;i:l,%  12   I'ao.  JIO. 

Whi'i.'  a  woikinan  falls  fnmi  ii  ilrfpct 
ivp    hiililir    II. '.'li^imtly   snpplinl   hy   \\'\* 
pniployir,  an. I  strikps  anothi'r  workman, 
tlio  injury  iiiiiviil  hy  the  scconil  work- 
man   i-i   a    iiatiir  I    ami    prohaMi.    cmwr 

<]mni f  I  hi'  ina«li-r's  noKli;:rmi'.       liiiiin 

V.  Milh-i    I  iss.!)    l'»  Daly,  77. 

U  ii'iT  till'  wrvaiit  of  a  corpora' inn 
docs  ads  in  olii'ilii'iiii'  (o  its  onlir-  wjiii'li 
aro  in  violalio.i  ..f  an  injnm'tion  ri' 
slraininf.'  siirh  ai'l~.  or  whirli  anioiinl  (o 
n  trc-.pa-^s,  iind  siirli  servant  has  no  no 
tici'  of  till'  injiiiii'tion  or  tlir  inv;iliilily 
or  wionyfulni'  ~iii.|i  arts,  or  of  any 

lialiilily  or  dan.  'f  arri'sl  likily  to  liV 
inoiirnd  in  tl  fiorformrncp  thcnof. 
and  such  lialiility  and  thrcatrni'd  dan- 
grr  air  known  to  his  principal,  lint  con- 
ccnlcd  from  him.  the  principal  is  lioiind 
to  indemnify  him  for  the  dansri*  mii- 
fered  hy  him  as  tlie  natural  ri'siilt  of 
his  acts  dune  in  ulieiliencc  to  the  orders 


thn(  siich  foroniiin  ik-uIL'  ntlv 


|..il' 


lit 


/.' 


>.i!.| 


lllh 

'     .il. 


11 


of  his  siipciior.s.      Oiiiniiii  v.  St.  I'niil.    held    ti.it    an    injiirv    to   the 
.1/.   d   .U.   K.   Cn.    (18!)0)    4:)   Minn.   490. 
in  Am.  St.  Rip.  25fi.  4(i  X.  W    78. 

Where  a  foreman  pr  ^d  nn  one  of  the 
ropes  holding  a  ilcrii.  and  the  stake 
to  which  the  guy  i.ipe  was  tiod  was 
p-.;ii.,i  np.  i.-iuii;;  the  derrick  '"all.  it 
was  held  proper  to  givp  nn  ins  .net ion 


tlie   iii|ii',  hut   lliiit   the  d.  I.  II, 
not    he    lial.le    iinhs,,    in    ih, 
ordiiiaiy   carp,   he   oiiyhi    na 
have    liirc-cen    that    a    pull   o 
in  siich  ,1   maiiiM'r  uoiihl  ca'i 
rick  to  fall.      ,S7.  I.t.iiis  S    \\ 
Smill,     i  llMIl  ;    'lev.   (  iv.    .\pp 
IIMi).      lint  this  iii.iniciini, 
ly     he     liehl     cornet     ccm'aIi.ic 

•*'>l nil.    A     lleill.    N,;r,    J     :-      , ,.,,     ■ 

A  .jury  is  iosliiieil  m  i,,i.li-,-  il, 
omis.iiiii    ut    A    ciiihliiciiir    I 
hrakciii.iii    of    llic    t.ici    ih.ii 
Has  hiiikeii  was  the  pnivlniii,    .m 
nn    in.jiiiy    rcceiM  d    hy    -n.  i|    l,i,r,„ 
while    III  iking   n    coiijiliny    hiiIi   it 
coiidiicloi    «as   III.   |.i|^., 
the    train    when    the    acci.leni    .,,  i 

h'l.i.ihi'r  V.  ni.i  r„i,„i,t  It.  i;,     i 

l.'.:(  .Mass.  :i.-,ii,  '.'i;  \.  |.;    .si;,s       -i-j,,.  ., 
inent  hy  which  the  .Icii  nihini   iinl, , 
to  siippiiit   the  thci.ix .   ,  I-  .      I;  ,.  |. 
to   he   c\pi  111  .1    Ih.ii     III,,    pl.iiiiiii)    ., 
attempt    to   iiiic.iipli-   the  c,i|-  'nt',., 
sjiccilic  oidci    troiii   the  Piiiiiln.  I,.., 
liiiis    disposed    of    hy    the    cent  ; 
.jury  wi'te  iiol   ImhiiiiI  to  .is^mn..  i',,. 
coniliiclor    lApccicd    Ihe    mImiI,'   v  m' 
-top  liccailse  he  had  tciH|i..i  iii' 
train  for  the  piiipose  -t:  ii.l       I'ii,. 
might   Well    lin.l   Ih.il    wh    1    u.i.  .1..; 
the    plaintilV    and    the    otlni    iii.ii 
the    train     «as    doiie     in     tin     •■\  li 
course    under     the     eirciim-'.u  .'.  •. 
that    the   injury  to  the   pliiihtiil   u 
natural    and     proNoiiale    ii  -nil    ..i 
oiiiis>ioii    (o    inform    liini   nl    ili..  1  r 
drawhar.       It    was  admillcd  at  ili.- 
that    Ihe    phiirri'i)'    'w.i-    iiiim    ' 
lempting  to   iiiM.iuplc  the  m    ii"' 
iiigiiie.  so  that   tlie  cn-iiic  iiii-lit  ... 
do  siimelhing  el-e.'  " 

'ri.c  follow  iiiL'  dcci-lon-  iHii-lr.ii 
liile  that  a  defendant  is  imi  al.- 
mercly  hecaiise  Ihe  aeliiMl  le-iih  \ 
ensued  was  iiniisiiai  or  unliliilv, 
particular  injury  n  •■.  i\e  I  w 
which  could  not  have  Imcii  tun 
him. 

Where  a  lirakeman  was  li'lini 
cah  of  an  eniiinc  with  n  (hi,  -'ivc  |i! 
and  the  engine  sank  on  a  -  n  |''it 
Ihe  track,  and  tin'  pilot.  s(i .  ,ii,_.  ;e..,ii 
some  gravel  on  the  roa.lhc.l.  linn',  'ij 
stone  and   l.mkc  II   •  cah   vviinliAV.  it  n 

evi'  ni'  t 
iirakcman.  due  to  a  frairmcnt  of  llif  « 
dow  striklrg  him.  w.is  a  Ic'.'nl  rnv 
qileiK'C  of  tin  aliiioiinal  conilitinn*  wli: 
existed.  Itnl.rr  V.  <;ri-i!l  \nilhrni 
Co.  (  Itmi  •  s:i  Minn.  I«l.  Si)  \,  W,  ' 
In  Illiii^,-.i  ('.  II.  Cii.  V.  I'ui'ihh 
11805)    0,!    III.    App.    IC.5.   nn   ciii'ii:.' 


I'l 


iiii'l 


in  ' 


18041 


CAUSATION. 


2225 


iiroxiniati*  oniisr.  but.  iipnii  flit'  proliminary  issue  of  noglifjinco  vel 
„„„.    Compare,  genoralb-,  §^  140   IHJ,  aid,-.' 


,>ho   iiijuri'il    liiiiiM'lf    liy    «    hiuci^hiiiiI 

.tfoll    til    ri'VflO-    till'    liMT    of    11    lllfictivt' 

.npnp  fiiriii'-lii'il  to  lii"'.  i"  "I'I'T  t<>  |'ic 
lent  a  colli"!""  »>'l'  "   li^i-^'HK"'    tmi". 

■  ■n  nlliirtiil  to  ni'iiMT. 
Wliiii'  II    i>i''<'"'  "it   ''III    II'"    "IT  of   ii 

,1— inn  triiiii.  iind  iiiimiil  .i  »ri-iii'ii 
„,:il.  ttll"  "ii"  "l.iliili"'.'  '"■"'  •'"'  tluik. 
It  onnnot  I"-  I'miliinl  'I  tliiit  tli»"  i""i" 
,,iiiv  will  iHil    li.ililr  l..r.iii-i'  till!  injury 

.n'not  »ii<li  i'  ii'^i'll  i)f  ili'f'ii'l.int'H  mv 
l.p.ncp  ll^<  Mii;;lit  iriiiiuiiilily  liiivr  Ix'i'ii 
iiilii'iliiiliMl.  llt'!f.  r.  i(-  .N'.  A'.  /^  Vo.  V. 
ll„„./  ( lOOl  :  Tex.  Civ.  .\\'\>-)  l^  «•  ^V. 
li!4. 
Tlii>  iir){liKi''it'<'  "f   iiiiliiiiiil   iiii|iloyi  1  « 

11  rniiniiiK  »  ln'ml  ii""  "t  "  '''«•'  f"*'"  "' 
-will  on  a  ilowii  (fi.iili-  iinil  ii   ^lipiH'iy 

ruck,  only  tiO  fiil  l.iliiTul  anollirr  linml 
.  ir.  \*  till'  |iiii\iTii;iti'  riiii-t>  iif  iin  injury 
10  ^111    i'ni|ili>vri'    on    till-    fori'nin.<t    car 

iiiivil  liv  lii-*  fiilHnj;  oil'  iiiiil  lu'lii;.'  nin 

,viT  liv  ilii-  I'lir  in  till'  riMr.  riirmlinu- 
.,„  y'  Chirnni},    lit.    I'.    M.   <(■    O.    Ii.   Co. 

IHiii,)  tiT  Minn.  01.  till  N.  W.  tUO; 
'.riiiir  .\|i|"iil  (IS!l.->)  til  .Minn.  2<!t.  03 
\.  W.  ii:i'.». 

Wlirn'  one  of  till-  Imtiilli"*  on  tlio  front 
.ml  nf  tliP  rear  one  of  t«"  cart  wliicli 
1,1(1  iiiiiii'  into  coniact  wliilc  liiiii;:  pro 
|.>lli'.l  ill  till-  snnio  ilinction  was  hroki'n 
..If,  ami  liniii~r  of  its  iili-i'iicr  the  otliir 
imnillf   on    tlir    sanii'    nul    of    that    car 

iiiiMil  tlip  luii'i'ilini,  iir  to  In"  pu-licl 
hilrnilly  ana  diTailci.  't  was  hilil  that, 
:h  the  I'li'fcct ivp  hamlli-  iiii:,'ht  havp  hccn 
ihe  proNimatp  cansp  of  the  liijiiiy,  the 

(inipany  wai  ri'sp.in«iMe  for  tt:i>  iajiiry 
iiMillirif:  fiiini  tlip  (lr::'lliMinl.  thouyli 
it  may  not  havi-  anlii'ijui'i'il  •  c  |"r 
'iciilar  injiirv  uhii'h  o'  irrid.  Wufin 
..  rit^trrii  I!,  ro.  (Ill'  S:i  .Mi""  11(1 
.-.4  L.  R.  A.  Af<\.  Rii  N    ^V.  7ti. 

•In  MiUoiinn  v    '       "((/o  rf  A'     it     H 
Cn.  ilS<t.->)    01    Ui-     117.  <14  X.  W     s'll 
hIktp  it  was  hi'ld  rrror  to  nfii-f  an   in 
'triiction   to  thr  i'^^'tI    that   thi-  ihf' "il 
.lilt  was  not  'iiMi'  fi^r  its  fnilnri'  to  1..  r; 
it«  track  ill  ii|Mir.  iiiih'ss  •'•,i  per -on  ol 
(ir,linnry      intilliL'-'nip      ami       priuhnr.' 
winild  tiavc  pxpirtrd  as  thp  result  thiic 
of  that   thp    injury    in    qin-dioii    would 
occur."    thr    court "  said  :       "It    was    nor 
enoiifrh  to  pntitip  plaintifT  to  neovpr  t" 
«tin\v  ihat    his   injury    was   in    fart    thi 
niitiiral  finsi  qui'iipi-  of  tliP  act  or  omis- 
sion of  t;.p  drfriidaiit.  hut  it  inii-t  have 
r.n-.-...-,r!.l    th.it     iir..li'-    a"    lh-    .-•Ircmn 
stniKfs   it    Tnij.'ht    rpiisunahly    hnvp   hppn 
pxppctpd  that   siii'h   nn  injury  would  re- 


sult.      A   iiiprp   failure  to  ward   a;jain->t 

II  n-ult  whiili  I'oiijil  not  rp  i-mi  ibly  li,i\p 
lipi'n  lApiTli'd  is  not  iii';;li'iiiuv.     '   I//.1/1 
son    V.   «ioii(/riiA    7'ii(,,s/).   Co.    [IHSt]    60 

Wis.  HI,  i.-,i..  M   \iv.  I'.pp.  :\:<z    IS  \. 

W  .  Tli4.)     Thp  plaint  iff  was  not  fntillcd 

III  nroMr  incrfly  lipcausp  the  injury  )u- 
had  ii-riMil  was  in  iiiiispipn nop  of  ihp 
dpfindaiil's  traik  anil  road' 1  I  havitiK 
not  hppii  niainlaiiiid  and  kipl  in  ippair. 
In  ordpr  to  warrant  a  nooMiy  il  niu»t 
havi'  apiwarpil  that  its  fiiliirr  in  this 
n-l  ril  was  till'  ii-iill  of  niLilij.  rn'  on 
its  paii.  and  that  a  pir-oii  ol  mdinaiy 
iiilidll;.'i-nri'  and  ju  ihli'iii'i-  init;lil  liavp  ex- 
piiiid,  as  tlie  rrs'  nf  smli  nr^-lii.'.iirp 
that  such  an  in.iis  would  haw 
piirri'd.  It  is  w\\  hy  proof  ni  llu^.- 
iiidi-pi  ii»aldp  fails  that  a'l  iiiihrokpli 
coniiriiiou  liptwppn  the  wron_'fiil  act 
and  tlip  injury  pan  he  i~t.ihlishi  1.  and 
so  poii-litiitp  n  pontiniioiH  «iiiii«-ion  of 
pvpnis  so  ('(iniiiPtid  as  to  niakp  a  iiatu 
ral  wIioIp.  and  s.iow  that  tlip  dpfpiid 
nnt's  iii'vlifiptirp  and  the  injur-  of  tho 
plaintilT  stand  in  thp  rphition  of  caii-p 
and  pllppt.  Thp  ui-t  of  thp  ail  ion  is 
npi/lifipiipp  on  tlip  |iart  of  thp  dofindant. 
and  sui-h  ridilion  of  paiisp  and  plTei't 
could  hp  pstalilishpd  only  hy  thus  slmw 
ill','  that  thp  nr^'liifiiit  art  or  niiiission 
of  tlip  dpfpiidant  paiisnl  thp  injiiiy  i.nd 
was  its  proxiniatp  caiisp." 

In  anothiT  pasp  it  was  laid  down  that 
"np^li^'i  I'cp  is  tlip  pall"!'  of  nn  iippid'nt 
in  the  Icirnl  sinsp.  only  whpii  il  is  of 
suph  a  character  that  men  of  oi<linaiy 
prudpiip".  jiiil'_'i:iPiit.  and  pxpciii'iipp 
ou;.'ht  rpasiiiiahly.  in  thp  li}.'ht  of  thi-  at 
tpn  linsr  cir.aiirslaniis,  tc  have  foiisri'U 
th;  ■  it  was  liki'ly  to  prodiipp  s  .pIi  an 
appi  Ml."  Unsihirp  V.  flrniif  I'li, itiiil: 
Co.    (H!»7)    O.i  Wis!  (;:i2.  70  X. 


iMotli.  :    casp.  wh"rp  thp  rulin'j  was 

t  is  npirli'-'i-nt   for  railway  Nir\:Mits 

iiiit  a  ciiii|!lii"_'  pin  to  hp  upon  thr 

111    of    a    oar    1"    nioiiiui,    witliniii 

ipiired    i"'    i'       plicp;     and    tliat 

'1     r'ii'     fii!-     on     till'     whoids. 

il    friiiii   il.p  trail;,  am",   nn 

'hp  company  st'indinj,'  with- 

fppf  of  thptroH;  to  lit  the 

-    injiirprt   thi-ril  '     tliP  com 

!,,»;.•.  the  court   ar'_'n  >d  as  fol- 

••It    may   he   true   that    lie   acri- 

tho  prri  i«p  foim  and   with  thp 

..p.liurr      i^ifPtiiiWl  '      f-rs       Xvhiph 

pl,i  ■    '  llf's   injiiiv ,   coiiM    not 
U.  xtifcli  ■'   to  happi'ii    fioiii   ihp 


|ia! 

h.w» 

drnt 

ri-'i! 
havp 


i      ' 


1,,? 


la  ' 


MW 


iiij. 


'  m 


I  I 


i 

i.(i 

i  .• 
1 1 

.  I- 

{  ( 

i 

i     1 

1 

ml 


Mill' 


^^*  MAMKP  A>'D  JSEKVANT.  (c,,, 

808   Province,  of  court  and  jury._\vi,,lu.r  the  bm..!,  of  d 
'abli.  -.1  .n  .Ik.  gn.n  ...,0  was  ,|...  p,...si.,,„,  cau-sc  of  tho  i„j„ 

,'"":''  t,on  of  I.u  :,n,l  ,.,.,..     rt  k  ,l,..n.f.,ro.  pri.narih  : 

'10  jnr:  ,,.  ,|,„  nuu„.  u,„l,.,.  ,„•„,.,.,•  in.-f  nuTi.ns.-.'  \  ,,,„,,'  ,. 
"-'-l""|;^t'  to  ...r.lo  i,  in  any  «.s..  whn  it  i„volvr,  tl.o  w,.;..|, 
'•;'|'i.>M,„.  .v., I,.,.,..,  ,h,.  oaLuHing  of  ,.n,!.aLiliii...,  und  tl.u  d. 

"I   Hill  lr|ii(«.'' 

t'lu'.'''.'r,-'k'   "li    '"."    ' '    "'"   ''^""   "'""■    "•"'" '  •!.,.»!....     Tl„., ,..,. 

"n  o>.-i.„..,i,:;, ;'..'.  "„rr;.;,'  '  ;;;'i'  ' '"''"•[  "•.•  iM..i.H, 

i'";.'li;..,.,it,   lor    it       l'.,h„J       ,,  "' "'r*^"'"'""-*'  '"""'"■'■'■- •>''vi. 

;.     ..■,v,.n.;,   o.    ,^..,.    ...^   ..,„,,,,„„.,,"  i,','    i-;   (v  .C;,,,,"::; '^    «  '^Pf-   '"-  ■^^' 

"""■f'.r-.  I-  >.,i,|  ;l,.l  i      :..     1  •      r    :7  "  '■•"■  '""''■''  "'"'  '"' '■  1" 

.f  /^.  1-. ;;:  rv'  ij^s,.  •;V'i::r-  ,^:^  'i  "r,v'^  ''"''""^  ""■  '-'"■  -"^ 

r-  K.  A.  ^.>.,.   ij  V    u-    V-.  "'"   l"""""^""  rin,„.  „f  .„   i„ 

'.IW,/,./,    V     ^  :„■,..„;/■    'f.     1/     n     ,.  ""    '■"i|'l".N'.o    ra,i„.,|    |,v  ,1 i 

.IS-.2.  .;:  N.  M.  NO 'Li*\,r  ;/■  '"•  u;7u^  ";'■  >',•!-  .....i  .i.;  r.n  :, 

'il>*      I.;    Atl        SI    "v,  ■,,■;:     I  •    '"■''      ,"""'"'  <'    "•   /••   Co.      'm.-,    ,;;   V 

V.  N,,  ,/,,„  /..  r„   n-Mu    ..     •    i,  n     .  •V'"",'^''  •'"-""'•  "'i,        t„i,  ,,ii„i 

4  S.„..  (  t    I!,;,  Si;,,-  --^'  -^  '^^  •■''•  ■*'"•    <^!;''''-'lt.,  _..,..•»,   ,.,H   of   tl...   I,. ,■ 

OHM,  70  V.  „. ,„,  ,^; ,  ^o't,,^  •""?  p;'.^"' :  •  ^'i'"  "i"'-' '  i- 

a     lr,ij;!,t    r,„„l„rl.,r.    :,li..l„i,„'    ,,,,,    ^    •..  „  1    fj  ■'    'I'TIMnK  r„Ml„.  f. 

of     -l.rl     on     (1,0    ..M.„-„|       M     ,.■     hi        f      T        ,;■     •^''""'•    '>■•:'-'""    <l'<'f""ll"MI.|.;, 

toM......|  „„.  .,.,„„„   Zll  ,lo,",,e'  ..    .r     0,  t  oTr"'u\vn",", '','!'  T"'.  '"^   ''■^'  " 

nii,i..<l.  I.iit  ;,   „i„,|-   ,„,.,|,,  ,,,,  ,,,„  J  ,  ,„    ,        ,,■    .'*■  ""^  'i'''<l    to    t'o    n  im,*! 

in.!i.M...    ,|,r    s,,.,      u  ,,:,/;''?,,',•"     '°     ,' ■'l''""'".V''.*    ","^   "•■'■"^^   "-"'I''  ''•> 
fo,..i,l    to  ho  ..,;„„.;„.   fo„r     io,   n  ni  ;,        •         »^""''"     'f   tl'cio    bn.'    hron   n  r, 

in.  a  f..t .,..  ,1m  ',„:";:;:i;^i^;i-^;  ;;::";vV'^:^"f  ro  'f;s:m  ,rr " 

n  .1  fn,-  ..„o,,f:l,  0M(   s  .  ,lK„  on,.  :,li.,|,t-    5.17.  80  \    \V  ' ,    n         "*'''"   '""  '"" 


1 1 


W3] 


On 


CAlSAllUN. 


tlic  otlicr  liiiiiil,  ii  till'  .•.mrl,  \\\»iu  .1  rt'vic 


'lU!<l<'ll. 


if  tli»'  ulii>l« 

..lily 

tlif  liiiliilify  .  r  m  .iiliiil>ilii\  >•<  ili«'  iuh-K''  iikiv  l-   ■!• '■! 


i*  ol   the  oiiiuiou   ill  It    ii'it^"iii:il 


ill-  iiicii  I'.in  >iiU' 


ilri(t<.  tlif  I    aj  iT;;im'  c-oiifr 


AH 


I'K 


limi)  is!i  III.  is,  .VI  N    K. 


Mlrti. 


rain  I'V   iikmih 
.rniiiK  'III' 


III  ciij;!!!. 


i.nki-  aii.t    it«   (Itioth   '.10  III.  Ai.| 


;i„tl«,    Oil-    ti-liiniiMV    01 


vVii'fi-  11   i.n  ml    u.ii   liiiiti»"l   lpy  tin' 
II  n    a  Ucrrh'li.  <hii'  lillni   '">  iiilirriiit 


111  Mil 


illi'l    Unit, 


till'  !■,■—,,  iir{>iii|>ir 


i>.ii!.i-riiiLj 


ill 


.fiiff  ri'iii'liiiiK  "  '» '''''!■  '' 


tio-i  of  ili'liMi  I  .iit'«   i.nl.r   inii    I'i   liiil^ 


ini"  noiiii' 


lllll     till'     ttlll-lll'     tl  Ihl'     HICIIU 


1      I.O    lo.lll-'    ttl    till 


tjlllf 


lo 


.liilt   nil    htcaiM,  lit  tlir  lr;ifl<,     -i'l"    "f     Hih    .1.  i  i 


ml,  on    liMclii 


liiti; 


till 


ilcli.  fiillowi'il    liiiiiiil   ii;: 


<l    till'   lit 


liiiii'  i.ti 


til. 


lifmili'li.  ini'l    fill    "V'T    '"I   '•*  •")< 


illing  It",  riiv'iiir.r   ;iimI   lliriii.iii.  wliili-     I'tii'i 


till'   |illlllltitr    i«    I. (It    .r^i<'\< 


■I  llll 


llll'l 
i'\i 


IliTi-     till-    tl  "tillinry     li  li.li'il     tl) 


.l)Illl 


full 


I      till 


<llO\V   tllllt    tlliTi-   WIM   tl.l   \i-lli|.' 


■I,! 


'rark 


•IK"    < 


If  till.  r:iiN.     ,\n.iir<li 


till 


(liriii'l..    I'lil    tl'it    ill' 


i. lllll 


U'licf  of  line  rtiliii-^.  till'  licml    '"'slit  liiivr  Ih'iii  i';in*i.|  Lv  .\ 
not  will  kill','  w  lull  It  naclicil    Ljlln't,    fur    w'iili   .1.  Ii  n.lint 


lllll    till.   -I'll 


ill 


i)iii.  spinici 


1    ■■ 


-IMc 


,s.'.. 


iM    111 
U  .    /(iv/M-i 


.<!    llll 
III 


nil 


'  |l,(-  wlllil'i'N    «:l 
r,ikP<i   wil 


finrcr  wan  lniikliij^ 
ili'liin^'  tlic 


out  '•('.  ( nioi)  2;!  U.  I.  •;.  m  mi.  :•' 


Til 


A  jury   ii   Wiiii.iritnl    in    li     lii  _•   ini' 


fimihl   apiilii'il   (111  till.  hniiJ    ihe   f\liliMiuli    o(    li    "Iniin 


riic  wliulc  ili-l.uii-i-  liMVflr.l  \>i    i.iimiiii-  tii.'Kny  was  ilm 


il   III 


•  liniil  rnviiii.  afHT  il" 


triiiks  li.ft  the    ii    I'af'.'y    vahi.   M^.m    11.' 


SJ.'i  flit,     lli'lil,  lllll   till,  evi     ll'o  liiiilii-  fi'iiii 


111. 


iipi'  «u»  ^nH'iiii.nl  to  jii-iiiy  llu' 
,  Uliiviii;;  tlint  tlir  ai  limi  >'i  ll" 
I.I  .•nuir'i'rr 


jury 


llttlKl,      will    11        III 


1-      tllll 


i.kiT 


M    wiilKliiii'l   Lilly    I'lii.    lllll 


in  failing'  t"  xliiit  iiir  stiMiii    i'"'    |iii--*  Tf    of    Hlmni    U'l't    >-i'nl'l    ' 


iis  llie  «liist|i'  wa«  wiiliul.il  «^ 


f.'ly   k'|il    ii|i    i 


pioxiiiuili.   call"*! 


:)f       \hr 


ml    til' 


Vrliinlh     V.     f.'ri»i<     .Vor//i< 


It.    i'li     llll.    triiil"  ratine 


ai.il 


|!l(K)l   SO  .Minn.  ■».■>(),  S.'l  N.  W      I' 


rr''ul.'iti''l 


1    i!,. 

vvhll'll 

111     till. 

t:ii-ii..i 


K  jury  M  wa 


rranti'il  in  limliii;  tin 


liiklv 


i\'*  ilontli  was  c:ui>'iil  liy  liin  1 


niiiif-'ti  til  '.'ivr  an  imli'  ilimi  of 
ilii'M  ...li'.iiii  «a.<  firily  aliiiil  li'il 


.;    rii«liril  lirtwrin  two  Ci 


irs.  wlii.ii.  hi-    I'lTini  t>.i.  Iioili.r.     rii'ii- 


I'url.l 


,.;  i: 


!h  tonk  plapo  four  nionllis  aflir 


till     I' 


( I  SUM)  -27  ('ill',  liil,  .-li)  I". 


iilont.  ami 


I  lii«  wifr  testitii.il   I'lat  lu' 


Till 


IH'V 


■  r  ii.i'ovi'ri'i 


1    from    till'    iniiiry.      liicli    '"i" 


i|iii'-tiiin    « 


lii'll 


mil    wliil 


a     li 


11..  Till. 

.In-ion 


II     "  1- 


aliile  f'P   [I'ly.-n'i.i 


II    who   atti.ii  \ 


'l«.|iini.' 


inir    tlio    hidw 


iir 


iif 


I  \\i*  l.i^t   ilim- 


ti-.lilUil  llial   :..■  (lii'il    wa*    nt    the   joint    of    a    •  il  ii;...'    iiniuii 


it  [inr 


in.    ami    tin'    ] 


ihvsiii  in   w 


liiiini;  till'  two  [Hiiti 


llll   hiiii    for    the    injury   I 


itlfii 

ili.1t,  wliili.  it   ttn..i  a   srvrn- 


iliril    in     !■■  niirr'  i'ni     ui 


II,.  hail    f..r    till 


111     till.    !■'' 
[if    iiiii'l 


.il     lofk 


■i|       Ullllllt 


nth    Inf. Ml"    hi 


mil.    ///;, 


('.     R.     Co. 


11(1, 


iriini    till'   lioiUr    i- 
■viili. 


fur     till 


J^i'.v 


mul;    .\Ii>-. )    2(1   So. 


TliO. 


Ii'iiilins  lo  show  tllllt  lli''ii.  hail 
ll..  ili.fi'i  I    anil   Ir.il-iii'..  of  w:iti.r 


Wlirif.  ;in  ini|ilinr<'  was  proi 


close  till'  iliior  of  an 


rli' 


itor. 


.niliiif.'  1. 
,1-1  it   nil-    I 


it  tl 


i(>  iimi'ii    1 


tiiv    ihiva    ln.fii 


thn 


|o;iiin.  anil  that  rrpairs 


hail 


M»  (Inly  lo  do,  Init   wa 
to    wail 


s  (Hriili'il  hv  till 


,  iiiTiMin.  an 


i|  thai    ^-ll.■ll   a    iih 


f..|. 

il.iiiitiir.    not    ol.siTvint.'    that    tlio    iloiii 


int.    and    tin-    'nunfc  and    d.inL'i'ioiis  -i  n-l  rii!.tii)n 


adp 
,111 
mil 


hi 


opni.  h'H'ki.il  tIiroii;,'h  while  rii'^'a 
ll  fell  down  tho  shaft. 


[Ilk. 


.ible  to  -livi.  w,iy  and  i-ni-i.  an  ixpl" 
'•n,  in  tlio  ali.-i'iii-B  of  i-viilir"r  on  I  In' 
art  of  the  owner  to  sh.ow  Iho  cliannl.' 


laid  that  tho  qiirslion  whiU'iT  Ui.      "f  tho  i-.Npl 


I  ilmc    of    tlic    I'lnpl'. 

;'roinptn(.ss  in  olosiiif;  tho  door  was 


to    net    wii' 
lh. 


iipo. 


if   aiiv,   was  lirol.pn. 


[tnd   what    p:\rt    of   t 


Sulli.an    \. 


It.  Cn.    (Hn:!)    7   App.  Div.  iJ^IS. 


iliL'rnco  of  a  follow   sonant,  or  o 


f  tho    li>  K.  Y. 


Mipp, 


SI. 


..[■■ii.lant.  a- 


hoiii.'  caused  liv  tho  ooin  Whovo    a    I'ni 


".iiu!   of   thr    foiniian. 
lor  tlip  jury      //.  (Vioi. 


fj!:,;-linn     iiiop'. 


of  a  n'.iilt 


irrod    in    an    upper 
mill,  and  verv 


idi 


'"o    V.  Ilahii    -hortly    aftorv.ari 


Is    the    lino     lusl    ex 


ii 

1  ■ 

!   ■ 
t 

1: 
V. 

1    1 

'J226 


MASTER  AND  SEKVANT. 


[chap.  XI 


ii  matter  of  law.^  This  principle  is  nianifc^tiv  takon  for  grniuod 
all  the  cases  in  which  ©nirts  have  declared  the  acr.ioii  to  1m\  ;■>  m, 
ter  of  law,  iiut  maintainable.     See  notes  to  the  last  two  occlious. 


il  ; 

Ii  '•  ; 


llii'' 


m  TV 


1^  ill 

1       !! 


i 


B.    IXTEUVKMXQ    CALHES. 

806.  Generally.—  It  fn^nicntlv  happons  that  the  crucial  quf^ti^ 
upon  which  llu'  pnixiniilv  or  r  ■nintcuc-s  of  causafinn  liiii;;('> 
whether  ur  not  iIh'  I'^ual  cuiiiicci  inn  hetwccii  tlic  nc,:;li,i:('rifi'  iillff 
and  the  injurv  v>M-fi\(il  wji-  lii'dki-ii  l>y  sonic  inti'rvi'ninir  dcciiitoh. 
This  qnc-tii'ii  is  an  c.xtrcniclv  ci'iiiplcx  and  diliicidt  unc,  aiul  \]io  . 
t(  iii|)ts  tci  ofWr  ir  unclcr  various  circiun-tanccs  have  pnjdincil  a  m\ 
lilndc  of  (Icci-sions  wliicli  it  is  ini|iossi!jk'  to  ncnncile.'     Fnr  the  pi 


pliidcil  in  a  room  <m  the  llonr  bolow. 
v.hicli  Hii-i  (iiniii'i'Uil  uitli  tlic  ii|';iii' 
nmlll  liV  11  cluill'.  :lll(l  il  V,  :)S  slliiwn  lll.ll 
the  sali'ty  :\iii>li:iiRi'  in  ilii'  fliuti'  wliicli 
Ilie   ein]ili\\<r    li;ul    ])ii>\  iiicil    to    pi-.-vc  !it 

tlu^   SIUTl'l    "•"    0,0    UilS    out    I't    OllliS,    till' 

jury  \<  !-  Ill  1.1  to  lie  wiirnuiiil  in  (Iml 
in;j;  Ui:i!  llic  <'\|ilo-iiin  \v:w  iliic  to  tlic 
ciiililovi  r's  iiciiliM't  to  |iii|  fniiii  lii.1  duty 
of  kcepia;.'  this  a|)|ili:iii'e  in  order. 
Wirdriiiiiii  V.  Uni^irtl  (  IllOD)  50  Ajip. 
lliv.   .3.-.S.  07   N.   Y.   Supi..  ::!8. 

In  an  aetion  liy  a  ^criaiit  for  in 
Jnrios  siislained  in  the  o|>  ;  oinn  of  nin 
(■hincr>".  evideiiee  that  lli"  ~liaft  was  at 
vest  when  pliiiiiiir  wa--  cilleil  to  -liarpeii 
the  knives  of  the  iiiailiiue  of  v.liicli  tin' 
shaft  was  a  part,  and  while  so  doiiiu 
(he  shaft  was  set  in  motion  liy  the  beil 
slipping'  fnnii  the  dearl  pulley  onto  a 
live  oil",  and  ,ilniiitifr  was  thereby  liurt. 
is  siillieient  1o  send  to  the  jiiry  the  issue 
of  the  proxiiMati-  eai>-e  of  the  injury. 
SInlzrr  v.  -larab  Dold  l'iicl;ing  Co. 
I  llinO)   Rt   ^!o.  .\pp.  .'iC"). 

The  infer- nee  thai  defendant's  ne^'PC't 
eaused  the  injury  to  plaintiff  for  which 
suit  is  hrou'^iit  is  justilie(l  by  evidence 
tliat  the  front  wheels  of  a  ear  used  in 
ilifendanfs  coal  mine  were  of  different 
-i/e-.  and  that  the  ear  jumped  the  main 
liael;  for  wliicli  the  switeli  was  set,  te 
!  side  trai'k  on  whi'li  the  olaint  iff  was 
-Madinir  to  be  eni  of  the  way.  fioulli 
iri\lnn  Coal  rf  ltni»<)V.  Co.  v.  I'ohr 
(1S!)7)  1.")  Tex.  Civ.  App.  .104.  .3!)  S.  W. 
1017. 

In  nn  action  by  a  railway  servan' 
asjainst  a  company  other  than  that 
which  employed  him.  the  question 
whether  Me;,dit;enee  of  defiaidant'-s  fla;; 
man  in  pvinj;.  wiii-imt  raii<e.  a  si;Tnal 
to  the  engineer  of  a  bny  train  of  empty 


ears  to  slop,  in  acting  on  which  si^ii 
as  il  was  the  duty  of  the  en'.'iMi.cr  to. 
llie  car-  were  piled  up  and  Ihruwn  i,\ 
the  adjiininj.'  track,  into  whiih  pile  t 
train  on  whieli  plaintill's  te-tatc  « 
eniiinier  ( belon<.'in,K  to,  and  opcMt 
li!a',  the  other  train,  liy  another  tli 
ilcfendaiit),  then  coininp;  aloii^'.  i 
and  occasioned  his  death,  wa.s  tlie  ]iro 
mate  catise  of  the  accident,  was  iiild 
be  for  the  jury.  Thuinus  v.  Vttilrut 
Co.    (lilflO)    l!r4  Pa.  oil.  45  .\tl.  344. 

In  an  action  by  a  brakeman  a^Mi; 
in  expre-s  company,  it  was  held  i!i 
the  (piestion.  whether  or  not  an  iniii 
r'-eeived  while  he  was  standing.'  in  t 
diHir  of  a  ba;;;;i:;e  ear.  fioni  Ijim 
-truck  liy  a  ehiile  used  to  transf.r  1.; 
L'a^'e  from  one  train  to  .another,  as  o 
nil  came  in  contact  with  a  car  up 
another  track,  wa.s  the  proximate  ri'<i 
of  allowinjr  the  end  to  pri>ject  hevi 
the  car,  was  for  the  jurv.  li,<i;( 
Cxp.  Co.  V.  li'ixlcii  (IS!l!l)"l7n  111.  :'! 
">.3  X.  K.  r,5S,  Afiirmin^'  dSHS)  77  1 
.\pi>.  476. 

See  also  I'klqcon  v.  Lonn  Islnnd 
Co.  (1805)  S7  Hun,  4r).  r^  N.  Y.  Sii] 
S70,  where  it  was  hold  that  the  i\i.lf;i 
sustained  the  verdict  of  the  juiy  t!i 
the  want  of  repairs  on  a  trark  cnii- 
I   derailment. 

'Mcdill  V.  Mniiir  li  \.  II.  drniiit,  i 
'  niOO)  70  X.  H.  l:i."i.  S.'i  Am.  !?t.  1', 
.18,  40  Atl.  684. 

'According  to  a  recent  case  in  t 
■'ederal  court  of  a|)peals,  "the  iiiilrinii 
■nt  intcrveninir  cause  that  will  provi 
1  recovery  on  account  of  .lie  act  or  on! 
~ion  of  a  wronirdix'r  must  be  a  cnii 
■Ahich  interrupts  the  natural  seipion 
of  events.  Turns  aside  their  con;  ■■.  pi 
vents   the   natural   and    probable   rc:  t 


t'l 


fALSAlloN. 


2'227 


than 


f  the  pro-.,t  tronli^o,  it  will  ho  unr.---^iry  U.  -lo  n^oro 

;,,  ,.„.  eon.ia....d  under  tin.  1  ■''-;;-;; ,; ,,  ;:,:,,,,a :.,. 

,,iplp.  involved  may  be  a..e.TUuii>'d  Ln  uni.-ulin-,, 

£;;-;:^:iti;:s::-^^i  ^^'^  -' '^' ■ '■'■• 

,1  nro     f,nMul  tn  1...  tlio  proviiiniti-  c.Mi-r  of  tt.o 
oftheori=rinaln--toro,n,-^,on   .    Ipn^     ^  ;■;  |  J,      „„,,.,J   ..l.,uly     too     nn.-f. 


Allanlic    I'-    Co. 


Iliiiilillioll 

■„;„„  /'.   /.'.   ro.   V    r,,»...,/i'."    (   s  •        '>r-;,i„,  „,  ,„„„,„„,  i.  lial.10  f..r  ,K.r- 
liC  C  A.  20-,.  12  U.  S.  Api>.  '>i\-  f '  1  '  ',•    ,-,,■.,;„;„,■■„. ^  su-iuiu.a  l.y  an  .mpl-y.'" 

thaftlif  P.oxin.atpc,...-eisii('t  alu.'N-.       '  ''  ,„^,    ,„,,.f,,nniii-  In^  .liit..-s 

,~tinliiii.-or  pla'-e  to  tl.c  .■lU>rt  It  1.10     a  ,v,-;.,i-.r   «t.o    «a> 

ju,."-   n„.l   that,   "i,i   the  seMxr-'™  of     '     \^',,  .",  i'i.,^-  „,,..«..   f.o.u  th-  t.a.k 


.„ .    V     --  .      ,,.o         Whr.c    .l-f.n.l.nt     .M-tip'"!  Iv    ''"t    ">' 


t.  ana  that,  if  th-'.-o  «as  a.iv  ».....^       -        ■      ..  ,,, 
ful  o;   m.,li!:-..t    aoL    in    the   .-ha.n    o     /.|.m?    '      j^/.^i^  ,3  .ui.  4:;o. 

,,..,. :f;,l    or    m'ijlig.Hl.    a*-'"-    »1'°"''^    '^ 


il 


ftiSii 


illli 

if 

ii- 


iv1 


if 

1 1* 


If 


flii 


li'i 


i '. 

1 

;:! 

Kii'. ! ' 

1 

i 

1 

1 

^t, 

^ni 


'!    t 


If' 


222!) 
have 


MASTEU  AND  SKIiVANT. 


llll.Vl'. 


n  Pxppctofl.  tlie  decisions  under  this  Lead  cannot  ei-il 
rccoucikii  upon  tiic  facts.* 


(a)    Liubility  donri/.— Xou'Iipcnco  o' 
the   oiij^'iiiccr  of  one   •■jilioiJil   train    in 
nioiiM.u'  Ilia  en-rine  towiirln  the  cros^in" 
of  anotlii-r  railroad  I.elore  a  tr.iiii  on  thu 
cros.-ii.f;  lins  entirely  |wssc,l   i,  „i,t   tlio 
proMina'c  ciuse  cf  mi   injurv  1o  a   fire- 
man on  till,  former  train  r-nltiii"  from 
the  hitler  train  sii.ldcnlv  an, I  nn"\iH>et- 
edly    liiiekins   iiftiT   havinir   elenivd    the 
trneU-.     /i,/,,w,9  filij.  M.  d:  U.  It.  Co.  v. 
hucU;i  (18%)    114  .\la.  l.-ii,  21  So.  444. 
I'ailiiiv  of  (lie  yard  master  to  pn.).,.!  ly 
make  uji  ,i  liMiii.  iind  to  iii.|,,.,t  i|,e  (.„rg 
and    reiiN'dy   the  (ijiuliddn   of  (he  lui'de 
eoek  and  the  nir  hose  of  one  of  the  e.il-s, 
IS  too  remote  to  furnish  a  ^.-roiiml  of  re- 
eovorj-  :i;,Min,t  the  eomp.inv  hv  a  frei;4lit 
eondiKtnr.  fur   injuries  sintai'ned  in  Tit- 
temptiiij;  to  elo-e  .-i  .h'fvnh^  ;,n-Ie  eoek 
while  rcirr,.!!;;!!!,!.'  the  train  iind  puttin" 
the    iiir    e;irs    to;;,.tliei-.    hv    the    en-iiie 
ptnhiii;,'  the  eiir,   back   against   the  one 
he    Hiis    working,'    ii|x)n.       .S'/.    Loni.^    d 
N.   /■'.   /■*.   Co.  V.   .V(/,so)i    (1SI)!I(    20    lex 

Civ.  .\pi>.  -,:!(!.  40  s.  \v.  ;i(». 

Where  n  swililiiiKin.  netin^'  under  a 
Midden  impulse.  :ind  in  the  iiii-t  iken  l)e- 
Iief  that  a  .switch  is  wion^dv  set  for 
a  train  approjiehiiip:  on  the  m"iin  track, 
ma!iipiihiti-<  it  so  as  to  throw  that  train' 
on  a  sidinsr,  llienhy  eausin^  the  deatli  of 
an  eiii.'ineer,  it  i.s  net  error  to  refuse  to 
sul.niit  to  the  jury  the  qur-st  Ion  whel  licr 
the  ecniiKiny  wa.s  m  j.'li;;ent  in  failiii-  to 
adopt  a  rule  requiring;  switches  to~  he 
locked,  and  switchmen  to  he  at  their 
posts  wlien  trains  were  passing'  on  the 
lii.iiii  ir.ick,  JJiiri.c  V.  Kijnicu.i-.  II  ,{• 
.V,  ).  /;.  Co.  I  ISO.!)  6!)'  Hun  21  ■^;{ 
N.   V.  Siipn.  4.5S. 

A  dcclaialion  allej.o'n2  that  the  iiin.s- 
ter  n'-f-li-eiilly  erected  a  hoaulin;.'  in  a 
street,  and  left  a  machine  in  a  puMtion 
in  which  it  was  likely  to  cause  dan'jer 
to  the  workmen,  and"  that  a  cart  acci- 
dentally ran  ajninst  the  lioardlns'.  and 
knocked  down  the  machine  against  the 
plaint iir,  dfHs  not  show  (hat  the  in- 
jury was  the  proximate  result  of  the 
neidi'jcnco  specilied.  A.<sfi(,p  y  ),iip<i 
(18.-)S)  2  Tlurlst.  &  N.  708.  27  I,  J. 
Exch.  N.   ,'*.   I.-ifi. 

The  fact  tliat  the  hanger  of  u  slidin;; 
door  is  defective  and  con-sequentlv  dill'i^ 
cult  to  move  is  n- I.  ii,  law,  the'proxi- 
mate  ei'iise  of  an  injurj-  to  tlie  le^-  of 
an  euiphyee  wlio.  wliil?  monng  it  with 
the  help  of  a  coemide.ri-c.  lo^os  his  l,.il 
an.e  and  falls  from  a  sie.d  wiiich  he  has 
iLCuutcd   in  Older  to  lie  in  a  more  ad- 


rnntapfpom  position  for  pushin;;  it 
tri/  v.  .1 //,(■)■  ,c(i)i  tUj,,  f,j.  (ls;)3,  s 
352.  .^2  Atl.  0(15. 

'Hid  fact  that  sawdust  is  allmv, 
aecnmiilate  u]»m  u  hull,  r  is  u„| 
proximate  cmse  of  an  iiiinr\  i„  , 
ant  who.  while  eliinhiii!;  a  lad  !  r  f, 
purpose  of  reiiK.viiij.'  the  san,.-,  i,i 
reason  of  the  defective  ccmilil  i.-n  ,, 
ladder.  Luiiiollc  v.  Ili,,i,x  ils'ii 
.Mich.  54.^.  i;:i  X.  \V.  517.' 

Scndinu'  an  ein|doyee  awav  and  i 
his  work  hy  a  smaller  and  ucakir 
IS  not  the  proximate  cause  of  an  ii 
to  aiioth.-i  employee  from  the  full 
post  which  they  were  enframed  in  sci 
wliere  the  post  did  not  fall  h,  ,;,i|. 
his  lack  of  sirenu'th,  hut  hccaiiv  oi 
slippinir  of  such  cmplovee  tliroii-li 
character  of  the  jrround  on  wlj.l 
was  oldi;;.  (I  to  stand.  Ilinilcr  v  ft.. 
CilH  d  'I.  II.  d  ItrUlqc  Co.  (IS'is 
C..Q.  A.  200.  5t  U.  S.  App.  05.!,  S5 

No  causal  connection  between  the 

Ii^'cnee  eliar;:(d  and  the  injurv  is  ^l( 

'i.y  a   complaint    ia   which   tin"  alm-r 

risks   sjH'citicd    were   that   a    pa-i-. 

only  10  inches  in  width  was  pr<,vi.!,"| 

tween  a  crane  and  a  deep  moiil.lin- 

aiid  (hat  the   pit  wis  left  unrov,T,"l 

which   the   injury   was   alle;,'ed  to  li 

heen    received,    owin;,-    to   the    fact  t 

llie    plaintilT    stnmhicd,    while    «al', 

alon;;   the   nannw    passai;e.    and,   in 

endeavor   to   re;Lrain   his  liilancv.  can 

his  hand  in  the  wlicels  of  tlie  crane    ' 

court  ha.sed  its  rulin.','  on  the  thmrv  t 

tlie  stunihlin?  was   tin-  pr.iximaic'ii 

of   till'   acciilent;    that,    as    the    |,:.~. 

was  not  iusuirjeicnt   for  the  pur|Kis,. 

wliich  it  was  used,  and  was  not  enn 

hercd  or  olistructed  thruiieh  the  ili  t^ 

am':*    fault,    this    stumhlin;.'   niii-t   h 

hecn  caused  by  pure  aceiilent  or  Lv  ri 

'ijf'ice  on  the  jdaiiililfs  part,  ami  t! 

II  did  not  apiiear  that  the  result  wn 

have  iK'on  dillerent   if  the   pit   ha.l  i« 

'•overed.      The    sufruestion    that,    if   t 

pit  had  been  covered,  the  p.aiiKilV  v.ci 

eot  have  i;ras|M.il  the  crane  for  sii|,;,r, 

hut  would  have  allowed   himself  to'  f 

on  the  cover,  was  rejected  as  hein^'  im 

speculation,   and    not    averment;   hut 

was    declared    that,    if    this    had    he 

avcried.  the  complaint   wouhl  still  lia 

been  had.      (lirrr  v.  TiintitiH    (ISIll) 

Sc.   Scs.s.   Cas,   4th   s„rio=.  21. 

Where  a  servint  enL'at'ed  in  renvinir 
derrick  across  tlie  uncovered  gii.ki-  . 


i800) 


CAUSATION'. 


222U 


809.  Culpable  acts  of  responsible  actors;  negligence  of  coservants. 
_In  a  third  class  of  oase.  the  intcrvriiiuL;  u.vurro.uos,  the  oil.ut  ot 
«-hich  is  in  question,  resulted  from  the  cuipal.lo  acts  -1  re.i...n,,hl. 
.ctors      The  negligent  acts  whid.  the  cmrts  have  eunsulered  imn, 


,he  first  floor  of  a      liLlin-,',  afUT  the 

,,,.n.r  Iw.l    i-ronii-..,!   t..   fiirm-sl.    inori- 

,  iViik-    f.ll  into  tlif  cillar  l>y  n-ason  ot 

s  t.i'.t   rilipi.inw   fri.m   tin'   iliril.T  uih)" 

i.i,.!,  lie  hail   l-latvil   it   williout  .ii.].rL- 

,.,.lin"  any    .lander   tlicr.from.    it    uas 

,1,1  tlwt  no  acliun  could  lie  niaintaint-d, 

.,„,.,.     iukUt    ^*uch    circiniistanccs.    the 

fill  WW  Milt   v\u<i-'\  1>V  till-  iiisiillici.'ncy 

i,  the  nuinhcr  of  the  planks   or  a  d.-frct 

.,  the  ciowhar  or  llu-  di-rncU.  hut  sun- 

"iv  by  a  nii-'>alpulalion  on  his  jMit  n" 

■„"his  po»iti(.ii.   and   his  aoi'idcnlal   ^lll> 

i,„m    the    L'inler.      IhiUuian    v.    I  ii<-n 

Tniy<'nZ.I,-y(.'o.(Um)    133  Mo.  470, 

;.j  S.  \V.  2110.  .  .     ,        ,. 

Ihe    violation    of    a    nuinieipal    or.li- 

ince  a.s  to  the  spcod  of  a  sUvet  lailuiy 

ir    or  as   to  the  spaie   re(iiiired   to   be 

,„„intoined   lKtw.><-n  two  ears  anveii   i  . 

■he  same  direetion.  did   not   render   the 

..rai.Kinv  liahle  for  an  injury,  whiih  ua:* 

Uietothe  faet  that  a  suileliinan.  lear- 

.,.r  a  kiek    from   the   l.ors.'s   of   an   ap- 

■iioaehinir   ear,    stepped    haek    sudd.-nl.v, 

S.d    „,iswleulatin^'  the   distance   in   his 

.nfusion.  yol    too  near  tho  oilier  tiaek 

ml    was     slniek     hy     a     pa>-iii^_    <'ar. 

;;,omp.soii    V.    ri/i:.i,s'    S'/.rW     /,      to. 

18!)0)    l.')2   Ind.  41)1,  .->3  N.  K.  4oJ. 

(bl   l.iobiUI'l  .i//ir»i«(/.— Ree.ivery  has 

k.en  allowed   where  the  plaintill.  owins 

10   an    act    of    nii^jndLinieut.    eaus.^l    a 

Vavv   pii'ee   of   niaehinery   to  fall    upon 

liimsilf.     Sclnilt-x.  Il,arr,r,k  lt>:\.  Co. 

.1897)   180  Wx.tli.  ■M\  Atl    j.ilt. 

Where  an  en^jiiin-r  was  oblipeil  to  re- 
v..i>p  his  engine,  wliieh  was  leaviiiu  the 
liaik  hecause  <,f  the  d.'fe.'live  eoiiditioji 
.1  the  track,  and  was  theiel.y  in.iureil. 
the  neglect  of  the  company  to  ke.'p  Us 
iraok  in  repair  was  the  proximate  eause 
.f  the  injury,  aiid  plaint ilT  may  reeover. 
KmvP  v'.  SioiiJ-  Cilij  it  /'.  A".  <'o.  (  ISS.  ) 
71  Iowa.  41,  32  X.  W.  1^.  I'onn.T  Aj  - 
l«il  (1SS4)  6.1  Iowa,  91.  uO  Am.  ,  t. 
lien,  1.  21   N.  W.  IPS.  „     „    ,> 

In  yn\\cM  V.  ItichtKUful  A  D.  R.  < _'>. 
11803)  59  Ved.  419.  where  defects  in  tne 
.limine  hrake  and  the  reverMii^  of  tiie 
lever  caused  injury  to  a  brakeman.  while 
.ounlinK,  it  was  held  that  the  enjiineer 
might  have  controlled  the  movements  of 
his  engine  by  means  of  the  tender  brake  ; 
ut  he  was"  held  to  Iw  justified  in  act- 
ing on   the  assumption   that   by    using 


caiilii.:.  he  mi^'ht  niakn  the  d.  tutive  ap 
pliaiui-^   work   iiroperlv. 

While    til.-    rvi.liiiie    was    that    pi.iiu 

tilV's    iiiti->l.ile.    \^lici    w;i--    emplovil    .i' 

^wite!.lllan  in  del.iidinl'.-  yard,  w.  nt    in 

between   twi>  car-    to   make   a   eia;|iluij:. 

and,  h.ivini;  eni„plrled   it.  attempted  to 

step  out    upon   the   planUinj.'   in   a    hm!i- 

wav   CM..--iiiu';    that  the   pl.inl-s   w-ie   so 

uneven    thai    lii-    fool   eauylit  or  .-lii>prd 

lli.ivmi,   and    lie   was   tlmnvn    lui.li  r    the 

,.:irs:    that,    as    ho    slippe.l,    he   .i;r.isped 

the  ^ir.i'i-irini.   and  ende.ivored   to  jump 

out   from  under  the  ear,  and  was  alxait 

loaeccmi.li~!i  tlii-.  when  his  foot  slipiH-d 

into  »  hule  beH.iiii  Uio  ends  of  two  lies 

and   he   was    inn   over  by   the   ears   and 

kill.'d.— it    was   lu  hi  the   court   proiH-rly 

•    I't   it   to  the  jury  to  ilet.Tmiue  whether 

i!   ■  coielilioii  of 'ihi-  pi, ink  at   the  crass 

ill.'    .1,1^  the   pro\in;.iU'   eau-e  of  tlie   in- 

;„Tv.      Il<n-i<:k   v.  (fuiiiUy    (I90ll)    41    C. 

'{'.  "a.    2:ll.    101     l''ed.    1S7.      The    court 

took    the    position    tliat    such    wiileinv 

tnided   to    -how   that    llie    s,.i-vant    never 

recovered   liom   the  ,1  ni-er.uis  sitii.itiua 

in  which  he  liad  lutn   placed  by  the  de 

fective  iilankiii;.'. 

A  jury  is  wariMiited  in  finding  that 
there  was  no  interpo.-itioii  of  any  ne.v 
,.1;.!  independent  cause  which  would  re- 
li.'u'  the  d.tendaiit  company  from  lia- 
liilitv  for  defects  in  its  trick,  where  the 
evi.UMiee  tended  to  show  that  a  train, 
while  runnin-  down  a  gra.le.  parted 
owin"  to  those  defects,  and  it  was 
pi-oveil  that  a  tank  of  ■.'a.soline  was 
hurst  open  bv  a  snh-c<iueiit  collision  be- 
luien  the  two  sc'Ctions,  and  that  the 
conductor,  when  lie  came  forward  with 
)ii-  lant.rn.  was  killed  by  an  cxploMcn. 
(■;,■(■././()  r;.  \\.  li.  Co.  v.  /Vice  (1899) 
3H  ('.'('.  A.  239.  97  l"ed.  423. 

it  is  not  iie;;li,L:ence  for  a  fellou  serv- 
,,nt  to  (,|K.r.ile  iiiac'liineiy  on  the  assunip- 
ii.,n  that  it  is  in  'iood  condition.  Hence 
the  ilel.riivc  eoiiililien  of  tlie  Ininipor  of 
;i,  freijit  car,  and  not  the  cn.L'inifr'a 
act.  is  Ihe  proximate  cause  of  an  injury 
due  to  the  deadwood-  meeting  and  crush- 
in.-  plaiiitilT.  where  the  moving  car  was 
lieTii"  backed  at  a  rate  of  speed  which 
,\(:nia  not  have  bron!:ht  the  deadwoods 
ioi;ether  if  the  bumper  had  been  in 
order  C.oodiuh  v.  -Yfic  Yoil:  C.  i  H. 
It.   li.   Co.    (ISiJO,    UG  N.   Y,  398,  5  L. 


t    ■■»! 


il( 


V, 


i!<ij 


I 


2230 


MASTKU  AXlJ  Stat\ANT. 


(cii.vp. 


fii;:      I 


!■;"-. 


I! 


liii 

til  1 


!f!^ 


lijii 


■i-  !i; 


^  1    i 
1^  III 

1-11;. 


this  point  of  view  hnve  Ixcn  citlicr  those  of  fellow  servants  or  t 
of  the  injured  sorvani  liiiii!<clf. 

In  0  few  decisions  courts  luive  recognized,  more  or  less  oxplle 


R.  A.  750,  15  Am.  St.  Hop.  410.  22  N. 
W.  ;!97. 

The  s<T\iints  of  a  iniiiiii<;  coniivmy 
have  tlip  rivlit  to  a.ssunii>  llint  a  \ivt- 
iii;inriii  platronn  built  for  thoir  use 
ii|)»n  ono  of  till-  levels  of  the  mine,  anil 
likely  to  lie  sulijccted  to  the  strain 
rau^f'l  ly  e\|>lo-<ion.s  in  the  shaft  be- 
iienlli  it,  will  stand  the  test  to  which 
the  onliiiarv  operations  of  the  mine  sub- 
ject it.  Such  ordinary  ojierations  can- 
not be  regarded  as  constituting  an  in- 
tcrviiiing  Ciiuse.  Siiii::Ll  v.  (hiannh 
Iron  <o.  (1898)  118  Mich.  149,  74  N. 
\V.  4SS. 

The  fact  that  the  immediate  cause  of 
a  servant's  coming  into  contact  with  nia- 
ehinerj'  which  should  have  bct-n  guarded 
was  a  sli[>  or  a  stumble  will  not  rendci- 
the  master's  negligence  a  remote  cause 
of  the  iiijurv.  I.nic  v.  American  Mfij. 
Co.  (1001)  KiO  Jlo.  (108,  61  S.  \V.  (178: 
Snift  d  Co.  V.  Iloloubeic  (  1900)  CO  .Veb. 
784.  84  \.  W.  249  (judgment  reversed 
on  r.'liearing  [lOOl]  02  \eh.  31,  86  N. 
\V.  iiOO.  but  not  on  this  point).  See, 
however,  tlie  i)rivious  subdivision  of  this 
note,  wlierc  some  cases  involving  the 
siiniliir  r'irciiin-t.ince  of  a  slip  are  citnl. 

The  fact  that  the  surgeon  who  acted 
for  till-  cmiildv  and  anipulatnl  an  in 
jnrrd  employee's  I«'g  m.iy  have  been  mis- 
taken as  to  the  necessity  of  such  ampu- 
tation will  lint  prevent  a  recovery 
against  the  employer,  .vhere  the  servant 
himself  was  guilty  of  no  negligence  in 
obtaining  or  sulmiitting  to  the  amputa- 
tion. SI.  I.uiii'i  tt-  .S'.  /•'.  It.  Co.  v.  Uoiih; 
(1894;  Tex.  Civ.  App.)    25  S.  \V.  101.' 

A  railway  company's  non|H'rfornmnee 
of  its  duty  to  furnish  an  employee,  whu 
had  bix'n  sent  out  to  r(p;iir  a  wrecked 
car,  with  the  means  of  traiisportatinii 
to  some  phuv  where  he  could  jirocure 
food  and  shelter,  was  he-Id  to  be  the 
proximate  cause  of  a  sickness  contracted 
while  he  was  walking  by  night,  in  ex- 
tremely cold  weather,  to  a  villag  9 
miles  distant.  Hchumalccr  v.  St.  i  uul 
£  D.  It.  Co.  (1891)  46  Minn.  39,  12  L. 
R  A.  2.-.7,  48  N.  W.  559.  The  court 
said:  "There  was  no  intervening  inde- 
pendent cause  of  the  injury,  for  nil  of 
the  acts  done  by  the  plaintilT,  in  his 
effort  to  seek  protection  from  the  in- 
clement and  dangerous  wraither,  «ere 
legitimafr.  am!  rninp.cllpfi  hy  .l.-.f.-n.l.uu'- 
failure  to  reconvey  liim  to  the  city.  Had 


he  remained  at  the  caboose,  and  1..- 
hands  or  his  feet,  or,  perhaps,  hi- 
liy  freezing,  no  doubt  could  e.\i.t  o 
defendant's  liability.  It  mn>t  m 
permitted  to  escape  the  coii-.c(|ii.  hm 
its  wrong  because  the  injuiie,  u,, 
ceived  in  an  elfort  to  avoid  the  t!i 
ened  danger,  or  because  tiny  .li;l. 
form  or  seriousness  from  iIim-i.  ■, 
might  have  resulted  had  the  phi 
made  no  such  effort. " 

The  employer  is  not  allownl  to  ,- 
icsfionsibility  where  the  intcrvi-iiin. 
which  was  the  immediate  ean>.'  i.t 
injury  wa-s  done  under  the  iiiilii.M, 
men*  il  ptMtnrbation  induced  U\  t,,. 
geious  conditions  eoiiiplained  "oi.  ( 
paie  }§  358-30 Id,  ante. 

A  railway  company  is  not  i\rii., 
the  fact  that  the  plaintlH'.  an  eii-ii 
in  his  excitenont  jumped  ficmi  In- 
gine,  when,  had  he  remaiuiil  !i|hi 
he  might.  |>erhaps.  have  i>ra|«.|  ni 
from  a  collision  due  to  the  n,  .Ij; 
of  an  incom|>etent  switeh-icinli  i. 
Tciinrstmr,  \.  £  (J.  It.  Co.  v.  (,i 
(1883)    12  Lea,  40. 

It  cannot  be  .said,  as  matter  nf 
I  hat  the  unlawful  rate  of  spnvl  at  v, 
an  engine  is  running  is  not  th.-  |ii 
mate  cause  of  an  injury  ri<civ..|  I 
laborer,  who,  in  seeking  to  •.•.i  <>ii 
the  way  of  an  engine  wliich  i":i,.  -  i 

liim  suddenly,  slips  upon  soi ii>i>v 

ice  near  the  track  and  is  stnuk  l'\ 
engine.  Croiiliii  v.  Iliiilimih,,!.  < 
it  .V.  /?.  Co.  (1885)  ti5  Iowa.  (i> 
X.  \V.  467,  22  X.  \V.  918. 

That  a  boy  killed  by  a  [nnjcd  iri_' 
in  a  stone  quarry  falling  fidiii  lii.n, 
crushing  him.  in  the  exciicn  ini  cif 
moment  lost  his  pie^'iiee  uf  mind, 
in  an  honest  elTort  to  save  his  lif, 
mistake  pursued  the  course  to  lo-i 
is  no  excuse  for  the  iiegliireiicc  of 
foreman  in  not  remi>viiig  the  rnck  w 
caused  the  disaster.  .Uc.t/  llau  \h. 
Co.  V.  Hhulc  (1890)  89  Tenn.  US 
S.  \V.  479. 

In  an  action  against  a  railKj.nl 
jiersonal  injuries,  defendant's  neglii; 
was  the  ]»r(ixiiiiate  c.in-e  of  the  iriiii 
if  the  tiieiiiaii  of  i.iie  of  (lefeiiil.i 
trains,  apprehensive  <.f  dan;jer  In.v 
the  train  did  not  stop  ulieii  signalc 
do  so.  caused  the  iiijiiries  by  juin] 
fro-ii  thu  engine  against  tlii'  jii::: 
while   he   was   enjjayed   in   .epaiiiii;; 


CAUS>AXU)N. 


•iZM 


,he  principle  tlint  n  ninsier  is  nut  prot.vtc-d  hy  tl.o  fact  tliat  iho  m 
;,n\va,  imineaiatoly  due-  t-  tho  n.j^ii.rnee  of  a  t.41.  v  servant,  .1  th. 
,„;rii^sion  of  tluit  negligence  miglit  reasonably  l.ave  been  aiiii.n 
patcd.'     The  (lillieiilly  of  tixing  ihe  boundary  between  the  a.va  ol 

f,.„,l;mt'=.  tra.U-.  ./.r  A  s»u  vfloln  ~'on 
n  A  S.  A.  I.:  (■«.  (IHHO  !.0  IfX.  .1.2, 
'i  s   \V.  :i">.   AlVin.iin'-'   i  .SlMl)    U    I 'A. 

,'iv.  Ai'i..  OS.-,.  ;t7  s.  \v.  -!'■>■ 

The  tact  that  a  fir.Mii,  ii  iimip^  "pm 
,„,.i!"iiM-  in  onl'i'  >"  "^'1'''  >l"-  '•ir>:'''-^ 
,f  a  ciUi-idii,  vvliiili  li«'  ^'''''^  '"  '«■  "," 
...n.liii".  «il!i  "11  (.'■■I  nut  inn  on  thf 
inick.  i!i..'^  not  l.r.-Mktli,M-liaiiiof  .MU-a- 
ticn  hi'twirn  tlic  iiiimv  ami  <lii-  "''i-'"- 
..etic  LO  vvliirli  tlic  ohM i ir'li..ii  was  .hi.'. 
!,",;,„,,  V.  7V.V,.  a  /;.  '.V  Co  Ms.S 
•,n  La.  Ann.  4U0.  0!)  Am.  t?t.  R<'1>.  I.'O. 
':)  So.  4fn.  . 

\  raihvav  emi-lny.v  iiijurcl  hy  tailing 
in'iii  a  ear  willimit  fault  on  liw  part. 
Hhili.  olifvin'.'  the  i-oiiductor's  iliivrtion 
;orun  fonvanl  ami  fiivc  warniiijj  to  ].rf;> 
vent  a  colliMoii  tliat  has  bccoiiu-  iimiii- 
„Pnt  l«T.a'«i-  of  the  .■omiiany  s  ni-L'li- 
.vni'f  i-i  not  picvi'iitiMl  from  rocovcnii^' 
■h,.r..for  aj^aiii^t  tli.r  railwa.v  .•oiii|>any. 
„n  tlie  "rounil  that  su.h  mr'i'-'"'"  f  '■' 
loon-iiiotr.  Mi.Mio.irs  V.  /•.•■I.--'  ''•",'!' ■"'■■•'■• 
1.  A  <;.  II.  Co.  (1HI13)  !>2  Oa.  ti.)3.  18 
N   E.  fl!10. 

IV  failiiro  to  <;ivc  |vroii<-r  variiiiij;  of 
the  ;i|.i.roach  of  a  tv.iin  I'.v  >oUii(liiij:  the 
Hlii-tln  as  was  rc(iiiir...l  l>.v  a  nil,"  uiuUT 
llie  (.hruni-lanc'c-.  is  the  proximato 
oaii^o  of  an  injury  to  a  s><ti..u  han.l 
^liioh  was  iinm.'liM.ly  ihio  to  the  fact 
thai  on.'  of  hi-  .■.  -rvaiit.s.  in  the  excit.-- 

mont  ..f  th.'  i-.in,i,t.  l.'t   ^o  his  hoM/'f 
a  hanil  car  whidi  tho  jzaii^r  w.'iv  liflins 

,'ir  tlic  track.     Ii,l.  ,inil k.iiiiI  d  ♦.'.  .\  ■  «• 

Vo.  V.  \ri((-i/n(    (l!H.O;  Tox.  Civ.  Ali|>.) 

iS   'J     \V     .>V'.    .lu'luiuciit    .Mlinii.'.l    in 

ilOOl)  oi  T..\.  .TIO.  r.O  S.  W.  429  (only 

points  of  jivactii.'   ili^oiissed).^ 
Whrip   a   st'ivaiit    wa^   st.inoins  on   a 

iiarrow  space,  oilini:  a  lathe,  ami  hcing 

<taitlp.l  bv  til-  fuivnian's  su.hh-nly  set- 
tin"   the  "n.ac'.iine    in    motion    without 

warnin-j.  made  a  Mwhlcn  elVort  to  eseap*? 

from  hi-  ilaii'jeri'u-  jio-ition.  and  in  do- 
in"  so,   stuinld.'d    so  that    h's   arm   was 
'•■,.wn    onto    tl'.e    k. rives,    tlie   question 
.ether   the    foreiiian'.'    ne.^li'j.'ncu    was 
.1'  prcximale  eau-e  of  the  injurj"  was 

i.fk'   to  he    for   thi'    inry.      lf.;/,;/,iii    v. 

V«/,V,,„-,/  li;,..J  To.   (  lliOl)    128  Mich.  1. 

ST  \.  \v.  -r.. 

The  fa.t  that  a  winchman.  as  a  result 
of   the    fri'jlit    protliieed    by    the    alarm 
iai<id  whin  a  veu'iiUi  wa.s  cauyht  iu  lii« 
Vol.  II.  II.  i  S.— 59. 


fall  of  the  winch  owiiii.'  to  the  want  of 
a  liuht.  runs  tlii  iiiaeliiiie  fa«ler,  iii-t.'ail 
of  stopiiiiii;  it.  does  not  bnak  th,'  eaii^al 
cciiineitiiiii  Ix'tw.'cn  the  wiiit  of  tlie  li^-'ht 
and  the  injury.  7'/ie  MdithDisit  (IS'JUI 
(i!)   Fed.   S4n. 

The  act  of  an  en}.'in.'er  of  one  company 
in  jumpiii'i  fr.nn  his  en;.'in.'  to  esca|X'  a 
colii-ion  with  a  tnin  ne^jrlij.'.  iitly  mov,  d 
hv  another  loinpany  d.x'^  not  hr.'ak  the 
eiiain  of  cau-at  imi  so  a->  to  ex.Mipt  the 
-icond  company  from  liahility  for  -ueh 
injuries  as  the  loemni'live,  thus  left  mi 
cnlnlled.  may  inlliet  on  oth.r  em 
nlcivi',-s.  V'lii/  V.  .Vcir  VocA .  O.  i{  11  . 
/.'.  Vv,.  (ISiiO)'  29  N.  Y.  S,  K.  (i:!0,  9  X. 
V,  Supp,  l.'i.'!. 

Sis',    however,    the   case    eit.'d    at    th.' 
.■ml  of  the  previous  suhdivisimi  of  thi" 

'In  M'Ciiiiliii  V.  Xnrrroxs  '1H!I'2)    l.'.'. 
Ma.-s.   oSt.   :iO  N".   K.   -tin,  where   it  wa- 
ll -Id  that  phuiiii;  heavy  iron  bi'anis  n.-ar 
nn   .'iM'ii   hole   in   the    Ihior,   and   teavinj.' 
th.'iii  there  for  two  or  three  .lays  i-i  such 
a   po-ition   that,  on  h.iii>;  pii-hed  by  a 
twrson  desirin!,'  to  pass,  one  of  th.ni  top- 
ple.) ov.'r  and  fell  into  the  hole,  is  such 
eviilence  of  neL'li;.'ence  on  the  part  of  the 
master    as    will    sustain    a    v.-rdict    in 
favor    of    a    servant    who    was    injured 
bv   the   falling  beam.      The   court    said: 
"'if  the  beams  were  po  left  that  one  of 
them  wouhl  be  liable,  as  a   natural  con- 
se.iuenee.    from    some    intervenincr  cause 
or  aiTnev.  to  be  so  move.l  that  it  might 
fall  Ihou^li  the  floor,  the  fact  that  an 
intervi'ninu'     act     or     a-rency     occurred, 
which    directly   pro.lucsl    the   injurious 
result,   wouhl   not  nece--irily  CN.m.'rate 
the      d.'fendants      from      n-iHUHihility. 
Superintendence  is  neci.-^aiy  in  onler  to 
■ruard  aj;ainst  injuries  fmni  such  inter- 
vi'iiins  and   inadvert.'nt  acts  of  car(des.s 
peisims    as    are    likely    to    happen    and 
oufrht  to  h(>  pmrded  ajrain'^t.     The  ques- 
tio'n  is  whether  the  niovin?  of  a  beam 
was  so  likelv  to  occur  that   it  oii;;ht  to 
have  been  provided  a^'aln-t  by  the  supei-- 
intendent.      It  mipht   be   found  thiit  the 
beams  were  nef-lineiitly  left  ne.ir  the  hole 
in   the  floor,  where  tiiey  were   likely  or 
liable  to  be  toppled  ov.T  so  that  one  of 
them   miyht   fall   throu^ih   the  li.de.  and 
thus  injure  someone  below,  and  that  this 
was  the  pro.\iuiaLi'  t•au^o  of  the  phiiii- 


i" 


i:':    i!U 


'"i^ls:: 


m 


''■!  i 


I<    i 


-MAM  i:i;  ANO  bKliVAXT. 


ICM 


W-    ' 


I    > 


hi 


lacts  wliu-li  \v„iil<l  pr-.p-Tlv  1,    .■.,^ v.vil  bv  i.ii,.h  a  priiu-iplf",  ai 
wliiL-li  uoiiKl  hi'  coviiv,!  bj  th,.  duvwiiio  of  common  umpl,,vi, 
Milli..i.'m]y  manilVst.     Sial..l  with  rc-U-ivurv  to  tl.c  test  sup., 
tho  cone,  pfi,,n  of  iiiiiicip.iti(,n  ,,r  !i..iK;„iirip:itioii,  the  pracri.':, 
"f  tb:il  ^Litl-ilio  is  >iiiiply  tllMt.  whoiKVcr  t!ic  llP<:lip.|u"  of  :i  -,. 
wii-i  ilif  iir'..Ni!Hi;t\  aiMl  m.;  morciv  a  Cdncnrivnt.  ciin-o  of  lUr 
(■■^•t-  .^'  ^1  1,  infra),'  tlic  -,  iktiiI  rule  iippii,,!  i,,  tl,is  cIms;  of  , 
Miiiplv  il,;if  tho  oxi-ii'ii-c  of  jibiion.Killy  (hiiiiici-oiw  comiii;,,,,, 
from  ii„.  m-iij-eiico  <,f  th.'  i.uistor  or  his  ivpr...r.„iiiti\v  will 
tUlo  an  injurc.l  ...n;:i,l   („  nrovor,  «l„.r<.  hi.  inJMrv  wns  fhr 
not  ol  t!,o..<.  comlitioii-,  bur  of  th,.  nr'sWi^.-urc  of  :i  c.^.n-MMt  in 
to  the  manner  of  pcrf.M-n.iii-  tJR.  work.-  that  is  to  >av,  uliPiv  th, 
promotin.ir  can.se  of  t!,.'  injury  wan  th.'  n.-li-,  n,-..  of  a  f,.|!,,u-  -. 


This  way  of  pntlin'i  the  jnlii-iaj  <i 


I  Ualloli 


.iWS    1 1 


I. It    11 


principlo  ^-hich  .hvlarc-  that  iho  chain  ..f  f;'!!  -ti.,,,  i^  ,„,t  ]„.. 
a  nopli-cnt  act  wiiich  mi-hi  r,,-i~.  nably  havr  I.P,.n  anii.-ipal.  ,!'■ 
be  admitted  into  tho  law  n{  ..mpLvciC  iiabilitv  without  i;.v. 
strictin-  the  ri-lif  >>\  th.-  .lof.i,<hnii  t..  nly  on  il„.  .hictrino  a^ 
sen-ants.  Indeed,  it  i*  rpiito  ovi.lon!.  fr.  i,,  a  i.eni-il  of  diapter^ 
XXXII.,  aide,  that  the  iv-^triction  tim.  iii.Ji.'ai.Ml  ]ia<  never  n'.-clv. 
serious  considorati.in  in  a  mnhilml.  of  ,.||-,.-  i,,  wlii.-h  it  mi-ht 
the  evi.len.-e.  have  b-eii  treato.l  n<.  an  olem.-nt  in  ih,.  ii„|iiii' 
would  s.  .in.  theref..iv.  tl'at  th..  priui-ij.le  ref  MTe.!  t..  at  tlie  l..^ 
ef  this  >,.,■! ion  i?.,  for  praetieal  purpo^.s.  ipiored  in  aeti..n.  1 
vants  ao-ainst  tlieir  ma-ters.  and  that   t!ic  se     ;amT  of  tli.>  .-li 

tiO's  injiiiy.  :iItlK)iiu'li  <nmc  rinl.  <-  jh-f-  in.liir.Ml  )>v  tlio  iipt  of  tlif  iiin-.(..r 

son  ..1,1110  .ll.Hl-  illl.l   I..;,],!,.,!   llicill   <.v.T."  «t,i,-;i    .li,!    „...    m,    r,-».y.,1,.    ,,'n    til,' 

In    i.n   M-ium   l.y   :i    iMilivml   .■nij.I, >;..•.■  liMii.  rn-,it.l  l,v  lli.-  ii,ms(,.|-  „,  t, 

t.>  r.-fov.r  f..,-  ini.n-,..-.  s,Ht:.in<xl  In-  ,1,..  ih,,,,  to  pi-,  ,|„.v  tlio  i„i„n       \.  - 

.let  of  a  .•„,-„i|,l,,.v,..'  «l,o  ,vl,M„.,l  a  ,,:,,-,  ,-.  ,f   st.  /,.  /.'.  (■„.  v.   i:  niqu.  ,i 

of  tli<>  liii-k  li..in;r  ropjin.l,  so  tlii,i   i(  IM  l,„l.  41  I.  :i4  \    f   •<:)•{  37  \- 
.•II    .ip,.M    ,„„1    ,.,„-li..,i    til.-    plain!  ilVs        'A   iH-lijj,  „r    act    of",    nia^l"..,- 

foot.  xvl„T,.  ii'...:vory  i>  snn.Llit  l>....;ni-,.  of  ,loos    n„l    ,mii-,.   „n    injnn-    to  •,  ' 

f\p.,^i,io  to  p,..iiliar  ),azi.r,l.  the  ihU-m}-  or   r.m.iir   ..villi    tlio    \vi..n"fiil    „ 

ant    ,<  M..I   ..nl,ll,..l  to  tlio  diivcti.m  o,  1,  f.lj.m    scvant  as  a  riii«.  of  il',. 

Vfi-.li.t  ni.  111,.. ji-,„iii,l  that  n..  cnniiiTtloM  cannot    boronplcl    vitli    s,i<li'ui 

13  av.'iiv.l  or  -houn  l>,'l «.■..„   tli,.   f,.||ow  apt,  so  as  to  W  ina.l.,  tlip      mi^  n 

sen-ant  s  i;<-i;ii;.-,.|hv  anil  th.-  all,-j,-,|   ,>n--  r-ovcry.     Xnr  I  ,..-/,-,  r,  if  /,.  /• 

fra.ii-,liiii,iy  hasli' of  ♦),<.  w.H-k,  wli,-,,  cvi-  I'l  ni'ituni    (KSIl.t)   'l:iS    1;        414 

.Icnfv    WIS    iHliiiitt.d    \^ithout    olij,',-,  ion  K    '':!:!    .'i7   N    K    .)-,; 
fjom    Nvhi.-I,    tl„.    jnry   niiulit    inf.T   that        'S.r'tho  la  1,1; ',1m ■■.';«  nso,l   i„   //„, 

the  exp,-.'lntioi,  o(  ;.ii  appvoaohii,!,'  triin  \>»-  )V,r/,-  r.  ,f  //    /,•    /,•    (■„    (is 

Icl    to    th.-    i,f../li;;,.|ii    n.-t    of    Ih,.    frII.AV  X.  ^■.  S    H    S17     in  \    Y    VllI".    li 

;''''V'"'Ma),L"'''-\"'ir-''-    ^'''''"'     "■''""">■"         'T,:,,-,,!!,,,    v'.   Ilurh.nun,    (!,',l,l 
h.  (  o.    (ISaS)    ,4  Mimi.    V.Vl,  77   X.  \V.    Mill.    (■„.    (1S!V2)    'Hi   Cal.   4a,-,.   ■_> 

~^^  ,    ,  ,      ,  ,   .  •■>7!.  .".I    Fac.  .Vlt    iili<appi-.>vii,u  .1 

iiy  nn  m.I.'pf.ndont  \vi-otij.'i„I  art  whi.-h         •  S,,..  ;:,.nc.allv.  Shea,,,,    \    I;..,! 

cauv,t,.in    i.s   nicaiit   one   xvhi.ii    «.is   ,i,ii  ' 


u'iplo,  and  ;■ 

at  sii|)h!i,,!  ' 
pi'iiitii  :i;  f.,| 
'  of  ;i  I'p.Mi'.  . 
r"  of  flir  iiij, 

•liISi   tif  i:;,  .    , 
lllili.illv    ;!;■;. 

\'l-'  will  II, ,t , 
was  tile  ;,  . 
■y-Aui  ill  ;■  -| 

llli'i-r  till'  ciir 

tVI!,,u-M.p-.|.- 
l.ll  llli  L.  i.  ,■ 

Hut  111'.  ';.  II  ' 
•ipiili  .!'■  r.ili:, 
ullt    f^Willv   ; 

-•triiio  ii>  tn  I 
•liiipt(r<  \xv: 
M"  n'ci'iv.'(l  an 
if  iiiii^lir,  ii].  ■ 
I'   iiji|iii!'v.    1 

tlic  Iwiiiiiii':,, 
Ictiolis   l,y  ;. 

f  til''  clKiin  '■ 

Ik'    IlKKllT.  or  I': 
Itc    oil     till'    rn 
l^tcr    il>«    to   (>;(;i.- 

\nr\.  ,\.  r  It 
'•riiqiii  1/  ilS:'.: 
:••!••!.  37  X.  K.  ■>]■: 
a  iiia^lcr.  vliii 
in-  to  .'I  .■.•iv;in: 
■onvfiil  nit  of  a 
■^c  of  the  injury 
'I  SIK'll  W  F'  nj!', 
!io  I  sis  of  a  rf 
t  L.U.r,,: 
I;        414.   31  N 

«I    ill    //'nn 
.'.  Cn.    (  ISilili  3i 
■.  Siii'i..  Ii4.>. 

!(/ii  f;.,/,/  \i,,i  t 

nl.  4'.ir>.  --'S  1';; 
[>r'>viii'_'  cliiiL'i- 
■in.  \  l!-If.  V; 
pj).  1)5,  \:m.  i;5, 


lO'J] 


CAUSAlluS. 


a'j3:< 


,Kmon  i8  almost  invariaWv  a-MUucl  t-  !.■  n  ri?ia  mtor.nce  of  laj 
;S  ".^  elTect  a.  soon  a.  i'  i>  -h-v.  tluU  .he  n.jurv  pvosunatcb 
,,„l,c.J  from  the  nogh.ouco  ot   a  -;'  ;"^';      ^  :.,!"„,,,„    f„, 
.hieh  the  prupricty  of   this   pn'sumptim,    v,u,   vutu..ll> 
J^  'J  has'  lin  ..i.cJ  in  .h.  ....•!;,',•  .■hap....  J>.«t  >-"-;■• 
i"  -  „..  c.il.r....l  m  ,h..  note  hi-low  .I.mI  ^^  nl.  .'Vi.l  n.r  wlu.-h  -In.'.  > 
r  'h<^..,'-.i..n  whether  .h-  lu'uli..  n.-u  ol  -h.  u.  -,;  r  .■.•  1-  n.,!.- 

:;        1  L,.n-ant  wa.  th.'  proxin.at n...  of  ,1,-  ,,,,...■,      1  n  ..,,- 

Cu'L  il  is  oxtniuolv  clilli.'uh.  no.  U'  .av  n,.|...-MhK.,  .o  ■'.•...   1. 
X  ions    in  view  of  the  fa. ..  inv„lv,.,i.  ..V.  U..<-  ...  wh.-h  .h- 
rl    hr^nheMlial.le.nd,ep'n,....l.l.nhi-...J>..nn^ 

„,,  be.',!  lu'1,1  UU..1.1.'  to  7™;;,'         .  ^i^,.    ;Hl,i.    uus  lu.ia  tl.at   llM-   „..,ii,.'n..'  o. 
!i,,,.,l  l,y  the  hoailms»  of  tl'.'  >"."»"'-    ,   ^.^^„   j,,,^,    ,,.-ulatiiii-   tl,.-    niiinni'-'   "' 

"■'e;':;,p/o.c.  for  ..<>.. ^-  grains.  ^;ix.:':^'''iirr  "..-;• 

,i,e  ,»,,,.(rr  is  '-'■''/'""■•"'''^■- n    a  h  " T     '..so  of  .-I  collision.     T1h>  com,;    .oii-i.!- 
,„  which  the  fellow  f:"-""^;"^'.  ;!  t  ,e    on..l  .bat  it  xvniiM  1..-  m,oi..  n.n ,,■<■■. mv  to 

rail  Vaich    inju.od    hnn.    »•»"*;;';    Il^na"  tlu-  inf.-n'i.c.  that  th-  .-m.i.U'.o,' 
„rde.r  of  the  sui.oMi..eni\e,it.  is  ^^^^-JJ^^l     ^^^  „,<i„.  „„a,.r  the  .•omrol  of  ih-'  Iraui 

:r  .;ir:c;l^''Hi^:n-vai.    v..^  '"^^;^'-;:;-i;„.e  of  »  raUr,..,  company  to 

|,,o,luml  an  injury  to  a  fcllnv    s     v.nt  ^                 ^  ^  ^,^^_  „,,,.„  nuMts  o.  1.  uns 

Inahaacarrioaitfonvanlto       .1    anl  m  ^  ^^  ,„,,„,,...,   upon  <,ih,r  U-..ius    m 

uliilo    thore    hoUlin-    it,    a\yiitm,;;    ti  ,„.U,|,,ate   can-.'  of   a   .■olh-mn 

„  M  of  conniuiiid  to  lift  it  {>>;«';-'      '   ■„     'VoiiM   not  hav, unci  lait   .or 

throw  it  oil  the  ear.  the  <o.iiwr  ntcivh  i  si              ,„,.,,i,^„  „„.  oi  iho  .i.-ih-.t  ■;. 

faiW  .0  give  the  word  of  cminiand     n  ^h        i             .-^^^                  ,_.^  ,.^,^,,,,.  „     ,,. 

,uch  .1  way  a.  to  produce  oo.u-     <>»    '  ;  ^^'^  ,.'.,.  „n.l  of  .he  ecu  of  ihe  other 

ticn   in   the  men.  but    on   the   ^"     "      ;  ■,■;;„";„   ,■,■,,„„  ,o  p!  u-  ...,,.,. Lu-s  upon 

„nl,.r,d  then,  to  ^'ct  the  rail  on  ta,  ;';,.^,,,^  |„  ,,„'  rear  nf  .uch  tram  when 

in  anv  way  they  could.  ;>-'«\''"7     ''  \    "     ['  ,    ,,,,,..,1.   and   stati ilau.r.an   a.    a 

uuT,  and   used  oaths,   whereby   they     -c  ^    .     !>     ^    ^  ^^^,       ,  ,,„„    /.„,,,   ^   M      !. 

,o,,e  confused  and  failed  .o  act  in  on     ,„    ,  ^ .    ^^ „,„      ;,    ,      ,;.   ..it. 

13:!V.S.-370,  aiiL.ed.  031,  lOMip.  ti.    -^  ^  •  ^^ 

Eep.:;Si.  ,..:,:„..';, vain. ;io.a,,i.,Vs  failure. on.,Ufy 


.|,|Ja  ^ 


I      I 


1 


^f1 


22;i4 


iUSlKK  AM)  Si:i{\  AM. 


lulAl- 


l>- 


\W' 


ill 


ii.i. 


810.  Same  lubjeet  continued;  negligence  of  injured  servant  Im 
— Viewed  with  rolcniiec  to  iho  test,  of  anticipation  nr  u, 
ticiputiou,  the  essential  si^^iii licence  of  the  doctrine  as  to  contj  ili 


■pccial  hiM  tlie  riR'it  o(  trnrU  iloct  not 
render  the  riiilruail  coinii.iMy  liahli-  for 
an  injury  to  the  cni.'iiiii'i-  nfiln-  >|HM'ial, 
WouKioiiiil  h_v  a  C(iHi«iiiri  hIiIi  llii'  r.;.Mi- 
lur,  wliiili  «(.nlil  not  liavi-  mciirrril  liiii 
for  tlif  viiilaliiiii  \ty  tlic  (■!i;.'i!ii'<'r  of  the 
rc^nilar  train  of  a'  rnlc  riiiul.itiii','  tin- 
njHiil  at  wtiicli  till-  pa—in;,'  -lalJDn 
siioiilil  he  a|>|«r(i;ii'ii'(l.  Hni'inl  v.  A »ir 
roflc  C.  c(  //.  It.  11.  Co.  i1.s:M)  81  Hum, 
104.  M  X,   V.  Sn|.i..   7.!T. 

'I'lic  |iroxiiiialc  caii'.i'  of  the  injiirici 
rrc(uvi'(l  liy  u  tlri'Miaii  in  a  rear  f'nd  <i>l 
Ii'<ion  witli  till-  train  of  anutliir  com- 
pany. Iialti'cl  at  niylit  nt  an  iiniliiial 
I>laci'  willicail  ili-pLiy  of  >i^ii.i|s.  is  tho 
nc^ilijtt'Ml  art  of  -iinli  li,iinn»ii,  and  not 
till'  fiet  that  tlic  <>n;.'invir  of  the  loco- 
motive on  which  tlic  lircniin  \\a^  i-iu- 
ployi-d  run  his  cn^iiiic  at  a  hi;;licr  rate  of 
>pis  d  than  the  conipany'"  re;;tilations 
authori-Td.  Siiiilhsitii  v.  ('Iiicmiii  I!.  \\ . 
II.  Co.    (IHilS)    71   Minn.  'JKl.  73  N'.  W. 

8r.;i. 

Wlinc  a  train  dispatcher  has  issued 
instnn'ticiDs  a-  to  the  (operation  of  a 
train,  whi(h.  if  tlicy  had  Ihch  oliserwil 
by  the  conductcjr  and  eii'.;iiiccr,  wonhl 
have  privenlcd  a  ((dlisinn  .'ith  another 
train,  the  cniph^yes  on  thi  latt'T  train 
cannot  recover  d.ini.;;ie.s  ft»r  injuries  re- 
snltinjr  froni  disolicdiera-e  to  tho-e  in 
.stiuclioii-.  ('/,(«(/«,  SI.  I.,  it  .V.  (>.  it. 
Co.  V.  Iioiilc   (iss:t)    (iO  Mi-s.  <)77. 

If  llie  coeniphi\i-cs  of  a  comlnctor 
kilhil  liy  the  colli-ion  of  lii-  tr.iin  with 
another,  in  eonsc^nicme  of  the  n.':;lip'nee 
of  nn  a^jent  of  the  railway  company,  for 
whose  acis  it  must  an-wer,  are  also  nei;- 
lijjent,  no  action  will  lie  au'iiiist  the  com- 
pany in  f.ivor  of  liis  rciir.-cilatives. 
Chird'io  it  .V.  tV.  A".  Co.  V.  Siii/tlt'r 
(ISSCii  117  III.  .■?7fi.  7  y.  K.  (Iitl  (in- 
struction disapproved,  wliicli  left  it  opi-n 
to  the  jury  to  infer  that  prixif  of  the 
ne;;li;;eii<('  of  the  company's  aj;ent  and 
the  conductor's  freedom  from  ne;»li;;e:!ee 
would  alone  justify  a  verdict  ajpunst  the 
company) . 

The  pro.\imate  cause  of  a  collision  be- 
in;;  shown  to  be  the  n-Lrli^'enoe  of  a 
bi.ikeman  in  failin;;  to  set  the  brakes 
and  thereby  prevent  the  cars  runnin;; 
backwards,  a  recovery  cannot  be  based 
on  the  nei;li;;ence  of  the  train  inas'er 
in  ruiiniiiji  tin-  two  trains  too  close  lo- 
jjether.  in  the  absence  of  any  proof  that 
tUej'    were   dauj,'erously    near   if   proper 


care  had  hi'i-n  taken;  nor  on  the  :;i 
of  ncL;lii;cnce  in  iiisnltiricMlls  ju-i 
thi-  Ir.iin.  it  apiu'ariii'.;  tli.'i  unc 
eoohl  have  si-t  the  brakes  ii;  ij,,,,, 
(:e  done  his  dole.  Itililm  .  /i 
City  d  tt.  K.  d  11.  It.  Co.  (IV.' 
.\lo.  H(i.  IS  I,.  K.  A.  817.  lit  s,  U 

Tlie   ne;.li;;ence  of   an    rn;;iL  ii    , 
sporidin;;   to   a   yard    ma-tci'.   -i-.i 
hack  some  car.-,  u!  ,,'iiit   lii-t   a-.vi 
in;.'  \\hcther  a  switeliman.  uli.i  i;  i,; 
nmli-rt;iken    to   c-onple   two   of   i!;. 
which  were  to  he  moMil.  vva-  i  Ini  , 
cars,    hrraks    the   caiisal    comik  ii  :>  r 
Iween  the  si'.'nal  and  an  injury  r. 
by   the   switehhian,   ovvin;;   !■>   lii, 
<'au,L'!it  between  the  cars  win  v.  ■'i"\ 
to;rellier  a  scconil   time.     (7, ,,  i,..,' 
d    I'.    It.    Co.    v.    Tuuhu    (1SS7)    - 
.\pp.  ;i!i. 

'I  hat  tho  su|>orint(ndcni  of  ;ri 
trie  railw.iy  company  eallid  tn  iii 
sistance,  fo.  the  purpose  of  rijlni 
trolhy  car.  the  cipndnctor  a.'id  'r,i  ;ni 
iu  cliai'^e  of  anotlur  ear.  docs  iioi  t 
the  ec'inpany  liild".  where  the  i;i,!.i 
ne,udi;.'cntly  faihsl  to  set  iju.  l.i  , 
lint  the  car  ran  ilown  an  iMciiii 
<■  >llid(nl  with  .•mother  car  to  the  ,i 
of  an  employee.  Sncli  a  eill  i-/-!;-. 
construed  as  an  order  to  h.nc  i;. 
without  adjn-tin!.'  the  bral>i -,  Ih 
v.  Cii'Ijoii  CuuiiIii  Lhtliic  it.  ('<,.  1 
ini   I'a.   14(1,  4.1  .\tl.   74. 

IlniKjiroim  cmiililinns  in  'Ac  ;./'C 
in/ij,-. — .\  brakeman  eniploycd  !. 
lessee  railway  company  cannirt  r  . 
asainst  th"  lessor  eomp.my  \w  ii;j 
.■ill";;cd  to  liav  been  sustain. 1  : 
conplin;;  cars,  by  beini'  cni-hcil  1  "i 
the  train  and  a  platform  con-lrut 
the  lessor  so  near  to  the  trac':  i! 
man  could  not  -taiid  hetv.c;!  ' 
where  his  own  plradin;;  shows  tint 
proximate  e;iu-e  of  the  injuiy  ",.:- 
fact  tliat  the  train  wa~  in  i,;M(i,.; 
that  the  nc.iilip'iicc.  if  an\,  va-  ll, 
fellow  ^ervanl-.  who  w.-re  al-^i  -.i\ 
of  the  lessee  cnmpany.  fur  w!;ii-f  t. 
;:enee  the  h  ss,,i-  would  not  !"■  li 
/.'idH.s  V.  Snliiiir  ,(■  /.'.  7'.  It.  C".  <  ! 
Tex.)    18  S.  \V.  ■;!!:!. 

The  proximate  cause  of  the  injni 
the  neulip'iH'e  of  li  fellow  s.  rv'  it.  n 
a  collision  of  a  switch  en-liie  wi; 
tiain  was  caused  by  the  iic.Mil'ciii. 
the  br.tkeinan  in  mani|i;;!a!  in- 
switch,  and  the  water  tank  of  the 


l\r      i 


I  810] 


CAUSATION.  "288 

,„„li.e„,.r>  is  tl,nt  -Moh  nrgligonco  i.  never  «  co.tjn.encr  wT.ieh  the 
i;;^,;:,  i.  b.n.na  to  ...\..  into  nccunt  or  look  tcvwura  to  a«  a  pos.Mlnhty 


jnc,  ill-" 


lliiiintlv  F.riiii 


•till 
•hrown 


tiif 


iif  til' 


..II 


■il  to  V  illi-tiinil    t 


i-l(.M.     W.I 


<  iliiT. 'ly 


f.,i«.inl<m  K.  It  til  i^.'iinti  ii<.in.L' 


'II 


tlie 

(IS 


1.  •/. 


I  In 


I- 


IJC.  ( 


,1.  r.HT.  ,V.I  I'.ic.   12!). 


r.iiuif  'if  11  '<''i""   -'■'*"" 


The 
look  n  <Mr  "ii  .i 


It    to   t 


!(•  li.i.k  ci.ti-tnii 


■I. Hi 


.nap 


i.li.'iit. 


.1    not    tl 


illl|>..IIV  •• 


iiliiri'  to  pi 
i,roxiiMi<tit  I'.i 
■I'f   I'.I' 


i.l'r  .1  -iiMv  -wiS.li.  1-  ill"    •-' 

.„  ,,(  .1  .M.i'.-iM,i  <...ii-..l  ly    ii 


t     II:  .t     tir 


II-.  .1  I  > 

!„  •,  •!!     the 
i.u  ii.ii  li.v  a 


•ack.     /"' 


111     .1.1.1     lilll     o»    lu    I'"'     '"''" 

•; ,,  „  r    i:    I'll.  V.   11  '."//'•.v 
211. 


1)00)   77   Mi-^.  !'-7.  -■•* 

A  ii.iini.-il>.il  fni|..uiii.Mi  H 


not  lialiti' 


,1  an  i''!:l'l 
ip  »  "run 


1  ill  ulici'liii 


.lilt 


■or  ii.iun.'^ 


Ml 


.(.liii.il  liy  a 


i'.ll   ot!..l'    ^^'■l■Ull"'ll.   I'.' 


\lli(ll 


'  WU*   tlllll.  II    1" 


I'll,    lllll.    »iuli    <'o 


L.I- 


i-HIII 


Irt'iii;: 


\,\    III.' 

1,1      l.>      VI  J' 
1,,.    .1;.!    ..]■    llll'    nil! 


iiothcr    w 

.ar.l  at  t 
in'il  [ilaecJ  th.  1. 
i,.nt    the    jar     i 
uhocltiarroWH  oir  I  In 
tiie  (.Tou 


..i.i|i|iim;;   it 

v\'iii'li  Iriit 


.11^1.. HI.    lo   I'll' 


I.-     I'l 


oIImi; 


i.|ii 


ind.     I'll''  "'"-;''■- 


iTiiiiUiii;; 


til.'  Ii. 


.1  loll.'  |. 


(if  til.'  mil  t" 
il    any.   i" 


.,1    V, 


van,  wns  II 


it  tlic  proNiiiial''  cm 


of 


the  iniiny. 


.Wr';..'.'/.'i    V, 


11,1 1- 


l,s:i!») 


n  R.  1.  iil^.  I-    \'' 


In  Ml- 


•i  »  V. 
.li.  Oiv 


(is:r,»  1. 


■i:,\.  r,  \..  .J.  i; 


;i;s,  ,".t  I..  T.  N.  S.  .-ill,  .a  i'i;iiil"iiy 
,l  it,  I'l' 


u. 

s. 

iia.l 


.vlii 


IT    -al 


lirii  oi>('ii  ar.'l 


1  ii|i.  I. lit  liiil.l''  t 

,f  111 


"I 

i.U'Ul  .I'll   ' 


,\!i.'ii  cio-.'.l.      II', 

lia.l  li.cn  iliri'iti'd  to  the  ilii-.H 
i,  and  or.l'  rs  lia 
11  i. a  out.  lo  niii 


iiaiiii,'.;('r 
.auliti.'ii 


of    till'     L'l 


iven,  but  not   ci 


,.lv  ll.i- 


A  ■,\.ii;,iiiaii  ill  till-  I'liiploy 


iipany   ) 


>-."l   til 


■_li   1 1" 


li.'ii    o|K'n 
ill.  Ill  was 


...   Iiul    on    lii-i    r.' 
c!i'>.-<l.  an  I  -.lioitly  at 


ol 


lil(.    ll|.     \M1,-     W.'lklll 


til. 


ln\-    fell    on    u!ii 


111.. 

'\a<  no  cv 


.1    ini.ii 


'd    liim.     Tli.i 


iik'iif' 


to  show  how  this  haj 


.11. .1.  n'lr  any  t'vi 


alcncc  that    tli 


i;;.  r  all 


il  oth'-r  pii'>"ii-  <'ii>l 


.l.iv.'.l  l.y  til 


iiaiiv  wiTi-  incoiujH't.  n 
'      •  >   i:..i. 


Ill 


till'  company  was 


not  lial'l. 


th 
the  np'.; 


lilience,    if  any.   wMi'li   c.ii-.'.l    ti" 
.lent    was    that    of    a    f:dlow 


"We  think 


id   llu.Ml.'^ton,  n.  -tha 


the  misclii.'f  in  U'i^  ^•■■':?1. "".'".'; 
conduct   of   the    | 
man,  as  iucii.  am 


friiiii  tl 


dcf.iuU.    r..-r    f:":"   t 


i.nfs 

any    manager 


daintilT's    fellow    w.- 
d  not  from  tli''  dff.' 


or    vice    proprietor,    and 


MASTER  AND  SERVAl.T. 


[ciup 


1 

i 

i  ■  i    ■ 

i 

1 

iiili      ^^Mi 

anf?      ■  ■  vim  sm 

te 

1: 

w 

I:    ■ 

nmr,y'. 

'    '  r  . 

to  ba  provi.lr^d  n-i.in.     lienor,  the  Irgal  connection  bohvcon 
wrongful  ac-  uiid  ili    ,,ijurv  is  invariably  deemed  to  linvo  bo,,,  Ir. 


(1875)  62  N.  Y.  2»1.  the  ,1.  f.tiHant  una 
held  not  Iril.lp  for  an  .i.,  i,|:|,t  which 
oociiirpd,  o«in({  to  ttw  f,i<t  ihit  nn  ill 
tlltin«  pin  tell  out  .,f  tin'  Imi  oj  ii 
•"iti-h  whilf  u  ttiiin  HIS  i>ii"iiij;,  unil 
nilmvnri  t«o  cnm  to  run  onto  urnnK 
tr.irkn.  The  <-.,urt  took  thi-  pn^iliiiii 
that,  ««  thp  "witcliiiKin.  ulnri  lie  found 
Unit  the  li'MT  Mnul.l  ni.t  u.uk  |itij|.(ily. 
Iiiid    licit hrr    resorted    to  use   of   a 

crcwli.ir  to  move  tin-  riii  .  j-  he  had 
t'ccn  i.oitijf  |)<.|(,ri.  the  suiiit,  „iis  [lilt  in. 
nor  held  the  Im  r  liiuulf,  nor  >.i-iinled 
the  liiiin  to  sti.|).  |.i,r  l.il.i  ii  t,  |,,  u,  Imve 
the  hole  (•nl:ii:..cd.  tlie  jcciiiinl  vv;m  :it- 
lril'Utiild<>  to  tile  »« it.liiiian's  ncvli^'ciict 
iiloiic. 

If  the  o'vner  of  n  niine  hns  nc^iliv-ently 
iilhn.ed  tiiediilii|>  to  iirciiiinil  it,-,  jind  it 
ix  i;jnitic|  liy  :r  s,.r\niit  who  ';o"s  itiiM  ;t 
with  n  li-htrd  liiiiip,  insteiid  of  n  -.ifcty 
l.iiii|i.  cniinry  to  the  o,\iicr'n  order*, 
.iiiil   Jiiilher   l^'^^;lnt    i^    injuivil   hv   nn 

e\|i|o.ioii.    tho    hitler     hns    no    rel ly 

ii.'ailisl  the  owner.  /.k,,,  v.  Cisloti 
<!'<•<  Cniil  Cn.  (ISS.".)  27  \V.  Va.  -'Sr.  .m 
\iii.  I!e|i.  ;!0t. 

Alien-  an  eiii|il  lyee  i>i  a  mine,  n  shaft 
of  which  was  dividid  liy  a  framework 
of  post»  into  two  (■•■.iiparlmenln,  ono 
of  which  was  proviihd  with  a  lad- 
der for  the  Use  of  the  eiiiplivee-,  was  in- 
iilM'd  while  nseendiie.'  the  hidder,  hy 
11  tiiul.cr  n.di'.;e!itly  thrown  ii:iii  tlTe 
shaft  hy  n  lellovv  eniployee,  the  mine 
owner  is  noL  liahlc,  althoiivdi  tlie  parti- 
ticiii  ri'tiMcn  the  eoiiip.iilineiits  may 
have  lieeii  defeetivcly  cuisl  riieled.  or  in- 
siifleient  in  other  p:ci  ticulars.  Kirrrn 
V.  Prorulf.we  Oohl  d  Siln-r  Ifin.  Co. 
(IN^'li   70  C.I.  mi.   II   I'.ic.  7(0. 

Conlractors  eii'_;,i;;,d  in  la wii;,' a  slope- 
retainii:ir  wall  upon  the  liaii'k  of  a  canal 
■ire  not  liable  for  till,  deatli  of  an  em- 
ployee hilled  l.y  the  fall  of  i  he  ivv  stone 
from  the  hank  ;'lio\e  althoii;:li  tliev  had 
lold     tlie     teaiiis|,r     who     iinlo.ule.'l     the 

-lone  to  put  it   as  near  th I;;e  of  the 

hank    as    he    could    without    liavin<r     it 
roll  over.       IHiiiitiy  V.   I.diirr   (IsnS)    32 

App.  niv.  2nti,  r,:i  x.  y.  snpp.  102. 

In  Hoffman  v.  Cloiirih  (  ISS!))  12 1  Pa. 
605.  17  Atl.  10,  the  defendant  asked  the 
court  to  in.struct  the  jury  ''tliat,  if  they 
believed  that  some  coemplovoo  of  the 
plaintiff,  without  the  knowle(ii;e  of  the 
defendant,  had  left  the  covering  off  the 
We!!  and  in  .t  danpriT.u.s  ooiidiliiui,  and 
the  plaintiflf  fell  in,  the  defendant  has 


not  been  jniilty  of  neKliKenes  and  ( 
fore  the  phiintilf  cannot  leeovir" 
answer  of  the  trial  jui|;{e  w.is  \. 
hmn:  -i  decline  to  allirni  that  1 
iH-caune  I  can  easily  iiinceive  Ihit, 
an  «inployiv  mav  cintrihiiie  to  tli 
jury,  vet,  if  there  »  ne>;li;:,  i„e  „ 
defendant,  he  would  he  ie-|,,,i|. 
Tho  court  said:  "There  are  i«,i  1 
tionn  to  thi*  anHvver.  In  the  tirM  1 
when  taken  as  a  who!  a  i,  ,„! 
spotisiNc  to  the  point.  Instead  .1 
ilirini;  the  law  npplicalde  to  tlm 
a-Huied.  il  dealt  with  other  T'cl.  v 
the  leirneil  jiidpe  n;.'irdcd  as  cnii 
aide,  hut  which  were  not  hn  u.ht  t, 
attention,  and  which  were  innai-i 
with  those  enihodied  in  the  |«)iiit, 
Ihe  nc.\t  place,  if  regard  he  hid  to 
jiart  of  the  answer  which  is  pi«.|,,., 
It  i.s  clearly  wTong.  The  giieiij 
trine  that  an  employee  eaniiui  hx. 
his  employer  for  nn  injurv  re-u 
fioiii  the  iieiiligence  of  u  coeini.l.n, 
well   settled." 

lUfirl^  in  raihrntl  rollimi  st, .,■!:, 
cl  nil  III.  rtc. — Supposing  the  w-,'  \ 
car  with  an  iimisiially  short  driu'n 
be  ne-li;;t.nce  on  the  part  of  a  r,li 
(which  WHS  ileiiie,;  n  hriikeiiiaii  v,! 
injiiri'd  while  oheyin^.  tlie  order  ef 
conductor  to  detach  th.-  car  catiM.i 
cover,  since  the  order  i«  the  lie-!! 
of  a  coservant  and  th.-  pro.simaie  .■ 
of  the  injury.  \\  hihruiii  v.  II  iv.., 
ii  .1/.  n.  Co.  (ISS;!)  5S  Wis.  40s  1; 
\V.    1 21. 

A  ilefwtive  cotipling  whieli  n 
the  separ.ition  of  a  train  is  nm  llie  i, 
in'ate  cause  of  an  injury  nflirwai.I- 
eeivcd  hy  a  hrakeman  tlircuel,  the  1. 
ing  of  the  forw.ird  part  of  llu'  n 
U|>on  him  while  he  was  enga;.'id  in  1 
e<lying  the  defect,      rr.io.vi   v.'\r/r  ) 

A.  1:.  rf  ir.  i{.  Co.  (isss)  17  ;;.  v.  s 

7I0.  2  N'.  V.  Siipp.  ■.)]2. 

The  defeetiw  condition  of  a  driu 
on  a  fiei;;ht  ear.  allowing  the  (h'aj\,( 
to  come  together,  will  not  rcndir  a  r 
road  company  liable  to  a  rtwitdii 
whose  arm  is  crushed  between  tlie  ik 
woods,  where  just  before  the  i,,i'i(l 
his  arm  wa.s  thrown  between  them 
conser|uence  of  his  having  stunihled  ii] 
a  piece  of  coal  left  upon  the  tr 
through  the  negligence  of  fellow  ■;? 
ants.  Ciiiriiiiiiili.  \.  O.  tt  T.  I'.  I! 
V.  Menlrr  (  IS!i2)  1  V.  C.  A.  «33,  U  U. 
App.  80,  60  Fed.  725. 


nf  a  (Ir.iuK'r 

.He  (li'inl\,(-  1- 

ronilrr  ;i  nil 

a    iswiti'liinan 

con  the  ilciJ- 

tli(>  i,.i'i(lpnf 

fpcn   tlifin  in 

tiiiiil)lc(I  iipi^n 

m    the    tr.ifli 

fellow   -ptv- 

T.   /'.  /.'.  rn. 

.  «33,  U  U.  b. 


cAi  .'<Ari'»s. 


ii\; 


tlio  rvidcii'-f'  «lio\V'.  fliiil  Mif  iii':;iit; 


lit;.lir<'  "f   Mif       .jiliv.l    M'l- 


■Ml 


liiuist>lt'  Wll?  illl  '  ill'"  ' 


t    I'all-r   <> 


1    ll 


\r    lUjlirv. 


Til. 


1  i-'ii  "'I 


A  railroi"!   iTiiktiinin   <•• 

IMII    111.    •■II1|.1"VI 
•  he  iMi-i 


ll     lI'lliMI 


ml    oi    \\u-  iii|iiri"l 


lltl      lllf     UllMlll 


I    lli.il    I'llil    I'"'    •'"■    "'"-'' 


pi,. nil   111  iiiii| 


iiile  neri' 


•I' 


i\    III  tiiil    liii'ii-liiii;' 


.  I   iimnii'' 


I    Ik 


M. 


i(   till'    ii> 


h-lil-   i-   iii't    111-   |ii'i\iiiMi 


.ucll  '111"   I"' 
,,„.i(e  i-.ill.i' 
_,.|lt    iiiineuie 
..iviiiil.     »!' 
,ukf  tin-  mill 
10.  V.  liiotin 
K,  4l"i. 


.11 


lolUll      IMl.'I'i 


I      l.\        III! 


i>r  III-  iii,iii> 
lit  lit  ilii    11- 


It...  II 


...\t     ll 


,.|-    111    MOII'V    I  I 


nil    I.    .  r 


ill 


I.llll 


.l.lll.; 


1,111    on   l!ii'  111.1111   li^i.  -     'I'   *  " 


i|>liiiL: 
I  IS  ..11 


Ill   V. 


ll.  h'lii  my    ll'    '"• 
,(/.    ,1-    U  .    U     SI. 


i.iW. 


/,,    A- 

Ir.l      111. 


.1.. 


;i  N.  i; 


I.I: 


•111 


TIh'  tii.«li(i>'iii'-  1 


,(  .1   i.iilii.ail  iiiiii|.i:i' 


iiml.T    llic    iiiiiliij!' 


Ill    i:.s 


111  111  tli<> 
.(    l-.tri^ 


fiiiiii-lilii»!  .1  .i.-l.'«>is..  •■..ii(.liii;!  (.Ill 
,i,i,i„  111,.  |,,irliii^!  "1  ■•  t..iiii  ii'i.l  Ml 
,t  fiiniMiinj.'  iiri>l«'i-  iiwiiii-  i.l  .-.'11111111 


..TO'i.lll 


tllr 


1    ml    ..f    .1 


1" 


.ii'iit 


,.il,l.     .-.r-iillj 


I  II   lilt   t 


,(    I  .  I  I  i-    u.l-    11.  I     111 


111. 

I.l  i.iil- 
.l(.|i.ll  11.1 
|.i...hiei'  I 
.il.'.l.  ;ii..-.i 
.•lli.l.  1  -i 
,|.e  u',.!..  ' 
iir.i. !!;;.■;  ' 

.M">  ■ 

ai. 

li. 

•Illr    ,.- 

.,.iv,.il  :.. 

M\       lli^      I      . 

wliii'li  ll    - 
full  11.^111  - 


111.1   l.».l..- p    I — I  ,, 

lllnHillK    ••'«    ''"'t    l"''"''"    »'"'    '■"-'"     . 

,11,1  nar  lirHUeiiiiiii.  i-<  not  tlie  I'H'.y 
Miitn  cm-*  o(  a  ii-lllMi.ti  I-.omvii  iI" 
,«o  piiil"  of  the  liaiii  ;.li.  I  luiinin^: 
..•vcrnl  iiiil.v  "liere  it  «.  iiM  ""t  Imv 
..riirrnl  but  fur  the  tailuie  (.1  ilii-...-...l, 
;.,  fellow  lirakeiii.iii.  01  the  iii'^im  .t.  I' 
,„i„|,lv  with  the  loli-  "f  the  cmpMov 
,,r,-..-rihii.-  the  ,.ie.  •■..tioii,  to  he  o, 
l.,v,.,l.  after  he  or  tlie.v  knew  or  .my hi  ".'l' 
,„   have    kno«ii    of    the    |..illiiiL'   of    ihe      •   ■■■ 

iniiii.    /^'•'"1H  'lii  i>.  I!.  <■'  ».  rm.i.i' 

IS-..1I)   07  Va.   til.-..  -^4  S.  K,  JTS. 

\   raili-'iiil   eiiiiiiiiMi>    i-    noi    linii.    l" 
I   lireiiian    for    iMpirii-    from  a    eolli-ii.n 
f  train*   eaii-e.l    l.v    the   eii-liieers   ill" 
„U,,li,.ne,.  to  1.1.1,1-    a»   to   .he  S""-d   "'    ;-';''; 
rtliieh   a    Htuli.iii    -lioul.l    1h'    a|.|.io,ielie.l. 

,..|„.re.  althou-l f  the  l.l.ik'-'   "■'- 

„ut  of  oril.'l-.  the  e\  i.leli.e  wa*  that    I  lU' 

l,,,i Uhl    haM-    heell    sl"l.|.i'.l    Wltholll 

ihe  hiake-.  on  the  e.ir-.  if  ilie  eii-iii.'i 
imilnhut  oir  sl.Miii  .It  the  ihmiiI  at  whi.l' 
he  <houlil  have  .loll.'  Ihi-.  It'll'  v-  "" 
U-if   1/.  ;.'.  '.'.    ll'^"*'"   «'    Ala    Jd.i. 

The    ne^'li;:i-iiee    of    -.  it  ion    haiiiN    in 
placiii;:  ll  water  eii-k  on  I  h-  11..11I  -H.l  ol 
,ihand  car  in  Mioh  a  ii.wition  tliat  a  jol' 
line    to    the    e.ir'-    '    inL'    out    of    re|..ii 
throws  it  oir.  the  ,on-i'.|ii.  111-.'  I"  m:-'  I-.-" 
the  ear  in  ui.-.-t.  i'*  tie-  ii.'i;li-.-.e>-  "1  i''l 
li,«-.ervaiii-.  ami  110I  of  Ih-  •eelion    .. --. 
uli.-ie  the    l.iller  ;;.u.-   I'.en-   ■.;'  H''-''   '" 
riition  to  preiure  to  return  to  the  -r,- 
lii.n  houw  wilh   Iho  working'  tool*  and 
«uter  cask.     'Ihe  want  oi  rijian--  i-  u"i 
the  elheient   eaiise  of  -m-h    an   ai-.'i.l.  .1- 
,1^  it  in  line  to  the  inl.-rvi-Pdon  ol  a  ne» 
,.i..l  illai.iet  eau-e.      /.'"•'•  '-  •'"''•  ''-  '' 
.^.  /-■.  U.  Co.   (ls!il  :  Tex.  I    17  S.  W  .  .  ^^  ' 
On  the  srouiiil  iliat  the  iii.i-'er  i-  loi 
liahle  for  the  ilef.-tive  .0..  litmn  of   in 
-truiiientalities   wiiieii   are   hanii!i->  u" 
til  thev  are  rcmlrr.-il  aetive  for  nii~i-.ii.t 


.1   ,,f  Ihi-    '!.|"  'I  M.I 


i.t,  nor 
on   th.- 


-  a|    - 
ll   1- 

.!•    .11"  ^ 

VM'll. 

III. 


■  |- 

...1  .a  I 

I.-'  in.*' 

,.f 


...1  l.y 

ll.'  ael 
,.f  tlir 
..t   to 

...T 
ive 
to 

i%f 

ill- 
...  Ill 
••ll.      ■■! 


I.iit  III-   ■ 
iinl    it   '  ■ 
that    Ih- 
-,  ii.it    Ul> 
i.ii     |..> 
.III  r.-.! 


I.l  I 
.  1.1  w 
V  hieii 

■  Ml     |i-    ill 
..^.Ui.,.|i( 
..  lall.-r- 
va»  a    .  .- 

;-    ll' 
1 


lU! 


1         |i  1 

mre  ■-   '■ 

.!     /•       <  ' 

,     •111 

I  la.   . 
II  ,11  ill'.;    ..-1 

,,       .     ulii.-li 
..,r!,in..ii  I'  1- 
'i,.   ,..'1.111. .11   . 
^  ;/,/...!     //■  .1 

I  i>,si;  I    1 11    r 
t    Ml.   -'.in. 

All    ruijil. .>.•.'    I 
|.ii  .-e   of    iron 

.[..LllioM   11".!!     Ill 

nU  enij.l"^  .r   t"''   ' 

II  ...li....!..'.'    ill    till-    . 
I    ill,.    ...l.'MI.III    .'f 

,  rh-  -.■i-iii  i  :'_'  the  . 

V  ■(•.,,/;«•.   W/V.  ' 
iT    •■■■\.  t-vJl 

'v\  1,.  re    an    eni^ii 


ti    tliPV  are  rcniirr.'ii  a.-in.-  ..•■    -      ■  i.i,„i,v  ;-,    it    from   n  > 

by  the   independent    wr..nyf.il   act   of   u    with   plaint. tl   f   it  lioni  ^  ■-. 


..J- 

.1  :  !>     tu.»- 

..II 

ii.-li 

a.* 

.,-1. 

IC 

h'llg 
.-.  A. 

.,,.    in'-   ill 

.,.          lie  .-r 

,\        i.,r    11 

-  11-.    llie 

11  ,i.,.iii...t 

;  ,        I'liiia- 
ll'irii 

.1   i,\ 

■1..   1     i 

1,1..      from 
,            1  ■ .  f  •   ill 

l.ll.  .1     1 
'.inn.  i 

:  i .    1 

»    injui 
0.  if  .. 

■  v.         -    ill  It 

»,    i-  1   , 

11           |.r.  ]. 

.ll ...  -'. ' 
.  ISSlli 

!J  ,  1-a.  ;Js7. 

■V     h..i 

,  1    .1    '.ilf'iet 

fioni  a 

.■,li,.lt,    wi.'i 

ft 


i|4;.  . 


W'' 


m 


ri 


'Bin; 


.'U.-th 


■•:'i 


i 

P--: 

1 

'.\ 

1 

t 

i 

1 

1.' 

t   ■■■■ 

■ 

i  ■ 
'1 

m 

^^^^B 

{^IIIIIIIIk^ 

!       .1 


■M\sii:i;  .\.M»M:ii\.r.r.  i.  „, 


•'"■•■    ..III.  "      '"'■      •"'•     •"      ".»      Ill     11,, IH-,),     «ll.l..     ,„.,     „. 


'.i-...r    is    r..|i...„,    from    rr'^:^:,^:     t-f  .t  «.„  ,|,„.  ,,.,„..  i '  „: 

..r  .l..,i„,..,   ..■Milling  ,l...n.f,',„  j-,    ■,."''ri   ''';"'"•    ^^   tl-   Mln, 

An;.    l;.|..   .-m,-,.    I     \,|,   .-,,;,.             •'■'■  ■"'  "•.■».!.,„,.  ,,  ,|,„,  ,|„.  ,„,,„„  ;,^ 

\     Illil-tOI-    ,M,|M,,f     |„,    |„,|,1    Ij     ,  I        , '■    !"!.''    'I'-'l     lllc    -.•l-Mllll     H.l,   ,„|,„,,„ 

f-i...v  „,..iv..,i  I,, ,  M.     ,"„!=, ^/  'y  ;"!'"■'■■•  '■>;  iiiM.i;.  iii,  ,„„,  .:,„! 


"oiii  „iil    iri.ic!iiii,.|-v 


'"-  iiiiiil"it,,l,|,.  ,„  ,i„.   ,„.i.,      I   ,     '•  ,."  '■•  '■'"■i""-"'^  ,1    II.  /.•.  m    ,u, 

^"■iK-  nf  the   in.Mi.r       1,1  7l./ ';,,;"■  '  '1  '■'•    "•'    "     ^'l'    1^'- 

"f:.    fili.m-  »orvi,m                       ■"■^-'li^-."'.  ,A-'>ii-l".t,.r's  i.,,,,,-,,,,-..  „f  ,!„.  ,,.,.., 

In    '.•,orr.,    V.    lr„„;„„,„.    iis-is,    .,   ,,  ''♦"'■."••■'I  <^<-r  ulii.-l,   |„.  „;,,  ,    ;;„', 

T^. '"'-'.  .17  r..  J.  Q.  ,i.  y's  s...  s  ,-  ■■  "■'"" ';.""  -'"'"'I »-.  h.iv,.  i,,.i ,, ;;  - 

:' -" -""I  ^1' I- .««.   -.s, ..;:"■';:  ■,"""■"'  "'  ^i  < i-i.-.,  «i,>,  ,., 

;it,ly   l,,„o»  tl„.  f,.,„.i„„  „„'     ,r        '     '       '":»}>■«'}■  III   |,..,vi„^-  t|„,n  „„  , ' 

•lii^    partinilar    a,.ri„n    nf    .,:,„„     .\"..i'.  I  ,;',',""''    """-'al.'.'  a  r  ,ilu.v  ,.„„  . 


;<-    painnilar   a,.,  i.^n' nf        ,     .,„■    .,,,„     U.^r  ■^^:Z  T'Z II 


1  am  not   Batisi),.,!   timi 


nan     i-i    iiiiiiiv 


(»I01 


.AUfATIOS. 


US* 


irnUmnn.      tfi^ir*  r.  WfKm  It.  fur  p. 

l,(;t,   :l  C'li-I'.  i'.n. 

V,A   tlio    fiiliiii-   if   n    \>\U\.<\-   I'om 
,.„iv  lolinvi-  ll'"  ii-ii'l  mm 'I'T  I.!  Iir.il<x- 

,.n  till  n  ti'iiii  .It  lli>-  liii"'  |.l.>iiniir. 
j,jlo  nii.Uii^  II  niiiiilini:.  _w  n  injiin.l 
lU  fonwqiii  111 '■  iif  II  HiiL'Mii'*  I'i'lii'.'  I'ft 
MO  niMi-  <!"'  Ir.iiU,   \mi'   H"'  [ipi^ini.il'' 

i,,.i.  (if  till'  liiiiii>   niiiiot  111' i.i.il:.'   ii'il 

fa  cii.i'  wIkii-  It  «»■•  In  'n'l  vli  w  tif 
.\(  (Iriir.Ki.   mill   111-   iiii-lit.    if   If   •'•'' 

l„..,|l.   ll^lM-    W.lllMll    111!'    |.!iiiitilT,       foil 

nr.  V,   //i.iii".  <•    •<     V.   /.-.  'ii.    ilHlLV 

!■•  iiiiii.  •■i:ti».  nil  \.  V.  '^iiiMi.  !'-!!• 

'\   rolli-i'in    wliii'li    "iimIiI    liui'    ln'^'n 

vimliil    if    11    r.llililil..f    liii'l    1 '1    -"" 

ilh  till"  ii'i'i  "'"  ""'  '■'"  '''■  ""■  '■'"" 
nrv  liiilili-  t"  II  •"•rviiiit    iniiin'il  liy  thi- 
,,illi,ii«n.  wlii'if  IIh'  iniMii'li'l''  .mii-h-  nl 

•  he  iiiri.l.ril    \Mi«  till-  f.ii-l    111. I   t' i:-i 

„i»r  atti!iii>liil  t"  iiiii  ti.  a  i-iTtriin  -t  i_ 
linn  conlnrv  tn  iii-l  nul  iimn.  r.iilf,  (J. 
c  N    t.  It.   (•".  V.   r.„„i.t:  ■    (1S!»0)    7ft 

rix.'fin:.  13  «•  "'.  tin:, 

Ihf.rlivr  rr-;M/'i/M'ii — riii-  fiilliltr  of 

,  rnilr 1  ri'ir)>iiiv  tn  prnviili'.   in  ii.Mi 

i„ntotli<i  u-iimI  iii::lit  m-iiiI  nf  wuMntf 
i  InntiTii.  11  -v-li'iii  "f  ""I  •ii'li'^  f"f 
•tartii'"  tniiii'*.  r;itiiii  '  l»'  ni.i'li'  n  vi'Hi"'' 
uf  nrtiim,  \s\\i-\r-  llir  cviil- mi-  is  tliiil 
.mil  nil  "rilir  \mi->  In  f"t  ^iv".  ""il 
.,,n  nut  iiiiiliTtiKiil  l>y  t'lP  iii';;li.;;>nl 
.i.n-i>nt.  /'.'(Wrr  V.  FihUhiirii  It.  Cn. 
1»!)0)  152  Ml--'.  1">.  2.''  >•'■  '•••  "'■ 
Till'  niiii-Miiii  iif  :i  r.iili'i'il  i-i't"|>iiii.v 
to  mnkp  II  mil-  iiiMliiliiliii;-'  ••rminiiii: 
.(vilili.-."  c.innnt  I"'  n  v'lriliil  nt  tin-  <m- 
.iint  rnii-i>  of  nil  iiiiuiy  to  a  linikriiian. 
Alio,  with  n  full  kii.nvliili."-  of  tlif  H'"  ' 
„,nt  of  a  cir  «liiih  i^  l"'i"-'  -iil.-liMi'l.'''' 
;y  till*  iiitliiiil.  imti  liiiii-i'lf  in  front  of 
It  fn  nrrnn^-  tin-  couiilin'.-.  iiinl.  vrrh- 
i„"  liii  flint  ill  a  f  ■"•-'.  i-*  kiKirknl  il.ian 
in.l  run  ovi-r.  Tin-  iiiji'iy  mi'l'T  '•u'''' 
riiciiiii-.  uiros  i»  ilii"  to  hi-  own  m-'-'Ii- 
,.,,nrr        Sli'ls   \.   rhiniiKi  <f    /.  f'o'/    11. 

(■„.  (is'.in  \m  i-iii.  li'^-'.  -T'  N-  ^-  i'''- 

Tlio  ilralli  of  n  lir.iki  in.in  nml  tiai.",;aKi- 
ni:i«t.T  liv  roUi-ii.n  i-  ciMi-i-il  liy  tlio  iic«- 
|i„,.nro  iif  till'  fiiL'iiii'i'r.  mill  not  liy  an 
imsiilV  -iliiMiil.-iii-  (Irfii  liv.-  nilp-.  wlirrr 
tlio  rn-iniiT  of  tlio  colli. lin.'  train  iv 
iiivi'.l  .in  orilor  to  inn  tuo  hour.'  luti'. 
.lUt  tlip  «r!ii-iliili'  of  till-  train  sirufk 
v.niiM  inli.ifiri.  witli  -i"-li  umIiT-  nnii  tin- 
^"n.r'l  rule  ii..|iiii'-i  followin'^  trains  to 
run  t.n  miiiules  l.i'liiii.l  tl.'-  tinip  of  tin' 
train  followoil.  The  roii-iili'iitirn  rflioil 
upon  wn-t  tliit  it  w^w  tlif  duty  of  tliP 
trainmen  of  tlip  colliiliii.,'  train  to  look 
cut  for  the  train  in  aihinee,  nlllioin;" 
chore  wad  no  upcrial  or.l.r.  Knnirllil 
V  Baltimorr  rf  O.  R.  Co.  (1895)  100 
1 ,1.  60,  30  Atl.  1014. 


(Ill      l.lithililil    n'ftii.irA  —  Tllo    ml     Pf 

llll-    frlli.H     7.V         11. 1     I.    1-    h'l.l    tiol     to    tl.lVl' 

III!.:  .  p  till-  I  .'ill  III  lau-.iiii.ii  111  ilia 
fii   1  .  I'iliil  I.I  low  ; 

.\,l%  'if  ri'ii'l'  If  •  *  !•''  iihi>'  V'lli- 
fffni'  the  (ii.n'iT  u  II  «/i..inili'<'. — \\  lurn 
iin  ltii.\|>i  il.  MI..-.I   Willi. III. in  nitriiii.i'.  ill 

<l!.i  (li.  I'l  .•     t.)     iUmiI",     (i>     -till      Mil     •■ll-.'ll* 

«lii  li  li.»  ri.p'it  111... 11  III.,  mill  I.  lijr 
|>i\ii|..'  it  .'IT  'Mill  iin  I'on  I'lr,  im.l  i« 
'ii|Mli.l  \.\  l!i..  iii;iiii'  kliirliii;;  qii..'-ljr 
iiiiili  r  ..'I.  .1  |.i.  --111.'  i.f  -I.  ..'I,  r,ii.;iiti.» 
liip,  I. II  liii-  I  ir  nml  tliioMiii','  liii;i  Imn 
l!ii.   ;i.  iiiii'.'.   till'   |.M.>li":il..   1  111-'    "I    il..» 

iiiiury  Ih  lii-  •.' I'l    to  I'"  <i.l'  !■  ■'  'l 

iliri  iliiiii  "f  I'll'  ji  I  .  11  "'"'  •'■'*'•  '10 
.ir.liT.  nil  I  ii"i  111!'  ."■'!  '1  >i  .'iioiiii.f 
«iirl.ii^:iii  «li"  liail  |ir'  » ioii-ly  ii;>.  ii.  I  lli« 
lliroil  li'  vahi'  •«  11..  Ii.  .jiM-  tl.i  lull  f.^H'* 

i.f  .1,  .111.  i:iiih  ./.•  r.  'ii  r.i  ^  ''  "•'» 
(Is'i.IiUT  III.  1-0,  n.^  N.  K.  4tl7.  .Mlirm- 
in«   I  IH'.'lh    47   111.  .ViM'.  :i''-. 

Wliiir  Mil  iii,.ii;.ii  111  tliar.ji.  <.l  I'm 
.ici.iil  of  l«o  tn-:!!!.  <  ilr.niiii^'  a  iniii 
Hai  inimril  in  a  i...lli-ii  n,  iu  .m  ii.ii.m 
to  I.  i.-.r  for  tii»  iii|iirii»  il  ii  |iii.|i'r 
to    ir-lnut    till'    iui\     lliat,    I|ioiil.'Ii    llin 

l|lj;illiir  on    till.  Ill -I    rlU'llll-  of  |llilllll  ii)'« 

Ir.'iii  wa-.  ni.;.'li:-'iil  in  iiiiiniiiL  p.i-l  I'l'' 
lili.i'k  .*i;.'niil,  lif  "im  i.tiiillnl  to  ricovi-r 
if  tin.  iiroxiiiiali.  f.iii-i.  of  dm  injury  "a» 
till-  •.'I'lW'  ii..;..li.;..iiii'  !>'.  Ill"  Il  iin  ili*- 
jiililir  in  di-i.I..>  iii'^  n  riili-  tliat  lli.re 
s'lii'iilil  iil«ays  111'  at  l.-.-t  on.-  «t  illnn  In-- 
tHirn  lliii«i"  at  wl.i.li  oi.|>o-tin;;  Iriiu* 
rirrivi'il  liHftili.,'  or.lrr*.  rinriimnli.  \. 
O.  .(  7'.  /'.  /;.  <;,.  \  llnhirts  (lUOl)  u:i 
Kv.  1  .  r.'p.  -Jiil.  CI  ^,  W.  Iinl, 

rill'  pi.  Mini  lllc  lonilil'.'  of  till-  epro'iil 
|il:ili'..riii  of  I.  fn.i  lit  oli'Miliir  umlii  ilm 
ilirii  I  ioii  of  111.'  iiia-ti-r':!  n  iiri'-i'iital  ivi% 
anil  not  tin'  ;;iviii..'  of  a  Ki-  nil  l.y  vnno 
I'o^crvaiit  to  si  111  tliP  eli'snlor  wlitlo 
till!  lo;..Iiiifr  will  in  111. ...;ii  »••,  I'  llic  |ii.it- 
iiiiati'  rni-i-  it  m  iiiiury  ciii-i.l  li\  tin' 
illo|.|.in  r  <  f  a  |..'l  I.f  til"  loiil  ui-on  ;i 
wnrkiiinn  wlio  1...1  '•  ''U  "I'lit  to  li'imir 
tlie  I'uiilp*  of  II:..  rli'valor.  M  < '/»  v. 
Buindiiiirt   (l«!i'.li    8S  111.   .\|.p.  47.1. 

'I'lio  art  of  till-  Mil.  I  iii'.ii-l.'nt  of  a 
mill  in  Hl.irliii..'  luai  liim-iy  vliili"  .in  <'i.i- 
pli.yii'     i-.    <.IU':r..ril     in     oiliii.,'    it    i<    tllP 

nroviniiitp  can f   ll'f    injury  to  sui'li 

oniplovM".    rnlliii    tlinii    tin"   slartins   by 

aiiollii'r  <-ni|liiv f  nu  iinli'fwnili-iil  pir- 

1  ;.in  of  fill-  .11 11  liiiii'iy.  wliii'i.  woiilil  not 
'  Ji-rfi'ii"  "illi  till'  oilii".'.  Ihi'ihhll  V. 
ii;,ii-fc  l.umUr  to.    (IS'.:))    .5:t  .Mo.  .\pp. 

87. 

Tin*  provlmntp  rnn-o  of  nn  in:iir\  -iw- 
tainml  liv  tlie  fill  of  a  li'"n  it  lln'  "••.,'■ 

li;.'pn<'e  of  file  ("i ■  "  ^  ■  ■>  r'"'^-'  '  "'■'• 

props,  anil  sent  llu-  inji  riM  ciiiiil.  y.i' 
into  a  position  of  dancer,  anrt   not  il'" 


iiitlil 


'I'liiliiil 

;ii;Hii 


:;2«0 


■MAMI.I:  AM)  SKitv.WT. 


i\l'1 


v&iii 

1 

M 

i 

!    1 

;  ■*  i 


1 

hi 

i'  ! 

[lIlA 


7T8.  ..\,;,v.  51  Vac    ,i«s  '  '   "^  ''""•    !  "'' •  *",  ^.'l  "°*  •"''"^'  !>'^I^''v  i 

run-  so  ,;,|.i,|lv  that  a  l.n.k.  p,   „  uT     ?,l         '■'""P'«"'t.  tl.o  fact  tliat 

■"'■"I  >'t  a  porlio,,  of  a  ir    M  >  f^iilun.  to-,iar,l  tlio>..i,,l,  (|,,i 

'■"•':■'"-"  to  t,,:.  .1,1. .;„.i,„:Hi,r'„,t    f  ,  o  ''""■"   r^  ""■  i""^"-"' 

;-•   ..nxi.aa,.  ..„..   of   i/,,,,,,-   lo  ."  n. ,  n   :J7'o;t     X,  '''V:""' "'"    ^^ 

brak.M.un    ii,    att,.,„|,(  i,,-   |„     ,,,-.    f,,,i„        u    ,     "..  f''''   '"  I''  •'-• 

I-'  C.  (.'.  A.  r.;-l,  -^4   f    S     \„„    -,-|      •-.    '         ,  ,r  '  <^y"'<">l'-  '"•.iirM.I.  I-, 

I-V.I.  if.fi,  n..i,.;ri„,  ,„, ■,;,";■ 'V,';  !u"""^  ."-^'^  i"i""''-  'I-  iwu. 

Til"   .i,t    of   an    ,.,  ..im.,T    who   Mt   «n    '''"'         !'"•'■'•''>•  ^'"-1  that  |l„,v  u. 

--■"•--^■'- ■,'-i;i:!'h,';.L^  in  ZTlr"::'!!!"^-  "v•^'•  '-p 

i-".'  — ,. ,„„i nf';::,-,': ':,'  I' ; :  ;;;: ^'"rv'-"  ti..^ s.,„„i,i  ,:„ 
:i;:i"o^/r:,■,^;'';vr;:::,!:■;;-;;^    "Tr 

I/».sW/.    ,|s:a»    :   T.^^   ('iv     \,n-  ,,n        '  V'TT"'' - ''''"''   ^-  '""■•'"" 
;^4    S     W.    ,■>„.    .\„i,,,.,.,    in'oi,?,,';^    •,,;v,^'o    ^°T^,  ."""">    2:i   \Va,!,.   ,-„, 
Tex.  708.  24  L.  1!.  A.  .i;2.  2,i  S   \\    107-      .,:,?k  ^1""  *"••■'■  '^^  >"  


,rOi/,-._|„  „„  ,„.,„,„  ,,,.  ^   railn.:i,|  1„:,I<, 


aiif- 


S"'   «   «I4.    ,■„ 


S'":::;^::z-.t;,:T;:S  "ft~?;-™---,X;;:; 


"i.'in 

iM_  iciiii  1(1,  uitli   tin.  i-liaiii    oi   Ii,,-  (■\i,|,.,|,, 


iill.nvcd    to    s\vin<,'   rtiToss 

"I"  !!i-it,   iip-n  thn  roiniilc 
l„   til,.  •  ' 

I    wli... 

ri.lalii.ii    to  llif  (.iMr|Miiy 

^.lionn.    ,.M.l-i.„,l    to    ihc    .fan.,.,    a..-..n( 


I'i'x  V.  y,„-  y,j,h:  I.,  r  .(  ir  /• 


of  a  (lirnk 
Hlp  1  l:it.',,  j.ii 
tinn    r„    ,i„.   ,|,.,n,l„    til,:    „„,l,;nM>    vv  ho     ,lHS.t)'')i\    v'VV,. '-  ,'-■   "    "•  ■ 

>s   not   f,„-|i„.r    vliilp   1,,.   vas   t-   i,        k    '"  "  '"'i'" 

conipn.v     in     th,.    ,•   ,,.„f   Viih         ,.  1  ^"    "ihvay   co,„,.aMy]   to  ,,r...iJ 

uns  .aa<,..l  l,y  ,!„.  ...  .Ii..,.,  !.  of   ,  f,       ■,    ^  ^''i""'— "^  ^J  •'>"!o.,_hut  «ii|   1 

tlie   Io.„.„;ive   of  a   train  Z   >  ,;     ,\  .."   ,,  s   ,.    t   n.'.Tr"""-'    "^   "    ""''    ^-"■' 
t-iwe    to    af.|i..M=    a..ni,.<it    tho    oo„   >,nv    J    ,    ■         "H''''""'--   "r   *omi,.  ,.,|,nM.I. 

^.r  Ml.  ^.i.h  of  tho  n,.en,n;:  ^^a'^^^.  ^^  r^ir;;"^  ;';!";"  "'  ''."'-.  '■'' 

"0.;..l..„t.     an.l.     in     ba^,,n.^     .1,.^   o' ..I   sa  f  t V    \^! ',7  '  ''" '"''''■"I'''' ''  '"'■ 
their  IxMiios.       I„rwn:,'  /,„„  ^.   7-    ,.  5  'r  "''-''"<''  ".i*  the  ivwh,.. 

K.  to.    n..u\     tW   rr,,-,.,   f„„,„„,,.       Til..   miM.e,!,,,,,.  , 


i  810] 


fO  TCC('\ 


a  pa 


er,  altliriii,';li  rlie  lU'? 
;i;ilciuise  ol'  till'  injury. 


CAUaAiloN. 
I'uce  of  a  c 


)li)Vee  may  liave 


VUi 


beet 


a  iiivuo  luiiiili'i 


CO 

rial 


In  cliiipfers  xv  ii..  m-"-.  " 
,llM!tO(l  ill  whit'li  il.o  cuuvts  a- miiiug  tho  c-nnv. 


li>r  (if  flr'ci-iK'i-  liavo  lu'cn 


■IP'—*  <•!  ni'"  r"i" 


0(1. 


liiive  ui-<'ii--i 


•  i  the  (|iic-,i"ii  wliPtliiT  ilii 


!t.-t  ul    ti 


rv.inr  \v;i- 


,r  was  not  n  n  -Uufiit  one, 


(I 

filK'-titUl 


T 


11'    CIISCS    C'.I''I 


vlicll 


iiiti  iicl-*  !•!  tlie  iiijuni 


I     llcliiW    Ih'111-    H[10ll     ill- 

~(';'v:inl,  \v'i!rli  w  -I'c  ui.1 


■iltobc  ni'-.li-"iir,  «t'i>'  t' 


ip.xiiiiato  cii!-"  (it  his  iiij'!i'.^ 


„„.t  of  it-'  iil-''"''c  V. 
,.ip',l   cdlldiUi'M    lilt 


*  to  iml  tlie  fill-  in    train. 


l,f    c.'n-l.ill 


llm  ii';ir  i' 


s  l. 


■t   iiievIt:i-MV   lie    AllliiiK  d  ii 


Co.   d-*'. 
.1  ii 


IJl  .\!o.  ."■•'>. 

:  s.  w.  (III. 


sh    \v 


„.llr(l  a".iin-t    I'm'  V 


vlinL' 


itii 


to  wlii.ii 
The 

.IS.    tllrri-rdVP.    <■• 


IMUC 

i-tuni'P. 


Ilii.  T    no    I' 


An    ill-!  nii'i  11111 


ill     nil     lIclHUl 


ilciUli    of    till 
:\   h\    111 


,l,-c,<lfn(.    Ill' 


,:ii  ttip  1 


III  iiV   \'.  1-   1^ 


1>V    Jill 


lie  i-* 


on    not  I'll 'lU'l  '1  IK  '11  I' 


,f  till'  ill  l''-lll:Ull  11'  |i'ili'( 
r„oy  1.  iin';cil.  Vur  iiny 
l.i;r| 


tlu!  ones   ill  i\ 


l.nlVii-i  wliiTc    111 

lor  iiiiy  \i-'l'iil  or  n-iial   <'i 

iiioiinn   nii^iit   a.-*    .n 


-  -o- 


i-     iTl  I'l:*  1  11"^ 


III   iii:ir  li 


-s  Ir 


ilriill 


oil  liino  lircn   !•' 
,1,"  of  111."  (■' 
\\vr\o  a  SV.il I'l 


llip  «i 


vlicip 
wliili 


(tic  tiip  or  111    ii  I 


tliCV   wrii 


i  1 1  \-     o 

il;  a 


f       IICL' 
1.11. 


llllil 


(■.mill     !.■■ 
nf   tlie    ill 


■Il   w 


lis  run  over 


■■|1\  in','  s"  i 


(.■h 


ill  111' 


lluH    crily    II 


ilirl 
1\ 


iii-lit. 
ic   of    l! 


|.|     II 


y.    sill  lllil 
iii'i'licc  V  ■ 


lir    11, 


111 


s    111' 


lUl 


;.•.  Cii. 


v;is  \. 


i.l'.I 

,  lli.'t    t! 


1  r;(i.o  ill  'jiixl  ^v()l 


■k-     ( 


lijlit  on 


Oio 


liioO)    21   Mint.   I''-'.   'II    I"!''- 
'Tlie  nouli'jiiiici'  of  iIh'  piv^iiH' r  o 


if  pn 


friiiil    ( 


,1.   .mil    Tint    tin-   ciiiiiiiiny    lia 


liail    I'xtrii   till  ill    » 


<   li.l.l    to   he. 


prmi'ii 
,';.ili!ii 


il'.'iii 


■  >l   11. 

tiic  iiil'i'vi'iiii 


-  rili 
i-  ll.,'l  ill 


'llvin'.:    nl.lto  r/,lnc 


roiii-    a  <• 


lli~ion  \vi 


,f  hi^  (Icitli.  ri--iili; 
til  tlii^  1 


I' 


■c-l-i 


111. '--ions    I) 
ami    iK't    tliP 


f    iliilv    il 


llirsc    vc-    Ir.iin.   " 


Inn-   tliP   rviil' II. 


ci;  I  el   a    U'.i  1> 
,,vv,i|    1 1. .It. 


triiiiiifn.  nero  1'i|'  1' 
tlic  ai'i'li'icnl.  C/iii'"-. 
V.  V'.'/or    (lH7:!i    ll'.l 


f    Uio    lii>  ciiiiM   mill  >! 
<p  of    nal  iiia< 


iild  11. 


{■ 


li>  1.' 


l.rat^ 


i(    .\.   V, 


/,'.  Co.    train     " 


111' 


uoL'lriiK' 


111.  4(;'.t   ill  iiliiin 

n.iiiiiion    cuj' 


mciit  was  not  m) 


I'li/i/iiess  of  I!"-  ihliii'iii' 


of    -    ..-- 

,lii.alil(<  to  tho   fai't-l.    of  an   oi 
)i(  (•')•;'  nniit.    slu'.i  Iv  nii 


.man  fi..i;i  tin 
,.1      ,li.|.nt. 
,,..,,1.1    hue    St 
..I    ihat   ho    "IK   riiniiiii-'   iii   (li<ii 


lim 


(listaur 


—A  master  i.s  liihle  for  an  iiriu; 


,Ii>r  wliii'li  n 

il  car 

;;.<(■.. 


Ill 

iii..i!  him  to   run 


illv  at  II 


I' 


ii-  I 


taiiK 


.1   hv   an    eiiii>loyi 


ipconi]>o1  i-nn 


of 


f.iii'man   who   ne 


SUM-      li-'.i.ll. 

,f    the    <n.     (IdOl)     .8 
P^.li. 


f  1.  1- 


C.   C.   A.   ii-J,    lO'J    I'-'l- 


p  111! 


iv   (lireftc.l    niai'hii 


IV   to  111"   sit    ill 


'Ihe    failure    in    crive    sij 


111 


19    from    a 


Blthoir.;Ii 


Il   ihp  i'cciilent   wa' 


due    train 


to  |K'i-'iiis  on 


to   the   direct    ai't    o 
starti'd  the   machiii'iy   i 


,f    a    woriiin  ill    w 

Ohl'ilii  IK'l' 


ho    trai'l;   in   fmnt.  of  the  (run.  .-m 


li  iii.l    (..ir   on    '''  • 
1    1. 1'    liie 


to     fn 


in   elinru'e   of   the   ear   to   >\.iiii 


the  foiTiuan's   com 


.tiHi  rirnii 
\\>]y.  Div.  oil' 


;1.       0'/»'.)iii'"    V.    th' 
Co.     (l!^'.''M     41    tri 


on   hn 


h',f.     Cn 


,')8  X.  Y.  Supn. 


Tlic>    causal    coiiii'"'t  in" 
once  of  a  n 


ilO. 

l-.i'l  \\  I'i'U 


(.1   thi>  aji] 
will  III  I    i-iiiihr  th 
liahle    for    ilijiiiie-i    i 


ch   of   11 
ailriiail   .'.111- 

lllll'l.'l      U'lill 


the    then 
1,1  ma-.rr  ill  r.'tiioving   pro: 


if  till 


h 


th.i   tr.iiii 


111  rcachiil  th. 


till-  l.iake  rods  of  s.-M-val  ears 


1.1  leav-    to  ?it  on 


it    of    till 


av   hifori 


1,1    ill   tine 
th,-  ti.'i'i 


ii;.'  them 


hcavilv  hmli'l  '.Mth  raiU  U| 


•k   th 


7. 


.1     /".    /.• 


lined'sid'e   lra<-k.   xvh.'re  they   are    T-rvon 


(1890)    3(  C.  C.  A.  5 


JO.  tl2   1 1.1. 


Ide  to  1)6  siruek  hv  other  ears  a 


cation,  is  not  inli'i  rii'i'ed  hy  1i 

of  a  ei.iuhielor  v.ho.  de-iriii3  to  aver 
d'l.iiliiient  of  the  ears,   ni-eus   a   sw.i 


il  si't 

act 


Iniad    oi'iriiiep 


■t  a     hi 


A    rai 

-I    Hi  in    in    a    I'l 


r  who  on  s' 


fiil-il    to   bit 


i.ili 


vhi-tle   as   rr' 


all. 


1  them  1o 


'  on  the  111;' 


liny   colli;;   iii  <>   '■ 


ion 


i;...-,    r.,,.'!.  1 
!.!i   a    take  1" 


-.1  hv  t 
111  1.1  1 


ho  rules  of  I' 


.  h; 


.■11  1. 


.-,0  ad  to  I'le 


veut  culli-inii 


ii 


.,1 


!    i 


;i 


|l 


li 


11 


ilfifP 


lUil 


ri| 


m 


j 

(, 

r  Mi 

1      . 

11 

ik 

•'!l 

ml 

!       IHJ.H 

%'' 

1       *' 

i  ; 
1 

m 


3      f 

1,1! 


i  h 


2i'42 

'•"-'"■  '>■  «"-■  "■•--- "' " :■■>,.  „,„.  ,,r."  ;,:..'■ 


))er8on  ng:iiiisf  tj,f.  j. 


'■Uf'cr  (Tc: 


'■:i 

II! 


■J  Iiy  tlin  iirgliV.nco  of  tho  ,]■.■]],. 


Ml      -. 


h.t  t,o,^n,-,.r.ftlienr..i.!,,„   .,,, 
IIP  f^'iM  to  vri, !,,,„.  ,,i,  ,,^,,,1  ^^^ 

;:;;.^(.;;MM;..v,,,.x.iv.5n,n" 


tribiitory   ihl'!:., 

irrnvnv*  foi-  hi"  ,1,. 

'■"Ili'-i"",  iilliiuu^;,   il.e  ,,,;„|i„, 

;i;"^"tl.V   f..i!r,l   i„    l,i.   ,1„M.   ,„ 

Urn  l,n,K-on,n„   ,v,.„t   I,,,!.-'!,,  si..„:,|    ,|„. 

<<'>tw„,a  ,f.  „    y    ,.    fo.   [\^:-)   ;,o  T.v' 
fi27,  40  S.  W.  3S.';.    \. ■„,„!'„  ,    iV      -i-.v' 

C.v.  App.)  .-IS  s.  \\,  s:s  '^  '  ''■^■ 

pilrs,r;;!'';^:r;^'',;:''::^';:^-  ,^'"--"  ^ i'...torv . 

WIMIO     a     ki.ki,,..     Mvi,:  ,    t       ;";,"„;      ""'    I^'"''"   '''I-    -Toly    oV    f)„.    .01   , 

Pnnnot  rrrovrr  f.,r  ini„rio,  c...,:  .  ,'  ,''  ''  "l'""«  lo  r, -.•■„.  ;,n  „„i,,,^  , 
^y.  on  th,.  p,.o„„.l  that  thr  r.uvnn  v  h^d  .Au'^^T  I"'^'"""  '>' ,"  i'i^.  h,.  I,,„l 
failcl   to  n,nl<,.  n    n,l..  ..,„hi:,i,   „„•,,"{         •'''''•,  '1;'"''"  "'»''<■  '''■''''■••' i'- f 

«nry.      W,,/.,  v.   r/,;,..,.,,       V-V.^/',:-    ^■'  "'I'l'T  .....irr  ^uol,  cir.-u,,,..,-.,,..,, 
r„.  (TSni)    IMOl,,.).  (N.    oo\'-,;'"',  ''■    ""t   bo   ■,])„» -,1   to   r..r.on.r.    uh,-,- 
Kail.irc  of  a  r,.iho,.(l  r   nnv,',.    ',        ■         i'   '"'"  "''"  *'""  ■"''•''''■"t  v/uhi  no, 

-;-p!c,y.e„t  ,„„'r;;'  uH  :;,;;:::  n;;;^'!';"'  ''•"  '"•  ""■  "'^"—  - 

" Mhonpprn,,.!,  of„  ,r,.in.  nn,I  fh"nn  ,  Z',  '"  '"  //""'"P'i".'  to  ph,,.... 
^poo.l.  flop^  n.,1    rf..:,!,.r  th,.  r.  •      T,     li        i,    •    " '"""^    "^    I"-"",!.'    in    tho    li:. 

•''«  ^.r  t.,0  ,i,..,t,,  of  :;.r  „i ., ;  rrnsir;  ,^r' ^-T^'- ^'■- -'-"^ 

"1-.0   h,.  «t    llr-t  p„t   ..„t   of   tl  ■•   V-    v'  sT,„     ,;    i'          "^''P-  ^''-  -'-•  '^  -^' 

,u;ino  wluMi  ,1  ,v;,.  onlv  a  f  .-,■  f,,,r  di-f  ,„t  ^,,,,1                     fvi'Irrro    .ho„,.,l  ;!,„ 

r„sl  SI.  I..,.r...  r..„,/,./,.„.  i;   vl   V  /•"  ■  ^'"i:'".^':"  '"  a    .n,„.ln-  „.m  at  «„rt 

"'««  (1S!;.-,|   js  111.    \„|,-,;'i'     "■^■'■'■'H-  nn  "■""■".,'  „iM..|.i,i,.  „hicli  w,,.  ,„,,„ 

walkvrs    from    tho    ,l.„..,s    of   „n    ..n      !;, I -•'';' V-     ''■''■■''"■"''''"  '''^'''"i'''' 

of   thoir    d„!i...,    ,,,.,.,    ,!,.f,..,;vo    i,     vo?  ;    .;V       I    ,   ''""';'■'   "f   ""^   "''"■l,im.; ';, 

pn.vidinj  th..t  th.  ..„,i,„..  .l,oul,l  wh  i     ',  '.  ''"  ""',' '^"'i'-S  to  .li.-,,,,.,,:,. 

t'o    «t     fr,.,|„o„t     i„,..,v,,!,     h,'      e       p  ,1",     ,  '■'•':"^* ',"''    '"■■•    f-t     f.-n,    . 

J-muhinj  l„i,!..o.   or   t,v-tl,.s  on  Ih^  ,o,r.,'';'   ''''''  r'^'''■'''■^"  ''•i»'''>" ' 

r.inU-iKrn    ni.Vht   ho   „,,lki„..        If    '  ".  J?             ,      ;"'"'''•  ""^  im-Miro  of. 

'In-d  l,v  ti,o  n.o.,;-d.  that  tl'e  in  ;  T,  [';  '  ',"  ^"  »  ";  '• '  -  "f  I'-r  in  inn,  :: 
"ot  o«  in;;  oil!,.,-  to  ti,,'.  fact  t  V'  ..  :,  ,''^;-'  ",'"""'''  ""'  ""■"*">••  /'"'"'."fc 
.ino  did  n-,t  «),i.fln.  as  ,V,,  i      ,  Uy       ,       '"<L   '       ,   '    '"  ",'•  ••''''■  ^"'• 

■l-f..Mive  in   not   vrrp,i,.i„.,  ,!,e  "  ,.1,     to  [  ,;Y^^V'","  J"  "•  l":-iir;r  hov,- „t  ;rl;,. 

whi.tl,.  atn-.or,.  f,-,'„„.ntl,     Tvai:     „.,s  ",", "•:!""''    ''^    ^''vrn!    hox,-.    of  nh 

im.chaMl..  pl,,i„uu■..,^v    ho™";'|;  :,';''/■■'   PorKT  dirrctrd    Im,,    to%. 

-nff  tr:.in    half  a   mil,  ahead,    'nd   11  ,T  hi  '      '"?    "■"""   ''""•   ''"'^'•t   ''«>' 

-.fety  nntil   th,.  t^ain    ,.'■,'.1  "  '"    '''"•'■''''  '"  ''"  tl'"  ^^'tK".  whr-n  tl„.re  «, 

A    Bcnant    canna    Veeovor    on    the    b^a:'. '^''nll^^.tl'^^r,:!  Jr::;  t; 


(il 


.■.-civunt.      I  !■: 
ntiMihui '1  ill" 


CALSATION. 


■:n. 


to  s:\v.  tli^'  master's  fuli^rqii.nt  IvcmAi  of  aat 


!IS   l!ir    |'!-.xillUltO   tMH-f   <- 


•".I''',' 


il' 


.;nce  III 


I  Ml'    V.c 


,  ,  ;i\  ii'.  hi'H  111    i' 
.1      !   .1.,,-..   ,. 


.1     luC    illlll' 


t..i>  < 


!i^  whiih  ,1   Iirii 


Seo,  "vn('v;i 


Iv.  el:,!!.!!- 


dr.) 


iU 


ired  bt-rviiiit  i 


i;:'.v  r.  r 


,!    :L 


,,,jd(.  by  tho.  i.hiiniiiV  <.,   I'.y''"'  i"";;!T;    ' 
lb,  r's  V.   Ilarin       ■  ' 


|;,',i;!)    11!)    Ih;n.    --"k' 


It    ll: 


bii'ii 


Ii.lil    that    tlii'i 


■(■    \v;>s    n.    I'l    111' 


|,!      i.'l       MJ'      Vil     \V      llll'      111 

\v;i-  ll'-l  \\:'riirt!  I'l  ill' 


1      ll'    ^1    ~lMl  li: '  l\     I'l  1.  I-!  Ill 
M     r.".'iil  ilili;-    I'll'    ''iii|''.^ 


to  piovo  tiKil   liio  i>l;unlilVV  nu 


iiilure  to  pi 
iv(lli--nr'-.s   \Vii«    11 


1  ;  .l.'li     « 


ill 


i>t    ll 


lie    o:lM->-    O 


,f     till'      ll:     -tlT 


li;r.ll'      fur     1111      iil.jlin 


lllli 


injury 


«li 


liore   tliP  cvidnico  \v:'s 


to   tlu'    I'liiiii  ll  11'  '^  "'"' 


■Il  till'  fhi;.t   ill  Ml 


ir«t'tliat  tliP  ilrf.'i. 
jinrd  fmir  vnt*.  I'l 
iJii,  iiiiil  -2  fcrt  7  iiu-lii-s  111  iH'i 


,  ilvi'  iiiiiiii  coii- 


l,.-mlci!,   :iiiil  loul'l   li.u\'   iivoiiii 


i;  f,-t   l-nij 


t,v  5    il  111'  III 


■ll  (iriiii.  irv  <';ir(' 


I!  Ill  I 


!,i  nl'civc    V. 


1< 


'lankiii;; 


wliicli  ''i-i 


1,.,1  til.'  v:it  lit  ilii'    Till-  •■>''• 


floor; 


th:?!    till'    111. ml'-    wi-iv    S    I 


10 


Til. 


ll!  iti'-n  n 


d-  Tuhr  fo.   (ISHO)    -l-i 
if  tlm  ■Miiliiii'iii  >t:inili 


Iviiik   lliitly   on  tilt!   lUior,    | 


,  hiliilii:',.'   tlu'  ciui'Kiyii..  Ml    of  I'liiliii  I'li 


i:»l  licvolcl  o;V  frill.:  t 


lie" villi  tliiit  tlui'i 


■  ■r  f'.ui 


;US  of  li"r  U 


iihijlil  ill 


1,1'.  an  oiKii 


fraii!i\  tUti'i 


ll  Willi  slat>,  in    uritt^  n     ii'ii 


of    till-    piii-nl     111' 


iliP  vat.  ami  a   lioi-llii^'  ^'i-ar  i 


ili'il    Lriuinliiiii  \ 


:iIm 


11 


liiV  il.  tiy  wliiili  ilif  tiiiiiip 
llll  was"  lowcrcil    inti 


livii! 


Ill 


'll  with    1. 
I'll    out 


I'tir    iMiiiii' 

i!;!o     llliTinilriy 


in  ,.   iliilil    fn  ill   filliii; 


■  if  the  hot  ilyi-;   Hiat  to  rai-c  i/n'  'j' m 


lj;;'r,il.    .n    a 


'f    wliic! 

mil'  iiitM" 


111'  1. 


Ill  .III 


from  till 


at.  two  nun    I 


plainlilf  mul 


i: 


lU.il 


inotliiT)  h-iil  1."  i-niim'ct  rcrtain  lio" 
aid  riii'j^  lii-_'.Ui''r  in  llif  ^ii'ariii;.'  al"i 
h.^at:  and  that,  whilo  th.y  »ii<'  l';i 


(IS'.iti)     111    -Mii'li.    !-'••. 


(ill 


1„1VI 


trn 


!s   to   show   1; 


cr  Iho  vat.  on  opi'i 


iiran  alti'ii'pt  to  olVi'i-t  the  rin 


i-idi-s  (if  it. 

i.liii.'.  Ill 


I'K'I 


rly  litilipil  »hi>  li'vi'r  "i  .i 

M';i     !!■     L-CUIVIV      1.11 


jil.-iiiitiir   >li|'|ii' 
into   the    Mit.    a;i 


d    on    the    w( 


■t    'hi.ir.    f.U    I'll!"    .1    I'll 


to   a    dm 


•.  1. 


d    \va^ 


/!f.s. 


I  V.  V 


iriclit:,r'in 


hndlv 
.•;,■  Vo. 


ilih  d.    1,'vor    11  in.iiilc.i    in    |> 


V.  llih-    III 


I  iiiooi  ni 


di 


di>l:ll 


111    Lli)    I'lN    ll|« 


111.  -i(i  Ati.  s'li;. 

I'ho  lu'^li-i'noo  of 


di 


iiL'h   lr;'i-;;.  and  tlu-  r<  ii 


iivKti-r  in  faii'T 


viniilimi   of  the  a|i|.liai'.ci'  is  sn.-li   thai 


iitiv  eaiilii  11 


iiUh  as  t" 


111. 


jiropcr  nil 

;n   in-tinftin<j 

uartiinlaiiv  lia;-i 


Ihod  of  111  i'lliii'J  ■■'  I 


a  iilaii  r 


I  1    is  n 


diiirp   iii-liiuly   \\hr:\ 
'd.      Fi 


irli 


rrati'    it    in 
iiim'r  ilooi  lint 


(  ISiin 


iiliT    him    lialih'    fur    iniuiu 


til 


th"    \.  I'lii 


1    41    App.    Div. 
,  .\;i)M'al    ^i-llli-^ 
X.   K.  111'.'.-'. 


\.i-.\  tin-  lati-1 

In    i'vr,,.lr,' 

.   M    N.    V. 

In   I  llll   N. 


l.itti'r  w 


■hill'    s 


(1    ClI 


'di 


lii'ri'  hi'  wa-. 


\ 


1    M.-iii'ii    ran 


III 


iiKiiiitaiiii'i 


1    for   a 


ruiltv  lit  II  lit  ri'iiui'iiy  11' 


li'.riicc  111   a 


h 


;lt;cll.  iil'l    to 


div.'rtod    to    la- 


'jirls  wlin  wrii'  i»a---ia 


\ihi 


'■/■' 


\tl.  1104. 


I  IS'.' 


1    .\Iarv.    (Uid.i    SO,  36    jiuy 


1.    1,1,  aih  ■■!'  a  -i.ituti-  .'i  ■piiriir.'  imm'  ii"'n 

to  h'l'.ci'  111"  ti  ps  ot  shafts  si'Cin.ly. 

h,  re  i;   i-  sho'.vii  ihit  tlio  servant's  in 

Id    not    li.ivo   111  I'll    rii'i'ivi'il 

,■•;   I'lyin;;'  prop 


lll.S'  V.    w 


he  ha, I 


No   rci'ovorv    fan    hp    liail    nn 


dor    tho    w 


h  It   \: 


ir  atimliuii 
(  v,  O.-iiiic  C'lii'l 


l'ii'jli-!i    faotorv    not    o 


,f     1S7S    for    the   .(■   Vi,i.  ( 


•i^  Mo.  lis. 


i.Ui  of  a  child.  paiHid  by  hor  own  do 

n  hoard  sot   up    p' 


Till-  1.  a 


"1: 


,f  the  in'iiii 


liliirati'  apt  in  roiai  \  iii: 
for  the  sjM'oial  purp,  ~o  ■ 
iii'i  niao'iimi'\ ,  oven  llinn'^li  lior  on 


V     (  t      ill'- 

nf  '.■uariliii'j  iiii'V-    niat'ii  il.  Minn 


nf  11 


iiploy-    injury 


;  iir.lor  tlie  oiroiii; 


ll  hi 

OPS  w.is  a  vio-    hin 


s  th. 


nf    t! 


iif  tlio  not.      Hilw.-on  such  vi 


lolf    in 
hi 


5Uc.-!i   :tii   aoe 


hUnt  ihon-   in  no 


.dm 


uf    tllP 


1,1    kn,.«ii;:..| 


'i  K 


1 11 


iii-:.    . 


.111 


ii: 


2244 


MASiKi;  amj  si;uva.\t. 


[cilAi-. 


il 


Mil 


I  i 


>{ 


existence  of  the  pniil  in  (juostiun,'  or  on  the  gruund  tliut  tlic  i)hv;j 
condition?  v.i-iv  not  so  altered  as  to  remove  that  peril.* 


KIrrls  V.  Chicano  <{•  /.  Con]  /?.  Co. 
( IS"!  1  I'in  Ind.  lis.!.  :!0  X.  v..  l.-.l,  whfie 
a  liiuUciiiaii  V  U-*  Idll^'d  in  coiii>liiig  curs 
Hlii?!i  ill-  1,111  .v  to  111  luuvii:;;  at  :l  il.ui- 
^'I'liiiH  iMti'  of  -pivil.  i'tiil  it  was  !i('l(l 
lliat  tlic  111.1  .iiT  u  IS  nil!  Ii.:'ili>,  altliiiirjii 
III'  kfii'w  lli.it  tilt'  (M.-inciT  Nvas  unlit  for 
lii.  |iii~it  iiiii. 

'  Sli.,nhridii,:  v.  Ilri.nl.hiit  Cihi  I!.  C. 
(18UI!)  U  Api..  Uiv.  |-J!l.  41  N.  V.  Siiiip. 
12H. 

'"If  .1  part  of  till'  mill  iluuiM  Iii'ciiinp 
lins.ifo  li(can-('  or'  ili,  nriirct  of  siiiii 
enijilov.''*  t->  ri'a!<p  ri'iviii--.  and  slimiiil 
so  cfinl  ii'i'  f'ir  n  I'li'l'i  if  I  ii  •"  i'ri- 
cicnt  to  imlufe  tlie  pn -iiiiiiilion  that  the 
coiiipany  Uiii-u  uf  .i.  m  •.ii;;!ii  tu  ]i..\i' 
known  of  it.  tlicn  il  i-  im  ;.'li'.^rnt  niui 
cari'lr-*,  ai  il  i-i  li.i!i|i  tu  <illi  t  I'l^'pl'iy- 
(•(•■1  for  ini'i.rirs  r(-iil'in_r  tiu'ri'l'iom.'' 
Hoinl  V.  ,!;iv.si.<si7i/)i  C.  /.'.  (.'().  (187t) 
flO  Mi-s.   ITS. 

Wliiip  it  appi^ar'f  that  an  ririiloy-c 
li.Tvin'.'  uiMicral  ('!iar','(>  of  the  tracks  of  a 
railrnail  pf.irpaiiy  hail  iituife  tliat  an 
aopiiirnt  harl  I'lovioii-ily  ii((iiri!i!  at  llii' 
phii'c  wlinrn  tlio  plain!  ill',  a  liraiiiaian, 
WIS  injiiri'il  it  is  error  to  ^ivc  in  trni'- 
tii'iis  in'i-lyiru  that  tho  riiin;>itiv  is  lint 
lialili'  on  thi'  eiouml  that  thi-  m-u'lci't  to 
rcjiir  t'li'  tvu'';  \\,i-  tli.il  of  iho  -rftion 
f::iiii-ni.  a  ii-lli.u  M-rvant  of  tin-  (ilaln- 
tiiV.  Such  an  in-lrnotiiip  fails  to  ta'.c 
into  ar-oiint  tlir  |iii>  iliility  of  tlio  inuiry 
licinff  (Inr  to  ilio  ('0!i;|i:Mi\  "  'iriMi'li  i-f  its 
iioiia-s'"iinl.!--  iMuii-s  of  i:i-|iPi-tiiiL'  its 
lr.:.'':<.  nv.A  i  ji-ir!"';  il  aftiT  notice  tli.'t 
it  is  (lcfi'(.-li\-i-.  .',  :nl.-r-.i,,i  V.  1/ 11'.'' I /.III 
C.  I.'.  Co.  (ISII.M  1(17  Midi.  'M.  ti.")  X. 
W.  oS'i. 

A  i:iil\ '^••  Kriii.iny  is  liatilo  if  it  lias 
inipinj  rlv  -nlli'viil  i  (le|i)-it  of  sivil  to 
reniain  M.ir  tlie  track,  if  the  fait  nf  it - 
Ik'Iiij;  tliere  had  li;  on.  or  oii'j'it  to  lii'V.' 
Keen,  known  to  the  corpoi.i'i'  aynt^. 
I'oliiiiaoii  V.  Hovsldit  if  7'.  ''.  /'.  Co. 
(1H77)    40    Tex.    ."ill)    (e.e iliMi. 

The  fact  that  it  was  the  plaintilVs 
fellow  servaiil.s  who  eieeleil  a  il.iriek 
so  clo-p  to  a  railway  triek  a-  to  pro- 
dilee  a  ilan;'eroiis  olistnieuon  if  it  fill 
will  not  e.\eii-e  tile  company  for  in  i 
ries  line  to  its  fallinjr.  if  it  had  sniTen 
ino  a|iparatns  toreni.iin  standim/  for  an 
luiM-i-oTalile  lenjith  of  tine.  Iliihh  ii  v. 
FiUhhi'.'l  It.  fo.  (18S0)  129  Mas,.  -JDS. 
37   Am.   i;ep.  313. 

A  railway  conir  .ny  may  be  held  liahle 
if   ;i    I'lte   ol    a-iu'.,    has    lieial    left    -o    loilL' 

on    llie   tra-.i.    thiit    the   hi){hpr   oilicials 


arp  cliarjTpable  with  knowloil;:e  of 
cunditioii.-.  Ilwjlie-t  v.  II  .,  >.  ./  ,i  m 
/.'.  Co.    (ISSO)    27  .Minn.    137.  i;  x. 

.■).")3  (cvi  iel.ee  h(dd  Hot  to  jll-tifi'  j; 
encp  of  knovvledi  e) . 

.A  railway  company  wliii'i  nii-.  .t 
have  known  of  the  defeeliie  en':  li 
of  a  plank  ero->in;'  is  not  i  \rii.,.,l  i,v 
fact  tliat  it  has  inrni-heil  i!i,.  .,.',. 
fiireiean  with  Iiiateri.ils.  ami  ii,.liii 
him  to  make  repairs.  I'luh,.,  \  I 
shi.ir  d  M.  .S.  I{.  Co.  (lsn;ii  \i\  \\ 
212,  80  N'.  \V.  23. 

A  raih\,i\  company  i,  liaMi  fur  i 
ries  raiwc'l  by  defect-  in  a  liii.!-,'.  «! 
it  failed  to  re|iair  after  heiii_-  nuti 
of  their  e.xistencp.  .l/an.-./n ,'./  f'cu 
Ciil.r  C'l.  V.  MrV.iirry  (187!1)  !i|  l',i. 
3(i    \ni.  Uep.  (li;2. 

The  f'rl  that  thp  improper  .uli 
nient  of  a  brake  ro.l,  after  lo;n!in<;  a 
wa  ;  due  to  the  nenlii^eiief  of  a  ii'~rv 
will  not  i'\('ii-e  the  coiiipiny  \vl 
lien  was  afleru'.irds  an  aiiijile  op 
tunily  for  inspection,  ilahi !)!<,, i,  i 
S.  .1.  /'.  Co.  V.  Tci]ifthloii  ils'u, 
Tc\.  42,  2i;  S.  \V.  loiiii. 

A  label.  ]■  injnred  by  the  f;i]!  i 
-led  ini;oi  from  a  mass  of  -leli  ini 
caiele-,ly  pihil  by  bis  coserv  I'l' -. 
ieeovor  of  the  pniployer.  if  th-  u 
or  his  aeents  knew  of  the  d  iiijei.iu-' 
dilion  of  the  pile.  y<!sh  v.  V.  ~'...i  ; 
iC-  Ulccl  Co.    (ISS2)   02   N'.  H.  -loi;. 

An  Pinployer  who-^p  duty  to  mi 
ployce  en,i.'ai;pd  in  dre-in?  -'."^a'  in 
stoneyard  refinircn  him  to  p!  ice 
-ton"  on  a  solid  and  steady  snif,,,'-, 
cnrc  and  safe  to  work  upon  .iinl  \\\< 
("innot  escape  liability  for  an  initivi 
t!ie  pnijiloypp,  caused  by  the  falliii- 
on  him  of  a  stone  next  to  iln'  'i 
which  he  is  workinf,',  ne;rli;;eni;y  -ii 
on  its  pd,;;e,  on  the  eronml  i'i:ii 
omi-sion  oeciirrpd  tlironL:li  the  f,iu!i 
a  fellow  servant.  Illo.iilin  v.  <)' i 
<^ii,irni  Co.  (1S04)  11  Ind.  .\pp.  :"'.■. 
X.  K.  812.  It  was  considereil  tie''  ■ 
stone  idiieh  was  shown  to  have  I.  [ii 
-e'lin  ly  placed  and  necliffently  -iilh 
♦  o  remain  in  tliat  condilioii.  in  !■ 
■  o-.iinity  to  where  the  appill.irt 
it  woik.  was  as  much  a  pan  if 
phic:'  wheie  such  work  was  lieir;  li 
.1.-.  won!  1  have  been  a  danL'i'ruii-  pit 
of  wliieh  the  plaintili  had  not  hern 
pri-eil." 

In  The  Fniiil.-  a,,,!  Willlr  I  lS!'li 
I'^ed.  494.  the  cMdence  showed  tiu'i 
mate,  aflei    notice  ot  the  daneerous 


'U 


J12J  CALSAllON. 

'  812  -or  between  the  negligence  of  the  plaintiff  himself  and  the 

...» , »'„r"i:':'(i:i;:"E  ;:::;:,.i";t..:;'ir"t..;',,;:"v'ur;?^.;: 

Mv  .m.^a   by   the    >lnp   ni.l   '."'•.     o  ^^     ir,„.,:.,.-r.l     ♦••■lii     t^" 

t:;:;M::;'";en,^e\v.:i'nor':„Vte.  :..:i. -n..,. ...  ,.i r ..., ... 

:,"k.   in   ......una,..-..  1...1.  "*<."'"'';•   '•■        r,,,-  „„,.     v     /rA-^ (■     M.    I'-    '■'■ 

I^'    tlu.    c;.ryo,-tl.-    re,>n-M.n.nt>..    ■>       !^^"    '■:,.,    ,,,.,„„.,,  i.,  ,„.,;,.. i.a^ 
,1   ,   uu.k.     His   att..r,l...M   wa.   ^;i.-      'I "   .V"       „.  ,;,„,    {„,„  «l,i<l,  il  ...i,.hl 

:,,|„„  „.a.  praol...nv  l'';U>  e^'  J^'  „,.„„„  .,„  U,e  iU..' ilirali.n,  of  ....,,„.,■ 
:,„t  1,„!,1  tl'.o  sl,.i.  I...M.;  f'\;'"  ,"„.  i„  „,,i  „rv,.:.l.  an.l  a  uri.n  <  f  l'^';  ~""^^1- 
™.„v  u,rli..M..-.-  -  a   '"""".".V^    ■    ,,  .'.-   of    the   «„,«.,■,,■,...„    a„.l    H.-   .-m- 

01-  l.i-  ..lii-al  to  ..■M.c.ly  It   "'""""■         ,..,i„„       |.,„i  ^vo  thin';  \\u-  i<My  n.r^M 

,  :;;j^'":;;:.e  of  a  f.a,o. .,.,. ,.  ^::  j:;::^;^.,:!;;;,:';;^';;,:';.':.--.;';:;;^ 
^,^l:;;;•;^;t•^r'.^..:"::J:■}l.^^^^:^^^ 

1  111'       ^llTK'l'lt*r     >t'I\lllH.     ii'i>''.- 

IW  of  the'co.piructio,,   ..l^th.^  ^^;a^     ' ''nli.'l'Kt   that   Iho  tl.K.r  of  a   .n.!l   I. - 

i«l,l  was  inf.)Miica  that  it  "■",.,    1   ,      .     .  ,,.„  i„   ■,   ,1: .-i-oiis  rn;il;ii.in   foi    il'ir 

,;„:-i,.,,v.  iiriHiih    (18-.'2)    2-   Uh.o  L.  .1,    ,.^m,J..  a   ^^^_-_^   ^^   ^^^^__^   ,^  .^    ^^ 

In  \rrn,  v.  .v.</.;.v    '  ^*'Y, -h  liha'   .a„-    .o  .-ha  V::,-  the  mastr,-  uith  ....•.■-  <'f     '' 

„„,-o„  in  his  c.n.,aoy    .aus.a     >  ^  ;\,„; ,,  ,„,;,,-/,•„/',.  r  <'o.   ils:r.=  i   21 

.,,l„>i,m  of  aynanute   h^lt    ""''M"    l'^'        ;    ,    .,„-,   ,,   .Ml.  :•.»:. 

',  „1„,U    of    -lone     «h..-U     i,lanMI,    .yi-  ''„|;      *;,,.,,„,,,..,,„,,/,.„,  1S!10 ,    12, 
/,,.-in.'.   is   ehar-.'aM.-  with    Um.svU-.l..'         _       ■  ,  failiin-  alt.r  no 

,:   ,1,  "^  nu-ts  as  to  the  use  of  .tynann  ■;  '!';  •'^';, -;,:,, „,„  .^  ->,are  ih-  ;-o(  ,.f 
.Ms  qnairy   whieh   ^^- ^}^^^^^'ZZZ     .   n:i  '-.       .'  unsaf.ty  o>   uhieh   uas  .In,- 

.,a.ht  to  have  know...      H.*  ''"I'    >'";,'  ,„,,.,    ,„.,li.vn.v  of   the   ■•».,.'..■   hy.,    ,  : 

„,%..m|.etent    .luanynu.n.   ai"!   his   1.  y    t  ■  ^.^__,    ^,^^     ^      „„,,,,,, 

a,.l,i„,    Uieni    viih    ,.ro,.or    "'>;  "; ''  ;,',     .s  r.r.  A.  .".lO.  5:.  f.  S.  Ap;. 

ihen-e  ..1  aviianiite,  uoiih!   not    i;   "■  •    '  ■ .  ^.^^     ,|,,^,    ..y    \ii.-...   2^1.   A 

-.u.l.   jn-tifv  him  in  relym-  on  his  a  ..  ^^.      ^  ^.^  ^,^^  ,,  ,,  j.   ,,  ,.   ro. 

,aal  .an.   of  kmnvh-.lj.'.-  that   there  h   ■  >■;  .•■-„-,    ^.r:..    US    2',.   X-   K-    1  "S'i ; 

1,0,-n  .areU-ness   at   the  .inarry.   as   i.n  '    ,     -  ,^.;,.,  ,,    ,is,,(!)    105    Mas.. 

e.KCUse  for  furnishing  a  aanper.uis  sto.u-  W".        ^.-     j^.      j,,,,.     „■;„■,«  v.  fKiiitJ 

for   Uie   pUiUliff'.s   use.    if,    k.iov.,:-.-    ^U  U'      !■> 


i|f! 


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i2M> 


MASIEH  ASD  SERVAN'J . 


[cu 


act  of  Mffrligciice  on  the  part  of  tlic  master  himsplf  or  df  nii  ,i, 
fur  who.,,  di  laults  he  was  m'jh.iHible,  have  hem  colleehd  in 
(tiilc.  11, e  iii,lit  to  iiiiiiiitain  the  aflioii  nn.lcr  such  circiiin-M 
i'stabli.-h(d  l.v  cviil.  lie-  which  warrants  the  conclusion  that 
in  (,n(-tini,  vMi-  a  cnl|.:,l,|.'  one,  and  that  if  it  had  uoi  bcvu  o-n, 
the  injur,)   would  not  have  hi  cii  received.' 

C.    '^'oNCLItlUCNT  CAUSES. 

813.  Generally.-  Where  several  eaiises  eoiieiir  to  pivdnco  , 
re.-ult-,  anv  of  thcin  nia\  i)e  termed  '•pidximiitr,"  provided  i;  :, 
to  have  heen  an  etiicieiit  eauM'.'  The  srcuieral  nil.'  applicaM, 
eases  iliii-iratiiiii  ihi--  siiiiation,  except  tli-ise  in  whi,  ii  iiii.  e.  hm-; 
crvant  himself  is  involved   (see  ;<  >|0,  sii,,, 


negligence  of  tin 


(1807)   in  App.  T)iv.  •2r>(;.  4(1  X.  Y.  Supp. 
18 »;  Co"„,i  V.  I'uih'i'nxi  I'ltlp  ('0.(1897) 

ni  Vi\  M.  3!)  Ati.  :iio. 

Ill  i:n:  ■III  V.  V-  ir  Villi;  ('.  A  B.  It.  R. 
>•„.  (I8:M)  81  Hun.  Hit,  m  S.  Y.  Supp. 
737,  tlip  miitcrinl  flcniciits  (lisLii--c'd 
urrc  till'  rii;,'iii<'t'r's  violition  of  a  rulp 
iiii  to  sp  cil  iit  switclic'^,  mill  tlip  com- 
paiiy"s  ki-.)',vli(l;;i-  nf  lialiitiial  vinlation 
of  -iucli  rule,  and  f.iihirp  tr>  talsc  appro 
priatc  pncautioiH.  Tlio  adiial  decision 
was  llial  the  company  was  not  ni'^li- 
^.nt. 

.\  iioniuit  is  erronodus  where  plain- 
tiir  (iirorcd  to  prove  that  dpfciidant 
Isinw  of  tho  inNPiiirity  iif  tli"  place  of 
work,  can-ed  I)y  the  co-iiTvanl 's  nc^'li- 
Lionel'.  Miilliii  V.  Ciiliiiiiiiiii  Harsrslidc 
Co.    (1S!I4)    105  Cal.  77.  .38   I'ac  5.3.J. 

'  l.<'avin;.'  a  switch  taiiied  upon  a 
track  on  whicli  frei;;lit  lars  arc  stand 
in^.  in  tlip  ordinary  manner,  does  not 
render  the  railroad  ininpany  liatile  for 
tho  dealli  of  a  seel  inn  hand,  caiiied  liy 
his  jiiih;iin^'  oil'  a  "pn^h  ear"  while  <zo- 
ini;  down  a  steep  ^rade  to  avoid  run 
nint:  into  the  fri'ljit  cars,  wlieip  the 
switch  19  not  ontinarily  u-eil  Irv  a  |iu-li 
ear.  In  the  ordinary  ii-se  of  <nch  a  i  .n 
it  could  nia';e  no  did'eii-nee  ni)on  whieli 
ti-ack  the  swilcli  was  turniMJ,  as  it  wa- 
eommoniy  liftrd  fioni  one  track  to  an 
other.  )'(ii.  V.  Kan^ns  f'itii.  P.  it-  N.  II. 
fo.  (l.St'.ii  117  Mo.  -lO.i.  22  S.  \V.  1081. 
A  railroad  rompany  is  not  lial>le  for 
an  injury  to  an  eaiplnyeir  wlio  wa-* 
^.Miilty  of  eonlrilintory  neirliL'enee,  mere- 
ly lueause  (ither  einployts's.  not  fellow 
•(•r^•ant■i.  saw  (he  f.)rmer  afier  iie  had 
[daeed  himself  in  a  perilous  position, 
but    r.ot    under    such    circumstances   aa 


necessarily  to  apprise  them  nf  t 
that  liis  position  wa.s  periloii- 
.1(111  ri,  K.  (f-  v.  I,',  fo,  V.  r,,li;„s 
15  Te.\.  Civ.  App.  21.  :!!(  S.  \\ .  | 
Tie  >ervan(  is  not  cMi.i.nd  I' 
eciverin:,'  foi-  injuries  dire.ilv  ,li 
siMK'ilic    wilful    .let   of   Hie   in'.'-i,-: 

princip.-u.   iidy   hecau-e  lie  kia 

similar    ae(^    )in,l    previou-ly  hn 

initti'd  by  (he  -anie  man.     I'liilf. 

/■'.   II.  ro.   V.   Hiiiilfuril    (iMIMi    ; 

010.  23  .\m.  S(,  Hep.  :)77.  ],-,  s 

(intovie  ited      -U)ierinli'nderil       1, 

shouts     pi(\ented     the     plaintilf 

hearing  pinpi-rly  his  foreman's  w, 

enmmand  hy  which  the  loading;  e 

was  heinj.'  fe;;ulated  ) .     'I'lie  ceini 

"When  the  cause  of  the  injurv  i- 

reet  net  of  (lie  nia<(er  er  his  V  \<:- 

tivc.   it   cannot   he  sji,|   \\yi\   d,,.  , 

rpmainin-r     in     the   employiiuut 

proximate    cause     of     the'  injury 

(liou;.di     the    servant     may    Iiav,.' 

that    the    ma-iev    or    hi'^    repre-i  i 

had  freipieiitly  dnne  (he  <ame  <v  - 

a<-t'<.    which     imjieriled     his     smI'i^i 

(Ic  aet  which  in  -iich  ca=e  can--  i 

jury   is   the  wro'i'.'tiil   act   of  llii^  i 

or    of   hi-t    repre-er,taIi^e.   (he   n- 

(he  exerei-e  of  (he  will  ni'  (he  caie 

otlier.  and  hence  the  proximate  c:i 

(he  eO'eet   from   wliich   tin-  ma-ter 

iio(   (o  lie  permiKed  to  j;o  free  fni 

hilify   on    the    fnoiucl    that    the  -i 

knew    lie    had.    Iicfnre    the   lia|i|«;r 

ihe  injury,  done  ac(s  such  as  tint 

which    the   injury  re-:ulted.  lint   >! 

mailed  in  his  si  rvicc." 

'  Yi.ii  III   V.   Xin-'ir.isc.  II.  ,(■    \.   / 
I  ISnO)  4.^5  App.  Oiv.  290.  61  N.  'i . 
202. 


1813] 


CAUSATION. 


iU' 


,H.  in  onlor  to  p«tnMi^h  .ho  riiiht  of  ac-flon,  it  i.  m-roly  r^o^'^'^<>^vy 

■'    ,  „,  ,„„;,,i„„  inr  wlii.h  llu.  nu.-r  was  n-,-"'  >'l-       '  "^  "  ' 

"';'     1     vl..|l..r.l ,l„.r  ...u.-s  .vo  .1..  .l..taul.s  tc-  .1,,-h  1.- 

^^Zv'm^  ■'••  --n.  .In-  ...  ->n.  ev.nt  or  .o.uo  .,,.1.1......  lor 

„     ,,■     ilic    !■•',.-    „nt     of    (niP.   til"  ,!"'"♦'■'-""■  ,"' 

.,.nl,„  ,n,  i"^"'"":'""  ""■'-,'',■,.    I       n.l-    ..'l    irn.   «oh1,1    <,ol   n■lM■^.•   t ""M"' 

,       ,,.    ,,!,i,„ilV    nuvi.nA.r    il     I  "     '  j.     ,.  ,,v.  il   ..    i.-'iH    I'M'" 


'."'is  :  i':  v-^i:..  ^>^  N.  .■i-.^is:,        '■;■;;;:,•--,"  ;:,i.^.l  f.r  ,1,.  a.f    ■ 

-',.,   i,  „„,i,fn..   in  .n.H,..M   1..,    .  '  ,  ^,  ,,  ^,,,  ,  ,„..,,„ 


,.,.     ;.iiUi.l.l' 
il      t\if     irtlll'l' 


.1  |>  r-"ii.  <"■ 


,;;';::,•  ;..:.i,n..-  .1,1..  7'!';';:";;'.;,;:  ::;;:;;,,;;,„;,■/■■•,•.  >,!„  .1-  f:.i  -i-t 

,!:i. ,-,-,.  it  V..- .■Ni-:-':^   "■    ,    .;     li^M..   ,.r.Mu,v.i  iiM.  piiin..;-  ■"-"■>■. 

,,,,ruU.  i.  t!,..  .:n„..  m  :        n  :Ul  v   a.  ..    l.,^,i  •    |^    ^,^^_    ^^^^,^,,^^,,    „  •  ^„    , ,,. 

:ri'.,.!-.l    to.    it     i''.i-t     '"■'•' 7' V,'-,    :;:.,V    '    '  l-Mof  ..l-tl,.'  mrli-'.' f■^r.u\v•y^•\ 

'-n   :.n    i. ,!!■>.■    ''n—   ''■   *'',    l  „!r    ,■..   „.„v  in  V.uli.vMn  mm,.;  :.  .   iv""''; 

,v;,.  libAi^o   puiUy   of   \vr.m-.        ■!•         ■      ■  ,,„  u,,,,,,-  ^..i  1  ^i-      -•  l""^'" 

'%noi^li-'.Vf"r:u,  injury  r'.n-y!l.>'    '''■;;;■.;■.,;    "l'!^' ,,',V,.  n;.'-   -    m-   in- 

,,„„..l  rnlinlv  l.y   !>i-  <"vn  n.-.'li  :'';;' •      '_   .  •- 

„.  ,„.;,.  ;.    l'-'\  ^- /;l''::^Y"s"\|^i"    "''TL.t    tl.c    iun,;.in..  of   .    t.n.I.r    from 

\V!,o,o   tbn  .■vi.l.nr.  ^ps   .n  hr.ont   to     '  ;'  T,;,  li^v    for  ,1  „.,  v.-    :or   Ho-  .I,-Ul> 

l,,,a   ,vns  a   |.r..NHv.i.-  .  oi-.'   "'•     '"  .  '     .         ^      „,„.,,,  ,;„.  ■,,,,i„  ^.. -M  m.t 

i,,vlon.prvan..uitlHn,i  ul.U'hl-;    ">  '';;',;,;.„   ,,,.,,,•,,,,,    ,„„    ,„r   tin-   roHon 

i,„V  ,..nl.l  not  iMVo  oonnriM.  '^^^  '.-';•  ;,,.,,|,.,   ;,„,!  il„.  <o:  -ni. -it    -ov  olin-4 

U'rot   to  snl.n.it   tin-  c:,^,-  to  tlu.   inr>^,  '"  "''        ,'^       „,,„;,,    ,,    No„,;.rM,     /;. 

r,  ,,..,„■„    Co.^lr.    fo.    11W0>     oO    App.       ,  f  ♦;•;  '7;,   ,,„,,,    ,,,;,„.,    tin-  plain!. II 
l),v.  512,  fit  N.  Y    Snp,..^.5;i._  P    ^^■,^.,,,„,   ,„   ,, ,,,,     ,,„,„,,   v.     •wr. 

;?    (Vi     (1«S8)    40    I'nn.    'I.it..    -5     >•     »•  ",     ,-- 

Svn,,.'  i<'..    tlM-    following'    ol.ar.v   va.  ""'...;,;;.  ,,,o  on-.n,.  of  anolluT  railroad 
,,„,,,  ,0  pnscnt   t1,o  .loKvin.  of  ron.n-        \^ ''  ;;,;7  ,„     ,„     ,..,i,t    ,lof,.n,lant-s 

rent  can-ox  erroM(>on<ly :        If   I  u    aoci  va  ,.n<toniarv.  and  the  n.j;li- 

a..t  ^v..  th«  ioint  r.-nlt  of  tl.e  .n(..rnal  train,  a^  "'^^  con,nany  oo  operated 

const  motion   [of  tl.e  ^vlieel]   and  of  iw  ^ouo.  of  tnc  M^r         i     i 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 00. 


i;i 


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AI.VslKii  AM,  >|;iiVA,\r. 


liH.. 


814.  Maiter  liable  where  his  own  antecedent  negligence  and  a 
quent  delinquency  of  a  coiervant  are  both  efficient  causes  of  the 

— fl.    (i,,„',„lh,.~   Thf.   ,„„,i    innurn.i,,    i,„, ,.^  „,■  ,|„,      ,  ,||^ 

"flv.Ti,.,!  1.,  ;,i  ,1,„  ,.„.|  „f  il...  |,H,  „M-ti.,„  ,.,-  tunnM....|  l,v  ij,, 


VMlh     ih.H     ,.f    ,|,-l,„.l.,„l     t(.    riMl,,.    ;,„     «.. 

iMilcnt    wliMi'liy   .I.IciiiImiiI'h  «..rv.iMl    MIS- 

iHllMil      liPllPM.-.     .I.l,||,|,||,t      H,l»     ll..|,|     to 

!«•  -.■\.i.,ll\   II, ,1,1,.  i,„  ,|„.|,  jiijiiii,..,  1,^  a 
.lyinl    l.-rli.M-.,,,.      Utih;  xl,,,,.   II.  ,(•  .V.  .1. 

'•'."■       '   ".       >■         {lldnis       I    MKIII;        IVx        i'iv' 

\|.;'  I  •-.:.  ^,  W.  Mij,  Ailii- 1  il,  <n  T.A. 

I""    •■■*   ■'.    \\.    •^•11    (tllU   (mini    Ih.l    ,li, 

I  ll«v,l  I  . 

I  !.'■   1. 1.  I    III,, I   II   ,vui,||   i|,i,„j;.ii  «lii|.|i 

^1  11,1111  1^,11  v»,.,,  .Ii-|,h„,..|  |,y  „  |,v.|M,s- 
T     nil!     ,|„l    ..l,.,,h,.    ||„.    ,.„|M|,,I||V.     »I„TI- 

II  ii|.,..Mr-  lliMt    111,'  ai'i'ill.-iii    umtlil   „„t 

'■'>'-    Ik|.|h„,.,|    if   .,    jiylii    ||,ij    ( „.. 

I''"'*'  •'!  'Ik-  i>uit,>li  wl„.|i  il  ,vi,^ 
M.Mi;,!,!  ||,i„  us,.  a;,Min  alit-r  l,.,*,,,^ 
i",i,  ,1,  „.,!  i,,r  a  tiiiif.  Tinrn  v.  )/„/,,- 
•/"-,  I  .  It.  Vo.  (!8IM)i  84  .Mi.li.  I'll,  47 
\.  \\ .  (ii;,'>. 

.\  raihiMil  ,-,>iii|):iiiy  is  ii.,lil<    in  :,|,  ..,„. 
I'loyc,'  liir  iiijiiriPH  cniiMd  l..\    tl„.  ,«, •,,!». 
>il  11  fiiiylit  car  from  n  siil.".  tiaik  milo 
tin-  iimiM  track,  whcroby  a  colli-ii.n  .«• 
••tin.'ci.  If    (l».    car    „««    ii,>),.|i;;,.|,ilv  al- 
lowed to  ii'Miaiii  will, out  suiliri,  m    l',|-,,k 
iiii.'  or  l.lockini;.   tlioiiyh   ^oiii.^    iinknouii 
piT^oii    i,,ijliil,iit,.,|    ii,    the    ac.'idciit    l>y 
".;;l,.-:'kiiif;  llic   car.      Cilnsli,,,,   II.  ,(•  .s". 
A.  H.  i<>.  r.  .fohn.wii  (l!)(IOi   -'i  Tc.\    Civ 
Api>      ISO.    M    S.    W.    (i^2.    holding 'tl.al' 
an  iiistrucijoii  cxoiicratiii);  tin?  coniriaiiv 
from     lial.iliiy    if    the    jury    foiiii.l    tha'l 
tlii-ri'  had   Ihiii    iiil.rf.Tciic,-  l,y   a  third 
|HT-..,ii    ha,!   Ihwii   i.i„|K.rly   refined. 

The   fail    iliat    idevutor   cahlc-s   put    in 
by     an     indcjMii.h-iit     conlrictor     \\,re 
piilI.H]  nut  from  tia  ir  fasiciiiiij-s  was  not 
alone  the  |>io\im,iti'  caus*'  of  an   injury 
su.stained  1,\    ,iii  cmplovee  bv  the  fall  of 
the  car.  »h,ic  I  he  safity  d',-vice  was   -ii 
a    defiMlu,.    i,,i„|ition.    and     rcfu-cd    to 
work:   Imi    ImiiIi  ,,f  s„,.|,  ,|,.f,.,.,.,  ,.,„iliib 
uted    |«i,AiiiialeIy    to    Ihi'    iiiiurv.      I/c- 
flnii,,,-  V.  /,',;,/.  .)/.  rf  Co.  (  lS!t!l)  "its  III 
■I'U.  ti!)  Am.  St.  Rep.  Xil.  5,3  X.  K    .'J'3 
Itovcrsiii};   ilH'JS)   76  111.  App.  010. 

Itecovery  was  .allowed  where  a  third 
I>erson  moved  an  elcxator  car  to  a  hi;;h- 
pr  lloor.  and  the  gale  of  the  shaft.  Ii-fiij; 
in  bad  npair.  did  not  close,  as  it  should 
liave  lion,',  uliii,  the  car  hcfian  to  as- 
ci'iiil,  the  .•oii-i.,]iii-iMi.  I«.iii!,'  that  tin- 
plaintilT.  not  kiiovxiiii;  i|i:it  the  cut  had 
mov.d.  fell  into  the  .haft,  Larkiii  v, 
\\iisln,nilt,„  l/,//v  l„,  .isdO)  4.5  Ann 
l>n.    ti.   (il     \.    V.    ,-^U|.|i.   !l,i. 

III  a    ca-.     uli.re   a    n.niphiint    alleffod 


Ih.il  plaiiiiiil  Ha  iii|ni.-d  l.i  ,1,, 
riN'k  from  tin-  loof  of  ,,  mi',,,.  ,, 
di'lemlaiil  f,,il,.,|  to  luriii,!,  a  r.'i 
>.>tf  plan'  for  pl.iiniill  t,,  „,„|,  ,, 
li^Mitly  allowed  the  loof  of  ll„.  , 
leiiiain  in  lui  unsafe  coiidiiii.; 
Iail.il  to  pro|i.TU  brace  it,  a,,,! 
«as  liahli-  to  caM-  in  iinl,.,  ,, 
•iippoiicil,  and  111,-  c\i(l,i!r,.  J, 
I  he  roof  ot  the  mine  was  it,  a  I.. 
,lan;;erous    conilition,    but     tin. 

slate  was  ininnsiiiitely  .,.,|  i,; 

Iciiipt   of  a    miniiii;  I'liiiiii,-, ,    i,', 
a  small  portion  of  the  .slal,.  in  |i 
pliiy   for   a    siyht,    it    was   lahl  ,, 
limit    phi iiil ill's    ri;.'ht    >,f    it,(->,i 
^ho«i,.-  thai    the  r.Kif  fell  f,,,,,,  ,' 

wci-lit,  and  not  in  com li,,,,  uii 

other  cans,'.     /•>,,/„„„    v.    Snutl 

I'oui  i-o.  (Kini)  jr,  Mont.  nil.  ,i 

.1*7.  The  instiiii'tioii  wa.  ji,  l.i 
mish'aiiiny  „„  i),,.  on,,,,,,!  ii,,,  ,|, 
plaint  di<l  n„i,  by  iis  ou  „  l.,i,i-  , 
loyic.,1  inference,"  e\,lude  all  caii- 
cept  yi,i\ity  pullin};  dovvri  iii|.ai>i 
m.'itciial.  " 

In  111,'  following  ca-i  -  the  .erv;i!i 
lleM  .Mltithd  t,,  r,'ce\,.|.  hI„.|,.  il,,, 
tor's      iiiyliyciice    CO  <i|ii.iat,'d    will 

cvi-nt    faliin);  within   II at i\  . 

cidenl.;     Tii'ii.,,-  V.  l-,hi„„   ,  isiui 

111.  .-ui.   I.-.  .V.   !■:.  iiii  (i,ij,i,v ,, 

partly  by   failure  to   pDviilc  nu;i,i 

throw  in;;    |iiacliiti,'iy     out     of    ;.'iar 

partly    by    aciibni'.il    .lip)  ;   ii..„„ 

Udii/irltl    IISIH)    H-2    j-..^     2;U,   1-i  • 

.'in.'')    (,l|.|i,|ive  ciilvcit   i.iider  a  r.i 

^'ave    way.   owii,;r    to    the   hival.in:; 

'l.im     on    adjidiiiii^'    |.io|i,.|tv  .ihdv, 

cnlvi'rt  )  ;   Hhiiiiit  v.    U  nu/nlr   I  Ism 

Tex,  :i:\X  14  S.  W.  7!i(i  i  a  ca-c  ;.r.i 

nit    of    the   same   a.-.i.l.'i,t  I  :     l/iiv  ■ 

Jlivoh    hdld    I'.dliiiq    Co.    (ISlUi    ,"S 

App,  :\2>  (h.il  ual.u-  tank  left  imn« 

— plaiiitiir     slippiMl);     ,Vjin„r^.,h 

.I/iii   Co.  V.  (li„,i„n    (lS!ii!i    117   III, 

IS7    (owner  of   a   coal   mine,  wli.i  i; 

yeiilly    left    the   moulh    of   an   iiir  - 

to    the    mini'    iinprotecti'.I,— IiiM  li 

fui-  the  death  of  a,i  emploMc  ciu-i' 

a    barrel     f,illi,iw    down     the    -li.iit 

(hiaiuh    a   -.mhlcn    and     viohnf    :.'ii-t 

wind  <-oiilrihu(cd  to  thi- .ic.id.-m)  : 

Yurk;   '•    ,f-   .1/,    A',   Co.   v.  f;,,.,i   (IS 

W  Tc.      _07,  :«   ,S,   \V,  .TI,   .MM-ii.in: 

rejard   to  this    particulir  iMiInt    (!■ 

Te\.  fiv,  App,  I    NO  S.   W.  8I'J   ir.iilr 


I  SUJ 


t'.\rs.\TliiN'. 


iZi'i 


in  which  one  of  the  cniHo«  of  the  iiijurv  was  tlio  no'rliiroticc  of  a  ci- 
Kon-ant  of  the  injured  iM-rson.  It  i*  well  sottlt'd  lii.it  a  gorvaiu's 
action  is  not  hnrrcd  by  the  df'fcnso  of  comtiion  ('tii|)li>yiin'rit,  wIkit  a 
bmii'h  of  duty  on  the  mastor'a  i)Crt  c«intribut<^d  lu-t  a  pioxiiiiak^  cau^- 
U)  tiic  injury.' 
In  many  of  tlie  cases  cited  in  chapter  xxxii..  niilf.  ihi-  nil.-  i.  ad- 


comiiiny  UMv  for  nil  injury  to  an  «n 
^nivr  in  .lu  iiiiMdi'iil  cuusihI  liy  colli^iDii 
witli  a  yiMrliiii.'  on  (lie  triitk,  iii  i)|n'r- 
itin^'  with  a  iWUfl  in  the  track)  ;  Tfjus 
i  i:  II.  Ot.  V.  l/'M/ri/l  (1SI»7)  15  IVx. 
Civ,  Apii.  ;i'>'>.  411  ><■  \V.  [M  (railniail 
Mitiipiinv  liflil  UMv  for  tlii-  ilciith  of  an 
,.ni|.l(.vi"i'  imumhI  by  the  li|il)inK  over  of 
111  iii'jiiii',  lifiiiUM'  of  tlie  rottnincss  of 
the  nilnniil  tic^.  aUliounh  it  had  pri-vi- 
Mii-ly  lici'ii  (Itruilfd  hv  rolli^ioii  with  a 
lii)i-"i'  without  any  nc';,'lin<;ii<c  on  thi- 
pirt  c.f  thi'  I'otiipaiiy  ) . 

Ulicrc  plaintiir  was  injiin-d  in  a  col- 
li-iiiii  liitwi'i-ii  a   pa--<M';cr  train   and   ii 

■  ni^'lit  far  whicti  had  Ik-cm  blown  out 
.if  II  «i(linK  by  a  liiyli  uind.  it  is  |«i-iiimt 
m  cliar;."'  tiie  jury  that,  if  they  liiid 
ihiit  the  m';;li;.'iiico  of  dcl'i'inlant  in  !•  iv 
iiiK  the  car  on  thi-  siiliii'j  withiul  m 
tthfcls  blocked  or  brakes  -el.  ami  th«- 
lii;;h  and  un|(rii'edeiiti'i|  wiml  storm. 
ncn-  coiidurini.'  causes  i.t'  ihe  collision 
,iid  plaint  ill's  injuries.  (Inai  their  ver 
.liot    shoiild    be    foe    t'e    I'laiidilV.      <l'il- 

.•Sllill.     II.     if      .<.        I.       '•'        '■"■     V.      I.lllflll 

.1S!I!I|  ii  Te\.  Civ.  A|i;i.  :!.'iii.  •').")  S. 
W.  :1S!). 

Uhcie.  in  an  act  ion  for  the  death  of 
liliiiiliir's  father  by  f.iiliiiL'  to  supply 
Miiliblp  pnips  to  -ii|i;"'il  the  roof  of 
ihe  mine  where  he  wiUKcd.  tlnTe  was 
•'icp  evidence  that  ileie,i-il  had  disease 
"f    Ihe    heart,    whidi     iiii'.'lit     eaiisc   iiis 

■  lalli  if  he  receiveil  a  seveie  shock,  an 
iii-truclion  that  if  the  juiy  U'licNeil 
liuil    deceased    had    heart    disease,    ami 

■  lied  of  it.  they  must  liiid  for  .let'eielanl. 
iheii;;li  they  believed  the  fall  of  the  riaif 
li.is'ene.l  his  death,  was  properly  re- 
I'liscd,  since,  if  the  fall  of  the  roof  pro 
.laced  a  shock  from  which  di'eease<l  did 
not  r.illy.  such  fall  was  (he  proximate 
c.uise  of  death.  O'l'nll'ui  Coal  Co.  v. 
hifiuet    (inOO)    8i)   111.   .\pp.   13. 

'Where  an  emph.yie  is  iiijurnl  while 
'•n'.Mse<l  in  an  uniis\iall.v  daiifterous 
-.•rvice  (here  the  ii-pairinj;  of  ears) 
there  is  nlw  ay.,  a  prelimiii  iry  (luest'  i 
to  lie  settled,  i  ir..  whether  the  inasi 
ha.s  used  --ail  ica-.-.nahle  and  iu'ccssary 
nie.Tn^  to  pintcHt  him  a'^iiiiist  aii.v  su- 
pera.ided  daiii;er  that   iniyht  be  rea.-on- 


ably  »xp«'cti"<l     to    arise     from   e\iiiii,ii 
causes. "      l/.^«I)l/|■l    /'.    //    '  (/.    \.    Wii'tn 

(  ISH,-,  I    CIJ    lev.  ,">l!l. 

Ille    Mile   ll'.lt    a   -.-nilll    I   I'.es  til.     li-k 

of  the   service,   inclii.lini;    li.e   ii.';!!.' -nee 
.11    the    co.elv,.uls,    pre.M|  i»-e-    tlia      (he 
master    his    piiKureil      piop'T    si-rvanl* 
and    pro|H.r    m  o'hineiy    lor   the    iiai.liict 
of  the  work:  and  if  the  niaslrr  is  'le-..!! 
yent     in     these     re-pects.  and   injon    ic 
sul's  to  II  servint  fri.iii  siieh  ne.jliii,  the 
m.ister    is    liable,   .illhniiuh    tlie    iii.meli 
.ite  ne^'liu'elice  is  thai   of  ihe  l.llow   »eiv 
.int.     I'liiiii     V.    t'hiiiiii.}    it-      I.    It.    Co 
(1S!);|)   ."it'  Mo.  App.  :>s.'. 

While, II  Ihe  evidence  sijeoe^ts  flint 
•he  injury  m.iy  h.iw  lion  caii-ed  by  the 
combined  opei  ,it  inn  of  the  neeli.^,  lu  !■  ol 
the  m.isler  ,iiid  of  a  eo. mployee.  the 
pro|M'r  coii:'-e  i-  to  siibinit  the  i|ii.-(  ion 
of  the  master's  li.ibility  to  the  jiiiy  iin 
'ler  proper  instructions.  Slriinihiiiii  v. 
si,„„,l  (18S.-.)  l.m  \.  Y.  .'>l'i.  :i  \  K. 
'iT.'i.  Ilevcrsiny  on  thi-  ;;|.Miiirl  IvSJi 
lit  How.  Pr.  -'>. 

In  Ihi'nd  Tiiinl:  It.  'o.  V.  Ci/m'«...  l^ 
I  ISHlM  Kill  II.  S.  700.  -27  I.,  ed.  Jiili.  1 
^iip.  CI.  lop.  4!':t.  ,in  inslriu  t  ion  was 
iipliel.l  whiib  in  etfeel,  .|,-.l.ii eil  tliil  if 
1 1,.,  iie-liiieiiee  .if  the  defendant  coiiipa!iy 
eontribiited  to.  that  is  to  say,  had  li 
>li,iii-  ill  prodiiein!»,-- the  injury,  the 
..I'.iliiiiv     was     liable,    even     thou'.'li    Ihe 

lie  -li-ell if      ,1       fellow    Sen-iMt    of    tlie 

pLiintilV    wa-    .  .nitniiiitory   also. 

Il  i-  i-rror  to  refine  an  inslrii.iiiu 
.  iiibo.lyiiif,'  the  prine.ple  stated  in  Cie 
lest,  if  the  .•vidctie.?  is  ^-iiscptihle  ol 
the  roust  met  ion  that  then-  was  comiir 
r>nt   iieLdi^'enci'.      Vmipin  v.   T'l'ix  rf  /'. 

/,'.  To.  (inooi  40  c.  c.  .\.  -iiii.  no  VpA 
t'l. 

When  it  is  alle.'iil  in  t'le  .|.-e!  ii :. '  ion 
til, it  the  piaintilf  wis  iiiiun  I  bv  i.  . 
-on  of  a  defiitiv-  >witeli,  and  one  of  tbt- 
ilei'.-ii-e.-,  was  ill. I  he  Was  liir'solf  in 
fiiili  in  that  he  w.ut  violatinj  tl-.-  lul- 
ot  the  conpaiiy  by  iiiiiiiiM:;  ,it  a  I..r'ii.| 
.leii   rate  of  spi-eil    when    h-  w.is   pi-   ii;,' 

switch,  it  is  error  to  .liarjre  tie-  iniy 
,iial.  if  tl-i-  iti-rei--!  -■■■-■1  '-vat  ciiimi! 
ly  the  fault  of  nl'r  .  i-  .-mpl.-;,  ei's  of  tin 
».-onipaiiy,  lln-y  >li.  iil.l   liii.l  for  llie  pljiiii 


I 


I       S 


(ff\  ' 


:l  ii 


^ili 


t 


I 


M!- 


,  M    1 


MASTKIt  WD  Sl-nVANT. 


(CHAP. 


Tcrt/'d  to  nnflor  wlmt  tiiny  l.o  (■,ill,.,l  its  nopntive  ii*po<«t,  tlio  o, 
inorcly  Pti.tii.;r  in  flio  courso  of  their  tirifiinu-iifs  tl,iit  tlic  ovi,|.tir, 
not  si  .'w  liny  t-iicli  ^rnjunil  of  Iiiiliililv.=' 


tiff.  Pin'ti  H  rlt,ir;.'f>  put-  ttii>  ••i%e  wlintly 
•  ■n  Dip  i|i:(<ti.,n  in.  tn  «|i,,  «;,,  „i  f  ,„|t 
fur  til"  s|)(f(l  with  v-hiili  ihc  v,,r*  up- 
ji.i«w'..|  tlip  xvut.li,  „riil  l.uves  out  of 
*i>vr  ul!iv,.rt!HT  »lii'  ullur  qiir>»lion, 
v.liJ)>or  Ch^  ii.Mt.r  wii.  nt  fjult  ,  to 
tip  .-.•  iti'h.  iiiul  ti'lU  til..  iur,v  to  IIm.    .,,r 

I'll'     I   '     ilitid     if    |||,>    illCIC'^cil    S|,c..,|     n.n 

t;;p  fM'li,  ,f  „M|,.r  ,,,,|,|,  ,,,.^  ,|,,,„  ,||a 
|'l'i;,l.iri   hii   I,..i!|,      >;,,.,,„„    /.'.  rf   /(/,„. 

r...  V.  i:,.i .1  ( 1H7I)  r>j  Cii.  410. 

In  ill'  .KtioM  niMJiiH  n  i-,iilr..i,|  f,,r  in. 
jur^  ■  Im  .111  riMiiliivco,  (aii--i>i|  liy  u  lire- 
lii.in  jiiFt  pill','  (riitii  nn  i'imImi'  anil  .itiik- 
inf»  .'r-iiimt  pl.iintltr,  ulicru  pl.iintiir 
b.Kdl   I.H  II -'it  of  iiiovciy  on  Ihi'  ii>;,'- 

•''-"'" '    "'<*    :••    iii.ir  'in    fiiiiiii','  to 

olu'V  n  ^'  i:il,  nr.il  the  nf;,'liLi'iiii'  of  ji-- 
f'liliMt  .  ('  luippiin;  tliM  iriiii  uilU  ,ii. 
Fiillip-^Mt  l,r,,..,<.  the  n-fiM.il  of  an  ii; 
«triKliii  (Ir  !.  if  tlio  lirciMin  iliir|.iM| 
brr;nm(«  of  t!in  nnc;li;;rMro  of  u  f.llim- 
i<rr\:i:-,t  of  plMi!filt|i!.;;ii,nn)  in  (li.pl.iv- 
in;,'  nn  iiii|iM.[K.r  siinial.  plain) ill'  Ami,! 
tlol    rr''i.v,  I-,    i-    I. fit    rrro'l-'lH.    -',>'.,■•■  -111'!! 

inolrii't'oti  iHil  not  suliinit   tlic  .pn-ii.m 


oft 


111'  ni-jli   ;  nil-  of  tlic  i'i);;inii'r  ami  (lio 


lack  of  su'lli'innt  lir.ikr*.  V/c/r.-.v/f,),,  //. 
<(  .'^'.  A.  A".  Co.  V.  .hir/.tr.ji  (MMKI)  'i;< 
TcT.  2(;l'.  5»  S.  W.  102,3.  .Viliriii-i'. 
(IS'in;  Tin.  Oiv.  .\pp.)  .r,S  H.  W.  HI.  ^ 
It.  in  nc!inn  liy  a  Iir.i1;i-nian  aL'aiii-t  a 
Milr.  ,vi  ('i)ii(.niy  for  iniiirii-*,  nn  in- 
ntnii'tion  ll.it.  if  the  n.-rli.-i  nc-  i,f  n 
follow  s;-r\  ri!  in  =;i.qnli!ii.'  tin-  i-n-jiorcr 
to  Inr-I;  111,,  train  rinirnrri'il  wit'i  the 
nt'ijli;,"  !i('i  of  i|,  frr..!  Hit  in  failing;  to 
niiiini  iln  <:■!•  :  ,\  soiiiul  conplin'.'s.  in 
r.roiIiiri'n'_>  pl-iu'iir'ii  ininrv,  t!io  oon-iir- 
rin,!.'  nr";li'ri  •;^;^  of  flip  f  iloV  -.orvant  liid 
not  iifn-et  fill'  iiiliility  of  l!ii.  comiKny. 
find  if  wai  liiMc  for  fho  injnrii-t  ns 
fhoii'  'i  it  o,-ly  -.-.a-i  at  f.MiIt,  is  pn.pi-rlv 
rofii--  il.  Hi:i<  -  it  uowM  .illmv  a  n-fiMi-r^- 
\yithonl  saov,  in^'  that  thi>  ni.i-tcr's  rip^r- 
li^'inicp  pi-oviniatclv  contrihiitnl  fo  ihp 
injiiri'.     :.trr„,j  y.   \<rfi,lk  A  ('.  H.  Co 

nroi)  nn  Va.  i.i2.  a-  s.  e.  "ss. 

On  fill-  oili.r  hanil  it  is  not  error  to 
rrfu.oc  an  in- friu-lion  disreErariliiiK  the 
nilo  Rf,it'-<1  tihovf,  wherp  the  faet^  are 
such  that  it  may  render  the  ni.ister  li- 
able. I'nion  iSlaiiO  ('use  Co.  v  I'li.'d- 
aver  (1898)  7r.  III.  App.  .3.W:  /«/.,,ri- 
ttfjfial  <t  n.  N.  n.  fo.  V.  /njip  (H'lO; 
Tex.  Civ.  .Ami  >  40  S  \V  fiT.'i  ■  /)  .  /  (  v 
Hell  (1897)'  16  App.  'dIv.  253,' 44  N  Y. 
Supp.   198. 


^^her«  an    nrrM,„t     («    piHty  r- 
I'.V    II,.'    fiei    tii.ii    an   ii,.ph:in.  ■'«,  , 

'"•I'* el    I'UlIy   l.y    the   i.i-.^lj  .,.„ 

the  phiintilf*  fellow  MTVanU.',,, 
-tiiieli.-ii  (h,,l  pi  linliir  i-oiil.l  i  i.f  rr 
fur  itiiy  aet  of  their,  m  |(ro|«-i|.,  ,,,, 
'>h!o  ,i  U.  It.  Vo.  V.  St.in  i  j'sii, 
Inil.  (il.  ;i!>  \,  1-:.  21(1;  •/,„,,  , 
Ihi'ili.H  (|Mi,;i)  i;,-,  Vt,  .'■■.•.■).  j:  .',i| 
Ar.  in-ilniilinn  to  the  ellei-i  ii/, 
the  eM-e.  ivr  -p,.,.,|  „f  |)„.  ,r,j„  ,„.^ 
iilel  to  eauM-  an  -H'eident,  fiie  r-r, 
coiilil  not  neover,  Ik  ri-hilv  .  , 
where  an  e-  i-;;;i:i|  eiuse  of  i!i,.  :,,.,j 
W!i«  11  (lefertivc  Wlieel.  l/cii-:!,,,,  . 
!'■      /■'.      *'n,      V.      h'lh/     (ISlli;; 

A|>p. )  .'ts  ,s.  \v.  ,h:s; 

Uhei-e  the  (.lainliir  nvvry  il 
iiijiireil  lliroip,h  the  nr.-li..,-,,,- 
roMi  rereii,  i<  in  f.iilinii  In  ,-, 
sale  tr.ie'..  ami  .i.j.lii  r«  rvi.l  n. 
[Wilt  of  hn  iiveiiiM-nt.  it  i-i  ni  i  .-n 
refuse  nn  in-tinriinn  i,,  jl,,-  ,  ,',  i 
hn  eannnt  ru-ivir  'if  his  iiii'i,^ 
e.iiiseil    by  the     e   ■.•!;■.•. -'i-,     of    i ',,'. 

iieer.'"     Till-  Moi-l   ■•- ly"  >i. ,.,.',!  i 

i-rlnil   befoi-i-   "eaii-i  ■!"   to  nn! 
e!l:ll'!.'n     J.rii.HT.       Mi  ..:;ii,     h 
*'<).   V.   II  rx.ilH    i  IS!U;    I'l-x     Civ 

s.  w.  ;4i. 

There  is  no  eri'M  in  a  ehu- 
elTert  tlint  the  plai'ililT,  a  th 
erili.leii  to  r.v-ner  fur  iiiim; 
liy  (he  derailnient  of  his  eieji  ., 
of  i,'h<  |iro\iii,ate  eiiusfs  of  th  . 
wiihoiit   which    it    wonid   not    ji 


T.-v 


Mt 


'  I 'I 


I-    slu-l 

.1    V. 
Viji.l 

.-  1,, 


■if  I 

■ri,!,- 

e  1, 


I'eneil."'  was  tlin  unsafe  i-oii,1iti,-n  of 
-vheel  or  a  hra';e.  "nr,|  u  il  hstan-IireM 
ne'Tli..„.,„.e  „f  ,i,„  ,,n,_,in|.,.r  „r  hrilni, 
niay  have  eoMtril.iited  to  the  a>-ii!i-:,i 
Such  a  clLnrifc  dee^  not  nieniinl  lu  ;i  i 
reef  ion  to  lind  for  the  phimiir  nn,' 
the  supposed  cirennistniie.-s,  '■,l|l^^,| 
the  ni'!:liL"'nee  of  the  fellow  -rv.in 
may  hnve  caused  the  ininr.."  ,* 
I'liih  rf  ,S'.  /•'.  II,  m.  V.  .i;rC/,„„"  ,  h;)! 
SO  Te\.   8.-..    1,'i   S.   W.   7S!l. 

.Nn  in-^tniefion  iliat  a  brakcninn,  i 
.jiiied  \ihile  eouplin;:,'.  emiM  no?  ri-rnv, 
if  his  injury  was  caused  by  the  n.-.l 
L':'!iee  of  the  on^'ineer,  iiml  'tli:if  no  ir 
!iilily  ntfaehed  unles's  the  "d,  ;',-ii,:,r 
alone  was  iieu'li^'i-nt."  and  "il-  m-.'! 
'.'ence  predneed  the  ininrv,"  is  su  i;,-i,'ni 
ly  favoralilo  to  the  deferidant.  W'ml 
■•■  ■'^'■-•-■'•'•■i»  ;•.  fu.  CS-aiij  14  rt.iii.  .'A 
46  Pac.  .•(74. 
•For  instances  of  thig  incidental  ree 


|8U1 


CAUSATION. 


t2SI 


In  its  positive  fomi  tlio  nilo  hiw  Lcri  cnuTK-iittrd  in  vnrions  way* 
Thp  8ul)joinP(l  Htnt^iiifiitH  will  (terve  iiit  xutliuipnt  oxiuiipie*  of  Um 
plirn»<ol.igy  eiiipl<\vi'il.' 


owiiion  of  the  rul»  with  rr*\»rt  to  thi- 
hirin"  of  foiilixlelil  «.rwinl-.  »«•  Ihdl 
V  ./-i/iNv.d  (l»ti:>)  ;l  ilurKt.  t  I'.  ''HI'. 
31  L  .1.  Kxrh.  N.  H.  'Ill,  II  lur.  N.  H. 
1»0.  II  I..  T.  N.  S.  "!•.  13  Wwk.  Itpp. 
Ill'    \fi'atlhii    V.    /Jiisf"/    .S/ii;«.iiM.r«' 

f„  (!«-<:ti  Ir.  I-.  R.  10  <".  «•■  ;i>*«;  *■"'• 

\„n  V.  Ilirhnnh  (1H7H)  I'.M  Mn-^.  4««; 
/),,,.(  V.  Ci)  »../!■  >'"'  «'«'•  MH'.MJ)  173 
I'a  Ifi-.'.  3:t  Atl.  Il'li:  rr.i»;-ni  v.  SIrir- 
url  llXST;  I'll.)  II  IViit.  \\>l<.  no,  H 
At).  S:  HfH"  V.  Vi//;  (IHtl)  li.-i  Iowa, 
407  "I  N.  W.  7011;  llnidii  v.  Sfniitnii 
(WW)    172  Ml>s^..  ;i:U.  Si   N.   K.  S.M. 

Tli»  fiict  that  tho  iiui^trr  ili<l  not  f.iil 
to  -upi'ly  "  nullhiiiit  iiiiiiiii-it  of  iiiiUP- 
riiiN  for  the  prop  umI  ion  of  the  iiwlrii- 
|Illllt:llilil-<,  8ii|'|'"-i"«  "''''  '"  '"■  "'" 
Uiiii'  of  his  obli^'iilioii.  in  rcf.rnvl  to  in 
A,/,n«r  V.  Mrl.n  (1sii7l  l.")l  N.  Y.  117, 
5(i  Am.  St.  I!.I>.  ll.tO.  4.-.  N.  ••:.  H'JO;  l/r- 
CMC  V.  (lalliiyhi-r  (1h'.i7)  Itl  A|i|>.  Div. 
272,  41  N.  Y.  fSiipp.  tli'7:  r™,./..)./  v. 
Slfirurt  (1987;  I'a.)  «  <''nl.  1!.  !>.  HO. 
g  Atl.  5;  K'lli'l  V.  S'oiriDSK  (lS77t  l-l 
M«^^.  JOH;  «M('/i/  V.  \n,,;,.s,i  (IHiri) 
17i  Mast.  ,i:tl.  r.J  N.  I"..  .'iJH;  l)u,u„ihj 
».  Wro.ni    (lftS7)    43   linn.    170. 

"It  V.M  the  (Inty  of  Wall,,  r.  ao  om- 
plover  or  principal,  to  provi.h'  tin-  men 
employpj  to  Imilil  this  l.rid-c  with  niiit- 
alili'  ni.iohinciy  aiwl  apiili.infcs,  to  fur 
ni4i  niatdiaU  Kiillirinil  in  ipLintily 
aiifl  siiiiahh-  in  iliar.ic-irr,  to  i-niplny 
men  wl;  .  wni'  ria^oiial'ly  p«>!ii|Mtrnt  to 
do  l!io  work  for  wlii.h  lln-y  wiv  wint- 

ed.  and  to  }.'ivf  ll i  tlip  Im m  lit  of  thi- 

scrviifs  of  a  rcasonalily  i()iii|"l''"t  f'""" 
in;in.  All  thix.  as  \vc  iiiidi  i -land  the 
eviilcnfo,  was  done.     If  "o.  tin-  i  iniilovcr 

h:id   tiUcd   tho   Kure  of  his   li'^ral    lia- 

bilitv  to  hi-i  workmen."  It'^-n  v.  Walk- 
er (ISOl)  13!t  i'a.  12,  23  Am.  St.  K<'p. 
inn.  Jl   Atl.  157,  l'>9. 

"■N'c't.diu'ineo  of  a  servant  does  not 
iwoi^o  the  niiistrr  from  liahilily  to  a 
C()-iTvant  for  an  injnry  which  wiaihl 
tint  have  hapiioncd  had  the  mastir  [«r- 
formed  his  dulv.''  (/iz/i/'ih^  v.  Svw 
Vm/,-  C.  a  H.  K.'lt.  Co.  (IHO(»)  122  N". 
Y.  .ir)7.  lit  Am.  St.  Iti-p.  .■>2:i.  2.->  N.  K. 
9I.-.,  Amrmins  (18SS)  4S  Hun.  2(12; 
Che,j"<i  V.  Ocean  K.  .«.  C".  (18!t3)  il2 
Ga.  732,  44  Am.  St.  Rep.  113,  1!)  S.  K. 
33. 

•■'that  a  fellow  servant  may.  by  can; 
tnd  caution,  operate  a  deflective  and 
danjrerous  machine  so  as  not  to  produce 


an  injury  to  others,  ilo*"*  not  f^nipt 
llie  mailer  fro!!i  hii  li'liiliiy  for  "H 
iinii->sion  lo  iMifonn  Ihe  duly  wliic»i  Ilia 
law  iiiip<>"e?i  iiiMin  hini  of  ever' 1-1114  ic.i- 
sonaMe  care  and  pruili'iice  in  fiii  iim!iiii^ 
safe  and  miit.ihle  u|>|di.i'icc»  fur  the  u^a 
of  his  servant.  The  rule  which  1  xcii«c« 
the  m,i-li'r  under  ■.licit  riicunistamei 
pri --uplio^cs  that  he  has  jxrloi  11.11!  thu 
oldi;;.itioiis  wliiidi  the  law  iiii|io,ct  11. ".H 
him,  and   tli.it   the  Injury  oiiurn  soi'ly 

throMuli     Ihf    nei;li;;cn 'f     the    ro.iii. 

plovce."  Klri.'i'fiiii  V.  Slricart  (  IHia) 
lOli  N.  Y.  iilii,  3  N.  K.  1)7"). 

•■Where  the  iniury  to  the  »ervnnt  h  (• 
l,p(  M  or. M-ioiicd  hy  'the  dc;  ndl  of  a  fel- 
low sen  'lit.  coTie'urrim;  with  the  iie;li- 
«eiice  of  the  iiM-ler,  the  1  liter  is  li  <l'l« 
as  Ihou'.'h  he.  onlv,  w"ie  at  f.iull  "  .N'-r- 
foil:  ,C  II.  /;.  '•".'  V.  \ui-Lola  (IH!;..)  Ul 
Va.    l'.i:l,  21    S.   !■:.  312. 

"We  are  not  pripanil  to  siy  th  it.  ll 
one  u-es  a  diu'^'iroiis  iristiu'.  .  il  ilily 
withiiit  tho  sale-iiards  wlilf  1  h''"'i,ii 
and  cMHrience  sih;i.'e>t.  or  Ih'  |«i-,.Iivb 
rue-,  id'  I.  w  re(|uire,  he  is  rot  lo  he  m- 
spoii^ilde  for  nn  injury  riMiil' iir;  fuan 
such  ii-e,  hccaiise  the  nc;;ll-cii'' •  of  ono 
of  his  «ir\.inls  may  have  cunt  rilmud  11) 
the  rc-ult,  or  hcc'iuM>  a  pos-il.].-  vi','i- 
laiice  of  the  scivant  nii^dit  h  ive  pr^  v.iil- 
cd  the  injury."  Cuijier  v.  Vi:i/.'o)-(  I';.i7) 
10   tiray.   274,   M   Am.    Dec.   ;)I7. 

Colli  iihuliiry  ne;.'li^'eiice  of  a  f  !'' 
serv.iiit  ihss  not  picidiide  reeineiy  I 
an  injurv  to  an  cieployee  of  v.Iih'i  tli'i 
proNiinite  cau-e  wi^  l!ie  fiiluiv  M  Hi.) 
eniphivcr  to  furni-h  a  suitalde  a^ipU- 
aiue.  ■  .K(Vi ;-'■".  T.  d  N-  /•'■  '-'•  ''"  V- 
iMHnUjan  (1S!I.-.)  ."it!  K.in.  101),  42  1' le. 
343.  ,.   ,  ., 

A  ma-tir  is  not  relieved  from  Im'hI- 
itv  for  injury  to  a  servant  hy  Ihc  mern 
f.i'el  that  the  inpiry  vas  partly  ouHed 
hv  the  neL'li.ieiiee  of  a  fellow  Hirva'-t.  if 
it    charlv    appi'.irs     that     the    nccident 

would   not    hive   hapi.' I    li-d    ii<>t 

iiia-ter   hinisi-If  hii'n        -li-ait.      Ai... 
,ni    /'.    /.'.   Co.   V.    I'  (  IS.  .'.)     I.">  <;. 

('.    A.   .'>2,   2!)    U.   S.    .\pp.   TiS:!,   07         ' 
HSl. 

A  master  to  lie  pxomjit  from  liability 
to  a  servant  for  ne','li;'''iice  of  fellmy 
servants  must  hiiiHcll  have  been  free 
from  nculijjcnce.  IliiUimorc  rf  O.  It.  Co. 
v.   .i;cAi.i-i<:    (iSri.Tj    S!   \'.:.  71. 

Where  the  nci;lit;ence  of  the  niasfer  iS 
uii  ellicicnt  cau.se    of    the    mrvaiit'.s  in- 


tut 


i  li 


i  . 


.MAHTKK  AND  M:it\  AM. 


l'n\|..  ] 


i  I 


Any  oainpliMht  in  pM»|  t^muM  .1. n.tirrfr  if  if  nllftf'-^  Inn,  nti» 
•biy  siHei'piil.i.'  ot'  til-  .•..ii<ini.-iioii  ihi.i   il,,.  injiirv  wiw  (mm..,! 
tin-  cwmil.JrioU  ii.-lip.|i,f.  of  liif  imiKti'i-  nml  n  f.||.,u  ■  ivmii,' 
ill  ..r.Irr  t..  .-iiil.W  h  i.  i-iMl.t  u>  pf.c..v.r  w^u.^  i|,i.  tl,.-.,n.  ili-  ..r, 

mu^t  sli,,u  iliiit  III,   .,.•(•1(1,. lit  woiii.l  iiui  hav •.•unci  mil..,  il,.  „ 

trr  hiiil  Ims'ii  n.-jij.,  nt/'  nml  tlic  jiirv  ^Ii..iil.l  i.c  >..  iiHtni,.i,  ,!.•■     \ 
'iiin;*'  tho  oih-i-t  oi  which  Ih  to  iii.liicc  in  tho  iiiiii(|.>  ,,C  il„.  imv 
boiicf  that,  if  the  muster  wu^  piiltv  of  itn.v  n(;,lii:.ii....  wl, ,!,  v,  ,■, 
i«  li:il)Iff,  rvpii  flioiitrh  fhf.  a«iri(lint  vvouhl  have  ...■.unci  \vit|„,,|f  ,', 
Dpglip'iico,  in  *'rr()iic(iiis.' 

^  b.  Illmimdrc  ,■„.•«  s.~TUo  cnson  c\*r.,\  l„.l,,w.  in  wliicli  il,,.  |,r 
ciple«-i  oxplaiiu'd  in  thr  hi-f  soction  won.  npi.lj.  .|.  jiv  cLisslii,,!  ,„„ 
Iiciidiiips  infliciilivc  ..f  tlo  nature  of  t).o  aiitccc.Icnt  hivacli  .,f  ,luiv 
ilio  inii>t(>r.  'J'hf  chiiniftcr  .>f  the  follow  srrvnnt's  iloliiiqihiKv  i,  n' 
ifal.'.i.  \Vh(>v(.  iicihiiiu  is  said  p.\pn^»,sly  tiii  to  tiio  ro.siilt  of  iI,,.  ,1,. 
nioiH  it  is  to  Ixj  iiiid(Tsf,.od  that  tlie  sen-'unt  was  hold  U>  ho  onlit', ,] 
rot'oviT.* 


m 


m  •  I  f 


i-' 


jury,  it  h  nr>f  tindTln!  tiow  iii.inv  oi1ict< 
urr  :i!o  in  fnili.  l/cl/,.A„„  v.'  nnviil 
»on    (|s<l7,    12   Minii.  .1.-,:.  (;i|.  ^jij. 

A  rtiM^lcr  !•<  n.>t  r.'lii\.il  lintii  ri-iiHin- 
«iliilit,\  ly  I  In-  iiiirc  f.,t  tliit  n  in, civ- 
iKil  !,1N'\\  of  tlic  iiliruirMi.l  rornliliinH 
ini.l  iliil  not  rc|«'rt  llictiT.  nil,,,, in  r  It 
Cn.  V.  .v/vA.r  (IS:t.->)  «1  111.  Ap|i.  (ill; 
M,.il,<l,l  \,it.  It.  Co.  V.  MuHrtIr  (IH!)|) 
7  T.  \.  Civ.  .\i>p.  Ki'l.  21  S.  \V.  5'il);  Vo 
l/'  V.  //I's,,,,,)-  S.  S.  Vo.  (InOI)  127 
Mi.h.  10.1.  r.4  I..  It.  A.  4.-0,  8n  Am.  St. 
Hep.    tlil,  8(i  N.  W.  r)20. 

*  »,»../  V.   Sl,i,/.l,\  II.  A  II.  Iron  Co. 
(18' (M    l(i:t  .\!o.  ■.\1\.  15  S.  \V.  771  (om- 
plaint   licid  ,<iillii  icMt  wliiili  stiowcd  tlii.t 
II  platform  was  i,ot  prolnclcd  l)y  a  rail- 
iT\)i    i:.iil     that     II     fillou     Kcnant    ran 
JiKaiiP-t   pliinliir  anil  kii.nUcil   him  olT). 
A   loiiiplaitit     wliicti    .■illo^.'cs    ill    suli- 
fitanoi'  that  a  fullowiii^r  iraiii  struck  and 
spliiilind    the    <ar   in    wliii'li   thi-   plain 
tilT.   II    lir;ik( man.     wis     ii.ivcli  ijr.    and 
tlint  sinli  c.ir  was  iiiipr()|H  riy  construct- 
ed, in  lliat  it  liid  iin  <lc«.r,  "or  windows 
nt  tlic  end.  or  i\i|i<)Ia  i.n  lln'  top,  tliioiif.'Ii 
wliic  !i  ap'ii.iH  iiinn  danyir  mnld  be  seen, 
—is   (|iiiiiiirald.>.   since   it    fails   to  sliuw 
in  wliat  way  tlic  construction  of  the  car, 
ns  ui  II  as  llic  .icL'li^'CMcc  of  tin-  servants 
on    Ihi'  fol!..,v  in;;  train,   wa-  an  elliiicnt 
taiisc  of  I  he  injury.      Kor  au;,'lit  that  ap- 
|)rir-!  frcin  the  averniiiils.  sii<h  an  acci- 
dent   ini^'ht    have  liap|»ned    if  the  com 
p:!ny  !-,a.-|  fiirrii-^li.-,)  tlif  l.iiid  of  car  su.;- 
wsl.d  bv  the  plaintiir.     Lutz  v.  Attain- 


fie  rf  P.  n.  Co.  (|sfl2)  0  V.  M,  md 
I.,  K.  A.  HI!),  .'to  I'uc.  1112  (two  111! 
diss.iitcd  I, 

'WIfllakrr  v.   Ihlnimri'  <t   II    i;,,. 
Co.   (18S8)   4n  Ilnn.  400,  3  N.  Y.  Sun 

r.7(). 

'  .Mil'iihr  V.  nmiitnrrl   'H!i7)    17  .\n 
r»iv.  4.-..  44  N.  Y.  Siipp.  (Mil. 

'Noll  V.  C„„ii,  rshii,  ,1  rf  s.  y  I!  r 
(18S8)  40  Iliin,  .17(1,  .1  N.  Y.  S,i|,|,.  ..h 
In  this  case  tlic  court  sustain..!  m  . 
cfptinn  to  n  cl.,ir;,'e  which  wis  ^n! -l  n 
tially  to  this  ctrcct:  That  if  tli,-  |,:i 
found  that  there  was  n.'i.di;.'enii'  im  l! 
part  of  till-  dclinijiient  cosiTvant.  ;ir, 
also  nc;,'lit'cnce  on  the  p.nt  of  tlio  ,! 
feliilant,  (Inn  the  ilef.ii.l  ii,t  w  i.  11  iM 
for  the  riM-.on  tli.it.  if  Hi,,  iniint  uj 
the  result  partially  of  the  n^  ■.•li::  i  .v  n 
a  ciH.ni|il<iyee.  and  piiitiiill\  hv  ih 
oiiii-sioii  of  till,  di'fi'iiilant  in  im!  \Am, 
th.'  iiii'.ssary  or  pn^pcr  pr.  cm' :•  n-  t, 
proti'it  til.-  servant,  then  the  ii.'JL.  •;.•. 
of  the  co-.ervant  would  not  nlhvi  li.i 
.icfi'iiit.int. 

'(a)  Munlir  h'hl  lirhli  „„  ti,  .;,.,nM 
of  cnnviirn  nt  i,r  f/li,i,,iri-  /.,■,,/.  x.  /  n 
rri/icct  to  ,in  ,,i;li  ,-.  „,■  nil,,  r  i,j>,,  . .',  ,;,,•, 
of  o»<-  irho  ira.s  a  rice  piii,(ii„il  I.-,  vr 
li<r  of  hit  rii„l.\-(\H  to  the  ,li-!ii'..  iion 
lietwcen  olllcial  and  nonoHicial  aitv  -f 
Bcnerally,  chapter  .\xix.,  ante.)  X.-Ii- 
,'^ence  of  a  f,'ll,>w  servant,  which  C'.m 
hined  with  a  ne;,di^'i.nt  order  of  ti:! 
eiii|.!...\,'i  III  pio,iuci-  an  iii|iirv  i"  nn 
eniployw,  will   not  relieve  the  cii.]il..;i'r 


I  •1>I 


I   \t  >  V»lu\, 


2.'">1 


815.  MMter  linble  where  he  or  hie  Tice  principtl  directed  the  d«< 

Mill  of  the  work.—  1 1,.-  .l-i.n li-.M.-,,!   m  .liai-i.ir  JUjtii.,  u^'r. 

„„n,  1 .IM,       <,....   V.    U.W -.     '.;[>'>•      ''iW/    ..    /..W.W .•«„    ,m 

r  r:.  r.;\^  r,^l-,:,'::.:r!'i':::  "':x.^r::..x. ..<  ..u 

'.,'.". '" •  ,v"'" ,■",'"■  .r , ';.'.; 

uZ. I   ,.    Il,.(.- I"  «>v  ......        "■''   "'^■..^■•■."-  .".'-""■'     '••  '"•  "   !•   '. 

'      ,   .'.    ,,|M..'..t.  of  ...l,..r.. ».- ■■.■.'•«"    ""•.'■';."'■"■ ^"■"' 

,„„  i  ,.  V,t r -i A  '"•••"' >  ': 'L"';":,/;',; ;'" 

?„  ,.  «.,.li.,:;  I..  «.w  .Ml...,,.".....  ..'  ..     ">•    ' "«'"•;   '"'-"'T   '"'•"'       , 

,-,"   ,„|. ',  ..,.1  l,i„,M.|f  ,.np  tl,.,  tr,.in  at  .I"-  >.■  «  >■"""  '•'•.  "I"'.''  -'...'   1-        • 

!:.  I     ;:,    «l...r.-  ti,..  .-.Vi.-T  .nay  l,,.v.  N  •.  • -.I  to  I..U  1„-  ......n..  ..,;,  ..... 

„f I.    „r    .1.1.-    i..f.T.    that    lh»   .on  I"  ll,.'  ...imy.   /"''""■,'!     '  '   ''  /    i  ,V 

:    .;  i;...n.-.l  .1,.-..  « ■■  ..-'^-r  '•''•'/-  V^"    '   '::';„"■■'„      7i.M..  f^^r 

(„„    /•     It     Co     V     (-.ilhf„h,i„    (ISJ.II  i.ini,,'. l:.,n..l      ..>       a      ....U.t.i... 

1  •     \     •0.1     l-    r     S.    A.....  .11.,   :,<!  "..l.'.'-l  I'.v  l.i-  -..l-.'.r  .0  n,..'...  .,  cu,. 

,.„„„.  .a..,.,  that    int.-.-.u,.t..,l  ..r  .U......1    ..;■."    ."    .."I"'-   '"   ''V;'.'   7   '     / ,  . 

..,,1.    .1,-  natnr.I  „..,....„•,•  -f  ..v-ils  or    •  '-.r  <nvh^-»'<-  r>"rm,<<\   «...      Ii...    ..f 

|,.„    ,1,..'  „.|,„al    -,.,,„■„.■..    nf    .•v..|,l.    .-..  '  l>'"*i     ..'    l-v  «  '*■     M'!'     .'<'•    '7   ^    ^^• 

.^,w  .,„  .in.li»l„il..-.l   tl,  the   fatal  . .11. -t,  a.  i  ,,l,il..    ,li..„,,.t 

1,    ,„.v    1,..    t,>...    that     if    tl...    .-,..„■..,  \„  ,,„,,!..N...  .,.|...i..  1  "lul     .      •    . 

.,,1    .,iV-..d    tl. n«.T    -im.al    ..11    tl,.  ."^'..-,1,1,..,.  .,,.1.-1  .,  -«,t.l,  ,...,.,. 

,      -k      ,r  t.     s..,.,    tl...   .Ian......    t„    .l,,-  l-i,,.   ,u,l,.a.  .M   l,.a..  ..  -a.    ..,ay   r,..,j..r 

.„,... .|i„..      m..'li.....,.o      ..f      a      ,..,A.,nt.    II..-  ..'.'.'.a.,    .a  >  ....  l.n.i,..Ml  ,..,.1..     II.. 

J  I,  "nniltHii,..  ...........tor-s  i,...a.i.  Ma, „>.■ .  «!,.,  ....i._.i ';' t;'^'' ''"'';;;';;? 

,.f  ,!n,      to  «ork    o.U.   .....li-tu.!,.-.!.    Ihr    a.  I,,-  l,„l  l.-.n  .l.an^'.  v  a.  ,t  €.,„,„,.  ,t 

.u.,.,„„s  r...,u  ..f  «..i.i...it  wa.  .he  ™"-;v"^;,;:i;7; h!'::';;;;'^-^. 'nt: 

,',„■  :,n  "r,l..r   \uu,W.uJ  .Uu^rr  will   not  -n.   ,,,...M,...,,tly  or,l..>...l  |,l  ..nt ,  I  ,  t,.|l..u 

,„.(ifv  a  ro,.rt  in  ..„t..,i,.^'  i,„I..n,..>,t  f..r  -.vanl    to  .lo  .....^.a,,,  «"  l.-  ";'      -    , 

tl„-  .;f..„.lant   in   tl,..  fa.,-  of  a   -.n-ral  jury    wa»    ^'""''■''    ''''T,'    •'.'''■l,, ''\,, 

vor.li.t    fnrtheph,i„tilT.     "ItUnot.hn  ,„.,.l,!:..nr..     of     "'■  /  , /L'"  '  \, f  ^  ""^' 

hw  that,   if   n    vast.-r   «ron..'fnlly    pnl-  lhn„h.,n  v    (..,»./'    (ISOII    .U    N     \-  ^■ 

hi,  sorvant  in  ,1  u,.,.r.  to  co  .M-rate  «ith    H^^.  '"  .^  ^  '  v"'.'.'.;.'    ^ o    n'T'--  ! 
.notl„.r»..,v„,t.  that  th(.oan.l..>-,i.-o(     (ISifJ  I     1:!-'    V    V.    ■^l'*-^''    N-    '•■    •,"!• 

the  lattrr,  ro  .,p,..at  in;:  %vitl.  tl..-  .I,,n-..r.    i.,,-    „...    ..„    I...-    l-."     •'"'    /'', '.T.'-  " 
dUdmryes    the    n.ater    from    re»iK..,M     of     constnutuig    scallold    ^..^uiIk.- 


2254 


Ai.ASTKK  AM)  Si;i!\  ANT. 


[<  M  ' 


f::  ■ 


,' n^ 


^=;:^:'r:r-;-:--::-:;-:;;: 


work   no..Ii,..„,iy  ,,,,,„,   „„t   ^ 
■lit-');     .\,.rn.i     V.     ///,,,,,/s-     f      A'      /■„ 

n',,:,-.-:;  !;;;ry":'  •;,;;^:;'";-''  ";•"  ^ 

„    ,: ,,   ,'•  '■'  '•'iliire  to  put,  out 

,1,:^    ''  .''■   '^  *","''"'   i"''""n"J  trains 
•"   '■"  ■•       '     "     'nictp.1)  :   llousi,,,,  .{ 


I.'.'  •■•\-\v — a   » ic-,' 

I,.  lUte—  >ip:.i|i , 

r    i..   til,.   ,:;,■,,. 


•MtOil)  2.i  Tox. 
--''  •  (Idii man  of 

l<rinii|.:il   uii<lir 

to  pull  a  .!.•- 
"M   It   plairitiit: 

"a«      tliat      of 

"""/I'  rfoniKini-r 
'111!     follow  iiit; 


r.  (• 

Civ.  .■ , 
s"i(e   , 
Tcv.i> 
lailcl 

C'OIICUI  1 

II  swiicliMianl.  " 

(l>) —  ill    ririniil  In  Hi 
"I     II     ulalKh'j,,/     iliifi, 

/.-yor    ,J,s.,7,     1,,    ,,,ay,    -'U.    .is,    Am,. 
I'".     ..I/,     i.H     ^.'If  ,.\p|,i„„,,„v:       "Till' 

lllxo     the     fusil, I,.     p|„j,     ,„.,.     ,„,,,,,,..:„„ 
a^'MMsttl...  ....oa.i.!naroar..|,.!:    '' 

m- i;..,.n.v    of    tl,o   ,.„^,in,K.r.      It    is 

tr".l|.Mo..oinso,„,Ml...nM.a»ul.,  ,,  o 
orlusv,,,lanc,._toke.-p  wa.cl,  i,'';;: 
H«l-.      lo   ,,,v    that   th..   „,as(,.r   s|,ouM 

b.>r..,|H,„.MM,.fora„i„iu,v«l,i,.|,  „oul,l 
not  liivo  liapprn..,!  ha,l  a  saf.-uai.l  re 
•imr.Ml  l.y  law  ho,,,  usr.l,  honiuso  the 
eii;.'!-..,.,-  was  n(-li!:,nt.  wouM  he  to  s,,v 
in   -Ml,.  apr,>  „M,I   ollV.-t.   that   he  shoMi.l 

ins;  iMiMi  tlM>  failure  to  ii-e  it  " 

III.  .pp.  J.,1  ,hoy  en,plo,v,.,l  u.mI,,-  the 
8t,itMl,.iy    ai;,-    w.is    pull,-,!    hv    a    fellow 

in],m'','l ).'"'"  ""  '"""'""  »''■"«  he  wa., 

(hh)    —  !„    ,-,,,,,„,.,    ,„    ,,„,    „„„  ,    ^,^, 

an,r  ,,f  a  ,„rm,mt,  ,i„n,lrl,  ,,„l,fr  ,,,„,,  _ 

A  railua.v  oouip.any  has  ■.„  h.l  I  liahlo 

for  injurM's  cau..,]   parllv  hv  (he  „e„U. 

f.-m.eofane,„pI.,vee„|„-„e;i„.vit   was 
to   iMsp,.,.t   an   appllan.e,   a.i,l    parllv  hy 

No  al-o   followinsr  siih.livisions 

nJV.T'"  ''"'"::'  '"  "  '''■!• '■'"■■  """ll,r,l 
o,  ><'l'n>!/s.^  rr„„l.li„  V.  ir,„„„„  .f  ,SV 
/.  A.  'o.  IISS7)  .-i:  .Mi„„.  ^011,  r,  \ni 
M.  !op.  H^O.  ;U  X.  \V.  8I.S  (n.;ii,e;;«; 
of  la.lway  eoinpany  in  n..t  ron^in-  an 
"!"■''  '■"'^-■'t  «l"'r,.  -oupliiurs  had  to  I,o 
nia.  e  .ounme.I  with  n,!;li^.,.nee  of  eon- 
ductor  Ml  ie,p„riM-  fonplin,,  ,„  ,„.  ,„,„|,, 
at  thai  plao,.)  :  ,;i,lf.  r.  .f.  .v.  /,•.  ,{  ,„, 
V.  J'ctlis  ( 1888)  t)9  Tex.  tiSy,  7  S   VV   oj 


rail  oa,!   coiupany   „„t   exen..,] 
>i-aeli   of   .hiiy    in   alhnvin..  r„M, 
o  remain  in  its  track,  hy  ii„.  f„ 
'"'  »>:'<'l^'m..   u,.,,.  ,„...|if.„„t  i, 

tonolily  ,t  .n  tiMieluavntan    ,. 
froMl    tl„.   ,|er,.<.l;    it    se..|,l,s    I.,     , 
aHMiuie.l,  tl„Mi;;h   the  ,„,int  w.„  ,„ 
<''i-se,|,  ,,„„   tl„.  eoiiip'i.v  h:„l  ,,,„ 
ive  knowhdoeof  the  (hi'eeU)-    ],', 

'V.  A|.p.)  -,  .Vs.  u.  7)1    ohf,.,,,,,,. 
h.-l-,li,r,...ard  of  si,M,,,ls  hv  ,.„.., 
!.""■'>'">'  d-T.  a.  /..  To.  V.  A,r',/ 
l"x-.   (.V.   App.)    ;j,-,   s.    W.   ,S7S    1,1 
""■".''"<■    to    ,l,.fe..(ive    whivl    ,„| 
;;M,;l„ri,,l    wilh    fa-t   runniM,.  ,.f     , 

!<"<.  (iv.  App.)    4,)  s.   W.  ,,_.,;   i,,, 
loiveil  to  aeeunuilale  on  the  Ir.,' 
run  at  a   r..,-l;|,.,s  r,(e  of  .u,:.','.  , 
v.  h'c  >,,,,,,,,l  d-  O.  /I.  Co.   (is:, I,  ■-„ 
ft       (.lel,rtlve      raiN-ur„lM,.     .„ 

'    ■SH.i)     18     l.-e.l.     .■„„    \,iJn       :. 
t^hllcr    V.    rin,;,„„    .f     ,v      II      /. 

.1!'    \    is.    Odf),    ,i    N.    W.    .-J.);!  "-, 
aets,:    Muni..,,   v.    //„,/„,,    (,,„" 

yt  r,.,:.  27  A.I.  2,,.-,  ,i;i,.eki„,; ,„■■', 

It  tlietopot  an  in.line  was  .h.,,,,, 
ruel;    n,,,„i„j,  „„   th,,,,.    jails    n.s 
lle;.'ll-eli(|y  I. 

A    railn>a,l   ooinpany  is   liahh.  for 
.MUX'S    to   a    hra!;,,|„an    who,    «hil,. 
forniinifhis  ,|i,tv  of  !<,,. .,  ,        , 

'"'■;;'.-.ep.wa;stn„.i.',;;^,'    ;; 

ti.uks    w.'re   to,.   ,.|„se   toi;,.(h,r   i.a- 
sat,.  p-,<,aj;e  of  trains,  altho,,..!,   |i„ 
^'ineerof  oneof  the  trains  wa-  ,„..|i„ 
-M J.n.lertakinjj   to   p,.,s.   a.    (h.itV^i 

(IS'tJ)    1  Miso.  4-.'.-,.  21    v.  V.  s„,.„    ; 

nss,)  84  Va.  1..2.  .IS.  K.  3;i„i  .!.,„; 
niasler  „,,s  iv^anl,.,!  as  viVe',,,,,,,!; 
>nresp,.,.ttoth,Mvp-r„f.!,e,i,..'<  .,', 
as  a  M,e,e  servant  in  r,..,..,.(  („  ,i,„;|„ 

"aiMs(oslaek,.„spe,,|„|,ere.h,.,v,Mi 
«'re    ^.MMiiK  on.      "l-his    is    the   (l„,„v 
the   ea-^e  as  exp!;,i„,,|   j,,    ,v,„,„//-  .i'  | 

21    ,s"l/'-t  V"'''"''    "'^*'''    "'    ^■''  '" 
I'll-;,,   ,r>:prct   In  ,1, frolivr  <<„-il,hr 

7fVr:"u";'-^'^'^- ''■''"■  ^-  ■''"■■II"" 

I  ls!i.),  I(i  C.  C.  ,\.  4.-,7  ,T>  i;  s  \„- 
;>■•!•-..    (i!l     Ke<l.    S2;»     (i„j„r;    ,-„',i„,- ',,' 

"'.-''"■';■'  ■'  f^ii'roa.l  e„M,p,.,„v  t„  „,,in 
lain  a  tai-et  iipoii  a  swileh  iie-liu.nt!' 


intoiul 


J  Al^\  I  l«>N. 


ll 


lowco,  or 


lius;  eliiinoy 


liy   llic  (1 
■■,   wliii   111-. 


\yci'\  icMi,  < 


,|     till'    lirl^t''!' 
1,1    \<i-    \  I'-O    1 


22S5 

liiTii'clf,  or  of  Olio  of 


irini'ii'iil 


l.v  viiiuo  of 


left  "'l"-" 


Div. 


l>v  filli)W  n-n.iiii-i  ; 

ii-.i;i 


■  It  II- 


I'll.,-    (ls<:;i 


;„„./  Isiiiiid  Ix.  (■ 
■  -.-,,  -17  N.  V. 
al..l  :it  p\cc— 


-1     Vim- 


.|.  h 


,v   uii.il  r  Ir^iiu 


mil  iiil'i    V.  '    i/'i',.!' 


50    I. 


^7  »'■'.' 
Ami. 


il.li  ii'il    !'i 


,\  i,l,  ,1  w  illi 


1,1        (in.nl    lii.l  -\.l    III 


.i.'i.a  II. nil 


;■..  \.  i;.  \ir, 

to    I.-    l.lklll 


;••.  ' 


iss.  -i-.i 


31.; 


,t  nll<."r.l  .Mr  to  mil  oiii«>  -i.lui- 


I  l>:i-i' 

icll.iU 
lill 


,U  li  'I  iv 


1,1  „l   .■.■!. 


(,;   h 


i; 


(.iipli  a  ' 


li'hiiivi?  swili'li,  ii" 


III    liiiil    a 


.1.  /.".  I 


car  i<-|Kiirc'r   v 


ic>   1i:hI    iHit    I' 


■,l   :ii 


V     41)1     Mi.iiii    run 


wriiiii:^  I'* 

rill'lilii'Il     " 


III  till'  ri-U^  •! 


li-iii'^  ln'iii  I'l''     i-  ' ' 


111 


,f    tlu-    swilili)  ;     i: 


„l  it 

,  HSli  •,>•  \  i.T  1...  I'.l  Am-  l''i'l'- 

„lur   -I"-..!),      'lliis 

1-,-.     .i-    .XIH.UiH'cl     ill 

V.  \  «i7...;s  t,  in:\:>) 


,.r   tin 


/(;.„.  Co.  V.  Ihilcs   (IsTt) 


Cii.   41(1 


11  \. 


',  .■    w  .  i: 

I"-.,  :!1    ~ 


I. 


It-.'. 


(,|,.(r,livi!       »W1 

llll'll 

linns 


a  of  ti-:iin) 

(18'.i.S)    1 


itcll"    111- 

r/ii 


li^int      II 


i.iii.i;^(- 


.1     1.   /.'.  '■ 


Ijui    ill''   11.  ikiii'.r  lip  ' 

,,-1    lit    l!ii-    .iiilhiiril  ii  ■■ 


if    tilling    ii. 


by 


:■>  111.  iioi.  -)(>  N.  1-'..  i'''j 


,|.-1.M 


1     .if     111 


■il      (l>     111 

tilU. 


.\lliiirin: 

(swlii:i  11 


(IS!H!) 
1)1    Jii 


71      111.      M'l' 

,1    witli   ^Il^imI   1i-.:Ii' 


117    liiii 


1,     -iiIhI.      Ill),    -Mi'' 


i7   hi  llf  I 


ll  II    OlK-ll    liy    l-O-i-l-Mll 


\i:is 

liv  ti.im  iiii'\  II 


•ll);     HlliiHI*-' 


■  at  ill!  iiii 
rlii 


ll  ami  11111  ill'"    '' 
l,u\fiil  i-iili'  "f    ■' 


■  titin  ,  I    Ih-    !■' 


■dill  of  pre  pi  r 
nil:.  Iniiir  v. 
I  i-;;)7  )    il'.l    Mo. 


(lS!l.->) 


tii)    Mo.    .\i>i>. 


i   .1.    A' 

■1.)     (-n\itili     1 


i; 


(iu>    i>ri-| 


IT     nil   lll'Jillll''l' ■" 


fur 


,il  iiii;  a  J111--.1 


ruiV.    llir    11  -11 


IL  liciiif,' 


li"lit   was    not    l>r( 


iiloil— 111 


■  ■li-ciu'i-    <i 


if    iliiil    ll 


liriiki'inan  in  im-l 
lii,:;  fur  tmiii 


.liii-inu'  switch  III 


,1  i-i'j 


iloiir  Irl'l  ii('i 


h,.    i.liiiiililV    l.'il    tliii.ii-jli    -i    li;il' 
1  i.iiil,  wliii-li 


nil 


to  oiiiiii'  on  111  11 


„mI   ,nl-     ll 


|-,lli 
..|,l    'liiivc    ili-.iiM  1 


,1    lull,    fur 


tlic 


li-inii) 
Erliii'l 


iloiinioti 


III    Mill-   ii    I'/'/-    ' 


(il-illl  il\  I 


(181l-.i)    4".   111.   .\1>1 


111    (bruke-     (  18!i 


III     .1 
III.    .\\>]' 


OVclIJ 


1 1-.-. 


.Mrninii 


ll    in 


iircil  bv  tlio  will 


iiimi  iiijiM 
vitrli^-liiiiil'  i-11'.iiiK'' 


I  of  11  liiiiil'  "11  »■    I 


loiiiii  h;  ill.  :i:iT.  :> 


,S  N.  (•;.  4  Hi  (iil.iin- 


,f    ilcfc.t,    till    ni 


liv  11  triu-k  in  an   iiiiiifr- 


Imt  fiiiliil    to   iiiifiart   lii,   Unmv 
the  |iliiiiililV| 


li'i|";i'   to    111 


■tlv  ii..!ii.-.i  iilii-y 


(e)  — 1«    ri.-li 


it    to   ilniiiirri'ifi   » 


•Fd.w   (o    riiiliniil   trii' 


Cliiir   (ISill) 


-lloiie   V. 


'hjiils    rr'i. 


rl     hi    HUCI.ri 
,    filhlri-Ciir  Co.  V 


■nil   iiiiirliin- 
II  (irk- 


I     ISM.-il 


.\.  :!-Jii 


17  U.  S.  App. 


8  Tcs.   t.'iv. 


App 


101. 


S.   \V.    8110    (ihiM.^i-niiH 


(ilijiil-    not    1-1 


1" 


r,Ml.  l>:i.!    (fi-llow  scTvnnt  on 

ill      to      will 


lar   iin    uii^'imii 


1.M-..I 
lU'il 


niovi.l  -  train 


._.li-,.i. 


111. ill:    sliiitt 


\(ir/;i  Chilli '10  SI II I 
(ISIiH)     81!     111.    App. 
(l!llll»)    181    111.  477, 
of     ^ti.iHM      Irft      Ill-Ill" 


■I   /,'.  Co.  V.  />i".'"'  "I 
Ailirii'iil     ill 


•,(i  N.  K.  :w>  M 


iln    2!l.  -ill 


I  j)._,„    ri-.v 


rl    In    drfirli 


If    •irili 


ijnlih 


Ih, 


I  18'.i|)    !•'>••   M'^--"- 


N.  v..  -r.; 


iriii-U      ._iiiiiiiiiii    Ji 


llnl 


lllliilivi 


stiirliil    fiir    lirl'iri'    ( 


laintiir   ha.t    yol    a    or.i 


!"■' 


.r  fiiiii 


,1.1    lllrl 


Till' fact  tliiit  iitr.u 


iili.-iT  bin  fllili-it      H 


i-i-il    -I  Illi 

I  |<;'.':ii   Ii 

.-.■I  Mini   ll 


iliiipp 

iC      -1.1 
C.lr 


i.f  stun 


jll^f      to 


\l-orr.  ti 


\,  .1.  I..  r.--'i! 


,1     llillr 


to 


bis  iliiiy   ill   t;i 


viii'i    iiulii 


ill.iM. 


•  iMi'  (liiiiu:i'r 
11!,'  (if  a  rocU  III 
\  the  coiiipi 


to  triiin^  froni 


111,.  f.iU      /.' 


ilfi.l 

\\  All.  (117 

If  ilowii  onto  a 

M.ivc    uiiy)  ; 

r,s   111.  A|.p. 


■11  r  t 


111-  IriicU  will  nut 


Hit     it  liliiic   (It    II 


Till"    coinpiiny    bcinj; 


fiiicli  n  (111 
tliis  rc-ixrt    is 
oausp  llip   .servant    < 
fur  tlu!  (lani'cr   bin 


if  il  (Iocs  actu.illy  fall,    fi 

III      to      ICMIli\C      .J. 

.ll  of  its  iliilv   in    'i' 


llVulil 


Id    ,li-(u\ir 
nil     willi     ill 


111 
.r,  a  brcai 


lit      fclli 
lu.iil    of    stui 


ir\.int     ill     lliiuwiii.vi 


(it    to  be   con 


ilulinl     111 


t     (Icplllcil     to    louU 


viiilcllt    llillllIlT 
Ik)  —  ' 


failed    in   hi-i    ./• 


„/■  III    p. 


diitv.      Iliini    V. 


Ui.s^MI 


/,'.    Co 


Ml 


Mill. 


nil   il    ill   Midi   a 
to  make  il  fall). 
'  Id  iilliiT  iihiii.rinid  dan- 
1,1    iiiirl:.      Iliii,,sr  v. 
Cn,    (  isil.-,)    1-J8   Mo. 


(is'im)  107  X.  C.  7 


:!1,  12  S.  K.  lioo. 


n:\.  :ii  s.  w.  1 10  I  |ii:iiii!ii!' 


,1   to  wnrl 


Ciinili 
I'lliii^  i 


al- 


last   case 


(.iteil    in    pre-    in  iv  p 


if  .S-.  /•'.    fall  in 


ubdivision,  iiml  <l'l''^  ''•  < 

Prlli.1    (1SS8)    69  Tex.  080,  7    w 


fcU 


(iw    <.r\un 


-tantly 
t     f.iili-il    to    kirp 


\bire  sii.ni's  \M'rc-  con 


/.'.  Co.  V. 

S.  W.  93,  siibil.  r,  xtipiit. 

if) -in  Tv^ix-ct  io  ii'licti'-e  bndij 


(I'll     for    tlieiii)  :     Ihiiii-iiil 


(I8!ijl 

—      (riiitlll 


iliiM 


Inil.    .\p| 


1118,  :\1   N.    K.   329 
li"i-nce     iu     bl.iatiiig 


i      I 


ii-^ 


'■'  I  m 


^ 

!  " 

Hi 


I 


I'  II  \|-. 


AJAMKi;  A.M.  sKUVAM. 

^l;"r-n^:r.n::::?;/x;::^,  r  :':""■'•  j-ir  •"-  -'  ^  ^i,.  ,„.„„„ 

'MMl    („r    h,.,tin-    «;;..•;;..'  "   ."''  "•"""""""I  t"  f^ill  on  ,i„.  , 

-l'"-l..  !'X    th,.  n.^li"    .',    of    r,..        '/;'    ""   ''>V'   '""'•"■•'"t.   «1"-'V  til..  ,,!   : 

f;-.!:;:''::;,:;:..,^ir^:i;:^";r:?iS;';7ifv  ^' 


I'l . 


.v..  .„M>  afo„  of  elootri,.  wir.s  ,.a,.M..I  a    A'.   /       •„'  •,fss-      in-   v    I'"'     ''    '' 

f-lin.    to     put    it    out);     7V7W,         '       I;,;'  [^   '.■..-.■...>„.   ,„..li„.„„v   ,„, 
I  ml,, I   Sl„l,.s   Tah-  Co     M'lDli     1.'    v      ■'-■""'   ''    -'''"'".ny  oi„.  ai,.!   -.,  ,  ,, 

!!r:.':;;:;:i:"-' "••■- - -5 --"C'w:. ',,,;:, 'l-, 

-Ncpi  for  II,..  ,„„,,„,■,  „..„i,„,,„  ,■ ,,    .n.>  ,''■'„?',:••'',""■  ■'■'"•  -"  •'^■-  * 

fo   P-il..    II,..    „-„;,!    ,,.,.,li,r..„,  :^-   '■;""' >l':f".t. v..  I,n,k..|.y  U:, 

",''■"    ' "    "..;;li;;,„t    i„    lailj,,.    ,„    ,.,„    „,r     ,,,„'„  i  ,„.'    L"  i  *  ""'"IMl,;,.    f,  , 

tl...   .u,,|.lv    l,y    ,l„.   „.,.   „f   ,|7.-    I,.-,    „|.  .7,  fV    I     ,"'''  n,.^l„...,„|v    „.,|1,, 

fi-o.n  i,-,!„iiu  ,■„,.„  i„,,„,  I,,,,,,     V;'    '  '"•I;":-;:'!';  >/""'."/v,.o,v/,  ,.  / ,., 

f:.iii".  10 1,...,,  „„.  ioo,  of  ,L.^,:;;,:.    „;;:,,, "„::':,;v"'  ;^'"''-  -- 

a    ......,hly       ,,.     ,.o,„li,i„„,    „i,, ,.,,    .,.-':    "  l>      "■'^•-'■'1.:     l/.v /,    ,, 

I.....;..!,,   ,.  a  f.llou  ...,.„,,   ,„,„..-     A,,,;  V    ,  ,\    •u'"'r.''-   V""'  =     ''^-    '  ■; 

forii,M,L.    Il„.  ilui  ,.„   a-H.fii.,|    I,,   1,1,,     i„    ,   '  ,1  >\-    I,....     (>,.n;.,ii-    y,,.j, 

;Mt.."s.  40  V.  K.  ,5s,  .i..,.i.,.i„rth:;t  ';'s:,^:''z:'f :''■'■  ''•/•-■  -  -'■  •■ 
t..at  t,.  ..oof .,.  ...af..,  t,:.."^,!;:;'-;  I:';!,;:'::!..!':.'':,,!;::;'::: -,-,::;,- 


j8151 


(..\rSAT10N. 


2257 


,on,en  on  train,  on  the  main  traok)  ;    jv.^cn^i.-oor  l,a.k.Ml  ,vilho>.t  n  signal)  ; 


was  thrown  oil  liy  n  jolt  recpivfd  fniii  a 
•iiovint;  err,  lircaiiso  UiiTt;  was  nolliiiiy 
;o  hold  onio  wlwii  iIip  shook  caiiii-). 

Failure-  to  fiinii.-li  -ui(al>l.^  appliamo 
•orcoiil'li'i^'  «"■'*  '''  artionalilc,  alth(.ii>;li 
the  ni'f-'li^'viKP  of  ii  fi'llow  siTvant  nU'< 
.onlrilailes  to  nroduce  thp  injury.  .V"( 
,<,ilc  d  W.  It.  Vo.  V.  Avipri,  (IH'MH  W 
U.  108.  Li'i  S.  K.  'i-ill  (injury  lo  I.imUi' 
Rian  caKMii  holli  I'J   ili'frilivo  ■■ouiiliii-- 

iil  hy  i\i'.-'-^ivo  >-|H-cd  with  \\lii<li  iMr> 
udc  i)i"ilf.'ht  l<>j;clliiT)  :  <li(lf.  <'■  A  .*>'. 
f  I!  Co.  V.  hif.iiili  (l>ii:!)  Sll  Tex.  SI. 
>",  S  \V.  STH.  l!.'v,r-iM^'  t  I'ia.  (.'iv 
"\|,,,.  ;!i;j.  22  K.  \\.  110.  211  S.  W.  242 
(lieftct  in  air  brakes,  wlii^li  allouiMl  cars 
tosl.irt  on  a  padc  and  roll  i-.iinsi  tlir 
Ciir  whiih  plaintiir  wii-s  repairing.  <Miiri 
bincil  with  nc'di'-'i-n'r  of  aiiotlwr  i.<>-  rr 
paiur  or  a  Inak.iiuin  in  failinj;  to  sicurc 
tlie  cars  by  hand  bi.ikisi:  Ihni'^hiir  v. 
ilruukhm  I'Hy  ''•  ''"•  (  !>>'■"  '  •■**  ^'-  '^'■ 
•<   I!.  4s.-).  14  N.  Y.  Sn|)i>.  (1:19   (injury 

uu-i'd  to  coupler,  partly  by  defective 
[lUllcrs,  and  partly  by  backing  of  on;:ine 
with  undue  sp'odi  ;  Inliriialinnal  it  'I- 
V    //.   Co.   V.    JS',:iil:    (IH'.tH;    Tex.   Civ. 

\pp  )   4S  S.  \V.  "117    (deii'ctiv lupliii;;- 

-endue  ncaliyentlv   b;.ekc<l.:    Iiilcrwi 


to  a  Jele<live  eoupliii^  pin  and  partly 
lo  the  nc:;li;;ence  of  an  ili;;iMcer  in  back- 
infi  cars  too  rapidly  down  jjiadci  ; 
7'i.ir/i.'<  V.  1  ie/,N '<•".</.  N.  d  I'-  ''■  '"• 
(lSS.-,i  ;17  l.a.  .\nil.  ti:!(l.  •">'•  .\ni.  '••'•p- 
.")(IS  lu-.-  oi  ears  of  such  uncipial  hei.;ht 
as  111  iiiidir  their  biiller-  u-eic -~  kim 
euiici!  with  ncf!li<;encc  cf  eii-inccr  in 
iiaekin'-'  ears  for  eoupliu;;  at  an  iin- 
prnp,-r  speed)  ;  llnmuiitu  v.  II  .Wc-s/i 
Wr.sl.in  ir  Co.  I1H!141  124  Mo.  '>'>.  24 
S,  \\.  Tin.  AlliniK'd  ill  27  S.  W .  1144 
(vice    pinicipal    allowed    brake  stalls    to 

he  iviiiiAid.  and   left   c:irs  he;.',  ily  1 led 

near  the  lop  of  a  Iw.ivy  ;:ra.le  ■  neuli 
;r,.,|,.,.  •  Mlew  si'rv.iiil  eonsi-ted  in  mil 
r,,.inii  that  the  ear.--  were  all  eeupled 
U-|'(.re  liackie^i  the  on}.'ine  a-.-ain-l  llicai. 
and  in  I !ir<'>- in-.;  the  switch  -o  that  they 
ran   onto   the   niaiii    liiiei. 

.\n  einplovee  who.  wliile  wiirkinj;  U|>on 
the  liMi-k.  was  stiiiek  liy  a  liienian  who 
spranir  from  a  train,  under  appielicnsbni 
of  dan.:er.  as  the  train  approached  the 
place  where  repairs  were  beitii;  made,  is 
entitled  to  recovi-r,  if  the  eiMnpany  wiis 
ne^liu'cnt  in  not  haviiif:  s\i!licienl  br.ikes 
on  tie-  train,  and  the  ll.i-iiiiu  f.iil.'d  to 
"ive  the  slow  siirnal,  thi-icby   iiicica-iii^' 


u(  rf   (.'     V     A'.   '■".   V.   y.-pp    (IS119:    the   luenians   alarm 


Cull 


II.  a- 


fc.-;.  Civ.  App.)   4il  S.  W.  (17:!   (defective 
hiiniiK-r    Is-ani— oars     ne-li;i-ntly     man 
agod):   f.'//i-t  V.   Sric    Yorl..   I..  H.  <t   4V  ■ 
Ii.  Co.    (18f<4)    fl.'i  N    V.  54(1    ihrakcman 
tiAiiii;  to  escape  from  an  impeip.lin^  rear- 
end   Tollision    with    a    followinfi    train 
miehl  have  suceeetled   if  the  hulfers  U'- 
twwn  his  own   and   the  next    preopdinfi 
car  had  not  been  so  defective  as  to  allow 
the  cars  to  enme  lo^'ether  and  oru^h  him 
when  the  collision  ooiirrod;  ea-.e  held  t<i 
be    for    jurv);     McMnlx,,}    v.     Ilrioniui    I 
(1S80)   1  MiCraiy.  riHl,  3  Ke<l.  .l.'iS  (car- 
with    defective    hump.-rs    wore    run     to 
"e'her  with  danjicrou-  s|iced)  ;  />'  nul''  v. 
St.  rmd  Cilu  U.  I'o.    (  180,'i)    ".."i   Minn. 
03,  .10  .v.  \V.  4(11    (t^imilar  f.oi-i  :   Chi 
mi;o  if-  .V.  II'.   It.  Co.   V.  (lillixon   (ISIIS) 
173   111.   204.   (14   Am.    St.    \W]<.    117,   50 
N'.  K.  (l.-)7.  .MUrmini.'  lls'.C)   72  111.  App- 
207   (accidi-nt  cui-cd  p.uily  by  misuian- 
a;;pment    of    en^:iiiccr    in     sloppini.'    the 
fi.rwaid  section  of  a  train  after  it  had 
.separated   owiii^:  to  detc(ts    in   a   draw 
har)  :    flalirxluii.    II.  d    .^.    4.    /.'.    Co.   v. 
.Vir,«,!,  »    (18!i(i)    14  Tc.v.  Civ.  App.  216, 
nil  S.  \\.  800  (similar  facis)  ;  A'lo/.i.-ioiid 


.S.  .4.  /.'.  Co.  v.  .Inrl.-.'.oi)  (ISIW:  Tex.  Civ. 
,\pp.)    44  S.  W.   1072. 

In  /.oinvri///-,  .\.  .4.  if-  C.  It.  Co.  V. 
/!.)-/:('/  <  l^'-'li  13(1  Ind.  ixl,  ;!•"•  N.  Iv  ■}• 
wheie  it  WM-  laid  down  that  the  ncj;li- 
^eiiee  of  a  iociii|diiyee  in  failin-.'  to  in- 
sjM.ct  the  coupling;-  <in  a  train  will  not 
relieve   a   r.iilioad  eompiiiy   fr.  ildl- 

ity  for  the  ileath  of  a  l.rakeiii.in.  due  f  i 
defective  (laiplin.Lrs  whose  unlit  ness  was 
known    to    the    eonipiliy    or    could    h  i  .'e 

■n  known  with  reasonable!  dili.L-ciK-e, 
tlic  opinion  s(s-ms  to  waver  betwi-en  the 
di  iliiiie  ;'.s  to  eoiuurrent  ncLdiycnce  and 
npon  the  rule  that  the  eniploy.-e  per- 
torniin;;  tin-  duty  of  inspection  is  a  viop 
principal. 

Tlie  neali^'enoe  of  employees  of  a 
freight  train  «ai(iriL'  uiion  •  >i'le  track, 
in  leavin^r  the  switcli  J|>en  and  civinj 
the  siimal  that  the  track  was  riear  by 
ofiveritiLT  the  heui  ii;ht,  without  beinjj 
sijjnaled  that  the  s  itch  was  closed.  <ioes 
not.  relievo  the  coni|>iiny  fnnn  responsi- 
bility for  the  di-ath  of  a  fireman,  oa  an 
approaehinfr  train,  caused  by  the  derail- 
in"  of  his  (-iiL'ine,  due  lo  the  failure  to 


N   \v    Mon  (Similar  lac  si  -,  /imim.-o/hw    iii„  ^'»   .- -  .. 

tDI!Z\<rn%r    ,181.1)    8S   Va.   supply    the    r,sl    li,l,t   customarily   oar 

223,  13  S.  E.  4-.';'  U<''ii'!>"g  »'^''  '•''f^'t    "'-'^  '"  *■'"'  '"'"''*  °'  *''''  ** 


I      I 


I  ( 


VU', 


I ,    , 

■   1?       !.. 


If,i 


!>  Utr-i 


ii'illPi 


i  I 


2258 


i.j 
111 


! 


■;?i 


«'l'llu.  I,..,,,,  s,,..,.|:,||y  ,,„„,,„,„„,        : 

.  ,.,  ,,  ti,.  ,,,i„„„,.  „,,^.^,|^ 

Mil) /()     irtil,i(l     trt    il,',,.li,-,    I 

tirri \l-|,,>  ,  "■I'l-tirr    liirnniri- 

y"i...!:t:.:.,;;riSE  *,:;;- 

U.  .....IK.   of   M,..,n,    into   tlioVvli,    .^r 

tile    niiiiiiiiiiv    is    'ill, I..    t-„,    •    •    •  ,  """  i^' 

th.  V      •    '  ■'  7     'IwiT  as  a   iviilt  of 

l,.,„„ot.vos    M.i,,,-.et  in   m,o.u,„  In! 

.v7T'i'r' ?;'.'•""■    '■'-■  V.  />,/,/. 

15  ii;;;,.-)'"2.'''''- '"'•-'""••"'"«  (1878) 

U^-!T    """    r'^'i"t'ir.    wl.il..    clf.„„in.. 

of  a  ^•^l.;i"L' tl,rott!o.  tl..o  ^.;ro  ^ot    Im 
a   .|...,va„t   ln,.|   ,,..rfo,„u.,l   hi.'ll„,v   , 

>«■<.   ill-.)    .S„„     \:,to,iio   if     t     /•     »     r., 

BPncc  in   failing,  to  1,.,.,,  tlio  Cx     Ju 

th^tits  |m,m„no„  track  nnu'lit  1.P    o..," 
fro.n  an  a,,,.ro:,cl,i„^r  train.  al,h.n,V, 

:     /.?■        '•t'"i'l  "I"'n  the  riack)  :  /-.^./rr 

wi:/';;:;/";;%V'-/V'%"^'^"'' 

narflv    h„       "•  i*"  '■"'■"''''it  eau^cd 

parut  ;;  '^i::;-;;:;  -'  -"."-.^  a„d 

L.  >..  21.),  2.J   r,.  e.l.  (il2   (m..,liv',.„rc  of 


MASIKK  AXU  SEUVAN'r. 


ii  it.i 


"'""'( .f  o.  R.  Co.  (i^rr,  7,1  V 

iV""-".-*:""^  of  nu.Mrr  in  i,.,v,n..  , 
"»«  ..iinun.  coM,.iur..,l  with  il,", 
'■;.«.n,.<-r   .„   „.i„^,  it,.   /.„„,,,;,, 

^'..'niiny.  ul,..„  l,<ak.,,uM,  u.s    „ 

;'nMm.n.  hi,  f„o,  upon , ,,;;;::;;;, 

Th..    liahilily   of   a    rail»,,v    ,,, 
;''""'''    '"  ""l>".il(..,l   to  tl„.    Mirv 

••n  ,.,„,, h,_v„..  „ oi,:_.a..,,l    „  'i,, 

T.  ..n...  of  his  .|,„i,.,.  ;,.',: 

■  T\  '■'"''^' i-.'ni.v-  „u,:'  , 

"•^l.;c;t    ..t   a   f,.'hKv   ....Vanl    ,„'  , 
■"I  ''^I't  on  th..  cars,  ami  ,,,,   ilv' 

: ';f:'7'\';  '•'"''lition  of  th.'  h,..;,„ 

;;^r,..,   .,.,.,,  ,h.  .hock  .,f  .,„.':':; 
IMto„r,,,  /,..   ■■„.    (ly^jj    2Vi,.t.  i.' 

-V,'!.;rr  '■',7»'  *°  defect n-,,„„,,, 

•'^  I.  S.  ;;,-,...  40  L.O.I.  :..,;i   i,;^,, 
H.;i..  8-IS.  .\Mini:i,„  ns..-..,   ,,,"!'. 

•Jb'i.  .  I  .  N.  .\(.i,.  a.-,i».  51  ,..,.,,  -     ;, 

Ojir  u„h  .lcf,...tiv..  hrako  ma   n  .Z   l 

''TTr  ,"","   '^'■'■"''ii'^'lioM   otf,,,.';,! 

.■>tahl,.h,..l);   M„„,n„  V.   '/■,,,.,     ; 

•o.    (l..,m,    40C.C.  A.  o;!!,    ,.,',1 

[iiy"o'>,  M.  a  Kt.  p.  •..  Co  its', 
^^^-.-^s...o^^u■.  i80(s,.cU,  ■' 

was  m.;.l,;.,,.nt  in  nmnin;;  lia.,,1  ,'  r  u^ 
a  .l.:...cliv,.  hrak..  pas,  ",  s"  I  '^r 
hoaniij^  xvarninir  siL'ii.iN) 

(o)— y„  rfy,,;:^  ,,;  J,.,;.,.;,-,.,, 

U.  An,,.   ]  100.  27  So.  „.-,,;    „,  ,  ,  ,'„  ; 

•'•'^.  102  F..,l.  20,  (hr,.aki,„/.:f  If,:,,; 
'o'M,„.„„,,i„„       ^^.,^j,_^  I 

tr.l.ntory  n<.o|i,,„„,,,  of  f,l,^^^.  ,     >     ■ 

led.    124    ft,.|J,„v  servants  contin 1  i, 

.,^rale.,.fe..tivetackli„.  with';:;,..' 
-.to  of  ,u  condition);  Monmou-h  ]IU 

-o,';?:  F°-  ;•  '''■''■''.''  '18!H)  11,  11^ 
•;^I..!!).A,„._St.  H..p.  187,  3,iN-.  ,.;   n; 

c    iiu.iy.   for  the  ,,n,por  repai,-  of  «i- 

tPiials)  :  ,4^rA,.vo«,  7".  rf  S.  /•'  A'  r,i  v 
/-"""','/n„  (1S..5)  aO  Kan.  lOi),  |2  Pac 
JJJ      h,,,kemun   uijured   while  c„ti,.li-. 

fZlli-  ,"\'^u?  ^'^  '••^"♦'•'•"  f'>'-"i^l™3 
'nsulhc.ent  light,  and  part!;:  thr...  =h  uJ 


I  315] 


CAUSATION. 


2250 


,i^!ij;(iioe  of  the  en^'neor  in  hriiiMinj.' 
■Iiijc.irs  tO'.i'D-iT  Willi  OMi-ssivc  -;.i'tili  ; 
t'i(f)s  V.  liii'lsun  Iron  Co.  (iss'i)  1")0 
Mil.*.  IJ.',.  IT)  Am.  St.  H<>p.  ITU,  'JJ  N. 
K,  ii;il  (ctisintor  iio'jii'jont  in  ni'Tnliiip 
-ii-tin:.'  iipiMiMlus  -jf  wliiili  I,!:.:,.-  «.i< 
!.ftoti\i-i  ;  I'll! ill  V.  fliinifio  lO  .1.  It. 
ill.  (lS'.:i)  54  .Mo.  .\{.I).  Tiiii  iii^-iir.ince 
I  Siifi'tv  li.V  fellow  i«'rv:iiit.  II, '.  Iiiticry 
..•11"  j.  .i.liv|iiii!i'  fiT  work  to  I'.'  iloiin  ; 
,7n«.(/Mi»i  V.  S!''i;irt  ilSS.-,i  UK)  X. 
V.r.l'fi.  3  N'.  Iv  •")T.')  (■!'  !'■  ■  iM-  .l-i.iti'i)  : 
■,'c(VI/.' V.  Itr.i  .'nil  i  I.s:i7i  17  Aj.p.  Div. 
:,i.  44  X.  V.  ' 'i"M.  l"'.!  I.i-h'l  i;i  -tcji 
■if  n.TMii  iif;:liL:i  I't  !>•  (IriM.ii;  l.nr'.in 
r.  ll'u.W'..','/'i.<i  M,ll.i'f'o.  (IS. ill  A'}  .\(iii 
niv.  r>,  (il  N.  V.  Siij>i>.  !I3  ( injuiy  y  .v\\\ 
lived  I'V  tlifi  iic'iliL  nco  of  "  ■!'.  liiir.l 
«i>on  in  iTioviii!,' im  clrN.!!"!'.  'n-l  j  ''l.^ 
v  (lr.f(  ot^  ill  tlip  I'll  \:i!iir  ;:  I'l'  I  : 
•fiuii.sv   V.   lltilirrm'in    Mfn.    ''".    i|'>!iSi 

;:i  .\pri.  Piv.  iij.'i.  m  \,  V.  sirp.  iii>; 

!i.ficlivf  p:irt  of  -x  |.n--.  I"m;i-.  I  ft  n;i 
ieJ  liv  fori'Minn.  fell  on  ol.iiril  iiV-  ;  .\iihl 
:.  Miihhdlttin  L.  I'<s.  (■".  :  l;  i.d)  li;.", 
V.  V.  cin.  .IS  \'.   K.    10-.-,.    \i',;iiMiii 

;S!!S)  .St  .\i.p.  Oiv.  4'il,  .••  1  N.  ^  .  -iii.;> 
Hi    (cl'VMtiir   I'.oor   r.iii  ;  i m  li  il    -o   lln; 
rcloMiI  wiion  a  Imnun  w:is  yrr  -"'1.  invl 
v., Id  not  lio  st";>:ir'l   :ift.T   il    l;i.l   o.;.- 

:  II    -,-l     in     irf'ini!.     v.:i-     iir'_li',:i  ill  ly 
i;,-!    I'V    t!i<>   o|ii-    -iiir)  ;    /w         v.    // 

•>/co  d'D.  t^^ri/ir  l!,f.  Co.  .lss;i)  -J  i 
.;.   V.   (-.    K.    7I''     ■•    N.    ^.    >ii|i|'.    •)l'^ 

fiiliiri-   to   i-.iiiip   I'ii-r.'t'.r   "iili    piMji.i- 

:f(ty  .ip!'!i:iiic(>s  ciiir'iiii"]  with  t;i';.'li 
.'■iici'  (if  rii_'iii;'i.r  in  ou-'iiii;,'  it  oir  wln'ii 
itliad  i::u:-\\\  i  :  .1/ 1'  -'-■);,  h.  rf  7'.  /.'.  'V.. 
..  iVrW,  (  HM^,  1-i  'IVx,  Civ.  .\pp.  li! 
it  S,  W.  :;:7  (;il-'  ilriM-r  not  pwin  I'ly 
•;.iu..l.  d  \.  -1-  c.|...|,ili'il  '.vitii  ;i  1  ,iky 
v:\Kvl;    111//;./ ■».■,' V.   .V(ir    Y-     ',"    /..   /,'.  lO 

•:■:.  u.  ■■■„.  I  is\'^j  -1  y\  ■•.  :       '1  N.  V. 
-iipp.  C.-''.!    (t'o-crvant    -"I  i: i  di'firl- 

iic  tii'l  from  nii':C!i^  n  -:r:'';  \\  r'l  (■■mi 
|ii'isfd  n  i.Mii(l  many  wlilrh  unc  '.ihiwii 
iiv  the  n.:i-tor  to  li(>  d.f-. 'ivr)  t  /V./'vi 
v".  Fhrcia  (ISnO)  l.SS  I'.i.  XVi..  11  .\tl. 
>S  (eiiiift  ran  so  loo-i  ly  tluit  llic  Im'i 
fi'll  o!T  ind  stni(>k  pi  liiitiir- -in.L'iiH'iV 
tt,i=  at  o  no'.'Ii'.Tnf )  ;  Dn'd  v.  H<  V 
(IS07)  1.')  .\pp.  Div.  -J.-iS.  I  I  \.  Y.  Siipp. 
ins  (di'fi'iidiint  lialilf"  for  iniiiiy  caii-fd 
ly  di'fpctivc  puHi-y  on  wiii'Ii  licit  ran. 
tli'iuudi  cocnipldvoo  may  lir.  'iccii  iicyli- 
p-v.i  in  ordoriiiir  plaiiililV  to  wm'.  wIumi 
'iich  dofi-ot  f'xposcd  him  to  dinu'cr)  ; 
Hhirnintt  V.  .1/r)ionii)'('i:  I'hcr  l.iniihir 
fn.  (ISSS)  72  Wis.  l-2_'.  1  L.  H.  .\.  17:i. 
•WN.  \V.  3fi5  (od-pv  sa\.-  out  of  rcpiir- 
frcder  of  iimoliinp  caridc-^  in  attempt  ir._ 
to  remove  the  plank  which  eau-wl  the 
injury). 


(p) — in  rfxprrl  tn  the  ruipli'unin  I  of 
suflnlilc  .■ii-ritnil '■. — ■jjii"  iiCL'liL;i  iic'  of  a 
railu.iy  rompaiiy  in  piit'in.'  i  hi'  il'din- 
ipii'iit  .-( ivaio  in  IIk'  o'  -it :' ii  (if  lAira 
man.  who  iiiivht  lie  -  Iri-lid  iiy  tlu-  con- 
•  liiclor  li.  1,11  a  v.i  ,"i  \  ,  111,. I  iii.t  the 
nrL'li'iiiii-i'.  if  any,  i.f  t!,i'  i.".lihi  ir  in 
a'.-i^iiiiiL'  him  \\i<ri».  i-"  tin  |i,i|.,'iy 
eiiii-c  (if  an  iiccid.'iit  which  r.-iilt.<  ii..i,i 
Ili.H  lllllli  Iios.  I/'iiill  V.  /.Ii,'</,  iirr  d  il- 
'■iini/  Co.  (ISs:!)  HI  N.  V.  V.<r>  (1  li 
.'.•nie  o'  the  n'n.lintiT  -aid  lo  1h,'  •  ■!• 
1)11, 1. iry  and  co  irpir.it  i\c  in,;i'>i. 

See  .t1-o  *''./;.),.'  V.  V.  c  *  ..rt  ('.  if 
//.  H.  I!.  (■').  (  Iss-^i  tS  ihni.  -.".S  ,(h- 
r:i!ln:,-;:t  ili;.'  ti.ir' ly  to  -.\i:,!i  ii  ■,;;■'  1,-fl. 
(iprii  hy  -1-  !■ ,  l;'iia;i  i.i....'  n  to  I.,,  r  ii-  K  ^^ 
ill  111!'  pi  ' '■  1  !,.ii;i  (•  (if  hi-  wo'!-,  iiiid 
I'lrtly  t(i  I  ';<■  i  r-li':'  ii"'  ot  I  li.'  .■'.■■  ■■•  r). 

I  '  I  ic  i-  al-ii  I .,  ;-i.!  I  .iliii'  aniimily 
inr  hi  iirjiii'_'  uitliin  tiic  -i.i.,'  m  th(3 
mil'  nni!i  r  ili-.M  inn  the  f  :  -  -  in  >  iiich 
Ihi'  n.'.l-j.  :ii'"  -'  ii'.H   i-  111  .t   (.f  I  III-  in- 

(■111!:;..  I  .-nl     -11'.    r   I      llill.-c'f.         ','.,7'.      /.(U, 

//.  ((  y.  .-1.  /'.  '  ..  V.  An  ,  (  i-;'.i,  I  Kl 
T(v.  .■>I7,   17  >.  W-   IT:   //...''/   •/  v,  I)   ,'.7 

''//..  C'l.  I  H"7 1  ]r>  I'.'i.  !;;.  (;j  \.n. 
-^1.  1;.  ;>.  •'■:*■.  -i'.'  i'.if  -". .. :  '■,.  :,i  \.  I  hi- 
■  :ii< ,   0      I.    #'.'.    Co.    (HI!  I    .'■1 1      i.i.    .*p;>. 

:<i-\:  iriui  ,'  /...■  >•.   \,  ..■    ! .  ■  .  c.  .1   il. 

It.   I!    r„.    '  IS1.71    -J:    \".    V.   W  (•('■;.    I)i/. 

inn.  n  v.  ^\  .-,  1;.  :;si   ,  ,,■■.■.   jri.-m  . -n 

■.-ii;  r  -I'!.  '  !■  !  1'.  niii  a  lii-  ,M.  ,1  c.i  liH- 
■v  ii  1  r.it"|  :  (  .<  I  ■  V.  SI.  /  ...  N,  ;■■  .  rf 
V.  \r.  /,'.  r.,.   (  1>SI)   20  !■  ,1,  S7   (nr_Ii- 

'.rcr.rf  of  ni:i..'.r  a-;  r.'Mrl-  hini-:  .if 
•■\, lilts  ai.d   !'■  in,i!;._.  lit  riih  -  CI  I,   ..I  .■•  1 

.ilh  the  ncL-li'j.' iif  .-.•r^aI.I-   in  ..;,  r- 

ilii.i  train)  ;   Jinrllv.  /,'.■,.•,'/    (|s:i7) 

111  'I'lA.  fiv.  .\pp.  ri7.'!.  12  S.  \',  .  1211 
:  ::i-:l,ji'nt  iinirin:;. ■incut    i.f  c;  ^i'l'  l.y   in 

oii'ix'tciit  cr.'.'inc.'r )  ;  /i  .'  ■■  >.  /,'•(./> 
(  isl'i!)    (i;{    j-'cd.    172    (iiiiiiry   r,n  ,■  I   hy 

the  11.  .'!:;_'cncc  of  the  11,1    i.r   in    pnttiii;; 

a    dfc;j):ind    at    the    \,  !■.  ■  I    ■(   a    Ic:,    inc 

clin-('ipiii:C,'     hci.c     lll.lt      hi-     II.'.. !i'.  ni'C 

•nil-.  .1    ;.    .'(  lii-i.n'. 

I.d'ica'ly  -I'l  li.ir'.'.  tlii-  is  11  ■!  'i  i'li 
[...--ihlc  vii  \  :  I'll'  it  -cms  ]i  .  I'  r  ih'c 
in  v.  J  lid  -ni^li  ,111  infi  ini'i'i  '  lit  .:  dnty 
.IS  l.clir.'.  nihcr.  tho  sul..  c;;;.'i'-.ii  (■'>,-.■ 
of  the  iniiiry  in  the  -;.ii'i'  mi  -.■  a.  -:i. 
ilar  n(-i;li;j<''ici'  in  rc-i-ct  lo  111"  i'l'.n  i 
-inn  and   iiiamlcn  mic  '  nf  Mio   i';:i;.!..  •    ■ 

;j;ciicic^  of  work.  This  ;;  Ilio  Ihcn-y  in 
,1  r;;sc  \'  licl'O  It  WMs  li.']  1  1  !:i(  a  '  1  '',c 
in.in  may  rciHiver  for  iniuric-  ca'i-  i  h\ 
'no  ."ivinij  way  of  a  defective  Inal.c 
'.\hcoI.  the  result  Ix  ini;  t'  at  he  wa- 
I'.iown   olT  the  ear.  where  the   fill   «a. 

Ine  to  the  oscillation  prndiu'cd  ly  the 
-udden  rpplicatinn  of  the  hriko  while 
liie  train  was  in  in;;  run  al  an  e.\ccssi\e 


mi 


I'T 


h.    !;j 
it   "ii 


Ili 


'JS 


ll;'|-ii 


L'UO 


i    !l 


m 


•iSH 


■  ^ 

h  ^ 

',  i       " 

1 

1 

1 

i 

w 

i 

I  i 

ill 


Ln.:- .•/;,"•'■"  "^"''    <«  III.  ,m.  .:.• 
In  "     ■ 


MAsiKK  amj  .'ii.ia  ANi'. 


[ 


.        •11  ,1,1  ion  to  irrnvvr  ,ln„;, 
•■""•'I    I'y    th.,   ,l,.atl. 
ill-  i,ii.    i;ii    I,-."'    ■""   ri'ii'i' Ill's 


|."if.TI, 


HI 


'l-;f'-ii..,i.o„^„f  .,„,,,  , 

"fill    on    i)),iiiiliir  Ml,, I,,    it 

•IS!..;.  14  L'tiili.  3S'!.  Uiv'o 
"•■.T  ..|,.t:i(,„..  ,,  ,i,.„vtiv,.  V, 
»hi,l,.    ll,o„,-|,    if    rr.,n,ir,.,|     , 

"'"I    »l...   r.MlM    „l,.,„v..    III,.   ,j 


ri;il, 
rone 
Mum 
-CI  \. 
III.  J 


-Ilk    i  ■    -..("..iv 
•i'lc.I,  Wli.lh,.,.  ,,|,,J„,;,, 

"'-■    .*•••■/'/./■■  V,  I-,  ;, 


i' 


li 


"  I1I-.C 

n. 


•■I   I,,  . 

I'lIlfiliK 
•  .l|-,..i 
ill-Ull 


•  -   l:'. 

■V    III, 

■' I 

.III 
.■!!,.»■ 


","■    <i-.'ln.    :iIHu„|m!,     ,  |,o     ,',,,'1  . ,  ^^ '' ■'"  I'LiiM^iir  wnn   i,  |„,, 

":LH"i"v"—H:^'i '"•■■• " "'"' ■' 

,:      I    ,  "•"'  ""••'■-"•Ml  I.I  iii.it 

"""   "'■"   '""tl ,.i„ ,   ^,, 

-.n  V  V  s:   "•  "^'""  ■'"'■Mm-.  i)iv  ;!'7 

ri.,.  ,„..i;       I '""^  """ih'i   o/  xrn-'nits.— 
..i.-viM-,-  of  an  .'..L-iiicT  in   starl- 

"■'.I'-      'I.'      U..l„„lt      <!..,.i„^r.      ,,.,      ,  ■'■'; 

'•      "<li       .liMlllrl.     will     „„(     ;,!,„, 1^         ,, 

nl\a      li.Kcl,  t,.,„l,,r."     rhrr„r„\-,Oc.   

n,V-   25«.   3   So.   .iii.y    .,„.,.|i„,„,.. 


■•'■;-'H'l.    so  111.  .\.,,,     |.(; 

';'-"•' |»T     (r)-  ,V  ,,,;, 

""•  ''"ii     ''■'«.- -.\  raiK,,,v 
'.'■ii   I'lir  injin  ,..', 
"f  :.    Main  ,,|    .,,, 
"J"    '^•'.■■.l.'.l    h.,..,„„.    I,., 
'■'""-'■  •••■tl..-1i.,i„  v.-,.,v  t 
^'■'-  -I'-  'I-,, in  was  mil   „„,,„ 
""";'"."l    r'.'..i!:.atc,l   l,v',,„. 
•;;"!'l;'.v...j..    liiii,.       /»,„.,,„r„,   V 

•St    ^,.|,    ,,);,.  H  ^.  VV.   11,.:; 

?v-oal,„  Jl..,,,  V.  \r,c  )■„;,,.,■ 
A.  (y.  (IS'll,  m,  ,|„„  7,  .,; 
«'PJ..    897:    /'„„/„,„,.r    v     »■,„" 

'■■•^tlotoow.-akto;„,.,,„r,'al„,., 

iin.!    [.artly  l,v   th,.  ,„.  .ij.,, 

<nu'.n«>r  i„  di^.U.yi,,;;  „,.,i, ,; 

Mk,     liLs    en-in,.    b..von<|    ,l|,,t    , 

,'  -^-  *^-  '''0  fvMiit  .if 
for  pinipction  of  ,-,r  r, 
nn?  with  npi;lij;,.„..,.  ^f  ( 

I" -t  IS  Kl'I^t,"^";'-; ,;; 

,■"■""  •''">   ■^■"'7/   <f   r« 
"^"'*>   «-•  111.  .\„„.   los 

■■ "■ '"    '-"'"in^    "--lihi.ii.v    eon:    .H'pZ^o^  ^±    "«^"'    -'^   ''t^' 

111 


ti 

l.i'fi.iii. 
til, 


'"," 


■•::^.:;:t:r:  f:-r  .fi^  r^^J-^:-:^:;;;:.:' 


"''Ill-  "  «,N  I.,  • 
V.  S.iilh.r.  /.  ," 
■'.  4««  V.ic.  .'t;!  ,„,,„ 
'If'tivc   Cl'-ll,,,   ,,," 

•'  <->'n:n,l  I,,  ,,  ,,, 
•""'  pl."  ■■!  n.,  i;„ 

•'■*  ii'jiir.  I  >i|,j.,.  . 
^'•'1  I'v  I.  •-,„,,,■, 
riiKli  sn:;,,  j,„,,  ,,  . 

''"'■'>'  i'  i-  1,"  ■ 
"■'^■'M\    li,    ;:;., 

'-i~'   ill'f     ' f,,' 

'-'   -■  ' I'll), V 


■'    "    ■!■[,,  I,  , 

'"'■■■■■-   I-:.  I:  „; 

'■•'    '•*■    'li'-   I  :<,.:■ 
il  r.ii,.  1,1  .. 

'"'  .'ri.l  i|,',„  , 
■'•'•  I"IIi>\v  .,.,,,,.  ■ 
"I'l  C'lr-ii.ii;  to, 
'  ''.V  fill-  "I':,;...-. 
•■'torn-   V.    |/i,>„". 

I  Iti:;, 

'"  »■'"'■•'■..(//;; 
"I.    71.   I'D  V  \ 
,  ".  _/;m,    /,'.V" 
'I    (injiiiy  III]., 
»  '■'•'lilirii;:.'  i;  u;. 
>  i»   (M)iiil   nii.r,.  1 
("Tt  ,1   l(,r.)n:„!:i, 
thi-  iii'i.''i,',.||..f ,( 
i"'-,'  II  rl.  r-  ii„!  •, 
1(1    llrif    i„„;:: 
<?  .*>7.  I'.' ri  r 
^   Am.  lu'p,  4<' 
if  proiiiT  *\-.|,:, 

■■'■•'■I'l'T,    c'x'fwl 
•iMl'IINIII     ill    .1.! 

WitlllMit    vr.:„. 
I'tin  I,  V.  ,v. '.  . 

on.  I  \,i,.  v. 

il    f.lllltV  IllPf^-i 

ilin-l  :"  /'„„;  •, 
-'0  rtiili,  I'lii 
.~>wtoni  for  pi 
t'ti';;illi'cr  O'S.: 
liiist  one  unirf 

i«'7  ^/i.)?  rf>;v' 
!'.-   Tl).-  m;i-:,r 
in-    rii!iip!;iir-l 

f     il    I'u-ITV.inf's 

l>i<rt]y   !i_v  tii 
liiin-'cll'  or  ol 


c.\i>.\rii>N. 


■i2«i 


■uiiu'  einploVi't'  I'll!'  wlui-r  iiiiii--iifM-.  nl 
jiity  hi-  in  ri-i]»)ii-il'li'.  l.'iiiCiiiUr.  .V. 
I,  ,t  ('.  /.'.  ''o.  V.  //../,■  (  iHliSi  151  In.l. 
::rj.  .'lit  N.  K.  IISS  U'olli-iiiii  ilile  (Milly 
■0  (lie  train  ili.-i|>ali'lii-l'>  lii-u't''it  »f  riili'!* 
iiul  |iiitl.v  to  u  coM-rviiiil'^  ili-iiliiilii'iiii' 
,;  oiliiT  riiliM) . 

In  Mil  luticiii  hy  an  i'iii;iiii-.i  li>i  mii  in 
uiv  ri'divcJ  II  n  ('(illi-iiii  iilli-i;cil  1" 
liiu-  Ihimi  ilni?  to  llip  iK^'liui  n<i'  ul  llii' 
iriin  ili-|iiil<lii-v.  .Ill  iii-l  iiirl  inn  in  |)iii|i 
.rlv  p  lii-ril.  Mliii'li  iiutiinri/i's  a  vrnliri 
inr  ili'''"iliiiit  u|'"ii  a  liiiiliii;:  'I'-it  tin- 
.oniluiliii"  Inul  viiilatcil  tlic  niir^.  al 
•liciu;:li  111'"  jury  iiii'jiil  furtliiT  liiul  tlml 
tlie  n<■;;li^'•■n(•l'  of  the  train  ili--|i.ililirr. 
•itlier  iiiilf|ii'iiili'ntly  or  (ciiuiMr'iil  ly 
nitli  that  of  till'  (■onilnrtor.  «a-  llir 
pni\iiriilc  !•  111-1'  of  tin'  injury.  It'ilti- 
more  it  O.  H.  (•".  V.  Vamp  (liMK))  -14 
('.  C.  A.  451.  10.-)  IVd.  212. 

!*<>e  al.-o  Mcdirun  V.  If.  Co.  v.  d'/.x .  i 
.1101)  40  C.  C.  A.  3;!».  107  Kill.  :;.'.i> 
iiilli-ion  caused  partly  by  orihr  that 
IHO  traiiii  slioiilil  imi-l  at  iii^'lit  al  ii 
hlirnl"  sidi'^',  where  th<-rc  wa-i  no  ^i;; 
lul  li;;lit.  'I  partly  liv  thi'  iii'i.'li.^i-nwr 
ni  till'  mv  tor  and  i'ii;^iiircr  of  oiii'  of 
ihe  train*  .  oi^nraliii^'  il  without  a 
lij,'lit)  ;  F<;Iti,n  v.  Uiirhivm  [VMW]  44 
r.  C.  A.  ISS,  104  Koil.  7;i7  (train  dis 
isitnlior  violated  one  rule,  as  ti»  the  ile 
lii'Tv  of  an  order  witli  r.'.Mid  to  the 
iiii^i-lin;;  of  two  trains.  ~  iii;jiiicer  vio 
late!  another  nili-  liy  failiii;;  to  have  his 
train  under  eontrol  as  he  appioaeiied 
iiipetini;  |>oint)  :    Viiifhiituli,  \.  il.  i(-    /'. 

/'.  II.  I'o.  V.  rhirk-  (iH!i;!)  n  ('.  c.  .\. 

iSl.  Hi  V.  S.  A|.|«.  17.  57  I'ed.  125  (ne;: 
lii;eiiie  of  train  di^p.ili'lier  in  nm' in^ 
tniins.---ni".ili'_'enee  of  eii^rineev  and  eon 
liiotor  in  iiiiiniii^'  train  too  fast)  ;  ('i„- 
ri,n:iiii.  I.  SI.  h.  iC  r.  It.  Co.  V.  l.ung 
iss'.i)  ll.S  hid.  57!l.  21  N'.  i:.  .'!17  ( .«ec 
ti»Ti  hand  killed  hy  the  nei.'liL'enec  of 
ili(i-e  in  eharj;i-  of  n  "wild"  train,  of 
Mil'  (liiiL'er  of  null  ill};  wliieh  ho  had  not 
iiii'n  noijtied  in  any  way  when  he  re 
'civeil  the  s|>eeial  ord'-r  under  wliieli  he 
«as  tiavelinj;  on  a  liaiid  oar  alonr  the 
lr:ick  where  he  met  tlie  train)  :  Ihiiin  v. 
Vnlrf/tin  l\  It.  Co.  (  IHSII)  7S  Mieli.  513. 
7  I,,  i;.  A.  .500.  44  X.  W.  502  (ne.jli-ence 
"f  train  dispateher  in  faiiini;  to  hnhl  a 
tniin  eoneiMTr'd  with  that  of  trainnion 
ill  runninj,'  the  train  at  undue  speed  I  ; 
r.jvs  d-  I'.  It.  fn.  V.  r.hrrhrart  (Htl7; 
Te\.  Civ.  App.)  40  8.  \V.  lODO.  Atlirmrd 
in  ilsnT)  ill  Te\.  321.  43  S.  \V.  510 
|iU';;li;;eiiee  in  re;;ard  to  the  enfoieeinent 
of  rules  with  rej;ard  to  the  jimteetioii 
ef  ear  reiiairers  eoneurred  wit)'  le'-jli- 
;;i::(e  of  fidlow  ser\-anls  in  sc'iidiny  a 
moving  car  on  the  repair  track). 


(t) — til     )(•«/)■  ef     (o     thy     fiiitiirf     to 

itlllijil    iiw     II,    illillnrifill    ihlin/i  IS.--A    8U- 

periiiieiideiii  \i  ho  onlers  a  trestle  work 
ahove  a  dix'k  to  Ih-  torn  dou n  while  men 
aie  at    work  ui;d<T  il.  wiii.iiit   iuitifyin){ 


leh 


till 


ir   foreln 


III   that    il    is   to 


d. 


Liiiiiy   o(    neyliueiiii'   which 
relldel     (he   eliipli'>ei'    li.thli'    |ui     in 
|iiries  to  one  of  siieli  woiktii  n  liiaii  the 


ill 


liariiii;   iIohm    of    -mli    li 


standi 


till 


.  illi 


Ihe  foieinan. 
Ihlinilsnii 


iiieiirr'  iil 
\,,rll,u.  s/ 


I   ,!•!   !■ 


V.  s.  .\ 


I'l' 


lis.<. 


fed.  Hi: 


12 


Ml   eii;/iiie.  r   ilijui 


■d   h- 


if    his    ti 


am    eai: 


■il    hi 


iteli     may 

•  s«  jii'h   w 


>aitl_\ 
ith-t'.iii.ri 


hn;; 


iinlcuked  hy   a 
feliow    servant,    wiiere   the   lie'. 
Ihe  eoii.p.iiiy   in   'j|>i-iiiiiL'  the 
ii-e   afi'-r    it    had    heen    ah.ni.li 


;li'.-  lit 

I     e    of 

eh    for 


il     f. 


lonf{    time, 
liulit.s  to 


r  a 


itI 


loiil     |)iiltni;_'    on    it    iiiiy 


til 


i)f  the 


dan-.r, 
aei  hli'iit. 


If   elljui'  II 


i.f  its 


a   I  I'lieiirreiit    eauso 


'Il 


Mill, 


I  •inn   V. 


It.  Co.    (ISHOi    81    \li'h.  211.   47    N.   \V. 


till.). 


•It 


ilemled,"  said  tin 


that    the    pl.iintill 


eoiirt, 


eaiiiiiit     reeover    hi 


the 


-eiiee  of  the  lii'lils  w.is  not 


le    proMiii'ite    eau^e 


of    tin 


ileiit : 


Ihat,   if  the   swilili    hid   hi  en   loekiii   the 


Irani  w 


<uM   h: 


was.    withniil    aiiv 


1' 


li-Ii!s 


'd  n.il'ely  hy  ,is  it 
imi    Ih'al    the 


opening  o 


lllllcHkill; 


if  till 


ill-ed     eillier    hv     tin 


>\iteh 

ddlill 


af 


ne;jlijeiiee 


striin;:'  r  or   lvosp.i.->i  r.  or  hy   tin 


f      lelhl 


ml  . 


plain 


I  ill':    that    hi 


i!d 


I'ilhir  event.       lint     I    do  not 


if     till 


III,' 


stand    it.       If   th< 


I'laiiil  ill's    Ihiiiiv    Iw 


true. 


the    li;jht4    would    h; 


pleveTlled 


iileiit    in   the  eiiiidilion    in   whii'li 


it  ell 


II 


lev     won 


Id     h; 


iriii'd    the    plain!  ill'    in    time    to    avoid 


I 

the  diiiiL'er;   s( 

ant    ill    o|«'iiin 


th. 


,di 


liee  of  defeiid- 


I.'    thi-     I'le 


s| 


,  ileh     for 


vilhiiul    any    li'jht-,   lo   warn    plai 


tiir  of  till 
dai 


pi  I 


f  Ih, 


it, I 


I'l 
I  or  ilK 


iiier.  wa- 


iif  tl 


jiirtt  a^  iiuii'h  the  proviiiiate 
1-  t!ie  tuniinij 
,1    it    pert  liiilv 


le  iniurv  as 


1,1   Ihe 


OI    the    fswiteli    rails, 
was  .'I  eoiiriii  r,  tit   eaii-e 
ill  anv  event  UM,i"r  the  plilii)iM"s  iiiciry 

,1      p.irliy 


iii|niy 


id 


I,' 


tllloll"h    the   n,".;li.'  11, 


.1  III-  lll'f" 


Ihe 
\\  hieh 
liahle. 


the   s^iicli    li'jlii-.   Mr,, I    par'ly    hx 


idili 


lls 


if    Ih, 


\iteh 


rai 


Is, 


till 


defi'iiilant     wiiiiM     Ik 


/•'/,. 


Mill.    Co. 


(  ISSO)   (!t>  Wis.  2H''l,  2S  X.  W.  207 


il- 


slni"t   I'liiier  as  to  danLi"rs  of 


iiii'levi-io 


iiii'l 


in  a  iiiiiii' 


I'less 


ness  of   fellow    senants  in   blast  in 


I'm 


'm 


('!!! 


■  I 


iu'' 


m 


'  m 


M 


troi 


•\)\Mi;i;  .\M>si.i;«  wr. 


I' 


i 


!■ 


fi 


ni... 


"^■■■>.l.   to  u„rn   )l„.  ,,l,.inlil|    il  ,  ,."      ,     '"  "'"' -'•'■^•iiit-,  (i,..,„.„iv ,  ..  ,, 

n  ..,,,11  ,.„Il,...,io„  .,f'J.:,  i^  Z  ,1;";';;;;:;    ■■'V-;'"i'y  -'Pon  l,i,„. 

of,,,.  ..|H.„    |.„„,,  hcM  l,v  ,I„.  |,!,,i„i,i,-,      ,,,,.'.    ;'  '■"'"•'V  v,.„n,u,y  „„„.| 

12    -\-n.    S,.    I:,.,,,    IX{   Vrv     F^-,;"-   ^'I"-"'""«l"-n-it.„.yl„.,.,„ 
^„.,/',' !,,•„.     I8;,n      ;;    V  ■,/"■',.',-'•""    ;■'•''' /'VlT   wl,i,.|,    „„,i.Iv   ,Jl 

All.  :,;:.•;  /"-v  V  V.  ■  )w-  ,   ;.••  ■*,'  ''".';;"\Mu..„n  «i,i,.i,  ,1,;.  ,,.i,..  i. 

:!^  X.  V.  S.  .;.  S17,  10  V    V  C':„  '^  "^     •>.-..■,!,.,•,  in  ,,!„..i„.  n  ,„  ,,„  .\ 
■Tn.t    M,„;i,.,,;,,:..,;..:    iV  ;,;,'■„„„.)., I    3^;  x"k",^("' '    "■^•^'     '^^^   '^'■ 
An   omp].^or   i.    linMo   ,v.„.ro   ho   i„.    n^'l^'I'^fv^o/^ntr:''  ''    '   ' 

j:r"r:.'n- ,r'/;:"w:";,:;; ,:-;:. ';;-;:^  -:/''"  -^r';<  ^;;.:r .;;-  -'^ 

;;H-,,  p-M-uiar 'z:.;;;;, ":r„^^h  'in:;;';.";';!-,;'"""'-^ '" "-''-  •-' 

"ii'l  nn  oroplovpc  is  ininrcd  l,v  fI,o   .J„  i       '      i-     ,  •    •""'  '"•••^"•'-    '«   "i'l'l.  '■"'    ,  ' 

in.  of  „ ,!;,.;.  nL'T.tliv/iv:  ';::it:  ;";,^r""^"'«  •"*  ^i---  ---  ii  -'^" 

nai,  the  diiect  not  being  apparent  to  on 


I'  "  ^'-    U.; 


;     'I 


•1'  lllll- 

■   ;if  , 

,  will  1 

.••:•..; 

llruir,, 

V.       , 

•i.  til  .N. 

\     - 

he  CI,,. 

\.(-    ; 

ial<  ri  i| 

V.      .     ... 

■■1-  r'n.  .. 

'f    1         1 

y  III.'  II 

iM(i  ,.,, 

1    ,  ■    '. 

iriy  \uiii! 

1    ':     i; 

Vi'irll    ci 

II 'i  , 

-.iti.l     !,. 

'  1"     \\  '!  - 

a   v.  1 

y     tlr-    ,„, 

■'<r  .r 

!"-!■,',. 

I'l...-  i'.. 
I..II,  t-. 

it.     i;,. 

V     Ii..  ■ 

■  l'll,.'  1- 

, 

liMi.i;,  .. 

•")    tr  ll    ; 

11  rv    1  V 

ti)    IIJ  V 


I    1,,,! 
.,! 

I'M'  i:.. 

.  ll:U  1 
.  '■   .  ,  i ;  - 
'•  ■.   .1,  , 

1' 
/ 

1      1.-,-, 
iMJ    n 

:i.  . 

r 

-Sii.   |l 

.\    ' 

ri-n  > 

t!:iT,.    • 

l!  ■!■   ,:,  ■ 

1 

i.'llri     , 

i"ri. 

,: 

"../    /' 

,  1  . 

"'II;    A 

1  '  V. 

VI 1. 

in  w  ii! 

!     ' 

-iiiL'   i:. 

r  not  (>,.; 

i";it- 

11!;.    ,;.,' 

ir 

Uflji    li 

U">, 

CII.M'TFi;  XF.ITT. 

I  \  Ihi  \(K. 

Sin,    Fnt  rodiirtorv. 
A.  .\ii\ii>-.niri.ir^  ni   imih  \fi. 

817.     l.'lN  \lll!c\     III  till'    pl..,i.lin:rj. 

his.    Mull  li.iMi  \ . 

f*l:i.   i'oiii!.   I.:..  '.  :    •.•!  Ml  r.il!\ , 

6M.  Ciniilin.iii  of  tliH  ;L'iM'it  iii.-i  iiiiiii  nl.ililv   lii.f..ii.  tlip  .Ks.'pli'iit. 

(1.    (  oi'.lil  i'lil  :    •;!  ll|.nill»  . 

h.    Ni'lH'irlH  ll  llrr   of   .1 1  i-i^li'lll  ii. 

r.    (Ill  !irii  Ml  I'  i,f    M-ii  IrliN. 
R21.   fiuiili:  imi  nt    tin.  ■_ii\,   i   in-!  i  I'm- tii.ilii  v    ^ii'Ict   I'ip  .h'im-Ii  iiI. 
S.'J.  Cini'liiioM    lit'    till'    u'ivi  II    iii,'i  iniiiMiliilin    I..1II1    lii.fi.t..    ;iii.|     ifl.'r    tli.> 

iir-iari'i . 
8j;j.  IdMiiiinr    ..1"    pin-   fif   111,.   |il.ii,i    i.tl„r  Umm    lli.il    wiii.li    n,'  .!    !',i. 
ill  il:i  \  . 

a.  Ci  M..iin.v. 

b.  \nliiii  I'llMrliii.    of   llirill'nl-. 

r.  1 1  .I'lirii  It''',  fif  .M'.'i  !  -Ill  -. 
R2t,   .Ml.  r.':inii-     in   llii'    pi. mi     iir  -v-Ii-mi   nfi.r    t1i<«    n<i-i'lrn»  :    (■\  ilrM' i  il 

iii'l'i'il    iif. 
82.V   llil  itiiMl  I'liiii-o  ,'f  ,"1.  .hut. 
Sl'i!.    Miiipli.M  i'-   iM-inii"_'  1  iiii-i'lf  a...  lii -I    ii.iinii'..  to  sen.itits. 

SJ:.     M.,1,1.    ;.M,!     pi.,,!,;...,    ,p\. 

S:^>^.    li'-.   y:\     i.,-:;;..,>   ,■,  ^i 

8211.    '^hi'  .111,  M' -.   .i.lii'i- -!,.:;-.  .111!   .li...lii  iiiiMS. 

a.    I'.y  "tli.-r  i-mpi  .s,  i-. 

I.   I'V  t!ii.  iiijiiii  .1  >..r\.iiil   liiiii-.'lf. 

f.    I'.'.    1 !.,.   IlllpIirVl.r. 

S.'iO.  Opiiiii.ii-  im  i.\i,|,.|ioe. 

".     \nt    ll!llii--il.l,>. 

').   .\'lii  i--iMi.. 

S.')l.    .)il'!i,iiil    i;i,(i<'(.. 

B.  r.i  ai)i..\  (11.-  I'K)'.!    WITH  liKsfFrT  to  tiif  rMiT.iiYin's  XF.i:r.if;i-\rR. 
S.'!2.    l'.iii.!i.n  01  jHinlM.f  ni"_'liL''.nfi.  ir-l<  on  tlir  s,>rv.int. 
S.l:i,  X,j;!i;j,Mc('  not    iiifi-r.-ilili.  from   tlii'  imitp  ocfMiTi'iiti'  of  :iu  no-Motif, 
81)4.  A''..'  i/«fi  htquiliir, 

8.'!.").   .\plii,ii  not  innintiiiniilil,.  -.iImti.  no  <pi'cific  cvi'Irnpo  of  fmill   i-  i,|T,  r..  I. 
83fi.   Hiinlrii  of  proviiif;  lliiil    tlio  iiiiiiry   was  c^ii.-^  by  tlio  iiiii-li'i--   in'r 

lifii'Mi'i-  ii'.^ts  oil  t.lif.  .-(.jvant. 
S;i7.  No  ill-lion  maiMtaiiialili'  whpro  PAU.-if  of  accident  is  merely  conj,  otiiral. 
838.  Sliiltiny  of  the  burden  of  proof. 
Vol.  II.  M.  4  S.—iW.  2203 


(      f 


e2U4 


i 


I II 


•\'  \Mi:;;  wu  m,i;a\vt. 


(1 


•3!).  Iliir.1,.,1  nf  |„„„f.  ,,       ,•,,,.,  ,  . 

;■:;:'' '■-:.;  t;»:::;:r:;:::;sr:"" 

- ' ".  ":::;::;::::;r;;:::, '■"-' - 

-.1(1.  (Hii.r.illv. 

""'::;:,;:;,::";':' ■ ■■ - - ■^. 

''•   '■•''v'l.'oiuiii  iiv  ri^U" 

"::.::::'-'- ■> ""'^ :■-:..,.,„„,,„ 

t-   fMnllKr,    ill    i,|,i,.|,   til.,    li.'.l    „>•    ,    ,■         • 

t"" -v„.„w..., 'i^,:;:,  :;::;:;■:: ''■-""" 


I"  \vlii.l,  il„.  <|,„.(n-,i,  ^  ,1,.,, 


'■■■ '"  ""  -^'  i>iii«..r  ,i, . ,,,,, 

"■""^"'^•■'■'■> i-M,,.,  l,:,v,.  |,..„„     ., 


mi.l  ;in;,|.,-  .,1       I,,  ,1,    ,  , '  ""-'•  '-^11-  li:iv,.  I,..,,, 

Pnncii.i,.s  ,,f  I  ,,.  I:,„.  ,.(■  ,.,.;., ,  .  """    '    '•■■■■'■nr,    ^:..   , 


iir  iiijiiri 
on  the  liiw  oiCvi, I, .,„.,. 


_      111,,  r,  I,:;. 
I    lull  ilNni-H'ui,  ,,,    ,1 


A.     .\|.\!IS.sI|;,r.Irvop   KVIUI.vr,,;. 


817.  Relevanpy  to  the  pleadings, 
donor  is  ..Ml,„i-HM,..  .„■  i,,.,!),,;..;; 
sonio  i,.ii,l,-n,.v  t.,  ,..i,.,l,;iH,  ,|„.  ,,|| 
offeml.  i>;ill,,.,nii:.,ll,v  ih.M.as,.., 

dT   a   pM.nil    all,,„,i„„    ,„■    , ,i.,,.,.',. 

ni'v  ..vi.l.M..,.  t...Hli„.  ,.,  ,.-,,,1,11,1,,  r- 
cuiMsn,,,....  ,.nm,il,uti„.  ,,rwxi„,:H,'lv 
to    11m.    n.iiiiy    IS    ml,,,!,,!!,!,..       ,  ,,„    ,' 

^\asl,  2(11,  ,;,l'uc.  174  (.v!,l,  ,.,,,,,;] 
«as    that    rucU    „,.ro    , „,,i    tV"  , 

onj"  wh.T,.  pl,!„,!ir  „,,.s  «.,rki„.r) 

"."-.1    l,.v    ,l„.   ,|,.f,.,.,iv.   ,.,„„,i,i„„    ^f"> 

1,1  ■  ,7';  ;*;"  "  ."'''"'-ii'i'-  "i.i,i. 

M  ,!.»  I,y  ,!„.  coll,,,,,,,  I,,  „„.  ,.„^,i,|,, 
",l.,  .<  .Mf  on  tlif  tr.-iclc.  :„„|  „.,rilv  I„- 
'■•-:    .1  ...,,»,•    cuii.iiuon    of    tlif    track. 


•—'I'!"'  nilc  wliirl,  f!,>..|;,r,.,  t1„.,fo, 
''''■•  '"•<•■  "-'l in.  .MS  if  I,„.  „r  I,,,, 
''.'"■""•"^  in  .Mip,,„r;  ,,f  „.|,i,.j,  j, 

(I8.M,:    1,.^.  (,^.     ,\|,j,  ,    .,|.  ^    ^^.    ^,, 
I  ",I<T  H    ,l,vlai„ii,.|,   nil..-!,,.-  11  ,t;, 

'■!■<'■'."  ."'"    "all,.    r,„„-,    ,„„l    ..„.„,'; 
I      ""  "',""■  '"  '■■■i„ain  ,l..f,.o,iv,.,  ,;/,l  i, 

""^1>      fill       I.TCM,:,,,       i„      cl,:,,.!,.      ,l„.,o„f 

•"",'.    "'-'f     "'     ' - IMKV    ,.i     hi,     1:.!;,:, 

o^l„,„,^^    .■0|„,,..tr„.y  ,„„l,l>il|,,|.,i„„;r, 

ii.;-.H..  u„.  |<,||,„|.  ,,l,.,i,„i„ili,.,„i.!,>d 
•"  ".'"•'."' vi,i,.,„.e  ,„  ,,,„v,.  ,|„,  ,„„. 

(  inoili    (IS  Vn.  247,  •■?.-,  S.  K    7nt 
Kvi,l,-n.v    (1,„,    it    „„,    i,„p„„i'i.,,,  f,„ 

""'■■'  ^•■•,'  ':'  '"■  rail  J, t  ill  a  svviicn  iro;- 
I'iivi.l,.,!    «itl,    l,lo..ki,,y  sud,   as  ».s  ill 


Ill'  >■■  !l:;.  i., 

-I.      .M       ,|,„... 

i  I.  \L-LAik.- 


'".     V.     drr.-T, 

S.  W.  s;.' 

.'iiii;  !l  It  r\ 
•i-hiv  in  [i.  r- 
ti.l  sir.iKii, 
'tiw,  ;r;,l  ;.| 
M|ir!i  !,r  .in; 

hi-  I  ,-.  n 
II  |.l  i.ii-, 
r  is  cDiitli-i 
vr  ll;c  i,-i(- 
r  V.   I'lirut 

:)o— ii  li'  fT 

swilcft  [>":' 

;rs  \\:is  iii 


l*171 


KVIDI  \(  i: 


UKii  \tj  th*  drfrnilnnt   ii  ii(1nil««iMi',   in    biil.r'   of    «ml 
an  acticm  for  the  ili-jitli  of  n 


Uiroii^'ii    having   cmiutil    lil«    f..,,i    in 


It  ilrlllllilll     liiiM 


1    '■II  r<,    \v 


l>. 


ill       ft!  lit      ;I||W 


hi.li 


22il.'. 


<VH      «lill  I' 


'1%    of    II 


HIirlMM.      ill       nil! 


frt;,',  i\*  (.•tilling'  to  %\m\v  tint  tin-  IiI.m  k      .Iii.iil,|  i„,r  l„ 


■  lll'l     iH   ;.!,  ,■    .1    nii'iuii; 


ing  lit  till'  {uirliruliir   point  in 


It  iif  npiiir.      /' 


n,:,-  V.  i:. 


Illll-I jllll    \,„lll,,„  It 


•■\.  Ill.l.  I, 


(l^!i.".)    Ill   \\i<.  MO,  tl«  N.  \\.   lot).-,. 


/.'.    HI   N.  W.   III. 


(JMllI)     HI     ,\Ii 


M  liiic  till!  roni|»l,iii.t   all 
liirinl    fiiriii»liiiia  of  di'fii'liv 


\M 


ii'H',    III    mi   111  1  ion    fc  e 


■ip|.li,i 


I'Vllli 


;.  <   the    IM';;      ciiii-ii,^.  ||,,.  il,.,.Hi  (,t   ,., 

iplili.;    lo   liiini-li    tiiiiU'i    111   Iw    li-iii 


l^    |. 


iilv 


lire  lit   to  tthi't  inr   llu'    t 


lii.iUiiiMn   injiircil   Imd  p'rciviil 


11'    cliilirnli 


ill.  -I'll    tl I, 


'  n.l    lit 


(•tick    ii    pro|M'rly   ndiniilr,!    uii'Iit    luniof'll 


!■     wilfullv  fill!,. I  III  k.r|.  Ii..  Ill  III    il,,.  („ 


till'    .ill.  ^'lltiotK     of     til. 


lill'' 


I"  c'oii.|>l  mil,    .«iiii 


-li.ill 


III 


ii|>pliiin('>" 


III  iin« 


U'l 
slii'k. 


uoiill  niilii  ail 


'o,  a  ipiot  ifiii 

til 


a"!  .il   will 


I  i|.  .1  Hir..l 


ilii'il.i 


'<■    II     tlllTi-    Wflr    atl.V    pli.ps    lit    I|||.    Il, 


M    nrike    a    di'firlivi 


mil      aliMnii-     tli, nof    llir  >li.ifi  at  llir  I 


../    V.  Smith   t'un/liim     if   f/.     /,'      I 


•"•I.        J.,i(»;/     llioii^.h  |l|,.  ,t.iti li.l  not 


w.it  not  iii'pi. 


1111)1  I  tiO  S.  C.  9,  H:>  Am.  M.  li.p.  siil.    1)1 


V>.    lo   lie   kipl    ut     ihV 


..S  s.   K 


'Mi 


I  ii.|.  r  a  il.'.'l  ir.ilion  all.-,Mi".'  Itnt  do 


lliiil  .    I'Ml  III 


.p, 
»•„„/    r. 


!'■  piir.'  till. a 
pi  I.e.        Ut. 


.•■|>l.  tiO  \.  \: 


■  li,r 


'iiiil.iiil  failnl  to  klip  •lill-  iMiih.  ~ani|,         I 


iiij.'   I  Mil,)    |i-.>   HP  ,^|,|,    ,|, 


11-*.  .V.lirni 


III    (it  I: 


li.Ti 


1'  nil  oilir  III  a  vi 


i.T  -ii..-.t  111.-,-,"  ,,f  tl„.  „  ,11.  of  a    injiiii-,1.    HJnl,.  atl.-n.lin-    In   a    I 


~-\ii-r  i'M-:i\.ilion    tiiiiilv    in    i>l 


;:li,vntly  sull.  i  in-,-  tin 
n'lnalii  in  un  iiiiMifi'  i-on 
fi-rinv  tlip  fartli,  naiid.  i-lr..  d 


'ivalion    to 
■liii.iii,"  l-v  ^iif 


y    liv    lKniii..«    Iii<   iirni    (•iii;jlii    in 


ml. 


i.f  til. 


ar  \<  lici-l  (-III 
■  ri.l  -  1 1 


■li. 
iMiiliii.,;:, 


«  iti-r- 
"    cvi.lc 


ikcil, 


li'iiiaiii  ill    I'.-i,  ,|, 


iinil   iI'Df 


I  lie  •J.I.-4  of  III 


ikIi 


/. ,-( 


iiis-ilil,.    tJMi     Ci.ii    II, 


iill-iil.-r.ll,|,.  (Ii 


III. It      III, 


I'  scHcr  \\i-i-,-  not   pii.p.  r 


:l(l 


re      U    M     .1     ,|i;|il. 


(ir  M,  iiiily  hriciHl  or  sliorcl.      l.uS.ill,     iinl  n,  I., 
\.h'sit.a  !i!ioi)  i!in  III.  i:io.  CO  \.  I-;,   ui,.    i,i, 


li!l-   |l-Ii.    a 


«   p.irl 
lai  I  lie  (Ml 


.f    III, 


IV    r    i!,(-   l.( 


72.  .Mliniiing   (lliOO)    02   III.  .\pp.  Ul 


III!' 


Ill 
(I     till 


Will 
Mini  fur  1 1 


till 


iiililaiiil    ii'.'iiii-i    a    mil     ixiianliii..'  Hi 


.il..'llii-i   (ii-i  -ii-liiiii    was  nc-.'li'.'i 


I    .Hill 


i;ini-i-r  nll,...i-...    '.lint    tl 

III 


iii-,'--litrcnt    killin..'  of  an  i-ii      I  In-  plaint  111'  ..f  tlic  diii-.r.  all 


■   V,  li.-!l„-r 

■I-':,     an. I 

III    ill   nut 

>,  in-iii-' 


iiipiiiiy    faiicl    (-(.niplaliit    did    t,ot 


-!i  till 


to  (•iiip|..y  a  'iiirK-icnt  iiiiiiii.ci-  ..|'  nun  i,.    ,,f   ||,,.   liolit    a-i 
(i|.ciiili'    ils    lailri 


rli,ii-,'('    Ul  a  ■], 


.111.1  f 

I!  [lill 


ri  I-  lioiii  nil 
iii;:.it'.' 


lail    Ml    a    Miaiinir 
"iin-  ilanj;i-r  li 
in   op,-ri!i  iii: 


Mlf,-      A, 


Mr 


a    LToltllll 


ill    W 
Will 


7    /. 


i//.i/„ 


H.  t;:i:,  c.-,  \.  \v.  :j7i 


fo.    (  i,s:i.-,) 


iiiav    tor  iniiiii(- 


..r  traiiii  om.|-  in  id:id.  the  plaiiiliir 

|.niv(>  tint  fill- 'onii- titiii- pi-i-vi(iiis  to  th'c  l,K-onioti\c    \»,i.<   |||(. 

iMci.li-iit  tlic  Nwil.-h.  from   tin-  iic-jli^.,-tit  .ii.n.  nny 

opcratidn  of  uliicli  the  a(-(-i.|,-nt  rcMiln-.l.  l.-n.l,  ,|    t 


lie  iiin'  of  Hip  is^ik-,   in  an  net  Ion 


(I  liy  th( 


cNplii  iiiii  of  a 
111   III,-  i-\p!o- 


ny  cviil.-nr,'  w.-m  riiiiii<|.-iit   wliiili 


hiid  I 


i|«-i.ilcil  liy  111- 


•  ■iii-V(-r   it    w 


iki-iiii-ii  or  Ir.iin       \(-corilin;rl.v.    tin 


o    show    what    lliil 


till'  >iilc  track,  and  that  the  lat'ti 


I-    ii(i(--:iry    to   il-i-    llial   i|   vimld  not  liav 


dini-s 


of 


en   to  Mock    it 


IT   wrlr     hiconiil  ivi-   111 


f  occurred  In. I  tin 


en  cipiipiH-d   with  ii  mifdv 


pen.   a.i    it   was    found    appliance     wax     iiol     (ircr.     II 


It  llic  lime  of  tho  accident,  with  a  plank    (-nniplaitit  .■otitaiiicl 


■T  ir.iii   liar,  and    then 


couple 
V.    1 .  /,'. 


I  OH 


po   aw.iy   to   un      in:,'   .h  feet 


11.7   V.    iVi/rat-iiv 


«    .t    for  ri 


.llle 


\\c   n.ti~l  riii-l  1(111 


jh     II 

llle-... 

a    ijiciiii'l 


V.    K. 

Div 


'"o.  (Mini)  iBii  v.  y.  2U7.  ri'.i 


■cinery,  since  .-my  e\  id(-i  .-.•  Icii.jl 


Wli. 
Icink 


S-J.S.    Alii 

:iHi.  Ill  \.  V. 


to  show  tho  cail^c  of  tin 


(IS!l!»)     4."i    .\pp.    competent.        .V«n    .lii/i, 


the 


'I'P- 


ilVi. 


\pti>^ion   was 


lit  railroad  c 


coiiipliilill  iilli;.'!--  th.il    do-    S.   \\ .  W'-, 


V.    ho   Ham    (ISIlll,    !i.l    lev.    71.   fi.'t 


II nun..,',  and  to  pi. 


mipany  failed  to  Ltiv 


front  part  of  a  car  which  it 


place   a    man  on    IIk- 


A    petition    in    an    ai-iion 


itlia^^'cs     for 


pin*;  down  u  ;,'ravity 


was  drop     l(};in(.'   that    ''he 


ininrics    t. 


.1    rec.  iM-r 
>    a    lliciii-in    al- 


was    ;.'t-eatlv. 


el  i'l'l-h 


lis    was    its    usii 
-au-ipil    the    car 


in  its  switch  yard.    ;|,|||    |ierniancnt  ly    iiiiured    on    his    head. 


clerk 


.'!■    and    oii>toni.    which    eyo.  ri};lit  slioiildcr.  Iiaml.  side.  ],<,,_  (|,|,<_ 
to    strike    plaintitr,— a    hack,  and  spine,  an. I   was  serioii-ly  ami 


den 


he  yard-;      -:in,!  iniiirc  hi 


i*    lh.it    it    was    tl 


evi      pi-rmancntiy   injiir..!   for   life,"  and   I  hat 


nilroud  eoinpniiy  to  pi 


IP    custom    of   the    "iLs  a  result   of   hi. 


ininrics   he   has   In 


ici!  a  inuii  at  the    come  we.ik,  inullicicnt  and  incapacitated 


I'll 


l£l     III 


:;  III 


II. 


llii 


!     -t 


m 


ViM 


MASJKU  ANJ»  M:ii\  \sr. 


(flUP 


m 

i 

t 

. 

.'■\"'7",.  "'V""" '"""•"""•"»" !-^-^    r.  '"'•■  ^"-  - 

-^;-...o.,.«c.c.A.3....o;U;i;::S.fr;':v;:;  — 

-;.  ...nn,  „nu.„.,i„/ ..;!-..;' ,..  ,:'r  ^flzr'  r':;:;'i:'••,v;...:;-7'••^ 
::::::M't;^:;::;';::;^::;,;'V';;    K^^^:;.^^^ 
cno-.i, ...  w.r,.,a  zi,;;;;'',,!;  .r: ;'  r,.:^;;"..:;;,;';;;  '-^-.'-h..  - 1,. . 

8.  C.    I3S.  .1.>   S.   K.    l')7  '  '     '*'     /'^';.'- V.    l/r./„nv   ,|H...,    H:|  ,.,    .,, 

(N)      t;,.lr„re     ,,.!,l    '  i,„„hni...,.,r. -.    .C,/-  ^-''  '='''"'-*"«  "^''!' '   V  III    ., 
Uhcip  tl,,'  i*-ii(.  H  wliptlicr  till.  .  ■     ,.tM'         r»  r      . 

ma-hm,.  ,rl..|,t  at  a  .li..',t  ox,H.n,     h,     .           „„'    '  :'"    '  "'   "?'''     "I'l    ■      - 
l»Tti  Mrt  .,,,„.. -IS  lo  !..•  1.^^  ,!,„...    ,,  i' •  l"-"I"rlv     ,•^,•|,M.  l      „  i, 

irr..i..v.„„'  ,,„ri'  'z;!.:n  :::  :;;""„"" 7;:"';'";;";'; '"•''■'  - 

r..:^:!r::r;,-!!';:::;..;:::' r ;^-;i  t.  r-F-"''--"-- '  -■-•'- 
opinion.  w.«  .h^T;:,",:  ;';,';■:::  '=';^a;::'./ '"'""■  '■  '"■  '■'-  "■' 
„^)'";- .■vi.i..n,.;;i„i-.  Ltu.,u-  :;;;;,•;■;„.;"  :r;^,/:  ^•"'■-'^  ■[<-"■ 

tl...t   |.lu,:i,n  u  M  u.u|,.r  Ih..  i„il„..„,.,.  of    t.,i,H    M  .    ;,      ,,     '       ?'  ''■ 

'lent.       /).,.„/;    V.    Iluusi,.,,     /•    ,f.    II      '/•  r       "■■'■'•.' 

S.  W.  .-.Ill  ">'•  »'^-^I'|>.  JIM,  .,,,     „,„n,...    „i„.,,,    ,,,.,i,„i,|     |,.,|,,;,    ,,.^^ 

Ulnr..  111,.,.,  i,  „„  .•ill,..Mtion  Ih  ,.   tl,      ,,''  '■'■ '"'T''','   "'""''  '"    '■  "'''"'I-    "•  "" 

ini.iry  uas  ,..„,„j  1,        ~,,i  ,;'.,"    n'";"--  "'L"'',  "^'^  '"""  '■' ' ''"'■'  ^" 

i«  net  iHl,„i-..il,|,,.     /^Xw^;,     ,1   V      '"',■•'■.''•  ^""I   tli.T,.  un.  ,„.|!,„;,  i„  ,:■. 

OJr,.  t;(  S.  \v.  .-.tlT  '  ^-  '^-   '^'■''-    'l'!,"'"^'   "mi    ,„iy    u..,nt    of    l„!.>- ■ 

no  p'iot  or e:;w<^  ^,,  r'rL;:;^ ci;:;'  of  a  r" """" '"  v-"^'- f-  ""•''-"' 

iennessee  Goaf,    of  a  firniinn  <.,ihm.iI  l.y  tli<- t™,l.r  l,ar- 


in2 


,171  '-^  ""   ^'  !• 

thi-  tiiii'k  lit   a  It'll  I  ill    |i!.i  >     <\i     11-   •' 


ir    III, II    ii    li 


lliiit    IIk'  ti^iiii 


f.J.l    .. 


,i,iM).'i'niti*    lull- 

«l,.li'     IlVJ.'liL'.ll<' 

,1       hul,„ 


•>l  lll.lt   I, 


It . 

I  IHMT  I   70   louii. 


'I'"  I" 
i>    II 
/    .1    \. 


Ill  It  •.  Ii  .ii  1 1,.-  1 

I    i  '  I  !    I  III     .Nilt    (I 


ll.ll- 


ii.  .;i   \,  w.   h.ii  I' 


An  a 


111'-, 111 


th,it    it   \<,,-  III"  ihiiv  of    ■><   .1 


,|lf,l|.|  ml'     I"     1  lr( 


-nil  ll. 


I'li'.'i 


ml   til, It    III. A    II.  :■!.  ,  l.ij    I.I   .III 


■1       |i    I  i|   \.  i.||,  I     .  -   liii.U  III.. I    I'l,    ll,  (,  i,,| 

.lllij.!.-     II  I    III.     Ill     1,1, in  Ml-      -111  ll 

ll'  !■•■  II":  ,  I  I.  ,1  .1  -  .1  iiii    1 itil 

I    .  '.  -      III  I    iviH    Im     ili    I  ,.I,    1 

ll  .1  ,•■%  ii'u .      /.n      ,S(    ,.   ,1    ,;. 
^"•1-    ■  l-^'-M    1^:1  111.!    Jill. 


I.li'     tin 


iiiiiiiii  i/ 


till'  ,iii-i'iii' 


.f  1 1 


|.l.i..f   Hint 


I  nil 


■;»iii. 


'Ill' "I 


n'  .•lii'llli  .T,    I'    ,11,1 


I  lie  III 


tliiit 


--   till 
•llN 


.1 


til 


ll     I' 


.r    |. 


III. It 


ll, 


il.l    I" 


liiil    ,i,liiii--i!.l,-   nil. I, 


I.'    III. III. Ill     III 


•  I'l  if   SI     I,.    It    fi 


111'!,     a.'l .    I  I. mil     \'  liii  ll    jii.'U'K     i||. 


'i>.,l    III 


llnrif  r  V.  Iiiitiiiifi 

l^i.Hi    11  Mil.  (S-, 
A    |..!ill.iii    -illiii'.'    fiirlii    tli;il    pliin     .S.  U .  li."iii 


III     III  1.1 1  V 


i;.//.. 


/;.■/. 


II. ',  .1. 

'     I  l-.!ii 


tllT 
,1  till 


lljllli'il    tlili'll'.;ll    till*    l|.';^l.^.'lli'4' 

ilNiiiy  ill    "ii-iii);  li.'fritiM-  nil 


h 


Nili.   u- 


I',    i; 


lb 


Ili    .\l'      ll. 


till 


'  Illll.TV. 


iiiiil  "III  iiiiiiiini;  it'  •',11 


nihil    iH'    -ti|i|Hir 


I. Ill    l.v 


i.li' 


l-tf,.      |»'l'l|.||    «11..    111,. I     u    lll|l,|    ll.   l,|     i(,    ,    ",11 


til. It 


I  !■  .  1  U 


ll,  f.  .'Ii\..lv 


I'll-   illlllV    Mil-    I'lllt-r.l    liV    U    il.t'i  .1     ill 


IMP  Il.l.    ll;    I  111-.    t!l. 


ill.        11./;.;/".)'   V.    //.I 


ihiil  ct  SI.  •/.  /.'.    I'  n.l     I,.    III. 


.1-111'. II    Iv 

V  1-  11. .1    f.i- 


(  li-iili 


:i  M.i 


.11 


I'U 


it.- 


-I  111  -.1 .11 

.iilllt      -li.l: 


n  ,111  i'lliiiii 


fill- 


If  in   iiilii 


ki-i  |>  till-   |iliiiil    ill 

ill.' 
1,1. 


|.l,iiii  1. 1". Ill 


ll   111 


l!i;.l    III. 


iill.lll  lull.      Ii.IIhI    ll.'M 


tliiii     till 


■'t!i[>lii\  III:;   1. iii]i.i 

.liillli'.'ilill'    witlliillt 

ilii'l'i'.il,       I  iiiiiiihi  III 
I'n.  I  IS><:ii   ii:i  liiHii 


III    111. II    t' 


ll.  f." 


Ml  rdii-lrii.  ti'.i  iiri;;iii  illy 


ill  till'  ill' 


iiiiii-.    1-    iml 


'  ll    ll. 


:;ii   il-.'ll 


III! 


•f  ii.ti.iii   :i!l.'':.'il. 


I.T    111   lllllk..    .1       ...1.1 
'-  11  V    III  .-I, it.     I  11  ll     II 


IT  \.  W. 


../    II. 

.">.    li'j.'ii!  I\   iir  .'111 


it  lull     |l      v\    1- 


lil   !/../.  I 


r.  i; 


\  /).' 


MT.'i) 


■l.'-.ly  a.li, 
i'iitiii,i    I  I.I  II-. 


,,|i.iiiy  11.",' 
111. It   liiiiiil 


il   .ifl. 


:.'  Miili.   .".Id.   till 


I.IHIIIIL.'     II-     lllilll  I  ,.-■- 


\\. 


.-I'.j 


111. I.   t     \\;1  -     t  I 


tii.ti  t: 


.ir..ii,i 


111'.'    -  ■!.  .11!      W.l- 


ii.'l-i'll    ui 


ijlll  V    it     ».l-    ti 


.'li>r~    V. 


i|   li>    111.'    II. 't    -1. 

,l'..'ll    .Itlil       ll"V  iM- 
\MI'.'      til      I  III!      .11.11      i 


thai    111 


;   till.   Ill 


r.iii 


lll'l 


II-,  \»-  l.ll.l  til. 


mill  Inn 
...-1-1.  I. 


i.l    I  III 


11 


ill.'r  III    ill. I  II. .t    till  I 

■ill. -I    ti.lil    hiiii    Ik-  . 

■'I'l-i-  tlii'f.'  \.,i-   Im  • 

■  111  t   ii'iii.irl.i'il  iliat  |M 


-   nut    111    ri  I'lir. 
ii.':.'l,i'l.'.I    I. 


•  1   'H'tmii    \va,- 


r.'(>.  II    It 


I    lli.'l'.-    U.l^i 


-t.ii.'il   ill  till. 


it  ttn-  .|ii.'-i  1,  iialil.. 
'i.iii  lU.'ii.'l   aiiv'li 


vli.'iliir  111.'  il.'i  I  iiM 


all  .'III  HI 


f  iiliin- 


f    .if    III.'    IMll-l-    of    :l.t!..|l    .||I|  -.'.1. 


>lii.'!. 


ilil 


ilii 


jimiif   lit'    L"'iii'r 
ll'  «.is,  ill  I  lii'ir 


ll 


;|i' 


II U  1- 

I  ill     I'  'hli 


'itli.rtliat  till"  siTvaiit  \va<  in.' 


i|iiiii.iii.  111.  |ii  ii.'l     .\  ll 


liii'l 


I'VliI 


hi   !i.il<l 


ll.; 


-I  ll 


y   ).l.iiii 


th.it     till'    iir.ik. 
■  iiiii'i  ri.  .ih  .  i|. 


"!■  tli.it  tliiMi'  was  aiiv  r.'.i-d'i  t.i  ^ir 
t:    llii.t    .111. '-lion    w.iM    ri'L'ar.l.'.l 


i|w'|.  lit.    l.'.'tiM'ly.     iir     .1  I 


liiit 


ilv  th  it    I.  ..Ill    11-.-  it-   f  I 


lilt. rial. 
W  liiiv 


III'  lii,il,i.  »i,iii    liail   liitii    «i'.iU"a.'.l.' 


injury    f 

111-  oir 


ijiliiiiit  of  an  ..niiiliiyi'.'  al-    r 


\\  111  r.'  |.l:iimiir  .illi'L....|  tlial   111-,  iiiju 


1.  S    \^  .1.'    ('.111-. 


ll  ll 


t.  I'U  III  iiia.'iiiii.'i'v 


ll  111    a    jii.  I 


IT    al     wliii'li     111 


il,.il. 


Ili,it 


lll'^lllil'IHiJ.     l^l'Ill 


mil    liittiiii.'    Iiiiti    .'li.irL'.s    foniuT  i'iii|iliiyi«  li,i.l 


■ralH 


'.I  t. 


III. I    Ih 


■11      ^iH'lllll'S 


iilv    thf    .l..|".'i't<    rtliil.' 


n...jlij,,.,,i'|.  ill  that    111'-  liamiii.-r  him  ul.l    iiiino    ni,i('liiii.'i>'    i-.    iii.i.liiii--,ili!i' 


III 


I'k.il.  tl 


I.T.'    .'Ill 


M-ry  on    n.'itlii.f  ti'ti'liil  l.>  |.' 


I'viili'iu..  tliat   till-  li.iiuiii.'r  wa'-  iii"\.  ami     lii;.'iii'.'    imr    iliil    l!i.'    i  isk    \v 


.|i-fcndant'.»  ni' 


nut    ciafki'il.    I)ii»    t.Ni 
/*(    1,11    Vrri/iir   l{,fiiiiin 
Si'ilil    (iH!l!l:    '\,\.  ( 


L'liU 


.1,     .Vmi;/i 


l!';i'Uni     (lIKWIi      17 


I'/    \hiili.   To.    :iSii.  .'if.  \.  I-:.  jPil. 


Til. 


Hit     I.  "11.11  I 


W.  40. 

Uli. 


\\>\<.)    ., 


t    S.    that   -1 
I. ....Il.l. 


thori" 


ill. 


I'll  oviili  111 


In    iii,l|'.'|  i.l.l.l.lc 


■n 


1" 


■imi|>l,iiiit  that    III..   i|i'l.ii.l,iiil    li,iil    ll. 


';.ili.iii    in    till-    ,111    initiiai.  rial    is'.ii.:  iiivnU  iir.    ilio  ucl« 


iii'!,'lii:.'tit    in 


of  tlilr.l   |i< 


I'l'Miiiiiit;    '111'   lial.it-i   ol 


i-.iii-j. 


1 1     'I 


\^ 


iiil 


220M 


MASTKU  AXD  SERVANT. 


[CIIAP.  XLIII 


W^' 


ill 


818.  Materiality. —  Tlio  subjoined  noto  eiminmrizo.*  tlip  ffTcot  of  a 
few  decisions  tuminj?  upon  tlio  niatoriality  of  tiie  evidence  ollVnil.' 

819.  Competency;  generally.— As  a  general  nile,  anv  evidrnw  j. 
competent  wliicii  tends  directly  to  prove  wliat  the  e/iniliiion  ,.r  ilip 
placo  of  work  or  llic  appliance  wliicli  cau«'d  the  injnrv  iimv  Imv" 
been  at  the  time  of  the  casualty,  or  which  has  a  bearinir  U]i..ii  tlio 
question  \vli(>ther,  sujjposing  that  condition  to  have  been  aluiiinnullv 
danuerous,  the  employer  was  etilpable  in  creatincf  it  or  permitting'  it's 
continuance.*     But  ev'dence  is  inadmissible  where  it  merely  mxs  i,i 

liluck  Conl  Co.  V.  Mrlls  (IflOl)  29  In.l 
App.  1.  01  X.  E.  •_>,•!(!. 

■  Evidcnop  of  tlie  precautions  t;i!;,.n  f„r 
his  own  siifi-ty  by  a  witn.'ss  ulio  h,,i1„.,| 
in  the  same  tronoh  as  the  iiijiiir,|  .,iv 
ant  was  admissible  as  hearing:  on  the 
dan^Mous  olianuliT  of  the  tUMich.  nnii 
to  n-liiit  any  inf<  reiiec  prejiKlieinl  tn  lii< 
tcstiiiiony  from  liis  rondnet  in  ;;i)iir'  iulo 
the  tri'ndi.  Ilt,rti,h.:,i,„  v.  "^h  h'ni,,l,t 
(1!H)1)   17S  Mass.  2Ai.  -,<>  X.  K.  sot.  ' 

Jn  an  aetion  to  vn-i  ver  iVr  ih,.  ,t,.,itli 
of  a  servant,  killed  by  the  fall  of  a  >t  lu' 
iiiL'  siis|M.Tided  from  irnn  1hio!<s,  one  of 
vhich  broke,  eviclciic'  tli.a  tlii>  (i.iiiri-  of 
the  hooks, — a  man  uln.  had  a  pridiiMl 
knowle<|fre  of  sueh  appli.inics.  nnd  hid 
tested    and    used    thein, —  ri'<(,ii,ir;,  ii.jr.l 

them  to  tile  <lcf<'iidaiit\  {o.w :.  i^  ;,,| 

niisvilde  to  ^h(ls^  iIiimM'MI  of  c  ii,.  ,  vi  r 
cised  in  s,decti?r,'  tliem.  LH'lr  v  ///.(,' 
rf  O.  Co.  (IS'IS)  (i'J  N.  H.  ^!M,  13  \!! 
G19. 

In  .in  action  to  re.- .wr  d.iiivi;.-.  f  • 
the  ri.^Mth  of  the  plMiiiliif-  i!!i,.i;'.. 
kilh-;  while  de.,eeiulinj;  a  l.id'irr  in  :i 
!!:iiie,  testimony  that  the  \viiii(<s  in 
formed  the  aiiperiiitendent  of  I'lc-  Miiii 
of  the  unsafe  condition  of  the  huMtr 
several  days  before  the  aeeid.nt.  aii'i 
that  tlie  latler  pron:i-'(l  (o  lepir  it.  i< 
admi>>ible  as  tending'  i  ■  -^how  kmnvi.d-:.' 
on  llie  part  of  tlie  del'.ndant  of  tlif  uii 
.safe  condition  of  tlie  lad  hr  prior  lo  tlic 
ac(  iilent.  li'irxr  v.  Miiri/nii  .--ilrrr  l/i  . 
Co.   (lS!in)    17  rtah,  4S!).  ■)!  IVie,  :.-,fl. 

In  an  action  for  injuries  .-ii-t.iini  i 
throii.-li  the  f.illinj;  of  a  w],.-,-]  frora  a 
tackle  bhi.'k.  owinj;  to  tin'  \i\n  >  .-rkin.' 
out.  if  thcr.'  is  a  conl'iet  of  i\  ;.l,-ii(r  n- 
to  l!ie  |Hi,ition  of  tile  head  of  il,.>  niii 
at  the  tiii.e  of  tlie  nceiibiil  a;i.l  v.  li.ilin' 
it  Mas  nil  or  d'uvi!,  it  is  error  to  ex.luilo 
e\irl^ncc  iilVercl  by  the  eiii|.!.  y.-r  t,'i;(l 
in;;  to  >li(r,v  the  jio^ition  of  i!ie  I  irk!.' 
block  and  how  it  was  fi>tr;ied  to  tlii' 
mast  wiiieli   held   it.      Ilu:is.l.ni  v.  lirtts't 

(18(11)  (ifi  vt.  a.'ii,  29  .\ti.  ;wo. 

Evidence  ae  to  the  manner  in  whicli 


'  In  nn  action  for  perse.  1  injuries  oc- 
cnsioned  to  the  plaintiff  while  in  the 
dofenilint's  employ  by  the  fallin;;  upon 
him  of  a  lari^e  iron  puu'p  which,  loided 
upon  a  truck,  he  with  others  was  mov- 
ing from  one  part  <if  the  defendant's 
works  to  nnotlur.  if  the  plaint  ilf  con- 
tends that  the  absence  of  wa.shers  on 
the  truck  constituled  a  defect,  evidence 
that  the  pinpo-e  of  washers  was  to  pre- 
vent the  wheels  from  riibljinj;  against 
and  workiii'?  out  the  pins,  and  not  to 
prevent  the  truck  or  its  load  from  shak- 
injr.  is  riiililly  exriuded  as  inmiaterial. 
Grh  iin'h-  V.  n  (in  Stram  I'limp  Co. 
(ISnil)    Kir.  M;-s.  0(12.  .13  N.  E.  So. 

'r^tinioiiy  tl'at  kiiowUilu'e  of  the  dan- 
gerous (lair'cl'r  of  a  uiieliinp  was 
brou';!il  to  (!i  'I'^niion  of  the  master 
Dieclianie  in  ii  r  ptiir  shop  by  tlio  wit- 
ness, within  a  ye.ir  [  rior  to  the  tine  of 
an  accident  to  an  employee  for  which  a 
recovery  is  soiejlit.  is  iiiiiiiateri:il  where 
the  dnn'.;er  was  obvious  and  thfr.fore 
assumed.  CiDinhniliiini  v.  Lt/)in  cC  I!. 
Slirct  /,'.  Co.  (IS'JS)  170  Mass.  2M.S,  49 
N.  E.  4U). 

In  an  action  against  a  railroad  coni- 

f>any,  wi'ere  the  i-^ue  is  wbetlier  a  bead- 
it;ht  was  biiriiini;  on  the  oo'asion  of  the 
accident.  e\idiiiee  as  to  del"en(hint's  cus- 
tom of  li'jiiliiiL'  the  lieaiUi:'ht  on  its  en- 
pine  is  imniateriil,  and  therefore  iiiad- 
mis>ili!c.  7''  /./o-.'i.sce  Vodl.  In,ii,  d  It. 
Co.  V.  llinisfi.rd  (I'.inO)  VZo  .\la.  340. 
82  Am.  St.  T!ep.  211.  28  So.  4.".. 

In  an  aelion  for  injurios  received  in  a 
co:il  I'ine,  wliere  the  nrL.'lij;ence  ch:\i';;ed 
is  that  a  parliiiilar  pillar  of  coal  was 
neyli^eiitiy  siilVered  to  become  too  thin 
for  safely  mining  coal,  and  that  .-.hots 
placed  in  it  were  likely  to.  and  did, 
break  Ihnuvh  and  injure  plaii.lilV.  a 
quc-tion  asked  of  defend. inl's  witness  as 
to  who  had  charge  of  the  layinj;  olT  of 
rooms  and  pillai,  and  work  in  the  mine 
is  iiniiiaiei  iai,  iia  the  iieyli^eiice  thus  ai- 
leL"  d  consists,  in  any  event,  of  the 
I'l     ■h  of  a  nondelegable  duty.     Eureka 


show 

to  the  sati 


eviui;nck. 


2.J0'.» 


tlic  cxistfiico  of  facts  which,  even  i 


i  thcv  shmihl  he  OjtahlisheJ 


^faction  of  the  jury,  w 


•ouhl  not  warrant  the  inference 


that 


till"  (lefenchint  was  ncj 


>lii;cut  in  the  iiremi^i 


ni^icliiiu'ni'  111 


(lii'il  i^ 


iiliiii^ 


i-lit 


ih-  liiivi'  liocn  ri'ii 


IP-     (  IStiSl    <! 


N'.  ,1.  L.  410,  41  Atl.  837. 


Ill  iiiji'.rii' 
"liiiiPiy 


Ic   ill  nil  IK 
ii-iil  I'V  di'l' 


■tiim  f  r  piT- 


Kvi.lciH't'  II 


to  tlic  pi. 


till'  (if  tiiiil-rr- 


c-t>  in  >-ii'li    iii'4  iij'  ill   '1'""' 


iliir  u>  I 


IcIrllililMfi^ 


lldir    of    "V, /«)«    lUxlitlin'J     i^     fnlll] 


.-tc'llt. 


I'l'li 


,/    V.   Chiiiidlir 


l!i';i'(js  (IS'JS)   -^0  Ky.  I..  Uep 


Co.  V. 

45  S.  W.  !>'.). 

Wlicn-  <Miii>    . 
fniliii?  01   a  (Uri  ir 


4!i'J. 


1 1 ',11  To.   '  lS!i:i)   4il  .Minn 


r.ii, 


N.  \V. 


i: 


Icivocs  were  iniu 


r<it  1)V  1 1ll- 


ill  I  lis   a   fiisUiniiiry   (ir.ictiro   o 


nu  one  in-jn 


•k,    I'VillcllOt 

t  it,  or  ■'<>  11 


tliiit'tlifV    till'  i'in|>l<>.v<T 


liini"" 


■If,  it  is  cliiirly  cuiii- 


to  nil  I  lie  I 


Its,  or  for  liny   |iMriM 


[i  till'  nuist    jiitiiit    to   pnn 


f  lliit  lie  di-i>iutiil   from 


is    it  in 


till-  L'ivon  iii~liiiiii'. 


,i„ii-ilile  to  show   want    of    in_-i 


it  ion,    iirr 


inipli 


nn    ntiniiriiKil 


■iilili   ilrpiirt- 
litv    of    ii'ii.li- 


J/cl/u/iioi 


V,   Mrll'ilc    (ISllt)) 


17 1  M.iss 


liicli.    uiiili-r    -oiiir    ( 


•iiciiiii-lnii'^'.^ 


Kviilinc 


t  N,  IC.  8)4, 


nt    all    cvi-nts 


\ill    imiiurt     nr 


liliLifii' 


nn  cir  in>|>i 
8,0(1(1  iH'upli',  tlirou 
ruiiil  lonipanios  Jo 
in   wliicli   a   fiicut 
(Imii 


I  that  a  railroad  conipa 
iftor  in  a  town 


,v  had    wlii'th.-r    or    not    tlic    piMcti"'    «a 


oi  7.i)(i()  or 


liicli      the     cinployiT     was     oriiinii 


llv 


-li   whii-h   tlir.'c   rail-    lioiiin 


.1  t< 


iilopt 


Tl 


lis,  ill  an  ai'doi 


llv  nso  a 


tr.iik,  a 


ml    II 


for   injiiru's  cm-oi 


il    hv    an 


ilfiil   of   swilcliiii!:;    i^ 


Idi 


■il    fi< 


s.rviiiit    ni.iy    inlron 


is  a(linis>-ildi'  a^ 


tcnilinn  to  ni';.;a- 


tliat   it    \Mi 


-  tl 


lO    Oll~lolll    I 


.1'  tlie 


the  claim  tlial  tlio  rai 


In.ad  had  i-.v    d.f. -..ilant  .-..u'l-any 


to  Idci-k  all  its  fi 


ci-i'd    prupiT 


in   di.-i'ovi'rin;r  am 


il    fi 


H'dliii'itt.n 


f.  /,'.  if  V.  ;,'.  Co. 


iinlvin: 


•  ilifiits  in  ears. 


Mi 


l\.     (  lSS:!l    (i'2    li>»a 


rf-  T.  /.',  <'o,  V.  Cioin 


:/(T  (IS!»',»;  Tf.\,  Civ, 


v.n.  i:  N.  w. 

fr 


-  Wli  ii>  the  ri-k  ari-in,u.'  fn'iu 


piv 


App.) 


;-).-)  S.  \V,  :i^i). 


>i(ion    of   miK'hiniry   a 


aiiiti 


ir 


Wlipio  plainlilV  was  in)U 

alli-i.l  drfi'livi-  strp 


reil  by  riii^nn    was  iiiinr. 


d  wa. 


(ilivlolis,    ( 


of  an 

tivi'  on   >iarrh 

permit    difindi 


>:i  a  II 


the   iiMrliiiii'iy    was    no 


I    uhi.h    pi 
IS,   iviili  nci'   that 
it    plai'i.l    in    llie 


-t,  it  is  m 


,t   I'rror   to    pri>| 


rr    niaiiai'r   \\ 


that  on 


till'   I'lh  o 


l   Miiv.  an 


to    t ratify    1 

1     fnr     tUO      III 


,t   was  <f  no  n 
..l.t    hi 


as    iiiidmi-^ih 

-1  l|llrlill'    liiH    I ' 

.    hiTii    lonlui' 


itlis  hi  fore,  hi-  had  i  l)»i-rv 


nioi 

anil  that  it  wa 

lis    v.    /.•■i.v'i.il 


in  ;;oo,l  roiit 

a  u.  /.',  Co. 


■ii  1 

lit'.on. 
(I'.MIIM 


111-  ^ti'P 


nil    V.    r,' II, III,!!    (  1' 


lai-i- 


175 


•IM'i.  .">(> 


X,  i:. 


In  an 


ai'tion  for  tlu'  ur.i 


th  of  a  liriko- 


Mii".  JOi 


N,  K 


j'.ifun'   a    cii^!  11111    o 


iilliot  the  ri:;hts  of  parli 


Clin 

lie  .-hown 

kr.owlnlue 

C.illh     V,     lld'MOl 


710, 
f   other   emphiyiT: 
it  i.ai-i 


mail,  iMiiM- 
-lii>ieil    an 


l,v  the  flirt    lli.il 
■il    11 


,-V.     to     I. Ill 


Ih  It    their    w.'Vi 


to    hi 
(if     it      may 


al    thai     thiii- 


ililhiiiit     1 


III,  111!     I  mm 


he 
f«,i//    !■<>. 


V 


A.    li 


liv  ih.l.'i'  i.iiii,  i-  nei 


■■le 


(1^77  1     ^11 


.(■  /'.  /.  i: 


v,  I'l, 1,1,111    (  h-il'D) 


Iowa 


i; 


r,ut    with  that    pinvi-o  it    i- 


SI  ir, 


the   ip.i 


ciiiii|i  tent    on 
pleM  I's  lie^li;;el!ee, 
r.vrleiiec    ot    a    ell 


Ul'     till"     0111 


llvidellee     I 


f    li 


.ll    i-I 


d   of   a 


lit     train    IS    111.1 


.l-ni-   iiiie    in    ,10    ao- 


401I1    in    a    miiim:; 


ili-ui 


t,     that     an     ('[..ratm- 


lAi'i-    fur    tae 


siiii'.ilil  look  after  th 
eilries    to   the    mine. 


,1    1,,.  fs  ot     wiio.   w 


hill-  -ill  ii:-'  on   t 


lie  I'll. 


Ill    of    tl 


paiiy"s   respiinsi 


sihililv    for   the   eomliiion    ^i 


i-hh 


of  sllell   nx 


ifs    will 


"nolilied  of  their  ile-    i 


fills,  is  ailmissilile    ill  an 


aei  ion 


fe 


lil  I. 
l.imi^ 


a-    k 
-ii-|» 


i,l..il  fn.i 
ill,-  d'.\.  /.'.  '  "• 


ilh    his   f'Tl 
.,1    trmii    I  lie    . 

II   ,1  •  HI  li 


th. 


1  er.me 


Mi' nil  >i 


1  IS'i-l) 


juries   ri 


•siillinjr    from    the    f.illin.i:   ' 


if    a 


21   Ky.  I..  Ih] 


^-i!l.  .")l   S,  W. 


ri 


.f.      r.n/li.r  v,   Shir 


Ciiid  Vo.    (16',1'J)     ei  lilt  s.u 


lid  Iowa,' -10.  SI    N.  \V,  -J  10, 
K\i'!eme  that  the  -y-leni  o 


,1:      ■•  \|ipellant    had  a    li'jhl    to 

ts    train    at    any    rate  of    s]weil    it 


nals  in  use  on   defen 


f  l.loek  si,t 
I'l  lilt's  trolley  roa 


ehe-e,  an 


d  if,  from  the  o-eillation  i 


f  the 


d    ti.ii 


n,    the    iiitest; 


ate 


fi-et    were    sv 


was  the   same  as   that   w 
ailiiptod   on   a   lar^e  nui 

r.iilw.iv- 


hieh    had    heeri    out    li 
iiU-r   of   ph'c'-iii' 


contact    \v 


ilh    the    mai 


1    ha-,   hy 


of  the  unu>iial  s|H'ei 


■d  of  the  tr.iiii, 


and  was  ;:ein-r. 


ariled  as    (his    was   one  o 


if   the  ri: 


ks  incidental  to 


a   sUilieient    pr 


(itection    to 


the 


oper 


tinu'  tl 


iirs  thereon,  is  com] 


.lilts    the  hii-ine- 
Kviileoce 


i.|.  at. 


Uirgcn    County    Traction    Co.  v.    liliss   a 


, that   new  ties  were  put  into 

track  before  tlie  accident  is  not  coiu- 


■    i'U 


(■   I 


til 


2270 


AlAMKl!   AM)  M:i;\A.NT. 


[chap.  XU] 

h  is  proper  to  admit  eviihiicr  wliidi  tciidrt  to  support  or  n,  -itjv 
either  the  eoiu-lusioii  ihat  a  .-scrvimi  for  whose  <lctaiill>  ilic  m;,, ,,'",.  \,, 
iv>poiisihlc  was  ciilpahlc  in  vi-pci-L  to  tli,.  p.ini.iiiar  :ici  whirli  wi 
the  iiiiin.Mjiatp  eaiise  of  the  injury,''  ur  tiie  (•..ncliision  rh:it  oin-  „!  J, 


defenses  available  to  an  employer  was  or  was  not  ojxn  to  lii 


111.' 


IMli-rn  ii|>i>ii  the  i>,iip  of  ;i  i:iilrc>ii()  lom- 
jwiiy'^  iii'u'liL'i'iicc.  unless  it  lends  to 
-Ib'U  lluil  llii-  n|i,iir>  wiTp  made  at  the 
l.lacf  tit  I  lie  Mccidcnt.  h iiii iip  v,  Sioux 
rU/i  a  /'.  /,'.  (•„,  I  HS7)  71  loH-a.  U,  32 
v.  W.  is. 

See  al.,1  !■  ,S2I.  note  -1.  /,.,.w. 
'  II  is  iidt  iiTor  til  ndipiit  in  cvidciipe 
.  rule  liiiin  a  lailn.ad  <'(MM|ianv's  liciok 
of  rules  i.iiividin;.'  llial  ".i  ImimJ)  -hihi',' 
aer.i^s  i!ie  Irai-k  is  the  >i-iiMl  In  stdp." 
wlieri-  the  i-,ne  iiiv.ihed  is  whclhiT  tlie 
eli;;inier  \\,,s  •i.',L;li'.:eTlt.  Ill  f.iiliii;.'  to  |>er- 
eei\-e  ii|>eM  the  tiaek  an  eiiiphHce  who 
had  fallen  dewn  and  heeniiie  iinecmseiinw 
by  reason  of  sielaiess.  Ihlhni  v.  .Ua- 
hiuiiii     Viillonil    It.    Co.     (l.S!i:!)     37     \Ia 

27r).  1-2  So.  -27 1;. 

•Where  it  is  nllejr,.,!  that  the  injury 
resulted  from  the  failure  of  a  railway 
eoin|)iiii\  to  disrhari;!'  its  duty  to  its  ein- 
ployee-*  hy  ne'..deetini;  to  provide  rules 
for  si.jii.i),  to  eiiL'ineors  of  switeli  en- 
;rines  in  the  yard,  where  there  were 
ni any  traeks  atid  where  two  or  more  en- 
pines  were  eiii|)loy(^  near  each  other  at 
ni^'ht.  and  it  i-  disputed  whethci-  the  in- 
jury was  eansed  by  the  enf.'ineer  in 
ehar^re  of  tlie  engine  Ciiusiiiir  the  injury 
mistakins  n  si^rnal  intended  for  anoiher 
ensiiieer.  or  whether  the  inte-lale  L;ave 
the  sicjiial  for  (he  pur|>iise  of  eon|ilin^' 
ears,  evidence  showinj;  that  tile  ink's" 
tate  knew  thai  the  couplin<;  eould  not 
be  made  is  rele\ant  to  the  issue.  f.,(;uis- 
rillr  ct  \.  /,'.  Co.  V.  York  (inOl)  128 
Ala.   ■MK,.  :!0  So.  (i7li. 

Kviditiee  that  plaintilT  in  an  aetion 
for_  injuries  leeeived  while  in  defend- 
ant's r-inploy  rei-oiiiniended  for  ap|M)int 
nient  .is  a  eonduetor  anoiher  employee 
throiiu'h  who-e  recklessness  plainfilf 
was  injured  has  no  tenilenov  to  -how 
that  pl.iintiir  knew  the  latter  to  be  a 
reekles-  and  careles.q  man.  It  rather 
tends  to  show  the  contrary,  a.s  it  will  he 
pivsumed  that  he  would  not  reeoniinend 
an  unfit  ni.iii.  Ti-xn-t  iC  P.  //.  Co.  v. 
■fohiiyon  (IS!>7t  DO  Tev.  .'lOl.  38  S.  \V. 
.j20.  DiMiyin;;  Writ  of  Krror  in  (18011) 
I»  Te\.  Civ.  App.  ufiO.  37  S.  W.  073. 

KvideiKf^  that  it  wa.s  oustoinary,  when 
men  were  fr>  Inw-pr  ov  hoi-t  a  nict-'iianism 
by  the  use  of  falls,  for  tlieni  to  make 
the  hitch  in  sueh  way  as  they  saw  fit,  is 


Mieonipeteiit.  unless  it  wa.s  slieuii  t),, 
dei'eased  knew  of  the  eu-tom.  /u,  i/J 
V.  Orirmiin  WIikI  Co.  i  IS'.iih  17 j  \|,^ 
4r>">.  54  X.  v..  800. 

In  an  aetion  by  a  brakeinan  ulm  vm 
injured  by  falliiif;  between  the  ear-  j 
at  tempt  in;;  to  i)ass  from  the  rem  ,,|  ,,11 
Ireieht  car  io  that  of  aiiotiier.  I  he  :u-,' 
dent  beitii;  nttril)iitei|  by  the  :.:i,|,.iii 
to  the  fact  that  he  was  not  ii-ii,  tli 
runniiij.'  hoard  in  the  iiiiddle  of  t'.r  ,.n 
but  wall<in;;'  011  the  roof  of  tlie  .,,1,  1 
was  held  that  evidence  reLMnlini;  th 
usual  eonditioii  of  the  runniiii,'  11,^111 
as  compared  with  th(!  roofs  et  tlii 
frei;;ht  cars  olf  the  riinnini;  lioar.l-.  -iji-l 
evidence  bcin-,'  olVered  for  tlie  pini*,-! 
of  justifyin-i  pbiintilt's  faihiiv  u.  u-i 
the  runniiif;  board  on  tin-  car  in  i|ues 
lion,  was  incom)>etent.  iu  the  ah-ine  e; 
any  evidence  or  contention  tlial  the  run 
ninu'  board  of  the  car  in  i|U.-linii  w.i. 
out  of  repa...  Ii<  ii.s,,,,  V.  \.  :r  1  ,,rl 
\.  //.  cf  //.  /,'.  Co.  [  1 01)1)  L'.i  1;  1  147 
10  .\ll.  liSO. 

Kvidi-nce  a.-  to  the  en-leiii  of  miiin 
electric  roads  witli  reference  to  i!ir  nuiJ 
ber  of  men  eniplo\ed  lo  o|»>r.Ue  1  car 
under  conditions  similar  tfi  Hie-e  ^iieun 
in  the  case  uiiiha-  review  is  jii.iilii  i-il.l,. 
upon  the  ipicstion  of  liie  ni".;li:;.  ii.-e  ol 
llie  company  in  emphuiri;.'  hut  ene  n..ui 
to  operate  the  car.  /,'i  .//„ /</  v.  O  i,',-'.j,„/ 
CtiKsol.  Street  A'.  C".  'ISOii)  I1-'  Cal 
220,  -13  l»ac.  1117. 

As  beariiej  on  t!i,-  ,|iiestio„  of  hi-  0,1; 
Iribulory  ne;.dieenee.  it  is  eoiiip,-|(  iil  lu 
show  that  a  servanl  adopted  tiie  course 
u.siially  followed  by  oilier  employeis  of 
his  elasN  under  siniibir  cireinii'-l  iiice? 
1  Wltii-ii  II  V.  Clucdiin.  /,'.  /.  i(-  /'.  A'.  Co. 
I  1SS.-)|  (i7  Iowa.  1. -.!-).  2.">  X.  \V.  101:  .Ifc 
K'lir,  v.  HiirlliK/l,,,,,  c,  ff.  ,(.  \.  I!.  Co. 
ILSSO]  r,->  Iowa.  102.  7  X.  W.  aO.".)  ;  or 
that  the  act  of  a  fellow  servant  wliicli 
caused  the  injury  was  onr-  of  sn.h  an 
iiniisiial  character  thai  he  had  no  rea 
son  to  anticipate  it  (■!■  ijiri/  v.  hn.kiik 
cf-  1).  If.  A*.  Co.  [I8S1I  hii  Iowa,  :Af\.  9 
X.   \V.  884). 

The  ailniission  in  evidence  in  .in  iic 
lion  for  pi'rson.il  injnrii's  to  a  hr;il,em;in 
v.iiil,-  >4.uidiii;.'  a  toiiii.  of  a  niii'  imiam;; 
1  oiiductors  and  cMu'ineers  eipially  re 
-pon-iblo  for  the  violation  of  any  rules 


, 


\  >J'»1 


l.\  IDKNiK. 


2'27l 


■n,,.  ,.x.-!n>!n„..v.M..f  ..vi.h.H-..  wl,i.-l,,  if  i  •  l>n.n  mlm.tM. 
,1m  l.av..  iK-n  .l,..-i^iv..  ..  -.  M  .•.n.in  i.-.  .  U  u..  ,.,v,u.  um.I  .■r.v.r, 
;nvi.l..u..  of  .ul>-..n,iallv   ,1,..  sun.,   in.,..!  !,.>   aln.^lv   l,,-,-,,   a.! 

'''wiLovi.l..n..on,o,n.l,:,nvof.., f  whi-h  a.,.,.,.!.  >.,,.  n   H. 

,i,.,„«.of:,sul.n..tial.i.nih,vi,vl.,.Uv,.,...,l. n,hu„„.  to  v  1,,.^, 

■;,  ,,l,tes  au.l  .1.0  ..m.li.i..ns  i-nvaili,,^  at  .1..  m.,.  or  phu;.  .1  -l.-^  .  ^ 

;;r.W  i>^  ^-H  a  .Imilariry  HM.-r  1,,.  .iH.'nnnu.l  vvnh  rH,.n.^ 

•1.P  cirouii-taiKT:;  of  ca.li  part  iciilar  ni-r." 

820  Condition  c^  the  given  instrumentality  before  tL.e  acc.deu  .- 
Thesi^ufleancof  t...i.n.,ny  sI.ow.k,  -l.a,  .!,.  ulv...  i-----<='"^; 
l.,d  ai;<.l.av,-..d  it<  f.n.Hu„.<  ,.roi-ly  .lunn.  .  ..•  p-n.,.!  .uu.u.K. 

I  .  ridout  l,as  al .-K  l....,,  diMM,-..!,  in  s.,  far  as  ,r  !,as  a  l-rarmj: 

t';;:i^-.-^v,,,.;,.rn...-n,,loy.-;va-..l,a,...^^^ 

„f  tho  oxi^^ton-o  of  ,1..  .l..f......  wl.l.l,  .•an^c.l  .1.-  a-.-M^nt  (  ^^  l..(.    1-  S, 

•^t^hc.  c,u Jon  wlu.ti,..r  tl,..  in.n-nu.n.ah.v  .as  a  ,.■.,...•  ono  to 

use  under  the  ein-nn.s.an.-.-  ^vill  l'«"  vnn.uM. 

a.  Co.J/h-.n;  ,-...a//i/.-  In  ono  <.wo  tl,.>  do,-,,;,,.,,  wa.  adop  d 
,,,at  cvidcnco  of  th.  condition  of  an  ap,.han,-o  at  t,n,p  pno,-  ,o  tho 
a,.id,.nt  is  not  adnus-ihlo  for  .h.  pur,....-  of  provmjr  .ha.  n  -a.  .n  a 
;,a„uerous  condition  whon  .h.  injurv  was  ro.-onvd.'     ISnt  a  .noro  lo,- 

mininnsr    tlwm    to    Ukt-    '\    -     1"'.  .         violMlin-  tlir  n  ,|,.in.r.c.;..l-.  of  llu-  .-xi-l- 
tio'n  f,„-  tho  i.rot.Ml.,,,,  o    t''  •'•  t^      ■;•     ,  „  ,i,„;.,„,,.  „il,,.  i,  is  „u:  Ih.l  .l,o-v., 

i,  l,,,rmle.s     o   '';'"•.''■',•„„•„:"    ,s07      -late  of  tb.  timotal,!,-  and  tl„-  t.mo  of 

T«.  Civ.  Aw.)   «!'..=:;.\\-  '"'-U;   1.  I         /.Vo.     IIMMM  -21  ltul,,379.  81  .V,n.  St. 
in   (IHIi-)   no    lix.  «.■>»),  40  S.  \\.  •*■'-        "•     "•   "     en  i>.„.    lO'l 
'^!^..;lovotl,ooo.^•t:nanaH>o,,h^    ^1; 'tl;!:  ollHtio,!":/-. ,   :,t  van... 

.l,.n,.,.  a  ruh-  of  the  railroad  fo^ ''-1''   ^,   ^    ^  ^^^    ,  .'  j,,,.  ,„i„.,    ,„  .,f  ,i  ,r,.,„l,   in 
l,n,k.■m..ntoridoontho.■M^nM.■   a.d    h  '> /^  ^^,„.|,   „,„„„t  ,„,   ,„,r. 

roo.,r.l    showrd   that    ^i-'l-xi"-    '';>;   .' 7,  '  .Vto       ow   (ho   «..i.ht    of   a   .-...ic 

^nvonofthopronu.l-at.onof  an.l.fo      m   u.a   t  ^,_.    ^^^.^^^I, 

hi.hling   then,    to   leave   tho.r    ,k,^.-<  ■  '"         ,,,„  „„„.  „,„„  j^  ,,, 

cU.tv.  or  take  any  po-.tion  .m  Uu-  Ha.n     ^  '     "'         „„|.,|„.,,.       /.„,„,,7r   v.   Cook 

othr.r  than  that  assi..,H,l  "•/'^l".,,,, y^-^    ,  1  n     )  22  1!    L  .-..".t.  'S  .Ml.  7'.)S. 

•In  an  action   fo^'"!""''^  "^"r  .  „^,^  f  i     ran    it  is  rooM-fn.   n,  int,...|.uo 

,he  explosion  of  t,.^    -lor  of  a  U   o,  ,,.  ^--^^-^  ^„  „„.  V,,e  of  s,..,M  at  a 

tive    in    charge    of    plai.  Mil.    wo' n    .  .^                              ,,^       .^i^^.  ,,,    1,,^ 

,,u,Mioi.  of  contrihutory   ..-.■'''.='"•':;■;'-  !^       ,,„  ^      /'„,..'  ^/Z-    c(    \.    II.    Co.    v. 

,„.n.ls  soi.anvhat  upon  the  time  .-'•"      '  ^v  '     "  ;,S04)    lOf.   .Ma.  •'i'll.   17  So.  41. 

s;,.,;zS;,::;r:.i.s:riV;;:  "£;.'.  .■.;-■  «i-^  -  --  "-'"= 


s     ! 


■'•I 


11  I'M 

iin. 


3,«' 


r    i 


,:i:: 


fl   II  M' 


"'-  AiAMi.i;  .\M)  m:i;\.\\i'. 

eal  tlipory  is  onilxMliotl  i„  (1,,^  .sia!riiii.iit  ti.  i,  in  nn   R-ti,.ii  1.-,  ;,„ 
plo)Cc  ii,-,iiii..l  nil  ciiiplo^,.,.  f„|.  ;,„  i„j„,.v  Cini-fd   l.v  i,  d,.]''  i:, 


iiiiii  ii'M  (i| 


J>l:inl,  It  IS  nut  iiccc-isarv  |..  ail.lur..  (.viilciicc  ..f  ih,.  ,■, 

plant  at  ll„.   pwci.r  mmiwut   il,,.  <•,,-;..., ly  i„-,.unv,l,   -.md  il,:,t  i 

enough  I,,  j„,,v(.  Micii  a  siat '  lad.,  ...  >li.,rily  l.ofnro  <„•  .ri.T 

ca.siialty  as  will  indu.-."  a  iva-onaliic  i.iv-iiM,|,ti,",n  iliat  llic  ..,,i,iii 
was  iinrlian;....].-      K-,, ..  ially  is  s.u-h  ,-vi.l,.nc(<  (•unipctent  ul,,,, 
injury  r.Milif.l  fi„iii  tl,c  maiuici-  in  wliirl,  ilip  plant  was  aiT:,M".. 
constrii.-lnl,  and  tho  (.•.mdiii:,ns  H,,,.  ci.air,!  w<t.-  eriscntiailv  i^i- 
nent  in  tluir  naliiic.^  ' 

b.  Nunoccnnrncr  of  nr,;,ln,h.^^x  U  iii.t  dispuforl  that  (]„>  „ 
occnrron.-o  of  a.cid<-iif^  duriiin-  a  l-n-  |.rri,,d  iiiidrr  c-.m.li,;,,,,,  ,i 
lar  to  tlics..  wlii.'ii  provaili'd  v.l,..n  tlic  injury  was  rcwivcd  is  cvidc 
which  U.'n.]s  strongly  to  hiow  ihat  lii(>  d.  fcndant  was  froo  t'r.in  w 
gen.-e.*  J]iil  there  is  s,,nir  eonlliet  of  opinion  as  to  the  pnvi^  ,,ii;,! 
of  such  evidence  wli.n  c.-n^ldi'ivd  with  refi-vnce  to  tJie  pauv'r  u 
court  to  direct  or  review  ilie  iiiiding  of  a  jurv. 

Tlio  New  York  doefrine  has  i,een  tlins  formulated :  "As  a  :•  'ic 
mle,  where  an  aj.idianco,  machine,  or  structure  not  obviously  d.nis 
Otis  Juks  been  in  daily  use  for  years,  and  has  uniformly  prnNr.i  I 
quato,  safe,  and  convenient,  it  may  be  continued  without  tlii'  in  |r,i 

spootor  on  nn  or.nMon  prior  to  tlie  ac-  from  tlios,,  in  wliifli  the  smu-  ,-].],■ 

ciUent     in     quc-lion    foiwid    tb,,     snfrly  is  viewed  as  oiif  of  tho  ..l,.„i,.nu\w, 

rutoh...s  ron,.,v..,l   II- tlio  cn-rs  usc.l  in  |K>int  to  the  ronrhi-ion  th..t  1^,.  ,.  ■' 

the   mine   Wi.s    held    in:Klnii>>ii.le   upon  «-;is  i.c-Iif^eiit  in  not  hmi,,..  n-ur.v  , 

the  (iM;., Hon   :.s   l„   xihrih.T   the  suiVty  defect  of  whieh  he  1m  I  ,i,„'i;...      //", 

e:iteli(..s  wire  in  a   def.  iiive  eoiidition  at  v.  Qiii„h,,    (IIIOO)    .11    i      C     V     .'il    i 

the  time  of  the   l.,ll  of  the  e:iLn-.     l>i„.  I'e.l.   1S7.  ' 

moml     Uhwk     foul     To.    v.    Iulni,»,s„ii        'Wh.re   theie   «as   no   elru.r,,  ;„  , 

'l.,nlc   l.ucl:  it-   /•/.   N.   /,>.   ro.  V.  i:u-    p,.^sm;.m.umv   adi..ii,;„.r  the  eini , 

«,,A.    OSSU,    48    Ark.    JliO,  3    An,    St.    ei.v„I,r  saw  in'a  mill  /,:;;/,;:    f  ,. I 
J.e  ..  21,,,  .i   S.  W.  8I1S    l,:,,luay  tiaek).    nmehin.iv  «;,s  pla.v.l   tinivin  „r,l    , 

A  jury  IS  wairaiiiMl  in  lindint;  that  a  cr  an  emi.luviv  was  inimv,'  Iv  ,,i" 
maeliine  was  ilefcetive  at  the  time  the  uith  tli..  .,iw  and  (Inn-  v,  .,' el";  i  „■■ 
injwiy  was  ivceived,  when  then-  i.s  evi-  an  ae(  i„n  f,'r  the  iniio  v '  ilui'  il'.  I 
denee  that  it  had  been  ilefe,-tive  for  sev-  on  the  eariia:..e  w  lii'n  "iIm.  iniiirv  , 
era!  months,  and  had  remained  in  that  -urred  was  i„.t  unu^iiiliv  lu-r  'l  - 
eomliUon  ii|>  to  a  day  or  so  before  the  nioi,v  of  v.  iln.-^es  in  .'cfri'i-e 'i  "•'n  li. 
accident,  and  the  d.f.'ndant  has  ol.cred  n-e  'of  (he  p,,« -a-ew  iv  si  ,'■  I,!  'r,  i 
no  pii)of  that  the  def.d  had  h.'.'n  reiae-  limit,.!  to  IhoM'  Mho^wer,-  i  ,.  ,.•  uN 
died  .iiirin:;  the  peiiud  not  co'.cr.'.l  by  the  phinlill'  wa.s,  he  liui||.r  ,  .,i  ii. 
the  direct  evidence.  ri,i,.,rr  r,,.-,/„  ,,,.,e  that  the  pa<s,,-ewav  was  ne'ur  .  ,.  ai 
f.o.  V.  AomuHo.cic;  (l!i(MI)   ISii  HI.  !l.  57    rei^onablv     onvenieiit  /,.  ' 

i\._i;.  804,  Allirniing  ( 18UI))   So  111.  App.    I'hunhy  (IWIll)    175  -Mass  304    i;  \   1 
40(.  Ofji 

Cases  in  which  the  prior  condition  of       'in  all  the  eases  cited  in  the  fn'lnv 
an  app  lance  is  suhnuU.,1  as   a   cireum-    ing  notes  «nis  is  assumed  to  be  the  oil 
stance  bearnif;  upon  its  condition  at  the    rect  doctrine, 
tiliifi  of  t'le  aetideut  uiu  dioiin^-uishable 


,1 


KVIDi'.Ni'l- 


A    Miiiilar    (Imirine    ]>..s.Ml)ly    i> 


2279 

ii-i'vaild    in 


don  of    negligoiiw."* 

''ir5!dI.ron...  .lH>  fa.-.  .Ii:..  a  >•.  .tain  instrunuM.talitv  l.a.l  U'.n  u<ca, 

Z^L    wi.h-n  .l,.-.-l..Mn.  anv  nu.ai-  .,ualiti...s,  has  1..,.,.  .nan-la. 
:;:th;;i..n.n...lvU.na.,on...a,ivecnlpal.ili.y,a.l.s,.,,.^^ 

^"?^'i;:::;:ft:',i .i.  .„„ia  a,,...  t.  bo,,.  .>.,...  ,...,,.,1.0 

,nd  o-cil.     In  mo=t  M'  .h.  -a-s  i„  wlnc-h  tl.o  rl,ht  ot  n v,.,v  wan 

i^niJ'as  a  .nat.or  of  law.  .1.  instnun.n.alitv  .».,„..-„.....  one 

Sd.  was  in  couanon   .so ;  a.a,  i„  a  la..-  .u.n^er  of  J-;;!. ;.;;;-   ^ 

,.ircum.tanco  alone  is  dcemod  conclusn-.  m  the  u  aMn  .    a    •        o. 

<  U,  ante).     But  if  this  element  is  assun.o.l  to  l.o  al.--  va.,.,!.  ,t. .,  -lif 

n  (T  M  -*  s  w  ff  ro.  Q.  u.)  8  WciU.  rvPM.  r.21.  2  1-.  t.  x.  s. 

,1S87     100  N.  Y.  140,  fiO  Am.  ^'V-*^^'   -^f    ,,  „„„  ,.    ^,,„,,    ,.s,;n    !   F.  -t  A 

f  Lo'''lo'T  y'^uh'^V  .\irn;.e.i  in    of  tl,.  cvicK-nce  ua.s  not  J.^cu-,..!  by  the 

iis;i;)  l:'.l  >■  '■•;■'-:  ■'-,;•  nf,'o'n{  '  Vn  iri<.tnicti..n  tliiit  v.hrn  a  niii- 
A-„„r  V.  /.v.  If!,  Il'-x-ni  [2:  <>^*''>  „.,,;,,,.  "U  „-,vi.,„<U-  .l-v.v..,.  iKwl 
.-,1  lUin.  •■■I!'-   t  N-  V  ^"I'l'-  •"  '■  ,    w.n  ;„  d,,!ly  use  for  a  luii„'  timo.  and 

,.mlK«lyin,.'  a  <lill-vont  ,lor„-,.,o.  see  no,.    I''^'!  ;;j;";';.^,-,  '  ,,„     ,,„„;,„.,.,„    ui.l.M.t 

'■  "'f''"-  ..     ^.  ,,        m:iu  V    nrcrn    iiii>-..-ition   of  ni"-'li;ji'n'i'.  ^^a^   |.r..,.rily 

•  Soc  /•''■-•'"';■/:;  '"4'  ^   '^1  "'f.-I.     .'-■.■''■"■™  v.  /r.:™.,   (1!".^.)   1-^-i 

111.    .\|,,,.    :!24:      /T."--    ;.     '^V^^' '-'7       ,nP.-ti-,nU-:.  -t.v,.,|nrrf..rii-u.v  irom 

^efcdivo  -stairway);  O,..  (..'-,  ^.^>--  ;,:••;  >  ^„  ,,,,,,;„.  ;,  ,,,,,,  f:,,!!"^ 
f..e   (Mini)    5ii   App.  l).v.  4r,.      ,      N     ■>  .  .^  .^  ^,.,_  ,„.,,„„.n-y  In  s;  ,- 

Supn.  271  (Look  from  xvln,  1,  \"  ■>,•.'.,„,„  ,1  ,,„.  i,Mtol,  to  f:iv.- a  wa.  n 
,,„r'ot  U...S  susp,,ul..a  1....,  after  b...n-  ';;',:;,.,,;,'„,  h.'.ri.ri  tl„.  -i-vl,  H 
...frlv  u^cil  for  pomc  tiiiic).  -    cii-trni^nv  for  t!io  ircn   to  l'.I   ,0  a 

turntable  ba.l   boon   opor'.od   for   al  ou  :   ■/   j,'/^,  .,  l,  ,,d  ,l..,.,.t,-f..r..  1  ■  .m  f,.n:,.l 

five  year,  without  any  "r<-l';'j'  ^l    ^^  '  '^^^^ Tl^^i.  l.ul  .uniciont  ,no,l.  f.M   .!..• 

to  point  to  tlio  conolu-ion   tlia     it   \xa.  ',,,,,,;,-„  of  tlio  mm  so  worUin,-  .»  l'-" 

oon'truoKKl  XNith  duo  caro.     1  at  Ibo  .0  "•?".;","  ^,,    _;„  Hkso  prooanUo-..  !■  ■■, 

oi.ioa  «n«  roally  bn^o.1  om  the  ah^o  o,-  ;"^''- •  ";;^;„'''\V    ,l,.f,..,,l  .nt.  the    v    .i- 

„f  .ny   evblonoe   that    tho   ,-r.on.   00,-  '^^^    t'','^:Vr-\lofon.lant.   wa.   prop,  rly 

Btruptinir  it  were  incomp'tont.  ami  It  i>  '''  V'    .'  ,   '  i,,,,,,.ti,..'   tho    wor  1    '-wan- 

p,.fi,...,.    .io„htf„l    wholbor.    ap^rt    from  :uo,lir(-d  by    >"  ".V' ",    \.      -.,,,f...,„    )„••■•. 

apon  itsolf  to  ^o.^aiv•o  lialu  .,v       ro  f.     o  m.     to     1,  I         ^^  .^^^    ^OO. 

T.  rort   Carlixle  Docl:  it    !!■  Co.    ilM'O.     I  !».).■) 


mi 


!' 


!5a 


|-Ii3ui 


B 


'   <l 


T274 


MAMKl;  AM)  NKl;\.\.\r. 


l<  '■'  W    XL 


ticultto  peiwivp  ,.ny  si.tisfii.-tc.rv  ijroun.l  ni„,n  wl.i.I.  ,-.  , •,  ,,,„ 

jii.stiiioj  ill  tlrir.viii-  11  |,.-i,|  intcrciicc  ,,f  iioii.-iln;ii,ilil  v  In,,,,  ,]■,■  1, 
iiict  tiiat  tlio  iiistt'iiiMonialin-  in  ,,ii,.srinn  I,... I  m.iv,.,-  ',.i„i>,.,i  ;,i,  „ 
ilcnf  until  tlio  pliiiniirT  wii-<  injured. 

rnd.Timv  view  of  flic  ni.i-i  .r'.  ,,l,li-,fi,,ud  it  U  nniiiifV.-i  il.ai  ]„ 
ii-cr  of  an  ol,vionslv  .JMn-.ion,  in-it  iMnnilalitv  indical-.s  i„,!l,i 
inoiv  ;l,;,n  -n,„l  fniiiinc  in  n.>|„.,-t  lo  rh  •  avoiiL,,,.'.,.  ,,t' an  a(vi,|.„i.> 
'•.  Ornairm-c  of  arri,/,„ls.—'-Wl,.n'  tiio  siitii<N',.n.'V  oi-  v;,|-„!y 
i!m'  i.,-i,-iin„.„t  wlii,-li  is  .•iaiiiMMl  to  l.av..  .-an.,.,)  il,.. 'm,.,.;,!,.,,,  i', 
•  -u<;  cvi.lciKv  of  similar  a,M'i,l,.nts  rcsnltiiii;  iVoni  tlic  .sani.-  .m,,,,. 
'•"iiil'"t.  ill.  S..,.|,  fii.-ts  ar,.  in  llm  naunv  „f  ..x,„.,.in„.n(>!  to  ,I,.,w  , 
:i'-:ii,.|  i'..ii,]ition  of  tin-  iiistrinni'iit  aiui  how  it  ^<'r.-o.|  its  jmriin,,.  ...,1;, 

put  to  til..  IIS,,  for  .-,i,i,.|i  it  v.as  ,l,.sii.n,.,|,  and  il,at  tl.c  con, „  ,",.'; 

of  tl,,.:^,.  acci.lciUs  was  a  .lani;-i-ous  and  nnsaf,-  iliiii^'.'"'  This  rnl,.  i 
..f  .•our-..,  not  appli."ihl..  wl,..,.,.  th,.  inip,.rfc.ii.,,H  in.li.-atod  !,v  ti 
jirior  unsatisfactorv  o|M.ia,i,,n  wcr..  wliolly  diiTcvni  fro„,  tho...  wl,i, 
'.V':,ni;illy  faus,..l  t|„.  a.-.-idnit.'"     Xor  cin  it,  l„.  M,|du.'od  to  ih,.  ,|; 


"  M<n:n,h,f„  V.  /'<»•;/;,■  i;:,iiii„,  mui  co. 

l\>^^'.<l     Ml    C.ll.    inc.   Jl'    l':„;    .■,',10. 

■'   Uius,-  V.   Milllivi:i„.lln  a   .S7.   /,.   It.  Co. 
ilSS:!j    ;10    Mil,,,.    -1(15.    li!   \.    \V.    :',r^S; 

Jiofiir  V.  St.  I'uiii.  M.  d  1/.  /;.  ro.(isso) 

t-2    Mi-i,i.   H-2.    4.i   .V.   \V.   :S7;    fhpp  v. 
1/ //,,..  ../«,//.v  if  .S7.   I,.  11.  i'u.    (ISHli)    36 
Mum.  li,   I   .\iii.  St.  l!i.|).  (!2!».  2!)  N.  W. 
•  I  in     'iilln.r    ti:iii,s     (li-iailcd     at     siui,c 
•witil, ,:    Itiihii    V.    .\miiican    I'rinliuii 
r,>.   i!ss:i,    l.r.o  Mass.  77,  22  X.  E.  43!, 
ili"1l   l,i,il   fri..|,ipiilly  (.(111,,?  oil'  of  a  pul 
li'.v)  :    .\)ilil   V.     Maiihtiltan    I..    Inn.   Co 
I  1  SI'S  I  .34  .\pp.  Piv.  4i)I.  54  X.  Y.  Siipp 
•_'J-2    ( [iri-ions  had  boon  cam.'lit  in  auto 
iiMticilly    closing     floor     of    olovator)  : 
ri.ilhiji   llrnririq   Co.    v.    H(iUfr    (ISll.'i) 
.",(•  olii.i  SI.   -,(io.  :l-)  N.  K.  r,r^   (hnnvK 
liail   fiivnicntlv  fnlli'ii  o\!t  of  a,i  flcvatoi- 
while    It    was    bcii,;.'    oiu'ImIchII;    Whili. 
loir   V.    Mojjnl    (ISIH|    1-2   Sc.   Scss.  Cas. 
-d    -flics.    KM     (clu, ill   which   gave  wav 
hai!  Ii,(ik,.n  twice  liet'orc). 

f)the,-  cases  to  the  same  pfTeot  a  e  cit- 
ed  in  Sl,eaiiii.  &   IJe.lf.  Xe;;.   5  (iOh. 

Tn  an  action  hy  an  eitiployoc!  o.  a 
railroad  for  in  juries  oaii-,'d  by  an  ex- 
|>!o-iia,  of  ,ly?i;iii!itp  carried  in  the  ca- 
bix -e.  the  ip,e-(  ion  whether  evidenci- 
tliat  "siiarks  were  living'  all  the  tinio" 
tcii^ted  to  ^liou  that  Ihe  rno'ino  was  In 
a  d'fei'tivp  condition  was  a  question  for 
the  jiiiy.  1,'iish  v.  S'lml.-n),,'  rnll.-)  it  \ 
If.  r,,,  (lono)  23  Wash,  .",0!,  (W  Pn,- 
.',00. 

Kviilcnce    of    thp    happeninp  of  acci 
'lents   to  other   persons   working   about 


111,.  i,ja.'liii,,.|y,  inider  such  c.,,i,|iii,, 
and  circmiist  oirv,  as  atl^'udid  Mie  :,c, 
dent  in  i]ue-ti,>n,  was  held  co,ii|»  ,,.,it  , 
-how  that  tl,..  oniploypr  could  na-,; 
ably  have  apprehended  the  happinin 
thereof,  anil  should  therefore  ),:n 
IJUardiKl  against  it,  or  instrwct,d  the  en 
|.loye.-s  in  re^.od  to  the  da,!i;er,  it  „. 
I«'i„^'  apparent,,  Wyman  v.  Orr  (IdOO 
17  App.  Div.  l.-IC.  ti2  N.  Y,  S„.,j>.  l:i.-, 

Kvidence  that  an  undiwcii, 'nMrhiii 
ihich,  when  in  pio|wr  Horki„„.  erd,., 
would  inak-p  but  one  rut,  and  then  -toi 
vas  reportisl  to  defendant's  fonm:,,', 
diout  two  ypars  before  the  ii,i,iry  t' 
,,laintiir.  a,s  repi.,itin>»  itself.  ,in,l  -tart 
ing  fro,n  a  sti,p,  and  that  phiuiitr  al- 
'i-portpd  that  lite  machine  n|,e,u,d  .,, 
I  he  day  he  was  injuri.d.  bv  rc-ci,  of  th, 
niaehine  slartiiii.'  froin  a'  dead  -lep,  i- 
-iifficient  pioof  of  dci'irndanfs  n'-jlijeno 
to  so  to  the   jury.     I'achrr  v.  'I l,,,,,^,,,,. 

HoUKlOn     i:ir,tTU'    Co.     (1!M1T|      17.5    Mil" 

4t»fi.  an  X.  E.  704. 

Evidence  that  a  hors..  bv  «hicli  ar, 
eniployre  was  kicked  had.  on  Imo  pnv; 
•  iiLS  occasions,  viciously  and  without 
prov.ocation,  kicked  in  a  dai,^'cro„<  ,i,a,i 
Tier,  is  comi«.tent  on  the  qi,(.stion  of  tiit 
\  icious  character  of  the  animal,  h'tiid- 
'  ihorl:rr  In-  t  'o.  v.  I'inn  ,  I  S!)7 ,  2.i  C 
('.  A.  57't.  51  II.  S.  App.  2.VI,  SO  Fed. 
IS3. 

'"  l\'  in  \ .  Dn  Vaairo  d-  /).  AiOT.ir  f!cf. 
Co.  (ISOO)  125  N.  Y.  50,  34  N.  Y.  S.  R 
;ii.3.  25  X.  E.  1071. 


1275 

KVIDI'.N'I^ 

-^.r'c  ;  ;r';;'  ;ue''.;ve:'  \:...J^iiy  aAer  the  accident.- 
,       'Zr  to  .on...  of  .1...  .nnl,..-iu..-.  .h-  nuM-o  fact,  tl...  an  .,,  — 
wa.  I""i"l  to  1.1x1' i(.n\.   .  1.,.,,^  1,;^  ri"lit  of  luMinn  upon 

:£Srr:=:;::^=S:;i:::";-:: 

^'■;':i.C:'Vio.v  is  ,:,l.n.  .n-l,  ..vi,l..n,.,.  i ruinly  in.onM.oU..,. 

,  .!.(■..,.,<  ,li^.-.v--l  w..n.  su-h  .luu  M,.y  uu.y  n.a-.aMy    .-' 

Y.S.  i:.-iOl.  14  N.  V.  Sn,.,>   HH>  i,,' ,„' ,. .■•,!;..,   f-,-   h.imi.-   .Im-  to  tl,,- 

tobr  ^li'.'lillv  out  of  01.I.TK  „n„,oilv   ii.liiiitlfd.      .S7.    /  oi"-.    '  ■   'f    \  ■ 

\   v.nlkt     for    tl.r     ,.t"""IT   »--   :  ;"'','•;     ,„„.„„    (IHIi;..    S!.    111.    A,.,.. 

,„  i„.,K.,.lor  to  11...  ..(  .■<•(  1.  ..  1..U1  •^•\^i,„^_  ,,,,.,  vi.ito.1  a  num.  four 
ox.nr.nr.l  f,,^  c:,r  v.  n.l,    '•'■;'',;:',,;,,    rf,,.,   „f,,r  .,»   ...■.■Mrnt,   :.M,1   «a-  .In.un 

oonn-r...!.  :„.l    fm,.,     M    '!''•',,.„•.   ,1,,,  ,,,.,.,,.,.,1   f,.|l.  i.u.y  t.-t.ly  xs  to  a. 

ton.linL'  to  pn.v,.   U„„v,l.  .I-  l"':.        ';  ,,  , ,,     Un.w  it  ^v.,.  tlu-  !,o|,  l.r 

,fUT    tl. mI-M       ■''■'"::.">..--.'.     i'.,|.-,v         I'l'l'-'-     -"<■''      o.r<'.Mr.,t:ui,r. 

p.,,;,-,.  .f  O.  f.-.  Co.  11^' -!  ■'"  '^^  ^^'-  '•'■  ,,„.,<.  i,  nn  i-HiMtn  MrntilieMtioM  of 
U  S.  K.  43-:.  ,.  .  .    ,.,.    ,,.,.    i.,.M..r       !!'•'«■    v.      \hr,wi,<     .^./it 

■  i:vi,i,..r..    of    thp  '•"•"\';;"^,::,;   ,  \,„:ro.  (ismo  17  ut.ii. -ISO.  54  imc. 

acci.U'nt  iill.;;.<l  to  l'''^''  '"";".;  "':';.'.  ,.;^  "'it  luMv  Iw-  nirntioncl  in  tlio  ).rr.ciit 
the  .l..f.-liv<-  ;ol.iu-lM,.-i.t  of  ''"•'■;";  ..^^n^.tiun  tl,:.t  ..vi.lrnc-  of  ll.|-  >'on,  i- 
wa,  1„.1,1   a,l,ni-il.U-.   n.   th,.,v   v..-      o     onnr  ^^  .    ,,,„,„,.    ,„i,.r      l,n 

proof  of  nny  '''"■r'";"V"r„  (l^'o)  -r^.  of  a  l^.s.^  L^.s  l.-J--;"  to  run  1... 
nw/,  V.  7.0)13  /■./"»'.'  P-  .'^";  ,  '  .;'  wn  hoM  <--..pot<nt  to  sliow  its  .•,  :hIi- 
(18:H1)   11  Al.p.  Piv.  Ifi    42  N.  ^  .^o,,p.    t.on   .n    the^     ^  ^^^^^^^    ^^^,^_,^    ^„,j  ^.    ^. 

'^"■vidonoe  poin-  to  show  tl,M    n  liiiml-  U^.^W  X.   h.  ';^'J-^,^^  ,,^r   foil   Sn    foot, 

hold  on  a  roihvay  o.ir  xvas  "o-l'vo  i.ii-  •     ■  ^^               ^,  j,,^  „,aolnnCTv   w.ro 

er  th.  a.<.;..!.nt  w:w  l.oM  a.li.n-.Ulo  for  .in  1         u    !_    ^^^^^^   ^^  ^^   ^„j   ^f   ,,,,,„ 

the  miil.o<«-  of  pioviiiL'  ll.o  n..n.ro  ;.".  "     l*^  ■,    ,^   _„„,_        JW,i„,,oM     v.     (•/,.,W^.« 

cl,ar.,Horoftlioro„ditiMwxvlM.>!.oau-yl  ml                          ^g,^.       ^^  j,;^,,    2S3,  53 

the  injury.     Oulridnrv.hs.onr.l^h.  ^1 -'■!".,, 

Co.  (1887)   94  Mo.  4fiS.  4  Am.  "St.  }.<■{'■  >•  ^^  ■ 


J 


P<i 


' 


i^^H 


I 


;i'4 

■U 

,M 

'yyi^^^l 

ilifliU 

^  r 

l\ 

i 

1 

i 

ni9 


MMiTEli  ASIX  .SKllVANf. 


i--.-' 


I/' 


11: 


ll  lUl'. 


cm.unu.tan,.os  am  otl,onvi«r  nf  sn.-h  a  mauv,  as  to  .show  c.n..i  ,- 
that  own  ,t  tlH.  .loJVct  did  actually  exi.t  at  tl.e  tin.e  of  li.,.  an-, 
tlio  (Iclciidiinf  was  iioi  n..i.|i-..nt.* 
82?.  Condition  of  the  given  instrumentality  both  before  and  afte 

acc,dent.-i...i,.,,,.,,,,.,,h,..,,a..l.in,.wi.i..h,.a„..ltiaM i,l    ,! 

'"  Z^'  -1  r'U.Uu.n  at  11...  tin...  of  tl.o  trial,  and  at  oti,,.,-  tin..,  .|. 
I'-  -r..  and  al„.r  tl.o  a.v;d..nt.  and  that  it  work,.]  p,o,„.,.iv  U,(..,,. 

';!  ;■'• 'I- ;''-'l- nt,  is  a,l,..i-.iMo  as  havin;j  a  t,.n,l..,...v  to  ;!.,.v  i:- 
UiU..n  and  i..,u-  ii  w,„l<..,|  at  the  ti.no  of  ij.o  a.-.-id-nt."'  Snrl.  ,.  „i 
may  cv,  n  l.c  fon.li.siv,.  i„  i],,.  „k,,„.,.-s  favor* 

823.  Condition  of  parts  of  the  plant  other  than  that  whir-h  .n.,..,] 

injury.- a    f ,Vmr«//.v.-Ti.o  .s.iprouu.  court  of  Min„cv„fa  i,.,s 

down  tl.o  dn.Mnno  that  cvidonco  of  t.ho  ..Nis„.„,e  of  detV,.,iv,.  .■„ 

t.ons  a(  a  place  on  tl.e  eniployer'.  pre.,.i...s  other  than  that  a.  «•] 

the  .njury  wa«  revived  is  not  a.l„.is...l.le  for  the  purpose  of  e.tabi 

n.-  th..  r.M.t.nce  of  .in.ih.r  conditions  at  the  pla<x'  wh..,-e  the  a.va 

oc.u.T.d,  unle.ss  testimony  is  nLo  inl.-od„,u-d  whieh  tm.ls  to  j 

that  tl.e  former  eonditi^ns  wre  the  result  of  a  eau^e  wl.i,-!,  v.,-  i 

M.mplivrly  .,pei-ative  at  the  place  of  the  easnallv  also,  .,r  ,.■.',' 

oth,.r  dr;,rts  may  th.-mselves  have  l„rn  the  cause  of  the  d.f,..'  v  1, 

l)nK,u.ed  U.e  ,njury.»     This  doctrine  would  seem  to  be  the  onlv  i, 

::.;!.;"^i/r!:-:;v:yv.,"r;:l-/,:;:::!irs 

v^Voj,   (18,.))   !il  111.  4,4,  i3  Am.  Hep.    np„„  wMrh  to  prrdi.,.!,.  ,,...i,„li,  i  ,1 

a  frn^n,„.,,t  win,!,  ,!,.«  f,„,„  a  coM-chi..:!    IT."   M.,!;  U'Z  V      •    7,„    "^   "'"' 
tho  olnV,.)  «...  >l,ou„  to  l.av..  b,vn  made    .iia,,..)  '  is   ,!,nw„     n  "I" 

in^,vct,..l  an,!   p„„„.„„..e,l  soan.l   I.y  do-    its  r,„„in.,.ti„„   is.Lh\Tl^lldW 

many  yo.rs'  oxp..r,P„r..  „i,h  surl,  to,.ls.    was  runnins  u  .""      K   a    '      ',   I  ', 

vc.    wa,    l,..l,l     i,„d,„i..i,,,..     ,-,,„    i   TZ^Z.yZ\y^J^r:Tl^  ui^Z 

^..S8.  4J4,  78  Am.  bt.  lx..p.  o.H,  27  So.   either    L.tontionally  or    unint.ntio.,,,11 

*''-     •  •^^■^'  '^'^  ^-   ^■'-  "'2-  '  J/or,vc  V.  SfJnncapoHs  .t  ,S/.  /..  ff.  r« 


\\  hen  pvidoni-i-  of  t'l. 


of  t)i» 


(!>*■-";    30    Minn.    405.    lU    .\.  W. 


U  'I 


,  «23J 


i:\  IDK.M 


i£J1 


cal  onfl;  but  U  U  wf  oasy  t/>  r.r.nwil.^  ..n  sncli  n  hitsi'*  tlio  rn««  in 
which  .-'acli  eviduiav  1ms  bwn  a.-h.iv.l  .-itlior  adniis.Hil.1.-  or  inudiriis- 
jiblc* 

te,u  lit  other  plncp^  on  flu-  roiid.  Hmt.' 
b,.iii;;  nothiiiy  to  >1m>w  timt  (luy  liii.l  iiiiy 
coniHii'i'ii  "illi  llie-  iiitnliiil. 

>l;,)  f:riili  iiri  iiitt  iKdiii.'.si/y/c.— rciti- 
nmiiv  lit  to  tliP  o<.iiiliti<  n  i>l  lln'  Hack  lit 
plic;-  i>tli.T  tliiin  tli^il  of  the  a.n.l.-ilt 
It,*  ImIiI  incoinixt.'iit  in  «!riii;l  HhiiiiIm 
il  I!  Co.  V.  thntlint  (ISTHi  .H  Mich. 
■,;,l'  .11  .Am.  Ui-i..  n-21:  lM„,.r,llr  .{  AT. 
/;,  (V  V.  F'-n   lIST.JI    U   Uii-h.  4!>.">. 

Ill  an  IK  t ion  :i;rain-'t  n  luminal  roin 
i,„nv  Inr  an  injury  alh-.d  to  havo  b.^n 
nrilv  c.ui-rd  l.V  tho  roir;hn.-H  of  the 
rnhllVil  on  wlii<'li  Hi  trains  were  -  (K'r 
,1,.,!  il  was  held  pioi-r  for  Ha'  pl.niilitr 
i„  |,i"v,-  on  his  own  l..lialf  tlial  .my 
■,i.,l  of  the  rnnil  on  which  the  tram  h.ul 
ran  on  Ihc  tri|>  in  i|iic>lioii  wa..  roii-li 
,i.,.!  uneven.  Imt  rviil.iici'  jioinu'  'o  sliow 
,1;,.  M,.|i,.|;il  comlitioii  of  ihc  roarj  in 
„ih,.r  rc-*|i<clH  in  <>tlior  h.c.iliti>-  was 
li,.l,l  not  ailnii-v-ihlc  Ihihii  v.  ,/»)"/> 
;:,,,,  l,uwl.ir  <•■>.  (IS!'^I  «1  Wis.  11-'. 
.)!  X.  W.  3'il,  !•.'■>"■  'Ih'-  court,  howtmr. 
tli.MiLilit  that  Midi  pviilciicc  nii;;ht  he 
idiitl^tcnt  to  some  rxlciit  on  cri)-~  exam 

llllltinn.  .  ,       ,       ,  •• 

IMdciicc  ns  to  the  iinhhH'Kcl  concli 
li.n  if  the  froL-s  in  v.n.ls  on  . Id'. -n. I. nil's 
mu\  ollir-r  than  that  in  wliich  t!ic  a<- 
ciiliiit  in  suit  occiincil  ■■  not  ailini'-i- 
i.l..  for  thf  puri>oM>  oi  diav'.'iiur  the 
I.|,iintilT  with  conslru.tiv.'  Unowlcljc 
„f  lie  condition  of  tho  fnc-  whoji 
raiiMd  his  injiirv.  Ti""  v.  f/,oa.;o,  /.'. 
/.  <t  /'.   />'.  to.    (1!'"1>    "•'•   '"^'  "■  *"^'  ^" 

\.  w.  ^^x 

The  ailnii-ieii    of  e\  ideio  ■■    in    .ni    ac 

liaii  l-.v  an  pini>h>ycc  a;:aiii-l    hi ijoov 

er  for'  iiiiurics  siistiiiiHil  hy  the  lall.nj 
.if  n  ladil  "mandrel,"  alie.j,.,!  to  Icne 
hft.n  cui-ed  hv  ia-li...enlly  |."rMullHie 
,  clnei.  .hvice  wliieh  lield  it  m  ]>'r.'-'-  to 
!„riiiiu.  out  of  order,  tlial  sr\-v;!l  oilier 
I,  inilrels  siinihirly  placed  had  fa  Hen  on 
m.  vioiis  oirasjons,  is  reversihle  error. 
«!;er,'  such  falls  wi-n-  occn-i>  tied  hv 
enii-,  -  not  nfToctin'/  \h^-  attachioeiK 
ttli..-e  ill  l.'ct  cau-ed  the  fall  in  quesliiui. 
i:„.l,  S  ,(  Co.  V.  \V.-/.-.o.e  lis-"'*)  21  ITI'I. 
.Vpi.    ni.  51   N.  K.  502. 

In  an  nction  hy  a  ^tramxer  it  wa:- 
licld  that  the  condition  of  telegraph 
jiele^  40  or  60  rods  away  from  tho-e 
vhivh  f,-l!  wa=  inadt"is  dih-.  v.-heve  tliere 
was  no  evidence  to  sai  v  that  iW  for 
iiier  were  of  the  s.inte  K.id  as  the  lat- 
ter, put  U)!  at  till    -lUiie  I'll  e.  .iiid  e.jual 


W   ox  posed    to   dfeav.     Wr^tTn    V.    Tt- 
h,,.  lu.  V.  I.fn   (H:4)    47   Iml.  .''..'.-•. 

(h)  /■.'rirf.-iirc  0'/iMrv.«i(,(..--ln  a  <'ase 
where  u  defeclivc  trick  was  .ilh-.  d  1" 
lia\e  wrecked  a  train.  e\  idem  e  teiidue; 
III  show  the  eondilion  of  the  roil^ei 
jii»t  prior  to  ami  i-ouiempor no.  ii-ly 
with  the  accident,  at  places  other  than 
that  where  the  w  reel;  (a'ciirr.-d.  wa-  held 
.„l,.,i-il,le.  I,,,,:.,,  n.  it  //.  /.'.  '".  V. 
7.(;/:'..c  iisooi  7!i  I'ex.  1(11,23  .\m.  M. 
l;.  ;..     lUi.    1  I    S.   \V.   Ills, 

It  is  coiipetent.  for  the  piirpo-..  of 
eliar'.'iti;.'  .m  ciiiidoyer  with  ne'.di'.:i  rue  in 
till-  ii-c^f  a  piilhy  whieli  l-voi.e  ai:d  ill- 
jnrr.l  .111  cfi|do\e.-'.  to  -lie\v   tint  another 

pulhy  of  till'  -,'iue  l.ir i  con^lriielioii 

;,,i.l    materiil.   a. a!    u  >  1     for     the     same 

piiipn-e  ...lid  in  the  -' "ay.  ast!i.'"lin 

ill  ,|ii. -1:011.  l-roKo  a  -holt  time  l.rfi.re. 
in  ,  .citaii  l.m  «ilh  lAiihliee  that  iiolh 
pnllevs  (MT,.  diiv' n  hy  a  liiihl  lull,  atnl 
111,,!  'ihe  liL'litm-s  of  the  l.cit  iiiel  t  hrf 
,iaiv.er    .  f    i'-   la-c''  io'   tlio   pull.-,     "ere 

,..il|,.,|   to  il loi'h.v,  1'-    itlelltioll.   Sl.iilf 

\.  I.I  '<r  V.i-K  ''•".!  I"*'  -I  ti!'  >«■  "■  -'"■ 
(It    All.    .1"!.  . 

W  ll.Te      'lie        lillliieis      vi|  |  ,|„,i  t  i|i^      t  llO 

i.a.f  of  a  .'nit  ill  a  mine  ;;.iye  wa>.  evi- 
di  llee  ~howl':j  Hie  11. list  met  ion  of  other 
p.irts  ol  !h  ■  1...  I  adiaeeiit  to  the  place 
,,f  til.,  acii.leiii.  -o  f.ir  as  such  oilier 
i,:i|.|,  rill  I...  -iiown  lo  have  hecn  con- 
l|riiet..l  in  a  -iiiiilar  manner,  i-  pro|v 
,.;|v  a.liei'l  'd  on  the  i"Ue  wheHiev  Uin 
iiii.li,!^  \\:.i.li  fell  V, .-re  or  were  ml  wi- 
li  „.||,|v  plecc.l  ill  the  roof.  ,V'/e  /.^-fl 
:;,,,  ,l-  1/1//  '■.,,  V,  Svli  fill  (  ISviM  IT) 
• ,,!.,'    I'tT.  -.i.-.  r.ie.  -<!• 

Wli.  re  il  i-  alle-e.l  lliat  a  hicoiinitive 
.  i„,i|er.  jiiehidiie.-  the  llues.  was  in  a  L'en- 
.  rally  won. out  ei.mliiioii.  r.ml  that  he- 
,.,,;,.„  ,,|'  si„!i  n.i.diliiiii  as  to  ih.'  slodl 
||,e  l...ilev  eM.loded,  evidence  of  the  con- 
.liliim  ef  Ihe'llii.^.  ,1-  well  a-  other  p.irts 
,,f  (!„.  iii,i.lo  -iriletur.'  of  the  hoil.-r,  is 
,,|,„,--d.l..  a-  l.arin-  "n  the  .pie-tion 
whethe'-  Ihe  del'e'id.irt  K'li'w  or  onjht  to 
have  Uii.  ^Mi  of  the  ,xi-.  em-.-  of  .l.-tccts 
in  the  -h(  11.  Il'isl'  r  v,  (  /m.  .010  d  V,  IV. 
V,  Co.    (IsiMl)    101   Wis,  :«I7.  sil   N".   W. 

liit.  .      , 

In  a  ease  jvlu-re  iii|iiry  was  rcceivea 
i.v  an  pmph.\ee  ouiii;:  to  .1  ch  feet  in  a 
.lock  on  v'liich  he  was  w<.rkinL'.  it  is 
eomivtelll  to  llltro.luee  .■\  iueiicc  ,-.iOW- 
inc  that  the  .lock  was  defective  hy  rea- 
.,,11    of    h.d.  -    at    y   other    phu-es  be 


Hi 


Pi,  . 


I|M 


ilin 


-in  I 


if:' 


^  ! 


Ill; 


\},'i 


W 


i        'i 

i-' 

ii 

r^ 

Til.'  fiic^  that  spvoral  iippliiin-r,  l«l.  i,i;i„ir  u,  tlir-  nimk-  |.,i    ,> 

to  XVI     rh    llu.  „„<■  Uhirll  .Ml„...|    II,..  „r,   i.|,..,t    lr\..U<„.\   ,u-rr  ,{.  , .  ,'.,  i 

•".'""■'"""'  ii,li„i,<il,!,.  „,  ,.^i.|, i,.n.lin,.  ,„  -|„,u  ,!,;„  a  ,■,,•,,;„ 

cilu.  ,!..|..ri  „l'  iniiiml'ilcliiiv  runs  ihr,.,,.,!,  ,|„.  ,.|,i|,.,.  I,,,.     \V|,,.,i,„ 

<1'  Ir.i  I..  .,|-  Hich  II  diiirihi,  r  ,,<  I,,  n:,iT:iiii  III..  1- i,ii,,„  ,.|  .,,,.1, 

tli'ii.. .  ,i,  |„.,|i|,  n|inti  circiiin-iiiiM  I-,'' 

!■.    .\h„;., „,,,■„<■('  of  (i'<;,l.  „l.-.-     In  tu,,  ,..|-n,  it  !,,!     !„.,,„  |„,l,l 

"  '""-■ ■^""'•'  If  lioM  liiii.l-  .,„  i|„.  ;:,... himI  ..:    l,.,>i,r.    inn, I.I,,. 

•"I   ■    ■    .-ir'ii""'''.  wli'iv  .Mliiihir  ,ip|,li.  ,„■,-  |,:,\,     (,„.  :,   I,.,,,,  ,;„,,. 

pii.  '..  til,.  >iiinc  ii.-i.  u-itliMiit  flif.  („-,.|irr.ii f  „i,v  ,,,  ,.i,|.  ,,k.'     (,, 

ii-i..ii-c  til.,  pnipriolv  of  ii-..:itii,i.  ml  li  i.  Uw\  :,-.  ii  I,;,-!-  r,,,.  ,,  ,.  , 
M.|ii  Ml  liiw  \v,,iil.i  srcni  t.,  !»■  11..  .|n.-ii,,iiMl,|,.  ,-,-  Ii  \,  v,!,..,'  -I,, 
'••■■M.  ii.T  i,s  pivllVr.'.!  with  |...i;,,r(l  ■,.  il„.  iii-ii;i,i„.hi;,liu  ul,;,.;,  ,.;,, 
tln'  in; my. 

'•.  Ornnrrnce  of  <i«'/V/r„/,s.— Eviiln,,..  ,|,.,|  ,,..,. i,],,,,,,  -i,,;], 
tliMt  v.-Iiicli  c'lniscd  til.-  injiirv  IukI  ....  , in.,!  in  ili,.  n^.  .,f  |,:,,i,  ,,| 
l.liini  wlii..|i  wro  <.f  fli,.  Sinn,,  kin.)  m-  il, „.  i „,i  ,„  j',  „|,',^ 

I.IO   \\ll(.n.   fllOsO   il(vi(i..1,l-    U,.,...   ,lu.'    I.,   ,.i|-,.„,„-t;,M,-.'-    wl|i..l|    „,.:.,     i, 

li(.<'ii  .,p,.rMtiv..  ni  lli(>  tiiiii'  u  !:..n  i!,.   ImJiu  v  n..,-,  ,•,.,.,. Iv,.!.' 

824.  Alterations  in  the  plant  or  system  nfter  the  accident;  <>v,  Ic  i 
import  of.— Kvi.l,  „,•,■  wl.i.-l,  ,|„,u-  il,,,,.  ,ti.,,  ,h„  ,„.,.;,,..,,;   i„  . 

the  pNinl  ny  ||,..  m-i,.,,,  ,,|    ll,..  ,.|,,,,1,,\,  ,•  ,,.,,.   ,,|,,.,.,,,1  .,,„]    i,„|,,, j 

.■^IK-Ii   .•!   iiianin.r  :,.  to  .•liiiilm,!..  'l,-  part' -iihir  v\-V   wlii.-!,  ,•:,,.-,.,! 

ilijuiv.    i<   Ml  .|,,,il,.,,|K    ,,,„.,..,, I    I,,  .|„,„.   ,|,.||    .l.-f,.,.,:,,,  ,.,„,, i;!- 

o.\iM,.(l  ill    il„.   tin,..  ,,r  III,.  i„.,.i, !,.„(. I       [;,„_   „,.,.,,,.;;„.,  ,  ,  ,,, 

woiglit  .,f  ;niili,.ni;.  M-ii  ,\i.|<.! is  II., I  inlnnsMl.l,.  U<v  i!„.  p.n|, 

sid.'s     lli.il     at      «tii.li     tl,.     ;-..,.i.l,..;i    .„■      ,ls:i|,    ;il)\li,.)i    -l-'    ".S  \    \\     i-,|.  /; 
cum.,.      /V.,,.c.„„     V.     /.,„'/..,„.      ,ls„l,     .f    r.    I',„.    r„.    v.    f/,.^„    msmi'   s", 

80  W,-.  rns.  ;vi  V.  w    .-,s,i  ^,,,,    :„n.     ,„  „,o  i.tt-r  ,  ,.;   .^.. ' 

I-.v„,.n,...     .!,.,(      !,,._. ,,,,1,     |,„|,.-    .„„1    .,,...-  ;,l,..,|v,.,|.   MltlM.,,..!,  ..N|,,..' 
wn.-l,,,l  ,.  ,.n,l,„v„„,  .,tl,..r  ,,l: .,„,!    ,,..,1!;,.,!    t!,.,i     ||„.    niM'Ib,,.,'    «,.    , 

fill.,.-   v.,|...„   ,1    f,■^      l„;l.  -  .,f  til..   -.IM-  ..I        tin,.,,!    „„-,.j,.,i|i(l,.;,||v       .,,„!      „,. 
an    :„-„l,.„.     ,.    ,.,,M. ,„.(,..,,.    1„||     „„|     ,„„       ,,,,,,|,     ,,„.    ,,„.    [„,,.„„,.   y,,,     „|;„i     „    , 
rlllM\,..     I.t,     tlw     l|lll-..||.,I|     ,.f     ;,11     ...ll|,I.IV  ,-.,1 

er's    ii..-liL-ii<<.    i'l    iii:iii:l.t  i.iii.;.  nii   nil  <„,-n„„ih   \     fr\rill   lis^^     ■■-    \ 

SHfp      liii..        Uu,„h,ll     V.      .Vf),//,„..s^/■„     ll,,     l^<.  ,-.(1  V    Y    s,i„„   ..,,-,,,.  I."  , I, 

r''',-^'",,'!"';;' n,."'"- •''■ '"  '"'•  '""'^-  '-'I  fi.ii.'M  .ll,i,;:i,.,:.,.:i,,: 

Div.  ..J!.    II    N.   ^.  Sii|,;..  (,iS.  til ml.     |,;..^li..ii). 

Wllil<-   li.-..':!li.'.illu'  lllfli    lll.i..  ill-..  iM~<-  ill  ';ir,hr\       \lrl,l..,,     I     ,;    >     j     ;,■    , 

will..!.    .-II.  I,   ..vii|i.n(.|.    i<   !i(liiii^,~il,|i',   i..      iisn.-,,   .-,.-,  k  i,,    .j-.h     n   I'..     '->     \ 

JPCI...,!    llu-    l..,tilli.,llV    „IV,.,..,I.    „,    it     ,. ,.;,,(.      ,,\     V.     .l//r,.s    's.'    ,v       /■„        ,|s.-,'     •;-     |., 

CA   (.Illy   'o  1.    -iii-1,.   :ll.|,li;lll,-..,      :|||   ,.\,.      \■>^\■   s'.   /o...\.,|.  .s    /■    /,.    r,,    .     li,. 
bolt  (,f  th."  v:in„.  |,:,t||.ni  .1-  i|i:,i    uiiii'li     M.ssi;,    :!,-,    k,,,.    |'|.'   p    ;.,. ',,,.! 
Iirol;... — 1111,1  th(.  ili.f  -.1   |)ii,M-,l  vv;i.  111,. II-     \\\\.    i:.!,     i:,,-     i/,;,7,,    ,     /     .,     .    ." 

'•*'';"'"'■''''""•  '■■'.    ^      "'A.,     (iss:,    ;;;    K.,,,       ,.', 

*La  Pierre  y.  rhirti<i<,  cf  U.  T.  R.  Vo.    I'.it.   ISl. 


ti 


r-\      \UirV. 

^■ 

/ .  /,'  r 

H\     7 

~ "  :     \    ' 

>;•■''  ■ 

:i:    !••.■■■ 

(»241 


KVlDUNCk:. 


227i» 


of  pstiihli*liing  nof '  p'tiw  on  tho  nnplovor's  i>:\rt  in  mftprct  to  tho 
ixisl'iuc  of  till'  (••iinlitidii-*  wliii^li  cTcalfil  iluit  ri«k.'- 

WliiH'  it  i"  a  (|Ui'<ti<iii  of  the  propriftv  of  n  tcniiM.iurv  cxiM'ilicnt 
;ii|o|)t('(l  for  pri'vciiliiif;  nil  nccidtMit,  iiftcr  tlic  iliM-ovorv  of  ccrtiiin 
(!ani,'i'roiis  conditions,  «'vi<lr'iic<>  of  wliat  wh.h  doiio  iiftir  tli"ci'  toinli- 


I" 


niii-  rcmoim  of  tin-  ilnctriiif  tliii* 
.i|r|itiil  Hfp  cl-ioly  I'xpliiimii  liv  tlie 
.liiirt  in  Miiinf  v.  M iiim nimlis  tf  SI.  I,. 
i;.  Co  (l!H— )  30  Minn.  4lW.  1«  N.  \\. 
rls.  wh.MP  ttie  .•(iiirt,  nfliT  ri'fiTrin«  to 
tlip  il  ■li.icim  cilocl  in  the  Intl  note,  pro- 
,,itliit  t'lin:  "If  coir,|iiti'nt.  such  fvi- 
.Icnci'  i«  only  "f>  "*  "I  ii'lnii-iion  of  the 

cvioin  iinxafo  conditicn  oT  tlic  tliin« 
ri|<iih'il  or  reiiiovcil.  iiiiil,  to  ri'inlrr  it 
iidiniMiMc  n»  Ructi,  tli<>  net  inil-l  liavc 
Iwn  ilone  "o  ""'m  nftor  tlip  u<ci<liiit  iin<J 
under  mich  oiiTiini^tnnccs  n*  to  indlcatn 
that  it  was  HunLMslcil  liy  tho  nii'iilcnt, 
ijrid  was  (loni-  to  ri'iniily  llio  di'fi't 
utiich  caiisrd  it.  All  courlt  «li"  admit 
Ihc  I'VidrncM'  nt  nil  ho  liiild.  In  llu> 
prrwiu,  oisp  (111-  plianj.'!'  in  tliis  Hwitcli 
«H  made  over  n  yrar  iifl.-r  tlie  iicridcnt, 
mill  after  it  had  hcin  removal  to  nn- 
ntliiT  id:ioe.  I'ndiT  such  oiroiini^tanres 
the  ri|>;iirs  were,  presnniptively.  ineicly 
tin  ordinary  tiettcunint.  I'nder  meh  a 
•tiite  of  facts  HMch  evideneo  would  not 
!,(>.iiliiiis~ildo  nniliT  .-iny  rnle.  nnd  .!•»  ad 
ml«-i(>n  was  tln-refore  error.  Iliil.  on 
mature  rellretion,  we  have  eoneliid.-d 
I'i.it  evidi  nee  of  this  kind  oii;.'ht  not  In 
If  nliiiilird  nniler  any  elMiiTiHlanee'*, 
m'\  that  the  rule  lieritoliue  iidopled  liy 
tlin  emirt  is  on  priniiple  wron;;:  not 
fnr  tlie  reason  piven  hy  pome  conru, 
tial  the  noli  of  the  iMnphiyei'<<  in  mik- 
ins  «ii''h  repair-i  nre  not  ndni>.-ihle 
n;Mn-t  Ihiir  pritieipaN.  Init  ii|K>n  the 
liriiiler  yronnd  thai  stuli  nets  allorl  no 
li-_'i!ii!!:\ti>  liasjs  for  coMHlriiin!;  siuh  an 
net  iM  an  adnii^-^ion  of  pn  ■^  ii  lis  ne;;h<t 
of  fluty.  A  person  may  have  exeni^'d 
ill!  I}"'  care  which  the  l.iw  required,  and 
yit.  in  the  li^iht  of  hi-i  new  e.yp'riiiiee, 
afiiT  an  iinex]><'eled  aeeiilent  has  oc- 
diired.  and  as  n  niea'.iire  of  rxlrenic 
eiiiliin,  he  may  adopt  additional  sjife- 
pii;ird!<.  The  more  rareful  a  person  is. 
tlio  more  regard  lie  has  for  the  lives  of 
ft  111  ft,  the  more  likely  he  would  l)0  to 
ilo  'n;  and  it  would  seem  nn  jii-^t  that  he 
onuld  not  do  so  without  heinj;  liable  to 
liivo  such  acts  construed  as  an  admis- 
sion of  prior  nejIiKence.  Wp  think  such 
B  rvi'i-  puts  :in  iinfuir  inlerprft.itiu::  lip- 
on  Iniiiian  conduct,  and  virtually  holds 
out  ail  indiiceinent  for  continued  negli- 
gence." 

Vol.  TI.  M.  4  S.— G2. 


This  statement  of  prineiph •••  is  nd<  pl- 
ed as  ccrris't  in  I'liliniilmi  <t  /'.  K.  It  I'n. 
V.  Il>iiilh„nir  (1S;1J)  III  f.  S  'JIIJ.  ;i<l 
I.,  ed.   Il»,-.,   12  Sup,  Cf.  I!ep    .VH. 

To  the  name  ilTist  is  the  fidlnalnn 
passaiie  in  the  iiidi.'iMeiit  nf  the  einiil  in 
Miihii   V.    /•;./,/.■   MiirUr   ,f    Ihmiilt    in. 

(iHtui)  20  c.  ('.  A.  ;tiiii.  mi  I     s.  .\pp. 

tix.',  7»  Keil.  I.'..!.  'Kvidinie  Ihit  after 
the  neeident  the  master  repainsj  his  ma- 
rhineiy,  or  adopted  a  ditlVreiit  method 
of  eiindui'linj;  lug  business,  is  inndmi-'i- 
hie  Id  prove  his  nc;;li:jiiici'  at  the  time 
iif  the  accident.  iHvau-e  a  rule  that  Mich 
evidence  is  ciim|tt'tent  wmild  iiepo^e  a 
jMiialty  upon  the  master  for  making 
Mii'h  repairs  and  chiiiLies,  would  con-ti- 
tute  them  u  eonfe>^-ii  ii  on  his  part  of  a 
prior  wronif.  and  would  thus  deter  him 
from  improvinf  his  machinery  nnd  his 
methcMls.  Such  evidence  is  al-o  inad 
mi--iiile  hi-iaii-e  it  his  no  h-L-K  iiii  ile 
tendency  to  prove  tint  the  inaihini  ry 
and  methixls  wer>'  not  rei-onally  safe 
nnd  siiilahle  fnr  use  in  the  cceidiict  of 
the  Im-ine^s  at  the  time  of  Ihe  acci- 
dent." 

The  doefrine  thus  laid  ilnwii  has  also 
Is'Cii  approved  in  the  fnlliiw  iiiu'  ei-i>s: 
ll'ivl  V,  l.'i>iriisl,ir,-  if  y.  I'.  <'".  I  H'i'.M 
21  I..  T.  N.  S.  2til  :  1'</i/«iM.  7.  d  N.  /■'. 
/.'.  <•'/.  V.  I'.irhr  (l.siKl)  .-i  C.  C.  A.  220. 
12  U.  S.  App.  132.  ^t't  Ted.  505 :  .V«rri> 
V.  .MUt\  S.  K.  C„.  nSbO)  .17  I'ed.  120; 
r<i!-,iiiiln  r.lrolric  C'l.  V.  I.uhhrr.t  (ISSS) 
II  Colo.  .">ii.">.  7  Am.  ^t.  I!ep.  2i).'>,  III  I'ac. 
•17!l;  M'Jiris  v.  Ilpiic/irv/rr  Itepmlinij 
■Iri.is  Co.  (I!ll>n  73  Conn.  liSO.  4',t  .Ml. 
ISO;  11  c//rr  W'lqnn  Co.  v.  Krhl  (IH!)]) 
-to  III.  App.  ."iS.'i;  Chiritno  <(•  K.  It.  <'„.  y. 
/.cr  (ISII7)  17  Ind.  App.  21.'J,  AC,  N.  K. 
i-.i:);  Ihirlir  v.  .1  (c/iw.n.  T.  if  R.  /'.  It. 
Co.  (lS!P.-i)  art  Kan  2.-|0.  .IS  Pac.  77S; 
St.  Lniiis  i  .S.  F.  it.  Co.  v.  ir<'/r.r 
(188(1)  35  Kan.  412.  II  Pac.  40S.  ".7 
Am.  Hep.  170:  Mi  ')'.,,  K.  i(  7'.  /.'.  '". 
V.  Xoviiij  (I8l'i;)  4  Kan.  .\pp.  2l!i.  I.'j 
Pac.  ni;:t;  Chrmkcr  ,{  /',  Cont  A  \li„.  Co. 
v.llrillon  (ISIUI)  3  Kan.  App.  2!I2.  4.'> 
Pac.  100;  Itarii,  V.  V.  ic  Ynrh.  .V.  //.  ■'■ 
//.  /••.  Co.  (ISII7)  108  Mass.  470.  47  S'. 
K.  4i«:  />.>-h.  7  V.  ,VM.-;rr  '■  )^n-2)  \r.: 
Mass.  418.  ,32  N.  K.  O')!';  Ilip^lof  v.  Kmi- 
ma  Cilv.  at.  J.  it-  C.  U.  It.  Co.  (1H8,-.) 
88  Mo.  348;  ^fccrn  v.  Chicago  £  A.  H. 


1'     , 


il 


■  m 

11. 


niii 


MAHTKU  AND  SKUVA.VT. 


[ca4 


[HiilHi' 


ii 


Jjon*  had  ca„«od  .»  mjurv  U  .dn,i«ible  /or  U.«  p,.r,M«,.  ..f 
ing  w'h.a  .,>nl.J  h«vo  1h.,„  ,lone  to  prevent  tl.o  c-Hmuillv.* 

•M  H.bif«l  oour..  of  conduct.-  Kvi.lnK..  thai  an  o„„.|,.v. 
bittially  purH.iwJ  a  cvrUiin  co„r^  of  action  or  boluivwl  i„  a  V, 
W'Y  .H  not  n(l,ni«Hil,|o  for  tl.o  purp.«e  of  .Lowing  what  Im  a-i 
did  lit  tl,*«  iiiii.>  of  tho  iic-i.iont.' 

826  Employer!  iniunng  himself  tgainit  iaJurtM  to  lerTtnti- 
fn^-t  that  tho  dofendnnt  had  taken  out  «  pr.Iicv  of  in..,nan-,.\ 
«vur,..|  h„„  an  in.l.nn.itj  for  nud.  cn,„,v.nKntio„  n,  ho  midit  Ik- 
poll..!  to  pa.v  V.  injurcHl  Honant.  i.  ..a  con.,K.t«nt  cid.,,,.  i 
action  i,v  ,.„,.  o(  thos,.  .sonant*.  Tho  fact  of  tho  in.^unuMv  ...n 
.ihl.v  trn,.  to  \o..-n  tho  Hfr..n.^th  of  Ms  nu.f.ivo.  for  Imin^.  «,n  lul 
tho  qnjvtu.n  ni  not  how  nnu-h  or  ho«  li,,tIo  n.otiv.  fho  dof,,..!,,;, 
for  iH.M...  ..,.,n.fnl.  but  xvh..|h..r  ho  did  in    ■..•  oxoroiso  pn.r„.r  ,• 

Ii.it   h..  a.  ,  „v.,o„  of  ,.vi.l,.n. f  a  oonvo..  .i,  „  M,,..„„  „„'    , „• 

and  d,.l,.n.la.it,  u.  «|,i,.h  rofomnco  was  nn.do  bv  tho  lattor  to  h,, 
Hu.f  ho  was  MHur..,I  ;,p,i.,-»  a,vidont.  will  u„t'u.  „,,,„..l,,|  „,  .,, 
dinal  orror,  uhoro  tho  trial  jud-o  o.xpro.sly  8fat,.d  that  thi*  fa.t 

60;i.  J.'  S  \\  rw  o">,,,,i  V  /'•;,.-  I  '  1,'""  "  "l'l"na  1..IVU,.,,  .,,.,„„ 
<;<'"„   .J     V.     r.     UArr/  To.   v.   Ch.lUc,    |)  v   ''O,     , !.  v'  v    i""    """'"   ^* 

(limn,  -m  Va.  (ij.  :u  s.  H  OTtP  A-m./.^       ti,  ,    .  ,;    "''I'  '^"'■ 

Wi../-/  V.   11,11    (IHH7)    1,1    On,      l!.»     J'    1?  liffivi,..-   il,;,|    .,m    pot,, 

r«*^^.  ,is!MM  «  Can.  Kx..h.  .is;.  imu  '        ""•  ^'*    -^I'l'  •■'*■  2^  «■ 

Rith.r    a    .l.^ir,.    to    r.m.Mlv  ,|,.  ,.,.,s  «.,    fall  Vi  Mm  T'"" ''"' 

they  .,.,.o„,e  „,,,,ar..nt.  than  "that  th.-  L    1 1, "  Jri,'"!,",';;;!':!  '"'  ",''' 

fees    hi.      hi-fcii.    lK.pii     annir.i.t       //..  .  I>"-"ii    H    iMliitii  i!!y  raivl,- 

poltr  V.    (Vo.,  ,/!:,„    />  V   Co         SSO)    6    r /•■;"'"■'""    »",-''''li^t'   I-  1-1 

.Th..  AUnnr...,.:  oa,.  ,i.^l  „t  the  In-sin-  ^oi::7l,V'::ul'ltT!  "''"""  ^ 
n.r.!.  of  ,„i.  not..  ov..„  ,|.^  tho  thnrlol-    ,.'»,  I  haV       ,,    o      .1 ! i,',  'r     '  """" 

nsVT)  2;:  Minn.  27.1:  hr^^^l^luuZ       .!     ..ui  r'hl '^  "'"I^Vm  "'1''''' V ' 

ine     insui.it in:;      'iilist.i npc      had      bwn  Chicno    I'    I     «.    P    »    /^«     dnm 

bum.,1    O.I    V    Ii,.h,„.ns    wa.   not  put  leva,   "ifl    84  V    \V    lO-,?' 
into  a  safe  portion  until  after  the  plain-        ■  ,v,  ,  Ir    y     j      ii     fj,    , ,  ., 

fiiriia.i  r....ivo.l  a  shook.  '  ,,«,,-.   '.Jiv      .;..'',.' ";■,''''.:;''"' J 

^^ni.•M<•p    tliat    a     conductor    was    a  nltvlu,„l,n.,fm'<.ru,''r i.« 

rnr..f„,  „.an.  and   had    lon^  l.oen   in   tho  Tex.  Vi  .    ,      7  V    "     ,'     .„ 

-n.,(M,u..u.  emp  oy  of    ,   railroad,  i,  not  ...s.  .i,..d    ,  •,.♦■•>  ^l.,,      '■  "' '  ' 
r.I-vant  upon  l!i«  qiu-tion  a.*  to  wheth  "'       '     ' 


;i  :   1 


II  »r,  »i9] 


EVIDK.NCK. 


not  w»" 


jM-Unt  to  ihow  an  mlinis 


i^pt'atrd  tliia  rtttUMm-nt,  ui 


t2SI 

f  lii»l)ilif.v,  ami  in  hi*  charge 
d  tolil  lliH  jiirv  that  it  wM  for  llwiii  U» 


smn  i> 


lliuut  any  regard  to  this  fact,  wh.'thcr  tl«»  c.iivorsalion  im 


portod  ouch  an  ttdniissU'n.- 

827.  ModeU  and  photoyiaphi. —  Whore  a  nia.liiin'  i«  w't  >M>  >»  o""rt 
for  tho  luu-pus..  of  enahling  the  jury  bctl.-r  w  un.l.-r.taiid  how  tiip 
accid.nt  hapiM>HPd,  and  tho  phiintiff  dosin-s  to  sliow  soiu.-thii.^'  .-Uo 
ihrousli  itH  operation,  u  riMiu.'^t  nhoiiid  tir>.  l>o  iimd.'  to  llio  pnn^id.ng 
imii;o  Til.'  d.'fondant  .sh(.tild  havo  an  opport unity  t4.  ..l,j,rt  tf>  thii 
aJditiunal  uso,  as  well  m  an  opportunity  K.  tost  tho  ovid.-ti.u.  thu* 
prudiK'^vl,  and  tho  pxiHjriniont  should  U-  inadr  uiuhr  lh.«  supervision 
„f  till-  pi-sidiuK  judf?o.  If  tho  «x|wrimciit  is  inado  boforc  Um  ohjoc- 
lif.ns  of  tho  defendant  havo  Ixhmi  hoanl,  aii.l  in  tho  pro..nco  of  th« 
jury  only,  tho  pn-idinj.'  jnd^c  not  boin^  ii»f..riiiod  of  what  is  being 
■lon'o,  till   'nidrncr  pi-oduecd  may  l>o  nilod  out.' 

ri'io  fact  Uiat  a  photograph  of  tho  pin.-o  whoro  a  brakoman  waa  in- 
,nmi  did  not  cont^iin  a  ►.ot  of  !xm\u\  rails,  nmov-d  ^inco  th.-  uccidont. 
Is  admii^-ihle  to  show  tho  wmdition  of  tho  phi.*  whore  the  accidont 
,-<-urred,  and  tho  manii  r  in  \vlii<-h  it  hnpponod.' 

828.  Beit  and  secondary  evidence.— Wh.-ro  if  i><  a  (puMtion  \\iiothpr 
,  ,«oniplovo.  for  whost;  ii.'>?lif:oucx«  a  .statute  niakos  the  inastor  -  non- 
-iblo  viohitod  a  rulo.  parol  pr.K>f  that  tho  :.ia^tor's  nilo.  r.-,  •  .  tho 
perfomianco  of  th.^  act  which  tho  on.ployon  h  alh-o,!  to  havo  oniitto.l 
is  admi^Hil.lo,  wli<  ro  H   docs  nut  appear  that  thore  is  any  lioltoi-  ovi 

.IciK'o  of  such  rulos.* 

829.  Statements,  admissions,  and  declarations.—  !/.  Ji'i  i>lhrr  cmphu 
,,,_!„  tli.>  st.hjoinod  note  are  e..llerfed  a  nuniKer  of  d.iMsi,,ns  illus- 
tnitivo  of  tho  circu-nstanees  under  whieh  the  «tatenu-nt.s  adn.is.sions, 
,nA  doclnration^  of  einidoyoes  lune  he.n   ntlinn.d  or  denied  t/i  U^ 
.•mnpctent  ovidenco  in  ae  ions  aijniiisl  empl.'ver^.' 

'ir.Mfcrr   V     /"»■«    r.    //.   ro.    ,1901)     1..  foro  th.-  ncoi,l.-nt.  and   in  tlu-  .Wno^ 

ilSi'M    41    Minn     IC'     12  N.   W.   Sti:t.        ...I.nissil,!..    to    -\u.^K■    tli.it    the    ...minis 

hv  a  srvvnnt  f..r  iniuii.'s  sMstnim-d  from    d.t.on     "»  //"■     I';':     '.J^  ,-    ,,  •■    r.!0 
doMivo   -...irul.li.,«.   „   oonve.     tio,.  l.«-    '   ^^«.  ' ''''^' '    f^* ''''.'.iy  nr'''     ,;,  i     ., 

that  earl,  h:..'   iioti.-.<  of  tlio  con.t.!     .:,  „!     „lo.v.nIu,   «(v     ..-rurr    ■  ■  J^^'^^    ^^  ^-^    .^ 

(lie  I'OiTi  in  » 
.nd  tli.1t. 


i!ii-  si';in'ol(!iii._.,  i<    iiilini.'silili' 
Kiirh  nntioo.     Iiinthi  v.   Aor« 
J7t  Mn-s.    W7.  ->»  N'    f:.  S7 
Wlicre    plaiiil  If    Wiis     ' 


■  fiiuUnt     rii'    aiit 


'i 


MASTKR  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap. 


Wk^ 


;  I 


•!■ } 


Where  the  complaint  in  an  action  for  causing  the  death  of 
vant  contains  no  aUogation  that  the  defendant  was  negligent 


•notbcT  rmployw  hnd  had  a  convorsa- 
tion  with  the  (jefcndant's  foreman  about 
its  dcfoots  a  few  hours  bofiirc  tlie  iicci- 
dcnt,  rM]uirp8  Huliinisnion  to  the  jury  of 
the  question  of  the  dofeetivo  condition 
of  the  jack,  and  of  defendant's  l<n<iwl- 
edge  thereof.  Missouri,  K.  A  T.  It.  Co. 
V.  i'oung  (1890)  4  Kan.  App.  219,  45 
P«c.  fHa. 

In  Chapman  v.  Erie  R.  Co.  (1874)  5.^ 
N.  Y.  67!»,  it  was  objected  that  the  trial 
court  had  erred    in    adniittinj;    in    evi- 
dence a  deolar.ntion   by  the  defendant's 
•uperintendent  that  he  had  heard  that 
the  ne{;lipent  wrvant  had  been  "off  on  a 
■pree.  drinkin?;"  that   the   ser\ant  did 
not  deny  it,  and  that  the  superintendent 
reprinmndeil   him   for  it.     The  oourt  of 
appeals,    however,    said:     "A.s    evidence 
of  the  fart  of  the  habit  of  drinkinff,  it 
[the  deelar;iti(m1    was    not    admissible, 
within  the  ^.'ciiiral  rule,  that  the  decla- 
rations of  !iii   ii^'ciit  will  not  bind  the 
principal  unIi>N  made  at  the  time  of  do- 
ing   simie    ail    witliin    the  scope  of  the 
agencv.  jnd   which   in   fact  constitutes  a 
part  of  the  act    il-elf    (  hiiby  v.   Ilii'lsim 
Hirer  It.  (V.  [is-.si   17  \.  Y.  ni:  /■■,>,.( 
Unplist  ('^•■ir,-}i  V.  Ilnitihli/n  F.  Ins    Co 
[18(;,T1    2S   N.    V.    l.Vt).     Hut   we  think 
this  evich-nie    was    competent    to  prove 
noLin-    III     I'i-k      [the     sii        intendent]. 
Other  ni'li!i<f   u.n  prculii  ,  ,1   that   .\lli- 
Bonjtlie  !ic;.'iii;(Mit  servant]    was  in   t)ie 
habit  of  drinki?!};  to  excess,  and  the  re- 
mark, if  it  li^d   reference  to  such  habit, 
w.xs  (jcrtinent   to  I'stalilish  (hat  he  knew 
it.      It  wonid  be  ciniipitt-nt  to  prove  that 
a  third  [XT^i.n  dild  biin  of  it:  and  it   is 
more   sati-f.ictcrv   to  e-itabli«h   the   fact 
that  lie  acltiiitlcij  such  knoHliiljre  at  the 
time.      It   i-i  e\  iili  nee  of  a  material  fact. 
An   ailinis..ion    ^flerward     that    he    had 
known  I  he  fnct  would  stand  upon  a  dif- 
ferent   fixilinj;.      It    is    not    error   to    re- 
ceive cviiience,  if  competent  for  any  pur 
pos<'." 

In  a  case  wliere  (he  injury  was  caused 
by  the  fall  of  a  bank  of  gravel  which  the 
servant  was  ns~is(inff  to  excava(e.  it  is 
not  en  or  to  permit  a  witness  to  testify 
that  the  foreman,  at  the  moment  when 
the  ncci^Ient  occurred,  uttered  an  excla- 
mation which  indicated  his  knovvh'df.'^ 
of  the  dangerous  condition  of  the  bank. 
and  his  apprehension  that  it  might  fall. 
KIMne  v.  \ntir.v.nl  CHj/  4  n  ft  Co 
(1893)  100  Cal.  282,  38  Am.  StRep! 
290,  34  Pac.  720. 


Admissions  or  statements  of  (hp 
eral  manager  of  a  railrcKid  e..i„| 
made  directly  after  an  aceiil.in.  ' 
the  conilition  of  a  road,  while  l,,. 
the  line  of  his  duty  and  upon  lui,,^ 
formed  by  an  agent  of  the  ro.id  ef 
wreck,  are  admissible,  both  as  slio' 
knowledge  of  the  cor|K)ration  a-,  lo 
improjier  con -t ruction  and  condiiid 
the  road  before  the  accident,  and 
Ijecause  it  is  his  business,  ba  the  < 
c<70  of  the  company,  to  know  the  r. 
tion  of  the  road,  and  what  lie  snv< 
der  such  circumstances  is  saiil  (/»',„ 
ret  optis.  Kroffff  v.  .Ml<t„ii,  ,(  if  /■ 
Co.  (1886)  77  Ga.  202,  4  Am.  .st  1 
79. 

(b)  Held  not  admissible.  —  Decli 
tions  of  an  agent  of  the  master,  n: 
after  an  accident,  will  not  bind  the  n 
ler  unless  they  are  of  siieh  i  <hanii 
as  to  show  that  he  had  previum  Vu> 
edge  of  the  defect  in  the  niaeliii,, 
llahrr  v.  Allrnhrnti  Vnllrti  It.  Cu  us 
!>5  Pa.  211,  40  Am.  I!ep.  c.ii. 

A  declaration  of  def<'nil;iiil'*  nviil  i, 
ti-r  some  days  after  an  ai  li.leni,  il,;it 
•section  foreman  whose  ne^'liLreiev  r;iii 
the  plaintiff's  injury  was  im  ciiii|,  t, 
is  not  atlmissible  as"  cviileme  l.>  eh  i 
the  company  with  knowled-e  ,.f  <ii,|i 
competency.  Mclh-nunil  v.  Ihni.nM 
St.  J.  It.  Co.  (1881)  73  Mo.  .1 1 7.  :i'i  \ 
Rep.  526. 

.Stat  inents  of  1  •  eniplovees  i.(  m  le 
ing  company  as  to  how  amillier  emplcn 
lost  his  life  are  inailnii->il.h'  in  m;  ■ 
tion  for  his  death,  unle-s  tliev  w( 
made  immediately  after  and  at  t 
place  of  the  killing.  I.r.riinihin  ,f  C. 
l/iii.  Co.  V.  Huffman  (18!lo)  17  Kv. 
Hep.  775,  32  S.  \V.  CH. 

Statements  of  a  conductor  relating 
a  collision,  an  hour  after  its  iHiiiniii. 
are  inndmissible  as  n-i  »;.  v/ir.  \V/i/o 
»f  C.  It.  Co.  V.  Suffolk  l.umh.r  ( 
(1890)   9-2  Va.  413,  23  S.  K.  7.;7. 

The  declarations  of  an  eni|ihp\.i'  ef 
railro.id  company,  charged  wiih  ll 
duly  of  keeping  the  briil^'ei  mi.)  iri'-lh 
in  proper  repair,  with  refen me  to  a 
iiceident  to  an  employcv  iiinlir  him.  tm 
constituting  part  of  the  ns  n.yhr.  ;,i 
not  admissible  ag!)in  '  the  inrn|i:iM; 
ilarrick  v.  Florida  C.  <t  I'.  K.  (;n\m 
">3  S.  r.  448,  31  S.  K.  ,134. 

A  ilei-hiratinn  of  the  penfr.il  iiipprii 
tendent  of  a  railway,  that  the  fi.iuti 
conductor     who     waa     alleged    to   Imv 


i  829] 


KVlDKNXli. 


228.1 


emploviiicnt  of  the  bcrvants  who  had  control  over  the  dewawd,  the 
Jeelarution  of  a  "t't^neral  boss,"  sinw  d(tvas(>(l,  that  ho  had  bcuMi  in 
the  employment  of  the  defendant  for  only  a  short  time,  and  did  not 
know  what  were  the  duties  of  the  injun-d  servant,  is  not  adiiiissiblo  as 
a  declaration  of  a  deceawid  af-ent.* 

b.  Uij  the  injured  servant  himself.— \\\  employet^'s  declarations  or 
statements  are  not  usually  admissible  in  his  own  behalf,'-"  tliougi* 
tJiey  may  be  so  when  made  as  part  of  the  res  gcsla;.^ 


caiupd  Viy  his  negligence  the  death  of 
nlaintiirs  decedent,  and  who  had  beoji 
iniploved  by  the  superintendent  himself, 
had  disobeyed  orders,  is  ina.hmssible 
where  it  was  maile  the  day  afl<T  the  ni.- 
cidcnt.  Huntingdon  d-  U.  T.  Mutnilain 
K.  i  Coal  Co.  V.  Decker  (1870)   82  I'a. 

123 

\  J.clarat ion  of  a  car  repairer  that 
he  knew  of  the  def.n'tive  eoiulition  of  the 
(at  which  caused  the  injuiT  is  not  ad- 
missil.le,  unless  it  was  i:iade  while  lie 
was  engaged  in  the  perforiiiaiin"  ot  Ins 
duty  as  repairer,  and  had  relatum  to 
the  subject-matter  in  his  charge.  A 
declaration  that  he  knew  the  car  was 
in  bad  order  is  not  admissible,  wbcre  it 
was  made  while  he  was  in  the  |M.sition 
of  a  mere  »iK>etator  apiM-anii^t  at  the 
scene  of  the  catastrophe  some  imnutes 
after  it  had  oceurr.sl.  Verry  v.  Hiir 
Ihgtvv,  C.  R.  «t  .M.  It.  Co.  (1877)  47 
Iowa,  549.  .  .   ,      , 

The  diilarations  of  the  supiTinteiitl- 
ent  of  a  corporatimi.  made  several  days 
after  the  o(«iirrcin;e  of  an  acilMeiit  by 
the  briMkiiij!  of  an  appliance  and  away 
from  the  pla<v  of  l>ii-in.>-.  thai  the  aj»_ 
|.li;ini'e  had  iM^en  coiicbimnMl  and  slioiild 
not  have  bi'en  "s,.d,  is  n<)t  a(lnii^sil)le  in 
an  action  for  p»-is»nal  injuri.-s  af.Mnist 
the  coriHiratien.  Cihirxun  v.  I'lilttrnan 
Slilh  CO.  (18i)fl)  174  Pa.  -.mt,  34  Atl. 
5fi3.  .     ^ 

In  an  action  by  a  brakonian  against 
a  railroad  company  to  recover  for  a  per- 
sonal injury,  where  it  is  shown  a.s  a  de- 
fense that  at  the  time  of  the  injury 
plaintifT  waa  not  in  the  place  require(l 
by  a  rule  of  the  company,  testimony  of 
the  division  superintendent  that  he 
would  disoharce  any  em]doyi-<'  who  pt-r- 
«istcntly  violated  such  rule  to  his  knowl- 
edge is"  not  a  statement  of  fact,  and  is 
incompetent  to  disprove  a  waiver  of  the 
rule  bv  the  company.  Tu/fi.<i  v.  /..lAe 
Krie  ,(n-.  II.  Co.  ( 1001 )  44  C.  C.  A.  5it7, 
105  Fed.  u.'jI. 

As  to  matters  of  mere  opinion,  a  mas- 
ter \»  not  bound  by  the  declarations  of 


his  foreman  in  regard  to  the  cause  of  an 
accident  to  a  servant  under  his  onl.rs. 
Accordingly,  in  an  action  for  pergonal 
injuries  siistaineil  by  a  boy  b(tw<-<>n 
eighteen  and  niiietivn  years  old,  in  the 
defemlanl's  mill,  the  plaintilf,  after  t<«- 
titying  that  bo  told  the  foreman  imme- 
diately wftir  the  accident  tli;it  it  was 
caused  by  a  niailiine  at  wliicli  he  was  set 
to  work' by  llie  snb  foreman,  cannot  ba 
jierinitted  "to  testify  that  the  for.inan 
then  said  to  the  plaint ilf  that  it  was 
ju-t  like  the  sub- foreman  to  set  biiii  at 
work  at  a  <lan^iioMs  iniihinc  be  did  not 
know  aiivthini;  alKiut.  I.iixiritz  V. 
\„n'rl<(in'  /.iil'i'iili!  Co.  (181)1)  154 
Mass.  :iS_>.  -JH   N.   !■:.  2!U. 

Kviiieiui'  thit  di-frndant's  fonnian 
sttttiMl  after  the  injuriiw  fi  r  wliiiii  ~nit 
is  brought,  alleged  to  have  re-iilted 
from  a  broken  window,  that  he  oiijlit 
not  to  have  allowed  (laintill'  to  go  wliero 
he  dill  while  the  win. low  was  bioUen, 
and  that  he  told  dcfciidaiit's  pr.-ident 
ft  wt'j'k  bi  fore  that  the  window  was 
broken  and  ought  to  Ix-  lixe.l,  is  iiKinn- 
p<-tent.  I'ishir  v.  Suhiaii  Iron  Hnainel 
<-o.   (180.'))   00  111.  App.  503. 

'Smith  V.  Ilihh  Mf'l.  Co.  (1000)  112 
Ga.  OHO.  37  S.  K.  801. 

"a  Neitlier  a  reiwrt  by  the  plainlifT 
himself,  staling  the  manner  in  whi>li  bia 
injuries  were  reieived.  such  report  be- 
ing submitted  in  compliincc  with  a  rule, 
nor  his  U'tters  i--.  wbiiii  be  made  a  il.iim 
for  damages,  are  ailini>-ilile  as  evi.linco 
in  his  own  f.ivor.  Ili'ininl  v.  .s'.n  .i/i,i«A, 
/■'.  if  W.  II.  Co.  (IH'.MI)  S4  G.i.  711,  11 
S.  K.  V>-2. 

The  admission  of  pli  ml  ill's  state 
nieiits  whiih  wen-  m.ide  to  a  fdliiw  -irv- 
ant  who  b.ol  direction  of  the  work  as 
agent  of  the  pri-iipal.  as  to  how  llie  in- 
jury lomplaiiHsl  of  was  rr'eiived,  and 
which  were  con-.niunicated  on  the  under- 
standing that  tbey  should  not  be  repeat- 
ed to  the  principal,-"  is  |>rejudicial  er- 
ror, ililrit  V.  fhiingn.  /'.  /.  d  I'.  U-  Co. 
(1H9S)  70  Mo.  App.  4S4. 
•  A  statement  by  an  employee  of  a  rail- 


m^   \ 


1i 


2284 


AIASTKU  AND  SKUVANT. 


[CUAI' 


Jill 


e.  By  the  employer.— T\,e  general  rule  allowing  proof  of  „ 
^nsaga.nst  interest  entitles  an  e.nplo^ee  to  put  ia  evidence  th. 
plover  s  udniissions  against  himself  * 

830.  Opinions  a,  evidence.- a.  Not  a,l.ni..ihlc.~K  .,,\U,,,.„, 
doctnne  as  to  the  admissibility  of  evidence  is  that  a  witness^ 
state  iaets,  and  not  opinions.'     As  applied  to  that  particular  d  J 


roarl  conipnny.  nin  over  and  killed  while 
ummi|>lii,;r  ears,  made  to  liis  brother, 
While  still  iiii.l-r  the  ear,  as  to  theoaiixe 
and  iiianmr  of  the  injury,  is  adnii,sihlo 
ns  |):iit  of  the  ria  gcsuv.  In  an  H.tion  liy 
his  adnunistnitor  for  damases.  Little 
Jiocl.-.  M.  /...  rf  T.  It.  Co.  V.  LenrHI 
<l«^,ii)   4S  .Uk.  333.  3  Am.  St.  Kep.  230, 

•.Vd-ni-sions  made  hy  defendint  to 
«eveial  m-i  sons  on  different  occasions,  to 
the  effect  th.t  lie  knew  of  the  existence 
of  a  lisMir..  in  a  sli,ift  before  plaintilt 
went  down,  and  knew  It  was  dan-rrous 
but  thought  It  would  hold  until  the 
work  >y:is  done,  are  .xuiricient  evidence 
to  jiislrfv  Kiihn.iltin;;  the  question  of  his 
nevli-.iice  to  the  jury.  Strahleiidorf v. 
li<.»,nll,ul   (1872)    30  Wis.  074 

•«/ir,,,,o     (,-.     IV.     n.     to.    V     Price 
(18'Ji))   ;i3  C.  C.  A.  23!t.  97  Fed.  423. 

It  Is  not  error  for  the  court  to  re- 
fii-e  to  allow  a  witness  to  bo  asked 
whether  a  rcrtain  danger  was  one  of  the 
risks  of  the  service  assuiiiod  bv  the 
plaintiff.  .1/^;,,  lAme  £  Ccnenl  Co  v 
Cain;,    (IH'IJ)    (7    111.  .\p,,    343 

A  uitiic^H  should  nr*  he  allowed  to 
state  his  „,„,||,.„  ,1^  ^„  whether  a  crib 
or  parlilioji  in  v.<,\  stor.i-e  hi„s  wjs  or 
was  not  sjfe.  Ihiri.'.  v.  \fir  ),,,/.■  /,  /• 
rf  l'-.  If.  (■  i  is:;.!)  (i!)  iiu„.  i74.'2:i'  \.' 
Y.  Supp.  ."{."S. 

U'lie  sUiiieic  iiey  cf  a  rule  ig  not  a  mat- 
ter as  to  win.l,  a  witness  i-,.,i  (..x.,!,  „ 
«n  opinion.  Snnj  v.  ''  ,■  >o)/..  (t  rf 
IV.  U.  Ct>.  (lS!:(t)  55  '  .11,  012.  9  NY 
Supp.    1  r)3. 

A  witiifss  rnnnot  pive  his  opinion  as 
to  whether  there  was  lime  for  an  en-i 
neer  to  sijriial  the  approach  of  a  tiahi. 
and  whether,  if  he  hid  driven  the  signal, 
the  deceased  could  liavH  escnped  iK-in-' 
run  down,  huuily  v.  Georqta  I!  Co 
(ISni)  88  Ga.  720,  10  S.  K.  62.  Nor 
M  to  whether  a  certain  person  w!io  did 
not  hear  any  »i<^al  from  an  opproacli- 
InR  train  could  have  heard  it  if  it  had 
been  piven.     Kskridgc  v.  Cincinnati,  .V 

niVJ: '"'■'''''' '''''■'"'■ 

A  witness,  not  an  expert,  cannot  gi»e 
»n  opioioD  aa  to  whether  ft  train  could 


liave  been  stopped  in  time  to  h.ive  n 
ed  the  accident  if  it  Lad  been  n,', 
slower.  I)il,rntilir,ii(il  ,f  (j  \  ,,  , 
hurhn   (1803)   2  Ta-c.  Civ.  App 'm 

The  question.  "If  the  en^'in.vr 
paid  attention  to  the  sij;,ials  „hieh 
Kiven  him,  and  stopped  the  tr,,i„.„ 
this  man  have  been  killedv"  is  „ 
lionahle.  Kendrick  v.  Cnlral  /,'  ,( 
Vo.  (Ifi!i2)  80  Oa.  782,  15  .S.  K '  "- 

A  witness  cannot  give  his  cencjij 
or  opinion  as  to  candessness  cf  ui 
ployee,  when  it  ia  an  issue  in  the  , 
oi'i'Z-i^"'''  '"'"•  ('"■   ('««»)   1!»  I 

«*.•  i-  "■  '"■  O^**"'   5  iJak.  5^3, 
U.  A.3ti3,4I  N.  \\.758:  .Mo.,,,.,  ,r, 

l.il.  S(.  N.  W.  2!i7:  .IfcA..„i  v.  /(„,; 

S?-^^.^,^:^°- '•'*««' ^^'^ 

A  witness  cannot  be  a.skcd  whet  In 
certain  tiuin  was  haeke.l  caieiullv 
the  occasion  of  an  accident.  Cn.ti'a 
rf  tf/.ff  Co.  V.  Uylcs  (1880)  84  Ga.  i 
11   a.   K.  409. 

A  plainllir,  whether  testifvin-  an 
ex()ert  or  not,  should  not  be  p.Tiiiii 
to  give  an  opinion  as  to  the  pi(i|.ii,.|v 
bis  own  conduct  at  the  time  «l„.,i"i 
injury    was    received.     Hinls:,,,   v    t! 

/.'"'':  "•  <^°-    •'«!'•»    «•■>  <ia.  2113',  11 
h.   00;>. 

A  servant  cannot  be  all.nv.'d  to  tost 
tli.it  1.,.  di,I  ,,  ,...|tain  act  e..iiii„i„ 
Vii:,/,,  1,1  V.  Siir.iinii!'.  (1.  ,(■  V  ,v  li  ( 
llf^ill)    87  (la.  374.  14   S.   i:.  4,Vi. 

-\ll    opillieli    us    to    the    eiMiip,i,.hy 
^kill  of  an   einplo.v,^.  should   i,ut  1,,^  :, 
nulled.      .S7„//   V.    />../,/    Mi,.,    (■„     (H'l 
lit    llah,    271,    57    I'ac.    21i,-):    /;„/;. r 
'•Aice.f/o.  It.  ,(  Q,  II.  Co,   ,  i>j;,;()  g-  |„„ 
•.iOO.  54  N.  W.  208. 

Opinion  testimony  n.s  to  the  conip 
tency  of  a  M!oli>rniaii  is  11, ,t  |,criiii"')!i 
but  such  fact  should  bo  estaldislH.l  t 
showi-ig  his  ex|HMiinee  is  a  iii..|«riiii 
and  his  oppoit unity  for  f,iniiliaii/ir 
himself  with  the  work  and  Iwaiiiii-  tl 
method  of  iv,rf.>viH:Ui--e.  Lm. ',■!:: un  • 
Southern  Ulnlrir  It.  Co.  (IHIH)  U 
Mo.  457,  4i  S.  \V.  835.  following  Boeti 


,M«]  KV.I.KSCK.  ««• 

tion  of  opinions  which  is  fM-diiiarily  spokon  of  as  expert,  testimony, 
tliis  doctrint"  ti.k.-s  sud.  f.  ...^  m>  th.>s.>:— that  Mu-h  tfsti.nony  is  not 
admissiblo  as  to  matters  witiiin  ilic  ..xporionc«  or  knowhul-o  of  por- 
.011*  of  onlinarv  information;-  lliat  tlic  ..pinion  of  an  cxpori  v-'io 
noitlior  knows  ilor  ran  know  more  aho.it  llic  Milpjr.-t-mattfT  than  the 
jury.  an<i  who,  in  order  to  fonn  liia  opi.uon.  imisi  <iraw  his  drdnctions 
trniii'  fa.-ts  in  the  possession  of  or  a.v.--il.lo  t..  tlic  jury,  is  not  admis- 
sible;* lliat  the  question  whether  n  eeriMin  :..■!  or  oini-sinii  iinporto.1 
nc-li'MiK-e  iindrr  the  piven  eircumslaiicos  is  imt  one  which  can  he 
,Jcnnined  hv  ..xpert  testimony.-'  In  the  suhjoincd  decisions  this 
.ioctrine  was  applied  undcT  one  or  other  of  the  a-pects  indicated  by 
the  pbras-'olofT-  cf  these  statements.  A  comp.iris..!;  ..f  these  decisions 
with  the  rnlin--  cf.lhvted  in  note  8,  i»ln,.  sliow-  ili;.-  the  authorities 
an*  far  from  heinjr  liarmonious." 


net  T  f!rhcrpe  A  K.  AnhilTliiral  Irnn 
Co.  (isnnt  130  Mo.  r.M,  38  S.  w.  2ns. 
At  tlip  trial  of  nn  iwlion  iiiiMiT  tlw 
Ma«Tliii«itl<  oniployr-''  li:i'>ilit,v  :)Pt 
(sw  cliiiptcr  XXWIT..  <:  itf).  for  (■■.xu-'Uvj 
the  (lo:itli  of  nn  cniployw.  aHiV''  ♦" 
have  hccn  dw  to  Hio  no:.'li^"-iiic  "if  ft 
person  in  tlio  <!.tVii(lriiit's  sorviro  in- 
tni>(i..l  with  "suiK'iiiitciKl.-ii.p."  ;i  fcl- 
Imv  i-iiil>li>voo  ciilinot  1"^  iw!;imI.  "IT:\vr 
vou  over  notimt  niiylliin.,'  with  rcjiird 
to  tlic  c!\Tf  or  the  iiK'tliiut  wtiirli  tho 
iupcrint.-nilcnt  ii-cl  in  lii-  woil<?"  nn.l, 
•IIiivo  vou  noticod  wlicttMT  or  not  the 
-iiwrinti'Milont.  in  .lir.-.'lin<,'  tlio  work 
111*  iiiiv  t<nil<ncv  oitlior  to  =how  '.Tfiit 
■iro  nr  to  rush    wnil<:"     OiDin    v.    V-.r 

\,.ri-  \.  n.  if  II.  n.  Co.  (iso«>   1:1 

Mn<'.   t17.  .".(>  X     I".    Ifl^l. 

It  l,.i«  l.c<'n  h.M  Hint  n  nnncxTH-rt  wii 
nn.,*.  :,ft|.r  stntiliL'  tlio  facta,   iniy   state 
111*  i.|.iiiion.  bii^^iHl    upon   sncli    f"-t«,   n-* 
tn  til"  health    ati.l    niont-il    eonil'tien    of 
!in    iiiiiinil    cniplinro.      I'nrr    v.     IHih- 

.,o„rf.f  n.  R.  C".  (1802)  38  s.  c.  mo, 

IT  S.  v..  7:1-2. 

Oiif'tions  with  rcffnrd  to  thn  sppen  of 
tniinx  are  not  ]>ropprly  of  a  sriontiflc 
nitnri^.  nor  ImvojkI  the"  coniix'tenev  of 
nrdiiiin-  witnev<,.>.  provided  they  have 
tlip  iii.iinK  aiMl  hnhits  of  observation. 
Drtrnit  if  If.  U.  fn.  V.  Vnn  Strhilniri) 
(IS'im  17  Vw\).  00:  '.Von.*  R.ipiih  rf  /. 
n.  Cn.  V.  Iluxlt'ii  (1878*  ,t8  Mich.  .540. 
ni  Am.  Itep.  .■i-21. 

T<--tiiro!iy  of  an  employee  Trhieh  does 
not  c-o  10  ii'Mlify  or  vary  a  nile.  but 
mpfilv  inHieatra  the  praetioa!  con'trui' 
tinn  plaecd  \i)ion  it  by  the  employees 
whom  it  eoiKviniil.  is  ndniissible  on  the 
question  whetliei  a  certain  employee  had 


the  aiitlioiilv  to  ih>  a  rertain  aet.  (Iiilf. 
C  .(■  .V  F.'U.  To.  V.  rirrrc  (IWOIl  7 
T.x.  Civ.  .\pp.  .-.07  'J.'.  S.  \V.  Hl.-i2.  .\f 
tinned   ill    (ISO),    S7  T.'\.  114.  -27  S.  W. 


«Ih 


ri-irji 

lillilui' 


iiirMiiipfli'iH-y  was 
iiiy  '■  'I  a  switch 
111-  o'      lutlici  train 


eiicd  in  note  5. 
Viiii-.ii  (loooi  03 
''oii(  Co. 


lit)    I  liral-ciiiaii 

known  I"    the 

oi«"U.  and  1  lie  1 

was  in jureil  1 . 

See  also  the   case-^ 

tiifni. 

'  Siiifthrni  It.  Co.  v. 

Va.  (i02.  37  S.  K.  'JS.".. 

'  l.inri.sl.i    V.    i^ii.-iiii'  hiiiuia 
(lH03i     1.-.7   I'a.    l.-)3,   '27    All.   .^77. 

'  Itirit'J'ii^'      V.      Clinmllii-      Irni]      Co. 
(1S!IJ1   40  Minn.  511.  52  S.  \V.  130. 

\ii    ivpcii    -li.iil.l    Mil    I'.-  all(i"c.|   to 
,j\\,    '  i*   iii.itiii'n    as   to   wheiher  d-f'-iid- 

ant'~  road  was  prudent  iv  mnni'jed 
{l.oiih,illr  it  S.  K.  Co.  V.  Uall  IIHSS] 
SV  Ala.  7. IS,  I  I.,  l;.  A,  710,  l;j  An,  >t. 
Hop,  S4.  ()  So.  :277l  ;  n.ir  as  to  the  pro 
pricly  of  a  jriv.n  niclcod  of  o|.ciat  iir.; 
train-*  (•/I'/.f/  v.  /i<  o/.k/,-  <f  /(.  ,1/.  II. 
Co.  [ISSIl  .'ifi'lowa  .1411.  0  \.  \V,  SSI). 
A  witness  caniK,  be  allowed  to  ex- 
press an  opinion  a  i  to  whether  a  person 
eonhl  walk  safc'y  between  nn  oli-lriic- 
tion  and  i>  bui.dins  {Il-unic  r  v.  fioii- 
min.i  [180'Jl  133  Iml.  VS,  -2  \.  K. 
732)  :  nor  as  to  whether  tl  fcni'in.'  of 
a  railway  traeU  at  a  certain  jx.i  '1  vm  iiM 
endantrer  the  safety  of  the  einplnyis's 
( 7ofr(?'..  St.  L.  A  k.  C.  U.  Co.  v.  ./»</,■ 
.ton  [1892]  6  Ind.  App.  547,  32  N.  K 
703). 

Trainmen  cannot  be  permitted  to  tes 
lifv  that  a  (yrtnin  train  was  bein,". 
liandbMt  in  a  "earef!;!  ar  '  cautioii'*  niaii_ 
iier."  or  'carefn'tv  i-nd  raiitieiisly." 
Dl^yalt  V.  Houston,'  P.  i  W.  T.  R.  Co. 


'I  '  1 ''-ill 

ilm 


#,Hk 


I' 


•  -^  \m 


m 


!!ii^ 


■    ^    .  - 


X  -  I: 


■  4 

U, 

■  I    * 

ii 

1' 

22M 


AUMKK  AND  SKU\.\NT. 


Hi-:;', 

1   : 

[CUAP,   1 

b.  Admissihlr.— The  above-stated  doctrine  is  subject  to  an  cx^ 
tion  which  arises  out  of  the  noc-ssity  of  the  case,  and  which  i< 
hmly  estal.Iisho.1  nn<l  as  well  known  m  the  doctrine  itself  1 
exception  is  cn.hodiod  in  the  rule  that  the  opinion  of  witncs^scs  , 


(inOO)   22  JVx.  Civ.  App.  403,  55  S.  W. 
634. 

Kxpcrt  tostiiiiony  by  a  vnidniaster 
that  (III-  iiKiniicr  in  which  a  hiaki-iiiiiti 
eniplov,.,!  in  tlif'jard  lUtompU'd  to  make 
o  couplin;;  was  danp'roiis  and  iuipiop- 
er  IS  inailniissihlc,  iierse  v.  Northern 
P.  If.  Co.   (IHSH)    30  Fed.  487. 

A  hrajvpman  cannot  lie  nskod:    "What 
is  tiro   pro|Mr  way  to  cniiple  cars  when 
tiinlMT  piojittsr"  as  the  opinion  cailid 
for  d<^-H  not  p«Ttain  to  a  matter  of  KUill 
«cicnr/,  tra.le.  or  tl.o   like,   upon   which 
exptMts  are   permitted  to  pivo  opinions, 
but    nirrely    hears    upon     the     question 
whether  the  plaintilf  exercised  due  care 
Hnmilto,,  V.  Des  Moims   Valleu  R    Co 
(1872)    .-itt   Iowa,   31. 

A  witness  cannot  Iw  aske<i  to  state 
whether,  if  tlie  draw  heads  or  humpers 
of  cars  arc  properly  mitcliKl,  there  is 
dant'er  of  on.-  overridint;  the  other,  or 
crusliin<r  a  i-M^on  making'  a  oouplinj;. 
If  the  const riKt ion  of  the  cars,  the  posi- 
tion and  area  of  the  impin^rin-  surface 
of   the    huni|Mrs.    the  sjMvd    with    which 

J!"*  '■•'';'<  ' i"  ciitact.  and  the  i.osi- 

tion  of  the  hrakenian  while  makin;;  the 
cour>lin;;  aie  shown,  it  needs  no  especial 
skill  or  study  to  tell  what  dan^-er  he 
would  incur  hy  altemplinjr  to  make  the 
couplrn-  .\lul,l„i,„r,,  v.  Ulinoia  C  It 
Co.    {  I. ST.!)    :fli    lo>\a,   4tl2. 

fn  an  acii,,ii  fm-  damaj^es  for  the 
death  of  a  lirakeiiian  killed  hv  (he  sepa- 
ration of  the  tr.iiii  on  a  rid;;."-,  tli..  opin 
ion  of  an  expert  ,is  to  how  the  hrakes 
sh.Mihl  havehren  applied  is  iiiadini-sihle 
lliin.s  V.  rlii,;,,,,,.  M.  rf  .s,.  /'.  u  Co 
(ISSii)  no  loua.  4r.O,  58  Am.  Keo  -^k' 
30  X.  \V.  2.->.  " 

Wliethcr  a  locomotive  of  a  certain 
moihl  exhihited  to  the  jurv  can  l)e  s.ifely 
coupled  to  a  car  of  a  certain  ne.dc"' 
also  exhihitiMl  in  court,  is  not  a  question 
upon  which  expert  t.-stinu-ny  is  admissi- 
ve. a>  th,'  juiy.  when  thi-v  have  the  re 
ladon  of  the  \ari.;iis  parts  explain.-.!  to 
thiiu.  can  have  no  dillicultv  in  Icter 
minin;:  'he  extent  of  the  danL'ei-  incident 
to  couidm;;  them.  U.n/  v.  (Ilinois  r  I{ 
(o.    (IS7r>)    40   Iowa.   ;!4I. 

A  witness  cannot  he  asked  wh.-lher  it 
was  „„t  more  daii<re,,,iis  !,,  ,-ide  on  a 
cross  b.am  in  front  of  the  eiiyiii.-  than 
on  top  of  the  cars  (ll«r,/,„  v.  /.o,,/.,- 
fiJ/e   d   .V.   It.   Co.    [IS!)||    04     Ma     '77 


14    L.    R.    A.    552,    10    So.    o;^  . 
whether    it    was    piop,-r    to   ri.le  „n 
ladder    of   a    railway    car    t.luhmlu, 
Orcyitn  Short  l.iiir  II.  Co.  |Ism-)i    ii 
!M,  31   I'ac.  28.11.  ^         '  -' 

A   w^itm.ss    may    not  «ive   hi,  o,.l, 
that    It    IS    not    ii.ipi.,p..r,   .,r  .n,    ',.i 
ear.-h.ssm.ss.   for  a   l.i,.k,.„,a„   ,„  ,i; 
op  of  a   frei;;|,t   car   mil,   |,i,   |,„t  , 
the  sid.-.     /.oioMiV/,  ,(    \     /,.    ,.,    ,.    I 

\\-''7!lo"''"'  ^'  ^^-  '••  i'"|;.  ^S!,.  51 
In  a  suit  by  n  railioa,!  c„,,,l,.v,,. 
'".I'lries.  It  is  error  not  t„  cx,||„l,. 
IcsliMMmy  of  «i,n..,s..s  as  t„  „|,cii„. 
svyi  ch  wouhl  have  l«en  ,,,ir  uiil, 
without  a  li;;ht  thercdi,  (,„/,,,,„„ 
d  s,  I.  If,  ro.  V.  /;„,,/,,s./,  ,|,„||,.  j 
IV.  .\pp)  .50  s.  W.  ,;j,;,  ,,.i,„,ri 
Denied  in    (  IMOO)   59  ,'S.  \\ .  |i|.. 

An  exjx-rt  witne-s  e:inniit  ..|'ve  „* 
opinion,  that  the  kimi  of  hl,„|<  ,1... 
used  on  a  Irolh.v  r..ad  arc  ,„,(  .n'li 
to  insure  nasmahle  sif.lv  t„  the  c 
ploveos  opcralin;;  I h(-  cn,.»hciv  he  Ii 
point<M  out.  as  he  nii-ht  |.n,|..,|v  , 
ilei.ets  in  the  system  and  M|...M-t,;|  j 
provements.  and  there  is  niZ;,,,.  ||, 
the  system  is  us.-d  on  a  laix-  miiiil.,  r 
electric  roads,  and  is  c,.„,.,,,ih.  ,.,.,,,,, 
a  sullicient  protecti..n  to  tli.,.,'.  „,«■,.,. i, 
the  oars  thcivon.  It.  r„.  „  i;.,i„i,i  ir., 
hon  Co.  V.  /»/.s-,,  (1H!I8(  (!2  .V.  .1,  t,.  u 
72  ,\ni,  St.  l!ep.  (i,s.-).  4|  .\,|.  s:;; 
Where   one   employed    as   a    l„-ir„.r 

d(_-f.ii.lanfs  shops  was  cii-a-i'd,  t 'ii. 

with  a  fellow  servant,  in  nimiri"  a"  In, 
motive  tend.-r  hy  meaiis  of  fmu],  ],.n 
and.  on  plaintiir's  eoiiipanicn  «Ii1i,|mi 
iiiK  his  Imr  from  under  a  hIiccI  i,f  tl 
tender,  it  started  l.ackwaid  and  riii  i.v. 
plaintitr.  the  que-tion  whether  two  iiic 
were  siitlieient  to  move  the  tcn.lir  «il 
saiety  is  not  a  suhjoct  for  ex|Hrt  tot 
inoiiy.  Cahow  v.  rhir.nio  /,'  I  ,(  / 
/.'.  C„.  (1901)  113  Iowa.  JJl.  Sl'v  U 
lOati. 

In  an  action  ajrainst  a  rai!i™,|  mii; 
pany  for  injuries  nseiv.-d  wlnle  IhkIiii: 
ear  wheels  on  a  flat  iiir.  it  is  ciicr  li 
t>ermit  witn.-sses  to  ;;ive  opiaiiiM<  a-  U 
the  he^t  and  safi-t  met h. si  i.f  l.ti.iiii; 
such  whi.-ls      Sniilh.-,,,  If.  Co    \     \l;ir: 

l-A|>eit  Icstimony  that  a  hiniN  i 
wiiy.m  with  a  scat  is  saf.-i  thin  cii. 
without,   and   that    hai.'    lines  an-  safel 


.1 


|83U] 


EVIUKMK. 


2287 


sessing  inniliar  skill  or  knowlf.iffo  ..f  ilu'  ^ul.jcrt-inattoi-  nia.y  bo  re- 
ceived in  evi-lcnw,  whenevi-r  tlio  faris  arc  such  tliat  incxiHTU'iicod 
nor^.ns  are  lik.'lv  to  prove  incapal.lr  .,f  torniinj,'  a  finvt  jiuli,n.ioiit 
'vithoiit  suc-h  asJistauco."  Or,  as  tl.c  du,;trino  ha^^  als,.  Im^cii  stated, 
••whore  the  (luestioii  under  iiive.4i«atinn  so  far  iiarlakes  of  llir  iiat.iin; 
of  soienw  as  to  reiiiiin-  a  course  of  study  or  a  previous  habit  uf  special 
■iraftice,  in  order  to  the  attainment  of  a  eon-ccf  knowlod-e  of  the  sub- 
icct  tlie  opinion  of  witnesses  competent  to  speak  shddd  l.e  n'ccivi'd."^ 


for  drivina  thnn  short  ones,  is  inadiiiis- 
.iMe  ill  an  iiction  by  a  teanistcr  for  in- 
■\iui->  rcciivoil  because  tiw  wagon  far- 
iii.hp.l  1)V  <lefi'ndant  was  without  a  seat, 
•111(1  tlii-'lines  were  too  short.  I.imbrrg 
V  (ll.mrood  Lumber  Co.  (1900)  127 
Cal.  Sim,  40  L.  R.  A.  .IS,  60  Pac.  176 

An  pxiiert  cannot  l)e  asked  whether 
tho  iKirticular  facts  statol  showo.l  that 
Milliti.nt  precautions  had  U'cn  taken  in 
1  (vrtain  mine.  Uniiriiii'<t  v.  Vhoinllir 
Imii  1-0.  (1802)  4!>  Minn.  r.ll.  '>i  N- 
W.  lUti.  .      , 

In  an  action  for  injurici  ,ii>iainc(l 
liv  rca-^on  of  a  char-re  <>f  powlir  hhnv 
in"  out  a  pillar  of  coal  in  a  mine,  whir.- 
miUncp  as  to  the  pillar's  thickn.'ss,  the 
time  when  it  was  drill<-<l.  and  the  re-*ult 
nf  the  explosion  is  before  th<-  jury,  it 
is  not  error  to  cNclude  an  opinion  of  a 
witn.-s  to  the  effect  th:'t  »u.-li  pilhir  wa< 
safe  and  pro|M-r.  tUinl.n  Itlnil.-  foul  r„. 
V.  W   lis   (1001)    '29   Ind.  .\pp.   1.  'il    N- 

E.  ■Z^i>.  ^       , 

.\ii  ex|>ert  witness  ..honid  not  he  al- 
low»>d  to  testifv  that.  nml.T  tin-  facts 
stilted  in  the  hypothetical  case,  a  pru- 
dent man  would  have  di-cMnlinuiMl  the 
use  of  a  wire  c.ihte  whiili  hroke  as  a 
result  of  the  fri<tiou  to  v.  Iiicli  it  was 
™l,i,Tl...l.  Ilnirr  V.  /(.-"  d-*'-':!  '.10 
Tenn.  .■iOli.  41   S.  W.  4  1.'. 

The  breaking  streii'jlh  and  s.ife  \Mirk 
inj;  strain  of  a  nianilla  io|s.  hiviti;.;  Uen 
ilcteriiiined  bv  iiractical  tests  and  re 
oordcil  in  tables  recoL'nized  over  the 
whol..  civilized  worhl.  the  (luestion  of 
the  master's  negliyen.e  in  s\i|>plvitig  the 
rope  in  question,  and  its  siilliiieMev  fi)r 
tlie  purpose  for  which  it  was  u-ed.  is 
not  a  matter  to  be  deteriiiiiied  by  the 
opinions  of  exiwrt  witnesses.  Hunt  v. 
K,tr  (  ISOO)  :w  ('  C.  .\.  641.  OS  I'.-l.  40. 
Whether  the  inj\ire<l  (lerson  was  care 
less  at  the  time  when  he  rweivcfl  his 
injur\'  cannot  be  settled  by  exp<'rl  testi- 
moiiv.  Mrraniuihtr  v.  Itniirr.i  I  ISOO) 
120  X.  Y.  :<Zr,.  iJ4  N.  v..  isl-2. 

Kxpert  ti-iiniony  that  the  act  of  a 
comliictor  in  {.'oin'r  Iietween  cars,  and 
poumling  the  angle  cock  at   the  end  of 


the  air  hosp.  in  order  to  clos.-  it,  was 
not  safe  and  pnnlciit,  but  a.  daiij:irous 
and  inipr«,|>er  thing  for  him  to  do,  is 
inadmissible.  St  l.oiiis  rf  N.  F.  II.  Co. 
V.  .\<7.«>H  (ISOO)  '20  Tex.  Civ.  App.  530, 
40  S.  W.  Tin. 

The  qui-stion  wliether  the  appearance 
of  machinery  would  suggest  to  a  pru- 
dent man  the  neci-ssity  of  an  examina- 
tion is  nut  one  for  an  expi'rt  witness, 
but  is  for  Ihi-  jurv  to  ilelermine.  <l(wd- 
sril  v.  Tn,il:i-  ll'ssO)  41  Minn.  207,  4 
I..  H.  A.  117:1.  16  Am.  St.  Itep.  700,  42 
N.  W.  S7;(. 

U  lietber  a  d'  b  li  would  baM-  lie-ri  di»- 
cinc-ri'd  if  a  pio|«'r  exainiMMtloii  had 
hern  made  is  nirl  a  :|Ui-stiiiii  u|M,ii  which 
(•\pni    rvidciKi-  i'    adiiiis-ibh'.      .Mint   V. 

I  /'.  /,'.  r„.  |1S!.1)   7  I  tab,  -SM.  20 

I'mc.   jut. 

It  is  .TiHi-  lo  allow  a  witness  to  bo 
a-kid.  .Is  ail  i\|..i1.  whetluT  a  proper 
iiis|M-.li.io  wiiibl  have  di'cliisfd  an  ob 
viiiii-  drii-cl  in  an  appliamc  Hiihidiio 
V.  Urss..,.,;  /'.  It.  Co.  (ISST)  OJ  Mo. 
4i;s.  4  Am.  St.  n.  p.  ;!02,  7  S.  \V.  470. 

The  siiiliiicmy  of  the  ins|KMtii>n  of  a 
brake  is  not  a  ni.itl.r  a  .  to  wliieh  a  wit- 
ness ,;\\\  gi\e  his  npinio.i.  Xfliiiritlcr  V. 
S,run<l  \n.  II.  to.  (lSO-2)  i:W  N.  Y. 
js:!,  ,!ll  .\.    I-:.  T.')2. 

Ill  an  M.I  inn  for  iniurics  sust. lined  by 
il  miiMT  tliiiai^h  the  i-\plosiiiii  of  a 
mis-  d  -hot.  till-  iii;;Ugriiir  .illeged  being 
dif.iiliiiit's  failure  to  di-cuvrr  and  re- 
riiiixc  the  missed  shot,  it  is  error  to 
allinv  a  witness  to  testify  as  to  wliethef 
;i  in:iii  ..ii-ht  not  to  find  such  shuts  if 
he  n-.-d  (irdiiiarv  care  in  louUiiig  for 
them.  aftiT  be  iias  te-lilied  that  such 
luis-ed  shots  are  ordinarily  easily  de- 
tected, and  wen>  detrtted  in  a  niin.-  be- 
loii'Mii"  to  witness.  Ih'ln  Cross  (told 
.1/i».  .("  \li!l  <'".  V.  OSiillii'in  (1000)  27 
Colo.  -2:17.  nil   I'ae.   .■)T(1. 

H'hh<t<;o  a.  »  .  It.  Co.  V.  I'rici  I  ISO'.)) 
■\9k  C.  f.  A.  -i-l'i.  "T  l-Vd.  42:!. 

S<H-    .•enerallv.    I!.ii;ers.    K\pert   Testl- 
immv:  Cieenl.   Kv.  ed.  ISOO.  IS  441. 
'  i.o,,i»<-illr,    S.    A.    rf    C.    K.    t'O.    V. 


)       i 


I     1 


w  w 


i 


II 


i  J- 


AUMKK  ASl)  SKKVANT.  (chap.  , 

The  decisions  cited  below  illustrate  the  manner  in  which  dm  , 
has  heen  applied  in  actions  n-aiiist  en.plojeni.* 


/^rau/c.v    (1886)    110  Ind.   18,  9  N.  E. 

'An  •xjK'rt  may  fjive  his  opinion  as 
to  til."  ni..rit«  or  demcriu  of  wl.ini.inx 
■tia,„  „s  wurnins  ni^naU  in  the  vi.inity 
of  low  overh.-ad  bricij,i"9  or  ruilwiivH.  and 
niiiy  .-(ate  whether  or  not  th.-y  uVe  m.n- 
era  ly  used  on  roads  regarded  as  beinc 
Will  iiiiinaKtHl.  Louixville  d  .V.  /{  Co 
V-  //"//  (1888)  87  Ala.  708,  4  L.  R.  a" 
'10,   1,)  Am.  St.  Rep.  84,  G  So.  277. 

Kviilenoe  that  mail  trains  may  hi  run 
with  safety  on  a  well  ballasted  track 
at  Ml,,  rate  of  60  miles  au  hour  is  ad- 
missible.    Ft.  Morth  A  D.  V.  /{.  Co    v 

•>i"s"\v"  *-*"^*  ^  ^"'  ^''''  '^''P-  '""' 

Wiliies.sps  who  have  had  several  years' 
exiHTienee  in  traclt  work  are  coiniH-teiit 
to  testify  that  a  certain  trark  is  ii<.f 
pio|>..ily  constructed,  ri.  Worth  rf  /> 
C.  II.  Vo.  V.  Wilson  (1893)  ,3  Tex  Civ 
A|.p.  .'iS.'i,  24  S.  W.  OSii. 

■Ibc  question  whether  the  roii"h  ami 
uiu'VcM  condition  of  a  railr>;i,i  tiii.k 
would  l>e  likely  to  cause  a  r..iii.lin.'  m;>, 
«<i  \x-  thrown  out  while  a  train  «:,.  m.j,,., 
•bnvi,  ...r..|c-  over  such  track,  ancrtbiis 
pn-l  II.,.  ir.nn,  is  a  prop.r  one  f„r  expert 
t.sliM.Mv;  and  the  opinion  ot  an  ex- 
pin.  ,1,  ,-,1  railroad  en-inwr  skoun  to 
li;'ve  l„,-,i  l„ miliar  with  the  track  at  the 
lime  in.iy  be  nreived  as  thai  of  .me  In-t- 
fer  qualiii.d  to  form  an  opini.m  than 
tie  iiMMiibers  of  the  jury.  Chlaiqo  Q. 
II.  /i.  Co.  V.  rricc  (IS!i;»(  .IS  O  P  A 
23!l.  07   Ted.  423.  '  ^-  *• 

f>n  the  trial  of  an  action  against  a 
railroad  c..rporati.,n.  after  s,\.r.il  e.v- 
pcrts  called  by  the  plaintifT  ha.l  t<-,ti- 
fied.  ufMin  a  statement  of  the  facts  an-l 
circunistanc<«<  of  the  accident  «bat  in 
their  opuii.,n  tbri-w  the  cars  fioiii  tlie 
track  It  was  held  pro|WT  to  fHrinit  the 
d,  t,ii,|;ints  to  ask  a  machinist  who  had 
bi-eii  cniieet...!  for  manv  y.^ars  with  rail- 
roads am!  with  th<-  riimiin;.'  of  cars  ,nd 
ensinc-  ujM.n  tlieiii.  an,l  who  was  in  the 
cars  at  the  time  „f  the  acei.lent  and 
saw  iiH  these  facts  an.l  circunistaii.es. 
What  in  your  judfrnient  threw  olF  the 
bay^aOT  car  nt  the  time  of  the  acci- 
dent;" .SVrti.r  v.  Itnston  d  ]l  If  Co 
(18(iO)    14  Cray,  4fjfi. 

An  e\p,.rieiic.'.l  trainman  is  .'onipetint 
to  testify  as  to  the  cmis..qiienc..s  which 
follow  when  a  car.  heavilv  b.M.UHl  or 
empty,  runs  rapidly  over  a  s»it<li  im- 
properly set.     Louisrille  d  \.  /.•    Co   y 


ilolherthed  (1893)   97  Ala.  201,  12 

^.A\''"r  A^^   *'■•■''■'   '^^'  runniut:  b, 
ward  at  the  time  of  an  a.^ehl.^t 
there  was  evidence   that   the   tra.k 
in  the  same  conditi.m  at   that   time 
«h..n  It  was  seen  by  an  ,>.x,k.,i  «,,„ 
It    IS    proper    for    the    exp.rt    to    si 
wh.. tlM.r,  if  the  track   was'  i„  .^e  , 
condition,  it  would  be  m.ire  din-miu. 
run   the  train   backward   th.i,,  "[..rw. 
hiilins   v.    lliscoiisi,,,    /.    rf    V    /; 
(1887)   70  Iowa,  501,  31  N.  U    .SlIS 

A  car  coupl.T  injur.'d  while  makin, 
coiiplinjt  was  held  to  have  b,>en  w,,:,.' 
allovve.l  to  t..s|ify  that  the  cars  llv  ,'|, 
he  was  cau-ht  w.-re  comin-  u'u-k  i 
f<«st  and  that  this  was  the  sol,,  r.u 
rl  the  ac.i,l,.|if.  (leoniia  J{  Co 
hrifiiiin   (ISH(i)    77  c,ii.  429. 

■\n  ..xp,.rieii..,..|  hrakeinaii  mnv  l,v|i 
■'s  to  wh.tlier  a  railuav  ti.i.i;  h„ 
!'i;"l"'|-.|>l^ice  for  a  l.rakc„,a,i  i„  .,  ,, 
"lii'ii  si;..naliii:r  a   train.     //,,7„„  >      ,, 

'■ v.-.//,,,;,/   n.   Co.    (IS!,;;,    07    ■,■ 

-.  .>.  12  .'^.1.  L'7(;. 

\  (pialini..l  witness  mav  si  ,i,,  ,,ii 
IS  III.,  pioixr  an  I  j.'..miai  riil,.  for  , 
cii,i.'Mic..r  with   rcfiard   lo  await  lie  a  -i 

mil    from   a   brakeman  enu I    !■,  ,„„| 

l.n^' cars  l„.f„n.  p„tti„j,  ,|„,,„  ,■„  ,„„,|„; 
(.<,lrr,l.,n,  t/.d  S.  .1.  /,'.  Co.  v.  //  .„„ 
'1.SII7)  90  T..X.  0.-,(!,  40  S  W  ;•■•  \ 
Imiiing  (1897;  Tex.  Civ.  App ,'  ;';;i  s.  u 

In  an  action  to  r,.cov..r  f.T  in-|iri- 
siilTcrcl  by  a  l,rak,.m,.n  in  .■,.|..,n:.'in 
t,.  make  a  coupliiij;  with  a  link  aii/l  mi 
all,".;.d  to  be  defective,  old  ,„„l  ,mh  ri 
<'nci.ii  braki-iiM.n  are  comp,l,  7,t  t,,  '-iv^ 
llii.ir  opini.ms  as  to  the  siiciv  ,:f  ch,,, 
liiiK  one  car  to  anoth..r.  wl,,-!,.  |i„.  ,„', 
".is  so  bent  that  it  eouhl  n.t  l«.  t.iUr 
-lilt,  and  the  couplin;;  had  t,,  !.,•  hi.„|, 
"lib  the  link  f.ist  in  the  ,lia«l„„|  „j 
the  s1in,liMjj  ca.-.  i/o/hs-  v.  CI,,,;,.,.,  h' 
I.  d  I'.  A'.  Co.   (1S91)   47  ^ti.,  .\p,,.  171 

The  evi.Ience  of  experi.nc-j  tniiii 
ban.ls  as  to  the  incri.iise.1  .laiiL'cr  in 
v<dve<l     in    coupling'    cars     with    ,l,.iil.l,' 

dea.lwoo,ls,  instead  of  sinfil...  is  pr riv 

rcei'ivcd.  Uuisrillr.  \.  .1.  ,f.  c  //  ,•,', 
V.  Fraulcy  (1880)  110  Ind.  18.  9  .\.  E. 
,594. 

.■\n  expi^rt  wit  ness  niav  be  askcii  wh.it 
advanta^re  double  deadwoods  albinl  to 
c^irs;  «|,af  ciTcrt.  if  aiiv,  th,-v  wi.ulu 
have  m  protectinj;  the  cars  fi.mi  hcini; 
drawn   to;,'ether   in  the  course  of  trail- 


1130] 


EVIDENCK. 


KTS 


In  all  cases  wlicro  an  opinion  is  competent  as  evidence,  a  f.mmlu- 
tion  intist  be  laid  for  its  intn-duetion  by  showing  that  U.e  prop. -sod 


poration;  and  whether,  with   a  l.iRher 

V  foupl.Hl  will'  '•»''••>■•     /("'''i""  V   f'hi- 
I/o,  ;V  /.  <t  '••  «•  '•"■   '!«'»>   60  Iowa, 

In  an  notion  by  a  i.nkpmnn  for  in- 
lurieH  roTivfd  in  couplin-r  cars,  evulf-nce 
,  a.lnii«-'H.l«  to  rIkiw  Ihiit  brnkcMirn 
froMifntly  get  their  hand-,  injured  while 
,„  l,i.ni.'i:d.  riticinnati,  S .  U.  <t  1 .  I  ■ 
n  Co  y.  hetralU-n  (1895;  Ky.)  32  S. 
W    '.I.'i8.  , 

\\  hero  an  CTiRineer  «nfd  to  n-cover  I»r 
i„i„ii,.s  cauw.l,  as  he  allojiod,  from  a 
,l,.f.( t ivo  onsino,  but,  nrpordinu'  to  the 
thcoTV  of  the  d.fcndnnto.  by  pl.iititilTs 
own  nc'li^iince,  it  was  h.-Id  that  i.lain- 
till  being  himself  an  exp<'rt.  nii-ht  state 
whnt  were  his  duties;  that  he  nuuht 
♦entity  that  he  had  complii'd  with  all 
in<itn'iclion«  given  him;  that  another  ex- 
pirt  cn-ineer  niiflht  relate  the  cneuni- 
'liinrfo  under  which  he  had  once  utopiKsI 
,,n  en^'ine.  the  relation  being  rel.vant 
md  1)V  way  of  illustration;  that  the 
onnihic'tor,  havin?  authority  over  the  en- 
gine.!, mipht  testify  as  to  th  duties  of 
the  laltcr;  and  that  the  exrliwu.n  of 
•noh  testimony  was  a  substantial,  and 
not  leiely  a  technical,  error.  Awjusla 
i  .0.  K.  Co.  V.  Domey  { 1881 )  tiS  Oa.  2'2a. 
.\n  experienced  railway  iiinn  may 
.t:ite  his  opinion  f.s  to  the  diirerent  de- 
grees of  danger  involved  in  n-^ing  an 
orclinniT  rond  enaine  as  a  y.ird  engine, 
with  or'without  a  flat  car  attached  to  it. 
\l„bile  d  O.  II.  Co.  V.  Ceorge  (1891)  94 
.\la.  ira,  10  So    145. 

Where  plain  !T  was  injured  m  the 
making  up  of  a  train,  it  was  not  ernir 
to  allow  the  trainmen  to  slate  that  it 
was  made  up  in  the  usual  manner.  /)•■ 
Walt  V.  llomttoji,  K.  <t  W.  T.  U.  Co. 
(IflOO)  22  Tex.  Civ.  App.  40:i.  55  S.  \\  . 
534.  , 

A  brakeman  who  for  five  years  has 
had  opportunities  of  observinfr  the  mak- 
ing up  of  frei^'ht  trains  in  a  yard  is 
cnmp<tont  to  testify  as  to  the  r.  .,vetiye 
duties  of  the  eondin  tors  an'  ■  ■•  'lam 
hands  in  making  up  am  ,u<\\-  ■  the 
tniins.  I'liif  V.  /{irhnuuKi  ■(  If.  I'  Co. 
(]HK)  3S  S.  r.  199.  17  S.  v..  '.iJ. 

The  opinions  of  witnesses  are  compe- 
tent to  show  the  distance  at  which  ft 
horse  ear  can  l)c  swn  along  a  railway 
track,  if  til  the  details  b«'nrinj:  u[><in 
the  question  cannot  be  subniittcnl  to  the 
jury.  Kaat  TennmHpe,  V.  rf  O.  R.  Co. 
T.  Watton  (IgfH))  90  Ala.  41,  7  So.  813. 


In  an  action  for  nesliKcnlly  cainiug 
the  death  of  a  brakeman,  tesliniony  of 
other  brakemen  which  relates  to  the 
duties  of  such  employees  in  exaiiiiniiiK 
appliances,  and  as  to  the  diilie.s  »f  tlie 
ear  iiispcetor  in  this  regard,  ami  eiii 
brac-es  the  statement  that  a  brakeman  in 
not  expected  to  get  under  a  car,  wliile  it 
is  in  iiioti<m,  to  make  such  examinaiion. 
is  a<lmis>il>le  ax  n-levant  to  plaint  ilT's 
eonleiitidn  that  ilere.liiit  was  injured  by 
rea-iin  of  a  defiitive  coupling  appli;iii<e. 
Missnuri  I'.  It.  Co.  v.  tox  (lUOO)  00 
Neb.   .'liil.  Hn   N.   W.  744. 

Kxpert  evidence  to  show  how  a  rai^ 
road  traik  eoiild  have  b'^en  made  saf'"-t 
for  the  uso  iif  employees  is  ailnii<- ille 
to  shiuv  wbetlier  or  not  il-fenil.inl  emu 
panv  u^ed  prci(sT  care  to  fiiiiii~b  a  r- 1 
.sonablv  safe  track,  allln'ii'.'b  it  was  not 
re-piired  to  furnish  the  saf.-t  track  tliat 
could  b.-  C(:n>truete!l.  (..//r.  v/oti,  //.  cf- 
K.  .1.  /,'.  Co.  v.  ntls  (lHil7:  Tex.  Civ. 
App.)    42  S.  \V.  2,'..'.. 

Ill  an  action  ^'gainst  a  railroad  coni 
paiiy.  where  it  is  shown  that  the  iiiinrieH 
were  su-tained  while  the  plaint  ill's  in 
ti  stale  was  assisting  in  plaeing  a  de- 
raile.l  i  n  bark  U|>on  the  track.  .umI  that, 
in  order  to  do  this,  jack  siieHs  w.-re 
bring  M^ed  it  is  <(>nipetciit  to  show  by 
a  wilnes-.  who  testilicd  that  be  bad  fi«r 
1,11  veil-  «"ike<l  ii|K'n  a  seitimi  iif  a 
r.iilr'oad.  that  a  ear  jacked  up  with  two 
track  jinks  iiT'der  the  same  end  of  the 
lar  woiil.l  be  lik<lv  to  fall.  Loiiisrilli' 
,f  v.  /,'.  '•".  v.  Jones  (1901)  130  Ala. 
4.",(;.  :i(i  ^o.  .i^ii. 

A  |,.r-.iii  who  has  had  abundant  ex- 
l»  riemc  in  llie  use  of  a  me<'hanical  ap 
plianre  is  e.)iii|H  lent,  although  not 
familiar  with  its  ernstnict  ion.  tn  testify 
:,-  to  whetliei  siieb  ap|>lianco  was  rea- 
s,,!ial.lv  adapted  for  the  purpo.-e  for 
\\liieli"il  was  used  and  also  as  to  its 
coiiititi"!'  al  the  time  when  an  injury 
\\:i<  lee.ived.  I ''I'i'imn  <'<).  Cnal  d  C'./.e 
Cn.  V.  I'ilt.i  tlS9:M  93  Ala.  285,  13  So. 
I  :t5. 

In  an  action  by  an  employee  to  re- 
cover for  an  injun'  sustained  by  falling 
earth  while  eviavliling  for  the  foumla 
tion  of  a  biiibling  near  a  high  chimney, 
for  which  cuts  w<  re  made  under  the 
foundation  of  the  chimney,  a  civil  en 
"ineer  mav  give  his  opinion,  in  answer 
?o  a  liV|Hiileli.al  question  !«sed  on  the 
evidence  as  to  the  manner  of  performinj? 
the  work,  that  the  method  employed  was 
not    a    proper   one.      t'inn   ▼.    Caattdy 


\      I 


*: 


i,    .,  - 


i  :- 

i    .ti^xitikua 

t'  'If  IfttM 

SBM 

r  !*{ 

^^^M 

If 

ii  mM 

1 

;.'21M) 


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MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


» 


■  ;      ■ 

^ 

1 

(1901)  ins  N.  Y.  6M.  83  L.  R.  A.  877, 
an  N.  K.  ."Ill,  Allimiine  (ISO!))  39  Ann. 
Div.  <lll.  .17  N.  Y.  S,,,,,,.   n.lH. 

A  |Hr-oti  «|io  ||„H  rnmlc  a  M[NTiiil 
"Imlv  c.f  tho  Hlirncth  of  inateiiaU  iiiiJ 
th(!  |ii<>|«'r  iiioilc  ol  liiiilcliii;;  Mlructiircs 
to  xHKliiin  »cij;lit  limy  !><■  iillowi'd  to  >;ivo 
Ills  <i|'iiiii>n  UN  to  w'lclln.r  n  Mla;,'iii;{ 
ori'ctiil  ill  a  H(i.<ili<il  way  can  satciv  Ix; 
trusti.l  to  .arry  ii  particular  I'.ui.i. 
Irrwlibtr  v.  IDninrlirul  Hirer  Mfn.  Co. 
(IHil.'l)  160  Mass.  l;t|.  :),-,  \.  K  07.5; 
l'(  X  V.  Ifiilfnlo  Hark  (I'lOO)  I(i:(  X.  y'. 
5.".!t,  .17  N.  K.  110!),  Allinniiiff  (ISi)7)'  21 
.\|>|..  Div.  .'121.  47  N.  Y.  Siipi,.  788; 
»  vsllund  V.  Hold  Cohi  Miiim  ro  ( 1<)00) 
41  C.  C.  A.   Ii)3,  101   IVnI.  .-.!). 

Tho  f\  id. Mice  of  u  cai|K'tilpr  na  to  the 
nature  and  character  of  hcuilock  lunilKT 
ami  its  strcii;.'lh  as  material  to  be  usc.l 
in  scafroMInu;  is  admissil.lc  in  an  action 
lor  the  death  of  an  employee,  ciuged  by 
the  K'Viiij,'  way  of  a  scalloliliii;;  loiu- 
posed  of  .such  niaterinl.  AiiAn  v.  Ihta- 
uur,.  /..  rf  ir.  u.  Co.  (1805)  02  Jlun, 
74.  .•1(1  N.  Y.  ."^ui.p.  .'i.'iO. 

The  opinion  of  a  house  painter,  of  ex- 
tended e.\|><.ricni-e.  as  to  the  sulliciency 
of  irmi  hooks  to  suspend  u  atuping  of  a 
pi  n  wei^dit.  is  competent  where  he  has 
repeatedly  iimkI  and  tested  them.  I.iltle 
V.  II,. 1,1  rf  I).  Co.  (18!)!))  61)  N.  II.  494, 
4:1    All.    610. 

Kviderice    of    a    coemplovee    that    he 
thoiifrht    the    situation    of "  .1    ielt    and 
pulley  would  cause  n  strain  on  the  pul- 
jpy  in  the  din-el  ion  of  the  engine  is  not 
incomiK'tent.     A»/i<//i/  v.  Orrrman  \Vh,,l 
Co.    (!S!)0)    174   Mass.  4.1.-).  ,U  M.  K.  8!»0. 
Where  ncju'liveiice  in  failir;,'  to  furiiisli 
proper  ioi<.  au.l  tackle  was  in  issue,  an 
oiijectioii  to  a  i|iie,stion  as  to  tlie  manner 
of  deleriiiininj;  whether  a  rope  had   be- 
come  rotten   and   unsound  was   pro|N<rly 
oterriili-<l,    since   dcf.ii<huifs    nefiligence 
de[>.ii,!,.d  to  some  extent  on  tbe  question 
whether    such     defect     was     discernible. 
iSilviua  V.  /i-rr.s,n   (1000)    128  Cal.  187. 
60  Pae.  «s7. 

The  weakness  arising  from  the  crj-s- 
tallization  of  iron  licinj;  a  defect  which 
cannot  he.  discerned  hy  an  external  e.\- 
aminalioi.  a  servant  who  is  injured 
owing  to  ihe  breaking  of  a  hook  from 
that  cause  afl.-r  a  few  months'  use  is. 
Oil  a  matter  of  law,  unable  to  recover 
damajjcs  where,  acconling  to  expert  tes- 
timony, the  breaking  strain  of  a  sound 
hook  of  the  same  cross  section  is  about 
four  times  as  •rieat  as  that  to  which  it 
was  l«.i!!L'  sii'>jce|pd  when  the  accident 
o<cuired.  /,//o«,,  v.  Knoiclea  (ISO.'J: 
Cal.t    ;12  Pac.  88.1. 

.\ii  I'sperl  witness  may  give  bis  opin- 


[CIIAI-. 


ion  aa  to  the  effect  of  the  hrr,,ki, 
strunda  of  wire  u[M>n  the  uiii 
strength  of  tho  cable,  or  the  p,,., 
crvslallization.  tho  result  of  n,,,,. 
friction,  and  ua  to  the  prohalii,.  n 
11  cable  under  given  cin  nm-t  1 
«r«rc  V.  Iteatl  (IH!)7)   !)»  Tenii    io 

•s.  \v.  445. 

It  is  not  error  to  pttmU  a  i„.,„ 
has  liwn  in  the  hardwire  hiisj,,,., 
testify  that,  ii,  hia  opinion,  a  In, 
in  a  brake  staff  was  un  ohl  one      I 

■;.,;^'".7'':'''"  ''■  "  ''"■  <"*'"•  ■•<'  -M 

10b,  L'4  Am.  St.  Kep.  104.   IS  .V    \\ 

In  a  case  where  an  empluvw  Hiu, 
jured  by  the  breaking  of  tliV  ,l,ii,i| 
wliich  a  derrick  guy  rope  wis  f,.t,, 
and  the  elanip  had  been  fur;;.-,!  jn 
fi'ndanfs  shops  from  nialeriariiiinis 
hy  It,  e.\|)ort  testimony  that  the  l„ 
could  have  been  caused  oiilv  l,v  il,,. 
of  defective  material  in  "inikin" 
clamp,  or  the  aubsequcnt  ov.rstrain 
of  the  derrick,  waa  received  U. /-./i 
ComtU  (1000)  49  App.  |)iv  20.1  (i) 
Y.  Supp.  44. 

In   an   action   for   injuries  caii-i.d 
a  def.itive  ilevator,  where  the  ,-\„\v 
showed  that  it  had  In-en   put  up  l,v 
experienced   and   iiieoinis'leiit   w.Tk'iii 
and  that  no  safety  appliances  hni  I,, 
introduced,  it  was  proper  to  ii.linji  | 
testimony  of  an   export   biiiMcr  „f  i- 
valors,  for  the  pur|)ose  of  sliuHin.r  i[, 
an   elevator    without    safelv    :i|,i,lnih 
was   unsafe,  and   that  an  iM.iin.irv  o; 
pentcr  or  machinist  would  n.  t  \„'  a 
jN'ison   to  construct,   repair,  or  (iiit  1 
an  elevator,     llier  v.  Nlui„l,n,l  1/;,.   ( 
(ISHO)    l;iO  Pa.  446,   IS  All.  li.i;. 
A  question  calling  for  the  opinion 

a   witni-ss   as    to   tl )ni|»i,ii,v   of 

cosc-rvant  of  the  injureil  [ht-.  n"  is  n< 
objectionable  after  u  siillii-i,  i,t  |.i,,lirj 
has  been  laid.  Hucl;,ilr„  v.  '/.,/.„>«. 
Conl,  Iron  rf  /?.  Co.  (  IS!!,",)  ll->  \1 
140.  20  So.  600,  where  it  uas  1,,  |,|  tl,;; 
the  evidence  of  an  expert  minrr  ,v!m,  wa 
well  aeiiuainted  with  the  work  .(..a- li 
the  delinquent  cosen.inl— thi-  lon-ma 
of  a  gaii;;  of  convicts — was  adnii-siMo. 

The  testiii y  of  an  experi.ii,   ,1  nil 

road  man.  though  not  .\\\  enjiii,-.  1.  (ha 
a  cerlain  engineer  had  no  i.le.i  of  ,|Knl 
that  he  would  pull  a  train  down  hill  ,1 
fast  as  he  could  turn  a  wheel,  ami  di. 
so  on  trains  on  which  the  widie.s  w.v 
a  conductor,  is  admissible  upon  the  i-siii 
of  the  general  ne;^ligi  nee  and  ini-(iiii[» 
teney  of  the  engineer.  <;,iln  xt,,,i.  II.  i 
'*J.  .1.  A",  (',).  V.  Oari.t  (Isiis)  iw  lex 
.•J72.  48  S.  W.  570.  Reversing  (Tex.  Civ. 
App.  I    4.1  S.  VV.  0,16, 

I  piin  the  issue  whether  a  d^'fect  in  • 


J  gaol 


KVII)K,\(  K. 


tn\ 


witnm  possesses  the  qualiK'.-ati.-i.^  of  uu  expert  in  rcpard  to  the  iub- 
jut-niattor.* 


„,.chine  wfl»  «>  p«*"nt  that  ono  «ho 
»orkcl  on  it  ad.T  kii.nMn«  Hi-r.of  a»- 
,umed    III-    ri»k    ..(    injury      rom    i  .    a 

«„ul>l  tiav..  lH*n  ,H.rf,..tl.v  »afr  l.ul  lor 
.uch  <1.  (■■•■l  "">y  l...aHk.'.l  «l,Hh.-..  NMlh 
lXeexiHri..,w..|»-l.aHlm,l.lH-«.Mil.l  have 

kno«n  that  tl»"l.'f.--l ->''"•"  ""•";;;"■'""" 
more  <i.iMi;oro...s  to  wo.k  np""- ,  «'""'',':■ 

M  U  S.  At>l>.  8,  81  K.-.I.  :i2n. 

An  oxwrt  may  projierly  testify  that 
aduiap  ™r  ."ay  ''o  '"  prf-Mtly  ^ooJ 
„r,l.T  ...ut  still  «y  hack  l.y  r.-a-.on  ofth.- 
fault  (if  thost..  who  dump  it,  and  tnai 
he  ha.l  «'en  it  <lone.  Tlw  laltrr  «tnto. 
mont  s.'r\es  to  Hhow  n.on-  .loarly  the 
value  and  ^yi^\'M  "' ''iV''V."  r"'  ns-m 

159  Mass.  12S.  34  N.  K.  87. 

Whpif  a  wilii.'^s  wlio  u;is  on  R  hand 
M  «ith  dn.uMd  at  the  tin..-  It  wa.s 
run  down  hy  a  t  r.n.-  had  t.M>h.d  to 
ill  the  facti.  it  wa^  ■■■,rii|..i.iil  to  nxk 
him  whoth.T  th«  arcr:i«.-d  had  ainplo 
time  to  jump  frnin  th.-  han.l  oai-  h.  fore 
the  collision.  Qunm  v.  .\  ■  ;'•  )"r'.-.  A^ 
ff.  rf  //.  K.  Co.  {\HAH)  5(.  tonn.  4»,  1- 
\tl    !C. 

Wlicrr  the  iic^'li;;<Mice  allied  i-  that  an 
in.\|«Ti.nml  l.ov  »«»  wt  to  «c'ik  with- 
out pr..|«-r  instruction,  a  |Mln.-s  of 
(.xi>cii.  !icf  i-<  properly  alhnvid  to  ti-iiiy 
as  to  Ihe  danger-,  in.i.hnl  to  lli..  u^e 
of  r.  niaohinc.  what  pirr  .-,1  i..„s  xvrrc 
nf.f^arv  to  avoid  tho-e  ll.ln.-l■r^.  that 
the  iii.n  u-nally  cniployiMl  ah.ml  purh 
i»  niacliinc  «fiv  adiilt-<,  and  that,  h.-fove 
liiinc  ^.■t  to  woik,  tho-ic  men  were  ordi- 
r:irilv  inslnwhKl  eareliiUy  in  Us  u-ie. 
Vfir'jocfc  llisruil  Co.  V.  /,''.i(.<i.-i  (ISOh) 
20  C.  C.  A.  555,  45  U.  S.  App.  45,  74 
Fid.  COS,  ,   .  . 

•\Vitno<sps  introduced  in  a  per-onai 
injiirv  ease,  for  the  purpose  of  showing 
a  coal  eonipanv'ft  ne;rll;;enep  in  not  hlock- 
ing  its  railnjiid  switch  rails,  may,  to 
show  their  experience  as  railroad  men, 
testify  that  switches  were  hh^ked  be- 
fore and  after  the  accid.nt  in  certain 
Tiiilroad  yards  where  they  worked.  Nor 
i»  it  a  valid  ohjeclion  to  their  testi- 
mony, that  they  acquired  their  exi«-n- 
ence  from  work  at  ordinary  railroad 
yards,  iind  not  at  switch  tracks  about 
r.v.l  shnfts.  Vitmi-h,n  v.  U'-'h  lli'.l  Conl 
Min.  Co.  (1891)  108  Mo.  3fi4,  18  S.  W. 
!tT7. 

The  conductor  of  an  electric  street 
car,  who  ha-s  tieen  so  employed  for  two 


months.  I«  a  competent  witness  to  testify 
within  what  distance  such  a  car.  y.»\x\ti 
at  a  stated  rale  of  >iNed,  can  be  ^lopi-Ml. 
Uo(«'w.  v  .l/i)iH''i/"''''  ■*«'''■"<'  "•  Co. 
(  1803)   53  Minn.  .'■>.'>1,  55  N.  U.  7l-.i. 

A  witness  who  is  an  e\|"rl  in  rcu-ard 
to  the  siihjectmatlcr,  nihl  has  inade  a 
personal  examination  of  the  i>l.ice  where 
the  iiceiilent  occurred,  iiiaj.  ali'-r  he  Ins 
deseiil'cd  it,  state  his  opinion  r.-;.'it.linK 
its  daiiK<'rous  nature.  Mi\>i'i'il  v. 
/,V(i(f."3  City  (18!)U)  \M  I'a.  Oil.  29 
.\tl.  57.  ., 

The  ti>stimony  of  u  witness  as  to  the 
s|>ecd  of  trains  is  properly  a.linilled, 
where  it  has  lieen  shown  that  he  is  a 
resident  of  the  part  iciil.ir  ill-irict 
IhroiiL'h  which  they  pa««ii|.  i»  familiar 
with  the  running'"  of  trains,  and  has 
foriiied  an  opinion  as  to  the  s|ieed  of 
those  under  di-cu^sioii.  /'•  »(•<■  v.  Chi- 
,;<>in.  It.  I.  *  I'.  It.  ro.    (1S!M))    7!>   Iowa, 

:iH!i,  44  N.  w.  r,><ii. 

The  fact  lint  a  witness  did  not  know 
how  niaiiv  fi.  t  or  rills  there  are  in  » 
liiilc  was  hiM  iiol  lo  he  a  snlH.i.'iil  rca- 
,on  lor  e\cln.lin^'  his  lestiiiioiiv  as  to  Ihe 
-pivd  of  a  nil  I  in  train,  where  it  was 
-liiiwn  that  he  lived  near  Ihe  scene  of 
ll,,'  iicci.l.'iit.  and  ha.l  -c,.n  many  tiains 
,,■,.,        U</)''    V,    (•;,..!.;..,    .s7      /'.     W.    it 

n.  It.  Co.  (is:i:!i  s.-,  Wis.  col,  .V)  M.  W. 

".\  fireman  is  not  eoinp.lcnt  to  testify 
as  an  evp.il  i.-|H.rtinir  the  msc-ily  of 
a  safety  swilih  at  the  point  wlieie  a 
train  vvas  ihraile...  Il.illnrd  V.  VfiP 
Vol  A,  /..  A".  «f  "•.  /.'.  Co.  (IKS!))  120  Pa. 
141.  m  All.  :i.'.. 

No  one  should  l,e  allowed  to  testify 
as  to  the  condition  of  eleitrical  appa- 
ruins,  or  a.s  lo  the  cause  of  an  injury 
reci'ived  in  niakina  repairs  therton.  un- 
le«s  he  has  lir-t  shown  himself  to  lie  an 
expTt.  and  also  has  suni.'ient  knowled.iP 
of  the  facts  connected  with  Ihe  api>lianee 
used  to  enal.le  him  to  form  an  intelli 
.tent  and  r.'liahle  oidnion.  Krhin  it-rr  v. 
C.trrns'  aniaal  rlrctric  Co.   (ISI".))  21 

Kv.  L.  nep.  r.ns,  5-2  S.  W.  R.in. 

The  exclusion  of  testimony  hy  defrn.t 
anfs    mnnaser   as   to   his    knov\l  .h.-e    of 
the  use.  puriaxe.  and  ne.vs-ily  of  a  c.r 
tain   iinprovwl   form  of  appliance  in   dc 
fondant's  pniv-r  mill,  is  not  eiror  ule.e 
he  has  testified  that  he  is  nol   a   pii.-i 
cal  machine  man.  and  other  eviil.  nc-  hy 
a   eomtx'teiit   witne-s   on    Ihe   sn'.ict    is 
undisputi-d.    Kr.-rfirv.  Wuscuiisiu  l,ur 


r 


•>.,s.l 


^'•^ 


t 


iiii-ii 


H! 


'Mi! 


■.>2tta 


MAMKI!    \Mi  s|;i:\  x^, 


1<IM|.     , 

PrPJudidd  om.r  is  .|....,.,...l  ,.,  haw  I,..,.,,  ,-.n.n.m..,|  if  ,l„.  1. 
tl^Hieul  Stan,  of  Uu-U  „,...„   whi.-h  u„  ,.x,,„h   „,,  ,,^,.,,   „.  .,; 
op.u.on  .lid  not  corr,.>,,..„.l  will,  ,l..t  wlm-l.  w«h  a...lu.liv  i,.v,:K.., 

831.  Judicial  notice.- TI...  .x...,.,,  to  wln.-l.  judi.-inl  „,.,i..,   ,  HI 

nul  ,„  ,.n.,.l.,v..,.    I.nl.ilitv  r..,.,  is  indi....u.,l  In   .l.r.;„l.i„i,...;| 

1 1"-  .-H-..M..  os,„.,.,..lU  flMK,.  wluVl.  a, , ,,,...)  .iO.  ,J. ..  n„„,i 

'iiMj  diit).«  ol  siTvant..*,  ur.'  anvUiin^  biif  .-..iiM.iiMit.' 


"A  question  put  to  an  f\f«n.  ,i,kin;f 
hiH opinion  ■■  to  wMher  d,.npr  «nuld 
lie  inrriHiHcd  by  niiininK  un  .-nKiiU'  t.urk 
»ar.N  over  the  tra.k  iit  a  liifli.r  rau-  of 
-•|»v<l,  'UppoHing  iiirh  tnirk  u,i,  «o 
lm<lly  out  of  lin«  that  it  wan  plainly 
visiMe  to  the  eye,  »;i»  li,.|,|  to  tx-  im 
|'io|Mr  bpcauBP  there  was  n<>  isnn,.  ,,,  to 
thr  inipro^r  rate  of  HfH.J,  and  the  .ni.,. 
lion  waH  indefinite  as  to  Uw  n,„,lition 
"f  the  track.  Slight  a«  w.-ll  u»  H.iious 
.l.f.Tts  niny  be  »o.n.  The  iMmt  of  tlie 
yisil.le  defect  should  he  »ta(ed.  for  if  tliis 
IS  done,  the  ox|MTt  may  not  regard  it  m 
II  defect  at  all.  huhtm  v.  Wurun^in  I 
'f'V.  /f.  Co.  (1887)  70  Io«a.  501,31  v! 

'(a)./i(rfiWoI    notice    t,a,n.—A    court 

» ill  take  judicial  notice  of  the  functions 

»f  ticket  opents  and  conductors.     />i/.-  v 

i  innnia     Midland     R.     Co.     riS'ij)     9 

Mackey,  03.     Of  the  extent  of  the  au- 

llioritv   of  a  fc.-neral   suiKrintendent  of 

a    riiihvay    in    conducting    its    ordinary 

I'lisiness   operations.      Smalnris   v     Fu- 

r<ha  A   /..  K.  Co.    (18h;()    18   NVv.    1.58, 

f.I    Am.   Rep.   737,   1    Pac.   8.13.     Of  the 

fact   ths.t  a  conductor's   authority  does 

not     extend     to     carrying     pasM-nL-ers 

gratuitously.      Cnnilran    v.    Chionio,    if 

'i^'Vv  (^-  "•  ^"-  "**"•"'>  2S  I-  K.  .A.  749,' 
I  <  .  r.  A.  -.It).  :vz  V.  S.  A|>p.  182.  07 
led.  .5^2.  Of  the  f  ict  that  it  is  the  duty 
"  f  a  section  master  to  k.ep  both  track 
^'ihl  ri;;ht  of  w.iy  in  pr(.|M-r  condition. 
l'''"l<-  <f  O.  /,'.  fn.  V.  Stin.si.n  (I8!ltl)  74 
M.-.  l.-i-T  21  So.  14,  .522.  Of  the  fact 
I'lat  a  lirakeman  on  a  train  which  is  out 
'"■  I  he  rn.d  has  other  ihities  to  perform 
l'esril(s    those    of    inspivtion.       Malrhrtl 

;  r,„r.,i,i,iii.  ir.  j.  j/.  n  f„  (m<)»i 
l:!2  l,„l  ni.  ;ti  \.  K.  7(12.  Of  thefuis 
'liat  tniiniiien  often  walk  alon"  by  the 
Mde  r.f  tl.ijii,.  ||,a(  (hey  must  k"o  he 
l»'vn  cars  in  couplin;;  and  iincouplin- 
Iheiii.  that  this  is  frequently  done  wl,ile 
the  curs  are  in  motion,  and  that  it   is 


quite  a  general  |.r,iiii,e  for  |„  ,i,„, 
to  )i„  ahead  of  lr,,ins  .uid  <■■..,  „  ^.j,,, 
lor  them  to  enter  on  si(h'  ii.„k. 
di.jH.ipo/.>,  />.  ji  w  It  r„  V  r 
iNltl)  I  |„d.  Vpp.  282.  Of  ,|„.  f 
that  conductors  of  pas^..|,..,  r  i,, 
must  m*  ..nly  enter  ll.eir  ti  ,iiK  «| 
in  Hint  ion.  I.iit  |e.i.ve  thiin  l,.frr,.  tl 
O'Mie  to  a  full  stop,  rtnilry  v  1',.:^ 
Mu.su,,.,-  Slut.  Acn.  U.«.;  (IS'iti  I 
Alich  JS...  20  ;..  U.  A.  171  57  V 
181,  '.<)  .S.  VV.  fi!t4. 

Courts  know  judicially  thai  l„„li 
railioad  iron  on  Hat  curs  pcrtaie.  i„  i 
Mr* ice  of  on  employee.     Imiinn,,,.  I„ 

3V26V'V200.'''"''"  '•''''•  '"^'' 
In  a  much  diseu.ssed  case  the  Supm 
Court  of  the  United  States  |,..|J  th 
judicial  noli.-,,  would  be  taken  .,f  tl 
fact  that,  siihjwt  to  the  Bemral  ml 
and  orders  of  the  directors  of  thf  ,,„ 
p.iiiy.  a  conductor  has  entire  c,,riii„l  ,r 
mauagi-m.-nt  of  his  train.  CI,,.,!,,,,  \ 
4  HI.  I'.  R.  Co.  ».  Roan  (I.SSli    II '  I 

fs/'^T??   ^-  "f-    '"•«  ^"''    «■'•'!' 
184.      This    particular    riillni;    ha.^   n, 

been  reversed  by   Jirw  i:,wl;,i,l  li  r, 

V.  Conroy    (I8!)!l)    175  V.  S.  ;! ',)    41  I 

cd.  181,  20  Sup.  a.  Rep.  8.-,,  tl>„„  h.  a 

already   stated    ({    .Tin.    m.te    I.   „„(, , 

the   Inter  case  qualities  th.-  e.iili.r  on 

to  the  extent  of  discardin;:  the  IIuhh 

on  which  it  was  decided,  n>..  Hut  tli 

court  was  justillcil  in  savinL'.  from  -ml 

common  knowledge  as  it  misM  !«•  ."iin 

posed    to    possess,    that    the    nature  o 

the  control  exercised  by  a  con.luct.ir  nv. 

such    as    to    constitute    him    a    diiurt 

mental  vice  principal. 

W  hero   the  jury   have   found   for  thf 

plaintiff  on  the  theory  that   his  injiirv 

was  caused  by  hi.s  head  striking-  a  .lin-t 

an  arch  in  a  tunnel  whil.   he  w       -illin^ 

on  the  IiniL-e  wheel  of  a  hnv  <:r    :>n'i  it 

is   shown   that  this   could   not   have  nc 

ciirriMl    unless   his    f.mliead    was   4   fct 

7  inches  aliiive  the  wheel,  the  cmirt  will 

take  juilicial  notice  of  the  fact  that  the 


|ih!p; 


I  m]  EVIUKNCK  «2«» 

B.    BU»DEN    Vh     i'KOOF     Willi     KK.Sl'l  l.  I      lO     VHt.    KM  f  LOVKHB    MUJU- 

OK.NCK. 


As  to  thn  biiidpn  of  pn)of  in  !iotioii<«  of  nopliffpnco  pr>ti(  rnllv,  m« 
Shcarm.  &  Kodf.  Nop.  Sg  57- CO;  1  |!.>v.-ii.  N.y:.  pp.  li'T   1  IT. 

.\g  to  the  hiirdcn  of  pnxif  in  ciim'-  when'  it  it*  (■■'■icntial  t<>  iLMirniitw 
rtlu'thor  a  not,'lifi;ont  coservaiit  was  or  wu.-t  tint  u  viw  prin.ipul,  >*«•.■ 
!i§  512,  50;J,  ante. 

As  to  tlie  prcsiirnptinnn  Piitcrlainctl  with  n-iinn!  to  tin'  ;iil..pti..ii  ..f 
tie  doctrine  of  coninum  criiplo.N  mciit  in  a  state  oliuT  than  iliat  whrnin 
fhe  notion  is  hpxifflit,  hpo  S  ^"*.  /'"•*'• 

832.  Burden  of  proving  negligence  rettt  on  the  servant. — An  in  jur.'.! 
^(•n-ant,  like  all  othrr  persuns  \vli<i  sci  k  to  recover  «lanLii;i~  ..n  tiu> 
ground  of  negligence,  has  the  hnnlen  <if  provin;;  h.v  a  prcp.milrrance 
of  pvidenci!  that  the  dotcnd.int  was  i-ulpahle  in  tin'  preinis*'*.'     Tlii« 


iifciilciit  could  not  have  hnpiM-nod,  ii!  thK 
manner  alli-KOil,  to  a  man  of  unylliiiif: 
like  normal  lifi^'lit,  ami  will  not  a>iili' 
thf  VfLJict.  Uuuter  v.  A'cic  Vor/>.  (>. 
i  IV.  U.  Co.  (ISSD)  no  N.  Y.  616,  6 
I..  R.  A.  2  Hi.  23  X.  K.  0. 

(b)  .liidiriiil  tiuliv  tint  liiken. — A 
r.iurt  cannot  take  judicial  notice  of  the 
rulM  and  rfguljitionH  of  a  particular 
inllway  company. — a«,  that  the  foot- 
lioanl  iit  an  en^Hnc.  while  licin);  u^cd  for 
..witcliiFijj  pnviHwcs,  i»  the  pi>-l  of  duty 
..f  the  vardniast.r.  Ilinhhui't  .tic.  rf 
lleU  H.'l'o.  V.  Witll'rs  (IN'.HI)  91  Ala. 
135.  H  So.  3,'>7.  Nor  of  the  dlltien  [icr 
formetl  liy  trainmen,  and  the  di'i.'H'''»  iif 
-ii|>rcma<"y  or  suliordination  i'\i-.lin« 
iriKin,'  ttiVm.  Mc'loii'iii  v.  St.  /.«ui«  it  I. 
M.  It.  Co.  ( 1S70)  (il  -Mo.  r.2S.  Nor  of  the 
.■xliMit  of  the  dutii'K  and  authority  of  u 
ilivininn  superintendent  of  a  raiKvay. 
/."rorni  v.  Missuiiri,  K.  i  T.  It.  C'l. 
(1877)  R7  Mo.  122  (action  hy  slranj.'cr; 
the  question  heing  whellicr  the  company 
was  lionnd  l>y  an  order  given  for  drug-« 
required  for  an  injured  jterxon).  Nor  of 
the  fuiietionH  of  a  general  solicitor  of  :i 
rnilwav  comjMinv.  lUixiiif  C.  I'.  Co.  v. 
I'ni,in'.int  Mfg.  Co.  (I«d4)  55  111.  App. 
231  (validity  of  service  of  suiiiitioiisK 
Nor  of  the  "rxletit  t.i  which  a  railway 
eimipnny  is  hotind  l>y  fhe  acts  of  u  hnike 
man  in  resi>cct  to  third  imtschis.  I'iiiIk  r 
V.  MisfouH  /'.  It.  Co.  (1S1I3)  no  Mo. 
91.  20  I.,  n.  A.  350,  22  S.  \V.  G3I  (ejec 
tion  of  pns<.ent»er  from  train).  Nor  of 
the  nuaning  of  niich  technical  and  arhi 
tr.iry  terms  as  are  used  hy  railway  em- 
ployees to  descrihe  certain  operations 
connected  with  the  handling  of  trains. 


Hcori;io  It.  <i  Wc(i.  Co.  v.  fit-qiruld 
(IH'.mt  lOS  (ia  .')II7.  Ill  I.  1!.  A.  I7.'i.  31 
S.  K.  3|(i.  In  the  laM cK."!  ci-c,  where 
the  injury  was  alleged  to  have  hceu 
caused  hy  the  iie;jligi'nt  "kicking"  of  a 
ear,  an.l  no  eviihnre  was  inlrodiiceil  to 
dhow  that  a  '■running  >Hi(ili"'  and  • 
"kick"  were  the  same  tliiiig.  it  was  liehl 
to  Im'  eriimeoiis  to  admit  in  evi<h'nce 
against  defendant  one  of  its  rules  uliii'li 
relafcil  evclii-ivdy  to  running  switches. 
Iliorqin  It.  d  lil.ri.  Co.  v.  t'll-.ijirald 
(IHnii)    108  <ia.  .'107.  34  S.  K.  31(!. 

'  Itohliisiin  V.  till, nil-  f.  Illtii,-  Mfij. 
Co.  (  ISH7)  113  Mass,  .VJS.  10  N.  K.  314; 
Hil'l>'U  V.  HiiiihnU  (ISdS  :it  C.  ('.  A. 
2S2.  :>•^  V'.  S.  App.  1.  H7  fed  2.")S;  V.  jn.s 
,C  /'.  R.  Co.  V.  Ifnrnlt  (lH(t7)  Kill  t'. 
S.  617,  41  L.  ed.  Il.iti,  17  Sup.  Ct.  Keo. 
707;  Ih^'I'ira  v.  himlxill  (IHOOI  44  C.  O. 
\.  103.  101  Keil.  74.">;  II iimphn  i/s  v. 
\iiipi,rl  Vci(.«  rf  M.  Vnlli'i  It.  Co. 
llSSit)  33  \V.  Va.  I  •!."•.  10  S.  1'.  3!» : 
l't(iiil;n  V.  Siirlhiin  C.  It.  Co  (  ISSO) 
><3  N.  Y.  7;  hf  c.r'iff  v.  V.  »■  Yo-k  C. 
.f  //.  //.  It.  Cn.  lIHT!))  70  N.  V  125; 
.s7.  I.I, nix,  I.  M.  if  N.  A'.  Co.  v.  Ilmprr 
(  ISSt)  44  Ark.  .-.21;  l/'.^//c  if  O.  /.'.  Co 
v.  Tlioiitiis  (|S(1S|  4J  Ala.  ()72  (disap 
proving    instruction 


ilie  iiKi^ter  an  al 
^iiitiiMe  applitiiice- 
lliilliin  Cn.  i  iMOOi 
W.  8Mlt:   O'l  oiii.ill 


uhicli  n-crihed  to 
dole  ilnlv  to  have 
:  t/./,.r  V.  Ilii'rpli 
112  Iowa.  .'il.  H:i  .V 
lliillinnrr  i(  11.  It. 


|)e. 


Co.  (1S(!3)  20  M.I    212.  S3  Am 
l/i//.ir   V.    Mnilisi.i,    iiir   Co.    (  ISil.1 
31   S.  \\  .  .-17 1:  .stii./«/< 


.\lo.  ;)i; 


ilM: 
.)     1.30 

.Mnl.lU 

if  .1/.  A*.  V'o.  (1«<>*0|  ((7  Ala.  13:  Cnnnnin 
V.  \rir  Ynrlc.  V.  //.  .f  //.  A'.  Co.  (  I'JOI  ) 
r>S  App.   Div.   liOO.  CO  N.   y.   Supp.  73: 


I'*- 


2SIM 


li 

h''!; 

1          ; 
!  ■         ■■ 

t  ii      k 

'■ 
1'  1  '    ■ 

!^  ^.: : 

11    ! 


riji 
it-  'i 
Iff 


icri 


m^ 


MASTKH  AM)  >I-,!V\NT.  |,  „„. 

(lot'trino  niBv  bo  nynrilfil  dimply  ii.«  an   jllii^tnilion  ..f  t|„,  „ 
nilf  of  [.r.H-,..Iurf«  wlii-h  is  omlxxli...!  in  iho  ii.iixiin.  /•;,  ,,u,nJ., 


putt 


in    tlii< 


V.  tii. 


I'fpfHlt  V.  l/i.Aiwt,  (•.  «.  ro.  (IHIMM 
JIU  Mi.i,  .1111.  7s  N.  V  1100:  /»..«...  .i» 
V.  Ihirl'i,,  ,i  II.  r<>.  (iHlMti  2  IVmll. 
(I)cl  1  imi,  ^4  Ad.  «!!•:  fl.-iM./d  V. 
Illhu,  )lf„,  r„.  (iMIMIl  L'  Miv.  (rj|.I.) 
U»r,  IJ  All.  417;  (;liirl,»sl.i,  V.  //..«/"■■« 
.t  r  fo.  (  Nil  I)  1  Miin-.  (I)il.)  27.1. 
40  All  1127.  rml.,,  y.  /•„.,./  rf  J 
Cn.  (  iiMio)  :|  IVnn.  (D.-!.)  1,  M)  All 
Ul  Niiil  citi'ii  citt-d 
«iil>liil.-. 

".'Up   liiinliri    iiiii.l    rr»t    ii|n>ii    tin.   jn 
jlirwl    .I'li.illl    to   sllfi'v    l>y    llU   l'lllll|ll;lilit 
lliiit  Hiiriif  iliily   iif  111.-  I'li.'iMtpr  liiix  lui n 
vicilalrd.      If     liiit   iliitv   i-,  mil.  ilip  ,i, 
oliartfp  of   wlii.h    h:i»   iMH-n    (lt|r;<.il.Ml   i< 
iirwilliir,  not   only  ilic  iliilv.  hut  llic  ili'lr 
Kiiliof)    of    ii.    ji.    u,||    .,,    its    violuliuM 
inil»l     V  •Imwn."      V.MJ  Piltxliimih   C'xil 
<*  '"o/.      To,  \.   I'll,  rsi, II    (1>*1I.1|    l.iii   Ir.i 
Sim,  1  j  Am.  St.  I!.  |..  -.tiT,  ;).■,  \    \i  7. 

"It  in  lint  li;r  \  tv  ,\,  f,-M  1  ,iii  l>,  „(■ 
muiit  for  tlH.  aci  1.1,  1  ,,ii  u  Uiomv  .on 
Kitcnt     with     (liK      ..ire,     Imt     for     ili,. 

filiiiiililT  to  iiccoii:  i  for  it  "ii 
nroii.-|..liiit  tlicri'witli."  /Jr. 
I.oaiii  Ciji, fi,  nii/i-  fii.  (iH'JJi 
A|>|>   202. 

Any  iiiHliiMtidii  i^  prrnnoiui-  \i  li  h 
mnkcM  tin.  ni;iH|,.r's  linliijilv  turn  u, 
thr  r\is(i'nc.'  of  ilnri^'i-r.  not  of  nc'l; 
gMiw  {l.,.„ol,i  Nlnrt  n.  f'o.  V.  Cos 
11NIm;|  4>s  Srh.  8(17.  «17  X.  \V.  740);  or 
wliicli  (lircits  Ihf.  jury  to  find  for  thi. 
pjiiinlill  if  liny  xlnnil^l  .Ictcniiin.'  timt. 
in  (loini:  H!,;it  h."  ili.i  wjlli  rc.|H'ct  to 
the  (lofi^iiio  ap|.liiinop  in  ijin'^ljon,  he 
wun  iHlini;  in  the  (ir(i|Mr  "Ii-.  har-jf  of 
hU  (liitii'M,  and  while  -.0  artinff  took 
projiiT  prcrnutioiis  {Xnifull.-  ,t  If.  /{. 
ro.  V.  lf,/»„  [11K)I|  l)!l  Vii.  ISO.  37  S. 
K.  Silt  I. 

.\n  initriiotion  which  miikoH  tin-  lia 
liility  of  a  slrcrt  railway  roni|>iny  f.n 
.^n  iniury  to  in  oinployiv  from  ciiniin^' 
in  ponlapt  wit!i  a  liroUcii  (iip  alarm  wir.. 
which  had  falli'n  across  the  trolley  wire 
<le(.cnd  upon  the  manner  in  wliicli  the 
\vire.s  were  constrneted  and  maintained, 
instead  of  upon  lln'  ne;,.lij.'c  iiic  of  the 
pompany  in  so  imiinlaininK  nnd  con 
ftrnclin;;  llieni.--is  prroTie<iux.  I.iiiroln 
Utivil  It.  Co.  V.  Coa  (18110)  48  NVl). 
807.  t!7  X.  W  .  740. 

Where  a  servant  wa»  'njurpd  in  thi' 
m.asler"*  shop  liy  steppin;;  into  a  harrei 
of  hot  water  Kiink  into  tlip  jrround  m(. 
thnt  fhp  top  was  llnsh  with  the  surface, 
and   he  contended   that   the   injury   Uds 


iiiM'd  hy  ?Im.  hi  lion  oi  a  »ii„ 
kept  liy  tl  ,.  m.l-hl  il  u  |«  |„.,,|  I 
lii-lrmlloii  deelann;;  t|,|,t  ||,,. 
McniM  he  I  ntilliil  |o  ri.<i.>.r  if  il 
foiin.l  that  Ihe  action  ..I  tli,.  ,| 
not  .1  ri-U  iisMiiintl  hy  i,.e  xertii 
that  oilcli  ui'tlon  was  I  he  iai|..,. 
Injiii.v.  was  erroneous.  ini-riiiii!i 
did  not  rcpiire  »  eonsi.h  tai  ion 
niasler's  ii.L'li.'enee  in  plaeinfc'  an,] 
laiiiin;.'  It  ,  Laind.  and  tlie  ., , 
fn'e.ji.m  f|,,|,l  neylijteU'  >•  U, , 
HlKpplr    llulli, II    iu,     (  l;„,i,,     ||.. 

".I,  h:)  N.  W.  simi. 

In    11    ease    wtore    the    jil.iinlii 
l"ons|     the    oeelirrel f    the    .1,,, 

aiid  iiitro.lii.'i.j  allirmiliii.  .  .  i.|,i 
die. lint'  thai    the  ijefeet   had  .  \i.t 

I  coMsidiTalile  lime,  it  wa,  li.M  || 
iliHlimliou  th.il  il  in  the  ,|,it\  , 
einplin,-r  "lo  e\ereise  riisoiiiil,!,.  , 
keipiny  such  ma.  hlniry  ami  api.: 
in  a  rcoiiahly  safe  ii'inilih.ii  |,,i 
did  not  f.hifv  the  burden  ef  ili.|„ 
Ihe  'leiil.  .1  ..I  duly  U|h>ii  hiio.  .ui 
no!  ioipi.,|„  r.  rl.ir,,,,,,,  H,  ,(  (,  ^ 
V     A. '■'.,.,■/    I  H'i.-*!    .'•i.-i    Nel,.    7  IS, 

II  4(1:;.  Mo.lifyii,;^  on  UehciiM  .-, 
•  ■.■.  74  N.  U.   (.-.4. 

Uhire  Ih.-  e\:dince  tends  to  J„„> 
Ihe  plaiiitiir  wan  injui>'d  .ill. 
can*.,  ot  I  lie  car.dessness  ami  m. 
leii.y  of  ll,i,»e  «!,■.  anally. d  a  I,., 
ap(..Halus  and  li\.,l  it  ami  |.l  m,.| 
posillim.  or  lieiausc  of  i|,.|, ,',  n 
appaiiWiis  ils,.lf.  ,1,1  ii|,||,i,.|i,,,|  i 
errom-oiis  wlii.h  ili'i-lai.s  the  pl.iinl 
he  enlitleil  to  nciner  il  tli..  jiiiv  I. 
that  the  work  in  which  tin-  .ij.'.i 
wan  Used  was  e\tr.i  ha/aril.ais.  Sii 
instruction  is  not  ojN'n  to  ol.jiiii. 
ihp  j-round  that  il  iis.iimcs  ih,'  \<.i 
have  heeii  extra  hazanlous,  when 
was  mi  e\iilenee  of  iIimI  fact  c\..|, 
lecident  ilsell.  Il  merely  ilir.ri- 
illeiilion  (d  Ihe  jury  lo  llii-  pi..|irir' 
coiisiilerin}:  whether,  unilcr  llie.ii 
-lances,  the  plaint  ill's  riylil  id  rm 
may  not  hin;;e  ii|miii  the  iiile  l!i,il 
risks  rpsullin;;  fnnii  Ihe  fiiline  m 
master  lo  furnish  siiitahle  nii.!i! 
and  prudent  servants  lo  opnatc 
samp  arp  extra  hazanlous  ami  tint 
sumcd  hy  a  servant  as  part  ol  his 
Iriirt  of  sen  icp.  ('niisi,li,l.il, ,1  Cu.i 
V.  Ihiriini  (ISil.tl  Hii  III  <i|4  T'  ' 
Hi-'.  AlIirminR  (ISi)l)  4S  111.  A|.|. 
In  11  ease  where  the  ea.se  w.is 
hy  a  judge  sitting  us  a  jury,  it  was 


y\  lllK.St  K. 


ijiti 


li,!i 


iiiii  ii'ii  II'  'III 


pa 


riiciiliii"  I'/tii"  <  i>iii.ii     ii|< 


/."'      <)i   i'  iiiii.v  b«'  nfcrn'il  to    ln>  i' 
ilili'  uiilv   to  lu'tioti-'   fi>r   iK'Uilip'ii'' 


hat.  :i'  'I   »»  I    ■-«•••"•''.   '"'   •'"•  ^''-'i"""'  "^  <'vi.l<'ii.-r-  \„  ilir  .•..iitr.rv. 
•hat  illlV  lluty   ulllrll  tin-  llIM    ilh|".-i-  l.il-   I'll  II  I.|(.|"Cl.V    |icll.  .iikhI,    i 

.pn.iMi  niiiot.  ill  .'nil  r  in  iiiiiK«-  "iii  ii  |iiiiiiii  Imim.'  c-.i-i-  wlii'li  will  in 
i,|..  Iiiin  t'>  li"'    '.  till' jiirv.  |ir...iiic  ■  ...M.r  .  » i.|.-ii>-f  ulii.'!.  i.  imI^  to  il.' 

.;i,,\    ll,.     r..riT  i'l    llic  |tr<-lllh|ili"li   ill   tlii>y:ivill   ill-t;ll|i-r.'       -..Ih.liiii.- 
U»lll  tlii-'   M"li"li-  •"■'■  itllviTl.cl   I.'   ill    ill''   -imir  -iMl.'iii'lll.' 

liohi  :ii<'  |>riiirii'lf-i  fxplainnl  in  ••liapur  x..  nnli  .  ii   t'.'iii.v,-  tin 
,nf  ol   ill.'  ••"^Mhtiiil  I'ltiiH'iil^  wlii.h   ill-'  -iiv.ini   li;i^  111.'  liiinl.'ii  ot' 

pn-viic  i^  '!'<•  mit-KT""  kiiowl..!;;.'.  ik-iikiI  if  < -ini.'tiv.-.  f,f  tlio  r\ 

i«f,.ii.-f  of  ill"  .lull}."  i-onn  I'otnlilioii-  wl.iili  •  iii-.'i  ill.'  iiijiirv."       \\w 


\mn  Ihiit.    in   o..|.T    I..    .  uir^'.-   ;i    <'hi\>      in.'   M  i- 
inrnf-r  with   lliibi'iiv   dii    t'lo   i;r..iin'l   ol    h-    ^.>. 


i        :is   S     I       .11:    /.•.,',fiii  V. 

SI.  ,1    .(    r.   It    It    <•>. 

■■      iTll.     Jl     S.     W  ,     III!  I  ; 

ti.i,„,,„.   II.   rf  V.   /;.    I'll. 

\.  \V.  t\<i:  Sir  ill 
I. 


hi*  fiiliiro  to   fiiriii«h   ii  m«f<'  li.i-'k   to  ilsoii 

iw,l,l  ,  l.nom  in  u<p  in  II  .l.'iricW.  till- in-  >/••"/'.     .  ..  ,     .        . .  ,.   ...    _     ,, 

t^,|   l-T...n   n...-t    f.iini-l-   rvi.l.M-    of  (IVC,    13  N.^    T:.Ml.  .;  ■  \.  W .  liX;  .v» .'. 

1.' Jlliimt    r t    ...  .•.„.,i...'.,.r..   or  .<    IL   /.  ,.' ^'■':'^";,  ^,\  ^A 

r     7/..    H,.r.,,,    InlnMr    iW")    Hfi  <„.    (ISTI,    .".s   V     V    ■.|T.    U     ,   'M,.   j 

"r«l    lO"      r.ut   in  llii-"  •■■'■^e  ».v.i,.l   wit  Sorah.H"  .(    tl  .    /.     '"     M  ■■  i..  i    J.l   I.iil. 

„,....,i;..I  »i.tc..l  tl,»(   ih.-  In.,,  ..f  111.;  «-•!•;    1' ■■■"/■'   ;    ;•;;■    »■■;'■    ''    '■     ''" 

,h,t    Ih.r.-    •«•»«    .'Ni.l.ii'.'    of    .1    lli.u    of  /■■"/    ll"."-.    <!•    N.    ^     •-■    -I     \i"-    l"'|' 


«l.i.!.  tl.-  .hipo«n.T  MioiiM  liiivi-  Uii..«n.  r.7:t;  />.  Hr.iii  v.  V'V''"'';.'  •  *'  "'  ''  " 
\l,|,n,i,llv.  tlMi.f'.r.-.  til.'  c,.-«-  W....I.I  '■'!.  il^T'i  • '■  ^  V  ]i>:  Ih".--'  v. 
n,.  l.r.i'for  til.'    j.iiv    if    it    h.id    Imhi.    /'../. '    SI,.. I   .f-    i:     Sin. I    I    rr„ 


!  in  ttip  oriliii:iiv  III  mil'  r. 

•lliM  onin  of  |iino(   i".  on  III.-   |il.'.-n 


/.'.   I 

SI. Ill  . 


'I 


l^^tl     !i:    \.    V.    •.'•'.!•;     //.  .,-  7    V. 

/-'-■,..,'    /,'.    /'.,.    (ISHO)    HI     \.    \. 

;    <...!  .  ....   \     l\,  mp   i  |s',..-,i    U.'i  N. 

IJ-     'II  V.   K     NJ:    ll<(/f  V.  Il.l.i'inir, 

,.  ,1    l\     f.'    '■•..    (  1-s :•!    .'.4   HiiM.  4.-.I,  7 

;.    ^      >;iiii.     Tli'i:    IliiiiinnI   V.   Il.iiliii.in 

\H*^■.,    i;    \\.    V.  C.  'J.'i'.'.   1   Ci'iit.   Rop. 

js    .-,    \ii.  :\]i. 

1:1   'll.-  iili-.-nc-i-  of  iin   iill.'jrifion   thrit 
.1     iir|l.iM.<'     «in    im-iinip.  l.-nt.    nt     tlio 
.ii,i>.ir.-iil     til.'    nll.-'.'.-'l     Ti(.-li     lit.:,     ll'-   ";.i    <-ni|ilo_vi..!.    tlio    pnnri    «iH 
ihhiniiii.  r.  rf  N.   /■'    '.'    '"•  V.    tirc-iiii  1' that  tlii' ni:i<t.-r  nin.lp  nil  pr.'i'.r 
n.r   (ISS.'ii    34    Kan.   'V-t'i.  9   I'ac    iii.|iiiiii-   ami   invcstiu'iitions  ln-f.  n-  Mr 

in','  liini.     Dmix  v.  I'liroit  rf    W.   A",  f'"- 
prf't    of   ttiP    prinpipli>    in    ad-     I  HJ"' /r'"^  ^'i''i-  in->.  4  Am.  I!rp.  rtHI. 


is  ini'iiiiil"  ll'    on   liiiii   to   -li'>»    "•' 
i  .  ly  nil  till'  pl.Mii.'nl-  "f  ;i   rii;til     ^ 
.,■■'•      SI'il.    icr   "f    II""!' Ii"    V.    /.. 

■SSI)  ."  M.I.  i!s:  '< 

..      iilli.Tilii"-  an-  :ijr I   ttiat    it 

i.xin  till.  pliiimilV  to  -liow  the 
'r.    in    cillii.i     \M«ril<i.      . 
:>;!   till'   fi.l"!  wliicli  i-Hiitt itnte 


r..r...l  to  in  til."   follo\vii.„  cum-.:     Kum  •  \f.^'li';<-M.o   on    tli.'    pnrt    of    tli.'   .in 

mfrh.r.'^    V.    hansns    P.    I{.    Co.    (1S7,-|)  ploy-T    i~    .i..t    to   l,o    pi-.-siini.'.l :    ami    It 

2  Clin    4S4    (ooiiiplaint    not    n.-.'al  ivinj.'  r.'^ti  on  tli,-  pliintilf  to  av.-r  ami   prove 

want    of  parp   aii.l    knowl.-.!'.'.-.   la-M   I'H'i  "very   fa.t   ."...-iilial   to  tim  .-M-tiii..-  of 

im  .!.■!.  HI  n-r:     \hirr.nt    V.    Ilrtii-.r    if    ll.  artiolial.lp  nP};ll^•l'n(^'  on  tin-  pail    "f  tlif 

n.  I! 

481:   .. 

28S.  :!T  S.   v..  .til'l:   I'hiriinn  <t  E.  i-  H-  N.  K.  770. 

en    V,    \hi.iH      Is'.iHi    S3    111.   .-Vpp.   4(;i).  *ll.    flmff  v.   Vrir  Yr.r::  C.  d  II.  h .  V 

M.-.v,..,n     /•     If.     Co.     V.    rhamhcrlnin  Co.   (187!M   7fl  X.  Y.  VIT,:  \n.f..l!.- ,(■  W 

(lS!Mii    4   Kan.    .Viij.    iJ.T?.  4.»  Vac.  OUT;  R.   Vo.    v.   ./<i</.«,n    (ISSS)    S,",   \  i.    ts'i, 

Ouillrtip  T.  f)if;.,..i,.  Whirl  Co.   <18!)4)  8  8.   E.   370;   Chicago,  U.  li  Q.   It-   <o. 
Vol.  II.  M.  A  .S.  -03. 


..1.111  r.M- -     Miiinnf    v.    iinir.r    ii-    ...    .n  i  .i.ii.i.'.'-  ni-j^.-r;' ..»•    ". i- 

'    i:.    I  ISS7I    11  Colo.   12».  17   I'ac.   employer.      LoviKiille,  .V.  .4.  <f-  l\  It.  Vn. 
Uni'l.i,  V.  i;„rhull    (HIOO)    \\i  «ii.    v.    SfiunlUird     (188S)     117    In.l.    -Ji;."..    I'l 


■    ■         ■  1 

if 

lii.l  ill' 


22UU 


MASIKIl  .\Sl)  i>KK\  .'.NT. 


[••IIAP.  ) 


I    iV 


\\\h 


If} 


V.  Mnnigomery  (IHHt)  I.",  III.  .\|i|>.  JO.'); 
Jnhnsiin  v.  ('/i<  .«ii/«  ii/.c  ,f  O,  /,•,  ('o. 
(I.-Sli-.')  .•»;  \V.  Vii.  7:1.  U  S.  K,  1.(2;  Ir- 
rr((/i  I'ilt  Woii.K  V.  .Ililriill  (  IM!Mi)  I")  Inil. 
.\|'|'.  4lil,  10  N.  K.  SIH.  44  N.  K.  .12(1; 
llishrr  V.  \,,r  York-  >'.  rf  //.  l{.  U.  Cu. 
(ISSMI  <M  N.  V.  (Jiii;  M,t,l-,r  v.  \t 
iiiniir  I  IHS.I)  r.  M.i'i.iry,  IJ17,  IS  K.il. 
.'IT.'i;  l/r(M>i(  V.  Ilnlnnitnd  lE  />.  /»'.  Co. 
(ISili.')  Ill  X.  C.  4HJ.  IH  K.  U.  ,\.  SI.-,. 
:IJ  Am.  St.  I!r|..  SU.  Itl  .s.  |.:.  (i!)S: 
1-<,l.ii,ihr^.  r.  i(-  /.  ('.  It.  (V).  V.  Trwsrh 
(IS7:i)  (IS  II!.  .-||.-,,  IH  .\iii.  |!,.|,.  -,7S: 
Sliii)i,,il  \  <l,li„,i,i.  II.  t(-  V.  /.',  r« 
MSS.-.,  lU  III.  JU.  2  N.  »•;.  IS.-.;  .S7. 
/.'"  IV.  4.  ,f  7.  //.  W.  <■„.  V.  f'-.r./Kii 
(ISiM)  4!>  III.  .\|,|..  •.••.»!»:  ,V«,„/,/;  ,;.v.v  V. 
Ciiin-.ii,  Slid  r„.  (ISlMi)  17:1  i'.i.  -^IH, 
Xi  Ml.  1101:  fii,„l,,„  V.  l/,,v.v„«,i  /'.  /,'. 
To.  (is.s.l)  7S  Mil.  .'.07:  .sv.  /..,i/i.s.  /.  ir 
rf  K.  H.  Co.  V.  f;.ii<K.«  (ISS.-,)  40  .\rk. 
S.'i.'i. 

Tlip  (MscH  piled  in  tho  cliaiitiTM  c|c;i|- 
iliR  widi  knnwiiilfj,.  IIS  an  clcnirnl  nf  ilu- 
ma^tn's  liiiliility  all  aKtiiiiic  the  doc 
trine  to  Ik-  eorreet. 
S<'e  nisd  J  I'JS,  tnilr. 
Frotii  evideniv  that  a  ilefeet  oxisted 
it  e:niii(i(  Im>  Inlc-rred  Hint  it  loiild  have 
been  di^mveriil.  Il<iriii,i.i  v  I'nlliini 
(Ih:ii))    171    Mass.  .■i!W.  .-.4   \.  K.  Sf.'. 

In    t«ii  el-es   ill   wlliell    lllc  selA;!!!!    Hill 

sniiiK  nihl.  r  the  Noilh  Carolina  staniio, 
wliieli  diilire^  railway  ei>iii|i,itiies  lo  he 
lialde  III  their  eni|>li>Jee»  for  injuries 
rniisnl  liy  '"aii.v  ilifeet  in  their  niaehin 
01, V.  wav^.  or  a|i|di.imes"  (see  <lia|>ler 
XXIX.,  .11/^).  the  eiMirt  heM  that,  when 
ii  was  |>i(p\ed  rr  admitted  that  the  in- 
jury in  ipieslion  was  laiiseil  by  the  nn 
itafe  ennditlon  of  (he  Iraek.  ne'jIix'iMee 
on  the  |>arl  'if  llie  roiii|,.inv  i mhl  In- 
|ire-iiii  1  •!.  and  tliat  thi'  luinien  of  juov 
in;,'  f.iels  whiili  \m  iihl  eNcime  tin-  acei- 
dent  was  tliii  -hifir.l  lo  tin-  dif  inlaiit, 
.Miiiv.n      v.    U'l/'iiih    i(-     I.     Ill-    /.;,/,•    /,'. 

Co.  (iiKMi)   ii'ii  V.  ('.  •jiiii.  :;',  s.  (■:.  4-j:!: 

II  i7/,ie  V.   /.'<;'.  I'/h  ,(■  r.  /'.  /,'.  Co.    (  ItlOO) 

127  \.  r.  L'lu.  ;!7  s.  I-:   •.•()».     in  the 

forniT  <a-i>  it  was  remarked  that  this 
is  always  ;ho  rule  where  a  |>ositite  ihilv 
is  impo-iil  hy  l.iu.  No  atilhorilies  for 
this  st  H.Tiieiit  Wire  nienlioneil.  nor  doi-* 
the  court  ^rive  any  reason  for  the  din' 
triiH'  iliii-  eiimiii.itiil.  HlthoiiL'h  tli.it 
doel;i!:e  is  t.lilt.inioiiiit  to  11  dii'l  iral  ion 
(hat  I  he  [(riiieiple  whieh  is  riio-.'iii/ed 
ii!  the  il-ii-ii.iis  iM.lleitcsl  at  the  he^'in- 
nin;?  of  this  iwte  is  not  ap|>liealde  where 
He  |.'n>ieal  riiiiclilioiis  iroiii  whiili  the 
iniiiiv  resulted  iliil  not  satisfy  a  stand 
aid  if  s.ilily  whieh  ha<l  heen  tl\e<l  hy  a 
s(.itii;oiy  jHovision.  Tlip  writer  eon- 
Ii  -.  -    hi-    inaliility   to  [x-reeivp  any   ra- 


tional Kioiind  ii|Hin  whiih  .u>  li  a  .• 
lieation  of  that  |iriiiei|ile  can  lie  l' 
ill  the  inr^eiit  iiislaiiei-.  The  c, 
|>osition    would    rather  s(..iii   i,,  |„, 

ill    the    ahseii if    ■..mie    e\|ire-,    1, 

diMi  like  tho.e  ili.in-.-ed  in  >>  s:i:i.  , 
the  statute  in  ipn -I  ion  simplv  leii.li 
railway  eon.|iai,\  lialde  for  .1  -.li 
under  the   saim    1  iieiiiii-t  imt  s  .1,  ,. 

warrant    Hi.-   iiih  rni if  >ii|.||   |i,|i, 

in  a  common  law  aetion;  —  thai  1 
say.  reeovi'iy  is  i-oiiditioiial  ii|ii,i,  ji, 
in;;  shown  that  the  eeni).ain.  hi 
.letii.il  or  eon-triietive  know  lid^.,.  i,( 
•  ilinoniial  eoniiitioiis.  failed  li^  nn 
them.  The  ailii|ilion  of  this  \'„.\\  , 
oiisly  invokes  the  coiisiinii  ine  iImi 
hiirden  of  proving  sinh  kiinwl,,!.,.,. 
lie  n|Hin  the  pl.tintill'  in  an  ailj.nrii 

till-   si.iiiiie.    and    that    the   i|,hii 

plied  in  the  .Vorth  Carolina  i-.i... 
erioiieoiis.  .\  similar  e(iiii|i|.i,,|i  ,, 
iliiatui  hy  the  eoiisideral  ii.ti  (liit 
diKirino  s.iiiis  to  he  essenii.dk  {,. 
sistent  with  till?  rnle  laid  ilmvli  in 
ea.<es  mentionisl  in  ^  SdO.  aiilr.  n-.  1 
tile  imposition  of  a  s|H'eilie  iltily  iiim 
master  does  not  o|ierati>  so  as  (n  ir - 
him  an  insurer  of  the  siiVlv  i.( 
servants. 

.\iiolliir  ease  vvliieh  scsn,,  ),,  I,. 
(>o-ed  to  the  L'ineial  ciirnn!  uf  il,,- 
thorities  is  ilulliiir  v  I/.oh,  c  /,' 
(ISSOi  .SI  Me.  .-,7-_>.  Is  \tl.  Ji.-,.  «1 
Iho  court  held  that  li.nir::  in  .1  liai 
ear   with    defe<-ti\e   .ip|iliaiii-i-.   Imp  i- 

(iriina    faeie   e\  idii ,,t  an   hum.  iiiii 

duly  on  the  part  of  the  ,  .iii|.  mv .  ; 
that,  if  there  was  any  e\:.laii  ,ii,,a, 
was  wiihiii  the  power  of  I  In- i-.,iii|ii,\ 
;;ive  it.      In  fmiiilli'ix  v.  (  (,,,.;,-,  /,' 

«f    /'.     II.     Co.      (    IS'l.-,  I      ,-,.-,     K.,11      III,;,       HI    I 

f'l.').  an  atteinpt  was  mole  hi  r.  ■  .11, 
this  rnliiiy  with  the  m.  ;e  1  .i.iiih.iIv 
eeptid  d<H'lrine  npon  1  In  lm.mii  .!  1 
the  ilefeil  in  ipieslion  ilii..i,,ii  diau 
am'  hiimperi  was  a  paieiil  eiir  1  f  wli 
tlie  eoni|iiiiy  wa.s  lioiiiid  lo  t  ik,.  iii.ii 
I'lissilily  the  11, se  max  he  linni;!;!  In  I 
with  llie  other  aiitlioiilii's  ii,  1 1|,-  i\li 
of  ils  iH'in;;  eoiisi.lenl  willi  lliini  ii| 
the  ai'lii.il  facts  in  evideiiie.  llii;  I 
M.iiiie  eoiirt,  so  far  as  i.in  he  .li-.ii\.i 
from  ils  reported  opiiM.rii.  did  iinl 
tend   to  rely   upon   the   pileiit   iifir;Mi 

of    the    defl'.t,    or    the     j.le- I n    III 

the  (ompany  had  rmiiee  uf  it.  T 
liroad  rnle  is  laid  down  tliil  "in  , 
cases  where  a  wron;;.  a  faiill.  iir 
omission  of  Hnty  even,  is  prnvel.  fn 
(vhiih  il.iiiia;;es  n~nll.  the  winin;.  tia 
or  omission  implies  a  iie;;|iil.  in  I 
ahsenee    of    other    evidence,    whieh 


wlicrc  tin-  M-nant 


KVII)KN<'E. 


22B7 


liiis  .-ilif.wn  that  tlir  iii:i-*t<>r  oiiplit  t/>  havn  knoxni  of 


tl, 


IIpSC 


iiiditioiis,  tlic  law  tl<H's  not  put  ii| 


Mill 


liiiii  tii<-  u<lilitii>n:il  hiirduii 


of  ^ll<lwillf,' 


lliiit  the  iiiastcr  knew  what  it  was  hi.-t  duty  Ui  know. 


MiTaiit  suitiji 


for  iiijnri<'s  canscd  by  'I"'  'Mnplnycr's  nojrlif^ont 


faihm'  to  funiisli  sale  mat 


hincTV  is  not  iMnmd  to  .show  tli(^  prci-jst* 


naiurc  of  the  dcfcrt.     It  is  suHii 

f.H-li 


it  to  show  that  till'  accidiMit.  ofcnrrwl 


UraiiM-  of  some  (h-fin-tivc  conuition  o 


.f  til 


nacliincrv,  caiisci 


1  by  thi 


lattcr's  iif{,dij>;fnf<'.' 
Thf  iir<-<iiin|itioii  \ 


injtiri" 
waf  <'sti' 


1  whih-  travili 


tliat  a  s«M-\ant  of  a  railway  i-oriipany,  wlio  was 
a  on  a  far  wliicii  hclonpMl  to  the  coniiwiiy  and 

was  on 


Msilily  d(>i;i;n('d  for  tin-  tran.-portatinii  of  pas-ni^'crs, 


11  cxpliiiiiitioii   from  llii    ii|i|iiin'iitlv    in; 


'I" 

KUiliv  |Mity. 

U  ii. 


Iiiiii  liri  (111  till'  iiiii"lrr.      Mfirp'iif  V. 


/,. 


/.  I/.  .(  s.  /.'.  r<).  (isT'.t)  71 


simwii  lli.'it  till' 


L-li 


M.I    2IIJ. 


uliich  i;iil«"'i 
tcl 


I  Ih.' 


Ul|lir\    «:l« 


llut    of  :i        On   till-  iilliir  liiiiiil.  wliiTi-  it  ix  muni 


li'ivnnt.     till'     I 


ill'     l.iiH    111"'    fi-Nl  llial  '111' nt'.'Ii;.'!' 


,  if  I 


0I1U1  I'f  '•liiiwiii}; 


»;l!l    lITi'iimlK 


r  thai   llir  fi-lluw   M'lvalit     to   tlii'    \  lol.il  ii'ii    I'f    a    |»i- 


Irnl.   ami   tlial    llir   'lifi'iMJ     .li-LraM.-  iliilv  ..f  llu-  iiMstir.  tin-  pi 


iltrd 


iilain 


ant   kiifw   or   onjjlit    to    have    kmnvn 
th;it    im<ini|>olrn-y.       /Ji/iin'    v.    t'tiiii 

I 


till 
V.  .Irmnur   (!«?»:*.)    5  MiCrary.  ill",    IH    >iii 


i.f    lilt    i> 
til    Miiil  an  a   |ia 


iiiiliui'il    ill  III''  lii-t   in 


It   iif  li 


that 


ISS'Ji    Ir.  !..  It.   10  f.  I,.  Ml:   »>uU<r 


m|ilii.M'i'  1 1  Hill  "Ihi~ 


till 


III  i|i 


-1 11.11 


1'.  '.h. 
nl<  ..r  .Jiii-t- 

■.Mllll'.l     WiW 


Fed.   .-ITS; 


fhi 


ii  i:.  I.  ir 


iiiH'l.'iit    l.ir    hi"    .lull.' 


Ilmrit    (1HH4)     110    111.   as:i;    Shiffunl   v.    f/..r././. 
rkmiijo.  It.  rf  Q.  II.  Co.    (|HS.-,I    lit    I" 


I/,   a    SI.    r.    It.    rn.    (  I- 


Hi.  t  N.   v..  IS"):    (Ihiit  A    \l .   It.  »' 


I)    t:i.l.  .-.7  N.  \\.  2IIII  i. 
Ii.' 


il 


V     to  Im-  ill  a   >itual  imi    wh 


■I  ll.-k  ;i 

.'  il    «  IS  (Ian- 


(ISM)    l:tS  Iml.  IS.  ;tii  v.   K.  702.    yiTiaf*  to  i 


IHn 

37  N.  K    ."ilfl;  llalliiiiorr  i:it  nilcr  Co.  v. 

.Vffli  iissfi)  fir>  M.l.  4:1s.  8  .\tl.  n;ts:  sti  (;a. 

UfDmiHiH  V.  Ilnmiihal  if  SI.  J.   II.  Co.    -aiil: 
(188.1)    87    M".    ".JH.");    Itnlili. 


an  on   pas 


-iiiL'  liaiii-l 


•Otfrtii  S.  S.  r<).   V.    Miillh 


IIS.    I: 


v..  \y.\i. 


(  |S!'.(1) 
irt 


•|l   lii'iiii.'  ~liii«n  that   tin-  .l.fi  ii<l- 


ii,«;s    ant,  wlmsi' 


iliil 


y    II    tt  IS  to   pr.iv 


.1.' 


Vihi 


I.  .1.  ,t  r.  It.   If.  Vit.    llSdli    110    in.l    Nuital.l.'    iiiiph-m.iils.    ..n 


Ih. 


Mo! '4711!  24  S.  \V.    1011;    \lii>i>lni  V.  SI.    trary     pi»\i.l>>l     ami     iinph.y.'.l     iii.| 


/.OH  in, 


I.  M.  ■(•  S.  It.  Co.   (1S7(II 


n  M- 


ini'lils   « 


hii'h 


I   hrl. 


202    (error   to   cliarp 


thai    till-    niastiT    lli.'    ininry 


II-..  f,' 


has  til.'  Iiimli-n  of  pToviii);  that    hi-  iis.sl    unlit,    nn.l    on    thiir    faiv    s|ii>«i.l    that 

tlii.y   hail   hii-n  so   Ion;;  rmaijli    for   ll.iir 


dill 


I'  can-  III  I'inpi 

to  l»"    illroniprli'Ml 


loviii! 


n'lt„iih    V 


lit     sll 

l.ihiiih    iiiisafi-    riiiililion    to    havi- 


111 


lli. 


Ynlli  >i 


r<„,l  1;,.    (|S!l|)    Kil    I'a.  27.">.  2S    .-n-.l    l.y    Ihr    ii.a-tiT    in 


thr 


•f 


.Ml.    loss;    Sniulfiniss   v.  Ciin 


Sill  I   ..i.liiiarv 


ilili: 


it  IS  not   11 


ill  l<; 


(V  iiHiidi  17.1  I'a.  22s.  :t:i  .\tl.  not;  a-.~iiiii.. 


that  thi'  il.'f.-ml.ilit  oii-l.l  l.i  lia\o 


i!iiiilhern    Colliin-Oil     Ci 
IISIM;    Ti'X.    Civ.    .\pp.)    2'i 


lie     Viiml    known   of  this  .■.iii.lition  ; 


III   il 


sl< 


\V.    i:i 

(iii-t  111.1  ion    i-rronisMis    whii-h    puts    on 
.l.f.'ii.l.uil    thi-   Inirilon   of   proviii;;   I'xrr 


littli 


II'   I'lloUi 


rh   I 


o  rii) 


uiri'   it  to  show 


that   il   lli. I   II.. I    Know,  or  olfrr  sntn,-  cs 
I'Usi'  for  not  know  in;; 


f  line  can'  in  noli'cl i n^'  n  servant  1  ;    il  rvislisl.  em 
iiri  I'.  It.  rn.  V.  Chiixliiiiiii   (IsSiii     llio  pioof  nni 


Ki  T.'X.  3fi!t:    .M'Vhnrhs  v.    linn, 


'I'llis  ilif.'llse.  if 
ilil  easily  liav.'  h.'.'ii  11.1. 1.'; 
st   hav.'  I.iiii  within  lli.-  .1"'- 


Wi 


if    Smilliitfi    Ci 


470.  ;17    I'ae.  7:t;t;    li,i<liillr  v.   C.1...1 


iilaiiC 
(  ISltll     10    Itah,    |M.sse>si 


reaeh  ;    I  he    h. 


I" 


.il.lv 


W.T.'     Ill     I 

..     at     I.' 


Is 


/'.    /.'.   Co.    (1S8!»)    5   Manitoba    I.,    l.'ep 


hnn    anil    if  the  |ilaiiit  ilT's  eviil.iiee  as  I.,  the 


'onilil  i 


i>f     till 


SS.') 


the    .li'f.n.lanl 


ilv     hav. 


It    in  error  to   inslmet    a    jury    that.    pn.M'.l   it. 


the    ineonipet<'iiey    of    the    s.'rvant 


V.7.S 


SI.      I'ltiil      I'll! 


ll.,r/-« 


ia  e.tal.lish.'.l.    the    hiir.l.-n    of    pri.v  ins,'    ( IS»4)   67  Miiin.  43,  58  N.  VV.  8U8. 
that  ordinary  eaie  was  used  in  employ 


!!|T' 


!'    '-*'1 


Ii 


i 


«.  I 

li; 


2208 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


(<  II.U' 


If 


II.  ■;; 

j:    ii 
I 


that  car  by  the  invitation  of  an  employer  who  had  authoriiv  i.. 
the  company  by  such  invitation;  and  in  tlio  u!)sonw  <.f  cvid. n,,. 
inp  to  rohut  this  pmsuinption  the  jury  is  warranU'd  in  tintiiii':  ili; 
sor\aiit  was  iiot  a  trespasser." 

833.  Negrligence  not  inferable  from  the  mere  occurrence  of  an 
dent.— A  dot-irine  which  has  very  frocjUeiitly  been  afhnne.l  ii, 
ployei-s'  liability  eases  is  that  the  mere  faet  of  the  senanl's  Im 
been  injured,  owinjr  to  the  existence  of  almoniially  uiimiIc  (-..ihlii 
is  not  of  itself  suflieient  to  overa>me  the  presumption  entciijim. 
the  law,  that  the  masU-r  has  exercised  pi-oper  <;ure.'     'I'liis  dcKi 


'Bryant  v.  Chivium,  fit.  P.  M.  rf  O. 
If.  Co.  (IS'i.'J)  4  C.  (".  A.  I4«.  Ii  U.  S. 
App.  II.""!.  .'■.•!  Kill.  !i!»7.  Ax  to  this  raw. 
H«'  IS  (i_'tJ,  iii>(cs  i.  (!.  iintr. 

'"While  in  the  ii-i.  of  h  pasM'ii^jcr 
the  i.\v\  of  III  ;i(Ti.|iMil  carries  with  it  a 
preMlinptiuii  cif  iie;;li^'eii(v  on  the  pint 
of  the  eiirrier, — ii  prrauiiii>tion  whieh, 
in  the  iilivnee  of  wmic  exphin:ition  or 
piiinf  to  the  foiilriirv,  ih  siilhcient  to 
8U>tMin  a  verdict  n'.'.iiiist  him,  .  .  . 
a  ililfcn-nt  iiile  ohlaiiis  a<  to  an  em- 
jilovee.  Thp  fact  of  accident  carries 
with  it  no  pr<-sumption  of  nefjIijiiMico 
on  the  part  of  the  employer,  ami  it  is 
an  alliniiative  fact  for  the  injured  em- 
plovM.  Id  e«laldl-h.  that  the  employer 
has  been  giiilty  of  n<>gligence."  I'ut'lon 
V.  /.iuv  a  /'.  /.'.  Co.  (1901)  170  U.  .S. 
ti.JS.  1.5  I,,  ed.  .301,  21  Sup.  Ct.  Kep.  27.'). 
_  ■■Exi'epliii;;  where  coiitraetuul  rela- 
tions exist  helween  the  parties,  as  in 
the  case  of  carriers  of  passen^jers  and 
sonic  others,  iii^rliKemi'  will  not  lie  pre- 
sullied  from  the  mere  hapiienin!;  of  the 
accidint  and  a  conscijiieiit  injury;  but 
the  plaintitr  must  nliow  either  actual 
neL'livcnie  or  conditions  which  are  so 
olivi(.ii-ly  danjicious  as  to  a<liiiit  of  no 
inferi  lice  other  than  that  of  nci.di;;iiice." 
SI<iir:K  V  (hiliirii)  Spiiiiiitm  <".  (1898) 
184  I'a.  r>2.1.  :i!.  I..  I!.  A.  Slii.  ti;»  Am.  SI. 
Rep.  S07,  :i!i  .\tl.  •.'!i_'. 

"Tlic  mere  fact  I  hat  the  servant  re 
ci'ivcd  iiijiiiy  iI.ms  iiet  establish,  even 
prim.i  facie,  tln'  neyli^jenee  or  hrvjich  of 
duly  of  the  iiiaHler."  i:.i.si  r  t'ounly 
KUclrie  Cn.  v.  A  (7/t/  (18!»4)  57  N.  J.  L. 
100,   'Jit  AM.   4'_'7. 

Other  cases  in  which  tho  doctrine  in 
the  text  is  reco^'ni/ed  are  the  following: 
Uofjiilt  V.  Hull  i,i,in  (  lHi;9)  !>.  IJ.  ;)  P.  C. 
llf>.  >'>  I,.  T.  N.  S.  110,  (t  Moore,  P.  C. 
C.  N.  S.  .KiO.  Heversins  .5  W.  \V.  4  A.  B. 
(Vict.  l,aw)  12.'>;  hiiy  v.  Brigga  (1889; 
Q.  It.  D.)  5  Times  L.  R.  233  (upi^-r 
conipreitaiug    plate    of    a    brickmaking 


niacliine  falls  iim'X[Mi'tislly  mi  ih,. 
of  a  workman  who  li.is  Jii-i  aii..i, 
iiKiveiiieiit  with  a  scra]MTi:  'J'.i.i'. 
It.  r,i.  V.  Iliirn  It  i  H97)  lllil  I  s 
II  I.,  ed.  li:ti;.  17  Sup.  <t.  I!,(, 
(boiler  explidcd)  ;  .loin  i  v  ) 
118721  2  Dill.  (18.  K.sl.  (as,  Ni, 
(boiler  e\pl(Mled)  :  Itr  rnli(,ir„„i  \ 
fini.K.r.  (■„.  (IliOl)  I  111  |„|,  (;;i)  ,, 
drum  expli  dill  I  ;  '/'//•  /./.(  /,"  I , 
(1S94»  10  C.  I.  A.  (l:tl.  i:;  I  .s, 
:i:'.">.  (i2  Kill.  7(i.'i  (liniiiih-  Ii^t 
eaimht  in  line  thrown  li.  >ti-.oi 
•l(fH'K  V.  .MoliiiiiHi  Mini  ml  It.  c,.  i  I 
107  Ala.  400.  18  So.  :iil  (■■iii|il,.M-, 
from  haiirl  ear);  Itiiinx  v.  ll^'iriii 
II.  Co.  (IS9-2)  91!  .\la.  .'11'.').  II  s, 
(switch  caii^rlil  in  braketnan's  elm!! 
Hii/iiiir  V.  Sniilliiiii  I'.  C'l.  (ls!i| 
Cal.  49li.  27  I'ac.  :t7I  :  Nn/./..  . ;,  / 
!/aiM  SInrI  if  .4<;ii.  I'm  I,  /,• 
(1891)  91  Cal.  48.  -.''7  I'ac.  .-ilMt;  (;. . 
A',  rf  111.11.  Co.  V.  S'lhim  ilssili  s:i 
70,  20  .\ni.  St.  I!cp.  :10S.  9  S.  K, 
(hammer  biir>t  in  pines  Hhilr  1 
list-d )  ;  (I'livvK  11.17  V.  llmraUi  .Vi.i' 
/.'.  Co,  (ISS;ii  !i9  (X\.  :tl7:7,nv(  7.,, 
vcc,    V.  i  (;.  II.  Co.  V.  S,i.l,l,th    il> 

8(i  c.A.  .-tss.  \>  s   I-;,  tis^i  ii'icp  M,i,t 

while  brakeiiian  was  niakiii;;  si-,' 
with  it  1  ;  ./o/(i  /  Shi  I  fn.  V  Si,, 
(189;i)  140  III.  (iO.1.  .31  \,  1;,  1 
((UiMif  tliat  servant  was  iniun.l  by 
of  molds,  held  not  sulliiieiil  :  Imt 
ciiverv  allow(»<l  on  aiiolher  ;.'iiiiiii'li  : 

/«l/o.  "U.    .(     U.     It.    Co.    V.     Vin„i-    (!■( 

77  111.  217  (bursting  of  boiler  I  :  /'•'. 
D.  rf  H.  K.  ro.  V.  Illlriliiirl.-  I  ISHi) 
111.  .App.  .')li2  (footboard  of  enjiiiic  ', 
wav)  ;  CliHiKlo  rf  .(.  It.  I'll.  V.  /) 
(188(0  2;i  III.  App.  148  (llaiise  of 
broke)  :  liiinhti  Cily  Win-  Sjinun 
V.  Itiuchir  (1899)  it4  111.  .\\i\<.  !"i ;  /." 
rille  rf  .V.  II.  Co.  v.  Co«i/j  iHimi 
Ky.  iiOO.  14  S.  \V.  .51.3  (rails  of  -» 
spiejid  as  train  was  muviii^'  shmlj. 
caused  the  switch  levui  to  Atiikt;  a  y 


IHH 


18331 


EVIUKNl  E. 


22ai> 


l,md);   Htnry  »•  Brnvkenridge  Lumhrr 

,'^   ,1890)  •18  La.  Ann.  9iJ0,  20  So.  221  i 

llanrnlhii  v.  Xorthern  C.  H.  i'u.   (!H7(!) 

Ill  Md   2S0   (dffective  steam  Imnin.r)  ; 

luie  V.  .Vf.c  Vorfe  A  S.  E.  It.  Vo.  ( 1S!)11) 

174  .Mass.  317.  .14  N.  K.  S44   (arch  pipe 

„f  loooiiiotive  blew  out)  ;  Uuffy  v.  (.p(oR 

il8;;i)   113  -MiiHH.  544   (derrick  broke)  ; 

TiMiru  V.  Eiirrka  Iron  A  Stiel   Worka 

(18II1)   89    -Micb.    249,    60    N.    W.    S.W 

boiliT  enil   fill  upon  workman)  :   Ucd 

,o«<l  V.  Pillii   Lumber  Co.    (lM!t:i)    96 

\liih.   r,i:t.    55   N.    \V.    1004    (no   proof 

..tr.nil  that  macliiiie  wax  out  <>(  reiwir 

„|i,ii    it    <MU<e<l    an    aocidfnt )  ;    Qtiinrij 

!/i„.  Co.  V.   KiltH    (1870)    42    .Mich.   ;I4, 

j  X   \V.  240.  per  Coolcy.  J.;    !'■  ny  v. 

|/,Wm-.w»    C.    H.   Co.    (ISflS)     108    -Mich. 

130    «.'(   \.   W.   rtOS;    TontiKtl   V     C'lr.lit 

iron  i   Kliil    Work'    (1891)    8'J    Mich. 

Mfl    .Ift   N.   W.  X-'>'>:   huriilsiin  v.   y>t;ii(( 

'on  (ISiU)   4(1  Minn.  117,  48  N.  W.  •"■•io 

iron   wiiilitH   by    which    elevator    w^im 

„p,.M(id  (ell  (hriniKb  top  of  ear)  :  \ol'in 

V  S/n>A.'r   (1H77)   .'t  Mo.  App    :tlH)   (ncaf- 

Kild  fi-Ui  ;   l.iiniiln  Stmt  It.  <''■■  \.  Cox 

.1801!)  48  Neb.  807.  07  N.  W.  740:  Chi- 

.■w<i.  B.  d  0-  It-  ^'>-  "■  A'""'"'  lls^!"**) 

,-,5N.l..  74H.  7«  X.   W.    tti2.   .Modifvin« 

,m  Rclicirini;   54    N.b.    127.    71    N.    W. 

4.i4-    lluMirin    V.    .Mliiiiliv    «  iM/    It.    Co. 

am)    64   N.   J.    L.   2112.    4-,     Ml     810; 

[)e  r.ralf  v.  New  York  C.  •(  //.  A'.  It.  Co. 

1879)    76    N.    Y.    125:     Iriru    v.    \rw 

York  r.    It.   Co.    (18.-.5)    22    Huh.    .-.74: 

I'urmn  v.    \l  orrrii  I'hrniirnl  if    ilfil.  Co. 

,18li7)    3(1    N.    Y.    1.13:    H.i.i/r.-   v.    Vrie 

York  A  II.  It.  Co.   (1874)    .V.)  N.  Y.  3.-,t! 

17   .\m.    Hep     •■'-•'>=    I'"""""    "     ^I'lnill 

(1893)  69  Hun.  278.  23  N.  V.  Supp.  oOO 

(damp  holdiiij  bni.'^tin.i.'  ciiMe  of  ilc^va- 

tor  broke    and    allouetl    eiiye    to    fall)  ; 

UvUi'i'in   V.  Criviniins    (IS'.tl)    'r,   llun. 

578,27  N.  Y.  Supp.  81!»   Icoiirl  dclim-d 

to  siiy  that  a  sliver   would   ii'l    I"-   dis- 

liKl:;id   frnm   a  ehi^el   by   the  lilort    of  a 

hravy    sledp'    hammer    wliin    tin-   ilii-,el 

aan   in   pood    order):     l/!./i»    v.    r„i,k 

11891)    37   N.   Y.   S.   Jl.   T.ri.    14    \.   Y. 

Supp.   320    (band    of    lailb-    from    which 

miilt.n  lead   wai   U'lny   |¥)Und    into  an- 

(illiiT  suddenlv  pave  way)  :    M>ili">i-!l  V. 

V.H-  y;rk  C.\<   II.   It.   It.  Co.    (H!l2)    40 

v.   Y.  S.   R.   7:iH.    10    N.    Y    Supp.   :>\\ 

i(lni«hi-!ul    found    ;if(.>r    an    .ncideiit    to 

l».  mit  <d  f.rlcT)  ;   Ihiff  V.  .I».v/iii    i  !'><'.)) 

4C,  (Hiio  »^t     :lS(i.    1,-|    .\ui.   St     Kep.   (il3. 

21    \.    K.    H(>t    (hiiili-r   exphMleili:    Kin- 

mid  V.   Ox  1)1)11    Slnrl    l>'"'   d    ''■    V.    /'. 

<;,.   (1S!12)    22  <»i.   -I.-".  2!'   Vv.  3    (rail- 

i.Md  l.iakiiiian   caTiiiot    (.-••over   for   per- 

-niiil   iiijuriis   ri'.-iill  iii_'   fiom   the   p:irt- 

iri;'  (if  the   train,  due   to  the  Mh-enci-  of 

a    ki'V    hohlinp    the    ilrawhar    in    phx-o, 


where  the  key  ninr  have  fnl'en  out  in 
the  ordinary  o|MTation  of  tin-  train,  and 
there  is  iiolhiiip  aside  fn  'i.  tin-  anid.ul, 
to  -.how  that  the  key  was  not  in  pi  ice 
and  prii|M'rly  fastened  at  the  time  the 
train  started  on  its  trip);  l/u'ir  v. 
/»./«ii.i(  Col  Co.  ilS!i3)  1.-.2  I'a.  3li."), 
25  Atl.  .187;  IlKli/iiis  v.  /■'umimi:./   (WUM») 

195  I'a.  .■)'.)!>.  40  Atl.   102;   Wo/vyri sAi 

V.  SfirivkilH  Sugar  I'lf.  Co.  (IS'.Mi)  177 
I'a.  57,  3.-.  Ati.  .'>'.>(■;  •*•'/""'  v.  /»<..;-/» 
(1901)  ID-I  I'a.  112.  r>2  I.  It.  A.  !':i3. 
«2  Am.  St.  Kep.  7!I2,  17  All.  ST.,;  /).(( 
las  V.  (lulf,  C.  A  S.  h  It.  <•„  i  issli  111 
Tex.  10(1  (deniliti'-iil  of  tr.iin);  llfis- 
toii  A  T.  C.  It.  Co.  V.  Itarin.i.r  (IS'.ol; 
Tex.)  14  S.  \V.  212  (di.iwh^ad  had  la- 
come   deliohed    ill    Ihe    <l|Mr.itll>ll    "M    IlK'V 

inp  the  liaiii);  llrooihirii  v.  Sun  .In- 
liniio  Has  <■„.  {\:»»))  2t  Te\.  Civ.  Ap|> 
(>03.  00  S.  \V.  270:  l/Ks'.iiri.  h.  A  /'. 
It.  Co.  V.  Croinirr  (ISl'O;  T.x.  Civ. 
\pp.)  55  S.  \\  .  3S():  llaril  V.  \  .  rwoiif 
if  <■.  II.  Co.  (H(ill)  32  Vt.  478;  llu'th,.'i 
V.  Itn,i<m  l«<l>rnr.  Co.  (ISOHj  2"  Wash. 
•".II  .'■)5  I'ac.  ll'.l;  hiU.ii.Kjii  v.  Iirii 
hirk  It.  Co.  (1900)  48  \V.  Ve.  (idii  37 
S.  K.  t'.H.'l;  t/iivhrti/i  V.  Winronxiii  Ch'iir 
Co  ilOtIO)  108  Wis.  57.  84  N.  \V.  30; 
tiiiillr  V.    Wisconsin   Hri<l'ie  A  Iron   Co. 

I  1900)     105    VVi.s.    340,    81    N.    W.    n!t7 ; 

II  i/iM.in   V.    The  Dwirt  CastU-    t  \H<\'M    6 
Can    Kxch.  387. 

S.'*'  alM>  caaes  cited  in   S  *<3I.  n.ile  '■>. 
infra. 

In   one   cane    it   waj»    laid    donn    thit. 
while  a  railroad  eoinpaiiy   is  noi   ,<ii   in 
suri-r  of  the  .safety  of  its  « inplowi-.  a 
collision  or  derailment  of  a  tiain.  lau. 
it'p  injury  to  an  employee.  r;ii-<s  .i  pre 
-uTiiption   of   ni'V'lipenee  lai    the   p;irt    of 
the    railioad    company,   and   ci«ls  on    it 
till-  liiinleii   of   provinir  tint    it    wn*  not 
ncTli",  lit.       l\.i';/i<    V    .>..."//i'rii    It.  C" 
(I'.iDil)     127    N.    C.    22;.,    37    .<.    K.    221 
The   couit    reli.-d   en    the   cax-   elt>-.l    in 
Sheario.  &    Kedf.    Nep.    «    ".Hi.   ie:;ardini.' 
the    prenuiiiptiou    of    iH'^liL'cmv    tliat    is 
entert;iineil     where    a    pis^.-ii^er     is     in 
jurid    hv    soni4^    in-'lniiin  iilallly    (or   the 
condition  of  whiih  the  cinrnr  is  rc-poii 
slide.        The   posit  i,,,!    i-  e\pr.  — ly    t;ik.i» 
that   "Ihis   picsiiniption    cNlinds    to   (lie 
orciirrenii",   rcpnrdless  of   tin-   |m'I  >on    ifi 

jUKsl  "  .     . 

In   iiiiother  case    vie    litirt    th'-  limilar 


niliiip  dial,  ulicic  it  app  .1-  (hit  ■' 
^i.r\;iiit  «as  injured  in  a  ti  lin  colii-mn. 
a  prima  faiie  e-.i-r  i-  ni:i.|e  .'/um-I  the 
mast.r.  Shtihr  v.  »().>f/.ii.  h  »'  d  I' 
It  Co.  (1901)  S7  Mo.  \pp  tiH.  'i'liK 
court  procn.ls  ii|miii  the  .i--iiii;pl ion  that 
tli<>  ml.-  which  pn-viih-  (hat  where  in 
nccidt  lit   psiills  from  "an  act  of  siicb  a 


Jl 


'l 


2300 


MASTKll  ANU  SKItVANT. 


[CIIAI 


I'i'M 


is  fontrolliiip,  even  in  ca«i's  wliore  the  iiatHre  of  tin*  uccil 
stroH^'ly  .suf;;;^•^livt■  of  tlie  condiision  tliat  the  inajkT  had  lalli  i 
of  tlie  ()l)lif;at<)rv  standard  of  caro.' 


charnrtrr  tli:it  wlii'n  diip  euro  is  taken 
in  itn  |>iTfmriiaM('f  no  injury  nrtlinurily 
ensncH  from  it  in  Kimilur  <•:!«•«,  it  will 
be  |>r("<iiiiicil  til  111-  iii-:;liL'i  lit."  applicit 
to  a  <-<illi-<i(pn  lii'twri'ii  tuiu'.  even  »licn 
the  injiiriMl  |mi>iiii  i«  a  srrviint.  Tlif- 
nutliiirilir.s  ciicil  nrc  rn-cs  Mlicre  car- 
riiTs   were   Hiii-d    liy   llilid    imt^om^ 

Hotti  (if  tlicsi-  (liTisinns  nil-  cxiilinlly 
contrary  t<i  IIh-  yrrat  ni.i.«  of  llic  iiii- 
thorJticH  whicli  make  a  ili~l  iiirtion  Iii-- 
twpen  llif  cla^s  of  cam's  rcliiij  ii|i<tii  tiy 
the  rniirts  ami  (Ihwp  in  wlilcli  tlit-  in- 
jury was  niiJM'd  liy  a  servant  or  prr- 
■on  to  uliiim  I  lie  ilcfcnclaiil  owch  only 
the  duty  if  i'MmcIsIm;;  ordinary  rare. 
See  last  Hertiim,  note  I. 

It  is  error  to  yive  any  inMriiftinii 
whioli  is  i'iiiiii>istcnt  \iltli  tlie  dut  line 
statiil  in  llie  text.  HhIHiihiii'  t'lrinliir 
Cn.  V.  \iiil  llHS(l)  (1,-,  M,|  r.\H,  r,  Atl. 
3.1S:  ^\llllllsh  I!.  Co.  V.  Iiirnll  (IS!W) 
79  III.  .\ii|i.  "iHM;  Knliiis  V.  II  i'j((i)i.«/rt, 
/.  rf  V.  /.'.  <•',.  (ISST)  70  Iowa.  .■iiil.  31 
V.  \V.  Si;s  (in-tniction  disapproved 
wliirli  alli.uid  jury  to  infer  nii;li;;enee 
from  till  fart  that  tile  aeeident  «as  "un- 
usual mill  evtr.ioiiliiiaiv")  ;  hiiDxnit  P. 
II.  Co.  V.  Solmnn  (IS7.1)  11  Kan.  S.I 
I  held  tM  lie  eriiir  in  an  action  for  inju- 
ries reei-i\,d  liy  a  trainman  in  the  opef. 
ation  of  a  lailroad,  to  cliartre  that  such 
an  aceiileiit  raises  n  pre-.iin>ption  of  ni'ir 
li-renee  on  the  pirl  of  the  master)  :  l/o 
liilr  if  It.  U.  Cii.  V.  Tlinman  llSliS)  42 
Ala.  I!7'2  (eiiL'iiie  derailisl  ovvin'j  to  d(^ 
fects  of  tni'k;  rharye  erroiiimis  wliich 
stated  thai  the  onus  of  proof  that  care 
and  dili'_'eiiie  was  useil  was  cast  upon 
the  defi  ndaiit  liy  a  fiilure  to  have  a 
suitalile  i-iii.'ine)  ;    Hii:l      ■)  V.   rhiiilrnttin. 

o.  rf  r  /,".  m.  (isHMi  KM  N.  ('.  (01.  in 

'^.  K.  li'i!!  (eriniiioiis  to  cIkiil'c  the  iury 
that,  if  they  f.iind  the  apidiaiice  whieii 
caused  tlie  injury  to  Im-  ihfeclive.  it  de- 
volved on  the  ilefi-tidant  iitr|i<iral  ion  to 
show  that  it-  rninlition  was  not.  an! 
eoiild  not  'ly  the  exercise  of  reason  ihli 
care  have  heen.  known  to  its  ollic.  r~  1  ; 
l.niiisi nil-  if  V.  A*,  fo.  V.  Filhi m  i  Hiili) 
fi  Hush.  571.  <l!t  Am.  Dee.  fino  (instriie 
tion  held  improper  liy  which  the  jury 
were  in  elTcct  told  that  ordinarily  the 
defendant  was  not  only  liahle  for  neu'- 
li'.'ciice.  cither  proviniate  or  renidle,  Imi 
ihal  they  niiisl  re^'ard  all  aciidciits  or 
ni^fiirl  lines  occiirriii).'  in  conseipiiiiie  iil 
the   f.iUing  or   displacement   of   natural 


objects  alonjt  the  line  of  the  roa.l 
renulls  of  such  nej,'liyeiici' I 

An     instruction     to     the     elf.s 
where,  in  the  due  exercise  of  lij. 
the  eniploue  is  injuied  llnoii'.'h 
pliances  or  sunouiidinys  of  the  h 
and    it   does   not    apiwar  thai    he 
fault,  the  liindcn   is  on  the  einpl 
show    that     he    himself    was    fie^ 
fault,    is    erioneoiis.    as    it    l.iki- 
from   the   jury   the   i  lai-iilcr^^i.n 
ipii-.lion    as   to    whether    or    ii"i 
jury    Mas    caused    li\     iiii.i\imi1,i1,I 
dent.        I.iinlull    V      /(.,./.      I  IS.ST) 
■-'l.-i.    1.3   I'ac.   IWiO. 

It  is  aNo  error  to  refuse  iii«ir 
enilindN  iin;  this  doctrine.  ll.;i( 
noiH  r.  It.  Co.  (  ls7.'il  411  low 
I'liil  a  ilelcndant  eaiinot  coni[il.iiii 
refii-al  of  a  trial  jii.l"e  to  chii: 
ili-lciidMiit  was  ni.l  lioiiiid  to  c\pl 
caii-c  of  ilie  .icciiiciil,  where  lli 
are  iiisi  m.  i.sl  that  und.r  the  , 
stain--,  ni  i!,e  ca-e  the  lireakinj 
iiiacl!iiiei\  \(,i-  no  e\iilencc  ol 
on  th.-  pari  i'f  Ihc  ch-iiii.hinl  ii 
V.  Ill,  ,1,11111   11  /:..  /  r„.    {  IS!I4  I 

:iii.-.,  .'is  .\.  i;.  .-ill. 

.V     sjMci.il     verdict     liinlin-/ 
death  of  a  scrxani   of  a  ipiiri;    .  •! 
w.i-  caused  liy  the  sii.lileii  u- 
lo.iili-d    ears   seclireil    on    a    ;;i  ■    ■ 
lirake  and  a  ehock   iiiiihi    l!i.-    i 
not    W.I  I  rant   the  court    in  i-ii.  r.n. 
iiient    tor    till-    plaint  ill',    mile-,    il 
aUo    a    liiiiliiii;    that,    in    the   i  \cii 
ordinary   care    this   mclliod    of   «. 
them    was    insuHicient.       //•    -      i 

Co.  V.   \lrr,ii,i   ( iH!i-2)   i:i:i  in.i   -.i 

X.  !•:.  !i.-i(i. 

"•It  is  not  onou;.'h  for  the  el 
to  show  tliat  he  has  -ustai^.-.l  m 
under  circiiinstanccs  which  ir  i>  ' 
a  -iis|>icion.  or  even  a  lair  int. 
tliat  liicrc  may  have  lii<>n  nejlcj 
the  part  of  the  defend. ml  ;  l.iH  !■. 
;.'o  ■Ml  and  L'ive  evidrfce  of  -en  e  - 
act  of  .■>e:;liyenc(-  on  :  he  part  oi  ti 
sill  .lijiinst  wlioni  he  sis'k-  .  ei 
ti'-ii  "       iliilhuihrr    V.    I'i/ii  I        is: 

(•  n.  \.  s.  (iiiit.  ,3,1  I..  .1.  f.  V  \.  ■ 

U)    Iiir.    X.   S    S7!l.    1(1  T,.  T,    \    > 

12  Wis-:;,  Hep.  !).S8.  per  Will.-  I: 

V,    \,  I,    <i,ts  Co.    I  lS7(i)    L.    i:  1 

Div.   2.-)l.  4-1   I..   .1.    lAch.    X     --  i: 

I.     T.     X.     ><.     .-(41     (referring;  il 
prmal   to  the  aliove   rcinaikl 

Many    of   the   cases  eite<l    in  lli' 


ii;. 
11. 


r| 


i         I 


I  H.1.1] 


EVIDKXfK 


It  Im.s  ovi'ii  Ikoii  hold  tlial  nci:li;:fncc 


2:101 


tllli.t  lit'  illfl'ITf-l  wlicif  tiio 


111>I 


niinciitiilitv  in  (im 


siidii  l'ai!«<l  to  work  |iro|Mrl,v  <iii  a  fow  otlior 


.(•I'a.'inii 


,  Itoidcs  tiiat  on  wliicli  tlic  injur 


■ivi  .1.'     r>ut  surh 


i.cirnic  IS  SCI 


,.f  ll 


ircclv  fonsistont  uitli  tluii  wliicli  .IcclMfcs  tlial  ex  i.li  iifo 

lit^ 


nn^afist'actiirv  opcralU'M  i>t  an  iii-irnniiiitality  is  cipini 


iit  lor  ilic  puriiiisc  of  provinir  n«'f;lii;<'iici'  nii  tlic  nia-iiT  s  part.     Nco 


!7.  MiO,  anir. 


'I'l 


\v  onus  caniii 


>t  1)1 


(1  u 


rest   iin  till-  p 


til! 


,;llir 


ill"  has  prndnci'd  cvidcncf  wliit-h,  if  not.  rcliulifd,  will  ju-iity  n 
,rdict  in  his  favor. 
TliP  limits  of  the  mil'  (ire   in<Iicatfd  liy  some  cxcfptivc   tonus  of 


atcini'ii 


..n  111 


t.      Thus  it  is  laiil  down  that  no  pri'suniptio-i  ot   ii' -h'. 


(■  part  itf  the  riiusUT  ari-os.  wlicro  if  doos  not  aj'P' ar  ili 


at  iiii  ap- 


Ullll'f  \v 


as  criirinallv  dcfi'clivc,  or  that  it  had  In 


V 
loiii:  ill  ii-i-  as 


n  iidcr  tlu'  duly  of  ifi-pcclion  niM 


t( 


lldtlfi'   < 


liiniiii'f 


f  the  dt'lVct. 
to  ])crt'o;-iii  i 
on  the  iiia^ii  I V  part. 


try,  or  that  tin-  iiia-i 

ilso,  it   is  s;iid  that  tiic  failiin 

t-  fnni-lioii-  properly  is  not  snOicii.|ii  tc 


had  dun 

if  an  ap- 


ili;rlici 

Inivc  shown  the  dcfci'iivc  nature  of  tlie  upplLiiiei 


•-  1!. 
f  tl 


exeni-e  1 


A  pr 


!"•"!"■'• 


:i re  wonli 


i|el  lliat   111!  I'e  IS 


1111  pre>illii|il  loll 
lire  of  (hitv  oil 


that   t 


H*  aee.K 
astei-"s   p 


lent   lia)ipeiii-.i   ill  eoii-ei|ii    ni'e  ol    :i    lall- 
irt.    wliei-e    'he   eoiidil  ioli  -   e;'i    I'll;"    lIlO 


aliiioniial   <lani;i'r 


had   csisled    for  so  sliort   a   time   that    lie   v.a-    not 


i!i;ir;;(  alile  \\l<\\  iioiiee  of  its  exi-tenei 


'I'lic  do<lrine  dis<'ii-sed   in 


ihi- 


■ti'ii   is  appli 


vlierr  till 


I'vant    pro'lliees  no  oilier  e\  Ulelu 


if 


Il,.^llM,.||e( 


III    e:l-e3 

!i:i!i  the 


dent.       If  any   -peeilie  tesliiiioiiy   heaiili;;  oil    liiat 


||lIl■^tllln 


K-t  of  the 

is  snlitiiitted.  he  is  emiiled  to  jro  to  the  jnr; 


■  litii;  mill-   111 


viiIm'   f^iits   whicli   rill 


il.r    IJi;  Midi.    -lOS.  S.-.  \.  \V.    110 


I.  will  ro  a 


lliiiii  .i|il  illn-tr.il  ii'iw  I 

Mil      Ihll'llr:/       V.       .V/(, 

ilS'LM     l:t4    \.    ^. 


f  tliw  siMliniiii 
/*     A  ititt in-i     f  ' 


cliiiic    llJIil     l"i 
.\  I. ill-.lv    liV    till 


.  -.ii  s.  1-:.  :;.".. 

Ilill      tllKT     till 


!.|1      |.| 

.1..    .li 


li.'i.l    rillni    iiti 


liif,, 


...  til, 
ilcl    f|. 


:lirtr!(  lit  . 


.■-      111. 


•.HMf  iitiiiiinr  ;i' 


IttlllL-    III    11 

;il    llii'   titni 


l.ilt      111 


till' 
liii.ii'.'lit     till 


tii.i  |i  I'i'y    1  11 


till 


,;|-.-i.|..|lt. 

I'.ii.ll.y. 

lllMt      il       . 


UiTtixi  1  \      was 


il.iif.l:     1. 11!     /. 


|.i  11111) 


ill-  HI 


-i..,l   III   /,•../  ■ 


1,1  |i,,i  the 
williiii  I  111! 
,.../  V    /,.  '  .1 


l!t;S,     !Mi     Mii'h.    .'ll." 


.!..    ili--iiilril     cm     till 


,|     \.    \\,     lllOl.    liial    -if    llufi-    v 


till 


tfiiili'.l  111  |ii 


lhill;r  to  -1,, 


lll.lt  till-  111  iriiilU'  1,1,1  I" 


till'  ill  fl'llllllllt.    tlll'i'illlll    Ills    MliMMil, 


nut    of   ililiT    1111 


I   that    it^   \\iir\iir_'   was 


-It.    liuil 


iiiitii-i-    that    till'    111.1,  liiiip    \»a 


tKlHtltlHlH'    all 


n.ililc  to  lio  si-t  ill  motion  hv 


liV  till 


i>iial    loiHii 


I  nil.  ■  rt  liii 
H*    nini.Il,  1,111 


th, 

t!,,t    .1,'|. 


,i'jlit  tie 


iftiiiL'  of  tlic  l»'lt.   it    «as  llio  duty  <.l 


for   11 
nc'jliiii'iit    in    ml    kii-|iiii^r 


,1  ■ 


lit 


,iifi  nilant    to 


dm'    cart'    to 


iiirhini'  iitaitii-d  its  placi'.    iti 


(1s;hii    1: 


ihit  till.  pr(ii»T  adjii-iiiK'nt    of  tin-  In-Ii    :!I1,    lil  Atl     111 


its  li 


i.-vs 


vith  and  n-lat  inn  to  tin-  |>ii 


Hloiiri 


,1.1:. 


I  ,1,1   I,'    <'n. 


».!>   niaintai 


nod. 


at   li'a  t    to  ail        istui)    !)  .\|i|i 


Div 


IJa.   II    N.  V. 


\i-,.  tl,..  I„,v  of  the  ,|.m;;.r.  that  In-  iiii'^lii     l-N. 


liiki. 
to  III 


inriiiiitiin.irj'   means   rmiuisili- 
pri.tcrt  ion. 


l/iir/i/i 


i|  V     V , 


isnr 


r.S  Minn. 


ll   \,„n,< 
:ii.  71  X  \v.  fii 


'I'l'- 


In   «'iry.e   v,    Clark   Can   Co.    11901) 


WliHif  ill!  the  ili'tiiilM  of  tlie  roii...Lruc- 


tk..5 


.'DOJ 


MASIKI!  AND  SKl;\  A.vr. 


[<  II  M'. 


r 


lii 


u  h 


834.  Em  ipi.  loquitur- Tl...  ,,nn,-i|Ml  .|'ulili.»iion  to  ul.i,) 
■I-ffrino  discussed  in  the  |.r-,.,liii«  .<,.,n..n  is  sul.j-vi  is  iIkh  v 
arii^.s  fn.in  tJio  oponitini,  ,.l'  what  i.s  Hiin-inrilv  innird  th..  ,|  „.|,; 
res  ipm  loqiiilutJ  The  ralif.nnlc  of  liijs  do,-i,iiic  is  fliai.  in  •• 
«as..s.  tlio  very  naturo  of  tlip  action  may,  of  itself,  and  ll.roui;!.  li. 
sujiiption  it  t-arries,  supply  flic  nM|uisitp  proof. "a  It  is  a|.[,li, 
•'wli.-iv.  under  the  cirniiii-.tanci's  slunni,  tlio  acvid.iu  ,„.,.-„,, 
would  not  liiiv."  liappoiK-d  if  duo  caro  had  hc-n  ^x.-nisod."'     li.  ,. 


fioii  of  a  liii.!::f  ami  itii  itisiHTtinii  are 
I M  fine  thi-  jniv.  tlie  o:im>  of  ii  Hriviint 
"li()  i«  iiijiiii'il  liy  tin-  full  of  the  l.ii.ltt) 
il<«><  iiiit  stiiiiil  iiiiTi'ly  nil  111,'  fiirt  lliul 
Ihi-  ^•nuiiin-  ■;:\\r  \\i\y,  ■,„„{  jt  js  not 
rnm  til  Iwivp  till'  jury  lo  -.ay  vihi-thpr 
tlie  (li'lcnilaiit'it  want  of  r.  i~..n  il,l.-  caic 
in  tlio  fnctinn  and  iiii|H'<  I  mn  nf  tin- 
liiitip'  occa»ioiiinl  tlic  iiijiiiy  i cinplaincd 
of.  Uuirrn  v.  Chiitigo,  H.  d  A.  «'  l{  i'n 
(188S)    !I5  Mo.  L'liS,  8  S,  \V.  ■.•;!(l. 

A  siilVicient  oil'  i  of  prmf  if  the  caiiso 
of  the  injury  to  entitle  plaintiir  to  :.'ii  to 
thp  jury  is  nuidc  ly  lin  o|iiiiiiiL>  i..  the 
etTi-ct  that  he  will  [irove  the  il,  lailiiieiil 
of  H  ciir  on  vvhiili  ho  was  rlilinx  in  llii- 
perfoi  Ilia  nee  of  his  iliity  while  niiiniii'; 
on  .1  swileli:  itiie  eare  liy  him  i:ii.l  hi- 
fellinv  ^er\;\nts:  (he  want  of  siiukI  Iip,„ 
ill  the  niiMiiiiL'  of  the  ear-;  the  infi  rior 
ity  of  til.-  li^i.k  to  the  iii^iin  track  in 
li'»|>ei  I  III  hall.i-t  iiij.'  ami  ;:i,i.|i!iv'.  and 
the  ileiailiiaiil  of  oilier  »iiis  at  tln^  ^.iiiie 
(Kiliit  :  and  it  is  not  iie.T:«-iiry  for  him 
to  -|i.iify  thp  extent  of  the  defei-ls  no 
ilidieati-d.  I.rin.nt  v.  Itoilon  it  If,  /,'. 
<'t).  (  I8ii7)  Ili7  Ma-s.  254,  45  N.  K.  1188. 
'  III  <oM  (•  oa-es  hiiiL'n.i;,'P  is  u-ed 
whieh.   if  liUeii  Iller.illy.  'would  Hi«'m  to 

eoninil  Ih.'  , ts  lo  the  theory  that  the 

rule  vhleli  iliiow-  ii|)on  carriers  the  liur 
lien   of   e\.-iil|ial  ill''    theni-elves    when    il 
IK  shown   I  hat    a   |i,i— iiiL'er  has  lieen  in- 
jured   ly    .l.fiMlive    a|i|ilianees    haH    no 
iinaloL'iie  in  ca.e,  where  servants  are  the 
coiii|i|.iinanl«.     Sw.  for  example,   Moixrl: 
V.   I'ii,its>ili„,i'fi   If.  fVi.    (|s;ij)     l.-,i)   l>a 
5!l8,    17    I.    I!.    .\.    4.-.O.    2.-,    All.    .jl;    SI 
Louis.    I.     If.    if    a.    It.    Co.    V.    //<i)-.). , 
(1884)    44    .\rk.   524.       lint    such    state 
iiients   aro  clearly   made   with    reference 
meiely  to  thp  particular  facta  under  n- 
view. 

In  ll<i,i«h„i  V.  Itrush  (1894)  fltJ  Vl 
.■131,  20  \tl.  :tsn,  it  was  iminted  out  that. 
a!tlioiii..li  the  ili.i'Irine  had  Iven  most  fie 
ipiently  .ipplieil  in  actions  aL'ain-t  pas 
MTfrer-.  tlie  proiiniplion  which  il  iai-.e 
IS  really  hasisl  u|H)n  the  act  or  ik'i  in 
rencp,  and  not  alone  ii[M.n  the  contricl 
mil  rplatioii  tietween  the  parlies 


•  U  i)i/.T/m./«H  rf  fl.  Itruf,  i;,  y 
I'liiny  (18118)  HS  Md.  78.  40  .Atl  lii 
•In  piovin;;  the  injury  the  pi, 
-  ina.\.  and  often  ihw-,.  piim- 
ciroumsi  iiiccH.  undi-r  wliicli  ih,.  j 
was  Miej\cil.  as  raise  a  presiii;i|,: , 
i-,irele"ii,-«K  i,r  m-yli...,  ...-c;  aia!  in 
■I  ca-e  the  Imrili-n  of  .|i-pi<.vi:i-  tli. 
Huni|ilii>n.  hy  explaiiiiiiL'  the  ci. 
<laiicr~.  .^o  J.,  |„  rencier  lli.ir  i-\i- 
lonsi-lcnt    with    the    ali-i-nce    uf    i 

i.'en(-e.    Would    dcMdve    U[K)n    the    .|, 
iHit."      Colini.hus  d    .V.   If.  Vo    V    1 

I8i;l)  12  Ohio  St.  »75. 
■Without  aliciMplinjr  to  foihHil.i 
Mile  cnihr.i.iiiL:  n.-i\  civ,.  t„  „|||,.) 
mavini  is  to  („.  :ippli,  1.  „c  tliihk 
'■''''ir  •  -  -  thai  v.licii  the  .h-!,i, 
owes  a  duly  to  the  pLanliiV  !„  „ 
■cHain  deirree  of  ear.-  in  rc«|M-i  t  \c. 
ihin;,'  eaiiMiiy  (he  accident,  to  pi. 
'ill'  o.  .111-1. •111-,.  ,if  ,i|,.|,  aecid.-nt,  an,i 
Ihini;  i-  >|ic,mi  to  I.,-  un.ler  the  111:111 
inent  of  the  d.-fen  I  nit  or  his  scr\. 
and  the  .ici-iiliiit  is  such  a.s  1,,  ih,.  , 
n.iiy  I. nil-,,  of  thiiiy-s  .I.H'>  not  m-oi 
those  who  have  thp  inana-i  im-nt 
pi(.|»-r  eare.  it  alforils  ,'viileii, ,-.  in 
.ihseii.e  .if  eviden.-p  shnuin^'  that  it 
ts-lied  with. ml  Ih,-  faiili  of  the  il,-t 
ml,  til, It  the  ...iih-iil  ariiM-  frmn 
lack  of  the  ic,pii,i|,.  ,-,i|-,,.  1,1  „|,,)|  , 
llle  oci-llnem-e  it-elf.  un,'Xplaill.-,l.  *li 
prima  f.i.-ic  .1  .shortai.'.'  ,if  lc;;al  diilv 
ihe  pan  of  the  .lefen.lant."  //(„,', 
V.  Ilnisl,   I  ISim  tiO  Vt.  :!:l|.  2!)  All  ; 

'Slr,iii,K      V.      Oiltliii,      SiHlihi:in 

isas)    isi   Pa.  .-,iii.  IP.  I.,  ]{,  ,\.  j 

■i:i  Am.  .s;t.  Itep.  .S117,  .PI  All.  •.>02 

.\n  instruction  is  conc-t  wlii,-Ii  I 
Il  down  that  pnxif  l.y  an  in|in,-,l 
pl,\vee  that  "his  injiiM  wa-  .1.-1, im. 
l'\  an  act  which,  wiili  |ii,,|,,.r  .-.ir... 
i.y  niachin.ry  wlii,-li.  In  pi-i.|».r  ii-.-  ,- 
■  are.  would  not  onllnaiily  pi,i.lii,-,- ,1: 
•jf."  cists  the  hui.h-n  .ni  ilie  .mi,|,!,' 
'o  prove  that  he  wa>  n...  -I,  .i.,i 
■■>ill!  n,-;;liL'ence.  dmnl  \.  (.'  ■ '•  ,f 
I!.  !•:,.  I  I8!M)  108  \.  C.  ti.-  ;:i  S. 
'09. 


im} 


EVIUENCB. 


tial  import  \»  that,  on  tlu'  facts  pruv«'tl,  tJie  pl;iintiff  liiw  m 
prima  facie  cuih',  witlmnt  dinct  pnmf  of 


ade 


8;(03 


<lllt    M 


ll"iln'<' 


Through  tlio  operation  of  the  proHninpt.i.m  thus  iM»U-.rtfliiio<l  Uk- 
burden  of  proof  is  Bhifto<l  to  the  defendant  and  irmains  \i\y>u  liiiii 
until  he  haa  produced  some  fvidmn-  wlii.h  tiiids  tn  .•-ial.li>h  iiis  Iree- 
Join  from  fault,*  The  burd.-n  wiiieh  is  t[ir..\\n  upon  him.  however, 
if  not  that  of  satisfactorily  a<-coiintinf;  for  the  ao-idcnt,  hut  merely 


that  of  fthowinj:  that  he  us<d  dm-  eart'. 


The  diielriiie  does  m 
leges  neyligene«!  nni 


>t  dis| 


icn^i 


Wll 


h  thf  lull'  that  the  party  who  al- 


t  prove  it.      It   ni'ii'i.v  di'tcnnines  the  nmde  of 


f,  or  what  shall  he  prima  lac-lc  tvidciu-e  ot  neirli-i-n.-i 

ti'd  Im'I.pW  indicate  the  cinMimslanees  nndf-r  which  the 


pMvmj; 

The  cas<'s  ei 
doctrine  has  hi-.'n  ai>plifd  in  .•mpluv. 


liahilitv  case: 


I '.lit 


a  cuiu- 


'  lli-n 


V.    I'nijir 


i  I'.IOII) 


I)    ti4    N.   J.    I-    |Mii(><i-i'  ill  a  oiirrful  niiiiimr  i^  cl'-fi  rtive 


.Vill,  4ii  Atl.  5!i:i. 
'.S'l'.  v'liK'iii'l.v.  1   Ili'M-n.  N'';.'   \<\' 


I  Jit.    II 


lllitit. 


in 


Hi 


fir   tl^iit    i.ri'i.iiiii|il  i 


liv    nil 


illlVI-O 


Slll'lllll 


A   !:.,ll'.  N." 


I'.l. 


-t   1m 


IIIImIiIc    (•\  illc'lllT    111       "I      I' 


Miii^l  :iTi  cMiployiT.  \i'  -'lift  llif  I'unlcn 
I    fioiii  till'  fi>nii<T  ti>  llif   l.illi-r. 


•^•li;:i-iii'r. 


Cut     mLi'Ii 


lii'    lliiii-    i-    mil-'   'I'l-'ii'l   ii|" 


till 


c'iii  iiiii-t.inci' 


of 


-li(i«ii 


tn    Im'    liniirr    I'll'    iii:i'1:i;mII1i-I 


ll    ..f     111.'   I 


111  iiiil.ir  iM- 


771.   I  r.iiir,  (isilt) 


il,f I.iiit   .ir   his  -.rVMiit- 


.illit    Dm 


('.   (' 


A.   ix.l 


••n  I 


A I 


t'li.  59 


lit    is 


<  )l     0 


s.    in    tlip   orilii 


i)f   ttiiiiy^.    'l'""    »"' 


,i|. 


K<m1.  trn.  lJ..v.r-in-  (I'^M.Ti   .-,.1  K..I.  SI3. 
if        (III    111.'  yrnninl    Itiiil    till-  ).r.-ii'iu.ti.>ii 


who    li:nii    III.'    iiuiii.U'iiH' "I     »•'■ 


r -nit  in;,'    Ir.iiii    tin 


iKHii-r  oiro. 


.1.' 


it   aH'i.iiN   i< 


mI. 


ilirl  riiii 


.i|.|.li.-.ili 


ili«>-    not    ii'li.w'    liii-    |i 


I'    I  Ik 
iifiir 


till-  utis.-nri'  of  fvpliliiitiii^i 


I. 


\\u-  .Ufiiiiiiints,  tliMl   111.'  II 


I'l'iil.'iit    III. 


Irniii   w.iiil   of  line 


till, II    V.    I.iinil'iii    11 


i  (.'/.  K.  llncliK  Co.    {ISCrn 


iif    til.'    I.iinl.'ii    of    t-l.il'li-liint:    :i;1iriiiii 
ti\.Ii    til.'    in-;;li'j.  n.-i'   of    iIk'    .|.-f. 'i.lMiit, 
lllii'.iiuli   it    It.i*   III.    .'ir.Tt   of 
till 


,1    llllll-l.    *      til.'     l.lttlT     tl I'  — itV     of 


illVrii 


j'.W.  3t  I..  .1.  Km'Ii.  N 


■Jii.  1 1  .liir.   t'Npli 


iliiiiatioii,  it  1ms  t..'iii  111  I.I  to  I"  error 


S.  S 


int.  13  U  T.  S.  S.  US.  I-!  Wi'ck.    f.n 


41(1. 


if   r..' 


iirt.  iifl.r  In\iii'-'  il.'Uii  till'   iiil« 

WI    /'; 


.;.()■.  to  CI 


ilii.li-  ttiti- 


In   /. 


.V.    .1.   rf    C.    K.    I'o    V.    "W  ln'ii   the    |>liiir 


ll.rl 


!l    ( 


lS!i:ii    i:!ii  liiil.  l«i.  3.-1  N.  K 


.1,  111.'  nii."   f.iiiiiul  il.il    WHO  tlinl. 
it  i-  -l.nMi  tliiil  till-  iiia-.t.!r  or  lii» 


ii|K)n  til.'  .I.f'  ii.'..iiit  of  sli 


iir  r.-<t.'<l.   111!'   I.Mi-.ji'n 
ll 


fW  li"^    -11 


lirn    f.n'l-'  iiK  wnrriiiit  tin 


liiiion  tliit   tliH 


ilaceii  in  tli(>  liiiii'ls  of  lii-»  s.'r\iiiit    tin'  I'X 


nt    .iPci.l.'ilt  wa*  line  to  ciir'iin-t.iiiri 


ll,!.*  j.liif<*i: 
il.f.'.livc  n|>|iliaii''' 


miliiKiiv  <'iiii 


anil  tliat  tlir 
.1  liiVinjiiry,  wliilc  I'.c  «  is  in 


fin  .'H...'  anil  ^fii.ir.l 


I'j  lin-t. 


II: 


till-    fcn.laiit  nut  tlii--  oLlijal  i.'i 


,\  lii.-li 
■III. I   not 
til..  .1.- 
If  it  ha.s. 


t*\.'rn.-e  o 


Ills      IIIItll>,      »\Till.-      I.'        '•.■ -  .  ■  1  1       f  I  ♦ 

f  rtiii-  can-,  till-  l.iiril-n  of  iir.«.f    your  v.-r.lirt  nmsl  li.'  lor  tli.' i^l.'f.'ii.l.int 


iliifu  to  ttic  ninstcr.  anil  ho  is  tli.'ii  ri-    -lonrx  v 


I 


n    /.'.  '• 


i|iini 


■  1   to  »how   that   he   excrii-nl   liii"   Piv.  '21 


4ti  N.  V. 


I  ls;i7)    IS  A  pp. 


tlii»  solM-tioi!  or  maniifaelure  of 


"I'P 


3-.'l. 


ll    has  lifi'ii  li.'M  til  ll. 


thi 


al. 


»uih   applianrii". 
'/•'IriirnK     V.     Ontario 


of  r.'lml  tiiiL'  li-i  ill 


:i    nirv  w.iii 


hi  lie 


fP 


III     Co.    JMstiliiil  in   liii.liii_'  1. 


th. 


.1  liii!  ill'  iin- 


IH4  Til.  5'23.  3n  I..  R.  \    H4J.  US    Jrr    tho    follow  inu'   I'ir.iiiiis!  iii.-.s 


ilSflSi _    . 

.^m.  St.  Rpi..  807,  mi  Atl.  2ll'i;  .s 


I  S    V. 


\\  h.Tp  11   jifl.'r  f.ills  from   tli.-  l..';ini« 


111 'I'll   (IWl)    1!IS  I'a.   11-2.  .V2  L.  K.   A.    of  a   liiiihliiiL'  in 


of 


Am, 


St.   lU'p.   :!l-2,   4 


All.  s:.->. 


lliVi^    Fi 


I'rii'i'iiiil    Cii.     V.     /'• 


on-t  ill.  lion 
.1.111 


//f,i(.^f..n  V.  Brii.>i/i   (18!)4)   or.  Vt.  331.     lISs'i,    l:ii 


111.  Kl'.t.  Jl  S    K. 


it  3. 


•2!i  \ti.  3sn. 


.,fl. 


'  riip    (iri .sumi>tion 


Uli.>r.' 
of     nP?li?fncp    is    nioviny  rar 


1  .IKCIIMII      I' 


kii. 


«k.-il    oir    a 


liv   thi-  I;.! I   of  11   rail    fi 


-.•ll  liv  thp  oircuinstani'i's  of  an    iinolh.'r 


fr ml  of  liiiii,  on  ii. 


Mllllt 


hi  it  niav  !"•  a  louitiniiti^  pri 


(if    ih'fi'.'l- 


th. 


ill  that  an  a{>| 


.liani'c  « 


lii.'ii  ._'iv«'S    loailinsr  of  r:iils.      •l/i'' 


•ir.   ir  Mil-   iiii[>i.i|" 


(liiln  slmi. 


out  whil"  it  is  lifin^'  used  for  its  proper 


U.  <f  .«.  4.   It.  Co.    {IH'Mi    S!t  Ti'X.   ICS. 


2:i(H 


MA.VIKIl  AND  NKaV.XNT. 


[chap. 


, '  I: 


|.ai  ...III  ot"  llio  rasrs  li.iv  <-..||i-ctf(l  wiili  tlume  iii  wliich  tlio  p'li.iM 
»li.-,ni>-c.|  in  the  hist  (.••.•tioii  lias  Ixcu  trcati'd  ua  mntrollin;;  will 
that  iIh"  cinirt.s  liavo  not  Ucn  l>v  anv  nicuna  oi>iisi.-.ttiit  in  tlicir  d 

3»  S  \V.  >>:,.  l!,.M.r-iii;r  (lH!ir»:  T.x.  Civ.  ,S'<r./, .  » i7  -  v.  Amniran  Itisnui  I// 
A|.|.  )    :!.'  s    \\     -,tH.  \\m\)     7S   M„.   ..\,,|,    III 

Wliiri'  II  pile  I-  iif  II.  il  nil-.  friiiM  thr  \\  lnif  »  rar  \i.\\\n<:  no  hrikp  i 
tomli  r  of  II  pi.-iii:;  Iniiii.  iiihl  iiijiin-s  finil  l<i  i-.(ii|h.  iinil  iiiii  «il,|.  / 
a  wi'tii  n  liinil  wlio  i<  »l  iii.lini;  at  i  ii.i-  mr  I'mil,  Iran  «f  II.  I'u.  v.  //m/. »  i 
•oimI.I..  ili-i  iiii'o  fiiiiii  till-  till.';.  >!,ilf,  07  .Mrt.  ^01,  12  So.  !IS. 
f.  rf  N.  /'.  /.'  In.  V.  \\o;.l  t  ]'M)\  ■  T.'X.  W  IliTl-  H  wiiv  nimill.'  an  .1 
Civ.  Anj.  )   (i;i  S.  W.  1(11.  ciMi  -III   liiiil,-.      ./.,)„  V  v.'/  »M,„  j 

Wlur,-  a  liiiT  piiii.  iif  coal  fallt  from    I  IS!i;i   Is   \|i|..  Div.  •.•ti7.  Hi  \.  \ 
(I  tii'i,  w'lili'  il   i^  liiiii;;  liiii-.;i-.|  fioiii  llii'    -"-'I     (iiniliuii     fm     iiotiHiiit     ii'l,il 
linll    iif   a    xtiMMiT.       ,/')iii/    V.    Ili7,w.c    uiiil). 

(IH'N)    Itap    .Iii.l.  ()ii,.1«r.   l.-i  C.  S.  •.•l>(),        \\li.nMiia<!iin,.ryinitoiMaliially. 
XMi-n-   a    ki'L'   plicMil    ii|Niii   n    |ii1i>  of    Uliinlun  v.   /».>/>/   I'lsftl)    101)  .\lci    i 
bafi''i"av   ciiMti.    in   lUw   pniviniit.v   to    S.    W.    1  Hi). 

the  lintrliv.ay.  f  il1<  on  n  ~)i'\cili>rr  w'nrk-  Wlicri-  a  piim  li  or  iiri'H"  for  »t  n 
inT  I..'|m-v.  7/,,  ./us, /ill  It.  Tlioiiias  "nil  l>iitii|i/  tin.  i.rijirmrih-  caii- 
(IS17)    Ml    r,.,|.  .-,:s.  fan  in-  pla.i,,-  till.  f...,l   of'tl,,.  ,,,. 

WliiTi-a  l.riiK   f.lU  from  n  portion  of    ii|K.n   |lii.  I  ir.iillc.   falU   whin   I'lr  . 
till-  liiiiMiii:;  hIiiti.  only  liriiM.iyi  rs  ini-    'or"-,  fi.ot   i-.  iint  ii|M.n  llii.  tii.ill.v 
plovi'il    hy   ilii'iiiil  lilt    all.    at    work,   anil    Sifl.itv,lhl,ii    (Is:i4)    ;.-)  linn..-,, 
injur  >  a    worlinaii  cniployi'il  hv   an   in      N'.  Y.  ■^'iipp.   Ill.'l. 
dciMiMl.nt  <•.  nlriiinr      Hiihh.  if,  y  Cir-        W  Iiitc    tlio    «all    of    a    pi,|,i„ 
lin    (]<•>:)    It)   App.    Div.   :,SH,    4fi   \.    Y.     V i,l,;ii,i,s   v.  .I,i.,s,,ll,-    (I.SSOI    i," 
f'i">"    '■'■>'■  H.  2!l  X.  W  .  .-iii.V 

\M'iri>  a  stoMo  H  lifinv  lifl.il  over  n  U'Ii.ti.  a  snlloM  oollap-i-.  (;,, 
wov' II  :in.  an.l  it  faIN  upon  liiiii.  Si„ilk  H'H^hi  (ISSJ)  Hi  .lo,,,.;  \  S  |  •,.; 
V.  r<'!:r,-  [isoli  \.  c.  :)_..-,  Ill)  I..  .1  fi  liniTil  in  lIHSt)  !I7  V.  Y.  liT  ,■< 
B.  y.  S,  (is:i  i;,-,  I..  T.  \  S.  1(17.  in  w  M.i,-h.iii,i,i  l{.  r„.  (|H«i)  mm., 
Woi-':.  r'ip.  .•1!'_'.  -,.-.  .1.  1>.  Cilii.  [MT  I.ur.i  ill  N  V.  Siipp.  1|_'.1  (ISMai  II 
"  ■'•'"ii.'^-  Tl.'i.   .12   X.    Y.   .<iipi..    1110    (Is  ,, 

W 1 1 TP    t 'I'Miii.'    f.|I»    on    n    •<rr\  'iit.    N'.     Y.     (!l."i:     Cii„ii'iii,ili'nii     v.     .> 
yV'<ll.,r  V.  (H^,„    (1MM7)   <)  Si\  S,~m    Can.    AK/ilifill  /'.ii  ./.,/  Co.   (I'ldOi   4'l   \,,|, 
4t!i  •.•rii'M.  !ll(l.  :!H().    (i.l    N-.    ^.    Supp.    ;!.-,;.       i;.',  , 

XMiir(>  rn  oniployi^  in  n  !'!"■'<•"£;  »'l"''i'  IIk'  <>'ll:i(.-|.  l.ikcM  plan,  at' a 
hrii«c>.  «liil..  at  work  at  n  taM,.  trim-  "liui  tlii'rc  is  no  wriifht  on  it  I.. 
niiMT  irrat.  i^  iiiiiiml  l.y  llio  fill  of  an  "liat  it  is  iiiti.n,li.,I  |o  lioar.  >'■„ 
rn'ply  liai  nl  fr.  m  a  pi  itforoi  atii-vi-  liir  hiiii,;iii  (H.-|7)  2l>  Sc.  Si.ss.  Ci. 
Armivr  v.  (;„ll.;iisl.;i  (I'.IUl  i  Ma  111.  -  ri<-.  ISO;  .SV. » <(i7  v  /Vi./avond 
Apo     )!12.  li;i    \.   Y.  .-.-..'I,  .-,s  \.   K.  t;il2.  .Mir 

\Mi.-ri'     n      ilmiili  wailor.      wliilo     iiii-    •'J   .\p|>.   Div.  .Tl,,  C,:,  N,   Y.  Siipii 
loiil.il.    falls    fr...ii    tlic    lifth    lio-a-    of    a    \^  isihiinl  v.  )l(,l,l  r,iin  Mine:<  („.  {\ 
wanliiMi-o  ami  iiijiii.s  an  rniployn.  «ho    JI   ('.  ('.  A.    lil.'l.   10!    K..,|.  gji. 
lias   iiiiliin  I    liis   lii.ail    vitliiii    tin-   ~trift         \\  liiii- a  laiMrr  I".  i!:s  imiliT  onli 
fohoir  oiilir-i  .jivrn  fr.'io  .irollii.r  llior.    iw.      <:iti„liii,in  v.  t!,,  Umund  A  It.  li 
as   was   diyton.ary.       I\i'. i,'.-. //imi»,)   ,(■    H.     il^SCi    Ml    Va.  57t!. 
nrmi  Cn.  v    C.ll,',,!,,^   (IMIIH)    SS  M,|.  7S,         W  li.  if  luii^tin...  tai-kle  fivps  «ny  ■ 

40  .^ll.  107'^  out  In-iiii;  i\i« 1  to  nnv"uniisii:,l  i, 

\\  li-n.  an  op  ai  ^\inil..vv  in  lti|.  nilir,-  .f  noiinal  ^liaiii.  W  rll.rr  v.  Ohm  l\ 
a  railroail  rompiny  fall^  on  laii.  wlio  M  S,.,  Scs.  ("i*;.  lili  s.-rips,  !»l(i:  /,',; 
WHS  pn'.ii'ntiii';  an  oril.T  f.  r  p  i\-i>iriit.  I.n  ■irlnia  (IMS.");  (Jin-lioo)  Alonlrr.a 
in  an.or  lanro  witli  a  rii^lotn  of  tin.  i-otii-  llrp,  1  <,l.  I".  2sil. 
piny  lo  pay  its  nniployiTs  tlinni-.'li  .«iich  W  liiri>  a  iliain  lirciks.  U'/V.'i 
winilow.  fnrr'ill  v.  'Chirmto.  It.  ,(  V.  Vi</)ii/  I1M4!M  12  Sc  .Sss  (  i- 
If.  C).    (ISl'SI    !li)  Wis.  a;ii),  07  Am.  St.    .srrii's.  4;u. 

Ri-p.  R7-2.  7.'>   v.  \V.   17(1.  W  lirru  a  sliank  liy  wliicli  n  lail!,. 

\\  I"  IP   a    piici"  of   tinilipr,   vliioh    has    tainini;    molti^l    iron    is    rarrinl    In 

l>o..|i   Ifft    Ifunin;,'  against  a  post,  fulU.    Cotvviun    v.    ilechniiici'    Iron    t'jii 


'fiHriill    \lf,,    (■„ 


iiiitiivilh  ,1  I,' 
10!)  Mn    I.I    I 


I    ri.|,iii    1,,' 
(  issil,   1,7  \\, 


fivoH  «ny  with 
uinisii  il  IT  ill 
.  Ohi  II  I  l>v'. 
<,  !l|li:  /.v  v^  V 
I     .Mi'ntr,:il   I. 

ir,';i7.  '<lir  T 
Ri'^*»,     (  .1-1.    '-l 

'll    n     I:l(lli>  P'll 

'nriinl    Inik- 


kvii)KS»:k 


cmM 


(iwt7)    I'w  ^'»"" 


2SI.    in    N.    K.    wnii  ni>t  nnr  of  the  Hppliiinnit  ii-il  l> 


imi.V 

Wli.r.    I  Kill 
„(  rii[»'   iMliii' 


him  in    tht-    roiirw    i 


t    |H.ri 


oilliiiiK 


thi- 


,t  wljrh  imittil  t«o  liiffTs    w 

ll'l     tl>    AIIKtilill     u 


itk  fur  which  he  »n<  hind. 


i>i.«>i  ol        In    f.Viffin    v.    Itonlim    A     .1       It.     Co 

I >.«.. .       .^.^mi.-  ■(•>       1      f         II        i       llfid 


IjllllnT 


-li| 


I  ■ill:   V. 


mil 


I'l    ■.'Vl.  4">   .Ml.   4<U 


Srh'iifffr   (!«.«»     (IHStI)    US  MUM 


12  .\ni.  St.   Krp. 


W  hi' 

l,.l,  null  "III" 


IX     l.lllWilV     M\\ 


ilch   i»  1'  ft  <i|M-n.    roiirt   rrjmii 


•I 


tltKllli 


/  .(  /;.   V.  It   r, 
::i   iVx    Civ     \\>\> 


V    .liihn     iiilion  iif  a  triiln 
KUt,   ."i.'i    •iirrndlni}  of  »  tin 


14.1.   1    I..   1!    .\    lH'i. 
.VJii.   Ill  N.   K    til'l.  tlin 

nil'  if  ihf 


f. 

llo«« 

in 

CUII^I 

ik. 

W  IllT 

\v. 


Illl< 

'  iiiilliiii;.'  fur 
illv    ll.  U- 


In  mil-  <■■>•»•  i'  »:'i'i"  '"  ''•'^'' 
Ird   llii't.    «lHTf   ii    «liil>   l"i'''' 


lliiT   ii|>|MMir«.    U   iimrr   nil  in. i 
1  I'oii     iillrilMitcd   to  nn    iiiipi-i  fnlii'ii   "r  d.  f.tl 
ill   11    ill  the  link  fhiin  to  iwiy  niln  r  iiii-r    Or 


viliil"  !'■ 
iiifcronri' 
M.    47 


-li;;i 
7/ii    I.I 


nil'  i«  11  Willi  1.1 


l.ildf    diiMiilv.  "il'di  w'lmriilioii  Mniild  iml  liii 


t'liiiil:    I  M>i:  I    ni     |«'ii   if  the  link   wii" 


mild  iiiid   -iiilililp 


I 


Itiit     till-    r.i-f    »ii 


diridiil    fur  ii-i-.     If  till-  link  «ii^  ii 


nut   -I mill  iind 


ii)(ain>il  till-  idiiintiir 

■iltir  r>  idiiiif   '^ 


I  III 


d   tliiil     -.llltililr    fur    ll-r 


llii^    (iiil    1.1     IN    liii 


h:i»  nil   iirflivi'ii"'" 


,liiiw.il    lliiil    llK-ri'    ii-id   111  tli.il   riiiidiliiin  |iii.|.  i  Iv  ' 
.•\id.iii  iliiiii   fri'iii   flu-  d.  tiii'liiiit 


<4>P      ill* 


7.' 

I  is'i 


ll    w 


ll« 
(or 
id  if. 


xlilli     IIIKlrl 


>tlrh 


i-iiiiiiii~tiiiiif».  till'  di'liiid  int 


I!.  iM.  'i<<'i!  in  5  'i'*" 
rnte. 


1:  ('.  .\.l    10  'rinii'n  I..    fiiN  In  |nil  in  iiii.v   nil.nrr.  -.miif  in 


nut  I 


1.  «iiImI.   (e).    iTiT  iiLMin-"!  it   m- 
111.,   fill    iii.i>    I" 


iifrr 
\   ll.'  .Ii.iun  thru  from. 


-11-, PI 


,111,1.. 


Ill    .111   f\ 


\  vir.l 


lilt   fur  III!'   idiiiiitilT  "ill   n.  I   In-    (d.iiiii  lun 


.iiilii 


■ii.r.ili'  ll..    di' 


ili-t\irt»'d  wliiTf 
iin-iifi'  .idiii>tiiii.| 


1 1 \  idillii'  II  I 

t  id 


li;il   Ihr    f.  lid, nil.      Unt   in  I  In'  ;ili-.n, 


Ilk   ill  ;i   I'-ni      |il:in;itii'n. 


Ml-      llillll. 


Ihr 


|iii>      ml 


•  lit 


I" 


rv  r-tiiL'inv'  mi"--'  "  "" 


ll  hi' 


1. 1  liix    |iiM|"rlv  iiif.r  111 


on   I  h,-  |. 


f.lliiw  viirkiiii'ii  «ii' 


rill  rv  in;;  inilii  i 


ll,    till-  di  I'liil  ml.      I'l  iiiiiiiily.  ill   -11.  ll  11- 


llu 


f  till'  injury.      Tin-  m'Tr    "ii"   "iiy    ini'! 


i-ilv    In 


lii'l  thill  «iii'h  i\  1 
.tit  Willi  till-  h.\|i 


liMico  in  niiito  riiii«i!«l      inmi 


l-ilf. 


Ill   1 1  .■    r  i  liri'iil 

!llt  \      It      !->    tl.    11-11' 


itlirsis 


thiit 


fur   \\!iii,i>  11 


■I,  the   iiiii-li  r 


.1111-   |>i 

M.l-l    I|l>l       tUl'lll- 


iiiiiMi-   i.ni'   111   inumli. 


.11.-    mirti- 


iiiil  m.:in» 


fnr 


-1" 


n-d.l,' 
iii.t  111 


nil 


till    ii.ivi-  nun 


.1    llir   I 


ikiiik    m-iil.      In    III. 


ill- 


<\" 


,il  111.4  t' 


iim  un  till-  idiiiiililV  lln'  oim-    i"'" 


i.f      inv    r>|.l:in:l- 


1,^   thiit    III.-   di-fii'i    ll  id   i-\ 


1,\    III..   1  .•miiitiy ,    ll    1-    11.111.-    iniit' 
ii-d    .ildi-  lliiit  Ilii-  ,i-|iiriiliiiii  of  llir  ll  ill  \y.in 


lliit    it   I'll' 


lit  In  h.ivi'  l-i'ii  ili-     'I ■'  '•"""' 


fii 


Jiii-li   ll 


il.l  I..-  11- 


•d  l.> 


;l'.'i-nl    1 


f  tho  dil'iii  liiiilK     -(Hiii-ildi'  lliiin  lliiil   it   ".1-  fr 


';il,. 


■11... 

TiTui-.  I.    1:.    Ml't 
A    fall    IliM'ii;;!! 


r„.    I  18S.-.:   Q.   II.   I>.)     for  «liiidi   it 


il.l 


i.t   III 


iilil    |>ri 


f.i 


111'    n 


ri|M>n    triip 


In   lliiiml'iii   V.    /{i-»s/i    il>i!'li    111    \*. 
door    .i-".l,   -Jit    .\tl.    :Wf).    it    .ijii-iiiHl    lliiil.   ill- 


•_'.irdi-d    ill   nil    llion^'h  n  1! 


iili-iil.    till-   r 


'Hiill 


.(    the    diinni'ioi 


liiriiU  «liiili  ^-  ivi'  w.iv  ii«ii 
Ili 


ii    111  llir  wnrkint'  mil  ul  ii  I'lii  «  '•*  iilii';'-i 


i,f    til.'    I.ii-ini'".    » 


lli-rr 


till-    diiilv    siihirrli'd    In   tlir   ilriin 


•i-v.iiil    w.f 


.irti. 


-d    in 


li.  lliriiii;.di  111!'  ii.'iiiii^' 


i.f   li 
|-„-iivv   KlniH--.   it   liiid   ml    l"'i-ii    iti-|i. 
tlir  ri'Ti     In  •ii'i"  if  it   "ii'<  "iifi'  in  "'i-*  ri-ii.rt   for 


Inw.'nn'j   >iinii' 


rlrd 


1,1 


r  |«i  f'liiiiiii  1'  1 


f  lii-i  diilii'-. 


.\  sini     iilioiil   lliirly  d.iy.s  (iiinr 


o    llir    ili-il 


Irllt. 


lir    filll.    vvllrir    llir    M-IVUIll     »il-»    in 


iilki' 


rrh     Till'    iniiit    ^iiid:      'Tlir   wnrl-iii'.'   rut    o 

till 


^,    llir    Ihinr    ill    ^'nin?    <""    "'"'    I'""    ""■'   ■'"    i"'''i'l';"'    "''i'"'  '"   """ 


[diiir    In     wtiirh     hi"   diiliri   Cii 


llol 


.iild  riii-r  11   niiirr  i.r 


Irss 


-ivr  |.ri'«ilini>linn  tlmt   llir  iHM 


illiMT    «il- 


fif   ii    111 


ll    of   liiK   nldi^'iitii. 


Il.l 


lit.nv   riiiir-r 


f   111 


dm'-   not    or 


if  tiii-r  «ll..  Ili'Vr  ll ,irr  illi!   iiiiin 

lit    I.f  ii    ,li-riii-k    ir*!'   |iriiiMT   I'iirr. 


-.Iiimliii 


I  lull 


llii'.i,    iho 


tisi  nri* 


,,lf.'     |.l:l 
of    '^ni 


ii'r   iif    wirrK. 


mil.    ill     liii.v 


-iili^f.Kiiiry  i'->|iln      Iliiit     |hf     1 


[•lit     In    rMii-.iili'r  1'..-   f  I 
i.iil    111    it  dill,   ill 


liilinn.   nr   rirriiiii.-tniirr- 

liiiil   Ihr  wrvant   lin  i  ii^snim-i 

I   ll  ri-k,  or  wii'-  m  .;li. 

Ill"   riiiivrd    th(>    injury,    tin 


111;    to    sho"      llnlll 

I  llii-i  «|>i 


lir  iiifi-riii 


ilifr 


t    In  ilr 

iints   hail    fiiihd   to 


tli.it    I' 


I'M  irisr   1  r  n 


III    at    llir  tiiiir    iiiiry  i-nn 


II  pi 


oniplnyf  r 


iild   1)P  hold    if'spim 


sill'.'    fir   till'  con 


llrnrl-     n] 


f     Ihr     fil'.l.       Sii- 


ilniK'in   V      w 


In  n  .\las«iii-liii-'tt-i  cii-^''  iIk"  '■'>"'■• 
.ii-'idiird  il  In  Ih'  vrry  i|U.-l  iniiildr 
lii-llirr   Ihr   iiirir   fiiit    Iliiit    thr  pi  ink-* 


(  IHilO,    til   I'll.  SR.   10(1  .\ni 


T),' 


id  a  liraikil  of  a  »tiii.'iii«  ^'HVf 


1.13.     wlirir 
■liawn  hv  'i 


the 


dii-li'i -ti'in     i»    lii'i-i 


irl,   ill  dn'idin 


Jlii 


■1    rirn 


d    injury    to   rniptnyri"5    wa 


id 

slllli 


iiiinMiill    tta«   iiniiii.  ll"    in   n    . 
a  icn-iint  fril  lliinni;!.  .'  <r;ip  . 


,  I'     M.i 


t   to  show  thill   llir  rniidiiMT  Uii»   in 

fault,      nriiihi    v.    Vurrro.-Ji     (HHOi    IT'" 
.•?:!l.  i"i2  N.  E.  528.      Hut  il  \ia>  1. 


'■  lid 


I 

;  ,  1  I 


ii'lli 


i^.ii' 


J 


ll 


3 

i 

i 

I 

i30« 


AIAMKI!  .\\\t  ■.|:ii\  \\r 


f 


i  j 


ii'J 


••iitiation  of  thr  ciri'iini-ijiiiri*  uwUv  whl.-li  \\„,  .LhuIm..  i-  mii.I  i, 
tiiipliciahl*'.* 

The  (l.ictrinp  is  not  u|i|ili<-iil>lc  wli.i-,.  t|„.  ,|,.|,.  i  vvlii.-|i  iiiii-..| 

mridfjit  wiw  latnif,  in  -in-li  .1  »cii-.'  iIimi   ii  ||,|  ii,,t  |„n,.  I,,  ,„  , 

rovi-n-d  l)y  unv  oxiiminntioii  whicli  ir  w,,,  |,..4.j|,|,.  f,,  ,„.,|^,,  ^^\^i\,. 


iliillki'il  lllill  ptilrli  nil  iiri'iili'lil  HI-  ii> 
■.lllliill  111  lir  .•»  iililHV  <>r  llfl.'lli;'-llii-  ill 
lr/,in(i«  V.  Ihiiiiimin  (\H'Ht  117  M  i'.'.. 
107.  mill  I'riiiilililr  V.  I'tiiiii'iliiiil  h'liir 
Mt>l.  in.  ilHli:il  IIIO  Moim.  l.'U,  .1,^  N, 
K.  <i7."i. 

Ill  .iiiiitlii'r  rii4<>,  i\*i\  ilo'i^ii*)!  in  IMWt. 
it  \ui«  In-Ill  liv  IdW  niiirl  thiit  llw  iiierr 
flirt  Hint  II  xhnft  Hupfiortnl  tiy  lii:i<'ki>t« 
fiilli  i«  miilicii-nt  eviilt'iKv  to  wiiri.nit  ii 
jiiiv  in  flnUlnff  that  it*  full  u^ih  iIih-  to 
II  ili'fiTt  in  tli»  Kiipiiortit.  I'oitilhiiiiif  \. 
Ihinh,  (ismt)  17.1  MiiHH  4<HI.  ri.l  V,  K 
ni.-. 
A  finding  that  ihr  di>fpniliint  wim  not 

•  II    In'll     ,1-    liuMliN    tin'    il'l  jll^lllll-lll    lif   il 

■■niirnlil  lined  by  woikiiii-ii  frii.M;.i'il  in 
(iiliitiri'..'  II  «liip  !■<  not  w.iriniili-il  uIhti- 
till-  iijjiiititr*  wilniKKi"!  iliiliiri-  tlnit  llir 
Hill  ill-  wliidi  Kiip|iort>Mt  tlw  point  on 
uliiili  (In-  -r:ilTii|i|  ri'^loil  «.i(i  <liin;f  :it 
"lull  II  iliiiiinr"  from  tin-  -liip'n  sicjp 
lliif  tliiri'  HiM  II  likpIiliiHi.1  of  llii>  p<il».. 
tippiii'  timliT  till-  wri'.'lil  of  tin-  work 
null,  wliile  the  ili'fi'iiiliiiit  prniliiiv-a  rvi 
iliiiri'  thnt  the  cliiiiii-  wiTr  -Iiiiil'  :\\  *Hr\i 

II  ili«tiinii>  thiit  nn  tippiin'  iv:is  iMi—ihIiv 
liiit  iIo<"<  not  fxpliiln  liiiw  till-  iiri'iilcnt 
otriiirril.  'I'lip  fart  tliat  tin-  ontii-tro 
pli>-  liiipiM'niil  tlirow"  tlio  wcisilil  of  proli 
ii'iility  on  tlip  side  of  llip  \vitni-i»<'«  wln> 
irioiiiit  for  the  npcidenf,  iind  fiiriiiihi'- 
.1  stionjj  rmiion  for  Hrcoptin;;  tlnlr  ti-* 
liiiionv  iw  corrrpt.  Dnrisnn  v.  Iliiiriit 
s..»  (I8M>  22  So.  S»Ms.  Phi..  4th  ■M-ri.- 
4IH. 

In  noltn  V.  furl  rnrlifli-  /»..(/•  r„ 
1  mr,0)  «  VVwk.  Ufp.  .V24.  '2  T..  T  \.  S 
■.'S;i,  rni'kliiini.  t'li.  .r..  v.an  wiliiiit.'  to 
iiiTiiiili'  tliiit  if  till'  iipplliinoi'  wan  'jriw- 
Iv  ilifirlive,  nnd  the  ili'fcrt  so  clear  aiiil 
.1  pill  rent  iis  iinniistnkniily  to  li-ad  to  thi- 
iiift'ifiirp  that  an  infi'iii|>pt("nt  pi-rwii 
'ail  lifpn  miployod  in  the  const  ruction. 
(In-    plaiiitilT    would    havp   hpen    enlitled 

III  riiiiiit  lin  the  action. 
.\ii    iii-irii.  tion    to   the   pIFift    that,    il 

tlir  car  plitforni  which  t'avp  way  iimlcr 
ill.'  |il;iiiititr  \\;i-  i|i'fi-<livp.  and  plainliir 
v'.w  iiiiiiri'il  liy  iciloii  of  -nch  drfii't^ 
tliiv  hi>'ild  timl  for  liiin.  is  not  ciTor 
>' 111  Tc  it  is  qiialiriril  hy  an  iii«l  riul  ion 
'li:il  II..  iTiil.l  not  ncovir  if  his  ,<\mi  iu'k 
li^'ciiii'  coptribiitcil  to  the  injiry.  or  il 
»a«  laiiM'd  hy  a    fellow    sorviiiit's  iipgli 


7)1  ■ 


.■III....       II  ,„„.,    \      lll,„„    i\H»\ 

Vil.    I.-.  S    U     -,;.. 

'I"    '• ii'i"    colli, led    ill    jj    s.II 

;iii(,  may  Ih-  ii,|,|..,|  ili.t.,.  ,.|(,.,|  |,.|,,„ 
which  It  WHO  e>|,r..~,|y  i|,.||i..|  ||,,| 
doctrine  of  Kn  .;,,,,   I,\,,i,,lm    H;i,   ,., 

■ahic      I  hef  H  ,.  |,rM  III  Ih ,,r,.,„ 

;i.in  oi  ne;..|i;.,i|..,.  ,„„|,.r  ,|„.  f,,||,,^^ 
'  ireiiiosiani'i-. 

Wher.-  a  trip  i  lomier  that  s! |,| 

main   -ii-|ii'iii|i.,|     ,|,ovi>    a    die  iiMiI 
!e.i..,|    l.v  pre-, me    iipiin   a   ircjl,. 
-'•eiiil-  Mithoiil    ippan-nt  eaii-e      /;,. 
'  «-fr   lIBUtll    lit    V     I     I.,  .',1(11    „i 
"in.1. 

Wliei.    ,1  -earn. til  on  board  a  iim  i- 

uied    '.\     llie    ,.niiiu'    wuv   of    tl,,.  ,.|„ 

ihi,.i|...|i     .vlii.l,    !(,,.    lowliiiP    »a-   1,,,. 

lo  the  111;,       /',  ,i,  rs„„  V.  ./o*ll  It  ,v,,r. 

•N  rf   «....«.  i;,.      IS'17)    81    V\<\    LNl.V 

VMieie  a  hook  u-<il  lo  utay  a  t n, 

ii-M.  ■»  a  derrick  fur  unloading.'  c« 
hrp(ik«  The  Itaron  Innerdalr  (N 
'•;»  Kp<I    492 

When-  a  hrukcii  axle  dprniN  a  tr.i 

!ln,ii,i/irld  T.  t'hiraijo.  R.  /.  rf  /•    /,■   i 

IS'Xt,    107    low.i.  '.'.'■.4,   77   N.   \V    |ii 

WhiTp  %  4iTviint  ha«  his  lei;  cm. 
iiider  H  hand  idi>valur.  I  i/.  h  v  si', 
■<V    (  I  Hits  1    S.l   III.  App.  .I'lS 

Whon-  the  injury  Ik  cuiisetl  hv  an  , 
-Iriiction  on  tlip  track  of  a  'mIIh 
/».fiier    4    If.    n     It.    Co.    T.     l/,r,„„ 

■  ISnSl    7    ("oil.      \|,p     l-Jl,    |_>    Pi,,    ,;;,; 

.\ceordiii','  to  Hie  .Mi,~i,iiri  , t  „f  ;i 

i"al.s  "the  rill,  if  r.  X  i;iv,;  1, 1,1,1. •ill- fi 
Mot  Im-  apfdiisl  with  any  -iiow  .i|  rci- 
lo  a  cam-  of  cuiiipli.  mI,.,|  iii,,,-!iiii,i 
here  the  lne.ikin;;  of  a  -Irifi  in  ,i  [,;,, 
'»},'   mill  I.      liii.ti    V     SI     l.i.iii^   r,,,,/,. 


ii;e   t'o      I  I><!IL')     .-,(»    "Mo.     \ 


pp 


•-•112.  will 


it  Wll>  lelliirk.-.l  ||,.,|  ,  v,.||  if  ji  ,],.f, 
ill  one  part  of  coiiiplieati.,!  itmcIiiiic 
'•\ists.  tlip  iiia-ler  iaiiii..t  1„.  eli.iru'i 
>tilh  the  iililii;  ilioii  of  .iiiliiipa'iiii;  i 
l>rol)alilo  etrect  upon  molher  part.  uh. 
'he  plainliir  i.s  ineapahh.  of  sI'iiwinL'  Ih: 
Il  had  :iuv  -mil  eifeil.  or  that  -uch  f 
iVct  .oiilil  tie  ,'iiird'-d  :iu'ain-l  hy  ll 
.■\erei-e  ..f  le. -.iiiahle  care,      \.i  aiithn 

ily    iii-tM\  111-     II, -h    1   ,|i.,tiii,  i| [,r 

■  liieeil  l,y  tl„.  ,,iiii|.  ,,„\  i lip  r,ii-on  ^ll: 
:,i-teil  snenis  to  be  ipiitp  lieaije  tl 
mark. 


!!.!'  ll 


|l3i) 


KVII»KN«  t-i 


tMl 


.pplinnoe  ifmiiiiuHl  In  m«;'*  nor  wh.n  tl...  circnnt-frtn.-.'*  nt.-  i....tv 
r.)ni»ii«t<-nt  with  tlio  int'i-n-mn  lluit  tlio  ii.ri.l.nf  \\»*  «liir  i..  iIm-  ni.innrr 
in  which  tl.o  H|>i.li«nce  ^v.l^  Ih-Ihk  u-.mI  by  iho  pliiintilT'-'  .•..-.•niii.r* 
than  wilh  the  iiilVn>ii<-c  that  llu"  ui<-i'l>  iit  wti-  ini.-.-i.l.l.'  t..  iIm'  iiili-nni 

niiiilitv  or  ••"ii'liti""  f>f  flint  i"!'l''''""'" 

83S!  Action  not  maintainable  waere  no  ipecifto  evidence  of  fault  i» 
olTered.— The  «(Ti*t  of  ilif  .l-Hirim-H  nvi.\v..l  in  tho  funp.iiif;  ■*'■>■ 
mm  i<*  thiit.  v\,-i]>>  in  il.at  chi-  of  .-ii^.s  in  xvlii.-h  tho  d-ririn.-  '•{  ,,.< 
,,mn  lo'fuitiir  \-  a|'j.li-i.l-l. .  a  -rvi.nt   is  not  ..ntith'.!  to  hnvr  iii^  .•:h- 
^ul.iiiilKMl  loth.'. jury,  nnl<-'  he  intr.-lii.-, -.  in  i..l.lition  to  ilio  l:..i  of 

•|iPo<viiriviirc  of  itiV  nr.-i.l.nt.  « •  -|.r.iii.'  ti'«timony  wiiifli  fairK- 

..mU  to  hliow  that  th.'  ni.i.loy.r  wa^  u-niliy  ..f  n.-lif^.i .'      In  the  ui.- 

";\„T  rnu,il„  Kl"iin<    <o    »     '"""    ''-"   -'"''   ■«'^''nt   *«"  lnr...i.|»t'-t    iind 
iN'Mi    ".'  N    .11.    KM'    -"    ^''     '-•  '''"  i""'i"l"''"''.v  «aH.  or  i.ii^'lit   to  Imp 

<vi>..l     ».IH    II    ...,h|ill.lllVi.1>     llrw    <.tl...  ■•(      Ml.      111.  ,      ,    ,      .•  1... 

L  ..n.,„l   «l...  l.^iJ  th.-  ru.t.Mly  of  it.    »t.<l nl    ii-yln-n u   It..-   mk., 

.'  t«'.n  .  .Iv.  -''"'ir.  ..r  ,,.,.li"  •.-    .U-^h I  ...  -MM-rt  «  ^^;•.rl"   U';-  «••>• 

,  V      ml   tlu-  ovi.l.  ......  -.I...U-   tlMl.  Hi    >.ut   I.T  un  oxtrn.«,l,.u,r.v   -l."!....    '< 

;i:;.i,;;. ....,  «ro ., .•a-.-i.  it  w,.s  ;•;  v.  m,o„.  .h!..,  .:.  .m.,..  i».v.  t^.-. 

.houl.l  !>.•  ntniliut...!  to  th-  aMi --..iv     I'...  -•...  ■■     I-  I      A    '^'^  •  '•T  A"    -"'."" 

•n  in  linn  to  ,.„v  .l-r-l   in   it.  ...,,,1,     -vi.l-n.,.  .h.t   Ih-  airl^oav  .a  -I'l'-'y;" 

20  U   S    .\m..  -212.  .M.  K.-l.  4Tf..  IL'S....     «l.i.h  it  «,..  "-"",••';,'•'";,;■  '»'.''■'''' 

:J,  (iHii-iVas  M.  «i:..  in  ui,i.-h  th.  '■„,,/  f„.   .iH..:i,   \r,2  !•«.  .■...••.  .t. 

.1*  .-ine  of  rr,  ipsn  O.nuUur  Ii.mI  h.,-n  .".ST.  .vn,.m.,v  v.  »;,o,,o  ,{  T.  /,.«-.. 
.....miiB  Of    r.-    >y  ,  ,1H>*1|     |10    lit.   .1  Ht ;    O'llni/lr  V.   !.■  hiiih 

'"'in  „n  anion  for  in,aric.  r.^viv..!  l.>     1../'.-/  r„«/  r-,    Msan    If.  11'...  27.-.   •-'« 

ro..l.  it  i-  erro,,,.....  to  .-hov'..  th.t  tlw    Wj".  _.»   ^;'""j;;."  '  "■    ''**'">    '"   '  '''*•• 
nfciih'nt    ri.i-"«  i.    iirrMimi'lion   ol'   nij;li      <."■   •'.    "  ii'     '••••■       .       ,    ,   ,, 
p.r.,n      h.-    ,<,n   of  th..   m:..t..r.      Il        -I-     i«    n...     r„oa..h    thnt   th.-  ..n  n. 

Lis  r.,th.r  toVrov..  n.-.-li.-.-t, «.  th..    sh-       ,.n  nnurv  m„..o,h.,1.  In.l   h-  n, 

p«rt  of  -„l.or.lMr.t..  ...,M'I"^'—  t<-.«l.o-  2"  M<\nT  ...„l  .-how  -..in.,  ^l.....ll.  ...t 
artMh..  ,n:.-t..risn..t  n.-|.'.'i-'M<-.  A-o-  of  n,...|,.'..,Mv.  '^.r'',' '";'."  r  ..iV  '^ 
^j  Whir..  III.  ii.  I-  IK.  ,.M.Ii!ii-.>  t.  ii.iiii','  to 

\Vh..rr  the  m,..M<T  ha.  i.ho«  n  that  he   ihcjw  th.it   i.nv  ,Mn.l..v...;  ..Mh..  ...avrr 
aHo,,tr.l,.ron..r,at.-.  uhi.-h,  if  th-yhad    unl.  ..    U    1h.    tli..    ,,1  nnlilT   h.in-..  f.    «,.» 

h.i.,;  „h.,.,v.;i.  «.ml.l  h,.v,.  ,,r..v.nt,.d  an    n..L.'li:.'..nt.  n  .l..i..nr...r    o  tl x  >,l,i  .-.■  .^ 

arn,l..nt     xvhi.h     .K-.nn.l     throuah    the    pr..|«;rly  -uM  n.i.M.      11  .  /uo.iy      I   .  , 
«rt  of  a  f.lh.w  s...vant  of  the  i-laintid,    »io...  T.  rf  S.  f.  U.  Co.    (IS70)    22   Kan. 
thp  prp^amalion  in  that  the  art  of  the    117.       ,     ,,      ,  .         .    i  _  o,,„,   n 

nirpn.lint.  Jrva.,1  ««4  in  violation  of  the  In  l^hn.lfnrd  J-  '""„■<'•*"'■  '''r''''}- 
rules,  and  the  n.a..t.'r  i*  not  liahle  un-    Co.  (1807)   111  M"-h.  300.  69  N.  W.  601. 


t 


1 


'I'M 


IP 


i 


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PUI 


MICROCOPY   RESOIUTUN   TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  end  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


Li  ■2.8 

■  50    •^M 

l» 

K22 

1.6 


jS 

^ 


/APPLIED  llVt/tGE 


1653  East   Moin    Slrtet 

Rochester.   New   York         U609       USA 

(716)   482  -  0300  -  Phone 

(716)   288  -  5989  -  Fa» 


2308 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[riiAP. 


Ifiiil 


scnce  of  such  tostimonv  tlic  case  must  obviously  fall  wifliiii  llm  o 
tion  of  tlio  principle  that  an  action  is  not  mainfainai)lo  wIkmi 
plaintiff's  evidence  is  ecpiallv  con-istent  with  tiio  absence,  or  wit 


it  wns  belli  tliat.  as  tlicvi-  %viis  no  nvi- 
(Icncc  «liativiT  tliat  tlie  a|>|iliaiiw  was 
lint  ill  f:ciic'ral  iisi-.  it  was  error  to  siih- 
iiiit  to  the  inry  tlip  qup><ti(iii  wlic^tlH'r 
other  piiipioyi  rs  iiseil  siicli  an  appliaiiee 
as  tliiit  wliieli  caused  the  injiiiy,  ami 
to  Vine  a  ehaij.^'  to  tlie  elfeet  that  th'e 
(lefenilant  couM  not  lie  found  >;uilty  of 
ne};li;;i'me  if  tlie  appliance  was  in  };en- 
eral  u^e. 

The  owner  of  a  p:iekin'.'-liouse  cannot 
be  hebl  liable  for  an  injury  rweived  by 
an  einoloyoe,  throu^'b  -itrikiiif;  bis  band 
against  a  book  which  had  been  turneil 
out  of  the  periMMidicular  so  as  to  be 
broiic;lit  slifrhtly  nearer  than  usual  to 
one  upon  wbicli  be  was  baiiiiin;;  a  hot 
tongue,  where  there  is  no  evidence  when 
the  book  was  so  turned,  or  of  any  fault 
in  re^iard  to  it.  or  of  any  unsuitable  or 
insei'ure  oon<lition  of  the  hooks,  as  a 
whole.  Ui/dii  V.  Armoxtr  (IS'J?)  160  111. 
5flS.  47  N.  E.  (iO. 

Where  a  railroad  company  has  eatab- 
lislu'd  proiMT  rules  for  the  inspection  of 
cars  by  i(s  employees,  it  cannot  l)e  as- 
sumed, in  the  absence  of  proof,  that 
such  nilcs  were  not  observed.  Ilfxhiri 
V.  Khnlmll  (l!in.l)  44  C.  C.  A.  !!•:!,  104 
Vcd.  74.'>. 

In  an  aition  for  injuries  alle}.'e<l  to 
have  been  caused  by  the  looseness  of  a 
step  on  n  locmnotive,  the  bare  suspicion 
arisin<;  from  the  contradictory  state- 
ments of  the  employee  Tes|Kinsible  for 
the  condition  4>f  the  step. — one  to  the 
effect  that  be  did  not  touch  the  step  at 
a  terminal  point  on  the  roa<l,  and  the 
other  to  the  vWn*  that  be  removed  the 
step,  but  bad  it  re]ilaced  in  a  safe  con- 
dition.— will  not  warrant  a  tiiidinstbat 
the  step  was  removed  and  left  in  an  un- 
safe condition,  so  as  to  sup|M>rt  a  reeov- 
er\'  in  favor  of  the  plaint ilf.  Palton  v. 
Trxns  <f-  P.  H.  Co.  (IS!)!!)  37  0.  C.  A. 
60,  i)5  Fed.  244.  Allirme.l  in  (inOl)  170 
U.  S.  (!')«.  45  L.  ed.  .•)(>! .  21  Sup.  Ct. 
Rep.  27.1. 

Evidence  that,  with  the  articles  actu- 
ally used,  a  hoisting  apparatus  put  to- 
Rctber  in  the  course  of  the  work  could 
not  be  niadi  secure  for  the  work  to  be 
done,  does  not  imply  that  the  means  of 
inakin<r  it  more  secure  had  not  been  fur- 
nished by  the  master,  and,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  further  testimony,  will  not  sus- 
tain a  verdict  for  the  jiliiintiir.     IV.ihia- 


soii  v.  (iForqe  F,  Itlakr  Mff/.  Co.  ( 
14:»  Mass.  r.iis.  10  .\.  E.  :i'l4. 

Evidence  that  the  li^dit  in  llic  1^ 
of  an  eiiiplii\ce  went  out  «hih'  h 
coupling'  cirs,  supported  by  his 
nioiiy  'hat  the  oil  wa.s  bad.  is  in<.iii 
to  sup[)ort  ;i  llndiii;;  that  the  oil  a 
lerior.  where  oilier  witnesses  test  if 
the  oil  was  )r<iod  and  of  a  kimi  .i 
used  in  lamps,  lliilf,  W.  T.  it  /'. 
V.  Ahholt  11803;  Tex.  Civ,  App.) 
W.   2!l!t, 

Eviile'ice  that  an  appliance  of 
tern  diiVereiit  from  that  itsed  «;i- 
ten  years   previously  by  others,  oi 
it   was   in    use   by   some   persons  ! 
(  ine  of  the  accident,  and  would, 
., ,  inion  of  the  witness,  have  jiri" 
the  accident,  is  not  of  itself  sullici 
prove  a  want  of  reasonable  care. 
V.    Ontai-io    Wherl   Co.    (18!I0)     H 
Re|).  578.      In  the  same  ca.se  it   wa 
that,  where  there  is  no  evidence  l( 
that  an  appliance  had  been  appro 
disapprovoj  by  the  iiis|>ector  who>, 
it  was  under  the  fai'tory  act  to  ex 
it,   the  question   upon   which    the 
titl's  rijjht  <rf  recovery  turns  is  w 
the  "ppliance  used  was  of  such  u 
acter  and  pattern  as  to  make  the 
it  unreasonable;  and  that  the  on 
u,i    1  the  person  alleging  that  tli 
tory  was  an  unlawful  one  to  prov 
the  appliance  had  not  been  insi«( 

A  servant  injured  in  jumping  f 
window  to  escape  from  a  fire  is  ii 
titled  to  recover,  in  the  absence  < 
dence  showing  that  the  fire  was  ( 
by  the  <lefendant'»  negligence,  or  t 
could  have  lieen  extingiiislied.  / 
chcl  v.  Texas  Drug  Co.  (1901)  2 
Civ.  App.  1,  61  R.  W.  419. 

In  a  case  where  a  brakeniai 
tram,  which  was  backing  at  a' 
miles  an  hour,  fell  while  atteiiipi 
descend  from  the  end  car,  am 
draggwl  about  iHt)  feet,  when  h 
instantly  kilK>d,  the  testimony  i 
was  that  the  other  brakenian,  wl 
on  the  car  next  the  engine,  s;\ 
watchman  rapidly  signaling  to  st 
pi  I  he  signal,  sprang  for  the  1 

t'  train  stopped  about  half 

ute  ivards,  and  that  the  tvai 

aluu)-i  -iraight.  Held,  that  thei 
no  evidence  that  decedent  was  in  ( 
ercise   of   care,   or   that   defendan 


[rllAP.   XLIIi 

till  llm  oivfra- 
ilo  wlicrc  tlifi 
p,  or  witli  till. 

Ufa-  Co.  (1S87) 
314. 

I  ill  I  111-  iMiilcrn 
it  wliilr  he  V.;l, 
.1  l,y  l,„  l,.,ti. 
il.  in  iiHiiiliiiiTit 
I  till"  oil  'AM,  in- 
SSI'S  trslifv  iliiit 
'  a  Uiiiil  ,iluav< 

.    r.    it    I'.    A".    C; 

:iv.  Apii.)  24  s 

liaiioe  of  :i  [vit- 
ILstnl  \\;i«.  ill  the 
otliOTs,  or  I  lilt 
|)L-i-soiis  at  the 
(1  woiilil,  in  till' 
have  i>ri'Vi'nti-il 
sflf  siillifictit  10 
il)U"  carp.  Illnil: 
(I8!I0)  Ifl  (Int. 
[•a.sc  it   wii,  hi'l-l 

IvillcllCI-  to   -h':\\ 

ri'ii  a|i|>iii\(i|  IT 
('tor  wlio^c  (iuty 
■  a<'t  to  t'X.tniin*' 
I'liicli  till'  [il^iin- 
urns  is  whither 
of  siK'li  a  cliiir. 
makp  till'  uh'  of 
at  the  oinis  hiy 
f»  that  tlie  f;ic- 
le  to  prmi-  that 
een  insix'i'tcd. 
jumpiiij;  friiiii  a 
a  fire  is  iml  en- 

nbspiu'o  111  evi 

fire  wa.s  (•,iU''.'i 
.'iMico.  or  tli.it  it 
iiislioil.     //<))ii« 

(1901)  -M  Ti'N 
19. 

brakeniiin  on  n 
ng  at  al>oiit  4 
e  atti'ini'tiii;;  t" 
car,  ami  wa- 
,  wlien  III'  «^i- 
stiniony  oll.iv.l 
;i'iiiaii.  wliii  ».i- 
engine,  s;iw  tlic 
lin;j  to  ^tii|i.  re 
J  for  thn  lir;iki'>. 
bout  half  a  niiii 
t  the  track  was 

that  there  was 

it  was  in  the  ex 

■lefemhint  waj 


EVIDKNOE. 


1 83:i] 

existence,  of  iicgligcii(-e.'     Tliis  nil 
is  only  from  diroet  i-vidciicc  tlint  t 

nealiireiit.  U<ir(i((  v.  lionloii  i(  I/.  It- 
,'0  (11)00)  175  Mass.  :M.  M  S.  K.  IVX 
\  master  cannot  he  ln'Ul  lialne  on  the 
..round  that  he  f^iileil  to  provide  a  i)av 
l^icular  contrivan.i',  where  there  is  no 
PNidenoe  that  sueli  a  eontriv,.nee  was  a 
.afe'Minrd  against  injnriiT-  of  the  kind 
iimiplained  of,  or  that  it  was  a  ^'.neral 
.■ustian  uniong  other  persons  enpiyed  in 
ihe  sniiie  business  to  employ  it.  t'l  a 
iral  It.  Co.  V.  Kdiiards  (lOOO)  111  Oa. 
:,■».  3()  S.  E.  810. 

Ihe  owner  of  a  stone  rpiarrj-  eannut 
!„•  held  liable  on  a  special  verdiit  which 
iMi'ril.V  recites  that  an  employee  en;;a;!<'(l 
ill  lo,iilin^'  ears  with  stone  was  killed  by 
the  sudden  niovin;;  and  collision,  with 
ihiit  ou  which  he  was  ent,'at;ed.  of  two 
luiiilcd  ears  secured  on  a  ^.Ti'de  by  one 
i.nike  and  a  chock  under  the  whii'ls. 
.lithiiut  a  fiudins  to  the  eircet  that  this 
,;otlii"l  of  scoiirin','  the  ears  was  insiini- 
oiiiit  and  iiui)roper.  .\  co'.irt  can  only 
infer  that  an  injury  received  in  the  man 
iitr  stati^l,  l)y  an  adult  employee,  ac 
quainte.l  with"  the  place  of  work,  was  at- 
triliiitahle  to  perils  incident  io  the  serv 
ioe  lloQuier  atom:  ('»■  v.  I/ct'aiti  ( 1892) 
13.)  Ind.  231.  31   \.  K.  956. 

The  fact  that  five  out  of  six  of  the 
ties  at  the  place  wlieio  an  en-jiiie  lefl 
the  track  were  rntten  is  sullieient  evi 
denie  of  nefilijienee.  Wulkcr  v.  .Ifc.Vci// 
ilSliT)    17  \Va>l.    "■*■-'.  50  Pac.  51S. 

In  an  action  bv  mi  employee  to  recov 
ir  for  jM-rsonal  injuries  caused  by  the 
-lilipin-,'  of  a  licit  on  a  pulley,  the  case  is 
|,r,.|K'riv  submitted  to  the  jury,  where. 
in  additinn  to  testimony  by  the  emplnye.' 
^li^htlv  tending;  to  establish  that  tln' 
.•niiilnyer  iieyli-elcd  to  keep  the  macliin- 
(TV  in"  safe  edudil  ion.  theie  is  testimonv 
-li'imin"  that  the  emidover  admitted  his 
liahilitv.  Kllis  v.  I'nrvi-  (1898)  172 
Mii-s.  ■J-.iO.  .-)1  X.  K.  97-t. 

Willie  the  injury  was  caused  by  an 
imhi.icked  frog,  and  there  is  no  testi 
iiioiiv  as  to  its  condition  prior  to  an 
luiident,  the  jury  are  at  lilieity  to  in 
l.T  that  it  had  never  bi'eli  blocked. 
/■,;»)..  /•.  R.  Co.  V.  .Iil„ir^  (ISIMi)  W.\ 
V.  8.  4S.-).  41  L.  ed.  23(1.  Ki  Sup.  Ct. 
Hep.  1109. 

In  the  absence  of  specific  evidence  a 
iDiirt  will  not  nssrnie  that  a  gas  com 
|)any  has  not  in  its  service  an  euiployi-c 
whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  there  is  a 
piiiper  supply  of  iron  to  const  nut  a  bar 
to  keep    a    gate    in   po>i' '  «n.     J//</i   v. 


taw 


1',  Imwcver,  ddo^  not  iiiiply  lliat  it 
ic  iiiii-tcf's  ctiliKiliility  ciin  be  in- 

.Vrii  (/'LS  Co.  (187(1)  h.  R.  1  Kxeh.  Div. 
251,  :!4  I..  I".  N.  S.  541.  45  I..  ,1.  Kxch. 
N.   S.   (KW, 

That  the  suliiiiis-ioii  of  what  is  termed 
a  "siinlill.i  of  i'\  iilvn.e"  is  net  vullieient 
to  justify  jrixiiig  till'  case  to  the  jury  is 
a  jiriiuiple  now  istablisheil  by  the 
«,'i;;lit  of  aiitliniitv.  Sie  Sliearin.  k 
l!edf.  Sir-  5  5(1;  Wharl.  ii.  Kv.  §  421. 
This  principle  was  applied  to  an  action 
bv  a  servant  in  I'mintt  v.  V<h;  I'oifc  C. 
rf  •'  ir  It.  fij.  11891)  tiO  llun,  19,  14 
N.  \.  Siipp,  40S;  Hriiulivu  V.  Portland 
Co.    (  18(10)    48  .Me.  291. 

In  an  action  for  injuries  due  vo  the 
fact  that  a  hook,  fa-tencd  to  a  wharf 
and  u-'i'd  to  hold  a  rope  and  pulley  for 
iinloadinj;  a  vessel.  j;ave  way  under  an 
extraordinary  strain,  the  only  evidence 
of  a  ih  feet  was  the  testimony  of  a  fel- 
low work-nan,  who  had  looked  at  the 
hook  afti.'  the  accident,  ns  it  lay  on 
the  whail.  He  said  there  was  an  old 
spot  on  it  which  rcsenibleil  an  old  crack 
across  the  jtraiii,  but  that  he  could  not 
say  for  sure.  He  did  not  measure  it, 
but  juilgi'd  it  to  be  ilioiit  li.ilf  an  inch 
deep!  On  crossexa  mi  nation  be  lediieeil 
the  depth  of  the  crack  to  o  quarter  of 
an  inch,  and  said  that  he  did  not  b.indle 
it,  and  that  he  did  not  look  at  it  closer 
than  5  feet.  This  evideme  was  held  in- 
sullieient  to  satisfy  the  burder.  of  prov- 
ing the  defect,  (ihin  v.  .S'/anii  (1899) 
43  .\pp.  niv.  422.  liO  N.  V.  Supp.  134. 

The  mere  fact  that  a  little  dust  ami 
grease  appeared  on  the  top  of  the  steam 
chest  of  an  engine  after  a  run  of  30 
miles,  causing  a  brakemau's  fiait  to  slip, 
is  not  siiHiiient  evidence  of  negligence 
to  warrant  the  sulnnission  to  a  jury  of 
defenilanfs  liability  for  injuries  sus- 
tained bv  the  lirakeman.  IhiH  v.  loira 
I'.  It.  Co.  (1900)  111  Iowa,  523,  92  N. 
\V.   999, 

Hut  the  introduction  of  a  scintilla  of 
■videne"  is  still  diiiiied  in  some  juris- 
ilietions  io  reipiire  the  subniUsion  of  the 
ease  to  the  jurv.  MuUloii  in  ti  v.  ///itio».i 
C.  It.  Co.  ii87'U  3^  '"«'>■  '^''':  "''-'^  ^■ 
t,iil.o„'ii,olis.  C.  <f  L.  It.  Co.  (ISSi)  ,38 
Ohio  SI  :i8!(:  Sitiilli  v.  Sioux  Cilit  a  I'- 
ll. Co.  (1SS4)  15  Xeb.  ."iH.'t,  19  N.  W. 
(138:  Joliitnoii  v.  l/issoHii  /'.  It.  Co. 
1  188(i)    18  Xeb    (i;,0,  2(i  N.  \V.  347. 

■  liuiihr  V.  \fir  York  d  II.  It.  Co. 
(  1874)  .-)9  X.  Y.  350.  17  Am.  Kep.  325; 
/•;.v.vrj  County  EUctric  Co.  v.  Krlly 
(189 1)    57    K.    J.    L.   100,  29  Atl.  427. 


i 


I 


iSEi 


I 


ill 


11 


-'.110 


M.\>ii;i;  AM)  m;uvant. 


[chap 


1, 


11 '  . 

'I'     ' 


if'    '     ^ 


I 


\<     ! 


l'(?rrod.     The  bunion  of  prool  is  sntitillod  by  the  prcMluetion  of  ci 
.staiitial  pvidf'nct\'^ 

836.  Burden  of  proving  that  the  injury  was  caused  by  the  m 
negligence  rests  on  the  servant. —  I'lic  cstiiblit^hincnt  of  a  jiii 
coiiiicciion  botweoii  the  inastci's  n.'^-lip'aw  and  the  injury  licii 
of  tli(!  o.sst'iitial  prenMiuisites  to  the  iiiaintenancc  of  the  aclid 
chaiilcr  xi.ii.,  ante),  the  burden  uf  provinjj^  that  there  was  .sueli 
neetinu  n>sts  on  the  servant.'     T'le  itlainlitf  must  introdue-*'  test 


s.-c  ;iU(>.  for  the  general  rule.  Shoiinii. 
A    !!■  ilf.  Nps-  5  56. 

Ulurc  tlie  solo  evidciine  proihi^'d  by 
llie  pl.iintill'  is  tluit  tlic  apiiliaiipo  ("loro 
:i  till  lit  iililc)  liroke  after  it  liml  been 
opnalid  witliout  accident  for  4Vi 
yciirs.  lie  cannot  recover  on  the  theory 
that  it  was  constructed  by  an  incoiiip«'- 
tent  pcison,  as  the  facts  thus  submitted 
are  quite  consistent  with  the  inference 
that  the  servants  who  constnutei'  il 
were  carefully  selected.  Pott»  v.  Tort 
Varlisic  Dock  Co.  (1860)  2  L.  T.  N.  S. 
us:!,  S  Week.  1!  p.  524. 

A  railroad  company  cannot  be  held 
liable  as  for  a  neglifient  insix-etion  of  a 
foroijjn  car,  where  the  evidence  is  equal 
ly  consistent  with  the  theory  tti;il  tin 
failmc  to  discover  the  defect  \va>  dui 
to  tin-  delinquencies  of  the  car  iiispeci 
ors  nt  the  regular  inspecting  sta(i(iii>. 
and  with  the  theory  that  such  d..f(i'i 
was  not  brought  to  its  notice  owing  I" 
the  omission  of  the  trainmen  to  perfdiii' 
their  duty  to  report  the  existence  of  mix 
defects  which  they  might  disiiiver  in  tin- 
ears  under  their  charge  while  upon  thr 
roiid.  Chicnqo  li  A.  U.  Co.  v.  Hnii/uiiii  > 
(1882)  11  111.  App.  510.  It  was  sai.l 
to  be  ■•probable  from  the  evidi-nee  that 
the  defrtt  in  this  ear  ["liicli  was  in  thr 
ratchetl  could  be  discovered  only  uli.ii 
it  was  in  motion:  that  when  slalioiiaiv 
the  ratchet  would  hold,  but  when  th. 
car  was  in  motion,  the  aciinn  of  the 
wheels  upon  the  brakes  would  shake  it 
loose.''  Therefore,  a  presumptioii  of  the 
negliLince  of  car  inspectors  "invob^s  a 
presumption,  rcimiUy  strong,  that  the 
eondiKlors  and  brakemen  aloni:  the  line 
of  the  roiid  were  likeuiso  negligent  in 
not  di>co\ering  and  reporting  the  al- 
leged defects  to  their  superiors.  Their 
opportunitii's  for  discovering  the  defect 
in  question  were  fully  e(|Ual  to  those  of 
the  car  inspeotors.  For  their  negligence 
in  this  particular.  ap[K'llaiit  would 
not  be  responsible  to  ap|iellee,  as  they 
were  his  fclb>w  s,.iv;iiils  " 

'  In  an  action  for  injiirii^s  to  a  brake- 
man  caused  by  the  breaking   in   two  of 


a  freight  train,  due  to  the  piillj 
of  a  drawhead  stem,  there  wa^  in 
rvidiiice  that  the  key  holding  tl 
was  defective,  but  there  was  te- 
that  if  it  had  not  bc«'ii  defeiiive  i 
not  have  been  pulled  out.  A  niiii 
er  the  accident  a  worn  key  wa? 
near  where  the  break  occurred, 
fastening  which  should  have  I 
tached  to  it  was  not  found.  A 
that  defendant  was  negligent  in 
to  provide  a  safe  key  was  Inli 
uarranted  bv  this  evidcTce.  1/ 
A.  it  r.  II.  Co.  V.  Cor  (l!IOO:  T. 
App.  I  nC)  S.  \V.  ;!.)l,  ReheariiiL- 
in   :.i;  S.  \V.  07. 

riiidiiigs  by  the  jury  that  a 
c.iiipMiiy  was  negligent,  and  tlnit 
pbiMH'  alleged  to  have  birii  ki 
-mil  111  gliu'i  lice  was  not  giiittv 
liibiiliny  negligcMiee.  are  siiiliiioii 
l.iii.ed,  altlioiiiih  there  is  no  dini 
iMoiiy  as  '  ■  the  accident    i;c 

ulnre  the  eviuence  tends  to  sin 
ihe  .oadlied  was  out  of  repair  a 
.leceasi'd  shortly  before  the  aeeid- 
-.en  looking  the  train  over,  in  I 
nf  his  duty,  and  was  not  again  - 
I  il  he  was  found  dead  under  cin\ 

s  indicating  that  he  bad  fa  lb 
I  I'.ir  after  a  sudden  jolt  sullh 
have  thrown  him  from  the  c-ar. 
.v'/or/,  Yaifh  Co.  V.  Conui/er  i\> 
Seh.  ()17.  5«  N.  W.  950,  An'.ni 
i;ehearing  (1803)  38  Neb.  4ss. 
St.  Rep.  ".■!S,  ,56  N.  W.  lOSl. 

'  Texas  d  I'.  It.  Co.  ▼.  Barrett 
!06  TJ.  S.  617,  41  L.  ed.  \\Z(S, 
Ct.  Rep.  707.  Atlirming  (ISO.t)  1 
A.  373.  30  U.  S.  App.  100.  67  T\ 
O'ltoriU  V.  Lehiijh  Vallry  C 
(I8i)4)  161  I'a.  275,  2^  '*1.  10: 
i.iihon  V.  Davidson  (IF  I  .Mi 

(8  N.  W.  560;  \orfot..  (V.  I! 
■htckson  (1888)  85  Va.  48!l, 
:i70;  Murpliy  v.  Grerlcii  (  1S> 
Mass.  100.  l."i  N.  K.  654;  iimilh 
Yoik  r.  d  II.  K.  II.  Co.  (1800) 
V.  645,  23  N.  v..  O'.iO :  IliicLley  \ 
I'rrrha  d  Hiilihn-  Mfii.  Cu.  (IS 
N.    V.   5(0.   i\     N'.     li.    717,    1^ 


I  830] 


evidkncp:. 


tail 


to  show  that,  the  injury  is  more  naturally  to  ho  attrilmtod  to  tlio  ncgli- 
gpiico  of  the  dofcndant  than  to  any  f>tlior  eau^^c.^     Tlioiv  i<  no  case  for 


llSSi!)   41   llmi.  450;   l.orkiiood  v.  Chi- 

r,„)o  .f  .V.  »'.  «•  '■»•  (l^!*-)  •'>•■'  \\''*-  ■'■'''■ 
I>  N.  \V.  401:  Cnrr  v.  \oith  Itiier 
('n\lr  C'l.  (ISHS)  48  llu'  •2i!(i:  Ihiria 
V.  l-uhiwhia  d  (I.  It.  Co.  (1><S.T)  21  S. 
C  i!:i-  DiiiKinni  V.  Iliirliiii  it-  //.  To. 
lis'lUl'l  2  I'oiin.  (IVl.)  I'JO.  44  Atl.  01!); 
Tlw  lydia  M.  Ihcring   (1H!M))    97   VM. 

971. 

In  cases  A-here  the  eniployoe  wliose 
m;;li^'''i"'<'  fnusrd  tlie  injury  wa.s  ii 
nipr/cosiTvaiit,  anil  •  liL-rrlinc  rordvi-ry 
can  he  had  only  on  the  <.'iiniii(l  of  his 
ini'oniiictonre  niul  the  miistci's  knowl- 
o<l;;o  tlioriKif,  the  ptnintifT  has  tlip  liiir- 
(lin  of  proving'  that  thn  injury  was 
Ir.iivalile  to  that  incoinpptcui'c.  Ohio 
<f  1/  I!.  Co.  V.  Dunn  (1S!)4)  i;!S  Ind. 
IS.  3(i  N'.  i:.  702,  37  N.  K.  510;  Iltilli- 
t/orc  i:irr<tlnr  Co.  v.  .Vroi  (HSD)  05 
Md  4ns.  5  Atl.  33S;  Siimmi  ilidi/fi  V. 
An,'i.™s  /•.  n.  Co.  {IS75)  2  Colo.  4St; 
l:uris  V.  /»((roi(  rf  U.  I{.  Co.  (1870)  20 
Jlicli.  105,  4  Am.  I'.t-p.  304. 

On  thp  other  hand,  whire  the  no^Ii- 
(Tpnt  emiiloyee  was  one  of  those  for 
ttlinse  acts"  the  master  was  resp(insil)le 
llie  pliintilT  merely  has  the  biirdin  of 
provini;  that  the  ni'jlii^'ence  in  <|Ui'stion 
was  the  proNiniate  cause  of  the  injury. 
r/iJ'i«  /'.  It.  Co.  V.  CiiUaqhiin  (lSii3)  0 
C.  C.  A.  205,  12  U.  S.  App.  541,  50  Fed. 
DSS. 

An  in«*ruetion  is  erroneous  which  is 
to  the  ell'eet  that,  whatever  may  have 
Wen  tlie  cause  of  the  accident,  vliethor 
as  alleged  in  tlie  complaint,  or  from  any 
otiur  cause,  howcvir  remote,  if  the  de- 
fmilaiit  was  '•]iri'l)al)1y''  ne^diu'eiit  i!i  it, 
tlan  \\\e  jury,  without  any  further 
pirnf,  mav  find  airaiu'^t  the  def  nlaiit. 
Minh,  V.' Union  I'.  It.  <^o.  (1880)  2 
Idaho.  4.".7.  4  L.  U.  A.  400.  21  Pac.  OfiO. 

It  has  also  been  htdd  erroneoiis  to 
ohar'.»e  the  jury  to  find  for  the  plaintiir, 
if  tiny  helji-ve'il  that  lie  was  injured  by 
tlic  detects  in  a  sawdust  pipe  which  he 
was  oidered  to  clean  out,  as  such  an 
instruction  would  permit  them  to  render 
a  verdict  in  his  favor,  even  if  the  defects 
wee  not  in  any  way  the  cause  of  his 
injnrv.  Iln.i/iiiif/^on  Mfrf.  rf-  Min.  Co. 
V.  Ilarnrlt  (181)7)  19  Kv.  L.  Rep.  958, 
42  S.  W.  1120.  But  tins  objection  to 
til''  instruction  seems  to  be  hyix'rcriti- 
cal. 

-nri>Pn  V.  Boston  d  A.  It.  Co.  (1SS9) 
Its  Mass.  143,  1  L.  R.  A.  008,  12  Am. 
St.  l!rp,  ."iSfi,  19  N.  E.  IfiR. 

(a)   Evidence  insufpcient   to  warrant 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— €4. 


nidivl  ill  pltiiiiHfl'.i  fuior. —  In  an  ac- 
tion when-  pliiiitilT's  iniitention  was 
that  the  liii'  was  e.iii.-ed  by  the  neyli- 
;.'(  nt  mairilcnanee  by  tlie  iiiii^ler  <'f  a  vat 
containing'  iiillaininable  material  in 
proximity  to  a  trip  haiumer.  ;ind  that 
the  material  was  i-iiiteil  by  sparks  from 
the  hainnier,  it  was  behl  that  a  verdict 
in  plaintill's  favor  cmild  not  be  sup- 
ported by  evidence  tbat  the  sparks  fmiu 
tlie  trip-hammer  did  not  contain  sulli- 
ci(  nt  liiat  to  e.iiise  any  sulist  niei'  to  i;^- 
nite  at  a  distance  <;MMter  than  20  feet, 
while  the  hammer  was  sitiiatid  :!it  feet 
from  the  vat;  that  tlie  fire  was  tir  I  dis- 
covered on  a  rack  beside  tlie  vat.  the 
rack  bcini.'  used  to  drain  articles  that 
had  been  dipped  in  the  vat;  atil  that 
the  vat  was  i-uveii'd  at  that  time,  but 
tliat  in  ende.ivoi  im;  to  put  nut  tlie  llrti 
the  cover  was  kn(lek(^l  oil',  and  lire 
thereupon  ai>]>eared  in  the  vat.  Diiii- 
lircu  V.  U'-nif  Mnlliiililr  <(-  Wroinilit 
lr<i,  Co.  (I'i'l)  110  Wis.  ;!!ll,  8.".  N.  \V. 
1023. 

In  an  action  aL'.iinst  an  elevated  rail- 
roMcl  <iii'  paiiy  by  a  eondiietir  nf  a  work 
train  for  injuries  sust. lined  by  filliii'4 
f'uiii  a  narrow,  uii;.'ii aided  platform 
ah  n3  the  tracks  into  the  street,  pliin- 
lii'l's  evideiiep  that  "he  walked  abui;;  the 
plalfurm,  and  stepped  on  sometliiii,'  and 
slipiTcd,"  is  insiillieieiit  to  .-i;ow  th.it  de- 
ft iidant  was  ne!jIiL:ei!t  in  permit  I  ie-r  tin- 
plat  ferm  to  bieoiiio  f-Upp.-ry.  where 
there  is  no  evidence  indicating'  what  the 
"sdiiiethin;^"  was,  nor  who  ]ilaced  it 
there,  nor  any  su;;i!es(  ion  that  il  had 
been  there  so'  Ion;.'  that  tile  defendant 
had  constructive  notice  of  its  |iic-eiice, 
while  on  the  other  band  there  is  other 
evidence   in   the   case   sliouin;;   that    the 

pl.t  form   was   flee    from    ice   and   snow. 

}iii(i'iit   v.   Iiruri!:}iiii   V nion   I'.lrr.   It.  Co. 

(  lilOl)   Gl  App.  l)iv.  351,  72  N.  V.  Su|>p. 

07. 

(b)  r.vi'lriire  anffidrnt  to  iinirniit 
rrrilirt  in  Jiliiiiitifi'.'i  fainr. — Where  the 
operator  of  a  malt  i;rinder  in  a  mill 
where  a  fire  broke  out  testified  t'lat  the 
bearings  on  tb.e  inachine  were  worn  nut, 
so  that  there  was  too  much  play;  that 
the  LTOoves  in  the  eyiirdcrs  were  dull; 
an  1  that  the  fire  started  fiot-.i  the  mill, 
f,  ;hiwed  a  few  moments  later  by  the  ex- 
plosion, causins  the  injury, — it  is  not 
error  to  refuse  to  char^'e  that  there  was 
no  evitlence  tint  the  accident  was  caused 
from  th.e  position  of  the  rollers,  or  bear- 
ings in  which  they  were  set,  since  Uia 


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MASTEll  AND  SERVANT. 


[tllAl- 


submipsion  to  a  jury,  if  there  is  an  entire  absence  of  evidence 
would  exnlain  tlio  manner  in  which  the  accident  ocx-urrod,*  or 
evidence  is  as  consistent  with  the  absence  of  negligence  for  wlii 


jury  were  entitled  to  eoiuidcr  all  the 
evidonop  bciirinj;  on  the  condition  of  tlio 
macliine.  Wiiilrman  v.  Evvrard  (1000) 
6U  App.  Div.  358,  07  N.  Y.  Supp.  73.S. 

\Vlii'i<>  n  tilor  at  work  on  a  biiildi  j» 
wns  struck  by  a  hot  rivet  which  fell 
from  one  td  'he  upi>or  stories  by  reason 
of  failure  of  one  of  the  riveters  to  catch 
the  same  as  it  was  thrown  to  him,  and 
Buch  riveter  te:4i(ied  tliat  he  watched 
the  rivet  us  it  foil,  and  saw  it  hit  plain- 
tiff, the  jury  is  justified  in  finding;  that 
defendant  was  ncjilifjent  in  not  provid- 
injr  a  jiro|X'r  place  for  plaintiff  to  work, 
sine",  if  tl,"re  had  been  any  ohstriiclion 
to  protect  plaintiff  from  fallinfr  objects, 
the  riveter  would  not  have  been  able  to 
follow  the  course  of  the  falliiij;  rivet 
from  the  time  he  lo.-,t  it  until  it  struck 
plaintiff.  Pionrrr  Fireproof  Constr. 
Co.  V.  Hoiccll  (1900)  90  111.  App.  122, 
Affirmed  in  (1901)  189  111.  123,  59  N. 
E.  535. 

The  testimony  of  two  witnesses  that 
a  pin  which  held  the  boom  of  a  dcirick 
in  piisitioii  was  iiiiu'li  worn,  and  bad 
been  defective  for  some  time,  and  that 
the  vibration  from  the  machinery  would 
cause  it  to  drop  from  its  place,  and  that, 
after  plaintiff's  fall,  it  was  found  out  of 
its  position, — is  sufficient  to  sustain  a 
verdict  in  favor  of  a  servant  injured  by 
the  fall  of  the  boom.  I'nion  ttriilnv  Co. 
V.  Trcliiin  (I'.IOI)  inO  111.  374.  fiO  X.  E. 
533,  Affirming   (1900)    92  111.  App.  259. 

The  >ase  i>'  'or  the  jury  where  some 
of  the  evideii.e  would  warrant  the  con- 
clusion that  difi  its  in  a  track  were  tlie 
cause  of  a  (b'raiiin''nt.  altliou^li  there  is 
other  evidence  inconsistent  with  such  a 
conclusion.  IntrrKiilitivnl  <f  Ci.  .V.  R. 
Co.  v.  Johmnn  (1900)  23  Tex.  Civ.  App. 
ICO.   5.->   S.   W.   772. 

Wlu'ie  a  hammer  furnished  plaintiff 
to  bend  wire  ba<l  chipiied  hefme.  and 
the  wire  an<l  utnsil  on  which  plaintilT 
was  working  were  soft  and  not  liable  to 
chip,  tne  fact  that  the  chip  wliich  flew 
into  the  plaintiff's  eye  was  so  infinitcsi 
mal  that  the  .lature  of  the  metal  could 
not  be  recognized  docs  not  involve  tlie 
consequence  that  the  plaint HT  should  be 
nonsuited  on  tlu^  ground  that  there  was 
no  evidence  tluit  it  was  a  chip  from  the 
hammer  that  injured  him.  Ducrxl  v. 
fit.  Levis  stamping  Co.  (1901)  Ifi.'i  Mo. 
fi07.  fl3  «..  W.  .'<-27.  In  t!ie  smiiic  case  it 
was  held  that,  where  plaintiff  and  a  fel- 


low employee  textifled  that  a  li 
chipped  again  ard  injured  pininii 
it  struck  a  wire  on  a  steid  man 
which  plaintiff  was  working,  -. 
[lerts  testified  that  a  hammer  wh 
once  begun  to  chip  would  eoiiti 
do  so  unless  hoveled,  the  fact  tl 
experts  also  said  that  the  hnmnici 
not  chip  if  it  struck  the  wire,  ai 
chip|)ed  it  probably  mis.sed  the  w 
struck  the  mandrel,  did  not  prr( 
recovery,  but  presented  a  quest  i 
the  jury. 

Where  a  brakeman,  killed  whil 
ling  cars,  was  found  lying  dead 
frog,  and  there  were  indications  t 
f(M)t  was  struck  by  the  wheel,  a 
over  lengthwise,  while  eyelets  of 
were  fouml  'Vithin  3  or  4  inches 
frog,  and  eyelets  were  missing  ft 
cedent's  shoe,  the  evidence  was 
be  sullicioiit  to  raise  the  question 
jury  whether  decedent's  foot  was 
in  the  frog.  Jonrn  v.  riint  A  P. 
Co.  (1901)   127  Mich.  19S.  SO  \.  1 

.V  linding  that  ilel'iwidant  ip  an 
for  (H'lsonal  injuries  to  an  empio; 
guilty  of  negligence  causing  the 
is  sustained  by  evidence  that  p 
was  directed  to  remove  some  llm 
under  a  mill,  and  that  while  mak 
removiil  the  engine  and  machinci 
started,  and  tliat  a  shaft  const 
a  part  of  the  machinery  was  in 
of  repair;  and  that  plaintiff  was 
and  ronilere<l  unconsi'ious,  am 
found,  the  shaft  and  pulleys  wi'n 
so  near  him  as  to  show  tha 
proli.ihly  had  fallen  upon  him 
full-  ISi'i't-SiKinr  Co.  v.  fiiirinll 
55   Neb.  3(10,   75   X.   \'.'.   839. 

'  I'll  ilmlrliili  ill  cf  //.  A'.  Co.  V.  .< 
(IKt;!)     97     Pa.    J.50:    \17ii7e  v. 
(1SII9)   38  App.  Div.  149,  50  X.  Y 
GJ9;    Trx'1.1  <(•    V.   O.   R.   Co.   V.  C 
(1S,S5)    03   Tex.   Ml. 

In  rhiliiih'phitt  rf-  K.  R.  Co.  v. 
(18S«)  119  Pa.  .101,  13  Atl.  •! 
court  held  that  the  servant  eonld 
cover  for  injury  from  the  brcMJ 
falling  out  of  a  brake  pin.  It  \v 
ccihd  that  the  brake  was  \r\  prcij 
dition  a  fe\  miles  above  the  |i 
aceiilent,  while  the  next  place  nf 
tion  w.is  a  slicrt  distance  hclov 
proof  did  not  show  whether  1 
hlrvWe,  fell  out,  or  ">v^=  rr-ni-iv. 
court     said:     "It    devolved     upi 


jlvsd     upon    till 


I  836] 


EVIUENCE. 


S3 13 


defendant  is  responsible  as  with  the  existence  of  such  negligence.* 
Slill  less  can  the  action  be  mnintaiiiod,  where  the  only  reiisoiiable  con- 
clusion is  tliat  tlie  injury  was  due  to  one  of  two  causua,  for  neither  of 
wliioh  the  master  was  responsible.' 

But  while  the  plaintiti  is  bound  to  introduce  evidence  from  which 
the  jury  may  properly  infer  that  the  accident  was  caused  by  the  de- 
femiant's  negligence,  lie  is  not  required  to  point  out  tlie  particular  act 
(,r  omission  which  caused  the  accident." 


plaintiff  to  show  negli(;»'nce  of  the  com- 
iKiiiv,  1111(1  Hint  tliiit  iir^'liu'cnce  was  the 
proximate  cnuse  of  the  injury.  In  this 
he  hiis  fiiili'il.  mul  in  the  nhspnce  of 
proof  on  thnt  point  we  cannot  ascribe 
th*  accicicnt  to  that  cause." 

An  employer  is  not  liable  to  an  em- 
ployee for  injuries  sustained  by  the  l:it- 
terin  encountering  nn  obstruction  while 
neoffisarily  passinc  through  an  unlight- 
ed  pnssiigewiy  on  leaving  his  work, 
where  the  ?m|>loyer  supplied  a  sullicicnl 
number  of  electric  lamps  for  lifililiiig  the 
passiipewiiy.  some  of  which  wore  not  to 
be  extinj,Mi'shed  until  after  the  employ- 
ees had  left  the  building,  and  one  to  lie 
kept  burning  day  and  night,  in  the  ab- 
ttnce  of  any  showing  as  to  the  cause  of 
the  extinguishment  of  the  lights  at  the 
time  of  the  accident.  Donwi)  v.  O'.Vci/J 
(1898)  34  App.  Div.  407,  54  N.  Y.  Supp. 
235. 

A  laborer  on  a  working  train  of  a 
nilmad  company  cannot  recover  for  an 
injury  caused  by  the  derailment  of  one 
of  its  cars  by  a  small  stick  of  wood  ly- 
InR  on  the  track,  without  showing  that 
it  was  there  through  the  direct  and  im- 
mediate fault  of  the  company's  employ- 
ees. Smtfh  V.  Louisxriva  i  S.  W.  II.  Co. 
(1897)  49  La.  Ann.  n25.  22  So.  S.IO. 

No  recovery  rain  be  had  f^>r  the  death 
of  an  employee  by  an  explosinn  in  a 
cartridge  factory,  where  the  evidence  ot 
the  only  surviving  workman  warrants  a 
fair  presumption  that  the  explosion  was 
caused  by  the  negligence  of  the  deceased, 
and  fails  to  show  what  caused  the  ex- 
plosion if  it  was  not  such  n(",'li,'<  nee. 
Domininn  Cartridge  Co.  v.  Cairns (18!)8) 
28  Can.  S.  C.  .301. 

'Oriffin  V.  Boston  <£  A.  R.  Co.  (18Sn) 
148  Mas».  143,  1  T..  R.  A.  698,  12  Am. 
St.  Rep.  520,  19  N.  E.  166. 

A  servant  cannot  recover  on  evidence 
which  may  justify  the  inference  of  fan' 
on  the  master's  part,  but  which  wou   . 
also  warrant  the  conelusion  that  the  i 
jury  was  caused  by  the  negtiofcnee  of 
coservant.    E»aex   County   Electric   C" 


V.  Krihi  (1894)  (57  N.  .T.  T..  100.  29  Atl. 

428:  Ihiljti  v.  I'ltlun  (is;;!)  IKl  Ma-s. 
■544:  lllfi.irlutir  v.  Hanlrr  <'ilii  Vfq.  Co. 
(ISSIJ)  H;i  .Mass.  21.  8  X.  v..  4:ii»:  Mus- 
hiich  v.  ^yh(^,l,lsin  Chair  Co.  (1000)  108 
nis.  .'57,  84  S'.  \V.  30. 

Xor  cm  there  be  a  recovery  on  evi- 
dence e»5ually  a'»  cop^iHtcnt  uilli  the  the- 
ory that  the  injiiry  waH  caused  by  ihn 
uiiskiiriilne.«s  of  the  plaintiff,  as  by  the 
iniomiHtency  of  the  fellow  servant 
which  occasioned  it.  f'orr  v.  Otiio  Itiv- 
er  /■'.  Co.  (1893)  38  W.  Va.  450,  18  S. 
E.  ">90. 

Negligence  in  respect  to  the  employ- 
ment of  a  sufRcient  number  of  men  to 
operate  a  locomotive  properly  on  its 
way  to  the  roundhouse  cannot  be  in- 
ferred from  the  mere  fact  that  only  one 
man,  the  hostler,  was  on  it  at  the  time 
when  it  ran  over  the  plnintilf.  So  far 
as  it  goes,  such  evidence  is  eqimlly  con- 
sistent with  the  theory  that  the  absence 
of  the  hostler's  helper  waw  due  to  the 
negligence  of  the  hostler  bini-clf  or  the 
helper.  Reichrl  v.  .Ycir  \i>rl:  ('.  cf  U. 
R.  R.  Co.  (1892)  130  N.  Y.  082,  29  N. 
E.  703. 

•A  railroad  company  is  not  liable  to 
a  section  hand  injiired  while  engjiged  in 
ballasting  the  track,  by  a  stone,  presum- 
ably thrown  up  by  hirr!s<>lf.  Ilyinu'  out  at 
rigiit  angles  with  tlio  track  upon  the 
passage  of  a  train,  since  the  iiijurj'  is 
due  either  to  his  own  ncL^ligince  in  not 
rcinovinL'  the  stone,  or  to  an  iinaccmint- 
a'de  aciiilcnt  or  'i-cnlt  isk.  not  die  to 
Ibe  fault  of  the  iiiMstc.  int  incidci:*  to 
the  service.  ,liich  he  .  oinied  in  enter- 
in"  u|>on  such  I'inplovnieiit.  StrTi-)i  v. 
Chiono  <f-  v.  1\'.  It.  Co.  (1 87!) I  40  Wis. 
2.jn.  .-lO  y.   \V.  3  48. 

•  Mii'inrii  V.  Cnnnrclirut  Riirr  J,iim- 
hrr  Co.  (ISnn  l.Tl  Mass.  407.  2H  N.  1'. 
3.')2.  boMing,  in  a  caso  wbcic  a  niicbiiie 
'•ran  away,"  thnt  the  tri;il  cunt  had 
-i-iitly  n'tiiocd  instructions  to  the  ef- 
fect that  iilaintiir  con''  not  recover  (1) 
if  the  evidence  failed  to  furnish  satis- 
factory grounds  for  an  inference,  or  for 


■I:    \ 


:    i 


1/ 


in, 

I!. 

'  11 

rl 
(  i, 


in** 


'  I'Uiliiu, 


:! 


(314 


lUSTKU  ANU  SERVANT. 


[•■11 


i  " 


I'M' 


L 


A  verdict  for  the  plaintif!  will  be  set  nsido,  if,  in  vlow  of 
estublishod  by  the  evidence,  it  was  a  physical  imii.issibility  tin 
cidcnt  should  have  happened  in  the  manner  alkjjfcd.' 

The  nowssary  proximity  of  cause  may,  like  the  fact  of  tlio  , 
of  the  negligence  alleged,  be  established  by  evidence  of  a  nu 
cumstanlial  nature.* 

837.  No  action  maintainable  where  cause  of  accident  is  me 


nnvtliins  better  thnn  a  mere  cotijpcture, 
as' to  tiie  c.\"^c  of  the  startinR  o{  the 
cnr,  or  (2)  i.'  it  iliil  not  Bi>p«ir  from 
tho  evitlc'iioe  vlinl  .vii»  H''  r.-iil  cause  of 
tho  start  ins  <•'  tlip  niiicLme. 

Pl;\iii)iir  in  nn  action  for  ppr^onnl  in- 
juries  iMimod  by  tho  falling  of  a  liir;;a 
piece  of  conl  from  the  tub  in  which  it 
was  UinK  hoi>to<l  from  the  bold  of  .i 
■tcanier  where  phiintifT  wnn  cnipbi; 
netMl  not  prove  to  what  special  act  of 
ne"li"iT.<i'.  irror,  or  inatfi'ntion  on  the 
part  of  dtfciulant  the  accident  was  d\ip. 
if  the  latter  has  failed  to  show  that  the 
injury  wns  due  to  inevitabb-  accichnt. 
Joint  V.  \\<hstrr  (ISitS)  Rap.  .lud.  (}uc- 
bec,  in  C.  S.  •im.  where  the  court  relied 
upon  the  testimony  of  witnesses  tliat 
tlie  f:tll  of  such  frafrments,  thou^'h  a 
cciiinion  iiiciiUnt,  was  the  result  of  some 
defect  in  the  hoisting  apparatus,  oi 
M)i.ii>  ne;.de<'t  or  momentary  inattention 
on  the  i^irt  of  the  workmen,  for  whose 
ne-ilifji-iice  the  master  was,  under  tt-.e 
law  of  Quel)ee,  responsible.  See  i  890, 
subd.  r,  post,  .    , 

'Rule  applied  in  an  action  for  inju- 
ries caused  bv  a  slat  saw  at  whicii  de- 
fendant worked,  where  the  theory  wan 
that  plaintill's  hand  passed  beneath  the 
overban'iing  stcid  guard,  and  came  in 
contact  with  the  saw,  and  it  was  appar- 
ent that  the  space  was  not  sufKciently 
larjre  to  allow  plaintifT's  hand  to  pass 
in  Ihat  manner.  Beycrsilorf  v.  Cream 
City  Sash  d  Door  Co.  (1001)  109  \\is. 
450.  84  N.  W.  800.  „     „     ^ 

'  IJuqhrs  v.  Louisville  <i  N.  K.  Co. 
(1808)  104  Ky.  774,  48  S.  W.  671 
(brakenian.  alleged  to  have  come  into 
contact  with  a  bridpe  pirder,  had  been 
seen  descending  the  steps  just  before  the 
accident)  ;  ff.  Horfh  rf  R.  0.  R-Co.y. 
Kime  (1899;  —  Tex  — )  64  S.  W.  240 
( low  overhead  bridge) . 

The  case  is  properly  submitted  to 
the  jury  where,  although  no  one  saw  the 
accident,  it  was  apparent  that  deceased 
met  hi"  death  by  beins  in  some  manner 
caught  by  the  coupler  which  he  was  oil- 
ing, or  by  the  shaft,  and  there  was  evi- 


dence that  the  coupler  was  re 
safe  by  pins  and  bolts  whieli 
from  the  coupling  '/a  t"  1  '" 
A   Co.   V.   Zerwidc    (ISO!*)    8H 

In  an  action  for  damajies,  u 
4  C.  Anno.  Stat.  2cl  e.1.  clia| 
providing  fdr  a  recovery  for  il 
a  jx-rson  killed  in  a  mine,  bj 
the  failure  to  inspect  the  n 
iM-sinning  work  in  the  morr 
tilt's  intestate  was  a  driver.  \ 
contended,  hid  been  killed  by 
between  his  cars,  which  he  v 
in  on  the  main  line  from  a  f 
loaded  cars  standing  on  the  i 
No  one  saw  the  aeeident.  1 
seat  was  on  the  front  end  of 
ear,  and  was  iminjured.  W 
his  body  was  lying  between  t 
a  rib  of  coal  four  feet  disti 
front  of  his  trip.  \Vitnes> 
that  after  the  accident  the 
space  enough  between  the  < 
man  to  get  throuiib.  Intc! 
have  been  killed  while  on  th 
the  sent  left  uninjured,  or  he 
been  betwwn  his  cars  and  I 
the  main  track,  and  been  cm 
count  of  the  latter  bein"  t 
the  switch.  A  vcrdic' 
was  held  to  have  been 
on  this  evidence,  ./vv 
V.  Mercer   (1899)   84   , 

Where  the  evidence 
used  on  a  train  at  the 
sion  of   powder  in  the  e.u' 
wood  burner,  and  emitted  i 
ume  of  sparks  whenever  o 
nmch  so  that  on  former  oc 
sons  riding  several  car  len 
it  had  holes    burned    in    tl 
tliereby ;  that  on  the  day  of 
sparks'  were  flying   past    t 
which  had  its  side  doors  ope 
there  was  no  other  source 
the  fire  could  have  original 
ing  that  the  explosion  was 
spark  from  the  engine  is  wa 
Irnd    V.    Spokane    Falls    rf 
( 1899)  21  Wash.  324,  58  P 


[I'llAl',    XI.III, 

vlf'W  of  the  f,l>-'J 

oWhy  tluii  till' a. 

t  of  tllf  rxi-lrliin 

of  a  luiTilv  cir- 

nt  is  merely  cos- 
ier was  rcn.l  f'll  im 

lltS      Wllirll       |l)ll;.      1,1 

;■;,  to  1  iiii'li.  >  ■■( 
("iSnit)    8S    111.  Ai.p. 

amajri"*,  iinHir  Stjrr 
I  0.1.  rliap.  <X\.  I  u, 
vciv  {•>r  llir  .1,'iihol 
I  mini',  by  riM-"n  cl 
ft    tlie   mini'  \f\<n 

tlio  morniTij.  pliia 
[I  driver,  wti".  it  «n< 

killed  hy  a  ri.lliMAi 
■liich  he  was  ilrivir; 
•  from  a  Hwitch.  or.i 
fr  on  the  nviin  track 
ciilent.  The  lirivpri 
)iit  end  of  itit'''l,iv< 
jured.  When  fnuni 
lietween  th"  mil  ari 

feet  distant,  ami  i: 
Witne^^cs  lesiifi.-i 
ident  there  was  n< 
pen  the  cart  (w  a 
nil.  Intestate  mi:'' 
hile  on  the  soit.  an: 
red,  or  he  niivlit  liwr 
■ars  and  the  c  ir<  r-, 
1  been  criishc  I  on  a- 
r  bein"  too  (■lo>p  t 


'nimi' 


n  cr.fW 


die 
sen 

84 

ice 

the 

I   the   (. 

emitted  a  hiry  w\ 
lenever  opiTntoil,-" 
former  ocea^i'ms  ppt 
,1  car  lenirtlii  MM 
led  in  their  cloiV' 
lie  day  of  the  apci>l -: 
g   past    the    nh'.n-f. 

doors  open:  and  vf 
'.T  source  from  vhi'\ 
e  originated.— a  fr; 
sion  was  cati-dl  liy  > 
rine  is  warrnntinl.  .1' 

Falls  rf  .V.  U.  (■■■ 
324,  68  Puc.  244. 


1837] 


IVI 


e3i: 


iectural.—  The  doctrine  stntod  in  tlm  Inst  section  involvos  tlic  corol 
larv  tliat  a  servant  cannot  rec»)ver  wliom  it  is  iiicrely  a  nialUr  of  con 
jocturc,  surmise,  spwu'ation,  or  siii)|)o<ition,  wlictiier  tlic  injury  wn-t 
„r  was  not  duo  to  tlio  nc^lifionce  of  tiie  nuisu^r  or  of  ai:  cniployt'o  for 
wlio.sc  acts  and  omiss^        lie  is  responsible.' 


'lleilUi  V.  Camrhrll  (ISOI)  S  C.  C.  A. 
CH  '0  i;.  S.  Ap|>.  :!•■!!.  r>!l  I'ld.  il'.ll);  The 
roinwhia  (l!»OI)  101)  1-Vd.  715  (a^h 
burlit  on  steamer  fell)  ;  Si  in II  v.  llnUn 
(Idiii)  ()4  111.  ^\^V■  24!t;  Dnnold  v.  (7ii- 

mu.  It.  >f  <?•  «•  '■<>•   •"''■'•'■'>    "•'  '"","• 
N(   .13    L.    R.    A.  402,  «l   N.  \V.  0-1; 
'llTuyiKir  V.  Illlnoin  C.  I!.  Cn.   (ISIM)  8:1 
|n«a.  103,48  \.  \V.  UKVi   (dciail.nenl  l  ; 
lleiini    V.     Hracl;rn)i<lii<-     l.iimhrr     Co. 
(IS'.li))   4S  I,a.  Ann.  fl.-.O.  UO  So.  2JI    (no 
fX|iliuiati(in  how  plaint ilT's  d'ceiliiit  tie- 
ciimf  entan!;le<l    in    a    b,-lt— v.r.lict   for 
defend  mt  sustained)  ;   Coin, run  v.  Iliis- 
,„„  i  .4.  l{.  Co.   (18S2)    \m  M..~«,  507 
(brakenian     killed     by    fallin;*    lioin    a 
triin)-    /'("    V.   llnsliin    <*    .)/.     A*.    ('" 
IISlU)    101   Mass.    311,    37    N.    K.  37.1 
(pliiinlilV's    deii'deiit    stated    l.'fore  his 
(Vatli  that  h"  did  nut  knciu   !»■*  the  ac- 
lidint  h;n>pcned)  j   llrnilt  V.  I- Hut  &  V. 
i;.  ]{.   Cn.    (1887)    07   Mirh.    01,   3t    N. 
W.  63!)  ianiurttdo,  in  disciissins  instnie- 
tioMsj  ;  (J:iitin/  Mill.  Co.  v.  Kills  {  1H7!)) 
42  Mieh.  31,  3  N.  \V.  210  (rou-h  pi  ink 
brid;'p  ff.we  way  for  some  reason  n"t  ap- 
parent); llnlmi'iid  V.  Ddhi  LuiiiIht  Co. 
(18:i3)    no  Mieh.   r,45,   Hi   N.   W.    1004; 
llnnninq   V.    Cliieopo    d    U'.  M.  It.  Co. 
(18n.-))'l03    Mich.    200,    03   N.   \V.    312 
(braVonian   all(;.'ed   to  have   been   killed 
bv  collision  with  a  tree  pv  ■  itin.t;  over 
tiio  track,  but  no  one  saw  him  >-(inek  or 
fall  from  the  cir)  :  /'./i;"-"  v.   Virlnrian 
C.  R.  Co.    (189!))    no  Mich.  010,  78   N. 
W.  fino   (mere    pii-sibility    that    ilerail- 
mrnt  iiii;,'lit   have  been  ilue  to  drf(  ct   in 
(•n;;in('  or   rails,   not   eiio>if;li    to   ,iU",tif.v 
i-ulniii«sion  of  ease  to  jtirv)  ;    W'hilcuiiib 
V.  ;/(//Y,it   EUctric   It.   Co.    (I'Mll)    123 
Mich.  572,  84  X.  W.   1072    (trolley  jK)le 
found  to  be  bent   after   car   had   run  a 
mill'  from  the  barn)  ;  Dnbhins  v.  Ilroicn 
(ISWi)    119    X.    Y.    188,    23  N.  K.  ."J.IT 
(phnntiirsdci-edent  thrown  from  bucket 
in  which   he  was   deseendins   a    shaft — 
cable  found   broken   after   accidiiit.   but 
tio  explanation   ^iveu  of  the  mann.-r   in 
wliieli    it    was    broken)  ;   .Vi7<'.<    v.   Wir 
Yurie  C.  rf  n.  R.  It.  Cn.   (1897)   14  App. 
Div.  58.  43  N.  Y.  Supp.  751  :   MrComi'll 
V.  .Vcio  Ynrk  C.  it  II.  It.  It.  Cn.    (V.lOl) 
(!3  .App.   I!iv    .'-.l.-i.  71    X.   Y.   "^iip!'    <U0 
(lump  of  coal  fell  on  briik<-man   from  a 
passing    locomotive    tender)  ;     licHy    V, 


/>!>  It.  Co.  (inoo)  ."is  App.  Piv.  4n.'5.  fin 

X.  Y.  Supp.  1010:  .l/'7'7i"7  v.  .V,/,i.';, 
Ilir,nn<i  (  0.  (1S!I|  )  ItO  I'a.  418.  21  All. 
75;.;  Frit:  v.  Sail  l,"ir  lO  ().  '."i  <(  /'• 
/,.  <'n.  (IS'i'.))  18  rtah.  .1!i:l.  .^0  i'ac,  !li): 
Snriii'-nii  V.  Mrnnshn  I'^'prr  if  I'lilp  Cii. 
(1SS2I  .50  Wis.  3:!8,  H  \.  W.  410  (plain- 
tilf's  dK'cdei:!  fiMind  de.iil  in  a  li'de  an 
(!er  ill!  a|«rl\ire  in  lloor  of  di  f  iidniit'H 
mill — no  evidence  (o  show  bow  be  fell 
in);  Mnrfiii  I'liir  v.  Tliiinipfi(,n  (ISSI) 
12  Se.  Si'^s.  ('as.  4th  series,  23-.'  (iion 
casiu','  \^liieh  uas  rot. in;,'  on  tlie  too  of 
a  boiliT  slip|iid  nlons  i(,  and  struck  a 
servant  who  h:i>^  sl:indiir;  on  a  seallnld 
beside  it)  ;  .hirn.t  v.  May  (1870)  20  U. 
C.  C.  v.  5J3  (cleats  of  ladder  eime 
b.n-..):  .V/,/;«rr  V.  Hull  (1S!I!))  fi  It.  C. 
57!);  .\||>:^l)nll  ll'>lliiig  Mill"  rn.  v.  f'or- 
corun  (  1S!I0)  20  Can.  S.  C.  5!'5:  Cavnila 
I'uint  Co.  v.  ToAuur  (18!i8)  28  Can.  S. 
C.  3,*i2:  SI.  I.iiiirit:rr  S.  It.  Cn.  v.  C'lniji- 
Irll  (1883)  Montreal  L.  Ueo.  1  Q.  U- 
2!)0. 

"It  is  not  su'^cicnt  for  (be  eniployco 
to  show  that  the  empliiyer  n.  ly  liavo 
been  nuilly  of  in>:;li.v'eme,  but  tlic  evi- 
dence iiiu-t  point  to  the  fiet  tbit  bo 
v..ts;  and  wlieie  the  te^tiinoiiy  li.;i'..  -  the 
matter  tinccrt:iin  and  shows  that  any 
one  of  a  half  dozen  tbin;;s  may  li.ivn 
briiu'jht  about  the  injury,  for  ^'  no  of 
which  the  employer  is  resporisibl-,  !Mid 
for  M>ire  of  which  be  is  not.  it  is  not  fur 
the  jury  to  puo«s  betMe<-i  these  lialf  ii 
dozen  causes  and  lind  that  the  n-  v'' 
<;enee  of  the  employer  was  the  r  il 
.■ause,  when  there  is  no  s  i(  i-f  wtory 
foundation  in  the  testimony  for  th.it 
eoncln-ir.n."  Palton  V.  7iJ"/.i  if  /'.  It. 
Cn.  I  1901)  179  U.  S.  G,58.  43  L.  cd.  .'iiil, 
21   Sup.  Ct.  Rep.  275. 

In  liirrn  v.  tit.  l.nuia  Cnnprrnfrr  Co. 
(lS:i2)  50  Mo.  App.  202.  the  court.  I'f'er 
layinfr  H  down  that  tin'  jury  imnnt, 
from  the  mere  fact  that  some  d  f  d  <'C- 
i«ts  in  some  part  of  complieitcd  m  .cliin- 
ery,  conjecture  not  only  that  su-h  de- 
fect was  the  direct  and  immediitc  cause 
of  the  acci.lent.  but  also  th.it  it  was  the 
duty  of  the  defendant  to  foresee  such 
coii'jeetural  result  :nid  ?ruard  ac-ainst  it, 
wi-nt  on  to  remaik  that  the  employer 
luKils  bis  duty  by  .:ii  irding  against  the 
piobable  result  of  defects,  even  if  such 


1   f.ii. 


4 


lilil 


S31U 


MASTER  AND  SKKVANT. 


(CtlAP. 


I    H 


ii 


Liii.i 

1 

l''i-<ini  th\n  rule  it  folluwM  tliat  tlio  action  cannot  bo  mnintiiiiiii 
tfror  all  the  l«■^:iluony  lias  boon  put  in,  it  romnina  doubtt'ui  wh 
tlio  injury  resulted  from  llie  cause  siigfjcsUd  by  tlie  muster,  or 


«ri'  »iii>',n.  unci  that  holding  him  rmpon- 

Killll-     I'ut      rilll|l'('tllllll      ri'MUllH     HlliftK     hlH 

liiiliilily   fruiii   thi>  (.nuund  o(  ni'^'li^>vn 
to   III  It    i)f   iiiNiiianet'. 

1.;  .1  ilily  \\nn  liri'n  denied  under  the 
follovk  MIX    "iri'iiiii^tiiiKi'H: 

W  licrr  two  e.\|)lo»ion«  in  ■  powilrr 
fiTliiiv.  (me  of  «liich  did,  whilo  tin- 
oilier  iliil  not,  ini|N)rt  nojilip'ticc  on  tlio 
dcfi'iid.iiit'K  |>iit,  occtini'd  nt  the  time 
the  -civiiiit  wim  liilicd,  and  tliorp  in 
mil  Inn-.'  to  cliow  to  which  ef  the  explo- 
nions  llip  di'iilli  wu»  due.  irivq  v.  /,«/■ 
In  if  It.  I'uinlir  Co.  (1900)  55  Apj). 
Div     111.  07  N.  Y.  Supp.  74. 

WliiK-  a  pot  r<>ni  nina  Hcid»  wan 
over  innnl.  owin^'  to  ilie  slippin;;  of  one 
ol  tlic  li(i<i\'4  i\  v\liicli  it  \\a*  supported, 
unci  the  rnly  evidence  aa  to  Hlnit  cnuned 
the  .iceiilent  u»h  tlie  testimony  of  an 
pxppit.  «lio  hud  never  Keen  the  nnichin- 
eiy  unil  li:>il  \w  l«no«lcd;.'p  of  itn  eon- 
(til  ion  in  lUMwer  to  n  hypolheticnl  niiea- 
tiiiii  til  It  the  iipcident  niijrht  have  luip- 
pi'iipd  from  the  hook  Blippin};  bncic 
iMuiriU  the  point  after  beiiii;  properly 
|>l;i('i',l  in  the  Ing.  by  reason  of  its  f.uilty 
ooii«tni<lioii.  llc//e  v.  C  !'.uloid  f'o. 
(I' oil  -,■>  App.  Uiv.  622,65  N.  Y. 
Slip;.    370. 

Where  an  employee  opened  the  door 
of  nn  elrv.'ilor  shnfl  and  fill  <loun  the 
sh^ft  while  the  eleviitor  was  eNmvhpie. 
,Yr/«m  V.  Sirilt  d  Co.  (1893)  55  Neb. 
6!'8.  75  N.  \V.   1107. 

\\  here  it  was  not  proved  whether  the 
premiit'iip  diiniping  of  n  dirt  ear.  wliieh 
was  the  imniediate  eaii^e  of  the  injury, 
was  due  to  the  unevennc^s  of  the  track 
on  which  it  ran,  or  to  the  looseness  of 
the  hook,  which  was  loo«ened  when  it 
was  to  he  (lumped.  Mullson  v.  Qiiiilcy 
Cun-itr.  Co.   (IIHIO)   00  111.  Ajip.  200. 

Where  a  railroad  enjrineer  was  killed 
by  falling  from  llie  running  board,  while 
tlie  engine  was  in  motion,  and  the  only 
evidence  bearing  upon  the  cause  of  his 
death  was  that  the  movements  of  the 
engine  were  attendi^l  by  some  jarring 
or  lost  motion,  hut  it  was  not  shown 
that  this  made  him  lose  his  hold.  South- 
ern I'.  Co.  V.  .lohtison  (1895)  10  C.  C. 
A.  317,  44  II.  R.  App.  1,  09  Ked.  ,«59. 

Whpre  the  negKgpncp  charged  was  the 
want  of  a  fence  or  guard  around  the  ma- 
chinery which  caused  the  employee** 
deiith,  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  a 
statute,  but  there   is   no  evidence  that 


such  ni^gligrnce  was  the  cause  of  tt 
ciilint.  Cull"  lijti     Ciiloiiriii     i 

.Milli  Co.  V.  h  ■,  in  (ISimi  'Jii  r.i 
r.  478.  r{ever«irg  (1898)  2.">  dm. 
Hep.  ;i(l.  Which  Alliims  (l81ili|  JS 
Hep.  7.1. 

i'lip  mere  facta  that  decedent  w;ii 
^taniling  ujion  a  cur  uhieh  unuli 
ailinit  of  the  ptiHsagu  iinilir  ati 
bunging  bridge  of  a  niun  of  av 
height,  shortly  before  the  tnin  ji 
under  the  bridge,  ami  that  in  hm- i 
theieafter  he  was  found  lying  oi 
lop  of  the  car  insensible,  and  m  u 
time  died,  do  not  warrant  the  sn 
sion  to  tlie  jury  of  the  quest imi  wl 
or  not  he  was  killed  by  coming  ii 
tact  wilh  tlic  bridge,  when,  even  ii 
ing  that  the  jury  would  he  ju- 
in  finding  that  he  was  of  the  ,i\ 
height,  there  Is  no  evidence  that 
was  any  wound  or  bruise  on  hi«  (n 
or  that  he  died  from  violence  iii-i, 
disease.  I'itigcrnlti  v.  Vci,-  \t,rl: 
II.  It.  It.  Co.  (1897)  15 1  \.  Y.  l!i 
V.  E.  514,  Reversing  (1895)  8S 
359.  34  N.  Y.  Supp.  821. 

W'hejp  a  brakeman  was  foiinl 
on  top  of  the  train,  with  a  \m>iim<I 
one  eye,  where  he  was  striul- 
bridge,  and  it  is  proved  that  the 
of  the  bridge  guard  were  3  im-hi* 
than  the  bridge,  and  that  they  Men 
posed  to  be,  and  where  not  bent 
8  inches  apart,  testimony  which  n 
shows  that  some  of  the  wins 
slightly  bent,  and  that  bis  hat  (c 
"s  wile)  might  possibly  have  | 
boL  .H-n  wires  further  a])nt  tlin 
width  of  the  hat,  without  lii-<  r 
ing  any  warning,  does  not  jn^lif 
inference  tlint  the  aciidi  nt  was  c 
by  the  negligence  of  the  conipii 
maintaining  a  defective  "telltale." 
aught  that  appeared,  t)ie  aeeiili  nt 
have  happened  after  the  '•telllaU'' 
given  its  warning.  Dr.iclii'iici  v. 
cord  a  M.  It.  Co.  (1897)  09  N.  II 
40  Atl.  407. 

Vhere  a  brakeman.  who  had  hn 
paged  on  a  car  si^aling  his  tr.iin 
side  track,  was  found  dead  ot 
ground  opposite  the  depot  adjoinir 
trrek,  the  theory  that  he  wa?  kn 
off  the  car  by  contnet  with  the 
roof,  which  was  negligently  coe.''!! 
too  near  the  track,  is  not  sustain 
evidence  to  the  effect  that  deceaae^i 


tciup,  lun. 

niiiliiiiii'd,  if, 
>tl'i:i  wintlipr 
step,  or  fn  '" 

rniiRi-  of  thf  ,11 
lilt  II  rill  c,,/!,,, 
ill!) I  'JH  C.in  !« 
)  2.")  dill  .\pp. 
(1N%)  J-l  dm, 

Tcdrnt  \\;is  sptfl 
liicli  wiriiM  nil. 
iinilrr  ail  iiur 
nun  (pf  iniTij- 
lie  triin  pi-t-l 

lilt     ilt    "..■  IMlrly 

(1  lyiiiL'  on  thj 
,  ami  III  II  «'  pTt 

int     till'     S||l,|,:|, 

upxtinii  «li, iVr 
coniin;;  in  en 
on,  ("vcn  ;u«iin 

111      111'     ju-lllir! 

of  tlio  ,iv.  rij 
•■lire  tliiit  !>:, 
!•  on  hi«  |ii  r- • 
leni'i'  iii-ii'l  1 1 
Vri,-  Yiitl:  (\  i 
t  N.  Y.  :;i;::.  4S 
1S!I5)    8!J  lliiii, 

us  foiiml  iji'it 
li  a  "I'liiiil  ini' 
»  st  nick  liy  ii 
tlint  till'  win- 
'  3  ini'lii't  liraiT 
'.  tlicy  Mrrc  Mf<- 

not  lioiit  wii 
y  wlilrh  iTHTr!;- 
lie  Hin-s  wiK 
his  hnt  (nvor  < 
lily  linvi>  \tvi"\ 
n]>irt  th;in  th-' 
liout  h\^  rriii. 
nnt  jii>lify  Ihc 
rnt  \V:1H  l":lll-"l 
hp  oonipinv  in 
"tc11tii!«'.-"F.'r 

arciiliTit  mi'.'M 
>  '•tolltali'"  Ini 

ichl'llC^     V.    (''»!■ 

)  09  N.  n.  2«, 

ho  hiid  bwi  ™ 
;  his  tr.lin  cr  i 
cImiI  on  lh» 
5t  ndjoinini  tli' 
lie  win  knooVinl 
with  the  depot 
it!y  diiistniC'd 
ot  sisstainpil  li» 
it  deceawul,  jut 


I  W7J 


KVIlJKNCii. 


2317 


ih«|KTlnl.     Ihckemun  ».  Crntral  K.  Co. 
(iHtlDI    180  I'u.  fiU7,  42  Atl.  Zmi. 

Whcri'  u  li'itiniiiiin  ran  only  hIiow  timt, 
■vliilf  he  wu«  IP  till"  pxcri'ix'  nf  iliip  <';ii«, 
un  lU'ciiU'iit  h:.,^Il<•ll^'l^  to  a  liir.  whi;* 
<'iiii«'(l  him  the  injury  r(init>l.iinril  uf, 
infer    lh.it   I  lie  I'lir 


(ftiT  the  •crUlcnt.  fxrlninicd  tlnit  he 
hml  li'vn  kmipki'd  oil  tin-  cnr;  that  a 
irii^'niliinli'  liii«  drawn  fnini  the  i(1k« 
o(  III.'  ili'i""  riHif  wan  10}  inclii'it  fnini 
lh»  cur:  th  it  there  were  no  liulileri  on 
lh;it  »i>le  of  the  ear;  that  the  <le|Mit  riHil. 

I*  tlitf  Kil"'"'  altiirhed  therrti),  (f"*''  '>"  "'•'  '  "Uf '  »•"  ""t 
fvidi'niy  of  haviii).' liecn  stniok;  that  the  »a»  in  an  unlit  eiimliliiin  to  he  |ilai'ed 
Mminil»  of  the  ilece.iwd  wei-e  not  HUch  n*  upon  the  ro.nl,  aiul  that  tin-  di'lirl  wa» 
ti.  imlicnte  that  he  had  licen  atruek  liy  of  kurh  ,'  naliire  that  il  '  >' ;lil  to  h.'vo 
llie  rii'if;  that  he  fell  from  the  end  of 
ihf  ear;  ''ict  ho  wan  found  at  llie 
uA'*  »!'      e  >'   ;   nnil  that,   in   view  ut 


liii'n  ili^iiA.  rill  liy  a|>|K'll.ii.i  i  "I'lvant*. 
rhii.i.iu,  II.  tt  v.   li.  I'll.  V.  ,Uiiii/'/omiry 
(  |SH»|    l.l   111.  .V|.|>.  JOJ. 
.\   juil;:iii<'iil    II  r   iliiniiiKeit   u)(aini<t   ■ 


Irpi 

(ht  iliiiitinn    ill    «liiili    the    train    was 

moving,  lie  would   ni'<i"'>.«rilv  have  heen    r.'iilw.iy  eorii|..iiiy  is  erroneous,  alllioiiKh 

•triiik' liy   the   eait   end,   wliile   it   was    ulaintilT   li-lilii's   that    he    was    iiijuied 

liy  a  fall 

iler  on  tin 


i^iiiii'il  liy  a  di'fi'i'tive  lad- 
nil  i.f  a  car.  and  one  |ia>'<in(i 
near  the  tr.iin  li-tiliis  that  he  saw  him 
fall  from  the  ear,  «licii  the  car  in- 
s|ir.t(ir  l<"<tilir.-'  that  the  laiMir  was  not 
il('leili\e  wliin  llie  train  started.  Ill* 
eiiiiiliii'liir  and  ullur  eiii|iliiyi'ei*  tistify 
that  it  was  esaiiuiiid  liy  them  al'tii  the 
nci'iiliiit  iinil  fi'iiiiil  iiit.ict.  ami  nl-o  tliat 


car.     ,1111111)     V.    'I I. III.' 
(ISO!))   51   La.  .\nn.  litT, 


(    /'. 

il'i  So. 


•triii'l.     . 

not  a|>|iariiit  that  ho  had  been  dra};«i'd 
l.y  the  train.  llnusloH  d  T.  ('.  II.  Vii. 
V.  I.mllirr  (1000;  Tex.  Civ.  App.)  69 
S.  W.  aoS. 

A  venlict  it  properly  directed  for  the 
liffcnilant  in  an  act  ion  fi-r  an  injury 
alli'^'cd  to  have  heen  caused  l>y  a  ile- 
firtlve  switch,  allowing!  the  engine  to  lie 
ililtiited    to   a    silling,    where    there    is 

mufly    testimony    that    two    wi'eks    or  pl.iintiir    InM    th.ni    innneiliatelv    iil'lef 

nior.'licfore  the  accident  the  rails  wire  the  iiijiiiy  lli  il  he  was  hurt  hy  jimijiins 

not  I'lose  together  when  the  switch  was  fnmi    the 

flo«i'il.  witness  stating,  as  to  the  e.xliiif  It.  Cu 

of  the   scpiration,   "Vou   could    see    in  80. 

thprc;  it  didn't  lay  tight."     If  the  ease  A    noi"<iiit    should   lie    gr.intd    wli.  re 

were  sulmnt'ed   on   sin  h   testimony   the  the  jilaiiilill    relies   on    the   lli.iTV    iliat 

jury  would   be   leit  to   nnd   that   there  the  injury  v.as  cTu-cd  liy  ih  ici-.  ,1  t  ry- 

was  a  defect  suMleient  to  cause  the  ac-  ing   to  mount   an   eiigim-   \\liii]i    li.nl   a 

cident;  that  it  continued  to  the  time  of  defective  slc|i,  ami  the  <iiil\    f.ict   i>iiived 

thf   accident,    though    it    was    not    dis-  is  tli.it  he  fell  under  the  wheels  of  lars 

closed  in  the  constant  use  of  the  road;  which    he    was   coupling.      I'liilmlrliiliia 

and  that  the  defect  caused  the  acciileiit,  <f  It.  It.  Co.  v.  Schvrtle   (l.S.Sl)   97   I'a. 

ttliirh   with   equal    ]>roliability  could   be  450. 

attriliii'ed  to  any  of  several   causes  for  The  mere  fact  that  one  out  of  fourteen 

wiiiih  (Icfendant'wi.n  not   liable.     Smil:  cars    in    a    train    is    iiii|ir(iviiled    with    a 

V. /.(/ii/;/i  rf  .V.  f;. /i.  Co.  (iOOl)  199  Pa.  footboard    is   iiot   sullicient    to   wairint 

21S.  48  Atl.  987.  siibiiiitting    to    the    jury    the    qui>si  Ion 

.\  trainman   injured  by  contact   with  whether   the   death    of   a    bra'<inian    by 

the  drawheiid   while  he  was  coupling  is  falling  off  the  train  was  cau-pil  by  that 

[irnpcrly  nonsuited,  where  the  only  evi-  deliciency.     h'luiirs  v.  /.ouisi   //e  t£  .V.  It. 

Iince  to  sustain  his  allegation  that  the  Co.   (ISlLS)   ,HS  l'.(l.  A\'i2. 

oupliiig  appliances  were  defective  is  his  Where    nnthiiig   mure    is    si. own    than 

own  testimony  that  the  spring  was  out  that  a  braki'iiian  who  hail  gone  Intueen 

of  the  drawhead.   and    it    is.   not   shown  two  ears  to  couple  them   w.is  aflirwards 

found  lying  eriishe.l  ami  dead  on  the 
track,  a  erii'd  against  the  railway  coni- 
panv  i-  !  It  warranted.  Alrliisnn.  7  <{ 
S.  F.  ft.  Co.  V.  .Miiliuf  (18<i())  (iS  111. 
\pp.   140.   .MTInning  Opinion   in    Koriiier 


that  his  injury  resulteil  in  any  way  from 
that  cause.  Iliinniiinn  V.  i.iliiiih  rf  //. 
Rirrr  It.  Co.  (1S!)S)  1,')7  N.  Y.  244.  51 
X.  Iv  !)!<■»,  IJeversing  (1895)  91  Hun, 
MO.  -Xi;  X.   Y.   Supp.  293. 

A  nonsuit  will  be  granted  in  an  action  Appe.il    (1894)    50  111.  .App.  57S. 

by  nn  employee  against  a  railroad  com-  Evidence  that  plaint  ill'  was  ri  Hn'j 

pany  fT  injuries  re<'eived  at  a  certain  the  forward  end  of  a  hand  car  willi 

star  in    by    reason    of    a    broken    brake  feet    hanging   down    4    inches    fro.n 

chi     ,   wliere   the   only   evidence   as   to  ties;    and    that    his    atteniion    was 

w'len  it  broke   is   merely   a   suggestion  tract ed.  and  as  he  was  turning  his  I 

that    it    was    broken    before    the    train  his   loot   was   caught,   threw  i"';   Inm 

reiuhcd  the  1:    ;,  station  at  which  it  was  the  track, — is  iosuOicieut  to  support  a 


on 

his 
the 
at 
"ad 
oil 


;  I 


I. 


ii. 


t 


<M 


it   - 


23  IB 


M.VHTKK  ANU  hKU\  ANT. 


[CIMI- 


ii: 


.    i  M 


■  ill 


'\i\ 


1 

' 

i 

1!;,, 

i 

M 

^, 

L,...- 

r 

llnilini;  that  he  wn»  Injurnl  Iik'uuw  of 
tlic  ilriiTtive  cuixlilioM  of  (hi-  truok.  St. 
/,f,»i»,  .1.  d  r.  It.  ro.  V.  Ihiiny  (  18»3) 
&   r<  \    Civ.  Ap|>.  .'I")li,  H  S.  W.  317. 

I.iiilillity  for  injurir'H  to  a  >  'iviint 
riiiiiiiit  111'  liiitcil  ii|Hin  I  111'  tiirri'  (act  that 
a  ciir  ii-fil  for  ninyiii;,'  rrfuM>  hiid 
"iliirii|n'il"  in  opcnlioti,  un<l  that  there 
w.iH  a  nll:;ht  Htiai^;htpninK  <'(  the  hook 
11-4 il  in  fa«t(-nin);  the  hiiI'-  of  the  rar, 
will  re  tliiri-  ii  no  pviilnicv  that  Hiich 
-tr,4i;;hlriiiri;;  had  nn.Mhln^  t»  tin  with 
ilic  III!  rliiiiiiii;!  of  till*  rar,  or  that  it 
w.iH  of  Hiiih  u  nature  a<<  to  r<'i|iiir('  any 
nItiiiiioM  or  ri'i>air,  or  mh  hh  to  pre- 
viMil  llii-  rontimiiil  atid  afo  wrvii't-  of 
llir  I'.ir.  StultiiiiiiH  V.  Kiiiip  (18'.)5)  143 
N.  V.  4J7.   10  N.  K.  -ill. 

.\n  I'liiiili.vce  en';:i).iMl  in  ninkln<;  an 
cNraviil  iiMi  larinot  rrinvcr  for  iniuriosi 
(iiMii  I  111'  JininuiKT  layiii;^  or  inxiillicifnt 
Biipiioit  of  u  tiack  upon  whii-h  diiin|ii'ir» 
VMic  nil),  where  Mich  track  wat  l.ild  by 
liini.-clf  in  ontuiccl  ion  «ilh  fellow  norv- 
unlx.  Conliliil  V.  hnijir  (ISlUl  It  .MisO. 
3!l!».   2'.l    N.    y.    Sii|.|).    lO;;!.    .Mliriiicil    in 

(IHiiT)   1,'.:!  .v.  Y.  ijsit.  IS  N.  IC.  Iio.l. 

The  nieie  fact  that  the  troti-cri  of  an 
ptu|>hyce.  who  (ill  on  the  clay  lloor  of 
the  liasinicnt  of  \\U  employer's  Mtore, 
«crc  \\cl  anil  iiniihly  when  he  ariivetl 
nt  the  liii~|-ilal,  will  not,  in  an.iiiist  the 
testiiiiiiny  of  many  witiicises,  niithuri/.« 
u  lliiilinj  that  tlie  employer  had  ne^'li- 
peiitly  altiiwcti  the  clay  to  Ix-come  damp 
ami  H!i|i]iiv.  MiCaillni  v.  Shohrinan 
Uron.   I  IMlf)   108  I'a.  .'xm,  49  Atl.  493. 

Iti  an  action  (nr  injuries  caused  by 
a  tilat  saw.  at  which  plaint  iff  worked, 
where  the  theory  was  that  plaint iir's 
hand  pi->-ed  heilcalh  the  ov.  '  lianj,'iiig 
R'lvl  ^Miaril  a-.d  eaine  in  contact  wilii 
the  saw.  tlieri-  h(  in;;  evidence  th.it  con- 
nideiahle  lih-(i.l  was  found  on  parts  o( 
the  iiiHliiiic  hclow  the  talile.  and  only 
Hcalliiinu  h|iiits  ahove,  and  lii-iu-e  that 
the  iiijuiy  iiiiuhl  have  cmiie  fi.nii  the 
leuer  parts  of  the  saw.  and  possilily 
witlmiit  defendant's  m  ;;lij;eii<'e,  the  rule 
that  the  iiiere  h  ip|ieiiin;,'  of  the  accident 
o^tahli-hed  dcfiiulant's  ncgliiicnee  is  in- 
appliialile.  I!ii/iix,liiif  V.  irtiiin  Villi 
Sfi.-<li  .1  /)'.")  Co.  (liiOl)  lOU  Wis.  45«, 
?l   N.  W.  siio. 

.\n  ciiiplover  is  not  lialile  to  nn  eni- 
ployi  (•  fur  injuries  eau-<eil  hy  a  llyin;; 
8tie!<  fnaii  Miiiie  uni'xplained  source  :'it 
tiiiyr  hctwien  a  pulley  and  a  Indt  ulmli 
aiiethir  eiiiplnvee  was  ndju«tin^  therenn, 
and  ciusin;;  the  licit  to  lly  otF,  catch  a 
plowshare  lyinir  uj>on  the  flmiv,  and  then 
in  its  movements  catch  such  employee 
and  draw  him  around  the  ahal't.    Free- 


hirij  V.  SI.  I'liul  I'loir-Workt  111 
Minn,  nu,  .V)  X.  \V.  IttJtI. 

An  eiiipliiyer  in  not  liable  for  i 
to  a  boy  who,  while  eni.M;;i>d  in  i 
a  nmchiiir  nut  in  moliiui,  an  to  i 
of  which  lie  had  been  (iilljr  ii.-i 
wa»  injured  by  the  niaihine  »> 
■tartin;;  from  an  unexplained  en 
eHtrliin)^  bin  band  in  Ihi'  stiil  tii 
jeeting  from  iron  roller-,  wlnie  t 
cdiinp  was  a  Hafe  .iinl  pro|n  r  mn 
eons! ruction,  and  sue!i  as  ua-,  i 
other  f.ictorli  s  of  a  like  nature,  ii 
not  out  of  repair.  .Is/i  v.  !■ 
0ro«.  (IS!i:i)    1.54  I'll.  '210,  'Jll  All 

Tlin  e.\islence  in  un  expaii-i<> 
of  a  sleani  pipe  of  a  crack  v. hici 
not  he  di»coM'ied  by  insiKctmn,  i 
leakiii)!  of  water  and  stcaiii  ii 
joint,  are  not  such  e\idence  of  in- 
in  failiii).'  to  discover  the  defert 
render  the  employer  liable  for  an 
to  un  eni|iloyec  cauited  by  iin  e> 
of  the  joint,  where  auch  leakin; 
indication  thai  the  joint  ii 
Vnit)t  V.  Miihiiitin  I'l  iiiitxiilur  ( 
(IH!»7)    112  .Mich.  .lOJ,  70  N.  \V. 

Where  the  h.indle  of  a  ladle 
cnrriajre  of  molten  metal  hre.iU 
il  i*  beinjf  used  in  the  same  wii 
has  been  for  lifteen  years  pn 
the  presumption  i>t  that  it  wa 
nally  of  sullieient  stren^ith;  am 
the  soune  of  the  weakness  wliieli 
it  to  t;ive  w.iy  is,  upon  the  evidi  i 
a  mere  matter  of  eenjcctiire,  a 
should  be  directed  for  defendant. 
V.  Caniplill  I  \H<.H)  8  ('.  C  A. 
U.  S.  App.  331,  59  K(h1.  H'.IO. 

The  uiiskilfuliiess  an<l  iiieuin 
of   brakemen    \vill    not    make   a 

company    liable    for    injuries    

tlu'  diT.iihiient  and  overliiniiii'. 
eii;.'ine  which  struck  calves  iii 
track,  where  it  i-i  only  conjeetm 
the  f,'rcali'st  diligence  and  sKtW  ■ 
part  mi^^lit  have  preveiiled  the  ii 
of  the  cn;;ine.  I'lnlinl  'filial  Cm. 
Tniiie.'ina;  V.  d  0.  It.  Co.  ( is;i5) 
(!35. 

The  theory  that  an  injury  ' 
female  servant  rei-eivel  while 
a  machine  was  eaii-,e,|  by  the  w. 
Millicieiit  nuinlsT  nf  niali-  eiiipli 
her  di|iartii.ent  cannot  be  ha-^cil 
mere  f;iet  lli;'t.  if  there  had  hi 
present,  one  of  them  iiii;j!it  li.i 
set  at  the  ta-k.  l)c  )iiiiii;i  v 
(  IHiHi)  5  App.  Div.  4'J!1,  38  N.  " 
inSil. 

From  the  fact  that  a  couplin 
cars  which  a  switcliman  is  att 
to  couple  was  fastened  in  the  di 


ICIUIV    XIJIl 

iVorkt  ( iN'iji  |. 

:ti. 

iiilili'  for  iiijiiri', 

.MKi'il  in  1  lijiiiii.. 

>ll,    lU    til    III"    U-r 

(iill^  iit-iiii  !,  ; 
lacliinc   »i|'Mm  , 

ll;iit)(Ml    IMII>I-    ,;[;; 

(•  tlll'l  till, I  ],,„ 

■..    »  llCll'    llir    II    , 

mUKT  fiiif  Ml  I', 

IW     W,1^    li-i'l    III 

'  llllllll'l'.  .Ill  I  ,'  .■ 
hIi    V,     !•.'     ,1, 
10,  20  All   :.:4 

l'X|lllll-l'     '1      JIMII' 

rJcU  will,  h  ciiii 
ii|M'('tion,  .iiiil  ' 

nIi'IMII     lit     > , 
IMirc  llf    ll.'jii,',  !    . 
Ill'    lll'fl'ft,    .1-    wi. 

IiIp  tor  un  in    ry 
l(y  iiti  cvpl.   ,  I 

c\\    ll'llkili;.'    !■>   lu 

jiiint     is    nil-  I 
iiiiiiiiliir  Ciir  Ci, 
70  N.  W.  Ill):) 
f  a   Lull.'   f..r  i:,.. 
!tal    iiri'.i',  ■   V-  li 

•  »;\iiie  wiiv  :i«  ,. 
yours  pn  vmii-'i 
lilt  it  «.!■*  111:.; 
Iijrtli;  nml  u';  i-' 
IriH  wllii'll  iMii-i  : 

till!  PviJi  lliv,  l.K 

jrrtiirc,  II  Vdi'  '. 
Icfciidiint.  /■';  ' 
r.  c.  A.  Ki.  it 

I.  O'.Kl. 

mil    inoniii|K'l.'ni; 

iiinko  a  rnlrml 
ijiirirs  iMU-  I  111 
vi'iliiniiir.'  i.t  .:! 

(mIvi's    iipiiM    !:■• 

(■oiijrrliiri '1  liii' 

iliil  sk\\]  oil  t!iiir 

ilril  till'  iii«rltiii; 

Tni^t  <■•..  V.  ;;./-! 
!o.  (KS:»5)  (is  IVJ 

I    injmy   vliich  .i 

•  I  wliili'  il Miiii:: 
liy  I  111'  \Miiii  of  1 

null-  i'iii|ilovnK  ill 
L    III'   ll;l-l'i|   oil  t!.' 
■  IP   liml   licni  n.i 
iiii.i^lit    li.i\i'  ''■■' 
Viniiifi   V.   li' 
li),  3S  N.  V.  ^uj.; 

a  coiipliii'-'  I'in  ' 

mil  is  iitt™i|>t.i:: 
,  in  the  drawluail, 


I  (1371 


EVIOKNCK 


i.n\» 


"III* 

to 

llVO- 

fiiili'il 


th,.  (•iiii«>  MifrRPstc'd  by  fhf  MTViint.'  As  l.-tiR  iw  fl'.frr  i  n.-ihiiif,' 
niori-  tuiigibl*'  to  procml  iiiwii  thiin  tw..  ..r  iiiun-  (•..nji-.-iiirul  ili.i.ri.  s 
it  i«  iiiunuterinl  tliiit  Uie  llii-.ry  wliicli  i>  mi^oi  ,i..l  in  th-    ini.r..-,t  .if 

njury  mny  l>o««llily  <lr«w  ttie  i  i.mii-.- 
that  tlie  cot.|ilina  pin,  link,  (lr..«liiii(l, 
mill  rlhiT  ociiiplilitt  uppiuiilil-.  wire  il«- 
(„liM',  I'lit  «li<"y  fiiniiot,  U|«oii  tliiit  in 
(frinic,  hn»i>  the  fiiither  one  that  Ho- 
officp'i*  of  thK  ponipany  knew,  or  hy  llio 
uw  o(  oriliiiary  cure  tiii«ht  hiivi-  known, 
of  unch  (li'ffCtive  oomlition.  '/  >uri, 
K  li  T.  It.  Co.  V.  'y/iom;«("ii   (IHI.    )   11 

iv,.  Civ.  Api>.  fln«.  :iJ  s-  NV.  7Ih. 

Il  in  not  iuntltliihlc  to  infir  that  the 
pin  which  li.'.l.N  a  brakf  tihI  In  IN  plac« 
hnd  ilroiUMil  out  iMfori-  the  car  li  ft  n 
utiilinn  :)0  or  40  niiW's  ili»lant,  ami  ii|hiii 
th.it  iif.ri'ni'e  to  Im-x-  Ihi-  fiirthiT  liifir 
MUi-  Hint  the  oiir  hnd  not  bii-ii  piopiTly 
in^i"viiil  at  that  station,  lluiliii  v. 
«„,„,,  U-.  rf  O.  K.  Co.  (1888)  41!  Hun, 
377.  3  N.  '^'    ^'ifl'-  •''''•'^• 

Whrri  intilT'H  ni-u'liv'"'"'''"  ^»y  ■"•*'* 
oiiii«(il  the  injiiiv,  an  iiiitrintion  rriiiiir- 
in"  Ihp  (lifiiiilaiit  to  -.liow  that  IiIm  rn-K- 
hyiiiri-  iliil  not  contrihiito  to  the  injury 
aim  uroiiiiiim.  Trj-ns  if  /'.  H.  Ci>.  v. 
|/ni(;ii«  (l!tC'>  20  Tex.  Civ.  App,  383, 
11.1  S.  W.  340. 

To  Kiihinit  to  the  j::ry  th^  question 
wluthcr  (li'finilanl'i*  necliiieni'e  was  the 
iiiitural  and  pioWnhlc  eaii^-e  of  the  niri- 
(jpnt.  iind  whether  the  aeeidint.  in  the 
Hillit  of  th.>  ntlendiiia  eiri'iiiii-.t.iiiri'«. 
iiu'.;lit  lea^onahly  to  have  been  fi>ie^i-«'n 
bv  a  iM'ihOii  of  inlinai-y  intelli-enec. 
care,  anil  pnnlenec,  a.s  likely  to  oi'eiir. 
in  cri.niniH,  whire  there  is  no  eviilenee 
to  sii  ijiort  a  (iiidiiii;  that  defeiiihiiit'!* 
ni"jli^>iiii'  was  the  proximate  can^e  of 
till' iiijiirv.  MiihIiikH  v.  U  ivohmh  C/oiir 
Co.  (I'.Hdl)    108  Win.  :>:.  HI  N.  W.  31' 

In  liiilt'il'ie  V.  U/vKOHii  /*.  It.  '.'<>. 
llSHi)  no  Mo.  312,  1ft  S.  W.  .V  il 
MiiH  hi'lil  Ihal  the  trial  eoiirl  hIu.  i.d 
liiivi-  -ii-l  lineil  ilvlriiil-:  *'.■<  otijtclio.,  >• 
the  iiilroiliu-lioii  of  in  v  I'.'ilence  on  i  le 
(.'round  that  the  iirlit'  .id  not  -t.iii 
fiicU  siillU-ient  to  eoii-litiit,'  a  eaii-e  u! 
iii'tion.  wlicie  it  lir-l  avrired  that  plain- 
liir  priHTidrd.  ill  pur-^iiiiiue  of  mdiiH 
givrii  him  hy  the  yanl  iiiii^<tiT.  to  un- 
couple  the  cir,  and  liifore  he  reiulii'd 
till'  pvo|ii-i-  place  to  piTfoiin  that  duty 
"sonii-ci.;'  unknown  to  liini  iaii*i'i!  the 
HUTS  to  h-  moved  withoiil  mil  ice  to  him. 
whi'ii-liy  he  was  thrown  from  Hiiid  ear" 
and  ini'iired,  and  then  also  averred  that 
*.)■.:■  'tlluii-  ot  .!,.f..!,.'i>nt  "to  havi-  such 
proi)er  system  and  puldished  rules  re- 
garding; Haid   matters   was   diieetly   the 


eaiise  of   ».iid   tr.iin  of  e«i'<  hoinu'   "Wi 
deiily.      without      notice      to      pliinlifl 
nioMil,"  whereliy  he  was  tlirmii  oil  ami 
iniiiriil.      The  I'oiut   -aid;      "S\e  do  not 
see  how  these  two  alle.'.'!  imi .  i  in  stand 
lop'lhir.      lie   llist    allivi-d    llial    he   did 
not  know    who  caused  the  liiiii  to  iiiovr. 
ami.  of  eiiiir-e,  he  did  not  know  w  liy  .Mid 
how   it  was  iiiimd.  and  not  knowin;,'  tlii» 
lie  coiild    not   airniii   lliat   the    iiiom  imiit 
was   ihe    result    of   the    failure   to  i-tiili- 
liHh  nilM.     It  is  evident  thi-t  li  •  mer« 
miriiiise,    Mipposition,    or    jjinss    of    tli« 
plaiiiliir.     Till'  ;./o(iu(tt  must  co"        •olid 
Willi  the  'ill'  'inlii.     ...     At    I 
we    think    the    pliintitT    wa.    ' 
prove  how  and   why    this  "Ui 
iiienl  KCciiired.  and  this  lie  iill...> 
til   do.      If    'he    siiilden    nun' loent 
can -111   hy   the   voliinliry    ail  ion   of   the 
enuinn'r    or    in    piii-iiame    of    a    si-"'' 
pivi'n    hy   sonnime   other   tlmii    plaint  ill, 
and    this    action    of    the    (ii-iiicer    wiot 
caused,  or  the  si_'iial   was  (.•iirii.  hy  tlic 
wreni     person,    luriuse    ih  ii  iidaiil     h.id 
failed  to  pioimil'J.ite  and  eiilofce  pio|Mr 
rules  and   rirulaliiiis   in  ri).'i"'   '"  ""' 
iiioM-meiit     of    tr.iins    in     its    yards    at 
Cliiiniois.  ileficiliiiil   is  liaMe  f.ir  th"  in- 
jury ciiiisid  hy  such  mov.iiieiit.     \\  e  I'ln 
uppnciiite    !iow    inipiilant    il    is    in    tlio 
niaiia:  iiieiit  of  trains  to  hive  a  pro|Kr 
sysli'iii    of    signals    to    priln'     tin-    em- 
ployees ironi  ili.n^rir;  and  llo-  [iro|iriily 
of  coiifiiiins  on  'lie  .>wilc!imaii  [mi  fonii- 
im;  t     ■  dutv-  of  I     ipliiiL'  or  iiiiimiiiiIiii;» 
can  iii;ii«.  ''i  '.^ive  si^inals  to  -loji  or 

apii  I'l-K.'     wlii'lirr  on   the  ears 
.   iiiiiiinil.     On   the  other   hand, 

11.1  Icn   nioM'iiient   w.is  (lie   result 

.lone  of  the  oidiii.iiy  operation  of  the 
(lain  ;.'oin'i  on'o  the  suilili.  idainlilT 
iiiusi  In'  111  hi  lo  hiiM-  as,iiiiiid  the  risk 
of  heiii-.'  thrown  i  If  the  ear  hy  it,  and 
therefore  ciniiol  ivco\er.  'Iliis  is  one 
of  the  risks  of  the  emphniiunt  uliich 
the  law  holds  lli.it  lie  assiiiiHil  when  he 
cii'-'iyid  to  |s-i  form  the  work  as-iu'ned 
hiiii.  He  niiainied  the  car  while  ill  im»- 
lii.n.  and  he  knew  it  was  jjoin^'  in  on 
ihe  switfh.  and  hence  he  should  have 
taken  pioper  precaiil  i"ii  au'iinst  the 
orilini.r\    iiioviiin-nts  of  the  Iriin." 

'.\».  where  the  evidence  is  eiiiially  con- 
sistent with  the  tlieoiy  that  the  injury 
wiis  eaiisi'd  hv  the  ne'.;lij;ence  of  a  vice 
principal,  ami  with  the  liieoiy  that  it 
was  caused  by   the  nejjligenee  of   u  co- 


siari 
or  111 
if  till 


h;= 


il 


\U 


i 

I ,  . 


i',' 


in,; 

tl  ■ 


ill 


i 


2320 


ftUSTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap. 


the  servant  is  more  probable  tlian  that  which  is  sviggested  in  th( 
terost  of  tho  master.* 

838.  Shifting  of  the  burden  of  proof. —  In  the  note  below  arc 
lectcd  several  employers'  liability  cases  in  which  specific  referom 
made  to  tlic  shifting  of  the  burden  of  proof.  For  a  more  goi 
discussion  of  tlie  subject,  sc<'  Slicarin.  &  IJe<lf.  Nog.  §  58.' 


servant,  llo.se  y.  Boston  d  A.  R.  Co. 
(isri)  .58  N.  Y.  217  (for  facts  scp 
S  (iOS,  note  2,  ante). 

It  is  proper  to  rharga  thnt  a  servant 
In  jiircd  i)y  tlie  sudden  starting  of  a  ma- 
rliiiie  which  he  was  oilin-;  cannot  recover 
if  the  jury  are  unable  to  decide  whether 
the  stalling  was  due  to  a  defect  in  the 
inaeliinc  itself  cr  to  the  act  of  a  fellow 
servant  or  of  a  stranger.  Shau<ihncssrii 
V.  Scii'ill  li  I).  Cordanc  Co.  (1894)  160 
Miiss.  3.31,  35  N.  E.  801. 

Xor  can  the  action  be  maintained 
where  it  is  left  douhtfiil  under  the  evi- 
dence whether  the  injury  was  caused  by 
the  servant's  own  negligence  or  hy  that 
of  f'  ^  master.  l-Jast  Tvnxe.iscc.  V.  d  (I. 
It.  V.  SIru-nrt    (18SI)    13  I,ea,  4r!2; 

Ciiusolidnlrd  Coal  Co.  v.  lionnrr  (18!J0) 
43  III.  App.  17;  iioulhcrn  I'.  Co.  v. 
Joliiisi.n  (ISn,'.)  10  C.  C.  A.  317,  44  U. 
S.  App.  1,  09  Fed.  .').')9  (sec  note  1, 
supra,  for  facts)  ;  Fanner  v.  (Irnnd 
'It mil;  /.'.  Co.   (1891)   21  Ont.  Rep.  299. 

The  |)resuiiiptif)n  that  a  drawhead  was 
defective  at  the  time  an  inspection  was 
made,  and  tliat  the  defect  might  have 
been  discovered  by  a  proper  examina- 
tion, cannot  be  raided  U|Min  the  fact  that 
it  gave  way  and  injured  a  brakeman, 
where  it  a|>|>ears  that  its  dangerous  con- 
dition might  have  been  oeiasioned  by 
the  vioh'nee  of  the  impact  of  the  cars  at 
the  time  the  injurv  was  riveivcd.  I'rrry 
V.  Mirhiqnn  C.  U.'Co.  (1895)  108  Mich. 
130.  05  -V.  \V.  008. 

'ChiiiidUr  V.  .\rie  YorT;,  Y.  JJ.  d  11. 
P.  Co.  (1893)  159  Mass.  589,  35  N.  E. 
89. 

'  Where  it  has  been  proved  that  some 
defect  in  tlie  machinery  or  plant  caused 
the  accident,  it  is  not  necessary  to  show 
the  precise  nature  of  that  defect,  and 
the  onus  is  thrown  upon  the  master  to 
show  that  the  defi'ct  was  one  for  which 
he  was  not  to  blame.  .Marfwlanc  v. 
Thompson  (1884)  12  Sc.  Sess.  <.  is.  4th 
aeries,  2,'i2.  per  Lord  MoneriefT,  explain- 
ing the  actual  elTcct  of  Fr<isvr  \.  I-'raxrr 
(1882)  9  Sc.  Sess.  Cas.  4th  series,  890, 
and  WalLcr  v.  Olscn  (1882)  9  Sc.  Sess. 
Cas.  4th  series,  940. 

Whatever   presumption  of   negligence 


may  arise  from  the  fact  that  a  c.ii 
nil  the  track  when  a  iMiikitiiMii 
(brown  from  it  is  rebutted  by  priwif 
the  track  and  other  ageneiev  \vi.] 
good  rep.iir;  and  the  plaiiililV  mn-.t 
fail  in  his  action  vinless  he  pn» 
fresh  proof  of  negligence  on  the  ni.e 
part,  f.ocl.irood  v.  Chicago  d  V.  I 
Co.   (1S82)    55  Wis.  50,  12  N.  W.  4 

Kviileiiee  that  a  servant  was  o 
temperate  habits  casts  upon  the  di' 
ant  the  burden  of  proving  that  he 
not  into.xicated  and  was  in  the  exi 
of  proper  care  at  the  time  of  the 
dent.  I'oinsi/lvania  II.  Co.  v.  / 
(1808)   57  Pa.  339,  03  Am.  Dec.  2:; 

If  tlie  unfitness  of  a  servant  is  s 
to  have  existed  at  the  time  of  em 
ment  the  burden  is  then  on  the  in 
to  disprove  negligence  in  emplovini; 
Craiidall  v.  Mcllrath  (1877)  24  J 
127. 

In  Vvrphy  v.  Pollock  (1803)  1 
C.  L.  I;  i>.  224,  it  was  held  by  Deas; 
and  I'igot,  C.  R.,  that,  inasmuch  a 
mode  and  circumstances  of  the  em 
ment  of  a  servant  are  matters  [«<iil 
within  the  knowledge  of  the  empl 
and  not  ordinarily  within  the  know 
of  a  servant,  the  submission  of  evii 
from  which  a  jury  may  reasonably 
the  conclusion  that  the  fellow  sci 
whose  conduct  was  the  proximate  c 
(if  the  plaintiff's  injury  was  incomp 
casts  upon  the  employer  the  oiii 
showing  that  he  exercised  due  aii'l 
sonable  care  in  the  employment  of 
servant. 

It   devolves    on    the   master    to 
that  he  has  observed  the  duty  of 
ing  proper  regxilations.     It  is  an  alll 
tive  fact  that  he  can  readily  show,  i 
Usually   the    plaintiff   cannot    pmv. 
negative.    The  servant  miist  prove  i 
gence,    and    to    exonerate    hini'ilf 
master   should   show    that    proper 
ulations     to      prevent      accidents 
been    adopted,    and    these    having 
shown  to  have  been  made,  the  presi 
tion  is  that  the  act  was  in  vinlalii 
the  rule,  and  the  company  will  ni 
liable,    unless   (he   servant    ilillictin^ 
injury   was   incompetent,   and   the 


llli  III 


i839] 


EVIDENCE. 


2321 


839.  burden  of  proof,  m  affected  by  express  statutory  provisions. — 

a.  Slalutes  not  exclusively  applicable  to  employees. — The  provision 
in  5  Stat  at  L.  30C,  clinp.  101,  §  13,  that  Uio  fact  of  ♦><• 
bursting  of  the  boilor  of  a  steamboat  sliall  be  taken  as  "full  prima 
facie  cvidoncc"  of  culpability,  inures  to  the  benefit  of  ompioyct^s, 
ultliouj!;b  it  is  couched  in  general  teniis.' 

Scr\-ants  arc  also  entitled  U>  sue  under  §  :;i):5.'5  of  the  Georgia  Code, 
which  (leclares  that  "a  railroad  conipimy  shall  be  liable  for  any  dam- 
iige  done  to  persons,  stock,  or  other  property,  by  the  running  of  the 
locomotives  or  cars  or  other  machinery  of  s\ich  company,  .  .  . 
i,n](>ss  the  company  shall  make  it  appear  that  their  agent.s  have  exer- 
cised all  ordinary  and  reasonable  care  and  diligence,  tlio  presumption 
in  all  cases  being  against  the  company.'" 

In  an  action  to  recover  danuiges  under  §§  11  OH,  11 07,  of  the  Ten- 
nessee Code,  which  provides  that  when  any  person,  animal,  or  other 
obstruction  appears  upon  the  roadway  of  a  railroad  company,  "the 
.alarm  whistle  shall  be  sounded,  the  brakes  put  down,  and  every  pos- 
>;ble  means  employed  to  stop  the  train  and  prevent  an  accident,"  and 
that  every  railroad  company  tliat  fails  to  observe  those  precautions 


pnny  knew  it,  or  h.i<l  roasonable  sind 
proper  means  of  knowin';  it.  I'iltshiir'j. 
ft  W.  A  C.  It.  Co.  V.  Powers  (1874)  74 
111.  341. 

After  a  defendant  suffers  judgment  by 
(lefiUilt  he  has  the  burden  of  disproving 
npi'Iigenee.  Ebert  v.  Hartley  (1891))  72 
Conn.  4.')3.  44  Atl.  723. 

'ilcSlahon  v.  Davidson  (1807)  12 
Minn.  357,  Gil.  232,  holding  that  the 
effect  of  this  provision  was  that  a  ver- 
dict for  the  plaintiff  was  proper,  as  the 
defendant  had  produced  no  evidence  to 
show  that  due  care  had  been  used  in 
hiring  the  engineer  whe  was  in  charge 
of  a  boiler  which  exploded. 

•Hammers  used  by  employees  of  a 
riiilrond  company  to  drive  spikes  are 
not  within  the  term  '•iiiacliini-ry."  (Jeor- 
qia  K.  A  ni;q.  Co.  v.  \,lmx  (1880)  83 
Ga.  70.  20  .\m.  St.  li.'p.  ."iOS,  !)  S.  E. 
1041).  ailopting  tlic  following  remarks  of 
the  supreme  ouurt  nf  Alabama,  in  Geor- 
ijia  I'.  li.  Co.  v.  Uroolci  (1887)  84  Ala. 
US.  4  So.  289,  in  discussing  a  somewhat 
similar  statute:  "A  hammer  is  a  tool 
or  instnimont  ordinarily  usiJ  by  one 
man  in  the  performance  of  manual  la- 
bor. H  may  be  made  nn  essential  part 
of  machinery  when  intended  to  be  and 
is  operated  by  means  thereof;  but  when 
disconnected  from  any  other  mechanical 
appliances,  and  operated  singly,  by  mus- 
cular Btreogtb  directly  applied,  such  tool 


or  instrument  is  not  machinery  in  its 
most  eoiripreliensive  signification,  or  in 
the  meiniiig  of  the  statute." 

it  has  l)een  held  that  the  presumption 
of  negligence  thus  ereatetl  is  not  eon- 
fined  to  eases  where  the  eompnny  is  en- 
gaged in  its  ordinary  business  as  a  com- 
mon carrier,  and  that  it  arises  where  a 
fireman  of  an  engine  furnished  to  a 
contractor  employed  to  build  nn  exten- 
sion is  injured,  tiaiatinnh  rf  U'.  It.  Co. 
V.  riiillips  (1892)  90  Ga.  829,  17  S. 
E.  82. 

In  an  action  against  a  railroad  com- 
pany by  nn  employee  injured  by  the  neg- 
ligence of  a  eiH  iiiployee,  it  is  error  to 
give  in  the  charge  the  words  of  this 
provision,  hicaiise  in  cases  involving 
.■>ueh  injuries  the  bi^rden  of  proof  is 
upon  the  plaintiff,  deorqia  U.  i  lilcg. 
Co.  V.  HirKu  (ISnt)  95  Ga.  301,  22  S. 
E.  613.     Sec  §  "57.  anir. 

In  a  suit  fur  the  death  of  a  railroad 
brakeman  heeatisc  of  the  failure  of  the 
company  to  provide  warnings  of  the  ap- 
proach of  the  train  to  a  low  bridge, 
plaintiff  nee(i  not  show  want  of  con- 
tributory negligence  on  the  part  of  such 
brakeni.in.  as  he  is  required  to  do  where 
the  injur}'  was  due  to  the  negligence  of 
a  coservant.  Snrannah,  F.  <{  W.  It.  Co. 
V.  liny  (1803)  01  Ga.  676,  17  S.  E.  959. 
See  $843,  subd.  b,  infra. 


'■v\ 


i'i'Mii 


Hi'-' 
liii' 


Hi  ii! 


i  ,        i  i.     »     - 

i 


m 


.  1 1,. 

tfcS     \  4 


2322 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[CUAV. 


ii:! 


(I  r. 

1« 


"shall  be  responsible  for  all  damages  to  persons  or  property  occ:i^i 
by,  or  resulting  from,  any  accident  or  collision  that  may  occ\ir,"- 
burdon  of  proving  compliance  with  the  statute  is  upon  the  defend 

6.  Slalutcs  enacted  expressly  for  the  benefit  of  emplo^ivi 
A  statute  which  simply  imposes  a  new  obligation  upon  au  eiii])l 
or  renders  him  liable  for  the  negligence  of  an  employee  who  wi 
apart  from  its  provisions,  have  been  regarded  as  a  mei"e  e()S(>rv;r 
the  injured  person,  leaves  upon  tiie  plaintiff  the  burden  of  proviii, 
exi.itencc  of  such  culpability  as  will  entitle  him  to  maiuttiin 
action.* 

In  Ohio  a  statute  has  been  j)ussed  which  provides  that  where  t 
vant  i.s  injured  ''by  reason  of  any  defect  on  any  ear  or  locoiuoiiv 
the  machinery  or  attachments  thereto  belonging,  .  .  .  tlio 
of  such  defect  .  .  .  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  neglige 
on  the  part  of  the  company.'     (Ohio  Laws  1800,  p.  149,  §  2.) 


'  I'asI  'Anxcssf,  V.  d-  0.  R.  Co.  v. 
Itiisli   (ISS.-))   15  T-oii,  14.5. 

'  111  iictions  l>r(m'.;ht  undor  any  of 
the  i:iMii|>  of  st:i(iiti-s  ii'vicwi-d  in  clinp- 
tcr  xxwil.  iinlr.  tlip  liUKlin  of  proof 
Mi-'  iiiinii  llir  p!;iiiitiir  to  piove  each  of 
tlio  fiillo'viii;.'  pro])ositions: 

(a)  Tliiit  llicri'  was  a  hicach  of  duty 
in  tlio  premises  as  ro-rnrds  tlio  injured 
Iicrxm.  .""'cr'  Sonllin-n  R.  Co,  v  'IkiiIoii 
(IS!I8)  122  Ala.  'i-Sl,  2!)  So.  34:  l.miis- 
vil'.i-  if  .V.  /,'.  Co.  V.  Billion  (ISOi)  OS 
All.  .'iTO.  14  So.  010;  Onrlnvd  v.  Toronto 
(ISIMi)  23  Out.  App.  Rpp.  'l-.iH;  Moliil- 
d  IS.  II.  Co.  V.  Ilolbarn  (18S7)  84  Ala. 
138.  4  So.  l((i;  Louisiillr  rf  .V.  II.  r„. 
V.  /Mri'.s'  (IS'iO)   91  Ala.  487,  8  So.  'C,l. 

(li)  'J'lnit  this  breach  of  duty  was  ooiii- 
niilted  hy  some  person  for  whose  neudi- 
pence  the  employer  is  made  responsilili- 
by  the  slitiilcs.  Cihha  v.  Orrnt  Wester, t 
11.  Co.  (IS8t:  r.  A.)  L.  R.  12  Q.  B.  Div. 
208.  48  J.  P.  230,  .53  U  .T.  Q.  B.  N.  S. 
543.  ,50  L.  T.  N.  S.  7,  32  Week.  Rep. 
3211:  (Inrhnifl  v.  Toronto  (18!)0)  23  Ont, 
Afip.  Rep.  23S;  ilari/  Lee  Coal  d  U. 
Co.  V.  Cliamblix.i  (lS!t2)  07  Ala.  171. 
11  So.  R!t7  (verdiet  set  aside  on  the 
{.'loiiiul  that  tliere  was  no  evideiiee  thai 
the  failure  to  ili-cnver  or  reiiiidy  the  de- 
fiM't  was  due  to  the  iie^'li;;fiK'e  of  tln' 
j'tiiplover  or  his  ii-|ir<'.si>iil alive)  :  hoiiis- 
villc  •(  .V,  A'.  Co.  V.  IJaris  (18U0)  !)1 
Ala.  4S7,  8  So.  552. 

(c)  That  such  breaeh  of  iluty  was  the 
eflicient  cause  of  the  injury.  S^outheni 
R.  Co.  V.  Uuijlun  (ISnSi  122  Al.i.  231. 
25   So.   34;    /.ouiDiille  jt   .V.   U.   Co.   v. 


Binion  (18!)2)  98  Ala.  .570,  14  So. 
I'lirmir  v.  dnnid  Trunlc  It.  Co.  ( 
21  Ont.  Rep.  299. 

A  statute  reiiuirins  employi 
^u:ird  dangerous  machiiiery  doi-  v 
]>ose  upon  a  delemlant  the  !>in'l 
provin";  that  the  failure  to  ciunily 
the  statute  was  not  the  elliciiiit' 
<jf  the  injury.  Montreal  I'dlliini 
Co.  V.  Coreoran  (189li)  2ti  Can. 
.595,  Reversing  Rap.  Jud.  Quebec, 
l{.    488. 

'The  effect  of  this  provision  ha> 
I  lius  explained:  "Tlie  presuiiipti 
knowledfjc  of  the  defect,  before  a 
llie  time  of  the  injury,  is,  by  tlih 
ute,  chari,'cable  to  the  company  ;  aiii 
statutory  presumption  cannot  l.c 
eome.  by  proof  of  facts  which  only 
a  presumption  that  the  company  d 
liave  such  knowledge.  Compitrri 
cinful  inspectors  are  prcsunml  In 
eriy  inspect  the  cars  and  their  a 
iiients.  but  sucli  jiresuniptinn  won 
overcome  the  statutory  prcsumpl 
knowledge  of  defects  befoie  ami  ; 
;inro  of  the  injury.  It  would  ta 
:M'lunl  and  proper  inspection,  f 
c  ipiiv.il"nt,  to  overcome  the  stal 
presumption  of  knowledge  of  -m 
feets."  Cohimhvx.  //.  V'.  d  T.  I 
V.  F.rirl;  (1894)  51  Ohio  .St.  14(1, 
V.  128. 

fnder  this  provision  a  railroad 
piny  is  liable  for  an  injury  to  a 
ployee  fiom  the  sudden  st.irling 
loconirl  ivi»  by  reasoti  of  leakv  \ 
alllu  ugli  it  may  not  have  had  i 
notice  of  the  defect.     Lake  Shore 


[CUAP.  U.IU. 

ty  occil^<ionfcll 
occur," — till- 
e  dofciKhint.' 
emploijrta- 
.tu  eiiiployer, 
B  wlio  Would, 

\  COS(>rV;lIlt  0! 

if  proving  the 
tuaintiiin  thi 


{i  840, 841] 


EVIPKNTE. 


232:1 


Wisconsin  statute  of  a  snmnwhat  similar  frnor  lias  already  bron  re- 
ferrrd  to  in  chaptor  xxix.,  anlr.  See  also  §  873,  noto  ;j,  itosl,  for  a 
case  in  wliich  a  court  of  a  sister  state  refused  to  give  effect  to  it  on  tho 
ground  that  it  pertained  merely  to  the  remedy.  Tlie  (>ss(i)lial  etTect 
of  such  enactments,  it  will  he  ohsened,  is  to  extend  the  applieati.in  of 
tue  doctrine  of  res  ip.y  loquitur  to  cases  which,  as  it  is  ordinarily  cou- 
gtrued,  would  be  bosuml  it>  ^<•ope. 

C.    BUBDEN  OF  PROOF  WITH  RESPECT  TO  DEFENSES. 


t  where  a  Fer 
ocoiiioiivc,  (ir 
.  the  fuel 
f  n(\;^lii,'eii(v" 
•,§2.)'     Th. 

>70,  14  So.  Cfi 
A'.  Co.    (ISIll 

ciiiployi'is    h: 
•ry  (Ii>r^  iKit  ii: 
tile    biU'l.ii  III 
to  rmiij.ly  wit'i 

'     I'Hic'ic'llt     CIU^e 

I    l!l,Ui,:ll    Mills 

2ti   Can'.   S.  C, 

1.   QiU'lne,  8  I) 

)vision  'n:w  licci 
pn'suiiipliim  of 
,  bofori'  :inil  iit 
is,  by  tlii-i  si  't- 
ipany ;  iiinl  tlii- 
?;iniiot  !■(■  uviT 
I  liicli  only  1,1  !-• 
'oni|i;iiiy  diit  iii ', 
Coiiipitriil  :iiii 
csumcd  111  pre]' 
1(1  their  ;it!:H'!i 
ptioii  wiiiiiil  11.1 
lirosuiiipiii'ii  If. 
fiiio  ;iiul  at  till 
would  t;ikc  nil 
pection,  or  i'.- 
■  ttie  staliisun 
l.^e   of   «iiili   (I.- 

I',  rf  T.  u.  r 

>  St.  1411,  .'iT  N 

a  railroiul  I'mi: 
jury  to  nil  Pill 
I  ■^t.irtinL'  I'f  i 
f  leaky  viIvm. 
,'ive  had  ,ictu;il 
ikc  Shore  i  M. 


840.  Generally. —  When  a  breach  of  duty  is  proved  or  admitted  to 
have  been  conimitted  by  the  master,  the  burden  of  proving  all  such 
facts  as  he  relies  upon  for  the  purpose  of  excusing  his  failure  ordi- 
narily rests  upon  him.*  But  from  the  ensuing  sectieus  it  will  be 
seen  that  tliis  rule  is  not  followed  by  all  tlic  courts  in  cases  where  the 
defense  set  up  is  one  of  those  which  is  founded  on  the  servant's  alleged 
knowledge  of  the  risk  which  caused  his  injury. 

841.  Burden  of  proof  with  respect  to  the  assumption  of  the  risk.— 
0.  Ordinary  rUks.—A9  the  df.elriiie  which  charges  everv  adtilt  serv- 
ant with  an  acceptiince  of  the  ordinary  risks  of  his  employment  rests 
in  part  at  least,  upon  the  presuiii[)tion  which  is  entertained  that  ho 


S.  B.  Co.  V.  Raitz  (1894)   10  Ohio  C.  C. 

Failure  of  a  railroad  pompuny  to  fur- 
nish n  customary  apidi.nicc  iiiion  a 
Iwon'otivp.  in  ooii-.'quiiuv  of  uliich  an 
employee  is  injured,  plaoe.s  the  ooiii;):iny 
in  the  same  piii-ition  tinder  thin  statute 
as  thoufrh  the  appliance  were  furnished 
nm\  the  accident  had  resulted  as  a  conse- 
qtienec  of  its  defe<*ive  eomlition,  and 
the  accident  is  made  prima  facie  evi- 
dence of  ne;.'li!;encp.  Criiiulnj  v.  f'liicm- 
nati,  n.  d  U.  a.  Co.  (1890)  12  Ohio  C. 
C.  lot. 

The  presumption  arisinj;  from  the  fact 
of  the  d(  feet  may  be  retiutted  by  show- 
in-i  that  the  company  had  no  knowledL'o 
and  was  not  piilty  of  nc^li^ence,  and 
by  evidence  of  careful  and  vi^ilanl 
iwpcction  by  competent  inspectors. 
Vamntilvania  R.  Co.  v.  Mrjiers  (1803) 
12  Ohio  C.  C.  2R.1.  Put  that  presump- 
tion is  not  rebutted  by  the  mere  fact 
that  the  corporation  employed  a  com- 
petent and  sutlicient  inspector.  Feltnn 
V.  Dullard  (18!)!))  37  C.  C.  A.  1,  04  Fed. 
781,  Citins  the  Erick  Case  (1804)  61 
Ohio  St.  140.  37  N.  E.  12S. 

'An  emido'"r  who  alleges  that  the 
movement  of  a  machine  to  which  the 


pliiiitifT  attributes  his  injury  was  im- 
pn->ible  Ills  the  Imr.lcn  of  provinu'  that 
iliip.is~iliility.  W'oirlrr  V.  hli^a  {  IS:'..')) 
no  llun.  71'."  3.')  X.  Y.  Supp.  :<H  :  /'ox  v. 
I.c  Cuinic  (IS!)!!)  2  App.  Div.  CI,  37  X. 
Y.  Supp.  I.-.S. 

Tlie  admission  of  a  railway  compiny 
in  its  answer,  tlu't  the  death  of  n  (ire- 
man  was  caused  (ly  the  tinsife  cniidiliini 
(if  its  tr.iok.  >liifls  to  it  the  iiurdiii  of 
proving'  tint  the  aeeident  was  caused  by 
the  nialicidus  act  of  a  trespasser,  and 
that  the  (nusiqui  noes  of  such  act  could 
not  have  been  prevented  by  the  CNereie 
of  reasonable  eare.  .l/oiT'iw  v.  /.'<(/•  inh 
rf  \.  Mr-Line  I!.  Co.  (1!)00)  12(i  N.  C. 
200,  35   S.   E.   423. 

Where  a  railroad  company  admits 
that  he  knew  its  track  was  not  in  safe 
condition  at  the  jioiiit  where  an  em 
ployee  was  in  red  by  the  dTiiliiient  <l 
a  hand  car.  it  will  be  pic-^iiiueil  that  (he 
company's  iiefiliyenec  in  failinir  to  main- 
tain a  safe  track  was  the  cause  of  the 
injtiiy,  and  the  burden  is  east  on  tlie 
company  to  show  that  the  accident  was 
not  caused  bv  its  ne'_di;'encp.  U'l'/Aic  v. 
Jinliinh  rf  c'F.  n.  Co.  (1900)  127  N.  C. 
203,  37  S.  Ji.  204. 


M 
-'it 


t 


t  1 
I 


t! 


< '  !     1 


nisi 


I'-' 


1 


iliiiMa 


■jit. 


2324 


MASTKR  AND  SEKVAXT. 


[CHAP. 


s-irri-'iHli 


i-JU 


I  •■ 


i:  M 


liiii 


ctiniprehcnds  all  those  risks  (-si-e  §  2G0,  subd.  a,  ante),  it  is  cloar 
wlicrever  such  a  servant  has  boon  injured  owing  to  tiie  exisU^nw 
risk  of  this  character,  and  seeks  to  recover  on  the  ground  tliot  Ik 
not  appreciate  it,  ho  has  the  burden  of  showing  that  such  appreci 
was  not  predicablo  under  tlic  given  circumstances.*  In  the  case 
minor  llie  evidential  situation  is  different,  inasmuch  85  there  i 
prosuTni)tion  that  he  understands  even  the  ordinary  risks  of  Lis 
ploynicnt.     See  §  291,  note  7,  aute. 

h.  I'^xlraord'mary  risks. — The  conception  that  the  servant's  n^ 
suiription  of  extraordinary  risks  is  based  upon  the  hypothesis  tli; 
<l<«s  not  know  of  them,  or  take  them  into  his  calculations  as  oi 
thr  elements  of  his  contract  (see  §  273,  ante),  is  doeiiiod,  in  mo 
the  American  states,  to  require  the  conclusion  thn*  the  burden  of  | 
inir  that  he  had  knowledge  of,  and  assumed,  any  particular  risk  w 
falls  wifliin  this  category  rests  upon  the  master.-  The  burdeii  i 
course,  shifted  to  the  servant  in  those  cases  where  the  facts  establi 


'  'I'liis  doctrine  has  nevrr,  so  far  as  the 
Hritcr  knows,  hcen  questioned,  and  is 
explicitly  laid  down  in  Jolntsnn  v. 
ChfMiHtii-e  d  O.  R.  Co.  (1892)  .10  \V. 
Va.  73,  14  S.  E.  432;  Whalm  v.  Illinois 
li  Nt.  r,.  R.  d  Coal  Co.  (1885)  16  111. 
.\l>p.   3-20. 

'  "Tlie  employee  is  only  prcsunied  to 
:i--'iitiic  the  dangers  usually  attendant 
iiixiii  Ills  employment;  and  when  he 
"hows  that  he  has  been  injured  by  a 
cause  or  dnnjrer  not  usiially  or  reason- 
ably attendant  upon  his  employment,  he 
is  tlu'ii  entitled  to  recover,  unless  it  be 
shown  that  he  knew  of  siieh  unusual  and 
unn'as<mable  danger  and  fully  eonipre- 
hi'ndrd  its  nature  at  the  time  of  his  em- 
ployment or  before  the  accident  hap- 
])en('(l.  The  evidence  in  this  ciise  having 
estiibli^hed  the  fact  that  the  injury  to 
the  plaintifT  was  caused  by  a  dnn;;er 
whiih  ouL'ht  not  to  have  attended  his 
eniploynient,  and  would  not  have  attend- 
ed it  if  th>-  defendant  had  performed 
its  whole  duty  towards  him.  there  is 
no  pri'sumplion  that  the  plaintiff  as- 
sumeil  the  unusual  risk,  and  the  burden 
of  proof  is  on  the  defendant  to  show 
aniniiativrly  that  he  did."  Snilnu  v. 
Whilv  llirr'r  LumhT  Co.  (ISnO)  70  Wis. 
120.  131,  20  Am.  St.  Rep.  29,  43  N.  W. 
113.-.. 

"There  can  be  no  presumption  of 
ki'iiwl(ilj.'e  of  special  dan^'ers  arising 
from  II  (iiiiiliar  and  exceptional  state  of 
iifTaii  -■.'•  \\l:rhn  V.  Itliiwia  .f  .Si".  /,.  R. 
A-  r.,.il  Cn.  (I8S.-,)  16  III.  App.  320. 
'ill  (lie  vime  elfect.  see  Texas  <t  P.  R. 


Co.  V.  Arc.hihald  (1890)  21  C.  C.  A 
41  U.  S.  App.  507,  75  Fed.  8n-.>; 
ander  v.  Criitral  Liimbcr  d  Ifid 
(1S!)4)  104  Cal.  .532,  38  Pac. 
Bjorman  v.  Ft.  liraqg  Reduooc 
(1894)  104  Cal.  020,  38  Vac.  4.-,|; 
C0.70  V.  f:,lson  (1891)  43  III.  Ann 
Citing  Chiciiqo  d  E.  I.  R.  Co.  v 
(18!i(i)  1.32  111.  101,  22  Am.  St 
515.  23  N.  E.  1021  ;  Wells  v.  fiioVi, 
C.  R.  d  y.  R.  Co.  (1881)  50  Iowa 
0  N.  \V.  304;  (Irrrnleaf  v.  UHhumi 
Co.  (1870)  29  Iowa,  14,  4  Am. 
181;  Coatrs  v.  liurlinf/lon,  C.  I! 
R.  Co.  (1883)  62  lowk,  480,  17  > 
700;  .Vni/cs  v.  Chicago,  R.  I.  d  , 
Co.  (1884)  63  Iowa,  502,  14  N.  \V 
19  N.  \V.  680;  Chesapeake  d  .V.  h 
V.  Xetiablp.  (1901)  23  Ky.  L.  I!ep. 
03  S.  \V.  35;  Myhan  v.  houiximia 
trie  Light  d  P.  Co.  (1889)  41  l,.a. 
904,  7  T-.  R.  A.  172,  17  Am.  St.  Rep 
0  So.  799;  Rwoboda  v.  Ward  (187! 
Mich.  420;  Thorpe  v.  Missouri  I'.  / 
(1880)  89  Mo.  650,  58  Am.  Rep.  1 
S.  VV.  3 :  Young  v.  Shickle,  H.  rf  11. 
Co.  (1890)  103  Mo.  324,  15  R.  W. 
Johnston  v.  Oregon  Short  Line  li 
(18921  23  Or.  94,  31  Pac.  283;  C 
V.  Oliver  Oil  Co.  (1890)  34  S.  C. 
27  Am.  St.  Rep.  815,  13  S.  E.  419:  / 
hue  V.  Enterprise  R.  Co.  (1889)  32 
299,  17  Am.  St.  Rep.  854,  11  S.  E 
Texas  d  St.  L.  R.  Co.  v.  Vallic  ( 1 
00  Tex.  481 ;  Texaa  d  P.  R.  Co.  v.  . 
suii  (18!l0)  89  Tex.  519,  35  S.  W.  1 
(liihe.tlon  Rope  d  Twine  Co.  v.  riu 
(1893)   2  Tex.  Civ.  App.  308,  21  S 


1841] 


EVIDENCE. 


tSSft 


bv  the  testimonj'  protlnccd  in  his  behalf  indioato  that  he  was  aware  of 
the  existence  of  the  risk.'' 

In  some  states  it  has  been  explicitly  decided  that  the  burden  of  dis- 
proving his  knowledge  and  assumption  of  an  extiaunliiiiiry  risk  lies 
on  the  servant.*  The  rationale  of  this  doelrine  wcnild  seem  to  bo  tliat 
it  is  a  necessary  corollary  of  the  nilo  of  pleading,  that  a  servant  must, 
in  his  complaint,  expressly  allege  his  ignorance  of  the  diingcr  to  whli-h 
his  injury  was  due.  See  §  857,  subd.  b,  post.  It  is  submitted,  how- 
ever, that  this  point  of  view  is  a  mistaken  one,  and  tliat  the  ini-idenco 
of  the  burden  of  proof  is  logically  dcteniiinable  with  ret'ereiice  to  any 
presumptions  which  may  be  entertained  in  the  premises,  and  !iot  with 
reference  to  the  allegations  which  may  be  deemed  neeessary  to  show 
a  good  cause  of  action. 

As  soon  as  it  is  8ho^vn  that  the  ser\-ant  appreciated,  or  ought  to 
have  appreciated,  the  extraordinary  risk  in  que,<ti(in,  the  presumption 
that  every  risk  known  by  him  to  be  involved  in  his  em]iliiyment  was 
accepted  becomes  operative,  and  he  has  the  burden  of  pmving  any 
facts  upon  which  he  may  rely  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  the  ease 
within  one  of  the  recognized  exceptions  to  the  rule  whi(!h  charges  him 
w-ith  that  acceptance.' 


958;  Ou'.f,  C.  d  S.  F.  R.  Co.  ▼.  Roijall 
(189S)  18  Tex.  Civ.  App.  80,  43  S.  W. 
815;  Norfo'k  <t  W.  /.'.  Co.  v.  Ward 
(1891)  90  Vn.  687.  24  L.  R.  A.  717.  44 
Am.  '"  Rpp.  945,  19  S.  E.  849;  llulrhnn 
V.  (Iricn  lint/,  If.  rf  St.  I'.  R.  Co.  ( 18S7) 
68  Wis.  .520,  32  N.  W.  ,->i9;  CuJc  v.  Chi- 
(■ojo  <£  \'.  11'.  U.  Co.  ( 18SU)  67  Wis.  272, 
30  N.  \V.  000. 

'CahrxltDi  Rope  d  Twine  Co.  v. 
Ilurkcll  (1S93)  2  Tex.  Civ.  App.  308,  21 
S.  \v.  n.-.s. 

'Tlii^  I  nip  hns  been  explicitly  asserted 
in  scMial  Iiuliaiwi  cases.  Loiiiaville,  .V. 
A.  <C  C.  U.  Co.  V.  SniiJford  (1888)  117 
Ind.  2(w.  19  X.  E.  770;  Clark  Countu 
Cmnil  Co.  V.  Wright  (1897)  16  Ind. 
App.  (!:!•>.  4.')  X.  E.  817;  t'enfi-iiili^nnin 
Co.  V.  With-  (1896)  1.5  Ind.  Ajip.  ."iS;!. 
43  X.  E.  319.  44  X.  E.  377:  Chiciqo 
i  K.  It.  To.  V.  M'nqiirr  (1896)  17  Ind. 
App.  22.  45  X.  E.  76,  1121  :  T<ilnln.  .'it. 
I.,  d  K.  C.  /.'.  Co.  V.  Tri,.  Ac  (189:!)  8 
Iml.  App,  333,  35  X.  E.  716. 

In  N'l'vi  Ilanipshire  it  has  Ivoeii  laid 
linvn  in  general  terms,  with  reference  to 
an  injury  caused  by  an  abnormal  risk, 
that  tlie  plaiiitifT  has  the  burden  ot  pivv- 
ins  tli''t  the  accident  was  not  caused  by 
a  risk  which  he  aasimied  when  he  en- 
tered the  defendant's  emplovnient. 
Lcn-oHi-  V.  llnston  d  M.  R.  Co.  (1899) 
70  N.  tl.  ,5,  4.'5  Atl.  1084. 


In  Ohio  it  was  laid  down  in  an  early 
ease  that  a  servant  must  aver  and  prnvo 
that  he  did  not  know  (if  the  deferts  in 
question.  Mad  h'iirr  d  L.  F..  R.  Cn.  v. 
Harbir  (1856)  5  Ohio  St.  541,  07  Am. 
Dee.  312. 

In  Idaho  th:»  servant  must  show  that 
his  injury  did  not  arise  from  a  defect 
which  he  knew  or  ouLilit  to  have  known, 
and  that  it  was  not  from  a  hazard  inci- 
dent to  the  business.  Minty  v.  /■|/i'<i» 
/'.  R.  Co.  (1889)  2  Idaho,  437,  21  Pac. 
660. 

In  Virginia  it  is  laid  down  that  the 
servant  must  prove  tliat  the  injury  com- 
plained of  did  not  result  from  the  ordi- 
narv  hazards  of  the  business.  Xnrfolh 
d  iV.  A'.  Co.  V.  .larK-son  (  18S8)  85  Vo. 
489,  8  S.  E.  370.  lUit  this  statement 
Menis  to  be.  in  its  essence,  nothing'  more 
than  an  allirniation  of  the  doctrine  tliat 
the  burden  of  |irc.viiis  actionable  ne^di- 
•.'eiice  lies  on  the  servant  (see  i  S:i2, 
siiprii).      'I'liis   bein;j   one   of   the  -s 

in  which  tiic  servant  is  not  reii'.'  j 

I'llcL'c  his  iirnnranee  of  the  dani.'''  « 
§  857,  sid)d.  c,  pijit).  it  can  scarcely  oe 
sup|H'sed  that  the  court  intended  to 
enunciate  the  In<li.ina  doctrine. 

»  \h!h>:  v.  Th,!hj  (iSnO)  47  Xeb.  688, 
66  X.  W.  650.  where  the  promise  of  the 
master  to  nMiiedy  the  danwrous  condi- 
tions was  relied  upon  by  the  sen'ant. 


it 


III 


'ill  '*■    J,! 


>;    lit 


232n 


MASTKH  AND  SERVANT. 


[CHAr 


842.  Burden  of  proof  at  to  lervant's  contributory  negligen 
oollocti.  n  of  tho  aullioritics  wliidi  boiir  upon  tlio  subject  of  tlio  1 
of  proof  in  its  relation  to  tlio  dcfonso  of  contributory  noglip-n 
1.0  found  in  Slionnn.  k  IJodf.  Xci.'.  SS  107,  108.  For  tho  pnrp 
tho  pn'scnl  treati.s^'  it  will  be  suf.ii-iont  to  rofor  to  tho  cmiilnv 
biiity  cnsos  in  which  the  antiigonistic  <loctrinc8  on  thiit  .sul>j.( 
boon  applied.* 


If  the  rlcfi'ot  and  tho  rNV  prontpd  by 
it  were  obvious,  it  is  proper  for  tlip  trial 
iii(l;;i'  to  lolu-^c  a  i.<|U<-t  for  an  in- 
Btruction  that  the  defondnnt  hus  the 
bindcii  cf  proving  the  phiir. .II'h  kiinwl- 
P(!;.'('  (if  the  cxistcnoo  of  tlir  ilcfcct.  /'( r- 
giMiii  V.  I'iKrnix  Collon  Mills  (1901) 
inc.  Tonn.  2a0,  f.l  S.  \V.  53. 

In  ('nuli»  V.  Hurlinqtov,  C.  It-  d  N. 
K.  Co.   (I8M3)    02  Iowa,  402.  17  N.  W. 
7(10,    the   jury    were   instniPtod    to   the 
clfiTt  that,  if  (I'C'iscil  had  knowloilsc  of 
the  roil. lit  ion  of  the  fro;;,  I'nd  pontimtrd 
in  ttio  piiiployiiicnt  of  tlie  defendant,  and 
made  no  conlplaint  thereof,  and  was  not 
promised  a  change,  there  could  be  no  re- 
covoiy.  ;ii"l  that  ttie  burden  of  proving 
the  s:inie   was   on   the  defendant.       Di-- 
cussing  the  contention  that  tliis  instruc- 
tion was  eirone(!Us,  lieeausp  it  not   only 
required  the  defendant  to  prove  that  the 
deceased    had    knowledge   of   the    defeot, 
but  also  to  iirc.vp  that  he  did  not  make 
complaint  thereof  and  was  not  promised 
a  clringe  therein,  tlie   ecurt  said:      "In 
Wrlh  \.  l!u)liiig'o:i.  C.  It.  tC  .v.  ff.  Co. 
(1881)   .'51!  lo-.va,  .-)2n.  9  N.  \V.  Sfit.  it  is 
held   that   the    burden    rested    ui>on    the 
defendant  to  prove  the  atlirmative  alle- 
pilion  of  the  dc^fense.  and  the  fact  that 
the   plaint  ill  had   knowledge  of   the   al- 
h-'cd   dinirer  to  which   h"   was  e.vposed. 
WV  tliink  that    when  tlic  defendant  has 
Bhown  that  fact,  it  may  well  rest  u|>on 
it  as  n  defense,  and  that,  in  the  al)sence 
of  some  excuse  from  the  plaint ilV  for  ex- 
[Kisiiig  himself  to  dangers  known  to  him, 
there  can  lie  no  recovery.      It  is  a  gen- 
eral   rule    (subiect,   of   course,   to   some 
exceptions)    tliat  a        rty  to  an   action 
is  not  required  to  cMiblish  the  negative 
of  a  proposition.      When  the  defei;dant 
shows    tliat    the    plaintitf    knew    of   the 
danseroiis  condition  of  the  road  or  ma- 
chinerv  which  he  aided  to  operate,  it   is 
then  incumbent  on  tne  plaintitf  to  show 
that  he  was  in  some  manner  justiliable 
in  exposing  him.self  to  the  danger.      The 
fact  that  such   proof  cannot  be  made  in 
some  cases  where  the  injury  results  in 
death  is  no  reason  why  the  rule  that  the 
party  who  holds  the  affinnative  of  an 


i  <ue  id  ri'quired  to  ns-ume  the 
of  pro<  f  sliould  not  he  enfoie.d. 
liurdiT.  had  been  held  to  rest  on 
fendant  to  prove  the  negiitive,  i 
have  been  required  to  introduce 
nesses,  all  of  its  ollicers  ami  ci 
to  whom  suei-  lotiee  might  |>rii 
given,  and  prove  by  them  that 
plaint  was  made." 

'(a)     liiinlcn  on  plaintiff  to 
coiilrihnlnrji    ncjllitjcncc. —  The 
thit  the  burden  of  disproving  ( 
tory  negligence  rests  on  the  ser 
been   recognized  in  several  case.-. 

Illinois.— Illinois   C.   It.   Ci>. 

(1898)    174  111.  109,  50  N.  E.  1 

firming   (1890)    69   111.   App.  2 

CO  no  d  A.  It.  Co.  V.  ilncra  (190 

App.   578;    Chicario.   II.  d   if.   I 

Monlfrtm-r;/   (ISS4)    15  111.  Aii 

AUhough  an  instruction  fail- 

ify  the  plaintill's  right  of  r  ■(■o\ 

statetrent  that  he  nuist  not  ha 

of    the    dinger    and    unneees-ai 

into  it.  the  defeot  is  cured  by 

quent  instruction  that  he  mu- 

tively  show  by  a  pre]ion(hraii 

ovideni'e  that  "he  was  in  the  e: 

due  care.      .l»»it)iV'Oi  I'sp.  Co. 

(IsnS)    77    111.    App.    470.    All 

(1899)    179   111.  2!l.'>.  .-iS   N.   K. 

A    finding   that   an   eniployei 

the  time  he   was  killed,  using 

for   his   safety,   is  justified   by 

that   he   was   an    intelligent,   s 

careful  youth   of  nineteen   yea 

there  was  no  eye  witness  to  the 

and  no  countervailing  evidence 

mand  v.  HaalfeUlt    (1898)    17,- 

48  I..  U.  A.  753,  07  Am.  St.  Re 

N.  K.  045,  AITirming  (1897;   ^'^ 

151.      To  the  same  effect ,  sji 

Laufmnn  (1900)  89  111.  App.  1 

the  plaintifT  was  an  adult. 

Indinnn. —  I'cnnst/lvania  Co 
nni  (1890)  145  Ind.  551.  42  ) 
This  decision  seems  to  be  in 
with  an  earlier  one  in  which  i 
dovn  that  an  employee  who  is 
injuries  receiveil  tiirouiih  the 
of  an  incompetent  fellow  set 
is  met  by  the  defense  of  co 


I  ' 


,M;ij  KVII)IA(K.  -.::. 

843.  Same  subject  continued;  actions  under  statutes.— For  ilic  . 
Mso  <>f  <lis(ii^»iiig  Iht'  iiuiilciH'c  of  liic  InirJi'ii  oi'  prouf  in   :i.ii.>ii- 


nfj.'lij,"'"'''''  '"  ""'  "■i-qilin-J  to  sliow  lluil  rhirmii, 
he  liaJ  no  knowIrd^T  of  that  iiu'iiiiic<'  I(i«:i.  -iM 
tpnrv  /'<>»i)iii/'""''"  Co.  V.  UiiiK  !i 
|S<t|  8!)  Ind.  4M.  40  Am.  Rop.  1T;I 
Tlii.  [iii«iti(>n  of  the  court  in  iiiiliciiti'd 
l,v  liir  follmvini;  nnmrk:  "It  niiiy  !)<■ 
iru'  ":  il.  «li'>'"  "  iK'^'utive  fact  i«  csucn 
tini  10  :i  rrccivi-i y.  it  must  bp  proved ; 
liut  -ii''li  a  fiiit  lis  the  want  of  c«|);i(ily 

of   fellow    M'lMlllt-*    IllU^titUtfS    no    f>-l'U 

tinl  iii;;ri.liriit  of  tlio  cause  of  nclinn  in 
sufli  accuse  us  tliis."  Viewed  wilii  iif 
Pifnci'  l<>  tlie  particuliir  eliment  of  c(ii'_ 
tril'iitrny  ne^ili^'i'iiep.  which  it  was  sail' 


H. 


I.    if    P.    II.    Co.     (IHSIII     .Vi 

X.  W.  H-.'T. 
Wliiri'    (tn    ciii|d..Mi'     of    II     lailrii.id 
coir!|>ait>.  «liii  wa«  an  i'\|mi  ji  n< .  d  In. ike 
man.  wlnii   lii«l    'i-<n   ali\e  \\a-  |n  i  luiiii 
in;;  hi>  dillv    in   sittinv  I  lie  IniUe-.  anil 
n   niiniite   later,   (lie   train   lia\  in;;   -i|>a 
ralid.  lie  was  llnmMi  ti>  iiie  vroiiiid  and 
killed,  it    was  held   llial.  iilthuu.,;h   tliere 
was    no   otlnr    r\  idi  nee    heariii;;    en    the 
<liie-tiiiii   of    IP  j;!!;;' nee  on    his    |i:iil.  the 
eniirl    »as    JM-liliel    in   silhiiiilt  ill'.'   it    to 
the    jury    ill   an  ael  i..ii  ii;;ain-t    tlie  eoiri- 
paiiv.       it, (Ills    \.   Iltiiiii'i.    M.   i(-   SI.    I'. 
■"lO.  ."iS  .\m.  l!ep. 


the  servant   was  not   required  to  ostali-  It.  r.i.  (ISSil)  tl!i  l.,«a. 

lisli   thin  decision  is  also  essentiiiUy  re-  2J7.  .'ilt  N.  \V.  li'-  ,     .       .     , 

DirMimt    to    those    of    tiie    same    court        l.<ni!si,i„if.~\„    sii|.porl    of   the   inclu- 

ttlilch  are  cited  in  §  Hll.  note  4.  snprn.  «i..n  of  lhi~  -tale  aineiii:  those  in  which 

Tlic  edect  of  the  Indiana  statute  cited  the  servant  ha-  i  he  hiirden  of  d.si.i.iviMR 

in  ;  S.")»   note  2.  ;<o.t^  ia  that  the  onus  coiilrihiUoiy   ii,  •jliL'.iice.  Messrs.   ^llear• 

of  nrovin"  contrihutory  noaligence  now  man  &   llislliekl  eii„l   .W"-„c  v.  .V/,,Yir- 

liP,  on  the  defendant.  r-r/    (IS.H,    :!    l.a.    Ann.   'j  I  - :    /t' '''; ''   v^ 

/oica —Krror  in  chnrKinR  m  an  action  Loui.-nllr.   \.  O.  it  /.  It.  (  «.   (is.i,i   44 

;minst   a   master    to    recover    for    the  l.a.  .Vnn.  Hdil.  1 1  So.  M).     The  former  of 

death  of  a  servant,  that  the  burd.'n  was  these    cases    caanot    be   regarded    .ns   an 

defendant  to  establish  the  allesa-  explicit  allirmalion  of  the  deelrine.  and 

of  contributory   ne'jli;:eiice   made  in    the    latter    the    conrt    expr 

L'iiinst  the  nlaintill's  intestate,  as  well  clined  to  expre-s  any  decided  o|.Mn(.ii  ( 

...»  to  establish    its  claim   of   waiver   of  the  (nic~itioji.      .\  ninn-  sat  i-faetory  a 
(icfcets   in   the   upidianee   which    caused 


iipnil 
tioii.s 


le 
on 
II- 
tlierity  is  I>rilniiiiii  v.  .]liiriiini'n  L.  <f-  7'. 
the  injury,  is  not 'cured  by  :  n  instrue-    /,'.  it  is'.  H.  Co    (HHS)    10  l.a.  .\nn.  TS7. 
li.mtliat    the  pi  lintiir  conceded  that  the    .->  So.  7<!.  which  certainly  puts  tli..  bur 
ew  of  the  deteels  in  the  ap-    den    of    disprovin;;    contrihutory    ne-li 

Yet  it  was  ex 
h/liiin  V.    I.iiiii.'ii 


(loceascd  Une..   _.  --      -  .  ,-,.._ 

pliance   when    he   entered    the    master's  pence  on   the  plaint  ilT. 

-crvicc,   where    it    is   probable    thai    the  pivssi_.    laid   down    in 

jiirv  understood  that  '•waiver"  eonsislcd  onn   lUirlrir  I.Uiht  <{  /'.  Co.    (ISSHi    41 

not"onlv  of  a  Knowledu'C  of  the  .lan^'cr  I.n.  .Ann.  nC'.  7  I..  R.  A.  172,  17  Am.  St. 

and  (ontinuanc.    in  the  employm.  lit.  but  i;.  p.  4:<li,  (i  So.  700,  that  the  bur.len  of 

of  ahseme  of  protest  and  of  promise  to  proviie,'  the  seivaiifs   knowhil^jre  of   t!ic 

iviuir       Ford    v.    Cliiviigo,    /.'.    /.    i(-    /'.  risk  lies  en  the  master,  and,  as  the  de 

u' Co.    (1S!I3)    10(i  Iowa,  85,  75  X.   W.  fen-e    set    up    was    contrihutory    nr-li 

il.-iO     h'-vrrsin"    on     Rchcarinjr     (1807;  frence.   it   sceiiis  a  warrantable  inference 

lo«ii)  71  X    \V.  .i:!2.  "lat    tlie    ciairt    must    have    considered 

liie    ab.-ence    of"  contributorv    ne;;li-  thit    the   ni,i  ter  has  the  >-uracn   of  e.i 

"cncenced  not  necessarilv  bo^itablished  tabli-Mii^'  that   d.fense,  as  a  whole, 
hv  direct  proofs,  but  in  the  verv  nature        M,ii,ir.~C„„inii(il,am    v.    linth     Iron 

of  tiiin-s  must  often  be  found,  if  at  all.  ■»loW,.s   (ISO'.M   02  Me.  .^01.  43    Ml.  lutl; 

from  the  facts  and  circumstances  of  the  .Mcl.iii.r  v.    I'rrkiii.-    (l^OS)    02   Me.   ,10. 

.'".e.      dormnn  v.    ViHi.c(i;)../i.i  rf  Kl.  L.  VA  I..  R.  A.  487,  4        tl.  2.m   (entire  ah 

/,'.  Co.    (ISSfl)    78   Iowa,  50S»,  43  N.  W.  senee  of  evidence  to  the  manner   in 

3();{  whieli    cmidoyees    \.  Te    drowned  1. 

\n  instruction   is  erroneous  hv  which         Miiynorhiiniits. — Ulinichrtti    v.  Ilnnhr 

the  juiT    are    tidd    that    thev    have   the  Cil//    \lf>i.    C„.    (188li)     14:t    .Mass.    21.    H 

risht  to   infer  that    the   jdaintilT.   when  X.  K.  4:i(li  A'  /•,'/  v.  C'<)«ncc/ic«(  Uht  If. 

he  received  the   injury,  was  in  fhe  line  Co.    (ISS.'f)    13.'.  Mass.  202. 
of  his  diitv.  and  in  the  exercise  of  pro;.er        .V(  ,c  Yv'.-.—Dohliins  v.  flroicn  ( 1800  i 

eare  and 'dilii;enee.   if  such   inference   is  110  X.  Y.   1S8,  23  X,  E.  537. 
in  pcrfiKt   harmonv    with    all    the   facts        A  railroaii  brakeman.  in  an  action  liv 

«ta]ili-hed  bv  the  evidence.      I'triyo  v.  him  against  the  railroad  company  to  re- 
Vol.  II,  M.  &  S,— (15. 


hi"'' 


i 

!'■   1 

ii 

ir:  1 

1    l 

■{■ 

'      ^ 

■-i 

:     c 

ii. 

t! 

t 

l!;^- 

■ . '  i 

■  . 

i  ■  i 

•{ 

5  i 
if 

1 

1 

C328 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[CtlAI 


ll" 


liii 


broiipht  under  statutes  it  will  bo  convpnicnt  to  oonsidor  tlioin 
lonning  to  one  or  other  of  the  two  claa*oa  indicated  by  the  k 
of  the  following  subsections. 


cover  diiinngos  (or  injuries  miataiiird  by 
liciiii;  strupk  by  a  bri(l«c  while  on  top 
.>f  a  oar,  in  oliarnod  willi  t'le  biinti'n  o( 
|iriiviiii,'  liis  fii'cdcMi  (roiii  coiilrilmloiy 
III  ;:li;:i  HIT,  iiiiii  lliat  lie  ili.l  not  know  it 
was  a  low  hriilui'.  anil  I'luM  not  liavo 
aM-irlaimil  tliat  I'let  in  the  exciclse  of 
ordinary  care  and  caution.  \\  illiamH  v. 
liciiiinire,  L.  i  11.  II.  Co.  (WM)  39 
A|>i>.  Div.  047,  57  N.  V.  Supii.  -iUA. 

in  an  acliun  for  the  dealli  of  a  brake- 
man,  caused  by  his  gtrikiiif,'  U),Min:<t  a 
low  overhead  briil^ie,  alleged  not  to  be 
pioiK'ily  piaided  by  "telltaUV  free- 
dom Ironi  contril)Ulory  ne^digeace  is  not 
ehtablislicd  by  evidi  lice  that  two  of  tlia 
telllalea  near  the  center  were  entirely 
gone  and  one  was  tun^'lcd  with  anoliicr, 
thus  le^ivinji  a  space  of  about  18  inches, 
throuifb  which  a  brakciiian's  head  nii};lit 
pa.ss  without  bein;^  struck  by  them  and 
thereby  warned  of  the  bridge;  that  de- 
cea^d  was  walking  leisurely  forward  on 
the  train  as  it  appioached  the  bridge, 
with  the  telltales  and  l^ridge  ia  plain 
sight;  and  that  snow  had  fallen  on  the 
day  of  the  accident,  but  was  not  falling, 
so  as  to  blind  him,  when  he  struck  tiie 
bridge.  Albniiij  v.  Sub  Yuih  V.  «E  //. 
It.  It.  Co.  (l!)im)  46  App.  Uiv.  4UU,  til 
N.  V.  J«up|>.  7li3. 

A  servant  may  establish  his  frciilom 
from  negligcnco  cither  by  direct  tesli- 
niony  ot  acts  showing  care,  or  by  cir- 
cumstantial eviih  lice  fioiii  which  a  lack 
of  contriliUtory  negligence  may  be  in- 
fericd.  li.cc/i<  v.  .l/'/c/i  (IS'.i'.t)  45 
Ap|>.   Div.  l!27,  01   N.   V.  Supii.  tlJ. 

Ulnu. —  In  this  state  it  was  laid  down 
in  an  c.irly  ease  that  the  plaint  ill'  must 
over  and  prove  that  he  used  due  care 
mill  diligciiie.  Mud  Itiitr  it  L.  K.  II. 
Co.  v.  Iturhrr  (18.")(;i  5  Ohio  St.  541,  07 
Am.  Drc.  :\\i.  Uut  this  ruling  is  iii- 
coiisi<tiiit  with  later  cases  in  which  the 
doctrine  is  ail"|itcd  that  the  bunlen  of 
proving  contiiliulory  negligence  lies  on 
the  master,  unless  the  seivanfs  own  tea- 
tini.>ny  temls  to  show  the  existence  of 
such  n(".'liucnce.  I'.ultiiintrr  rf  O.  II.  Co. 
V.  Whildcre  (18R0)  So  Ohio  St.  027; 
Cirri  kind.  C.  if  C.  It.  Co.  V.  Crauford 
(1S74)  24  Ohio  St.  030.  15  Am.  I!ep. 
0.",;!;  Itobisun  v.  Gary  (1876)  28  Ohio 
St.  241. 

Ithnde  Island. —  That  this  is  one  of 
the  states  in  which  the  burden  of  dis- 
proving contributory  negligence  lies  on 


the  plaint iir  was  explicitly  dec 
a  recent  case,  in  which  it  «a<  l> 
no  presumption  could  be  indiilgi 
of  the  theory  that  an  ex|«riiiii 
man  was  in  the  exercise  of  due 
the  time  he  met  liis  death,  \\l 
though  there  were  no  eye  witii 
is  app.ircnt,  from  the  charade 
injuries,  that  lie  received  a  scv 
trie  shock  which  must  have  Ismi 
either  by  his  hccnming  gnaimli 
in  contact  with  u  heavily  charj 
or  from  his  ereiting  a  short  iii 
the  current  f^iough  his  body. 
fi'amipuiisc'.  IJlnlrie  l,i<ihli 
(IS'.IO)  21  H.  I.  12S,  42  Atl'.  r,il 
court  referred  to  the  earlier  dn 
'  tissidy  V  .4n«7r//  (lS7il)  12  I! 
;i4  Am.  J.ep.  0110,  which  had  b 
stnied  '>y  other  courts  and  I 
writers  as  embodying  the  doftr 
the  burden  of  proving  contrilmi 
licence  lies  on  the  defendant  i 
Island.  The  actual  eflect  of  t 
sion  was  explained  to  lie  tlii 
where  the  facts  established  sh 
there  was  nothing  to  put  a  ddi 
his  ptiard  «;;ainst  tlie  dangi- 
caused  his  death,  his  rc]ire^iiii 
cntith'd  to  the  bcnclit  of  a  pii< 
that  he  was  in  the  exercise  of 
care,  if  iiolliin,!»  to  the  cnnli 
piars;  but  that,  neverlhelc-s. 
ill  me  is  adduced  by  the  def'  lala 
tiiiils  to  rihut  this  pvcsumpt 
bindru  still  rests  upon  the  pt.i 
sati.-.ly  the  jury  by  a  |iir|Kiiiil. 
the  evidence  that  he  was  in  the 
of  due  care.  It  is  o'lvimi^. 
that  the  logical  rcs\ilt  of  eiili 
the  juesiimption  thus  Buppo^iil 
dulgcd  is  that  the  exisliiuc  of 
utoiy  negligence  is  negatived  at 
.set,  unless  the  defendant  olTcrs 
in  rcbultal,  and  that  this 
necessarily  implii's  that  tlie  I" 
jiroviiig  such  ncgligi'iire  rests  u 
Hngcrs,  J.,  in  a  cnncurring 
dwelt  upon  this  objection  to  t! 
nation  whic'  had  ben  given  o 
t innate  of  the  earlier  diiisjon. 
mated  that,  unless  it  could  be  ^ 
upon  some  other  ground,  it  w 
authority. 

West  Virqiiiin. — In  three  c 
court  explicitly  to<ik  the  po<it 
the  burden  of  proving  contribir 
ligence   lies  on  the  defendant. 


H'l      ! 


[chap.  lun. 

lor  thpin  n*  1«. 
yf  tho  Lcinlingj 


icitly  ilodirc  1  ir. 

I  it  \\:\^  Ih'lil  tv' 
bo  iinliil;;i.i  in  ;,,] 

t-x|«'rii'iiM>l  li!.,.. 
i»<'  of  due  (Ml..  „•, 
(lentil,    ulii'ii'.  j;. 

oyi!  «ilni>-'..  It 
'  rhariHMiT  (if  hi* 
veil  a  l'('^l'r(■  (In 

have  Ummi  cmi'-.  I 
jj  jirininilnl  \\\... 

Vily    Cllil  !■■.'■. 1    n;    ' 

I  Mlinrt  ( 111  ir:  i.; 

i«  l)()lly.        ./Milr;,    V 

c    lAqhiivij  '  r 

42  All'.  .',(17.  Tv8 
onilicr  dn-Mc  n  n 

i7ii)  12  I!.  1.  n;, 

icli    liiid  liciri  ii  I, 

rts    und    liy    l,\i. 

the  divlniii'  tli.it 

eoiitriliii^niy  m:- 

fptiilunt    in    ii:    ii 

'fleet  of  llii-.  .!iv|. 

lo    lie    tlii<.— t';it 

iliwlied    .■iliinv  tii.t 

put  a  ddv.l.iit  in 

lie     dnii;;i-r    vimi 

re|ire^ciilnlivp  i^ 

of  II  |iic«iini|.'  .-. 

:ereise  of  nr jinny 

the    ennlnny   ;!•>■ 

i'erHiele>«.    if   cii 

le  (lef'inl:nit  «!';  'i 

piesiii!i|>ti(m.   liic 

)ii  the  pl.iiiitill  10 

|iri'|MiiHl.  Ill;''  if 

\;\^  in  the  (Mil  IT 

o')\i(lU^,     Ilir.liV'f. 

It  of  cnlertiiniii,' 
siippovd  to  '*  in- 
islcnee  of  iiiiiln'i 
LMtiveil  ;it  tlif.iut 
lint  olTer^  cvjli'i'ie 
lit  tlii^i  -ini.'i.'T 
lat  t)k"  liUVHii  "f 
I'e  rests  u|"";  iii' 
iiicdrrinj:  o|iii'.ii''".. 
'licm  to  till'  i'v>'i- 
n  f.'ivcii  ol  !  ■'■  n- 
decisiim.  in'ii  in'!- 
oonld  he  sii-l  liii 
mid,    it   u.i.^  01  ^■^ 

1    three   oii-^"!!  t'''^ 

the   posit  imi  "  '' 

;  rontriliiilnrv  ir';- 

i>f(!iiduiit.      Sihi'-'-f 


I  g43]  EVIDENCB.  saw 

a.  Slatiilrs  which  simply  extend  the  common-Jaw  linhilihj  of  lh0 
„!,,,./,,._ — 111  a  purtinn  of  tlio  gn)up  <if  statuto-s  i-cviowcl  in  cliapfrr 
x.\xvM.,  a)iie,  the  IpgUlaturcs  have  ah^^tainetJ  fnun  (h>fiariiig  tlio  si-rv- 


V  i'iiislnir>,h,  C.  rf  fit.  L.  R.  Co.  (1S77) 
11  \\.  \ii.  II;  Shi  ij  V.  Iliiiiliiiiil(jn 
(1SS!)|  Hi  W.  Ve..  317;  I'lmUr  v.  llalli- 
,,,,,■  ,(  it.  It.  Co.  llHSI)  18  \V.  V;». 
.'jTii.  'Hic«e  were  nil  notiod-"  hy  slraii- 
riM  i;ut  in  ■loliiiHi.n  V.  CIk miin  nl.i  ct 
(/  /.'.  Co.  (IHtl2)  3(i  \V.  V;i.  7:1.  US.  K. 
<:).'.  n  pusii-je  from  Wood's  lieatise  on 
M;i-t(r  Mild  Servant,  J  3«2,  to  the  eiriet 
tliiit  the  servant  iiiiHt  iiver  and  pi()v<! 
tint  lie  exorci.ied  due  uare,  was  (juoted 
Willi  iip:'roval. 

(bi  Itiirilvn  on  dcfrmlnnt  to  prorc 
curliihriui-y  nc(//i,'/cMcc. —  In  the  ^reat 
ni'irrily  of  Ameriean  states  the  Imnlen 
of  |iriivins  the  exiHleiiec  of  eniit  rilmtory 
iic;;li'.'e!iee  rests  on  the  defendant.  This 
riih'  has  been  explieilly  allini'ed  in  the 
f(ill(«in^'  enipl'.yirs'  liability  cases: 
iliwhimiirrit  tf  /V.  /'.  Co.  v.  Chumhiri 
(ISS.-,|  7n  Ala.  S.'IS;  l.llllr  Hod:,  t/.  /.'. 
if  r  II.  Co.  V.  I.rrciill  (l.SSii)  4S  Ark. 
3;i;i,  ;i  Am.  St.  I!ep.  ■.':!0.  3  S.  \V.  r.O; 
l.mif  R'.ik  rf-  /■'/.  S.  It.  Co.  V,  Ki//i<iii/,-,i 
ilS-llii  !.'<  .\rl<,  400.  3  Am.  St.  I!ep-  -^■''. 
3  S.  \V.  S()8;  Chrs'ipriil.r  cf  .V.  Jt.  Co. 
V.  \v,i«hlr  (11)01)  23  Ky.  L.  Kep.  427, 
O.T  S.  W.  3."i;  Thorpe  V.  ,l//s-.sourt  P.  It. 
Co.  (18Sr,)  89  Mo.  (l.'iO,  .58  Am,  R.^p. 
Ijn  2  S.  \V.  3:  lliillinn  v.  Sniilhcrn  It. 
Co.  (liiOO)  !27  N.  C.  2.->r>,  37  S.  K.  202; 
ll'V<lon  d  r.  C.  It.  Cn.  v.  Whilf  (  IfinO) 
2.1  lex.  Civ.  App.  2S0.  r,r,  S.  \V.  20 »; 
f;ii;rM/(,n,  II.  rf  .S'.  A.  It.  Co.  V.  Collins 
iV.m\  24  TfX.  Civ.  App.  143,  57  S.  W, 
881. 

Where  the  testimony  of  pInintifT, 
slnniliii^'  alone,  does  not  iuslify  a  per- 
(miiliiry  charfri^  for  defendant  on  tho 
pieiiiiir  nf  e.-^'ilriliiitory  nc'.'liL'eiiee,  a 
clmrL'e  tliat  the  burden  on  this  issue  is 
on  (lefenilint  is  correet.  Cu^irslnn,  II.  rf 
S,  .1.  /,'.  »''j.  V.  (I'irilun  (18119;  Tex.  Civ. 
App  )  .5t  S.  \V.  fi3.'). 

An  instnietion  as  to  pontribiitory  nej;- 
lisoneo.  to  the  efTeet  tlint,  before  the 
jury  could  find  for  the  difend.int.  they 
must  he  sure  that  such  rie^'liuencc  bad 
Iwn  proved,  is  not  erroneous  us  calliiifi 
fnr  ,1  hi;.'her  de}.'ree  of  proof  than  the 
law  rc(|iiiies.  livilie  v.  Charhnhni  d-  It'. 
r  /.'.  Co.  (1901)  CI  S.  C.  408.  39  S.  E. 
71.'). 

The  doctrine  now  established  in  Knff- 
l.ind  is  (lip  «;!Tc.e  a«  that  which  prevails 
in  the  majority  of  the  United  States, 
fv*  Dublhi.  W.'it  W.  It.  Co.  V.  dJntterv 
(1878)  L.  R.  3  App,  Cas.  1155,  39  L.  t. 


X.  S.  SlI-l,  27  Week.  Ibp.  inl,  per  T,ord 
Ilalhcrlev  and  Lord  I'enzanee;  llu/.r/iii 
V.  London  if  N.  It.  It.  Co.  (ISMili  I,.  It. 
12  Aj.p.  Cms.  41.  .'■.0  I..  .1.  l>.  It,  N.  S. 
22!l,  rut  I,.  T,  \.  S.  70'.).  .'l.l  \\  ,-■'<,  Ke|>. 
141,  51  .1.  r.  401.  per  Lord  Watson. 

In  ll'lhihil  v.  .V(.rf/i  Mrlnii'hhin  T. 
Co.  (IHSlil  3  Times  L.  It.  21.').  it  «a« 
staled  tha'  the  ei-e  of  Itunii  v  l.niiilon 
d  S.  If.  /.'.  Co  (  ISS3)  L.  1!.  n  ()  II. 
!)iv.  213,  .Vi  I..  .1.  (J.  I!.  N.  S.  00.1, 
Aflirtiicd  in  (ls-<;n  I..  R.  12  (,).  H.  Div. 
70.  .'i3  I..  .1.  <^  1!.  N'.  S.  "18.  «as  no  hni.cr 
aiitlurilalive.  In  so  f.ir  as  it  embodied 
the  colli  lary  rule, 

I  lie  doctrine  inlcpted  in  the  rn«ps  just 
citid  issulijict  to  a  we'ilreco.'iii/.i'd  i|U  il- 
ifieition  which  has  been  Ibiis  stiied: 
If.  by  the  iiiicontr.idiclcil  fiels.  on  the 
truth  of  which  the  plaiiililT  iMi«t  lest 
his  own  else,  it  is  slmun  that  lie  d  nil- 
a;.'e  to  the  plainliir  was  caii-id  by  hiiii- 
sclf.  Ih  trial  jiiil'.'C  is  justillid  in  non- 
suit ill'.'  the  plaintiir.  Ititi' <i  v.  I.i"  il"n 
rf  .S'.  11  .  />•.  Co.  (  1883)  L.  I!.  11  (,».  II. 
Div.  213,  ,'i2  L,  .1.  (,).  1!.  N.  S.  Oi;.-|,  p  r 
Lord  ('(derid'je,  siiiiiiiiari/iii;;  the  clicct 
of  earlier  decisions. 

In  other  words  tlie  burden  of  proving 
eoni  ribiitory  tn*'_di^ciice  lits  on  the  d(»- 
fcndaiil,  unless  the  test  iiiioiiy  submitted 
on  behalf  of  the  plaintiir  shows  the  ex- 
istence of  such  ne;.'Iit;ence.  Mnnlnjin- 
rrii  cf  f.'.  It.  Co.  V,  Clni»ih',!i  |iS-^.")|  7!) 
Ala.  338:  \nr  Omrha  Thoni.oi,  IIou.h- 
Ion  riirlric  Lii^hl  Co.  v.  lialdi  in  (  l!OI  ) 
fi2  Neb.  180,  87  N.  W.  27.  In  I  he  hitler 
e:isp  it  was  leld  th:it  an  ins'iuclion  th.'t 
the  burden  of  picn  f  of  emit  ribiilory  iie^- 
li}.'ence  is  on  d.  fend  inf.  uiiles.;  jj  :i|,- 
peiirs  from  "pliini ill's  own  testimnny," 
refers  to  all  tcslinioiiy  proluccd  on 
plaintilT's  behalf. 

The  burden  of  provin;;  eontriliuto'-y 
nejilipence  is  held  to  rest  iipoi:  the 
dcfeii  hint,  althoii'jh  there  'iiny  be  an 
allirirativp  allegation  in  the  mmpliint 
that  the  plaintiir  wis  free  from  l.mlt. 
.I'onliiomrrn  it  f'.  R.  Co.  v.  Cimtnh'in 
(188r>)    7!)  Ala.  S.-iS. 

The  essential  conception  to  which  t!ie 
doelrine  applied  in  all  thise  cases  is 
referable  is  that  the  iniured  person  will 
he  presumed  to  have  used  proper  eire, 
unless  there  is  sonu*  sjieeilb'  lesiiiimny 
which  points  directly  to  the  op!,.,~ite 
conclusion.  See  ftxns  (f  /'.  It.  C*.  v. 
Gentry  (1896)   103  U.  S.  353,  41  L.  ed. 


11 


^M 


!  ■)- 


:;Uti 


".(• 


. 


lift 


^;^1 


<330 


MASTKK  AM)  SKI!\  \M. 


I'll 


■   f  . 


'i:   '' 


nnf'g  riRlit  to  Iki  atmlitional  upon  liis  liiliifr  fi^'*'  t'l '  ••""n 

in"^lij;"'iico.  I'mlor  «iu-li  (•irfiiiiHtimcc-'  tlic  inriilinn'  nf  iIh> 
of  proof,  an  ri-;anli*  coiitriluitory  iii^ilip-iicc,  i-*  doiilitli-*-'  ili  i. 
l>_v  ili(>  floctriiic  wliicli  llio  court  of  tlii'  piirtinilur  -Inic  in  ( 
liiippi'iis  111  liuvo  niloptoil  in  coninion-liiw  iit-iioii-^.' 


f"; 


18fl,  Ml  Slip.  rt.  Hep.  1104.  hiiMiii;.'  tliul 
till'  pri-iiiiiplicin  i->  fhiil  n  ruiluMV  tiii- 
pli.yic  who  win  killiil  nt  nlylit  l>v  a  lint 
mi' in  front  ii(  an  <'ii«i»c,  wlirn  In'  wan 
«'iii-«inv  u  trai'U.  ilici  not  t-xpow  liiinxlf 
rccMi— ily.  tint  iliJ  look  anil  linti'ii  for 
foiniii';  trniiH. 

In  jiiri-"lii'tii)ni»  whi>r»'  the  ilofi'inlant 
lin«  till!  liurilin  n{  provin;,'  oiniriliiilnry 
nc'.'li'..'1'noi',  cuoli  nr;,'li(ifnci'  will  mil  Ik' 
iiil'i  inil,  111  a  nnitlw  of  liiw,  wIhii'  tin- 
fattft  arc  niinlly  an  oon-.ii.tent  «ilti  tlii" 
li\  piil'iiiii  of  its  alisiTUf  an  willi  tlic 
liyii.ihi'siH   of   itH   oxintoncp. 

In  tin-  ali-iiKV  of  any  ilin-rt  oviilinw 
an  to  wli.it  on-  killiil  while  attiiuplin;; 
III  i(  \i|>li'  cars  iliil  or  iiinittcil  iiiinUMli- 
ahly  iHfurc  llic  lU'cidi-nt.  the  inlen'iice 
of  liii  m;.'li.;i'ni'n  from  thi-  |>iwitiiin  in 
wliiili  ho  wan  fiiiinJ  iiflcT  tin'  lolliiion. 
cui-hiil  liilvicii  the  Hill  of  On:  car  iinil 
the  i-iiuinc.  U  ni't  alonu  siiirniinl  to  jua- 
tily  liic  williiliawal  of  tlie  caw  friiii! 
the  coii^i'lirilion  of  the  jury.  CresirM 
V.  11  i/»,o/.//";.  rf  .V.  /.-.  Vo.  (18!)!M  2 
I'.nn.    (Del.)   210.  ^3  Atl.  (IJ!). 

'lilt'  qiiiiiiiiii  'if  contriliutoiy  ncjili 
jriiicc  nil  till'  p.irt  of  thi-  clc(iM'*cil  it  for 
the  ilrliiiiiiiiMtii'ii  of  the  jury,  where  li« 
^la^ll•.l  (iiiwn  a  la.Mrr.  with  \\\*  hark  to 
it.  in  a  n.ii.e  mi  a  ilt-cliiie  of  30  to  40 
(hjiici-s.  and  w.w  last  win  alive  d  '-cend- 
iiii;  rie;'r  ii  rnlli  r  '.iluw  whirh  llie  inclino 
lieciiiie  I'caily  |.rrpciidiciilar.  iiiiil  the 
laild  r  was  found  rotten  and  unsafe 
after  the  ncci  lint,  with  two  riin;.'s 
Iiiiiken  out.  /■'.<.<.;  v.  Unni'iti  Silrci- 
Min.  Co.  (isns)  17  riah.  -IHli.  .'i4  I'ao. 
750. 

In  B  ease  where  a  servant  wa.*"  injured 
by  nn  e\plo-icin  of  inllanimahle  },'as. 
wliicli  issued  from  the  manhole  of  an  oil 
tank,  the  court  declined  to  hold  1h 
there  was  an  irresistilile  inference  that, 
after  he  had  rrnioved  the  manhead.  lie 
unnecessarily  and  nejiliyently  [nissiil  In 
fiont  of  thc'oiH'ii  nmnlinle  with  the  lan- 
tern ill  hiH  hands,  and  that  both  he  and 
the  lantern  were  thrown  by  the  explo- 
sion to  the  place  where  they  were  after- 
wards fiiiinil.  the  evidence  Ix-injj  merely 
that,  af(4r  thi-  aeeideiit.  the  manhead 
waw  found  leanin<;  ajirainst  the  still  at 
one  side  of  the  iiianlude,  and  that  then- 
was  a  lantein  with  the  j.'l.'.».s  xlobw 
slightly  cracked,  and  a  lipht  still  bum- 


iny  in  if.  nhoiit  2.'>  fi>i't  heyond 
where  the  diie.isetl  w.is  fiiullil  ' 
in  Haines.  Itiniiinn  v.  I, ill'  (1 
I'a.    Hlti,  '.ii    .Ml.  H'.Mt. 

.\    liiidin^'  that   the  riealh  nf 

man    was    ciusid    liy    a    defiiii 

iiliee.  while   he  hilii-elf   was  in 

lise  of  due  cure  is  juslitied  hy 

that  the  wound  on  the  h 'dy  r 

ill   Hha|it'   and  siw  to  the  em! 

eiinstitutinj!  part   of  the  hrnki 

aiiee;    th.it   the  place  of  the  w 

resiMinilcd  to  the  hei^dit  of  the 

the  wound  was  nudicient  to  i m 

that   diH'cased    wan   seen    near 

wine  of  the  cars  he  was  atti  i 

couple,    tiiiJ    Beenied    to    lie    ll 

as  the  cjirs  came  to;.'ether,  and 

seen  draj;j.'in>»  on   one  of  the  . 

receded    in    coiise(|Uence    of    lli 

-ion;    and    that    a    witiies.    « 

qiiently    made    the    coiiplinj.'    v 

til  jump  in  ea-e  he  'ih-i  rv  ■  d  a 

the  apparatus.       Mis-^miri   I'. 

I'ox   (liinni   l!0  Neh.  r.:il.  SI!  V 

A  merely  coiijeetiir.il  Iheeiy 

phiiiHilde.  will  i:ot  prevail  a^'.ii 

itive    statement     made    hy    tli 

with  re;rard  to  the  cirouinslan 

led    to   the   accident.       Ileneo 

cannot  say,  as  matter  of   l.n. 

employiH?  who   was   steadying; 

of   a  "mold    when    it    fell,    cm 

hand  between    it  and  the  hiui 

the  mold,  had  his  hiind  mid.  i- 

when  the  8upi)ortinf;  chain  hn 

the    only    testimony    on    the 

that  ofthe  eniidnyii'.  who  sii 

had  his  hands  on  its  side,  am 

fallinjr  of  the  eiiver  llinw   hiii 

lliiiiiiiiiK    V.    Chi'nihrt.biini    I. 

Co.   (IIIOO)    \W,  I'a.  47.  41'  .\tl 

If  the  plaintilPs  want  of  si,; 

on  for  the  piir|)ose  of  sliouii 

in  juries  did    not   proceed    fv 

cjirelessness.  it  must  be  sin 

work   reipiired   skill.       This   « 

inferred  from  averments  that  t 

ants  knew  they  had  not  emid" 

ful   person   to  do  the  work. 

that  the  plaintiff  was  unskilli 

unlit    and    improjier   pel  sun. 

Illaiiloir  rf  /<.  .v/ciim  I'acket  ( 

10  Week.  Tlep.  4S.1. 

'  I:    till'   statutes   of   Enpla 
Canadian   and   Australian  col 


I  Ml 


EVIDKM  B. 


mi 


UnJnr  tlio  Town  'uhito,  nbn>j;iitiiif;  ilio  (locfrlnc  of  common  t'ln- 
plovnu'iit  ii.  the  cu.^u  ot"  railwiiy  siTvuiitx,  tin-  Itunlcn  of  disproving 
nintributory  nrglignnw  lios  on  tln>  pliiintitT,  an  it  il'«-*  in  c<»nim<tn-lRW 

,icliiin».* 

b.  Statutes  in  whWh  the  right  of  aclion  in  mndi'  coni1ili<,tinl  upon 
the  gdtanl'ii  freedom  from  neijliijnicc-  t'n<lor  llio  Mu!»-<iii'.lniHtt!» 
-tatute,  a<"t  of  188"  («co  clinptcr  xxxvii.,  anl-),  tlie  "ftiinliMi  of  iii-»|>rov- 
inffoniitrilmtory  ncgliRi'nco  rosts  on  flio  pliiitif.iff.'  A-^  ilio  snino  riilf» 
prevniind  at  eoniinon  '  "  (soc  pivondinn  Mc-iion  ),  it  is  ex  idini  tli;il  l.iie 
pr.  vi:*ion  in  tho  stwtnu-,  which  shows  it  to  l)o  for  thi*  1"  r  it  of  a  "-i-rv- 
:int  who  is  in  tlio  oxorci^'o  of  diir  ram  and  dilin'Muv"  at  i!m-  time  ot  tlio 
iireiiiiMit,  ha*  h'ft  tlie  phiiiititl  in  prccivd.v  tlic  -iaiin'  jxi-iiion. 

In  the  Colorado  act  of  18U;5  the  samo  words  wen'  in-MM-tid ;  but  tim 
ruurtrt  do  not  seoni  to  have  conitidorod  wln'ther  tho  i-tTc.-i  of  tiif  clauso 
is  to  chanp'  tho  nilo  which  pmvaila  in  t!ii'<  st^to  undir  the  ciininion 
law,  liz..  that  tho  burdi'n  of  proving;  conirihutorj-  nc^ligonn!  lioa  on 
iho  (iifcndant. 

Tiip  Wisconsin  ■Jtat,nf<>  of  !><><".•  ( sfv  chapter  xxxix.,  aiit,f),  wliicb 
lirovidort  that  railroad  companifs  -hall  Iw  liable  for  damages  stistainod 
l.v  any  employee,  •■wifhoiii  cniiiribniinj;  ne^diirence  on  his  part," 
when  such  damages  were  caused  by  tin-  negli.niMiw^  of  certain  other 
^pciticd  employees,  lia«  been  held  to  leave  iipo't  the  defendant  the 
liurdcn  of  proving  contributory  negliuenw.* 

Under  S.  ('.  Kev.  Stat.  §  1."»Sl',  which  give*  an  action  tr)  a  pir-oii 
injured  by  reason  of  a  city's  mismanagement  of  anything  under  its 
iimtml,  providing  8ueii  |wrson  bus  not  in  any  way  bi-oiigiit  iilmut  such 
injury  by  his  owni  negligent  act,  or  negligently  ciUUrihulcd  thereto, 
it  has  \)ovn  held  necessary  for  the  plaintiff  to  show,  as  part  of  his  case, 
that  he  has  not  be^m  guilty  of  contributory  neirliiren.ie.''  The  position 
taken  was  that  the  onus  of  <lis])roving  contributory  negligence  lies  ..n 
the  plaintiff,  whenever  tho  statute  under  which  be  -ues  cn^ites  a  new 
right  of  action  for  a  spciritied  kind  of  ni^iiiiii'Miec,  and  expn's,s!y  ex- 
empts casrij  of  such  negligeuit  from  its  purview.  The  doctrines 
adopted  in  Wisconsin  and  South  ramlina  are,  tin  nfore.  antagonistic. 

The  somewhat  peculiar  rule  which  prevails  un<b'r  the  statutes  of 

of  Alabaitia,  are  constniwt  on  tliis  foot  '  l)ii(i<in  v.  ( 7ii..u/.,.  S/.  P.  A',  rf  0.  A', 

infr.  the  burdon  of  proving  contriliiitory  rn.   (IS'.i.'l)    S.".  Wis.  lilO,  S."!   .N.  \V.  S!i|. 

nPKlijjpnce  will  rosl  ui»''>  t'le  .IctViiclioit.  .\ppioviiiL'  l.<irhi:i-r  v.  St.  I'lml  I'll;/  It. 

'aiirman  v.   MintxuitnliK  rf   .S7.   /..    /.'.  I'n.  ilHHii)    48  Minn.  .191,  r>l   N.  W.   1J5. 

•n.  (ISS!))   78  town.  .■>ni).  V.i  N.  \V.  :!(•:(:  '  l<iiil:.-<lulf  v.    lanrens    (lOOO)    5S   S. 

PtTiqo  V.  (jhiciifjo.  H.  r.  A  P.  u.  Co.  c.  4i:i,  an  s.  e.  sfii. 

(1880)   55  Iow«.'  320.  7  \.   W.  r,_'7 

•A'/ira  V.  l''i.Hlon  i(   M.  II.  Cn.    ils'll) 
154  Mass.  31,  27  N.  E.  «72. 


fi 


t!|i 


.•f' 


% 


ffiij 


I' 


'':•)  \i 


■-i 


4 


.   ■   lif'Llt!!!:! 


MAKTKR  AND  SKIIVANT. 


[CUAI 


ii.; 


\% 


Georgia  and  Floridn,  wliidi  un>  idfiiticnl  in  tonti<t  Cm.m.  . 
xxxix.,  (Id/.),  uml  wliidi  nivo  railwiiy  scrvniitu  iln'  riulit  t.i 
injuriis  cauMi  .1  hy  a  ooscrvunt'x  ric;:li;;iii.-«>,  pi-()\  iiii-il  tiicy  the  i 
were  free  tniiii  fmilt,  liu*  Iwcn  tlniM  tunuiiliiti'il  \<\  \\\o  ^upi.  .  i  • 
"An  riu|ilo_v<'o  Buinj:  tin*  (iiiiipiiiiV  for  injuritM  siistaiiii-il  liy  li'i 
tlio  ni'f;li;;iiit  pcrforinuiice  of  any  net  iti  wliioli  lio  paptirli.n 
not  liuuli'  a  iirinia  facio  caso  for  rci'tvc  y,  witlmiit.  pinvin;;, 
that  Iio  wns  wlmlly  free  from  fault  liiiiiHclf,  or  tiiat  tlii-ic  wn- 
gcniuj  op  tlio  part  of  hi*  fcllnw  servants.  If  lie  n'sts  on  flip  pr 
tion  of  nc^illKciit'o,  withmit  actual  proof  tliorrof,  llmf  pn  -u 
applioa  to  liiiii  with  tlio  same  forcf  a.-i  to  other*  who  paiii.ii. 
the  Mnic  act  of  cunmion  iluty;  and  to  get  the  heiietil  of  tl 
sumption  on  applied  to  tlio  others,  lie  imist  rehiit  it  «o  far  ns  if 
to  himself.""  The  ofTect  of  this  rule  is  that  it  i.-*  only  in  i:i-<' 
the  servant  partieipateU  in  tlie  net  whieh  caused  hi«  injury  tin 
Buhjcct  to  the  burden  of  di'^provins  e^mtrihutory  neirli->ii 
tlicre  was  no  eueh  pnrtieipation  the  hnrden  of  provin:;  siul 
geuce  rcsta  on  the  luustur.'     The  burden  of  proof  thui  thrown 

TKiimntrnti  v.  Grorgia  Rotithrrn  It.  Co. 
(18S2)  tilt  (Tin.  XtQ.  Ttie  IkkI  n.-iiti'iici' 
in  till-  nlMVe  Htnti-nicnt  i«  taken  v"rl«itiMi 
(rem  llif  K>ll;iliuit  written  by  thi>  cimrt 
for  tlie  rn-iP  nf  Mliintn  d  It-  Air  l.ine 
R.  Co.  V.  Ciinii<U,n  (187(1)  60  Oil.  5S(1. 

"Ili'fiiri-  ;)  nciivrry  oun  he  h^iil  l)y  nn 
employee   of    n    rnilroml    ronipiuiy.    who 


of  II  pn«»pii<rrr  In   r^jMrl  tn  | 

''111"  (if  iicLili^.TTifc;   hut    if  hp  \ 
n  1  i  .cl     thrri'in,    then     i  lie    pn" 
uintlil   l)e   tt'nt    he    liiul    ii^i    iiim 
»il'i   tlie  II     I'li'iit    Hit  iiiiilhcr, 
r.  •ii.tl ;   find  tl'iit   it  «i'iilil  Ik- 
lent  iin>»iiiiipliiPM  to  tiike  it  fnr 
witlioiit  pnx'f,  th;it  evervlMilv 
■  ■■        "ill 


«ue«  for  II   iiersonal  injury  Rustaiiieil  hy  to   lilaiiie  exr.pt    liini,    «liiii 

thr  ncf!li;;i'nt    i»-rfi>riiian''e  of  nn  net   in  much  to  do  with  the  cansi^  nf  t 

ivhich '"he'"  pntiiipatiil.    he    mutt    eitliir  ter  u»  anyone  el-e."      CihIkiI  h 

show  that  111-  \\aH  wti.iHv  free  frnp.  fault  Ci,.  v.  S'<ira  (19771   SO  (ia.  Ill  I; 


rf     H.    Air    I. in,        .    Co.    v. 

(lS70i  RCi  Oa.  .IN  Ciiilral  /.' 
Co.  V.  Kill,/  (1S77)  5S  <!a,  1 
Iriil  /.'.  <(■  lll.ij.  Co.  V,  Ki'iituii  I 
(■n.  4**.");  .Ii>lir!t  V.  (Iniiyiit  Sin. 
Co.  (1881)  fiO  C.a.  r>.->!t:  l!nl:<'r 
rrn  A  A.  U.  Co.  (188-2)  (IS 
CooU  V.  WrHlern  A  A.  It.  Cn    i 


hini-i'lf,  or  (liat  there  wn«  n<-';li'.'<'Tice  on 
the  \,.\A  of  hi-,  fi'linv  servant  ;  and  until 
thii  i«  done,  hi'  has  not  made  a  prima 
fnoie  easi-  n^'ain-t  the  eompany."  ./'ni.-i 
V.  tlroniid  S'jiilhern  It.  Co.  (ISSI)  CO 
Ga  559;  .4"r/»''f'i  floiith-rn  It.  Co.  v. 
J/f/)uiir  (I8!i8)  105  Gil.  1.14,  31  S.  E. 
420. 

In  an  action  (or  nn  iniurv  resulting  C.a.  010;  Central  It.  Co.  \.  \!nw 
from  an  act  in  which  plaintiff  partici-  70  Ga.  4.14;  KuRt  Tennissrt;  i 
pnted,  the  burden  of  ahowins  that  the  Co.  v.  .lfa/o.y  (1880)  77  Ga  ":.: 
aeents  of  the  con.panv  exercised  all  or-  041;  Cftlrul  If.  rf  llhg.  Co. 
dinary  and  reasonable  care  and  dili-  ( 1880)  83  On.  587.  10  S.  E.  27n 
genee  is  not  imposed  on  the  co-npany  It.  A  Rkg.  Co.  v.  ililler  (I8!»J 
until  the  plaintiff  has  prima  (ucie  cit-  571.  10  S  E.  939. 
tnbli»hed  either  that  he  was  not  to  The  injury  in  all  the  above  r 
blame  or  the  company  was.  Ifesfern  A  wa»  received  by  a  aenant  do 
4.  It.  Co.  V.  Jnckojn  (1901)  113  Ga.  in  connection  with  railway  roll 
S65  38  S.  ^.  f"^.  •'"""'  *■''*  hurilen  was.   in  eacli 

•  ••Tiie  iut  I  vt  this  .  ..art  is  that  where  held  to  be  on  the  plaintiff  f' 
an  employee  has  nothinR  at  all  to  do  contributory  neglij-ence.  An 
with  the  act  which  resulted  in  his  in-  o(  the  other  class  o(  cases  i-ij 
jury,  he  wo'ld  stand  upon  the  (ooting   v.  Central  R.  A  Bkg.  Co.  (187i 


ll 


he  ahovp  cili'il  i  • 
iPiTiint  dciiiii'  »'f 
ilwny  rnllin;;  M". 
,  in  eiich  iii'l.i'^^ ' 
!;tiiitiir  ?"  ■-?■■■: 
lice.  An  oxiiim'? 
ca«e^  i.-t  Th'^mf  ' 
Co.  (1875)  54  U 


1(431 


EVII)KM>« 


233S 


inj 


iirnl  licrvnnt  tun 


V  1)0  mitisUc'il  1.'    «'vi'I<  iwc  wlil.'li  iiiilicalf't  i»rimii 


(ai'iu  ihiit  tlif  iiijiiry  ^^''"*  '^■'•"■"'' 


I  Itv  tlic  inarmiiiic  ..|'  ;i  <■ 


l'||)lil\  CI', 


Uo  n.'c.l  not  «liovv  ullirimilively  l>«>lli  iii'j;lij;'  ii>v  ..ii  iIim  iM.ini.aiiv'rt 


pa 


rt  a 


II. 1  ali-nii-c  of  ii<'f:'iijL,i  lu'c  <>»  Iii"*  owii  | 


iii't. 


.\<>  |.ri''iiiiii'ti'>ii  uriJ-t!*  in  tin?  t-mii 


)|.ivi'i'-i  fiiMir  iiiiiil 


PVK 


Icni'o  whicli  Icnil'*  ti»  hIhiw  c 


ilicr  iliiit  III'  liiiii-'  ir 


UMilili-s  or 


llmt  otliiTa  were  to  liliiiiic  for  tli'-  a.'i'id.nt.'"      A-  -h.ii  :i>«  \\>>  liii->  iiitro- 
.liuril  <'viil('ne«  wliidi  would  Wiirraiit  eillior  of  llusc  iiilrri  iirf.-.,  ilio 

m   S<>coml  AT<])fn\   (IH7«)   no  0;i.  120.    piovm  to  tlio  jury  .illKr.  (liv  I..^'il  pre- 
,Wn' II  «uit(liiiinn  wi.i  injiii.Ml  hy  llii-   .mni.timi    ^.lc^,.    (hr    ..tli.r,    iiiilil    n- 


ni;;li:i'r)Cl'    < 


Ii  rii 


v 

f    lalmnrs    my  i;;imI    in    c.ir-    Imdiil.    iin<i    llic    il.  fiinl.oil    iiii.l    irlnit 
iitlirl'  lif     llllt    prr'.|||ll|>MnM  "       S'l  i  il  iiiiuh ,   /'    if    IV, 
<.r    till-     A*.    '  ".    V.    It'll  I.,  >■    (Ho.)!    71    i;:i.    nil. 

'  If'c    pn -iii"|iliiiii    (if    1;MV    idii    tli« 


rvii  u'  iMti  fioiii  imi'  piiiiit  111  HI 
K.i'V   Mini,      r>iit    In   vif\ 


lil.T  iliMi«i<ifiii.  il  wcMiM  ticin 


Illilt    mnii' 


ipf  ll.r  lanKUiiKi'  II' 


ctl  ill  tliut  cii«e  in  liM>    pl.iinlilT.  Ii. 


broail. 


t:  iin  i'iii| 

lllV    »  111  M 


ix  » illiiiiit 
.ti.^llv  .lii 


lit  wlio  \*  dtinwn  to  Imvi-  lnvn 


f.nilt. 

CKiiNo'li'il  with  iliilii<«  iiliiiiit  llif  |>.iili<ii 


i-diii;:,  nt    the  lime 
ciivnl,   in   vinliilion 

bill 


the   ill 


le-    liir  hii'<iiii''<<  ill  »liii'li  In- 


hurl  I 


if    II    riih'.    h:i«   I  hi-    hi 


pirtv   I'll;; 


■il    in   the  .liitv    in 


hii    (if    pioviiiy    thiit    lii*    liri'iU'h    nl    ai-i-hiiiirnij;  \< 


hirh    he   in   lililt,   Ihi 


i.ii   nut   iiM  •■!" 


■i'Ttt     (Mtl"*' 


f   till 


iMMMi    him   to   xhi 


injury 


l'liltll<r    V.    I'lrhiiii 


hiiiMcK   wilhiiiit 


I,/    ,f    It.    II.     t     111! 


MO    MCnn    .1 


s  hi-  ih<<">  Ihiil.  Ihi 


(■-,.  ("iH^S)   SO  (ia.  t-27.   I'.'  .\m.  St.  I'.i'p.    -innplmn  nil 


<rH  thilt  till"  oti'cr  cmphiv 


■:a.  !)  s. 


■  ■10;    lies/' 


.(  ,1   /.'.  '• 


V.  ilussiy   (18111)    05  (Ja.  5S»,  '^^  S.   K. 


I'll;;  1 


il  uilh  hihi  in  thi'  ilitiv 


207 


i(    fault   or  iii"jlii.'i'iit.   iiml   the  (iiiii-t   i^ 
nhillcil  u[«iii  thi'  rdiiipiiny  tn  shcm   llniii 


'Ciiiii 


phrtl  V.  /Mlnnta  rf   /.'.   ,1  ir   l.niK    wilhoiit    m';.'lij;i'n(M>;    uml    this    piimi|iln 


/,'.  Co.   (lH7r.)   fill  (ill.  flSli;  i-itiliiil  It.  it 


Mi'ilr 


the 


iliTi.h-.!     I>v     th 


/(;.',.  Co.  V. 


(1S77)    SS  Ci.  4SII, 


lit,     when     nppliril     tii     llii>    f.irH    nf 


n   in  .Tdiiin  iiv  r 


fathiT   fur   liws  of    earli."      I'riilnil  It.  rf   It.'.ij.  f').  V.   hilly 


i.f  lii 


M.    will 


1  tiiiimr  /ton  nrvrnl" 

:m    killiil    wliili'    lunnin-l 


,iri»    (l^*77>   fiS  (;:i.   107,   lOH. 

'.\flrr  proviti!.'  (he  f.nt  iinil  dr 


iif 


»  h>riiiiii>tivi'  i'n;.'iiii'rr.  a  ju 


ilynii'iit    thr-    injiiiy,    if   the    phiiiitilT    will 


or   pliintilT    \» 


taineil    1)V    eviilciuv    him«i'lf  nut   In  hlaini'  I  hi'  l.iw   thin   pr 


tint   if  the  ncciilont  ocriirncl  fiiiiii   fi-^t    ^lUi. 


until  the 


iiiX  hv  ili'ecii^i' 

Nil 


.1,  hi* 


'.li.ite  »u-    tli(> 


niiitriry  appc.ir*. 


p-ruT.   who    wiiH   on 


tiM 


impaiiy    w.i*    li> 


hhi 


thit 
if    he 


at    the    «ill    'how,  on  the  ntlicr  haml,  that   thn 


ht  to  have   coiilnillril   an.l    re-    cniniNinv    wan 


lilaiiie,    till'    Iiw    thi'ii 


■.I   hi 


so  as  to  iDiiline  him  to  a    | 


until    the    rontraiy    np. 


r's  failure    that  I      .vaM  imt  to  lilaiiie.' 


1 1  l{. 


s.ifp  sppoil.  where  mieh  siiperio 

to  ti>tifv   on   to  the    real   caii^c   of   tlio    i-  lll:!J.  Co.  v.  Kcmuu  (  1«77)  .'iS  (!a.  (S."i 
*.  1    >  (••        \{i  1 . ...  t  ..I     It      f     %»i...     /t. .      ,.      .......... 


iiltnt    in    rot    neeountiil    for.        I'.ii»t 


r,nl.iU    It.    if     lll.il.    Ci 


V.  rf   a.   It.   Co.   V.   rtimijlas    ('S77)   JO  fJa.  4:;( 


IH.iti   i)4  Ca.  r)l7,  m  S.  K.  SSj. 


I/l.  /■.  if  \1', 

V.    liiirhrr    ,1SS:))    71    f'.a.    till; 


.li.hi 


i;irl.in>,iul  ,f   O.    If.   Co.    I-U,nila  C.  rf  /'.  I!,  r.i.  v.  Uurntij  (18!i,)) 


(IS  .-,1  0,-,  Ca.  fisr,,  ii  S.  K.  tV)4,  di^np-    08  (ia.  1,  '.'i!  S.  !■ 


;!0. 


IT.M 


'U   rh; 


to  op: 


4ite  elfiTt: 


In 


ption  uii'l  r  the  Tlorida  net  it 


Ifil  a.  rf  «/,</.  Co.  V.  I\eiiney  (1877)   .58 


hi'M 


in  r  to  ell :iri.'i'  tl 


le  liny,  wi 


th- 


ill.   tS,");     (!'c<,r;;in     U.    Co.    v.     Hri/ima    iiut  ipialitiratiiin  or  explanaliim.   in  the 


77  G;i.  420;   Floriiln,  C.  rf  /'.  It. 


lis   of    the    Nt   section,    inasiiiieli    at 


(issi'i,    _ 

Co.   V.    j/ooiei/    (180?)    40    Kla.    17,   24  smh    an    instruitmn    wa*   rih-nl  .t.'d    to 

f;„    lis.  impress  the  jury  with  the  idra  that   all 

.\  poiirt  errs  "in  charL'inR  to  the  effect  pn'siimptions  were  a-iain-it  Ihe  eompiny. 

thiit  the  hiirden  is  on  the  plaintilT,  not  and  that   it  devnlvcd   iipon  the  ronipany 

OTilv    to    show    himself    blameless    about  to  make  it  np|K  ir  that   its  iiL'cnts   Ind 

I'll'' r.ta«trophe.  but  the  defendant  lie;;-  i-.xei ci».->l    all    ordinary    an!    rra-.uii!.Ie 

liLTiit.     It  is  true  both  must  np[)eiir  to  care.      I'Inriiln  C.  rf  /'.  A".  Co.  v.  iluouey 

the  jury;  but  the  moment  the  plaintiir  (1808)  40  KU.  17,  24  So.  148. 


i 


M 


■I 

■  '        ; 


fW\ 


i  i 


£334 


•MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap 


burden  is  tihift^d  r<>  tho  defendant  company  to  sliow  that  its  cnip 
were  free  from  mgliycnce."  The  company  can  reply  hy  pn. 
evidence  to  show  either  that  it  was  not  negligent  or  that  the  s( 
in  fault.'*  When  evidence  supporting  either  of  these  infen nc 
been  jiiven,  the  presumption  against  the  company  is  rehiittcd,  ui 
onns  is  shifted  to  plaintiff.'^ 

Tlir  Alabama  statute  (Acts  1881)  87,  IKJ),  which  provide 
.ngineers  shall  give  warning  signals  at  certain  places,  and  slo] 
iniins  inider  the  circumstances  specitied,  and  which  also  puis 
ilic  railway  company,  when  any  person  is  killed  or  injured,  lii 
don  of  proving  that  its  obligations  had  been  duly  performed 
rime  and  place  of  the  accident,  has  no  application  to  a  case  in 
a  servaTit  is  the  injured  jjcrscm." 

"  Crntrnl    K.    £    HI.O-    Co.    v.     h<Uy        llu'   bunlpn    «'ii«t   iiikiii    the   f 

(1877)    58  Oa.    107;   Eaxl   'f<<i(i<  «'.■.    l.  I.\     proof    tli;it    ;in    iiijiiry    was    i 

<J  fl    K.Co.v.Muknj  (ISSli)  77  (la.  2:!8,  upon    ii    s,.rv,mt    tlinm-li   tlic  m-; 

2  S    E    941-  ^lif/u.s((f  Soullion  /.'.  <'o.  V.  <if  ii    Iflloa    sciviiiit   is  tliilt  of  t 

WcDade    (1898)'    105  Ga.    i:i4.  ai    S.   K.  tl.at  its  scvvaiU-'  .Nrrcisnl  or.lm; 

jon  niisr.nalili-    lauv    ami    ilocs    not 

"Central    R.    d    Bkg.    Co.    v.    if  mall  llic   iluty   of  sliowiiij;  liow  ttie  c 

nanat  «n  Hn    ."519   5S   E.  794.  (mcuiikI.       tlinKjin    II.   i    Itkij. 

^'^^llZal:  ?•  i  U-    ff   CO.  V.  Harder  Hirl.s   (isn4)   9.1,  Ga.  301    22  S. 

(188;f)    71    i;a.   G44;   Cmlral  It.   Co.  v.        "  Moh,lr  A  Ii.  It.  (o.  \.  Hulbon 

i/oore   (1S7SJ   Oi  Ga.  1.51.  SI   .\la.   1^8,  4  So.  140. 


tEil: 


[chap.  xi.m. 
t  its  t'lllpliiycvj 


llCIll'' 


by  pnii 
lilt  till'  scrviiut 

inflM-llll'iS  li;b 

)iitti'<l,  iiiiil  the 

proviilc"  that 
iiud  stnp  iln'ir 

llso    pills   |l]i.iii 

jiinnl,  llii'  liiir- 
•foniicd  at  till 
,  case  in  wliich 


M>n  the  rttttiiniiiv 
iry  WHS  iiilliiirl 
,'li    tilt"   iic;;!ij'';;ii 

tllilt    of    ^l!"\'.ili.• 
iscil   OrililllHT  ;liil 

(Iocs  not  iiicluie 
liow  the  ca.Mially 
.  ({  IILii.  Cu.  V. 
101,  22  S.  K.  613. 
V.  Wo(((or«(lS4?; 


CITATTEIl  XLIV. 

PARTIES  IN  ACTIONS  lOK  INJURIES  RECEIVED  BY  SERVANTS. 

844.  Plaiiitiir*. 

845.  Dolcndants ;  ■jfiiiTully. 

840.  Liability  of  the  state  to  its  employee*. 

847.   .\lunici|ial  corpDiatidiis. 

84S.  Receivers;   cominonlaw  attioiis. 
848a.  Receivers;  netions  under  statutes  for  the  benefit  of  railway  eiiiiil(>.\ii'r<. 

849.  Fellow  .servants. 
849a.  Joinder  of  neslijjent  coeiiiployees  and  master  as  partie>  cbMeiidant 

844.  Plaintiffs. —  In  the  great  majority  of  irustaiHvs,  of  eoin.so,  tho 
plaiiititi  in  tlie  action  is  the  injured  .sen-ant  himself,  or,  il'  dratli  has 
.■nsued,  one  or  other  of  those  personal  representatives  who  are  eiialiled 
10  aw  under  the  various  da"'age  acts.'  For  the  etVeet  of  tlio.-.  ...r 
file  practitioner  is  referred  to  general  treati.ses  on  the  law  of  ii«',;,Hi- 

irpiice." 

Wliere  the  injured  .servant  is  a  minor,  ami  death  does  not  result 
imu  the  injury,  his  paivnt  may  maintain  an  action  for  loss  of  ser- 
vices. Several  decisions  dealing  with  tli«!  master's  liability  in  this 
.flint  ,  f  view  have  been  cited  in  §  21,  mile. 

The  fact  that  a  servant  of  a  c()ri)oration  is  a  small  st-x-kholder  of 
lliat  wirporation  will  not  prevent  him  from  recovering  damages 
tor  an  injury  caused  by  its  nenligence.^ 

'  It  is  only  where  an  employee  of  a  port  his  parent,  tliere  w!is,  at  all  events, 
nilro,id  oonipanv  is  killed  through  the  a  moral  ol.lii.'iilion  to  do  so,  and  that 
iK-li'cnr,-  of  a  fellow  tenant  that  the  the  existence  of  this  obliaation  would 
.10^(111  tlierefor  nnist  1)0  broujiht  by  the  enabh-  a  mother  whose  sim's  wafjes  were 
l«T-^.Miiil  representative,  under  Miss,  her  imi1>  means  of  support  to  maintain 
rnn.^^t.  IH'.lO,  §  l!i;i.  Where  the  ne^'li- 
LTiice  is  that  of  the  company  itself. — as 
by  fuihire  to  furnish  safe  appliances, — 
the  netion  for  the  death  of  a  child  is 
tn  !«•  lironuht  bv  the  parent,  under  Aliss. 
en<le  18112.  i  6l)3.  ^yhite  v.  Lonifirillr,  jKjrt  his  paiiiit 
V.  0.  d  T.  R.  Co.  (1S!)4)  72  Mi-s.  12. 
Hi  So.  2*8.  Dislin',niishiiifr  lllimAs  ('.  U. 
ro.  v.  Ilvntcr  (1802)  70  Miss.  471.  12 
So.  4S-2. 

Ill  il  ense  before  the  House  of  Lords 


an    action    aL'ain-t    an    employer    whose 

neyli^ei caiisi  il   the  death   of  the  sen. 

II  r,  m.s  V.  Sliilliiiaon  (  ISi'il)  4  Macq.  11. 
I,.  Cas.  21;").  It  was  proxcil.  however, 
that  a  child  was  legally  ohli(;cd  to  sup 


The  Knj;li-h  decisions  are  reviewed 
in  1  llevenr  Ve^'.  pp.  208,  el  .irq.  The 
\merican  authorities  are  ccdleetcd  in 
Shearm.  &  Reilf.  Nej;.  §5  1911  et  seq. 
'  Morhiirh  v.  Home  Min.  Co.  (IS'll) 
itwiislaiddownbv  the  Lord  Chancellor  i>;J  Kan.  731,  37  Pac.  122.  The  court 
that,  even  if  the  Scotch  law  did  not  im-  reli.-d  up-^n  th..  cnsidcration  that  ttie 
pose  any  obliuation  on  a  child  to  sup-    injured   party   had    no   personal   control 

2.S35 


''l 


i 

•    ' 

1 

1 

, 

^ 

■ 

]■;  1** 

■■1. 

-^      : 

1 

.  ■  } 

1 

)     ; 

•f 

iff 

:  ve- 

t I'Ji 

■, 

If 

il 

If 

■-!'  iM 


11' 

i    I 


•r 


llj, 


2330 


JUSTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[cn.\i 


845.  Defendants;  generally.—  AH  tlio  casi«  cited  in  tlipso  vo 
tiiko  it  for  firanted  tiiat  any  iiulividiial  who  is  competent  to  eiir( 
a  valid  coiUracl  for  services  is  liable  for  a  breach  of  any  ai 
duties  which  the  law  imposes  upon  emiiloyers  for  the  protoi't 
their  emp'oyces.  On  general  principles  it  may  be  presumed  tl 
infant  is  sul)ject  to  this  liability  as  lon^^  as  he  continues  to  ace. 
benefits  (if  the  contract.  IJiit  the  writer  has  not  found  any  c 
wliicli  tliis  point  has  been  explicitly  detennined.  If  the  empli 
an  insane  person,  tiie  servant's  ri,nhts  in  the  present  connection  ; 
may  be  supijoscd,  governed  by  the  g(>neral  rule  that  a  lunatic  em 
is  li:il)le,  unless  he  can  prove  not  only  his  incapacity  to  make  tli 
tract  out  of  which  the  claim  against  him  arises,  but,  in  addiii(- 
plaintiif's  knowledge  of  his  incapacity.' 

A  person  who  hiiTs  the  services  and  labor  of  convicts  in  a  f 
penitentiary  sustains  essentially  the  relation  of  master  to  siir 
vicfs,  in  s])ite  of  the  fact  that  the  wages  of  the  latter  go  to  tlic  ■.•! 
and  although  the  usual  relation  of  mastiu'  and  servant  due-  im 
because  the  labor  is  compulsory,  yet  such  person  owes  the  duty 
convicts  to  furnish  proper  appliances.^  U  r  such  circtini- 
the  mere  presence  of  the  govermuent  cmplo,  ;  who  has  charge 
ciinvicts  does  not  relieve  the  hirer  of  the  convicts  from  his  li^ 
for  the  tortious  conduct  of  his  own  agents.'' 

An  employee  docs  not,  by  vohintarily  engaging  in  labor  wii 
vif'ts  hired  by  his  master,  release  the  latter  from  lial)ility  for  ii 
sustained  by  hi]u  in  consequeiu-e  of  the  master's  failure  to  use  i 
able  caution  in  respoct  to  em]il()ying  and  retaining  the  convicts, 

81G.  liability  of  the  state  to  its  employees. —  It  is  now  so  wr 
tied  as  to  be  beyond  discnission,  that  the  doctrine  of  rrspondi 
■pciiiir  cnunnt  be  applied  so  as  to  make  the  state  liable  for  the 
gence  of  its  agents,  unless  the  state  has,  through  its  legislatu 

of  the  oorpornte  property  or  its  afTiihs.  tlic    control    ami    niann^onipiit 

and  (liitiiiuiii-lu'd  tlio  pihc  from  tliat  of  lirick    coinpiiny    ami    its    bo-^-cs. 

a   partner,   ulio  oaniiot   sue   the   tinn    in  <(iipiny  -"nicly  will  not  tip  lie^ni 

an  lietioii  at  law   for  any  eliini  ari^inj;  \hri.    nlilioii^'li    it    iniiircil    the    f 

out  of  a  matter  within  thp  scope  of  the  throni;!)  thp  u'lossly  iniprojx  r  <■": 

I>:irt!ier>liip.  its  own  eiiiplovcp,  it  is  not  liiliK' 

'  lirjirridl  Loan  Co.  v.  ."f/oiic  [1802]   1  it  was  unlawful  to  |)Ht  tlie  pi  mii 

Q.   1!.   "i!l!l.  (11    1,.  .T.  Q.  n.  X.  S.  4  ID.  (10  iler  this  pniphnep's  control.      To 

I,.  T.   N.  S.  449,  00  L.  T.  N.  S.  5J(>,  50  wdihl  he  to  allow  thp  company  I 

J.  v.  VM\.  iisilf    of    its    own    miseoiulHct    ii 

'lloilirifi  V.  Rini  fftnfc  Shoe  ct  Leather  one  wron-j.  in  oKh  r  to  shichl  it-i 

Co.  (1.SS7)   43  linn.  4"2.t.  the  eor,.-i><in('nei>s  of  another  wre 

'  CliiiKuhddchrn  Urick  Co.  V.  P,rasn-rll  more  frrievons  anil   nnliwfni." 
(lS'';i)   !)2  (ia.  0."1.  \^  S,  K.  101.^.      The        '  t'arlrr    v.    Waters-.MIcn    I'nii 

couit  sni'l:      ''It   is  entirely   iniin:!'.i'riil  Much.   Co.    (IS'Jj)    91   Ttmi.   37C 

whether   it  was  or  was   not   lawful   for  VV.  22. 
these  convicts  to  be  thus  placed  under 


[chap.  hit. 

tlmso  vdlumea 
it  to  t'lirrr  into 
;  any  of  tlmse 
!  protocti..ii  of 
sumctl  tliiit  an 
s  to  acc'in  the 
id  any  cn-c  in 
lie  (■liiiil..y.T  ij 
noctidii  ;iro,  a- 
riatic  ciiiplivrr 
iiiiiko  till'  v,.n. 
1  adiliiii  11,  tlie 

ts  in  a  fniitrv 
r  to  Sllrli  !•  u- 
to  (lie  vduirv; 

(Jnc--   tint  1   ;:-' 

ho  duty  »n  tlm 

circuiii-titi's 

*  cIlMl'^C   '  f  t!  " 

in  his  lijiiilitv 

nlinr  wit! ti- 

ty  for  iiijiivi  s 

!   to    nSO    I'rM^nn- 

convicts.^ 
AV  SO  well  fot- 
rrspoiiili  (il  j'/- 
'  for  tlic  iii'L'li- 
legislaturp,  fx- 

lajroiiipiit   of  I'll! 

ts  bo-i^t'-s.  Tiii 
it  tip  luMiil  'n  'ly 
red  tlip  phiini;! 
lirojM  r  cii:  iliirt  f.t 
not  li:llilf  1  ii'r;.e 
the  pi  Miiti'i  in- 
tvol.  To  .1"  1l.i< 
(■oiiipany  tn  nv.iil 
'oiuliict  in  ili:"' 
sliiclil  il-rl:  ti"'". 
otlipr  wri'im  >ti!l 
iwfiil." 

I  Urn  ro'nnlrii  if 
Ttun.  37t>,  e'J  S. 


'  846] 


PARTIES. 


2337 


pressly  assumed  the  rc=!pon?il)ility  for  such  nof^ligence.'  Tliis  im- 
munity extends  to  all  the  separate  govominenlal  departments  by 
means  of  which  the  state  discharfies  iis  functions."  Xor  is  a  servant. 
of  tiie  Crouu  liable  a-;  an  employer,  the  d.H'trine  being  that  no  action 
lies  apiin.st  a  public  servant  upon  any  C'mtract  which  he  makes  in 
that  capacity.^ 

The  cominon-law  mli  Ikh  by  eKpre=="  enactments  been  niodified  to 
a  neater  or  less  extent  in  almost  all,  if  not  all,  ihn  jurisdictions  with 
which  we  are  concerned  in  t'.ii.s  vnhiine.  Unt  a  full  discussion  of  the 
authorities  would  carry  us  ont.side  the  ^^copc  of  the  present  fivatise." 


nnria  v.  ftnte  (ISSt)  00  X.  Y.  74. 
4S  \m  V:op.  fiOT  (injury  raiisp<l  by  tlic 
il,frots  of  a  laillc  in  wliiph  a  convict  waa 
o.irnins  molten   metal). 

'■Tliit  tliP  (loctrifip  of  rrspaiulrat 
wnrwi.r.  npi'liciiMo  to  tlic  relations  of 
prinoinal  and  nscnt  created  V.et  ween 
fltlicr  iwr^ons,  does  not  prevai!  njiainst 
ll,,.  snverei'jn  in  flie  necessary  emi.lny- 
irrpt  of  puldie  asents,  is  too  well  s,ett!ed 
upon  aiitlio.ity  and  practice  to  ndimt  of 
.wtroversv."  CMfrller  v.  l^Me  ( ls>2) 
Sil  N  C.  51.  41  Am.  Rep.  4tn  (convict 
\n~{  liis  eyes  liy  an  explo-ion  due  to 
oneUs^rr^'s  of  superintendent). 

See  for  tlie  t;c-ner.il  nile,  Ptory, 
\ncncv.  Vth  ed.  5  ."iin:  Shearm.  *  1>df. 
\p..  5  '^in:  and  OlcUihnwn  Arjrj.  ,(  Me- 
'rhnnicol  CoVrge  V.  MiUK,  (ISnS)  « 
0!<h  5!i3.  40  h.  R.  A.  077.  rv2  V'c.  !V21  : 
Mrllhr,  r,i  V.  ^^■Umw<|tnn  (innO)  127 
N.  C    M'.i.  .-iO  L.  K.  A.  470.  37  S.  E.  1S7. 

'Wliere  a  prison  piiard  is  injured  by 
fallir"  from  a  defective  1  i.lder.  lie  can- 
rot  maintain  nn  action  for  dama^'es 
i-iinst  the  state's  prison,  since  such 
;,ction  MTuld  be.  in  elTect.  an  action 
iiTiinst  tlie  state  to  recover  for  a  tort 
cif  its  averts,  and  on  frrounds  of  public 
Tiolicv  sncb  an  action  cannot  be  per- 
inittci.  Mon'li,  V.  folate  Pri.wn  (1001) 
V'8  N.  C.  12.  .53  L.  R.  A.  Sr,5,  .38  S.  E. 

Ttip  risbt  of  recovery  has  nlao  been 
Honied  in  a  case  wbere  a  prison  pruard 
lost  his  arm  tbrousth  the  neL'liienep  of 
his  superior.  Bniirn  v.  Tlcrt  (1802)  03 
Cnl.  321.  1.5  I..  R.  A.  431,  27  Am.  St. 
Eep.  203,  23  Pnc.  051. 

See  also  Mnmannn  v.  Albnny  County 
(ISSll  2.5  Hun.  551  (convict  injured 
hy  the  ne^lisent  operation  of  a  sawmill, 
held  not  to^be  entitled  to  maintain  an 
action). 

A  county  is  not  liable  for  injuries  re- 
ceived by  "an  employee  from  a  defective 
machine  in  an  asylum   which   is  main- 


tained hy  the  county  in  di-'chnr'.'e  of  its 
duty,  as  ,1  |i.ilitical  ilivi-ion  of  the  state, 
to  care  for  its  iiiiinles.  The  niainti^n- 
ance  uf  such  an  asylum  does  not  becDiiu* 
a  priv.ite  business  such  that  the  county 
is  liable  for  injuries  received  by  em- 
ployees, by  reason  of  the  fact  that  some 
revenue  is  ineidentally  derived  by  the 
county  from  the  sale  of  surplus  farm 
p.  .iliiets  and  from  piyim-nts  miwle  by 
those  liable  for  the  siii>ixut  of  insimo 
persons  l;e|it  ill  the  asvlum.  Ihiqhru  v. 
Miinror  Coinifii  (1S!'5)'  147  N.  Y.  40,  39 
L.  ]!.  A.  33,  41   \.  E.  407. 

'[hinn  V.  Mnrdmwld  [18071  1  Q.  R. 
.5.55.  nrt  I..  .T.  (,).  R.  \.  S.  420,  "fi  L.  T. 
N.  S.  4tt.  4.5  Week.  Rep.  3')5. 

«  Hy  the  Enslish  suprraiiiiuation  acts 
(that  now  in  force  was  pa-se.l  in  !8sT) 
comiionsation  is  provided  for  injured 
emplovees  in  certain  speciOcd  c;  .cs.  See 
Reven'.   Kniiiioyer-^'  Liability,  p.   112. 

In  Canada  the  Pom  in  ion  act  '.50  &  51 
Viet.  chap.  10.  §  Ifi.  par.  c)  iirovides 
that  the  eN<heqiier  court  shall  have 
jurisdiction  of  any  claim  nj;ainst  the 
Crown  ari-in;;  cut' of  any  death  or  in- 
•i."  to  the  p  r<on  or  to  property  on 
•  ■..  public  worl;.  resultinc;  from  the  ticl'- 
le  'nee  of  any  olliccr  or  servant  ot  the 
Crown  while  actincr  within  the  scope  of 
his  duties  or  employment.  It  has  been 
laid  down  that  the  etfect  of  this  statute 
is  to  place  the  Crown  upon  the  stime 
footing  as  nr'vate  employers  in  respect 
to  its  liability  for  personal  injuries  re 
ceived  bv  its  servants  when  cncaL'cd  on 
public  works.  Pen.  v.  l-'iHon  (18!>.5i 
24  Can.  S.  C.  482.  holding  that,  as  the 
defi'n'Je  of  common  employment  was  not 
available  in  Quebec  (see  chapter  XI.vii.. 
post),  the  province  in  whicli  the  acci- 
dent occurred,  an  action  was  maintain- 
able  for  injuries  caused  by  the  ne^jli 
frpnee  of  a  fellow  servant.  This  case 
f.dl.ms  Ouelfc  V.  Qurm  (ISO))  21  Can. 
S.  C.  420,  in  which,  however,  recovery 


f  I 


' 


; 


^  Si 


1     N    I      1     ! 


vti'M  !:^- 


mm 


'TM 


MASIKI:  AMJ  MCKV.Wr. 


[CIIAI-. 


iMlj  :  '1'! 


I     I! 


Ill: 


F 


All  intention  to  change  the  rule  will  iiol,  1h;  impiitcd  to  thn  higis!;! 
imli'ss  tliat  intontioii  ha^  hooii  pxpHcitly  ilo-lared.* 

847.  Municipal  corporations — A  scrvuni's  right  of  action  t'u 
juries  resulting  from  any  ncgligonco  wliich  iriay  be  coinniittcd  I, 
iig.ut.s  of  a  municipal  coriK)ralion  while  engaged  in  the  pertniiii 
id'  one  c)f  its  puhlic  functions  is  subjcfjt  to  the  same  limitalioi 
ihc.so  which  cii-cumscribe  that  right  in  the  case  of  tlie  state  it' 
On  the  other  hand  such  a  corporation  is  liable  as  an  employer,  ii 
ihe  same  ciivumstances  as  a  private  individual  or  corpora 
wlurever  the  injury  complained  of  was  received  by  the  servant  \ 
parl.ifipating  in  work  which  was  beii.g  done  in  connection  witl 
overclse  of  a  power  confeiTcd  upon  the  corporation  for  Uie  piirpu 
enabling  it  to  carry  out  one  or  other  of  ita  merely  ministerial  : 


lions.- 

\Mi>  ilcni«l  on  the  ground  that  th<>  in- 
jury was  not  received  on  any  pulilic 
work. 

.\k  to  the  rijlht  of  employees  working 
on  11  certain  state-owned  railway  in 
<;((irL:ia  lo  sue  under  the  statute  as  to 
raMway  -ionants  which  has  been  en- 
aeied  in  that  state,  see  §  755a,  note  1, 
II II  If. 

•  It  ha-  tuTn  held  that  the  rule  is  not 
altered  liy  a  constitutional  provision 
w'-'    .     confers     jurisdiction     upon    the 

,  rts  "lo  hear  claims  a^'aiiist  the  state" 
[Vt~.JMI'r  V.  Slalc  [1«S2]  Sti  N.  C.  51, 
41  Am.  Kep.  440)  ;  nor  Uy  a  provision 
which  renders  an  agency  of  the  state 
suable  for  "debts  and  other  liabilities 
for  which  it  is  now  liable"  (Moody  v. 
Stale  I'ri/ion  [1901]  128  >f.  C.  12,  53 
I..  U.  A.  85.5,  38  S.  E.  131)  ;  nor  by  a 
statute  givinj.'  the  superior  court  "juris- 
diction of  all  claims  against  the  coiri- 
nionwealth.  whether  in  law  or  equity" 
,  .l/M)docfc  I'nrlor  (Irate  Co.  v.  Com. 
tISItO]  ir.2  Mass.  28,  8  U  R.  A.  ;.'.)9, 
24  N.  E.  854). 

'  See  Shcarm.  &  Redf.  Ncg.  5§  253, 
255;  Dill.  Mun.  Corp.  §§  9153.  Od.".. 

The  o|>eration  of  a  stone-crushing  ma- 
chine to  prepare  material  for  construct- 
ing and  repairing  its  highways  is  held 
to  be  a  governmental  act  of  a  municipal- 
ity in  such  a  sense  that  it  will  be  ex- 
eiiipt  friyin  liability  for  injury  to  an  em- 
ploye.' through  a  defect  in  a  machir<>, 
alltioUL'li  the  machine  is  located  several 
mihs  from  the  place  where  the  material 
is  to  be  used.  Cohrcll  v.  Waterbury 
(190-2)  74  fonn.  508,  57  L.  R.  A.  218, 
r,\    At!.  .-)30. 

The  West  Chicago  park  commissioners 


are  ft  quasiniunicipal  corporatio 
liable  for  injury  to  an  employee  f 
vicious  horse  furnished  him  fo 
work,  as  It  is  the  state  which  is 
the  work  of  creating  and  maint; 
the  park  vithin  their  juri.-di 
fiaclcr  V.  it  est  Chicago  I'arh  ( 
60  111.  App.  507. 

An  intention  to  change  the  cor 
law  rule  as  to  the  nonliability  of  r 
ipal  corpciralions  will  not  be  in 
from  till-  enactment  of  a  statiitor 
vision  declaring  cities  and  towns 
"to  be  sued."  Mclllicnmi/  v.  U  il 
foM  (inOO)  127  N.  C.  146,  50  I.. 
470.  37  S.  E.   187. 

'  In  the  earlier  chapters  of  this 
tise,  numerous  cases  have  been  eii 
which  servants  were  injured  wlii 
gaged  in  public  works  uinUrt  ik( 
municipal  corporations,  and  in  wlii 
doctrine  stated  in  the  text  was 
for  granted. 

A  city  is  liable  for  injuries  cau 
the  driver  of  a  fire  engine  or  hos 
by  obstructions  iu  the  streets  wtiii 
negligently     allowed     to     remain 
I'orlvi/  V.  Sew  York   (1897)    1.')l' 
222,  57  Am.  St.  Rep.  511,  4(i  \.  1 
Reversing    (1896)    9  App.   Div.  s: 
NT.  Y.  Supp.  622;  Cool',  v.  Ihtroil{ 
75  Mich.  t!28,  5  L.  R.  A.  315,  43 
17.      The  court  said  in  the  latter 
"It   would    be   not  only   absurd, 
manifest  failure  of  justice,  to  holi 
the  city  of  Detroit  must  t)C  excuset 
liability  b<'oause  the  plaintiff  iiiu 
a   matter  of  law,  presume  and  tal 
tice  thai   the  city  will  viol.ite  tin'- 
ute.  and  disregard  the  duty  laid 
by  the  legislature." 


LC  Ingisliiturp, 

cHttn  I'ur  in 
inittcd  l,_v  till 

pr-rtniiiiaiKT 
itniliitidiis  as 

stiitf-  iMf.' 
[►loyor,  uiuli : 

norponitiui;, 
r^iTViint  wliil, 
hiiHi  with  t!:i 
lif»  piirpiiso,  i.f 
istoriiil  fmii- 


corporation  not 
mployce  from  a 
I  liini  for  hi- 
which  is  doing 
nd  niMintiiining 
ir    jurisdiction 

0  I'ark    (18!Wi 

?e  the  coninioti- 
bility  of  niunic- 
not   be  inferren 

1  statutory  prfr 
nd  towns  lialik 
ii'i/  V.  Wilmim 
46,  50  I..  R.  A 

Ts  of  this  tn\'. 
i^e  been  cited  iii 
jurod  while  fii 
iiinU'rtikcii  !i' 
ind  in  whicli  tli.> 
text  was  tuk'i 

juries  caused  ti 
ine  or  hose  cur 
;rects  which  art 
remain  there 
8!t7)  I'lL'  N.  Y 
1,  4(i  N.  v..  .-lOi; 
p.  Div.  r):iii,  41 

r.  fl./nn'M  ISSlli 
.  3ir>,  43  X.  u 
the  hitter  e.i*; 
absurd,  hut  a 
rp,  to  hidd  th;it 
t)e  c\cu-ed  from 
liniifT  must,  a? 
IP  and  tnlip  no- 
iohitc  tills  sir 
duty  laid  on  it 


I  S48] 


p.\RTii;s. 


23311 


848.  Eeceivers;  common-law  actions. —  Ii  Is  well  scltlcil  thai,  Jur 
ing  tlio  cont.inuanw  of  a  rcfcivcr.sliip,  tlio  proprietor  or  li's.-*co  of  a 
railway  cannot  1)0.  licid  liable  for  injuries  «»\i.s(ij  by  tlic  ncgligcnr 


The  rule  which  defines  thc^  liability 
of  Niw  Knijland  towns  is  not  quite  the 
tame  as  that  adopted  in  niosl  of  tin- 
imerican  states.  Sep  Shearin.  &  licilf, 
N'og.  i  258.  In  the  case  of  a  municipal 
corpnration,  it  is  not  al\vay<t  enough  to 
prove  facts  which  would  render  a  pri- 
vate ciiri><>ration  or  an  individual  re- 
sponsible for  the  injury  complained  of. 
The  servant  must  also  show  tliat  his 
right  of  recovery  is  not  barred  by  the 
principle  that  "no  private  action,  unless 
iiuthori/cd  by  express  stalute,  can  hi- 
niaint;iincd  against  a  city  for  ne;;lect  of 
a  puldic  duty  imposed  utxm  it  by  law 
for  tlie  benefit  of  the  p\iblie,  and  for  the 
performance  of  which  the  cor|K>ration 
receives  no  profit  or  advantage."  /V/- 
tiii./((/ V.  C'/iiV.Kra  (1S!)4)  101  Mass.  3fi8, 
•24  L.  R.  A-  42»i.  37  N.  K.  3sn,  whrTC  the 
((.urt.  reiving  on  Hili  v.  /•o-./oii  (1S77) 
122  Mass.  344,  23  Am.  ]?ep.  332,  held 
that,  neither  at  common  law  nor  under 
the  employers'  liability  act  of  1.SS7,  is 
a  city  liable  to  a  lineman  on  its  fire- 
sinn:"l  sv>tem  for  iu;^li;ien.e  in  respect 
to  the  co.ilition  of  a  pole  which  hreaks 
and  injures  him. 

'Tlic  general  rule  is  that  cities  and 
towns  are  not  liable  to  private  action 
for  omissions  or  ncuhcl  in  the  perlorm- 
ince  of  corporate  duties  inijiosed  \ipon 
them  bv  law,  unless  such  action  is  fiiven 
!iv  statute."  'laqr/n  .  v.  I'nll  Hirrr 
fw^)  170  Ma-s.  32.5,  40  N.  K.  022. 
There  it  was  held  that  the  mere  fact 
tliat  a  city  will  derive  an  isieid'iital  ad- 
v.intiifre  or  profit  to  land  oniitd  by  it 
from  the  opeiiiiiL'  of  a  flrnt  in  eoM:pli- 
ir.ce  w''h  a  duly  iiiipo-ed  on  it  by  slat 
'«!■  do'-s  not  rei'id'T  ii  lialde  1^  r  a  pii- 
soiial  injury  to  a  laborer  wlii'-  worUiii;,' 
iiniier  the  iliiection  ot'  I  he  siij.  riiaeiiil- 
■  nt  of  streets  ami  surveyor  of  lii;;li«,'\s, 
in  cutting  tlirou^di  a  bank  of  earth  in 
opeiiiiiL;  suih  strut.  Under  sik  h  cir- 
laiii, St, lines  the  city  is  not  liable  for  the 

leath  of  a  laborei-  by  the  fnlliiis  of  a 
lunk  of  earth  wliile  ^railinj;  a  street,  al- 
theiiu'h  the  city  has  passed  an  order 
dirrilin;^  the  superintendent  of  ;r"^*<i 
to  prade  such  at  reel. 

On  the  other  hand,  n  town  is  lia  do 
for  the  death  of  an  employee  kilhil  by 
the  fall  of  a  large  overhanjiinR  rock  hn- 
ncath  which  he  was  st.ationec'  \y  the 
Buperintender  ■,  of  street.s,  of  the  danger- 
ous conditiob  uf  which  the  latter  knew, 


hut  the  de<'eased  did  not.  where  the  work 
lieing  done  was  tmih'rtaken  voluiitiirily 
by  the  town  as  a  private  enterprise,  and 
not  uiidiT  till'  compulsion  of  statute. 
Cull'KS  V.  <litni/h:lil  (1S!I,H)  172  Mass, 
78.  .'51   N,   K.  4.-.4. 

\  city   is  liable  for  iniuries  resulting 
from  the  ne^jliyeiice  of  the  su|MTiiitend 
ent  appidnted  by  its  board  of  water  <'oiii 
missiimers.     utider     Mass.     St.it.     1H81. 
chap.  3f)ll,  §  21.  in  ordering  work  to  lie 
••oiiinieiii'iil  ami  emit  iiiiiid  wli.-n  tiie  city 
has  not  )>i(i|»Mly  pro\i.|ed  for  the  safety 
of    the    workmen,   alllioie.di    he    is    under 
the  dircetii'ii   of  the   water   comtiii-..ioti 
ers.   and    has    no   power   to   furnish    the 
nec<'ss,uv     materials    to    avoid     injury. 
Coniinllii  v.   Wiillhiiiii    (lS<l-2)    1,".(!  Ma~s. 
3(iS.  3!  '.V.  K.  3(12,     There  the  d,.f.  iidaiit 
argued  that  tlu-  trial   iud^e  .sliuuld  have 
eomi>lied   with    its   ic  i|ie  st    for  a    ruling 
that   the  city  was  nut    re:.|H.ii~iMe   for  a 
iiegligtiit   act   of  its  supeiinlcndeiit,  the 
contention    iM^iie.'    ba,-td,    not    upon    the 
ground  lliat   he  was  a   pii'ulie  <ilheer  and 
acting   in   that  capacity,  and   V>1  as  the 
ilefrihh.ot's  agent  or  servant,  but  on  the 
follouing     gioiMiils:     th,it    the    su|j  'i'l- 
tendeiit    wa.-   under  the  diieetion   ol    i 
eominissidners,   and   could   not    pin'li.i. 
or  fvirni-h  anything  except   by  tin'ii   di 
reetion;    llin,   as   neither   the   cily   nor 
the   comtiii-^ioners    furni-lied    him    with 
materials  fr  lir.iciii!:  the  trench,  or  gave 
him  autboiily  to  procure  them,  he  bad 
no  riu'lit  or  [siwer  so  to  do.  and  was  un- 
der  no   duty   to  do   that   wliieh   was  be 
yond  his  leg,il  ri'.'ht  ai:d  power,  the  con- 
si'inriiee    beiii'.'   tli.il    he    could    not    per- 
-.Mially  be  eliarged  with  negli-.-encp;  and 
lh.it.  "as  the  sii|ieriiitendent"s   iiegliL'eiiee 
alone  was  ehaig"d.  the  ipiestion  wheilier 
the   city   w.is   liable    for   not   furni~liing 
materials  for  bracing  was  not  in   issue, 
lUit  the  .oiiit  said:      "This  view  of  tho 
ease    is    too    narrow.     A  su[)<Tintendent 
may  1m"  ne;di.int  in  ordering  work  to  be 
eo'"meiie,d  m   eontitiued  when  the  (irop- 
er  materials  or  a|>pliances  for  insuring 
the  safety  (if  the   workmen  engagi'd  are 
not  at  h  ind,  as  well  as  in  failing  to  use 
mati'rials    or    appliances    which  are    at 
hand.      If    he    knew,    or   had    reason    to 
know,  that  there  was  danger  of  the  civ- 
ing  of  the  tiiiith.  and  had  no  materials 
for  bracing  it  and  no  power  to  pioiure 
them,  due  enre  reipiired  of  him  to  stop 
the  work  until  suitable  materials  were 


tllllll' 


in 


'.i 


'  I 


i  I  •■  t 


:'    ? 


■5 


I  !   1  '.I     I.      ,      ,   ." 


UHil     . 


•   : 

;i 

lilt 

f 

mmu 

J, 

'■'mm 


2340 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[CIIAI 


Rlli  ' 

m 


!   II 


llii 


manner  in  which  the  read  is  operated  by  the  receiver's  otiiph 
But  the  receiver  owes,  in  his  oiricial  capacity,  the  same  ohlij^nii 
any  other  einpkjyer  to  the  servants  wliuni  he  liires  to  operate  tin 
and  lliose  obligalic  us  may  be  enforced  in  an  action  at  law  ii 
mission  of  the  equity  court  wiiich  appointed  him.*  The  da 
rt'CDvercd  by  an  employee  are  chargeable  up<;u  and  payable 
the  liiiid  in  court,  m  the  same  manner  as  the  other  expenses 
ministration.^ 

\'.  here  a  railway  extending  through  Louisiana  and  Texas  ha 
returned  to  the  company,  alter  having  been  in  the  hands  ol 
ceiver  appoint<  d  by  a  iVderal  court  sitting  in   Louisiana,  ai 
evidence  showed  that  the  earnings  of  the  road  had  been  used 
receiver  for  the  purpose  of  making  permanent  improvemenl,-i, 
held  that  a  servant  who  had  been  injured  by  tlie  negligence 
ri'ceiver's  agents  in  res})cct  to  the  operation  of  tlie  road  might 


furnislicd;  ami  it  wa:*  persomil  iiogli- 
gomv  ill  liis  «orU  of  siiiK'i  iiili'mkiiet:  to 
ullow  llie  (li;;;;iM!;  to  nu  vn  hvfuiv  t,ln- 
iiiLin-iny  iiiiiti'iiaU  were  piociireJ.  l'"or 
siu'li  iir^!i,m-ii<-i>  ot  a  hinieriiiUiulciit  tliu 
]>riiici|>.il  i>  aii^«i'ral)li',  ami  caiiiiul  t'S- 
ia|>i-  liability  by  allowing  that  it  was  by 
lii.H  own  act,"  ami  not  by  the  fault  of  llie 
siij)  liiitiiiilcnt.  that  Buitable  uiateriuls 
wile  >'.aiili.ig." 

A  city  is  not  excused  for  nps'ij-'cnt 
failuru  to  give  a  workinan  a  rea>oiiiiUly 
siifi'  place  ill  which  to  work  in  cuii- 
sUiKlin^  a  sewer,  by  the  fact  tliat  Ihu 
Rcwir  may  not  have  licili  Icijally  otab- 
li^licJ  iK'caiise  of  irr(';,TilaritH'.^  or  oiuis- 
sioiid  in  the  prociwiiii^s.  .Vor(<;H  v. 
Aeio  lt<,lfurd  (ISlliil  IGti  Mass.  48.  4.'! 
N.  E.  Ui:it.  There  the  court  remarked 
that,  "wl.ile  the  iir"^ailarities  and  oiris- 
sietis  in  the  layim,'  out  or  cstaiili^huieiit 
of  the  sower  nii-lit  be  taken  advaiaa^'e 
of  on  a  petition  tor  certiorari,  tliey  can- 
not be  taken  advanta^'e  of  by  the  city 
in  this  collateral  prweeding  b^)U^llt 
n^ain^t  the  city  by  a  wor!;i!ian  who  lias 
been  employed  by  its  board  of  public 
works  upon  the  fuotins  that  the  city 
had  llie  ri;:lit  to  build  the  sewer." 

This  ca-e  was  followed  in  Missouri, 
where  it  was  held  that  a  city  cannot  (■■ - 
ca|H'  liability  lor  injuries  to  one  of  its 
emplovees  eiigajjod  in  such  work,  on  the 
ground  that  the  city  itself  coiistiuclod 
the  sewer,  inslead  of"  letting  nut  the  con- 
tract to  the  lowe.-,t  bidder,  as  required 
by  its  ch:;rter.  I't-nnhoe  v.  Kis-.ar.x  fify 
(18!)(>)  laii  Mo.  (157,  38  S.  W.  571.  The 
court   said:     "Tlie  coruoratioa.  Uaviiig 


as  a  np.tural  person  undertaken  i 
stniction  of  the  sewer,  should, 
same  e.Ment  and  under  the  mi 
eum.-itances.  be  held  to  resptiiid 
agis  fi>r  the  wroiigiul  nets  of  ils 
and  servants,  and  sliould  not.  I>i' 
ted  to  esc.iiM!  re.-.poii>iliilily  ii 
ground  that  such  wrongful  acu 
from  tlie  exercise  of  [humts  not 
by  its  charter  or  ordinances." 

'.'See  '.ligh,  Iteci  ivers,  ;id  ed.  .5 

'(I'ra/ium  V.  tliiipiniiii  (  ISI.il 
Y.  8.  U.  349,  11  N.  V.  Supp.  HI 
V.  O/i/o  li  il.  U.  Co.  (18S2)  11  i; 
14  l"e<l.  'J77.  Kxamples  oi  such 
are  the  lollowing  Ciises:  i'lirtc 
(1MJ7)  20  (J.  C.  A.  201,  M  V. 
■Jill.  80  Fed.  805;  (liof/e  v 
(  I8;i8)  21)  C.  C.  A.  374,  50  U, 
505.  85  Ked.  GUS;  Cliiiie  v. 
(ISIJ'.I)  30  C.  C.  A.  4511.  !)J  ]\ 
Hunt  V.  huiie  (intlO)  40  C.  C. 
100  I'el.  250;  duueii  v.  Ilii.sh  (  I 
C.  C.  A.  ItiO,  40  U.  S.  App.  3  lit, 
3VX 

Although  no  negligence  in  t' 
agement  of  the  piopurly  may  li 
entabli-lied,  a  cuuit  will  soim  i 
view  of  the  speeial  circum-;  . 
volveil.  Older  a  riceiver  to  p.iy  t 
ant's  wages  while  he  is  rccoveri 
the  eiritls  of  his  injury.  Mix 
II.  Co.  V.  Terns  d  P'.  li.  Co.  (  I 
I'ed.  700;  ilissuuii  I'.  It.  Co.  v. 
/'.    A'.   Co.    (  18!I0/    41    Ke<l.   3I!V 

•iunn  V.  .S'»ii//i  (1S8I))  80  N. 
Fx  parte  ISioi'n  (1880)  15  S. 
(di  fective  boiler  burst). 


|M8a] 


PARTIES. 


C34t 


cute  an  actinn  in  a  stnto  eotirt  in  Toxas,  ami  onforco  a  Jnd^ont  re- 
covered in  tJiat  aeliun  against  tlin  pmpcity  of  the  railway  t"iiiiiim_y.' 
It  is,  of  course,  a  condition  precedent  to  recovery  in  such  an  action, 
that  a  primary  liability  on  the  receiver's  part  should  be  established.* 

818a.  Receivers;  actions  under  statutes  for  the  benefit  of  railway 
employees. — The  question  whether  the  statutes  which  as  re^'avds  rail- 
way companies,  abrojrnif  or  modify  the  coinmon-law  dfu'trine  as  to 
CTiScrvants,  should  be  c<.i.s*ru('d  as  deilninj;  the  rules  of  law  to  be  ap- 
plied in  actions  against  receivers,  is  one  which  has  been  detennineJ 
diti'crcntly  by  different  courts.  But  the  weijiht  both  of  reason  and 
autiiority  seems  to  be  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  conclusion  that  this 
qufstion  should  be  answered  in  the  allinnative. 

Uionjia. — The  provisicms  of  the  acts  in  forex»  before  ISO.')  (see 
oliapter  xxxix.,  a)itr)  were  held  not  to  inure  to  the  benefit  of  em- 
ployees on  railways  in  the  hands  of  receivers.*     This  doctrine  was 


•Tixan  P.  If.  Co.  ▼.  Johiinon  (1800) 
:n  Ti  \.  4-21,  18  Am.  St.  Ki'p.  (JO,  13  S. 
\V.  4II.T;  'I'l  .T'l-i  I'.  If.  Co.  V.  Oirrliiiaer 
(ISI'ni  70  IV.\.  -I.'!:,  l.T  S.  \V.  HW-.  Tiros 
I'  n.  Co.  V.  dn'liii  (181101  70  'IVx.  411, 
13  S.  W.  471  :  7Vx«.i  <C  /'.  /'.  Co.  v.  (!ii- 
ifcr  llSi'O)    70  'IVx.   13,  15  S.  W.  214. 

'T'liia  <f  /'.  I!.  Co.  V.  Collins  (18!t2) 
S4  TeN.  121.  10  S.  W.  30.->. 

'In  llrndcrson  v.  V'oH.rr  (1S75)  55 
e,.a.  481.  tlio  court  Hr;:iiiMl  tlms:  "lie 
illic  phiintur)  sliows  by  liis  dcclarati'm 
(hilt  lie  is  not  such  nn  ciiipUiyf-e.  lie 
ri'sts  liis  cn-e  on  n.  statutory  riulit.  .iiul 
yd  dues  rot  put  hiiv<c!f  into  tlio  only 
ilnss  to  wliirli  tlip  ri^'Iit  lii'longs.  Tlin 
toiiip:iiiy  owninff  tlip  roail  was  not  in 
|«i-M-~i"nn.  It  liad  no  (^niployppf ,  Tticic 
>v;is  no  p:ivity  lictuccn  it  and  tlic  plain- 
tiff. He  waHnot  its  servant;  it  was  not 
Ilia  nii-tnr.  It  Ii:h1  notliinj;  to  do  with 
selpcliiig  his  cooniploypos  whose  ncgli- 
ficnci'  ciuscd  tlu>  injury.  A  romt  of 
»]iiity,  liy  its  olTlwrs.  the  receivers,  had 
po««(--inn  of  the  ro'.d:  mid  the  plainlilT, 
instead  of  hirinj;  himself  elsewhere  to  a 
railro.Td  conii>any  or  curporation.  vnhin- 
tnrilv  hired  himself  to  the-e  niini-ters 
of  the  law.  We  tliink  the  letter  of  his 
situiitinn  is  the  law  of  it.  and  th:it  as 
111"  was  not  in  fact  in  the  eni|di>yiiient 
of  a  njliond  company,  he  is  not  to  he 
poii-iiili  red  in  siich  employment  l>y  con- 
ftnielinn.  I'niess  the  contrary  ap- 
peiiri'd,  the  receivership  is  to  be  deiined 
a  compulsory  one:  there  is  no  pr. "sump- 
tion that  the  receivers  went  in  on  the 
application  of  the  company  or  by  its  eon- 
sent.  They  represent,  not  the  coni[)any. 
but  the  court.     The  property  and  fran 


chise  of  the  conipiny  have  been  seized, 
and  the  crnrt,  '-iiliiiidinate  to  t'le  laws 
of  the  huiil,  is  for  tlie  time  beinir  (!io 
lord  paraiiioiint.  lloulitlos  the  rx-eiv- 
ers,  as  common  carriers,  bear  a  rel.ition 
to  the  public  very  similar  to  that  of 
other  coinmon  cirrieis;  hut  the  dilTer- 
enee  hitmen  the  piibiic  and  this  plain- 
tilT  is  that  the  public  c.in  appeal  to  a 
fjcneral  law  applicable  as  a'jainst  all 
einhiiirn  carrier-,  win  reas  th.'  pl.ilnliir 
must  invoUe  a  spi>eial  slatiitnrv  piovi- 
siou  which  will  not  reach  all  en, plovers 
ali!;e,  but  only  railroad  cum;,  inles. 
(Ither  cla--es  of  employers  have  not  bi  en 
made  subject  for  injuries  siiiaii^id  by 
one  servant  thnuiih  the  fault  rt  an- 
other. .  .  .  l'',inplovi<os  of  reeiivi'rs 
arc  not  within  the  wiu  Is  of  the  Code, 
and  to  extend  the  words  by  eon-iliucl  ion, 
so  as  to  subject  the  comi)any's  assets  to 
pay  dama;.'(>s  for  the  careles-;ne-s  or  mis- 
conduct of  men  whom  neither  the  n  !ie"r3 
nor  a'jints  cf  the  company  had  any  part 
in  silectinji.  would  he  atLemled  with  dif- 
(lenities,  bi.tli  technical  and  practical. 
Injuries  to  freii;ht  anil  pas-enjers  may 
con'c  under  the  head  if  e\|«n-i'S  of  ad- 
ministration; but  to  include  under  that 
head  the  ilama;;cs  caused  by  one  neces- 
sary atrent  of  administration  to  his  f  1- 
low  would  be  like  piitii-liin;.'  the  binly 
heeiu-e  one  hand  or  foot  had  wounded 
the  other." 

ThiN  case  was  followed  in  Thiirmnn  v. 
Chrrol:rc  H.  Co.  (ISTO)  oO  «a.  370; 
Urntni  v.  Cntnrr  (ISH.'i)  07  Oa.  801.  2.5 
S.  K.  i7ii;  Vovnohl'i'iil  v.  Corner  (ISn")) 
07  (!a.  l.">2.  23  .<.  E.  .'iOO.  2.5  S.  K.  S:!S. 
l!ut  in  the  last-cited  case  a  strong  dig- 


f    s 


I  j,  ■ 

I I 


i  i,' '  i 


\\<^ 


w 


'■  I  1 


I  Iff  ■ 

m 


i34'i 


MASIKIt  ANU  SKItVANT. 


[C 


\  V  \ 


v.: ! 


i-lllH 


held  to  bo  uppHcnblf  .'.thunj,'!,  tlio  niiivir  liiul  lioon  npp"iiiir 
pctiiit-n  (il  till-  coiiiiMiiv  itxil'.-  Till'  i-.«iiM'(jiu>iu'o  of  uilnp 
narrow  constrj'!'.  v  il'  tlic  siatiitfs  was  that  mitliir  a  ncci' 
iiLiiifi  !i  niilwjty  nor  a  railwuv  (•(.iiii)any  was  gultjcct  to  an  ii 
an  cniplovcc  for  injiirics  caii-.d  \>y  tlio  iic,«lijr''ii<'i'  "I'  u  <'<«'ii 
In  Iw.i  of  tho  Fodrral  riis.s  cih  ■'  "  <-  \    t:,ij>,<i.  it  was  ui 

iho  slainto  (Georgia  Ai-!s   !,■»"  J:.'),  nv  wlii.'li  it.  was 

llial  'Mania.at'S  payal.lc  Un-  iiijn  ,c  !.  |icrsi>iis  ami  pr.ipcrt 
liv  tlio  riinninj?  ot  tin'  cai-s  on  >iiiil  matl,  an. I  for  wliii-li  tlio  ^ 
i..  nnw  iialilc,  as  common  ciirricr,  Uy  the  laws  of  tliis  ^tatc 
Im'  a  'icn  on  tJio  income  of  tiio  n.ii<l,  iiiul  so  far  elianfj^oil  tlio  Ii 


-cntins 
son,  .1. 
iiiM-rt  in": 


opinion  wa-i  HiOiviToil  liv  All<iM 

The  follow  in^r  .>\lrHl    i.    woiil 

Wlicn  till'  .■xi>ri'^>i.m    .    • 


»•..  iMilioad  poiMiinnir«l   w 


•il. 


VN^iM    lIlP    |)Uipil--0 


o(    the    l.-ililiiK- 


M.i.lv  it  to  the  l.ii«inr'^«.  anil  m-l  to  I'lr 
-m:'s"  or  (■..ip.vriiliims  «lii<li  "I'li-  mil 
.oiul  .•oiiiiLinii's  ro  tu'nihn:  only  If  its 
.i.Milli.uM'i-  won-  »n  conlH'.,!.  llirn- 
vumM  U-  no  nnllioiiiy  for  mj.vI.mii'.'  tin- 
mil-  of  li;,l.ilitv  aliiivc  inilu-.i -.1  to  t.u\ 
iomI  iui'l  iMnkin-  onnipinifx.  or  to  ritiil 
,iml  r:iilro;iil  (•..mp:niii-.  or  to  iiilivulii 
,1s  vlio.  lii.vinir  ""il"-  ttio  prv- lit  law 
■  „ii.i'  1-  il  tin-  prnpiTtios  ami  fiMii''iis«'s 
of  «  iiillo:i(l  ooni['iliy.  Hin-..  t.>  liil.i-  out 
a  roitilHUtoot  in-ovpui-.M  i.M,  un.l.-r  .-oi.i.' 
n.mcotluTlhan  tliat  of  a  rMlio-,,1  .•imi- 
l«inv;  lioo,ui«<'.  wlii'i-  i"  f"*  i|"''ii '"!-' 
riil'rivuN,  Kiich  aio  no!  railioul  ootiipii- 
ni.-s  onlv;  and  yi't  tlio  -oMrts  of  this 
state  haVe  constantly  ^ipplu'l  tli«  I'lle 
in  qii.'-tion  to  all  '•niti  .•orpnnt  i.m.-  and 
nfr>onH  •■n'-'.i;.'"  d  in  llie  l.ii-ir.  ->  of  "P'T- 
(tin;r  railriiads  uiidiT  cliartrr  anili..nty. 
and'vvitlHint  nf.  nnce  to  ulii'tlnr  it  \va« 
.ir  was  not  liv  nanir  a  lailioicl  .■oinpiny. 
The  s-tatnt.-  'in  .pir-tion  liavin-  L.i  n  .'ii 
acted  for  tlir  prolnlio  '  of  .■inpl-o-.-  ol 
such  compaiiir-  oi«ratiiiL'  rulroa.N.  t'l.- 
l)iisini-s«  condiictiMl  und.  v  tlwir  <liailir-- 
would  '^(•I'ln  U|Hiii  reason  to  l"'  inipr.-^-.d 
with  the  liabilities  iinix.-cd  In  1  iw. 
witliont  r.fi-r.n.i-  to  the  i-n-on  or 
a"cnev  whieh  nULrht  lawfully  tli.r.'afu-r 
he  einidov.'d  in  llie  conduit  of  the  hn«1- 
ne?»  for"wliicli  it  was  chartered:  and 
this  heins  true,  there  i^  no  reason  ap- 
parent to  iiiv  eoinpiihi-nsinn  why  a  re- 
ceiver, like  any  other  (KTson  who  may 
attempt  to  exercise  the  charter  pow.T. 
should  he  exempt  from  the  liahilily  thus 
imposed.  The  statute  in  question  is  one 
hi'dily  remedial,  and.  heiuf:  oi  that  na- 
ture, should  be  liberally  constnicd  in 
advancement  of  its  obviously  beneficial 


purposes.  In  its  construct im 
1(1)  II  i.>ii-ly  to  its  letter  iv.'iM.i. 
ami  piii|Mis(.,  and  defeiils  tla 
li'i:i-l;il  1m'  intent.  It  is  true 
rcciixer  represents  the  (.^lllt 
as  the  mere  eustedy  of  the  | 
eoneenied!  hut  when  the  cii 
lal-is  to  e\(rcisi>  the  eharti'i 
npi  late  the  pro|iTly  ill  its  it 
iniiver  likewise  represents 
i:ile  fraiU'lii-e.  and  ni'ee-saril 
in  his  olliciil  eliirn  lir.  llie  i 
ities.  diilli-s.  and  oldi.Mlioii 
upon  the  frainliise  wliieh  he  « 
ereis.-." 

1  he  eeiislriietion  thus  put 
statute  hy  the  state  court  w. 
by  the  ri'deril  couits  in  the 
doiru'i.i.      ('hull'    V,    Hirhiii'DH 

Co.  \  isni)  .-)ii  Tid.  :!iii:  r,, 

Co.   V.   /,'"s7    7V)i/i' vv.  c,    r.   if 

(is!i,-))    (in   F(>d.   :).-):).    ;!.■':: 

Trust  A  n  tarn  III  ti  rn.  v.  Ml 
linn  rn.    (lS!).->)   (1!)  I'ed.  3r.S. 


The    ("nde    provi-ions 


wliii 
jirrsuiiipl  ion  of  ncLdiveiii-e  on 
i.iilvoad  C4imp,uiii's  when  the 
-ults  fiian  tl'e  riuinim;  of  I 
,  te..  were  h.'M  not  to  be  a| 
actions  aaainst  n-eeivers.  / 
lli,i,l,l-ni>ir  {WM)  98  C:\. 
IC.  4(0. 

Tt  was  also  hiid  down  that 
hy  whieli  a  servant  of  a  r:i 
pany  aL'rees  to  be  hound  by  a 
iicei-ssjilly  bindinfr  between  I 
refiiver^  of  the  company's  r< 
hindinu'.  there  must  have  hei 
tion  of  it  as  between  them,  ei 
Iv  or  by  impliciilion.  Sprnoi 
,'18!I.-,I    97  Ga.  (iSl,  2.5  S.   K. 

"  lirnirn  v.  r'owrr   (189.")) 
23  S.  E.  ITti. 

^  Youmiiilnntl  V.  Cohiir  il? 
1,52.  23  S.  E.  509.  2.-1  S.  E.  « 


|M8a1 


PARTIES. 


S34a 


noiinccd  in  tho  enrher  decisions  tlint  dnninjos  niijilit  1m»  rpc/ivon»d 
from  a  rocxiiver  by  an  employee  kniM-kcd  irom  a  iiiip\  ins  tniin  by 
ffrilcing  a  structure  near  the  track.     IJut  this  contention  did  not  pro- 


rail. 


The  net  of  December  10,  ISO.")  (p.  10,T),  provided  tbnf  an  em- 
plnvpcof  a  recciverniif^lit  niiiintain  an  action  n<jain«t  him  for  injuries 
causrd  by  the  nnp;! i jfoneo  of  a  coemployee.  lint  this  stnlute  is  ap- 
plicaMn  only  to  case-*  where  the  injiiry  was  received  after  it.s  i)as-<!i;;;'.' 

Iwliann. — It  is  held  that,  as  a  suit  against  a  receiver  is  in  ctlei;t 
against  the  corporate  property  in  his  posse.s.sion,  a  reci^iver  of  a  rail- 


y.i  a.  R.  Co.  (1805)  09  Fed.  333} 
l.uUtiiiine  Tiuul  ik  liuiiiuiiln  Co.  v.  .1/- 
Imla  'Iriiclinn  Co.  (180:.)  «!•  I>l.  3r.S. 
Iti  tlip  former  o.isp  the  court  Hniil:  "It 
»ill  he  soen  that  the  'injuries  tc  ,<or- 
fons'  frr  the  p:iymeiit  of  wliii'h  the  re- 
niver  »h;iU  n|)|>ly  tho  inecniie  of  the 
ro.id,  mill  fur  wliieh  a  lien  i«  given,  are 
Mich  injiiries  an  are  indict i-d  on  |>er*ons 
t,<  wtint."  it  wo>'H  owe  n  dntv  ns  n  oooi- 
mon  carrier.  Now,  it  in  cditendrd.  ns 
1  understand  tlie  argument,  that  under 
\M  M.uiiu!.  of  licuryia  ((-'ode,  g  208.1) 
ilif  liability  of  the  cnnipTiiy  in  a  oase 
such  n«  «e  are  now  considering  is  in  its 
cnpncity  as  a  common  carrier.  An  ex- 
nniinition  of  that  section  will  show 
tn«t  this  position  cannot  he  sustalni'd. 
Tlie  liin"ii:ise  of  the  section  is  n3  fol- 
lows; 'Railroad  cor  .panics  are  coir.trion 
cnrriers.  and  liahle  as  such.  As  such 
companies  necessarily  have  many  em- 
ployees who  cannot  possihly  control 
tiiose  who  should  exercise  care  and  dili- 
pmce  in  the  running  of  trains,  such 
companies  shall  be  liahle  to  such  em- 
plovfos  ns  to  passt.n<;ers  for  iniuries 
arisin?  from  the  want  of  such  care  and 
dili|;ence.'  It  will  be  seen  from  its  lan- 
pnj;e  that  this  section  is  applicable  to 
injuries  to  the  employee  arising  from 
the  want  nf  care  and  diligence  on  the 
part  of  another  employee  in  the  ruiinins 
of  trains;  and  if  it  should  be  hell  that 
in  a  proper  case  eomins  within  this 
stutute  (Tode,  i  2ns:i), — as,  for  in- 
ftnnce,  a  brakeman  injured  by  the  ne^- 
lijenre  of  an  enprineer  in  runnina  a 
tniin  fo  as  to  cause  a  collision. — the  re- 
ceiver under  the  act  of  1870  would  be 
required  to  make  payment  out  of  the  in- 
come of  the  road,  it  is  obvious  that  it 
docs  not  include  the  case  now  before  the 
court.  Tliis  injury  is  said  to  have  iieen 
Ciiuserl  hv  n  dnn-'erous  structure  on  tlie 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 60. 


side  of  the  track,  and  no  complaint  it 
made  whatever  as  to  tho  manner  in 
which  the  train  was  run.  So  the  dis- 
cussion of  this  section  of  the  Cole  of 
Georgia  (5  dOS.I)  is  almost  uimeces-ary, 
iHcause  by  its  lanuniajje  the  act  of  1876 
itself  only  proviiles  for  the  payment  out 
of  the  income  in  the  receiver's  hands,  as 
a  fust  liabilily,  for  injuries  to  pirsona 
'caused  by  tlie  running,'  of  the  c.irs  on 
said  road;'  and  the  injury  re<.iivcd  by 
this  eom)>lainant  cannot,  ns  I  havo  stat- 
ed, be  said  in  any  fair  sense  to  have  been 
caused  by  the  riinning  of  the  cars  upon 
the  road.  It  is  true  that  the  train  was 
in  motion  when  the  intei vi-mr  was 
knocked  from  its  side,  but  the  com  plaint 
is  of  the  structure  by  the  side  of  the 
track,  with  which  he  caute  in  contact 
and  which  caused  his  injury.  It  i-  un- 
necessary, therefore,  to  dieiile  tlie  ipics- 
tion  as  to  whether  the  liabilily  of  tho 
railroad  company  to  an  eniiilovee  in- 
jured by  want  of  care  and  dili^jeiice  of 
another  employee  in  the  running  of  the 
trains  is  a  liability  'as  ii  common  car- 
rier' tinder  the  act  of  1870.  or  whethir 
it  is  only  the  same  degree  of  liabilily  it 
would  owe  to  a  passenger,  and  not  with- 
in the  terms  of  the  act.  This  reasoning 
ajiplii's  only  to  S  '^O'^S,  which  is  in- 
voked here,  as  stated,  in  connection  with 
the  act  of  1870.  Peel  ion  .in.'Ki  of  the 
Code,  which  makes  the  employer  liable 
for  an  injury  to  an  employee  caused  by 
the  negligence  of  a  coemployee  general- 
ly, and  without  reference  to  running  of 
tr.iins.  is  not  involved.  The  lastnained 
section  creates  a  liability  for  the  lack  of 
ordinary  and  reasonable  care,  nnd  the 
former  for  a  liability  'as  to  passengers,' 
namely,  for  slight  neglect,  or  the  ab- 
sence of  extraordinarv  care." 

'  Iliurii  V.  McUltee  (1807)100  Ga.  759, 
2S  b.  L.  Hi. 


4 


:,\ 

:  '  t'l 


i 


"•«■ 


2344 


MASTER  ANII  8KRVANT. 


Ili;- 


Hii 


ii^ 


way  company  mny  bo  «»uJ  under  tho  employers'  liiiMlii 

1893.« 

loua. — Tho  net  nbolishinff  tho  doctrinn  of  common  pmi>l(. 
rppardu  tlio  grrvaiits  of  "poi-Hona  owninjj  or  opfrutin;?  r»\\\\. 
chnptor  x.xxix.,  ante)  lia^  been  hold  npplicablo  to  srivin 
oeivers.' 

Kansas. — Tho  provisions  of  1  Kan.  Oni.  Stat.  ISSO,  '  15 
inp  railroad  amipanies  lialil<'  for  all  daniap-  to  any  ('iiipl>>v 
npgligonoo  or  mistmanap-nu  iit  of  its  other  iMiiplovoos  (wm 
XXXIX..  anfc),  havo  hc^ti  lu-ld  by  a  Federal  court  of  aiipciiir* 
to  railroad  cimi.anies  in  the  hands  of  rpi-eivors,  and  to  c 
emploveo  injured  by  tlio  carelessncs.-.  of  a  fellow  servMiif 
work  in  tla;  lino  of  his  duty  to  an  nllowanen  apiinst  the  j)!- 
tho  coi.ipiiny  in  tho  hands  of  the  ret^eiver  for  tho  injuries  si 

piitiy  liy  wtiich  it  i«  ouiii'il, 
di»i'ti:M-i;i'S  ull  of  tilt'  |iilM'.  il 
<'oriM)riiti('n,  and  ii|i|'i<)iiri:ii 
coiiio  of  il«  rond  to  tlic  pics 
jt»  prdiKTty  and  frandiisi's, 
piiynicnt  of  its  di-lits."  T 
judflP  tiirn  rpfrrred  to  tin-  fi 
not  of  Mnrch  3,  1SS7  (-.it  i 
BS2,  6.'>4,  clinp.  373.  S5  2,  .'I.  I 
Stilt.  1901.  p.  .Wi),  nllo 
oRiiinst  recidvcr*  ii|>|ioiiitci! 
courts,  anil  procuMlcd  tin 
general  oon'fiderntion'*  wair.i 
elusion  that,  if  llie  rules  uf  t 
law  are  modilied  for  the  Ihi 
ep-pliiyees  of  railway  ei>iii|i:i 
beeaiise  of  the  extraonliniiry 
whieli  ttipy  are  ospo-etl,  or 
pul>lic  nnture  of  tlie  servic 
they  arc  eiii,'i;;id,  or  l'i>r  aii> 
80'i".  tlien  for  like  rea-"iis  t 
of  the  roiniiKiii  law  slnuiM 
a|>plie;ilile  to  the  eiupluver^ 
er  who  is  ori^iLiii  in  oimti 
road:  and  we  ean  se.ircily  ci 
any  leL'i^lative  laxly  woiiM  ii 
maUo  any  distinetion  lutwp 
etassrs  of  employees  last  p'f 
is  said,  however,  that  the  h 
iitc  ahove  cited  is  in  di-roi.': 
eoninion  law,  and  for  that  i 
be  strictly  construed.  I'.iit 
is  also  a  remedial  statute,  a 
that  nature,  the  plaintilV  in 
tithsl  to  inviiUfi  an  inleror 
will  L'ivi!  clTeet  to  the  iiil.i 
lawmaker.  At  all  events, 
tion  oupht  not  to  l)e  aih 
nierejv  eliMy-.  to  the  Ifttrr 
the  olivimis  s(>irit  and  pur 
enactment."     The   ease   of   / 


■  Piiiit  V.  f<iH«i<T  (lOOl)  2t!  hid.  App. 
41,  .-(I  N.  K.  .")0. 

'  Slii'iii  V.  rmlrnl  loun  It.  Co.  (1S93) 
(12  Iowa.  TJS.   Itl  N.  \V.  331. 

•  Ih.riisl.ii  V.  /.'./'/.I/  (1H!I3)  ,5  C.  C.  A. 
,1(10.  12  r.  S.  App.  401.  ."ili  I'ed.  4fil- 
Thayer,   1).  .f.,  said:      ''It  is  clear  that, 

wiiti    re"i t    to  jHTsonn  employiil  l.y  a 

railwiiv  e(  iiipany  as  railway  oiM'ratives, 
the  statute  last  above  quoted  chanses 
tho  rule  of  the  enmmon  law.  that  the 
master  is  not  lial)le  to  a.  servant  for  an 
injury  sustained  in  con.ieipieiice  of  the 
nojrlijenee  of  n  fellow  servant.  Docs 
the  fact  that  a  receiver  is  appointed  to 
teini>or;rily  operate  a  railroad  forth- 
with nlter'the  status  of  all  its  employ- 
ees, and  re  cxtahlish  as  to  them  the  old 
nile  of  the  coinmon  law,  so  lonfras  the 
receiver  remains  in  charge ?  Viewing 
the  question  in  the  li'-'ht  of  those  consid- 
erations of  public  policy  which  probably 
pave  birth  to  the  statute,  we  cannot  con- 
ceive of  any  reason  why  tho  appoint- 
•iient  of  a  n-ceiver  shoiilil  have  such  ef- 
fect. It  is  a  fail  of  which  we  may  well 
take  juliii.il  notice,  that  prent  railway 
systems  whiih  employ  thousands  of  men 
are  frcqinntly  operateil  for  a  term  of 
vears  throiiL'ii  the  aRoncy  of  a  receiver. 
Such  receivers  do  not.  as  a  general  rule. 
cbaiipe  the  winking  force  of  the  road,  or 
the  rules  and  regulations  by  which 
trains  are  rtin,  or  by  which  the  other 
business  of  the  road  is  transacted.  The 
men  whom  they  employ  are  engaged  in 
the  same  quasi-ptdilic  service  as  other 
railway  employees,  and  daily  encounter 
the  same  risks  and  hazards.  Further- 
more, the  receiver  of  a  railroad  operates 
it  for  the  immediate  benefit  of  the  coin- 


CII4P    XUt 

'   liiiliiliiv   ,iii  I,; 

»n  employ ut  i, 

If;  riiilwjvv''  ii,,. 
()    st'i'ViiuN  i,,f  ri 

>S9,  »  12.M,Ti>.k 

>  ('Ill|)li>\iv  liy  ■; 
,-Ol'S    (w'c   ell,!!.-,. 
llppi'iil-i  tu  CM. ;.; 

and  to  ••ntiil.'  a- 

8<'r\Mnt  \\iii!i.  ar 

st  tlic  ])ri.|H  iiy  ff 

ijurii's  sii-t:tiii.'i' 

in  owni'il,  in  (tin  \> 

i|i|>H)|iriiili<  IW-  ir. 
1  till'  picsi'n:i!i"!l  .' 
ranctiiscH,  ntnl  (n  i'- 
ii'litH."     Tlip   liMr';'! 

to  till-  I'llilnl  Mil.. 

SS7  CJt  Stilt,  .It  L 
88  2,  .'1.  i;.  S.  Cm;? 
^J),  nlliiwinj  -ii'.i 
t|>|ioil!tcil  by  I-'i.!.r:il 
clcil  tliiH:  "T'i.^ 
on*  wniTjtit  till'  ...' 
rilti'.^  of  till'  roiM!..:. 
or  tlm  lii'Tii'lit  rf  I'< 
;iy  ('onijwuiii'«.  ei'vr 
iioriliiiiiry  ijni^ir- 1. 
po^r.l,  or  till?  i|'ii- 
tlie  ncrvici'  in  «!. . 
or  fi>r  niiy  ntli.r  p 

fPll-nlM  till'  "M  r  '■ 
,v  shiiiiM  II. it  Ip  )■  ' 
.iiil>lii\i'i-i  iif  a  ri'    ' 

ill  iiprr itiii;;  a  r  ,' 
^ciri'i  ly  I'liii.'i'ivi'  V  : 
y  wiiiiiil  intintiiT, .": 
ion    lii'twi'i'ii  I'll'  ■ 
's  lust   n.f'.-rriil  to 
liat  tlii>  K:iii-'.i<  ^'^-■ 

in  ili-ii>..'iitinn  of  '  • 
for  tlint  ici-mi  ii'>' 
ii'il.  I'.iit  the  i't/r' 
statiito.  anil,  In'in; -: 
iaiiitilV  in  I'lii.r  i-  ' 
n    inliTiiri'tiitiiin  '   ' 

till'  iiili'iitiiiii  "f  '  ■ 
1  I'vonts.  11  c--.il'":' 
[>  Im-  adoptrtl  "'"■ 
,tu'   li  itrr  :ii:i!  i-''  ■" 

and  imrpw  o:  '  | 
case   of   Ciiio"  f''' 


|S4D<t) 


I'AUriKS. 


>a4A 


i\aMachviae\h.-1\\o>  piiipl.-vcix'  linl.ility  net  <>f  flii"  -tiitn  i^  on.-  of 
leneral  appHcntioii  [*vi}  cliaiitiT  xxwii.,  ani<).  liiii  it.  lias  Ih'cii  hcl«i 
that  H  m'civcr  iiiav  lu'  hiu'i!  umlor  it  statute  Ity  wliii'li  '•i-ailiMaii  o'T- 
ponitiiins"  urn  nuulo  liuMe  for  injuries  cauM'il  by  tiif  onimiiiuiiutfJ 
iiy  tlicir  loci)iiiotivi!».* 

yiinnvsola—S.  recoivor  is  liablo  to  an  fiiii>li>M'('  iiijmiil  b.v  tlio 
iiffrligence  of  n  cooiiiployce,  ntulfr  Gcii.  Stat,  l^'.'l.  >i  -T<il,  making 
•every  railroad  coiporulion  owning  or  operating;  a  ruiimad"  liabln 
tor  such  noglip'nee  (see  c-liap.  c  xxxix.,  anU)}" 

Mmouri. — The  statute  (K-fmint;  tlio  lial)iliii(M  of  raiifad  onr|.i.ra 
lions  in  relation  to  damnsfs  su^itnined  by  tlii'ir  <'iiiplny(,'CH,  and  stating 
«bo  arc  follow  scrvanU  (sec  chapter  xxxvii.,  anli),  applies  to  m 

tion  lUw"  not  apiily  to  riH'i'ivi'rn    .f  rail 
roi.i   corpontioim,   it   in  dill'iciilt  to  itee 
why   Huoli    n'li'iviTK    arc    not    iili»"lvi'il 
(roin  n  romplianre  witli  t-arli  and  all  of 
till'    police   ri';;iilatioiH   niado   upplicalile 
liy    stiitiltt-     to      railroad    cfH|M)i  at  ions- 
Can  it  be  true  that  a   railroad  iiir|Hira- 
tion  wtiiHe  road  is  oporatod  f...   it  by  a 
{[(•iii'ral  inanuffiT  i«,  and  uni'  wIiohc  road 
in  iiiannpi'd  for  it  hy  a  rpci-ivpr  is  not. 
slllijcpt   to  the   polii'f  ri';.'ulatioiis  of  thfi 
Rtati-y     Or  that  the  cmplnyirs  of  thi.  ono 
have,   and   tho'M'  of  tin.  otii.-r  haM-  not, 
a  ri'riii-ilv  when  injund  liy  tin'  ncLjIiijiMire 
of   a    fi'ilow   servant'     Or   llial    (lie  iiii 
ployii'M  of  a  corporation   \ihosf   loail    i.'< 
opfiiiml    liy   a    '.jrnrriil    ii'ai.  pjit    in  .|.ij 
lia\e  ini-li  r..Mii'ily.  Imt  if  iiijuiiil  ui  iii'T 
riuv    tlii'y    will    lim.'    it     m'l.    liii-.m-r    .i 
iii.<.ivi-r  ha»  taki'ii  the  place  of  the  man 
a^iT?      It   would   sci'tn    that  an   alliiiiii'.- 
li\"  answer  inii<l  lie  ),'"'*<'"  to  thc-^i-  i|in"! 
tiiin-i.    if  wi'  held   that  this  statute  lias 
no   ap|ilie,itiiiM    to    receivers    of    railuay 
ei  riu'iMtiiins.     Maiiifi'-tly,    such    i»    not 
the  f.iir  and   re.i-onalile  con^lniet  ion   to 
he   yiveii    to   the  statute.      It    ii   only    in 
a    tielinical   seii<e   I  hit   a   rtciver   man 
Mi:es  ;i  railroad  for  the  court  ap;ioinlini; 
him-      Me  oiH  ralei   it  Mil.ject    to  the  di 
rcction  of  the  court,  ml  for  its  heiielit, 
hut     for     the    owners   of   the   ro.iil.-  the 
eor[>oration  and  it-,  creilitins.     In  dniii.: 
so     he     nec.'-sarily    exeici~cs    the    friii 
chiles,   riehts.  ami  powers  of  the  cei|..i 
ration,   and  di^char^'es    its    functions   as 
a  coiiiinon  carrier,  and  appropri.ites  the 
ineonic   rrceivcd    from    the    ii|R-i-ition    ot 
the   road   fur  llie  li.iiclit  nf  the  c..i|Hiia 
lion;  and  it  lo;,'ic,illy  fullous  that   in  i" 
operating,'  the  lo.id    the   receiver   i-tainh. 
in     res|...il    to    .liiiy   .iiel   ii..i.i!i!y,    jii:--f 
wlierp  the  corpor.ttiini   would   if   it    was 
operating,'     the    road.      .\    distinction    iu 


I'd.  t.  Thomaaon  (1981)  28  Knn.  1, 
vvticre  a  track  repairer  was  allowed  to 
iwovsr  aRaii-st  a  tnintee  in  possession. 
iviis  adduei'd  to  -liow  that  the  statute 
tiiid  pr  iDUsIy  hern  construed  in  the 
.ense  which  wnn  di'enied  by  the  court,  to 
!«•  the  propiT  one. 

\  Inter  case  applvinjr  the  name  rule  i» 
Unune  V.  /fi-rii-n/.i/  '(IHll.i)  H  C.  C.  \. 
:!77,  32  II.  S.  App.  Ill,  tl7  Ked.  ■.!l!l. 
iimipare  also  Rnunr  v.  Ilnrrti  (  IHll.'i)  :<:> 
Knn-  580.  40  Pnc.  lOUT ;  A'n"-  v.  I!'il- 
.i<7.T  (1895)  1  Knn.  App.  3o,V  41  I'ac 
133. 

'Walt  V.  ri'ttt  (18!)7)  1«1>  Mass.  aOS, 
IS  S-  E.  270,  construins  Puh.  ><tat.  cliap- 
112.  8  214. 

'•  ViAAifv'.ii  V.  Trurmliilr  (1X!I.^)  (i:i 
nn.  i:n.  (i.')  N-  W-  2(!0.  The  court  said : 
■jt  I  true  that  the  word  'reis-iver'  is  not 
used  in  this  statute,  nnd  that  its  lan- 
u'liafTP  is  'every  railroad  corporal  ton  own- 
ing or  operatin;;  a  railroad:'  Imt  the 
Ht.itnte  is  f\  police  re-.nilation  inlendiil  to 
protect  life,  person,  and  property,  liy  se- 
■  iiring  a  more  careful  3eli'<tion  of  serv- 
lints  and  a  inore  riyid  enforcement  of 
ttifir  duties  by  railroad  comintiies.  hy 
iiukin?  them  pwuniarily  respon--iMe  to 
'hii-e  of  their  servants  who  are  injured 
liy  the  nc'.diL'etice  of  ineompcteiit  or  care- 
liws  fellinv  servants.  It  i?  remediil  in  its 
niitiire.  and  must  be  const riieii,  if  not 
lilMTilly,  certainly  in  accordance  with 
its  ohvious  purpose  and  spirit.  It 
wcnld  he  a  most  unreasonable  const  ruc- 
tion of  the  statute,  if  we  were  to  adopt 
the  one  claimed  for  it  by  the  defenilint. 
Ue  are  aware  that  able  courts  have 
.idoptiil  such  a  constitict  ion  of  similar 
statutes,  hut  we  are  of  the  opinion  that 
they  have  taken  a  narrow  view  of  the 
statute,  and  we  must  decline  to  follow 
their  conclusions-     If  this  police  rej^la- 


':    f 


^mm 


MASTKR  AND  SERVANT. 


CUil 


-( 


I;" 


oairon  of  railroad  oorporationB,  a»  well  as  to  the  corporatiinu 
solvt"*." 

0/i/o.— Tlu>  Ktiitutp  dPt  oHt  in  chnptpf  xxxviii.,  anit,  hw  Ixv 
by  «  Ki'diTiil  wmrt  of  appalg  to  l)c  brimd  J-nonfih  to  c«>v<t  a 
which  tho  dt'ffiulont  is  llio  receiver  of  a  railway  coni|):m>'i 
erty." 


cuiiiiiion  luw  tliilicR  und  liiiliilit  ii'«  nf  tin- 
rorp«r.ition  mi. I  iIuki-  iiii|»o«iil  on  it  l>y 
■tiitiitr.  liiil  tliiTP  fill  Ik-  no  di-liiirlidn 
in  prini'iiili'i  (<>r  wluTi-in  i«  llif  iliit.v 
and  liability  more  iniprrativf  or  niKriJ 
in  HiP  oiif  cii*!'  tliMi  in  the  I'tluTT  A 
^•c^lvcr  ciimiot,  wliili-  rxcrri^InK  llin 
(rnnrliiHmi  iiml  p<i«iT«  of  n  ri)r|«>iiit  ion. 
claim  iniMiiinity  from  tin-  jxilici-  rf;,iilii- 
tionK  anil  llnliiiitirH  wliii'h  fi^ivo  Iwi-n  ini- 
poHod  ii|i»n  l!ie  rorporalion  liy  llie 
•Ule." 

"/•oiicJJ  V.  HhryxrooA  (1901)  <i2  Mo. 
60.1,  0.1  S.   \V.  4S,'i. 

In  IV  ciMc  wlii'ri-  it  win  liplil  that  a 
trustee  in  |iii»-i'«-ion  ini^lit  l>r  diicd  un- 
der a  Ktiitiito  ili'diirin;.'  "rMilroiiil  cortio- 
rnlinnn"  to  tic  liiiMf  for  aniiiuiN  killi"! 
bv  li;iin«.  till'  rourl  roiimrkcil,  (iii/ic-mio, 
tiiat  a  111'  iMT  imI'JiI  nNo  Imvc  lii'i'n 
Miiwl.  /-Vi,..//  V.  (iii.-ii  7ri/v(  f"o.(18S3) 
77  Mo.    17V 

'■/Virir  V.  Inn  Uuwn  (IROT)  24  C. 
C.  A.  2Sn,  47  li.  S.  App.  ."J:!!),  "»  l'V<l- 
«93.  Tlip  ciiiirt  Hniil:  "If  tlie  ri'iiKoii- 
in?  of  the  Ccorjiiii  nnil  T<'\n»  courts  tic 
■  pplii'd  to  llic  Ohio  Ktntiitc.  it  cjinnol  h« 
held  to  ciiilinicc  cniployeen  rot!'-  -inder 
the  rcii'ivcr  of  a  railroad  corp  .lion. 
But  in  our  jiidLnncnt  the  ntntiitc  is  ap 
plicaldc  to  fiction*  against  rrccivcrw  of 
niilroad  corporationn.  To  hold  olhcr- 
wiMP  would  lie  to  Huliordinatc  the  reason 
of  the  law  alto^'cthcr  to  its  letter. 
While  the  intention  of  the  legislature 
must  lie  nsccrtaineil  from  tlic  wordu 
used  to  expn-^H  it,  the  maiiife-l  reason 
nnd  the  olivioim  purpose  of  the  law 
should  not  he  saci  ilic.-d  to  a  literal  in- 
terpretation of  such  words.  If  (lie  Ohio 
statute  is  construed  as  npplieahle  only 
to  nctimis  for  personal  iiiiurics  hroiii;lit 
diri-etlv  a;.';iinst  railroid  corporilioiis. 
the  rcsiill  Hoiild  Ih>  that  in  an  action 
hroU'.;ht  in  one  of  the  courts  of  Ohio  the 
rniployces  of  a  railroad  corporation 
would'  lie  accorded  --'.'hts  that  would  he 
denied  in  another  action  of  like  kind, 
perhap-i  in  the  Mame  etnirt,  to  emplnycei 
of  the  rifciver  of  a  railroad  corporation 
under  exactly  similar  eircuiiistanccs, 
Could  such  a  re.sult  have  bi«n  contem- 


plated liy  the  leRlnIatiir*  of  Oh 

think   n.it.     The  avowed    ohjit 

slaliite  wnn  the  piotection  and 

railroad  employee*.     To  that  ei 

(larixl  that   in  the  nctlon«  m.iii 

it   e\ery   |»'rs<>n  employed   liy 

load  company  and  Invmti'd  »ii 

or  nulhorily'to  direct  or  ronii 

eniplovivd    should    Im-    deemed    t 

rior.  not  ihe  fellow  servant,  ef  i 

der   his  direction  and   control 

(.'al  elWt  an   well  as  the  (ili]ic 

decl.iratiun  wan,  in  the  ca«cs  s,ii 

make  the  nij; licence  of  Ihe  sup 

nejjlitl^'nce  of  the  coiii|iaiiy.     \ii 

In  done  to  the  ordinary   inciini' 

woriUof  thestatiilf  if  ll  be  liiM 

lefriHliitiirc  hail  in  mind  actioa 

reeeivem    of    railroad    corpor.i 

well  n»  li^'lionn  diicetly  asj.iiii-t 

porations     The  a|>iM)intnient  ofi 

of  a  ruilroHil  does  not    eli.ini.'e 

to  the  property  nor  work  a  di 

of  the  coriwrntion.     Althoiejh 

tiire  of  the  court  and  acliiij 

orders,  the  rc.'eiver,  for  niiisi 

Hiaiids    in  the   place  o{  the  ecu 

exei(isin}»  its  peneral   powers, 

iln  rijrlits,  eontroilini;  its  prop 

ryi.'i„'  out    the  olijcrls  for  wliii 

created,   disc  liar};in«    the    pwW 

rest  ins  upon  it.  and  represeiilii 

tcri'sis    as    well    of    those  who 

railroad    as    of    those  who  ha 

a;;ainst  the  corporation  or  ils 

The    corporation    remains    in 

nol withstanding'  a   provisional 

shii>  e-talilishcd  by   an   order 

nnd   for  the  purpose  of  elTectii 

will   of  the  state,  as  manifesti 

act    of    ISHO,  an    action    nj;.iin 

eeiver,  nrisinR  out  of  his  niami 

the   pro[ierty,   may   be  rejiardi 

ayainst  the  "corporation  'in  tlie 

ci-    'in   the  poss(H»sion    of    the 

UfVi//M    V.    l.r.chrirlnr,    Ml    1 

.i:tl,  35  I.,  ed.  7flrt,  7!in,  12  Sup 

11.     ...     So   much    as   to 

and  true  meaning;  of  the  Ohi 

wit  iiout  reference  tn  the  court? 

it    may    be    enforced.      If     thi 

means  what   we  holil  it  to  i>' 

not  full  cfTect  be  given  to  it 


pnrntions  ilirm- 

;,  haA  Ix'cn  \M 
oi>v«»r  B  ('ux  in 
r>nij);inv'i!  pmp. 


ur»  of  O'lln*  ffi 
oil  olijivl  ,i(  tht 
rf  inn  atnl  rrliif  nf 
To  Hint  .'ni'  It  ,le 
lli)n«  m''iih  .nul  m 
oyrd  l>y  t!i^  rii! 
v«»)«tr(1  Willi  |MtApr 
t  or  runt  ml  uilir 
ilocnu'il  tlu«  «ii|i« 
rvnnf,  of  llm^  nn 
I   I'onlrol     Tl.   liv 

flip  (lli|ri't  (if  Ihu 
I'  O^IUCH  »,iri'ilii'(|  10 
if  tlir  siipt'rinr  Ihf 

|l:iriy.      \l>  vinli'I'ff 

ry  mciiiiii'L'  of  th? 
ll  lie  ticM  ili.il  tlif 
11(1  nrtiiin.'*  .i'_'u"-t 
I  corpdriti"- 1  ,1' 
y  Js;.tiii-t  -iii'li  cr 
itliit'nt  (if  II  nicu^r 

it     ('ll.'Ulv;c    the   li!!l 

work  a  ili--.i!tii!"r 
Altlioii^h  tlic  irca 

fl  UCtillL'  UlhliT  ll- 
for    IIU)^I     I>lir|"K" 

of  the  ciiriinriiiin 
I  powiTM.  i^-irln: 
{  lis  priiiHTiy,  rar 
«  for  «lii'li  it  «n 

thp  jiiiMii-  iliilif 
rpprosi'Mtii!^'  till'  m 
hoic  wild  (lun  tht 
e  wlio  have  cliiini' 
on  or  ilK  |.rii]rrij 
nil  inn  in  o\i.ti'i5(« 
roviHi(in:ll  rci'fiw'f 
an   order  df  (•■•ur' 

of  ofTcrtiintiti:.'  t!i' 

nianifc'lc'l  liy  th' 
Ion    njjiiii'l  the  f» 

liis  niiinii'.'i'im'nt "'. 
K-  rofiardi'l  :i.«  "if 
on  'in  the  li,in.l-«f 

I  of  tlm  Pfcivir 
nr,    Ml    V.  S.  .12: 

in,  12  Sup.  ct.  li''? 

II  a»  to  the  «c''' 
f  th»  Oil  ill  Ktalii'''. 
tlip  courls  in  «lii  ' 
I.  If  the  M't'J'' 
1  it  to  li-  an.  ""•■' 
ven  to  it    n  »rtioD» 


MHa] 


PARTI  ES. 


tt47 


Tf/aa. — In  two  netiona  bn>ught  urulcr  tlio  net  of  1801  (rw5  clinptpr 
XXXVIII.,  ante)  tlio  right  of  un  omployoc  to  o'cuvit  from  u  ri-cviver 
va»  dtnit'd  on  llie  ground  that  a  rccfiver,  being  nit'n'lv  ii  wmrt  olliocr, 
ind  not  "a  proprietor,  owner,  cliurteii-r,  or  liinr"  of  iln>  railrmul  lie 
ha*  in  cliiir};o,  i«  -lot  wiiliin  flio  ti-rins  of  n  stiitult-.'*  In  u  miiUo- 
qmnt  di-cidion  the  broujor  position  wuh  taken  that  tho  xlatiite,  m  it 
uurely  Jelines  who  are,  and  who  are  imt,  fellow  servant.-*,  ami  pro- 
scriln!)  that  certain  perHimH  vexted  by  railway  ^oinpanicsi  with  author- 
ity Hiid  control  or  command  over  other  empluyee.i  are  vici-  |)rin(i|iaU, 
»nd  not  fellow  sonants,  but  docs  not  nu-ntion  reeeivern  of  railway 
ciiiiipanies  either  in  the  title  or  the  Lody  of  the  act,  caiitiot  he  e.\- 
tcnJi'd  by  construction  so  as  to  cmhrui-e  such  receivers  ami  thus  cnn- 


for  i»T«ona1  injuria  lirou;,'ht  nBuliml  a 
n(vi\tT  in  u  court  of  tlii'  liiiti'il  Stalin? 
ThiH  (pii-tion  iiiu^t   In-  an««(Ti'>l   in  llii' 
nffiiiiialiM".    SiU'li   li';;i«lalnin  in  not   lia- 
ble to  till'  ohji'i'tion   tluit   it  eiicriiaclii'it 
uiHin  iMiliTal  iiutliorily  or  upon  llie  jii 
ri-ilicti(in  or  \»>\\vt  «f  tli-  I  iiilcil  ."^tiili* 
nmrt.    Tlie   stiituto   ili»s    niitliin;;  iiiori' 
thiin  to  pri'iiiiln'  a  riiK-  of  action  to  lii' 
iilniTM'il   liy   ull   within   tin-  Mtali'.     Tin' 
lutliiirity  to  enact  it  i»  dirivc.l  from  the 
(."Mifral   (lOwiT  of  tin-    Nialo   to   ri';;ulatc 
the  txercite  of  tlic   n dative   riyliln   ""il 
(liiliiii.   anil    to    pni\  idc    for    tlir    i«afcly, 
of  nil  pfnons  witliin   its  territorial  ju 
rimlicliiin.     It  is  the  duty   of   tlic   I'V.I 
6mI  court   RittinK   in   this   state   to  eu 
furce  ull  cnactnicnts  liaNiny  suidi  olijccts 
ill  view,  unless  tln'y  ciichmuIi   u|miii   the 
|Kj«ers    and    autliority    of    tlic    I'nitrd 
States.     'I'liat   duty     arises    out    of    tlie 
iitiililte  de-l.iliii^'  tli.il    "til"   laws  of   tie- 
M-vcml  Rtatis,  e.Mepl  wliere  the  l'<iiir,t; 
tulion,  treaties,  <ir  statutes  of  the  I  nil 
ed  States  otherwise   reiiuire  nr   provide, 
anall  be  niiirdul  as  rules  of  ileei^ion  in 
trials  at  riiMiiiiiii   law    in   the  eaiirts  of 
the    I'nited     States.'     .     .     .     Indoiilil 
«lly,  the  whole  suliject  of  the  liildlily 
of  interstate  railroad  conipa  lies  for  the 
ne^liijenoe  of  tho<e  in  their   «ervie<'  ni.iy 
be   covered    liy    national    le;;islation    on 
aclcil   liy   ('(iiiiir  .-s    under    its    pouer   to 
rei:ulate    oonunerce    iinioiit;    the    st.ile-. 
Hut  as  Con^'icss  has  not  dealt  with  that 
.sulijoct    it    was    roiiipeleiit    for    Ohio    to 
liiTliirc   that    an   oniplovee    of    aiiv    rail 
roiiil  eor|K)r.itic.'n  dnin;;  l-iisine^s  here,  in 
cluilinj;     tho-j     en^a^'i-d     in     coiiiiiien-- 
JiKiiij;  the   states,   .shall    lio   deemed,    in 
rr'sia-!-!  (n  !iia  act--  v.it!-.iii  llii>i  Ntale.  the 
suiK'rior.  not  the  fellow  servant,  of  otlnr 
eni|il(>ye«>s  plaoeil   uiuhr  liis  eoiiliol.      If 
the  etiect  of  the  Uhiu  statute  lie,  as  un 


I'onlitrilly  it  in,  to  Impose  ,ipon  such 
corpor.itiiins.  In  partiiiilar  i  ireuiii»t.in- 
OM,  n  li.ihilitv  fur  injuries  ris-eivcd  hjr 
noun"  of  its  enipliiyees  wliieli  ttoulil  not 
otherwise  rest  u|i<in  them  aeeridm.'  to 
the  principles  of  ^'eneral  law.  tli.it  fiet 
does  not  lelease  the  I'edenl  eiiurt  fiom 
it"  oliliL'atiiin  to  enfoice  the  i-ii.ietnientii 
of  the  ^t.ite.  Of  the  validlly  nf  siiell 
slate  le;,'is|.ition  hp  entert.iiii  no  diailit." 

The  CI  iirt  then  |ioiiited  out  tli.it  there 
was  another  view  of  this  ni.ilter  iipi  illjr 
coneliisive.  If  under  the  ail  of  ('on- 
dress  of  March  3,  IHS7  CJt  Slat,  at  L. 
5.')-.  chap.  KT.'H.  ait  anienihd  hy  the  act 
of  .\ii^'U-t  l:l,  ISSS  (2.-.  St.it.  at  I..  4;l.1, 
chap,  HIiti,  I',  S,  Coinp,  St, it.  IllOl,  p. 
HH'Z),  n  railioul  in  the  |K)sses~jon  of  a 
l-'eder.il  receiver  was  to  he  inanaeed  and 
o|M.ralisl  iieeordin;;  to  the  ri'ipiireiiicMts 
of  the  laws  of  the  st  ile  in  which  the 
pio|H-ity  is  situated,  **in  the  same  man- 
ner that  the  owner  or  posses-or  therisif 
would  he  Ixiiind  to  do  if  in  |K)sse-.sioii 
tlii-nsif,"  it  was  clear  that  -iieh  man  i;,t- 
nieiit  and  oper,ilion  mii-t  he  "^ulijeet  to 
Uliy  rule  pn-serihed  hy  the  ^lale  im fus- 
ing' u|ion   r.iilrikid  e(ir|i(M'al  ions  li,iliilily 

for    the   ne^li^eii f   ein|>liiyees    havja;; 

superior  authorily  over  dtiier  employees. 

"'lunicr  V.  Civa^  (l>i:>J)  S:i  'I'ev  "l'IS, 
15    1.,    H,    ,\.   'Jll^.    IS    S.    \V.    ,-iTS;    liriia 

d  I'.  II.  Co.  V.  r„Uii,s  (is:ij)  SI  Te.K. 
iji.  Ill  s,  \v,  :i(i.'i. 

In  Yinil.iim  V,  Srif.h  (W!!-')  .S:!  Tex. 
liOT,  I!)  S.  \V.  I  l-'i  the  eiiiiit.  n  lyin,'  on 
tlie-e  cases.  |i,>ld  that  a  Ihird  |Kr~on 
lailil  not  recover  from  a  re.  ivi  r  iiii.Ier 
the  il.imau'e  aef,  lliit  it  is  clear  tint  a 
coiicIii'ioM   based   upon    the  Cdiistnielion 

of   a    ^t:llUte    i.>hieli    i~    aiiplieiMe    duly    to 

the  ptiiphi.M'.s  if  riihvay  ciiiei.  i  ni-s  ia 
not  ,111  authority  for  tlie  ruling  tliu,t 
made. 


I  •  r  t  1 


ht"»*^ 


I 

» 

1 

1 

I 

ill 

mm 

sir 


■  f 
.  I 

,   1 


i.:'^'! 


^     11 


ii-'. 


w 


2348 


iUSTEll  AND  SERVANT. 


m 


vert  into  vice  principals  certain  employees  wlio  would,  apart  fm 
provisi<ins,  be  fellow  sci'vant^.'* 

A  Federal  eniirt  silling  in  Texas  is  not  prevented  hy  tliis  >i 
and  the  ciiii.stnu'tidn  thus  placeil  upon  it  iVdiii  aiidwin;;-  ;i  dnii 
daina,i;rs  t'nr  an  injury  eai;si'd  liy  a  eo-(  rvani,  it'  the  ciiu.-c  i,\  -. 
arose  in  amitlier  state  in  which  no  statute  (i|iii\  tu  sucii  a  I'l^ii-iii 
has  been  enacted.''  Jiy  the  aet  of  June  18,  1M»7.  the  wordi'iL'  ( 
felidW  servant  act  wiis  ehanucd  so  as  to  be  apidiealile  to  "cv.  i'\ 
son,  rereiver,  or  «)rporation  operalinj;:  railroads  or  street  railw 
See  ehapti'r  xxxvin.,  ante. 

849.  Fellow  servants.— The  extent  of  the  personal  respon-lliil 
a  servant  or  aneiit  for  a(;ts  of  n(\i;'lii;enee  eommitled  by  hiiu  i 
cours(^  of  his  employment  will  be  discussed  at  lenirtli  in  the 
volume  of  this  treatise.  Here  it  will  be  sufficient  to  say  that  tin 
trine  i^  now  tirmly  established  that  a  servant  may  be  sued  by  a  1 
servant  wlio  has  b'^en  injured  through  his  fault,  whether  the  li 
stances  atiendiiifj  the  accident  weie  such  that  the  ma-ster  wiinM 
self  be  liable,  or  were  >ucli  that  an  action  against  him  w(iu!cl  In- 1 
bv  the  defense  of  common  employment.'   But  a  superior  servant 

'WnmplicU    V.    Cook     (1804)    80  Tox.  Hijuls  v.    Ilnrhnu    (1877)    .M   Ind 

cro.    1(1  Am.  St.  T;ci>.  K7S.  21;  S.  \V.  4Sl!,  //,,),/,<     v.     Drniirl.i  r     (1S7:I)     i; 

rcvcr-itifr   MSIi»:  Tex.  (.'iv.  .Xpp.)    24  S.  r,17.  .'^2  .\!ii.  !;.■[..  Hi:  /.'..v  /  ^'  v,  ' 

\V.  1177.     •••ilu>  Im^nin.u'o,"  sail!  tlic  c.nirt.  (|S><2|    S7    Iml.    410:     [hniiii   \. 

•■r'tmct  lie  Ml  (OiMti;;!"!!  ns  to  oiiilnaiv'  an  lillc  if   Y.  U.  fa.    (ISIU)   '!.">  Ky.  1 

(i:li(cr  ci|  tlic  Cdint,  wlio  is  in  no  smsc  a  S.  W.  SDl  :   Ihn,-  v.    \l<-liiti,r   1  Is 

.•(.i|><  r:Mi(:n.  l«'ciM-c  till'  ri'i'-.iMs  cf  tin-  Mi'.  210,  S  L.  R.  .\.  4.'>n.  17  .\iii.  .^ 

liuv  :i|.iilv  I'l  I". 111."     This  il.ci=io!i   \v:is  47l!.    I!)   -Ml.   4."i:!;    I'lnnll   v.    /;- 

foll.iwcil 'in  ftiii  Aiitiniif,  .f    1.  /'.  /.'.  '"".  U  .   A',   ('■rp.    (1SI2)    4   .Mri.    I','.  : 

V.   !;■  iiii'I'lx    (IS'.i.'n   Tex.  Civ.   .\l>l>.l    •'50  !><•(■.     :i:!!l     (assun:c(l    tiy    Sli.iw. 

S.  \\  .  SHI.  ili:'t  an  action  wimlil  lie  a.::,iiii-l  i 

'=V..r'.v    .(    /'.    It.    ('<!.    V.    C<..T    I  IS'in  IlL't'iit     .servant);      Oxhuriu      v. 

11.1  I'.  S.  .-,!i:!.  :;ii  I.,  nl.  S2'.'.   12  Slip.  Ct.  (ISSI)    l:i()  Mass.  102.  .?!!  .\ni.  \\i 

Wf\'.   'Ml'',   wli'  !■    Ilic    rimrl     ilccliiii  il   to  I.'i7      Mass.      1       (oveniiliiiu'      t' 

fi.llciw    llic.   two   decisions   oitcil    ii,    note  ■htqiiilli    llS'i"))   4  Cray,  !•'.).  (il    \i 

\3.siiin-<i.  ^'il);     l\tiltcck    V.    DfiiiHi     i  l^'i 

'  Itiiurii  V.   nutl<rlcii  Coal  Co.    dSS.".;  .Mass.    2(10,    47    N.    K.    IIIW :    i:.f'i 

Q.   H.    I).)    ,")■•!   I-.  T.   N.  S.  Ofil.  r^^^  .T.   r.  \\„lfrom     (1S7.".)    22    Minn.    Is.", 

2i!0   (assunicil.  (i/yiK  11(^0,  in  suit  liriiii:.'lit  /"iih     v.    lldiiH.lt    (  lS7li)    (i2    M'- 

miller    tlip    eni|ilo_vers'     li;iliility    ad    of  Shiiiliitii.'itr  v.   S/tuuI    (1S!iH)    I 

ISHO)  ;   Shplini  \\  'I'hnr.vi}  I'dlicv  Coiiir.s.  .".'il,   .l.'iS,  21    S.    W.   .'il.'i.   S."i:i:    <i' 

(1S7(1)    .T  Se.  S.'ss.  C:\s.  4tli  scries.   'iVZ:  )V.(/h(7  if-  Sons'  Sn-il  cf  I'lmil  Vn. 

^(/'Oii.'!  V.  f;/.(.«.;oir  <f  .S'.  tr.  /.'.  Co.  (1S7.5)  ."iS    ^io.    .\pp.     028:    Itiirns     v. 

3  Se    Sess.  (as.  4lli  series,  21.");   Wr'niUt  (ISnt)    7.'">  llun,    4:!7.    27    N.    V. 

V.  l!o.thiiyih    (ISOI)   2  Sc.  Scss.  Ca      .lil  4:i!):    Ivrt    v.   H7m"/)/i/,     (1S77)    I 

Belies,     74S:      Mntthcus     v.     .1/7)    -'Id  .'iSli;   I.nirhir  w  I'n  inh    (|S!i.-.)    1 

(jSii.'))    M  So.  Sess.  Cas.  3(1  series,  .lOd:  4!I7.    .I.j    N.    Y.    Snpp.     1077:     /. 

fllrirait  v.Ci,lliu-'i  Itoii  Co.  (1877)  4  Sc.  Wiilhrr    (ISHO)    1 :!!!    Pa,   42,  2.1  . 

Sess,  Cas,  41  h  series.  !l,-)2;   U'(H  dj- V,  CiH-  IJpp,    100,   21    .\tl.    I.'i7    (eoneeild 

riininli    \.  <).  d  T.  I'.  R.  Co.   (1890)   72  cndo)  :    niirl.in    v,     Kiiu'slon    (. 

Fc.i,  r.-.7:   Chatthmn  v,  Rvd  Riwr  /.Oir  (!8!i,';)   171   \>n.   inn.  2!>  f..  I!.    \ 

(IHJKf)    r.O    IVd.   248;    lliil.ill    v.    Mni/s-  Am,   St.   Rep.   801,  ;!;l   .\tl.   2n7 : 

rille  d  li.  S.  U.  Co.  (1896)  72  Fed.  745;  v.  Granyer  (1894)   18  R.  I.  507, 


r'''!i 


1  IIAIV    XLIV, 

ipart  fi-niii  it., 

ly  tliis  >iniub. 
,;;■  u  chiiii;  f,,r 

I  use  ol'  i;r'i,  [1 

a  fill-!  ni'-:i,.n 

^'iTili'lL'  lif  I'ii- 

to  '"I'Vrrv  pi  r 
ci't  niilw.ivs." 

■pitll-^iliililv  I.; 

ly  him  in  tL 
1  in  till'  till]  : 
V  til  at  tlio  i!,,'- 
0(1  by  a  iVlli-i- 
cr  tlio  I'ircii" 
or  wfitild  lii'i 
uiild  111'  liiirr 

•  sorvatit  is  iii.t 

7)  r)S  ]rA.  ]V.' 
(is7:i)    i;;    i. : 

''illf  1.1   V.    '*■■'  ;''.n 

MinHii  V.  !.',«■' 
)  i!.'.  Ky.  1:1.'.  ::■: 
hiliii  (  I^'  ".  -J 
,  17  Am.  M.  i;.;i 
nil   V.   Il'.si,,,:  i 

Ml'l.     I!!.    .N    \;; 

y    Sh.nv,  Ch.  .1,. 

•  :l.t;,iiri»l  Hin  ri^':: 
inu-  V.  l.''.iv;  ': 
W  Am.  IN  p.  4:;:. 
iiliiiL'     M'.-'i    V 

.  111).  CI  ,\l:',  Pr 
ri»,(/       I  l':i:i     ll/' 

ciiS:  (;,■!'■: /h,  ¥ 

ilimi.    I>i."i;    /■'/ 

Ii)    li-i    M".    ':• 

(lS!i:ii    ni  \!" 

I'liiiii  C".  n^" 

»;h.v  v.  I''II  i 
L'7    \.    V.   >T>'. 

(ls:7)    I!   Ihi; 

(isn;^!   1!  M;c 

1077:  /.''.-<  r 
I.   ^2,  2.'!   Am,  >■ 

{(•(ini'i'ili 'i.  n'-r'! 
nnstoii      f'n:l    f 

If.,  n.  V   ■>:«  ■■' 

At  I.  '.':!7:  II  r-- 
R.  I.  507.  23  Atl 


{  jjiiaj 


I'.VltllKS. 


■-•:!4!) 


liable  t(i  <mo  of   iii-   Mil)or(iiiiiii('>   I'or   liio  noi;lifronco  •<(  aimtli.-r  ..f 
tlio?o  sulionliiialc.^.- 

849a.  Joinder  of  negligent  coemployees  and  master  as  parlies  defend- 
ant.—l!v  tlio  Fcloral  circiiil  conrl  of  the  Kcniiifky  di-uicl  it  lia3 
Iwn  laid  <lo\vii  that  tlicfo  is  no  Mi.di  joint  liaiulity  to  an  injiind  scr- 
v.iiif  oil  tlio  nart  of  tho  oniidoyiiiii'  coiiiiiaiiy  and  the  oiuiiloyco  whose 
,,,,i,liMr..,.  (.1  i-.''  ilio  injury  as  will  ixniiii  thoir  joindoi-  in  one 
,,,,;,.,,  ,  ,■  -H'di  inji"-.':  '  and  that  a  servant  cannot  h.-  joined  as  do- 
,,.,,,1;,,  \  ;  1,  ill,.  r,.,-ei, ,  i- of  a  cnnipany  and  the  eoiniiany  iiMdl",  in  an 
.,j^,,i,,,,  :  .Ineji  ii  is  .ouirht  to  hold  theni  liahie  for  lli^  iie;;li;;enee. 
vliiTo  the  oiii\  ,,;  'II'kI  on  which  liahility  is  iinimled  to  ihe  reeeivor 
,11,1  the  conipanv  is  tho  ne^lijioueo  of  thai  <ei-v:int.-  I!ut  in  the  In- 
iiaiKi  district  the  dootrino  has  l.oon  a<loiited  that  an  act  of  lu-li- 
■snifi.  coinniittod  by  a  wisorvant,  if  it  i.s  of  sneh  a  nature  that  lie  ,vpro- 
-piit.-  tho  master  with  rospwt  U>  its  euninii"ioii,  cdii-litntos  a  breaeh 
i,„th  of  tho  iiiastorV  duty  and  of  tho  oosorvanl's  own  duty  as  ro;;ards 
■  !„.  iiijiuvd  servant,  ami  that  for  this  reason  the  latter  may  maintain 
,1  joiiil  action  airainst  tho  master  ami  tlu'  noi^li.i^eut  coservant.'' 

i.Vi  |i-Mimc!l  oi'/»M..(ot  :   I'ox  V.  Sand-  vT  tlirmsi^lvo*.  cmivloy  ii  i.(T<ori  to  work 

•„„/    (lS,->(;)    4   s'liiMMl.   :i(;.   07    Am.   D.-c.  in  ii  p  irtii'MJiir  ]A.u;:  ;ui-.  ;iltlinn-h  nt- 

•„-.  77,„».)..TOii  \.  Ihrwonn    (1S70)    47  inR   ai   pnhUf  oUii'prs.   luTsoiinlly    IiiIiIb 

\Vi"  i;o->   a-'    \iii    r.pp.  "84,  3  N.  \V.  r.7n.  for  nn  injury  occiirnn-  to  liiiii  tlnmi-li 

|.:   ,rin-t 'of   the   above   (Mscs   V.w   .lis-  tlicir  Tioj.'li,L'cnr("  in   n-^in-ct  to  provulins 

•.n.H.Mi    iM'twccn    acts     of    mi^fiM-.ince  a    n-,.sonal,ly    «.f,.    plaw    to    work    ;mu 

,„d  ni.„fi.isan«>  is  not  om,.l.n.-,i7.e,l.    In  «'"';'"•  ,,U'V,"''"'' 0-7    ^{"7  v'' ur ', 

..n,o  of  thorn  the  not  of  the  .servant  .s  (ISOi)    I.-„   Mass.  2,7,  3     V  K.  10,^ 

<i,-,rihc<l     as     b.'in^'     one     of     misfcas-  'rhnin,   v.    Harrison    (18,8)    4    Vict 

mi-o.  and    the    liability   put    tiinm  that  L.  II.p.   (L.)   4.!7. 

-rouml.     loltm.ni  v.  Iiar„rlt    (18711)  »)2  'llulnll  v.   .Inji.villr  d   Ii.  S.   A.   (  o. 

\W  l.V):  Uulnll  v.  Mn„,villr  A  It.  X.  /.'.  (ISIMi,   72  I-cil    ,  I...     I"  a  removal  r.ise 

r.,    (IS'Ki)   72  IVil.  74,".;   Warti.r  v.  Cin-  it    has  h,.,>ii  li.'lii  that  an  eniployiT  hrl.l 

f  ,1111(1    \ndTP    W    Co.   (ISnCi)   72  liable    for   iniurios   to   an    employisi   bo- 

Fel    (;:(7-"f!Hni.s-   V.   /'(7/.I-,/    (ISOI)    7.i  cauM.  of  the  m-Ji-ern'r  of  a  rormplovr,. 

llin   JT    "7  N    Y    Siiiii.    400;   O^hurne  in  hi^  ab^Miir  ami  without  Ins  ilinition 

V    i;„riv,n'(18Sn' 130    M.iss.     102.    39  cannot   bo  vi i. Mi.  have  aetoil  in  (■.Mir.rt. 

\m     Ib'p     4:i7.     Tlio    ilistim-lion.  how-  with  siifli  ioimii|-1i.mc  to  pr.i.imv  tli.>  in- 

:v.-r  i.  immaterial  so  far  as  re-anls  the  jmy.  so  as  to  omI.t  Inn,  liable  will,  the 

!;,..|i.v„t  acts  eoiiiinitlc.l  bv  servants  in  lalti-r  in  a  joint   a-linM.      »'";'"•  y    '    ;'- 

Ml.'  iniirse  nf   their   employment,   sincp,  n,ie'!'i.    \.().   c(    /.    /.    /. .    (  o.    (is.'nl 

,1 .linij  to  the  .\l.,.-sMchii-rtts  case  la-l  72    I'.il.   liiii 

.ii.il.  all"  such   acl.-  f.ill   nieliM-  the  cat,-  '  lA-.i-ib  re 

'."TV  of  iiiisfeai-ance.  as  bein<r  pommittcl  311.                                    ,..,,,•     />    ,. 

,,ii,r   the   ixMfoiiiianco   of    the    .M.ntiaet  »»7„„-.,io,  v.   /.-' .v   /-'•.'■  d  11.   A.   ">, 

nas   h..,>n    entere.l    npon.     Town    select-  (IflOO)    105  Ke.l.  4 1'.',  ciliiii;  many  cas.s. 
nifii  who,  in  con^^lructing  a  public  sow- 


7W')i    (IS'.ill)    73     i-.il. 


M 


I 


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m 

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i 
1 

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-wm 


CHAPTER  XLV. 


PLKADING  AND  PRACTICE. 

A.  Oejcctaixt. 

8uU.  .Jurisdiction. 
SoOa.  Nonsuit  taUen  after  reversal — law  of  the  case. 
851.  Matters  not  open  for  argument  by  counsel. 
R.'>2.  Quo.stions  not  open  for  coosideration  ou  appeal. 

D.   PI.EADINO. 

85,1.  Scope  of  subtitle. 

854.  Complaint;  suiliciency,  generally. 

855.  Suiriciency  considered  with  relation  to  the  doctrine  of  assun 

risks. 
855a.  — with  relation  to  the  doctrine  of  coscrvice. 
850.  AvL-Diicnt  of  the  master's  knowledge  of  the  dangerous  coiiditi( 

o.  Gcnt'ially. 

6.  Doctrine  that  knowledge  must  be  expressly  charged. 

c.  Doctrine  that  an  express  allpgation  of  knowledge  is  not  ti 
857.  Averment  of  the  servant's  ignorance  of  the  dangerous  conilit 

o.  Generally. 

b.  Doctrine  that  a  complaint  not  containing  an  averment 
ance  is  bad. 

0.    Doctrine  that  a  complaint  not  containing  an  averment 
ance  is  good. 

A.  Elfect  of  an  averment  that  the  servant  was  not  nep;lij;ni 
S.^S.  Averment  of  the  servant's  freedom  from  contributory  ne^'lijjt'i 
85!).  Necessary  eorrcspondeiice  between  the  allcyata  and  probata. 
800.  Redundancy. 
8til.  Duplicity. 
802.  Repugnancy. 
SCili.  Deliiiitoncf-s. 
8(>4.  I'lea;  generally. 
C  Functions  of  couiit  a.nd  JtniT. 

805.  yuo.slions  of  law  and  fact. 

o.  ^^u^i^■iency  of  evidence  to  establish  n  material  issue. 

b.  Facts  or  conclusion.--  tlierefrom  disputable. 

c.  Facts  and  couclu.siuns  not  disputable. 
8G(J.  Inst  ructions. 


807.  VerdicU. 


A.  Gexerat.lt. 


850.  Jurisdiction.—  .\ti  iiction  by  a  servant  airainsf  liis  m»> 

23i)0 


.■,:M 


e  of  assumption  o( 


us  coiiditioiu. 


|86ta] 


PLEADING  AND  PRACTICE. 


2381 


pereonal  injuries  received  in  the  counjc  of  his  employment  is  transi- 
tory in  its  nature,  and  may  be  instituted  wherever  the  wrongdoer  may 
be  found,  and  jurisdiction  of  his  person  ean  be  obtained.'  This  rule 
is  applied  irrespective  of  whether  the  right  of  action  is  one  which 
exists  under  the  common  law  or  is  one  which  is  created  by  a  statute.* 

On  the  ground  that  a  servant  who  has  Ix-on  injured  owing  to  the 
breach  of  a  duty  which  is  imposed  by  law  upon  the  master  by  reason 
of  the  relation  of  the  parties,  as  well  as  by  the  contract  of  employ- 
ment, may  treat  the  wrong  suffered  as  a  tort,  and  bring  an  action  ex 
delicto,  it  has  been  held  that  a  servant  of  a  railway  company  operat- 
ing a  line  in  two  states  can  maintain  an  action  against  it  under  a 
statute  abrogating  the  conunon-law  doctrine  as  to  cos;ei'vaiil^,  although 
that  doctrine  is  still  applied  in  the  other  state,  and  it  wa.^  there  that 
he  entered  into  the  contract  of  service.^  A  siniihir  conclusion  as  to 
the  ri"-ht  of  a  servant  to  sue  under  such  a  statu'e  has  also  been  arrived 
at  by  starting  from  the  assumption  that  an  action  against  a  railway 
company  for  an  injury  received  in  another  state  is  one  souiuling  in 
iwntract,  not  in  tort.* 

850a.  Nonsuit  taken   after  reversal— law   of  the   case.— Where   a 

'This  plcmentary  rule  lins  bpon  taken 
for  emntrd  in  numerous  enses  alrendv 
cited  in  the  enrlier  ehapters  of  lliis  trea- 
tise. For  others,  see  tlio  ehapler  deal- 
inR  with  the  Conlliet  '^f  Uiws    (xi.vi.). 

""In  llrrrici;  v.  I/iiihi  (i;;o(is  if  .*-'(.  /,. 
R.  Co.  (tSS3)  31  Minn.  II.  47  Am.  nep. 
771,   10  N.  W.   413.   the  court  obscrveil 


',1  actions  rx  c<hilniitu  there  is  no 

ion  made  hctween  statutory  and 

.    iw  actions  in  this  refranl.  and 

•  is  no  jrood   reason    wliy   any 

a         ....  nih>  slmuld  be  applied   in  ac- 

ticiTis  fx  drliclu. 

TIk-  L'eneral  rule  on  tho  suhject  lias 
been  tlius  fornnilated  hy  tlie  Supreme 
Conrt  of  the  I'nited  Stites 

'■\\  Ih'nivcr,  by  eillier  tlie  common  law 
or  the  slitiite  l."iw  of  a  state,  a  rii;lit  of 
artinn  has  hecome  fivi]  and  a  Iciial  lia- 
liiliiy  incurred,  th:it  liability  may  be  I'li- 
forced  a!id  the  li'.dit  of  action  pursncl 
ill  any  conrt  which  has  jurisdiction  of 
siicli  in.i'Icrs  and  can  obtain  jiirisdicl  ion 
of  fl  tics."      llfuuu-k   v.Co'.hnl  It. 

Co.  ,  oO)  103  r.  S.  11.  2fi  L  ed.  430. 
In  .S7.  7,oHi.9.  /.  .1/.  if  .«.  n.  Co.  V. 
Ihuim  (I8f'!M  07  Ark.  211.^.  .')4  S.  W. 
Sll.'i.  it  was  held  that,  under  the  statute 
oiill'erizinf!  the  briiiviiij;  of  an  action 
aniiHt.  a  railroad  company  for  iin  in- 
jiin.'  to  person  or  property  in  any  coun- 
ty thiii'.iyh  which    the    road    passes,  k 


r(~i<lent  of  .\r!<ansas  may  sue  in  any 
county  in  .\rl;an>as  thiou'jh  which  the 
road  p!i--rs  for  [xr-onal  iniuries  re- 
ceived  tlir>ri'on    in   a^iothcr  state. 

t'l'diT  Ki'ntiic'  y  Civ.  Code  I'rac.  S  73, 
autliori/in;;  an  action  a;.Minst  a  cominon 
c.iiriir  for  an  injury  to  a  pa^scii'.'cr.  or 
to  oilier  pel -on  or  his  prooi'riy.  to  he 
liroiif;lit  in  the  county  in  wliich  "pliin- 
(ilV"  resides,  if  he  rc-ide  in  n  county 
into  which  the  carrier  pas^^es,  an  action 
a':,iin-t  a  railroad  company  to  recover 
dama^'cs  for  the  death  of  an  eni|iloyee 
may  lie  broiiLdit  by  the  ndmiiii-trator  in 
Ihe  county  in  which  he  re-ides,  if  he 
re-ile  in  a  co'iiily  into  whicli  the  rail- 
ro.-id  pa-ses.  Iriv'rr  v.  l.onisiillr  cf  .V. 
A'.  (■;.  (inni)  23  Ky  L.  Rep.  340,  02 
S.  \V.   102.-,. 

'  /w(t.«,s  ntn.  I't.  S.  rf  W.  /?■  ''".  V. 
/!<./.,,■  (1S!1!I)  07  Ark.  I.  40  I..  I!,  A. 
SI  »,  77  .\iii.  St.  I!cp.  7S.  .53  S.  U .  400. 

*  In  the  case  referr(  d  to  it  was  held 
that,  wlieie  a  servant  of  a  r.iilroid  com- 
pany ofieratinfr  lines  in  North  Carolina 
was  injured  in  Tennessee  by  the  ne^li- 
<.'eii«>  of  a  fellow  servant,  the  courts  of 
the  forirer  state  had  juri-dicticm  of  the 
action,  and  that  the  fellow  servant  act 
of  1S!I7  of  that  state  applied  to  it,  niak- 
in"  the  railroad  company  liable,  U'l'J- 
liJm.i  V,  f!(:if!'rrn  It.  Co."(l'J01)  128  N. 
C.  280,  38  S.  i;.  81)3. 


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i;.!:!S« 


2358 


AUylKU   \.\D  SKUVANT. 


[chap. 


|!11RtH!r 


judgment  for  plaintiiT  in  an  action  for  personal  injuries,  w 
was  removed  from  a  state  to  a  Fr'dcral  court,  was  revcivcii,  ;mt 
cause  remanded  for  now  tri;il  on  the  ground  that  the  iiijiir.v 
caused  by  the  act  of  a  fellow  -  nant,  hut  before  the  second  tria 
plaintilT  took  a  nonsuit  and  then  instituted  an  action  in  inn 
county  of  the  same  state  as  tiiat  in  whieii  tlie  origituil  one  w;i.-  Im-.m 
the  judgment  rendered  on  the  appeal  was  held  ii<it  to  be  the  la 
the  cajic  in  the  second  action.' 

fil.  Matters  not  open  for  argument  by  counsel. — In  an  ncii.n 
injuries  alleged  to  have  been  cau.'^ed  by  the  negligent  nuiiiod  of 
jidopled  by  defendant's  foreman,  where  the  plaintilV's  cniin-cl 
stated  in  his  o]iening  that  he  made  no  qiii~iio!i  of  tln'  foreiiiiurs 
petency,  and  no  evidence  has  been  put  in  tending  to  show  tlia 
foreman  was  incompetent,  e.Ncept  such  infeicncos  as  might  be  d 
from  the  manner  in  which  the  work  was  done,  and  there  wii-;  m 
deuce  of  any  want  of  care  on  the  i)art  of  the  defendant  in  einiij' 
the  foreman,  plaintiff's  coun<"l  is  ])ropei'iy  jiieviiitrd  from  ar: 
at  the  trial  that  the  foreman  wa  incmpcii  nf.  and  that  the  di  T  i 
knew  his  incompetency,  or  with  due  care  might  have  known  it 
that  the  injury  in  suit  ve-iilted  from  that  incompeleney.* 

852.  ftuebtions  not  open  for  coubideration  on  appeal. —  In    the 
joined  note  are  cited  a  few  (h^eisioiis  in  v.hich  courts  of  review 
refused  to  consider  the  point  raised,  for  the  reason  that  it  v.as 
presented  on  the  ajipeal.' 

'  llliiiiiis   r.    ir    Co.    V.    lUnlr    (10112)  \Vlii-.(>  pliiiiitilT  wiis  injured  by  s 

ins  Tfiiii.  tiTil.  "iS  1,.  U.  A.  I'llU),  f)!l  S.  W.  in;;   iiid  (ivrvi>Mrlin;r  liiiii^i'If  in  ;il' 

317_  iiij;    1o    lift     a    tnidc    uIu'pI    eiit 

^Siintmntcll     V.      /■'^^7l      (1S7.">)      117  (lraiii:ij.'c'  tiiilc  in  llio  floor  of  ilciVii 

Mil--;.  .'!12.  cotti'ii    mill,    nnil    lliore    w.i.s   no  i 

'  \\  liiTc  l«oth  ])!\rli('<  in  nn  iictinn  for  mciit   tlmt  tlir  ('viil"nro  did  not  si 

indrii.iiiiv    f.ir   :in    injury   can-i'd   liy   nil  (In-  vcrilict.  a   r.iDt.'iil  ion  tliat   |j1 

unl)lc<'k>'d  lio;r  .L'O  to  trial  on  tl\i'  Mii,;.do  in   liis   tto(>,.iiiir   posliirc.   wliil.'   p 

r,iii~!ion    wlicliiir    it     ivas    or    \va<    not  tlio  triiclc.  Ijn-aiiM-  of   pulleys  om- 

Idockctl  at  the  tiino  of  tlio  ai'cidiiit.  tlic>  and    liiTauso    of    tho    poor    li'.dit    ' 

difciid.mt   <'anTnd   t.ik.'  for  t',*-  lir-t  tinio  pl.uc,  ciaild  not  proti-ct  iiini-^rlf  |ir 

on  apin-al  ttio  print   that  tlir  ra^o  slionld  .■i;:ainst  the  hole,  will  not  \n:  r..!,- 

liavc    liiMii    trird    upi'ii    tlic   tlii'orv   tlial  l-'i  rnvKnn      v.      I'li'inir      Coftnn 

tlK>  d,  l.ndani,  il  it  liad  onco  lil.a-k.-d  \]u-  (  1!!01  )    100  Trnn.  2:i(i.  fil    S.  W.  : 

fro;,'.   iii,"inn-d   no  lialiility  liy  reason  of  After  a  trial  on   tlio  merits,  it 

;iq"suIi-(MU(nt    displaeemeiit',    iiiile-<    it  late    for   tlio    defendant    to   oU'yr 

bad  oetual  or  ronstruet  ive  not  ico  of  .^neh  tlio    r|U('stion    wlietlier    it    had    \'\: 

di^pl'^eeiii'-at.     riiir.ij  /'.  //.  (,'o.  V.  ./';»i<f  conipetint    man    in   cliar;,'c   of  tin' 

(1SI)(!)    IC..'!  r.  S.  -185,  41  L.  ed.  2;;(!.  16  was  not  rai^Jod  by  tlio  pleadint;--. 

S'.ii).  ("t.  Kep.   linn.  a  i-a'ce  comes  under  tlie  rule  tli:it. 

ynevlion     "f  f.iot  wliiob  linvp  been  sot-  pleadinu's  would  liave  been  .amend: 

tied   at    a      .  i.il  tenn   to  fMrni-li   a  basis  course    in    tlie   rmirt   below,   tlie  ; 

for  the  lieleniiination  of  the  ieijal  ques-  nient  will  bo  considered  as  liavia 

tions  iiiMilved   in   the  lase  are  not  open  made.     Tniifinr  v.  I'i.ilnih  liihin  ,( 

for  consideration  by  the  ap|iellate  court.  To.   (1S!)0>   ]■-  Pa.  1-10.  -20  ,\tl.  ii: 

Kdiniril.o   v.   Till>,>i'  Mills    (1(101)    70  N.  The  point       at  a  w..iktrain  wh 

H.  .'174,  '>')  Atl.  102.  jureil  a  traikman  owinix  I"  i'-  '"i 


))  S5;i,  S54] 


ri.KADiNii  AM)  I'lacricK. 
B.  Plkadimj. 


S3S3 


As  to  the  ploa<Hiif^  in  «uits  bronplit  iindrr  tlio  Encrlisli  oinyilf'vcr-!' 
:i;)l)ility  act  of  IS'^O,  nml  tlic  sliitutr*  iii'idolcd  tlu-rt'oii,  sec  §S  '*'■'''<> 
':]<.  antr. 

853.  Scope  of  subtitle. — In  tlio  earlier  ncvticii-'  of  tlii=?  tronli-c  ilio 
-iitticioncv  of  tlio  plradinjis  with  rofcrcnw  to  various  spt.-ilii-  pi-mip-i 
.f  facts  lias  bpcn  discussed  in  connootion  with  the  doctriiies  williin  tlio 
;mr\-iow  of  which  those  facts  wore  deemed  to  fall.  (  See  especially 
;'5  ri<12,  r>!)2,  ante.)  In  the  present  Suhtitie  it  is  j)r(ipi.sod  to  collect 
ho  ca.-es  which  illu.strate  those  general  rules  of  oli^adinjr  which  are 
iiilr]Miident  of  the  particular  circumstances  invnl'.fd. 

riie  ju<licial  conflict  with  respect  to  soine  important  points  is  no 
ciuilit  duo  in  a  jrrcat  measure  to  tlie  fact  tliat  the  -n'.es  of  pleadiiiir 
aiiiilicd  by  the  different  courts  \ai-y  cnusi.ieraMy  in  n-nnl  to  slricf- 
m\-s.  Under  these  circumstances  the  propriety  of  follov.-iiiir  any 
jivrn  de<'ision  will  depend  ])rimarily  upon  wlictluT  the  sy-Ntn  of 
I'lrailiii!',-  adopted  in  the  state  in  which  llic  ■■•Mirt  sits  wliirh  is  invited 
.1  defer  to  the  authority  of  that  deci-ion  is  sul,.;taiiti:i!ly  similar  to 
lio  svstem  with  reference  to  which  it  w:is  rend<'red.  IJui  llif  eases 
v(>Ti  in  the  same  jurisdiction  are  often  stnmi;cly  incoiisi-itnt. 

854.  Complaint;  sufficiency,  generally.—  In  uidi-r  to  widi-taml  a  de- 
■  nrivr  a  omijilaint  must  allej-e  fa-ts  wliidi.  if  true,  show  that  tlii> 
!;,;ister  was  guilty  of  a  breach  of  duty  n-  I'l-tird-  llie  '  ijinvd  srrvant, 
.:iul  that  the  injury  resulted  from  tluii  !ti  r-li  of  duty.'      If  sui'li  facts 

■litlioiit  lij^'hts    \v:is    run    in    accor.linii'-    u,  iv  !'!.■  -■mh'-  f..r  nil  ciiL'incs.  .-ind  tli;it 

with   the    ri'LMiliilions    of   thfi   poiiip^niy.    iiliuiilili'^   inic-i.iti"  w.'s  Killed  in  ('(iii~(>- 

iml  tliiit   tlii^  injury   was   tluTcfurc   tlir 

lot   nf   tlio   Cdiiipiiiiy.    cannot    W    tnkrn 

<'n  apix'iil.   unli-ss    it    wns   sii-.'L'c-.Ica    to 

th<>  trial  rnurt.     Caon  v.  Suivruse  d  I  . 

iV.  rn.  (1S.-,1)  n  N.  Y.  -m. 

Sep  nUo    §    855.    noto    1.    ami    S    s,'..,. 
iiiitc  8.  iii^ni. 

'A  (IcclaratioB  i=  '^iiiTiriciit  wliifli  .i! 
Ul'cs  ii  oiiiiMiiH  I'li'iitiiis  i\  (li'\ 
I'nrts  sliinviiiL'  priin.T 

'diitract,  iiii>ir\-  t)iiMi'fi(.iii.  anil  daiiiaLri' 
liv  ri'.i'on  cf  tlio  iiijiTV.  I'lnili  <f  /', 
(iffl.  Cii.  V.  \\<1<:li   (  IHTSt   r.l  Ca,   III. 

.\  cnniplaiiit  wliirli  cliai':.'!-  that  llic 
injiirv   ri'~ul(i'il   from   tin-    failiiic  of  ( lit' 


ijii.  Ill'  of  1  III'  oiiL.'iroor  of  tho  onL'ino  with 
■.\lii'ii  111'  wav  working'  Mii^t:'kiii'_'  a  si;,'- 
nil   iiii'Mil'i!  f'  ,   a'lollior  oniiiiioor.  --i  it09 

I"!    .'iii^r   (if    ai'tion.      I.'iiiisiill'    i( 

\.  !;.  (■<..  V.  Ymk  (II'OO)  l^S  -Mil.  .'iil'i. 
ill  s,,    1, 71;. 

\ii  alli"^  ilioii  tliat  a  railpoail  rnir.j'aiiy 
•  i'::Ii'_;  lit  iy  poniiittcd  iin  iron  pin  io  lie 
.luii  to  o-ii'iin  on  a  tondor  in  sncli  a 
f.U'ic  a  hrcarli  ol  inaniiiT  tliat  tlio  move  .nt  of  llio  train 
throw  it  otT  and  injnrod  tlio  pluiiliif  is 
pot  iii~iillii'iont  for  failiiro  to  alh'Lr''  tliat 
it  was  (h'o._n.|'iiiis  to  rariy  tlio  pin  on 
iho  tmdcr.  or  that  it  was  loft  in  an  un- 
safe position,  or  wlioro  ono  iiii;.'lit  ron- 
"iiiploy  r   to   ili  oliar,;rc    its    duly   to   its    ^onaldy  osix'ot,  it   would  !«■   thrown   olT. 


Clr^rhni'l.  c.  r.  rf  ftl.  /..  If-  ("o.  V  i-r,i/ 
iisi'i'  I.-'  Ind.  «07,  40  L.  R.  A.  '■^'■^. 
53  X.  E.  415. 

\\  hill-  '.'■■■  iri-t  of  tho  notion  is  a 
re  eniploypd  noar  caoli  ollu-r  at  nifiht.  tirraoh  of  tho  duty  to  -rivo  waminir.  tlio 
ind   also  "avers    that    tho    signals    used    ahsenoo  of  an  alK'^iatioii  that  the  plain- 


ipliiMf-  hy  ni'^di'ctin;.' to  provido  nit 
fur  ^ii:T!aI>  to  onj.'iiu'i'r.^  •'  witch  eii- 
,'inns  in  a  yard  when-  tlioio  aic  many 
int-ics.  .Tnd  where  two  or  morn  onuincs 


fif 

;  I :  ' ! 


I 


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I  !  )  . 

Ml 


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mm 


2354 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[cii 


t 


n 


|.'-" 


1  1 
i' ' 


1IM 


tiff  w»»  inexperienced  i«  not  fatal  to 
the  Buflipienry  of  the  coni|il.iint,  where 
it  i*  allrKcd  that  thp  pluinlilV  wns  not 
ari|uaintc<i  with  the  danger  of  doin;;  the 
work  in  tlu-  nianner  in  which  he  ua» 
doing  it  nt  the  time  of  the  accident; 
that  defendant's  foreman  was  present 
and  knew  of  the  danijcr,  but  ordered  liim 
to  do  the  work  wiUiout  warning?  him 
thereof ;  and  that  he  wan  not  furnished 
with  pro|H'r  tools  to  do  the  work.  Uilla- 
toio  Oil  Co.  V.  White  (1891);  Tex.  Civ. 
App.)   64  S.  W.  432. 

Where  the  injury  is  alleged  to  have 
resulted  from  the  negligence  of  the  de- 
fendant's general  superintendent,  it  is 
not  necessary  to  allege  that  the  defend- 
ant was  responsible  for  his  negligence. 
^\'o(Ml.10n  V.  U'm.  .iniinnlon  tt  Co.  (18!)9) 
109  Uis,  454.  34  S.  E.  587. 

A  complaint  alleging  facts  from  which 
a  breach  of  the  non  delegable  duty  to 
provide  a  reasonably  safe  place  of  work 
niuy  lie  inferred  is  good.  Ft.  W'lnine  v. 
I'attrrson  (1900)  25  Ind.  App.  5J7,  68 
N.  E.  747  (neglect  to  shore  up  a 
trench )  ;  haportc  v.  Coofc  ( I S97 )  20  R. 
1.  2(!1.  38  Atl.  700   (similar  facts). 

Such  a  coni|>laiiit  cannot  be  objected 
to  on  the  ground  that  it  does  not  s|Mfify 
the  status  of  the  cm  ploy  ee  who  ordered 
the  servant  into  the  place  when-  be  was 
iniured.  I  osier  v.  (Ircrlry  (li)OO)  15 
Colo.  App.  170.  01   Pac.  482. 

The  word  '"negli^rently"  need  not  bo 
used  in  the  complaint,  for  the  purjKJse 
of  (leseriliing  the  iinality  of  the  act  or 
omissior.  charged,  provided  the  facts  al- 
leged are  such  as  i!iiiH>rl  nc.'liirenee. 
Sil.rria  v.  /iTi-.so„  (IS'iyi  Vl',  t"aj.  200. 
57   I'ac.  9!ll!. 

.\n  allegation  that  the  injurj-  was  tlii' 
direet  ri'sult  of  the  negtiginee  of  the 
defcndinls.  and  tlieir  cari-li  s-ne>s  and 
nej.'liirence  in  appointing  an  unsuitiible 
empli'vee  by  whiini  an  enijire  was  negli- 
jriiitly  managed,  is  a  suirK'ient  averment 
that  the  negligence  of  the  defenilants 
in  not  select  ins  a  competent  servant  was 
the  c:iuse  of  all  the  giii'v.uiei's  for  wliieh 
reimiiieratirm  is  seuglit  in  tliis  suit, 
/f/ff/.-c  V.  Mciiie  ('.  It.  Co.  (1879)  70  Me. 
00.  r?.^,  Am.  rtep.  2(17. 

Wliere  a  deelarntion  sutrieienlly  states 
the  duty  of  the  defendant  to  warn 
plaintiir.  its  employee,  of  the  danger  of 
an  exiilosion  of  "einder  taps"  near  wliieli 
plaintiff  was  workinir,  a  fiirthor  allega 
tion  that  the  defendant,  by  the  exercise 
of  dne  ear( .  ought  to  have  known  that 
llie  lindir  tap-  were  liible  to  oxploiie. 
is  a  charge  of  "knowledire"  on  defeiid- 
ant's  part,  "nd  is  not  obiectionable.  as 
being  merely  a  charge  of  "duty,"  and 


not  a  presentation  of  issuaM 
The  purpose  uf  such  an  alK.' 
merely  to  charge  the  defend  inl 
knowledge  out  of  which  the  iliily 
arose.  W'istern  Titbv  Co.  v.  /'< 
(1(101)  192  III.  113,  01  N.  K. 
Ilrming  (  MKHI)   94  III.  App.  lllo. 

Indirwt    allegations    that    the 
of     a     defendant     cor|>oration 
whom  suit  has  U-cn  brought  'li 
in  their  duty  in  certain   res[»'c. 
"had  not  taken  the  precauti'.n-i 
tuin   the   fitness   of  an   e.ni|il(ije 
placing  him  in  charge  of  dan;.'i'i 
chinery,"  are  insullicicnt  to  cha 
odieers    with    liability,    when    ii 
alleged   what   part,   if  any,  saic. 
were  called  on   to  take  in   the 
within    the   seoix:  of   the   duly 
u|>on  their,  by  virtue  of  their  ol 
wherein  they  had  failed  in  the 
anco  of  sueh   duiy.     lloirij  v 
/■.(/ye    l.umbrr   Co.    (1890)"   IS    1 
!l.j((,  20  .So.  221. 

.\l leg.it ions  that  a  master  i 
to  keep  the  rim  of  a  ma.'hine  i 
in  that  the  sections  wire  1. 
joints  separated,  and  splints  an 
projected  above  its  surface.  .iiii! 
juries  resulted  to  a  sirv.int  i 
quence  of  such  rim  lieini.'  out  r 
have  been  held  insulliei.  nt  to 
cause  of  action  for  ne^'liLeii. 
there  is  no  allegation  that  iIh 
repair  causing  the  injury  w.i> 
to  which  negligence  was  ehup 
any  act  or  omission  of  the  ni:i~ 
ing  the  injury.  Lafm/illf  ('/ 
V.  SlafT'ird  (1900)  25  Ind.  .\[<i< 
S.   E.  914. 

In  llilcii  V,  Hiixrnilalc  ( 
Hull  t.  &  N.  445,  30  1,.  ,J.  K.v. 
S7.  9  Week.  Hep.  347,  a  ci-. 
uiiijer  the  older  system  of  pir 
attempt  was  m  ide  to  pievent  tli 
.lilt  from  denuirring.  and  to  |ni 
a  traverse  of  the  fact,  by  all.-.-i 
iract  that  "the  defen.lants  -Ik 
.lue  and  ordinary  care  rot  t 
the  said  ,T.  U.  to  e.xtraor.iiii  m 
and  ri>k  in  Ihe  course  of  hi- 
fployment."  A  nonsuit  on  the 
of  the  case  was  held  to  b.>  pr 
lea.-ons  thus  expliiiie.l  bv  I'l. 
15.:  "(Jenerally  s|H'aking,  .>  n 
cannot  hi-  turned  into  a  .'oiiti 
great  inconveiiicnce  would  le-i 
were  to  permit  it  to  be  ilei'lii 
such.  If  the  oMigation  bad  b.>.- 
as  a  duly.  t!ie  ilefenilant  mi' 
.irmurivil.  V,ui  v.'nin  it  i-;  a!': 
contract  the  defenilant  c.iniio' 
because  it  is  possible  that  thiTi 
such  a  contract  in  [wint  of  fa( 


Pr.FXniNQ  AND  PRACTICE. 


t3M 


{|  8S5, 855a] 

are  wt  forth,  it  is  not  noeossarv  to  aver  cxin-cssly  that  the  dofcinhmt 
owed  tho  sen-ant  a  «hity  in  tlip  [.ri-iiii.-is.^  >>'<)r  is  the  phiiiiiiir  re- 
quiroJ  to  plead  any  other  legal  cunehi^imi  upon  which  his  rij^lit  of 
action  is  [nvdieateil.-' 

855.  Sufficiency  considered  with  relation  to  the  doctrine  of  assumption 
of  risks. —  Where  the  risk  from  which  the  injury  i.s  alli.i^'il  to  have 
resulted  was,  so  far  as  appears,  an  ordinary  or  an  ol.vi..ii-  one,  the 
-•oiiiplaint  is  d(  inurrahle,  unless  it  states  some  facts  wliicii.  if  proved, 
Ajll  remove  tho  case  from  the  operation  of  the  rule  .vhicli  cli.u'gcs  a 
-iiMUit  with  the  assumption  of  such  risks.' 

855a.  — with  relation  to  the  doctrine  of  coservice.—  (See  also  § 
854  note  3,  siiimi.)  A  complaint  wiiich  diargcs  ncirlijrence  ilin  ily 
upon  the  cmjiloyer  himself,  ami  not  upon  the  employees,  is  ^mmI  ..n 
deiiiurrcr,  altho\ii;h  the  clcfendant  is  a  c«rj)oration,  and  this  cin'iim- 
stance  ne<,'essarily  implies  that  the  default  alle>,'ed  must  have  lirin 
that  of  an  employee.'  But  a  dcmuricr  to  the  complaint  shmiM  lie 
sustained  where  the  facts  alleged  show  that  the  injury  was  caused  by 
the  ncfiligence  of  a  coemployee  while  acliiii;  in  his  capacity  as  a  mere 
oervant,*  unless  there  is  an  averment  that  tin-  master  did  not  exercise 


'Safl.iHtz  V.  Amnican  liiiruit  Mfn. 
Co.  (18!!!))  78  Mo.  App.  144;  Ft.  Wininr 
^.rini'ilie  (1001)  I.IO  Iml.  172,  .'ill  N. 
E.  .38.')  (complaint  licld  pood  wliicti  at- 
IpRcd  iin  injury  caused  by  failuii'  to 
slioro  a  trench  propoily ) . 

'Tims  a  declaration  in  an  action  for 
injuric-  allrscd  to  have  been  caused  hy 
the  iic.'li;;cnco  of  a  coomployce  neeil  not 
drnv  tli.it  tlioy  were  not  fellii.v  servants, 
wliiTe  the  facts  showins  their  relaticm 
are  set  out  ilierein,  Cliicarjo  iC  .1.  I'. 
Co.y.  Stran  (ISHS)  170  111.  424,  52  \. 
v..  910.  AITirniins  (1S!)7)  70  111.  App. 
!:;i :    Chiciifjo    City    It.    Co.    t.    Lnuh 

is:)3)  80  ill.  App.  354. 

'A  (licliir.it'on  in  an  :  ''■^n  aprain-it  a 
r.nlrnnd  eonipany  for  an  i,i,iiry  to  tliB 
plaintilT's  eyes  l>y  a  fragment  of  stetd 
dtniok  off  by  him  in  worUins  on  an  en- 
dine  with  acold  chisel  is  f.itally  dofert- 
ive  if  it  fails  to  aver  any  fact  1rndiii2 
to  iitiow  that  he  was  not  rii:htfiilly  |>ut 
at  the  particular  work,  or  tliat  (lie  c\it- 
tinn  of  steel  with  a  cold  chisel  was  not 
such  work  as  an  employee  of  the  plain- 
tilT's age  and  cxixvlence  nii;;ht  be  em- 
ployed at.  ^Vhitelllu:  v.  Mcniphis  rf  C 
B.  Co.  OSSO)  16  Lea.  301,  1  S.  W.  37. 

A  complaint  avnrrin?  an  injurj'  cniiscd 
by  til.'  s,-ivant's  catoliiiijj  his  foot  in  nn 
iinhlncked  gu.ird  rail  is  demurrable, 
where  it  docs  not  allege  that  the  serv- 


ant was  inexperienced  when  he  entered 
the  eniplDyitienl  ;  ii(ir  that  hi'  wis  i;,'- 
norant  cf  the  ccnditidns  at  that  tinie 
and  afhruiirds:  nor  that  he  remained 
in  the  <1(  fcMilanl's  service  relying'  upon 
a  pnmiise  made  by  it  tobli<'k  its  iruard 
rails.  .l/r.^'wi/i  ■/'.  /.'.  ''.;.  V.  /.Mj7.r 
(ISOl)    42   Nib.   7":'..   CO   \.   \V.    1011. 

'Tiinirr  v.  hiilimtn  jfilix  (jSSli  Ol! 
Ind.  ;")!,  fnlbnvin!;  ''/'m  d-  1/.  A'.  C».  v. 
fi,//(;i-ii  (Ism)  7.!  Ind.  2(11,  38  Am. 
Hep.   I.'il. 

'Ill'lidtKi.  n.  i(  If.  /.'.  Cn  V.  Ihiilrji 
(ISH(l)  110  1ml.  :.-..  10  N'.  K.  Ii:n  :  l.'"'/i- 
son  rf  /.  /'.  Co.  V.  Il'ii'iii  "s.-,.-, )  ()  Ind. 
20.">;  l.np.rlr  V.  funk  (IS07)  20  U.  I. 
2t!l,  ?>?,  Atl.   700. 

In  ImVf.i'ip'.Vm  <f-  !il.  I.  A*.  r«.  v. 
Jnhii.mn  (lSS.-,i  102  Ind.  3.V2.  2(1  N.  K. 
200.  it  wa.s  e(iiitendi'd  (hat  fniiii  spiHilie 
alle^'ations  sliowimj  that  the  injury  was 
due  to  ne^Iii.'''nee  in  loidinji  cars,  no 
infeiTiiee  aro^e  tliat  they  were  loaded 
by  his  fellow  ser\ants,  the  nrjiunieiit  be- 
in";  that,  heenuse  it  was  avoired  in  the 
complaint  "that  said  defendant  atilTir.l. 
permitted,  and  directed  said  bent  and 
crcoked  iron  rails  to  be  placed  on  and 
project in'j  over  the  end  of  said  car  last 
named."  etc..  it  mi^'lit  as  well  be  inferred 
llial  this  was  done  by  the  chief  a^jent..^ 
and  olVicers  of  the  railroad  company  a« 
by  a  fellow  servant.     The  court  saiJs 


"•: 

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2390 


MASTKK  AM)  .SKKVANT. 


!',;: 


i-ii 


u  i 


t! 


III! 

r 


ordinary  care  and  pnidciicc  in  the  cniiiioyiiHiit  ui  siidi  Ic  ih 
vttut,  or  had  reUiini'd  him  in  his  scrvieo  uftur  ix'w;iviiiij  n>>\\r, 
was  negligent  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties.* 

It  has  been  held,  Imwever,  that,  if  a  d(  t'liiJiiiit  iii;\ke.s  ii..  ..!. 
to  the  -ullirieney  of  the  ooiiiiilaiiit  on  the  gmiiiid  of  JM  aviii  in:; 
jnry  inllieted  hy  the  negligeiiee  of  a  enservant,   iiid  siiii|ilv  di  i 
kii')uled^;e  of  defects  in  the  ai)|iliMnri'  wiiicli  wi, .  ihf  iiniiinliaii 
of  the  injury,  and  peruiils  the  iiiirnduetion  of  eviditicj'  iIkiI 
ehaigeablo  with  such  knowledge,  the  complaint  will,  aflcr  a 
for  ulie  plaintiff,  bo  considered  as  having  been  aiiiciidiMi  su  a.s 
fonu  to  this  proof.* 


•'I'lie  inflriiiity  of  ootinsel's  po»iti(in  i« 
tli.it  tlicy  would  (li'IcrmitU"  «lnalii'r  the 
|M-i>(iiis  wlio  loiuli'il  the  car<  Wfiv  trllow 
Horvurits  or  not  liy  the  ollio'  thiy  liilil, 
and  not  hy  the  work  in  which  they  wire 
ttt  the  time  enj.M^;id.  One  who  loids 
the  cars  of  a  railroad  coiii|>niiy  ii,  wliile 
HO  ciij.M'.'i-d,  a  ft'llow  servant  willi  the 
brakciiiaii  who  ii^ie»  upim  the  train  in 
which  such  loaded  cars  are  aflerwards 
placed;  and  it  makes  no  diiriMciiee  what 
iilMcial  desi;.nati(>n  of  agency  may  lie  u\> 
plied  to  him.  Tlicro  aw  certain  duties 
which  iKTtain  to  the  position  of  niasli'r, 
and  whoever  performs  them  ia,  for  the 
time  iK-in^r,  in  the  master's  place.  Tlicro 
is  al-o  ci'rt.iiii  work  which  pcitaiiis  to 
the  duty  of  employee  or  servant,  and 
whoever  oNc  lK>si,l<.  the  nia-tcr  does  this 
it),  while  so  eiijrau'cd,  a  felhnv  servant 
with  any  other  eniployce  who  is  in  the 
same  u''neral  cmphivn.i  nt.  Cenits  know 
judicially  that  lo.'.iiM;.'  railroad  ir.)ii  on 
Hat  ears  [K-rtaiiis  to  llie  service  (f  an 
employee;  and  ulien  it  is  averred  that 
OTIC  servant  was  injnnil  in  con-.  .|u.'iu'e 
of  the  nc;.'lij.'int  mannc-r  in  which  Mich 
leading'  was  performed  liv  the  defend- 
ant, the  prc-umption  arises  lint  -ucli 
injury  was  the  re-iilt  of  the  ncjli^'cnce 
of  a  "fellow  servant.  This  is  so  heiMii-n 
a  railroad  c<iri>oratiim  niU'^t  of  ncci->ily 
emph  V  servants  to  load  its  cars.  To  say 
that  the  sr^rvant  wlio  loaded  the  cars 
was  al-o  the  chief  anient  and  ollicer  of 
the  raihoid  com|iany,  with.out  more, 
wc'ild  in  no  manner  "chanj.'e  the  situa- 
tion. Itc'jardless  of  his  a^icncy  or  olliee 
in  other  respects,  if  he  was  also  prop- 
erly pn'/:i'jed  in  loading  oars,  he  was  at 
that  time  a  feHow  servant  with  all 
others   in   like  service." 

A  complai  a  is  dcnvirrnble  which  al- 
Ict'cs  in  snhstinco  that  the  plaintilt,  a 
hrakoman,  was  iniiire<l  by  a  derailment 
due  to  tin-  defendant's  havinj;  allowed 
a   train   to  attain   a  dangerous  rate  of 


speed.  The  inlendim  lit  is  that 
injury  must  have  lion  r.n-.il 
neuli';ei]ce  of  the  eniplnyi-'-  o 
the  I  rain.  Si.n  ninii  \.  /,'■"  In  ,, 
A".  Co.   (18.".:ii    15  I'.aili.  .-,7  1. 

,\n  a!l("^Mlioii  thai  I  lie  d 
"tiiiew  or  c.iii-cd  to  ho  thrown 
wherehy  the  pliintilf  w.i-  'r| 
cipii\alciit  to  an  allcfjali' 
w.is  tiirown  liy  a  fellow  . 
plaintiir.  Ui  ".l/ur<;/io  v.  i;»W/' 
louiiiliy  (18!l.;)  18  K.  I.  514, 
■i'2H.  28  Atl.  (Jill. 

Where  the  pliiintilT  seek*  nc. 
dcr  u  declaration  .settinj;  forth 
injury  was  cau.sed  by  an  ciii| 
the  defendant,  who  is  diredlv 
not  to  liave  been  in  the  same  In 
ployinent  as  the  plain!  ilF,  ai 
shown  that  the  plaintilf  was  en 
a  ceitaiii  kind  of  sunk,  nnJ  wa- 
by  an  acciiiint  of  llie  kind  lli. 
ordinarily  occur  through  the  ii 
of  one  in  the  same  line  >l  cni| 
it  is  nicosaiy  for  him  to  -li 
another  siriant  in  another  liii 
ployinent  had  cau-cd  the  injnn 
a  way  as  to  make  the  in; -I 
II (If rich  ▼.  Uiifiam*  (18S2) 
55,'{. 

In  West  Vireinia,  if  the 
as(ribeil  ill  the  complaint  dil 
the  defendant,  it  is  not  ncc.' 
alh-L'e  ne;>liei'ncc  of  the  nia-te 
ployins;  pro|ier  senanls,  In 
■.eivaiit  to  reciivcr  lor  injin 
sioiied  bv  a  coserviiiit.  L'»;''"' 
tnorc  >C  b.  /.'.  '■'>.   (  18"0)   ;i4  W  . 

i2  S.  K.  r>vi. 

'  l.fiKc  Shof  d-  If.  ff  ''.  '■■'  * 
(ISSli)  lOH  In.l,  1.  s  .N.  I-:.  !■■■•■'> 
V.  Aiiilrosatiifiin  It.  '.'"•  (IS..'i 
4(i;j,  Hi  .\iii.  ih  p.  I:'--;  .SV.; ;■■'•,-■< 
Co.  V.  Miii'^r  (1!)01)  '27  Ind.  : 
01  N.  K.  tlHl. 

*SI.  l.niiix.  I.  M.  <f  .'^.  It  ''"■  ' 
(1881)   4»  Ark.  .'.-'4. 


f  M] 


riJ'.ADIM;  AM)  rilA*  IK  K. 


:;i37 


A  complaint  allcgiii;;'  tin/  diM-liarni!  ot'  -iii'li  fiiiicfinii!*  hy  thf  nt-^rli- 
gent  servant  us  show  him  to  be  a  vico  ])riiici|i;i|  i^  not  <lciniirral)lo.^ 

In  au  action  against  an  employer  fur  injiirii's  rcsultiii;;  fnun  a 
defect  in  the  plant  it  is  not  nccer'sary  ti>  alicno  that  the  injuries  were 
not  caused  by  the  ne^rliuenec  of  a  feljuw  siTMinf." 

856.  Averment  of  the  master's  knowledge  of  the  dangerous  condi- 
tions.—  a.  drill  rally. — It  is  not  open  to  (iiir.-tioii  that  a  e^nnplaini, 
tlu!  essential  cll'eet  of  which  is  that  the  servant  was  exp^-id  to  an 
undue  risk  hy  tlu?  e.\i>teni!e  of  certain  ahnnnnally  unsafe  eoudiiions, 
and  tliat  those  (Mmdilions  were  known,  •  ilher  ai'tiialiy  or  oni^iiue- 
livel  '"  the  master,  is  good  against  a  lii  nnirrer,'  unless  liie  aloetice 
i)f  8,.      knowledge  is  a  necessary  infennce  froni  the  t'a<  ts  spicilicully 

allet'  liut  the  cmrtrf  are  far  fi i  iieing  uiianimi'Ur  as  to  the 

necessity  of  introdui-ing  an  express  uveiuniil,  charging  the  master 
with  knowledge. 


Ulathiiivay  v.  DfK  iloinrn  (18!((()  97 
Iowa,  33:i.  (ifi   N.   \V.    ISS. 

'  iouisiitlc,  /■;.  rf  at.  L.  Cimsol.  It.  Co. 
V.  MiUcr  (18U5)  140  Ind.  085,  40  N.  E. 
11(1. 

'This  doctrine  is  tnkon  for  granted 
in  all  tlie  Ciiscs  cited  uiuIit  this  section, 
and  h.is  been  explicitly  cnuiicinted  in 
the  follovvin;;  cases:  ilcMiilUn  v.  Sew- 
ftousf  Cuul  Co.  (1S!J«)  23  Sc.  Sess.  Cas. 
4lh  m-ries.  759;  ('o/ici/rf  v.  (Iroy  (  18ii5) 
109  Ala.  130,  19  S".  3!IS;  Ohio  li  M.  It. 
I'u.  V.  Ilriilun  (I8!MI  137  Ind.  1,  35  N. 
i:.  (187;  IMlimorr  A  I).  A  C.  A'.  Ci>.  v. 
Iti.iian  (1885)  104  Ind.  88.  3  S.  K.  (ii7 ; 
ilillrr  V.  llii.sca  follon  S<,d  Oil  Co. 
(1SII7;  Tix,  Civ.  Api).)    41   S.  W  .  3(i(i. 

An  all(';L,Mti(m  tliat  llie  dcl'i'clive  con- 
lition  of  tlie  instrumentalities  was 
liiunvn  to  (lie  master  includes  construc- 
tive kiio\\lc(l'_'i',  llenee  a  complaint  con- 
taifiin.r  s\icli  an  allcfiation  cannot  lie  ex- 
C(|i:  u  ua  llie  LrKJiiiid  thai  it  does  not 
aver  nut  the  defendant's  l<n(iwledi,'e  was 
acqiiiri'd  in  time  tu  enable  him  to  make 
repairs,  l^ouinvillc,  E.  if  St.  L.  t'oitsol. 
I!.  Co.  V.  M:  .  r  (I8!l.'>)  140  Ind.  (W.-), 
40  N'.  K.  llC;  or  on  the  jrround  that 
it  dees  not  sulHeiently  present  the  is>ne 
whether  there  had  liivn  a  ne^di^'ent  f.iil 
uieto  inspect  the  niachinerv.  I.nhc  Eric 
i  ir.  U.  Co.  V.  Mcllcnni  (1894)  10  Ind. 
App.  52;\  37  N.  v..  ISC. 

'.\  complaint  which  shows  on  its  face 
that  the  defect  which  caused  the  injnty 
wns  latent  is  demurrable,  althoiij;li  it 
:i|c:n  contains  an  .=i!!e;;ati"ii  that  thi-  dt- 
fendant  had  made  a  careful  examination 
of  the  appliance  in  question.     Such  un 


allejiil  ion  is  not  e(|uivalent  to  one  which 
(•.\|ni-~l\'  ehaiLrs  kni.ul.-fli;f.  Iliinl.i'  V. 
/■.7/i.v  (  liiiil  )•  1  ID  \\  i^.  .-,:;j.  sii  N.  W  .  171. 

'IHititl  Kii'iiihiiii.  lire.  Mii'i-~i'y  l'i>r 
such  an  avenrieiil  w  ;i>  explicil  ly  aliinned 
in  (Irii^illtH  V.  I.ini'ltin  ,1  .SI.  A'v  /».,./..'» 
Co.  (ISSll  1..  l:.  l.>  {).  li.  Div.  J.".!!,  53 
I,.  .1.  g.  I!.  N.  S.  5111.  51  I.,  r,  N.  s. 
.53;!.  33  \\(eU.  l!cp,  :15,  lH  .1.  P.  1(>((  ,  mc 
S  857,  note  •>,  iujitn  ;  I'nll'i  v.  /'/"/,/,.<» 
(  I85!l)  !•  Ir.  C.  I..  Hep.  JIM);  lhi,i<s  v. 
EiKlliiiid  (18(11)  10  .lur.  \.  S.  12.15,  33 
I,.  .1.  (.».  It.  .\.  S.  321.  In  the  last  cited 
ease  one  of  \\w  collllls  all.-;;ed  th;il  the 
defendants,  hy  repii'M'ritiiiL'  sl.inyhtercd 
carcasses  of  cattle  to  lie  ,-uiind,  laii^.'d 
and  piocured  the  pliiiitiM  tu  cut  tip  tint 
same;  that  the  Ina-ts  were  uiisoiind  and 
diseiLsed,  wheri'liv  he  contraeied  the  dis- 
ease, and  was  pmiianently  injured. 
llild,  that  the  count  wns  had.  "It  is 
consistent  uith  the  deel.ii.ttion,"  s.'id 
Blackhurn,  .).,  "that  tlie  defendants  may 
thi-inselves  haM'  lieeii  cheated  hy  the 
jjra/iiT  from  «hom  they  purchased  the 
hcasls." 

As  there  is  no  implied  warranty  that 
a  ves..e|  is  se,i«oitliy,  a  cuniplaint  is 
demurrahle  which  alleires  nierely  that  a 
>eaiMan  was  niade  sick  throuLih  its 
Icjiky  conilition,  and  contains  no  aver- 
ment that  the  owner  knew  in  what  ^(ale 
the  vi-ssid  was.  Cuiirh  v.  Strrt  (1851) 
3  Kl.  &  Bl.  402.  2  C.  I,.  Rep.  940,  23 
I..  .1.  Q.  B.  \.  S.  121.  18  Jur.  51,x 

A  deeliration  in  an  action  for  injuries 
u-eeived  hy  a  s.-rvant  in  exe.-i!tin;j  cpr- 
tain  work  outsiile  of  the  scojie  of  his 
employment    is     iununicient    where    it 


r 


it 


ii 


li 

1  !      >  !  i. 

P'H 


f  •    1 

^^  li 

:       ( 

1  ^' 

■                 J 

•li 

•  Mi 


■  -'  d- 


8358 


MASTKR  AND  SERVANT. 


[.M 


b.  Doctrine  thai  IcniiwUdijc  must  he  esprcxuhj  chnnjiiL — '11 
trino  embodied  in  a  considerable  niiinbor  of  dceisiuns  is  liiat 
idiiint  is  Imd  unless  itcontiiins  nn  uvinneiit  of  linDwb'dp-  on  tl 
tor's  piirt,''  or  (iieeordinij  to  some  nntborities),  utile-<s  it  allcj.'! 
wii it'll  ure  of  siieb  u  nutuie  us  to  raise  the  presumption  ibat 
Bucli  knowledge.* 


I'.i 


iDon-ly  nllr-ips  Diiit  tlio  (li'fi>iiilint«  re- 
qiiiri-tl  tlip  phiintilT  tn  do  lliit  wi.ik, 
wi'll  know  in;:  III  I  111-  time  tli:it  I  hi'  plmii- 
tiir  Vi»*  unlit  fur  Hiicli  iliily.  niul  tun- 
tnin«  no  nvcriiii'nt  '.liiit  llir  iIiiV,iiIi;iIh 
knew  tliori'  was  Jaiiynr  in  llu'  wink,  or 
even  timt  llio  work  WiiM  ilnii^'i-n  us. 
Smi/lii  V.  fihiminir  if  f,.  Slmm  I'licket 
Co!  (ISliS)    It)  Wffk.  INp.  -IS.t. 

.^n  avt'rincnt  of  kn(ml(Ml;;p  w;is  ron- 
tninrd  in  tlif  tier  In  ration*  in  tlie  follow- 
ing'im«"<:  Tarrant  v.  Wihb  (  IS'iO)  18 
r.  I!.  707.  2-)  I..  .1.  r.  1'.  N'.  S.  2fll  ; 
Ui'IhiIx  v.  Smith  (18:)7)  2  lliirl^t.  4  N. 
2i:i.  Jti  I..  -I.  lAtli.  N.  S.  :il!»,  3  .Iiir. 
N.  S.  tTiO;  11  i«mm»  V.  ^^Uml|h  (IS.'iS) 
r^  llniUt.  &  N.  2.^.8,  27  I..' .(.  Kxf'i.  X. 
S.  3-'.">;  Itrnwn  v.  Artrinqlon  (Jiittr.n 
tipii^iiiiin  rf  .1/^17.  Co.  (ISti.'i)  3  IliirW. 
A  r.  .111.  31  U.  .1.  Kx.h.  N.  S.  20s.  13 
L.  T.  N.  S.  !)4;    l/.7;.-r»  v.  Slinir   (  IHlil) 

1  Hist  i  s.  .1:17.  .30  T,.  .;.  0-  R-  n.  s. 

3:!.'!.  7  .Iiir.  N.  S.  Sl.i.  1)  Wwk.  Itcp. 
74«:  Hall  V.  Jalivson  (ISIi.'i)  3  llurM. 
4  C.  .'■.SO.  34  I..  .1.  Kxrli.  N.  S.  'ill,  U 
.lur.  N.  S,  180,  U  I..  T.  X.  S.  77!).  13 
Wnk.  l!fp.  411;  CrilTtlhs  v.  diiUoii- 
(IS.'.S)  3  lliirlst.  &  N.  (118,  27  1..  .T. 
Exrli.  N.  S.  401;  ifrnior  V.  Ward  (IS.-it) 
1  Kl.  &  Kl.  3S.-,.  28  L.  J.  Q.  n.  N.  S. 
130.  5  .lur.  N.  S.  172,  7  \Ve«'k.  Itcp. 
201;  Asliirnrth  V.  SInna-ix  (ISlU)  .'lO 
I,.  .1.  Q.  n.  N.  S.  183.  3  Kl.  4  1:1.  701. 
7  Jiir.  N.  S.  4ti7.  4  L.  T.  N.  S.  H't. 

I'i'diral      Courts. — .Inrilan      v.      Wills 
(1878)     3    Woods,    02; 
7,r>J.5. 

Colorartn. — flummcrhnuf  v. 
R.  Co.    (1S7.'>)    2  Colo.  481. 

Jlliiioin. — Illinois  (.'.  II.  Cn.  v.  .leirrll 
(18fi7)  40  111.  00,  02  Am.  ncc.  240.  S'«! 
howfviT  notes  0.   10,  infra. 

Indiana. — I'rnnsi/hania  Co.  v.  Conq- 
don  (1803)  134  Iml.  220,  30  Am.  St, 
Rep.  251.  33  N.  K.  70.'>:  Chicaqo,  St.  h. 
i  /'.  A'.  To.  V.  f'rv  (1802)  131  Inil.  310, 
28  N.  E.  080;  Arcade  File  llt-W.s  v. 
Julraii  (1800)  1.5  Intl.  App.  400,  40  N, 
E.  ^18,  44  X.  E.  320;  i:ian.irillp  d  T. 
II.  If.  ro.  V.  Dud  (1803)  134  Intl.  1.50, 
33  N.  E.  S.").");  rel,vinR  on  the  fuHnuin;; 
cases:  Indiaiinixilis  d  ('.  II.  Co.  v.  I.ovc 
(1858)    10  Ind.  5J4;  Columbus  <£  /.  0. 


027,    Fed.    Cas.    Xo. 
liansan  I'. 


I!  Co.  V.  Arnold  (1800)  31  I 
00  Am.  Die.  01">;  I'ill^lnirqh.  I 
('.  U.  Co.  V.  Itiihy  {  1871  I  :tS  1 
It)  Am,  lit'p.  Ill;  /<rr/;i/  d  C.  1 
V.  ruKi  (  IHSl)  08  Ind.  282;  Sh 
■h.lnl-  rf  II',  /,•.  (•„,  (1801)  2.1 
Siilliian  V.  Tohtlo.  IV.  if  IV. 
(1877)  58  Ind.  20;  llnqard  v.  /,■ 
/;.  .f  SI.  I..  It.  Co.  (isy.-.l  100  I 
I'illnhnnili,  C.  d  St.  h.  It.  Co.  v 
(  Issi!)  id;-)  Ind.  l.-l,  a  X.  E.  H 
Shorr  ,{•  .1/,  ,S'.  It.  Co.  v.  .SVii/ii/. 
108  Ind,  1,  8  N.  E.  030;  India 
IV.  //,  Co.  V.  Uaihii  (18871  110 
10  X.  E.  031;  /,«/,»•  Sliuri'  d  ' 
Co.  V.  Sliiiiak  (ISUO)  123  Ind. 
N,  E.  210, 

.\  ronipli;int  which  ehargen  ni 
in  yiiKinl  terms  anil  din's  1 
niitiee  of  tlie  defect,  or  alle^'e  f;i 
wliich  notice  may  he  inferrid.  i 
cient.      Turnir    v,    Indianamdin 

00  Iml.  51.  Sei',  however,  Ciise* 
(rary  tlTtct  wl.ieli  are  cited  in 
iii/ro, 

linnnan. — Cnrrnthrrs  v,  Clnrn 
if  /'.  It.  Co.  (1805)  55  Kan.  Oim 
01.5. 

Mainr. — Hii:z''ll  v.  Lnconia  , 
(ISOl)   48  Mo.  113,  77  Am.  Pec 

Misfioarx. — Tltfin'  jt.^on  v.  Cln 
I.  d  1:  It.  Co.  (|S!I0)  2  .Mo.  .\ 
li:!3.  See.  however,  the  Missoi 
ciled   in  note  0.  infra. 

7'' )/M(  v.v'cr. —  \lt/iri.\*t    kiros.    v. 

1  I'.IOO)  105  Tenn,  50,  58  S.  \V.  : 
note  4,   infra. 

\  irijitiia. — .\    count    nverrin;: 
eral   leruis  that   tlie  ilefenihiiil 
prfivide  a  suit.ilile  a|)pliaiice,  "1' 
of  which  caieli^s  act  of  the  th' 
the  plaintiir  was  injured,  is  <len 
as   alli'^^ing   neilhor    that   the  d 
f.iiled   to  exercise  ordinary  can 
viding  a  stiitahle  appliance,  nor 
alleged  defict.s  were  known  or 
lia\e  heon  known  to  him,     .V'"/' 
/.'.   Co.   V.   dacUson    (1888)    85 
8  S.  E,  370. 

lVi.«con.?in. — Tlcnclf  v.  KlU' 
110  Wis.  532,  SO  X,  \V,  171,  S 
ever,  note  7,  infra. 

'  t'ennsyhauia    Co.    v,    Sean 


t«'IIAI"     II.T. 

ij>'(L — Tlic  (i(K>- 
is  that  a  I'tim- 

If^i'  on  till'  in:i"- 
it  alli'H^c  .  hiin 

•  lit    tllUt    III'    ii.llj 


inn)  ni  tn.!  1:4 

'sliiiiiih,  I  I    W    i 

r;i7  i(  f.  r,n,i  i., 
I.  2H2;  Sl,ili.i  ,  V 

I  SO  I)    ''A    In  :    «1, 

ir.  ,f   w    1;  r„ 

iliird  V.  /,'.  I 

•Til    100  IipI    I'.!; 

.  It.  Co.  V.  t,;,..! 
5  N.  !•:.  IS7;  ;„  , 
V.  Sill/I'll.  I  l>«i; 
;)0;  Imiiiti,,!.  It  ,( 
IHS71  110  I|m1,  :5. 
S'.'K.rr  .(  1/  N.  /{ 
Ua   1 11(1.  211).  i3 

rliargpfi  nf^'lii'iniT 

II  (llll-S      lliit      .IIT 

r  alli-;.'!'  f.iil  -i  'in 
inflTIi  ll.  in  iii-ii,ri 
iiatiiiuiilin  (  HHt 
L'Ver,  CilJ^fs  til  run 

e  ciloJ  in  imte  'j 

»  V.  fhit-nqi..  '!  1 

Kun.  (iiH),  (II  1'... 

lAirnniii    Uf-i    i 
■  Am.  Dir    JIJ. 

Ill   V.   ciiifi.!.,.  !; 

2  Mo.  .\|.|.  i;.t 

lie  Mis.-.iiiiii  c.i-i- 

iirOS.     V.     /.''»n." 

59  S.  \V.  ;!N.    s., 

nvorrin;.'  in  }.'in 
ofrniliiiil  I  liliil  ! ' 
iliance,  "I'V  ni-i'! 
of  the  ilrfrii  I  im 
rfil,  is  ili'iiiiirr  ii  11 
hut  the  ih-:r;ii,ii,: 
iniiry  ciiri'  in  |'i" 
iiince,  iHir  ih'l  f- 
;iiown  or  nw_-'il  k 
im.  .Y-.i/n/.V  .(  If. 
18S8)    85   V.i.  -tS;!. 

•    V.    Kllf   (IWl 
Y.  171.     ^^•■•■.  !>^^^ 

V.    Sear$   (1894) 


I  sriili 


IM-K MUM.   v\i»  ru\«  ru  K 


J3« 


A  i)i'cr.>i«iirv  ii'>ii!l  of  tl  .li.cfriiii'  is  (lint  ii  pMicral  iiIli';fntioi»  of 
nrp:li;;('ii<'0  is  not  rnoiij;li  to  n miir  a  <'oiii|i|iuiit  |irn<if  ii;:aiii.-l  a  di- 
mnrrpr.*  Tlio  omission  of  mi  I'.xpn-s.s  aviTniinf  of  kii<i\vl»i|i;i>,  how- 
.'MT,  ir»  not  filial,  wlioro  it  is  cluir}.'!'!!  \>\  ono  of  iho  allc;;atiuiis  lliai 
•ho,  (Iffci't  in  question  wmilil  have  Ihih  knuun  to  tin'  ili'tVinlant  if 
hpiiinl  pxorcisod  profHT  cure,*  or  wlicrf  tlu'n>  is  an  cviilicit  nvcniiciit 
hat  lio  failed  to  perform  liis  tiiify  with  n  s[iri't  to  thf  ixiiminatinii  of 
iif>  (]ifi'ct,ivc  appliance.''  Nor  i.s  the  uliscnci'  i,(  stirli  an  I'-cnnciit  a 
lull'ciint  gnnind  for  nrre.^t.ing  tlic  jn<l;rniinif  afiiT  a  IimmI  on  the 
mcpit.s  in  which  evidence  showing:  that  the  ilffcmhint  had  notice  of 
'he  defect  in  question  was  admitted  without  aiiv  ohjictiun  on  IiIm 
part.* 

c.  Dorlrine  Ihnt  an  exprr.M  aUiiinl'um  nf  l-ii'iirlr,l,i,-  /,<  nal  nrrcwvin/. 
—In  other  decisions  the  doctrine  is  a(lii[ititl  that  ilic  want  of  a  specific 
averment  that  the  master  liad  notice  of  the  (iifti't  in  (iiiotion  docs  not 

13«  rml.  4riO,  3»  N.  K.   IS,  an  N.  E.  .l.-iS  r,,.    v.     Mrllrr,ry     (ISOI)     10    Iml.    App. 

Inhere  the  complaint  was  of  tlic  ni'L'li-  ^f2'>.  .'17    N.   I".   ISil. 

jrnt    mainti'naiice    of    ii     linv    overlic.iil        'In   U  i  J./k.,.  ,/  v.  Chirnnn  if  .V.  11".  It. 

tiriil™  without  any  "telltales"  to  wurn  Cn.    (IS77)    -11    \\  i<.    IVS,  ihi'  rnir|il,iint 

the  Ir.iinnicn).  was  ilciMiirinl  to  on  Ihr  ■;iiiiiiiil  lliat   it 

In  another   Indiana  ca»r    it   was  held  diil  not  ''oiitaiii  any  iilli  v.il  inn   thil   thn 

that  in  the  place  at  wliii'li   the  servant  nia.sli'r    had    not  ir,>'i,f  the  di'f.'ct    xvliii-li 

WIS   iliricted    to    deposit    hot    nla^'    wiis  caused  the   injury.      I'.iit  the  court   held 

foveriil  with  water,  it  will  he  prisiinied,  the  eiiniplaint  siilliiieiit.  suin;:     "It  is 

j.(  a;.';iinst    a   deiminer.    that    fliisi    f.ict  chur'.^'d  tli;it  the  cmiipany  eanlesslv  jitid 

v;n    known     to     the     defimhint.       .Veio  net.'!i;,Tntly     oiiiittnl      tiie      iisu-il"    mid 

Whnny  I'liDje  A  I'liUiitq  .Mill  v.  Cooper  prii[ier    inspictinn    of    ll       cir.    or    in; 

■  ISI'^l    lai'liiil.  3li;i.  3li  N.  K.  2ni.  propetly   inspi.trd    it.  a        al-o  alLnvcd 

In    Tennessee    the    dortrine    li;n    iH'on  the    piojettin;;    Imlt    lit    ■         end    of    the 

iiriiiKiiiiiilcd     that     the     rule     ri''|iiii  inji  ear    to    reii';iin    without    hoin^    cut    olT. 

,ni).\liil^c    to    lie    luerred    is    apiiliealile  The  plaintilT  was  « Imlly  uiiaw  ire  of  the 

inly  v.liiTP  the  ili'fret  is  laleiit  and  not  dan.i  rolls    ixisilion    of"  this    holt,    ami, 

li^rrTnilile  liy   ordinary   olisiTvation,   or  while   piTfnrininu'  his  duty,  was  thr mn 

i-v  Ih.'  a|ipli<Mtiiin  of  tiie  u  ii.il  and  ap-  duwn    by    it    and    injiiird"     Tlu-^e    fjcts 

prnveil  tests,  and  that  the  ronipl.iint   is  wiaihl  si,<'ni  to  luiir.'  tli.,  case  within  the 

t'ri'il  a'.'-iin^t  a   driiiurrfr   if  the  dcf.'cts  rule  which  iniposis  liihility  on  tlie  iiias- 

nl!ii.Til  were  of  Mich  a  ehararlcr  that  the  ter   for   an    iiijuiy    to   the  "serv.int   ocra- 

dffii'ilaiit   was  liuiind    to   take  notice   of  sioned    hy    a    defect    in    macliinery    fur- 

tlift".     Morri^n  Uros.  v.  Iloiier*   (I'JOO)  nis'ied  tlie  servant  to  oiicrate,  wln'ic  the 

10.)  Tcnii.  .IK,  ."S  S.  W.  .123.  master  has  Ihsmi  L'uilty  of  ni-,.di"ciii'e  in 

'CiiiiiiK  I'l   l'iirl.ni;f   .Vf<).   Co.  T.   Hot-  furnishing  smli   inachiii-rv.  or.   kii'iui'i" 

<r-:j,Ulrr    (I'.iOO)    2t    Iiid.    App.    122,   50  of  a  drfnt    tliercin.    fails' to   n.itily  the 

^>,  i'"-  '-.'lO.  Ben'ant  of  its  existence.     U  is  true,  the 

•.\     diliralion      is     not      demiirralde  ihr'ndant   in  the   prcsiiit  ci-e  i>  a   r.iil 

»hipli   avirs    that    -siicli    defects    "would  road     cor|Miratii>ii,     and     can     o  ilv     act 

have  hoon  knoun  to  the  defendants  luit  tlirou;;li    oHicers    or    n'.;cn|s        jlui     i!,is 

for  tlio  want  of  all  proper  care  and  dili-  does    not    relieve    it    fmin    re«|"   i-i'iiiiiy 

P'Ti'-o  on   <!icir   pirt."      .Vovs  v.   Smilli  for    the    neu'liL'cnce    of    its    ollinis    anil 

(IS.mD    :s  Vt.  oil.  Ck,  Am.  Dec.  222.  ni;ents  whose  duty   if    is  to  prn^  :de  sif- 

A  ^oniral    alh-.-ation    of   the   master's  and     s„ital)le    lea'cliiinry     fur     its     roid 

lcro«lr(l;,'e  of  the  defect   is  sufTicient   to  which     its    einplc.y.cs    an-    to    dji  rate." 


con.structive   a.s    well 


actual 


-     -     --  ---     -        - -     iiu\\e\iT,  iMtle  2.   Sl'fntl. 

know  Inline.     Louifnille,  F.  ^  St.  L.  Con-  'llari.i    v.    Crnlral    Vermont    It     Co. 

f'-l.  II.   Co.   V.    ,l/i//rr    (ISO,-,)     140    Ind.  (ISS2)    .'i.T  Vt.  8t,  4.-.  Am.  IN  p.  rm,  ap- 

«8o,  40  \.  E.  U(i:   Lake  Erie  i£  W.  R.  provinj{  the  admission  of  hucli  evidence. 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 67. 


I  ;  ;  4  (  I  t  t      "I 


I 


- 1'   tH 

'  i  ■   I 
"It 

I     I 

:  II  M 


■I? 
ll 


M  ; 


W 


n 


i; 


'4 


■|!1    «3f!  J 

Mmmi 


M  \v|  KU  ANt)  SKIt\  ANT. 


Cc 


rrntlor  the  I'l.iupliiitit  il<  imii'iiilili',  if  llurc  in  a  p  lu'nil  M-j: 

nojk'lifri'iK'i',  or  i>t  liiri-  whii-li  -linw  |iiiiiia  f'acif  tliiit  lie  wih  u 
til  liliu'ii. ■<•.'•  '111.'  ilic'irv  iliiif  a  s|Mi'ilic  alli'Siiii  inii  tliat  tin-  .|. 
kiii'W  i>(  tlir>  il.lV.1   wliicli  ciiii-.'.l  tlic  ri.nant's  injii-y  is  no(  ti 

*  liiliiiil    rmirl')-- \n     i«ll  '.'iitioii     of  not    «|MMilliMlly   iill.-i."'  Isii""  l"l 

Ml.'  iii,i«ti>r'»  kii.i"liil;;i'  <it  tl..'  iii'i'inl"-  il.f.it.      0/ii.(    if     I/.    V.    »■ 

(.■iiiv  .«(  11  -.■UM.iii  |>l '1  ill  fU.ui->'  <<<  'k  llHIM)    l.'H  lii.l.  liiT.  27  N.  I'. 

vun.li,    iiiM.n    wii.liii';    tin'    rxiMi  i«'n.'.il        In   ..lli.-r   <.<•<•-  i|.liiiiil- 

viiicliitiiin   lo  atti'ii.l  1.1  i.lli.'r  .liiti.-.   i-.  ••iilli.  iiiil    uin.-li    tn.-i.-l*    .lin;. 

iiiM!..i-'i.iry     in     «     li'«'l     '""■     inii'ri""'  ''ii'lml    "i"''    "    "ii.'Ji'-tiiI"    I 

,ni-.-.l    to    II    »lt\.  ilcri'    I'V    »ii<li    iiiioiii-  (iiiiii-li    -id'    in-liiinii'iilaliii.- 

|«.t,n.'0.    hImt.-    II"-    fii.'H    ^iK.witiL'    til'  ""'     I-  'i  f>    !■■  '■""••"'    '.'    I 

ii.-I.Ml  of  .luv  .III  till'  |>'rt  <.r  .11I1..I' of  ils'iJi     l;i:i     lii'l.    J ■^\^ 

,l„1  M.4M.|  to  I'lrovi.l.'  11  coiiip.'tint  wiii'li-  r/.  .W,i,„/,  f".  ('.  .(    /..  II   r,..  \ 

tiiiiti    :in'    rl.Mrly    Htiitcl.       Tt.r    .\,„;r,  (IHSr.i    Km  In. I     li.K. 
ilH'i'H    34    C.    C.    A.    r.."i'<.   0:1    I'fil.   -JIO,         III    11    -till    iH.ii-    rcviil    I. 

l;,v,i-in"    (ISllS)    S7    Im.1.  fiii:..  1...II1  il  .lin.l  l.y  ll..'conil  .1  ; 

III  ll,il..i-nii  V.  .V/x."  (IHTtl)  3  S;i«7.  !«•  will   Mlll.-il   111   thi-i  ill--  I 

SC"     I'o.l     Cnn.   Xo.   .'i  ItTO,  til.'   riiuil    II'-  tint    tli.'  ii\i-niiiiil    of   ihl-Ii-ji  t 

f.iT.-a  1.1  tlic  niliii'-'  ill  111"  l-.iiJi-li  ci-"  I'll'  "f  llio  .l.l.ii.Jint.  iiimI  Hi. 

of   ♦■-ii-r/i    V.    Slf<l    (tH,-,t)    3    Kl.    «•    lil.  .>f   tlic  wiint    of  .•oMlriliiilory 

10'   2  ('    I..  I!ii>.  !M0. -JM  I,.  .1.  <>.  li.  N-  S.  or    kiiowliiiiT    of    ilinu'.Tim-    ■ 

l-'l'is    liiT    .■•l.'i,  not.'  3.  «»/)/;.  mill  <'\-  tin'  pliintilT.   i»  to  \te  <li'<n.iil 

|.r,.«.,,l   II    .J.iiiM   wliitli.T  III.'  alli".Mtioii  ii^-niii^t     li    .|.iiiiirri«r,    iinl.-^-* 

th,  n-  lii'M  'ii'l.  II-..  tli.it  'till'  oxMi'-r  "o  «|><-('illc;illy  sl11l.1l  in  tlic  i-..ii  |. 

ii.."ll--.-iillv.  iiiinr  piTlv,  mill  iii-ii!liii.Mit-  llii'  coiiti-.iiy,     <''i'i7.-  f>;ii,l„  1 

lv".Hmi|.,;.,l    m',1    tltt.-il    sniil    ^lii|..    tliit  v.    Uni/if    (IS'.T)    111    In.l.   Ap 

hill"  xliiH  im-i'invoilliv   mill   iinlii    for  tin-  N.   K.   Sl7    ((•i'iiiu:  r/u.-n./o  .1 

voN.i-r"'    u:i--    not    a   toitlii-ii  nt   11  voi-iiii-nt  Cti.  V.    1\  i/f;(i<  r   |  ISfllil    li    In.l 

of'i.Uinl  n."li".-in-e  or  wunt  of  due  ciiii-  -45  N.   K.  7ii-.    Huniyriltr  .1    /.'. 

on  iii.  ,.mt.  M.,i„n  mnr.)  13  i..;l-  Ai-i;; 

llliv,.i^.-rin,:;,n    rf    H.    I.    If.    C.    v.  K.     .'".10;     hurrl.a     llli.rl;     <■. 

Ilin.i,  (IS'.'O)   V','  111.  1111,23  N.  !•:.  lOJl.  /!-    in.  ,r.,lrr    (IHli-.i    13    Iml 

SiH'.  howi'Vrr.  Iiolo  3.  '■  ("I'  Id  \,   Iv   I  UH  ) .  ,.    ,    .      ,, 

/)i,/;.iiHi.— A  (-i>in|.lniiit   wliii'ti  chnri-.'^        'I'lii-   ilm  1  inii'   aiil.lio'l    m    t' 

pOMlMilllv.    tll:lt    flu-    .l.'f.  Il'l.lllt    .•:l|-i-li-    !y  hi-V.-ViT.    Il:l^    I"  .11    ONIiln-lt  Iv   . 

iMiniitt.'-.l    its    pli-v,,tor    to   l,..|.,ii,t-    .l.ui  in    /.'i-.i/im  i».'   .1    T.    II.    ir    f. 

.'rroii-    mill  to  li.'  iinil  r.-ni,.iii  i.nlit,  for  1  ISIi:n    131   Iml.   l.iii.  :!■;   \    K 

u-p      win     liHil     i-'ooil.     oil     '111'    fviir.— (  lli:i(    ..Npi..-»i..ii    of    oj. 11:11  11    I 

"lolin.l  tlin*  -.1  ■■iiii-riil  :illi;.ii;"ii  of  1""-'  '''''■   •''■i"   ••">    "''   ""'   '■'"'■' 

Ti.M'iire    in    til.'    |H.if.iri..Mi.-.'    of.    or    in  i-M.'i.t    tli.'  oiu'  il.-.i.l.-.Miv   ll. 

liilin"  to   tx.rf.riii.      n    .Intv    wliii-ti    tlii^  ;i|.|.,.j|-,    it    11:. ly   I...   ii-t   1   .  .1 

Ian    ."i-n    U!..»ii    .1    .t.-f.  11.1  lilt,    r.-ultlii;,'  .-a---  iir.'  no  !.-ii-:.r  ^."-.11  i"   1 

ill    iiijiirv   to  :.    l.!;iilililV   ulio   1-    v,il!i..ilt  so    f.ir   as    n-Mi'l,    (li,.    |.:iili.- 

f.nill,    is    siiii;.ii'iit    10    will. -1  111.1    a    .1p-  now  iinil.r  .li-i  ii--1"ii. 

Iriiir.T"      »;.i..'.     /'.    //•'/ '■'"'    if    '■".         hi,  ,(.—.\    Lriii-ril    atl.-LMH... 

V     .s-r/i,.--.7  .r    ilSsT)     11-2    In.l.   211'..    13  ^'.•n.•p    is    ;:,i.   !    ;i-..i|.-i    a    .!■  11 

.^j     |.-     .^|;,|  tli..iiL'li  it  ...111  I..-  |'ro\.'.l  i.iilv  I 

In'   .ii.'-i'..-i    .     -.'  til."   .•oiirt    r.fii-..!    to  tint    tlic    ..iii|.l.  .m'     I'-"I    •,""" 

^,,,1  ,i„      ,     .l.iiiiiivi      to     II     .•   iiipl  li'it  -Ini.'liv.-      ^llo^^^.l■.;<•      <•>      ll 

ulii.-li       «ii!i..iit      all.'i.'ini'      kiiov- li-il;.'.',  <>'r,„:n"   v.    ///.».. .s    ('.    I!    ( 

m..|i.-.l  II.  .1   ti..-  .1.-1.  11.1  int.  .on.lim.v  Ir'.l  H3   |..«  1     Hl.V    IS  N.  \V.   inOV 

''■m.'U.-nllv"    all.  VM-.l    its    H'a.l    to    ;.'.'t  in^'.    it   si,, ml,!    I.i-   r.'iii.irl-.'.l. 

out   IE   riM.air      I'lll^'uimh.  r.   .(■   Kl.   I,,  on  11  motion  l.i  ari.-t  tin-  Mil 

/,'    (■       V.     I.Mii'.t    (l>:-flH     III-'.    Iml.    I.''l.  n^^"!''  ""   ""'   i-T"nii.l  tint    Hi 

5  N    I-'    1ST  to  ilii-  coin])!, lint  was  oiii' wlii 

i^  .,;.,. .i.ij-  ,..-..  .1  .-.--..., J, !..iT-.t  v.aH  v.!>-  f..!!!!  r:.t!..'r  tlmn  to  ^iil.-i.in. 
holii  \vlii.  ll  sin-i.lv  MM-i-r.-.l  lliat  tl.r  .li'-  1/ ;«-„»)-;, —.\n  all.-.Mli.n  ll 
fcn.Iint  coiii|.:iiiv  ••n.",'liL'<'iitlv  us... I"  in  f.-iulmit  n.M;li;;.-iil  ly  liiini-l... 
it^  busiiu-sa  a  liof.-ctive  1.1  aUe,  am!   did   aiico  which  was  di-I.-.tivu  an. 


IITlll)        (     --.■      jl 
I'MIII  I     (ill-      -       ' 

lU    il  1--    '■!     ! 

,f  n.jli-.r,  .  ,. 

f.   Illl.l    t!i.     ;.    : 

Iriluilmy   i-     i    ■ 
iii^'rriMi«   ■l.:.i- 
lie  (lo'incd  -M  ' 
r,    iinl(""<    ''■■    I    ■■ 

tllC  (i>ll;pl  .ml  -      . 

rmiiilii  (  ■  ■,     •  ' 
11   hid.  .\n>,  I'^i.    ■ 
'Uir^lil't   il     /;     U     I' 
til    17    In. I.  A;.;.  :; 

rill.  .(  /,•.  i;  (■ 
iiil.  App.  -'>;i.  II  N 
r;^,r7,-    r  .1'    ... 
i;t    In. I     Nj...   : 


;lll..._';ili..'l    I'f  r.-' 
|.-l     .1     .1.  .ruli.T. 
.\,.,l  ..iilv  !.'.  -  -  . 
Il.'cl     :l,lnil    .11- 
...      „i      III-      ' 
V    f.    //.    r.,.     1- 

\V.  innr    T'  ;• 

■cliiMi-ki-.l.   «.i-  1 
•;t  flic  jii  '.'M  .11' 
,1   tint'  I'.  •  .i''-' 
m  one  win.  Ii  u. " 
n  ^iili-l  .111' ... 

[.■•.MtJMi  ih.it  \y 

fiiiiii-lii'l  .1"  •'[ 
[relive  an.i  uu--.' 


IliOJ 


PLBADINa  AND  PRACTICB. 


cnoi 


whcro  tli'*  <liify  to  kf'i'p  tlin  insfniitu'iiiiilif.v  fn'o  fnim  di-fccffl,  atnl 
llip  hn  acli  of  lliut  "liity,  uri'  iivf-    il,  liiw  Im  ii  ili'>|iir'>l  \>y  "Wf  cnurt 


fri'in   ill'' 


iiiTul   iiriiu'iplf  that  tlic  law  fliar::«*i  i-vcrv  a 


nil 


taMf 


itii  u  kiiiiwlrtl.'f  ni  lii-i  (|iit\,  mill  nf  what  lii'  li.i-"  or  has  nut 


ill  111'. 


'I"lii«  |iii«iiii  II  fiiki'ii  i-i  that  n  <'iiin|il.iiiit  whi'li  ^ii-<  "iit  tin- 
nwi^li'i' -*  •Inly  anil  iN  iiniiliilliliiiiiil  inu-r,  in  ihis  [mint  i>l'  vii'w,  hi- 
ri..ai(liil  us  einhruciiif;,  by  iiiii>lu;atii>ii,  an  aMi';;atiiiii  that  lie  kmw 

tqniv  il'iit  fo  nn  nvrriirtit  tlint  thi'  'Ip-    in  «iilH(iiiitl.illy  <iintiiiii.'i|  in  lli.'  hIIi'.m 
fiii.l.inl  liiiil  niiliif  lit  till' ilijii't  ill  i|iii«     linn   nmili'.      //•('/  v    .l/i.s-i.uri   /'.   A".  «'« 


.Uisi-iiri     /'.     It.     '■<».     (I-^"*!)    74   Mo    J'N. 


«^,"0    H7    >To.    6SM,      Till-   roiirt    wiiil; 


•11 


('■*(•  i-jt-.*..*   ii'i'    in    I'Hii 


lli.'t    uilli    <!'. 


■j.i  «ii-tjin   llip  nlli';;.ili    '   in   Ilii'   |« 


I'll.    <l.' 


if   til 


li.H 


llrit     ilrfrmliint     n.- 


.1    a    car    tliiit    wat    ilifnlivo    u 


iitly     fur     in  imli'  ,'l.  miijhu. 


i»    iiMlIt     iif    ;lp|»',lU 


iIimI 


ri.l 


.V, ',,,../,. 


«■;, 


II.  rf  <}.   It.   r, 


ifp.  III.'  pi 


IiiintilT  «iiiiM  lii>  riiiiiiriHl    v.  h'thmn  il>!Ni 


Nfh. 


IS.  TU  \.  W. 


Id  piiin-  tlic  f.ict   Hint   t|..>  car  \«;i-<  un-    ■) 


•iifi':  iinil,  iiKn, 


the  fait  that   ilifrnd  Hit    Nili.  IJ 


Mii.lifx  ill'.'  nil    IJrIir  llinj{    (|S!H)    .il 


:»  \.  \v.  4:.i. 


•illiir  U: 


<ir  liv  ordiiiaiv  nire  iiii'jlit 


ilh    r. 


.,/., 


•It     liii.*    Iio'ii    lii'M 


hi\i.  l.iii.wn.  of  llii' (I'fi'i't,  Im'iihhi'  wiili     that    in   nn    iiitiim   to   ri'cunT   ilani.iyi'S 


-.iicii  iiriM.f  I  lie  chari; 


I 

Ul.lll.l   Im-  iim«ii-Iiiiiii 

L'l 


if  ni 


.■li 


.1,     Ti liar; 


!•    Illll 


iiijiiiv    diino    I'V    It    ni:i«liT    to 
ir\.iiit,     iin     nll.L'ilii'n     that     the 


difiiiiliitit  nr;;li;!riitly  fiiriii-lii'd  a  difcil      iniiiry     «m-<     Kii-laiin 


liv     ri', 


[)f 


\e  ami   iiiMafi-  I'lr,   xl.iliiiu'    wln'iiiii    il    in'^lul    of    duly    on    tlic    iiiisli'i'^    pirt 


ilif.ili 


i^    im    tiioatl    at 


if    till 


10    III   till  iii-iiiii'_'  pr"| 


i.iiH'r  iiiii'liini-rv  fur  I  ho 


cli:irL''' Illll  l>ii>n  tliat  I  lii' ili'l'i  iidant  fur-  wi.il^  riijiiiird  of  llo-  si-rvant  ii  not  in- 
ni'.linl  siirli  oar,  wliiili  it  citliiT  know,  ►iillirlinl  in  f.iilin;.'  t(i  iilli';.'!'  fiiilliiT 
L'lit  liiivo  known   I'V  duo  o.iro.  wa^    lli.it    tlio   nia^tor  know  of  tlio  di  f"<  t    in 


difiiliNo  and  iin^ifo.      In  oitlioi    oa-<'  lio    llio    iiiailiiio  ly 


ant   of   ki 


Vll'l-O 


Wfiild    liavo   to    iiiako    tin 


TI 
i/r 


iiH  o;mo    was 


foil. 


.i.i.if."    Iliri  ii...'li    no  alisonio  of  .liio  dili-.-.-ii.-..   in 


'.I    ill    ./o/i,i.s.. 


ipiiriii;.'  it,  is  II  niallor  of  .1.  f.. 


iiri   /'.   A".   Co.    (iHSSi    III!   .\lo.  ;!ll>,    ll.'i.  f..ri-  ii.i-.l  not  lio  sol   foitli 


»  .\iii.  St.  Hop.  :i.'>l,  9  S.  U. 


in. I 
lit 


In  unollior  oi 


tl 


if  pl.iiiilill*  ..ni-o  of  iii'ti.ai.     Itmiuh  v. 


li-i  .-..urf,  ooiiini.nt      /'../•/   A'-//.//   ,(■    II.  ('.   It.  Cu.    (ISIlJi    ri.-i 


llio  f  lot  that    the  oli:ir^'o   in   tlio    .■<.  *'.  lO.'i.  U  S.  K.  80S.     Tlio  ooiirt  s;ii,|; 


coniplaiiit  was  n. 


I  that  a  o.Tlain  liaii.l     "Uo    think,    lli.'icf.iro,    that    kn.iwli-.lu'o 


ho!  i  on  a  oar  was  nut  of  r.'piir.  hut  on  Iho  part  of  llio  .hf.  ii  hint  .•oiiipni; 
tl'.it  il  was  "ilofool  ivoly  ooii^l  i  u.t.d  in  in  this  oasi- of  tli.' .1.  f..  t  in  111.-  ni.i.hin 
this:    that    it    was    not    fasti.|ii..l    to   tho    ..i  \ ,  hv  roi-.ni  of  rtlii.'h  tlio  iiiimy i- 


bri 


sinir  -. 


.•h 


n'l  iiiin' 


of  thi 


i.l  that  tho  pl.iiii    pi.. 111. d  of  u 


.1, 


o.iii^t  il  ut.-^  no 


is  ull.'u'.it  i.ai  was  that   llio    put   of   the   pl.iiiilill's   laiiso  of 


dcf.'cl   was  oiip  of   dosi'jii,  and    tliiit,  as    hut    is  a  niati.r  of  .lof.n 


ll.i 


ic    oauso    of    aolion    alli'iii'd,    hold  otlwrwiso  woiihl.  a^  it 


til 
IS  not    iii.i'o«H.irv   to  Klato   that    llio    in    violation   of  th. 


In.l...'.l.   t. 

I  Ills    111    us 


c.ii'p.iiiy  n.'vli'joiitly  or  o.in.lossly  ndoiit     to  Iho  ih.jnoo  of  no.ili'joii.'..  wlii.l 


.-11  V,  111.  .1    nil,.   :is 
ihi 


nl   till'    hiako,    or    oonl  iiiu.'.l    to    us 


il    ni.iko   tho 


-for   li  ililo   t.>  his   >i-r 


v.nit, 


att.r    as tainin;;    its    iinritnoss.      Cur-    ni|;iiro   a  mii.h    liii;li.  r  d-ji-.o  of  ii."_;li- 


r  "(   V.    Mi 
II 


li   I'.    II.   Co.    (ISSr,)    80 


for    will 


ki 


iio-'ly 


II,  IL' 


funii-lios  his  sorvant  \,ith  in  hIiIihtv  sd 


\  pitition  which  nllou'os  that   dof.nd-    .hf.-.livi 


I 
int.    a     I- 


lilroa.l    o.Miioaiiv, 


OL'li 


I'ntiv    suoli  II  ror 


to   h,. 
oklo-s  dis 


.i-.f...    h.-   ,li-| 
iir.l  III  h 


iiiiian   II 


anl    caroh'ssly    iwrnnttoil    a    In 


mil  t. 
tho    I 


iron    that   his  oon.lii.'t   cmihl   not    pii.i.trly   hi 


i>  r.-iiiain   np.ai 
raik    iisiil    liv 


tho  path  al.in"siilo    oharaotoriz.d  as  oxhiliiliii'.;  any!  h 


it.'hiiun     ill    the    than  tho  ;.'riis^..st  ni-.'li;.'!' 


I.'S« 


If.  Ih.-n- 


n«'i--iry    ilisi'liaryo    of    lli.ir   .liiti.-s.    is    fo 


rot  .lifi'il  ivo  li 


IV   roa^.Mi 


^  IoiIlto  on  tho  p.irt  of  thi 

"  hi 


.f  th i— ion    lor  of  tho  iloloit   in   tho  inaihiii.i v  oon 


til  ..ii.-i,'!.  ihat  di'f.'iliiaiii    iiaii  knowi...!;; 
or  hy   iiidiiKirv   attonlioii    to    its    dntios 


sh  till  OS     an     os.^i 


'lllial 


.■1, 


III 


11     Iho 


of  action,  then  it    fillous  that  th. 


floiild    liavo    known,    that    tho    rail    lay    only   .Ioltoo    of    n  'di;;i'iico    fo 


vhi.'h 


upun  the  path.     The  oinittod   .staleniont    niastor  could   h. 


hi   liahlu  for  an  in- 


ii 


i 


l-i 


i 


^11 


*'ll 


m*^ 


ilill 

lEii;: 


23C2 


MASTEU  AiNU  SKKVANT. 


[c'lIAl 


nil 

inn 


what  liis  olilipatimi  was  in  the  premises,  and  Lis  own  fiiilurc 
wlint  was  incuiiibpiit  upon  liiiti  by  rpasnii  of  tliat  ohliiralioii.'" 

857.  Averment  of  the  servant's  ignorance  of  the  dangerous  coiid 
— a.  Gcih  rally. — Tliat  a  coinplaint  is  tr^od  wliidi,  in  aildili 
avcniioiits  (liscussod  in  tlic  liciiiiiniii;^  of  tlm  jmvodinj^  si>ii 
tains  an  express  allegation  that  flio  Fon-ant  had  no  nntiic  ( 
danger  in  question,  is  not  disputed.'  Hut  tlio  (piestion  wlicllic 
necessary  to  introduce  such  an  all(>gation  in  order  to  rcndrr  ihi 
plaint  proof  against  a  demurrer  has  received  dilTcrcnt  a.i~\vi 
dilTereiit  courts. 

b.   Dnrtrine  llial  a  compln'inf  iwf.  confniiiitifi  an  arrrmriil  of 
ance  is  lad.— One  view  is  that  the  statement  of  claim   is  ii..t 
against  a  demurrer  unless  it  contains  an  avennent  that  t!ic  i: 
which  caused  the  accident  was  not  known  to  the  injured  ser 


jury  siwtninod  liy  1ii»  uprvnnt  liy  roiiiion 
fif  n  (lifcct  in  llie  ii\ii<'liinciy  witli  wliicli 
he  is  fiiiiii-lioil  to  do  the  work  for  which 
Iip  is  oiii|>l"Vti|,  would  lie  tlip  fjiosmst 
nc-jli^'iTPp;  liut  if  it  is  hrld.  n»  we  do 
hoidrih'*  want  of  kiiowleilvp  <>"  Hie 
p:irt  p'"  .iinstpr   is  a   inallpr  of  dp- 

f(n<p.  \  ■!,  if  si'own.  mny  pxcm-*p  the 
fiiilufp  to  pprfnrui  nil  apl<nowlpd;.'pd 
diitv.  then  ru  siicti  ponspiiiipnpp  follows, 
aid  IliP  well  '•pttliMl  rnip  of  ordinary  ncg- 
li;.'!  iiip  ii':iy  lip  a|>|ilii<l." 

\\)xl  1  ;r'/iMi((. — lloffniiin  v.  RiVUn- 
Sfw   (  ISSS)   31   \V.  Va.  1-12.  fl  S.  K.  r.3. 

•"r/n.nm,  it  t:.  I.  II.  Co-  V.  Ilinra 
(ISnO)  132  111.  101,  22  Am.  St.  Hep.  515, 
23   N.   K.   1021. 

'  SiHpifip  inilhority  as  to  th  pIp- 
rncntiuv  jiro|M'sition  is  spnrcpty  nii'Mi-.l. 
lint  sp('.  Cwni'l  V.  f/'nii/  (  IS'.).'))  lO'.i  .Ma. 
130.  li»  So.  3!1S;  Cuiiiiiiiiijts  V.  ('(illni^ 
(ISTC)  fil  Mo.  ,")2n;  Millrr  V.  Ilnurn  Cnl- 
tnii  Krr.l  Oil  Co.  (1897;  Tpx.  Civ.  App.) 
41    S.  W.  3i!l!. 

" /'ll'/^nl(/.  — Tn  (Iriffilhx  v.  I.ntidon  <t 
at     K.    Ihy-I.s   Co.    (1SS4)    h.   R.    13   Q. 

11   Div.  2.-i!i.  .^.3  J,.  .1.  Q.  n.  N.  S.  nil  I, 

51  I,.  T.  \.  S.  .133,  33  WppIc.  I(pp.  3.), 
40  .1.  r.  100.  Al!iinnn^>  1..  R.  12  Q.  li. 
lliv.  4!13.  iiiid  .\pi)rovin<;  \\'ilViim.<(  V. 
{■loiinh  (1S.->S)  3  lliiiNt.  &  N.  2.-)S.  27 
I,.  ,1.  I"\(h.  N.  S.  32."),  as  a  whole,  Imt 
not  PNpri-ssiii;;  any  opinion  as  to  the 
Hii^TLi'^t ion  of  Itraniwpll,  1?.,  that  the 
aivlanlion  ou;;lit  to  have  pone  fiirtlipr 
and  shown  that  thp  spr\'ant  had  not  Ihp 
n\pans  of  knowing  the  dan;.'pr,  it  was 
Raid  liy  r.owpn,  I..  .1.:  "Thp  old  form  of 
dcttarltti.-n  ll-r-d  to  Bhn%v  th:!t  tlir  d.in- 
per  whirh  raiispd  the  appident  was 
known  to  the  master  and  unknown  to 


the  servant.  Both  tlipse  allp^-nti 
nialprial.  lipcansp  without  llniii  I 
no  cansp  of  action,  and  iinlr-s 
pvovpd  at  the  trill  dirpilly,  i 
tlipip  were  f.K'ls  fiiim  Hlii(li  it  ni 
infcrrpd.  that  thp  servant  w.is  i; 
of  tlip  dan;.'pr,  he  wonl.l  lip  noii- 
In  the  saiiip  ca-'P  aKo  il  was  re 
hy  P.n-tt,  M.  It.:  "The  que-^ 
wlipthpr  a  pi  iiiui  fapip  ciii'-p  of 
is  shown  in  the  staliiniMit  of  r 
this  apt  ion.  Now  wliprp  il  i-*  an 
tiy  a  srivant  au'ainst  his  iiia^ti  r 
wion'.'fiil  rondition  of  iiiachiniry 
prpiiii^ps  on  which  the  scivaiit  is 
or  of  the  pordilion  of  the  in 
whieh  the  sprvipps  of  the  spiv.nil 
111-  fiilfillpd,  if  the  sprvant  coiili 
allp;.'ations  in  his  stati-ment  of  <■ 
allcL:in^  the  pvistciipp  of  dniu'iT 
of  llip^p  tilings  owin^'  to  tlip  iii': 
of  the  master,  Iip  shows  no  eaiis 
lion.  Tliat  was  dpeided  many  vc 
hv  rrirsllrii  v.  FtiiiUr  (ls:;7)  :! 
\V.  I.  Miirph.  *  II.  30.-..  1  111' 
I,.  .).  Kxph.  N.  S.  42.  If  the  d; 
one  wliieh  was  known  to  lli.-  m  i- 
not  to  llip  senant.  tlip  knowled'j 
mastiT  anil  the  want  of  kncivvlnlj 
sprvant  make  to'.'elher  a  p.iu-i>  il 
and  as  it  is  iieiessary  that  t'l 
lliinss  should  p\ist  in  outer  I" 
prima  faeie  pause  of  action,  it  i 
s.iry  that  llipy  shonhl  lip  s'lmwi 
in   (he  slatpiiipnt  of  claim." 

The  same  dwtrint,  is  fal. 
"ranted  in  WiUiiniis  v.  Cliiinili  I 
Miiilst.  4  N.  2r.S.  27  I..  .1.  I'A'' 
325.  the  spppial  point  tliprp  ili'> 
inj;  statpil  in  note  3,  in^'i. 
Federal  Courts. — Dunmead  T 


V!i 


18571 


I'LEAUINU  AND  I'lUtTlCK. 


2Mi 


or  (according  to  some  authorities),  states  facts  wliicli  raise  a  prima 
facie  presumption  of  ignorance  on  his  part.^ 
The  better  opinion  seems  to  Le  that  under  liiis  dintrine  a  com- 


Mfi    Uin.    d    Hmrllhg    Co.     (1882)     4 
McCmry  244,  12  KimI.  847. 

lUitmiK. — A  pliiintilT  must  aver  his 
want  <if  kno\vlc<l);i>  if  hp  intends  to  rely 
u|H)n  it.  Kinnare  v.  t'hicai/o  (18117)  70 
III.  App.  100.  Contra,  soe  cusea  cited  in 
note  7,  infra. 

Indian  -  diiina,  li.  rf  IV.  R.  Co.  v. 
Dmlm  ( ISt  1 10  Ind.  75,  10  N.  E.  0.11  ; 
louixrilte,  ^.  A.  d  C.  It.  Co.  v.  Sand  ford 
(ISSS)  117  Ind.  2(i.>,  10  N.  E.  770; 
iouisvillr.  A'.  A.  rf  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Corp* 
(18!I0)  124  Ind.  427,  8  L.  R.  A.  0;i»i. 
24  N.  E.  1046:  liig  Vrcrk  fllone  Co.  v. 
Wolf  (ia!l4)  LIS  Ind.  490.  .IS  X.  E.  ,'j2: 
Lake  Shore  d  M.  S.  R.  Co.  v.  Stupnk 
(ISSli)  103  Ind.  1,  8  N.  E.  O.IO;  .s>yi(rr 
».  Ohio  ti  .1/.  R.  Co.  (I8!)2)  l.'iO  Inil. 
181,  2!)  N.  E.  915;  Clealand,  C.  C.  <f 
St.  l.  /■'.  Co.  V.  I'arl.rr  (IHOO)  151  Ind 
153.  51!  N.  E.  80;  Lafai/ittc  Carixt  Co. 
V.  UtalJurd  (1!)0»)  25  Ind.  App.  1S7,  !i7 
N.  !•;.  944;  Chicago  A  .4.  E.  It.  Co.  v. 
Wagner  (1890)  17  Ind.  App.  22,  45  N. 
E.  7(i.  1121;  I'cnmtyhiDiia  Co.  v.  Wilte 
(18!l(l)  15  Ind.  App.  r,H:i,  43  N.  E.  319, 
44  N.  E.  377;  ,^'l(iii<liird  Cimmt  Co.  v. 
llinur  (1901)  27  Ind.  App.  479,  01  N. 
K.  tiS4. 

In  view  of  the  nhovp  decisions  it  is 
clear  tliat  the  nilinj;  to  the  (ip|H)site 
ffToct  in  Indiiiiiaimlin  rf  C.  A*.  Co.  v. 
KIrin  (1858)  11  Ind.  38,  is  no  lon;;er 
giml  law  in  this  stnte. 

Kcniuclni.  —  Unqirnchtitz  V  SmiVh 
(ISSli)  84'Ky.  3;!0,  1  S.  W.  .')78  (oiting 
tiri'jilhii  V.  London  <(•  SI.  K.  Ili.oh.i  Co. 
[1SS41  I„  R.  13  Q.  15.  Uiv.  259,  53  L. 
.!,  (>.  n.  N.  S.  .501.  51  I..  T.  N.  S.  533, 
.13  Weok.  I!rp.  35,  49  .1.  P.  100).  I.atir 
Ifoi^ions  lo  a  contrary  cll'cct  are  cite<l 
In  note  7,  infra. 

Mnine. — Itutzdl  V.  J.acnnia  if  ft.  Co. 
(ISCl)   48  Me.   113.  77   Am.  Dec.  212. 

Xrltrnsl.ii. — A  petition  wliicli  doi'S  not 
»vor  tliat  the  servant  was  cxcnsalily  i^- 
mirant  of  the  dan^iT  which  rc-^iillcd  in 
the  Injury  t\of:  not  state  u  cause  of 
scliin.  ilif-diiri  I'.  I'.  Co.  v.  Ilnslcr 
(ISlM)  42  N'.-li.  793.  00  X.  W,  101 1. 

Ohio.—Vnd  1,'iirr  rf  /..  H  R.  Co.  v. 
Unrhrr  (lH,5(i)  5  Ohio  St.  541,  07  Am. 
Doc.  312. 

The  servant  must  either  nver  his  w.int 
of  l-:nnv>l..,!^rp  of  the  d'.f:-"t  whlcli  caused 
the  injury,  or  that,  having  such  kuowl- 
"l;.''',  he  informed  the  master,  and  con- 
tiiiiied  in  the  employment  upon  a  prom- 


ise, express  or  luiplicd,  to  rcmcily  the 
defect.  Cli.rai/o  d  1).  t'lnil  il  t'nr  Co.  v. 
\orwan  (1892)  49  (>lil<i  St.  598,  32  N. 
E.   8,-)7. 

Tinnrsurr. — In  Mmriss  /■ro.i.  v.  Row- 
era  (l!100)  105  Tcnn.  59.  5S  S.  W.  328, 
the  trial  court  sustiimd  a  (IcinurnT 
based  on  the  ^Tound  that  ilic  servant's 
ignorance  was  not  averred.  This  rulinjj 
was  not  ri'ferred  to  by  the  KU|>reuie 
court. 

rcrnion^ — In   I'rainard  v.    Van   Piilcx 
(1899)    71   Vt.  359,  45  Atl.  7.58,  a  com 
plaint  was  held  had  on  the  j;round  that 
the  servant's  knowled^ie  was  not  expios 
ly    nc;jatived,  nllh()uj;h    there    is   an   ex 
|)ress  averment   that   he   was   not  "noti- 
(IinI  of"  the  dan^iT.     Hut  the  reasonable 
inference  surely  is  that  the  pleader  here 
used    the   words   "notltieil    of"    in    their 
coll(HpiiaI,    tlioush     incorrect     sense,    as 
bcin^'   equivalent    to    "know."    The    case 
scarcely   seems  to  be  one   for  a    formal 
(leMiinrcr,  thou(;h  it  may  be  that  a  mo 
tien   to  make   the  complaint   more  dcti- 
nite  would  have  been  pinpcrly  granted. 

Mri/inia. — In  one  case  this  court  sus- 
taineil  a  demurrer  to  a  complaint  based 
on  the  prounil  that  the  knowle(l;.'e  of 
the  servant  was  not  ne-ralived  therein. 
\oi folic  if  W.  R.  Co.  V.  .lackson  (ISSSl 
85  Va.  489,  8  S.  E.  370.  Kut  there  is 
a  Liter  nilin;;  to  a  contrary  cirect.  Siw 
note  7,   infra. 

'.\n  allegation  to  the  effect  that  the 
injury  wa.s  received  while  the  servant 
was  In  the  |M'rforni.ince  of  new  work  is 
sullieient,  as  belli;;  an  implied  averment 
of  «ant  of  know  leilire.  Chirk  Coiiiitif 
Cvmrvl  <•„.  v.  Uriiiht  (1S97)  10  lii.i. 
App.  O.io    45  K.  E.  817. 

Ihe  want  of  an  averiiicnt  by  the  pl.iin 
tiir,  that  nt  the  time  he  entered  the 
seivlee  he  had  no  kno\\leil;.'e  of  the  ne;;- 
ll'.'ent  habits  of  the  fellow  servant 
Ihreu'.'li  whose  ncirll^'cnce  lie  was  In 
jured.  is  not  cured  by  an  alle^ratlon  lliat 
the  plalntllT  was  "wholly  unaeipiainted" 
with  the  fellow  servant  when  be  took 
the  eniplovnient.  I.d.r  .<li(irr  if  .1/.  .*>'  /'. 
Co.  V.  Slitimk  (18Sfl)  108  Ind.  1,  8  N. 
K.   030. 

An  averment  that,  the  master  failed 
to  inform  the  ser\'ant  of  the  condition 
of  an  apollaiice  is  nut  a  sullieient  allei/a- 
tion  of  the  servant's  want  of  kiiowlcd;;e. 
Such  an  averment  is  ipiile  consistent 
with  his  having  been  apprised  of  it  by 


liiMi 


, . 

} 

j 

. 

! 

' 

:  i 

) 

S- 

ir 

■ 

<  -. 

;  ■ . 

( 

il 

] 

H 

. 

t 

i 

'.i 

*■ 

tl 

WB 


!■' 


!it 


I'M 


Hi 


Pi' 


•-"IWWIF 


2364 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[CUAf. 


plaint  which  aUcgos  that  .h^  injured  servant  did  not  know  tliu 
appliance  whicli  caused  his  injury  was  unsafe  is  sutficienl,  wii 
an  additional  avcniient  to  the  effect  that  he  had  no  notice  of  tha 
safety/  and  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  aver  specitically  that  he 
no  means  or  opportunity  to  l<now  the  condition  of  the  defect iv 
strunientality,  or  tliat  he  coukl  not  have  kno^vn  of  it  by  the  u 
ordinary  care."  But  there  is  siune  autliorily  for  a  stricter  tlnor 
c.  Dodrine  that  a  coinphiiiif  nol  confaining  an  avennenl  of  i 
ance  is  good.— Xnother  view  is  that  tlie  servant's  knowledf,'e  an 


■18 

7. 
i 

.8 

'1 
5, 


some  other  person,  or  his  having  Ipiiriiod 
it  by  observation  and  pxperienee.  ISickr.r 
V.  Uaumqarincr  (1892)  6  Ind.  App.  570, 
32  N.  K.  786. 

Mli7/i(im»  V.  Clouqh  (18.'iS)  3  Hurlst. 
4  N.  258,  27  L.  J.  Kxch.  N.  S.  .325. 

•Spc  casPB  cited  in  S  410,  ante,  and 
also  Ohio  rf  M.  U-  Co.  v.  rvurcy  (tSlH) 
128  Ind.  197,  27  N.  K.  470;  Eviiiisrille 
rf  T.  II.  R.  Co.  V.  Ihi.l  (1893)  l.'J4  Ind. 
150,  33  N.  K.  3r)U;  Hcltooville  Mffj.  Co. 
V.  Fields  (1S94)  138  Ind.  88,  30  X.  E. 
529;  l.ouisiillr.  X.  A.  A  V.  It.  Co.  v. 
Hrei-rihic  (1H!>4)  10  Ind.  App.  6 
N.  v..  357;  Consnliilnlrd  .SVoiif  ( 
Willinnm  (  liliiO)  20  Ind.  App. 
Am.  St.  I!ep.  278,  57  N.  K.  5r)8 ; 
rf  K.  I.  II.  Co.  V.  Uichardx  ('  .. 
Ind.  .\pp.  40,  01  N.  E.  18:  Pet, 
Co.  V.  Witte  (1890)  15  Ind.  A, 
43  N.  K.  319,  44  N.  E.  377.  The  . 
titod  decisions  of  the  Indiana  supreme 
court  d.)  not  refer  to  the  ruling  to  the 
contrary  cITect  which  is  mentioned  in 
the  next  note,  but  they  m'l'-t  be  regarded 
as  having  impliedly  overruled  it. 

A  declaration  of  a  baggage  master, 
alleging  substantially  that  it  was  his 
dutv  to  prexrve  the  safety  of  the  pas- 
sengcrs;  that,  after  being  nolitied  that 
now  wheels  had  been  put  under  a  car, 
and  to  look  out  for  them,  he  heard  a 
noise  indicating  they  were  hot  .  and, 
while  looking  out  of  a  side  door  of  the 
hiigu'Uge  car  to  see  to  their  condition,  he, 
without  fault  or  negligence  on  his  part, 
was  struck  by  the  s|Hnit  of  a  tank,  re- 
sult iii;r  fiom  defendant's  negligence  in 
Iniiitiiig  the  spoilt;  and  that  he  did  not 
know  it  wa?  so  near  the  traik.— was 
held  good  on  general  demurrer,  the  eotirt 
Wing  of  opinion  that  a  special  demurrer 
was  ncii'ssarv  to  bring  up  an  ol.ji'ction 
to  the  eoniplaint  based  on  the  fact  that 
it  did  not  allege  that  it  was  no  part  of 
the  sen-ant's  duty  to  have  known  where 
the  RiKiiil  was  located,  .illaiiln  d  C. 
iWLive  R.  Co.  V.  Moodruff  (1881)  06 
<!a.  707. 


A  complaint  is  not  ilemurrable  ( 
ground  that  because  i.  alleges  a 
in  a  coupling  apiKiratus  to  liivt 
"pati-nt  and  oi>Pti  to  the  in>|«<il 
the  railway  company  if  an  exaini 
of  the  same  had  been  made,"  it 
the  defect  to  have  been  one  wliic 
obvious  to  ordinary  .aieful  otisi  n 
and  conscipiently  one  wliich  the 
titr  might  have  avoided  by  the  e; 
of  due  care.  The  words  will  b 
strned  as  meaning  that  the  thtr, 
one  whieli  could  have  hoen  ea>il 
covered  in  a  careful  examinaliiMi 
company's  inspectors.     l.niiixiiH'. 

d    C.    U.    Co.    V.    IIOKVll    (IHIMI)     II 

200,  45  N.  E.  584. 

•In  lli7/iui"»  V.  CUjui/h  (Is 
Hurlst.  &  N.  258,  27  I>.  J.  V.\<-h. 
325,  Bramwell,  B..  considered  lli 
declaration  ought  also  to  sliow  tl 
plaintiff  had  not  the  means  of  ki 
of  tlie  imsafety.  I!ut.  as  alrea.ly 
the  other  mendiers  of  the  court  c 
agree  with  liim  on  this  point. 

In  an  Indiana  case  it  was  laic 
that,  where  the  injury  results  iv 
negligence  of  a  fellow  servant,  tli 
plaint  should  allege  that  the  ]> 
did  not  know,  or  have  the  same 
of  knowing,  of  the  negligence 
skillfulness  of  such  servant.  /; 
li.  <f  li'.  R.  Co.  V.  Dailen  (ISS 
Ind.  75.  10  N.  E.  O.".!.  One  of 
triorities  cited  is  Lake  I'lhore  i(  11 
Co.  V.  .«(H;)ufc  (1880)  108  Ind.  1. 
030.  But  that  case  only  goes 
extent  of  requiring  the  servant  t 
five  actual  knowledge.  Another  i 
lied  on  is  Atlas  Eiiiiinc  U'or/.-.s  ' 
dull  (18S4)  100  Ind.  293,  50  .\i 
798.  But  this  contains  no  ni 
any  point  of  pleading.  On  th^ 
hand,  the  later  eases  cited  in  t 
not«  show  that,  whatever  may  on 
been  tlie  doctrine  in  thi.s  state.  ;i 
of  the  servant's  means  of  knowl 
now  unnecessary. 


1867] 


PLEADING  AND  J'UACIKK. 


230S 


deductions  based  tliorcon  constitute  mattors  of  ilcfonsp,  and  that  it 
is  for  this  reason  unnoeossary  to  ncirativo  such  knowlcdgo  in  the 
complaint.^  Under  this  doc-trine  al.so  it  has  been  held  that,  if  tlie 
existence  of  the  defect  was  actually  unknuwri,  but  slmuld  liave  bcin 
known,  the  fact  tiiat  the  servant  had  equal  means  of  knowledge  need 
not  be  nesatived  in  the  complaint.* 

d.  ElJcct  of  an  averment  lltal  the  serrant  ivas  not  nrfjli'jenl. — Tf 
the  livpofhesis  could  be  entertained,  for  the  })urji(>ses  of  tiny  ]iartic'ii- 
larcase,  that  the  defense  upon  which  the  master  had  (l(liniii\cly  clcct- 
0(1  to  rely  was  contributor}*  negligence,  or  if  tlie  theory  were  adupti'd 


'f'niVrrf  Kiiinrinm. —  In  WatJinq  v. 
Oi^stlrr  (ISTl)  I-.  R.  0  Exch.  73,  -io  L. 
,t.  i:\rli.  N.  8.  43.  23  I,.  T.  N.  S.  SIT).  19 
Wi'ck.  Hi'p.  -"HS,  it  wns  liilil.  on  i;ri)iinils 
o\pl;iini'il  in  tlip  fDllowin^  siilwi-ctinn. 
tlint  nn  nvorniont  of  tli(>  ]»!;iinli(r's  i;»- 
nnnnpc  was  not  ni'cc'-iiuv.  A  fi'w  yoiirs 
mrlicr  the  Irisli  couil  vf  i-xcliciiiici-  li;iil 
al'O  oNprcssi^d  (ho  o|>inioii  that  thcic  is 
nn  univorsul  rule  to  tlio  ofTi'ct  (lint  (ho 
di'cl  II  ition  in  nn  notion  for  injiiri(s  (o 
a  sorviint  cnuspil  hy  (hi>  iip|iliand-»  with 
uliioli  thp  work  is  r:>rri(>(I  on  must  con- 
tnin  an  nvormcnt  (lint  the  plainlilt  was 
jrninrnnt  of  the  (lui'ior.  $^>iiylii  v.  Gins- 
rif,u-  if  /,.  .S7.(/m  rarl.rl  Co.  (ISfiS)  Ir. 
Hep.  2  r.  1..  21.  10  Week.  Rop.  4S3. 
Rut  in  view  of  the  Kn^lish  decisions 
filed  in  note  2.  ftupia,  these  nilin;pi  can- 
not tie  re^aiiled  as  cnil>oilying  the  au- 
tliorititive  doctrine. 

California. —  Mitncr  v.  fCorth  Parific 
roast  It.  Co.  (ISS!)')  78  Cal.  4.30,  12  Am. 
St,  Rep.  on,  21  Pae,  114:  Uohivton  v 
HVv/.i«  /'.  K.  Co.  (1S74)  48  Cal,  40(1; 
Mr(hn!l.>^n  V.  Cenlriil  V.  II.  Co.  (187.')) 
iiOrnI,  7. 

Illinoin. —  The  fact  that  the  servant 
dill  not  know  (ho  daniicroiis  eniiilitioiis 
wliieh  caused  his  injury  is  evideiili.iry 
ill  its  nature,  and  tlu'rcfnre  it  iieiil  iiol 
he  .iverred.  Consalitldli  d  Ciml  Co.  v. 
Mirihrr  (ISIKit  fi.-)  111.  Ajip,  3n»,  foil 
(ri7.  see  ca.se  cited  in  note  2,  siiprn. 

S'lilurhy. —  f^milhirn    R.    Co.    v.    />»■ 

roll  (isnn)   21   Kv.  T..  Rep.   lir>3,  r,i 

S.  W,  741:  CliiKaproh-c  d  .V,  If.  Co.  v. 
Vcnnhlr  (1001)  23  Kv,  L.  Rep.  427,  03 
S.  \V.  3.5.  These  decisions  indicate  an 
ahfinilonment  cf  the  doctrine  adopted  in 
tlie  cMilier  case  cited  in  note  2,  nuprd. 
Hut.  as  will  he  shown  in  the  foUowinir 
sulisiK'tion.  they  rest,  in  common  witli 
other  decisions  to  the  same  pfTect.  upon 
a  thcnrj'  a=  to  th=  defons,->i:  open  to  the 
niiister  which  is  not  accepted  by  the  ma- 
jority of  the  courts. 
Missouri. — Ducrst  v.  St.  Louit  Stamp- 


inr,  Co.  (lilOl)  103  Mo.  007.  03  S.  \V. 
S.!7;  Crtnii-  v.  \l\y.-^',iiri  I'.  I!.  Cti.  i  1S><.'.) 
87  M<>.  -'iSS:  f.'vimiiir/.«  v.  Cnllhin  (  1S70) 
01  Mo,  .'iJO:  /■,,s/irr  v.  Cr„ti;il  l.r,„l  Co. 
(iroiM  150  Mo.  47!t,  50  S.  \V.  1107.  dis- 
ajiproviiij;  ilirl\(m  to  cnnlraiy  elVii'l  in 
I'i'pirsun  V.  I'ostdl  TiUq.  Cnlilr  Co. 
(ISIIK)  1.-.5  .Mi>,  310,  .-|0  S,  \V,  7!I5,  ,->5 
S.  W,  1050,  and  overiiilinij  'ri'mii p  :',ii  v. 
Chimin,  It.  I.  ,i  I'.  It.  Co'.  I  ls:i!i)  2  Mo. 
.\pp.   Rep.  01(3. 

The  same  rule  of  plcadin:;  is  a|>]pliea- 
lile  in  actions  tiroii:;!it  uinlrr  .Mo.  l!ev. 
Slat,  1880,  §  7074,'  f.ir  iiiiiirii'S  caused 
1;  the  failure  to  furiii-!i  props  in  a 
mine,  Adams  v,  Ai;»m(x  if  T.  Coal  Co. 
(1(100)    85  Mo,   Ap|i.    I8i;, 

Ithotjr  l.ildiiit. —  The  drilara(iiin  in  an 
action  to  recover  for  iiijuiieH  sustained 
by  plaint  iir's  intestate  in  tlic  ciiirsc  nf 
his  eniploynient  need  not  alh'Lre  -hat  he 
was  not  fully  iiifiMined  as  to  his  sur- 
roundinjis  and  the  condition  of  the  heU- 
injj  where  he  was  required  tf,  work,  and 
(hat  he  did  not  continue  to  work  thne 
without  object  ion,  and  that  be  d'd  not 
assume  (he  risk  of  iniurv,  l.ce  v.  It'li- 
<i,.,c  Mills  Co.  (1811(1)  21  R.  I.  322.  43 
,\tl,  53(1, 

Soiilli  Cnrolinn. — Carter  v,  Oliver  Oil 
C.  (ISKI)  ,34  S,  r,  211,  27  Am.  St, 
IJep,  815.  13  S.  E.  410;  I)"twhue  v.  /.n- 
Iripiisr  It.  Co.  fl8S0)  32  S.  r.  200,  17 
Am.  St,   Rep,  S54,   11   S,  E.  05. 

Virr'-ifo. —  Itirhrncnul  Crnnite  Cn.  v, 
n<iil.)i  (1800)  02  Va.  .554,  24  S.  E.  232, 
'llie  earlier  rulinu',  cited  in  no(e  2,  .iiipni, 
is  not  ri  firred  to  by  the  court,  but  is 
presumably  sujM-rsedid  by  (his  dcei^inn, 

Wr:!t  Virqinln. —  Unffinon  v,  Dirlin- 
.sri),    (1,888)    31    W ,   Va.    142.   0  S.   V..   53. 

M'isioMKiii. —  null  hiin  v.  flreen  Ilov, 
U-.  cf  SI.  I'.  It.  Co.  (1887)  08  Wis.  .520, 
32  S.  \V.  520;  Urhiii  v.  Irmour  (1883) 
-.8  Wis    1.   15  N    \V    aofi 

•Cumm'ings  v.  Collins  (1870)  61  Mo. 
520. 


11 


II 


•iiii 


•'1 1 

i  h      '  : 

t  ■ 


ii'h 


I' 


?t1 


; ;  I  ll  ,  fr»4'iJ 


i-"if 


:  :  1 

I'.i 


i.l 


ilkl 

w 

t  ^ 

ii 


fl^ 


23M 


SUSTER  ANU  SERVANT. 


[ciiii 


r 


that  tliis  is  tlie  only  defense  which  can  be  founded  on  the  fact 
Rerv'ont's  knowledge  of  the  risk,  an  averment  that  the  injury  v 
ceivcd  wnthout  fault  on  his  part  might,  it  is  eviih-nt,  be  pr 
taken  as  including  by  implication  the  allegation  that  ho  was  ig 
of  that  risk.  See,  generally,  §§  119-121,  205,  319,  .'520,  anlr. 
hypothesis  here  suggested  apparently  underlies  decisions  by  tl)( 
lish  Court  of  Exchequer,"  and  by  tiie  Ivcntuck-  court  of  ap]i 
The  theory  thus  indicated  may  perhaps  ho  also  regarded  as  tli 
ratiniiale  of  three  decisions  rendered  in  states  where,  alllimii 
defense  of  assumption  of  risks  is  recognized,  the  courts  eousidfr 
form  of  contributory  negligence."     But  neither  the  hypotlic- 


•  In  the  cn»e  referred  to  tlie  ruling 
was  tliMt  a  decliiratii)n  stating  that  tlie 
defen<l.'int  was  owiier  of  a  fiU'lni-j-  and 
niacliiiu':  tlint  W .  «iis  empliiyed  l)y  him 
to  work-  tliert'in,  and  in  the  course  of  his 
eniployiiunt  it  was  necessary  for  liini  to 
enter  tlie  machine  to  clean  it;  tliat  by 
the  ne^'liiicnec  of  the  defendant  it  was 
unsafely  constructed  and  in  a  defective 
condition,  anil  was,  l)y  reason  of  not  be- 
ing sulliciently  guarded,  unfit  to  be  used 
and  cntcrid,  as  the  defendant  well 
knew:  and  by  reason  of  the  premises, 
and  aNo  by  reason,  ns  he  well  knew,  of 
no  suilicient  apparatus  having  been  pro- 
vided by  him  to  protect  \V.,  it  was  sud- 
denly put  in  motion  while  he  was  at 
work  in  the  machine,  and  he  therel)y 
sustained  injviries  from  wliich  he  after- 
wards died, — sulliciently  shows  that  the 
machine  was  set  in  motion  by  the  de- 
fendant's neglijience,  and  therefore  dis- 
closes a  cause  of  action,  although  there 
is  no  allegation  that  \V.  was  ignorant  of 
the  dangerous  anil  defective  character  of 
the  machine.  U'o//in7  v.  Oanller  ( 1871 ) 
L.  R.  0  Exch.  73,  23  L.  T.  N.  S.  815, 
10  Week.  Itep.  388,  40  L.  J.  ICxch.  N. 
S.  43.  The  jHisition  taken  was  that  the 
averment  that  the  injury  was  caused 
"by  re;i>on  of  the  negligence  of  the  de- 
fendant' was  equivalent  to  an  averment 
under  the  older  forms  of  ple:iiling.  that 
the  injury  was  caused  by  the  defendant's 
■'mere''  negligciiie.  Virtually,  there- 
fore, the  plaintiir  was  alleging  himself 
to  l>e  free  from  contributory  negligence, 
and  such  an  allegation  necessarily  im- 
plied an  assertion  on  his  part  that  he 
was  ignorant  of  the  defect  in  question. 
The  decision,  therefore,  is  essentially 
one  to  the  etTeet  that  the  complaint  was 
Riitrieiontly  definite  with  respect  to  the 
allegation  that  due  care  bad  been  exer- 
ciscil  by  the  servant,  and  that,  as  it  vir- 
tually included  such  an  allegatiim.  the 
further  conelii-iiin   fulhiwed   that   it   vir- 


tually included  also  an  allegatio 
norance  on  the  servant's  part, 
this  is  the  rationale  of  the  c;i--e  i: 
by  the  passage  quoted  in  §  803, 
infra.  See  also  the  comimnt 
upon  the  ruling  bv  Howen.  I..  .1. 
(liiffllhs  Cane  (1884)  L.  R.  13  Q. 
25!).  53  L.  J.  Q.  B.  N.  S.  .Wt.  ? 
N.  S.  533,  33  Week.  Rep.  35,  4 
100,  referred  to  in  note  2,  n»(c. 

"In  one  case  it  was  laid  il(i\ 
the  plaintilT's  ignorance  of  the 
need  not  be  specifically  allegi><l, 
dence  tending  to  show  such  igno 
competent  under  the  plea  of  ci 
tory  negligence.  Soulliern  /?. 
Uurnll  (1809)  21  Ky.  L.  Rep.  1 
S.  W.  535. 

In    another   It   was   held    tha 
brakeman,    who    is    suing    for 
caused  l)y  a  defective  roadl>ed. 
dcr  no  duty,   and   had   no  oppu 
to  examine  it,  it  was  not  neei<- 
him   to  aver   or   prove   that   he 
know    of    the    existence    of    the 
eh  ran  pen  he    d    N.    I'.    Co.    v. 
(11)01  )  23  Ky.  T..  Rep.  427,  l>3  S 

"  In  I. (I  S'lllc  V  '"sika  I  I  HI 
111.    130,  (iO   N.   F  illeg: 

the  exercise  of  i  .,  he 

was    treeteil    as    an    ini]       .i    al 
that    he   was    i'.niorant   of   the   d 
question.        (For    the    Illinois   il 
sei"  5  293a,  ante,  and  sections 
to.) 

In  an  earlier  cn.se  this  court  li 
that,  as  the  jury  nui^t  have  fr 
finding  the  defend:'-  t  guilty,  I 
deceased  was  not  g\i  ly  of  coiiti 
negligence,  such  an  alligation  \ 
tainly  sulHcient  on  error,  but 
f rained  from  expressing  an  o|>i 
to  whether  it  would  have  l"'i 
against  a  demurrer.  I'hirtiiin  i 
C„.  V.  Ilinr.i  (  ISPO)  132  111.  IliS, 
St.   Rep.  515.  23   X.  K.    1021. 

In  Hihni  v.    \rmiiiir  i  ISS.l)  5« 


[chap,  xu 

tlio  fact  (if  til 
injury  wms  .^ 
t,  bo  pi'upcrK 
i;  was  i^iiMriiiit 
20,  niih'.  Tho 
ns  by  tlic  Kii:;- 
t  of  apiMMU.'" 
led  as  tlio  true 
',  alllii>iij;li  tk' 
coiisidfr  it  as  a 
hypotlic-is  nor 

I  nllcfiation  of  !;• 

nf»   iKirt.      That 

llie  o;i-.i'  i-i  «'  nw] 

in  ;  803,  iiolf  1 

COllllllI'llt^     lr;li|... 

wen.  I..  .1.,  in  tLt 
..  R.  13  Q.  n.  Div 
.  S.  504.  -.1  1.,  T 
Rep.  35,  4!l  ,r  P 
e  2,  ante. 
s  laid  ilnwn  th.il 
ce  of  the  dan^'er 
y  alli';,'iil.  as  ni- 
such  i^'iioratice  is 
pipji  of  contriliu- 
illiern  R.  Co.  t. 
L.  Kep.  1153,54 

hold    th.nt,  as  a 

linj;    for    injuries 

roadbpil.  \\:n  un 

I   no  oppiirtuTiity. 

not  noci'-i'^nry  fur 

that   he  iliii  i;.it 

'o    of    tht-    .lif.(' 

Co.    V.     Vnw'iff 

427,  1)3  S   W.  :i.i 

'Slka    (  llinii   lliii 

■illr;;,ilion  of 

lif  sprv.in! 

m).      .1    allc-'ili'in 

iif   tlw  (1  •I'i'i't  in 

llliiiiiis    iliiiirinf, 

sections  nfiTrr] 

lis  court  had  held 
4   havo   fi'iiihl.  in 

j;lliUy,     tll:lt    t'le 

y  of  (•oiilriliiitiirt 
li'pition  was  «r 
•ror,  lint  had  iv- 
tip  an  ojiiniiin  a- 
hnve    I'o'.'n   L'li*^ 

Chirai),,  it  E.  I! 
12  111.  KiS,  22  .to 
.    1021. 

I  1  SS.l )  fl*?  \Vi-  ' 


1857] 


IM.KADiXG  AND  IMUITUE. 


23(i7 


the  theory  referred  to  at  the  beginninj^  (  '  ^.lis  subsection  is  ajipli- 
cable  or  available  under  the  doetriiio  which  prevails  in  most  juris- 
dictions, viz.,  that  evidence  of  a  i=';-vant's  haviii,i  begun  or  continued 
work  with  a  knowledge  of  a  given  risk  will  warrant,  according  to  the 
point  of  view,  either  tiie  inference  that  he  as-;iiiiied  that  risk,  or  that 
he  was  negligent.  See  §  oOO,  ante.  In  Indiana  and  Ohio  it  !uts 
been  held  tiiat  a  necessary  corollary  of  this  doctrine  is  that  an  allega- 
tion of  freedom  from  contributory  negligence  does  not  adoiiiialcly 
jiipj)ly  the  place  of  an  allegation  of  ignorance  of  the  risk.'-  In 
Gcvirgia  a  similar  position  has  been  taken,  but  the  conclusion  of  the 
court  was  based  upon  a  wholly  ditTerent  ground,  viz.,  that  a  complaint 
in  which  there  is  no  specilic  averment  of  iguoruncc  is  not  sullicienlly 
definite." 


IS  >f.  W.  80(5,  the  court  conaidoiod  itself 
bound,  under  the  lihenil  lule  whirh  was 
followed  in  \\  i.^eonsin  with  regard  to 
llie  eonslruction  of  pleadings,  to  elTeetu- 
ite  the  pleader's  intention  hy  holding 
tliiit  a  complaint  averring  freedom  from 
contrihutory  neplipenee  snilieienlly  neg- 
alivcd  any  knowletlf.'o  on  the  part  of  the 
plaintiir.  or  reasonahle  nieans  of  knowl- 
edge, that  the  applianee  in  question  was 
an  unsafe  one.  The  reason  thus  as- 
sij.Tied  evidently  does  not  po  to  the  root 
of  the  matter.  (For  the  Wisconsin  doc- 
trine as  to  the  natui^  of  the  defense  of 
a5.sumption  of  risks,  see  §  310,  note  7, 
tnte.) 

"idiiisvillc,  Jf.  A.  d  C.  R.  Co.  V.  Corps 
(181)0)  124  Ind.  420.  8  I..  R.  A.  (130.  24 
N.  K.  lOUl,  wlnre  the  court  jxiinted  out 
that  '"it  may  he  true  that  an  eniployea 
eserei'^cs  the  utmost  care,  and  yet  be 
true  that  the  risk  assumed  was  an  inci- 
dent of  the  .service  in  which  he  was  en- 
juped."  This  ease  was  followed  in  l\rn- 
tvcuy  >i  I.  liri<liic  Co.  v.  Eastman  (181(3) 
7  Ind.  App.  514.  34  X.  V..  83.5;  Chicai/o 
i  /;.  /,'.  Co.  V.  Ue  (1807)  17  Ind.  App. 
2l.i,  40  N.  E.  513.  In  view  of  these 
rulinps  a  recent  decision  of  the  Indian.a 
court  of  appeals,  to  the  elTcct  that  the 
plaintlir's  knouledpe  need  not  lie  spieili- 
cally  nlleped,  where  it  is  averred  that  he 
was  free  from  'ault.  must  be  pninoumed 
errnneoiis.  Summit  Coal  Co.  v.  Shaw 
llSDfl)   10  Ind.  App.  9,  44  N.  E.  G70. 

In  Chicoqo  cf  0.  Coal  d-  Car  Co.  v. 
Xormnn  (1802)  40  Ohio  St.  5'I8,  32  X. 
E.  S57,  the  court  thus  stated  its  conelu- 
lion  with  regard  to  the  contention  that 
an  avem:cnt  that  the  roof  of  the  min" 
in  question  fell  and  caused  the  death  of 
plaintilT's  decedent,  "without  fault  on 
hii  part,"  included  by   implication   an 


averment  that  the  character  of  the  roof 
of  a  mine  and  the  in~iillicii'iiey  of  its 
supports  were  unknown  to  the  deecised: 
"Afl'r  a  eaiefnl  eotisjiUr.ition  of  the 
question,  we  are  of  the  opinion  that, 
both  upon  principle  and  autliority.  the 
demurrer  sliould  have  licrn  su-i  limd. 
The  deceased  may  at  the  time  have  been 
without  any  fault  emit  rilmtiiip  to  his 
injury. — may  hive  been  extremely  care- 
ful,— and  yet  fully  aware  of  the  d  in;jer 
to  which  he  was  e\|Hwcd  from  the  iii-e- 
curity  of  the  roof  of  tlie  mine;  ami  a 
failure  to  commiinie:ite  such  f  let  to  llui 
employer  is  not  a  mere  mattir  of  di'feii-e 
that  slioiihl  he  pleadeil,  but  a  defect  in 
the  prouml  on  wliieli  his  liibiliiy  is  as 
serted;  that  is  to  say,  actionable  nepli- 
gence." 

""The  allcu'ition  that  the  deceased 
was  without  fault  is  too  general  ami  too 
iriieh  in  the  n.ituve  of  a  lejal  eoiiclii- 
sion  to  sene  as  a  siilistilule  for  the 
proper  allegation  of  his  want  of  knowl- 
edge. If  he  was  ipnoratit,  that  was  a 
s[i(eific  fact  upon  which  issue  eoiihl  lin 
taken;  and  if  it  was  true,  there  could  lie 
no  pood  reason  why  it  was  not  allep^d. 
The  oM.i«ion  to  allcL'e  it  is  better  ac- 
counted for  on  the  tlieoiy  that  it  did 
not  exist  than  on  any  other.  Our  law 
requires  th.it  the  cause  of  action  shall 
be  'plainly,  fully,  and  distinctly'  set 
forth;  ami  the  rule  is  that  pleiidiiips 
shall  he  taken  most  slrcmply  apainst  tlie 
pleader."  .4//rii  v.  .4  H'/kv/k  Factory 
(KHSS)  82  Ga.  70,  8  S.  E.  (!■<.  As  re- 
gards the  special  consideration  upon 
whiidi  this  rulinp  is  based,  it  is  note- 
wort'iy  tlist  the  theirry  entertaini-d  by 
the  court  as  to  the  necessary  particu- 
larity of  the  allepations  of  a  complaint 
ia  in  direct  antagonism  to  that  of  the 


w 


! 


il 


M    tl 


2368 


MASTER  AND  SERVANT. 


[chap 


858.  Avennent  of  the  tervani's  freedom  from  contributory  i 
gence. — (St*  also  §  S.')?,  subd.  d,  supra.)  A  complaint  wliicli,  in 
tion  to  tho  averments  discnssod  in  the  two  procoding  sirii.)ii- 
diidoa  an  allojrafion  that  the  injured  son-ant  was  fron  from  i 
genco,  is  unquestionably  good  against  a  doniurrcr.'  But  tlif  an! 
tics  are  oontlicling  as  to  tho  sutliciency  of  a  complaint  in  whicli 
is  no  allegati(tn  to  this  etfect. 

One  d(X'trinc  is  that  the  complaint  is  demurr.ible  unless  it  r 
contains  an  express  allegation  that  the  servant  did  not  cnntriln 
his  injury  by  his  own  fault  or  negligence,  or  states  facts  ."roiii  \ 
the  absence  of  such  fault  or  negligence  is  clearly  apparent." 

Ou  the  other  hand,  several  courts  have  adopted  the  rule  tlmf 
tributory  negligence,  being  matter  of  defense,  need  not  bo  ncg;! 
in  the  complaint.* 

Enplish  judges  who  dcculod  t!ie  cn^e 
cited  in  note  9,  siipru,  and  in  }  803, 
note  1,  infra. 

'Oliio  d  HI.  R.  Co.  V.  nmton  (1804) 
137  Inil.  1,  35  \.  E.  (iS7 ;  Gcorpp  11. 
Ilamviniid  £  Co.  v.  y  Inrrilrrr  (1SS7) 
112  Iiid.  •24(i,  13  N.  E.  Sli!»:  Clnrl;  i'ouii- 
ty  Ctmrnt  Co.  v.  lVn'//i(  (1807)  10  liid. 
A  pp.  (!.'!0.  ■(.-.  N.  E.  S17. 

'  rniilmi'l.  —  III  Wiilliiiq  V.  Oostlcr 
(1871)  E.  R.  6  Exili.  73,  -tO  L.  J.  Exih. 
N.  S.  4.-!.  :;;!  E.  T.  X.  S.  815.  1!>  Week. 
Rop.  388  (for  nctual  iHiint  dociilod,  see 
S  857,  note  0,  supra),  tlie  court  seciim 
to  have  i>io<oeiIi-d  on  tlio  tlioory  thnt  it 
wn*  necos^aiy  to  read  into  tlie  cdiii- 
plaint  an  implied  allc.'ition  of  freedom 
from  ocntriliutorj-  neLilijieiiee.  Rut  the 
doctrine  now  prevailing  in  England  that 
the  onus  of  proving  cmitrihutory  neuli- 
genre  rest.s  on  tlie  defendant  (see  5  8}2, 
ante),  seems  to  involve,  as  a  necessary 
corollary,  the  eonclu>ii<m  that  tlie  plain- 
ti(T  is  not  bound  to  negative  sueh  neg- 
ligenee  by  an  express  averment. 

Fcdiral  Cotirln. —  Diinincnd  v.  Ameri- 
can Min.  rf  Hm<lti»(j  Co.  (1882)  4  Mc- 
Crary,  244,  12  Eed.  847. 

Indiana. — Frnnsrillc  rf  C.  R.  Co.  v. 
Dexter  (1805)  24  Ind.  411. 

An  averment  that  the  plainti(T  was 
"without  fault"  is  good  as  an  averment 
negativing  contributory  negligence  on 
his  part.  Rogers  v.  Overton  (1882)  87 
Ind.  410. 

A  complaint  which  shows  that  the  ac- 
cident happened  without  the  fault  of 
plaintiff  is  not  demurrable  for  the  rea- 
son that  "it  nowhere  directly  alleges 
that  he  did  not  himself  contriluite  to 
the  sickness.  .  >.ss  of  time  and  labor,  and 


paralvsis  for  which  he  also  elniir^ 
ages."  Ohio  d  .11.  R.  Co.  v.  .V 
(1880)   71   Ind.  271. 

.\  complaint  containing  alli'j 
which  merely  show  freedom  from 
g(Mice  up  to  a  time  which  is  si'u 
by  an  appreciable  interval  fii. 
actual  moment  of  the  accident  is  < 
rable.  l.nFnvrlte  Carpet  Cn.  v. 
ford  (1900)  25  Ind.  App.  187,  57 
044. 

The  rule  in  this  state  is  now  el 
by  r.urns'a  Rev.  Stat.  (Ind.)  IIK)! 
3"i!la,  by  which  it  is  provided  t 
shall  not  be  necessary  for  the  p' 
to  allege  or  prove  tho  want  of  eoi 
tory  negligence,  that  such  neg 
shall  be  a  matter  of  defense,  and 
may  be  proved  imiler  the  answer 
eral  denial.  This  act  has  bwii  di 
to  be  constitutional.  Indin: 
fUreet  R.  Co.  v.  Rohinson  (I'JO 
Ind.  232,  01  N.  E.  197. 

Ohio.— Mod  Rirtr  d  L.  E.  R. 
r.arher  (1850)  5  Ohio  St.  5JI,  ( 
Dec.  312. 

*  Mnhnmn.—Cnhimhii!:  d  ^V.  R. 
liradiord  (I8S8)  80  Ala.  574.  (! 
(action  was  umbr  the  employe 
bility  act:  see  chapter  X.W'vil..  n 

California. —  Maqee    v.    Xorth 
Coast  R.  Co.  (1880)   78  Cal.  4:!M. 
St.   Rep.   09,   21    Pac.    114;    Rol,:, 
n-esirm  P.  R.  Co.    (1874)    48  Cm 
McQuHhen  v.  Central  P.  R.  Co. 
50  Cal.  7. 

(Jeorftia. — A  petition  ui  an  net 
personal    injuries   to   an    emphn 
though    it   contains   allegations 
izing  the  inference  that  it  was  pi; 
duty   to  have  known   and  to  b 


n:,.V:Tl 


1899] 


PLEADING  AND  I'llACTICE. 


236B 


859.  Necessary  correspondence  between  the  allegata  and  probatw  — 
Thec^.iiclusiuns  which  have  been  arrived  at  in  ilcuiin-;  whli  'J.e  quea- 
tion  whetiier  there  was  or  was  not  a  varianec  umlcr  tlic  '/wfw  firciim- 
stanccs  are  indicattMl  b^'  the  decisions  oi"  wiiich  the  ellVct  is  ;;i:iti-d  bo- 
low.' 

miirror.  Sin  Anlnnin  if  .1.  /'.  7f.  Co. 
V.  I'arr  ('.""i:  Tex.  Civ.  .\p|>. )  M  S.  W. 
8(il. 

11  ivroHsin. — In  an  luliim  >iiMrr  the 
llct  lif  IH'.I.S  (sec  cllll.tiT  XXXIX..  Ulllr), 
it  Ini-'  liMMi  lic'M  tli.it  till'  insiTtiuii  iif  the 
word^i  •■williiiiit  I'oiitriliuton  iii';;li;;('n(« 
on  lii>  l>iil"  ili>  not  cli.iii;;!'  tlii"  rnmiiinn- 
l;!\v  mil'  SI"  :i~  to  iiKiUif  it  iii-ri-ssary  to 
lili.ul  till;  iiiiilrilititon-  ni';:li^'c-ii<v  ns  a 
llifinM'.  .-1  »(//•(  n.>i  V.  fliiciniii,  .If.  ti  St. 
I'.  It.  Co.  (IS'JT)  00  Wia.  aiS.  71  N.  W. 
37i. 

Mil)  C'lsrs  in  uhich  thcrr  ua.s  laid  to 
he  a  I  iiii'i  II '.~.\n  ompliiyi*  eniiiiot  re- 
iiAi'i-  fur  1111  injury  on  llie  ;,'roiinil  lliat 
lliM  iiKirliini'  WHS  (li'fcclivi',  in  tlio  ab- 
si  iiic  of  any  nllc^'ation  in  liis  di'<!;iia- 
tioii  tluit  the  injury  ri'^iilti'il  from  snch 
dcfi'tt.s.  lUl.lcs  V.  Sorfvllc  li  IT.  /.'.  Vo. 
(ISIHI)   !)«  Va.  till,  25  S.  1",.  :>l'>. 

lU'coviTV  cannot  l)e  liail  on  proof  of 
any  di'ficlH  in  a  inacliiiif  ndiir  111  in 
tlioso  ttliicli  lie  liuH  S]H'i'ili(  illy  all'^fil. 
Aniiilc  l-'ilc  Willis  V.  .lutiiia  (1S'.I.'>) 
l.";  Ind.  Api>.  4tiU.  40  X.  K.  SKS,  41  N.  V.. 
iiC;  Cniiivd  V.  (Jruy  (ISHU)  lli:i  A1.1. 
130,   1!)  f>o.  :i!iS. 

Wlioro  tlui  iit''.;lis('nre  nlli'^'cd  is  that 
hoards    wire   'nin'ven,    iin^ininil,    rotlrn. 

un-afi',  and  difcitivo,"  he  ranimt  r ver 

njion  tlip  tliiiiry  that  sound  liomN  «iie 
not  sulliiii-ntly  .stron-;,  or  that  tlii> 
■.'round  whrre  they  wcii'  u>rd  was  soft, 
so  that  a  loadi'd  truck,  wlicii  hciii!' 
wheeled  over  the  hoards,  dc|>ri~sed  the 
ends,  oatisin^  the  load  to  fall  on  him. 
Shiiiike  V.  Ciiifal  Slr.lri  Umlcr  Co. 
{VMM)    '2.'>  .Midi.  :i4(!.  84   \.  \V.  'iH:!. 

Where  the  conipliint  contains  an  al- 
legation that  defendant  ne;.'liui'ntly  con- 
stiucted  a  seall'old  of  insullicient  strensth 
to  sii|iiM>it  the  weight  placed  on  it.  this 
allepition  beins  followed  by  a  recital  of 
the  circumstances  of  the  accident,  in 
which  it  is  alle;.'ed  a  board  of  insullicient 
stren-.'tb,  placed  across  an  area,  brok'-. 
and  there  is  also  another  allegation  that 
the  scalFold  was  overloaded,  and  in  con- 
sequence thereof  it  broke,  and  an  aver- 
ment, not  specifying  any  defect  in  eon- 
stritrlion.  but  merely  BtatinK  that  fhcre 
was  neglisence  in  the  use  of  the  scaf- 
fold, there  can  be  recovery  without  proof 
that    the   board   ov^r   the   area   broke. 


moviil  the  ca'iKC  from  which  hi«  injuries 
r(7.ultiil,  is  «ood  as  a;;ainst  a  p'lK.al 
demurier.  where  it  anirniatively  alle-es 
that  plaiiiliir  waa  "wliolly  without 
fault,"  and  that  at  the  time  of  tlie  in- 
jury he  was  nttending  to  bis  duties,  and 
was  not  aware  of  the  dan;;er  to  which 
he  was  exiH.sed.  lUiirlf-lmii-  v.  rnilml 
II  Co.   IIS'.IH)    10.5  tia.  380,  31   S.   10.  !M). 

IIHnuis.—Wahush.  Kl.  L.  .1  /'.  />'.  <"• 
v.SluxkUt  (1S83)  10.5  111.  :;iit.  44  Am. 
Rep.  'HI  ;  Chiriuio  rf  V.  1\  .  //.  Co.  v. 
Com  (1874)  73  HI.  304;  Chicago  d  E.  I. 
R.Co.  V.  nines  (18S1I)  33  HI.  .\\<\>.  271. 

Mississippi. — Hud.ncr  v.  Uichiiii/iid  d 
D.  It.  Co.   (1895)    72  Miss.  873,   18  So. 

ilissouri. —  The  doctrine  aiiplied  by 
this  court,  and  the  reasons  for  adopting 
it,  are  shown  by  the  following  pas-age: 
"If  the  onus  of  proving  contributory 
nogligince  or  of  knowledge  on  the  part 
of'plaintiir  of  defective  machinery  rests 
on  the  defendant,  it  would  be  a  sinpilar 
rule  of  pleading  to  require  a  plaintilT  to 
aver  negatively  that  he  was  not  guilty 
of  contrihutorv  negligence,  or  did  not 
have  knowledge  of  defective  macliinei-y, 
noitlier  one  of  which  he  would  be  re- 
quired to  prove  to  make  out  his  case, 
but  which  the  defendant  would  lie  re- 
quired to  jirove  to  make  out  his  defense. 
The  denial  of  a  negative  proiHoitinn  is 
the  alliniiation  of  its  opi>osite.  and  the 
L'Micral  rule  is  that  he  w  lio  liases  a  right 
on  an  allirinative  proposition  must  es 
Inlilish  it."  Crane  v.  Missouri  /'.  II. 
Co.  (18:35)   87  Mo.  .588. 

This  rule  of  pleading  is  also  applica 
He  to  actions  brought  under  Mo.  llev. 
Stat.  1880.  §  7074,  for  injuries  caused 
hy  the  failure  to  fi.  nish  pi  ops  in  a 
niino.  Adnms  v.  Kaiis.  rf  T.  Coal  Co. 
(inOO)  85  Mo.  App.  48i;. 

Virginia.—  Xor'idk  d  IV.  R.  Co.  v. 
■lack-son  (1888)  85  Va.  480.  8  S.  K.  370; 
liiclwioml  Granite  Co.  v  ISailey  (1800) 
92  Va.  554,  24  S.  E.  232. 

Texas. — An  allegation  that  the  plain- 
tiff did  not  know  of  the  existence  of  the 
hole  in  the  track  which  caused  his  in- 
jury, not  having  Int-n  informed  of  it, 
ami  his  duties  not  having  previously  re- 
quired him  to  perform  any  work  at  that 
particular  place,  is  good  on  general  de- 


'    r 


i!;j 


II 


•'h[i 

t'M 


ill  : 


iH 


I 


hi 


i  Hi' 

riii- 


ll'iii 


T"*" 


2370 


MASTEU  ANU  SKKVANT. 


[cu 


■;ii  r-    i  I 


860.  Bedundan'^y. —  In  a  suit  for  injury  from  the  master's 
gencc,  only  the  nej;lig('uc«  causing  the  mischief  should  be  dcclu 


Coalcs  V.  rhapinan  (1000)  1U5  Pa.  109, 
45  All.  (17(1. 

UlitTo  tlie  ooiiiphiint  Hix-oifie.H  an  in- 
jury enuM'il  by  the  ilcfcctive  eoiintruc- 
liuii  of  an  ii|i|>liaiK'u,  the  jury  in  prop- 
erly iiifuiincd  that  the  plaintilf  •'aiiiiut 
nciivtT  upon  oviili'tut'  wliicli  ti'iiils  to 
show  that  the  injury  was  eauspil  by  the 
oa rch'Hsncss  of  a  superior  eniployt-e  in 
pn'pariiis  the  appliance  for  use.  Drink,- 
uiil  V.  i:ugle  Much.  Works  (1H83)  90 
Inci.  Ai:\. 

I'ecovery  cnnnot  be  had  on  the  t;round 
that  ineonipetent  servants  wen;  em- 
ployeil.  if  the  declaration  ehar;;cs  only 
the  inijiroix-r  construction  ■  f  the  eleva- 
tor which  caused  the  injury,  and  its 
caii'less  use  and  management.  Sill  v. 
(.'hiirlrs  Uietz  d  liros.  Liuiihi-r  Co, 
(IHSS)   70  Mich.  470,  38  X.  U  .  4.'>1. 

I'loof  of  failure  of  a  railroad  company 
to  furnish  an  engineer  with  the  neces- 
sary assistants  to  maintain  a  lookout  to 
avoid  accident*  is  a  fatal  variance  from 
a  |«'tition  which  bases  the  charge  of  neg- 
ligence on  the  employment  of  an  incom- 
pelent  engineer;  and  a  general  charge  of 
ncgliiiinee  in  the  petition  does  not  obvi- 
ate the  variance,  where  the  petition 
after  such  general  charge  returns  to  the 
six'cilic  chariic  of  incom|H'tency  and  keys 
its  m-neral  ehaige  of  negligence  to  the 
s|weilie  charge  tirst  made,  .l/issoiiri.  A', 
rf  7'.  A'.  Co.  v.  Shud;man  (18U8)  o!)  Kan. 
77).  :yl  I'ae.  44(1. 

Where  a  complaint  siM'cilie«  certain 
acts  of  negligence  on  the  part  of  a  de-ig- 
nated  employee,  recovery  cannot  he  h  id 
upon  pro(  f  of  the  commission  of  other 
ails  of  ne;;li:;c-nce  bv  anotlier  I'mplnvie. 
Thumits  V.  iMiiiKrillc  ii  \.  If.  Co.  (ISmi) 
IS  Ky.  I..  l!cp.  1(14,  3,5  S.  W.  !)in. 

I'lider  a  declarati<m  alleging  an  in- 
jury caused  by  certain  negliiient  acts  of 
a  designated  vice  principal,  a  servant 
i-aniiot  recover  eillier  upon  evidrnce 
which  shows  the  breach  of  a  general 
duty  owed  to  him  by  the  defendant,  or 
iil«(  n  evidence  wliich  imlicites  culpibil- 
ily  on  the  part  of  some  other  employee 
whose  negligence  is  not  spi'cilically  al- 
le'.'id.  rlii'niiiii  if  !■:.  I.  I!,  io.  v.  Oris- 
,:'.U  (IS'iS)  17li  111.  .'CIO,  .VJ  N.  E.  021, 
Ueversjng  (1SII7)    70  111.  App.  01. 

There  is  n  fatal  variHtice  where  the 
[xtiiinii  sets  fo!!h  that  the  plaintiff  was 
injure  I  Ihinu'.'h  the  negligence  of  the 
company  in  "usiMgdi  ftvtive  machinery," 
iii'd  "in  running  its  cars."  etc.,  and  the 
evidence    shows    that    the    injury    was 


IV  • 

Ilannihal  d  8t.  J.  It.  Co.  (188l)| 
.514  (Norton  and  Nanton,  J. I.,  i 
Hervant    for    peritonal    injuries 

Where  a  complaint  in  an  acti 
negligence  in  failing  to  (urnisi 
appliances,  and  the  evidence  she 
ptaintitT  was  instructed  to  er 
mouth  of  the  cotton  bin  of  an  i 
and  dra^  down  cotton  seed  wli 
beiiinu'  clogged  therein,  ami  I 
sd'd  slipped  down  and  crushcil 
will  not  sustain  a  verdict  for 
on  account  of  such  alleged  di  f<  i 
pliames.  Itruiin  v.  ililler  ( l!)l 
i;iv.  App.)  02  .S.  W,  5»7. 

It  has  been  held  that,  under  n 
allegation  that  the  cars  whicli 
his  injury  »i  n-  eari-lessly  hiii 
swili'liman  cannot  recover  for 
which  are  shown  to  have  resiill 
"kiekii  ",'"  these  cars.  .Wisjohi 
T.  It.  Cu.  v.  ll'iKer  (lOUU;  'f 
App.)  .58  S.  W.  904.  Hut  the 
ness  of  this  ri'ling  may  well  be 

The  willow  of  a  deciised  serv 
Rtiit  against  a  railroad  compaii.N 
homicide  of  her  husl)nnd  cannot 
any  acts  of  negligence  whicli 
charged  in  the  declaration,  (Ir 
rf  ULg.  Co.  v.  OnLa   (1874)    52 

W  here  the  six^-ific  breach  of 
lied    u\K>n    in  the   servant's   dci 
is    the    failure   of    the  defend. in 
struct  him  as  fo  the  proiH'r  m; 
which   ties   slmiild  be   loaded   on 
way  iMr,  he  cjiiuot,  in  an  aetic 
cover  for  injiiric-^  due  to  the  l.ill 
of  the  ties,   recever  on   tl'e  tliei 
theii'  was  a  d  Uet  in  (In-  ivir. 
/;.;s/  i(-  Wcsl  A'.  Co.   (IHS'.M    8t 
20  Am.  St.  I!ep.  3.52,  10  .S.  K.  ,51 

(b)  Cu.si's  in  tchivh  thrrr  intf 
he  no  rnfiiiuvr. — \n  instruct i< 
finilinL;  for  defendant  on  the  gi 
variance  between  l!ie  ih'clnat 
proof  is  properly  refused,  wl 
plaint  ilT's  tesliniony  clearly  i 
support  the  declaration.  (ln" 
Srlmlt  (1!)00)  !)5  111.  App.  II 
ment  nUirine.!  in  (  lOOl)  1!1J 
So  Am.  St.  r,ep.  3IS.  (11    N.  K. 

I'lider  giiieial  allegations  f 
gence  of  defendant,  the  plaint 
show  that  the  ne^^ligencc  con- 
the  nets  or  opiis-^ions  of  dffcr 
its  superior  or  managing  olliier. 
alone  by  the  negligent  act  of 
servant.  0/.«on  v.  SI.  I'tiiil.  M. 
Co.  (1880)   34  -Minn.  477,  20  N. 


I  too] 


I'LKAOIXO  AND  I'lUCTICE. 


8371 


,  ■       A  di-plnmt Ion    ■llcp'"';'   "'»'    ♦''*-   ''"' 

masters   nejjii-      ■     frmlnnt  cim'le»Mly   iinil    iie;.'li;,'ciitly    [xT 

.iiil|(.il  a   riiilri)iid   tnuk   ;in<l   a   car   to 

hfcciiM?    nn<l    rriiiain    ilcfrctive    i«    »""• 

iaimil  l>y  evidence  Hint  tlicy  hiKMiiie  ami 


allowing  t'le  rondhoil  to  hpcome  defect- 
ive, in  tluit  Hie  cruwn  wan  nut  <)f  fculll- 
cieiit  widlti  to  mip|ioit  en;iiiiin  imd 
tniins.  and  that  tlie  tie*  wore  ttorii  out 
ami  wiirlhlefm,  and  tliat  tlie  rails  were 
n'..  Ii:irll.illy  HpiUrd, 
lU'iice  iif  sjiil  can  li'ss- 

IK.t 


ri'tiiiiined  di'fcilive  »liriiii,:;li  liis  personal  earelcsnly    and     on.. 

no^liiTnce  in  not  dixeovcrln^  and  rctiie-  and  th;it  in  conseqiu 

liHiT  tlie  defect!*,   if  lie  took   n|i(in  liiin-  nest    tlie    wreck    occurred, —does    not    le 

<('lf  Ui  it  lirancli  of  the  ImsinesM.     Fi/iilil  strict  the  plaiiititr  to  proof  of  an  injury 

V.  .Vor'/urn  /•'.  Co.  (IKIiO)  42  N.  11.  'Ji.'i.  caused    liv    the    Kprcidiii;;    of    the  nils, 

\\hcrea  workman  in  the  em|>loy  of  a  Tisnn  rf   /'.   A'.   Co.   v.   .I/cr/une    (l!)i»0) 

'clr^T.ipl'   eomimny    i»   injuied    tlir<)uj;h  24  Te.x.  Civ.  App.  321,  C2  S.  W.  ."ill.'!. 


1  (lifi'i'live  tele^iraph  pole,  the  allejialion 
,if  nr^'li;;ence  is  su.stainod  hy  proving 
the  diiii^'or  from  the  defect  in  the  pole, 
in'l  thiit  it  was  known  to  the  defend- 
II  «,  Iti/ion  V.  A'f  10  Vorfc  Slate  I'rint- 
:«<,  TcUii.  Co.  (1857)   20  liarh.  29. 

There  \*  no  such  viiri.ince  as  to  work 
1  surprise  to  the  defendant,  where  tha 
eviiliiii-  in  an  action  ajiiinst  a  railway 
cijii.iiiny  showed   that    it    was   necessary 


A  declaialiiiii  that  the  dif-ndant 
knew  of  the  unsafe  conditioiut  is  sup- 
porteil  Rulllciently  hy  eviiliiice  thiit  ho 
oiit'lit  to  Iwne  known  of  »ueh  ennditions. 
Mrlluis  V.  i<h,iw  (181)1)  1  l!e.-<t  i  S.  4;i7, 
30  L.  J.  (}.  n.  N.  S.  33:t,  7  .lur.  N.  S. 
Sl.'i.  9  \Ve<'k.  Rep.  74S,  ncr  lllncl.huin,  .1. 

There  is  no  material  vari.ince  where 
the  coiHphiiiil.  in  an  actinu  fur  pi-r-mial 
injuries  riceiM'd  on  an  elevitc  r.  alleu'ed 


for  I  l.ii'itilT,  as  hrakenKin.  to  climb  up  that  the  <>pi-r;il(ir  suddenly  and  violeiil  ly 
the  l.iilder  on  the  side  of  the  cars,  while  started  tlie  eh  valor  upwar<l  with  fireal 
in  mot  ion,  and  the  petition  allejied  that  force  and  rap;  lily,  hy  icMson  of  wliich 
it  was  necessary  for  him  to  ride  hack  plaintilf  was  unahle  to  enter  the  s  nne. 
■'     ■    ■  ■  ■■        ■■        '    and     then     carelessly     and     ne;;li;4iiitly 

RtopiMsl  and  sudilenly  lowered  it  a  sliiu"t 
distance,  while  the  procif  w.is  that.  aftiT 


inil  forth  on  the  ladder  on  the  side  of 
ilio  cars,  /'offer  v.  Ihlroil,  <1.  II.  li  HI. 
n.  Co.  ;l8!)!t)  122  Mich.  179,  81  N.  \V. 
so.  Reversed  on  rehearing  in  (ItlDO)  122 
)lich.  2n.-),  82  N.  W.  245,  but  not  as  re- 
pirjs  this  point 


hein;»  stopped,  it  was  a-iain  moved  up- 
ward, not  lewend,  with  ^viat  rapiilily. 
yiil-mnnn     v.    tiUrnnuiia     L.     Itin.    Co. 


In  an  action  for  injuries  rei'civpd  by    (li'Ol)    82  Minn.   lit!.  81   N.  W.  7.">0. 


plnintiff  while  in  defendant's  employ  in 
difr^'ini  a  shaft,  where  the  complaint 
.i\iTs  that,  as  a  consequence  of  the  care- 
less manner  in  which  the  shaft  was  con- 
structed, and  the  neglect  of  defendant  in 
not  pliinkinj»  or  properrly  securing  the  ted  a  lari-e  voh 
siiles  thereof,  without  any  fault  on 
|iliintill"s  part,  the  sides  of  the  shaft 
fell  in  upon  him,  and  that  defendant. 
"well  knowing  in  the  premises  the  dan- 
ger of  said  shaft  to  those  employed 
therein."  neL'lij-'ently,  etc..  directed 
phiintilT  to  proceed  to  the  hettom  there- 
of and  iW-i  there,  without  advisiii'j  him 
of  the  dan'.;er,  etc.,  and  the  ne^Ii-enee 
shown  by  the  proof  (if  any)  is  th.it  de- 
fc-nil'nt.  beinp  aware  of  the  exi-tenee  of 
a  fissure  in  the  side  of  the  shaft    (at  a 


Will -re  the  comphiint  in  an  act  inn  fur 
injuiy  from  an  explosion  of  powder  on 
the  caliciiise  of  a  eonstriiclinn  triin  i'l- 
leu'es  that  the  en;.'ine  was  so  defective 
and  so  caieh--lv  minau'ed  that  it  eiiiit- 
f  (ianj.'erous  sp.irks, 
and  that  I  if  delerdaiit  had  exercised  or- 
iiiiKiiy  care  in  and  ahmit  the  construc- 
tion ;ind  use  of  said  eir.'ine.  said  sn:irk8 
vduld  not  li:ivi>  been  eniitteil.  and  tin- ex- 
|do-iou "would  not  have  occurred].  .Tud  it 
is  also  alle;;ed  that  th'Te  w.is  ne;jli','ence 
in  plarintr  the  pov.der  in  the  c:ibensp, 
ar.d  fiiilini  to  warn  plaintilT  thireof, 
.111.1  f.iiliir.'  to  t;ik"  proper  piceaiifion  to 
k.s'p  it  without  llie  reach  of  spirks  frmn 
the  en;;itie.  the  bracketed  wor.ls  repre- 
sent    iiMiely     the     pleider's     conclusion 


point   where  it   caved    in),   ne;.'lect<-d    to    frcin  the  fuets  previmisly  stated.  and(lo 


inform  plaintilT  of  it  the  cause  of  ac- 
tion )>rrved  is  sidistantinlly  alleged  in 
the  complaint,  or,  at  the  least,  the  va- 
ri;ini-e  is  not  such  as  to  iiii^h-ad  the  de- 
fendint.  and  may  be  disregarded.  SIrnh- 
Utidorf  v.  I!it/i<,illinl  (1872)  30  Wis.  074. 
A  complaint  allcKins  that  the  derail- 


not  limit  the  prcofs  to  t'le  nlle-ation 
that  the  cn^'ine  was  defective  or  cire- 
lesslv  mann^ed.  AU'iiit  v.  Sj,  '  ■me 
I\ilis  <i  .V.  /;.  Co.  (lS;ii))  21  Wash.  .•32J, 
58   Pac.  244. 

In  l!u.'<li  V.  fipnhane  FnlU  <f-  y.  P.  Co. 
(1!)00)    23   Wash.   ,501,   03    Pac.   r^W.  a 


ment  of  an  engine  was  occasioned  hy  a  case  ari«inj  out  of  the  i^'ivf  accident,  a 
siiritidinsr  of  the  rails,  and  also  that '.he  substaiitiully  siiiiil.ir  ruling  was  made, 
derailuit'ut  wus  caused  bv  the  company 


ll< 


m^i^i 


"IP*! 

!1;     m.i 


837S 


MA8TEK  AND  8EUVANT. 


I'M 


as  tln!ro  in  always  dunp-r  that  rcdiiiulinit  cliarK<'«,  if  nllow.M 
proved,  will  lead  to  tiiidings  not  Itiiscd  on  tlie  real  charp'.' 

861.  Duplicity. —  A  count  is  l>ad  for  diiiilicity  wluTo  it  allci 
cral  distinct  and  indop<'nd<iit  l>rca<'lio»  <  f  duty.  Tins.'  nil. 
should  rac'h  be  made  ilic  tfubjcc't  of  u  ."yparaU)  count,  it"  the  [ 
desires  to  rely  theivon.' 

862.  Bepu(^nancy. —  To  render  a  ph  ikIIii;;  had  on  the  j^inin- 
puguaney,  the  n-pu^mancy  must  be  sueh  thi>t  proof  of  oin-  ■ 
facts  pleaded  as  a  basis  of  recovery  will  necessarily  dispiovi 
state  o'  facts  which  is  also  pleaded  as  such  basis.' 

863.  Definiteness.— 'I'he  standard  of  certainty  and  defiiiiii 
which  a  servant  is  obii^^-d  to  conform  in  statii'j»  tim  fads  m 
he  relies  as  constitut.inp;  a  cause  of  net  inn  has  bc<'n  thus  sl;ii 
recent  decision  by  one  of  the  Federal  durts  of  appeal:  "A  dr 
is  entitled    to    be    apprised  with  reasonable  partie\ilarity  nf  t 
rtj^ainst  which  he  is  called  on  to  nuike  rli^fi  n.-c,  not  onl^   to 
surprise  at  the  trinl,  but  to  obviate  the  labor  and  expens.-  ..f 
ine;  himself  apiinst  claims  on  which  the  plaintiff  may  have  \u> 
of  relying.     At  the  same  time,  the  ric:ht  of  a  defendant  to  be  ii 
of  the  issue  he  is  called  on  to  nie.'t  is  not  to  be  so  extendi . I  ; 
quire  fruin  the    plainfilT   such    ])arlicularity  of   averment,   .i-^ 
not    necc^siiry  to   enable    the    defendant    properly  to  ])repare 
fense,  n-ay   unduly  b\irden    the    plaintiff,    and    needlc.'-ly 
him  to  the  peril  of  a  fatal  variance  at  tlic  trial."*     The  niii 

'Thnrfir,,  V.  linhmck  (18R8)   CS  Mich.        '  Cini'ihlin   T.    niumeiithal  (] 

523,  -m;  \.  w.  72;t.  ^■'''l•  "-'>• 

'l.„rmrlp  V.  f'w-A-   (1S!'7>  20  R.  I.  -201,  The  rulrs  of  ptoiidins  rcqiiir 

38  All.  TOO,  wlitTP  a  di'iimri  •!•  was  >im  aMp  wrtainty  in  the  »t;ilciiHril 

tiiiiiii!  to  11  cniint  in  n  di'i'liiration  v    irh  tial    ficls,  to  the  cnil   thiit   tli. 

all ,1  „  ii.'.jhd   to  fiin\i-li  pinipc         ff-  party    may   be   informiMl   of   w! 

pianU  fur  plaintilT's  prolcction,            it  i-a!li'd  ui-iii  to  niict  at  Iho  trii 

to   fii^i-    liiiii    Nuitnhlo   instnictir         ai.d  thi«    end    the    allr^ratioiM  sli' ' 

tie>;UH-t     to    provide   pro|>ir   po       .s   to  precise  and  dcfinile  ns  th.- iMii 

take  diar-'O  of  the  work.     The  c.  Jrl  re-  ra«e  will  reasomildy  pi-rnul.     / 

ferre<l  to  (Imild.  I'l.  5  !>!>•  "i""''-  "'"»  '  "■   i  l«i'!'l   -'  ^^    '■ 

'A  court  will  nut  roiliiire  the  plaiitilT  Atl.   .Wrt;    Mnrt'Un   v.^fii.sro    ( 

to  ni:ike  an  election  hetwcen  the  counts  K.  I.   n'2.  45  Atl.   577. 

of  his  di'clirilii.n.  where  he  i»  suin'.'  for  "It    is   sumiicnt    if   n   p'l-i.li 

Injitrii-s  eniscl   liv   the  ne;.'li';i'ni    opera-  advises  the  or|Kwite  party  <'\ 

ti.in  of  a  triiin.  and  in  the  lir-^t  count  it  coii-ilitiitins  the  cause  of  iic'.i.'i 

is  alh  U'ed  thr.i   he  was  in  the  defend  int's  v.    r/iiciivo   rf    S.    If.    /•'.   Co.    ( 

in, phiv  as  assistant  road  master:  in  the  Wis.  (iOH,  ;U    N.  W.   lt!:V 

second,  that   lie  was  in  the  emphvv  of  a  'Mt   is  cnini;:h  if  there  he  , ,-, 

conip.iny    wliieli    was    neenstructinv;  de-  pleadiii'.,'    to    a    coninien   inteiil 

fendant's  tracks;  mid  in  the  tliiid.  that  sliould   piiMinie  all   that    we  r 

lie   was    a    p;is-eii>:i>r   on    one   of   the   de-  can    in    order    to    sustain  a  il> 

fendant's  trains.      Ilinnrd  v.  Omahn.  K.  wiiieli   siili-lanli^iily   :-tle^^>   .t 

C.  <f  /■;.  /'.  Co.   (1001)   104  Mo.  270,  04  duty    in     tlie     defendant,    alil 

8*  W.  1-1.  terms    may    be    somewhat    am 


!!:.  .     m 


|803| 


PLR.VDIN(J  ANU  IM:.\i  IH  K. 


2373 


W  li 


f  nl!i)\\.  .1  to  [}■ 


nfiithal  (l^i:!)  9' 


wliifli  this  ponoral  jiriiioiplo  luin  b<'<'ii  uiiplii'il  in  relation  to  vurioui 
iLowirigsof  a  'act  is  iinlifutcil  l>^-  the  ciixs  oitcil  Iwluw.* 


Vatli«<i  V.  Oa»//.r  (1871)  L.  R.  «  F.x.h. 
73,  40  l„  J.  Kx'li.  S.  S.  13.  Jll  I,.  T.  X. 
H.  815.  10  Week.  Ili|>.  .'HS.  pt-r  Killy.  ('. 
U.  {ten  further  usi  to  thU  case,  |  837, 
Bote  !).  iiiprn). 

'(n)  Cniiiptiiint  hild  good. — A  coin- 
plaint  wliicli  BllfV"'"  '"  »uli»tiince  that 
the  luiiilnit  wu«  i-nmj  by  the  ni';;li- 
pniv  o(  the  mnsljT  in  KUllliirnt  oti  ilf- 
iiniri-r.  It  the  iiuistri-  i'une  H  that  thf 
ift  h:is  not  cauMi'd  liv  Wi*  tn'^^liyi'iifi',  it 
will  111"  for  liiiii  to  pl(M(l  and  provf  lli« 
similic  fiictn  upon  wliii-h  lu'  ri-lii"*  ii« 
tviJ-'ncc  that  he  fiiipli'V.il  pri>|Mr  |«t- 
soil'  I"  kpfp  tlip  ilcffrlivr  in>lnniii-iitiil. 
ity  in  Rooil  repair.  W'Ai/i'i';/  v.  /im/i 
v.  \l'.  n.  Co.  (1H(IH,  Kxdi.  Ch.)  Ir.  lii'p. 
i  C.  L.  600.  There  it  was  allciril  that 
it  wad  the  duty  of  the  di'fiiwlaiit  rail- 
wiiy  ooiiipany  to  keep  the  railway  and 
tn^'ines  and  cnrriai,'es  thorrim  in  piM)»'r 
npair  for  the  sale  (iinveyiiiri'  of  Ihe 
plninlifT'*  intestate,  an<l  that  the  de- 
fcmliint.  not  regardinK  its  duty  in  that 
bdialf,  did  not  ke<'p  the  railway,  etc.,  in 
pro|ier  repair,  wheichy.  and  hy  riM-on 
of  tlip  nesliRence  of  the  defiiidant,  I  lie 
injiiriis  complained  of  ooeuned.  The 
court  (dis-t-nlinp.  Fitz;;crnl<l,  11.)  whh 
of  opinion  that  this  dcilaratinn  iiii^'ht 
fairly  he  co'i.<tni<(l  to  mean  neuli^jcm  ; 
ill  [HTinittiny  the  line  and  carriMu'i'i  to 
1)1-  out  of  rep.nir;  that  it  was  opin  to 
tlip  ilcfciidant  to  avail  itself,  hy  plea,  of 
any  pnp|H'r  ihfiiix-  in  which  pri>i«'r  is- 
Miis  sliould  be  Milled:  and  that,  if 
froni  the  fjenerality  of  the  phuilitiL'  Ih'" 
(lifiiiilant  was  in  any  way  emli.irra— cd 
in  this  ilifeiise,  th?  priv|H'r  ecuise  was 
to  apply  to  the  court    hy   iiKitimi. 

\\  licri'  till-  1,'r.iv.iiiiin  of  the  .•(unplainl 
U  the-  f.iilure  to  provi.le  and  infuri-e 
propiT  ruhs.  it  is  not  lll■<■l■^^-:uy  t^  »|<i-i. 
fy  any  p:irticular  rule  uhiili,  in  the 
]iliinlilT's  view,  -.hiMild  have  Imm'ii  n.  ilc-. 
(wuiltlin  V.  Ulumtiilhal   (ISlllt)    '.Ml   I'Vd. 

Wliore  pInintilV  in  an  act  ion  fdr  iiiju- 
riis  sii-^laiiied  whih;  in  dcfrnilint's  em- 
phy  hy  the  slipping'  of  a  In;:  frmn  a 
'Iniiy  en  which  it  was  bein'j  c.urh'.l  al- 
|i.ps  iictrli;;pnce  of  dcfeiiclaiit  in  lailiiig 
to  furni«h  sullicient  na'ii  to  do  the  work 
with  ^;lf('ly,  it  is  not  nirc-sary  to  si'pa- 
rolcly  alli'ijc  failure  to  hhik  or  f.isten 
thf.  W  .,.1  iijo  dollv.  since  tlmt  f  n't  was 
only  a  .ircunistanie  renderin;;  it  neces- 
Bnry  to  furnish  additional  men.  Sup- 
fk  T.  Agncw  (1901)    1»1  111.  43!),  01  K. 


K.   .10'.',   iEoverHing    (I80H)    80   III.   App. 
i:i7. 

A  declaration  which  ■lleped  an  uinler- 
taking  on  the  imrt  of  I  lie  eniphrycr  to 
furni-ih  suitable  powder  for  bla>tiii); 
purposi-x,  and  a  breach  of  it  by  furnish- 
in;;  niixi'l  (wwder,  hy  whiih  the  risk 
was  iMcrrasrd.  unkliovMI  to  the  eiTi 
ployee,  when  by  an  explosion  took  place 
and  paid  employee  was  injund.  was 
In'ld  to  he  yuod  on  (jciier.il  ih'iiiurrer. 
Ilie  (iiiirt  icinarkisl  that,  if  it  was  de- 
sired lo  relv  on  the  failure  to  specify 
any  particular  elements  in  the  mixture 
which  ninlcrcd  it  un«ifi',  that  was  niat- 
ler  fir  s|icci:il  demurrer,  if  for  cbinur- 
nr  of  any  kind.  Hn'ih  rf  /'.  ilfij.  t'o. 
V.  W.lih  "(ISTS)  61  t;a.  4U. 

An  alle;.'ation  in  a  de(laiatinn  »eek- 
infi  to  recover  for  caiisin;,'  the  death  of 
pl.iintilVs  intc-tate  while  in  the  course 
of  bis  cniploynient,  which  alleges  that 
the  plaint  ill '■.  intestate  wis  ciiui'lil  by 
the  U'lt  or  shifting:  so  that  hi-  left  arm 
was  drawn  into  -lid  •'hafiin.r  or  belt 
while  (he  Slime  were  runiiin;;,  is  siilli 
cieiitly  precise  and  ilclinite  ,is  to  tho 
manner  in  which  the  plaintill"-  inies. 
t  .1,  eiine  in  lentact  with  the  Ult.  l.iit 
V.  U'hinin  Mllh  Co.  (IS'.I!!)  21  U.  1. 
.•|.;j.     l;t    .\tl.    '..ill. 

W  le  re  till'  eciiTiplaint  in  an  action  for 
injinies  can  cd  by  the  breaking  ol  a  dc- 
fiilivc  rcr|»'  which  held  back  a  saw  al- 
ii ucs  that  the  servant's  duty  reipiii.'d 
him  to  be  ".ilmost  directly  in  front  of 
the  s;iw."'  a  nioiion  to  reipiire  a  more 
~|K'eilic  allcLMtiin  as  »o  where  the  >eiv- 
ant  w.is,  ri--|iiire.|  to  stand  when  oper- 
atiii"  the  siw    is  prop  riv   denied.      Ih  '.■ 

luniiitr  Vfq.  Co.  V.  /•'../<;«  (|s:m)    i:w 

Ind.  ."iS.  .ill  X.  I".  ,iJ!l. 

\\  here  injuries  were  alleu'ed  to  have 
been  leicivcd  by  a  brakciiKin  who.  whiln 
elin;bin^'  the  sidelailder  of  a  niovii!!; 
eir,  came  into  collisinn  with  a  sLiiion- 
■iry  c:ir  on  the  aJjoinin:.'  triick,  a  de- 
u  Hirer  ba^cil  on  tin-  eronritl  that  it  did 
not  a!b-.'e  that  he  wiis  at  the  top  of  the 
e.ir  wlien  be  was  struck  was  overruled 
lor  the  re.ison  that  the  inclined  [Mwilion 
of  the  cars  was  sullicient ly  indicated  hy 
the  words  of  the  complaint.  TA/ok/o  d 
/;.  /.  It.  Co.  V.  lUihardi  (I'lOl)  2S  Ind. 
App.  -1(1.  (il  X.  i;.  IS. 

A  dcclaraiion  allcL'in!;  that  by  reason 
of  defendant's  nc,i;lii;ence  in  permittin? 
the  walls,  roof,  and  supports  of  its  mine 
to  remain   defective,  and   in   knowingly 


V  <> 


M' 


In 


i    :    !  1  1 


i' 

! 

'  A 

1 

-  ■  . 

1 

'  "■ 

1 

B 

■■■II 

7 

•1 

t374 


MAMKK  AND  MKKVANT. 


[CUAI' 


plncinff  tn  lnr<>mp*t»nt  uml  Hn»kiIfMl 
Icin-iiijtn  in  rhurj-f  thpri'ur.  uml  in  i'imim- 
qiu'iioe  of  liiH  l.ick  of  onlicuir}'  ciiiii|" 
tiricy  mill  kUiII  in  coniluititi},'  the  »ui  - 
•  fti-r  lie  kiM'W,  or  aliniilil  liiivn  kiiouii. 
tliiit  it  hiiil  brronir  Uudkciuuk,  pl.nii 
(iir'n  (Id'olciit,  m  l.ilinriT,  known  l>v  U« 
(iii>liiiit«  to  be  of  inmilllricnt  niiMitiil  cm- 

r:i>'ity  to  a|ipr>'i'iutt  obviiiu^  duh({t'r>  w»k 
illiiJ    liy    «    lan;e   quantity  of    wali-r, 
mini,   etc.,   Iwii.jf  tiKl'Icnly    li't   into  the 
oii'tiiiti  of  tlip  niinc  in  uliicli  he  was  ut 
Mill;,  ulatcH  the  coiimi-tion  liitwwn  the 
I  ■;.|i;r,.n<-e   alh-;,'Pil   and  the   in|ury   with 
,1  llicii-nt  olonmen^  to  mnble  the  dcffnd- 
lA    ti>  iiniliTHtiind   till"  onst'.     Dinijrc  r. 
nrim  (  inoO)   1)8  Vu.  l'5l,  35  S.  R  7M- 
\\  Ihtc   ll'o   [H'tition   in   an  nition   li. ; 
r    iiiri«-»  ri  Hiillins  to  an  emiilKyf-  from 
■ '  •  nps"'  '"'"'  ^^  *  RPneral  nupi'i  intend 
'  ■    oyer    allege"    that    they 

«<'t  .  uhilo   the    pliimilT  wii* 

I    '      .n  the  hold  of  a  »hi|).  and  the 
,il.  'O.   and    manner  of   lie  oceiir- 
11-         reljid  ii|>on  n«  the  ciitMe  of  aefion 
[Ti  iiicin"  iif  otlier  alleijations,  huIII 

.MM  -•    •   il,    it     is     not     e»'»entlal    to 

niK-i  ifj  I  .!■  iiuue  of  the  »hi|>  nor  tlie 
n{iiiii-<  of  the  pl:iinlilT''«  colahorerx. 
ir.,(,(/>r.,  I  V.  Urn.  Johnittiin  d  Co.  (1800) 

lo'.i  til.  i.'t.  :it  s.  Iv  .'ih;. 

A  eoiiTil  ilmrjinK  the  employer  with 
liahilily  hy  r(a>oii  of  the  l;ninvii  iii.  im 
pc  teni  y  of  a  «iivant  is  not  di'iiiuir.ilile 
on  till-  ^1 '1111111  til  it  it  does  not  net  out 
the  ]i  iiliculirx  of  the  inponip<-tenoy. 
Ji.lnislini  V.  Canadian  /'.  R.  Co.  (I8!)2) 
60  K.d.  SSd. 

In  iin  action  for  injuries  caused  by 
the  defective  condition  of  an  divine,  n 
roiiiplaint  is  aiillicii  ntly  spcitic  which 
nl!e;;es  that  the  throUle  h-aUed,  and 
til  t  there  were  other  defects  known  to 
till-  defendant  and  unknown  to  the 
plaint ilT.  Wiihimh  <£  U'.  /•'.  Co.  v.  .Ifor- 
gun  (lHn2)    Uli  Ind.  4.30,  31   N.  E.  flfil. 

A  cniiiplaint  in  an  action  hy  a  braki' 
man  for  injury  sustaimd  hy  reason  of 
the  breakin?  of  a  ladder  on  a  freifrht 
car,  al1e^;iii^  in  suhstnnce  that  sneli  lad 
der  "was  so  neyti^'ently  and  improperly 
con^tnicted,  and  had  become  so  woin 
and  loi'se  and  out  of  repair  that  when 
the  plaint  ilT,  in  usin^'  the  same,  took 
hold  of  one  of  the  steps,  the  same  imme- 
diately pave  w..y  and  was  wholly  de 
tached  from  the  car,"  shows  with  suiri- 
cient  deliniteness  and  certainty  in  what 
respect  the  ladder  was  nejjlif^ently  and 
inipioiierlv  constructed.  Carey  v.  Chi- 
cai/o  rf  ^.  IV.  /.'.  to.  (1887)  67  Wis 
608,  31  N.  \V.  I<i3. 

An  averment  of  the  master's  knowl 
«dge  of  the  defect  is  sulTlcient.     The  evi 


■  leiitiarjr  faota  thnwlni;  >inw  'he  <l 
lilt   knin*   need  not  be  Blle'^i-u.      I 
■liliil   Vuiil   Vu.   ».   ficheW/ir    ( IS'.i 
111    .\pp.  :!ill. 

A  plaint itf  in  not  reipiirril  In  »i 
hi<  roiiiplaint  the  nanus  of  tlm  t 
of  lite  defendant  throii}{li  wIhhm 
p^Hls  to  bring  notice  to  the  ili  h 
of  the  nejiliKcnt  liahit'  of  the  i 'i 
111  charge  of  ft  train  upon  wim 
plaintilT  wan  injured.  /.«'  shun 
S.  It.  Co.  V.  Htupak  (1  v.iO)  l; 
"0,  23  N'    E.  2»(l. 

The  exact  time  that  ii  raihvaj 
pany  has  known  of  the  dif  dive 
til  ri  of  an  engine,  and  of  tin'  im 
tiiicy  nil  carelei-ness  of  an  iir-ni 
not  NO  iiialerial  that  the  nairt  Will 
a  motion  to  make  n  complaint  inn 
cillc,  on  ti  «  ground  that  it  iiui. 
Irges  that  these  facts  have  I  <i! 
known  to  the  defendant  W'n  i/i 
It.  Co.  V.   ,lff,ryan    (18!)2)    132  In' 

31  N  v..  niii. 

\\  lire  the  complaint  in  an  netj 
iniuries  p'eivcd  in  the  i)iiiiij' 
ill  Irndant  ity  dr  i-rihcs  tln-nu.ir 
leges  that  it  was  owni  d  hy  tin-  i 
ant,  and  gives  the  name  of  dif'! 
-iiperintendent  under  wIum-  ilii 
■•'lint ill  was  working,  it  i-t  not  > 
lo  a  special  demurrer  on  the  ; 
that  it  does  not  allege  where  ''-w  i 
was  located.  The  situs  of  tin-  i|ti 
a  matte'  as  much  in  tlie  knoulc 
defendai  t  as  of  plaintilT.  ;\>iiiv 
Ouina  (innO)    111  Ga.  4li4.  3(!  S   i 

The  defendant  in  an  action  f' 
sonal  injuries  to  an  emplo.viv  « 
he  required  to  make  more  ili  lini 
certain  an  allegation  in  the  ansui 
the  accident  was  caused  hy  a  ■!  hi 
hcrent  in  the  work,  of  whicli  p 
WIS   Twnre.    uid   npiinst   whii':  I 

Iriipieiilly   t»en   warned."     T'.ie 
miller   such    circumstances  heiri^ 
the  personal  I.  nowlcdge   of    tli '  a 
party,    there   ts   no  danger   of   -ii 
llifims  V.   Uo»trral  U«(er  if  Pmi 
(18:18)    Rap.  Jud.  Qiieliec,    1 '>  ('. 

In  an  action  for  the  death  of 
(iliiyee  which  was  alleged  to  In; 
siilteil  from  negligence  in  fiimislii 
safe  appliances  to  the  emplnvee. 
held,  on  ni'»lion  to  make  the  p 
more  definite,  that  the  plaintilT  « 
tiound  to  state  in  his  petition  w 
the  employee  wa.s  experienced  oi 
jiorieneed,  or  whether  the  mast 
given  him  any  assurance  of  tin 
cieiiiy  of  the'iipiili.uiiv.-.,  or  whet: 
danger  to  which  he  was  subject 
obvious  or  hidden.  Fugler  ▼. 
I  181H))    43  Mo.    App.  44. 


\if':-..     I    ,,.  I.. 
iifcir    (l.S'.i.i,    I J 


{  ml 


I'UKADINU  AND  1'IU<'1!( 


'i^U 


864.  Plea;   geuerally. — Tlio    difcu-i.   of   ;i-.iiiniii!.ii    of    li^.--   or 

V(  r  JlUl.st  !«•  .i|lrciull,\    ]'li';iili  (I   if  tl.i    i  M  p!ii\  ir  W  I'll'  ^  to  V 


wai 


on.'     iiriiii;'  ail.iiiitUuu  in  ii.-.  eliaiai  !rr,  it  liuiii 
I'liicrnl  ill  ui.il.* 


.t  I 


f  j)njvi' 


1 


ly  llii'i-.' 
iiiulir  llic 


il 


t;  Ij: 


(1.)    *•'  -  !''■'' 


,1  liiil  li.fi/-    A  count  N    III  wlii'ti  til"  "'rvunt  \\<-  r- 


.1.  vVl 


Iv  (J  hIiiii  ili'i"  li'il    •till-  ill   «li;il   |>.»r-    Wilt    lli«'    u-iiiil    mill   |iiii|ii  t    i,ilciil  i»f 


il.ir   :  ill'   ilcfi'inl.ii 


I. lilt      W.I 


11),—    ili-ili  irjilrj  !i 


H  ihilv   w  I 


III  II 


till 


tint    H    lo   K 


IV.    I'f    v>  Il  i|     till'    II. 


I'p    iiiiiiiiiii;  of  tlin  iiiiU'liiiH 


1.1    Hli;lt 


txll>i>'l.-'l.      I.'l'- 

R,  1.  j.'ii.  as  .vti.  7'Mi, 


f„-.l;    (ISiiT)    ill    chi... 

(is: 


.'I  11.  1. 


/,•  l,.l>„, 

1.1   .Ul. 


M,IU  «'. 


I  iimiu  III    tliit   tlif  il.  f.  II  1-        .\   [lition  iil'iji 


II   il 


mil  VI.  .  I'l 

of    till 


I  Ills  iliily  ill 


iiiiii'.?  r,'tioi.iiit  ti 


liH 


l>f    u 


o   iiiiuiy   wii-   H   (i. 


ii>  r  I II- ft  ot 

ll     W.IH     'lull 


iriti  in'  on    «  nil 


111  ir  III'-  III 


I    in!  Ill'    \v;i 
\.i<   \  .  I'.i 


li'iiiiiliil    I"   "tJiul    111    iliiiiiiiii  r    l.i-il    on    tli 


.1     lo    ;l    ^•[« 


it 


t      Rlli!i"i  'III 


n.i 


lim  <   m'l    nil. 


!!•    t'l'i'l 

l.ii«    tii'ir   li 


iii'l    III. It    It 


i.l'iit  ii.ii-t  w'l  (orl'i  ll.<.  (■■ 


i.f  •  l.iili  II 


iliitv    111   fiirni  II    Kill 


in«lrinvi'iit!ilr  y   iii .  '■*■ 


I'nllH     V.     I'll! 


i!      to    till- 
111      '■...     (  I'- 
ll- It       I- 


;,.    .'ti.i 
iii."i  till. 


hitt    Ms.Vh 


Ir.  C.  I,.  I!. 


;!0. 


!s  I,  :ii  s.  ; 

to    ell  .  I 
n-rl  ilii  111 


..I.-     «:l 

,/,.'/  /.' 


n.- li 


•itiiihi  i»  Jiiiiiirr.ilili'.  « 


liich,  111-   I.. 


t  oi  ii.|)  lir.     Til-  oil  ir.i 


;>f  r 


lliiiii'.;  1    il    '•li' 


K    til   t    tln>    iuiiiry    v.'s   ,i 


rl  ►!• 


i.l  I  I 


•l.i:.   !.— niil   iH 


i  ly  tin-  nc'.'li 
I'lvmi"  o 


lo 

d,-fi-i;.l    'It  V. 
net"   v.lii-ll 


o.lll 


i.f  <'.-rfiii'i   fi'1  ill    II  ini 

f  wlio'i-  i->i'(ini|x't'n''<'  I  i'l'  «!'  • 

•mro.  T>.1«  to  iillr.'c  til"  Oii  I  ..1. 
-tiliiti'il    tlio    ni'irli^-'i'ii' 


■  il.    1,,  ■ 
.11  V.  /.' 


in   ^.' 


.\ii   ii\ .'!  iiiiii'    In   I' 


■lit  lit    I  b 


'I    itl'-M,     I'l     ,-|l 


-liir 
(H'llll 


■  I     I,;. 
;l  n.  I. 


l/l)l' 


'I.  .^77. 


An 


fi.r  l.i 


rii'irit  Unit  tlii' 
•It  wiiK  not  t'l' 
li.'s  i<  not  «iii" 


irnt    f.-l-    il.  f  i;.l 


111' 

Il  ■  -l-.TtlV 


for   |. 


Ir  iiii   III  \st\-\ 


illi-il    t. 


ly  qiial.Ji.il    viilo   pliiiitiM    i.|ii|il"yi  r'   willi    '.. 
siiiliil.lf    iii.'iiiiiiii  rv    iiii'l    ni'j.'ir 


•1" 


.i^' 


Ifo/.f.'! 


Ca«.  41  II  scries,  .TS.'I. 


(iH'.i;)  '24  :-■(•.  s— ' 


nil    ;llii-:;or 

I  .!•  in  till" 


.1  .-li 


I    1 


A     |« 


il.' 


tint    ili'fcniliint     iir- -.  iM't  I'lS'V  (  rii'  (  f  I'lii'il  III      I- 


p;:llj;iiitly   cmiiloycd    iiliiiitilf-    i^on   lo  •  ui  ■' !  I.v  tin- n  i-lior  »■ 


iiiii  111   I  III  II 


iiliii.l  l.rii'^«  frniii  n   wii.'i'ii.  v 
Invii  Ptit   will  il.iiiL"  riMi«   f  r 


I'i.'li 


I  nil-    v  :is 

f   !ii-i    II', it    III- 


il.'ii'iti r.iiiH'    (.11 


III. 


\;:w    no    Jl 


imil   tliiit   lie  NMi*  IMJ 


I    wliiU'  at    iiijiirv  ii  -'i1;'-<l  f-oiii  tin-  lire 


Ih.it    111- 
'•:;  (il  III  V 


the  Willi;,  liiit  not   Kt:itiiij'   wlirnin   II 


■III, 


'1  'llfP,    nil 


.1  i: 


r.rk  w.is  il:i'f.iTiiiH, 


nr  li 


V   unit   r;ii!-o 


:if   111" 


tlip  lov  WHS  tliiown  down  iiiiil   run 


by  II 


!•  V,  I'jiin.  is  cli-iiiiirr:i!il.'  us  imt  - 
Ai'.li   siiilicipnt   rcrlMiiitv   tlic   ti' 


r.f  t! 


j^-T'PO      rMilVL'i'iI 


\Uirl:Un     V. 


.M  iiii'iiiV  or  i!  f 
of  ,iny  ili'fi  rl  or  T 
iiiirliiiii  ry  111'  I   niiji'i  iii. 


Mt      111 

'  I'T  r.ii^ini,'  I'll'  tinuhor,  aiul  ptlin;; 


iiiiini  i\  u.  I.  ."iTe.  4.5  All. 


W!-. 


11  i-i'ini 


iliini   «tili's  III  it  tlic  dfi-         A    '•' '■!  T.itini! 


ich 


tl.;it 


fen!  lit    fii'.il    to    |ir..vi.l(>  lawful   sufn-    fpnilwit 
minril-i,    tliiit    one    of     ^\\v\\    s:ifi';;ii:iril-i    for  tin 


ill'  I    lo    pi 


1:1 


;inv', 


111       t;,lt       ItlP       I>l:l 


1, 


lirnvili'il    (or   |.l:iinti(T  lo  wor';    w.is   iin-    |il.i 
-I'fo.    I  lie   (Irfriiil.int    WHS   rntilli'-l    to   a    cliim 


liill  ('! 
1.1  r  sfi! 
tc»l.  :i: 
viili'il 


|i:iiliiiil'irs   slnlinj  t'lp   imrtidi-    kiio.  n   to  -i.ii.l 


lit   1 


■  r-!!.i 


iii.iiii'iir    w.. 

x'incr  ti.  It    Fii 


1    ir 


lit    to    \- 


.iinni  r!:i|.t'( 


I  to  li 


U 


111  in  vli'it  rc-i.i-.-t  tlip  jil  I 
to  wnr';  in  win  iinsifc 


rn  O'nit-    ?i  r. 

.-]„ 


l.iit  wliii-'i  fails  to  nil.  .  !•  i 
.•t  il('fi".il.i?!t  nil-It  ii-il  lo  iirin 


(i7. 


It.     I 


s    <!■ 


ii'lp 


for 


( 


V.  C.Hhr   {\<m)    (iO  \.  V.  Siipp. 


1  ():; 


.*«»..  ."/  .*-■'(•/,•  >■/.,-/  To.   (  lllOO)  J  I'ciiTi. 


ii  n  risp  win 


TP  tl 


IP  ininry  w;is 


111:    .:c'l     ilKl. 


1  Ml 


lo  hp  iliip  to  tlie  f-ict  tlint  tlip  siTvii  il's 


'(If 


Shurt     /; 


.(    r.    .Y.    I\    T'l 


liplt 


ilpfcnii-    y.  7''" 


( isii.-,  1  11  r  (•   ..\,  iin.  '.:o  r 


:  I'    WIS  hplil   to  l)p   pnlitli'il   to  a    niof    S    .\pp.  fi'in.  liii  I'  'i.  f  "'I  :    Vonr.;  v.  fhi- 
'^(ihiitff  sti'timi'nt,  slinwing  the  ni.inncr   i  ■  jo,  Jl.  I.  «£  I'    /i.  C'u.   (13SI)   03  lo«ii, 
Vol.  11.  M.  &  S.— OS. 


Iltj 


i  ■  i  '  I  , 


it 


•!i 


,j^ 


-fpf 


iiiO 


.MAsiKi!  .\M)  M:i;v.\Nr. 


[i  IIAI'.    X 


pi  f; 


!  .U 


.  I 


Wli.llicr,  niidcr  i!i(>  im.'.Iitii  syslciii  of  plradinji  pro-ci-iiuHl  \<\  i 
Kn^li.^li  jiulicaturc  ;ii-l  and  ilu-  ('oluiiial  staiulcs  incilclcd  llicrcoii, 
is  ncci'ssary  lliiit  lln'  <lcfciisc  cndnMlicd  in  llic  iiiaxiiii  ]'ul(iiH  »/■■,/ 
injuria  niiHf  lie  t-iH'rially  pleaded,  dues  not  accni  to  liavu  hvm 
nre.siilv  dccitled.' 

As  ir.-ards  iho  defcnso  of  i'osfi-\-ieo,  sonio  ro  irts  take  llin  p-iii 
lliat,  it  i^  availal)le  witliout  beini^  ispecially  jdeaded.  'I'lic  coi,  Tpt 
ii'lifl  ii|.  Ill  is  tliat  proof  of  siieli  no','li^pnc-!'  nc('/<s-ai-il,v  neualivi  - 
a  v»- ;■::'■  lit  lliat  tlio  plaintilV  was  injnivd  tliroiij;li  tlie  nr,;;iiu'ii/ • 
ilic  mailer.*  On  llii;  other  Iiand,  tlio  d<ielrine  has  ln-n  enuiiii:i 
I  Ik:!,  nide.ss  it  a])j)i'ars  from  the  (;onii)hiint  it.solf  tliat  tlio  injury  i 
due  III  llii'  iiejili;iencc  of  a  follow  servant,  thn  dofens(>  that  i',  v,;:y 
.Miwd  eaniint  bo  raised  unless  llio  appropriate  aveniieiits  in  ilii-, 
inaid  are  inserted  in  the  an-^wer.^ 

The  plaint iifs  iinioraneo  of  the  dcfirt  whieh  paused  his  iuj 
will  he  taken  as  a<iinittecl,  unl<>ss  it  is  sptM-ially  traversed.  It  is 
))nt  in  issue  by  a  general  travei-so  of  the  averinenf  of  u  "■!•■.•■  nci'.'^ 

As  to  tho  sulheienoy  of  the  pica  in  suits  bnju^lit  uinli  r  ll.r 
ployera"  liability  aets,  see  §  7o8,  ante. 

C.    ru.NCTIO.NS  OK  COrUT  AND  JUin'. 

865.  Questions  of  law  and  fact. —  Tn  this  sootion  it  is  moroly  i 
posed  to  recapituiato  under  their  more  general  asiuets  the  ni-.iia  ji 
eiples  which  serve  to  detine  the  boundary  line  between  the  vt'-^i' ■•■ 
provineos  of  courts  and  jtiries  in  dealing  with  the  issues  v.hi.li  ;i 
in  employers'  liability  eases.  The  manner  in  which  tho./^  pviii^  ' 
have  b.'on  applied  with  relation  to  si)ei-i(ie  docl  lines  of  piiIisI.m' 
law,  and  to  the  provisions  of  statutes,  has  already  been  slmwn  ir 
earlier  parts  of  this  treatise  in  which  tlmse  di>ii-iiies  and  sitit 
iiave  been  discussed. 

n.  Siifjicinir,,  of  rvidmrr  lo  r^.'^thllsh  n  V)i'l''ii'i1  is-ciir.^-  ]  ii  .'.  .i 
with  the  issues  of  the  ni'i;li,^iiiee  of  tl;''  nia-icr  or  the  .■■■■Mii.i 

.">(!•'    14  V    \V    .TIO    r.l  N".  \\'.  I'l'!':   If. 'N  f]iin>ti"^!l.    In  IIk-  nnirt  of  :i-'>-    1'    ' 

'y.'it,i,li,rj'<v,  r.  it.  <(•   V.  /'•  <■"     MSSl)  17  O,,!.     \-.|..    i:.!i.   'J'.''!)    t:  '■   {'■■'■' 

:M   I  own.  520,  !)  N.  \V.  lilll;    Mri.hn:s  v.  IK.I.  ti.iii'i'.-.!    iipi.n. 

rhir,„i„.  /,".   /.  rf   /'.   A".  <■".    if*"l)    on       '.s/.,. /,.•,.   V     /,..^-r    M-  :;,    -,. 

l(m,i     S.-..   .-i;    N.   W.   (•-;'»:    .U-lfii""i    V.  Anp.  -Ii'.':    11  iKoi,  v.  t  hn-!.  ■  '  ■.    ,< 

l,<;v.v,..,ri,  K.  .0  r.  K.  Co.   (IS!).-,)    (iO  Mo.  r„.    ns-iTl    .-,1    S.    <•.    ,!>     :;••    >.    I 

y         .,-.,  ,■]:'•<■'  .!.,'■,  "  r.rr.  r„.  v.  /»     ■•       '  ! 

■''i.,7u,svHlr  d  X.  R.  Co.  V.  On-   lISSJ)  lit    li.il.   in.  'I"   Am.    1^  c    ."  -  ' 

84   In<l.  50.  "■<'■  "■■      ^-   >"■'/■"";'    ■    •   "    ■••■ 

«  I,)   ir    'In"  V.    rar.n,l!,!!,     P.    11.    C-.  ''■■.    il>'>'    -Ii  I"!-    'I" 
(ISS'I)     IS  (Int.   I?rt>.   :!I4.    Imtlmi-iiii.  .1..        '-SK'niii    v,   Uvullu.i    ll'J^i)     '' 

l.ioiJomiJed,  bvit  did  iiul  dftfiiiiiiu-,  tlii^  11   t'.   1..  :is'.i. 


{   SUJ] 


I'LKAUING  AND  I'lLM  1  ICi; 


2377 


iu'f;lij;('iico  of  flio  scn-aat  tlicrc  is  always  n  ])r('liininnn-  quostion  to  he 
ili'tiTiiiiiUMl  l);v'  the  trial  judf^cs,  viz.,  wholhcr  tlicri;  i.s  any  cvidonco  on 
wliich  tlie  jury  can  proiu'rly  liiul  in  invur  ot"  the  [larly  on  whom  thi- 
./Uiis  of  i)roof  lic8.' 

b.  Fads  or  conclusions  therefrom  dlspulahle. — The  culpability  of 
cilluT  of  tiio  partici  to  the  action  is  always  a  matter  for  th(!  jury  to 
(letcnnine,  where  theif  is  a  conllict  of  li-^iinioiiy  as  to  tlic  farts  npon 
which  the  rxistence  or  non-cNistence  of  llial  c'nl]iiil)ility  hinges;"  and 
also  where  those  facts,  althoiiuii  lliey  may  Ik;  clearly  oslal)li.>he(l  or 
undisputed,  are  of  fuch  a  nature  that  reasonahle  men  may  fairly 
liiifer  upon  the  question  wlii-thei"  they  <lo  or  do  not  import  eulpa- 


'  See  tlip  0|i:ni'iiis  of  Willi-s,  J.,  in 
l:vlrr  V.  ll<,i///.y.//  IISI.S)  1,.  R.  4 
i;x(h.  32,  ri8  L.  J.  K\<  li.  X.  S.  8,  nml  of 
\x)xA  Oiirris  in  Mil r^.i^ulllun  II.  Co.  v. 
.lackson  (1S77)  L.  1!.  :!  \|i|>.  Cas.  I'.i.'i, 
47  L.  .T.  C.  P.  N.  S.  :to:t.  :17  L.  T.  N.  S. 
ti7fl,  2fi  \V«-k.  i;c[>.  175. 

In  tlm  ali><'n<<>  of  cvidiiico  that  the 
ibii'.'i'r  Has  liiilih'n,  or  lliat  IIm?  siiv:inl 
was  misled  t)y  1l»!  f  iil\nc  of  tlio  nia>tir 
to  adopt  s\icli  const  riict ions,  motlioils,  or 
rulos  as  wcro  usual  in  tlio  trade,  au'l 
wliich  tlie  servant,  therefore,  had  tho 
vifiht  to  take  for  jrraiited  until  other- 
\>i<e  instructed,  it  is  iniprojKT  to  sub- 
mit to  the  jury  the  question  wliether, 
la  their  judiinienl.  the  place  of  work 
was  reasonably  •-  or  tho  rules  rcason- 
tibly  proper,  and  'tis  iMal<c  their  jud-;- 
iiieiit  on  llie-e  (Hjiiits  tlie  test  of  the 
n.uster's  liability.  Itrlhlrhcm  Iron  <'■'. 
V,  llciss  (I'JOO)  40  C.  C.  A.  270.  lu) 
l'e<l.  4.-1, 

A  plaintiff  may  be  Tiiinsiiited,  where 
!ie  lias  not  produce, 1  sii:!ieienl  evidence 
I"  support  the  material  averments  of 
\\U  drrl  iralion.  Jtiirnll  v.  <!<iirrn 
ilS'.Mt)  nt  I'a,  527,  1!)  .Ml.  fl7S:  f'/i-.c- 
«.!■.  ().  «(•  (I.  /.'.  Co.  V.  Mrlioliis  (1SI»1»; 
li.l,  Terr.r   r.:!   S.   \V.   47.". 

=  7.1111  (.svfcc  Conl,  li'iii  i(-  /.'.  Co.  v.  Cur- 
r.ir  (imtl  I  47  C.  C.  .\.  IC.l.  lOS  IVd. 
10:  I'./ii  .S7<<-;  hui'lh  v.  Thorulo}!  I  ts'.).")) 
.'S  N.  .1.  L.  icn.  ;!■•!  All.  :'.Si):  IS.  II.  till,; 
ftom  Co.  V.  .1/<omi;  (1S!I7)  00  N.  .T.  L. 
:i.':!,  :!»  Atl.  s:!.-,,  Aireine.I  in  (lS!t7)  01 
N.  J.  L.  2.V!,  :t;»  T,,  It.  A.  s:!4.  :i!»  Atl. 
7tHi  i'milh  v.  I.itl't^  I'illxhurn  C.kiI 
Co.  (ISOS)  7.'>  Mo.  App.  177;  I'lnl  v, 
linifie  I1S!17)  ISO  Pa.  210.  .10  Atl,  72!l; 
Hill  V.  .Voiit/.rin  /'.  Co.  (  IttOl)  2:i  Itali, 
!I4,  fi.'?  Pae.  811:  Coxsilnn.ii  V,  riiinire 
(1001)  an  App,  Div.  4C7.  ti!t  \.  Y.  Supp. 
271  (i.loiititvi  ;  t;..i.c  d  II.  Co.  v,  ti.i. 
nedy  (IflOO)"  40  C.  C.  A.  0!).  !)9  Kcd.  07!> 
(appointment  of  watchman  to  guard  un 


ii!.-trnetiiin  in  a  stre<'t);  Ilnminan  v. 
C.nhnI  Colli  t(  Col.r  Co.  (1000)  l.lf? 
M...  2;t2,  r.i!  S.  \V.  1(101  (supply  of  roof 
jiiLps  ill  mine)  ;  \iUon  v.  I.utul.iriunn's 
Mill.  Co.  (  1887)  05  Mich.  2SS,  'M  N.  W. 
4;iS  (la,;;'jin^'  in  mine  fiave  wavl  ; 
Cionl:  V.  t/moioi  /*.  A'.  Co.  {  1S!I|)  'l21 
Mo.  fi.VJ.  20  S,  W.  Oill  (piisMbilily  of 
diseovi  1  in;;  the  ilef.Kt  by  an  ordinarily 
careful   iii>p(-etioii ). 

A  witni'ss  in  an  action  for  injuries 
caused  by  a  crane  alleged  to  be  detect- 
ive stated  that  there  was  no  other 
crane  on  the  traek  on  wliieli  it  was 
worked  at  the  time  of  the  a<riilent; 
that  it  was  on  t!ie  same  track;  that 
after  be  b.id  coniplaineil  to  the  f..reni:m 
alK)ut  it  he  k.'pt  watch  of  it.  and  knew 
where  it  wa-^;  that  it  was  the  same 
crane  t'.  it  hi'  saw  fall  iliiwn  several 
timt^  \  lin  a  day  or  so  prior  to  the 
accidenl  :  that  thi're  was  only  one  crane 
on  the  tracks:  and  that  be  s,\w  the  chain 
slip  several  tinas*  before  the  aecidi'nt. 
His  eviilencc  w.is  held  to  he  -Milieient  to 
identify  the  crine  in  use  at  the  time  of 
the  a.cid-Mt  with  that  re|H.ited  as  de- 
fictive.  tliouffh  there  was  al-i>  evi.b'nee 
that  there  were  many  cr.nies  in  the 
works,  and  that  they  wore  liable  to  \w 
cban'jed  about.  \  irotid  V,  II. ../.i.r 
(IHOO)    10(1   Wis,  07.  81    N.  W.  0',i!t.' 

The  .|ne-tion  uliitlier  or  not  llie  iliity 
of  keepiii};  the  reef  <  f  its  niine  in  rep  lir 
(h'volv.d  on  dti'i-mbint  is  prii|>er!y  ,-nb- 
mitted  to  the  jury  in  an  ii.lion  for  per- 
sonal injuries  to  an  emplnyir  by  the 
fill  of  slate  frcim  the  riiof.  wl'ire  de- 
femlant  had  plenleil  that  Miiilfr  its  eon- 
Ir.iet  with  plaint ilf  such  duty  d 'volved 
on  the  lalt(-r.  Ihii'linriihir  if  /'.  ^'i/ii- 
(linilrv.  l/.o/./i./  (1S!)7)  IS  Kv.  I-.  Hep. 
01. -|.  .18  S.  \V.   7(10, 

Sec  ;il-n  ea^;>  cited  in  5  •'^-.O.  iinie  .*>, 
avir.  as  to  [\iv  eiinlributory  iieyli^.i>nce 
of  the  servant. 


^:; 


I'M 


n 


JJti 


"r 


li     r 


m 


'■Un 


I 


m 


'JUJ8 


.M.V!^IKU  AND  .SliUVANT. 


tlll.U' 


t 


liilil  V.8  'l"li('  l(.f;-ical  cflt'ct  of  the  latter  braiidi  of  tliis  stat'iii'  !it 
iil-i)  Im'  cNiircs-t'd  by  various  oilier  foniw  of  plira.-icciiiijiv  wiiiili 
vcy  a  vii  iiiallv  similar  lutaiiiiii;'.  Thus  it  is  laid  dowu  thai  \l.v 
should  iii.l  he  withdniwu  .rum  the  jury,  where  it  is  uianilVr^t  lln 
cn\t  IV  t.au  he  had  on  anv  view  which  can  be  taken  of  tho  faets  \ 


'i:y:vl   rriisil:   I!,   f'n.   V.   I rr.i    (ISIi-J) 

\n  f.  s.  ids.  :iti  1..  el.  -IS."..  I:;  Sii|..  ct. 

I!i'|).  i'u'.t  I'iiid  uitli  ii|i|>inval  ill  7ij'(S 
rf  /'.   /.'.  Cn.  V.  Ihiilri/   I  lS!Mi)    !(>:{  V.  S. 

;ii;s.  -11    I,,   (ii.    I'.'.i,  iii  Sup.  ct.  iicp. 

lllMi  ;  7../  ■■•'■  <■"('',  Iri.ii  lO  l{.  C(i.  v. 
runirr  (  Ii  ;il  i  IT  I'.  ('.  A.  Hit,  lOS  Tc'l. 
l!l:  .1/.:  .'),,  ,1-  >i.  /,'.  (■■,.  V.  Yoricy  (  1101)) 
-i:'.  c,  <'.  A.  ■..'-'■!  Iii:»  I'l'l.  v:i)"):  l/i.'-iim 
C.  /i.  f  «.  V.  lytmitn  (liiOO)  4-i  C.  C.  A. 
|{!l.  pii  I  , '1.  iJTt  n;uluiiy  Uiiiiicl  not 
pu  M'lr  I  liv  tilll:il('s.  ;hi<1  imt  OXPilVlUcll 
lo  a  iiiiiliirni  liri^'lil  tliriiii;4liout )  ;  Kan- 
All.'!   fi/i/,    /'.   if    il.   It.    To.   V.    Sprllhiiin 

{\>mm))'a2  c.  {".  A.  :!;:),  103  iva.  '2r.l 
(liniUi'iiiaii  iiijiiicil  wliilp  aUcmiitiii:.'  to 
couple  II  IcK'oiiiotivo  with  a  licnt  pilit 
111'):    'Jirim  <t    /'.    A'.   Co.   v.    }\'i,tfl(iiiil 

iiiMio)  j-j  r.  ('.  A.  r.ss,  102  ivii.  (ira 

(-fiiif  oviilciKC  tlmt  till-  will  (Is  of  a  lo- 
coiiiolivi'  tiucU  wiTo  not  nuulir  of  nil- 
soiiiil'ly  siifc  mid  ri;il,  iinil  linl  not  lM>cn 
pri;i>'Tlv  iiHprcti'il)  ;  lliliihlum  Inn 
Co.  V.  U  (  v  I  liiOO)  AO  C.  ('.  A.  270.  100 
I'd.  45  (si'iviuit's  coii^tnictivo  Uiiowl- 
rili'o  of  (l.inucr  ami  niii^loi's  linliilily 
for  not  iiil  1  i;i  iini;  liini  ns  to  tli.it  dm- 
<r,.rl  :  Xi/H//./'i  /'.  <'o.  V.  lUirkr  (IS'.i;!) 
•1  ('.  C.  A.  -ll'-l,  -M  I'.  S.  A)ip.  1.  i:!  V. 
S.  \[i|>.  110.  CO  IVd.  701  (iiia>lii's 
kro'.'.-il'-'o  of  ili>fffl )  :  (linn  v.  Saiisum 
r  !  >:".'*  ^11  ria.  !li.  2.")  So.  V,:i-2:  l.iii.e 
rnr  i(-  W.  I,'.  Co.  V.  \li7,w,ii  (li)OO)  87 
111.  App.  "IIO  (i.'r.iis  .-iimI  x..<'i1s  siilViiril 
to  "r"-.v  I'll  sill'  fr:i<>';);  /.'i.'S  V.  .SVin/i- 
l,„  (]'.:',it\  Is.-.  111.  ;i'.>n.  r.il  N'.  K.  110.'.. 
Alliniiir;;  (ISIilt)  S(!  111.  An:..  Ill:  Mis- 
souri, h.  .f  7'.  I!.  Co.  V.  ),.ni,r!  (IS'.Ui) 
4  Knn.  App.  2I!I.  4')  I'ac.  i!i;:(  (niaslcr's 
krouif.I'jc    ..f    (l.T.Tt)  :   11  i/.M,,i    V.   11,7- 

li.iirs  iir'ioi  '.'■.;  K.v.  I..  iNp.  rii;7.  Tis  s. 

>\  .  -Ill  nlclfr' ivp  1  Icv;i('rri  :  /..m-x'-i'le 
,f  V.  /,'.  Co.  V.  .\lillrr  Ml'OO)  22  Ky.  I,. 
la'o.  :!-'".  TiT  S.  \V.  2:>()  iappIiiiH'i-  le- 
pairi'il  in  an  iinpvi'p.  in  niiiri)  :  ll'iji- 
AiiJ.i  V.  iriivr^i  (I'.iIMM  171!  Mai-<,  2.'>S. 
r>7  X.  10.  :il2  I  pi  iiiililV  put  to  work  iiftcr 
n  lil.i-t  \\;is  «ct  olV,  uitlioiil  any  prn-aii- 
tiiiis  lii'iii'_'  taken  to  sco  that  all  the 
chaiu'cn  hi'l  licon  r\plo<lcrl )  ;  .lotir.i  v. 
I'itriHc  }lilh  (H'OO)  170  Mass.  .ir.l.  57 
\.  i:.  fii;:!  (IuMit  splicod  after  hiving 
hern  liroken,  pave  way;  seviiil  wil- 
Tir^ni'h  had  testified  that  a  oplieml  lad- 
(lur  \\:ab  only  frum   one   half    to   three 


fourtlm  as  stmn,:;  as  it  weiild  Inv 
oiipinallv)  :  Ihii/  v.  Iioiiolitte  (IS. 
N.  J.  1,."  ;isil.  41  All.  !iyt  (trill 
a  -iiniid  that  a  fellow  8erv:iii 
caused  tlie  accident  hy  his  ni".'liji 
k-etioM  of  tlic  materials,  allliiiii-!i 
was  evidence  tending  to  slmw  tli 
materials  were  ileli  idive)  ;  Sire, 
.\c,r  Yuri.-,  \.  II.  if  //.  l;.  (  ...  ! 
20  Jones  4  S.  22.'!,  10  N.  Y.  Sir. 
(injury  from  a  ilefedive  coiipln. 
the  use  <if  wiiieli  mi;jlit  hive  hieii 
the  evidence,  duo  cither  to  tiic 
pence  of  the  defendant  or  of  a 
scnaiit):  (Inn)  v.  I'lncrshiin  ( 
101  I'a.  50S,'  .10  Atl.  ;i!l7  hu 
knowledge  of  defect  I  :  lloiislon  i( 
It  Co.  V.  <;,nllicr  (ISOli;  Tex.  (u. 
.15  S.  W.  17!)  (Mils  not  sieiirrl 
tened)  ;  .Matunim  ".  Hi'liii,::.  !!. 
Mill.  Co.  (1SU7)  15  l'l:iii.  .'.'.'.  ." 
814;  nViKcr  v.  .l/e\.,i(i  (  IS'.i 
Wash.   .-..S2,  .50   Pac.   51 H. 

Sii<  also  cases  cited  in  §  .1:'".  i 
<iii^',  a.s  to  the  plaiiitilfa  conti. 
ncpliu'ence. 

The   question    whether   the   def 
was   chariieahle   with    knoulMlL:e 
danperous   condition    of   •!    stiiiii 
cannot   he    taken    from    ti."   jury 
there   is   evidence   tlial    it    w  '     . 
years  old.  and  that,  at  the  p.  iiit 
it  pave  way,  the  plali's  ha. I   l.i .  i 
down   to  one    fiinili     (f    t!..   r  .. 
thickness.     I.rhi'ih  ViiUi  n  I.'.  C... 
;</    (  1S:I7)    25    ('.    C.    A.'   5iil!.   51 
App.  2(i5.  SO   Fed.  470. 

Wh.lher  the  master  fiu'.dit  to  li 
certiiined  tho  dan'jenms  'ceii 
which  caiised  tho  injury  is  u  .j' 
for  llip  jury,  where  the  f;i:t<  ,ii 
that  persons  of  eipiilly  p.iol  in. 
iniL'lit  arrive  at  dilV.reiit  e.  i.  ■' 
Croircll  v.  ThoiiHin  (\^<M)  18  Ap 
520.  40  N.  Y.  Supp.   117. 

The  owner  of  a  mill  is  not  as 
of  Inv  free  from  rc'li'^.tice  cuis 
explosion  of  the  huris,  «liere  Ike 
1.;,  which  the  mill  is  o|«raliil  is 
an  inexp(~rienecd  enpiiuei,  iii 
startinp  the  onpino,  the  poveri 
fuses  to  move  until  he  pushes  it 
with  his  hands,  and  he  sii'i-^  ' 
pics  into  Ihe  mill  and  h  ts  cni  i 
liopiKT    while   tho    burrs    arc  le 


b'^'^m 


|86S] 


PLlL\l)lN(i  ANU  I'lLVeliCi:. 


2379 


the  evidence  trnds  fo  o^laMisli ;'  nor  wlicro  tlicro  i-t  oviilriiee  londins 
to  sustain  each  of  two  iiiil;i;^niii>tii'  tlicwrics  ns  to  liic  luiiMiicr  in  wliicli 
the  accident  occurred  ■/'  m.r  winic  it  is  pM-sil,li'  to  draw  more  tljau  nm^ 


very  rnpiJIy,  nnd  iitur.cili^itrly  nl'lir  tin; 
explosidii  he  fimU  llii-  cii^iiii'  |■UMllill^' 
very  riijiiilly  iinil  tl"'  ;,'iivcii;iir  <(  onlin,' 
still.  I'ord  V.  hiii/ic  llS:'?)  ]s»  I'.i. 
210.  3(i  .\tl.  "'-'n. 

WluM-p  srvoriil  \vitiic--<'s  liiivi'  N  -ii''.il 
that,  ill  vii'vv  of  llic  iinilioil  j(lii)>:ivl  I'cir 
moving;  a  lic'ivy  Ui^'.  tlicri'  s!i-  ul.!  h.ivi' 
horn  a  nrratcr  iiiiiiilirr  of  iin  n  :i"i'_'ii.'cl 
to  ilo  till.'  wcrk  lliiHi  u.i.s  Mcliiilly  ii-i- 
.-i^ncd  to  |icriiiriii  it.  tlii>  iikisIim'.^  ric.'ii- 
jrnoe  is  a  question  f.ir  tlic  jiirv.  Ni'/i- 
ple  y.  Afi'i'ic  (l!!l)l)  III!  111.  4:;!i,  ill  N'. 
E.  3U2,   Ui'ViT-siiif*    (ISHD)    80    111.   .\ii;i. 

Ulii't'ipr  stiitnlilp  niiih^rials  li.Tvo  lu-t^ii 
prnviilf'l  for  tlio  |  rr|>iii:ii ion  of  (Ihk.- 
a|i|ili  itu'cs  tlio  ooiislnii  ti(.ii  of  wliiili  llu' 
iiipstpr  is  jii-^lilW'c!  ill  Icnvin;?  to  tie 
Sfr'iint.^  (sro  §S  1112  '7  si'/.,  init'-).  is 
primarily  a  (iinllmi  for  tin'  jury.  l\nl- 
leek  V.  Dnriiii/  (ls;:7)  1(1!)  Mass.  2i)i). 
47  N.  K.  fl'.iS. 

A  ni  ii^uit  at  tlif>  olrKp  of  pliintilT's 
(':!ic  ill  an  ni'tion  by  an  oiiiployci' ;i_- liimt 
;>  slif'i't  f.ilway  coinp^itiy  for  inuiiics 
ippeivetl  ill  a  colli'^ion  is  jn'opcrly  dfiiifd 
whi'ie  then'  i>.  oviilptico  Icii'lirir  to  nliow 
that  tlio  piL'iiaU  n'islcd  tlir  oiiiplnyce  to 
his  injiny.  :in  I  tlu'  po-silili>  cxistcnctr  of 
causps  li  .iili  '_'  to  till'  (IcniTiuriiiont  of 
the  si'.'i'ils,  nr.il  also  icstin  oiiy  iipc  n  llir 
iinpstions  as  lo  v.lict'n'r  siirh  conjitions 
i-xi'^li'il.  or  \V!T(  suDii-iont  to  caiisi-  tlu; 
arcidcnt.  or  w  re  in  iiiiy  way  cliarp'alde 
to  till'  rii'L'llL'i'nc'C  of  t'lic  roiiii>any.  Il-r- 
urn  Ciiinilii  Trcrliim  f'n.  v.  lUist  (l.SUS) 
il2  N'.  .1.  1..  410,  41   All.  SMT. 

It  is  error  •  nonsuit  a  pi  liutitT  whoro 
lliirc  is  c  ■  i!i,'o  wliii'li  toiids  to  show 
that  tlip  injury  may  have  Ix'cn  oiusod 
I'y  a  d.l'iclivp  sy-tcni.  /■'((iV"'yi//i<t  v. 
Oircn  Sijiind  Sl<ini:  (Junrri/  Co.  (IS'.l.'i) 
■ill  Out.   1  ;.']>.  (101. 

Contriliutory  ni'u'lii-'pncc  and  aouiiip- 
tiviii  of  ^i^k,  bcin^'  in  the  nature  of  pliMs 
of  coiifi'--ii)ri  and  avoidani'i".  are  allirina- 
tive  dcti'ii'^os.  jMid  cannot  be  cnnsidrr-'d 
on  a  nujiinn  for  noiwuit.  t't,i/<lfi'l  v. 
IttJm.'nr;/,,,,  rf  ir.  /.'.  Co.  (1890)"  124  N. 
C.  ;in-.>.  32  S.  v..  TOii. 

In  Wit'.ilniff  V.  Alihnma  (limt  South- 
ern R.  Co.  (IS.S.-))  To  Ca.  47.  the  court 
•aid  willi  reference  to  the  circunistanci's 
un:;rr  rrviow:  "Willi. .lit  duio.l,  this 
ipoord  (lf)e»  not  make  a  slron','  cise  for 
llio  recovery  of  dainajjes  in  lonscnui'ncu 


of  ili..  Ill  ■jli-Mur-'  of  the  (Irf.'n  kiiit ;  in- 
din!,  it  i^  ;!  \iry  vicik  i-.i-r;  hut,  an 
till  !'•  i-  t'r..>il,|\'  ipoiil:!i  in  the  I'viflcnco 
'"  ir.'ili'   tlic    jiiiy    lo   -iiy.    if    it    is   uil- 

I'lilll  l;lilirl.     i.     lh::l     till'     injlllV    W.IS    OCCa- 

siomd  !y  1  In- dilcctivc  riiicloiii'iy  of  llio 
luii.p.niy,  and  as  the  law  wliicli  is  to 
ih  !i  iiiiiiii!  1h(?  plaintill's  ri;_'lil  is  smne- 
wliil  iiiir,  r'.ain.  the  iniUiy  liavini;  been 
-I'-liiiiicI  in  another  si  III-  liy  Ihcpliin 
IllV.  \vh,h-  i;,i;i!\;  a~  .i:i  i-l.- |ih  y.-e  of  .1 
r.iilr.-.id  c..ii,].-i|iy  (-!i  .|'i  n-il  in  that 
.-I. lie.  and  a-*  it  is  iloulitful  \shctl;(>r.  iin- 
ch-r  the  coniiiion  ri'.v,  which  ohtaini'd 
Ih'Te  at  the  time  of  t'li'  casiiilly.  ho 
.sii^tainrd  !!.;•  rililion  of  co.iiiployco  to 
the  conipniy'i  aL'ciil  who-e  nc^li-.M-ncff 
cili-id  the  dania;je.  wc  (liiiik  it  better 
tli.iL  (be  case  sIiouM  li.ur  l-"  ■'  lo  the 
jiiiy  tliMii  to  liavi'  been   nun -•:i'i  d." 

Ill  an  action  for  injuriis  lo  m  cn-^ine 
vuprr,  when  li-.ovin','  a  wbi-i-1  liy  o- di  r  rf 
his  loi-ciiKiii.  n  cioirL."'  tint,  if  pl.iintiir 
was  <'\pi-i-ii  iic.'d  in  'iii-h  wi-v',-.  or  knew 
or  iin(hr>lood  its  i!  'iii.crs,  if  nny,  lie  as- 
sun  cd  till'  risk,  or  if  he  f.iihcl  lo  usi-  or- 
dinary c:iri'  nil. I  C'liilioii.  and  siuh  fail- 
iiie,  if  tiiiy.  <'.iiil  I  ibul.'d  to  In-,  injur)-, 
ihc  tiiidin','  sli.iuld  he  for  .l.f-iiliiit.  is 
pvopi-r,  wlicrc  the  l.'-t  iinoiiy  did  not 
.■leaily  >l:ow  the  tl;r!:'^'-r  t.»  be  obvious. 
<liihrslo>i.  II.  d  S.  .1.  A'.  I'o.  V.  I'enz 
(IMIII)  21  Tex.  Civ.  App.  ;).■;."),  :,[)  s.  w. 
2S0. 

Ai'cordiriT  lo  the  pr.i.'lice  and  f.irnis 
of  pi.ic.-diiif  in  the  Sc  tell  court  of  ses- 
sion, the  court  .lit;  .'Is  thi'  is-ue  whi.'li  i» 
to  1)0  suliniitle.l  to  the  jury,  'this  im- 
pli.'s  111.'  c.in~i.l  r  il  ii'ii  of  the  priin.-i 
facie  siilib'ii'iU'V  ..f  the  |il.iintilV's  ivi  r- 
liients  li.'l'oii'  till'  i>^iii'  i.s  ap;inivcil. 
.Iiniiioiiiii  V.  1,'uti.ti  II  ll,S't2)  19  f5c.  Scss. 
('as.  4tli  siries.  t;iS. 

'  Teiniisme  Ci'iiK  Iron  rf  It.  Cn.  v.  Cui- 
rirr  (I'.'lUt  47  »'.  C.  A.  llll,  lOS  IVd.  I'.I. 

^ 'I'lie  thisuy  of  defi-niLiiit  siii'.l  by  an 
cin|ilou  (•  lor  per~on:il  iniuriis,  th;;!  the 
injiiiy  uMs  .!ii.'  to  the  ne'.^liv.'ni'.!  of  a 
c^.'iiiploy..'  in  not  .s.-eiii^'  tli.il  ihe  cable 
VMS  attach. (1  to  ii  ear  by  which  pl.iiii- 
till'  w.is  injmv.l  bcf.ne  sbovin'.'  it  .linvn 
an  incline,  sn.iuld  be  given  to  the  jury. — • 
esp..-i;i|ly  wher.'  the  claim  of  plaint  IIT 
is     fully     prcs.-ntp.l.       Ilrnmij    v.    iUohv 

I'iiu ii'ii'ii  Ctj.  (is'.ir)  11^  iticu.  ciii,  7 1 

N.  \V.   l.-|(!. 

.Sii;  .il.s.i  ll'ii  Hcy  V.  Missouri  P.  Ii.  Co. 


ii 

|P!I 


Ml: 
III 


!■  .1  ■ 

•    H. 


>  (iif'  ■ 


11 1 J 


I'li': 


f '[ 


tmsiii 


2.180 


MAM  i:U  ANU  SEKVANT. 


[('IIAI' 


ii^ii'; 


inference  fmni  tiio  (•vidciicc;"  lU'r  wliorc  the  ovitlonco  Iciivos  it  il 
fill  or  unwTtuiii  Mlint  intVri-iicc  should  bo  dniwn  with  rof^anl  i( 
■  )f  tho  points  upon  which  the  phiintifT's  ri^Iit  of  recovery  dcpc 
nor  where  tlio  deductieiis  of  fact  to  he  drawn  from  tlio  ovi(hii( 
disputed;*  nor  where  o|iii<>site  conclusions  can  n'a<onalily  he  d 
from  the  eviden'-e." 

A  corolhirv  of  the  rn!<s  cnnnciatcd  ahov<>  !-,  that  a  frcnenil  :i'i 
live  char^i!  hv  whidi  llie  jurv  are  t<ild  liiat,  if  they  helieve  tin 
dencc,  they  nnist  render  a  verdict  for  the  (h'fendani,  should  n^' 
j^ivon,  citlier  in  a  case  where  then'  is  any  conflict  in  the  evidi  n  ■-■ 
any  material  point  in  issue  on  which  a  recovery  may  Ik;  had,  c.i 
casT  whore  the  evidence  fairly  admits  of  a  conclusion  or  inlV 
which  may  he  drawn  l>y  the  jury  adverse  to  tho  rij^ht  of  the  par 
miestinj;  the  charije."* 

c.  Furls  and  concluxian.^  not  dlspiilahle. — Tho  question  \\\ 
there  was  cuijiahility  in  tho  premises  is  one  to  ho  dotennincd  1 
court  wlu-n  tho  facts  are  undisputed  or  clearly  estahlished,  an 
conidusion  to  be  drawn  from  those  facts  is  a  matter  which  c 
ivasonubly  ho  tJio  subject  of  any  doubt  or  controversy;"  and 


(  IS!W)  80  Mo.  App.  607  (evidence  tend- 
ed ti)  kIiuw  botli  tliat  defects  exi.sted  and 
tliMl   they  were  obvious). 

•Th«  qiu'slion  of  ttip  mastrr's  liabil- 
ity for  tliP  death  of  his  wrvant  in  (or 
the  jury  u|Km  eviden-e  from  which  can 
be  dniwn  either  the  inference  that  l\\>' 
death  was  the  result  of  the  failure  of 
the  master  to  exereise  reasonable  earo 
to  provide  proper  machinery  and  appli- 
ances and  a  safe  place  in  which  to  work. 
or  that  it  was  the  result  of  obvious  dan- 
ger or  risk,  or  the  want  of  ordinary  care 
on  the  part  of  the  servant.  Combin  v. 
n.  Ill  r, lie  .'■■/oiir  Co.  (  IHOli)  .".!»  X.  .».  I.. 
■JJCi,  :!i;    \tl.  47."?. 

■  \iiImiI:    v.    Champniitif    I.umlxr  Co. 

I  isicii  :;:!  r.  r.  a.  2(i!».  o:!  U.  s.  App. 

.".H(.  !")  I'ld.  774:  Ttiliiiii  v.  Ilrnal.-h/n 
l.riid  \lin.  Co.  (18S(!)  4  Llah.  4tiS,  U 
I'.ic.  (112. 

•  l.tixK-v  V.  Ciina-li(in  P.  II.  Co.  (1891) 
s:i   Me.  401,  22  All.  'Ml. 

'I  he  court  Riiid:  "In  any  case 
where  intention  is  to  lie  discoverrd,  exi- 
sjciK-ii-s  wcMjhed,  or  matters  of  eNi)edi- 
.•iicy  considered,  althouah  the  te-~liiiiony 
may  not  be  conflicting',  still,  unl(>ss  the 
.■:i>e  is  so  palpably  riL'bt  or  wmn;;  that 
there  can  be  but  one  opinion  aliout  tho 
■MSI',  till'  question  is  for  the  jury,  and 
uot  tlie  ci)urt.  Such  inlerprel.il  inns 
.iii-i-  iiirri'  often  in  nesliseneo  case- than 
.1    \     ullur.     The   iief'lif.'"'nce    of    neither 


party  can  be  conclusively  estahlis 
a  state  of  undisputed  facts  frnin 
dilferent  inferences  may  be  fairly 
or  upon  which  fairniindol  men  ti 
rive  at  dilTerent  conclusioiis.  .\u 
ll(,.sloii,  C.  rf  .1/.  It.  Co.  (ISSS) 
02,  ti  Am.  St.  Kep.  151,  i2  At  I.  7! 
cases  cited. 

•  III ilerillr  Stnyir  Co.  v.  fliiiim  ii 
fiO  N.  .f.  I,.  :i2;t.  .'iS  Atl.  S:!.-).  Allir 
(  18117)  fil  N.  J.  1..  2.-i3,  3<J  L.  U. 
,10  Atl.  704. 

"  l.oiii.yiillr    rf-     y.     I!.    Co.    v. 

(ifioi)   120  Ala.  r>.-,;t.  .10  So.  ru 

dence  tended  to  support  plainlill 
lention  that  he  was  injured  by  11 
den  checking  of  a  car  throich  Uii 
^'eiice  of  the  foreman  of  llie  s\v 
<ri'W  to  which  he  helon'_'<'(l ). 

.\  char-re  that,  in  the  ahsirt<>e 
evidence  of  di  fi'cts  in.  or  tic^IIlm' 
st ruction  of.  or  ne;;li[;ent  ii«i'  by 
ant  of,  the  structure  which  fell,  t 
cannot  infer  intrliirencc.  is  prup 
fused,  where  the  evidence  i-  con 
upon  the  quc-l  ion  whether  the  ■*! 
had  Ix^en  Imilt  in  a  projier  w;iy. 
a  chaisre  substanliilly  rcipii  ~ 
judge  to  ilircrt  a  venlict  for  Hie 
ant.  All  rmiilir  v.  Mnrvlnml  St 
(ISOO)    ISO  I'a.  naS,  42  Atl.  'JSii. 

""It  is  well  selth'd  that  Ihi 
may  withdraw  a  c!i<e  from  tiie 
;;ether  and  ilireet  a  verdict  for  tin 


I  8UUJ 


I'UsAUIMG  AND  l'l^\^THJl!;. 


2381 


the  weight  of  evidonci'  is  clearly  ajijainsi  tlio  contention  of  oitlnvr 
party  with  respect  to  a  luatorial  fact.'* 

That  the  power  of  tlio  court  to  cdiiiri.l  tlio  verdict  in  actions  for 
iic^ligcnco  is  usually  oxcrciMil  for  the  atlvautaiie  of  tlio  defendant  is 
a  fact  well  known  to  everyone  who  lias  even  the  most  superficial 
acquaintiincc  witli  cases  of  this  type.  Hut  tlie  i^cneral  rule  stated 
above  is  also  applitnl,  under  appropfiale  eirciini^taiices,  for  tlie  bene- 
lit  of  tlio  plaintill'.  'I'iiat  is  to  say,  win  re-  the  t'aels  an-  swlistantially 
undisputed,  and  tiio  conclusion  iliat  liiif'  was  a  iii'ulii;ent  omission 
•  if  duty  liy  defendant  is  one  at  wiiieli  all  reasonalile  men  must  hsive 
aiTived  fi"iii  a  consideration  of  iIu'm-  facts,  the  (|iiestion  of  liability 
Lcconies  (jiie  of  law,  and  it  is  not  crior  tor  the  c'lirt  to  instruct  the 
jury  that  tlie  ri,L!lii  to  recover  is  esialiii-lied,  and  to  submit  to  them 
only  the  question  of  daniaj;es.'* 

866.  Instructions. —  in  various  [ilaces  in  the  earlier  chapteiNof  this 
treatise  tin-  proi>riely  of  insii'iiclli  ns  h.i^  lie.ii  discussed  wilh  n-fer- 
cnce  to  tho  question  wheiher  lliey  pre>>  ni'd  v.-iih  complet^^Micss  and 
precision  one  or  other  of  the  doctrines  of  >iii>stantive  law  upon  which 
the  servant's  right  of  action  depends.  In  the  present  s<H',tion  it  is 
proposed  to  summarize  the  effect  of  the  crises  in  wliich  the  correcttiess 


tilT  or  tlip  (I(  fcniiant,  .is  tho  ouo  or  the 
DthiT  niiiy  liv  proppr,  wliore  tlii'  iviilciu'e 
i<  iiiulispiitoil,  or  is  of  sneh  a  coiuliisive 
■liriiiielrr  tli.Tt  the  court,  in  tlie  excr- 
.'iie  if  a  soiirul  judicial  discretion, 
«oiild  1)0  coriiiirlled  to  sot  aside  a  ver- 
iiot  roliirncil  in  opixisiiinn  to  it."  I'lit- 
u:n  V.  Tcxa^  d  P.  U.  Co.  (inOl)  170  U. 
S.  (!.->9,  45  L.  ed.  3U1,  21  Sup.  Ct.  Hep. 

"It  is  only  where  the  facts  arc  such 
Ih.at  all  ren«iinnlile  men  must  draw  tho 
same  coiiclusU.n  fiom  thoiu,  that  the 
i]UC«tiou  of  111 ':;li;sMiee  is  ever  cunsidori'il 
as  one  of  law  for  the  court."  Crand 
Trunk  II.  Co.  v.  Irci  (1S!12)  14 1  U.  S. 
m,  417.  3(i  T..  ed.  4Sri.  48!t,  12  Sup.  Ct. 
Rep.  079  (i|iiotod  with  i  pproval  in 
Tixas  d  I'.  It.  Co.  V.  Ortilrn  (ISOt!)  103 
I'.  S.  3(i8,  41  L.  cd.  193,  10  L-up.  Ct. 
Rep.  not). 

It  is  error  to  submit  to  the  jury  the 
(juestlon  whether  a  breach  of  duty  was 
committed,  if  it  is  apparent  that,  un- 
der the  evidence  introduced,  there  are 
two  or  more  possible  ways  of  aeeountin-j 
for  the  accident,  and  that  neglisence  is 
not  a  permis»ib|p  inferenen  in  any  point 
of  view.  KsiKx  County  Electric  Co.  v. 
Kelly  (1894)  ')7  N.  J.  L.  100,  29  Atl. 
427  (alternatives  were  that  the  defect 
was  latent  and  undiscovcrable  by  re.i 


sonable  inspection,  or  that  serviinC* 
moans  of  knowledj.'e  wiTe  b<+trr  tlii'U 
thosr-  of  nia«tor). 

In  an  action  to  rocoMT  for  the  liiatit 
of  such  servant,  where  it  appe'riil  thiit 
all  tho  parts  of  the  appantus  w-nl  ex- 
cept the  rope  safely  [M-rfonncil  I'nir 
fiinctioiis.  (liiir  sulliciciiev  or  litmus  is 
not  a  matter  in  i^sne.  ami  it  is  error  to 
submit  such  ipie^li<ins  to  tho  jury.  Html 
V.  Kile  (18!I;M  .'iS  C.  C.  A.  041.  !»»  Ih-.I. 
I'.). 

Whether  a  person  is  a  follow  servant 
or  a  suiK'rior  is  a  cpicstion  of  law  for 
the  court,  where  t!ie  f  lels  are  i:(i(  in  dis- 
pute. \iitinnal  l-'crlili-rr  Co.  v.  'I'liiris 
(ISlin)    102  Tenn.  10.  4!t  S.  W    H.'iJ. 

Numerous  iliw*lratioiis  of  •  manner 
in  which  this  nile  has  boon  ;illeil  will 
be  found  in  the  e;irlier  chi;  rs  which 
deal  with  tlie  circuiiistaiins  inider 
which  ne;.disence  is  imputable  to  i  mas 
ter  or  a  servant. 

"Cumrriiii'is  v.  Chicago  <t  Af.  U  .  I(. 
Co.  (ISiKi)  89  111.  .\pp.  199,  writ  (.f  er- 
ror dismiss.il  (tool)  189  111.  OnS,  (ill  N. 
E.  51;  C,<rnaii<l  v.  Kmith  (1901)  liil  N. 
J.  L.  390.  49  Atl.  427. 

" 'loll  do  Hriinnfj  d  .Mnt'inq  Co.  v. 
Itnidi  (inOO)  41  C.  C.  A.  4Si.  nil  l.el. 
rr.fi):  Mi.ririiii  C.  I!.  Co.  V.  f/'/oiiT  (  IIIOI  i 
4(1  C.  C    .\.  ;!:!!,  107  Fed.  350. 


1 


1  *  - f ;         ■» 


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MAS'iKll  AM)  SKIIVAM'. 


1,1  ll.>!' 


Il'li' 


of  tlio  instructions  has  liccn  cousidiTcd  timlcr  it.^  nu.ro  i;\ii.  i-.'l 
IKxii^.'     The  principles  of  trial  i)r.i.;.ic<-  illiistrutcii  by  (Imv  .;.•-■■ 
iiro,  .  .'  ''oiirso,  ui)plic.iblo    to   all    aclinii-i   of    which  tlio  gruvr.ii. 
nc"lif;i:'..  ■.',  find  in  this  point  of  viow  tliu  cnnchHions  arrived  at,  c 
bo  said  to  p.isSi'^s  any  special  or  cliaracl'  ri.->lic  sigiiillcancc  v.\  r.l 
lo  tho  subjcci  of  the  lial/ility  of  eniployiT^.     It  is  not  aniis<,  I'n-     ■ 
to  remark  that  the  rmini;/  .-olLcted  in  tln>  subjoim-d  n^lo,  llk^'  :, 
of  those  stated   in  oilier  |'.,:rts  <.f   ilii-*  tn^alise,  are  insert-d   i,, 
for  the  purpo.-e  ,,f  fumi.^iiiiij;  the  p,-a<;  Itioner  with  a  useful  li 
anihoriiics  in  which  the  principles  adv(  rt^d  U>  arc  e.xeiiiplilii  !  ii 
lation  t;>  varictii  evld-ntial  situations  which  liavc  aris-n,  mi  ■ 
v.-ril  a'Mse  aualn,  in  actions  for  injuries  ree(  ivcd  by  t^erwii.t'.    W 
:i-.  l;;e  p.ns  imi  infro(pi<'nlly.  a  case  may  bo  che-  ili^  d  iind-r  m.  : 
>  u  •   UvakV.U'J:,    its  position  has  been  determined  by  wh;it  tin'  a 
coKccivcs  lo  be  llic  most  important  jdiase  of  ike  deci.iei;.- 

•In    view   of    tlic    ri"oroiis  stu'cl:ir.'.-  on  (lip  suliji  ct  l.y  ul.idi  mi.;- 11  ■;,.  . 

wliich  iKivo  liinn  i,|.plira  in  many  el  llie  s!„:iil.l  lio  iiu.,\,a.  iiii.l  H")    ";;••■  ■• 

Ciiv.s  cil.^1  ivtn,  :,K.l  in  thl'  rllMpOTS  ro-  |,l.,V:.l.  '^    H.Wr,,,     <\.,il    .t     .,m„     : 

fi-ncl  to  ill  the  tcM.  it  is  iMipossiSili!  not  ;;■    ■    rirn    [\^'J.))    JO  L.   L,.   A.  .. 

to  riLTcl  tliat  oeiiits  of  review  inv  net  IVil.  ■;".>.  ,       ,    , 

p.,.,..'    tlieioii^-'nlv     n.TimM'.iMl     wit!,     H.'        '  ( ;•  >    l„shvrU,»,^  a^  to  alv^lrr.  ■, 

liberal  spiiil  ^ineli  norvnles  the  fellow-  ;,;;,.■,;,   x.— An    in>tiiielion    «.ii,,i 

in-  iM.s-.e'i-  in  a  reeenl  jud-ii  eiit  \>y  one  ..e,ls  up.iii   the  as-ii,„|.lioii   t:,..i 

of"Uio    IV.l.ral    oourts   of    ..;.:Kil:      "If  pli:meo  fiuin-liea  l.y  tho  ii.a»t.r  , 

Pveiy   sli-ht  (l.feet   or  slip  umeh   a  mi-  .L'eiolH   v-    ••"■.  ;"iil    ll';'l    '■•    "■\ '■ 

croMoMH' evo  eaii  il.tivl  in  a  <iue,-tie:,  or  iiu.^ter    is    ne,;li.;ent     l.,<vui,-n   '.i.  ^ 

unswer  or 'the  char!:.,  of  Ih.'  eeiirl    i^  lo  ether   a;.p!iane.s    net   dan-  leii- 

bf   connte.l   prein.lieial   error,   liti/uion  )i«  .iii.^i.t   use,  l«  <;ri"n.  en-      c  . 

will  Ueon.cii.leni.iiiable  over  Mii.ile  ro-  /,'.   /.   A'-   '■"•   V   ^- """"','''■     '    , 

fnieir.ents  an,\  .,Mihhles   whieh   were   net  App.    :!s3.    (hce,    f.'rner..I.y,    e;M|.! 

soon  or  re.vir.le,!  l.y  tho  j.i.i^ro  or  jury  -„,/,•,) 

at  tlio  trial,  an.i   whieh   had   no  be.Tiic;         \m    in-ln'-tion  of  w!  ;eli   .lie  e.! 

whatever  on  the  d.ci^ion  of  the  ease  en  tliat    the     plaintill     ca,,     rie..v.r 

its    merits.      Nnel,    an   iidmini-tration    of  pteves   the  exi-;uee  of  a    s'U  j,    . 

(t,o     luv     \veiihl     bo     inlelerable.     Mint  i»o  or  m.-re  .h'leets  nli,  :,',-.l  la   , ;, 

llM-re  is  notion-,'  said  Jnd-e   (now  Mr.  laiat,,  n  as  ibe  e-nso  of  Ins  miaiy 

.lus(ipe)    llieen,  of  the   Sui'ie ^'"U"-  "r*"   1°  ')'■ 

of    the    Ceil.  !    "States,    •wliieh    hmls    to  /.'.  Co.  v.  /'■< 

lelittio   t>,e   aiillioiitv   of  the   coiirts.  or  N.  K.  Vj:t.  A ^ 

to  imr'i'  the  rr.ni;,l."iiee  of  the-  public  in  r..-).!.  ,,,•.,•      , 

(he  .vrt  .i-ev  ef  iu-nee   as  irueh  as  the        .\n   instvuetien   I  hat.   ,f   ob-,,.,' 

habit  of  revi-rMM-  ea-e<  for  sle_'lo,  oners  inries  xvoro  e.ie-ed  by  dei.es  ,u  . 

in  ■ei-nilMi;-  te-liirenv,  or  tnilin-  slips  ant's  maelmi.  ,y  on  »hieh  W  y< 

in  'the    .ieiP'O  ".      r.eller    by   fir  in-   nnil  phiinl  lif  was  net  ;;uili  v  . 

(he   pr-elieo'of   tho   V'vAUh   ee-ni  s   and  Iril.utory  noL-l, -eroo,  he  was  .ni, 

(ho  l'.-.brat  Snpronie  Court,  where  every  neever.  unl.-ss   he  know,  or,  by 

i„„.„,l,;:..nt  is  made  in   favor  of  t'.ie  ae-  eroi..«     of    "^-''"'Vy.'^^':.'''^   '':';; 

,i„n    ef    the   lower   court,    and    cws   ..re  '^rown.  of  the  .lefeets,    s  or.oiuei 
r.r.tv    reversed  cxcpt    for  error,    -oia-    tho  reason    that    it    omits   tao   ne. 

,      ,,.„   .......   ,,.,.rits-~"rrer.   "bi.b   u-,i-  element  of  defendant  s  know  led-e 

^llv  obviate  the  nocossity    ef    as nd  debja.     | 'i;;;-";  '\^  •  <„;,  '\'^■- 

(rial.'  Iteixut  American  liar  .\-^.oeia-  f  ;„,//. 7.a/  (  lim))  iS  \  a.  0..  .)».. 
,i„„.  iH^o,  n.  -.  Thou-h  thc-«o  remark.  (So...  --nerallv.  chapter  X.,  anU- 
Irfiu.   learned  justice  were  mt   uttered        .\n   inslrue.nn   that   P^<'"    ' 

from  the  bench  tliey  express  the  rule  up-  (hsl   to  recover   unless  the  condi, 


,  (Ipel)    |s:i  lil.  -J 
iiiiiii^'  ( I'JOiJ)  S'J  \i\ 


,  gj7]  rLEAl)IN<i  AM)  I'UAi  III  i;. 

887.  Verdicts.— A  jnrv  ia  prnpcrlv  |it'iuiii!(  il  tu  \ia-h 
i  o'cnciul  allegation  ul'  iici;li^ciioo  in  ici^anl  it.  il"  cau 


iiil 


a  vcnlirt  ii[ 

'■.i.ili.s  rA:.l 


ity  wliii 

nil.  n  y,  1 
lial    ri". 


VJIltltl'.'.   till'   II    I 

fiK.'liii;^  us  nil   . 
/■-.   (•.,.   V.   .i;..(r 

2 J  So.  \::o.   (^ 

U,    UlllC.) 

11     iri     error 


jn  enthnnkmrnt  by  tlio  fill  of  wliiili  he 
.\a»  injiinil  «:!>*  """'I'  "^  '"  tlin'atiii 
■.urli  '■^^l.iriii;.;,  ii]>|nirTit.  iiiiil  iinmc  ili.i'.u 
uaiiy.r  llKit  iV  iiirMiii  of  onlin.iiy  c.ire 

jnd    plllw.-lU'i'     Wci.lM       IimM-       Irl'u-C'l     lo 

«ork  iirciiml  il  iiiulcr  tin-  cii\un.-t.iii- 
ics,"  in  tTiiinriiH.  u.t  il  ilo.s  not  I'lii- 
iimlv  tiio  mil-  wliii'li  woulil  y.ivi  rii  a  rr.i- 
-o'l'slilv  cnnfiil  |hi  -on.  /iiic//'//  v.  Clii- 
,,;.;<;,  'U.  if  SI.  i:  I!,  to.  vlS.lT)  i:iH  Mo. 
■1%1  3!l  S.   W.  7(i;i.  It     '■•     '•'"'■or    to   ^• 

Till'  f.ict  Hint  a  jiirj-  U  iliroctnl  lo  wliidi  viiliLilly  ilim 
tinJ  till- ilffendaiit  {.'iiilly  il  lie  fin  iii-!ii'.|  for  the  jiLiinmr  if  li 
.1  ilt'f.rtive  a|i|)liiiiK-c,  and  tlie  |»liiiiiiiir  km.wliii  ,.■  oi  a  drfnt 
\,a9  iiijiiifd  liy  riMxm  of  timl  di'fiTt, 
kIuIb  cNiii-i'-iii'-'  (riliiiary  enrr.  don  nut 
(•'.;].titiilo  projiidicMl  error,  wlicrc  lli'.' 
ii;»iriiclion  conlaiii^  tliu  iiddilioii.il 
i.ords,  "if  tlip  jury  should  also  lulii  vi- 
liOMi  till'  CMdui'C  that  tlir  |>1:!  :iil  ilV 
.iiJ  not  know  of  the  dcfcit.'  '1  iic  iii- 
iM'iiiiii'.t  i"!  thill  the  jury  uoiild  have 
i"f'.'in-d  Unit  llicir  vi'rdiit  \v:,s  to  ho 
iniidilii  ;i:il  ul>oii  their  luliev  iii'^  from 
Mie  evidriK-e  the  lirsl,  ns  «ill  as  thi? 
;.sl.  faL'l  spceilied.  Tobiln.  W.  d  IV. 
/;,  I'o.  V.  lti.:i<i).um   (1S7;".)   77   HI.  :i(i ». 

In   an    nelio-i     for     iM'i-on.il    i;ii;iiies 


')i  i<  iiii'l  h  lit  to  Konn  .  ni'l  all. 
.  id    I  ■  I    tlie   lucre   i  r.-l   oi    nii- 

iir  h  the  n.a-ii T  niii--l  ha\e  <;>.' 
lid   for;   and   \\\\  re,   in   ii   •iiwii 

of  iiiiii'irilv,  tins  in.iiiatiiiiiy  ■•• 


'M    .  *  put    Itpull    I  !lf  ^.nl  .' 
iillt.      .\'llUi'n,l     l/lllM.lf 

'.<  I  ;•;',.)   11.-.  All.  -..-^  1, 
e,  gem  r.illy,  chiimr  II, 


I!  an  iii.,lrni''  n'  ■ 
thi-  juiy  lo  lii.d 
II...    liO    j.er'oii.il 

«  lie;  'i  r  1. 1.'  ..lei- 
dilil  li.n  leen  laiiM'd  hy  ;  le.'  ni  .;  I.'eiie.' 
of  his  fellow  Herv.iTils  or  not.  /.'■  ,.'..'•>( 
V.  l\iii>  iiiiil  (1^11.1)  tio  lluri,  J'vl 
V.  t>iljil'.  S'.l,'). 

All  1 1  riiTieeiis   in^lrnetion    rs 
cireiii'istances  nhieli   \\u\  erei!e 
laiioii    of    master    and     >eiv.n.l 
C'll-e    for    le\el>:ll     of     a     jll  !_'mm 
j>l:iil:l  ilf,  where  t'lere  is  e.i  i|,i:>! 
th.il  the  ne'.;lii;eiiep  «hli  i   eii.-ei 
I  111  s  injury  ua^-  tli.it  of  a  vu  .•  |>i  ii."i|i.il. 
and   not   oi   a  f.diow  serv.int.      llr/ii//.; 
«  I  i(f    »'<).    V.    t>i-hwurl:    (l.S'i-il     177    111. 


.  i 

\. 

to 

t 

le 

tlw 

1  ■ 

1. 

•  •t 

III 
i"  • 

1 
1. 

•r 

;t 

I" 


and 
and 


■J  X.  K.  27G,  Aii'innin.;   il^'y."')    '''> 

ined  hv  the  fall  of  n'denie'v  «;iiie  lie-  Ul.    Ap]).   4fiS. 
'ii:;  rii-eil   from  one  floor  of  a  hiilldiiif;        In   an  acliin   in   which   the  defe'id  mt 

iii"nnolliir.  the  jury  were  fully  instruet-  was  eliar:;.  d  willi  ne^l.-i-nee  i?i  not  lur- 

rd  upon  till!  <iuestions  rai-cd  in  the  ei-".  nishiii^'   prooer   pMieli    hiirs   and    a    snii- 

I  poll  their  return    into  court   with   the  eient    number    cit    persons  ti>   iiiove   lim 

ineiiiri'   US    to    precisely    what    matters  tender,   the  onurl   chir;jed   lii.il    il    wis 

they  were  to  decide,   the   judge   rei>lieJ  the  duty  of  plaintiif  to  e\eieise  c.ire  to 

thiit  the  only   Miiislaiitial   iiue-.tion   was  ae.|uaiiit   himself    with    llic    worl; 

whether  the  derrick   and   its  appliinces  with      tiie      nppliaiiees.      uroiiiids, 

wro  siieli  that  it  could  be  safely   hoi.st-  traiks  wherenii  he  was  re()iiiiel  to  wnk. 

>-i  frnni   one  lltK.r   to   another;    and   re-  and  tli.it,  in  ililenninini;  w  iiethi-r  he  iiad 

|ip;it(d  the  iiiMructions  previously  iriveil  exercised  cire,  it  was  pre|er  to  ( -id- 

limn    that    suliject.      The    foreiinm   then  er  the  len;.'t!i  of  time  he  had  he;-   ri  d." 

; -Kill  if  "iippliances"  included  ••hr.iins."  fendant's    employ,    anil    his    in!  -Ilij.  nee 

The  ji'<'.'c  ansivereil   "Xo."     Held,   that  and  c\|>.  rieriee.      The  court  rejected  the 

tile  defi  \dant  had   no  pioiind  of  cxccp-  contention    th.it,    nlthmigh     the     char  u 

tiiin.     HummrrKen    v.    fish    (187.'))    117  was  correct  as  niijilied  to  defects  in  t  iic 

Miss.  Sli.     The  point  made  hy   counsel  tools,    applia'iccs.    (.'rounds,    ami  ti.ieks, 

was  that  the  efTect  of   the  judge's   an-  it  was  not  «p|iliea!de  to  machinery,  iip- 

«\vpr  was  to  exclude   an   element  which  plianii's,     grounds,     lails,    and     tricks. 


hoip    upon    the    question    whether    the 
niethnil   cf  usin;;  the   appliance   was  a 
proper  one. 
A  charge  is  erroneous  which  pives  the 


which  were  properly  cnustiu  le  1.  I'n- 
how  V.  C/iirri'jy,  /,■.  /.  rf  /'.  II.  (•o.{  1001  ) 
113  Iowa,  2il.  St   N.  \V".  ID.ili. 

An   iii-tniciinn  as  to  the  duties  of   a 


jury  to  urderstnnd   that  the  mere  fad  mine  owner   to   his  employees,   siihst  in 

of  I'liinority,  of  and  in  itself,  imposes  up-  tially   in    the    laii.'iiiige    of   llnrd's   l!cv. 

on  the  master  a  jrrenter  degree  of  care  ."^tat.  ls!i;i.  p.  lli;!l.  5  IH,  iinpo..ing  tUeiM. 

in  re.jard  to  the  servant  than  that  which  was  held  to  be  a  Miitleuiit  st  iteHe  nt  of 

rests  upon  him  in  respect  to  a  servant  sinh  duiies.     Iioul;   ltri,.i.   lnul  it   ('■  '» 

of  full  aL'c.     It    is    the    immaturity  of  r.i.   v.    /■./•.»    (I'.'H)    da   III.   App.    1.1, 

■lental  and  phyiical  faculties  and  cupac-  AiUruied  in  (I'JOl)   I'.'i  111.  41,  01  N.  K- 


II' r^ 


if 


M 


l£ 


1  f 


it'illii 


i)  ,  ■;; 
j,  ■ 


i.i 


.i|v  -' 


-^;1 


'jill'H 


^ 


^.184 


AIAMKK  .\Mi  MlliVA.Nl*. 


(.11 


i 


.•J30,  citinp  Mt.  Olin  ,f  .s'.  f...//  (•».  v. 
liadimaiiur  (iUOl)  |!iil  III.  .-):iS.  liO  N. 
K.  8S8. 

VVherp  plaiiitilT,  a  Iu'^Im man,  wn*  in- 
jiire'l  uliilu  iiii('iiii|iljii;:  ii  ciir  fiimi  a 
tcniler,  the  drauluMct  i'  uiiicli  w.ix  ilr- 
ffctivc,  an  iiisi  nu-tiini  that  "rniidovi'CH 
.  .  .  ail"  not  iin-utiicil  Id  lake  ri~k.t 
iirifiini;  finiii  the  iir;,'li;.'iiici'  »(  tlii'  nil- 
ploj'ir"  is  iioi  erroiLfoiiH  if  it  ii  fipj- 
Idwi'J  liy  II  rli.iifju  that  if  the  riiiplov.'i- 
knows,  111'  liy  ii^i"  of  I'lrc  can  iIImomi', 
that  iiiailiiiM'iy  in  dcfciaive,  nnil  I  Inn 
iincicHiki^  \f>  ntf  it,  anil  is  injiiml.  lu- 
ll friiilly  of  ii';jli;,'i-n<'i.'.  Intirinilitniiil 
ti    (I.    .\'.    I,'.    r„.    V.    Unlirlry     (|8!l!l)     il 

l'v\.  Civ.    \|>i>.  .'>7U,  ."il  S.   W.  a(l7. 

in  lillin  V.  Tlioriilon  (ISSl)  7  Vi't. 
I-.  Kip.  (I^.)  A,  the  jury  fiiiiinl  fur  the 
•Iffinii.iiit  upon  a  rhar.'.'K  in  nhich  they 
were  tohl  tlint  it'  tlii'  plainlilT  hail  hail 
an  op[N>rtnnily  <if  sifiii;;  the  defective 
nature  of  tin-  niailiinu  (a  pile  driver) 
there  wax  an  <mat  an  ohli;i.ilion  upt.n 
him  ««  iipi)n  the  employer  to  know  it, 
anil  that  if  he  choMe  to  work  the  iri.i- 
ehine,  knowing,  or  having  the  oppoil  un- 
ity of  knowing',  its  faulty  con~tructiiin, 
he  took  the  risk  u|K)n  himself.  The 
(erdiet  was  sustained  on  the  (^rouiiil 
that,  in  nnlir  to  justify  setting  It  aside, 
it  would  he  iiei'i'i,i;iry  lO  take  the  posi- 
tion that  a  servant,  having  contracted 
to  work  u  maeliiiic,  is  not  hound  to  ob- 
serve its  conililion,  or  not  at  lihertv  to 
refuse  to  work  it  if  he  finils  it  defeet- 
ivi>.  Tlie  court  considered  that  the 
plai'itiir  ou;,'lit  to  have  noticed  a  ihfict 
i>l  the  kind  iille;.'eil,  and  that,  if  he  did 
not,  lie  incurred  the  risk  of  a  jury  find- 
ing tliat  lie  had  contrilaited  to  the  ac- 
cident hv  his  own  negligeiiec. 

In  HiilirKluii.  il.  d  S.  A.  It.  Co.  v. 
Dilnhnvh/  (IHSO)  5.'}  Tex.  201!,  it  was 
nryisl  that  a  new  trial  should  he  ir- 
ilered,  for  ttie  reason  that  the  jury  had 
Is'in  charviil  that  it  was  the  d  ity  of 
the  di'finil.iiit  to  furnish  "sound  mate- 
rial with  wliicli  to  do  tlie  work."  The 
court  Bdniliicd  that  this  instruction 
contravened  the  piiiiciplL"  that  a  master 
is  not  nn  insuier.  hut  refiiseil  to  set 
aside  the  \'cri|i*  .  :is  the  evidt-nee  clear- 
ly showed  tliat  the  defendant  com|>any 
had  been  ne;;lii;eiit.  The  position  was 
taken  fhnt,  as  no  enniplaiiit  liiid  been 
made  nt  tlie  trial  wilii  rejaid  to  the  cor- 
rectness ipf  the  insi ruction,  the  defend- 
ant should  Ije  required  to  make  a  strei,!;- 
*r  shiHviii;.'  as  III  its  prejiiilii'iat  cpi.il- 
ity  than  if  it  had  lio'n  oUiected  to  at 
the  ri'^'ht  time.  Hut  this  dicision 
would,  perha[>s,  not  lie  approved  by  all 
<(iiirts. 


As  every  niateiial  quest  inn  in 
ir.'i'  liability  e.i^es  is  eoiupri-'-.l 
issue  of  negli;;enee,  the  di  fin 
sill  h  a  case  is  nut  entithd  In 
slrik'tinu  that  the  plaintiir  lai 
cover  if  the  injury  was  the  resu 
"unavoidable  accident."  thini-li 
pleaded  in  the  answer  that  siuii 
c-.iuse  of  the  injury.  San  .\iiii, 
Vu.  V.  1,'filii  rtyiiii  (  i,S!i!t;  'iVx.  In 
.'i.j  S.  \V.  ;il7.  The  judgiiient 
M!.-id  in  (  I'.HMI)  li;i  Tex.  uU3,  3 
'•ii-i,  but  not  on  this  point. 

Where  a  s|M(ial  verdict  is  ta 
jury  should  not  he  instiiicliMl  i 
liald  to  the  legal  eireit  of  tluir  I 
as  the  ellis't  if  hucIi  an  iiisiriut 
he  to  eieale  an  inelinalinn  I 
that  tliisny  of  the  evidiiue  wli 
enable  the  servant  to  neitvir. 
where  the  question  lis  to  whetliei 
eiilent     was    occiisioned    by    a    i: 

pipe  or  the  neglivei of  \\.,  i 

workman,  is  subiullled  to  l!ie  j 
instiiii'l  ion  that,  it  llie  iii|ii 
caused  bj'  the  mgli^riiiee  ot  \\., 
fiiiiiaiil  wniild  not  be  liable,  i, 
ous.  ilusliiick  v.  11  i.vri//iMii  ri 
(  l!!Ul»)    Kis    Wis.   57,  H*   .\.  W. 

(b)  ApiiritprialrniKs  uf  in^l 
irilh  rrtiilion  to  the  issiim  nx;./, 
pliailiiiris. — (tn  the  urnuinl  Ibii 
ration  which  alleges  that  the  | 
was  Using  due  care  for  lii«  nvvi 
impliedly  Iie-'-itivis  his  ki.i'Wleli; 
defiets  (see  i  S'>7,  note  II,  v,  , 
has  been  held  that  a  charge  in  .ii 
for  injury  to  a  servant  that, 
jury  Udieve  plaintiff  has  mnile 
ca.se,  as  laid  in  the  deelar.itinii. 
picpondcrance  of  the  evidemv 
must  And  for  plalntilT,"  etc.. 
faulty  as  ignoring  the  questions 
or  pliinlitr  knew  of  the  defect.  < 
have  known  by  the  exerciso  of  e 
care,  or  had  as  goud  op|M)rtiiiiil  i 
finl.int     of     knowing     it.     I.ns 

Ao.i//,Yi  (11)01)   i!i'»  III.  no.  i;( 

12.  Adirming  (lOOOi  '.)•>  111.  Ap; 
The  fact  of  defendant's  failun- 
nish  lights  being  admissible  on  t^ 
tion  ol  plainlill's  iieu'liiience  i 
out  in  the  dark  to  the  place  w 
was  injured,  a  nsiiiestiil  ,ii  , 
that  there  arc  no  allegations  lii  ' 
laiation  that  defiiidant  w:is  •_• 
|.      ':..roiiep    in    failing   tn    fiirni-Ii 

•hat    for  this   riMsnn   all   I 
r         ;ard  to  lights  should  lie  'Ii 

e<l,  propi  llv    Mieiiifill    so    ;|S    III 

tha!  the  defenlaiit  shnuM  not  b 
guilty  of  neglit-'enee  in  re:  nil 
fiirni-liing  of  light,  nnil  liiat  t 
diet   should   not  be  based   uism 


I  Mill 


i»m:.\dinu  and  imim  ihk. 


2;Hi 


Iru'il  wunt  of  li'.-lil       Iriiiiiiois   fiirihur 

(u.  V.   ,t'c<V..j    (l!"»l)    li'l    111.   •■111".   'il     .\>i'-  ^'-  lli'P-  ■-."''•. 

X.  K.  7U,  AUinmiij!   (IMUD)   HI   111.  A|>j>.        In    ^in    iiri 


III.I    (  H!M(    I", J    III.  4.1S.   4.: 


In 


ill  \.  i;.  .\\it. 
liraUi  III 


All  instriirtion  u 
I.I 


•>li'|>|>''l   inli)  II  ilili'li  riiiinin;;  im'iiwm  tli<> 
»  In  lhi>  ri^'lit  "f  nil-    tiaik,  mi  iii.»lriiil  I'Hi  tli.it,  if  llir  Ir.uU- 


llillll   colli 

pr. 


|iiiiiii^  t<»i'ri'it  callli-  ;;iiarj<  in    will-    lii>l    '»   li.illi-l".|   ii-t   to   In-    I'tM  .'i 


.|Ki!y   r(fii»<il   in   an   nclinn    inr   per 


lilv  -lift'  ill 


■iiirj 


(■:ir<,  iinl  I 


I  III  liiii  iir 


.iihil  Injiiiii'*  to  a 


ini<     .1     c'oillililil!,     CMi-ei!     lij      kIi'|i| 
tliriiii'.'li  11  cmIiIi' 


lirnkciiiaii  uliili- iiiiik     wii*  tlni.liv  iiiimi'l.  In"  mIhuiIiI   nnm 


lanl.  wlirn" 


to  till-  liylil   i.r  •liil.v   <f  ill' 


.|ii 


III! 

liJMi    i.<   th  il   il<'l'.'ii'laiil 


>lll!{     H    CTMil  I 


II.- 1  i 


lit    ill 


id- 


|H'l'lllllt  111^ 


III)'  ilili'li  t<i  niiiiiii,  iiii'i  iii'i 


ant   to    I'li'i 


t     till-    latllr   v'!";'''!"    •»    '»•    II'.!'    'Il'"    li.in.i«liiij{    mn.iilly 


III 


l\i..l.     llliii'iiH    I',    It.    I".    V.   SiiikIiii    f.rtivi'.      I  liniiu.  it-     I.    II.   I'o.   V.   Mi 


llS!l7)    Itiil    111.  270.  4li   N,    !■;.    7!ilt.  Af-     (  1< 


ulna  (IHllli)    nii   III.  A|.|..    I.lli. 
A  ciiarL'i'  l<>  111''  jury   'ii't   'l"'  " 


J.' 


si;  III.  .\|.|>    nil. 
|i.ri.il    iii~i  nil  iiiii.«   ill   iin   ndimi 


.1 


iiia.-l>i'   iii;.ilii~l    a    I'.iilinii 


i.l 


qui'stion 


in  wliitlur  or   imi    a    fmi;   w.i-    |i.iiiy     f'H     iiijiirii-.    ~ii-taii»il    liy    I 


Muiknl  ill  111'-  tiiiii-  n  i.iIh.hI  ilii|>liiy>i'    (linmii    hian    a    I 


I  .  r 


■III   Ill-Ill. 


*i\»  in  I II 


ri'.l   liv   «Mlcliiii;;   lii-'    f""l    in    "    <"<    "liiih    I"'  was   li.lint.'.  Iiy   ii  ••(illi"iiiii 


lit  iiii|'ri'|M.r,  wlii'ii  thr  |ili' i<liii;{  an 


Il  II    a    rorU 


llh 


III    nfi'i 


fviilenw   have   nairiiwnl    tin-   iiii|iiiiy   to   onci'   to  tin-  fiHitl.i.iii,!   Ii,  in^'  <iiil    of   rr 


this   ciiiiili'    iiiallir. 


I 


l:    It.    Co.    (laii 


in.l 


V  l.i 


nil  kno» li'il_'f 


V.  ./ai;/'i    (lS:iti)     lti.1    r.   S.   4S.-.,  41 
«)   J.lli.  Hi  Siij).  Ct.  I!ii>.   llOlt. 
Ill  an  action  for  iMTMinal   iiijiiiic 


iHililiii 
as    inlrii.liiciii._' 


II. — a|-.'   |irii|M 
an    i««in.    Ill 


riv    ii'lii-.il 
l.v 


ch  till 


llii-  iilciilin^s.  hIhTC  till'  jKiition  nllc;;c« 


iptf  ti<.>.'lii.n'" lllcjccl   is  t'li-    Ilia!    tin-    ii:|iiry    ».is   tin. 


lit    of    till 


iw  of  an  nil- ifc  rojM'.  an    in..liiiii 


.:li 


.1   til 


ic  coiti|iiiiv  iti  tho  haul 


lli:it  it  was  1. 


Icfiiiiliiit  s  iliily  to  fiiiin-li    liii.;  of  cais    iiii|>io|M'rly   lo.ulcil.  aii<l 


hiintilf    a     nasoiintily     «alc     jilaci'     to    failin?  to  ili-i.n.r    ni.l  r.iroM 
lurk  in  is  ini-lcacliiiu'.     IlixiliUy  v.  Ho-    (lulrinl,,,!.    II.    ,(    II.    It.    To.    v.    Ilul,,:,, 
hiHha  (181)7)    Hi)  Minn.  24.'5.  72  N.   \V.    (Isfis:   T.a.  (■i\.   .\|.|.  i    17  S.  W .   In.i'. 


Dclivill,'      l;c-llr,ilill._'      (ISIIS;      TlX.      tn 


In    an    action    for    personal    injuries    Api'. »   47  S.  W     Hi.'.J 


(>ira«ionp(i  to  tlie  pliiiitilT  by  the  start-        .\  ill 


Il  I'liilinilirs  iffiici  .il  rule-. 


ing  of  a  in 


liine  wliidi  lii'  was  i.|r.;.iH>il    ns  to  tin.  iliily  of  iiilioiil 


ip, 


in  oilini?,  «liilp  in   tliii  ilcfcniliinl 


cm-    i.x<.r<|.-<' 


pi  I. IK  r  cai 


opclMl  ill'J    lllril 


if  the  ilcdaration  nlli-VTs  that  llio    c.irs  an.l  Iraiiw.   wliicli  ni.'    in  ipi^li.  .ili 


nuiihine  was  likely  to  start  of  itself,  ninl    to    the 


slioiilil    he    i>  I'li^i'il    ill 


ili.l  >o  start.  an'iii>tnntion  as  to  the  action  liy  a  wlilow  to  risovcr  ilaiiia_i - 
ilifiiiilant'H  lialiilily  in  tin.  event  of  iti  for  the  il.'nth  of  li.-r  hiisliand.  kille.1 
l«inu' fonnil  tint  the  ii,.(cliine  was  li.iMe    while  coiipliii;;  c.irs   in   his  enioloviienl 


to  start    bv    the    acM    of    some    < 


f    his 


a  lir.ii.iiMaii. 


Ill   />/' 


/.• 


nplny 


IS    propc 


ilv    refil«cil    for    the    fo.  v.  r,u  >'.  is   ilSi>S|   11) 'lc\.  Civ.  App 


reii-on"    tlirf    the    qiiotinii    is    not    oimmi    I!iO.  47  S.  \V.  ;il 


unilcr  the  ilcel. nation.     Shi 

SrtCil 


Where  a   ilcclaration    is    franicil    iipoi 


(/   if    /».    <i,r,hi'ir    Co.    (IS'.ll)     lliO    the  tl ly  that   the  i.laintiir  i 


at  ill,, I 
to    reciiMT    as    for    the   nej;lij,'cnce   of    a 


In-^tiiictinn.^  h; 


il  on 


the  tliiiiiy  that    niificrii  r  -irvaiil.  it  is  error  li 


illii 


if  ccitain    iiitioiliii  I  i 


nf  eviilenee  L'oina  to  sin 


h    -;i 


I  rvani. 


phiinliir  WIS  injiiriil  liiraii 

Mii\A    in    tlio    iiiacliiiieiy    almiit     ul.icli    the    ire.niii.elcr.ce   ol    sue 

he  wnrkcil  are  orroinsiiis. "where  such  ile-    to  ch.irue  the  jury  as  to  the  liihilily 

ffct 

and  no  nnu  nclnieiit   is  niade.     \  no 


III. I 


a    are    not    allc;;iil    in    the    petition,    a    niast.r    who    retains    an    iiic 


/   V.    oinplovn-,  wilh   knmvhd^'e  of  his  im 


Kauijr 


.1.1  S.  \V.  4_'8. 


Mrll.  fo.   (ISll.-.i    1.11  Mo.  211,    pel 


I'nsi   Tr, 


,(    U.   .V. 


i: 


Ci).   V.   (i./Zins    (ISSi!)    S.'i   Tenii.   2J7.    1 


Where  the  onlv   ni"."li'jciice  eharjreil   is    S.  \V,  83.1. 
a  f.iiliire  to   fasien    a    liiakewlieel    upon        Where    the     declaration    alleged 


kilM. 


st  iir,     wherel.y 
an  ir.-triict  ion 


loak.nian     was    the  evidence   temled 


pr. 


vc.    lint    <|.- 


that,  if  the  hrake-    fendant   had    f  lihsl  to  exiicise  orlii 


linn  i.eeivnl   the  iniiiry  Im-c; 


nf  ti 


care     in 


I'lrllllli;      llie      (<' 


of   the   coiiipiny's    in-pcctors 


in    nut    notici!i!r   and    re|Mirli 


till 


lie 


whose  dirwt ion  deeeilenf  was  wi  rl  ill'.-,  ii 
was   not   error   for  the  court    to  iiiimIIi.. 


fccts,    the    company     w  >iild     lie     linlilf 


iu  not  |iiiiiMr.     I'Ir- 


rcip 


cjtisi    instruction    piirp'rtiii 


it  H.  I.   It.    ilcflne    dcfeiiilaiil's    iliitien    towards    d. 


bii 


J 


1:  i  .,i 


:■';' 


M 


A  1! 


0 


1    , 

r 

;  i 

11  ,                     fi 

t,' 
1 

i  w 

li'' 

2:isa 


M.XMI-.U  A 


rei\*n\  no  M  to  Inrliido  iti  duty  xvllll 
ri-IH^t  to  tli(»  m-Ifi  limi  of  n  |irii|Hr  fure- 
iinii.  Itiiyie  V.  Liii,tv  (lUOOi  US  Va. 
V!I7.  :!.-.  S.   K.  7!M. 

\\  li 'IP  n  ditlaral  ii>n  bIIclthI  tli.it  do- 
fcp  .!  Hit  c<irin>Miiy  iic^liytiitly  nii<l  o.ire- 
Ir.-ly  iM'tiiiittril  iiliil  riii-id  ImI  ci'hIit* 
til  lie  (li'(Mwiioil  in  llic  y.iiil  «lii-rc  plain- 
ill!  v»ii--  wi'ikiii".  un  irittnic' inn  >.iil>tiiit- 
li'-,'  ttic  qiu-^iiiiti  wlii'lliiT  lie  |i  II. I. lilt 
wii.<  m'L'liL'iiit  in  raiiiinj;  R  Iml  rinilir 
i;]i  to  lii>  tiikin  (iciii  in  plitr'  on  ilie 
I>l:it<',<.  nllcr  it  lind  luvn  diawii  fri'm  llii- 
ill' ii.iiv,   mid   riiiiiiil   til  the  yard.   mi!i- 

II  ill  nn  iM>ue  uitliin  tin-  «(i>|i«  of  the 
.li  i!  ii-il  inn.  11..'/.  rn  7i/'.<'  C.  V. 
I'olibinxl.i  (11)01)  I'M  III.  113,  01  N,  H. 
4.M.  .MliiM'iii;!    (l'.ll)li    !lt    III.   .\|>p.  (ill). 

\'>  I'.ii.  tin  re  nr.'  LTiiiTal  nllcL'iiliiiiiH  iif 
ni';:li','i'iico  fidlo«|.,|  Wy  iivirinriils  f]ie- 
(Lilly  si'ttiiit;  out  the  nets  wliicli  con- 
•lilMtc  tlw  iicsli'.'i'iuc,  llio  laticr  will 
tii!;i'  till'  |il  ice  of  mid  cniitrid  tli""  fnriiicT. 
riiil<<.  wlnTC  |iliiiiliir,  in  iin  mi  inn  fur 
iiiinrii*   iii-iMsinii.tl    liy    ii    .Mi'Mimii    cnlu- 

III  IT r  ilio|>[iiiig  a  lie- ivy  »iniic>  on  lili 
1' Mid.  all.;;  d  as  ii( ''li'.i'nco  tli.it  di'f.nil- 
iint  tiad  |>iil  plainlilV  to  wnrU  willi  such 
lalinr.  r.  »lu>  w.ih  a  man  of  a  low  "id'T 
iif  iiiiilli't,  nnd  cniiM  not  iindrr^timl 
tlie  l.ii'.'li-li  I.iii'.'ii:ii,'i\  till'  i-siii-  was  inn- 
lilliil  In  till'  ii|.n:ii|x.ti'llry  .>»'  sllrll  CO- 
lil'i'i-'r.  rc-^iiltin"  fmr  lii-.  Iom-  order  of 
inti'll.-ct  and  ilialiilily  t;>  r.-ail  tlic  I'^ii,''- 
li-li  laii^'ii  i';f.  mid  in  in  i:ii<ioii  por- 
niiltiii!;  plainlilT  to  r-.-ovc  i'  tlio  Mexi- 
can was  not  a  cnn  piM-ni  ,i  rMin  to  do 
the  work  nt  \\liicli  lie  wan  fn;;a'rrd  fjoes 
licyoiil  tlie  pti.iilin;_"»,  nn.l  in  iT.niumi^. 
Il'  l.iintr'i  N'lns-  \.'  I.i.irrie  (lUOO;  Ti  X. 
Civ.  .\|.p. )   M  S.  \V.  R:i7. 

In  an  net  ion  by  a  widow  to  rifovrr 
diiiii.i-:r<  (or  the  dc.nth  of  lior  lui^Ii.in  I. 
■  Iliiji.l  to  Ikivp  liocn  c.niMcd  liy  the  mu'li- 
gonco  of  a  division  Hiipi'rinti'iidiiit  and 
condiii'tor  of  a  railroad  cmni'iny  wliili- 
till'  drci'iscd.  iinilor  tlii'ir  diriitimi'i,  w.n 
mnkiii;;  n  coiipliiii».  it  is  iiiiprot'iT  to 
give  a  cdi.ir'jo  upon  the  law  apjHil  liiiin  ■ 
to  ca^iM  wli.  ri"  on  rmplny.'i'  srcl.,  in  r. 
.'oviT  l>ii':iii-.p  of  dot'i'cl  ivi'  itMi-iMiH'i-y, 
■ind  na  to  the  rlTeot  of  his  know  I  .i:;!-  or 
means  of  knowlidiri',  jr  n  oliar/o  on  ilie 
as.siiiiiplion  of  ordiiinry  riskn.  miil  as  to 
rlu'  I'lrcrt  of  knn\vli'il;:e  on  the  put  of 
nn  onijdoyce  of  danjiiT.  luuis'iina  /.'._■• 
tensiiin  II.  Co.  v.  Carsl,  !:■<  (I.SilH)  lU 
Tfx.  Civ.  App.  l;:0,  47  S.  \V.  :!(!. 

In  nil  action  liy  a  soiv.mt  n^'iiiist  the 
ina^liT  in  rit'nvi'r  fnr  iin  injury  iili.'t;i-d 
to  have  Iain  raiiscd  liy  the  lin-.i'- iiiu'  of 
!in  unsniiiid  (dci-e  of  tiiiilirr  fiiniislicd  hy 
the  ir  i-t'T  fnr  thi-  iiso  of  tlii'  scrvanls 
in  biiiliaii^  a  Kcairulding,  it  is  not  error 


'  fIVAM'. 


I 


re(ii«i«  an  in«(ruption  that  ■ 
nnt  would  nut   Iw  lialde  if  h. 
a   Milii'li'iit    qiMnlity    of    mm 
an. I  I  III'  iiii.<niiiid  piicc  wax  m 
neli'i'tiyl    and    tlRcd    liy    plaint  ill 
ser\alll<,     »li.r«    till'    ll|.|i.||d:'rit 
Kpeii.illy   th.it   the   plainlilt   v., 
Ih'c.iii-u  if  the  maiiiiiT  in   »li     • 
diieli'd    liiiijM'lf  at   tliu  tiire 
juiiil,    mid    while    il    uppi  ii 
i-'iiu    |.  nil' rid    liy    tlie    iii-ti 
not   aelii.tlly   lili.-alrd   at   tl.i 
miiti'iilinn    at    tlie    tli.il    U-i: 
WIS     hurt     lijr     hit    o«n     fi 
Muirun    Ufa.  Co.  V.   Ili:ti    (I 
C.  A.  UI7,  !;S  r,d    ,V:. 

In  a  Riiil  n^'un-t  u  railioa.. 
for  injniiii;.'  n  mTti.'i  Inn.i.  ,   i 
tion  that,  if  he  wax  iniiii'i.i 
liuiii'.*    ne;.dJu'.  ni-i'    ill    l.n  iii'j 
control    of    llie    pliii.liir    an. 
Iiiii'irs  dnrin;,'  his  iilisi  nre  frn 
riaild    ri  rover,    i-i    not    wiur.i 
alh-;.'alion    tli;it     pi. linl  ill's    r 
oiiasinned  l.y  the  iii'::li;ji  nee  . 
man    in   diintiii..'   his   ;;iii;;  i 
the  trick  wit  In. lit  ni  il.iii,'  m. 
to  noiify  tli.ni  of  llie  nppio.u 
in   time  to  cl.ir  the  t  r  ... 
i(    I).    C.    It.    Co.    V.    114   'r.i;i 
Tex.  Civ.  App.  .■!()»,  til   S.  U 

A  cliar;;e  iipi-n  ^losn  in-.'li 
le.idin^'  and  iiii|iinpi'r,  in  an 
widow    to  rriniir    f.r   the  ih 
husband,  alli-^ed  to  have  be  n  . 
the    ne'.'li;;elii'e    nf    a    siin.  i    .r    \ 
difeasid,    under   hi*   direi  1  inn, 
j!a;'i-d  ill  cnuplin.,'  ears.  u'l.  i, 
il.niiaL'ea  are  not  siarjla.     /.(.r 
(riisioH    It     Co.    V.    Cuisl-     s 
Tex.  Civ.  ,\pp.  I'.M).  -17  S.  W .  : 

An   insi  rii.  I  ion   as  to  the   ; 
rotks  on  di  iv  lii^.iiit's  trail;   i~ 
an    aiiinii    for    i«r<onal    iiijii 
emplnyie,    wlieie    the    pn-eii.  ■ 
locks   is   the  iK^!i;:eiiee   nii   \n     .■ 
till'  r.'Iies.     Ciin  itmi.  II    if-  .s. 


T.x.    C: 


Ai.;,. 


v.    I'iIIh    (18;(7 

\v.  lyj. 

In   an    ml  inn    by    an   (inplnyei 
fendant  fnr  iiiiiiiiis  eaii-id  In   I' 
in;;  mul    -lippln.:   of   .i    Iin.t    ■ 
jarkscrew    -.ihiili    plainliiV    wm,   i 
to  use  in  liftiiiu'  a  liii.';i    slrii   " 
work    for   defiiidml,    !';.■    cot      i 
\t^c\    that    the   jaek-'cri  vv    fii.    i 
.li-findai:t     was    dcfi'elive,    in    il 
lever  was  con-tnicled  of  sm\  .« 
Iirial  that   it  bent   in   use.     An 
(iun  was  ;;i\eii  thai,  if  the  .jmy 
from  the  i'\  idenee  that   the  lev'i 
jnckscrew    wa.s   or   oii'jht    to    ii 
known  by  the  defer. la  nt  to  b'  li 
and  unfit  for  the   piir|Hitie  fni    v 


ruiltoil..    cnll    1    ,.. 

Irnnl.  ,   1  iT,-i' 

llll'i'il    '        in~  ( 
'■  H  lll'J  i    1.11  ■ 

lir    nrii  :i«  IK. 

iiri'  (rii  liH'ii ,  ,,- 

\Mur.i-  I   l.y  .'  I 

I  ill's    !■  niy   Ml. 

i;ji  iici-  .  11-  f'^ 

t^'iii:   I  A.  ,  .  i 

.111','  an  -i-i  .    '. 

l|l|IIOUI        111    II,.    . 

ruv..  .   1,.,. 

/  /ni;)  '  'i,   . 

.S.  U  ,1, 

n-.'li   .  r  IM  ,. 

ill  ail  ji.ii  !n  .1 

till-  ill  .1  I'l  ■'„■: 

vi>  111.  n  .-.III    ,;  ■^ 

mil  ;  'iir  »!■    ■'  I'l.. 
iirft'limi,  w.i.<  en- 

,  u  h.  r.  .    ,.;,'  II 

I.        L(,::  l.,i  ;,;■ 

ish  r.t       inUS)    1 

s.  \u  : 

0  tlir   ;  '-"ni^  '■; 
v.icl;   i-^  -rLjin-  . 
il    iiijii  '<    t'l     " 
|iri-i-iii  ■   .if  -'I 

.'    nil    M    ■.•.  !l    l',..', 

II   ,(■  s.   1,  ;;  ( 

C:       .\i.;,.)    42  -^ 

1  ( inpliiype  of  i! 
ii~iil  liv  I  lie  lii'iil 

.  Iivrr  r-(  I  in  I 
I  ill  w.i-  ri"iii;f  ■ 
.'1    slrii.  'T  in  11  ■ 

iii^     en;:       i:lil!t    II 

rrvv  fill.  I'lii'J  '• 
ive,    ill    lint   t'  ' 

of  sui '.  Hiift  nij 
nse.     .All  iti'tru." 

Uic  fill  V  U'lii'i-  ■ 
1  tlip'  ll'ViT  <if  t!i 
:lit  to  liivc  Wn 
nt  to  '■.•  li-fi-cliw 
[Mit<e  fin    »l>ich  it 


I  WTJ 


I'KKADI.Nt;  AM)  I'llVtTH  K. 


•an 


nat    Jii'in^j    ii«i>l,    and    not    mill'.i'iiMitly    i:jiinrani<i>  of   l!ii>  nii«iir  tin  r  of  would 


i4  li.inl   (i>r  ii««  ill  liiii..liii;;  tlit;    (iiini<li 


no  i'\ri|..(f  il'  111'  iiiiiiil,  liy  rt'.ix'il 


■lriii;i'f  utilioiit   lirmliiiK.  "'"'   ''i''t   l'"'    'i'''<'  ilili;;fii<'i.  miil   ••iiliimrv   nirc.   Iiiv«t 


UljUiy     «I1»     CUImI     liy     tilin     ll.f.lt,     tllO     OUl.iilu    1       Hill 


Il     ki 


.l.-,l- 


i><    iili.\.iiit 


iihlV  iimll  riCdnr.  .\  t)i.ir;;f  w  i^  to  tin-  i..>uiji.  /.'h.n/i  \.  .s,.o/,</)i«.  lnHiti 
Ut  yiiiii  "liiili  III  (■'(f.n...H  II  rum  h--  .V.  /,',  »  ».  (  jiiiiiij  f.S  Wii^li.  .Mil,  ti;i  I'u-. 
uiiiil  .1  viiiinl   .t;.Min<t,  fl.iiiilill.  uiil'...4    &l.i).     So  iiNo  is  im   iii.Iiih  l  |i>ti  (hat   tli« 


I'  »  n  pro\ 


.1   thill    111),   livir 


lii,|i|<-    III  i-hT   iiii|illiiil 


IV    ITI'M'TS    mill    u 


,.ut  1  f  a  ii.ili'i  il  '•"  ■"I't  I  lat  it  liriil  on    uiit    lli.il    tlii-    iil.uc    in    wj.uli    la.    in    (u 
I.      Ill  111,   tli.il   I'll-  ell. !■';;(■  iliil    vi'il>  or  in  \\liKii  lii>  is  to  !,t>  iilui'il  hhili 


'II.;.'  u-i 


ly     fiolll     tllU     |.!r;lilill^',    llllll     tll.ll     In*    li 


;.• 


";..(  ,ill(» 


nil  r  il  llic    jiif.V   ('111  111   mil   liiiVB  mii-    /'(//.-it    \.  /.'.  ( u    (  l;i(.il)   :;a  U.i-!i.  iul, 


.i.lir.l   iiiiy   ili'lnt    nihil    lli.in   tin-  i  ic    ti;i  1'm\  .■iiio. 

.i||,_'.'il.      (<i.'/i  •  .«/>i>i,    //.  if   .^'.   ,(.   It.  I'll.        An    ill -I  nirtiun    tiKiI.in;; 

V.  //.!•  ;.f'-.i    (I'.'lMt)    21    h-\.   Civ.  A|,>.    of  tlif  il   ii'iiil.iiit   i|.|,.  ,.,r 


W.  Ii.'s. 


Ill, Ill's    II.     •ilL.II'lltlV 


lllllll 


111  nil  iioti'in  !y  a  liraUiiiuin  to  rf<'ii\,.r  niul  Ii'.lii'.'  llii-  car 
if  [.ir-ii'i.il  iiiiiirii'«,  nil  iii«tiiiri  I  .11  »i  III  a  ilnl'ii'iit  it 
lut  ii  till"  pl.iliUlil   ^^  i.H  iiijiiml  liv  fail-    finiii  n  )N.;ilioii  uln. 


III. I 


'    (lie    h.iliilily 

111.. ,11  lh|.   |un'- 

I  >iiii|ilin'^'  pm, 

ilm..  mil    pie- 

I  I     nr.'i|..'illi'C 


111''  lllllll    II    I'  11'    Im  rali«i 


ly  t  i^triKil.  llllll  nut  in  rei 


iiiii  li.ilil  in-    in   Minliii'' 


;i   iili.'.i*   lli-.;i|p'IUV 


■  II    .1    yniik. 


..if,' 


ilily    L-riat   rail-  of  »|iiiil.      1 1 


iiy.   Ill'  Il  ';'lit  If    the  piii  anil  tlif  Irltiii;,'  I. 


!•    ('Nil'. 


ol  111!'  r  ir 


jii-.i 


.1    by    airL.ili.'i^    iiii'l    an-  iii'l«    iiii'iili'Mlil   lo  lla.   inaiii   art    of 


lliat    till'  l'.i«tinili}r'  (-•■ive  «aj'  !ja-    iir;4li'.^i  u'l' 


of  tlie    roUriii 


I  I    11 


1.1    u 


they 


.A|i       ■■ 


\M  11- 

V.  A' 


iittic-hi'il,      !/i  MiKfi,  A'.    W.    118. 


7. 
Tin.   Ci 


.1  /'.  i;.  I ». 

Apl'.) 


I).  4'.f  s.  w.  i;i;i. 


( Is:.,-))  l;i  I'l'x.  i:iv. 


Wli. 

l  ■ 


tllC     !■ 
Ill     <( 


rif    til 


10     pi      111  lift* 


All  iii-iriii'tiun  ^'ivin','  tlip  law  ri'lallns    niiKi.iy  iii|.iini 


10  f.  I'. 


M'lV. lilts     1..     |llil| 

.11  alli  .ii-s  ;  Il  It  til. 


rr   wluiv   till,    tiiii  was  stiiii,>   I 


C'lll-l'll 


il..|i 


!' 
.i-isl  and    rr;;iiiriT's  kiiinv  !< 


li.iL    tin-  (■  ir 


w.is   iliai  ni'_'  uiii-r  u 

U    >■»  Itcil    l.ll'jilU'.    lllf 


I      tHH'      not     JiH 


nil  tl 


lloiv   MTvants,    ami    ih  I'l'iiil ml    pli-aiN 


II 


ir  i.aiii  .11  .  .•  if  li, 
ic  car  IS  an  11..1.1  it.  i  i  il  <!. 


i-ni'i'  an  lii>.  riii'ln  'i 


I  lit-  K'  I.   1.1 


1   i--iii' 


I'Vin    thou  ;  11   tuu  I'Vi- 


on"iiR'i'i   1,11'  »,  or 


1.1' ,  il  I  lie 
ii-<  oi  nr  li 


ilmcB    may    sliow    that    tiny    wi'ie    nol    naiy   can-  (mil  1    hue   kinnvn.  of    pl.iiri- 


.mil.    St.  I.( 


.(  T.  II.  1; 


V.   /,•.;«■    till 


I" 


in    till'    car.    tin 


'Inl 


(ISll.l)    t;o   III.  .Ain..  li'.il,  .Alliriiii'il    ^lilllll.|    lie     for    |vlai'iiiir,    ii    cm 


in  IIK'iii)    Uil    III.    15a,   i.\   N.   b.  liiO,    tlini'jli    II 


but 
1 


.11  tills  jiolllt. 


if  11 


inl    liiil    mil    cli.ii;;!'    Il 


I" 


n  .11  action  a;;iiiist  a  railrnml  com-    Inhnt  il  ii- 1  I    d-    (I 


piiij  lor  tlic  (liatli  of  all  cMi|iIoyii'  ulilli'    Tc\.  (  iv.  .\] 


il  .■<.   \V. 


-iiii.'i     ./i./i/iv.  II  V. 
/.■     To.     (I.il'1'i 


ri.lii'^'  uiKin  a  t'-iick  which 


fur 


(lc'..iu'MPil         \'i  111 


il.at  111 


111    la\  in;;   nils,  an  I   wlii.li,   Ik-    till's    iiiiuiy 


oau^e  of  it'?  U'lu-iial  «t'l::lit,  w.is  liiiiii    iiici'l'  nl     lo    tin 


I'' 


ill  fr  .111  of  an 


iiisli'inl  ol    aiis,i 


i.l   i-.t    r. -nil,    fi 
cinp'i  \  iiii'iit. 


].l  lITl- 

1 1-'  » 
,.|     ic 


biiii'' fill  nc.l  on  a  car  in  tlic  ii-inl  luan-    I 


|iils    llii'   axi'iii  iiil    in    !•- 


»   CI  r  .|-    to    rciiise   to    iii-nint    oa    I'li' 


iiir,.iii  iii-.lnicliiin  \iliicli  nmUis  the  r,i>i'    lln.ii 


ilal. 


iijii.n  the  pmiicr  |ii 


rlori'i.iiicc  < 


f    .1/ 


l-f    I  III-    cast'.        //...'.; 

.c  V'7.  Co.  V.  rrsuii 


pruviiic   s.ifii    a|)|ili  ini'i's    i^    "Ji   t  oln 
is  the  Inii'U  wa-  not  pn  vil",!        .S^ 


1:0  r. 


n    tr.'Hij 


;<•.  .■),(>. 


11     I'l-i  1  '1.  t  •  111    on    nn 


1  r.K't 


a    pill  {Ml. 


mil  till 


illV 


priiii.'^i'  inn    1  ; 


1.1 


Il   1  .1    m  I    lie    ^i 


III'-'  ollicial  clririiclcr  of  the    a  rc/u-il  to  sul'i:,it  to  ihc  inry  llio  ipics- 
l.vilhfifh   V.    I'l,\hifh  Ijih-a,   II.    tion    uhcllicr    pliiiililf   mijiil"  hi 


Inn  -   u'joii 

fi.i, 

i(  /'.  /.'.  Co.  (IS!)."!)    li;0  i'a.  0112,  'Ji  .All.    covcrcil  n    f  Hn.v  scrv  nil's  iic-oinpi 


IH   not    ';rn\in 


:|     f.i 


i-rnul,    will 


ill 


till 


Wlipn^.  in  nn  nrtinn  for  injuries  tn  0    di-fc 


IS  nol  oil  tliiit  L'loiiiiil.     f'li.'r  ■/ 


r.niiiii.iil  1  iiiployce,  the  allc;.'ci|  ncL'lisci'Ci»    Shih-^     l,'i.:ii.'i     .'^■/ 
con>i-t('il  in   pi.ii'in.;;  a   U.x   of  (lynainito    (ISSii)    llli  111.  li 


Jin  open  calioo-o  which  ■■.iiricd  its  cin-        Wli.'io    pluii  1 
[iliHips.  nn   iiislniction  that  it  was  tlio   nnt's 

dllU'     lif     llin     |li:l..li>f     (o     (\..en!  t:i  in      Qflil      bolt    e 


il    I'M' 


N'.  i: 


\\i!,U 


•il    tint    (Icfrn.l- 


in   ncL'Ii^   l:ll^    nltciiipinl   ti; 


I  illihers 


a    i|  in^i'l  I 


1.1 


niiVe  knii 
ef  11 


to  his  .servants  the  dan'jei    c.Mr.inr  iiiiiirv 


nor.  nnd  lli.it  plaiiiliJ 


is  explosive. 


iind  tl! 


B  pro|icr  method    was   iiij 


il   while   workiiiL;   tin 


of  buiidlin;;  it  witli  aufc-ly,  aud  that  tlio    dcr  the  fuieiiiun'^  diicetiuii!i,  it  Li  cn-ar 


i 


'■H 

■  t 


t 

1 

■ 

i>;h 


.M\"i  11;   \Mi  -i:i!\  \s  J. 


I' 


J'l:, 


I 


M 


to  »!lvi'  nfl  Ir'triiftlf'n  »«  !<•  tl"    ih  f.iid 
mil*  iliity  III  liiriii«li  il»  •  iti(ili'vn-.  Mitti 

a     »!lli-      |lllC«     to     Hl'll..         >"!•        l"'iiliM'     t( 

.1.  /'.   /.'.  '■').   V.    U.. .;.'••«    I  IS'.tll)    ii  'l<\. 

iiv.  .\|.|..  ;iu,  :.i  s.  w.  iti". 

In  iiii  iiiiimi  (iir  iTi|iiih>.  rii.  .It'll  liy 
|iliiiiiilrr  li.v  iiM-iin  111  I  III'  Imul,  Jiitf  nl 
a  mIi'i'I  |ihi|i  ifi'il  III  raUiii;;  lli>'  >|>iii  ul 
a  liiiii;'!'  iiiiiiiit  uliirli  111-  W'l'  \M>iUlii^'. 
■  n  iii^lrmliiMi  lliit  iiiili->'«  |>l.iintllf  n- 
ii'JMil  liU  iii|iirii'«  fii'iii  III"  iiiiiiiriii  i'liil 
iHiili.ilili'  riMilt  of  riii"iii(j  tin-  iml  of  iln' 
firiili."-,  liiiil  liy  till-  iiiiMii--  riii|>liiynl  in 
liii-iiiu  hiiiiif,  lio  I'liiiM  nut  HMo\iT,  i» 
|iici|"ily  rrfiMiHl,  »iiur.  jUIiiii^'Ii  it  l» 
iillnruj-i-  fdiiri't  ill  |>iiiiit  of  liw,  it 
«  liliiiiiali'H  till-  iwiio  «»  t"  ulniliiT 
III!'  ii|ipliiiiui»  (iiini'<liril  liy  tin'  nil 
pliivrr  Wire  HiiitMlili",  |>r<i|M'r,  nnil  ni 
w.ii.ililv  ^iifi'.  nnci  ix  lliiTi-fini'  nili'iilnlril 
til  iiii»li'.iil  till-  jiirv.  J/(.ri«ii)i  '',  It.  »•«•. 
V.    l/i/i-iii/   (IIKHI)   A2  C.  C.  A.  .t.U,  UIJ 

Kill.    '-'lil. 

\n  in«truntli)ii  lli:it  If  the  rMi|il'>yi'i'.-t 
ij(  till'  ilifniiluiil  rnilrii.iil  ciinpany  li  ft 
A  nvvilcli  iiprn,  no  lliiit  tin-  pliintiir.  «lio 
Wiis  •.lanililij'  nil  tin'  fi  Kit  In  Mill  nf  iin 
i'n;iii(>  wliirli   ran  in  npi  n  ii  "i'li'  tr.iiA, 

«.ii   iniiMMl   liy   till'   n-iiil>iii;;  c.illi^i 

till'  f.iit  tli.it  111'  W.I"  riiliii::  on  tin-  fiiul 
l.iiard  wniiM  not  pn-vrnl  h  ri'inviry, —  is 
iiuitrriiil  rriiir.  siiioo  it  tnl«"«  fi"iii  ll'e 
jury  the  <|ui'sliiin  of  tin-  plaintiir'n  noj:- 
li'^i  iin'.  riiiriHio  <{  .1.  /.'.  Co.  V.  It'll  ihifi- 
l'„i    (1S!IS)    77    111.  App.  4!M». 

In  an  iiitinn  ii;,'ainif  u  riitii'nl  fur 
iniurim  to  an  ciiiplnyi.'.  oan-iil  liy  ilc 
fiii.lanl's  fiiri'inaii  mrli'jiiitly  llirowing 
II  tie  frnni  n  ralnMi-i'  ami  .-Irikiiiii  plain- 
liir.  iin  in»trmli"ii  l'>  li"'l  f'.f  il 'fin'lant 
if  till'  tlir.iwin!;  of  tlio  ti"  «.ii  t'li'  l>io\ 
iiiiati'  lail^i-  of  till'  injury,  "ml  |iliiiiliir 
Know  it  w.\*  liiin^'  IIhovmi  fiuni  the  car. 
\*  pn.pirly  ri'lu^il,  >iiicp  it  ilii'"  not 
-Miliiuit  tli.'  i"iio  of  till'  fori'iiian"*  m -li- 
I'lnr'f  in  so  ill. ill'.',  anil  tin'  jury  nii;;!il, 
iimlor  Hiiili  an  iii-l  rmlinn,  liml  f.  r  the 
difi'nilant  in  npii"  of  tlii-ir  l.i'in;r  of  opin- 
ii>n  tliat  till'  injury  lii.l  mil  r.-iilt  from 
simply  tliiowiii^'  liio  til-  fi-.im  a  ruiinini; 
train,  l.iit  fiom  tin-  n.'jli-.'nt  ULiiiiicr  of 
n)  iloiiii:.  Uiihrsii.ii.  II.  d  S.  A.  11.  Co. 
V.  ilrt.tii^rli  (I'.IOO;  Tc'X.  fiv.  App.)  07 
S.   \V.   (14. 

(c)  A  iiiiiopriitlcni'XX  trilli  n  I'f  nil  In 
Ihf  vv'„]r,irr  iiitroitniid  ut  the  Irial.  — 
An  in-'trni'lion  i«  propi-rly  givi-n  wlii-n  it 
li-mis  to  rnli'-'iili-n  tin"  jiiiy  «illi  n-..'.iril 
I'l  a  li-izal  prinripli'  «lii<-li  is  roli-vanl  to 
111.-  ci^i'.  Hint  propi-r  for  tlio  jury  to  con- 
-i.liT  \wlli  i.f.rrr.f.-'  in  ilu-  i-.  ii!t-:nf  rc- 
«l«.i'lt,y  n  fait  on  wl.i'h  tlio  jury  is  rr- 
.(uinil  to  furnish  an  answor.  Wcstrrn 
i./(;i    «■«.  V.  i'olohiniiki    (1001)    192  III. 


Il;l  fll  N  r.  4.'.1.  Mr.rnilii«  |l 
III    App.  IIIO. 

\\\  ■iiiploytr  i>iiril  for  pirsHHi 
to  un  riiipli-yri'  IS  i-nlilliil  In  ill 
lloii  lis  lo  llii-  rxti'iil  aii'S  Iin. I 
iluiy  l<>  pliinlilT  in  ii-jii-it  i.>  il. 
i.(  till"  phu-»'  «l.i'ii>  his  Mill'  " 
(x-rforiiiril.      Ilutiiitnl   V.    All    j.;.  , 

rii.  r«.  (|H'.i7)  tij  \\i«.  4f<J.  7t 
«7I. 

All  instriiiiu.n  to  tin-  i  iT  1 1 
hraWinian  iti|iirril  Ihrini-jli  Ilii-  I 
of  a  ili'f.rtiM'  liiI'liT  <'aiiiiol.  r. 
tlii-ri-  »  IS  II  vi-iliU-  ilt-liit  ill  III. 
iinil  III'  f.iili'il  to  ri.|iiirt  |),  is  ritj 

fll-r<l.  villrli-  tll.  11-  is  no  i-\i.l.i 
till-  tliliit  \sas  M-il'lo,  or  Ml  •  il 
lilf  i-vi  r  »iw  till'  '-.ir  lull. 11-  IM 
I  hi"  nii'iihnt.  Tulnl'.  \\  .  it  » 
V.  Iiiii''ili'i,>i   (  Is7."i)   77  111.    ioo. 

.\n    Hist riK't ion   in    ,iii   arli  h 
sonal    iiijiiri's    lo   II    railroil    .i 
Ihiit    if   tin-    jury   l»'lir\i-   thai    •!. 
iis,-.l  oriliiiaiy  lavi'  lo  hini"  tli- 
iii>|>iiiril.  mill  hill)  no  at  mil  I.' 
of  its  i|.  (ii-tivp  lomlilii.n.  tlo-y  s 
for  ili-li ml  inl,  is  piopirly  n  in-i 
tlii'ii-  IS  no  i-viiliiin-  Ihit  .1.^   Ill 
wan    iiiaili-.    iiltlioiiyli    llii-rf    is 
thut   tliiri-   wi-ri-   |p<r  ons  \\lio,i' 
ttas  to  mil'. I'   iii'.iH  iti'-n.     r/i.o. 
II.  Co.  V.  Iliiil.i.jiMki  (lHi.17)  7i 
2'2. 

A  rispiisldl  inslnii-tion  in  n 
fur  |«i-i.iial  injnriiH  fioni  II  ■•  i 
of  a  111  il.r.  tli.it  till'  ili-liiiil  ii.ts 
Ill-Ill  li  il.li-  for  il.-li-rt»  in  tl..-  i 
tinr  of  till-  lioilrr  or  »)i  iii  ^u 
romlilioii  of  mIiuIi  they  kni-w  . 
ti>  liiivi'  known,  in  pro's-riy 
will  II'  tlii'ri'  is  no  evi.linr.'  •■( 
ili-fi.-ts.     (;i7/.  .-.(.I-    <'.  Uki  !>■  -I . 

n.    II.    Co.     (IMII)      li    App      ll.^. 

N.  Y.  Snpp.  'Jl.^i. 

.All  iiisi  11"  lion  fhat  the  i! 
woiilil  not  i  •  lialilr  if  the  ma  li 
nliil  hy  plainlilT  was  the  oiii-  ir 
us,,  lor  its  purpose  iitnl  in  soi- 
tlioiiLih  the  jiiiy  slioiiM  I'.n-l  tl 
woiil.l  ailmit  plainlilT'*  Iin-  -is  ; 
liilnei-n  il  ami  the  ilium,  H  !||' 
oii-ly  r.-fii-ril.  ,is  the  i-oiirt 
i.ill.il  on  to  iliciile  n«  to  the  p. 
of  such  a  II  .iiliine's  mlniillin^  | 
h.iml.  Siiifl  ,(  Co.  V.  Ih'l;;ih'l 
(;.'  Nih.  .Tl,  S'l  N.  \V.  roil.  l;i  • 
ni-liearin-r    (I'.iOO)     (iO    Ndi     7-i 

\v.  2tn. 

The  court  properly  refii-o-i  ! 
ro<nicsl.-l  instruction  in  i" 
Hj<-,in-t  -1  Ti-.auier  for  :s  jk..!-<o.'. 
from  till-  explosion  of  n  holler 
the  niasu-r  relies  on  an  insivcli 
boiler    niiiile    li>    public    ollicii 


'\ 


HLKADINU  ANO  IMSAt  Tir  |, 


h.rriiil'l'' with  tny  ni^lia-'iii'i' <iM  tlnir  d-r   .  mpliMT    if   the   m^ii'Miio   «.m    mm 

111    in    miiUira   ln»    iii-in'iliiin,    «Ii.ti'  il.fi .  i  i»i-.  ihi-ii-rd  llir'n-  v,.ik  no  .iiiI.mhi- 

•  l.iv   i"   rii'    i-vidi'm'C    Unit    IhiMr    iil«|M'<'-  Unit     lli.^    iiiliiiiltcliy    «i't    mul    hIipjh  rv 

ii.'ii  »«»  in  (iH'l  ni««li'jriif ,  or  tlmt  llicy  iiimlii  .11  i(  tin-  iter  u;i.  iImo  |m  li 

v.llt     ilUllll  l»  t<Mlt     to     lllul<.t>     lllp     ill-|i.^  pi|..  Ulilflll     fo.     \.    lluUillltik     (llH'll 

'i.iii,  unil    llii'   ••liiri:i»   riTrii'lly    i«iltiriin  Ul   \  '■    III,  Hit  N.  \\     IMHI.  Ili»i.i  «iiii;  1,11 

,r  jury  that  tin'  iii.i«l<'r  lould  «. .(  n-ly  lli>li.iinii;{    (l!Mi(t»    Wt    Nili.    ;h|,    hT   S 


.i\»m 


mull    in»|i<Tlion    nlnncv      tlilliopie    M.'JI' 


hrtt  >»'>!■ .  I-  II    <f-  "    /'•  I'o     (I •.'.III) 
,i.\|i|>.  Kiv.  r.l»l,  fj  \.  V.  Siipp.  ai.">. 

An  iiiKli  lilt  Kill   tliMt    llic   jury    iiiii;tit 

,  i"i(li'r  tlip  iii.iiiiKr  ill  hIiwIi  tlii<  t  n  Ml  li 

:,i<li  riivrd   in   iifKin   tlu*   iiiaintiil    u.ih 

■Mtml     mill     >iii|>|ii>rl<d      i«     w.iri.inicd 

uiu-ff  !•>  iilinrt'  IK  111   wh.it   wim  riH'i'iii- 

ly  in  III''  «iiy  "(  i'luiiiu  xinli  u  dnch 

.   riTiiliil.    ilfirr    ll.ilill'!    iMH'n    rvrllld,'!! 

.•n    l;'-l     ullVrr  .1.       S.-hmil     v.     Hill^n 

,i!l!i)  4i   .\|»l>.  I)iv.  ;M_',  JS  N,  ^      -11;, |. 

in  ifi  artiofi  for  hii  iniiiry  ohmiiI  Iiv 

1  (114  1.  (if   »tri  I   «Iim(i    llt'W    oir   .1    riv.'t 

ni.Hiir,    »n     t  i-triiction    to    tin'    cITi't'l 

'I.   ;i)*   ttio   t'vidfltn*   Ktioui-f)    tit.  '     llii* 

iiiiiir    in    <|iii'-tliin    w'-i    II  uIr    Iiv    a 

■iniifiK'tiiriT      liiiM-  to-  '<  uirc  of   iii(;h 

-'jndin'C.  and  t'nil    miicH    li.iiiri  >'|'4  iiiiiii 

I"- hIjriTty  tiMi  I'lri'd,  iiiii!    will-     li.Ti'loM' 

'iililp  to  I'liij     ;tnd   iTiiii;    wl'f.i    iii    ikc 

ilif  |il;iiiitiir  iix"UiiM'd   llio  ri->K  liiiii'4 

I'ljiiii'ii   liy   mK'h    I'liiiipiii','    or    1     u'»iiij{. 

i<  |irii|Krly  rifii>'ri|,  «!umc  i'n'  t.   u     ■■ 

i-'iiwii  liy  tlip  witiir-^i's.  \ni'  nit'   ^ipjii 

-Mi>    Id    liiiiniDi'rt    mIiItIi     liinl       ■  i-ot  ^r 

!  ifkpil  and  rlii|i|u>d   frnm   uw  I1-.    tlio 

•  IIP  uliiili  (■iitiM'il   I  III"  :ic.  1  lint,      i/'     l,ii 

l*r'fne  I'rfriffi  tntiii'i   Miirh.  f'O,  V.  S'hthl 

I' III!)  24  'IVx.  (is.  A|ii>.  471,  CO  S    W 

■:|li. 

\"   initriiction.   in   nn   iiiiinii    fur   in 

Mil-',  thiit,  if  tlio  jiiiy  liiliiM-d  it  «m 

1)1'.!  I  iiH  to  i«lii|)  !m  1   li.iiiilli'  ilyn:iliitti' 

1:1  llio  c.ilKM.-ir'  iMi-   if   II    tr.iin   u  illi    I  In' 

-m  iiiin,  iind  Unit  kiipIi  duTrjiT  could 

ac  bivn  avoiilcd  if  a  sifii   way,  kmnut 

■     i'!i»ily    mpililc    of    lirii:'    li'i'irnrd    liV 

I'll-  lnil^ll■r,   liiil    li.M'n    iidniii-d,    llim    i't 

kll  till-  illll  y   of    till'    inif-tiT   to   lli<    «ITV- 

.iDtK  to  ii'liipt  '■iii'li  «.ifiT  «;iy,  ii  not  ojK'n 

lo  f\rf(ii  ion  on  tdc  ^.Toiinii   tliiit    no  nl- 

I'lutioii  or  jiriiof  of  a   nalVr  iiiplli.-il  \\a* 

'l.imn.  .nini-p  tliiTc  win  II   piilcnt  din^iT 

Ml  «n  »lii]>|iinL'  •<iirh  an  i-xplosivo.     /.'ii.«»i 

V   ."jm/.iic  /„/;.  rf   v.   /.'.  Cu.    (litOO)    2:1 

^Vi-!i.  5(11,  (i.l   I'ar.  oOO. 

.Itiil'.niiiiit    for    an    rmployoo    uill    nol 

li- ri'MT-nl,  .^t  suit  of  oiiipinyiT.  for  tlio 

'-■'•■in  •  "fan  iiistimt  inn  thatllio  biirdi'ii 

■'  II  "f  is  on  Miiplovi'o  to  hIiow  Imtli  iIp- 

'  't  in  iiiacliiiii',  witti  nf-rli^'cnee  in  pro- 

inj   it.    and    mNm    mv'li'M'ncc    in    jwr- 

.^tinj;    llonr    on     whiih     hp    stootl     to 

•^nitii  il   to  lip  wpI   and  i»Ii[>p<>iv.  wlipn 

■.>ijin|)aniril,  al»o.  by  instruction  to  find 


'till-  ri'fiiHal  of  an  tnKtriirtlon  i'MiIhuIv 
inif  I  111'  i!.^  trine  tlint  an  I'liiploycr  N 
nut  iiilp.Mi.  If  till'  rnviioiiniiiil  nl  II,.- 
wrxaiii  «.M  ii'<  >.if,-  II-.  it  (I'll. illy  11 
iiiidi  r  <riiiiliir  liiciini-t  inii'i  In  n  liu*i 
111  -^  of  till-  saiiii'  ill. 11.11  iiT  in  pii'|ii.|ii  i  il 
riliil  h  any  la-o  «li.  ri'  tlip  i'\  ii|.!ii"  n 
mil  il  tliii  till'  d<  fi  iiii.iiit  may  |i<>^iilily 
CM-ipo  liilijlllv  on  llii»  ;»ioiiiiiI.  .h 
/.'iiM«.  /'.  .1    \.'  /;.  ('. 

H;     III.      \p|i      .-iJI      in 
tlT    \  I  .    'II. '1   I  . 


V.  r'i..iiiii  I  |!H){)| 


Kiiii  r.i 


Hi. 


rli: 


In^llilrliolH  in  a  r.i-c  haHnl  On  iin 
iiijiiiy  raii-i'd  lijr  the  innr^riin'c  of  11 
loiuiiiolivo  fri'iii  11  liiiildinu'  witlnnl 
warnlirf  iiri'   iii.iilr<piati'   if  liny   do   nol 


nol  in*    fill- 

tin!   I  ho  o> 


pi. 


Il' 


till 


inlid   till 


ti'tiiiiiiry 
pl.tro  itM  a 


1  loiH  iiiii'.  Ill  .1   no  «.iiiiii..,'  Iiad  l.^'i  n 

.'Il 


^'ivi'ti    to    tlio    in|iiird    ii'iiiii.     ill! 
Ill 


111  111.-  Il 
'   and    till 
I  hi' 


Vj-^   I  li'tM'fl 


iind   till 


wliiili  »Im 

cull    r   and  il.iii! 


fa 
in.iiiiii  r  I 


if 


ot    till'   nciidonl, 


lai'o  to  11 
11.  I 


1V1> 


OIIH. 


il     I 

Will 


I"' 

vt   V.    Itlihlr- 

i  istiS)  ,Ti  c.  r.  A.  :iii:i, 

1:2",  ss  I'Vil.  2:1. 

ir    iiiiiirii"<    ri'- 


^li 

in    an    ai'tii'n    fi 


'!  'i,y  nil  '  ii'.'ino  wiprr  vinli' 


vlii**'!  Iiv 


ir  of  111 


i."   pioof  llial    I'll-  nioi'lianiiin  ninl  1:1. i\i 


I'l     \V1T|.     llllll-ll  .1, 
ill  ir  Hitti  il. 


Ill      of     till 

til    I  111'  V  as  on 

Hii'l'li'iily  .-('t   II 

it.    il    was    li.ld    that    11    i-h; 

of    ill  fi'idaiit.    cMliiilin''    llie    i-t 


111    ill 


in    f, 


Idaint  ill'-i     iin"v|u'i  ii'in-r     n 
;no\vli'i!i..p   of   Ihi'   d.ui'.'rr, 

ri'fll-lll.       )!t:li,xl,nl.     II.    il 


id 


/■•i 


Will 


(l';.'i 
.  '."^ii. 


!l    Ti.v.  fiv. 


A;'i> 


ill  an  artion  for  injuries  ii>  '  • 
on^ini'    uipir   wliilo   niovini;  a    wheel    I 


ordp 


r>f   hi-<    foniiinn.    i--iies  nn   fo    h 


i'\|«  I  ii'iicp    in   tile   pirlii'ulir  «iii-'. 


ill!    I 


d^fmilant'.-  I, 
led    l.v    I  III 


Sen 


\  ledu'f  t ' 
lidi'iii 


.f. 


'■'•'•  I" 


I'll  iTlTi' 


aliiirtia.;    tlir    jury,    witlionl     uii.ili!;.  1 


tioii,  ihit  lie 
ineident    to   tin 


■il  Ih. 


1"  oidiii  irv  ri-'i 


III    I'lilpiilated    to    I  ' 


lie 


from  the  oa-e 


../r, 


ini-.li' iiliii',', 

Kiii'h    i--,ii.j 

II.  if  H.  .1 .  It 


Co 

3.).'; 


I!,n~     (  111(11)     o,    Xi.v     Civ.    .\ 

id  S,   W  .  u'<il. 


An   in-li  ii'l  inn  einliinlyipij  the  rule  in 
to  eoiitiiiiianci'  of  work  witli  Kimwli  (!;;"» 


i     r 


■  ill 

1.1 


ill 


j.;'iu 


AUbli.U  .\NU  bKUVANT. 


L.u 


1 


of  a  il.'ffc*  s1i.>iil(1  not  be  rrfii-o,I   u'l.ii  where  such  proiind  of  rn.tu,.ry 

til.'     Ivi.lilllT      iMIMxllUPcl      Ul     l'.'     tli.ll  sIll.VMl  li.v  tin- iM.i.nr,- oi    u.ilui, 

iiiiilsc«  Hi;ili  u  •■luii-ji-  iHTlinnit,  iiltlini.fli  clmr^'C     fi'ii//.  <;.  rf  >'<'.  /  .  /•'    '  " 

'he   <iM.*ti..ii    is   not   (liiifllv   rai^d   hy  (ISnii;  Tex    Civ.  A|.i>  )  ni  S.  W 
the    i.l.iiiiti^V'M     nhMiliin.-*.      .liiu-nn    V.        All     iiistrm'l  mii     ..ii    tho    im,' 

W,      .111  it-    1.  /'.  Co.   '  IST,".)   :.'.  lla.  i:'3.  n.-uli- nil!    of    pLiiut ilT's    ii,;.- 

\  r(']iir-!iMl  iiistniitinn,  In  it   the  rule  lii-t   ii-smiipi  li'ti    of   the    li-,,    i- 

.1,  t"  ;i   iii.i>lir's  iluly  In  fiiiiiisU  ii  sMft!  ihiIi.mI   hy  i'\  nl.iii'e  tiuii   mi.  i   i 

I, 111'    for    II    Mrv;iitt."lo    will!;    (;<"  .    viA  who    vv;is   a    .^.iii.Mil   cii-iiuM-. 

!m.  .iy    vh.ri'    till-    I'l:ice    is    i;.-ih>   iM'-i<  ovi-r   the  ri.ii.l   ii    frw  li-n-i   uii' 

-,j|.  K-  l.y   if.i-nii  (if  t!io  li  i-..r ''i'l-i  .I'-T-  Imins  at  the  |ihi.'o  i.f  ti  .   :h  n  ;  . 

,  l.-i'  (.1   1^"  v.iu!;  vhir'.i  t  i '■  ■■  i\    ill    lia.H  \<:i«    iMii-nl    hy    ihii'i^    i:i    ' 

.,,    '.  ;■•  ■■     I.    to  I!..,  iiiid   \Mi.  !!•  t!i.-   !iM.r  ll.W/.rr  v.   1/(.V.  iH  (iSl  7)  17  W 

,,    ;,..,!-  ■!,    oi-    liv    tiie    I'M-ici^o    i.f    hn  :>'.)  I'ilC.   "iH. 
f.,ii';i..  '    I    !i:    >'.ilh  ordiiiirv  m,'  hi\e         In  .in  M.'li'in  fur  inpir'it  «m-' 

1„, ,.    f„.;v    ;.,lvi-i.l.    nf    lll'c    i'mi  v.r  l.hli.iilll'   hy   I  Iw  hivikiii.;  i.f  .i    i 

of    the    v.ni",     :niil    the    «iin  i  iinilii'"-.    -  l-wr.    :in    ii!-l  ni.'l  ii.ii    t.;.    if 

,,v,.i,    if  !   :.•     Ml  111'  'r"-l    1.;.  :..i  .;...ii.  •\<.,-\.    "\    1:  I'l     Ihe    iii.mm,    o' 

1,  iKit,  ii'|rii..,'i.ii'  uhi'iv  lhi.  ,:mi'.  r  v.;'.»  tin."    'i    tli,    n-i-  i,f   it.   \x\'<:     i 

,hle    I"  :i'l:hi:c    (.f   ehiv    ..\ .  i  !•  ii':iii'.'   :in  j.li.i wliirh    hi-   m.m   cm— t.i.' 

rxp.vi'ii.ii    hi    the   shri'le   Ihv-mi.I'i.   wIimIi  \>ii-  -u;;:.i  ii!   '  ';  i-:    :"r  Hi.'  I" 

.    iil'l   h;ivr  hern  r<'n,"M'd  ni  th'-  esciv:!-  whi.li  il   «a^  hriii'r  ii-i-.'.  he    . 

Uiin   iiKKMT.Iril.  ntid  III.'  servniil  iiijiireJ  ri>U  "f  ii-i'"r  il.  i-*  i-ir.  •,  .h.-  \..i 

wa*    iniMi.  vii'iKTil    in   Mu-   ■,^..l;;.      .l"i.ii  is  ii<it)iin,i;   l:i   I  m-  .-u.!.'.  i  •  '.n  • 

Puiihii    ]h'l    .f  /•'■■"•  I'-'"''  '■"•  ■»•  ""■'•  ""'    "■'"    "'    '■"    ^"•'^    "■'    !■     ' 

fvn    ilSM.Hi     i:r.    III.  l->7().   oZ   S.  i:.  .Loti,  .-i-t.'il    n     .li  f."-i     H-ri'i.    ■■■<'■ 

Allin..in...'7t   111,  A,.].,  r.l-i.  Tml'v     li,r    tl,i.     "'',"'''. 

A    r|i;ii  '<•  ii|i.ii   Ihe  vWrit  of  the  mas-  |.,i,'in     hue     li.-ii     I   .1     ,i_l    .' 

ter"s  know'./".'  of  a  ih-ln't  i-i  .ii.iiicnu.^,  pl.iinli  '.  in  the  ii'..  i  .'.i'  '■!  .•  ^ 

wlfie  th,-iv   1^   ri>  eviil.  IKV  th.il    li.-  !miI  int.   .ii^l    i'"'    !■    ^'    '''■    t'-'t    t 

j,,,v    1  nil  !■   I",   nf   ti.i-   Ii!i-.fi'  clKiIwi'li-r  Unit  I'.-fi.n! 'm!    h'l   i:--.!    nu  . 

of'lli"  :!•.•.'!.  p. -I'.     '/.  .>'.  Il"l'''"ii  /''•"'.'"■  I'liiviih-  a  ji\ii(..M.-    ii-pl.  i  n.  r. 

(•„     V     ;;    -.1. /<     (1S;)2)    SO  IV.'i.    ;ti,    li)  Shri.n,,.   S.    .(•    >'.    /.■.    '■.,.    (1 

.^  \v   .X  i,  fiv.  A|.|>.)  .-.s  s.  W.  <ii;i. 

'  'a,,'  I    .i;-;..(i.i.i    that    i(    the    rciijilin.,'  In   ::n   .m-i;iii   f.'    V.'i-  >\vi<h  ■ 

,,-,,',.,    .,...,    ,',!,.    ;v,..    anil    Ihe    firt    «.is  re  ul  en;:iniH  r  hy  ilera  ili'iiTH  i  f 

Kl„..Mi  I.I  |.:  iinlill.  anil   he  .•.ml  iiiiii'd   in  hy    :i    ini-lihiee.|    fwllcli,    an    i; 

lh(.  ^'-n..-  if  th--  ' iiinv.  he  :)s-iliiiid  that    einpiuyi.c,  of   raii|-iia.l~ 

Ih,.   li,;.  iiii-in-   fr.  in  'drti'i'live   |iins.   in  the  rik-  ii-ii.illy  inei.lnt  tut 

prri'-'in-'   N.h.r.'  the  i  vi.h.n.'e   is   uiii'un-  in    vl.i-!i   tlicy  ei-L.' it-e.   ;.i:.l   t. 

Irii    ^.Irl    t'.:it    th'    |i|:ii!itilV  knrw    ii.>:h-  jiirv    lulirvc  that   liie  ari'i  ;  ■•  ' 

j,,       .,■.,,.'     (li,.    |,i:i.    i!.|.    ihf.rtive    ...n  i-    f'.r   dealli    of   •'iieh   ei..;i';.    t 

(iVinii    ii|-    uhi.h    .•■iMlrihiil.il    I"   hi;    n  i.    ;ilt    of   hazaiiN    iii.iiliM    |.. 

,„,,,     I     l!i:'l     il     "as    in-iloi'iiiv     In  ip  ■  .  nl   i  ■.  iln   "fin'r,  aial   v  a^  i: 

lh,'ij\   .,v\..v  :ill  .Ii'f.'itiv..  j.iiis.    '.'.Ill,  l.y    ":'nt    if  or.lmiry   em-  i.ii 

/•  '  .(    V.    ;'.'.    r<:.    V.    /.M'...-    (l'.H);»;     lex.  Ill"    defi-mhiiit.    i>l.ii-ililT    eiir' 

Civ    Ai.u  )    •'■•H  ^'^  W.  <n;i.  i>   imiiii  ily    refn-.i!    when-  t!.. 

.All    i:,'-tnH-;;<.ii   to  the  rlTert   that   the  rlraily   st  .iws   that    the   -.m  . '. 

L''vii.'  ol    an   i\|.H-ss   proini-e  to   r.aiiir  |.I  u-.d    tliicn-li    the    .n  f  nx.' 

v'.ll   Tiot    rnaM..   the  •.•rvanl.   to    ren.ver  <f  the  «»ilih.  or  thnnfjli  mtei 

jf  (T,.  ,1  , ,.  of  li-in-.^  the  i';>;'lianee   is  ~i,iiir   tin  iiit  hi>ii7eil    pei.-on.      /. 

so  ■'...i    liiat    I'l!  inairol   nnl'iniy   pm-  T.  C.  /.'.  Co.  v.  V.i<ll::r  lli:i7; 

diii,.     \wiiilil     ei.ntii.iie     to     ii-e     il.     is  App.  I    ^^  S.  W.  inc. 

rii.j.'iy    i.'n-^ed    vlieie    Ihe    i.viihiiee    is  A  eh  if.'e  as  to  the  ilnelni.c  i 

that   the   olaialiiT   went   to  work   I  re.niM"  li.m    of    ri-ks    eanni.t    he   .I'l-' 

he    i-i'liid'  iiLl   on    a    pminise   in   iipiir,  the  u'ro'ui.l   tint  it   siihinit--  l. 

but  h.e,.iM-  he  uas  told  that  the  ap;.li-  a    t'..iry    not    raided    hy    th.' 

ane.'    In.l    hun    r.'iiaiiel    sit he    la-t  m  hiiv  I  he  pi  iinlill   hmweli   1. 1 

U-ed   it        1 /.■/,, 'vfin,  r.  a-  .'^V   /'.   '•'    C.I.   v.  Ilia  I    he    very    niinh    .l.nihte.l 

J/i-/i.e  (  ls-<7)   :;7  Kan.  ri'i2,  ir>  I'ae.  4St.  .Ief..'t  in  an  appiraliis  r,..|iiM. 

Nil  evpr.ss   iii^ti'.iitiiin    is  reipiir...!    in  a    ten-.i<.nil   strain   .•oiihl    h... 

n'.'-ar.l    lo   .an    alh'.-ed    hill    iiiipioM-.l    in-  eoMied    on    iiispe.l  ion.   that    i 

eM-e.  jeeee  if  olaintiir.  who  Ml.  h  for    in-  p..--ihle  to    hnn.v   how    L't.at 

jurieu    ree.iv.il    in    d.fen.iaiit's    employ,  w.nihl  a.  Iiially  he  in  any  Kivcii 


1867] 


PLEADING  AND  PR-XfTICK. 


that  tlie  b*«t  of  iuch  mnohiiipry  fre- 
aurntly  gave  wiiy.  Thrnchmorlon  v. 
iisvM/ri,  A'.  »{  7'."/.'.  Co.  (IS'.IU)  U  Tex. 
Civ.  Ai.t>-  2-'-J.  39  S.   W.    174. 

.An  iii^lriu'lion  on  the  qtiestinn  of  the 
(atlior'n  iiciiuiiscoiu-c  in  tlic  emplnynu'nt 
of  lii't  son  in  a  (liin-jcroiM  service,  tli.it 
one  i"  (Ici'IiumI  In  liavi-  iii'ipiii'sciMl  wlion, 
hIiIi  lull  know  jr. !','('  of  nil  tlio  furts,  In- 
ri'ir.iiriH  fmin  olijcctinj;  or  t'nf.irciii;;  lii» 
hji-i  I  ii>ii-t  lo  a  |irii|i(r  cxli'nt  fur  micli 
tinif  iiMil  iiiiiliT  Miiili  eiri'iiMihhinri".  that 
it  may  1k'  riasoiiahly  iiif.Trcd  I  hat  he 
hat  «ai»c(l  or  iiliariliiiictl  his  ri^rlit  to 
nliii' ^  i-*  |iiii|«r  if  an  i^^ne  a^  to  iinnii- 
r.niii(  is  rai'i'il  hy  tho  cvidi'iice.  Mis- 
,n„,i.  h.  it  '/'.  II.  Co.  V.  lUiiiiH  (1S!)7) 
!(■  Tv\.  Civ.  .\|i|>.  (■,'<.  41   S.  \V.  S(». 

An  niH|iiMljili'i|  iii-ii  iiclicin  which 
.litis  tliit  till'  |>lainliir  caiiiiot  rn'ovi-r 
il  lie  Knew  of  eeilain  >|i>'rilieil  d.fiels 
H  i>ii|i(ily  ri  fii^'il  uIhiv  there  is  evi- 
'li'ine  u'l'inL'  to  flnpw  the  exislenee  of 
otlior  (lifecis  as  well.  Iliiiislnii  cf  T.  ('. 
I!.  r«..  V.  A<//.  V  I  lS!iii|  1.1  T.x.  Civ. 
.\lii>.  1,  ;!l  S.  \V.  SH'.I.  UehiMiiii;;  Deiiiril 
III  M  Tex.  Civ.  App.  'J.').  4li  S.  W.  Sfi.'i. 

A  nfii-al  to  eliar:;e  on  Ihe  i|U('slion<i 
of  ii«-mi  ed  risi;  :inil  ciiiitrnniiiiry  ne 'li 
piiie  in  an  ai  t  ion  for  inimies  n  ec  iM'd 
by  pliii'iiir  while  in  il' feiidinl's  serviee 
«<  .n  sieticMi  hi'l  v  Is  iiii.|«-r.  when'  the 
pvi'!i  lice  should  (hat  his  injuries  re 
•iiliid  from  ih  fciidant'*  m'i;li'.:iiice  in 
riimiii ;;  a  (rain  at  a  lii'^h  rale  of  s|icis|, 
»illiiiiit  warninir.  so  near  lo  n  hand  car 
that  ire  who  a~-i^lid  id.iintilT  in  lifi- 
in:;  it  fioin  Ihe  IraeU  heanie  so  frii'lil 
'iiid  I  hit  he  let  i;n  his  hold,  tlienhy  in- 
|iithi','  plainliir.  Iiihii'iiiuiiiitd  ().  V. 
It.  Co.  V,  Vrii^iirn  (  HMiO;  'I'cx.  Civ. 
.\p;<.)  M  S.  W.  .-il-i,  Alliriii'd  in  (  I'lDl) 
»4  T  \.  .'IIO,  t;0  .S.  \V.  4:i!l  (Ihig  |K>int 
not  (li-i  iissid). 

In  an  aclien  ajainst  n  railroad  roin- 
(tiMv  f.a-  no;;lii;cnl  ly  eairiiii.'  a  hrako- 
niin's  (Iralh.  an  ins|  i  ml  i..ii  din  itiirj 
mil  III  inn  to  (Il  cedent's  eiindiiet  in  rela- 
tiim  111  matters  ,as  lo  wiiicli  Iheie  is  no 
fH-i  ef  nf  co'ilrihnlory  ni"_'li;.Mne,  nml  so 
({ivinu  an  cxcisilinLdy  wide  ran'.-e  to  liie 
jiiiy  lo  search  fur  eonn  ilmiuiy  ne;;li- 
C"  ■.  is  |iri')ierly  r'fii-e  !.  ]lisK<.vri  I'. 
I!  '".  v,  r,'X  (iioo)  t;ii  \,.|..  ;,:i\,  83 
N  W.  711. 

.\  rii|iiist  for  nn  instrmlion  in  n  unit 
hy  a  I.rii.inian  to  recover  for  injiirii-s 
reicivisl  viiije  \valkin',»  lsl»een  cars  to 
iini.  Hide  them,  rontraiy  lo  the  iiihs  of 
tl'o  rn.id.  that  he  paiinol  reciivir  if  ho 
Hihmlarilv  \  hdalcd  Ihe  rule,  .•iniiot  he 
refii.,  !.  allhi'iivh  I  he  evidence  lends  to 
•I'll"  ihit  the  rule  li  id  hisn  w  lived. 
The  iiislriiclii.n  rciiiie-i.d  is  aiodiciihle 
\iil.  II.  M,  i  S. -.•,11. 


to  one  [Missihle  thwry  of  Ihe  elT.s't  of 
the  evidence.  rl<  1 1  lii'i'il.  C.  ('.  rf  .S7,  /,. 
II.  Cii.  V.  lUil.ir  I  ls;!li  :i.1  C.  C.  A.  4G,S, 
03  f.  S.  .\i.|i.  .■,.->.),  MI    r,.d.  JJl. 

In  Ihe  ii!>-eiiie  <  f  cvideine  lo  n!io\v,  in 
an  iiciinn  for  iiijiiri.s.  that  a  servant 
Kclceicd  Ihe  [die,.  I.,  do  his  wi.rk,  an 
iiistiiii|i,.n  thai,  if  the  |.l'iiiijir  ,|i,|  not 
mIcI  a  safe  |,|  i,e  to  «i,il,.  hr  cniilj 
not  risoMr,  is  pniTMi  |y  reiii~i-,l.  Sil- 
rtini  V.  Ill  mm  (IIMiii)  lil.s  (  il.  |s7,  do 
I'ae.   r.S7. 

While  previuus  in-1  Mid  inns  had  fiillv 
eo\,r,-d  |i,,.  !,,«•  ,,f  II,,.  ,,,,,,  ,,„,!  ,„,  ,.^  j. 
deuce  of  defendant's  ne;;li:;.  m  e  is  iiilro- 
•iiKid,  pliiiitiir  is  not  enijlled  lo  the 
ili'l  ruction,  "l\iioHlisl;.'e  cjf  Ihe  daiiL-er 
was  111,1  ci  McIit-iM'  evidiiiee  of  iic-hit  in 
failing' to  aMiid  it."  ./lo/i-.'  v.  11  ore,  .v(cr 
(  Iss.M    1  10   \l.,.s.  21.-.,  4   N     i:.  .Ml.-,. 

While  a  hiai.eiiian  was  thiown  from 
a  ear  hy  Hie  ;;i\iiic;  way  of  a  ha;id  Imld 
while  ho  was  placiiii.'  hnn^clf  in  po-ili,,n 
lo  Icavi'  Ihe  car  whin  the  triin  .iirucil 
nt  it  certain  point,  an  iii-lnicl  i,,ii  to 
find  for  Ihe  riilroid  if  Ihe  hr.ikciiiaii 
was  net!li-,-Tit  in  ^'cIIhv,'  „!X  the  ear  while 
il  was  niniiin^'  at  the  rale  o(  111  inil.s 
nn    liMiir   is   pro|»ily    nfiiscd.      Iiiiiinu. 

Iii'lill    it-    a.     V.     /,'.    C„.    V.    Ilililis     (lISllll; 

lex.  Civ.   Api>.l    ,51   S.   W.  UJ.",. 

.\s  the  liiirden  is  on  a  riilroail  rom- 
I>aiiy,  in  an  iieliim  fur  death  of  a  lire- 
iran  r.iii-id  hy  exei--ive  spc,  ,|  of  the 
I  iiL:irie,  lo  sliriw  that  deceased  had  mil 
111  1  O'er  Ihe  sp'ssi,  i|  canmil  emnpliin 
I  {  siil.ini  ..i.iii  of  ili(.  i~.iic  lis  III  '.vl  illii-r 
he  hid  siiili  coiilrol,  tlmiu'li  there  was 
no  evidence  as  lo  it.  '.'n/i ,  > /mi,  //.  ,f 
S.  .4.  /,'    C„.  V.  luni   (ISH'Jj   'JJ  Tex.  Civ. 

Ap|..  i:;i.  .at  s.  w.  :;:. 

\\  hi  re  I  111  e\  idi  nee  tends  lo  show  that 
the  Irirs  if  a  sc»er  wliieli  fill  in  iiiinii 
Ihe  iiijit-id  sir\aiit  were  put  in  pine 
under  the  direct  sii|h.|  vision  of  a  vice 
primlpil,  il  is  not  errnr  lo  refn,'  a 
ch.ir;'r  c\|-I  liiili";  (he  doi-l  rim-  ,is  to  co- 
seiv. lilts.       Ill    Siill,     V.    A<,v(/.,i     (|!iilll 

I!in    Ml.   i:iii.  Ill)    \.    K.    7:;,    .Miiroin,;; 

(  IIiOil)   112   III.  .\pp.  111. 

Where  the  eviileiice  slinvs  Ih  il  the 
neL'li'-'eiice  \>hii'h  caused  Hie  injury  i-oii 
si-tcl  in  till'  liicaeh  of  one  ol  the  mis 
lei's  nia  a-siLMialde  diitii-s,  it  is  n.,| 
error  to  refuse  In  yive  nn  iiistriiil  mn 
ns  to  Ihe  rule  whe-h  pie\ciifs  a  reci,vir\ 
for  injuries  canned  hy  ihe  iietiliLTnec  of 
n  fi-llow  s.iv.iiit.  'ifiill  ri,,i!i„,s.t  111 
V.    .trr,|.,,/„)i    (ISVH;    TcX.   Civ.    App.)    4H 

s.  W'.  r,;i. 

While  the  defilld  mt  rontends  tint 
Ihe  plijiiliir  u.is  a  fillow  seivinl  \\\['.i 
Ihe  ii-j>lin,e  whii-e  ad  c-ui~isl  the  iii- 
jiirj.   il    is  not  em, I    to  ;;i\e  an  in-uiii.-- 


'    1 


iMiil 


ilV 


,  III 

-fl 

m 

■  ^  "Ja 

n 

■  I 


m 


2.102 


MASTKK  ANW  SKKV ANT. 


[rnAi 


I  ' 


tion  ahstmctly  dofinins  the  rdntiim  o( 
fellow  Ncrviint'4.  )1  mlirn  Tutu-  Cd.  v. 
l'iiU,l,:>isli  (11)01)  Ml:;  111.  li:i,  ol  N.  E. 
4ril,  ,\   hiiiiiifr  114  111.  Ai>|>.  CIO. 

A  r«i|i!  -tcil  ili:irL'c  in  M\  ncliim  !>}■  a 
M'lViint  tc  riTovcr  for  imtsoiiiI  iiijinic", 
tli:it  111"  V.'  lict  stiDuM  lio  ill  f.ivcir  of 
llie   riii|il(i.vcr    if    tlip  oiii|iliiyrf    «;!•<    iii- 

jliri'.l    I'V     l(ll«liM    of    lllc    Ilr'li'.rrllrc    of    n 

t'lllow  Mi-Muit,  i«  ]iro|icrl.v  iiiii^nl.  wlirn 
lliiTi'  ix  no  cviilc'iiic  to  sii|>|..iil  a  tiiiMiiii; 
tliiit  (lio  nc'ciiliiil  v.i^  lliii-i  fMiHc.l. 
Srlllllit  V.  (lilltll  MS!i'i)  41  App.  IJiv. 
;il)2.  5.S  \.  Y.  Sii|>|>.   I..S, 

III  !i  iMso  winri'  tliciT  nrp  nn  firts 
r:illiii','  for  it,  nn  in>ilrii<l  i'ni  vvilli  ri"j;irj 
(o  till'  liiiiilMl  ioiw  ujiiii  llii'  f' lliiw  MTV- 
mil  (loci  riiic  in  liiciiii'l  to  lie  pnjinlii-ial 
orior.  vlii'ic,  \i|Kiii  the  wlinii-  rii-.o,  it 
iili|MMis  tliut  till-  jury  wTi-  tilt n  '■>•  iiiid- 
Ic.l  jiiil  <iiiifii-.ii1.  <'■  I'l  rnrl:  Mi.i.  Co. 
V.    iKiri.s    (ISlll)     !)0     r.iiii.    Hi,    H    S. 

In  iin  action  Iiv  nn  niiployre  nffiiin^t 
a  iii:i-ti>r  for  injiirii-i  alli".;i'il  to  liavo 
liccii  lUiKod  liy  till'  ill "iiiii|Kti'n(.y  and 
iic-ili'-'iiKP  of  a  <'i«'iii|iliiyi'(',  it  is  not 
ciroiH  iiiii  for  ttio  rum  I  to  make  a  dis- 
linilion  liitwicn  tin-  iiiroinpitcncy  and 
lu'L'li;;' noc.  ami  to  sulniiit  to  the  jury 
only  tlie  (pii-tion  of  nc^iliji-noe.  where 
tlip  eviili'iii'i'  Hii-  i-ntircly  iliriTtod  to  the 
maiiiior  in  wliicli  siirh  cncniployi'e  por- 
forii'cil  hi-<  «iirl<,  ami  Ilic  kiio\vliMl'_'i'  of 
plaiiililV  ami  ilrfmilant  in  ri-pcit  tlicri- 
til.  (I'v'ii  V.  \<)t//i  I'lirnr  l.tnxhrr  Co. 
(  I'tliii)    III  ('.  (".  A.  427.  100  Tril.  :t'<t. 

In  an  ail  inn  ii;;aiii<t  a  r.iiln'id  for 
iniii'ii"»  rc»iill  iii.^  from  llie  ni  .imi  r's 
liij;li;ji'ii((>,  a  cliiir;:!'  suliniilt iiif;  tin-  <ms« 
not  only  in  rixpi't  to  hi'*  want  of  kiiowl- 
edj!p  of  the  roiil.  hut  also  his  inroniiw- 
trncy  i.'1'niriillv,  i^  prronooiis.  where  the 
.•\iihiire  ^.lihil  to  show  tiiat  tlie  com- 
pany knew  of  Kiieh  ineoiii"  leiiey.  or 
faili-il  ill  ix'rf.innins  its  duty  in  seleet- 
in^  him  for  the  wi.ik.  flnhrsl,  n.  II.  «£• 
fc'.  .1.  A'.  «o.  V.  Oilison  (18:i!»;  'lex.  Civ. 
App.)   .14  S.  \V.  770. 

Where  there  is  no  pvid'nec  to  show 
that  the  neeiilent  was  cau^^cil  iiy  the  nejj- 
li^cnee  of  the  fellow  servant  alh-.'eil  to 
h<7  incomjM'tent.  it  in  error  to  liive.  a 
rhnrL'e  direetiiiff  the  jury  to  impiire 
whether  that  servant  wis  neiilivint. 
(lalrrslnv.  II.  «f  f».  A.  It.  I'o.  v.  Fahrr 
(IRS.'i)    t;.1   Tex.    :Ut.   on    seeoml    appeal 

iisss)  77  Trx.  \r,:i,  s  s.  \v.  fit. 

Where  there  is  no  evidenee  th;it  ft 
ieri;iin  employee  was  ineom|>(lent  or 
^iiillv  of  nevli^i-nee  eaiwinpr  the  aeeident, 
Tt  is'eii.ir  to  instrnet  the  jury  that,  if 
they  llml  the  neoident  to  have  heen  due 
to  iiis  imoiii|M'tence,  the  plaint ilT  ^'hollhl 


reeover.     Il'ilrrnlon.   Tl.  i  H.  A . 
V.  Anspc   (1891)    81   Tex.  517,  17 
47. 

An  in«tnieiion  that,  if  the  jiii 
that  tlie  plaintiff  was  iiijiuid 
111  uliL'emc  of  the  fellow  servant 
aet  eau-i'.l  liie  injury,  he  einiml 
unless  he  sli.nvs  that  the  fi  llo.v  - 
\Mts  also  iiiiniiifM-tent,  i.H  not  open 
je<tioii,  where  there  is  evilinr.-  t 
v..\-i  intemper.ite,  to  the  kmiwli' 
llie  master'-  repn -enlMtivc.  (i 
rf  /..  Co.  V.  Uorji.jcr  (18111)   78  .M 

23  All.  noi. 

In  f'(.'./..  r  V.  TliiiiiUluii  Mf 
(1SI!7)  14  All.  II.  in.l.  the  e..u 
ruled  out  the  del.  use  nf  eniiiinon  < 
liu'nt  in  a  ei>e  wl.rre  it  iip|p.  iic 
the  plaint  111'-  i  \  ideiiee  tl.i.t  lie  \ 
{tilled,  with  iilliir  wnrkiinii.  in 
a  iiiavy  inaeliiiK*  I'loiii  one  rooiii  i 
other,  hy  iiiiMus  of  trmi,-.,  one 
wheels  of  which  hroke  tlir  Mi'jh  lli 
caii.^iiig  the  injury  in  (iiiesi  imi.  ' 
preine  court  said:  "We  feil  e.ei- 
lo  set  aside  tlii.s  verdict,  ii.it  !>. .  i 
e:i-e  was  on.'  which  ou'_'lit  nut  I 
Im'cii  siiliinilliil  to  (he  dcl.rn'iiii 
the  jury,  hut  Iseause  the  d  I. 
were  p. .eluded  hy  the  ruliiii: 
court  trnni  suhmiiting  to  tli.ir 
eraliou  n  L'riiiiii.l  of  defeii'^e  wliic] 
to  h.ive  hccii  lift  open  to  tlietii, 
pe:ir<  hy  the  exoepiions  tint,  nl 
evidence  in  support  of  the  pi 
e:i.-e  w;is  put  ill.  the  court  in 
peicmplory  ni!in;»  that  the  pi  in 
law  that  an  eiiiphiyi'C  coiil  I  nu' 
l:;in  an  actimi  :i;;iinst  his  emp' 
he  w.is  injured  hy  the  neirliji 
others  in  the  service  of  tlie  s.i 
plover,  wlion  he  wis  aetiie_'  In  i 
(  har-ie  of  his  duty,  .ipid  nil  ».  r. 
in  .a  ciiminnn  service,  woul.l  not  h 
ciil  le  to  the  ca>e.  The  i  IV.  ct 
deei-iou,  at  Hie  staL'e  of  the 
which  it  i\:is  ,iiii;ouiictiI.  w;m  to  ^ 
the  def.'udants  from  oireiiiij  n 
i\i»cp  to  sustain  a  di  feiisi.  hiiNc! 
rule  of  law  referred  to.  This  w 
was  erroneous.  No  douht  the  d.-i' 
were  hoiiiid  to  provide  siiil.ilil. 
tares  for  carryini:  on  all  Ih"  "p. 
necessary  to  the  tv.insiictioii  of  i 
ness  or  performiiM;  the  \\.r\  ii 
the  persons  emplovH  hy  I  hem  '. 
jTiiyed.  .\s  applied  to  the  cm-.' 
this  ineiple  of  hnv  woiihl  ri  ■ 
tlieiii  tn  u-i'  pnisr  eare  in  orl. 
that  the  I'oi  rs  H..reof  siilViei'iil  ■ 
to  sup|M)if  nn.v  mnehine  wliidi 
neeessury  to  move  over  or  u|>" 
liiit  thenatiiie  of  this  care  wli 
«ere    hound    to   iih'    was   such   t 


I  i 


|S«7] 


Pl.KADINtS  AND  1'H.MTICK. 


2393 


d  ff.  A  I!  Cr. 
X.  517,  17  S  u 

if  lliB  iuiy  r.|,| 
iiijiiiiil  l.v  tv 
V  scrv.uit  wli.iM- 
le  oinrni  r  ■•■..•..t 
10  fi'llo'.v  ~i  n  ,iit 
M  not  (([wii  ifi  ,>li, 
cvi'lcnr,-  tint  |i, 

III-     klH)wlcilL'(-   (,[ 

itivc.  ('•I,. ;,!,.;: 
8111)   7S  M.l.  iM. 

liltini  Mfrj,  ri. 
ttio    r-i.uit   hi: 

cniMiiHMi  ciiiiilMy 
it  ii|.|«iii-.|  fi..i, 

ll'i'l  lie  w:\-.  ,•; 
Kliiiri.  ill  II  "viii: 
>iic'  nioiii  iiitn  ai; 

Uc!-",     IMIP    (if    tl:i 

lln-Mi'jh  t!i(>  11,. 1 
iic-sl  inn.  Till'  -n 
I?  feci  const riii%  : 
i.  lint  Ik  1  iil-i'  \  r 
IL'llt    mil    III    |,:i\, 

drl'-ni'ittiition  nf 

!     tll(>     (1    Icltillll- 

M    riiliiiL'  <.f  !'•■ 

to  tlii-ir  r>J!M.| 

i'li'it*  w  liirli  i.ii:'  * 

to    till'lll,       ll    .I'l 

m  llint,  iifli-r  iI'm 

if    tlip    (ll  until"- 

point    111  I'l  ■  t  '.■ 

t    till'     |>l  ill'  i|Nr  1'! 

roiiM  nut  iii.'iii 
;  lii-t  ciiipliniT  if 
lie  ncu'li'-inoc  ol 
of  1  In-  s.iii'f  I'll 
i('tiii'_'  in  till'  ill- 
,1  nil  Nv.Ti-  ii'lii;: 
I'lilcl  not  III'  i!>'''i 
liP    rlV.rt   i.f'.'i. 

'     of     tlu-    II-'    .1' 

I.  \v;i<  (o  ^';iit  out 
olTcJ  iiij  iitiy  f>i 
I'lisi'  llll^(■ll  on  t''. 
1.  'I'hi'<  vvi'  tliiii- 
lilt  tho  ili-iVn'In." 
Ic  siiit.il.li'  'In" 
nil  IIh>  o|i.Tili":- 
Id  ion  of  till'  l''i-' 
»•  \\i  r\  in  " '^  ' 
liy  (lii'iii  Mil''  I' 

tllC    ril-.'    ;lt    '    r 

voiilil    ri-'pHi''  '' 

ri'  in  (T'l'  r  ' 

i<ill!ii'i''iit  -'I'l.:' 
inp   uliii'li   il   >' '■ 
IT  or  u|"iii  ll'''"' 
<  purp  wliii'i  !'''■ 
an   sui'li   tli'it  ''■' 


dcfi-niliintu  misht  hnve  pcrforiiXHl  thpir 
full  lt'>;iil  duty  l>y  Pin|>liiyin};  HuitublH 
p('r«onH  of  poinpptpiit  Bklll  iiiiil  px|>«'ri- 
Mioe,  wImi'*o  liiisiiK'KM  it  was  to  k('<'|>  tin; 
iKoT*  in  '4ucli  roiiilitioii  nn  to  ri'|iairK 
that  tlu-y  wpre  lit  anil  safe  for  uho  for 
any  of  tlie  piir|)on«>»  for  uliicli  it  nii^'lit 
U'conip  necpsH.iiy  to  a|i|iro|>riatc>  tlicni. 
If  llicy  «eip  (lili-jpiit  an<l  careful  to  tliis 
Hitfnt,  anil  any  want  of  rt'iuiir  had  not 
exisli'il  for  HO  lont;  a  tinip  as  to  hIiow 
absolute  ni'^'li;;i'nco  on  the  part  of  the 
(icfcMilanlH,  then  the  aceiilpnt  woiilil 
have  U'cn  attrihutalilo  to  tho  ni';;li','('nco 
of  nn  a;;ent  or  servant  in  the  scr\  iie  of 
a  coninion  pniploycr  with  the  plaintitr, 
anil  the  "ase  uoulil  have  come  within 
the  principlp  wliicli  the  couit.  without 
hi-arin^'  thp  pviilencp  in  lichalf  of  tho 
ilcfend.ints,  deeided  was  inapplicable  to 
the  ca-c." 

Where  a  jury  would  be  justified  in 
linilini;  from  Hie  fncts  in  pvidenct-  that 
1  fireman  jumped  I'mm  his  en;;ine  after 
I't'in;,' a  slow  up  si'^nal,  and  was  thrown 
iL'ainst  the  plaint  ilf.  an  iiistruetion 
'|.|^^•ll  on  the  theory  that  the  failure  of 
tlie  eni;ineer  to  olny  the  siirnal  in  tiling 
lasthe  proximate  caii-e  of  the  injury  is 
nut  erroneous,  tlnln'tli,!!.  II.  it  iN."  .1. 
It.  Cil.  V.  .lail.Sdil  i  ISIIII;  Vv\.  Civ. 
\|i|>.)  .-.:!  S.  W.  HI.  .lu.l'.-meiil  .Mlirmed 
in  illiiMi)  !i:i  Tcv.  Mji.  :,\  s.  W.  l():;:i. 

In  nn  net  ion  hy  a  >wilr!im.in  fur  dam- 
li'o*  fir  injiirii-s  i-ie-t  lined  hy  heiny 
th'OHn    from    a    ear    where    liii    duties 


i'.illi'il    liiiTi.    Iiy    the    "iidileii     jerkin 
cliofkin'.'  of  the  ear.  alh'iti 
i-iilised  hy  the  ni'<;li,L'<'ne(' 
"I  the   >\\  ill  *.'  ",>    crew    o 
"f  the  -«  Itch  cii'jiiie.  whe 


d  to  have  hci'U 
ll  the  foii'inan 
the  eiiL'imsr 
"e  tin"  cv  iilence 
•how*  that  the  control  of  the  nets  of  the 
-'vitchnien  am!  of  the  incxcminls  of  the 
train  that  was  licint;  swilclicd  wa-*  hv 
im-iins  of  signals  jiven  by  the  fnritiian 
t'ltheen'.'ineer  and  swllchnian.  and  that 
it  ttiw  I!',,  il.iiy  of  the  s\\  itchmati  to  keep 
11  loolvonf  for  all  si-rnals  friveii  by  the 
li'r.'tiiiin.  an  instruction  that  if  the  jury 
Wicve  from  the  pviclenee  that  there 
«a«  no  More  shakin;;  and  jarriiiL'  in 
'aid  car  at  the  time  of  the  injury  to 
thf  plaintilT  than  was  usual  or  cu-tom- 
arr  on  defi'ndant's  riilroad  at  and  lie- 
fon-  thiit  time,  their  vprdiet  must  be  for 
the  di'fi'iidant." — is  erroneous,  ns  f.iil- 
inj!  to  predicate  like  conditions  or  sitn- 
il'ir  clii'iinistances.  such  as  existi'd  nt 
tiic  lime  of  the  nlle,.'ed  injury.  Louis- 
""«■  •(  v.  A".  Co.  V.  Sinilh  (IJIOI )  120 
Al.i.  ri,-,:i.  ijo  So,  -.71. 

Where  (ilainl ill's  only  rifrht  to  be  on 
the  car  where  he  was  injured  di'pended 
«ii  tbe  fact  that  be  was  aa  iinploji'i!. 


though  the  car  stood  near  a  Iiiphway. 
it  is  not  error  to  refuse  to  instruct  on 
the  duty  of  the  en'.;iiii  er  to  blow  the 
whistle  and  riii;;  the  Im'II  at  such  point. 
Iti-  Willi  V.  Ili:iisl<,n,  /;.  .f  11.  v.  /.'.  Cu. 
<  imtU)  '11  'le.x.  Civ.  App.  -1(1.1.  :..-,  Si.  W. 
u.'U. 

Wlierc  I  here  was  pvideme  to  show 
that  a  servant  bad  bun  inimeil  by  the 
slartini;  of  a  train,  whir.l.v  Ic  was 
I'aiiL'ht  hetwM'n  a  c.ir  and  phiilorm.  and 
received  additional  injuries  I'loni  a  fore- 
man's ii!'i;li;;enee  in  backin;;  the  train, 
and  that  tbi!  former  injiiiy  iiiiMht  not 
have  kill'd  him,  an  insti  lu'i  ion  tii.il.  if 
the  (i  ii'iiian  w.i.>  not  neuli:;i nt  in  start- 
inn  the  train,  a  verdict  shonll  be  i<;- 
tiirned  for  the  defendant,  is  prii|s'rly 
refused,  as  i  he  latti'r  iirjtiiy  is  uUo  to 
be  considered  by  the  jury.  "  lh,ii\l>,i,  rf 
T.  C.  /.'.  Co.  v.'  W  Int'r  (lnoii,  '23  'Pcx. 
Civ.  App.  2H(1.  .5ti  S.  \V.  'JIM. 

(ill  .\  iiiiiiiiiritilrni  ss  villi  rifriinrr  to 
lliinricn  ajiiiiiriil  In/  eillirr  fnirlii. — 
Instructions  should  be  uiven  ,i~  to  any 
theory  which  cither  the  pliinlill'  or  de- 
feiiilant  may  ailviiiice  willp  i  -pect  to 
the  siixnilleanee  of  any  pail  ol  tiie  testi- 
mony which  be.irs  upon  a  iiiiicrial  issue. 
i'liiillits  lint  I,'.  Co.  V.  h'sriuiU  (18117) 
0    \.    .\I.    4!l.    411    I'ac.    .so;. 

In  a  ease  where  a  sci'Miiit's  eye  was 
di-stroycil  by  a  piece  which  w  is  chip|i«'d 
oil'  of  a  -h'(l;.'e.  w  icMed  by  a  fi-llou  serv- 
ant, it  was  h(  !,l  to  be  error  to  refuse 
an  instruction  (hat.  if  the  evidence 
or  showed  the  injury  to  plain;  itr  to  have 
bis'ii  the  rcsiill  of  a  mere  aieident,  lie 
could  not  reeover.  11  c()'l^  r  Mfii.  Co,  v. 
Sishi  It    (  IIMIIh    S7    III.    .\pp.   .'-.,■.1. 

Where  the  plaintill's  ci-e  is  based 
partly  on  the  tln-iny  that  the  di  fend mt 


was  ne'jl'^jent  in  nt  liniiiL'  .in  eiiL'^inccr. 
and  |>,iilly  on  the  theory  that  a  defect- 
ive locoiiiolive  was  used,  nn  insi ruction 
to  tlu'  illccl  that  then-  was  a  f.iiliire 
of  proof  to  .show  that  the  enu'incer  was 
111  .illiil.  inconipetent.  and  neudi^'eiit. 
ati'l  that  the  ap|i<'Uint  bid  knoulediie 
of  hi^  until ne-s  n  suiliricnt  len;;th  of 
time  prior  to  the  accident  to  lia\e  pro- 
\idcd  a'.iiinst  it.  and  that  thiTefore  tho 
jury  shoiil'l  tind  for  the  aopellint,  is 
pri  perly  refused,  f.if  the  |daintilV  may 
still  recover  by  reason  of  the  il.  f.cts  in 
the  cii'/ine,  Wnliiish  rf  11',  I!.  Co.  v. 
Mi.ninii    ilS!i_M    ]:}1   hid.  430,  31   N.  E. 

(ii;i.  .'I'i  X.  !■:.  s.-., 

\\  here  one  of  several  theories  ns  to 
the  cause  of  an  injury  is  that  it  re- 
sult isl  from  the  neylij.'cnt  loadiii'j  of 
cars,  and  the  evidence  tends  to  show 
that  the  loadin','  w.is  done  by  an  inile- 
penilent  eonir.ii  tor.  it  u  error,  in  a  cane 


t.; 


'1!" 


M 


If'' 


2.194 


MASTKK  AND  SKRVANT. 


(CltA 


if 


Ktl 


IMI 


wlicrp  n  !>po('i.il  viiilirl  i<<  lo  Ik-  rendprod 
•M  to  ciicli  of  tlii'M-  tliroiics,  to  refuse 
hi  Miliiiiit  to  the  jury  the  ii\i<t<li<in  of 
m-Slliv'i'iice  in  rc';;;inl  In  tin-  loiiiliii);. 
Huh  II  V.  Jaiii/i  Itinr  l.umhrr  Co. 
OSIi-;)  SI  Win.  41J.  .-il  N.  W.  :i21,  050. 
Ill  an  iiiliiin  HLMiMst  a  riiilnr,ul  com- 
pany (or  iic;.'li;;iMilly  rausing  the  dt'iilli 
III'  a  lir.iUi  III  111.  nil  in«(rurlii'n  ii»  to  ili'- 
cimIi'iiI's  iniil  riliiitmy  iir'_'li<.'<in'c.  wliii'h 
wholly  Diiiits  ictiTiiiiv  lo  plainlilfH  e>>n- 
tintii'>n  that  ilrrcilinlH  ili'iilli  waH  occii- 
sioiicd  hy  the  iic;;lii.'iiit  conxtruction  of 
.1  liriUiii^'  apidiaiur,  in  |ir(ifMTly  rc- 
f,i..  ,1.     i;,xw./ri  /'.  /.'.  Vk.  v.  I'ux  (  lOOU) 

i;ii  ^.^..  rial,  s:»  N.  \v.  "it. 

Ill  an  iiction  fm  iiijiirios  n'Miillini^ 
fr<Hii  hi-i  fallini;  Iihim  a  dmii-k  ulioiit 
whii'h  he  wat*  worUin};.  an  inr^tniil  ion 
^^hicli  was  addressed  lo  the  i><»lie  o(  a*- 
fciiiiied  lisk,  wliieli  itinores  the  iiiii-stion 
of  a  vice  jiriiieipil'^  iie;.diL'eiiee.  ix  er- 
roneous. .S7.  /..mi.i  .S".  ir.  It.  Co.  V.  Nmi/h 
(I'.ini  ;  Tex.  Civ.  Apl'  »  ''^l  ^   W.  Unit. 

(e)  hislnicli  ■ii'i  i.hiirlnl  in  n.s  iiiiod- 
inn  thr  iin.iiiicf  ol  Ihf  j'try. — An  in- 
Rtrii.-'ioM  deelariii;;  it  the  duly  of 
defiiidant  to  adiipt  rea-oiiahly  .«iife 
nirlliiHls.  "and"  lo  nsp  well  known  and 
practie.il  a|piill:inee«  in  thawing  dyna- 
iiiitp,  is  eriiiMeiMis  ill  an  aetion  for  in- 
juries to  in  eiii|>l(>ye<'  fniiii  an  ex|dosioii, 
where  defeiidiiit  u"si-il  no  niiplianees  inid 
the  c|Ue-i;on  at  is,ue  is  whether  its  fail- 
ure lo  do  so  WIS  iievili^'iK  e.  Siieh  an 
instrurlioii  in  olTeet  lakes  from  Hie  iiiry 
the  ri^hl  to  deterinii:e  whether  I  lie  d<- 
fendaiil's  iiielhi.d  of  Ihiwiii;,'  dynamite 
liofore  an  ojien  lire,  williniit  siirli  a|i|.li- 
anoe.s.  wis  reasoiia'dv  s;ife.     litrlhn  /itii: 

r<>.  V.  jf(ii(i.>  (1S"j:>')  !':)  Va.  vm,  -n  s. 
K.  sno. 

II  was  projier  to  refuse  lo  rhai-.i-  that 
ihe  iiieie  f-'it  of  an  aeiidi-i.t  rai-es  no 
I  irsiinijition  of  iie'_'!iL.'i  nee:  sinee  -iieli  ii 
eh.ir^'O  is  nn  invasion  of  Ihe  prnvinee  of 
Ihe  inrv.  1/i.s«.iiy  1.  A.  «'■  '/'.  '.'  ''...  v. 
linker  (irilO:  Tex.  Civ.   App.  i    ."•>*  S.  \\  . 

It  is  error  to  ;;ive  an  iiisi  i  iiit  ion 
..hirh  M.-siiines  that  a.  in  ili  rial  f.iel 
viliieh  Is  in  dispute  haJ  lieen  ]iro\<(l. 
WnVe  V.  rhiuini)  if  \.  \\  .  /.'.  Co. 
.'s:  (II    TO   Iowa.  ■J.T.'.  41    N.   \V.   :1H7. 

An  ii:  tniition  that  Ihe  pliintilV.  l>y 
.  id'Tii  L'  into  and  renitiiiiin;;  in  difiiid- 
. nil's  siiviei'.  a^-ntlll•fI  mdy  ll;e  (inliniry 
iisK»  diicedy  roniieeled  wilti  his  iiii- 
leidi.ite  eniplnyiiienl  as  a  liraUeiiiaii.  and 
liiil  not  as^Mine  any  risk  or  dai".;.!^  re- 
^iiltini,'  fii  III  a  difeetivf  .iiid  danu'erons 
tiiii!~  or  fro/,  unless  prior  lo  Ihe  liiiie 
..r  his  iiiiiiry  he  aeliially  kiieu.  or  by 
tli«  Uhe  of  reasonalde  and  ordin  my  eare 


under  all  the  circumstances  nhmi 
known,  that  the  purticuhir  fm;; 
lie  was  injured  was  in  a  defnt! 
dan!;i-rnuK  conililion,  and  then  a 
niained  in  defendant's  eiiipli 
iisiin;  such  track  and  fro>;  wiili 
jeetion  or  priiinisp  of  anieiKlineiil 
defect,  was  held  lo  he  cnoiieoiis, 
reason  that  it  as-.iinieil  the  fre; 
in  a  dnn<^rous  condition.  Cu 
Iturlimilon,  V.  I!,  rf  .V.  It.  i'n. 
(12  Iowa.  4!)l,  17  N.  W.  Till).  Tli 
said:  ".Appellee  claims  th.il  llie 
ant  pleaded  a  eonfi'ssion  ami  a^ 
hy  averring  that  Iho  deee.i-e.|  1, 
hy  Ihe  exercise  of  ordinary  ein 
have  known,  of  the  condilioii  ol  I 
and  that  he  made  no  olij.elion 
and  rtas  promised  no  eli;iiii;e 
wherehy  he  assumed  the  ri«k. 
e.\aniination  of  the  avernieiils  nf 
swer,  it  will  lie  seen  that  tlie  il. 
dees  not  admit  lh.it  the  fro;.'  u 
dangerous  condition.  It  is 
slated  thit  the  deceased  'iinild  w 
known  of  its  Iwalion  and  eim^i 
and  Ihe  dangers  tliereto.  if  .w 
dar.'.irs  existed  in  fact.'  We  I 
no  rule  of  pleading  which  woiilil 
quired  the  defendiiil  lo  adiiil  ' 
frog  was  in  a  d.ni'ji'ioiis  c(iiidi 
ordiT  to  avail  ilscif  of  (In'  .li-fn 
dee(<isec|  knew  of  ils  .ni'tiial  co 
un-'l  made  no  eoinnlainl .  " 

III  an  acl  inn  f'  r  iiijiii  ies  ca' 
Ihe  derailinent  of  :i  1.  coiiiot  I' .-. 
by  the  defendant  lo  lia\eli>cn  i  .i 
(he  e\c.  >^i\e  s|».e,l  al  «ln.h  (Mi- 
himself  was  riiiini"'.'  ihe  lecmi; 
ris|iii-tr'd  eliar^'C  wliieli  ;i^..iiini 
wlien  the  ii.cid.  ill  occiiind.  I  li.i 
role  of  Ibe  ci.Tiip;iny  ill  fine..  >> 
liibiliil  the  o|«.ralioi;  of  an  ciii; 
giealer  s|s  id  I'l.iii  M  niles  ;iii  I 
a  curve  of  over  (i  degrees,  is  pp'l 
fused:  sinee.  if  Ihe  (iiiirt  Iri.l  g 
ebarge,  its  elTeel  would  have  hee 
l!ie  jury  tbil  sni  'i  a  i  iile  iv.is  : 
that  pl'iiiit  ill's  iiiti-late  h:id  ii 
it.  :ind  Ihiil  Ihe  peini  :  f  aca  '■■ill 
a  curve  of  ov.  r  il  deuTi  -  'H  ' 
were  niatleis  f.>r  Hie  |i:ry.  '.' 
//.  tt  S.  .t.  /'.  to.  V.  .s'»ii/'i  '  ! 
Tex.  Civ.  App.  1-J7,  •"  S.  W.  -I'l 
In  an  action  for  oijiny  ciii~. 
exploicn.  an  instrrci  inn  that 
shoiild  find  difiii'lant  iMiil'.y  ' 
g'^nce  if  tliey  lielie\e  lli:i;  i'" 
wliieb  drew  the  cabiMi-,'  in  u'  n' 
plosion  oeriirred  "i-  ih  f  i '  u  ■ 
it  iiiiitt'd  Iar:;e  ipMni:iii-  -f 
which  set  lire  to  a  In.',  in  t'le 
cimlainifg  ■lyn,Mi;ile.  iIm'^s  iinl 
on   ilio   province  of  the  jiiiy,  w 


I  MiT) 


I'l.KVUlNO  AM)  l*ll.\«riCE. 


2:i" 


Iciirc  N  tlint  tlic  rn;L'ine  eniittpil  nn  win  iiiirfliilili-.  Hitlrnhru^e  T.  ^\'il 
-nil  .|U.iiilily  nf  •.piiks,  w>  tliiit  it  tiniiijlim  t>(ii<l  It.  t'o.  (ISitT)  \-0  N.  C. 
liiMi'  to  ■-"■t  lin- to  any  roiiiliiwlilil 


".44.  lie  S.  )•;    !IJ-.'. 


ih  mIiIi'Ii  iIi>   H|>;irkM  r.iiiif  ill  cuiiliri.        In   uii  iii'tinri    liy  nn   rnii'loyrc   to   rr 


;,1    I'.V.d     llh 


,\-,l 


lll'|>. 


\MiiKiiicn   « 


itii  il\ 


•If    rover    fi>r    |hi-on.il    iniiiii 


l\V    ln'l  !1    CM!-' 


<\  liv  Ills  ririil 


Ihi'i 
km>«ii    l'> 


till'   I'l 


i.f  vliicl 


I    WHH    iin- 


II 


til. 


in     krr|iillU' 


hi 


,1  t. 

ITS   nr^' 


\lliii'l    V.    Sii'iKniie    liriirli  nil. I  tiH'U  fir  tlip 


11-111,'    11    «n 


ik 


falh  <i  S.  It.  Co.   (  \>:>:t)  21  Wasli.  3J4,    liri 


IHir|>. 


if  nit- 


nil  iii-inii  I  ion  tliiil  t  In 


,)S  Vi 


Ml. 


tiiiiiiii;;   mill    ii>iii' 


if     Mil 


Ih'IH'H 


In  nn  netion  liy  i\  lirikoiu.Tn  for  inju-    tooU    wn-i    not    in    il-rlf   iii".;li'.;i' 


lie- 


nos     rrnivi 


,1     wliili" 


ihiirt'p  Hint,  if   iiliintil'. 


r.ir",     11    en  lis 


til. 


ill  li. 


lu 


ll-,i|    willlollt 


III 


MI'lll      milll A     lo    illlV 


if 


iki>  tl 


lO    ('011|llill^.    |>l 


>l;l 


.1    hi 


rif  ill    wiTe    takrii,    is    rivi  i-ilili' 


|.r..|..T  |.r. 


Ill'  lolls 


!i  a  posjiioM   lis   WHS  in  loiiKiry.  aihl    tlii-ri'  was  ivi'lim-.'  Iimllii'.'  Ic  i.idvi-  tliat 


1  tliat  tlio  oars  a]i|iriiar!iin;;    it    "as   iliiii.'  roii*    lo   nil    uins 


line  B    •'I'.'Ml 

liliii  sliiiiilil  move  more  s|ri-,vly. 

this  signal    uiiii  <lisri",'ariliil.   tlie    ri-iilt    on  "!■ 


thn 


III  llial    liriiili    with    llii'    iiii-iiis    |ii.ni.|iil    l>y    tin' 


11' 


.; 


U.I.II     Mi 


'I.     Co. 


Hi'  that  lio  was  iniiiri'.l.  lie  niiM   re-     (IH'.IS)    l_'n  N.  V.  'JIS.  .Tl  S.  K.  4!i.-.. 


niT.    IS   oiroiH'inis, 


the   j 


iiiv   ro- 


ll! /•/;,  ./.i 


I'll  Cilti  iC  o.  11. 


ii'lvo  thorifioin   tlio   in'imssion   tliaf.   if    Co.    (ISn:!)     Km    Cal.    '2XJ,    ;,-;    Am.    St. 
till' pl.iiiiliir  nssiiiiiiil  Ihi'  nislrniary  |>o-    l!i|>.    'Jim.    ,'!t    I'lo.    7-0.    nn    in-1 1  mliiin 


Hit  ion, 


hi 


nsni'j    on 


linarv     oiro.    In  Iho  ill'r.l  llnl  Ui-  laifli 


lfi«,TOi'ii.  K.  if  T.  It.  rn.  V.  Itiikvr  (lilOO;    lo  tlu'  il-li'ii.l  nil's  ki 


ili.l^ 


n  oi   I'l' 


Tex.  Civ.  Api.)   I'.S  S.  \V.  ftr,4. 


In  nn  art  ion 


fi. 


lo  ili-alli  of  .1  Iirako-    .-i  <  iiiily  in 


liilily    in    larkiii;;  ktimi  lisl-r.  nf   ai 


till 


■f  Willi;   is 


th, 


vl'ilo  sliinilini  on  tlio  pilot  of    I'liiiililT.  lint    lli.il    this  liiinliii    is  sal 


ninn  "l'f>,  w 

a  iwitch    onL'iro,    lo~t    Iiis    footing',    nnil    jii'l    wl 

Mils  run  our  ami  killi'.l.  an   inslrnotion    w.i.^    iiisr 

tli.it   if  tlip  on.i;i 

nnl 


iniirv  oiiro. 


ilil   h. 


liv  1 1 


H'li    it    is    shown    th.il    tlio    jil.ii'o 

ch    a    iv«j.iM'l.  that,  if 

,f    a    |iriiiMr   iii-iscl  icii    li.ol    l.,.ii    iiiii.h-   hy 

MTn  that  tho    .Irf -niLint.     Iho     in^i  i-iiril  v     wmiM     liavo 


10  oxori'isi' 


linki'iiinn    liail    lo«t    his    fipnliii'j. 


I.I    ho    h. 


in    asoorlniiioil    in    tin 


to    h 


11(1  in  fiot  lofO  Ills  fiotin;;.  a 


ml  till 


VI  iitoil    tlip    in 


was   nil 


rl,-,l    I. 


I" 


pnwr. 


hv  \.\m 


10  oM'ioi-o  of  or.IiMarv  oiro, 


till 


.1    tl 


If   i-n'.'iiio    111    titiio    "v\ 


hni.' 


LTiinml    tli.it     h' 
ii-t.'.ail  of  ■' 


i.r.l 


coiilil  havo  »toii| 

to  liavo  nvoiilnl   iiiMiot  ii:!j  fital   iniinios    Iho  tii.il    iiiil;;o  n^-iim 


p-ii.M  r     or     11 
ll.it   Ih. 


on  the  hrakni'ii 
if  ho  iliil  so  fill. 


liis   fiiiliivo   to  flo 


il:.'Im- 


iifnus.  in  as-niiiint!.  iis  a  iiiittor  of  law 


IS   111 

f  la 


sarv    |>rnnt    was    to 
that  suoh  a  oiii-li  ii.- 


,.|.. 


ii<I 


li 


nf  Iho 


iiiar'.:o  w  IS  iijipn- 


•I  to  Iho  niani 


th.1t  it  was  tho  iliitv  of  Iho  onL'iii'ir  to    fi-t  inlintinii  i.f  Iho  jii.lv.  ami  thai  tlir 


lA.'ITKr     OK 


li' 


I'liiki. 


Olio    to    soo    that    tlio    last   part   of  Iho  ohiru'o  -imply   sprritioij 


hail  not  lost  liis  fontin',; 


111) 


i.l.. 


ll.l     Is 


iii/..iM>iif  1.  /*.  It.  Cn.  V.  Wilirr  il!)00;    to  satisfy  Iho  lninlon  of  pr  >"f. 
Ti\.  Civ.  .Apt>.)    Tii  S.  \V.  .5.'i4.  .\n   itistnni  i.  ii  that  ii-i-  nr  noiiiiso  of 

In   an    arlinii    fur    ininrios   allo_'i'il    to    ba.L'L'in;;    in    lioi-liiiu'    iinii    pii«'     is    nut 


h.ivp  h.>  -11  I'l  11- 
in  iiri'  in  '_'i\'inij 


liv  iho  mast  or'- 


'li 


nrrv^-arilv    noi;li 


pr.ip 


ilv 


wliicli 
flint,  a- 


orlor.  an   in^t  nn  tii-n    fiiso.l    whoro  tho  onii<-ion  to  pmliot  tin 


siioli  noi'li 


i|  oxi'liidos  from  tlio  iiirv  all 


to  lo  tho    pipo   liy   oiiivas    is   Iho    f.ot 


Ulinll     will 


hi.'ll 


iiliriiiiin    o 


f   oviiliiioo   wliioli    lias    liis'n    turns. 


10  qiio-lion  of  ni'.'lr.'i'nr 


.-lanliallv 


V"  /,•    i:Urli 


I 


■/"  /" 


.»< 


ntrii.lii.'nl,    ami    wliioli     Ion. Is    to    lonvo    Co.  v.  liliiir    (H:i7)    'J.'i  C.  C  A.  -Jlii.  ."il 


tli.'it  tho  iiiilor  Inil  1 
ent  lorii's    is  oiron.' 


loon  on  on   in 


iliir,. 
.l/.i.«- 


i; 


\pp 


SI, 


!•    I'o.l.    H'lll, 


nonin    wliirh. 


'illiin  Hiiilrie  t'u.    (18ili))    7H   -Mo.   App.    in   ilmiMfnl   .i-os. 


ill  ,lr 


rnm    till' 


111. 


jury  tho  qnistion  whi-lhor  tho  n.'uli'.'ont 


.\n  inolniol'"on  t'lnt  if  tlio  jiirv- hi'l'"Vo    ainl    iiijiiri"!   sorvants 


I.l 


Ih.it    pli 


iliiV'«    intosfato    anl     anofnT    of  llio  I.ii' 


so  ilistinit    till'   tl" 


il.- 


peri^nn    «|>oi'iiH'iI    woro    f.llow    s^rvniits,    -"s  to  coii'i'i 


and  if  iho  iniinv  to  Iho  fnrmor 


1 110    ra 


Mo 


llifln 

il.i. 


■  Ill      IS     1...I,      ilipl 

.  .f  V.  w  It.  r. 


to  tho  In 


lit  1), 


lit  nml  koi>t  in     (1H71)    f.O    III.     171.     It    Am 


Enml  ronair.  pliintilT  raniiot   rooov.r.   is     (.iinr    Ir 


oh: 


tint 


lal" 


proiwrlv  iifiis,.,!  whoro  Ihoio  is 

thnt  Iho  Iriil  onnilltion  of  Iho  trnk  w.in    otr 


is'titor  shnp 


il    th' 


llr"jll-_'.'tl.*0      in 


i-r.itiiii! 


not  due  to  Kucli  pi-r»on,  and  aUo  that  lie    oii;;iiie).      Si' 


'lOl,  aulc. 


4         t 
(         I 


]•"'!} 


•f|i:l 


ill 


iVM, 


.MASTKIt  AM)  SKUV.XNT. 


[t'llA 


"n!«. 


A  v}).ir-jf  to  (Inil  for  ilifiinliiiit  iiiili-i- 
Hii-  jiiiA  l.ilii'M-  the  |>:irlifs  in  iliaiyc  of 
•■•■il.iiii  iiii|ilv  v.ir-  ii"iil  tiiorp  fi>ri'c  than 
niii-«.iry  in' iillailiin;;  tlicni  to  tlir  cii- 
Immw<'.  <pr  well'  itlHTwiM-  n(';!li(,i'nt  in 
Miakiiii;  H"-  <"ii|>lin^'.  's  a  cliarKt'  "n  •'"' 
vnij:lil  iif  I'viil.iui'.  xiiKr  it  niaki'^  tlio 
^l•^•  of  iiMiH  ci«~  iiy  li'ice  in  atlacliiiii! 
tlip  cirs  III  ■.'lip'iicc  /irr  ««•.  Ti)  n'wf  siicli 
a  c'li.irL'i'.  I  liiii'fiirc,  i*  rrror.  Ilioii^li  in 
iillii-r  iMirlidiit  of  tlic  <liari:f  llic  (.liliiro 
of  tlioao  cHL-a'-'ril  in  annc\iiii.'  tlio  fniply 
(•iir>  "to  ivircl-i'  oiilinary  rari'  to  avoiil 
injiiiiiiL'  IIm>»i'  ill  till-  (mIioo-.!'."  if  on 
:ui>iiiiit  of  -iicii  failure  "I lie  iiiipty  earn 
«i'it'  run  \io|iiilly  af.'aiii~t  llio  (mImioio," 
lo  |ilaliiliil's  iiiiuiy.  M.is  niadp  tin-  lost 
of  lial.ilil\.  //'.ii.Wo.i  ,t  T.  C.  I!.  «'(,.  V. 
Itunix  (l!H)l;  IVx.  (Jiv.  .\ii|i. )  ti;i  S.  \V. 
ItKI'i. 

An  in-itnii'tion  that  a  servant  hnn  a 
ij'jlit  to  |iic>»iiiiip  that  till"  iiia-liT  lia> 
l>crloriiiril  III-)  duty  witli  ordinary  care 
i-<  lilt  oliierlionaliie,  n*  liein-J  upon  tlie 
wi  i:;lil  of  o\  idciiee.  Mi^simii,  h .  d  T. 
It.   Co.     V,     I'rnirilrr    (ISHSt;     Tex.     Civ. 

\|.ii  I  ,-..-.  S  U  .  :wi>. 

.\ii  instriietioii  that  if  plainfilf.  while 
in  the  (hi  foni  aiiee  of  liis  duty  and  in 
(he  exereise  of  onliiiaiy  eare,  Htep|xil 
upon  a  I'louH-lie  ami  into  ii  hole,  anil 
«:is  Iheriliv  injured,  lie  \va>  entitled  to 
leeover,  is  Hot  siilijiit  to  the  ohjeelion 
that  it  as«uiiie<  that  plaintilf  wan  exer- 
oi^ii!},'  due  eire.  niid  lh:it  the  injury  «a« 
the  provitiiate  n-siilt  of  the  londifion  of 
the  preii'i-es  where  plilnliir  was  em- 
ploviil.  Itlnrniaii.  S.  ,(■  S.  I!.  Co.  v.  It'll 
ilHIil;  Tin.  <iv.   App  )    .IS  S.  W.  117. 

Where  plaiiililT  alh;;id.  niiil  it  was 
not  denied,  that  when  he  reeeivid  \i\* 
injuries  hf  wni  workin','  under  (he  dine 
(ion  of  ilifendant'st  hrid'.'e  {oiiiiiaii.  and 
the  i'videi'ee  «ho\\H  thai  he  leerixed  and 
iihiyed  iiiihr-'  fvnfi  siieh  fnriinin.  an  in- 
-diiilii'i  ti-'atiier  (he  fnreiiiaii  as  de- 
fendant's vieo  priniipal  i"  imt  irior. 
>r/)i  inti'nio  tt  .1.  /'.  /.'.  Co  V.  If.  >).  jv 
I  \H'.n))  'Zi  Tex.  Civ.  App.  .'ill.  ."it  S.  \\  . 
<»10. 

An  in-'nietion  that  if.  nfter  an  inde- 
(H'lident  eontr.ietor  hid  unit  a  jo'i  and 
left  the  premise*,  the  in  i-liT  adopted 
and  ii^el  tlie  strurtiiies  he  had  eri'led, 
or  ari|iiie«ee<l  in  llnir  ii*e  by  his  m  iv- 
ants.  I'len  «iich  stmetiires  heranie  Ihu-e 
of  (he  pi,i<.(ir  a"d  if,  hy  reison  of  hn 
failure  to  l;ret>  them  in  ;.">oil  repair,  a 
MTvanl  M  IS  injureil.  he  w.m  re-pen-ilde 
for  the  iiiinrv.  is  I'ot  o'ljeel  iiiiiatde.  as 
ihar'jin^'  (he  jiuv  in  ri«|>"e(  (o  inaders 
of  f.nt,  siine  the  eoiirt  dixs  iio(  iinder- 
lake  (o  siy  wliat  f:iets  anioiiniid  lo  an 
uilopl  w  n  of  till;  slructurca.      ItiimUe  v. 


I  iilor  W;7.  Co.   (inOO)   58  S,  C 

s.  K.  ;m. 

(f)  liistrurlionn  iiiiiliilii  rm/i/ 
pttrlifiiliir  jHti'lii'H.t  of  Ihf  rvit, 
The  ease  is  pro|H'rly  >ul>iiiil(eil  n 
whole  evidener.  .A  (rial  judv 
hi'iind  to  oinifle  out  one  pirtnul 
ami  ^'ive  it  a  pioininenee  whirl 
have  the  eireet  of  ini-liMiliii^  II 
.\n  instriiel  inn  that  lln-  fait  llii 
fell  out  wliih'  a  treiii'li  was  In] 
was  »oine  evideme  of  ni-.lij' 
properly  refused,  in  an  ariion  I 
>onal  injuries  hy  a  kiiI^i  i|iii'iit 
eaith  in  the  treneli.  while,  af 
tirst  (all,  iipriiihts  fur  the  pni 
holding  up  the  .side  walls  wiir 
iwiio  as  Ihiek  as  hefoie.  '< 
(fCoiimH  (18!>7)  1(17  Mass.  ;iN> 
K.  7.-.S. 

('.'I  lufitnfii\trtit  instnirfiott^  - 
■-(riu(ion.  in  an  ailinn  hy  an  e 
for  injury  frmci  (he  hreal  in; 
plank  in  a  sealfiitd  on  wliiili 
uorkinu',  Ihat  a  servant  is  nil  h 
ins|s'et  tlio  appliances  furnisln 
hill  iniv  assume  Ihat  (h'\  .iie  i 
biy  Rafe,  and  that  a  servant  is  l< 
laue  noliee  of  sllell  defeels  as  « 
disclosed  by  ordinary  eare  in  o' 
(lie  appliances  finnislnd  him.  (li 
fojlowisl  by  an  hypiKhesis  of  i 
which  the  jury  are  orilereil 
a.'ainst  defendant,  and  en  hrai  i 
fact  (hat  plaintilf.  in  thecM-ni- 
diiiary  care  and  diligence,  wmi 
discovered  the  defect,  enn^i-tn 
knot,  is  coiifusin!,'.  as  a  jury  in 
plv  both  |uop.i-i(  ions.  .Inn'cr 
-.'..■i(  (I'.Mil  I  I'.ll  111.  117.  (ill  N. 
Itiversin'.'  !i:i  III.  App.  -ir.:,. 

In  Sriiiiiili  V.  Ihiiunh  il  <f  .'■'/,   I 
{  I.S'.lll     imi    Mo.    71.    Hi   S.    W. 
court   vave  an   insirin-l  ion  a-k 
(he  difiiiilan(   to  the  .•(^■ct    H  ii 
ceased    assumed    the    risk    of    ii 
hiiii-clf   friiin    the   nrvli""!nv   nf 
low   seivants  in  setiin'_'  (lies,'  fni 
(iHi  clii«i-  (ii  till'  point    of  till-  -"  i 
i(     iii-ii    LMve    plain! ill's    in«ini. 
which  |lie  jiir>    wile  (old  (hit.  i 
kni'cl  111   from  (he  ear  he  was  i 
•.laniiiii'.'    on     the     1  nlih-r.     an  1 
wholly    hy   the   m  i^li^'C'ce   ami 
lie~s  of  (lie  dif -ndiit.  i(s  avenls 
aiil-.     in     ne'.'li'.'cnlly     li-uiic.' 
s(iiiilin'_'  so  ihwe  to  the  iiorlh  i' 
side  (rack  as  (o  be  in  a  i'am_'eii' 
iiiiily  (o  the  r'ain  (rack    (hen 
recover.     The  supreme  court  «;'M 
till    court  hero  has  not  di^lin'.'iij 
twii'ii  (he  duly  of  (he  defend  ml 
(er    and    the    duly    oi    (he    si  rv 
SI  r\anls,  to  each  other.      It  has 


867) 


i'LH,\DlXU  AND  PR.A(Tlfi; 


2307 


the  jury  ihnt.  If  ♦'is  msntpr  fiirnishpfl 
t  «nfe  Mill  piul"'!  ly  coiistructpd  truck, 
timl  piniil(>j'«'il  coiii|K'tfnt  wivanlH,  ami 
(urnislifil  H.iU'  ctrx,  ttiiit  it  liiiil  prr- 
(nrmrcl  all  tlie  duly  it  owctl  «lcir:i-wil. 
Tlip  jury  ari«  t<iM,  on  tlm  rmitriiry.  tli:it, 
i(  i1p<'cii^iI  lost  liis  lif<!  I>y  tlu-  n«';jli;.'riKe 
of  the  dffcnilKnt  or  it«  *crviinti,  llu-  df- 
fendiint  wns  linl'lc.  I!y  iIh  tcrnix  it 
jncliidi's  nil  of  di'fi'ndnntV  scrv.uit.i,  ami, 
in  «>  doinf,  autlioii/i-a  tlu'  jury  to  at- 
triliutp  the  ni';jli^rii<'i'  of  fraiinni'ti  en- 
pi;iiil  iu  the  name  ooiimicm  PMipiiijim'iit 
nilh  diTun<od  to  dpfciulant,  ami  in  so 
rioiti'.'  it  most  clearly  conlradlcts  tlic 
olliir  iii^truclioti  in  wiii-li  the  jury  were 
told  iliH'CUfcd  nstunicil  the  risk  of  tliii 
ne);lij;i'nce  of  Ins  fflli)W  «er>atits.  The 
in»tniHi"n«  under  the  evidence  v/vrn 
iiii-lciulin^.' 

In  a  case  where  the  evidence  tends  to 
ihow  that  the  iniury  was  due  to  tho 
iH'pliui'iiee  of  a  fellow  servant,  it  is  error 
10  yive  an  instruction  that  the  plaintilT 
had  a  rifiht  to  assume  that  the  defeml- 
lint  oomiKiuy  had  exerciswl  reasonalde 
■  nre  iu  the  silietion  of  its  employes; 
th:it  he  «.is  not  hnund  to  invest iiratc 
»li<t!ier  it  had  done  so  or  not;  and  that 
until  such  lime  as  notice  to  tho  contrary 
was  hrouL'ht  Ixime  to  him.  he  had  a  rii.'lit 
to  not  on  such  nssiini|>ti<in.  Kven  though 
niich  an  iuslrurtion  contains  a  cnrriit 
fiM|x)sitinn  of  law.  it  should  not  he 
I'ivin  under  such  circumst^iinees,  as  its 
pMitieal  pircet  is  "to  neutralize  every 
other  in-it ruction  (fivrn  ti|sin  the  suh- 
j(H  of  fellow  servants,  and  ah-ilulely 
nit  out  any  defense  l>:isi(|  u|«iui  the  the- 
ory that  deceased  caim-  to  his  death 
thrnuijh  the  ne-jli^'em-e  of  a  fellow  serv- 
ant "     Chiriiqo,  II.  rf  y.  II.  Co.  V.  Libiy 

iWM])  ns  111.  .'\|>|).  lit. 

ill)  In^lturtiutis  iihjf  clitl  tn  nn  vut 
I'-inij  miffuii  iilhj  uprri/ii-. —  Where  the 
jury  hiivp  Ihi-i  instructed  in  fjcniial 
tiriiis,  on  defendant'*  motion,  as  tii  eoii- 
tiiliut<iry  ni'i.'li;.'enee.  ami  no  more  spe- 
'illc  instriielions  have  lu-en  askeil  nitli 
ri'-pfft  to  the  consequenees  nf  pl.iint  ill's 
vinlitim  of  a  rule,  the  defendant  ean- 
mil  enniplnin  that  the  jury  were  not  told 
111  it  siii'li  viol  It  ion  would  preclmh'  ti.e 
iiliiiititV  fioiii  n'''overv.  /.okivii//.  it 
\  ;,'.  Co.  v.  Ililhi-r  I'limn)  'J.'  Ky.  I.. 
Il'p.  11)1.  fiO  S.  W     '2.  1!. -Mr-ill.:.'  Jl  Ky. 

1..  Ill  p.  is'iti.  .■)(;  s.  U.  ti:.i. 

A  charge  that,  if  the  jury  helieve  that 
the  :icciilent  was  caiisel  by  the  careless 
>in(l  nll~l^ill(^l  manner  in  which  pliintilf 
iiMr.illiil  or  operated  the  tisds  iisrd  in 
'ui-  v.'iik.  and  that  hut  for  siieli  ean'le-s- 
"'»>.  till"  ni'(i''iiil  Vioiild  not  have  li.ip 
(sHiil,  plaiiiliir  could  not  niover.  should 


lie  refused.  a<  too  pmeral,  whcrn  the 
iilleyalion  is  that  the  injury  was  cansett 
hy  a  chip  from  u  parlicul.ir  di-feclive 
li.iiiiiier.      Iluiml    v.    St.    /oin>    Sliim}i 

i»<i  i'o.  (iiiui)  lua  Mo.  i!07,  ua  s.  \\. 

8::;. 

Where  the  question  whpthpr  a  tcni|M>- 
rnry  foroniiiii  was  competent  to  niaiia;;e 
the  appliances  h.is  lieen  f.iirly  rais«'d  hy 
the  evidence,  and  the  trial  JuiIkp  has  cor- 
reelly  stated  who  nre  fellow  servants, 
error  caniml  he  prediealiil  of  the  oiiiis- 
hinn  of  spt'i  itic  instrui't  ions  us  to  the 
relation  of  the  foieiiian  to  the  pliintiir. 
whiii-  no  rei|Ui-t  fur  llniii  was  made. 
TiiiiiiiiT  V.  I'liitiiil-  Ipliia  it-  It.  It.  Vo. 
{  IS'.IO)    i;i7    I'a.    U!l,  ^l>  .All.  <i;ii. 

(il  I'niirn  s'«iri/  unit  si/n  i/Zhuhh  in 
slniitiiinH.  Il  is  not  error  to  refuse  lo 
(live  an  in-iru'tion  which  is  virtually  a 
repetition  of  one  already  ;;imii.  I'mtitl- 
»f  II  V.  rhiciiiiu,  It.  I.  if  /'.  II.  Co.  (lH7;ti 
;iG  Iowa,  .'172. 

.\ii  instniellon  that  if  a  railroad  em 
ployee.  iMiiii'rd  uhile  coupling'  cars,  was 
without  f.iult.  the  l.iw  raise.^  a  pii'sunip 
tion  that  the  ihfemlant  comp.iiiy  was 
np<;ll;;ent,  is  not  crronions  for  failure  to 
char;re  in  the  same  eonni-ction  the  de 
feiidant's  theory  that  the  injuiy  was  :i 
nieie  accident,  where  such  tlnory  is 
siiiricienlly  covered  hy  other  parts  of  the 
charj-T.       I'alrifih  <f   (,'.    A',   f'o.   v.   ,l//irt 

(isn.S)  IOC  c.V.  .'•>72,  ;!2  s.  i;,  r,i-2. 

"If  the  principles  of  tho-e  iloetriiKS 
[which  preelu'le  the  servant  from  ri  i  ov- 
prin^j  if  he  has  a'--iimed  the  ri-k  or  his 
lieeti  neslii;ent]  were  staled  correctly  |  in 
the  instruelioiis].  ami  in  smli  a  way  as 
to  cnalile  the  jury  to  apfily  tlieni  iiitil 
li;"ently  to  what,  from  the  coiilliet  iiiLT 
eviih  me.  they  shoulil  find  to  he  the  f  ols. 
the  difi'iidint  canm  t  complain  tlial  tlir\ 
wile  not  a|iplied  in  detail  hy  the  iiiiiii 
to  a  particular  state  of  tails  whirli 
mi;:hl  or  niiL'h'  not  lie  found  hy  the 
juiv."  ilinli'"'iii  V.  S'liliioial  llhiiili 
lU.uk  Cv.  (ls:ilii  ItiCi  Mass.  4,  -t.'J  X.  i.. 
51.1. 

Where    till 
tli'iis    on    till 

ri-k,  an  in-trmtion  as  to  a  nia~tii  - 
duty  lo  fuini-li  and  maint.iin  safe  appli 
allies  is  not  iriieieiJiis  fi-r  fiiliiri-  in 
mention  the  qurstion  of  the  pl.iiiiliir's 
a-suii:otion  of  ri-U  McHnr  v.  \iilf,,uil 
,1  /'.  lto,-/..(  Mills  (I'JOl)  22  K.  I.  347. 
47   .\tl.    Ili'i-'. 

Where  the  ch.nree  of  the  court  in  an 
action  lo  rei  over  for  iniuiii-s  sii-taimil 
liy  rea-oii  of  t  lie  lircakiii','  of  a  haiiilli- 
on  a  hiiiil  car  pl.iii's  U|siii  the  plaint  ill 
the  liiii  jell  ot  sjiiiuini.'  what  eaii-iil  the 
handle  to  liie.ik,  it  is  not  error  to  refuse 


ihar!;e    contains    instrue 
-ervant's    ussumplion    of 


11 


ill 


\'/: 


til 


■\\\ 


nr 


i 


U\ 


■■..llj-ll 


■'  m 


t308 


,M.\STKlt  ANU  SKUVANT. 


[riiuv 


■n  iii«lnir»ion  to  Tfdirii  n  v<Tilii't  for 
dfft'niliint  if  il  riiiiiml  Ihi  ilrti'iiiilii<'<l 
fliilil  llm  !•>  Iili'iiic  wh.it  raiisiil  llii' 
bi.MKjii.;.  h.i'H  r.  /.'.  r„.  V.  tut 
MUOO)   J»  '1V\.  I  iv.  A|i|>.  MJ,  O'J  S.  VV. 

In  nn  in-tioii  liv  a  liriiUcm.m  fur  iiijii- 
riiM  r:iii-.il  liy  tin"  iii-icurily  iil  it  liiiiiil- 
liolil,  II  i-  iii'i  I  iinr  Ici  urn-r  til  in-lriict 
tliut  llic>  innc  (net  tint  tin-  li  iii'l  Iml'l 
iMiiie    i)IV,    iiihl    lliiit    till'    pliiiiiilf    WHS 

hint,  will  nut  jii-lify  ii  ri m  ly,  wIhih 

llie  jury  iin-  iii-ll  ilc  Inl  to  liinl  for  ilc- 
(fiiil.ua"  if  it  liail  «'xrrci-i-il  imh-  in  in- 
niieitiiij;  llir  car.  I  ;li  i  iiolii,i,:il  it  (/.  .V. 
It.  Co.  V.  Ilii"c$  (18UU;  Tix.  Civ.  App.) 
54  S.  W.  3i:,. 

\\  lu^rf,  in  un  nrtion  to  n-invir  fur  In- 
juricit,  llic  wrviint't  lii»tnntiiin  ii"  to 
tlio  n<';:li;;i'iicc'  of  tlii!  nia-tir  in  olliiT- 
»i.<i>  u(lii|iiato,  it  is  not  nii'i  ~.<iiry  that 
it  ulioiiM  I'liiliiarp  tlu-  TiiaNtriM  tlii'ory 
of  tlif  ii'iiiltn  of  Ills  ki.'iwlccliri'  of  llio 
«1(  feet,  Bime  tlw  ni  i-.trr  >':n  Mituiiit  huoIi 
tlii'orv  in  »n  mi'<IhicI  inn  of  liis  own. 
IhHlrr  V.  .I'K'.I,  Ihita  I'.nUmg  Vn.  ( IllOO) 
84  Mo.  .\|.p.  4."il. 

'Jill'  iiii'lii^<ion  of  main  rail-i  iinil  kO'TiI 
r.iiJM  ill  an  iii-tnul  ion  ilrliiiiii_'  '  li'-  <luiy 
of  u  railroul  coiiipaiiy  with  n  f  ri'Mcp  to 
kK-piri;;  iU  Irick-.  kuIIiIiis.  main  rails, 
nnil  f;niril  ra.N  in  pio|KT  npair.  lliiai;;li 
tlieri-  !.■»  no  ipic^lii-n  u*  to  ilirir  comli- 
tion.  Is  no*  rrvci^iMc  ciTdr,  wluru  it  is 
ini|iio!ialili'  tliit  llic  jiiiy  an-  niish-J 
tlU'lchy.  hilil  null-, mil  it  tl.  v.  A*.  C'l. 
V.  'Iiinier  ( 181)7  j  'IV\.  <'iv.  App.)  4:t  S. 
\V.  uiiO. 

Wlii-ii'  the  petition  in  nn  ait  inn  for 
injinii'H  to  a  nTvaiil  allcj-'i'il  llial  it  «as 
iiiiixil  liy  sti  piiiiiij  on  11  proinliim  liolt 
of  tlip  foollii'aril  of  (Irfi-nl  iiM'-"  i-ii'.'ilip. 
It  is  not  irmr  to  ri'fii-ic  to  iii-inni  iliat 
lluTc  (Mil  Im>  no  ri'coviry  if  llii-  injury 
uaH  caiiscil  l>y  sdppiii;;  on  -onir  ollii-r 
Rnlistancc  on  micli  boaid.  win  n-  tlie 
roiirt  has  iiKo  chaif.'isl  that  a  vimiIkI  for 
till-  ilrf.Miilaiit  should  U-  fiw-u  it  tiiiTH 
was  no  projiitin;;  Uilt  on  the  fooltxianl, 
or  If  tlnri'  was  no  ni>:li'.:<'M.  ■•  in  ri'fiT- 
I'liro  to  llic  holt,  or  if  tin-  holt  was  not 
the  proxinialc  cause  (;f  Ihi-  aicideiit, 
Ih, union  it  v.  ('.  It.  Co.  V.  Ifi/.i»i  (  I'.inl  ; 
l.\.  Civ.  App.(  tiO  S.  W.  .■>!!!.  K.-v.T-injj 
(limO;  Tex.  Civ.  App.)    .IS  S.  W.  Til.'". 

(j)  Uni.r  in  iiislniclioim,  ir/i'-n  riiml 
h\i  iilhir  jvirls  nf  the  rhiifir.  -  .\n  in- 
siniition  that  difenilant  was  risiiiired 
to  fiirnMi  a  nasonihly  safe  pl.iri  in 
which  the  plaiiitiir  slioiild  work.  thoii;;h 
eiroiicous  when  taken  alone,  is  harinle-s 
when  other  parts  of  the  instrncliori  anil 
other  instnielions  emphasise  th.il  de- 
fendant was  hound  only  to  use-  rcaaona- 


lilc  ciiri»  to  fiirnl--h  n  rM'^oni'dy 
pliec  in  wliieli  plaihlilV  (.Ii.miM  . 
hfiliir  v.  •s/iir  Ci,(i<  t'o.  (l*''-') 
lo«a,  40,  81    .V.  W.  '1V.\. 

.\n    iiixiriieiioii    in    nn    net  ion   I 

rniployee  n'iiinsl  i\  railway iii|mii 

iiijnriis  sii-i  limd  hy  its  in-.'li'.'iiei . 
if  lit  the  time  the  cliiployic  wis  « 
hy  an  eiiuioe  I  hi'  persons  in  ihir;;.'  i 
of  Mill'  Ml  llie  cNereisf  of  iirllM.HV 
■yiii  will  liiiil  lor  till*  ilefendiiil.  ii 
,\iiii  tiiid  for  pl'iiilill  nndcr  the  lii-i 
aijriph  of  I  his  eh.ir;!C." — i«  not  ei 
oils,  wheic  siieh  lirst  piirajrr.ipli  r\|o 
in--lriiels  the  jury  thill  the  em|.! 
ri;:lil  of  iiioMry  re-Is  upon  li.e 
fri  nee  of  the  iiilway  coiiipiiii  ■< 
veidiet  in  his  f.ivor  cannot  he  pi 
rendered  itinhr  that  |>iira>;ra|.li,  \ 
Mil  11  nc;;li>;eiire  is  pro\ed.  'hs'i- 
It.  Co.  V.  Ilraiilom  (IS'.IS)  ID  '1.  \ 
Ap|>.   4s:l,  47  .S.  \V.  HItl, 

III  one  e.isc  an  instruction  to  tin- 
lliiit  the  plaiciiir  niii>t  not  oiil>  ■ 
li-h,  hy  II  preponrlenilice  of  cu 
that  his  own  neyliKcnce  did  mi 
Inhiile  to  the  in|iiiy,  hut  aho  I' 
Mas  ii>noiiMit  of  the  defects  wln' 
sulU'd  in  the  injury,  was  ohjei  i.  1 
the  ;;rimiid  that  it  ant  hoi  i/i-.|  ihr 
to  find  for  the  plaiiiliir  if  tl.r- 
propositiiiiis  were  c-^t  ddi-lii  d.  a'l 
not  direct  their  iitleiition  to  the  I. 
which  the  fact  of  his  kiiowi  ! 
provcil,  would  ha\e  n|M)n  tlie  .; 
whetlicr  he  ii-s|iiiiid  tlie  ri-l  I  ' 
jeet  ion  was  overruled  on  the  ;: 
that  the  cir'ct  ol  the  pl.iii'Mil  ,  i, 
iil;;e  was  imlieated  in  aiioili.i  p. 
the  instiileiioii.  It<  Imr  V.  (7  '■ 
.V.    If.   /.'.  Co.    (HTIil    4.1   Iowa,  li). 

An  in-tnielion  for  plainlitr.  in 
lion  for  diniaues  he<Mii-c  of  d.f.r. 
Iieeliirenee.   which   niithorizes  a    n 
en    f.u'ts    hy|Hilliesi/cd    tlnieiii,    « 
nfircnee  to  plaint  ill  s  nssnniptieii 
risk,  relicil  on  as  ii  defense,  i-i  lel 
nroiis    '  'ere   the   «Ksiiiiipl  ion   if   r 
sniiiiiil '-•'■!  '.o  the  jury  in  a  »c|ni  i 
st   iictio'i.      Savhriiil:  v.   .tiii:iM 
cii.l    Mill.  Co.    I  I8'.t!l)    7S   Mo.    Al  r 

The  ciror  of  n  court  in  a--iiii 
disputed  fact  ii»  true  is  rured  hy 
iiislructions  whicli  cirris'ly  -i  i 
law  upon  the  suhject.  Aki/mi'. 
II.  N.  .{  1/.  /■'.  Co.  V.  Ilrl.ir  i  !> 
Ark.  1.  77  Am.  St.  l!ep.  78,  4ii  I. 
M!*.  .V!  ^    \V.  40(1. 

Ihe  f  liliire  of  an  inslriielion  ti 
lale  that  tin;  defendant  niiiiiii.' 
(Kiiiy  wiiiild  he  liahle  only  for  an 
ilireetlv  caused  hy  it-  li""„'h'Ct  t( 
the  r.iom  in  «hich  the  pliintilT  v 
in  a  rea-oiiahly  safe  C(aulilioii  ia 


hlliMlM      v^.1. 

;o.   Us:':i|   \>> 


IMTl 


l'Li:\niN(J  AM)  I'llAi  I'H  K 


2.1l»fl 


allliouph  tlint  nllrfjntidn  mav  lie  I'.illuucil  l.y  iiti^iliiT  \\lili'li  spocilicl 


one 


]iarl.icii!ar  form  wliidi  tin-  iifuliirriicr  n.-^iiiiiiil. 


J^iicc'iiil  intorn's:!ii'ini 


ihi.l 


I  |Hi-t;nn  tn  I  vi'lihii.irv  l.i't-i  nniy,  iiri'i 


not  III  tiltiiiialt'  fuel.-',  aiT  |iiii|ii'rl.v  n'ln-iil.^ 
It  i.-t  jiriipor  to  ri'tiisc  tu  suliinil.  .111  liiii  rr<>i;,ifiin-  \\liifli  a'-iiiiio«  ;!•' 


trui!  nil  c!Vic 


k-iil 


nirv  taif. 


A  jiiilf^iiu'iit  lia.-cd  nil  a  liiiilini;  wivirli  i-t  i,.it  mipiiLrliil  liy  .-my  en  i 


<\pnn>,  or  wLicli   is  «tii>]i.irlri|    liy    iii-ui'irii'iit    1  viili'i 


H'l',     Wll 


111'   r. 


viTsid 


A  jiiilniiK'iit  fur  till-  i.liiiii'ilT.  cti'i n  .1  ii[m.m 


II    -Ili'i'l.ll    Ml" 


H.'t. 


Wll 


WH 


I 


i 


nirliiin  tn  in!! 
it  niiniii'.'  i"''"i' 
ly  for  III!  inurj 

,'li"„'li'l-t     to    kK'P 

|il  lint  lit  rt..r:.i.' 
lulitioa  ID  lurn; 


l.y    iTi-tnictimin    ttint    tin-    ili  fnnl ml     i^ 
nit    liiililc    if    thi«    [iliiiililT    In 


1^1  I'.-i     *«r     rt  1 


pul 


■il   ilnwn 


tho 


r,f   hI;iI.-  Kill    f.  II 


W  iiipf    ;t    i-iitTt[>I.iint    fftr    imiirir-*    r*'- 

V.I    l.\    111.'   f:.||   l.f   II    lrl.".ri|.  1    i„.|..   im 


I'll   iil.iiiiliil' 


WiM     WtirUllIL.'    il 


II. 


r  if  111"  lull  111  li.ivi'  ;niii  Ir.l  l!i''    (■  i;.l  .Ml'"  1  iiliiii'  l.i  fnriii-'i    i  « if.-  |>l  1. 1- 
icriili'tit  liy  orilin:m'   riiri"   wliiili    tnii-t    I  .   «i  rk     in   mil    ".•iiin.i  tin-   (x.l..   «ir'i 
il|>  til   llii'  iliiiiL'irs   iif   till'  I'lii     « i  iill.>-    ill    till-  iMrlli,   ainl    .iIlnHiiiy   tin' 

i-ti.|  ;n\.iy. 
i.t     ili'iii'iiil 


li!.iviin"nt.       A* 


. //    f'r."/.-    r,.,il    ('.).    V.    .lilt  iii.iMii.l  iu  Iki-i'  t.p  I 


ll./M   (ISfiH)    !i(i  V.I.  4in.  .11    S.  K.  IIU.    111.-     pl.iiiitilf- 


ttliilf  il  in  till'  liiltir  pririi.c  tn  «i  it. 


•i|«>  nil  ilitirati'iiM 


f  n  111 


fur  injiirien  to  iin   I'lni 


l.i\. 


i.li-l* 

liil.iliiv    liv'iii 

till 


\    ii|.i>ti   liM  iiliMily 


<|.  1 
lilv  1^ 


hi    i-iiMli.-c-     111    t  he  r:ll  III 


Mil. 


-I- 


lii.t      cli'Iil 
-I  '!.li-li   II.'H- 
t    III   I  11--    \.  ,l-)(ill'^    ;l\\;iy 
Il   i«  ii.'l  rrim    tliTi'tiiir. 


lion  « 


illi   n   nlMti'iiii'iil    111    till-  lialiilily.    Ill  )if'riiiil  tli.'  iiii>  In  lii 


f.iiliiro  to  ilii  HO.  wliiTf  •.ii.-h  .| 


h  .niilili 


iif  till 


ill.  fi 


ill  till 


ciliinn    iiri-    rrfiTir.l    to    in    i.niim.cti.m    im'lii.liii!;  its  n|i|ii'ii:iii.i.,  ihi 


illi  II    xlati'imnf    of   111.-    Ii.ili|i|l>. 
n.it  ii'ii.liT  till'  r'nrvi'  lui-liMilin.'. 


I  ill    Mil. I  111..  .li-.-.ii|>l  ion  l.f  till'  -t 


in  ii|i.<{ii.ilt 
'  I'Vi.l.'nrr, 
.IV  it  fill, 

I.I.      i:tl.rr 


Vnrk.  O.  if   11  ,  A'.  r,f.    (  It'll  I  )   04 


.i/i..».il  <«   <l.    V.    AV   C' 


.l.irf:, 


l;«il)  :;.">  I'vx.  Civ.  A|i|>.  liUl,  ll:J  .S.  W . 


MM' 


■II, 


l»iv.  :i.-i:.  72  S.  V    ^iipp.  liis. 
<    wliiri'   ill    :in    nptimi    fur    iniiiric 
;illrL'..i1  to  !•.'  r-iii-r  I  l.v  m  ipii»!f(ct 


;;  (5ii.  Civ.    (l!iii;:iroin  J(i|ili:iii 


,|..|. 


ton    ol    111^  n . 


|>  1 1.  It  iinil 
I. ml  niiiir-t.. 
'Il  ri'*   :n   to 


Kmir  of  thp  nmrt  in  (•ivin 

'mic,   I   •J.IJI,   in   rliiir;.'!'  to   tin.    iiiiy    in  llw    -iiliiiii-- 

I  suit  liv  .in  I'inployi'i' iiirii'i-t  :i  riilina.l  ulu'llnr  |>l.iii;li.!   w.i-   iri-lni.Ii-.|   not   In 

iipiiiiy  for  an   injury  all.';.i'(I  tn  h.ive  ii^r  tlir  :ij.iili.iim..  .iml  n*  to  ulirlliiT  h« 


n-iiMi'ii   fnini   tli<>  n<';;li..'i  ii.' 


l.f 


^  injiir.il  I iii-i>  lir  iifi.li  rt. 


til  li«<' 


i.i  not  ciirril  liy  tli"   iii'lji'  Hulm--    il  in  i  iol  ilimi  of  lii<  iM«tiM.  ii..iw.    tliiiul 
iurntlv  -tiitini.' in  llii  iliin.'!' till' iiirtii't    I'irh   v.   Srht,ii    (liiiil)    l!i.'    Ill    .Mi'i    s:, 


IllVl' 


nil' nil  till-  «iiliii-ct,  wii'iiul  i-.illin'.'  till'    .\iii.  SI.   l;. 
iittdition  of  llif   jiiiy  In  liii  iiiiitiil-i'  iii    in.'  'i'>   III.   .\pp.    110. 


SIS,  111   N.   i:.  ;!:i 


Allli 


'IIIDtllJJ 


tl 


II'   Kfclioii    as    till'    1.1 


i>f   til. 


Or  uliir.'.   ill  nn  arli.  n   f.ir  the  di'ntli 


I'lirl    li'iiiKil   «(    If.    C.    A",    ''n     V.    l.f  II  I  liln.i.l  rniplnyrr  slnii'k  liy  nil 


liarin  (IS!W)   io:i  (; 


:■),  :in  s.  K  j.u. 


I'll 


till 


An  ol 


iii'i'tion 


to  a  cliar^i'  tlial   it    was    l.rii-^  as  to 


al.^lrart.  in  tliat  tlu'  iiiry  wen'  toM  ili 
.1  WHS  the  ili'fi-n'lant's  ilnly   tn  w  irii  an 


II     w 


p  wiliiiii'sinn  of  spcci.il  inti>rro;;a- 

ni'W   till'   plii-n 

a    il  iii^'iTo'is 


•lIllT    111-    kl 


li'Tc   ho    was    strurk 


ViM 


pl, 


In     » 


■  rl;.    aril    was    li.i.lin^    liis 


incxpi-ii 


iMiri'il  M-rvant  ol  llie  lia/.inls  anil    ri-\oh.-r    «liin    lio    was    striul;.    wis    ri- 


ri*l>s  of   Ills   pniplov 

limit     Itio  olili"iition  to  tin 


lit.    an. I    ili.l    II.  t    .pi. -I. '.I,      SI     I, 


I.  .f  r.  II   i; 


sU   w! 


V     /-./.w.i.in    I  ISiliM    ll'il    111.    1.- 


l.i    N" 


WHS  till'  ni'tiial  caiisp  of  tlit-  injiirv,  will    K.  <'•;;•• 


Mil  lie  alli.tti'.l   to 


prcxai 


I   will 


ii-n-  I  lii'ii-  IS 


•  (;»,., //„,/(    V.    S,h;ll    M'lOl.     IdJ    111 


prili-nsp  that    warnin-j  wa.s 


;ivi"i    |i 


.'iiifl.  S.'i   .\iii.   '-■I 


I!.  i.  :iis.  Ill  \.  K. 


!:t2 


Ihi'  iliwasril    nlioiit    any    ollii-r    il.iir.;.-i.    .Mlirniin 


I'l'il  ' 


»nil  iitliiT  parts  of  tlio  pharL'i'.  '.'i>'  ii    at 


I/. 


\pp 


/'■ 


'he 


instanri.    o 


f    111 


railway,    | 


'.llv 


1""I  1 


I    '.nil. 


I  III 


limit  thp  jury's  poiisiilrratiuM  to  tin-  pir-  Hn .    7..^^ 

tiouhir  ri>k  to  wliirli  lln-  iiiinrv  ».is  ilii.'.  Vi...  './.    .  1^ 

SI.  I.ouin,   t.    M.   ,f    .NV    n.   l-o.    V.   />ai-i>  K.   TIti. 
(189-2)  53  Ark.  MM.   IS  S.  W.  IWH. 


i;-«il.    l!l    \ll 
r    I!    r...   V 


i)  ,s  hi'i.  .Vi'ii.  :i:i:i,  a.'> 


ill 


m 


34(10 


M.VMTBU  AND  SKKVANT. 


(CUAI 

li' 


f 


I,  Ml  noiili-,  luili'M  over}'  (ail  wliich  ix  n<niiriMl  to  tiiiikc  onf  1 
ii|>p<'iirt«  ill  lliiii  vi-nli  t.  Itt  ^il('n(v>  lut  to  iiiiv  iiinlcriiil  |><>iiit  hiik 
^ith  n'i>|ti.i  t(i  till-  iiiiiltcr  invt.lviil,  to  ii  limliii^'  ii;:iiinHt  liiin.' 
II  I  iin  Ixcn  ln'l<i  tlia»,  if  llu-  rotidiliotiH  iliM-ln-Mil  liv  tin-  tiii^wir 
|M)rti<in  of  tin'  intiMTi'^TiUiirii"^  iTnli'Mto  I'lilpnliilitv  on  tin-  (Icl'itu 
l»itrt.  tli<'  jurv's  ii'.M  riimi  of  itn  imiliilitv  to  uiHwrr  (•<  rl:iiii  i>iIm 
ii'Pn>ji:ii'"irir-'  will  not  winraiit  liic  i-iitrv  of  ii  jiidpnciit  for  ll 
lintlaiif,  altliouL'li  it  niitv  Im-  cliar  tliiit  llicrc  wii^  no  liu-k  of  piri 
I V  iiloiic*'  iip'in  V  ii'lt  tu  iiaso  a  coiiclii-iiiMi  ii'-  in  tlio  tads  lo  \ 
tlic-ic  iiit«Tro};alori(^  niaii'.* 

Wlioro  I  i  iic'-cssary  to  sit  asiilc  a  ciiccial  finilin}.'.  for  lIu'  r 
that  it  wan  pli\-i  'H'-'  iiiipo^sil'lo  lliaf  ili<>  iiocitli'iit  foiild  liavf 
ppiK  ll  i  the  iiiii  I-  -iMlrd.  ami  llir  •tliop  liiiilinirs  in  roj^Mfil  i 
•lofrndi'nt's  tic^l  mc  and  the  jiiainlilT's  coiitrilintorv  n.'iili 
hav.  rofcri'iH'p  to  iIm  tindiriir  'Ims  di-icri'ditj'd,  the  wliolc  of  tln' 
inps  nro  rendered  iii>'i'iiclii'i\i'  ;iiid  insullicii nt  to  support  a  judj 
for  the  |)laintilT.' 

A  jnikMneiit  for  phnntitT,  l>a-i'l  upon  im-onsi-'lent  spee.ial  fim 
wir.ie  of  wliieli  iiidiealc  n-'filiiiiiit  (■  o?i  ilie  part  of  the  nia-li-r'-  , 
whilr  (itliers  pi  "nt  to  (iintril'Utnrv  tu-li-riiee  on  the  plaiiiiilT's 
will  IK  f  he  allowed  tn  stand.'' 

A  iieniral  verdiet  for  \  sj-n'ant  is  eornln-'ive  in  his  favor  nii!- 
sjieeial  tiniliiifrs  are  ntlerl.v  irre<i.ne.ilai>le  with  it."     lint  if  tin 

' /V;i/''/ V  V.   1,'iimnini  Oiililir  SliiiirCn.  'In    .01    :irtii>ii    tiy    nn    cnipinji- 

llSfiSl    III   IihI.  .Vpi'.  .'tl.  4!l  N.  K.  4ii7.  wliili-  wnrkinjr  iindiT  11   tiriili;c.  v 

*  W  licri'    -.1    »iiii«    )>liMiyli    r;in   olT   llio  jiiiril    liy    it    tiiiil»r    tliroun    fm 

irii-l.  'if  :i   r.iilsuiy  iiml  went  tlirmicli  a  liriili.'«'  liy  other  HorUincn,  s|«(  i.i 

briilL'i'.   it    ix  i-iii>r.   in  nn  iii'tioii   for   in  iiiy*  tlmt  tin-  ilircct  riiiic  -if  the 

jitrii"H    iiifiK'il    liy    (lie   rni.Miiiir    nf   llu'  "  1-   llu-  tiilnii-  if  the   fu  ,iii;iM  1 

triiin.   Id  ciilir  a    j.i.l.'inciil    '   ■•  tin-  di-  liimly   wniiiitii;  to   pliiintiir,  ninl 

fimliiiit.    ulrii-   till'    inty    fmiiMi.    in    tm-  fnrni    tlip   men    wlio   \\^^tl'  unliinili 

-WIT  to  (lir  ■(     if  till' i|iii'  I  ioiii  '•iiliinitlcit  (iiiilicrH   I'liil    llirn-  «:!■<   iiiiy   oin- 

to  llicni,  lliil    llw  siKnv   pliiii;,'li   «iis  cli--  (lip  tiriil.'o,   Ihnt   |)l.ilntilT  knrw  tl 

fiMtivp.    tlial    III!"   Iiriil;;^    »..»    (Icft'cli^c  iiiriTi|ilii,M  is    «iT<-   hIhivi-   liiiii.   :ili 

.•on!    tint    till'    triiii    wiii    kIutI  liMmliil,  llirim    o(T    tinilMT.    tli.it    lii'   (viiil^ 

iillliiiu-'li  tlii'V  iiUo  sliiti'il  tli:il   llii'y  dill  a\oidp<l   tlii'   injury   if   Ik    had   ri'i 

nut   kitiw  »liii-i-  ni'«liL'i'nii>.  if  any  there  hIuti'  he   wa^.  and   watched   wlii. 

»,i-ir.   eaii-iil    the   acrnl 'Mt,    mir   whrthiT  the    tinilier    was    to    fall, — are   wi 

defeii'laiil    knew  or  ouijlit  to  have  known  xii-lent    an  to  necp-sitate  the  re\. 

of  iheM'  -I'ver.il  eondilioiii    and  relurniil  a    jiidj.Miient   fur   jdaintilT.       SI.   I 

the  -aire   an-wr  to  ^everil   o*  her  ipiev  .V.   /■'.   /,'.  f.i.   v.   llricLir    (  1S!»!I)   tl 

tion-    Hlii.h    lioiP   iir«'n    the   l.aliility   of  :iJI.  all  I'ae.  ■JlH. 

Ilio  ilife'idaiit.  and    in  re-i»it    to  whiili  '  Mnlihrll   v.   ('iHriii»m/i,   W.  if 

.•1.01. -h    evidenio   was   «ul.niitted    at    the  To.    (IS!!.;)    I;!_>   Ind.  ;i:i«.  .11    N.  1 

trial   to  enalil'  them   to  pive  »    |«i>iitive  ('here   Ii  no  irri'Ciineilalile  lonll 

aii-wer.       /'■iilsi  II  V.    ftominiiin   Atliintic  tmen    a    general    vrrdirt    l>a<ed   ' 

1;     Ci).     (ISM.'i)     27    N.    S.    4!)8.        (Two  thiiiry    that    the    injury    wii   1111 

lii.ljes  dissent  in;;.)  defen'd.int's    neslipenep.    and    the 

'  I'l-ii'  •fl-rl    V.    Cream    Cilii    Stifh    <f  inteirotiitories.     where     it     is    "I 

/loir   Til.    (inOl)     109   \\U.   450,   84   N.  found  that  the  hreakins  of  the  ll. 

\\     H(jo.  a  «5ir  wheel,   whiili    was  "road" 


I  «»'J 


pi.HMiiNO  AXt)  i'riA»Tin: 


i*oi 


\ 


m'T*  to  lntprro|U[utrtrl«>«  iirc  tln'rii!«<  Ivon  pfintnidirlorv,  tlipy  will  iit.i 
oiiifrol  tli(>  p'tioriil  vcnlict,  altli<iii^h  that  vtrJii-t  iiinv  Ut  iric<iti7'i>-ii-iir 
wiili  u  purtiiiii  of  llio  niirtutr«."' 


»»•  the  prnxlmntp  raw*  of  tha  dcrnil' 
mmt.  anil  the  nioxiniulp  riiii»«  of  the 
HTok  wan  fniinil  tn  Iip  IIip  liitth  rut*  of 
>|u'i'il  at  the  noint  nf  il<TniliiiPnt,  anit 
tliiil  finilinx  nUo  »tiili-'<  tliiil  the  Irnrk 
«lii  r«-  tho  tliinfjp  hrokp  wax  nut  ilfftTtivi', 
hut  thiit  thi*  whii'l  rin  on  lliii  r^iil  until 
il  hlnif'k  tt  (Miiv<>  iM-fiirp  it  wn*  ilcniilrcl, 
anil  (liat  thi>  lljnao  broke  Ucnnv  thn 
iriik  wim  roii^'h  nnil  iinevrn, — llir  lii;;li 
rntp  of  i\n-<^\  Iwinir  the  |tio\iinuti'  oaiiie 
nf  llic  bri-ikin^  of  thf  trintfe.  ('hicmi'i, 
I.  <f  /,.  II.  rv.  V.  h'.riiiiiim  (IIM)I)  117 
Inil.  A|.|..  III.  r>!)  N.  K.  l(l'<S.  (Thi^ 
action  wii'  hroii'.'lit  iimliT  tin-  Imliiinii 
•  mploypra'  liiiliilily  nrt,  by  «lii<'h  mil- 
nay  itmiimnipH  nrr  niiiilc  liiililo  for  the 
iii".'li'<'nc<'  of  en;;imH<r*.  Hfe  cliupltT 
xxxvti.,  ante.) 

In  un  iiciiiiM  for  injiiripti  to  a  brake- 
man.  re«iiltin(r  from  the  un«iife  ronili 
lion  of  hit  plnee  of  work,  a  Hp-cinl  find- 
in(j  thiit  till'  fjincrul  plnn  of  the  inter- 
ImkinK  awilrli  pbiiit  at  which  tlio  briike- 
nin.i  WHS  injiiii'i".  wnn  like  tlie  p-niTnl 
(iliin  of  Kiiiiitir  pl,inl4  on  othi-r  niil- 
roaiU  with  wliich  the  brnki-iMiin  wn«  nc- 
qiiainteil,  wn^  not  ncop^na r i ly  inoonxist- 
mt  with  the  eonrliision«  «(  tlie  jury  in 
the  tri-niTiil  verilii't  that  tlii'ie  wim  a 
nt'Klit'ent  f.tiliire  on  tlio  pnrt  of  the  Jc- 
fcnilint  railio^iil  eoinpnny  to  >iriiviile  a 
rr.i»i>nnl)ly  mife  place  for  the  lirakmian 
to  work  in  Kwitrliin^  cm*  nt  nit;lit :  that 
thi-  hrakenian  had  not  nHsimiod  the  risk, 
und  that  he  did  not  directly  ronlrilnite 
to  lii'*  injniv  bv  hi*  own  neyliLTnce. 
Hiillir  V.  Xrir  Yorl.;  C.  ,{  SI.  h.  I{.  Co. 
(inol)   27  Ind.  App.  nil,  r,<.\  N.  K.  X''7. 

S|i«'riiil  nndiM;:^  in  nn  action  for  in- 
jury to  n  lirakcii'nn,  to  tlio  cITi-ct  that 
he  was  injiirid  wliilc  rnnniti^  alonjjside 
of  a  iniivins  enyino  by  trippin;;  over 
wins  strctilicd  ai'ri'»«  tlio  pilli.  tliat  the 
wiri'i  fn)iii  a  xciiiapliori'  ran  npiiws  tin- 
Inick  on  wliii-li  the  onuiiii'  wai  to  a  pul- 
ley Im'V  alioiit  four  feit  mhiIIi  of  it,  liiiiig 
•Iriiii".'  alioiit  seven  iiielos  from  the 
STOiind,  betwwn  the  traek  and  the  box, 
thnt  from  llie  lio\  to  tin-  tower  station 
llip  wires  were  stniiiL'  hi^dor,  that  (lie 
''"\,  an.l  the  wires  runiiin!.'  eaeli  way 
(rum  it,  were  in  full  view,  that  the 
lir;il-ih  an  was  in  full  use  of  liis  slight, 
iiiid  had  woikr.l  as  a  bril;emi'ii  for  many 
*t-'r~.  anil  in  lliat  eipieity  for  the  il.'-- 
(■■nliiiit  ronmaiiy  for  --I'M-ral  monlli-^. 
and  thr.t  he  did  not  know  that  llie  '.(ires 


he  tripimt  over  were  not  boxisl.-  e«>n 
tain  nothinir  which  fmbids  (he  jury 
from  eiineludlns  timt  the  brakitiian  hiid 
a  ri^dit  to  assume  that  his  (Mlh  was  not 
reiiibred  diinL'eroiiit  by  his  employern 
stieiiliiiia  wires  aero-K  il  at  unili  it 
height  that  ii  |H'r-on  intent  on  his  diitie> 
was  liiilde  to  be  tripisd  by  them,  or 
which  nspiires  a  iud'.'ment  for  defend 
nnt  on  the  iipeeial  tliidin'.'s  not willistand 
init  a  p-iieral  verdict  for  pliintilT.  l-'lHt 
ttr  V.  .\.  le  \„rK-,  r.  rf  SI.  I,.  It.  Co. 
(limi,  'j:  hid.  .\pp.  ,-iii    .'.It  N.  !•;.  .•i;i7 

NotH  illi-tandiiia  «  t'eneral  verdiit  (or 
the  plaint  ilf.  jiid;.'meiit  is  pio|i('rly  en 
tere.l  for  the  ibfetidatit,  where  the' jury 
lliiil  s|M-cially  thnt  die  injury  wan  caused 
by  the  nctfli;.'!-!!!-.-  of  a  coemployce,  ami 
thai  lie  was  eoiniMteiit  for  liU  work 
.imrrienn  V.irr  Sdil  Co.  v.  Cotiiiilly 
(IHII3I   8  Ind.  .\pp.  .I'lS.  :i.-.  \.  K.  T.'l. 

In    nn   netion    for   iiiniries   allepd   to 
liiive  been   ciusi.l   by  defend mt's   neyli- 
IT'-nee  in  failin;;  to  prinide  u  (.oiard  oveT 
re\olvin(»  knives   in  a   wood-ciittinc  rn« 
chine   Used    by    tdaintilf,   .ind    in   failing 
to  warn  plnintilT  of  the   ini'ie.ised  d.in 
1.1'r  n-iiltiii!.'  from  the  small  *i/v  of  the 
stiik    he    was    plinin;;   when    injured,    a 
({ineral    verdict    for    the    pliintilT    is    in 
consistent  with  special  (indinp)  that  tli» 
machine  was  of  n   kind   in  p-neral   u^e. 
wiw    in    ciM  il    lepiir,    without    di  feels; 
that   plaintilf  had  used  it  thre<-  months, 
and   knew  thnt  it   was  a  d.in;.'erous  ma 
chine,  nnd  that    there  was  no  ;;iiard   on 
it,  and  had  made  no  compi  lint  ;  tli  it  li< 
was  of  mature  years,  and   had   hid    five 
years'      e\|»rienee      in       wood  -  cut  I  in  . • 
'(liinlrlhnfir  v.  lUiixlinij    (I8!I'J)    2;i   Ind 

.\pp    I.SS.  .'..-.  v.  I-:.  IIX 

Where,    in   nn   action    for    injuries   re 
eeived      in     a     quarry,     the     cornpl.iinl 
eliaru'isl   thiit   the  si'rvant   was  emplovisl 
to   do   special    work    as    a    wh'sdei,    fue 
from    ha-/ard,   and    that    he    wa«   ordiieil 
to  |M<ifi>rm  a  dilTerriit,  [wrilous  siri  ii  ■•. 
without    lieiii'.'   Miiiied    of   the   claOL"  i .    a 
s|Heial    I'lndini;   that    lie    was   en'M^ed    to 
do  "!.'eneral    work."   and    tliif    the  v.irl-c 
rejpiired  was  n  part  of  his  thi'ii.s,  is  eim 
tradietory  to  a   L'eneral   verdict   in  (iliiii 
tilT's   faviir        r,„i.„,li,l,il<'l   Sli.tn-   I'.,,    v 
Unlfiiiin     I  IS'.MI)     •2:)    Ind.    App.    .tlK.    .'..". 

S-e  abo  8    intt.  note  ;i.  (in^r.  </./  /  ,/.  „.. 

■"  Mntrlirll     V.    r,u,iu,.,lli.     11  .    d      If.     /.'. 

rVi,    (IHII-.M    l:i2   Ind.  .i.ll,  ;ii   x.  v..  TIU. 


f   \ 


I  i     . 


iP^fi 


if--!  f  ' 


I" 

In 


lit 


in 


niiilii 


MIOIOCOPV   RESOlUT»N   TEST   CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


d     /APPLIED  IIVHGE 


'653    East    Mom   Street 

Rochester,    Ne*   York  14609        USA 

(716)    482  -  0300  -  Phone 

(716)   288-  5989  -  Fo. 


^wr 


hi- 


2402 


MASTKR  AND  SKIIVANT. 


ICHAP. 


Whore  two  grounds  of  nogligcnce  have  boon  allof^cil,  .;itliir 
wliidi,  if  made  out,  would  be  sullicient  to  sustain  the  verdict  in  rcj 
lo  the  negligence  of  defendant,  and  evidence  has  been  oiTorcl  ii 
each  of  the  grounds,  a  court  will  not  grant  a  new  trial,  if  it  ciiii 
that  one  of  the  grounds  is  made  out,  although  the  other  nin.y  iini 
unless  it  appears  from  a  special  finding  that  the  verdict  is  basfl  n 
a  ground  which  is  not  sustained  by  the  evidence." 

"Wliore   a    sprvnnt   has   allo-rtHl   both  f;roumls  will  not  bo  set  asidp  fnr  fi 

that   thi    bolt    which   broke   and   cauwd  to  show  want  of  proper  insiK'cl ion. 

the   inii-.ry   was    impropoilv   lacod,   and  the  insi)oction  was  itnmatori;il   if  i 

that  it' had  not  bopn  properly  inspected,  ■>m<^  existed  as  to  the  lacirv^       .1; 

the  jury's  findin"  of  neglii-eiiee  without  v.  Xaiional  rf  /'.  ^\^orslcd  iltlu  (1 

any  special   finding  on  either  uf  these  U  R.  I.  317,  47  Atl.  1002. 


iiilHi')^ 


'( 


CITAPTER  XLVI. 

COM-I.ICT  OK  LAWS. 

A.   VVlIEItE  THE  tTFT-jrr  OK  A  STATl   IK  IS   Mil    INVdl.VF.n. 

8('8.  Conllict  of  l;i\vs,  ii.s  iHtwtrii  tiic  cmmI-  of  two  -Lil.-.i. 
8(i9.  — ns  bplWMH  I'ltU'ial  ami  al.ii>' iniirtM. 

B    WllKnr.  TTIK  EIFECT  (IK  A  STATITF.  IS  I.WOIA  i;ll. 

h'lO.  Conllict  of  laws  as  bctwcrn  tlic  cuiiitH  of  two  of  tlic  ITnifoJ   Ptatcs. 

a.  Injury  n'ccivcil  in  iinollior  state. 

6.   Injury  rfcoivcii  in  »lato  wluro  action  is  l)roM;,'hl. 
S71.  — ns  licUvccii  IV'liral  and  stato  conrls. 
a'i.  — as  Ix'twccn  Foe  lira  I  anil  foriitrii  limits. 

873.  Lc.r   fori  ronlrulliiig.    wlirre   slatnli-   ali'ivls   nionly    tlio    n  nurlial    pro 

cod u re. 

874.  l'ic^uni|itii)ns  a.s  lo  the  law  prevail  in;;  in  ntlur  ^lati-^. 

A.   Wjikuk  riii;  i:i-ii:i  r  oi'  a  stati^te  is  \ot  iNvor,vi;i>. 

868.  Conflict  of  laws,  as  between  the  courts  of  two  states. —  In  one 
ease  it  lias  boon  laid  down  tiiat.  in  dctoniiining  tlie  ri-lit  of  a  servant 
to  n cover  for  an  injury  received  in  a  sister  state,  a  court  is  not  bound 
to  adopt  tlio  con<truction  wliieli  bas  been  pbieed  upon  tlie  eoinmon  law 
in  tlinl  state.  Tbo  position  taken  wa^s  tJiat  tlie  ciuiinion  law  was  pre 
siuiiidily  tbe  same  in  both  jurisdictions,  and  that  tbo  omirt  whii-li  tried 
tlie  actjon  was,  for  litis  reason,  not  only  eoiiipetiMit,  but  under  an  ob- 
ligation, to  decide  the  riglits  of  tbe  parties  ae/'ordiiig  to  its  own  theory 
of  tiie  actual  ollect  of  tliat  law,  as  applied  to  tlie  facts  in  evidence. 
The  co:ielusion  deduced  from  the  principle  thus  laid  down  was,  that 
the  nilin^s  of  tbe  court  of  last  resort  in  the  sftite  where  the  accident 
occurred  wore  not  con  troll  ins  as  regards  the  question  whether  the  df' 
fense  of  coservice  was  avtiilable.' 

According  to  several  other  cases,  the  right  of  ecovery,  under  such 
circumstances,  should  be  determined  with  reference  to  the  decisions 
of  the  courts  of  the  state  or  country  within  the  liniit.s  of  which  the 
injury  was  received." 

'  KfMiq  v.    Allania   «f    W.    P.    It.    Co.  to  tlii>  iiispeetion  of  its  e.-.  "S  is  ndoqiinte 

tlSsit)    77  Ca.  202,  4  Am.  .<t.   Ki'p.  7n.  ly   ilisohar;jed   wlnri    riiM|)<>tinl    iti^|i<et 

'  l.'iivnilf    V.    r.oxlon    cf     .1/.     A*.     Co.  lirs  have  Ixx'n  eniployod)  ;    .Wn^hrillr,  C. 

(is;i'.ii   70  X.  H.  .'.,  4.')  Atl.  lost   I  apply-  .{    .S*.    />.    li.    Vn.    v.    Fo.iirr   (ISSJ)    10 

iriL'  the  Mass.ncIiusoUs  doptrine  that  tlio  l.ea.    .^.'il    (npplyin<»    Alabama    doctrins 

diiU   iif  a  railwaj  eoinpany  villi  ...speel  tliat    liie    e.\i->liMiv''    of    m^i-rv  iie    in    HOC 

.i403 


i     U 


"i  ■ 


V. 


i 

:    ' 

l) 

!i 

*.■ 

i' 

1'^ 

J* 

ft 

r 

w 

;■! 

Hi 


'•Ir 


24Ui 


MAMI'.i:   AND  SKKNANT. 


I' 


TTTn 
! 


I!l|: 


! 


'Ill 

•    (■ 

t'     \. 

ill 


Tlio  doctrine  of  llic  l*"cilcriil  ciiiris,  wliii-li  i«  clis(Mir'>oil  ii,  Mi' 
lowinj^  sc(;ti()ii,  iiiiiy,  iicrliaii-^,  lie  llimiLilit  ii>  litid  ■idiiic  >ii|i]i-  i  ; 
t'nniHM'  of  lliisc  iiiitii^iiiiisiic  tldctriiii-.  1  ln'  clciiicnts  to  1,  ,•.. 
.■nil,  li<i\v.'\('r,  iuv  lint  tlif  siiiric  in  cmi'Ii   iti-iMiKv.      'I'ln'  jn:i-'ii 

I'XcrciM'd  iiv  FiMJcral  iiml  liv  -laic  coiiii-  i>  i-<,iicurn'iil  aii.i  ■i\\i 

far  as  regards  actimis  of  tli(>  typo  with  wliicli  Wf  arc  iicrc  (■.••■ 
'I'licro  is  ai'coniiimlv  no  po^iiis-o  reason  wliy  tlic  former  <'inir  >l 
.icfcr  to  liic  opinion  of  ilic  iattir  wilii  rc-prcf  I'l  liio  appiii'; 
anv  {•■ivcii  principio  of  llic  sy-tcm  of  law  wiiicii  is  adniii.; 
',)olli  court-.  lUit  it  is  dillicnlt  to  'i  Tccivc  any  -aM-faclovy 
upon  wiiicli  it,  is  pos-iMc  lo  ?ustain  a  doctrine  wliidi  anioin 
liallv  to  ii  dcclaralion  thai  llic  p'li'Tal  i>rinci]il<'  liv  virtue 
tiie  riuiils  and  liahilitic--  of  tlie  jiartics  i.,  an  acti-'ii  si.uuili; 
are  uoxcrned  by  the  law  of  the  place  where  the  tort  was  cuwr  liii 
siiKjcct  to  an  cxceiilion  in  ca-es  where  the  law  to  he  cnii^idei  i  i 
coniinci!!  law.  The  true  liieory  would  rather  s^'cni  to  U^  thai.  {•> 
|)urposes  of   private  interstate  and    iio  'rnaiional    juri-pru.l,   ice 

nc^Mtivel  liy  llir  fnct   tlnil  till'  niL'lip'iit,  trine     i>nipiimiilcil     liy     tli(>     i-liti. 

Mini    iiiji.roii   scvvMiu-    HcTc   ill   (liMii-i-iil  Storv's  ('(inllict  of  l,:nv-.  Stli  .  !    : 

<lc|i:iitii;onls  of  tlic  iiinMcr's   liii-iiii-- I  ;  iictc  (i.   ri:..  flint  "wlictlnT  Ih^    •;.  i 

\h  \l(i.,ltr  V.   IUi,ii,i>!  r.   If.  C".    (1SS7)  liivv   |Mi.viiIi-s   for   rcilrcss   in     :■.<■ 

t;,"i  .\li-.-,  ■jut,  7   Am.  St.  l!c|>.  Il.'i".  4  So.  slioiil'l.   m\    principle,   lie  inin      ■■i' 

.")•»    (iuijilyinir    l.oiii-iiiin    rule   tiial    f.ni-  leii^'   :is    ihe    riulit    is    .a   rei-      i!;! 

•  Iiietcir  \<':\  vice  principal  ii-  to  a  lir.ike-  unci  nut    (ippii-i  il  to  tlie  inter,  -i-  < 

iiKiiil:     llliiuiii    c.     /.'.    '■".     V.     //•'(■.;«  sliiti'."      (Sec  S  SVn.  note  ."!.)■/. I 
IIImM;    Mi-t)    •2(1    Si).    TliO    (-nine    rule        The   •Indrine   Inii'  -,    in    tlii- 

applicl).       See    al-o   ensis   eiled    in    llie  \v:i«    followcil    in    /-.'i  ";....;'' r    '.  .    /' 

next  lote.  •'-'■'"/  fV,.   ns!l.'.)   !)(  W  i<    TO.  .",  I  I., 

In  Wiihli  V.  yrir  York  rf  Y.  F.  I!.  Co.  511:!.  fill  Am.  St.  l!cp,  ,S.-i!l,  IW  N    W 

I  IS'.U      lCi()  Ma-is.   "iTl.  ."!!)  .\ni.  St.   I!ep.  where  the  c..iirl   applied   the  ,i,.tri 

51  t.  ."M  \.   K.  .")St.  the  Connecliciit  (hie-  eoiiiii'ci,     cuiph  \nient     ill     tlie     fnr 

trim',    that    the     iiis|>ectio  i    of    railway  wliich    it    hi-   lieen   .■idopte,!    ii     111 

ears    i-;   a    minilelcpiMo   duty,    wa.s    ap-  the  stale   --i   which   the  ciii-e  "f  : 

plied    ill   fivor  <if  a   plaintilV  who  eniilil  arose,  altli.iejh  that  diietriiie  ■',  is 

not    lla^■e   recuvered   under  the  decisions  w hat  more  faviT.i'ile  to  t he  s,.i  \  iiit 

ill     Ma-saehn-etts.        Tho    court     -.111!:  that  which   pn^v  liled   in   Wi-c^.n-ir 
"Wp  are  of  cpinion  that,  as  hctwci^n  the        Where  n  corporation   wa-   c^'j.ej 

-tales  of  this   Cnieii.  when  a   Iraii-ilory  eoustriietin'/    a     tiiiiiMl     iiieler    th 

c-aii-e    of    action    has    ve-ted    in    one    of  Clair    I!iver.   wiiich    -.pirates    Mic 

Ihciii    under   the    e(iimiiiiii    law    as   tliere  from    Ontario,    and    e;i,pl..;,cil    an 

iiiider-ti  od    and    ailiiiini-tcreil,    the    mere  seer    on    each    ^i.le   of    the    river,    il 

.•si-lcncc   of   a    -lljlii    variance   of   vic^w  held   that    its   lialiility   for  injiiri.- 

in   the  form  re-oric.l   to.  not  aiiioiiiil  iiivr  servant,   ean-cd   hy   tin-  imsafiiy  1 

to   a    fun  lani.^nlal    dillerence   of    ]H>liey.  jilace  of  work  on  the  Ontario  -!.!.•. 

s|;oiilil    not    prcMnt    an    eiiforcenicnl    of  he  determined  with  reference  t  1  t' 

Ih.^   o!ili';atioii    adinilled    lo   have  arisen  of    Ontario.    althoiiLrh     the    sir. a 

bv  the  law  which  governed  the  condiut  been    sent    to    the   Ontario   si    ■ 

1."    the    pinh's.      .      .  Ihe   policy   of  foreman  en  the  Anieiiean  si,!,.      v 

the  sii]>po-ed  Conneetieut   rule  cannot  1k>  v.  .S7.  f/inr  Tninicl  Cti.   (IS!!!))    1:21 

-aid    to   Ik-   opposed    to   that    prevailing,'  filC,    47    I,.    R.    A.    1I'2.    SO    X.    W 

heie.  even  apait  from  statute.     See  Stat,  first    apix'al    (1SII7)     111    Mi.'li.   .'7 

ISIi;!.  chap.  3."i!)."      It  was  deemed  to  he  I,.   R.   .\.    l;!4,  6G  Am.   St.  lU ,..  'M 

uniiKc— ary     ;o    consi.Ier    whether     the  N.  W.  1 IG. 
court    wa.s    prepared    to   adopt   the   doc- 


'-.I  I 

^ti.i  1 


4  ,  ■;  ■  4 


i  tiOUJ 


I  ON.  I. Hi    Ul'    LA  U.S. 


:;4i>,"i 


jin-iiiiiiilinii  iiKiv  jinippi-lv  {■•■  ciilcriiiiiird  llmt  siir.li  riirlils  t\n,\  lial)ili- 
lic-,  ill  Ml  liir  :w  llicv  arc  ili'|i(nilriii  ii|iuii  '\\f  i-diiiiiiciu  iuw,  li:i\r  1"tii 
cxiicliy  ilclilU'il  liy  the  cli'ci>i'ilis  of  the  c-niirl-  in  cai'Ii  slate  or  ciiuiiirv 
ill  wliicli  llial  .-_\-iiiu  jirt'vaiis.  'Jliai  il.ri,i-\  may  lairly  licsaiil  Im  in 
Milvc  liic  (-(ircillary  tlial  i-uc''  (lrcisi..n. .  i  |'  aiiy  have  l):>cii  mhlcicl 
wiiicii  iiirlicaic  witii  rca-<'iiai>i(  rlrariics,-,  what  the  pi'-iiidii  of  ihi'  |iar 
lies  \\(iiilil  b(*  ill  llic  stale  ert'iiimtry  '.n  uhicii  liir' cause  of  aeiicni 
are-e,  arc  an  iiiinliiig  i;|m.ii  a  foreign  (■oiirt  a<  iln'  -|.ifiiic  [);m\  \<\,.\\~  ,,\ 
;i  «tatiite  an?  lie.versaliy  eoncc  ilcd  to  lie  irmliT  similar  ei  r.  inn- laii.-i--. 

See  5;;^  .STO-S72,  /;(/■/■-(. 

869.  — as  between  Federal  and  state  courts. —  '■'!  he  c.uii-;  <.i'  (iivat 
iiriiaiii  and  America  iiave  eslaiili-hccl  tin   -cnnal  doi-irine  nl  ihc  miii 
li:i!)ilty  ol  liie  eiii|'ioyer  fer  an  injury  li.  ..iie  -ii'\aiit,  e.in-'ij  hv  iIk 
iii-i;lif;encn  of  aiioilier  scr\'aiit  in  tlie  same  c. tinman  empli.vmrnt  ;  am! 
il,'.s  (!e' trine  of  i;viierai  jiirisprmleiice,  as  ii  involves  tto  i'nl   imI  ipics 
liiili,  is  no  more  open  to  judicial  ilciiial  in  the  Fed.-r.il  eoiiiis  ihan  in 
ilio  stale  courts  or  the  ordinary  I'ommoii-hnv  trilinii:i'-.*"'       llii:  a  I-'ed 
iTnl  court  (hies  not  coiisiihr  itself  lioimd  to  ailmini- cr  tlie  particular 
f'iriii  of  that  doctrine  which  may  iiapjien  to  havr"  hccn  adopii-d  hv  the 
I'ciirts  of  tlie  state  in  which  ilio  acci(h>nt  occiirii  d.'- 


i  iU> 


•''1  i'l 

'1    ■ 


^■n 


-A 


1 


■  Dilhm  V.  I  irinii  /',  /,'.  !■„.  (1S7I)  3 
Dill.  31!),  Yci\.  C^is.  No.  It.'.in;,  luT  Dil- 
l"ii.  J. 

=  ln  Uiiv<}h  V,  T'.mv  ,(  /'.  /,'.  r<,.  (ISTO) 
ion  V.  S.  213,  L'.'i  I-.  0(1.  (il2.  Mr.  .Jiistiio 
Ihiilin  lliiis  sliitoil  ttic  views  of  tlii> 
ii'iirt:  "Our  Mttcntion  lins  hcpii  tallo<l 
to  two  oi«(>s  (lilirii'incil  in  tlio  suprcrnc 
miirt  of  TcNnx.  ;in(l  wliifti.  it  is  uvu'cil, 
sustaino.l  the  [)iiiici|ili's  announcid  in 
the  roiirt  liclow.  After  a  caroful  con- 
'•iiliTatinn  of  tlioso  easo«,  wo.  aro  of 
"pinion  tliat  tlipy  do  not  noccs-arily 
i"!i(lict  Willi  till'  oonclusioiis  vo  liave 
rciiclKd.  lie  this  as  it  may,  the  (Hios- 
tiiins  Ix'foro  ii«,  in  tho  ahsciicc  of  slatn- 
tiry  ri'uiilations  liy  the  statt'  in  wliicli 
t!io  OMiisi.  of  action  arosp,  (li'[>t^nil  iii>on 
prinoiplf's  of  ;,'ini'ral  law.  and  in  I  heir 
ili'tiriiiitiation  we  are  not  rcquiiod  to 
follow  tlip  dcisions  of  the  state  cmivts." 

In  I'uUimnie  tf  O.  /,",  Co.  v.  linuqh 
MSD3)  14!l  r,  S.  37f1.  37  L,  od.  778,  13 
'>»]<■  ("t.  I!pp.  014,  tho  views  of  the  ma- 
jority wen-  Ihus  announcrd:  "Tlip  ques- 
tion is  pssentially  one  of  •.'onoral  law. 
It  (loe<  not  (leix-nd  upon  any  statute;  it 
'Iocs  not  spring  from  any  loeal  usa;,i' 
or  riistnm :  there  is  in  it  no  rule  of  prop- 
'py,  hut  it  rests  upon  those  considera- 
tions of  risht  and  justice  which  tiave 
bwn  gathered   into  the  great   body   of 


the  rules  and  pi  ineipleq  liii-uvn  as  the 
'ooiiimon  h  w.'  'rin'ie  is  no  i|ni-ii.)u  as 
to  the  pouiT  of  tt'o  stnles  lo  IrL'i-l.ite 
and  eliaiiLT  the  niJcs  of  the  ecMiiiion  law 
in  this  n-vpoet  ;is  in  others;  hut,  in  tho 
ahsi'nee  'if  such  I  'jislatioii,  the  ipiestinii 
is  one  deleiniinalde  only  hy  the  ^■eneral 
prineii)les  of  thnt  law."  i'urtluT  than 
that,  it  is  a  ipn-tion  in  uhieh  the  nali(rii 
as  a  whole  is  intin-ti'd,  it  enter-,  inio 
Hie  oomniriee  of  the  country.  Cuo 
nuree  hetueen  Mio  st.ites  is  a  inalter  of 
national  ic-rulation.  and  to  osla'^li^h  it 
as  such  was  one  of  tia'  principal  causes 
wtiich  led  to  the  ndoplinn  of  our  Cm, 
stitution.  To-ilay,  the  volume  of  inter- 
state commerce  far  escec.ls  tho  .nnliei- 
pation  of  those  who  fr.uned  tliis  C'onsli- 
lutioii,  ami  tho  main  cliannels  throuirh 
which  this  inti'rstiite  <onimerce  p:i--.s 
are  the  railroads  of  tho  country.  Coii- 
LTess  has  lei;is|ated  in  ro'-iM'ct  lo  lliis 
eiuiuiierce,  not  merely  hy  the  Inler-lale 
( 'oiuinei CO  Act  and  its  amondmeiils,  24 
Slat,  at  r.,  370.  cliap.  lOt  ll'.  S.  Conii). 
.<lat.  I'inl  p.  31-)!).  hut  also  hy  an  a.-t 
|>.issed  at  Hie  last  session,  rcquiririu'  the 
use  of  automatic  couplers  on  fieiLrht 
cars.  Pulilic  Acts.  .52<1  Com.  2d  Sess. 
eliap.  113.  Tlie  linos  of  this  very  plain 
tilT  in  error  ivtriid  into  hilf  a  (io^on  or 
more  states,  and  its  trains  are  laryely 


I 


^i'Jll- 


if)| 


2400  -MASTKU  AND  SKltV AM.  IciiA 

B.  Wnr.i;r.  nil-;  F.ri'KCT  of  a  stamtI';  is  involvrl. 


if 


870.  Conflict  of  laws  as  between  the  courts  of  two  of  the 
States. —  a.  Injun/  niilr/d  in  aiKiUn  r  alalc. —  (('i>iii|Mrc  ca-c 
in  §  ST-',  infra.)  'Ilic.  bioiid  principlo  lias  Ijccii  iait!  down  tl 
hx  fori,  ami  not  the  lex  luci.  is  coiilnjlliii;;  in  oases  win  ic  ; 
brought  in  ouo  jiiri-diclion  for  an  h  iiiry  received  in  anoili!  r  in 
the  Common  law  riglits  and  lialiilities  of  masters  and  servani 
Itorn  modilied  hy  stalnto.'  Dnl  llio  \vei,;^lit  of  antliority  is  in 
of  llio  doelrino  tliat,  nnder  sncli  circunislances,  tlie  (jneslion  w 


emploj'cd  in  intorst.itft  ooinmorfc.  As 
II  |>i,Ms  fi'Jin  h^lato  lo  slate,  imi^t  the 
li^'lils,  iilili^jiitiiiii',  niul  duties  siilisist- 
iiii;  lietweeii  it  :iml  its  r.|ii|il()yee'«  rli:iii^'e 
;il  I'veiy  slate  line?  If,  to  a  train  lun- 
iiin;;  ficmi  fialtiinore  to  C'ljieav",  it 
shdiilil,  witliin  the  limits  of  the  state 
ijf  fMiio.  attach  a  ear  for  !i  distance  only 
within  tliMl  Blate,  oiiylit  the  law  con- 
tndlincr  lie  relation  of  a  lirakeinan  on 
that  car  to  tlic  cumpaiiy  to  lie  dillerent 
from  tliat  suhsistiii^  lietwein  the  hrako- 
nian  on  the  throiiL'h  cars  itnd  the  com- 
[>iny?  Whatever  may  be  .■icconipli'.hed 
hy  statute, — and  of  that  we  have  iimv 
iiolhiiiir  to  say, — it  is  ohvious  that  the 
nlations  between  the  company  and  em- 
ployee are  not,  in  any  sense  of  the  term, 
local  in  character,  hut  are  of  a  general 
nattire,  and  to  he  determinid  hy  the  ^'en- 
eral  rules  of  the  coninion  law." 

In  this  case  an  elal)orr\te  and  very 
able  disscntinfr  opinion  was  deliven'd  hy 
Field,  .).,  in  which  he  condiated  the  doc- 
trine that  .here  w-s  "an  atmesplieie  of 
general  law  float  l.i;j  about  all  the  states. 
not  belonsin<;  to  any  of  them,  and  <.f 
which  the  Kidcral  jiid;,'es  are  the  es- 
pecial pos'ice'^ors  and  j;ii  inli;>t|.<.  to  he 
applied  hy  them  o  control  jiidicial  deei- 
sioiis  of  the  state  comls  whenever  they 
are  in  conlii't  with  what  those  jiKl-jes 
consider  onpht  to  be  the  law." 

"In  the  ah«ence  of  lei.'islative  enact- 
ments, the  liability  of  a  master  to  one 
of  liis  ciii-itoyecs  for  the  neizligence  of 
another  is  determinable  by  the  frencral 
law,  and  not  by  tlie  local  law,  and  the 
decisions  of  the  rtnts  of  the  state  in 
which  the  injiiiy  is  indicted  aie  not  con- 
trollin'T  in  the  national  courts."  Tinrth- 
ern  f.  I.'.  Co.  v.  l/«,<rf  (ISnt)  11  C.  C. 
A.  (i,1,  27  TT.  S.  App.  23S,  (13  Fed.  114; 
Chicnrio.  if.  d  fit.  P.  R.  Co.  v.  ffo.'j.i 
(1884)  112  r.  S.  377,  28  L.  ed.  787,  •'> 
«up.  Ct.  l^ep.   18.-). 

For   other    cases    applying    this    rule 


stated  in  the  text,  se<'  \iii  /I'.rt 
M.   Vnllry  io.  v.   Ihtirc    (  1S!I2) 
A.   121,  0   U.  S.  App.   172,  Wl  fi 
yoillirrn  I'.  It.  Co.  v.  I'llrisun 
2  C.   C.   A,    1.^)7.  4   V.   S.  Ap|). 
Fed.    182    (decision    reversif.    it; 
1(12  U.  S.  3lli,  40  I.,  ed.  !i'M.  1i; 
Hep.  HIM,  but  nier(dy  on  tlie  ;;ini 
the  lower  court  hail  mi^appnlii 
ell'cct  of  the  earlier  decisions  ol 
preme  Court  as  to  sii|>i'rior  s,  i 
The  Louisiana    (18!lli)    21    C.   (' 
41  U.  S.  App.  324,  74  Fed.  74s 
rniin  v.  ItnimJih  (ISIK!)  !M  ('.  C, 
.33  U.  S.  .\pp.  (iSli,  77   Fed.  271: 
V.   Cciilriil    \  cniioiit    I'.   Co.    i  I 
C.  C.  A.   no.  50  U.  S.  App.  27. 
.'•.00:   Sew  Y'lrl:.  .V.  //.  .(•  //.  /, 
O'l.ciini    (18!1!))    .3.5    C.    C.     A. 
Fed.    737;    Uricfjal    v.    fi(,iilli<in 
(  lilOO)    30   r.   C.   A.   3,-i0,   lis    F, 
l.oxiixrillv  d  K.  It.  Cu.  V.  SliihT 
.-.4   I..   1!.   A.   1)90,  48  C.   C.  A. 
Fed.  934. 

In  view  of  these  decisions  tlir 
K<riin  v.  Chicirin,  P.  d-  SI.  I. 
ilS<)2)  ."lO  Fed.  IH.-).  in  wliich  ili 
(iiurl  f<  r  the  district  of  liil'ii 
the  position  that,  as  the  eonirc 
iclation  of  master  and  sitvui 
sirve<l  to  the  states,  a  I'd'  i 
should  fo!low  the  ruIiiiL'  of  t 
(ourts  with  rej;,nd  to  tlie  d:  i- 
eoservice,  is  of  no  aiillioriiy. 
cision  it  will  be  observed  aiilid.i 
fimi,rr  <f  O.  U.  Co.  v.  /;.;i(r//i  i  IS 
U.  S.  37^.  37  li.  ed.  778.  1:!  ; 
T^'p.  914,  and  is  therefor.'  i 
overruled  by  that  case  and  tli 
already  cit<'d.  The  court  ■^n  iiis 
overlcoked  flotK/h  v.  TiX'tn  d  I 
(1879)  100  1'.'  S.  213.  2.-.  I., 
which  had  pre\iously  cnuiuii 
doctrine  which  is  now  always 
in   the   Federal  courts. 

^  .Xvdrrnov   v.    Mihrtmkrc  d  'S 
Co.   (1875)  37  Wis.  321. 


n"n 


of  the  Unit; 


I  8701 


COXKI.Ur  VV  LAWS. 


2407 


ilii'  injured  cinnlovt*  fnn  ii)iiint;uii  iiii  luti.in  f^Ih  nl.l,  :i5  n  p'licnil 

nilr,    1h;   llclcrillilli'd    willl    I'l'l'l'l-clli'i'    in    lln.'    J)n.\  irn.ll.-.    nl    l!if    l..;vii;ll 
MllllltC* 

:  I'rinr  to  the  rniohiioiit  of  llio  Mill- 
niMit.i  111  rivii'\\c<l  in  ciiiiiitiT  xwix., 
Qiilc,  n  r.iihv.iv  si-rviinl.  iiijiiiiMl  in  lona 
l.v  the  ii''.'li;j"ii,rf  I'f  a  cm.- rv.iiit,  «:n 
,i'lli.\""l  111  ic<'(,v<T  in  tin"  fciini'T  slulc. 
Ilirnf!:  V.  M iinii iiiuitin  it  XI.  h.  U.  ''«. 

hi.;)  ,"1  Minn.  II.  47  Am.  IN'p.  771, 
in  N.  W.  tl.'i.  'I'Ik'  rourt  Kiiil:  "Tlic 
:;,  iiriiil  nilc  is  tli;il  ;uticins  for  piTsnn.il 
lirn  arc  tr.iti.-itory  in  lliiir  nature  anl 
viav  1"'  l>riiii'.;lit  wlicrpvcr  tlic  u  ronj;- 
,i(,""r  in.iV  lie  fminil.  ami  jnri.^Jiit inn  (if 
li<  (.iT-i'n  can  1m'  nMaiiinl.  As  (o  IcnU 
which  -iivc  n  rit'lit  of  urtion  lit  cunniKin 
law.  tliis  rulr  has  never  'iccn  <iiicslii)Mcil, 
.iiid  \vp  do  not  s!H.  wliv  llic  tian-iliiry 
charartcr  of  tlio  nctinn.  or  tlic  jiiri-dic- 
tioii  if  tlip  cfMirt.s  of  luiotlier  .'-late  to 
otitertain  it,  r.'in  in  nny  manner  lie  af- 
fiilul  liv  tlie  (le.i-tion  wliellier  tln>  riulit 
(f  a.'liiin  is  staviitory  or  e..iiiin<in  law. 
In  net  inns  rx  (rv>i,.rlti  tlieie  is  no  sueli 
(listiiirtion.  iind  tliere  is  no  '^iioil  reason 
v.liy  any  diiTcrciit  rule  slioiiM  Im'  a|>i«ti.  •! 
in  actions  ex  ihlifln.  W  lienever.  liy 
I'itlicr  eonmion  law  or  statute,  a  ri,i;lit 
af  .irtion  tias  1,. coiue  (i\isl.  and  n  leiia! 
lial.ilily  incnrn.l.  that  liability,  if  the 
.•cii'.n  lie  traii-iieiy.  may  he  enforeed, 
mill  Die  ri;'.lit  of  action  inirsncl,  in  thfi 
cinirts  (>f  any  state  which  can  olitnin 
jiiri-dietion  rif  the  dcfemlint.  provided 
it  is  not  afjainst  the  puldie  ]>olicy  iif  the 
laws  of  the  state  vJnie  it  is  sought  to 
lie  rnforred.  Of  eoir -e.  statutes  tliat 
arc  criniiiial  or  peiial  in  their  nature 
will  only  he  onfoieed  in  the  state  which 
oniictcil' them:  hut  the  statute  ii,vhT 
wliich  this  .lotion  is  hiou,;:l:t  is  millier, 
h'in;;  purely  cue  for  the  reparation  of 
a  civil  injury.  .  .  .  The  only  ease 
v'liih  pocs  to  the  Icnath  f,f  liohlin-j;  that 
tliis  action  ranuot  he  maintained  is  that 
of  AiKhrnoii  V.  MiUidtikic  «f  t^t.  I'.  If- 
Co.  (1.S7.'))  37  Wis.  :i2l.  which,  en  the 
facts,  is  on  nil  fours  with  the  present 
cave,  nnd  in  which  the  court  holds  that 
Fiiih  an  action  will  only  lie  in  the  state 
of  Iowa,  which  enacted  the  statute.  l!ut 
vitb  due  deference  to  ttiat  court,  iind 
e«]i!>cially  to  the  eminent  jurist  who  de- 
livered the  opinion  in  that  ease,  we 
think  they  entirely  failed  to  distiiijruish 
hctwcen  the  ri'jht  of  notion,  which  was 
created  hy  the  statute  of  Tow.a  nnd  must 
lie  eoverned  hy  it,  and  the  forum  of  the 
rcTiicdy,  which  is  always  poverncd  by 
the  law  of  the  forum,  whether  the  ac- 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 70. 


tion  I)o  e.r  n-  Infr'u  m  i  r  ih)iiln.  Tt  is 
elcieentary  th.it  the  iii.e.ly  i-  L'.A.ined 
hv  till'  1;h   of  tlic  li.tue,.  a,  .1  lli,.  i-.  all 

lii.it    is    held    hy    i.i  y    < ii.'l    l.\    tlie 

court    ITi    -n] it    "i    111'. I    ii]i;nei  I," 

This    MiivM-ola    ru!i  -.    '.  ■-    '■  .a    lA- 

lourd  (piile  I.eclili',  iu  (■/...■■,'..  ,t  /.'.  /. 
/•.  Co.  V.  l;<.  sr  ll'slll,  ITS  111.  I.;.'.  44 
1..  1!.  A.  41u.  oj  .N.  l:  '.i.'.l.  \  liiiriin- 
(  IH"S)  7S  II!.  .\p!i,  -Jsr,  i.i.viil,  ,il  oc- 
enried  in  Indicia!.  I  lie  icmii  s.i.l: 
".\i  lions  net  pnal.  lait  I  i  !>  n-iiiy 
damages  for  torts  (ir  ii\il  injiiies  to 
the  |«Mson,  are  trausitoiy,  aiel,  ii  .le 
tionalde  where  eointnillid.  in  ^.'cn.r.il 
m.iy  lie  maintained  in  any  juri^dielion 
in  wiiich  the  defind.int  can  he  le^..lly 
servi"!  with  pree  ss.  \\ C  thinly  it  well 
scttliMl  that,  \silhout  rcjard  to  the  rule 
which  may  oht.iin  a>  to  a  eau~e  of  ac- 
tion which  aeerued  under  the  law-  ol  a 
separate  and  di-linci  iiatiirii,  a  rivM  of 
lulion  which  his  accrued  \iTidi  r  I'l.- stat- 
ute of  n  sister  state  ef  the  liiic  ii  uill 
he  enfoic-d  hv  the  courts  of  another 
state  of  the  I'nien,  nnhss  au'ain-'  1:1  od 
morals,  natural  |ii-tice,  or  llie  ;:ei!.  ral 
interest  of  the  citi/--ns  of  tlie  stale  in 
whiidl  tlie  action   is  hrial'.;ht." 

In  V'.^h.fskiti  V.  //i;/.ve/e  Cunl  d  I. 
Co.  (18!17)  i\  App.  Div.  ICS.  47  N.  Y. 
Supp.  .'!^ii,  the  a<'lion  was  held  to  he 
haire<I  hee.iuse  the  plaint  ill'  had  vi.'.ited 
a  I'emisylvania  statute  [uohihiliiij;  the 
ridin;;  upon  loa<Ied  e.irs  in  ii.incs. 

In  a  e.isi'  where  a  railv.iy  employee 
was  suin'j  m  Kentucky,  umhr  the  pro- 
vi-ions  e.f  llie  eui|iloyers'  li.ildlity  act  of 
.•Mihani.a.  for  an  injury  reeeived  in  the 
lal'cr  st:;lc  IhroU'jh  the  neL;li:.'ence  of  an 
oi'vineer.  it  was  lield  that  he  could  re- 
cover daiea^'cs  without  showin:.'  that 
such  en,L'iiaMT  was  •_-ui!ly  eiilier  of  L'ro-'s 
or  of  wilful  iie-li'-'caee.'  nltliou^h  |.roof 
of  such  ne^li^rcnce  '.aiM  'ic  a  ceudili'-n 
preiedent  to  the  maiiilei,  ce  of  sur  !i  in 
action  under  tl  :•  law  p,  ...ilins  in  Ken 
t\u-Uv.  l.oiii^iii'r  rf  y.  /,'.  Cu.  V.  flra- 
hum'dS'Ml)   !1S  Ky.  CSS.  31  ,'!.  W.  220. 

Pee  nl-o  the  oases  citeil  in  the  lie.xt 
suhscct  i(in. 

Only  the  parties  .oiwcified  ns  haviii'-' 
the  rijiht  to  sue  under  the  |pro\isioiis  of 

danane  act  can  neiir.tain  an  action 
,   ;ou  that  ".'•>.  in  another  state.     W<it- 

n  d  A.  If.  Co.  V.  .S7ron.<7  (1S74)  .'i2  0:1. 
Oil;  Htnilnchs  v.  Itt-'.c.i  .f  A.  If-  Co. 
'1874)   52  Ga.  407   (wife  held  not  enti- 


'it. 


n 


'•"  ;i. 


;   .it 


.      t:^ 


24   3 


MASTKIl  AND  SKUVAM". 


[ill> 


•If 


Tliis  diiftriiio  is,  ul'  omrM',  -iiibjcci  tu  llii-  i|iiiililii-aii"h  \\| 
suits  from  llic  \vi'll-rir<ij;iii/.i'il  in-inciplc  that  u  t'nri'i;;ii  -uiiiiii 
<'x)iillicls  I'sviitiiillv  with  tin'  statuii'-  ur  piihlic;  pdicv  ><\  ihi  ■ 
wlih'li  lln'  .suit,  i.s  Ihuiij;'  |iri>^(ciiti(l  will  iini  he  ctit'in'fi  il  h,N  ill. 
ul'  tliiii  iiiiU'.*  That  this  (|Uiililii-utit>!i  ihMs  not  alien  the  ri^h 
covfiv  is  a  <'i>ii(;lii-iv«'  iiilVii-iici'  in  tlmsc  ca-sfs  where  a  siiiiiin 
e;<iiticiih's  in  its  j)riivi,>itms  with  ihiit.  ot  lhi>  state  in  wiiieji  the  a 
(iccin-re,!  h:i^  heeii  eiiaeted  in  a  state  in  which  the  i^uit  is  iii-l 
r>iit  llie  inei-c  fai't  that  the  e<inini<in  law  tl<>(!triiie  estai>lislic<l 
^tate  where  the  ai'tion  is  hri>ni;lit  dilTers  from  that  wiiicli  is  |.|i 
ill  the  statute  of  the  otiier  state  does  not  necessarily  sliow  liiat  i 
an  aniaudiiism  lietween  the  |><.licy  of  the  two  states.'' 

tlrd   to  siif  iiliiiic.   US   ttie   iliililii'ii   ;ire  an    li>   ilnty  oipci.iliti;,' <'lT(>itii;ill 

iilMi   niiiilc   iM-iicliiiiOics   iitiil:T    I  111-   Ten-  I'li"'    wlicro    its    iillf^Tcl   I'ailur 

,„,».,.,.  [H-t  ) .  '         '  •"  rc-ult.     'i'lic  l(ic:»lily  111 

If    routriliiitoiy     noj-'liLltiin-.    as    tliat  liM.iri   was  in    lViiti>-s:.(c.      1(    «: 

tcTin   i^  oKliiiarily   uiiiIii^-IimkI.   is  it  Imr  if  luiyulnic.  thai    llie  roiiipiiij 

to  ii  ri;ilit  oi"  ndinii  <Ti'iilnl  liy  tlic  stilt  miss  in  iluly.  for  tlicic  is  wliin- 

lite   of^tlw-  xlati-  wliiTc    Ilic    i'ljiiry    was  rr  oanlion  slioiilil  liavc  Ihtii  u-i 

ncrivc.l,   wliilr    t  lie   (liclrini'   as   to   coni-  'I'lio    fiut    tlilit    lie   «as    in    sini, 

|>:iraliv<'  ni'irli^'rmi-  prevails  in  the  slatp  that   |iiil  of  tli.-  road  on  ulii.li 

wlicri-  the  action  is  IiimmivIiI,  tlii'  -.iTvant  >laiil  ^irviii-  \\a^  iciiilcnd  mak. 

laiiiiot    icccvci-    if    Ills   ii<f.'lii;i'inT    «as   ii  fciiMiic.      lie  was  in  llic  hahil  i. 

proNiirial.'  .mii^i-  of  tlic  acciiiciit.  wlictli-  iiTK  Ihf  si-rvico  in   whi.li   he   u.i 

cr    that    iii;;iiL!iri(c    was   }ri<-alir   or    li'ss  lit"    was    still    an   i-tiu'inii'r  ot  i 

than   tliat    ot   llu'   iiri|ihiyir.      IaisI    T-ii-  paiiy,    in    chaij'c  of  oiii'   of   I'm- 

lox.s'i.    1  .  if  '/'.   A'.  '  ".  V.  I.iiiis    (  IS'.MI)  lives,  and  pn^aLicd  in  a  dniy  im 

S!i    Titiii.  ■l.\T\.    II   S.   \\  .  IH);i    (injury  was  lii»  iiii|>lo\tiniil.  ainl   the   phii  ■ 

received  in  (leoi-iai.  "  ■■liaii^c  in  his  p<i-ilioii.  dm  ie-.  ,, 

''i, .111.1  if  /'.  A".  I'D.  V.  ('(.r  (IH'.IJ)    I4.>  and   none  as  to  thu  lial>ilily  of 

U.   S.  .",!);;.  .•ill   I,,  ed.   S2!).    l>  Slip.   CI.  plover  to  him." 
I'cn.  flil.').  When"  two  states,    in    ulileh 

'in  rlniniHK  St.  L.  d  \.  O.  I{.  Co.  y.  rnliirii   lias  an  cxisliMie,-.   ha\e  :i 

O.iiilr    (  tss:!)    tin   Miss.  !I77    (dc-ei>ion  as  of  similar   iin|Mirt.  ;:ivinj.'  an  a. 

to   (lima'.ie   ael  )    Ihe   court   ^aid:      "Tlic  the  death  of  an  ciiiplov.  e,  em- 

vicw  that   no  risinery  could  \v  had  here  .ievll;:enco.     suit     may    he 

except  fiM-  a  result   tracealile  to  an  oinis-  cither.      l,utii>.iiUi  A  \.  A'.  ' 

sioii  of  diitv  in   Mi<-i^-ippi   is  untoiincl-  i  ISiiJ)    13    Ky.   ;,.   INp.   '.'  ' 

ed.      I'hv-ical  force  pro(  eedin'.'  from  this  !I14. 

state    and     inllicting    injury   in   another        'llnrhh   v.    .!//;./,•»/,', /is- 

state  nii-ht  pivi^    riso    to    an     letion  in  Co.    Iiss:!)    31    .Minn.    II.    I, 

cillier   state,   and     lirr    rir.sd;    hut     the  771,    111   .V.    W.   41:!.      I  h,  re   it 

oiiiission    of    some    duly   in    .\Ti-.issippi  tended  by  counsel  that   the  e,ii, 

oannot     transfer     a     eon-ei|iicnce    of     it  which  ihelaies  that  the  law  .f  i 

manifest, d    physically    in   another    state  in  which  the  injuiT  was  ii,,iM 

to   Mississippi."     The'  cases    of    injuiii's  mines   the    ri;;hts   and    lialiilnie 

comieeiieed  in  one  jiiriMlietion  and  com-  parties  in  an  action  liroie.:hi    in 

pleted  in  another  iiliistrale  our  view  on  state  is  siiliieet  to  the  (|iialilM  it 

this  siihjeet.     The  true  view  is  that  the  to    sustain     the    action,  tlu'   In 

leal     entity  ealhil     the    corporation    is  forum   and   the   law   of   the  pin 

omnipieseal    on     it.s     railroad,   and    the  the  riL'ht  of  action  accrued  ma- 

presence   or   absence  of   ncLjli^eni'C   with  in    hcldinc   that    tin     act    done 

res|M'ct    to   an    occurrence   al    any    point  li^dit  of  action.     The   court   sai 

of  the  lire  is  not  to  lie  rcsolv(^l'  i>y  the  admit   t     it    some   te\t\vriters- 

plaee  at  which    anv   otlieer  or  employee  Kerer  on    Intersiaie    l.au --<•.• 

was  stiitionc.l  for  duty.     The  iiucstion  is  down  this  rule,  hut  the    iiillioril 


I        ! 


<"tTcchi;il!y  at  t' 
(.'I'll    I'ailiiri'  1  HI-  ; 

IdiMlily  i.f  till 

I'l'.       It    WM^   tl;,i- 

COIll|>;lll_v    \Vil«  1 
'  is  hIiit.'  ii>  jiri.i 
(•  bmi  u-nl.    .  , 
t   in   si'iA  ii  !•  (ill  •  1 

(in  uliicli  liis  !■■ 
cli-il  in;iK.--  iKi  il;; 
lie  h:tW\\  I.f  M;!  I 

il-Il     til'     W.l'    kiii. 

;iniTr  nt  thi'  . 

hi'  "f  I'l"  \' >'•'■:■ 
;>  (lilt  V  ilir;  l':il  ' 
till'    piliiv    ■'.    ! 

.  illH  ii'-.  II   i:_  ■- 

ulMlit  V    111    llli  rl:. 


11.1, 

■||i,  VI'  it  \Mi-  .."I 
it  till'  Ki'iirr.il  i;.: 
It"  law  I.f  Ih-  -:.!! 
V111  rciTi'.i'il  il'iT 
li;lllililii"<  01  '  ■' 
iiiiii'^lii  ill  iini'!'ii 
(Hiiilillriitiiin  tl;  t, 

'II.    till'    llUV    III   I' ' 
if    till'    |ll;100    ^'liri- 

criiril  imi-t  rmiiur 
not  (loiio  L'!v.-  1 
ciiurt   «;\iil:    "'^Y 

f-\vriti'r-i--i!"t  i'''y. 

l.ju-    -ii.ii    ;.■  ii; 

II'  .iiitliorilies  cittd 


It  i 


CONl'KK'l 


.WVS. 


2  to?* 


^icltlcd   tluit   "il   I'lilllt  of  Hill'  -t;lli'   ili-ci'pts   till'    itllrftifilil 


IKill  " 


t'  a  >lllIllU'  iltlixc'l  In  it  li,V 


tl 


l( lift 


.1-1   I'l' 


l-t   till 


t I. 


r>iti 


tlio 
U'lli 


(iicisioll.s 


(»!'  till-  collf.'  <>t'  i\-\i-V  -tiili-  ;i-  lo  st;itiili'-  nl    :l   >l!liiliir 


ir  iiri',  at  iii"«f,  of  nii-rilv  |ii'r-iiii.-iv('  iiiitlinrii.v.  iii 


1.1 


,1 


Will  only  uiiiii  ill!'  (■(..•  '.iii',4  ""  wliiili  tlirv  aru  lia-nl  i-  liiiinril  t- 


Ih?  .•^ali.-^lai'ti'i'.v. 


In  an  !icti"ii  ii;;:iiii^t  a  railwnv  cniiiiiaii 


I  liii'li 


■rail 


lllll'   ON 


liii''  tlii''iii;:li    Ninili  <  'ai'illiia 


II'IH 

the  jtnl.lii" 
lion  lii'oiij 


li    I 


iiilii>-ri',  llir ut  III    live  o 


f 


.  i>t'  I  In 
:lit   fill 


-lllilrllir  I'' 


tirt  "if  till'  riii'iiii'i'  -tall'  111' 


tlial   an  ai' 


llljlinr.-^    l'iiTI\i'i 


Tl 


tl 


iniii'jli    till'   til 


M(.||C(.       I) 


f  a    fi'ili'W  -I'fvalil    was  niii'  -.  uinlili;;   in  I'.mti'ai'l.  ami   inl    m 


tiirt;"  lliat,  in  tln'  aliMiin'  n 


il  aiiv  cviili'iii 


III -I 


mw  \\  lii'fi'  till'  I'l  I'l  f; 


was  niailc.  m 


what  sta 


tl'  --liiiiilil  taki'  j\ifi-ilii-tiiiti  III   ii-i  iiil'iirri'tiniii. 


•111'  law  ii|iplicalili'  Id  till-  iM-i'  \va-  liia 


I  wl 


iii'li  iifi'va 


iliil  ill   \. 


rill  (  ar 


iilina,  w 


lii'fc  till-  |ilaiiilitT  an 


an< 


d  fliat  tlic  artion  was  tlii-ii  I'liv  iiiainianiilili    nnili-r  tin'  -taliiti 


■l'<  tiilaiit  i'iiiii|iaiiv 
ill 


ill 


P'DiTiilIy  fiiil  to  sustain  it 


.\    |iiil;' 


Il     .'illliT     I. 


Ill 


ll-    nr    'lit 


i|ilK'ar  to  lay  smiii-  sl  i 
till'   fill    til  it    till'  "statuli 


il>-    iii.il    |ii-ti 


if    liiitli    i-l 


l|.|ll'llri:ll    III    I  III'    ill!  .'I 


ll     I'lir    l'\MI    1  II  I/'  11~ 


-tutl'S    \M 


'11'    similar,   lint    ratlnr   as   i' 


vi-        Till'  liiiliaiia  i'iii|'lii>.i -'  ll:iliili:\  .hi  i- 


iif  tilt'  fait   tliat   till'  >latiiti'  i 


f  til"    mil 


tc  •rivini.'  tlic   li^'lil    of  actinii    is   n.'l     iiatiiri 


II    ri'|iii:;ii.iiil     In 
1    iii-lici'.  I 


I" 


ll 


111. 


trary  to  tlin  [loliiy  nf  tlir  law-  o' 


,f   till'     lirsl      illll'l'l'-ts    (if    I. Ill      I'l  "I 


lll.lt      llli 


-tlltc   wIltTi 

il  tli(>  casp  ( 


till 
f  (7.1 


tiiin  is  liiiiii'.'lil.    Siiili     llliiiiii-  courts   -liniiM    nfii-r   to  c.il. 


>.7.  /,.  .t    V.  O.  A',     it       rlnriiiio  rf-     /,'.     /.     It 


/.•. 


Co.  V.  Uniili-  ( is.s;) 
Hut    it   liv    no    iiicaii- 


110  .Miss.  (IT 
iilli: 


IS!l!t)    ITS   111.   I.TJ.    It   I,,   r;      \.    till.  ■>-2 
that.    I)f-    N.  !•:.  ll.'il.  Alliriiiiii;.'   IIHUsi   T-  III.    \|il> 


the   statilti 


if 


fii.ni  till-  law  of  another  s 


ililTcrs   •iSli.  wlicif  till'  ciiiiit  i'\  I'll --III  ji- 
tatf.  thiri'forc    on  this  |iiiiiil   in  llii'  virtually  .■.|iii\ 


iitic    state 


lIi'Ml 


III  he  hehl   iiililiaiy  to  the  jn'liiy    I'orni    that    ll 


11'    I'oiiiin.'ii  l;i\\     111 


lie 


iif  till-   law    ( 


f    the    latter    stale 


l-hery    -iieli  11  part   of  tin-  piihlie  |Kili 


.liiy  eiir  courts  are  en 

ilci-  foreign  contracts  «hen 


fiiiciiii;  ri^ilit-  mi      ""i-  "■ 


will  |i 


I.f   llli 
ii'Miil    its  court  s  imiii  en 


anil  the  h  r  jiiii  are  alt 
cr  (liirerent,  ami  yet   wo  const  nic 


oL'i't  h      I- 


Hl'ol 

the  rule,  in  an  act  inn  U<v  pn   i.i.il 


the  /.,('  hiri    fi.iciiii:  a   staliile  of  am.llier  -lati 


till 


I'ived    in   the   lalliT   -lat. 


ct.-  and  enfoice  ric'its  nmler  tliiiii 
iinlin-j  to  their   force   ami   eH'cct    iiii 


Tulli- 


i.nli-     f.rir    ,(     \1  . 


iS'.'.li     IT.^i  I.  S.  .'tt><.    II   1.. 


-.1.    \'M. 


IT  the  laws  o 


f  the 


late  where  niiiili 


i|..   n.    I!e|i.    1 


fu  iii-tifv  a  ci'iiit  in  refiisiiej  to  eiifon 


rl;;lit    of   action    which   aririi 


.,1     lUl.l. 


II  .   /•.   I! 

>-t.  i; 


I"! 
ISSil 


the  hiw  of  an. it  her  -rate,  bec.iuse  a'.'aiiisl  '  Tlii-   |i 

llip  iKiliiy  of  our  laws,   it   imi-t    appear  /.  V, 

that   it   is  a(;ainst    yooil    morals  or   nat-  K" 
iinl    justice,    or    that,    for    f^onio    othi 

«uch  reason,  the  enfnrcenient  of  it  would  low    I  he  tl 


ri'l'  l|ile   1- 


/W'.i;'/    V.      \lln„!,, 

(;a    -JilJ.    t    \i 


illiislr.iliil  II' 


:,l„lr     (  ISil.-, )     li:i     Mi|in 


1.-.    N.    W. 


Jiiil.   .11 


ll       Mill, 


\hiili    the   ciiiiit-    h.iM-   I 
I   111, 


ii;;ia    all 


111"  prejudicial    to    the 
of    our    own     citizens 


eral 
If   till 


lllle 


sts     |.\in; 
of     in  "I' 


till 


111 


fit  t 


this  li.il.ility  up-    of  arii.'ii   a^'aiu-l    railway 


ll. 


tlinse  0|)0 


o    llllpl 

latiiij  railroiids   within   her 


-tatiili 
Iv 


!' iliiii'd    (i.    fi  I 

III    ilni-ioli--    lie 

i-r  from  raiiuay 
.  j;i\iii"  a  liL'ht 
p. mi.'-    Ill 


<.'-    wlieir    lite 


1.  liiHliii  111     is    a    i-oeiii 


'i.iiuiils,   anil    to    111 
111'  .■inploviiienl  of  the 


ike    it    a    conditimi    of    | 


f    plov. 


"I 
ftiTvice,  we  set?  n. 


vh. 


Iter  their 


-IC     §     SlSii. 

owi  \  ll  .    th.' 


\ikaii-as  case  eil- 


ithiii 


such  u  la.w  re-    eil   iu  note  '1.   iii/.c. 


iili 


n    f 


f  III 


i.n 


il 


•ii 


;-  Ii 


m 


■■-^"^ 


m  ■■ 


I." 


I 
■:   I 

Ma 


!!M'j 


t410 


MASTKll  AND  SKUV  ANT. 


(ClIA 


wliii^li  tin  diiftrino  of  co-iivico  liii.s  hcin  alunir.itpd  n!*  to  railu. 
panios  op 'ratiii;;  in  tlint  slafo."     (Sci-  cliaiurr  \\\i\.,  imlr.) 

Tlio  convt'i-Hc  of  tlio  silnatiim  |iriMiiiti<l  in  llui  rn^i'A  sn  far  i!i- 
in  tiii.s  Hci'iiiiii  arises  wIk  ic  llu?  acciili'iil  occniTcil  in  a  -lai.-  in 
coniiiKiii  law  (!■>  Iriiips  arc  applii  il,  ami  'li"  ai-iimi  i^  ln'mij  ,  in 
in  wliicli  lliiiso  iliic.lrinca  liavr  Ih'imi  iniMlii  .  iI  liv  .^lalini'.  i  ihl 
circiinisfanci  ■  tlio  rijrlit  of  recovery  is  <|i't'  rniiiioj  with  rcl'iii 
coiiiiuDii'law  (liK'trincs.'" 

b.  lujnnj  nri'ivrd  in  sfotr  vhrrc  acfinn  is  hroiujhi. — In  Ar 
it  has  liccii  iioid  that,  under  n  (jonstittilinnai  provisiim  to  ttic 
tliiit  ail  railroads  which  arc  now  or  niov  Iicrci't'tcr  he  hnill  ain 
atcd,  citiior  in  wlioie  or  in  part,  in  ArlNansa^,  shall  bo  ff-p^n-i 
all  dania,;;('3  to  jjorsons  and  property,  iinilor  sneh  rei^ulati ms  i 
be  pr(>.scril)od  by  the  iegislai  ire,  a  raiirnad  t'i>nipany  whoso  niad 
oralt'd  in  pari  in  i^rk:ins:is  i<t  p)verni'd  by  tlio  st:itntes  of  Ail 
and  is  liable  to  an  employee  in  tort  for  in  jiiri"s  recA'ived  there, 
by  failure  to  (lisehnrj^o  any  duties  growing-  mif  of  said  .ital\iN-j, ' 
♦b(>  eontrae.t  of  sorviee  may  have  been  in:idr  in  another  stale." 

871.  — as  between  Federal  and  state  courts. —  A    .«;ate   statu 
pre>sly  niiiilatini.^  the  extent  of  an  employer'ti  liability  is  ap;pl 
t.li<;  Keileral  courts,  pursuant  to  l'.  S.  K-n'.  Slat.  *{  721  (V .  S. 
Stat.  11)01,  p.  nSl),  as  a  "law"  of  the  -tale,'      So  far  as  ili.-i^ 

•ir-Z/mms  V.  Kriifhrrn  It.  Co.   (1001)  IlioiiKh  tho  rrlation  t)olw.-<ii  t)i 

128  X.  C.  2H(;,  :W  S.  K.  80.1.     Tlic  oilier  tilT  and  il.'f.ndiuit   was  criMiil 

juclpf's  rnncunc'l  in  llio  iJi-Pfi'Mi  on  llic  tnicl,   tlio  duty  vi|>on   wliiili   <),• 

ground  Dint,  cvrn  under  tlip  l;i\v  of  'I'ln  ndii'd  as  n  ground  of  ncrniiv 

lipsst-o,   tho   dcrn-ip   of   coserviee   wouhi  posed  by  l.iw.  and  nroso  fmni  i 

not  iiiivp  l'i<>n  iiviiiliilile.  tinii.    ritther    thiin     llic    ronir:" 

"  Atrlii.-on,  T.  rf  S.  F.  It.  Cn.  v.  I.nn-  rnn'In^ion.   tliereferr,   wn»   tli:il 

fii,<7nn    (IS!),-.)    5(1  K.in.  10!),  42  Pac.  SH;  mil     injur    '    by    !'•?    noniKiforn 

Bmr.ihr    v.    Chicn>lo    A    N.    11'.  />'.  Co.  tliis    duty  'd    i  lert    to   >iie  u 

(It'Ol)    114  town,  144,  8!)  Am.  St.  ne[i.  ronlraot.  or  l.i  tnal    llie  «r..n..' 

348,  HI!  N.  W.  221  J  ■'•'iiHiier  v.  Atclii.t(iv,  n«.   a   tort,   .nnd   biinij   an    aclioo 

T.  if  .S'.  /■'.  A".  Co.    (IS<»7)    17  Tex.  Civ.  licto. 
App.  an.  43  S.  W.   r>33.  The  dootrine    of    tlip    North  ( 

In    Atrliisan,     7.   rf    iS".     /•'.     /,'.    Co.   v.  ((lurt    a:,    to    lli.'    ii'Lire  of  Ihi 

hfomr  (1SS3)   29  Kan.  C'l'J.  iiwlrnetiops  M-i-i.i~  t.i  be  dill'i  i.nt  linm  tliil   ' 

were  held  to  be  erroneous  whiili  allnued  tliu-  |.rr.].i  iiiuImI. 
tile   jiirv  to  tlnd   in  the  plaintiir's  favor        '  \iirlhir,i      I'.      If.     I'n.     v. 

if  tl;p  aopi'lcnt  was  due  to  the  nef;li^'enee  (18!)))    l.->t  I".  S.  3I!>.  3S  I,   ed. 

of  any  e()-.'j\:ini   of  Itio  plainlifT,  whelli  Su|>.  CI.  I!i|>.  DS" 
er  vice  prinei|ial  or  not   (nuch  beinp;  the        'hiis  rule  v  as  applii'l   for  lie 

ctTeet   of  t.lie   Kansiis  atjitute),   when    it  of    servants    in     \>y///ci;i     I'.  II 

was  shown  by  tlie  evidence  that  tho  dis-  lUhlint,   (IS!).'!)   C.  C.  C.  A.  f.Sl. 

tinction  between  a  vice  principal  and  u  A,ip.   (i(;2,   tu    Ted.    1037    (seeiii 

mere   servant   \\:\:<,  recop^ized   in  Texas,  allowed  to  r(%oviT  in  the  Mimu- 

where  the  accident  occurred.  trict    for    ne^li^^enee    of    traiiiin 

"  KanmH  Cily,  Fl.  S.  i  H.  R.  Co.  v.  Minnesota    statute    being    contr 

Becker   (ISfiO)    C7  Ark.   1,  46  L.  R.  A.  ?iorft:<rit  /'.  R.  Co.  v.  Ma.-.-   (1 

814,  77  Am.  St.  Rep.  78.  53  S.  W.  406.  C.  C.  A.  03.  27  U.  S.  App.  23S. 

Tlie    court   took    the   ground    that,  al-  114  (deci.sion  in  Minnesota  distr 


|H7IJ  CONFLICT  ol.  LAWS.  U\\ 

art'  coiic-cniiMl,  i!i n^tnictiuii    plnd  d  [\\-.'U    bucIi  a  xtiitiito    l\v  the 

|ii"lir,-l  ciillll  <it'  t!''  -I:\U-  ill  uliii'li  i(  liii^  liicii  ciiai'lril  in  «•Mll(■lll.^iv(•." 
111  DiK'  i';i»i'  llii  ilu'iiPV  upmi  wliicli  tin-  cniiil  s'c  in -■  to  have  [iru- 
,-t-ik'tl  wiiH  iliat,  il  a  >i;iliilr  iiiMilil's  inn'  llic  lijliiUty  I'f  ciniilMWT-;  !ia-t 
|,i<  II  rIKii-Ird  in  llii-  -Mil'  «hli-ll  ('(UTi.-ih.ikU  tcriilin  i; '  I  v  tn  \\t'-  I'"ril- 
trul  ili--trict,  in  wliidi  tin  iiijiii'v  was  i(rri\c(l,  aii'J  in  \,liicli  tlic  a^i  imi 
ij  limiiulil,  ainl  llic  pfiivi^ioiis  (jf  tliiil   rt.iln!.-  hi-:      Mli-tmii  iMll\      !   'i- 

licill   with    iho^i'  i.r   ;;    ^lallll''   |il-i'\  iiii|-,|c   I  i;;ic(cil    in    ; 1 1  .  !•    -|,||(.^    tllC 

iiiDrc  I'.  <■'  III  I'f  III     h       -l,',liitr>^  sIiiMilil  fiivliii.nily  r i  .•■  1 1,  ■  >aiiii'  ('on 

-tnii'lii'Il  IIH  ill'"    v>liicl:    !ia*   liccli   |i!ac<  il    ll[inll   tlif  i:iili''f  iif  the  stat- 

litcs  by  the  c'lui'i-  iil   tin'  slate  in  v.liii'li   il   wa.-i  criMi';!.!,  iiiiK  -s  tli(> 
.-..iirts  of  till'  -'ale  ill  wKirli  iIk Mil   i-.  Miiiiii;-  liMvi'  piH'V'inii  ly  rrii- 

ari'^r  MoTil.   St. if.   (if    Hs7.   I'li.ip.  !!.">,  {  "f  III'    Dikol  i    ftMlii'i",  n  mi-^tiT  i*  not 

r|iT.  t!u'  iirii.lMrtiir  o(   dih-   Ir.iiii    u.m  u  MmMi-  In  imi-  ciniMKri    f.ir  lln'  tu  ^'Irj.  iit 

lire    I  riiic'i|sil    a-'    (o    (■Mi|.!"yi  i<    on    un-  ncl    of   Jiiotlicr.    ii!i|i--i    llic    litlir    i^    lit 

ijIIht  ir.iiii).  Ilii'  lit"''  i'iiL'ii:i'il  in  thi>  ik'i  lurn;  nn'c  of 

On  till'  un  uml   tlmt   n    n-riiviT  nii'.'lit  ^oiiic  iliity  lli.it    is  |«i-ii!iil  tn  (lie   m.i-i- 

!'!•  hiiimI  fur  :in  injury  r'-iiltiii^  in  iIi'miIi,  Iit.     'IIh'ii-  ^iiiix  In  !"■  no  v.iliil  '_'riiiiii(l, 

mill  r  llu' -^t't  lite  iif  I.i>iii>i.iii.i,  in  uliiili  tliiTrforp,  fur  ili^-' iii  in;;   fniiii   Ilii-   virw 

ihi'  iiiiiii'j'   w.ii     n'-i'ivril.     it     Ills     hern  wliiili    is   .hImmmIi'iI    hy    i n-rl    t"i    tlic 

'iilil  tli:it  an  lu'tion  M;i'.;!i(  111- iiiiiiiii'iin'il  [ilMinlilT    in    orinr.  Ili.t     lln'  stitn-r   nf 

in  a  InliTiil  roiirl    .-.illin;.'  in  T^.n  is.  nl  .Vnitli  Dikntii,  ;i.s  roii-l  nud  liy  llir  liijli- 

tlinii^li.  ;ii'roi<lin^'  ti)  llii-  ilrci^i'His  ill  llic  i-st  ii.iMt.  nf  lli.il   -I  ili',  i'\riii|.t^  llii'  r.ul- 

l.iitiT  -I. Mr,  no  iirtinii  lii'^  ii;;.iin-t  a  re  r<>:i<l  i'iiiii|>'iiy  fn  in   liiliilily  fur  I'n'  in- 

(iivcr  fur  such   ;iii    iii|iiiv.      7'i  cuv  <f    /*.  jiiiics    <'(iir|il.iiiiiil    nf,   iiinl    lliit    in    llio 

A'.  (■'(.  V.  Cox   (1S1I2I    11]")   r.  S.  .'i!!:!,  :!((  coiirls   nf  tliat    sl.iti'  llic   pliinliir  In  Inw 

!..  nl    Sill.  12  Sup.  ri.  Hep.  !"'.">.  (inlin-  cnul'l  nnt   hiivc  rconnicii  ii!>nii  tin-  «iali> 

in;;!'!  fnllnw  llic  ilnilriMi'  Iviil  ilinii  in  of  f,icl.s  prnvrn    at    the    triil.      It    iiii-t 

Tun„r\.  r,oss   (ISI'J)    K;t  Tex.  ilS,   15  also  he  rc'.;ariliil    n«    a    will  csti'Mi  IniI 

I,.  I'..  A.  iiVI.   IS  S.  \V.  "i78;   V'  iv.s  rf  /'.  (hclriiic  lli.it   llii>  states   liino  tlic   i  i;::it 

P.  Oi.   '..    Ci.llins    (lSn2)     8»    Tc.x.    121,  to     n;;ill.i|i'     llm     nlil  intw   c\t~tin'_'    In' 

1&  S.  \V.  ;(li."i    (sec  S  8lHa.  nnli).  twccii   Pinplnycr.s   ar  1    ciiiplnyi'i -,    within 

If  an  action  hy  ttie  rcprosnitntlM's  of  their    rcsju'clive   Imi-lrr-i.    ami    In    ilrlfr- 

a  lii'i'ini'-ci!   enipinyce    in    hn   i;^'il    uniler  iiiiiie  hy  Ic^jislativp  en.iilnuMit  whin  ami 

till' il  inia^'e  act    of    a    state  other  than  innlcr   \'liaf    cireiiiiisiarici  s  an   ciiip'nyiT 

tliat  in   wiiiih    the  cnntr.ict    nf   cniplny-  sliaU  he  hcM    liaKle  to  iiii  ciiiplnyee  fnr 

nfnt  was  maile  iind   in   which   the  aeci-  an  injiiiy  siistaincil  Iiy  the  latter  whil,! 

'Irnl  took    plaie,   the    ri;.'ht    to   reinvcr,  in  his  service.     So  fii    is  we  are  au    i'-, 

.im!  the ''''lit  rf  the  aniiiunt  of  the  iiiil;;-  laws    of    this    de-^iription     h.ive  alwiys 

ninit.  nverneil  by  the  kx  loci,  anil  hi'<'n  treated  as  olili;;  ilnry  iipmi  thi    I'ld- 

net  hv  ''/•  friii.      \iirth(rn  I'.  It.  Co.  ei.il  courts  to  tlie  s.iiiie  (\leiu  aid  'vith 

».  B'l'i      .,    (1KII4I    l.'>4  U.  S.   1110.  3S  L.  like      liinital  ions     .is     ollnr     si  i-  .''uy 

nl.  ii.'iS.  14  Sup.  Ct.  Tep.  07S   (action  in  enacliiiciits,  even   where  ticy  ii.i      ry   tu 

di-lrict  of  .Mi'im'snta  for  injury  received  some    extent    the    pre  e\i^t  iir,'    ruli<   of 

in  Molilalia).     Sec  also  ncNt  note.  the  coninmn   law;    ii  ,ii    \i  •   cm   ci.: i.i? 

'In     .Vm//ii  rii     P.     /«'.    Co.    v.    tloqan  of  no  sunicient  rer,  <  ii   wliv  th  v   >'    '  i!il 

(lSn4)    11    C.   r.   A.   .'■>1,  27    V.   S.    .\pp.  not  have  the  same  cir'ct    in  II..'  Tnleril 

1st.  (;.■?   IVd.    102,   the  doctrine   of   Chi-  courts,  as  rules  of  ilci'-ioii.  wMrh  \<  ae- 

cnm,  M.  cf  HI.  I'.  It.  Co.  v.  Itos.s   (ISSI)  corded   to    other    stale    siaiiitc^"      Tlifi 

112  r.  S.  ,'177,  28  \..  ed.  7S7,  5  Sup.  (t.  speci.il    points    raised    by  cnuniel.  that 

Kip.    1S(,  that   a   conductor     is    a     vice  the    statute   of    Tl.ikola    wa^    nienly    de- 

priiicipal,  wa      rot    followed,   where   the  elaratory   of   the   cnminon    law,  tliit.    in 

suit  was  hrou;.'it   in  the   Minnesota  di»-  const ruinj;  the  statute,   the  stale   court 

trict   for  nil    injury   riH'eived    in    North  merely   irave   exprrs'^ion    'n    its   vicv   of 

Dnki  ta.     "It  wii-s  ruleil    in  elTeit.'  said  the  coninion   law,  and   tint    the   Iiileral 

the  court,  "that,  undei    the    ])rnvisioiis  eourts,   being  courts  of   co-ordinate  ju- 


I 


Ii 


\\U-\\ 


m 


MIS 


MA^TKUAXDHKIIVANT. 


(diAi 


I  t' 


,\m  ■ 


(It^rnd  (IcciMiitii*  inciiiisi^ti'iit  with  lliiit  fi>ii->triii'iiiiii.^  iSiir  in  t 
Ktiiiic4-it  u  i'l'ili'i'iil  court  ut  .i|>|M>aU  \\ni  (Irciiiu-ii  to  iittiK'ii  tu  ii  - 
till*  Hiiinc  inii'i'|M'rtiilii>M  iiti  Niiniliir  I'luu'tiiiiiii-'  limi  ri-criMii  in 
nilnr  lliiin  iliiit  in  wlii.h  ilic-c  con:  (h  win- Mitt  inp' 

872.  — ai  between  Federal  and  foreign  courts.-  Wluii  iin  w 
lii-on.i;ii|  ill  a  Icdir^il  iniin  for  un  iiijnrv  rci-civcij  oni-i<ii'  ili' 
toriiil  iiiiiiiH  t>l'  iIk'  riiiii'd  Sintcs,  tlir  jnri<liciil  r>itii.'iii'>ii  I-  i 
foctcd  \>\  till'  piciiliiir  ri'latioiiH  pxiftiii^  iM'twccn  the  mtiiniMl  i; 
incut  and  the  individual  .slaii's.  I'ndcr  -ncli  circniii'-tHiii'c  -. 
fori',  llic  ri^lil  oi  ad  ion  i-*  di'tcnnincd  wiili  reference  lo  tin-  •: 
priiiri|)les  of  priv'ili'  inleii..  lioiial  law. 

Tliat  an  Aiinileiiii  cili/en  i^  entitlecl  to  Tii.iiritain  an  ai'tini 
Frileral  eonrl  for  iiijiirii'  rrc(i\e4i  on  llie  Mcsican  clivi-inn  i,f 
way  wliicli  i^  i.|Mi,iiri|  iiv  an  .\inerican  ror|toralion  on  jjotji  ~i 
till'  fi.itiiici'  iia."  reel  iiliy  l«'en  held  in  ?-i'Veral  ca-es.' 

'J'iie  lioi'iriiic-'  a|i|ilii  il  are  !»iiiiiiiiarized  in  ilie  iiro|io,iii,,n-  -ct 

the  rtll'.ijoilied  note.       'riu'>.e  statement-'  eoli-litnte  tlie  lieadliot..; 

riKilii'l  inn.  Hi'in  tint    Ixiiuicl   liy   flic  <liH'i-  i'om|)iMiio-<.      Sct    rlujili  r    \\\i\ 

Binri  I'f  till'  »t  ill'  ciniil   III)  l|lll■^til'n<  of  Si.<.  iil«o  \'i'    Yuit..   V.  //   ■(  // 

tliilt   fliirirtiT.    Hcli'   lliii-   ili«|Mi-iil    i)f;  V.    (flniii)    (lH!l!t|    ;i."i   I'.   ('.    A 

"Tlic  III  Liailiint    i»   ill:!l•Mil>ll^..   Imt.  »•<   up  KciI.   T.'IT.   wlirii-    tlii'    ;<i'iir?;il     ri 

tliiii!<,   il    il   f ill.K'iiiii-'.     Till'  sIjIi-  "tat-  rij-'lil*   iiihIit  ^i   ".Inli-  >.|iitiit.'  ;ir 

uIp   to   wliicli    ri'fiii'iK't'  has   l«i'ii    niacli-  iiiiiiiililr  witli   nfirnici.  In  tlir  il 

HlllNT-rill'H   tllO   ci'lllllion    llUV   in    lllr   »lill«  of    stlitc    rmlll.*    wil^    O  rii;.lii/r,|. 

wIllTl"   it    win   I'lliirll'il.   Illllrllinj,'   llic   suit-  '  f'/l/nx/o,    It.   I.  i(    /'.    /'.   I'o.   V. 

j.ct  to  Hlil.h  it  ri'lairs;  iiii.l.  vvlillr  il   is  (IS!M)     II    V.   C.    A.    S8.   '.'T    I', 

true  Unit   ttip   stall'  court   liail   ocia^ion  l.")'.  li'i   Fdl.  .'ifi.1. 

to  rrfiT  to  llii'  iiriiuipli's  of  tlie  (■oiiiiiioti  *  Tlip    cHect    of   Uip   cii"!-!   ipfi 

Inw,  yi't   il   imist  lie  horni"  in  mind  Hint  Ihtit  slatiiti-s  aliro^'iilin;;  Ilir  ili 

»nch  "ri'fi'iriicc  \vn«  niailt'  «oli'l\    for  llic  co-n-rvicc.    «o    far    im    rcyanl-i   iii 

jMtrposc    of    nsccilainini!    llic    iiili'nt  of  of    rnilway  ckiih panics,   arc   not 

the  law  maimer  ns  cv  idciiciil  liy  the  slat-  lilc  where  the  action  is  liripir.'lit 

ute  in  c|.,c->linn.     It  is  the  Htaliilc.  Iiow-  a    receiver    of    a    railway.     Ilur 

ever,  nnil  not  the  coinmoii  law.  »!ii<h  is  /.'iW.i/    (lH!ir!>    ,5  C.   C.    A.   olid.   1 

now  in   f'lice  in  the  stale  of  Noiili   Da  App.    -lOI.    .-)(l    Tcil.    -101     (Cirr-i 

l<ota  :  and  il  is  the  slaliile,  as  construed  not     fidlowedl:      I'lhrr    v.    1  .;,i 

by  the  hi^'hcst  coint  of  Ihal  state,  which  (ISHT)    21   C,  C.   A.  'i^O.  47    I' 

niust  delcniiiiie  llii-  ri'_'lils  of  the  parlies  ."i.'in.    TS     I'cil.    I'lO.I    (Cisir^'ia   am 

and  control   the  ileei-^ion   In  tlie  lase  at  oases  not  followed), 

har.      .\ny  oilier  view   woiiM   render  the  As  to  these  cases,  see  fiiitlicr. 

statute    iiioperalivc   and   nuaatory."  nntr. 

In   Critriil  Tnixt   Cn.   v.   Hant    Tninr-x-  .As   \„  tlie  rule  applied   win  re 

src,  V.  d-  a.   If.  Ci>.    (IHSS)   (•)!)  Fed.  K^;  cideni   occurs   in   a   «latc  wlure  ii 

C'llr  I  Trust  Co.  v.  Knst  Trnnrsme.  V.  cr    may    be     sued,     and     Hie    a 

<.'■  C          Co.    (lH!l."i)    <!!)  t'ed.  3.')7,  n  Ked-  brouffht  in  a  state  where  the  con 

e..          .irt  siltiim  in  the  district  of  Ton-  deteriiiiiiecl  (hat  a  ri  eiver  is  imi 

hcsscp  iipplicd.  lis  afT.iinst  the  servant  of  to  an   action,   sec   Ti  m.s  if    TV  U 

a  railrtav  coiiipaiiy  doiiiicili'd  in  (^tcorv'ia.  l<.,    (18112)    11. "i  I  .  S,  ."in.'t.  :iil  f.. 

the  doctrine  of  the  courts  of  that   state  12  Sup.  ft.  I!ep.  nn.">.  note  2.  "i 

(see  5  8ISa.  ai\l<).  thai  employees  of  a  '  l.nti   v.    V'ririin    C.    It.   Tn 

re<—iver  of  a  railway  company  are  not  38  T,.  It.  \.  :tS7.  2fi  ('.  C.  A.  40' 

ivitnin  the  purview  of  the  .f:)i lit,,  nlw-  •«,    App.    11«.    »'    Fed     '^'il-    l.'f! 

pating  the   defiii-.-   of   common   employ-  If.   I'n.   v.    Mnrnhnll    (1S!I!I|    34  < 

nient    aa    regards    employees  of  railway  133.  !)I    Fed.  033:    Mr,  lam  C.  U 


f  fiirtlicr,  5  Rl' 


\m\ 


1<»MI,H   1   I'K  l.\V\,S. 


24  n 


ri'iKirf  >>i  tln'  fii-l    >f  lln'  llir«>'  I'li-"''  <'i'i'il.  iiii<l  witi-  .■nliipiiil  in  llii«  «•■ 
Ilil  "I  llli'««'  rilM"»  tt«  U  cori'frl  |>l(-iiiliiiinl  "1'  llli'  liiw.- 

l)n  lln-  fin.iiiul  thiit,  uikIit  tlu'  Civil  «.„!,  .,t  <^ii.  1.. .  i  :irt-.  I't.',.;. 
lit.M),  II  scrvimi  riin  ri-civrr  fur  iijiirli«  iniu-ii!  1i\  ih'-  in  ::llL;l•nl■1■ 
f  u  (•"•'*i  niiiil.  ii  Wii«  hitflv  litl.l  L.  :i  I-iiIi'im!  Ill  -ittina  in  tin-  ili- 

•  rii't  I  f   N'lT Ill    llliil   nil    Aliniifilll  rii|ii|iiili.S    u.i-   li;il.|r   l'i>r  ilijiirif- 

...  i'!iii,-iil,  it  tin  •,    wen-  irniMij  in  llinl  |>;irl  ul'  it-'  >\-iiin  wliirli  uii- 
,  [leni'i  •'  'II  (  iiiiM'iinii  Icrrilorv.' 

873.  Lex  fori  controlliriK.  where  statute  affects  merely  the  remedial 
procedure. —  'llic  ^riicral   |>riiici|tlc.  flint  fVfrvtliiiiir  wliirli   pi  rtiirn 


',.,(■»  (HKll)   in  <'   <■    A    ■i'^T-  •"■  ^■•''• 

t 

'Hi  'I'tic  rii;l«(  <>f  im  4'iii|>Ioy<'i'  n(  a 
I  :iii  hI  ii.Mi|>;iiiy.  injiin-il  in  llif  Hi'piil) 
I,,  iif  Mi\iii>  \>\  llir  111  :.'lii;iiii'i'  iif  tin- 
..nipiiiiv.  to  riciiviT  ii:  ii  <ivil  iirlinii 
i.ini.ipi  for  «nili  injury  uinlii-  tin-  Iiiw 
m(  th.il  ri'piililii'.  limy  In-  fnfnrnil  in  ii 
KiiliTiil  riinrt  iif  I  •  »i;il«'  of  Ti\a-.  h.w 
in;'  jiiri«iliilion  li"   |.:iiti('!i  ainl   tlir 

.iilijiit  iiKitlcr:  tl.il  l.iw  lii'inu  iumIIht 
.0  vii;;iii"  iinil  iini  irl.i  in  iwir  m)  ilU-iini 
lir  111  ttlO   lllW    of    till'   «lati>  of   '\'r\.f   ll» 

to  pri'vi'iit  it  (nun  l«'iny  s,)  inf.iri'cil.  and 
Imlh  p;irtic'S  Ix-in^j  cili/iiw  of  llif  I'nil 
•i  Slatr*. 

(Ii)  A  dinsimilnrity  liclwccn  tlic  law 
of  iirnllirr  country  ami  tin'  law  of  a 
»lat<>  in  the  Kpiliral  ronvf  of  wliirli  il  i- 
-niiu'lit  to  Im«  fiiforci'il  will  not  prrvi-nt 
■mil  cnfoici'ini'iit,  iinl('~H  llic  clii-iniilar 
(ty  i^i  HO  [xrcat  a^  to  <'<>nt1i('t  wilh  tlif 
•lllc'd  [lolicy  of  ttiat    slat.'. 

(0)  Tlip  fact  that  a  (it-r-on  iiiinri-il  In 
lla-  no:>liircncc  of  a  raljroail  lompany  in 
.innllaT  cdiintiy  niiv'lil  mic  in  tlial  conn 
try  in  not  millicicnt  to  pn  \ci't  liiiii  from 

■nil!?  in  a  I'nitol  Slates  i it.  p.irlicn 

l.irly  wlicro  the  mnip.iny  own-  anil  ojicr 
iti's  put  of  the  saiiii-  lini-  of  railniail  in 
i!ii>  stiiti*  in  wliiili  till'  suit    >■*  tiroiiv'it. 

Id  I  Thf  fact  tliat  ad-  of  ncjll'jcncc 
!nr  wliidi  tlip  laws  of  Mc\iio  ;  .\.  ■  civil 
r(ni<.(|y  constitute  also  n  crJr  ■  >iilcr 
<hi<  I  uvs  of  tliat  conntiy  i1oi>h  ,  .  |  ro 
vnit  the  pi'fsnn  iniiircil  from  ni]iin*.iiii 
■ir:  a  civil  suit  tlici.(..i-  in  a  T'nilcil 
'^tiiti's  roiirl.  tlie  liaMlily  not  (IciM'ii'lin;; 
im  llio  criininiil  i>ro»cciition  or  <'onvic 
lion  of  till"  ilcfiiidant. 

(c)  Tho  f.ict  tliat  tlic  privi-ioTi  of 
tlip  IVnal  f'odo  of  Mexico  (article  ^i.T) 
tlial  the  jiidae  may  award,  as  ■"eNtiaor 
dinary  indemnity,"  any  sum  tliat  lie 
nny  determine,  considering  tlie  "s<«dal 
position"    of    the    person     injured,    is 


iilfninsi  tin-  ixdirj  of  onr  I  hv,  is  no  iil> 
Mtacli  lt>  a  siiil  Ml  a  Inilcd  ,'»|jt.^  court 
to  enforce  ,i  ri'.'lil  ■.•iv'T  li\  I  li.'  I.iw  of 
Me\iii>.  there  l.i  iiiii  no  prayer  for  nw 

extraoi  dinai  v   iinli  iiini!  v 

(fl     Tlle    fill    lll.lt    tht'-    Me\ielll    ,..1        , 

ari'  not  i;o\i  rued  l.v    pri  ndi  m  .  .md  !..■ 
no  report*   of  adiiidicited   ca-i -.    i-   not 
an    olistiicle    to    nil     iiiion    in    a    t  iiileil 
Sl.ile«  coijit   lo  enforce  u  ri;.'lit   •;ivcn  liy 
tile  l.nvs  of    \lf\iio 

(■Jl    Tlur    dni-ioiis    (if    a     -Iile    emirf 
tll.ll   ,1  l,i\\  of  alM  liier  eolie'ii    i-  ..ppu-cj 

to     the     |lolicy     (i|      lIll"    sllle,     .lt:d     l.lllllOl 

!<•  enforced  t  cle,  are  not  .  ■•iiU'dliiiL'  in 
ilie  l''i'deial  coiirls,  lhi.  ipi' -Mmi  oi  in 
lernaliolial  comity  hciiiL'  (oiillnll.d  liy 
inlcrti.ii  ioiial  \.\\\  and  ciisiem. 

'Hash.,,    ,1      17.     /,'.    f...    v.     Mi  IliilJrit 

(isnTi  :;.•.  r   c.  A.  j;:.  .M  r.  s.  A|i|». 

111.  :'■>  I'ed.  !i:il.  ))|ie  of  tile  aiitliori 
ties  relied  upon   «  i-.  Itiniinl.    v.  Iinh  il 

If.  r„    I  iHsui    iii:i  I  .  s.  II.  -Jii  I.,  id. 

i:i!l.  will  re  (he  iiiiirt  ii»rd  the  foMnuina 
l.iiiyiiau'i':  ■■''  i^  indeed  iii.'lit  di  pi  nd- 
ent  solely  le  '.,.  .■atnle  id  the  sl.ite; 
hut   when  ll^  is  di'iie  fur  »  hieli  llip 

law  -  .\  -  the  ~i  n  -  i  ill  he  liahle.  and 
Ihe  olion  h,\  ,..icli  liie  remedy  is  In  he 
'•nfoiied  is  a  [ler-oiial.  and  iiol  a  re  il. 
ac' ,  I,  :ind  is  of  tli.it  chancier  wlileli 
til  '  iw  reeoL'iii/e-  as  naii-iloiy,  and 
not  .i'.  v.e  c.iniii't  -"e  why  the  defend- 
ant le  V  not  he  held  li.ilde  in  any  court 
to  V  lio-e  iiiri«iliel  ion  In-  can  he  siihiect- 
ed  hy  pi'i  iiiil  priHcss  or  hy  \oliiiilaiy 
ap|xMranee.  .  \\  lienvcr.    hy 

either  llie  lomiiion  law  or  tlie  staliile 
l.iw  of  .1  stale,  a  ri'.'ht  of  .■iclioii  h.is  he- 
eiiMie  li\ed,  and  .1  Ic'.'al  liahililv  in 
eiirred.  th.it  liihility  may  he  enforced, 
and  the  ri;;ht  I'  action  pursued,  in  any 
conit  which  has  jnrisdiclion  'if  siidi 
matters,  and  can  ohtaiD  jurisdiction  of 
tlie  partie:!." 


^ 


ti 


].] 


if 


m 


'  Aikiii 


■7'^'IP 


2414 


MASTKU  ANU  SEllVAXT. 


[CIIAP, 


merely  to  tlio  roincdy  is  controllctl  by  tlio  law  of  tho  state  wIum 
action  is  broii^lit,'  iuvolvos  tlin  conillary  that  tlio  (iiicstion  \v! 
tho  PiTvaiit's  aciioii  is  barrrd  by  the  lapse  of  time  is  deteniiii  > 
the  provisions  of  the  statute  of  limitations  which  is  in  forc(!  in  il 
risdiction  where  the  suit  is  brouj^ht,  and  not  by  those  of  the  -i 
'<i  tlu!  state  in  which  the  injury  was  received.* 

On  the  ground  that  a  rule  of  evidence  has  no  extrat<'rritori;d 
it  has  been  held  that  a  statute  which  provides  that,  wher(!  mi  i 
is  cau>ed  by  a  defect  in  the  appliances  of  a  railway  coin|>;iiry, 
of  the  existence  of  that  defect  shall  be  presumptive  evidiiicr  c 
ciiiniKUiy's  knowledge  thereof,  is  not  the  law  of  the  case  in  {iii  ; 
brought  in  another  state,  where  the  ordinary  rule  still  prevails 
a  master  is  not  liable  for  injuries  caused  by  defects,  unle^^s  they 
hav(^  been  discovered  by  the  exercise  of  ordinarv  care.' 

874.  Presumptions  as  to  the  law  prevailing  in  other  states.— 
case  already  cited,  where  tlie  action  wius  brought  in  a  Fedi  i'.«l 
in  the  district  of  T(>xas  for  an  injniy  received  in  'Mexico,  it  \v;i 
down  tl  in  the  absence  of  proof,  it  was  to  be  presumed  that 
gard  to  the  lialiility  of  an  eniitloyer  for  ne;;!iL''enee  resulting  In 
ries  to  an  employee,  the  law  of  Mexico  was  the  same  as  tiie  1 
Texas,  in  Imili  of  which  countries  the  civil  law  (n-iginally  previi 

Two  courts  have  held  that,  in  an  action  bp      ■ht  in  one  state  I 
injury  reci-ived  in  another,  it  will  be  pre-umed,  in  the  abs(  nee 

'  Ilcrruk  V.   Miiiiiinp'jlis  rf   S(.   K.  It.  |ilari>s  Uu'    cinirl    in    iOita^;c)iii-in 

Co.    (ISS:!)    :il    -Minn.    II,    17    Ain.    l!(l>.  niitlinriticM  alxivc  ritrnl. 
771.   ID  N.  \V.  4l;5;   2  Kint,  Ceiii.   *4(i-'.        ' ■foin  <  v.  ('Iiicnqn.  St.  /'.  .1/.  ,( 

'Cni'i'H'iii     i:     11.     Co.     V.    .h,ltiisli,ii  ('■>.   (li'Ol))    m    .Minn.    ISS.    40    I. 

(1S!U)   •J.j  1-.  W.  A.  470,  9  (".  ('.  A.  r)S7,  'ilO,  S:i  N.  W.  44<;.      Kor  ^i  ili-ii- 

2li    f.   S.   Ap|).   Sf),  (11    I'V.l.   7.'5S    (;ulii)n  IJK!   ))iinci|.1p   tioio   .Tpi.Iiiil.   -ic 

lu'M  nT-,iii;:iin:.Il.'.  altlii.UL'Ii  it  iv,)iil(l  l':v.  §  Id;  Story.  Coiill.  I.,  7ili  <.I 
lirivo  lii-<-n    li:iliV(l    if  luriUi^ii'    in   tlic    jil-         '  Mfrinnn  <'.  If.  Co.  v.  Mnrih;'' 

risdiction  wlioro  tli-  iiciidiiil  (urunv.l)  ;  .il  C.  C.  A.  i:n,  01   IVd.  0;i.i.     Th. 

Kioq.j  V.  Ml'ii,l(i  iG  ir.  /'.  /,'.  fo.(lSS())  >'ito(I   Phillipps  on    V.v.    (Cnv.i-n  & 

77  (;.i.  liOi.  4  Am.  St.  i;r|i.  7a.  .mil  Kchviircis'  rotes),  pp.  -il  tt  v 

S(>c  ■.'ivicvnily.  Story,  ('<inll.   L.   §   .570.  :i.l jn'!;.'!-!!   rases  tlicrc  I'iti-d:    I   I'i 

■fills  id ■•ni,T:l;iry  ru'tc    sivins    to    liiivo  p.  0'):  Wliiirton,  Kv.  ?  \i\^l:  :\iil 

tici'ii    •^imir^iliit    s'tr.niui'ly   lo-.t    si^lit   of  "Indwd,    there    is    fjood    nulliii 

in      lun'i'ii'ii.'-i-     V.     Illiiioia     fircl     Cn.  Iioldinj;  tiKit.  as  ttie  sImI.-  of  'li' 

(lS!)i!)    :il   \\  is.  70,  :!t   1,.  It.  .\.   ')(y^,  .'50  eently  cons(ihile<I  a  part  of  tlic  i; 

.\iii.  St.   Itep.  S.'ii.l,  (IS   N'.  W.  (5(il.  \vlioro.  of   Mexico,   tlu-  rmirts    in    the    ^i 

111   ,in   notion  l>i'nvei'n    p  u  1  ies  wlio   were  'IV\a»,   in    proper   cases,   will   t.ik 

li.iti   doinii'iled   in    lllimds.    it   wa~   'leld  lial  notice  of  llio  laws  eonniinii  ! 

that   the  ell'ect  of  the  statute  of  liini'-!-  oiior    to     the    separation.       .1/'/// 

tiriis    \\hiel\    was    in    foice   in   tliat   stMP  McKoirn   (  ISliO)    1   l.a.  lilS.  '.iit  Ai 

i-ould    not  he  consideied.  Iiee.iiise  it  hail  :i7!);    H'llnchniix  v.   I'trlurli-mx 

not   heen    pnt    in   evidence,     'the    reason  7   La.   fi.'iO.     I'nrthor  than  this,  i 

thus   a.ssicMied,   in    so   far  as   it   may   Im  he  noticed  tli.it,  tnider  the  laws  u 

taken    to    in;ply   tlint    tlie    statute    uoiild  ieo  at   pio>ed   herein,    il   is  cle.lV 

have  heen   nviuded   as  eontrollin;.'  if   it  civil   action   may  he  brought   to 

had    been    properly    ])rined,    manifestly  damages  resulting  from  ncyliymc 


Lirc«  111  till-  ju 

of  tllO  .-tii;;;  . 


t.  r.  )l.  ii  (1.  i: 

iss.  ^0  I,.  r„  \ 

ir  :l    ili-i'li--i  ■•.I  ■' 
.lir.l.    M,.    rr.'.. 

1,.  Till  r.l.  ..; 

.  0;i.i.  Th.'  v:..'r- 
(C.v.ni  i-  111  ;- 
p.  Ain  ■.■■■,,.,  '■■: 
it.-(l:  1  I'Kv.  b 
l-2'.li:  anl  .i-l'.  i: 
.1  aiilli.'ii:v  i  .■ 
nt.'  of  Trv'i.  r- 

■t   of  tllC   lllli'il''  • 

ill    111.-    -t'lt.'  ■! 
.    will    t:i|<,'   in:: 
roiiiniMii  :■■  hi ' . 
„n.     V'lJri-  > 
■J  IS.  20  Am   !■> 
rhirhovx   I  'n''' 
i;in  tlii".  it  i-  ' 
tho  l>\\^  iif  V'\ 
I    is  oIiMV  th.i:  .; 
(luirlit  to  n'lvviT 
1  ncyliyi'iice." 


j8T4) 


COM  r,i(T  i>i-  uwvs. 


M15 


idcne«  to  the  contrary-,  tlutt  the  riiilit^  ^ind  liahilitios  of  oniployora  an.l 
,.nipl<iyws  arc 
citcil,  it  wi 


rciriilatcil  l>v  llic  fpiiiiiioii  law 


In 


f  tl 


11  1)0  oh^on-oil,  this  rulo  wa^  appli'^'l  v.Ikmv  the  qiw 

l.'.l 


10  casr's 


ition 


,  wliotlipr  tho  (loctrino  <if  coiiiiiion  ciiipliniiiiiit  |pnM'hi(l.'.l  n'cnvory 


But  tho  position  has  aNo  hcoii  taki-i 


1  iliat  tills  (l,i,'ti-itii'  was  imf  a  jiart 


of  tho  coiiinion 


la 


w  oxi-titii"'  at  IliO  I 


lat( 


ir  -I'para 


tlnll   (if  iho   Ullitl'li 


States  from  Kiij^Iaml,  an 


1  that  I'or  ihi-  iim.-.im  ih ur 


ts-.f 


caiin* 


it  lU'csiinio  that  tho  <l(icti-iiio  i\i-ts 


iniiti;or  stat< 


line 
an< 


■<tat. 


1  thi 


IS 


tl.    IV. 


oast  upon  a  plaintiif  who  is  sockiii.::  tu  : 
;..  ciich  otlii'i-  stato  thnniiili  thf  nr.iilip  ii 


•  r  tor  :in  untu'v  rccoive. 


in  suf 
ilni  "I 


it  a  1( 


111 


)\V 


I'va 


lit  tho  Imr- 


M'ovin 


ir  that  the  (iootrino  ha> 


■11  a 


liruUiitctl  hv  statiifo. 


M- 


tliou-h  the  weight  of  juilioial  aiitl 


ion IV  is  :ii 


aviii-  of  a  (litTi'iTiit  tlifv 


no 


statoniont  here  iiia<Io  witl 


ari 


t<    tlic  date  at  wiiich 


the 


troiluco.l  into  I'lngli^li  law  is  im-sihly  a.'ciirato.     See 


iicti'ine  was  in 
■171,  ante,     liut  ovon  if  its  aocurar\   I"'  < 


iiici  (li^d,  th 


act   vo 


lif.l 


upon  ean  scarot 


Iv  ho 


nv-ai'ilri 


1  as  adciiiiato  to  siippurt  tiio  cdiK 


lu-;i 


dcaiiood  from  it.     A  ni-n-o  ivasi.na 


hie   ti: 


ocrv  nt   tlio  SI 


liiaiicn,  It  H 


-iiliiii 


IS  I'-l 

trine  i 


itii  \,  is  that  any  oourt  in  wlreli  the  odinmnii  law  is  a.hiiiiii>t.rod 

whieh   the  diH'- 
h 


ii-oable  with  notieo  nf  tiio  miiver-^al  aei 


ho  e.iiin;ri-  s  and  >tati  s  m  wiiieli 


n  question  has  obtained  in  all  t 

system  of  law  pirvail^,  and  tliat,  as  a  re^dt  of  tin'  iinputali.m  of 

rt  is  bound  to  entertain  a  prima  facie  ]ire-miip- 

f  coservicc  is  still  open  to  an  einployor  in  eaeh 


liat 


this  notice,  such  a  cou 


tioii 


that  tho  defense  o 


of  those  countries  and  states. 
These  considerations  woidd  seem  tr 


H'  decisive  a:;ai 


list  tho  eorroci-- 


npss  o 


f  another  (loeisum  a 


Iso,  in  wlii<'li  it  was  laid  down  that,  where 


an  action  for  an  injury  roeoive<l  in  om 


?tato  in  which  an  ae 


t  is  in  force  which  ah 


ate  is  hi^iiin;lit  in  aiielhor 
•  ates  tile  defense  of  coserv- 


icc 
of 


roc^ards  certain  cini 


ddvees,  it  wi 


11  be 


)resunio( 


1,  in  the  absence 


•ilic   testinieny 
tl 


to  tl 


le  eon 


trarv,  that  the    law    of  tho  state    in 


winch  tho  injury  was  recoivei 


l! 


io 


aiiie 


as    that   of  tho  state  ii 


licli  tho  action  is 


breiiirht,  altheuirh   iho  defendants  have  alleged 


that  the  common-law  rule  prevails  in  the  former  state." 


•■rh'nhytnn  <£-  It'.  f\  /'.  '^'o. 


V.  yiiUrr    V.  Km"  II    (IHilOl   fi7  ArU.  20.-. 


u  s.  \v. 


(ifioi  1  n:!  (u 


1-1.  .-is  s.  r,  x-.s, 


(1    so.-)    (difoiHO  of   cn-ervioe   pri'SUiiici 


I   to 


•HV 


ill, 


il    I  \>M)1)    115  C.I. 
•lo   I  lip  corroctin-ss 


u  s.  !•; 


V2    ho  av.iil.ililc). 


of   tlio   (loolira- 


'W.lli. 


V.  Sniilhrni  /?.  Co.  (limil 


tiim  ill  ail  action   for  injiirio-4  cm 


■il  ti' 


12^> 


ilcf'itivi'  impliiiiory  wn 


tc^-toil  witli  rcf- 


N.  ('.  'jsr,.  .IS  s.  K.  an. 

MncCittJni  V.  lt;:i'com6    (1901)    II 


to  the  law   firovailinj;   i 


South    Wis.  113,  S.j  N.  W.  707. 


Caroliiia)  ;  St.  Louis,  I.  il.  ti  S.  U.  to. 


m 


'  1* 

■    3  M 

,. 

'■  '■€:■! ! 

mi 

-J 

i  ..    .      t    , 
1    1.     J 

■if 

^^Hi 


m 


M- 


i:     ■Mjigr 


m 


■  'V  I'm 


"rmi 


OITAPTEK  XLVTT. 

EMPLOYKRS*    LIABIM.Y     INDII!     TIIK    (IVll-     LAW    AND    SYSTK 

K(>lM)i:i)  TIIKTIKON. 

S'Ti.  ScDjic  of  cliapliT. 

A.  Dptii>  ok  emi'1.(iyki;s  to  tfii:ii:  skhvants. 

870.  (Jcm-nillj. 

878.  —  ii.~  t(i  iiii'llio(l>  iif  Hiitl;. 

877.  Ullty  of  t'liiplnyiT  as  to  :i|iplianrc<  :ii;il  placf  of  work. 

879.  — as  to  nilc>  ami  ii'^ulations. 

880.  — as  to  tlic  ciiipliiMiiciit  ol  coiiiiM'tinl  »ii\aiits. 

881.  — as  to  instnictioii  and  warning. 

882.  Duty  to  save  lili'  of  iiiipi'iilcil  servant. 

883.  Assurance  of  saf.ty. 

884.  Lial)ilily  to  sovarits  uorkinj;  otitsiilp  tlio  "onpp  of  their  eniplnyincnt. 
88.').  Ohli^ration-  of  an  iinployer  not  owed  to  volunteers. 

88().  C.iMsation. 

B.  Defknsis  AV.Mi.Anii;  to  i:mi'I  h^  i;i!3. 

S87.  A-~iiriipti(in  of  ri-Us. 
888.    \iiltiili  mill  /il   inim-i't. 
88!>.  (,'untrilintory   riiiili;;ence. 
8U0.  Ciiniiiiiin  eniiilcyimnl. 
(I.   Scollaml. 

b.  I''iaiic.'. 

c.  Ita'y  iinil  S\\  il/er!and. 
</.  (leiniaiiy  ari'l  Austria, 
e.  Qneliii'. 


875.  Scope  of  chapter. —  !ti  this  clinptiT  it  is  propo.arrl  t/>  pivr 
brit't'  .siuiiiiiai'v  ol'  ihr  i)i-iiii'i[)lo!:  l>y  which  tlic  cxtont  of  an  ciiii'ii'V, 
liahilify  i-;  (h'tcniiiiKHl  in  couiitrios  in  wliich  the  civil  hiw  is  lie  i  ;i 
of  the  jiiiMsiiiniik'iicc  adniiiiistcri'd  by  the  courKs.  The  systiins  w 
regard  to  which  Ainorican  lawyers  will  naturally  bo  mo^t  disiiniw 
obtniiiiiiji;  sonic  iiiforniatidn  are  tho.sc  whicli  prevail  in  tlic  ciiiinir 
bordering  upon  tlie  United  States.  The  greater  part  of  tin'  rl-'p! 
therefore,  is  de\oted  to  a  review  of  the  doctrines  a(hipled  in  liif  (::! 
diiin  Province  of  (^)iie!iec  and  in  the  Repiililie  of  Mexico.  liiii  it  1 
been  deemed  advisiihie  lo  d(>vote  some  "".tlie  spa(!e  to  lli(>  law  of  Cor 
nental  Europe  also.' 

'  T'or  many  of  the  facts  which  .irH  writer  is  indehted  to  Mr.  MiKiiim 
iiitntionnl    rejanlinu    Kuro|>ean   hiw  the    treatise  on  Vellow  Servants,  S  8,  wh 

24111 


,  »;0J  CIVIL  L-VW  AND  S^  tSl'K.MS  lOl  .NI)i:U  I'lfKUKON. 

A.  Duties  of  employkks  to  tukiu  si;kvams. 


Mir 


876.  Generally. —  In  all  the  jurisdictidus  with  wliidi  we  arc  om 
opnu'd  in  tiiia  chapter,  tlio  o:;tfnt  of  :in  ciniilnvcr's  clilipilioiiH  di-- 
iKiuls,  ritlipr  wholly  or  partially,  upon  tlie  cnii-.tniciion  d'  iicncnii  or 
fpocilic  statutory  i)nivisi(.ns.     Tlio  otTfct  of  llic  nn.si  important  of 
those  provisions  is  stated  in  tlie  sulijoineil  octi'.' 

In  tiie  ensuinjr  sections  a  summary  is  given  of  tlie  <lrri~ion-»  under 
the  Civil  Code  of  Quebec.     As  tlie  euurts  of  lli:ii  I'p.vin.'c  :iv(.v.c(ll\ 


the  Icirned  iiiithor  expresses  liis  own  oh- 
liijatioii-*  to  tlircc  works, — ri:.,  a  note 
bv  Mr.  0.  W.  Kiislcy  in  '2.">  Am.  i  Kii^'. 
ri.  Cds.  p.  ol-':  "  pimiplilot  on  Kinplov- 
frV  l.i.il>ili<.v  l)y  Mr.  I'lill:  ami  a  mimo 
(rrnpli  on  till'  sa'me  subjcit  I)y  Mr.  Irvinj; 
Tinlor. 

So  iil«o  the  Kn'.'lish  Pitrlinnientary 
Pine  r.ook.  No.  21,  of  ISSli,  wliicti  con- 
tains rrports  on  ttie  lialjilily  of  eni|)loy- 
ers  in  forci^'ii  count  rics,  the  infonnntion 
(living  liicn  collected  in  compliance  witti 
diiiotions  issued  by  Lord  Roscbery  to 
ihp  Kii^'lish  consiila'r  representatives  on 
111,-  cmrtinent  of   Ijiropj^  and  elsewhere. 

'  I'raiice.  —  fode  Niiiwileon.  art.  1.1S;t. 
Everyone  is  responsible  for  tbe  damajic 
of  wiiieli  be  is  tlie  emise.  rot  only  by  bi-. 
fwii  net,  but  also  by  his  negligence  and 
inipriiilenee. 

;\rl.  KlSt.  A  person  in  responsible 
not  onlv  for  tbe  injury  which  is  caused 
tiy  Ills  own  act,  b\it  also  for  that  which 
jj  caused  bv  the  act  of  jiersons  for  whom 
lie  is  bound  to  answer,  or  of  thing" 
ftliicii  he  has  under  bis  enre. 

;^,f„,_Arts.  ll.'i.l,  1  !.')♦,  of  the  Ital- 
inn  Coile  are  couched  in  tbe  same  term* 
us  tlie  aliove  cited  previsions  in  the 
Frcncli  Code. 

Quthir.—Mt  10.")3.  Kvery  T>erson  ca- 
p;\l'i!('  (if  discerning  riybt  from  wrong  is 
rcspdii-ilile  for  the  diimuge  caused  by  his 
f.iiilt  to  iinother,  whether  by  positive 
act.  imiirudence,  neglect,  or  want  of 
skill. 

Art.  in.Ti.  He  is  responsible,  not 
onlv  for  tbe  daiiiai.'e  caused  by  bis  own 
fnilt.  hut  also  fur  that  caustnl  by  tbe 
fault  of  persons  \inder  his  control,  and 
I'V  tliinus  which  be  has  under  his  care. 
Masters  and  enijiloyers  are  responsible 
for  the  damage  caused  by  their  servants 
and  Hoikmen  in  the  performance  of  the 
work  for  \\liich  they  are  eiiii>loyed, 

(Jtrmany.  —  L'ntil  comparatively  re 
wilt  times  tbe  liubilily  of  ein|»';<A'ers  wa.s 
determined    with    reference    entirely  to 


the  rubs  of  the  IIomihii  law.  iinlir  whii'i| 
emploui^  aie  liiiiih-  only  I'lT  ne^li'.'ence 
in  seli'eliiin  and  ~u|ici  vision  iii(//..i  in 
rliuinil".  iii^i'iiirnihi,  if  t'listiitlnndo) . 
Hut  .some  ela— es  ol  cmphivees  have  now 
been  placed  in  a  move  f.ivonilde  position 
by  tbe  provisions  of  the  CikIcs  and  other 
en.ictmeiils. 

Mcclid. — Several  articles  of  the  Codes 
are  set  out  in  the  ri'port  of  /.'I'l/  v 
Ur.rir'iii   C.    I!.   Co.    (  I  Si)7 )    'M   I..    U.    \. 

;)s;,  -Ji;  c.  c.  a.  407.  :>i  v.  s.  App.  iih, 

81   l"e<l.  -i!)*. 

The  ellect  of  art.  II  of  the  I'enal  Code, 
and  arts.  301,  :t04,  ;!l)7.  and  .i-'H  of  book 
i  of  the  s;ime  Code,  is  to  c(,nfer  on  any 
person  iiijiireil  by  and  thioiijh  llic>  m-,' 
ligence  of  another  a  rii.'ht  to  lei.n.r  in 
a  civil  proeeiiling  all  the  ailu.il  dam 
ages  sustaincil. 

Art.  ;nO  of  the  same  Code  provides 
that  masters  may  be  held  I'ivilly  liable, 
through  their  clerks  and  >eiviiiit-.  iic^ 
cording   to   the    provisions   of   ait>.    .'i-ii 

and  3-i7.  for  tlie  m-iiliHem f  -,iii!  ehrks 

and  servants  within  the  .-e"pe  oi  tlieir 
eni|iloyment. 

The' railroad  law  Heel, ires  liirt  ISt) 
that  railway  coiiipaiiies  ••are  liaMe  for 
all  faults  'or  aceiib-ms  wliieh  o.'eur 
through  taidiiiess.  nei;li'^iii.e.  iiiipni- 
ileiu-e.  or  wiiiit  ot  eiipiieity  ol  lli.-ir  em 
plovees.''  liy  this  pidVi>io:i  a  (uiiipany 
is  rendered  liiilde  for  an  iiiiiiiy  to  ;ui 
employee  re-ulling  eiliier  vilely  Iroiii  its 
own  ne'jliL:eii(i>.  or  from  its  own  ne;;li 
genco  enmiiiriii'j  "ilh  Hint  of  fellow 
servants.  See  l/..i;"/(i  ('.  It.  <'<■-  v.  (ll'i 
nr    (I'.UIl)    4ti   C.   (J.   A.   3:14,    lii7    I'-d. 

Art.  mi  of  the  net  of  ttie  .Mi^vican 
Coiiijivss  of  December  l.">.  |SS| .  ,h dares 
that  railway  companies  are  liable  lor 
all  faults  'or  accidents  wliidi  o.-ciir 
tbrouirh  tardiness.  r,,.^rli^,|.n(e.  ii.ipru- 
dencei  or  want  of  capacity  ot  their  em- 
ployees. 


.h^it''^ 


I  Iff 


I 
I' 


% 


*  f 


\n^\. 


2418 


AIAhlKK  AND  SKUVANl. 


[iMAl', 


i'M 


Jcfrr  to  tlio  antliiirity  of  tlie  jml.^os  and  juridical  writcM  nf  I'l 
tlio  dccM-iiiiis  cited  may  iui  regarded  as  a  fairly  ac 'iirato  [ireien 
of  the  law  of  tiiat  enuiitrv,  also,  'ilio  Coile  uf  Italy,  lieiii'^  c 
from  that  of  I-'iaiiec,  reeeiv»'H,  it  may  he  iiresumed,  a  similar  imii 
ti.  n.  I'lpr  ail  aeeeimf  of  tlie  formei"  and  tlio  exiitiii;^  law  of  eii 
ers'  lial)ilily  in  (iermaiiy  and  Austria,  tlio  reader  is  refeiM-eij  i 
articles  cniiti  ilnited  by  ^Ir.  i'carce  lliggins  to  llic  Juridical  lli 
vol.  IX.,  pp.  24 y,  oO.'). 

877.  Duty  of  employer  as  to  appliances  and  place  of  work.- 
owners  of  industrial  establisiuneiits  are  ln.iind  to  provide  fully  U 
safety  of  tlio  workmen  employed  by  lliem,  and  llo'V  are  re-v  .i! 
as  regards  tliose  workmen,  for  all  accidents  and  injuries  wlii  li 
rtsiilt  either  fmni  defects  oi  constructidu,  or  from  tlie.  fiiiluic  !■ 
iiiachinerv  and  apparatus  in  proper  conijit inn,  or  frnni  the  inii; 
or  unskilfnlnoss  of  the  employees  who  Mip'i  inti  nd  the.  dil'"'  ni 
partments  of  the  business.  They  canimr  (■•.eape  their  respni-i 
e:;ccpt  ill  ca->s  of  [aire  iiiiijcinT.^  'Hw  fai^t  that  a  certain  siej, 
jiK  r;iii!i(  11  would  have  reqnirecl  a  con  ideralile  expenditure  ef  n 
is  iKit  of  itself  an  ade(jU:i(o  (>\<m!S(>  fur  the  niaster'.s  failuii'  ;• 
tliat  precaniiiiii.^  Still  less  will  the  master  bo  peniiitled  i..  t 
li;diiii»y  by  the  plea  thai  the  adoption  of  a  dilferont  arr:iii::i 
Vt  u'd  have  entailed  a  slight  increase  of  expenditure,  and  .some  f. 
alii-n  of  the  work.'' 

.If  a  niacliino  used  by  a  master  was  in  good  order,  negligcnci 

'  f!iir'i"It  V.  Viim  (ISSl)    II  rjcv.  I.i'j.  dccinpil,  iis  respects    adults,    a   c\ 

(Mdiilii'al    C.    S.)     217.     acli'i'liiii.'     tlie  lircneli    of    duly,    wii^    left    hum  i. 

stiiti'iiii'iit   of  T.MUii'ut,  vfil.  2(i,   N'(i.  -ITt.  two  o:i>0'(.       AtcLnnilKnilt    v.    Ih, 

.An  clictrio  powor    coniiiiiiiy    ia    lial>le  lliirh     Wire    Co.    (ISiD)     IS    llrv, 

for  till'   dratli   (if   an   piniilnyco  from   an  ((.'ih-Ikc   S.   C.)    .IT    (nit.vriy   'i.-i 

cliitrio  sliocli  from  a  wire  imt  properly  dcniid    en    the    •.'round  of  ( li 

ii'-iiluU'd.  wlicn- it  failL'd  lo  provide  him  ni-;jli^,.|ui')  ;     Li'i/iirc    v.    /.'.-/i.' 

Willi  protrctiii^  plovp^,  wliiidi  it  wiis  .tc-  llap.  Juil.  Qiii'ljcc,   I'2  ('.   S.    1  '  : 

cu-loniod  to  furni-'li  its  eniplnyci-s  when  '.'I'lioo  said  to  li«  po'^-ilily  not  pi 

»'i!;.';iL'i'd  in  similar  \vorl<,  and  \\liicli  of  omission  to  provide  a  i^nni  1  . 
v.i  uM  have  prevoiitpil  the  aeeident.    /><■.«■        ^  An  pniployii"  v.lio  li;is  oinitic! 

j(iiili}is     V.     Cir'-cnx'     I.iglit     iC  P.    Co.  vide  a  tiuililiic.;  (■speeinliy   fdr  liu' 

(ISl'S)    rtiip.  Jnd.  Qnetii'e,    1.)  < '.   S.   2S.  iny  o'lt  I'f  duiainile  is  not  ridl.vi'. 

T.iekle  n>i'd  in  loading  oi'  Mnloadin;^  a  lialdliiy  for  injuries  resniliii;;  fi"i 

sliip  i.n;;lit  to  he  su'licient    to  witlisland  oiiii<~i>in    on    the    L'rn;i!iil    iIkiI    it 

any  strain  thi'.t  is  likely  ti>  he  put  iipui.  have  hei-n  diilioiilt  and  <iw|ly  to  j 

it  liy  ordinary,  unskilled  latiorers.    A'ov.s  a  I'nildinj;    e-[ieeinlly   for    th'^    |i 

V.  iMmili.is  ('lSS.">;  ynelw)    .Moiitn^jil  1..  Ihifiml     v.     .\slnK[i,s    <t     .isu^^i. 

l!e|..   1   Q.  ]!.  280.  (ISiiSi    l!ai>.   -Mid.   Qnel.c-e.    1')  (. 

Whether,  in  the  ahsenee  of  an  express  MUn.ied  in  i  l!'l).l|  :!0  ('mi.  S.  ( 
statutory   provision   roiinirin;;  that   pro         '  .^rni.tini    v.    /)   'r<iit     r.ri:l(f   i' 

caution,   the   failure  of   an  cinplov-er   to  H'o//,5!    (1809)    liiip.  -Jud.  Quebec, 

feuce    daii;ieious    machinery    u    to    be  S.  2U4. 


J  87 


CIVIL  \..\\\    \MJ  SYMKMS  lOI  NDKI)  rilK.Kr.oN. 


;»n 


not  1'!'  iniputod  to  liini  imrcly  on  the  jfrniiiiJ  tii;'t  it.  \v;i>  soincwliat  In- 
fcrii'T  !o  iiiorp  iiKKlcrn  tiiiicliiiics  of  the  <imir  iiiM;,|i!iiin.* 

A  iiiii-lcr  who  is  dciilin,::;  wiili  cs-cntinliy  claii^^i  loiis  tiiiims  is  bound 
•0  tali'-  \h''  iitiiiost  ciirr  ti)  >it  ihai  t!i''V  A"  ti"l  inlli^-l  aiiv  Injnrv  ui'nii 
l;ir.  H  rvaiit.s,  and  nui-t  ondcavcr  Id  si-cnn  I'mir  swlViv  1)V  ;ul"i<!iii,;;'  all 
kiiiiwii  ilcvii'fs  wliicli  HYP  coiidiifivf  tn  llial  <n>\.' 

A  mastci'  is  Iviiind  to  prnici-t  liis  s-crvaiit^.  sn  far  a-;  lliat  rc-n!t  can 
be  attained  by  the  ad<i[)!i'in  of  o\('rv  rra-"nalil"  pncauti.m  wlii;'li. 
'iridc-r  '.ho  iii\<'n  (Mrcninstancc-.  \'.mii!i1  Ii(>  dccnc'l  ni'cc  -.n-y  and 
proper  liv  a  p."rp<in  j^'.-M'—inu;  that  dc^Ti'i-  "f  -l;i)!  and  -]m cial  l<nn\>l- 
.>J"-o  winch  til''  hiw  inipntcs  to  tho?"  \\li.>  <ii-a,;;i'  in  any  ;iariicuhir 
'raJe  uv  Im^iin'-s.      Sj>nn(hl  pcrilidin  (///'-•." 

A  !iinstcr  is  nut  an  insurer  or  gnaranior  of  tli"  -afcty  of  his 
-ervants.^ 

The  prineiph'  wli'ch  forbids  tuc  itifiTi  ii'c  i-f  cn!p:ibi!ity  vAvvo  tho 
appliances  and  the  mcilnKls  WM'd  by  the  master  arc  of  ?.nrh  a  cln.-ac- 
ter  diat  bi«  servants  can  avoid  injnrv  by  the  e\erci  c  of  ordinary  can- 
is  n'cn<niized,  and  in  some  ca-es  is  deeisi\c  in  his  favor."  T'.nt  ibis 
iirineiple  is  sn.bject  to  some  important  iinaiilications.  Startinir  from 
•he  theory  that  an  employer  owes  to  liis  v.orljiicn  the  ssiino  mr'a^nre 

'SnrnuH  v.  Vmti   (1881)    11  Uev.  l.r'A-        *  A"  rinpti^viT  onpi-cd  in  onn^tni.l  iii;» 

Mdiit'cnl  C.  S.)    217.  si'wiTs   is   li.i''lo  to  nn  oni[iIijVi'P   for   in 

'.An  pli'otric-lifilit  nnd  powPr  oomimny  jiirir^   snslnincd   liccmisc   t.f   his   f:nluii' 

.wc!  to  n  llnrniiin  tlio  'Iiity  of  ;\(ln|itin^'  to  u-(>  iiiciiiis   knov.n   to  pximtIs   f..r  nv 

fvorr  pr    ..ution  wliirli  cnn  lie  tiiken  to  nioviiiii  ciilMinic  yaM.  wlni'ti  wo'ilil  I'.rccs- 

prrv'int    livf     wires     niii'-ins    ai'ciil«-nt«.  sarily  nifininilate  at  tlic  hultoiii  of  the 

citirrnft'     I.ii/ht     <C     I'.    Co.    V.    I.rpllre  fi.iirli.   altlioicjli    tlie  oiiii)l"yii>   anil    liis 

;1S!IS)   2f  Can.  S.  C  1.  n  ip)i  iriion.;  niiilortnnk  the  i';\(m\  ition  in 

In  Ashr^tuK  it  .■l.v?,<'<;M>  Co.  V.  Diiymul  a   (irtain   time    at    a    )i\"il    ilaily  Mini, 

ilimil)    :!n  Can.  S.  C.  2S.">.  tlio  rmirl.  in  nn'riinis    v.     //f.ir'"    (lS;i7)    l!ai>.    ■InJ. 

hnldiii"  tliat  nc^liL'fnrP   nii'.'lit   prnporly  Qm  Im'p.   11  C.  S.  '-'•-'.'). 
he  iiifrrrr-d    from   t!io    ftirt    thai  an    <iii-        .A  i-toviMlon'  is  diirL-ialili-  "-itli  laiowl- 

nco'-i^ry  anil  nnri'a-fnril.li'  rpinntity  if  ciI-:!'  of  tlii?  ilaniicr  i-rraliil  !iy   a    jft    of 

dyniuniti-  tiad  1k'i-ii  ari-mi,al;itpil  in  'i!an  strain     isMiin;:     fruiii     an     nnproli  .-ti'il 

i^i-ons  Tioxiniitv  to  tti-   \<h<rf  of  work,  wa-ti-     pipe     St.     .1  n  .n"Z     v.      C  l,...,;i 

said:  "Thp  poi'i!  to  lifr»  from  IiiL'li  ox-  (IS!l^!  I'.ap.  .In<l.  QihI^.v.  I:1  C.  S.  ■2± 
plnsivos   ia   so  ^roa(.   nnil.   n«   slioun   liV        ^  Snnil'tp    v.    /•'.'n.i'    Hrr!'!'-    .(     /.i';i 

ttip  I'viitrni-o.   tlio   can-.-   of  ttii'ir  PNi'to-  M'»r!.f    (ismi)    X{i\\  .Tii.i.  Qmliii'.   Kt  ('. 

sion  fro.viciitly  so  oli?iMirr.  tlial   daiiia.uo  S.   2;');     Cumry    v.    H'tiI    (ISSIJ)    .Mon 

mny  faiitv  lie  anticipati-d  as   li'iily  to  troal  L.  Itcp.  Q.  B.  2i;2. 
ensae  from  the  si't   of  ov.f  wlio  acriiMUi-        'It  if*  not  nrLrllL'eiKc  to  u=p  a  nr  i':.n.' 

lates  an  unnsual  and  mil'  Kor  ititc  quan-  wliirli    i*    not    ilan^i-rniis    in   itself,   l.i.t 

tity  in  danpercns  jiroxir.iity   lo  others.  niiTfly  dan^'croiis  to  n  worI;inan  wlio     ■ 

In'plapin?  il  where  an  opportunity  for  ne^liu'ent    and    inalteiit  ive   to   l.i«    di 

ianuije   niay  be  erealed,   oiilier   t>.v    tlie  Sannll    v.    Vinu    (1S81)     11    Tev.    ' 

nuttire  of  tlio  suhstanee  or  by  forliiitous  (Qiatiec  S.  C.)  217  (injiin-  oaii-ed  '>, 

rfrfiimstanee    or     nepleet   of   others    or  maeliiiio  into  which  the  workman  bad  ti. 

other  cause,  he  takes^tho  chanco  of  the  insert  the  paste  to  lie  rolleil  for  makiiit; 

hnnpenini;  of  such  other  event,  .and  can-  biscnits).     See  also  cu.ies  cited  in  §  88i), 

not  disconnect  himself  from  the   fairly  tn/ia. 
U>   ho    niif  icipati'd    con-i  i|iienee.s   of  bia 
own  nejlisieneo." 


fl 


m 


i 


i*io 


ALiMEK  ANU  SKKVAM'. 


[« ii.\ 


t  i"  ! 


i 


1 1 


U'^>i 


of  care  as  is  owed  by  a  "hnn  phc  dc  fainiUc"  to  liis  own  cliil 
courts  J('(lii('(>  tli(!  CDiisccpu'iKsi^  tliat  he  imist  protect  liis  ,< 
upiiiu^t  even  tlic  rnnsoiiucncx's  of  tlii'irown  tiiistaki's,  itn|ini(lcii 
tli<>uf;lilU'.*sncss,  ami  tliat  lin  is  to  tliis  end  Im.iiihI  imt  only  to  i;i 
onlcis  as,  if  tlicv  arc  ohcycd.  will  .■^•curr  llicir  safotv,  Imt  al-i 
that  tlidx'  (irilcrs  aro  proix'rly  oxcciitccl,'"  Tlic  oliliiratiiiii  tiiii: 
c-atcd  is  dci'larcd  to  lie  ('sprcially  iticuiiii)i  i  in  tlio  caso  of 
cliildi'(  n."      As  applied   for  the  benefit  tt"  this  elass  of  eiri| 


*  M i-1'nrtlni  v.  Ttntnins  lidi'iitson  \tf(J. 
Co.  (lH!l!t)  l!ii|).  .Illil.  t^liiclM'C.  IS  C.  S. 
'ill. 

"  (Irnrill  Mul'hiirs  lit.  V.  Ifol.rhiird 
(1SS7)  i!i>|..  .Iiid.  (,)ii.-liic.  S  li.  15.  -).-.0 
(injury  I'uiispd  \<\   pmircliii;;  set  scri'w). 

in  SI.  Aniiiini  V.  i:il»n,i    ilKllS)    I!.ip. 

Jiiil.  <,Uicl l:!  S.  ('.  11.  Ilii-  ((lUit  ii|> 

provi'd  11  riiliiii;  in  tin-  inrlicr  i-isc  nf 
IhhotniDi  V.  Tn  11  lliii  I,.  l!.i|).  .'ml.  Qui'- 
bec,  4  S.  C.  :;|S.  Ili:il  -Mil  rltl|ilny,  !■  is 
bound  to  prill cct  his  iiii|ilciyiis  hy  tlic 
bi'st  fHi^.-ilili-  iiH'.ui>.  and  wen,  to  xiinc' 
extent,  .ij,'iiiiisl  tlicir  oun  imprndiMU'c" 
TliP  court  reninrUi'd:  '■'I'lic  position  of 
i'nipli'\('(>  is  a  (lidicult  one.  'I'lir  Ic.ist 
exliiliilion  of  un«illiii;;ni'ss  on  tticir  part 
nmy  lead  to  tlic  lo>s  of  tlicir  situation; 
tlioir  attention,  too.  is  taken  up  «illi 
tlio  nainial  lalior  tliey  are  in  tlic  art  ot 
|)erforiiiiii^';  tliey  ,ire,  liy  education  and 
trainiuL'.  fir  less  capalde  of  forcscciiii; 
and  avoidiiii;  dan;;er  than  their  oiiiplov 
e)s." 

In  one  ease  the  law  was  suniiiicd  up 
in  the  foUouiii;,'  pro|insitions:  That  the 
master  is  rcs|ioTisit)le  for  his  faults  of 
omission  is  well  as  his  faults  of  com- 
mission; that  he  is  bound  to  take  the 
prceaiiliotis  nceessai\  to  moid  the  iicei- 
denls  whiili  may  occur  to  the  \\orUiiien 
whom  he  employs,  even  liy  reason  of 
their  o\»n  inipiudeneo:  that  it  is  his 
duty  to  see  tliat  the  measures  thus 
adoptcil  ,nre  cliseived :  tli.it  it  is  not 
even  ciiou'.li  tor  him  to  li.ive  taken  se- 
rious prec.iu!  ii  IIS.  if  he  failed  to  t.ike 
all  llio-sc  uhicli  were  comi'  ■  ilde  «ith 
the  nccc-sitics  of  his  indu-  ;  that  In. 
is  boiiiii'  to  piovide  not  only  for  acci- 
dents of  a  usual  kind,  hut  for  those 
which  aro  barely  po-sjlde;  that  he  is  re- 
sponsil>li>  for  an  injury  riN-eived  h.v  his 
workman  while  enL;a;;eil  in  a  d.injierous 
work  which  he  has  ordered  such  work- 
man to  perforin;  that  it  is  his  duty  to 
take  all  !HTc-sai'v  prccaul ions  to  i;u:ir- 
antce  the  workman  a,i;aiiist  the  conse- 
quences of  liis  own  ini|iriidciii'e:  that 
this  ohli'Mtion  is  still  more  strict  wlicn 


th»>  servant  is  u  child  who  is 
of  the  dan^jcr  which  he  may  i 
has  neither  the  pr;idence  nor  lli 
ence  fiecc^ssary  to  protect  liim-i 
the  master  is  boiini'  whin  In- 
children,  not  to  assi_i,  to  Ihcni 
whiili  l)rin;,'s  them  into  contact 
danyeii'Us  parts  of  machines;  ; 
it  is  liis  duty  to  pnit^'ct  tliem 
the  j;rave  consiM]Uenc<.s  whirli 
entailed  by  acts  of  levity,  t!i"i 
liess,  and  the  iMpriees  natnr.il 
time  of  life.  \irUlmhl  V.  ) . //r 
K;ip.   ,lud.   gileliee.   ti    IS.    U.   .1111. 

In  Sortnill  v.  \'iini  ilssii 
Lo^'.  (.Montreal  ('.  S.  i  ■JlT.tlie. 
lers  to  a  piissayc  in  which  I.aiir. 
•li).  p.  ;>1H.  .\o.  .);!S),  comiiHiai 
a  French  (liiision  to  the  ellnl 
em])loyer  is  in  fault,  where  he 
take  the  most  minute  pri'caiii 
the  protection  of  his  ciiipkn 
ihat  ho  is  hound  to  s.il.;.iia 
a'jainst  the  eH'cits  of  their  owt 
dinee,  rema'ks  that  this  doitr 
seem  excessivi  ly  .severe,  as  re;; 
emidoyer.  but  that  it  is,  neviTtli 
complctidv  conformable  to 
principle-,  as  it  is  to  liuinanii 
imieli  as  workmen  who  are  willi 
'■'tion.  and  wanting'  in  tonsj 
c.uise  they  are  thus  wantiiiL'.  h, 
faniili;ir  with  the  danu'cis  nf  il 
that  tliey  ne;;lect  the  pice  mi  i. 
tile  most  simple  prildeiu'c  ialiiM 
learned  author  puts  the  case  v 
tr;iclor  for  the  e\eav;ition  of 
who  has  directed  his  worl>in<'n 
when  there  is  dan;,'er  of  the 
slipping'  down,  and  lays  it  ili 
such  eontrictor  is  respensiht.' 
event  of  an  ii<'eid(>nt  happiiiii 
does  not  watch  over  the  v\t 
this  order,  an. I  so  protect  the  i 
aji-iinst   their  own   ini|>r;ideii>'.'. 

The  doctrine  that  ,i   ma-ter 
to  SCO    th;\t    an    ord'T   is  excel, 
hitelv  apjilied  in    Mnilrl  v.  /.''),«• 
l^ip.'  .Ilid.    (Jnehec,    lli   C.   S.    II 

'' h'l'hilaillr     v.    U7ii(c    (1901 


ilM 


lire  tiur  tin 


li  8T«  »8l]    CIVIL  L.\U  AND  SYSTKMS  KOtNDKI)  TIIKIIKOV.  2421 

.iicb  a  dtictriiic  iiiuy  be  iicarlv,  if  imt  cxiicilv.  paiallcli'ti  in  tli"  <!oiii- 
iiion  law  (SCO  §  li),  a«/*')  ;  l)Ut,  so  far  as  adults  nrc  conwriicd,  it  ccr- 
taiiiiy  fixes  a  liiclwr  stamlanl  of  can'  tliaii  ihai  sysicm  (>x;i<'ts. 

878.  — a»  to  methods  of  work.—  In  cuiniiii;  nut  liis  wcrk  an  <iri- 
ployer  is  iiii'lor  tlii'  duty  of  usitif.";  huiIichIs  as  safe  as  iirc  |ii'a(ii<'iiipli..' 
lie  is  nogligeiit  if  the  iiictiinds  wliirh  lie  ('iii|il(pys  in  carrviiii;  "ii  lii.-t 
work  are  Huoh  as  cxiwsc  iiis  servants  to  iiiiii(('c..safy  and  aviii<lalil(' 
jjorila.' 

Tiio  test  of  iicgliucneo  is  imi  wlutlici-  ;;i'caiiT  pfccani  i.  ii>.  niii^lil 
have  been  taitfri,  and  the  ufcidcnt  avoided,  Imt  wiieili.T  Midinaiv  |in'- 
■  uutiens, — tliosc  usual  iindi-i-  tlie  cireiini-lanci's. — were  taken." 

870. — as  to  rules  and  regulations. —  Wliere  tia'  eondiiii.ns  nnder 
vhich  the  niastcr't!  business  is  carried  on  are  such  that  ihc  ^alViy  of 
lie  servants  cannot  be  adei|uat(dy  secured  wiiliout  ilie  [intnmltratiMii 
if  rules,  an  obligation  ari-e-  to  make  rules  wliicli  will  lie  eil.iii\..  lur 
dm  protection  of  the  servants,  ami  to  .-ee  not  only  iliat  tlin-r  ruji's  are 
iiiulorstood,  but  also  tliat  tliey  are  nlieye<|.  Tbis  duty  i^  iiinic  e-.pe- 
■ially  oblifratory  where  girls  and  yuun;;  pir^ons  ari'  enipji  yed.' 

880.  — as  to  the  employnient  of  competent  servants. —  j  hat  tli.'  mas- 
iT  is  culpable  if  ho  hires  or  retains  an  nii-killed  or  othorwise  ineoni- 
|ietciit  servant,  anil  must  answer  for  such  in jinies  as  other  empli'Vees 
iiiiiy  receive  in  conseipieiice  of  the  unliiness  of  ihat  sei-vant,  lia>  lie^ n 
'i(('l:irc(l,  ari/iifii<h),  in  one  ease.'  Uut  this  ])rineiple  is  of  no  pra'tie  il 
iiiipiirtance,  as  the  coinmoielaw  doctrine  of  co~er\ii-e  is  not  applied  in 
!iis  I'rovincc.  See  §  i^'.'O, //(/V'f.  In  the  ca~e  cjteil  the  actii;il  raii"!!- 
ili' of  the  jiidpnent  was  th.-tt  n^covery  could  iioi  be  bail,  as  theie  was 
lu  evidence'  to  show  bow  the  ai'<'ident  oienrre<l. 

881.  — as  to  instruction  and  warning-. —  The  e.\i~:"i! f  ,-iti  nhli^'i 

iiii»  to  impart  iiiformatinn  as  to  the  jjroper  tnannei'  .pf  ilnini;-  ihi'  v.ppi'k 

111  I'.iiiid,  or  as  to  the  daubers  incipient  llierelpi.  is  inlVrri^il  in  all  <r.'isi  -. 
vvlic.-e  it  slippuld  have  bei'ti  appai'cnt  ti>  a  rf^asppiiidply  intp'lliLiiiit  |pp'r-i'!i 
iKit  the  perils  to  which  the  work  snbjepiepl  the  spi'vaiit  in  (piestion 

•liipt.  QiiiOxM-,   m  r.  S.  431:   MrC'irthii  v.         '  IH.h'fuu  .f  O.   \ii<\  Co.  v.  Sf.  ./.'■, 

num'i!'  Ihiri.h'in  Mffj.  Co.   (18!)i>)    l!;ip.  llSiS:!)    Moiitrp'Ml    I..    I!p|p.        i.r    I'..   ■.';,_■. 

■h'A.  Qiiclii-c.   IS  C.  s'.  27;J.  Ipdldiiii;   tliat    it    w.p.,    ihpi  li i,  .•    to 

'  Siiiiil'ni    V.    bilioit    lirifjqft    rf    I  i<in  ii-p'  p.iily  oiip-  li,i",-pr   tpp   f-       pi    li  ;.'llrr 

I'i't/.v   (ISOIl)    rtap.  Jud.  Quebec.   Hi  (".  tw<p  -lpi|ps,  frnm  ippi,'  ipf  «lpi.-  .  l:"P"!^  up  pi- 

s.  2111.  tp)  Ipp-  t  i',piP7.lpii>iH'p|  Ipp  tipi'  (Pilip'i-. 

'Si:iiih)i     V.    Di  troit    Pridiic    if   Iron         '  l'<in,il      \.'  Sihhuiuin     IISIp7i      R.p,, 

ir-p'.s   (ISO!!)    R;i|..  .T\ip1.  Oiip'liec.   Ifi  C,  .tiipl.   (.MipI.t.    1-2    C.     S     lN:!    m.,  i.),.p,,;,. 

-    -i:t.   where   tlie   method    adoptcpl    for  l;pid  pIppuii  iis  U-mz  :i|p|ilii':plplp'  t.,   fppi., 

'i"i-liii;.'  iH'iivy  piwes  of  iron  witli  a  pIpt-  rips  in  wliip-lp  -ip-:i      |pi  «i  v  is  pi-,  !  i. 
!!■!.   v.i.-    siir'i    tliat    the   cmplnyres   }k:.1         -SI.     !.:•::■■■  m      .»•,;••,      /,'•,''      r-,.     v. 

'pi  stand    in    a    [visition  wliieli  expiisp'd  Cuiniihill   i  iss.'p)   Montreal  I..  Kp  p.  ]  Q. 

il;pMi  to  un-at  ipcril  if  the  chains  or  pul-  U.  290. 
It^js  jj-iive  way. 


'    ') 


'M: 


11 


H 


M2k 


MAM  Ki:  AM)  si:i;\  \m. 


h:> 


!  II 


wore  proluilily  not  njiitriK-ititi '1  l)y  liiiii.'     'lliis  duty   i-  mi 

fiiill^'  olili^'iitory  in  tli"  >m-('  "f  imxiiciiiii i  diil'ln  ii   v.i,, 

Kij^nci!  to  work  of  an  (  ■  <iiii:illy  i!aii,uiT"ii ■■  cli.n.i.  i.  :•.-  I 
w'Ui,  lifiwovcr,  that  tlic  ma-ii-r  dix'l'.a'-;;'-.  lii-'  nliliLiaiimi-*  full 
Midi  ci^l•llnl^taIl<■<.^^  il'  tlir  diilil  k  given  tin-  u.-.-.i-.iaiicr  ul'  :i! 
onw  1  Workman.'' 

Sonu'  kinds  of  work  aro  n^iparcnfly  npivilnl  as  Ikmiij;  so  d: 
that,  wh(>n'  an  iinniatiirc  yotiih  has  horn  Ms>i.-i;i(i  to  thrni.  nr 
is  iiil"(  i-ahlo,  irri'.-iK'ctivo  of  wlidlii  r  he  was  or  was  n 
in.slnii'lfck'' 

882.  Duty  to  save  life  of  imperiled  servant.—  To    djaru'f*   n 
willi  rcsponsihility  for  the  failnrf  of  iiis  aucnl  to  mcc  iln' 
servant  in  jeopardy,  it  ninst  he  sli(jwn  tli.it  siidi  ii^.  nt  \v;i- 
iu"'li<;('nt.     He  eannot  he  lu  lil  liahle  wlieiv  tlie  ev'  k  iiee  ni  ic 
that  sonietliinjr  nii^ht  have  heen  done  \\hidi  wa    not  (km".  ; 
if  tliat  s<>nietliinj:  had  heen  done,  ck^atli      onld  in  t  Imve  en-u-i 

883.  Assurance  of  safety. —  Alth"\ii;h  tlie  ni;  -ter  or  his  n^ 
liavo  acted  in  j^ood  faitli  and  in  the  lielief  tlial  what  lie  siii.l  \ 
ho  is  liahle,  ns  for  neiilii^ence,  if  ho  assures  liis  >ervaiits  tluit 
in  no  (htniicr,  and  tlins  induces  tliein  to  remain  on  tlie  jireiiiis 

it  on^ht  to  have  I n  ai)iiari'nt  tv  hin»  iIkiI,  \ind''r  tlie  cinui 

their  popilioii  nii;iht  at  any  inoment  heeoino  one  ef  extreme 

T.issrfJ  V.  /.ri'iT  (ISSri;  QiiiOifC  Pour  Mfn.  Cn.    (ISODI    I!;ip.   .Iiil  ( 

(|p  IT.'vision)   r,  I..  N.   IHl.  ciliii-  T.mir-  V.  S.  272. 

crt.    vol.   XX..   No.    AIT)    (iir"|Mr    w.iy  of        *  In  oiio  c.tsc  it   \v;is  licl  1  !( 

Ji;\ii(Iliii',' n  iK-w  tool )  :  (!">■:>'■   U'llthnifi  fciifc   f;.r  nn  ('iii;.lo\,T  !■>  |.;i' 

f'o.  V.  I!'i)irlf!r<l    (ISDT)    i;ii|).  -Iiiil-  Qi""-  lifli'i'M  to  work  ill   ;i  iiMc'iii!.    1 

Iii-p,   8    1!.   1!.   ."'.">":    I'liTint   v.   Si'liloi.iiin  Ixi.nds.  not    pri'\  iil.'il    uii'i    ;i 

(IS!)7)    l!-.'li.  •Ill  I.  (^iii'Imp.   12  C.  S.  2S.t.  protect  the  ojipr.iti.i's  hu.A. 

Wli.TO  til,'   liniil.cr  i.ii  :i   plitf.inn  rar  /-.V/jfiii    (1«'I7)    l!.ii>.  .Iii-l.  (.'u. 

on  wliicli   tlw  plaeit^lV  u:i,  riilin'j  f;avc  .'S    li:i.     Tiic    c-ni|.l...v.  I's    f,ii! 

way  tiiul  |>ri'cipitiit('(l  him  to  (he  u'lomnl.  >tm(t    tlio   lioy   «;.>    nf  rr..l 

till'  iMil'Miy  cnniiiioiv  wis  lul.l  li;ilili'.  on  nlli"-';itions  of  tlio  |it.iintiir.  I'l 

the  unmii.i  tliat  ii-."ollifi;ils  IkhI  oi.iiltcil  c'li-ieii   of  tlic  couit   i^  np].,! 

to  \wirii  liiin  not  to  ri.lc  on  tliis  cai-.  !\ivl  Iti-ciI  im   lliis  omi'^i.'n. 
l>.n<l    fnilp.-l    to   lioM    tlic   tr.iin    until    lie-        '  IHclulii  ii  d  <).  -Vio-.  Co.  v 

iinil    liis    frllow    woikiiiiin  IkmI  Iicn  ro  (iss:i)    Monticnl   1..  T.-p.   1   i 

niovril  to  iiiiolliiT  r:ir.     ('iiikuH'ih   /'.  A'.  'I'licrc    rocovi-ry    was    dfiiiol 

f'u.     V.     <l<,r<irllr    (1SS(>)    Montreal     L.  wliiie   a    nionitir--    of    a    -I    ii 

Ken.  'J  O.    \V   Mill.  wlio  fell  into  t'le  water  will.- 

'  M~-C<nlhii  V.  Tlttymax  llnrul.w,'   }ffii  I)piii,2  ti.insliippi'd  from  ae..|l 

Co.    (ISlifl)    Hap.  .Tiid.   Qie-liee.    IS  C   S.  was  drowneil.      'llic  rapLiiii  ill 

272    (opiTation  of  niarliiTH'  with  raiiiilt>  er  any  t>oat«  to  v^-ciif  him.  d 

r<'Vol\infr    knives);     Aichhuld    v.     Yell-  d.^nce  was  tliat   a  niiiiihi  r  of  i 

(1S!I7)    Rap.   .lull.   Qiipliec.  (i   I?.   U.   .'!10  wtiieli  were  elo^e  by  linrrie  I  ti 

(boy  injnreil  white  lioliling  a  bolt  whieli  di owning  man  the  inoimiit  iif 

wa.s   under   rp|>air,   ro   as   to   prevent    it  eldent  fK'eiiried. 
from    toiieliiiiL'     n     transniittiii!;    wheel        '  .l/nrrfo/idW     v.     Thih'in.ln 

whieh  v,ns  in  motion).  I?np.  dud.  Qiiet)ee.  8  Ii.  It.  44! 

'See  McCarthy    v.    Thomas   Daridaon  were  directed  to  return  to  \k 


jl  «s4  8»»j    <  IV II.  U\\\  ASH    N-«i  i.\i>  i(ii  MH  II  I  im:i!I;»».\.  '.ir.'S 

884.  liability  to  servants  working  outside  the  scope  of  tlieiv  employ, 
went. —  'I'ln^  owner  nl  a  iiKimil'actiiriim  <-iiilili-l,ii.iiit  wU,,  cmii-c-  a 
wnkiiKin  to  iMi-1'onii  very  (li,iii;i  r..ii-  work,  •■.|icci,illy  -vIk  ii  mhIi 
VHikiiiMti  \a  no!  iiccii-toiiicil  to  ill. II  ili-ii  i[i!ioii  ot'  Work,  :iii>!  liiHs  iioi 
rcciivc  II  saliirv  in  i>ro|iortiun  to  i!ic  ri-k  lie  rnn-,  is  li:iliii'  in  (l:iiiiMi;i'S 
i'nrilir  ili'iitli  of  flif  workniiiii.' 

885.  Oblig:ations  of  an  employer  not  owed  to  volunteers. —  .\  hki-iit 
1-  ih.t  I'oiniij  lo  jii-otri'l  volinilci-rs  or  iniciiniiMIi'r>  Irom  liic  (laii:;iiH 
•I'w.ik  iiii'li  rtiikon  l>y  tin  in  witliout  lii.- ;iiilli"rit\ .' 

886.  Causation. —  No  nciion  cnn  In'  rnaintiiiinil  uiiIc<j  tlic  Imjiuv  i^ 
h.wii  li\   (iii'cct   tistiiiiony,  or  l)y  |iri-iimptiiiii ■  -i-ti'iit.  \\iii;liiv, 

aiwi  |ii.ci<('.  to  iiavc  lii'cn  canned  [>y  the  nrj;ii:;cni'i'  ol'  the  niMstcr  or 
me  ot  hi-  ap'nf-.  \o  \\cn\cry  can  lie  liail  whcir.  unilcr  the  cvi- 
ilrncn,  tlic  iiiaiiniT  in  wiii(h  the  aeeiilent  oc<-urreJ  is  a  lucre  mailer 
of  conjecture.' 

B.    ]  >l.l  I  \.-i:<  AVATT.AM.I    TO   TMI-r  ovi.;|!^. 

887.  Assumption  of  risks. —  .\s  nndrr  tlie  eonunon  law.  rvery  rl-k 
wliicii  is  not,  shown  to  hav(»  li<'en  the  result  of  -onie  iji-tinet  ricjiiircnco 
nn  tiio  master'.*  part  is  re:;aril''<l  as  heiii':  one  wiiii'h  IhImhij^,  to  the  or- 
flinnrv  clas.^.' 

Where  a  servant  lia-  ninlerfiikin  work  wliicli  he  kiiow^  u>  lie  iLmi 
SPnnis.  the  master's  whole  duty  i-  M'vt'oiiiieil    vhen  he  li:i-  linni-lie,] 
I'vcrythincr  thaf  is  neee"ary  lo  |)roteri   him   iVom  ]iri-il,  so  lar  as  the 
ii.'itiire  of  the  work  allow-. - 

888.  Volenti  non  fit  injuria. —  'riii<  iirln.-Ip].'  on.h.Mlieil  in  the 
iiLTNiin  rolrnll  noi-  jil  nijuiiii  is  reeo:^;ii;'id.  anil  will  jirecliule  recov- 
I'l'v  under  cirenm-tanei-.  :i|)pi'oj)riate  tor  its  ;ip}ilie,ii  jdn.* 

firo  hail  broken    mit    (>n    iIh'  ti]i|ii  rmost  tivily   du.     to    t!io    insiiflii'lonrv  of    tlic 

tlonr  of  a  factory) .  h.-iw-.-r,    .i     lo    ijic    (■.•iii'lc^-nc-^  of  lhi> 

'  I'rirr  V.  /'(;;;   (ISftSi    Hap.  .lud.  Que-  rir\i    in    |i,iH.'  it   <iiit.  or  to  l!ii.  iii;;!! 

bee  8  li.  R.   170.  ^.'.iin-  nl'  r  :.■  .;.|il.Mri  in  not  oiiiplo-.  iiil'  ■■ 

'Cli'irlirr  v.  Qiirhcr  S.  S.  Co.    (ISOT)  liiL'  I'l  :i--i-l   in  l!ic  opi'iMiion.     'Ilu-  ili.- 

T|:i|i.  .Fiid.  Qiii>Ii.-<>.   12  C.  S.  2t;i    (pliiiii  fmanil    mj~   Mrr..i,lin^ly   Inld  to  l.i-   ri'- 

tilT  joined  in  *lir  work  of  the  crew  of  a  siion-ilili-   i,.   nny   vii'W   of   the   (vidriH... 

sliili  li(l'f)r(>  tlio  iiriival  of  tlic  only  !i;.'c'nt  l'f>ri,-  r  v.  thud  (IHS(i)   Montr.-al  1..  Kcp. 

of  thp  drfcnd.int  wlio  liad  the  power  to  2  Q.   1>.  2li2. 
«ni|.|.,v  ii'Cii).  ^  III  'dill  niiJt   V.    drnrd    Trunk    /,'.    )•■,. 

']l'„<irr,:I    p„!Ji,„i    Villi    Co.    V,    Cnr-  (ISsTi     Monlr.-nl    1,.    Hep.    f,    S.    ( •.    -Jill 

i-^mii    (18'.m)    21!    Can.    S.    C.    '>!<.";:    St.  (allc-atii  ii  that  a  fro;;  w.is  out  of  oi.lci. 

I'r.rr.iif    Simur    It' f.    Co.   V.   Ciiinpliill  not   piom-iIi. 
(iHS.'i)    Monlroa!  I,.  l!op.   1  <>.   1!.  2!I0.  -l/'rlKlini  if  0.    \ai\  To.  v.   SI,  .h.in 

111  mic  (ISO  an   injury  ciiii-i-il  Iiy   the?  llss:i|    .Montreal   I,.    I'l-p.    1    (>.    I!    -J-'ri. 

Tplmiml  of  a  h;iw-vr  wiii.'h  LroU'.'  'while  I'ovpr-in'.'   (18S21    II   I?i-v.  l.yj.  ns!. 
the  (Icfcndiint's  stpaiiicr  was  ]iiittin,<;  otf        '  li'iihrll'-ii  if  O.  .Aic-.  Co.  v.  SI    .linn 

from  a  wharf  was  ludd  to  be  presiiuiu-  (18S3)    .Moiitiial   1-.   licp.    1    Q.    l!.   2J2. 

Vol.  II.  M.  k  S.-71.  i  >r  y  I  i         x 


i  I 


M 


t  ! 


s 

t 


•  U\ 


!■'? 


'f*' 


MM 


WASTKU  ANU  SKISVANT. 


[C'lli 


liin 


889.  Contributory  negligence. —  If  tlir  -••niml'*  own  no 
WHi4  tliu  Hole  iMiiHiMit'  lii.s  injury,  lie  iMiiiwit  nruvci'  aiiv  (laiiui;;i 
ever.'  'i'lic  tliciiry  upnn  wliicii  rci'mci'v  i-i  ilriiicd  in  this  in. 
tlio  Miuric  if>  tinil  wliicii  in  tlir  \k\<\*  <it'  tliii  .-^iniiliir  nilo  wliicli 
mifli'r  tin'  cnniiniin  hiw,  viz.,  llnil  tin'  limit  of  tlin  sorvant 
bifaks  till'  cnnni'fiiiin  Ix'twri  n  tlic  il'limini'iu'v  cnniiilaiMiil 
till'  iiijiuv  ii'ci  ixi'd.^  r>\it  till'  il'iciiiin'  of  .\n:;ln-.\iiirrifiiii  j 
dcni''.  tiiat  111!  action  i-t  inaiiiiaiiiiiiiii'  in  anv  vu-i'  \vlii'ic>  ilic  . 
ii(':;liuiin'<'  contfilinli'cl  cvrn  in  tlii'  >tMalli>t  diufci'  to  tlir  m 
lias  not    bciii  adopted.      If    it  a|i|iiai'^    that  tin'    injiii-y  was 

partly  l>y  tla*  in'i:iini'ti( (  iIm-  nia-tiT  and  p.-nily  liy  the  nrL'!i: 

tlic  sti'vaiit,  tia'  daiimuis  awardi'd  will  Ik-  ridnnd  l>y  sttdi  ai 
as  may  In*  drcincd  i'i|nitalil*'  in  vii'W  of  all  tlio  I'iri'ui 
involved.'' 

'I'lic  standai'ds  liy  wliicli  the  eiil|iaMi>  or  ncMiruIpaMi'  i|iiiil 
gorvanl's  acts  is  ;;ainic(l  ai'o,  it  wonld  -can,  w  :  inaicrially  ( 
from  till  sc  wlucli  are  a|'.|)lii'i]  undor  tIa-  coninion  law.  ( >ii 
liand  wr  lind  the  iiitaa'al  iifiiicipli!  fonnnlated  that,  if  a  man  1 

Tli<>  I'lTri't   cf  tlic  iiiliitL'  »ii'«  lliil.  cvi'ii  of  a  piiTP  of  work  wlikli  luci 

It     tnc     iiiitlinil     iiili>|il(il    lor  ilolii;.'   tlio  (ji'iiiin  only    mIii-i   tlic    |mi-.iii 

work  in  hiiml  li  n  ii.uli'jcnt  oiic.  a  "iiv  it  fiiils  to  pay  proix  r  iiitiiiiici 

nut   «lio  >•>  iiijiii'Ml  liy   !*■<  adoption  run-  lip   is  iloiiiu'  ciiiaiot   n<i»ir  >!  > 

rot  riioMT  ill  II   iii-c  vvliiTi    lie  is  liiiii'  lie,  Iniii'.'  Iiilly  imurc  of  nil  i 

self  tlic  |Mr-iui  who  l-i  in  cuntrol  of  the  pn  I'lintioiiH  to  take,  can  only  1 

«'(,rk.  tlic  victim  of  an  iilciit  in  <  > 

•  CDSirl t  V.  I.rilnc  (  I SS3 ;  Quebec  Cour  of    his    own    fault    :>iii!    \\U  nvv 

do   Iteviiion)    li   I,.    N.    IHl.  cit  in;;   I'au-  ilenee.      T)alloz    ct   V'ci;;c.    Cil 

rent,  vol.    XX..  No.  4T."i;    I'iihiliiu  if-  O.  [ecs,   C'imIc   Civ.   2,    l«t    pt.,   p. 

,V»r.    Co.   V.   St.  ./run    {\H<.H    Monlical  I3H:J.  Xo.    IiiI. 
L.   I!e|).   1   Q.   M.  2'>:i.  Itcversina   11    l!ev.        '  .Accord iii','  to  a  wliiclird  tr 

I.eu.  ;WI.  and  ajiprovin;;  .S'iii«i(/f  V.  lidu  French   law-   ,\   servant    ulio  i, 

(ISSi)     li     1!,'V.     I.e;'.    'ilti;    I'nrlirr   v.  injury  tliniii;;li  lii-i  own  t'liill  i 

J,<ni:i<r    I  IS'.'S)    Hap.  .Iiiil.  (Jiiebce.   14  C  on  tlie  tuotiiii.'  of  a   (icr^Mii  uli, 

S.  .'i.")!!:   Anh'iiiihiiult  v.  hoiiiiiiinn  llarh  lioai    injured   at   all.     *,*»'<'/  i/n 

^VIre  Co.    (  ISSD)     m    I?i'V.    I.e^'.    ((,'uelicc  nilfm    ilininiHiii    srnlil.    iinn    in 

C.    S.)    57:    (llohv    Wi.oli  ii   Millx    I'o.   v.  iVuiwutn    stuliir.      I,:udmla.'ir 

I'liilrns  (IS!l.->)  Itap.  .Iiiil.  (,»uelicc.  4  II.  iIih  (Kdiyations.  vol.  ."i.  p.  To^ 
K.    i;i.    ncvcr-iiiir    .Montreal    I,.    l!ep.    5     The   s.iiiie  auttior  iil-o  nli^iro- 

S.   C.   ;i!n  •    h'lihiinilh-    v.    Whitr    (llllll)  freipieiitly   linppciH    that     Mic 

Hap.    .Titd.    QucIhc.    l!t   C.    S.   4;!l;    /i'(>'(-  piitalile  to  the  per  on   who  nil 

eit.i  V.  iJoriiin  (IS!i/>)    Rap.  .hid.  t,>aclice,  s(    '   to   be   injured    is   of  such 

4  H.  R.  117.  Re\ersin.ir  Hap.  .Iiid.  t^ue-  tliiit  t!io  act  coniplaiind  of. 
her.  a  C  S.  411:  ('iinir  v.  Coiitiire  hurtful  it  may  he,  does  not  pr 
(ISS7)  1!)  Rev.  \.P'j.  (Quebec  Q.  R.)  longer  the  cliaraotcristics  of  a 
4-t.'!:  hvmiiih.ti  Oil  Cloth  Co.  V.  C'nilliir  quasi  delict. 

(lS!tO)    Moiitreiil   I,.    Rep.  B  Q.   15.   2(i8,  'hotlicr  v.  hnv-irr  (ISflS)  1 

Revcisin"    (HSS)    Montreal    L.    Rep.    5  Quebec,     14     (_'.     S.     .I.VI:    /V. 

8.  C.  n7';  Drunirhrf,  V.  (liinlliirr   IISS2)  (IHIHI)    20  fan.  S.  {'.  4llt,  I;.a 

5  T,.  N.  40t.  3  Dor.  Q.  It.  3:1;  fcinihin  part  (ISnS)  Rap.  .lud.  Qiicliv 
V.  Drlniit  llrirl-rr  iC-  Ir-iri  W;rf.^  (!**"•'•)  1VI>  (einj.!..y.e  of  mil!  oue.ir  : 
Rap.  Jiid.  Quebec,  lli  C.  S.  2lit:  7oo/,c  the  manifestly  dangerous  wcr 
y.llitiiinm   (18<i7l   27  Can.  S.  C.  .ji!7.  iii^'    a    bridge    from    destric  t 

A  workniiia  injured   in  the  e.weution    IUmhI). 


own       IlC.;ll;V'r 

i'  ilimini;is  vli.,; 

I  lllis  ill^tiltin'  1, 

n  wliii-h  [invii 
sorvaiit  hiiii.,  • 

irl-ii'iili  juri-W', 
iTc  I  III-  «i  r\:iii'', 
||>  llii'  ilri'i'lfi,', 
iirv  '.Viis   (Mil-  I 

lie  |ir:;li^i  lli.|'  .1: 
^^lll•ll  :U  iun..;ii, 
I'    ('in'iiiii-i,i:i  ■  < 


a  man  Ims  > 


r  (1S!H)  i;,p.  .'1 

.■?.-ill;  /V-  V,  '.' 
'.  4'.)t,  1;.  v,M-n  -  ::■ 
ml,  Qiiclw,  S  I'  i: 
iP,  oivluT  !!!;.hr'""- 
clous  work  of  •" 
I     di-slliiition  I'V  » 


im\ 


CIVIL  U\\\  AND  SV>«TI;M>  KII  Xilll)  thkkko.n. 


2423 


what  the  ninjority  of  nu'ii  w.mld  liiivo  dune  uiulcr  ilic  cirruiiHtarjcp^, 
it  c'uiiniit  1)0  xaid  tlia  ac  ia  ciil|»al)lf.'  On  ilic  <iiliir  Ijaml,  the  ri;;lit 
of  ri'ci'Verv  liiis  ln<'!i  (IiiikmI  wIhto  u  .■^killed  \\oikiri.i!i  ci'hiinnid  In  n-i- 
.in  upiiliuiKf,  tlir  iiisiillii'iciicy  i»l*  wliirli  t'nr  iiif  |iiir|ni-i'  t'nr  wliidi  ir 
was  supplii'd  lie  .-liuidcl  liinr  i'oiM|ii'ili(  iidid  ;''  wlir.v  a  -I'l'v  ant  iinn 
•  ■Siirilv  csiM  si'd  liiln-clf  to  peril  liv  n-in;:  an  ap|iliaii'i'  wliilo  il   w 


tCllll 


lidi-arilv  ill  an  aliip>rinallv  diiii^;i  ri'ii 


11   rt'sn 


It  of 


iHi 


tiii  l"ir  a    |iarticiilar    pn 


(>  il  \va< 
•  imIIi  ji'ii  ;'■  \'  licic  a  -ervant, 
!•,■    .i|'  wnrk  an    iinpl'  nii'iif 


xiiicli.  »A  lie  kiii'W,  \\a'  nut  di  -iji'icd  to  !■<    ii-ii]  I'm-  >i 


ii'li  a  imriii 


.iiliVnd  an  iiijiii'v  w 


till-  ill 


iiild  not  liavc  I 
d  wl 


irrn  n  ri  n  r 


pnrpi 
had 


pimipriatc  iniplcnu'nt ;'  and  wIhtc  iik    injiiiy  \va>  in.'  iT.-nlt  o| 


i-crvanl  ^  > 


li- 


ocdiiiic'i'  to  till'  iiia>li'r">  onh  i'-.'"  4.r  \\a<  dii"  t"  ill 
I's  dl-i'ciiard  of  llic  iii^lni<'iion>  wliirji  la'  had  ri  iii\r,i  as  to  tli(« 
■r  ill  which  till'  Work  a-^iiim  d  to  him  wa-  lo  he  ijoiii-.'' 
An  act  of  an   iiidi>piilal(ly   ip',;;lii:<'!if  (|nalii\    will   imt   |H..i!iid('  rc- 
ovcrv,  if  tlio  adoption  of  tlio  coiir«i'  of 


■Cl'Vllll 

l:i;iinii 


ciiiidii'  I    which   ihc 


■rvant 


(.Uilit  to  havo  followed  wonhl  not  have  eiiaiiled  liiiii  to  avoiil  ijie  dan- 
Iftr  to  which  ho  was  cxif'sed  when  the  accide'ii  .  ccihiimI.'" 

As  is  the  rnl(!  um(I  v  the  ooniui'  m  law,  the  Iimi  ihai,  at  die  lime  of 
tlip  accidont,  tlio  injim'tl  servani  was  ah-orhed  ]<,  duties  wiiich  vn- 
bross 


■d  his  nltenlion  is  an  adeciiiale  e\en-c  i'or  !iis  temp  . ran   fm'i^et- 


'  I'OHSf 


II     V.      /.r,/i(C     (ISSii; 


QutlK 


Cmr  dc  Rpvisi..ii»    ti    I..    S.    ISl,  oitinv 
l,aiiniit.  vnl.  \x..  No.  4V'>. 


l-hiitli<r    ilSftO)    M.-Tidvil    I..    !!.|).   fi  Q. 

11.     'JllS.     l!l'\lT-iML'         ISSSj       MliMlIrM 


'  IjlllPIlt. 

.imitol    in    Siiriiii 


i». 


1   h. 

liip.   5   S.   C.   ii;    (<ir\  ml    iiml.  riejk   to 

>17,    No.    4S(!.    -Iiifl   ;•   lull   wliilc  till-  iiiailiiiiciy  »:is  ill 


//    V.    Viiiu    (IHHI)     II     iiMitiiin). 


Kiv.  I.CL'.    (Monlrial  C.  S.i    ■Jll 


■Cn, 


•  U'll,'  ris 


tt„ 


C,l,rl., 


4     It.     It.     117.    I! 


ls!i.">i    I!ii|>.  .Iml.    I  <■:.'.    lt,iii(lp(( 


fDUturc 
Q.     M. 


ll^sTi    1!»    Pov. 
41"     ( I'lniKK'!'   ill 


Men     wtiicli  "Mii'k  a>li"  u.i<  iimli'  cxpliiilnl) 


triiii  1..  Fic]).  .') 


S.  C.  411    (MTvaiit   nil- 


H'lhll.liltl       V.      Whilr      (  llKIl  I       |!:l|..     .Ill.l. 


ilirliiik  to  n|K  Tiitc  11   pinner  f 


tlu' 


vliirh    iMi.Ihi'.   Ill  ('.  S.  4:11    (I.ev  ttim  li.iil  Imc'II 

V  ef 


■<!). 


1  iiKlin.irily   [novidrd  had  lio'n    duly  in-iliiMcd  .:•'  to  tin-  |iro|H' 


leill''     I  111 


rk 


id  till-  ilaimcri  lo  tin 


'I'niliir  V.  Inu-if.-   (l^sim)    Rap.  .Iiid 


larded   a;,'aiii-l   allnued   lii<  Iriiid   lo  li'i 


14  r.  s.  .i.-.n. 


Tlic 


nt    licid    drauii  ItIvm'iii  the  cyliiid.  r*  of  a  tcMllii-r 


tliia  llii'  div^r^io^  of  tlip  iniplniiriit    t 


-li 


lliarllitlt') 


,/.ei 


III  Ir'fit 


:iri  iiii|irii|MT   piirponc 


lis    not 


i^rd    llii'hh   d  //I.I,   llorA-s   (IS'.IIM    llap.  .Iinl. 


'iv  till-    fact     that     oilier    worUnii'li    liad    (Jueti.  e.    It)  ('.   S.   ;ilil 


litii  jiiillv  of  similar   inisroiiduet. 


'  111    .S''<I 


,/./ 


Ih  ln:il  Itriihir  if  Iron 


•/I. 


rh, 


liaulhUr    (ISH-il 


1..    lloiA.s    I  Hi  '.1.    Itap    .liid.  (.111. 


\.  ^ot  ((.liieliecl  3;?:  lUoh-  \Voo!r„  S.  •Jlil,  a  >erv.int  wa:,  11 
J/i7;.<  (.1.  v'.  I'liilidn  (1S!I."))  Rap.  .Mid  -iilt  of  (lie  lire:, kin;;  of  • 
OucIkc.  4  i).  15.  I  Hi.  Rever>.iii;;  I!ap.    liid.    pulley  l>.v  wliicti  a  liri.lj 


hi 
lined 


It;  (; 


ell  i  ilW 


l,e. 


.")    C.    S.    3r>l     (servant  (deaiied    in: 


(iii.J 

iiiiii'hiiierv    wliilp   in    mot  ion):    Aidui 


l«.vlt  V.  Ill, 


iVni  Itiiih  11  I 


po-ltlOll    w 


.   while  lie   w.is  »laiiiliii-r   III   a 
hieli  he  had  lieeii  foilielden  to 


Co.!  IHSill     lako   while   tin 


hperalioii    \\a>i    in    | 


■I    tfl 


(QuelK>o  S.  (".)   i>7    (-^eivaiil     ress 


he   court    avv.ir 


led   him  dimaj; 


tniiili 


a    tn-lt    whih'    thr 


iiierv  was  in  ni 


the  ■.-romid.  ttiat  he  wathl  in  all  pioh- 
if  he  had 


otinn.  when    it   was    ahility  have  heeii  inliipd.  even  1 


not  his  duty  to  do  so,  and  aimlhir  em-     ceiii| 
I'loyee  was  S]ioeially   oharyeil    with   thi-^    tioiia. 
function)  ;    Dominion    Oil    rlnlli    Co.    v. 


ijicd     with     the     em 


ployi 


UiiPi' 


''  1 


PI 


\  •  jl 


II 


I  i 


m 


m 


m 


\'n 


'Hi  If 

n   ii^ 


VIM 


MASiKIl  AMisK.UVASr. 


[l  IIA) 


M 


liiliH'sn  of  a  known  diinp'r."      S»»,  aU.i.  !if;;lipn<i'  ii  iniiticiitm 
tivnl  1)^-  till-  lail  tliat,  at  llii-  linio  wliiii  tlir  xi-vant  did  lli>'  .i-i 
will  till'  iiiinu'<liat<'  i-uiim-  <>t  tln'  iiijiin,  iMrcnio  terror  <ii;i 
Hit;;I  |ii:'il  cunl  iHi-d  liis  ri'ii-M.niii;;  t'afiillir?«."' 
890.  Common  employment. — a.  Scolhiinl.  -\t   li....   Ixiti    -ui 

Kir  I'frdi'i'uk  I'olloi'.k  that  tlic  d.M-tri t' iiii"ii  iiii|iI'imh.  i 

n<it  .-.o  niiifli  aduptrd  from  Kii^ImihI,  an  ilini-i  iipiiii  llif  SruMi-l 
Iv  drn-iions  ot  tin-  IIihi>m'  <>t'  l,..nli."'  'Ilii^  niiiark  i^  hill 
lii'ti  lis  the  laiijjiiago  iisod  in  llit-  carliiT  wi-i-."''  I'p""  ''n'  '■" 
j)u«.-iil(lc  to  nroiu-iii'  tin"  doci-iiin!*  cited  with  llir  diM't.iiii  -  np] 
llic  Kiitfli^'li  I'oiift.s;  and  it  is  ti|ioii  this  f.M.iinn'  that  ilicv  aiv  .a 
in  thf  jiiil-iMciit  of  tJic  Li'i'd  Charu'i'llor  in  tin'  ilrcisi-.n  uhidi 
as.Hiniiiatcd  the  law  of  Scotland  to  that  of  I-lnvland.''  liiii  ili 
ui>;iii-l'artorv,  not  to  sav  disinjrcmious,  nidhod  of  making;  i<\\\ 
ti'isial  idciitilv  iscntind.v  foi-hiihlcn  h.v  tiic  ••ircuin^tanfcs  iiivn 
anotlior  case  in  wiiicli  the  jiidp's,  with  a  full  kiiowlcd-rc  of  i 
wiii.-h  had  hern  forninlatcd  a  fov  vcaf-'  pfiviou-lv  l.v  tiic  I 
iiiiirt  (d"  cNclittiiirr,  didibci-iitciv  held,  upon  the  hroailc-l  ;:n.uii' 
a  iiiM>lcr  wa?-  liahlo  to  a  son'ant  who  was  injiiffd  hv  tl.r  ii.  -li^ 
n  coscrvant.*  This  piece  of  lepd  histrnv.  huwrvir.  is  im  I" 
aiiv  practica!  inlei-est  since  the  Cimsnnriiai  .iii  of  the  cni  n'ii' 
n  I'eri-ed  to  hy  Sir  Frederick  Pollock,  and  the  ■■  '  ;<'cf  i-<  n  |V 
in  the  present  connecti.in  chiellv  for  tin  irurpo-^e  of  cxiiliiin 
manner  in  which  it  ha-s  happened  that  in  S,-iiiland.  a  cointiiv  ii 
the  civil  law  furnisher  to  a  lariic  .■stent  the  Imsis  of  the  jiiii-pi 
administered,  a  doctrine  i^  now  api)lied  which  has  heen  reinidi 
nil  other  countries  in  which  that  system  prevails. 


"A   -piviii.;   ell"  i}.'im1   in   («Tfi)niiiiiL'  a  Scss.  Van.  2(1  wrles,  4M,  Cnu 

,.i..i.*.  oi   «..rU   »hi.Ti   ni,M'r'-   ll»"  •">''•  ••"  "    < ''*■''->    '•'"'  ?<<■■  *^  «^-  •'■'•^    - 

oi^r     of     his     wlidlf     i.tiVHJeal     xlnn-tli  i:i.'>     (!•(•<■.    o«i><ciiilly.    Iriiiuk' 

Hlioiilil   not  I"'  li.til  r.-^iM.iisilil.'   f'lr  liiiv  Ciimiin^.'luoii  t  ;  ln.rij,i  v.  h'nnl.r: 


V 

oi 

liiiiilil  r , 

ill"    TiH,ii;ciititril\    fi.i -iiltfii    a    -.Mir.-,. .of    II    Sc.    Scss.     tii".     •_'.! 

tl;m-.r  liiliiiiil  I'lii"   I"  "liicti  ln'  «:i-^  fX-  .ipiiiioiiu    of    l-ords    Mum'ri.ir  ii 

posiM   liV   tlir   iii.iHlir'.-,   iio!i()'i«i'rv.ni.i'  of  liuril). 

proixr    prc.'.oitinii-.        f/cic/i     Miillhnii  ^  llnrliiiiyhill     Coal     Vn.     \. 

r<,    V    l!n„rl,<i>;l    (18!»7)    Hap.  .lud.  Que  ilS.-,S|    .T   Marq.  II.    I,.  Ca^.  ■^''•i 

bo.-,  s  r..  i;.  .-..-.n.  N'.  N-  ""7.  r.  \vcri<.  it.'p.  i;i;i 

"Coiitril.iit'irv  ncfrliRpnre  is  rot  priMl-  M/V\«i(fl/i''))i    v.    Calrd.ju.nn 

ical.l.-  .>f  til.'   Mt   of  a  (omalc  .'iiiploVP.-  (lS->7)    !!>  Sc.   S.w*.  ('as.  2.1  - 

in  liv.i.in"  out  rf  a  vvin.Ii.w  in  tlip  u|  jxr  (<ar   rrpaircr    imari,!    I>y   ii.iJ'i 

(.l<ii\    <.f"i    liuriiiiiL'  tniildinii.   under  tin-  .•ni;in.'.'r) .      llii--  ilr<i-.|<iM     i>    i 

iMli.'f  that   -h.'  f.Milil  not  sav.-  liiT-clf  in  -ii.nili.ant  in  tlio  pri-.'nt  iM.in' 

aiiv  otIiiT  way,  altlioii(,'h  »'ip  could  rrad-  as  it  was  dclivpr.-.l  afli^i-  lla'    » 

ilv  liai-..  <"s(ai>.Mi  l.v  the  slniroase.    Mac  the   Kn;;li-h   casi-  .just   cilo:!.  I.i 

ilinfitU  V.  7?.i'm.i  '^.lu    ;  ISiWi    Rap.  JuJ.  the  rf-iiditi.-in  of  thr    jiid-niriit. 

Qu.'Nt.  S  R  R.   tiO.  'ourt    pxplicitly    declined    I.,    i 

•  I>"avs  on  .Jurisprudence,  p.   115.  .l.ictrine   of  cnservice,  unless  ti 

■bee  awurd  V.  C'lineroii    (1H:«))    1   Se.  ..f  Lords  should  pronouiue  in  i 


tl    till'   ili'l    v\lii,'ii 


Kiiiiti'v  III  Willi', 
U'  jiiri-iini'lii!'. 
•n  rf|)ii'li:iti'il  ill 


4M, 

Cri 

,1/ 

V,  U" 

■  t*-*. 

■.!-. 

- 

1  -  •. 

ICII 

ilU 

.f   1,  , 

V.    / 

i'lul 

rr 

]  v.. 

1  SI 

rii- 

•J"     - 

lollf 

•irir 

illlll   1  ■< 

..  V: 

\ 

hi 

.    1  .1.1 

cp.  (ii;i 

■;,lr,l,;„„n:     I!     '■" 

('lis.  'jil  -IH-.  :':! 

I    hy    iici^iu.-i. f 

HKin  i-i  till'  '""•' 
■ii'iit  jiiiiiil  III  >!'  \ 
flrr  till'  lif.irill::  •■' 
t    rilod.   hut  li't-r. 

jl!,!;,;„!lt.  !!Pil  •;■•■ 

iiicMl   tl)  ;>ilii|ii  '■■''' 

iinlcs-t  till'  II""" 

iomu.0  in  it.^  fi«" 


(  wwi 


CIVIL  L.\\V  AND  8YSTKMS  l>'Ot'Nf)Kh  THKItKoX 


u:t 


li.  i'lniiie. —  In  1»."M,  three  }ean.  Itefun'  the  li  .hlinu  Kii;:li'<li  ile.-i 
•lull  iii"  I'riiHiliij  V.  I'vtrb  r,  it  wiih  lielil  i.v  llie  ( 'mir  de  ( 'ii--iiii«iii,  .il 
iriiilnj;  tlio  deeisicdi  of  the  Imvir  nniii,  that  the  ri-i,  .if  Im'Iii^  iiijurii) 
I.v  till'   ne;;liy:eiii'«'  III"  II    l'ellii<v  \vi>rkiiiiiii  uim    |if'-iitiiiil    ;'»    U-  -iilli 
•  iitlllv  eiiiii|Miitiilei|  Inr  lis   ill)'  \\ii;;i-  [Mid,  ainl  llial  -iirli  a  ri-k   ua-, 
lur  this  rcii-'iiii,  <iiii'  III'  iliii.M'  wliieli  me  |iii'smiic.l  tn  luuf  In  i  u  ain  jii.il 


iiv  fVi'fV  elll|il"Vee, 


'i'lii-  (Iteisiuii 


all'  I'ss.inU  |iilliis\i<i|  \,\ 


her  In  the  !<Utiie  etreet."       lllU  llie  iliictriln    lliu-  laiil  dnwi 


I  \sao  liii 


,ill^'  ri'ptiilialeil,  iiikI  the  rule  wliii'h  ii<>\v  prevail-  i-  iliai  an  eiii|ili>\i  r  i- 
liut  iili.-*iilveil  tnnii  liuliiiily  h^v  ihe  I'ae.t  liiat  till-  iiijiirv  U.I-  ijuc  lit  tin 


tliT  lit'  il  eii>ervimt. 


// 


»ii ','  II  m 


I  Sirihriliiiiii. —  It  liii.t  lurii  -laic'l  liv   Mr.    I>ai<-"ii   ii 


l.au  l^iiarlerK   Keview  (vol.  .'»,  p.    1  >  I )  thai 


ilnet 


riiic  aiiiili" 


.1 


!||    llh    -!■    I'lJl 


liitrie-  is  till-  -aliie  a.-'  thai   wliieli  prevaiU  Iti    I''raii. 


Ill' 


(J.  (irniiiuii)  iiiid  Aii.'<liiii.  it  i«  -laled  liy  .Mr.  I'earee  lliy; 
:•  .lurid.  Ivev.  p.  L'71)  lliat.  m>  t'ar  ii-  reuitf'U  the  lialiilily  n 
111  iiiiplover,  the  ptihlic  and  workiiii'ii  iie  nii  she  iJaiiie  fontiii};  it 
lifie  iiniiilries,  and  their  -y-ieiii'<  i>t'  la  \'  kii.vv  nothing  of  any  doe 
ritif  lit'  (■<>niiiii>ii  eiiiploynient. 


(.hirh, 


II  !<otiie  o 


f  till 


til 


e  earlier  c.i'es  tlin  ciiiiri.s,  iiilliienci'i 


•  ilily,    hy  the    contiiriiity  of  jiiri-diiiions    in  which  the    ciitiiiiiun  hiw 
mil'  was  applied,  rendered  deei-iuti-  ha  4'd  npnii  the  iheurv  thai   the 
rl>k  lit'  heiliir   injnrid   hy    the   nei:li;;eji('e  iit'  a   felldw   >erv:ii|t    w:.-   a-' 
■MiiH'il,  ii-i    heinjj   one    nf    lla-e      rdiiiarily  iiieiih  >,i   i.i  tm  !'\   iii  i.|i.\ 
iiiiiit.'*      litil   the  diielrine  now  estuMi'lied  \~  the  «aiiii 
pn'viiils  in  Kriinei'." 


that 


Willi 


.liiii>p.     U.-iii'Milf     i|.'     liny-     ilKH")    I'   t'lifi.   S    C.    lOfi,   p«T  StroTi','. 

.1.;     ls7i'A"«   ,f    Aslimllc   I'n.    V.   Dtininit 


1«:!T,  2il  iiiirli.'.  p.   ITil. 

Ilrz,    ill    I.l.lill>.    \>.    lliS. 

llilNiz.  ISIl.  Iwf   p.irtic.  p.  271.     Sw    0«..i.    (ISli         I     r.ii,.     i:\rli.     |:!1,     \f 


jt'ilOi    ",0   (■ 


S.     I'.     •_"<.');    l-'ilii 


!l-o  Di'iiKitoinlic.  vol.  :n.  \'o.  .'ilW:   Sum       liriTH- I     in    li^ll.'i)    ^t    I' 


lilt,  v.il.  2,  No.  (111. 


II.  hi 


I! 


'I  ulhr  y.  Cran'l  Tninl.-  I.',  ft,,    i  I  m'.S  :      \l,„,i,,,i|    1..    i;. 


/    ii^-*; 


('    i~ 

•  liiiK. 


i'iicIh'cI    1  I.,  r.  T..  .1. 


ll.iH 


V.  (■.;,/.(      Ill 


,1    11.. Ill,,  f.i 


:;  >«    ( ■.    |iis    1  ii,,i.|i.r 
jli'ji'iii  (  111-'  nil  1  i'lii  iif 


.'"Hi  I'irftprr  «f  Sfil/i'i  iir  '  'o.  I  I  ••"!i  ■    \li.iil 
I't,  of  l;iv.)   2   I..   N.  21.'.:    /.'■ 


lll'i.lll    l>^     A     ll'llli 


II/  7rHii/,-   It.  I'n.    I  Hi; 


('.  I..  .1.   ISli. 

In  line  ci-ii.  11 


fur. 


,/..,»     N. 


Illl.l     tl.    I.I 


III     .1      III 
Mill-    <(f     .1 


.■ill 
I'l" 


i    Hi.'    Ii'.iii.il 


,1  lll.l.li' 


1  «..i-r  will'!  I'  I  111'  -r: 
l.'iihviiv    ci'iiii  iiiV    \ 


priiiripiil.      Hull  y.  I''ni:iiliiiii  I'i'i'       nlii.      I< 


iiriri.l    in    I' 


..v/.i.,   ,1     \l.    I!.   <■■ 


:<hi>:. 


V.  Jl.-i 


>(•  ■■<  II I  I'll  III-  f. 


(  IsTM;    rillfin 


I. 


IStiT 


j.'i  r.  <•    .\    liiT.  01  V.  s,  A 


111,   73   IVJ.  VM. 


I'l' 


'I'uiuidian 


P.     IC.    Co.    V.    Iiuhiiinon 


i 


■  'I 

i 


■1  ■     !:*| 


>}l 


(       I 


STATUTES  AND  CONSTITUTIONS. 


Tlio  fn1Io\viTi;»  sHit'diilc  rciti(:iins  ;i  iffiTi  iicc  (o  v.riicp'i-  fmi-l  it  iiU''ii«  iinil 
f:ntiit.-<  \vlii<-li  iillrol.  riiliiT  cliii'c'lly  or  iiuliii  ci  Iv.  llir  li.il.ilii.v  cf  iniii'^.c  i-  in 
tiirir  ririployi'i'^  l''>r  |m'1>"II;iI  iiiiuric-'.  Il  rA-n  ri.iil.iiii~  .1  1.  i.-i.nc-'  In  l\u-  ii:i;,'c-. 
licrc-in  «lii'r"e  any  of  s-iu-li  .-t;iliilr~  or  i',iii-i  iiiii  i<in?-  :irc  cniiimiMitv,!  uimiii. 


Hi 


M- 


■i 


H'   il 


'•  ,  ';l 


Ala.  Cndo,  5  1144.     Tc'iiiii  iii;r  (!»■  lin;.'- ] 
ini;  of  Ix'll  or  lilouiiij;  of  wlii-tlc 
wlii'ii    iippnMcliiiii;    iMiblic    cio^s- 
iii^',  Koo  licrriii  p.   IsTl.  I 

.\l;i.  Still.  1S87,  47.  l!i-Uilin,!_'  to  I'ln-  1 
pldvii-c'iil  of  J)i'l>oii><  wlio  iiri'  I 
.•(.l.'ir  l.liml.  ! 

M;i.  Slat.  IssT,  .'lit.  ETi^iiHcis  must  \iv  \ 
r\i\tl;itli'(l  lis  to  iillic<s. 

A';..  I.riws  lS'<4-'<,-,,  p.  ll.-i.  Civ.  To.!  I 
issn,  5  'J.'iilO.  Kmploycis'  I.ialii:  | 
ilv  .Xot,  see  linviii   p.    l!':iil,  | 

Ah.  .\ct'   l'M>.   14.    1SII.1,  oliiip.   -.Ml.      I!<- 
i|uiiiii,u'     riiilroad    compatiii's     to 
liolil    (laminations    of   ajiiiliiant-*  ; 
fur  positions.  I 

A';..  Act  Ki'U.  l(i,  ISOn.  Hiap.  2(1(1.  Tn- 
siKTlion  and  ri'sulation:  vcntila  , 
tion.  props,  hoisting'  iml'''^.  '-'is, 
anil  wati'f  in  mini'-,  sralc-.  '^'•.  : 
C'lassificatio'i  as  to  ilui'.ri'r.  N"-  : 
tire  of  acoiili'nts.  Kcport  of  pro 
duct. 

AI.i.  Act  n<T.  0.  ISfin.  cliap.  .'■.1.  Ap- 
]in  nticinj;  of  mino?~. 

Alfi.  A't  Di'C.  .">.  is:i4.  rliap.   1."..     llniral- 
iiiij    law    to    prrvont     <MMiprlIiii'.;  | 
wonion   and   Hiildron   and   prniiil- 
linir   oliildrcai    niiclcr    14    to    lalior 
iiKiro  tlian  ri!;li(    lionrs. 

Ala.  A.-t  roll.  IS.  ISfl,-..  cliap.  ."itW. 
!Minos,  Inspi'ction.  Safrty. 
.Aiiif  ndincr  and  I'xtciidin'.'  law. 
Qiialifications  of  lio-^i's.  I'l'iial- 
tif's  for  injnrios  to  appariliis. 
carcli'swnrsq.  otp.  .Mi-.!  ract  of  law 
to  l<o  ported  at  niinos. 

Ah.  Act  Fell.  ir>.  1S!17.  oliap.  4><fi,  Coal 
mini's,  llf'visod  frriu'val  law.  In- 
spi'ctnrs'  dnticR.  1'io\  i-ioiis  for 
s;'fn1v  of  cni'doyro'. 

Ah.  Art  Frli.  2:!.  lMi;i.  p.  srt.  Tn  niiiic!» 
t'niploying  not  over  20  nion  owner 


or  o;iriator  mav,  on  apulii-at  ion 
to  mini'  iii^|ii'fl  I'l".  t'l"  allow. mI  Ir 
ai't  a-  finriiiaii  wii'ioiit  iMOuina 
t  i'li.  cia  tail!   roiiiil  i'-*  iM-L'ji,  .'1. 

.\rl;.  ('on~t.  lli.  Is.  I,i;ji-lai  iirr  sliall 
]ia-~  laws  for  proli''-i  inn  ot 
Miiiifi-. 

.\rl<.  r.iw-  IS'.i:!.  rhap.  Hi.  p.  IN.  Vi- 
rlarittij  \\  lio  an*  \  ii'i'  [o  iii'-iii  '  of 
railroad  c-ompanii-.  -1  "  liiiciii  p. 
'JOS,!. 

Cal.  ('iv.  ('ill.'.   S    I''7l>.      I'Ai-aiaiti!'  oTu- 

ployi-r    fr liaMliiv      lor    n."_'ii 

^.'I'ni'i'  of  fi'llow  siTvant.  s,.(.  li.'rc 
in.  p.    iss'i. 

Cal.   Civ.   C.d.'.    Si!    11170.    1117 1,      n-'lir 

■  lloiy     of    C.iM'lllc'M    |;1U      !i   ll'ilily     of 

ii'a-ii'i,   -II'  li.i.iii    |i.    IIMs. 
Cal.     Slat.    (i'il!:i  i;:i71.     Ol.liL'.it  ions     of 

rmploi  rr. 
Cal.     Slat.     Il:i7.'i  lili:i-.     Olili^at  ions     of 

(.l|!l,lHl|.. 

Cal.  Aft  Maii'Ii  *.  ls'i:i.  r'l  ni.  7t.  Mini' 
1.1  !1  siLMials.  l!-iaiili-liin'r  O'li 
foi'iii  s_\sti'm  for  all  miii"-.  \'io 
lalion  siillirii'iit  unoiind  I'.ir  di- 
rliarif.'  of  <'m'ilo>.i'.  Corroralion- 
not  ri'spon-i'.li'  for  ai'('id"ii!s  to 
men  di-ol"'.\  ill'.'  rnlrs  and  -i'lnal-. 
Vailiiri'  to  c.irry  out  provisions 
romlns  corporations  rcsrio'isililc. 

Cal.  Con-t.  --'O.  17.  Cal.  Act  M.inli  2i>. 
l-'i!'.  cliap.  1  1  t.  I'U^'lit  liiiui-  'I 
Iii'al  day's  work  on  all  piililic 
works. 

Colo.  Const,  in,  2.  T.ci'islaturo  sliall 
pass  laws  for  iiroiiciion  of  min- 
ers. 

Colo.  St.'it.  IsiH.  p.  -JSn.  No  railway 
shall  employ  telc;.'ia|ili  operator 
under    is.   nor  one  wlio  lias  not 

Iia.l    oil.-     \.' II  ''.    evp.'l  i.-'Il.^,'. 

Colo.  Act  April' 1;!.  I'iOl.  p.  284      Rail 

242't 


'    ■    .     I  fill 

lili 


2430 


bTATUTli«  .VXD  CONSTITUTIONS. 


1  I 


roiiil  I'liiplovofs  not  to  \>e  roquired 
to  \vurl<  inoic  lliaii  18  conxrutive 

llOllls. 

Colo.  Act  Miircli  27,  1H'.I3,  cliap.  113. 
Ki;,'lit  hours  to  cuii:stitule  day's 
woik  on  all  stale,  county,  and 
municipal  works. 

<olo.  Act  April  S.  lS!i;j.  chap.  123.  Pre- 
CiUiiidns  in  working  mines  nuar 
ahaiidonctl  iiiincs. 

Colo.  K;iHs  IS!).!,  chap.  77.  Employers' 
Liiiliility  Act.  sen  herein  p.   l!i:!,'). 

Colo.  Act  .March  10,  18!)!l.  chap.  103. 
Kiu'ht  lionr.s  to  he  a  day'.s  work 
except  in  onier;.'eticics.  in  mines, 
snielters,  and  rednclion  work'*. 

Colo.  Sess.  V,iK<  l!l(ll,  chap.  U7.  iielat- 
iiif;  to  lialiility  of  eniph>yers  for 
death  ot  empkiyee.-.  see  heroin  p. 
2107. 

Conn,  .^ot  .lune  14,  ISO.'!,  dm  p.  204. 
I'resirviitii'n  of  health  of  employ- 
ees in  faolories  by  removal  of  ex- 

ce--iM'   rlllsl. 

Conn.  Act  April  2,">.  ls(i:!.  chap,  77. 
'uploveis  rer|Mircd  to  |)rovide 
:-eals  iiir  women  and  ijirl'^. 

(  onn.  Act  May  It,  ISO.".,  chap.  IIS. 
Minors  nmler  14  (formerly  13) 
shall  not   lie  employed. 

Conn.  Act  April  .").  l.SOO,  chap.  41. 
Cliihircn  under  14  not  to  lie  eni- 
plovi'd  al  lalior  during  scliciol 
lioui-.      IVnally. 

Conn.  .Act  luly  4.  Is'.i.").  chap.  20.1.  .Mien 
lahorcrs  shall  lie  informed  of 
their  ri^'hts  from  time  to  (imp  in 
their  own  larcM.i^e  by  sficcial 
.Tffcnt  of  lalior  Imrcau.  Penalty 
for  imposinjr  on  such  laborers. 

Conn.  Act  duly  0.  is:i,"i.  chap.  200.  I'en- 
olly  for  hinderiiif;  inspectors  in 
perforniiiiir  duties.  Appeal  to 
court  from  orders. 

Conn.  Act  May  2.1.  IS07,  chap.  174. 
Ec!julatitiu'  sanitation,  inspeitjuii. 
and  health  of  employees  in  b.iker- 
ies. 

Conn.  All  May  31,  ISO!),  chap.  110. 
Cillars  not  to  be  used  as  bake- 
shops.     K\reption. 

Other  aMiendnieiils  to  1S07.  cliap.  174, 
S  2. 

Conn.  Act  .Tune  2.  1S07.  chap.  200.  i:m- 
ployecs  on  St.  I!y.  Penalty  for 
failure  to  make  returns  to  rail- 
way eiinimissioners  in  conformity 
with  jiresiMlhcd    forms. 

Conn.  Act  .Tunc  11.  Iso;.  chap.  241. 
Tinilw.-iy  comini-^sionri's  may  di- 
rr  el  that  platforms  of  cars  be  in- 
closed bv  ^ates  or  vesi  itiules. 

Conn.    Act    May     17.     ISOO.    chap.     119. 


Factories  to  be  well  lii»lit 
tilated,  an<l  ki'pt  clean. 

.Vmendiuj;  U.  L.  ISHS,  §  22i;,-). 

Conn.    Act    .lune    20.    Iso'i,   clii 
Inspector  of  factories  to 
teiii'ments     un<l      duelliie. 
wliollv  or  in  part  as  wurl 

Dak.  Civ.  Code.  1120  1131.  (il.l 
of  em  plover,  see  herein  p 

Dak.  Civ.  Code.'  1132-1140.  (>l,i 
of  emplovce. 

Uel.  Acts  .\lav  10,  IS07,  du 
May  2S.'lS07,  chap.  4."..i. 
10  or  more  women  are  e 
-mployers  must  fnrnisi 
and  toilet  rooms  and  .se.ii 
cases  in  nu'rcanlile  e- 
ments;  rooms  to  be  v 
abusive  lan^'ua^e  and  n 
nient  pnihiliited :  female 
or  to  enforce  law. 

Fla.  Act  M.ay  4,  1801,  chap.  1)2 
roads.  Kmployment  by  c 
not  a  b.iv  to  recovery  i.f  i| 
Contracts  restrietini;  i 
void. 

Fla.  Stat.  1S!I1.  4071.  l!;iilun 
Jiany  liable  for  dama^'e  oi 
to  employee  *hron;rh  ne; 
of  other  em-  p.  where 

triliulory    n        .;i'nee. 

Kla.  .\ct  May  22.  isilCi.  chap,  s: 
iriL'  hiiiiis  of  labor  for  tr 

I'la.  Laws  1S07,  chap.  .■i74l. 
tiiinini;  damages  in  i\;se 
tual  fault,  see  herein  p.  :: 

Fla.   Laws.    IS07,  chap.  3744.     .\ 
in;;  doctrine  of  cnnuiinii 
I  nient  in  case  of  iniury  t  j  ■ 

I  employee,  see  herein  p,  21 

:  Fla.  Act  .Iniie  3,   1800,  chaji.   lul 
I  chants    to    provide  seats  1 

plovecs. 
!  C.a.  Code 'isO,-,.  5  2207.      Penderi 
road  ciimp.mii'S  liable  to 
j  ee«  as  in  ea-e  of  iniurv  In 

I  frcrs.  see  herein  p.  21os, 

j  Oa.  Civ.  Code  IS!*-.,  5S  2011.  I'l'.l 
<|Uirii;i.'  iiiaslers  to  fiiMii 
Fonahlv   safe    in.n-liiiierv. 

Ga.  Cod.'  5  207!t.  i;e.|uirin_'"t'i.> 
in;.'  of  alarm  whi-ile  w  '  m 
or  other  obstruciiiin  ap'" 
on  liaek.  sei>  hi'rein  p.  is; 

Ga.  Stat.   3o:'.(i.     Pailwav  coiihm 


himaire  or   minry 


ble  for 
ployee  throuL'li  neili',"- 
other  employee,  where  im 
utorv  ncirliL'ence. 
Ga,  Stat.  is!)0.'  1-ls.  Xo  railwn 
employ  telc;;iaph  ii|ier:".i 
IS.  nor  one  »  in.  has  imt  i 
year's  experience. 


I  I 


STATUTKS  AND  COXSTITL  •11(1X3. 


2431 


liir  ~i;4iuiK  ill  coal  mines,  si-t 
lii'icin  ]).  'Jl'.iH. 
HI.  I!(n.  l.:i\\.-,  I>s74,  rliap.  70,  5  14.  R<^- 
till  ill;;  to  tlic  coveritif;  of  lMiislini> 
Oiii;i>  iisi'il  in  niiiic  shiiflM.  mi- 
I'Mi'ln  p.  jr.'". 


i;».  Ac*  Jet.  20,  ISni,  p.  lH(i.  Unlaw- 
ful to  require  railroail  cinployccs 
to  make  runs  of  over  l;i  iiour.H 
eaoli,  except  where  trniii  is  dc- 
taineil.     Ten  liours  of  rest. 

(Ji.  Act  Dec.  10.  1S!I5,  p.  07.     Contract- 

exeiiiptinj;  niaaler  from  li.iliiliiy  j  III.  I^aws  l^s:i,  p  114.  Relating  to  1 1n- 
to servant  lor  nefillgeiico  of  mas  j  p-oi'oiion  ami  safrty  of  miners. 
tcr  or  oilier  servant  are  voiil.          j  m-i-  In  iciii   p.  •J1!I7. 

Ga.  .\ct  Dec,    K'l.   IHfl,').  p.   10:».     Heeeiv-  i  111.  Act    lS7i.'.   ii   H.     Top  of  sliaft   to  Ke 

ers  of  railways  have  same  lialiil-  ,  .scewrcly  feni-.d. 

ilv  to  eiii|ilo\ces  as  enrporat ion~.     111.  Laws    1S7I'.   p.   2l>7.      Re(|uiriiit;  the 

Idaho  .\el    Miireli   Ii.    IS!):!,   p.    \'yi.      Ap-  ;  top  ot  caeli  -li:ifl   ami  ent  raiiee  lo 

|i(iiiilment,  powers,  ami  iliilies  of,  a  viin  in  he  iiiici-.i. 

-t:it''  mine   inspector.                          '  111.  I.aus    ls7!i.   p.   -21)7.      rrovidim.'   for 

Idaho  .\el    March    II.   IS'.)."),  p.    100.      In-'  the  heallli  anil   safi'ty  of  pi  rsoiis 

spci'liii   of  mines.     Aniemlinj.'  ami  '  emploveil  in  eoal  miiii'<. 

extemlinjr  law.      Dei.iilii's  may  !"•    111.  se-^s.    Laws    1887,   p.   -:>•">.     lielatm^' 

appointed.     Investif.'ation  of  aiei-  to  minis. 

,I,.,„s.                                                       !  III.  Act  .luiii-  17.  1S!)1.  n.  S7      I'rohiliil- 

Idaho  Act  March  0,  ISOl,  p.  1(5!).    Ei'jrht  ;  ioL'  en,|pli>yiiLiiit   of   eliililnn   iin- 

hiMirs    to   constitute   day's    lalmr  ilir   l:'.. 

on  all  state,  county,  and  munini   ■  III,  Act   .lime   IS,   ISOl.  p.   lliS,     .Mana 

pal  works.  pT-    of    i-o;il    miees    ri'ipiiii'd    to 

Idaho  Act   Feb.  C,   ISO!),  p.   IH.     Ki;.rUt  pass  e\.imiiiati..ns. 

honrs  a  day's  work  on  all  puliiie    111.  Act,     ISHl,    p.     liiS.    5    :,.     Miner's 

work.     1S!)()-18!)1.    p.    Hi!),    re-en!  di.i  ,r    or    iiiiury    in    mine    wh.re 

act.d  to  correct  illei;alily  in  pa--- '  maii;i'.'.T     li.is     no    ctI  idi-.ite     of 

s;i^,,.  compiti'iiey  ns  piovjili'd   in  act.  a 

III,    Crin?.    Code.    chap.    .'!S,     5§     77,    80.:  e;ni-e  of  anion. 

rroviiles  that   it   shall   be   unlaw- :  111.  Acl   .Imi"  17.   IS'.]:;,  p.  !i!i      CluMi.n 


fill  for  any  per-on,  firm,  or  cor- 
poration to  employ  or  hire  any' 
chilli  imiliT  thirteen  years  of  ajre 
unless  a  sehool  hoard  irives  a  cer- 
tificate that  an  a'.'ed  or  infirm 
nlalive  is  deprmlent  in  whole  or 
in  [lart  upon  said  child. 
II.  Act  lS7-->.  Ill,  Act  1S77.  5  :?.  HI. 
Acl.  M.ay  JS.  1S7!I.  §  3.  Tieipiir- 
in;;  that   a   second  escapement  he 


iimlir  II  proliiMti'il  iinpl.iyrr.ini 
in  m.ie.it,'!'!  mini.'  I'si.iliti^'oiM  nt. 
n<t'i-tii'  ol  ei.ililriii  iimlei  Hi  to 
he  kept,  |-',nip'io  leent  of  chil- 
dren l.euvnn  U'  and  Ifi  forhi.l- 
den.  except  with  alli'Inxit  of  fi.ir- 
ent  or  'jii;iii!i^;n  as  to  .ic'e.  dale, 
and  ph-ie  of  Mi'h,  Cer!  ilii-nus 
of  hiallli  nia_\  lie  ilein;inded  hy  iii- 
specloi-^. 


provided    in   mines,   see   herein   p.  :  111.  Act -Imie  17,  |sn:!,  p,  HI),     No  female 


21110. 
III.  Consi,  4,  2;»,     T.e^'islature  shall  pass 

laws   for   proleetion   of   miners. 
111.  Rev.  JStat.  chap.  !':!,   §    14.     Reipiir- 

iiii;   the    inspeetion    of    mines   he- 

foie  men   be^iii   work,   see  herein 

p.  2210. 
Ill,    Rev.    Stat.     1S74,    chap,    Of!.     5  _". 

nrncniled    by    .Vet    May    11.    1S77. 

Rei]iliiinir  the  report   of  aeci.Ieii!-. 

to  mine  inspeetors.  see  herein   p. 

2107. 
in.  Rev.  Stat.  1S74.  chap.  0:i.  S  H.     1 


shall  he  employi'd  in  any  faciory 
or  work-hop  iiune  than  ei-ut 
ho'i:  in  any  "IH'  day  or  IS  hours 
ir  1  y  one  ui-'l,.  Hours  of  le- 
ipir  il  work  to  lie  ki'pl  posted  hy 
elllpUners. 
III.  Act  .lime  0.  1«07.  p,  00.  Child 
I.aiica,  Not  pirmilted  to  work 
lor  \\;iL"  -  il'  lunler  '4  nor  if  un- 
der 111  more  i'  -n  liO  hours  p.T 
week  or  at  ha/inlons  employ- 
nienl.  i'eiially.  l!e;,'ister  ofehil- 
dren. 


quirintr  that  drums  shall  be  pro   I  III,  .Set  .hine  17,  IS!):!,  p.  !)!).     Manufao- 


viiled  with  brakes,  see  herein  p 
2107. 

111.  Rev.  Stat.  chap.  9."!.  ?  10.  Kcipiir- 
in;j  the  use  and  furnish iii2  of 
timber  to  he  Used  as  props  in  coal 
iiiines.  see  herein   p.  2I0S. 

111.  Rev.  Stat.  chap.  !).■!,  g  8.     Providing 


ture  of  clothinir.  artificial  liouirs, 
and  cii,'ars  pmhiliiteil  in  apirt- 
mcnts.  tenemeiit-.  and  livin™ 
rooms,  except  hy  families  li\in;» 
therein.  Kvery  '^ueli  workshop  to 
he  kept  el. Mil,  fill-  from  v.rii.in, 
infectious,  or   conta;,'iou3  mutter, 


! 

■.    -, 
•  i  I 


i,!  ' 


in 


th  ( - 1 


(if 
."s. 

f:ii 

(■•T:r- 


::^al 


ll!i;i 


"IP 


2i;ia 


STATllKS  ANU  CONSim  IIOXS. 


'  i 


i,f ;  ! 


Jl 
w 


and  i-ubjcot  to  iiispcitiiiii.     To  lie] 
rrpintiii  1(1  liiiard  ol'  licullli.  I 

111.  Act  April  :Uk    iHll.'),  p.  2.i(i.     llliiin-     lluJ. 
iiialioii  III   iiial   iiiiiM*.     I'li-i  rili- 
iiij;   kinds   ot   oil    wliiili    iiiiiy    be 
ii<i'i|.     Tvstrt.     l'ciialtii>i.     lll^pl■c■ 
tiiiii. 

111.  Acl   . I  lino  4,   1S!I,-|.  p.  S.'ij.     Mine  in-    Ind. 
spirlcir>    sliiill    in^picl    HCiili'i    in 
cdiil  niiiic-.. 

111.    Act    .Iniir    2\.    ISII.-),    p.    -i.-iO.      Coiil 
iiiiiir>.     lloi-liiif.'     ('ii;.'iiii'('r-'    and 
till'    liii-sis    inii^t    si'iiuo    lii'rn^o    Ind. 
frtiMi    Ktali'.    on    cxaniiiialiun    or 
pliMif    iif    four    years    rxpcrinico. 

111.  Acl  .liini'   1.1.   IS!i':i.  p.  2."i4.     .Mines.    Ind. 
Inspiclor.     .\MM'ii<lin$;  law.     I'ccs 
to  i'C  paid  liy  mines.     Stateiiient 
of  t.inciition  of  mine  to  be  posted 
at  mine.  Ind. 

III.  Act  June  21,  ISH.l.  p.  2,j,5.  Mine 
managers.  Kxaininatinns  {riven 
only  to  those  liavin-;  four  years' 
experieiii'e  as  niiiiem. 

111.  Act  .luni-  21.   ls:i.-|.  p.  2.">S.      Ue-u- 
Intinfj  lillini.'  cartridps  and  lirin;i  < 
sliots   ill   mines. 

111.  Act  .Tune  ",  ISHT,  p.  2111'.     Sniiiaiy    Ind. 
rcfiiilations     only    nppliealili'     in, 
mines  wliere   more   than    li\e   are 
empldved.  1  Ind, 

111.  Act  .lun'e  7,   ISItT,  p.  2riS.     No  per- , 
Ron  sliall  mine  by  liiniself  unb'^s  ; 
Willi  tuo  years'  jiraeiieal  expel  i- 
enoe.     (Itlierxvise  mii>t   be  aeconi- 
P''     ed  by   |iraetieal   miner.  I  Ind 

III.  A  .Mine  11,  ISlt;,  p.  2."iii.  Diisl  | 
hi.  ers  re(piiied  on  p<ili-iiinjj , 
macliinerv,  enierv   wlieels.  ete.         ;  Ind 

III.  Act  April  21.  ls:ili.'p.  l:!!i.  I'eniilty 
for  use  of  deception  or  unlawful 
foree  in  eriiplovinu'  uoi!;iiien,  and 
for  i.'iiardiii!,'  wiili  deadly  ^^eap•  Ind 
ons  eeilaiii  \\(irknieii  or  property 
witliout  uritten  permit  from  jjov- 
ernor.  Ind, 

111.  Illonr,  Stat.  ebap.  114.  §  1^2).  Re- 
lalin;.'  to  duty  of  railroad  eonipa- 
Iiie>  to  fei.ei'  ri;_'Iit  of  way,  sec 
lierein  (i.   IsTT.  Ind 

III.    (2    Starr    &    C.   Anno.    .'^lat.    2rin. 
cliap.  02.  §S  4.   141.     Itelatiiifj  to 
till'  inspection  of  mines,  see  liere     Ind, 
in   p.  21117. 

III.  Mlunls  l;.v.  Stat.,  cliap.  114.  5!tO). 
Uei|uirin'j  tlie  use  of  brakes  and 
eni)iloyment  of  .skilful  brakeinen 
on  trains,  so?  lierein  p.  21SS. 

111.    IllnrilV   Un-.  Stilt.   18!i|).  chap.  <i:?,    Ind 
S    li).      Kequiring   the   finni-.hing 
of  siillieient   lijjht  id  top  of  mine 
sliafls,  see  herein  p.  21I)S. 

Ind.    \ct  March  2,  ISDl.  cluip.  49.     Coal 


mines.      Inspection.      Re 
Ksoiipe  hhafls.     Stuirua; 

(liurii.-'s     Rev.     Slat.    !:i|j 
3."i!la).      I'iacinj;  on  the  i 
the    burden  ol    proviii;; 
tlirv     Ile;;lij.'enee,     >ee      li 
2:!ti'H. 

Act  Maroli  (i,  1S!I1.  ,  1, 
Alamifiictiirini;  and  n 
houses  roi|uired  to  pne, 
for  woiiier  iiiid  ;,'iiN  .  ii  | 
tliem. 
Act  March  4,  lS!i:!.  ihap.  1 
plovers  re(|llilrd  to  pi,n 
for  women  and  i.'irN. 

Act  March  2,  ISIM.  chap 
biihlinu'  eniploynieiit   of 
der    1 1    and    of     fenKil  - 
iniiies. 

Act  Feb.  2.'i,  IS'.i;!,  chap. 
liiwful  to  employ  iliilih' 
14  in  miinufiii'lure  ol  ir 
iiiiils,  metiijs,  macliiitei; 
biiccii.  I'lihiwful  fiT 
tillers  permitled  to  (1141 
l.ilioi  111  work  cliildii-a 
iiiiire  tlnni  eii:lil    hom.~  a 

.\el  Is'.iH.  eliiip.  l:!li,  p.  -1 
phiyei.-'  Liiibility  Acl.  ,~ 
p.   'l'.'"li. 

Act  .hiiio  ;i.  IhOl,  §  !•,  1 
owiii  IS  iiTid  opcriiloi- 
iiiiiies  III  cover  c.i'.,'i'.>  fcir 
pel. -1.11-.  de^cendin;,'  and  ; 
-hiitts.  ,>ee  lierein  p.  21:1 

I  I'.nrn-'s  I!ev.  Stiit.  ls:U. 
I'loviilin^r  for  the  eiiipln 
mininir  bo-s.  see  herein  •■ 

Rev.  Slal.  1S!I4.  S  7172       I 
inspection    of    workinu' 
mine   bv   minin;;  buss.  S' 
p.  liio:?'. 
Act     I'eb.     2.-1,    Isii:;.    ,-■ 

Coal     .Mines.      Reipiiiiiej 
boards"  to  lie  pro\  idi  ,1. 

Act  l-Vb.  27.  lS!i:!.  cliap.  f 
of  state  inspeclor  ot  ('<) 
to  attend  lo  enforccmci 
niiniiifr  hiws. 

Act  March  '.i,  IH'.W.  chap. 
tablishinp     standards    u 
for  miner's  oil. 

Act  March  4,  ISSd,  cliap. 
blast  in;;  in  niiiios  diiriii!; 
hours:  innermost  -iiot 
fired  first;  depth  of  iiole 
in  coal  mine;  nol  over 
of  powder. 

Act  March  4.  1S!»7,  chap.  ^ 
and  fire  bosses  and  Imi 
pincers  must  he  cviin 
mine  inspector,  le.jair 
cure  certificate  of  cuiap 


^lAII    IKS  AND  (uNM-in   TKiNS. 


•.'».« 


Iiul.  Art  M.iicli  li.  ISliT,  eh.>\>.  HI.     All] 
nc.  iilriits    Oiiii«in;j    24    liouis    de- 
liiy  -liall   til!  invrslij.Mtf(l   liy  iiiiiu' 
iii'-|i. ctor:    mini!    Iicss    sli;ill    j;iM! 
riiiipl    fur  not  ill'   frcmi   iniiicr  of! 
iiii-.iirly  irf  mini".  ! 

1.1(1.    Art      Mii'ii'li     H.     l.Sn:,    oliiip.     I4.>. 
Stiii-liT  iT'.'iiliitiiins  ns  t"  i-^i-;ipe- ! 
iii,>nl  oiilli'ts  in  ni:il  niim-..  | 

lii.l.  Ai-I   March  7.  lH!t."i.  oliMp.  71.      I'lat-  . 
till  .n>  of  stri'i't  liiilwiiy  iai>  to  In- 1 
iiicliwiil  for  pnitcclion  in  wi'itiT.  | 
;nd.    Alt     .Murcli     2,     1S'.I7.    fliii|i.     (!.'>.  i 
J'iicloiy   ln^|ji'i!l  ion.     (liiniiil  law: 
(lirst    ill   state).     ItcL'iilatiun     of 
tliild    and     funiali'   lalior.      Ilo-ii^. 
iiiadiiiu'ry,     vintiiation.     fin-    ii 
i'a|ir^.    KWoatsliiiiis,   cle. 
Ind    Aft    lKlt7.   p.    lt)l.     I'riividiiiy    lli.il 
inai'liini'i-y      sliall       lir       piop'Tly 
•_-iiaiilid.  sif  lirioin  p.  -I'.'I. 
„H.    .Vts    lS!l!t,    p.    2:14,    §    !»    (IJnrns'i 
Ki'V.    Stat.     1!>01.    §    7IIS7I.      I!.' 
ipiiriii!;    all    niacliiiury    of    ivny 
(li'siiiption  to  he  propnly  L'n.irl    , 
.■d. 
'nd.    Act     Mari-h    2,     IKftn.    clKip.     U2. 
Ccni'ial     factory    in-pi'i'l  imi     law. 
Hours    of    woiiion    and    i-liil'iicii. 
Safety   of    cniployre-i.      .\i-,l,l  'iii -. 
Swcatpl.opy.       Drpi-rtiuinl    ol     in 
•cpci-l  inn  crrati'il. 
Inm  Act   Is."i3.     i;i'latin<r  to  tijl.ilitv   ..f 
railroad  cmiipaiiir-.  -'i'  li'iin   p. 
iss*. 
l.mii    Laws    1<*«0.   cliap.   2>^2.    5    l.^i.      Dn 
rlariii^'  it    a  inisdciiii' hmh    to  riilc 
upon  lo;idcd  car  in  -.liail   or  -lopo, 
si'i'  liorcin.  p.  ■JJiM). 
low.-i  Art  April    17.   1>^'"I.  Hiar     tf!.      Ks- 

ciilic  shafts  in  coal   mine-, 
low.i    (Ali'ClainV   Code.    S5    ill!:!,   lilfi.'. '. 
ruipiii  iiiL'  cinpluycc<   in  mines  to 
prop  roofs  and  entries,  see  liendn 
pp.  l!»"!l.  --'i™. 
fnwa  Cede.   §   i;4sS.      Hocinire-  adnpiion 
of  means  for  elTieicMit    veniihiiion 
in  mines. 
Ifiua    ...'t    March    23,    inOO.    olmp.    Sii. 
■\IiMi"    foremen,     pit     bosses,    nnd 
hoistimj  engineers  to  he  eviimined 
and  to  liold  eertilleale     of  conipe- 
tenev.       .\mending      Code        1S!I7. 
(Lip.  0.  p.   12. 
lew, I  (  .„ie   lS7:i.  8    nt17:   C-.\-   l'^!i7.   5 
■-'071.     T!el;itin;,'    to      liahility     of 
railroad    companies    for    ininvies 
to  employees,  .^ee  lii'i-ein  p.  2112. 
Town    Civ.  Code.  §    4ilii4.     Feneins    ina- 

Hi'merv. 
Towa    .\et     Mereh     10.    H'lfi.    chap.    02. 


Iowa   .\et    April   S.   Isia',.  rli;ip.  ni. 
Mines.     Only    nire  animal  or  ve;;- 


eiahle   nil    or  parailin   to  he    11  ed 
fur   illnniinatiiai.     Slandanl. 
lowu     Act     .March     2.'i.     l-^ns.    eli.ip.    ilil. 
Illumin.it  in;;   oil    fur    n-e    in    ei.il 

mines  to  he   in-| d   and  hrand 

111  hy  inspector  of  jntioleum  pro 
dnel'-  (  fiirmerl,-  In.iiidid  hv  -lite 
none  iiiS|ieclor  I .  \iiieielln'.'  i 
:;tlM   :i."i  Coile   IS!i7. 

Iowa  .\ct  Maieh  -Js,  Isos.  i!i:ip.  .'I'l. 
.Mine-.  Xiraii'tiei:  I.m\  i^  *.';>S 
Ciide  1S!I7)  rehiiive  to  ventila- 
tion ;  air  eiirienl  not  in  li.  niuie 
t'nan  IHI  feel  fium  wmkiiiL.'  f.o'ii 
e\et  pt    in  eel  I  .lin  ca-e-. 

Kan.  Act  Vi.iicli  2.  ls7o.  le'l.itinir  to 
liahiliiy  of  i.iilro.i.l  eompanie:* 
foi  iii|iiiic-  lo  pel-Ill-  in-  pniper- 
ty.    -.  r    lieleill    p.     jssl. 

K.m.  Si. it  ij.'l.  '.*;>.  l*ailio;i(l  eonipaniea 
ll.il.'.'   fi;r   injury  to  employees. 

Kan.  \ei  .\liireli  Id.'  ]><'.)],  .!iap.  114. 
laulil  hours  to  eon-iilnle  day'i* 
lal'"i  for  all  workmen,  meelinni'-s, 
■i"ic  ellurs  .•mployid  iiy  state, 
eit  \ .  "r  town,  or  I'V'  cmi;  raeloi  s 
on    pul.Iii'   wor!;-. 

Kan.  Ae!  \|;,reh  10.  |sOl,  e:,.,p  I  17. 
Mine..      1  -,.  c.;  i\|.ii.-;v,  -. 

Kan.  An  A'.iil  (.  Isn;!.  ,!.;ip.  I.'.'i.  In 
-pill  liiii  iif  mine-,  lie  .liih  !iiid 
-afet  V    of   einpl'Hei'-.. 

K.iii.  Ael  Mn,  21.  'H'I'.  elnp.  171. 
lle'jiil.i'  noi.    \t  III  iial  Ion.    and     <ii- 

-p    I'l  lull    111    CI.  il    iniiie-. 

Kfin.    I  Jell.    S|.||      isn7.    ,],;,,,.    70,    5    I.',. 
I  INI  •!  iiej    to   li.ilillii  v'  ui'    riih.  id 

!  eompiinie-     fur     iiiimi's     tu    em- 

pli.M'i'-.  ^ee  herein   p.  21  111. 
;  Kan.     A.''     M.iieh    fl.     lso7.    cLap.     172. 
I  I'laf  luinis   (if   I  !.  e   1  ie   -I  Hit    1  .lil- 

wav-     to     he     ilielu-ed     fill      pri'IeC- 

1ii.;i   il!  w  ii:li  r. 
Kin.     Act     Mirch     4.     1^00.  el,:ip.     lC,.->. 
Cini'ii.'lliie.'      -iiiKiiiL'      of      e-caoe 
s'  ,.f:  -    al    eiLil    leine- :    lo   he   :ii)rt 
fe.t     fiuiii     main     -liait  :     r'_'ii!a- 

(iuM-. 

Kan.  Act  M.Mch  n.  1^07.  eii.ip.  'V). 
Co.ll  iipelaliils  to  make  (|11  1 1  t  .tI  v 
1-epurt  to  iii-':(  ctiiis.  euil  iiilii  .1. 
UiiiiJier  of  mi'i.  rs  and  utiier  ineii 
inid  huy-  einiiluyed.  price-  p;,i.|. 
acelilenls.  deatli-^.  etc. 

2  Kv.  \\v.  Slat.  (Act  March  10,  \-M) . 
liel.iMnir  to  liahility  of  railiu-id 
coinpiinie-  for  wilful  acts  uf  -erv- 
ant.  see  herein  p.  IS-f,"). 

1,  .  Cm.  Stat.  chap.  ."i7.  S  3.  C,ivin!» 
widow  of  one  hilled  thronrrh  wil- 
ful nei.'!eet  a  ri;;lit  10  n  cover  pn- 
liilive  da!iui„a.-;.  sen  litruiil  p. 
1S8!). 


m 


til 
1 1  III 


;   1 
•  1 


i'f 
r-i' 


!'.§ 


ii:  n 


Jl 


i''':4 


STATl  TKS  AND  CONSTITl  TIONS. 


I  I' 


i  •■ 


Wi 


f 


12484 

Ky.  Stnt.  ls*r)4.  Prdvidinjj  for  tlic  rp- 
iDMiy  i)f  |iiiiiitivi>  (laiiiiiKcx  for 
wilful  ni';.'lrcl  resulting  in  loss  of 
lifi',  sci.  licrrin  p.  lull. 

Ky.  Const.  S  :!tl.  Itclutinfr  to  linliility 
for  iliiilli  by  wronj;ful  act,  six' 
'irrcin  p.  ISS."). 

Ky.  Stat.  S  ilM.  .\Iakiiij»  it  a  niisdR- 
nirai.or  to  no'jlict  to  propi'i  ly  sc- 
ciMT  roofs  of  mines,  si'i-  herein  p. 
■12\»). 

Ky.  Act  l"c  li.  1.-,,  ISfC!.  cliiip.  14-2.  Mines. 
Iiis|ieeli(>ii.  I'cu'uliilion.  Venti- 
luljiiM.     I'rotcetiou  of  miners. 

Ky.  Act  Miiich  :!,  ISHt.  eliiip.  :!7.  I'ro- 
viilinu'  for  iintl  rejiulatin^  venlila- 
t  inn  ijf  cuiil   niines. 

I.a.  (t'oile  of  .Napoleon,  5  1.1S2).  Relat- 
ing to  liiiliilily  for  eau^iii};  dam- 
uiii'  to  anotlu'r.  see  lieirin  p.  Issi. 

1*1.  C'on~t.  175.  Le^;islanire  ^liall  p.iss 
Ia«.s  to  prot<'et  laliorers  on  piili- 
lie   wiirlis,   canals,   railroads,   ete. 

La.  Stat,  lliii-!),  17')~7.  t.'eneial  law  of 
.Master  and   Servant. 

I-a.  Aet  A|>iil  (>.  Isiij.  sliap.  »7.  .Mann- 
faetnrii'.;.'  and  iinreanl  ile  lioii-c-- 
rei|uire(l  to  pr'.)\ide  seats  for  fe- 
tn.ile  employees. 

La.  Act  .liiiy  ().  ISMJ.  cliap.  liO.  IVoIiih- 
itiii'_'  I'inploynient  of  eliildren  tin- 
der 12  in  cleaning.'  or  operating 
ilan'^'eicius  niaeliiii'TV. 

La.  Lalior  I.,aws  (Wolfs  Hev.  Laws 
If^lt".  p.  .11.")).  tauployniont  of 
cliiMlen.  etc. 

La.  Act  July  .".,  1!M>0.  eliap.  .'.i.  Seats 
to  lie  niaiiitaine.l  I'nr  female  em- 
ployees; at  least  M  njinutes  for 
Inneli. 

La.  Aet  .Iu?ie  ?,().  lSn4.  cliap.  1!!.  Pro- 
liiliilinu'  employiiii  nt  of  women  in 
lion-es  wlK're  spirituous  li(|uor.s 
,nre  sold  at   retail. 

Me.  Kiv.  Slat,  cliap.  17.  S§  ■_':!.  -21.  I^e- 
ijuiiin-T  tliat  "ila-liii;,'  ^liall  lie 
preee.led  1)V  wariiini:,  see  henin 
p.   1S7!). 

Me.  Tcv.  Slat,  cliap.  SI.  §  21.  Pel^itin? 
to  linliility  of  raili'ii;id  erimp.niies 
for  pergonal  injuries.  ><•''  herein 
p.    IS'J'!. 

Me.  Stat.  ISSO,  chap.  2in.  -nioekin^'  of 
free.'-. 

Me.  Aet  March  20.  I'JO:!.  chap,  202. 
Piity  to  prosecute  for  violations 
of  fortniirlitly  payment  law.  to 
examine  into  sanitary  condition 
of  f.'ieti.ries.  etc.,  to  enforce  law 
relative  to  .swinfrinj  of  doors  in 
factories  and  to  ma!;e  annual  re 
port  to  conimisioner  of  industrial 
and  lahor  stati.stics. 


Md.  Act  March  :n,  H!M.  chap. 
for  proleetion  of  wmk 
gayed  on  .jcalfoldiii;.',  Ii 
hy  police. 

Md.  Act  April  :>,  1.^00,  chap.  It 
for  women  em|iloyeei  rn 
mereant  ih    e^taldi^limeiil 

Md.  Act  April  2.  iM'.Ki,  chap.  J 
cries  and  <'onfi-ei  ionen. 
council  of  ItaltiiiKue  in 
late  and   ins| i. 

Md.  Act    .\pTil   Ci.    ISO},  chiji.  : 
tinini^   swi'at    shops   and 
penalties    iiir    .-.ale   and 
ture    of    infc'led    elothiii 
in;,'ly    nnole   therein. 

Md.  Act  April    1.   Ismi.  ehaji.  :li 
torie>  and  .Suealshops, 
more  not  to  use  oil  or  l,'.i 
li;.'ht    or    lieiit.     To    hnf 
ea  pes. 

Md    Act  April   ),  IH'KI,  cha[i.   !i 

ally     for    allowinL'    i: I 

made  up  in  s«eat>hiip- 
■iiiuiihlr  niciiiiH  of  /,/,<, ir/.. 
nierly   I<iioHinj.'ly ) . 

.Mas>     Pull."  Si;, t,    chap.    112.   5 
amended     by     .Stalnle 
chap.  21:!.   'PelaliiiL'  in 
nefili'jent  aet.  see  lnai  in 

Mass.  Pull.  Stat.  chap.  101.  1;. 
the  jiuardin!;  of  dan,'! 
cliinery.  sih'  herein  p.  21; 

Mass.   Pull.  Stat.  chap.   lilt.  § 
vidini;  for  the  protect  imi 
\\i   ,  s  and  tdev.itoi  s.  ser. 
21!'t4. 

Ma.ss.  Stat.  1S>»2.  chap.  20S.  :i 
Mass.  Pull.  Stat,  clnip.  1 
I'eipiirin'r  elev.ilors  lo 
vided  with  prescrih.il  ini 
safety  devices,  see  lieirli 

Mass.   Pull.  Stat.  chap.   IIH.  S 
vidin<r  that  all   f.ii'-evi  - 
widl  venlilaled  and  K<i.! 

.Nfass.  Pull.  Stat.  chap.  IIJ.  5  ! 
quirini;  the  niiinlii 
(,'uards  at  coiniec-  of  i 
joiiiinc;  railroads,  see  1 
L'lSS.  ' 

Mass.  Stat.   ISS.-i,  chap.  :!71.  S 
quiring'   elevator   cur-   In 
nisheil  with  antom.r  i  ■  ^ 

Mass.  Slat.   Iss.",.  chap.  :i:i.  s 
toinatie   L'ltes   to  ch-v.i'n 

.Mass.  T.-iws  lss-7.  c'.iii.  2:it.  5 
plo\ei>'  Liahililv  .\et,  -i 
p.  io:M. 

Ma.-s.  \el.  .Lily  M  I'lim.  el, 
Vani'ley.Ts'  lialiili'y.  T' 
Cfimi'.efwal  ifia  mi  ler  er 
lialdlily  act  notie  •  inn-' 
cni|iloyerwitliin    IJO  i  loin 


STATI  TK.o    \M)  CONMI  II   lIuNS. 


24;i5 


111 


111'  wiiiKiii.ii  ,,., 
>liliji;.'.      Iii-j !i.. 

i,  cli;i|i.  I  i;.  S,,,  . 
iloviT-   ri.|iiiiiii    : 

llili^llllirllt  -. 

•i,  oli.iij.    j;:!.  1; 

liiiiiiic    iinv    i(_, 

•I. 

14,  cli.iji,  :;uj.    |,, 

i<'|n   :ilhl    iiii|.ii.r. 

«ili'    ;iiiil    iiiaii'il, 

'il    C'lolllill!;    kill. 

'Iiiii. 

li.  cli.ifi.  :',i;i.    I' 

^iUliii|i-;.     In  111- 
'  oil  Of  L;.i-'M!ir  t  :r 
To    liii\i-    liu'  i> 

li.  oli;i|i.   It;;.     1',:, 

sillL'  ^nn.js  to  :. 
(■ill-ll(p|i-     I'llli    r.r; 

of  l:„<,irl,,hi,'  if.r 

rl.v). 

ip.   II-'.  5  Jl.' 

stilt  iilc     1.1     )■.■ 

IlltillL'    tn    ,|..;||i, 

S('*»  lifi.iii  p,  !«*, 
I.  101.     IM.iti'ij' 
of    (iMlliririni-    II 
rein  p.  Jl:'!. 
p.   nil.  §   1).    p, 

protl'rl  inll    ,,I  i  ,.;.- 

ilois.  >•■(   !m  1,  in  ; 

lip.  20S.  ;in:.!i.:i'. 
it.  r!i;ip.  I'M  <  M 
,-.-ltors  to  I...  p;- 
'.s('lil>.'i|    r 111!'  : 

si'c  IiVm"!  i"i  ;i.  iV'"' 
p.   KM.  S   1::,     I'l 
f:l("..vi^^    ^li.iil  1- 
;Ull   Ki'lit    i'\m11. 

p.  iij.  5  ii.i).  i;, 

Tli.iinti'iin:!.'''  '! 
iiii-i~  of  I'-r-  :i  ■ 
Ills,    sir    li.iviil    i 

p.  :i74.  5  im.  r 

iir  0:1  r-  I"  '"'  i'''- 
itoll!:!'  '],•  'J  'I'  -. 
I  p.  :'.:i.  S  I'.ii.  -V: 
tn  rlrv.iii.r  -'i't'- 
III.  L'Ti'.  ?  I.  I'-" 
il'v  Ai't.  >('•'  hr<n 


!!.■■•   Illlt-I    I"'  •,'!>'■: 

GO  I  I'oriiii'rly  j'l 


diiVH  of  arridcnl :  rxmiior  iii.iy 
pivc  Burli  liotirc  uilliiii  till  ( loi- 
iiiiTly  :tO)  iliivs  of  Ills  appoint- 
niont.  Aiiii'iidiiit.'  IHST.  (Imp. -TO. 
I  .'t,  as  aiiii'ii'li'il  l>\  Ixss.  ih.ip. 
1. ■■.-). 

M;iw.  Stat.  1877.  cliap.  liM.  .\"  to  pro- 
vl-ioii  of  lirccr-r.ipcs. 

Musk.    .\'l    April    II.    Him.    diap.    ITM. 


t'oMiiTiiiMii'iit  ion 


to  I 


II'   plo\  I 


I  ill 


fiicliii  III"    "«lalili-liiiiiii»~  lie 


liiaiiii 

twiiii    room-*   ooiitaiii 

(TV   nnil    ('n'jiiic   rr.on 


I'liiii 


Mass,  .^l'l  .M:iii-li  111.  is'.m.  ciiaii.  ,s;t.  .Xiv 
cidintu  to  rniploycc-  o  lir  r"- 
]iort('(I  by  proprietor;-  of  inaiiu- 
iai'tiirim;  r.-talili^liiiiriit-. 

\la>.»  .\vt  Manli  111.  Is'Ki.  ,-li,,p.  00. 
rii.liililini.'   fiiiployiiuiii    of    pi-r- 


.  iimlor  1")  VI 


i.r  Iii;ina;;i 


•niriil  of  I-] 


.11-  ol  ■•I'^v  ill  IMII' 


-\atori-.  or  of 


I" 


lis  UMilcr  IS  vnus  of 


rli'N.itois    iiiiiiiiii;;   lit 
ovi-r  2(llt  fri't   a   ininiiti-. 


spi 


<•  for 
il   of 


Mass.  .\rl  .\pril   II,  1S!H1.  iliap.  IS.t,    To 
limit    lioiirs   of    lalior    for    women 
il     cliililren     in     iiiaiiiifartiiriii;' 


an 
e-lalili-linients. 


Ii-lin;i'iit    more  tlinn  ."S  Iioiir'*  piT 


S\^<^.     .\it     .Iiine     1.1,     lliiilt.    eli; 


p.    HTH. 


.Minors  iimler  Is  and  uoinni  not 
to  lalior  in  iiii'ii'.iiii  ill'  e-l.ilili-li- 
.iS     I  I'lriiii-i  Iv 


iiiiiii-    more    tlmn 

Oil)    lioiirH  per  uiik  i-\r 


nh 


\Ia 


ill 
|S!I|.    ell, 


pi    in  re 
I.e.lliI.er. 


Ann  )'. 

.\cl  -liiiie  :.'.  ls'i,s.  eh    , 

lories,     tjeiierallv    aim  mliii;;    law 


t!il.   I'ae 


lelati 


i\e  III  eiiipli  \  nieiil  of  minor-, 
l.M». 


.Mass.     .\,-t     M.ui-li    !l.    N'lS.    fill 


I'aelorii 


l!iA  i-Mi''   law   relati\ 


tu  inannl'.iel  me  and  sale  of  elol  li 
in;;  iiiiide  ill  tiiienieni-  (giinend 
ini;    I 


an     :-"t     reiril 
nt    ol    l,il>or,   eh, 


,"iiis,   |s:iii. 
.Mans.    .\et     .\|iril    J  I.     Is'i:!,    rliaj).    'ijii. 


lati 

ip 


in|di 


Duelli 
of  elolh 


■'{    for    nianiilV 
liroUL'lil  under  svsiein 


of    in-peeiion.     K 


;millle,s    ellLM 


i-eil 


>iieii   nianiif.iel  lire   in  ihiellini; 
liiii-t    he    lieensed.      <'ondi- 


tio.i-  of  di-i 
lle.iltli    olheer- 


;ise   to  he   r. 


lied   h 


Tel 


lenient    mad* 


Mass.    .\el    .li 


;l.     ISPi),    fill 


:t7 


r; I-  liiu-I    he  lalieled. 

1  ^^ass.    Act     .May     I'.i.     I.sim;.    eli:ip.    4I> 


Nine    hours    to    constitiitL-    day's 
works    for    lahorers    eiiiployeil    by. 
stale,  oity,  or  town.  | 

Ntass.   Act    .May    <i,    ISiill.   eliap.    :U4.      8    -^j 
hours  a  days   work    for   eity   and 
town  employees.  I 

.Mass.  Ael  .May  :tl."  IIKJO.  oli.ip.  :i:u.  Law! 


Hake 


and       foiiieci  ioneri' 


Not     more    than    111)    honi-     wn 
\xr  vii-ek.     Ile^iil.ii  iiij  ,-,inil:ilii 


Health   of 


eniplov 


\ct    .lime    -Jli.     I'.iiiii.    Hiip.    4-'-" 


Ih 


of     kill. 


ir     I'ol     eilipl 


of 


ronnlv     j.iiN    and    hou-es    of    eor 


reeliou     not     to     e\e 


relalive  to  lioiirs  of  labor  for  city 
id  town  eniployees  shall   on   pe- |  .Mass.    Siai.    11-'.    171'.    I'i'^:!.    I'- 


ll    tiO 


tilioii  he  siiliiiiilied   to  voters  fori 


aceeptanei 

,111.  5  :t. 


.\iiienilin':  1S!I!I.  clia 


I'- 


ploMiii'iit    of   pel -on    will)  is   e 
blind. 


Km- 

olor 


Mass.  Act  .May  2\.  ISIil.  ehap.  :i.".(l.   Nine 


,Mii-s,  ,\i'l   ,\pril  '-'S,   l,-<!i(;.  eliap.  .'il 


t  l:lU'lsillL 


II 


eari  iaL:i 


shall 


iiirs    to    eonsiiiiite 


day- 


r  No 

pass 

flM'd 


for    laborer^    eniplovetl    hv    eonn- 
lies. 


Mass.  Art  .lime  :!,    |S!i:i.  eliap.  Iml.    \i 


u  il  liiii  a  foot  of  a  pillar  or  li 

stiiii-inie  in  eottoii  faelory. 

.\i'l    May  li.    |-<!H.  chap.  L'li'il.      I'liii 


ours    to    eiiiistiiiiie 


ik 


for  inaniial   laiiorers   eiii|iloyed  by 


the  slate. 
Mass.  Act  .Mi 


elnpil 

i-    I 


li.ihilit,\.    When  death  of 
is  not   in-lantani'oii-.  or 


neeed.'d      h\       el 


iiller- 


;:!.   ISIKl.  eh.i 


sii.  Ten  :  .Mil 


lioiirs  to  roust  it  lite  dav»  work  fi 


Ael    fell.   17.  In:i1.  ehap,  -11.     I!ail- 


('oiidnelors,    dri 


vers,    am 


en    employed    by    sliei't    r.iilwav 


coiepanii" 


Work      to      b( 


fernied      within      IJ 


per- 


il! 


On   holidii 


'onseeiitivp 
ete.,  and   in 


rpor 

it.'h. 


iitions     nil 


1st        I. lurk 


to   piewnt    eniplowes    troiii    hiiiiL; 


ii^hi. 
Mass.  Aet  .Inne   Id.  1«' 


elii 


ease  of  aeeidents  e\tra   lal 


be  performed  f 


lor  inav 


e\tia  |)a.\ 


fill 
ch; 
train. 


•■train' 


,   |:il,   I)e 
"I'sons    in 


swilea.      or 


Mass.  Aet  .Inne   II.   i>^:\2.  ehap.  :!'.-)7.     No    Mass.    Net  -lone  :!.  I**'.!;,  ehap.  4.-.L',     C 


niin'-r    imd.er 


id 


Bliall  be  employed   in   anv  inanu- 


of    S! 


!!•. 


I" 


'd  after    1.' 


I. 


factur 


iiif?    or    meelianieni    estab- ' 


ISHS.  in  eilies  under  ."lO.DOO  must 
have    plalfoiiii-    inelosc-d    for    pro- 


)  M 


■■r 


lll.'i 


il 


1i"W 


ilt  ,1 


Sl'ATl Tl.s  AM)  fONsTITLTIONS, 
Mid 


I  11 


Mil 


it'i 


2430 

tt'otinn  In  winter.  L.n;:rr  citii* 
nUo  on  ilici-inn  \>y  lullmi'  '•  i.rn- 
inl»>!iiii  II*  til  -.ifrly  lit  I'lii'iiiilii;; 
«llli  iiiilii«i'il  pint tmi' t. 

Mam.  -Alt  .liiiip  J7.  I!mi;).  i;  4I». 
riiil  fiiriiis  (if  hire  it  rail  In  lu'  in- 
rliiTil  Dim'.  I  til  .Miircli  111  tor  piu- 
tri'l  iiiti  lit  fin|ilii\  IT-*. 

:.licli.  StMl,  (l.:iu<  |ss:l  Act  No.  i:-«.  9 
■-^).  Ililaliii;,'  to  liliMkiiif.'  of 
IHi;;s,   Ml'  llrlrill   p.  "JlSII. 

.ilich.  I'lili.  \(l>,  IMs.i,  p.  KM.  hlofU- 
ilif;  of  .-u  ilrlir*  .iiiil   iii>'^'. 

Midi.  '^l.il.  '!;!(  t.  (  iipii  -  ui  ml.'.,  aiiil 
n  L'lilnl  imit  niii-l  lie  fin  iii-linl 
iiiiliii'iil  I'lnpliiviTi. 

Midi.  Siiil.  :i:!'i7.  li.iiluiiy  liiiMi-  to 
pi'iiiill\  fur  iMipliiviii^'  nun  ud- 
ilicti'il  Id  iliiiik. 

Midi.   Art    ri'.i.   21;.   Isll.-,.  .Iiiip.   !l.      I'Int 
forms    of    sirict    riiilwMV    rjr^    to 
lie  iiii|(i-ril  for  protection  in  win- 
ter. 

Mich.  Act  Miiy  20.  lS!i:l.  diiip.  !•!.  Km- 
pliiurn  rei|iiiieil  to  provide  ^'ellts 
for  woirien  aiiil  L^irN. 

Midi.  Act  .M.tv  -j;,  IS'iii.  eliiip.  l-'ir  Hed- 
iiliitiiii.'     enipliiviiieiil     of     women 
mill    cliililien    in     inamifactiiriii',' ! 
eslalili-liiiiiiit-i  iinil   jiroviilin;;  for 
in'iprci  ion    of  »iicli  e^lalili-linient". ' 

Midi.  Aol  .Miiy  22,  lsii.->.  d.ap.  1S4.  Fuc 
tory  in'*pret ion.  Vnieniliiii.'  ^reil- 
oral  law.  Kli'Valor'*.  tire  e-eupes, 
Htairuiiy-i.  Haterelii*el-<.  <'i;.Mn- 
izalioii  of  laliiir  ilepartiiHiit.  Ke- 
ports.  .Annual  iii-pection  re- 
(piireil. 

Midi.  Act  May  HI.  |S!':;.  .liap.  177.  Ten 
liiinrs  lalior  |ierf<ii  iiu'il  uilliin  li 
consent  i\c  Imnis  -Iiill  imi-ti'iito 
(lay's  lalmr  in  tlie  operation  ot  all 
steam,  siirfaie.  ami  ele\a(eil  rail- 
roMiIs. 

.Midi.  Ct  llou.  .\miii.  Mat.  5  I'.MC.  d. 
7).  {■'lUliichliiiiX  tile  eniployiiient 
of  diililieti  uniler  loiiiteef  years 
of  a{;e  williont  written  peniii- 
sioii  lit  parent  or  L'tianiian.  sci. 
lierein    p.   2211:1. 

Mich.  Ael  .\pril  24,  1H!)7.  dmp.  !)2.  ! 
Chilli  I^alior.  Statement  of  ajre  j 
liv  parents  ninst  be  sworn  to. 

Midi.  Act  May  17.  ISH'.I.  chap.  77. 
I'liililieii  not  to  lie  eniployeil  in 
niaimfaetories  between  0  p.  M. 
iind  7  A.  M.  Parent  must  swear 
cliilil  can  read  and  write.  Aiiienil- 
in;;  ('.  L.  §  .'liU:!.  .'i-ili. 

Mich.  (3  How.  Anno.  Stat.  obap.  .">.  5 
I!)!i7).  I'nuiilinji  for  Itie  •iuaid- 
injr  of  daii'jerous  niadiinery.  8ee 
heroin   p.   2I!)1. 


\rt    May   7,   ISil*.  e]i:\]y   1 
!.pon^iliility    (or    enn-Mi 

lepail  ill'.;      lire     esea|ie~,    .■ 

and     I'tlier     perinaiiiMi 
nielits   iirdeied   liy    iri-|iie' 
on  owtter  111  liiiili!iii;i. 
.Midi.  .\c'    .May   1:1.   Isii7.  eliap. 

I  lolMlel  Iv     irnll  I      lllllli  4 

ill  every  (it)  days. 

Midi  il  21     i,S!t7,  diap. 

iii-|ieeliirs   to   lii-|i, 

■    ill    liianiif.iel  111  ill:;   i 

Mil        s    ve.irlv, 

.Mich.  .\cl  Aplil  2l".  Is'i7.  eli.i|,.  ■ 
torie.<  sliall  have  piii|ii 
and    ilressinj;    nioni-. 

Mini.  Alt  May  2,  isim.  d,.,,,  ,- 
nliilini.'  coal  leiiiinL';  in^i 
be  appidiili'd  liy  coiiiiiii- 
labor  ;  i-eape  -liafls  in  a 
MINI  to  41111  feet  friiln  lli.i 
only  coinpeteiit  eii'^'iiiirr 
rate  caees  and  Imi-N: 
have  safety  eatdies  ami 
10  only  to  ride;  eniiilny 
name  dteeU  Wii'.;!lliiall  ;  I 
supply   timlur  for  |iio|i-. 

Midi.    Act    '.May     17,     Is'ei,    ,'. 
Mini"'-     vvlieels     iiiifl     lull 
priividd!    with    fans   mi 
eiiiiiiiii-»ioiier  of  labin, 

Midi,  •lime  !»,  ISItlt,  diap.  J  ::!. 
fait  lire  of  wen  in,' 
flowers.  oiL'arettes,  eir.,  f 
in  ilwelliiii;s  e\cept  mi 
permit  of  factory  j 
•jr. lilted   after    iii-i"  cliini, 

niunber    to    I Illp'iiM  •\    : 

biiildin;^  is  lit.  I'minii 
framed  and  piotii!  ii 
Kiiiiis  i.'i^i'i"  "lit  well; 
(]llire  prodiieliun  of  |.i  r 
keep  riL'ister  of  pei  -na- 
Siven,  Family  may  ein].! 
stress.  .\iiiendiii;;  I*:'. 
1«4. 

Minn.  Slat.  Pei|iilriie_'  fciniiu 
diinery.  see  herein  p.  JI' 

.Minn.  Stat,  fnlawfiil  In  liieii 
tract  llabilily  of  railm 
paiiy  to  empliiyee  fur  iiij 

.Minn.     Stat.     Jimi;.       |!ail»ay 
llal'le      for      d.iMia'.;i'     iir 
to    employee    thimiv'li    n 
of  other  eiiiployee,   uIhtc 
tribiitorv  ne^li<.;eiice. 

Alinn.    r.aws    1887.    diaji.    H. 

liabilities    of    railriiil    ii 
for     injuries     sii^laimil 

ploVeeS,    see    llelein    p.    21; 

Minn.  Rev.  Stat.  1S7.S.  diap.  : 
Kdatiiiij  to  diitv  of  railr 


sTATfTKS  AVn  CONsri  11  TIHNS. 


'»|:i: 


pilllii-   to   rri'ct     l"i  lli'ct    iind    iMllIi'l 
^■ii:iril-'.  >"'<■  lii'iiiii  p.  \H'r>.  ■ 

'Vl;il.    I>*!il,    rli.L|i.    17.      Itiiiluiy 

-li.ill    iiul    |pcniiii    i'iij;iiii.'r II- 

iluclor.     liiriii.m,     tr.iiiiTiiaii.     nr 
l.r.ikcTiiaii     '>r     U'\v^i\\\Aii'r.     wlio 
liiM  «ml<iil  for   H  lii'iiii  (M.ii-iiii- 
tivily  lo  f.'i«  "111  iliHy  ay.iiii  «illi-  . 
out  H  Ihiiik  ri-.t.  ' 

I.iiwrt  1M!I,1.  oliap.  I'll.  l!r.|iiiiinj? 
sirii'l  riiih*a.v  .iiiniiiiiiits  In  in- 
i-lii,!'  front  pi.illoiiii  nf  <-ar-,  -ic- 
liir.in    p.    is:ic,. 

Act  March  :it».  l^H''.  I'liap  7.  In 
s|)ictiiin  ami  rri.'iilali..ii  of  ma- 
cliiih-rv  mill  ^aiiilary  arran;;i'- 
iiiini-'.  l!i'i|iiirin'.'  ;.'uarils  to  lii' 
plac'iil  alioiil  (laii^'iToii*  niacliin- 
rry.  I'nlv  of  lio-iory  in^pri-iors. 
(ii'n.  Slat',  ISIM.  5  ■_"jt>i.  Ki.piir- 
iiiij  savN^  to  In-  ^tiartli-il. 
Cni.  Laws  |N!I.'..  rliap.  I7:t.  Do- 
lininu'  ilulics  of  i-rr|'!oyi-r>i  lo  I'Mi- 
|ilovii">  iti  ci'rlain  ca-i -^.  -ii'i"  lien'- 
in  p.  1!>17. 

Act  Mar.  27.  ls:i.').  cliap.  I-':i.  I"in' 
oc.ipi'-i,  .Vnii'iiilin''  law.  Ri' 
iiiiirtriii'iil-'. 

AH.  Mar.  -'7.  If^l'-V  Huip.  I'.'l. 
Dniy  of  occupant  or  li's.cc  to  coii- 
fonii  lo  order-*  of  inspector-*. 
.May  recover  from  owner  or  other 
person  jiistiv  eliaru'ealile. 
Act  .Mar.  Si.  ISII."..  eliap.  40,  .N'o 
person  (formerly  umli-r  IS  ami 
•.•.i.;pen)  tn  lie  compelled  to  lali<ir 
oviT  ten  lioiiri,  liut  may  work- 
extra  tiini-  for  e\lra  pay.  I''.\- 
ccplion  for  dome-tic  and  farm 
lalior. 
.  Act  April  U>.  isn:!.  cliap.  0(i.  Mi-- 
ileiiicanipr  to  comjiel  eliild  under 
10  to  lalior  more  llian  10  lioiirs  a 
ilay  in  factory  or  mercantile  es- 
laMi-^liment  or  lo  employ  micli 
cliild  at  lalior  of  any  kind,  out- 
side  familv.  Iiefore  7  A.  M.  or 
after  fi  p.  M. 
.  Act  April  .->,  lSO,-i.  diap.  171. 
riiild  Inlior.  General  law-.  N'o 
cliild  under  11  may  lie  employed 
in  factory.  Wdrk-liop.  or  mine:  or 
anywhere  hoforp  7  .\.  M.  or  after 
ti  I'.  M.:  or  durin;;  -idiool  |ieiiiid. 
I-Acrpiion  to  hitter  pro\  i-inii 
will  n  ncoes>-.ry  for  -^iiiiiiort.  I'hy- 
'ii-hiii'-*  certificate^.  Scliool  attend- 
aiice.  niiniiin^  olevator-;. 
Minn.  All  April  2:!.  1S'.I7.  chap.  :!(!(•. 
I'iiild  labor.  KxtendiiiL'  law. 
f'ldl-h-.-'i  under  1 1  Mot  to  l.e  em- 
ployed in  mercantile  o'staldi-ih- 
niciit*     except     durinsi     vacation. 


Minn 

.\Iinn. 
Minn. 

Minn. 
Minn. 

Minn. 
Minn, 

Minn 
Minn 


Minn 


rhildreii    im.hr    Ifi    not    iit   iil;»lit 

or  (Her  (ill  lioiir-  a    week. 

Mi--.  \nro.  I  o.le  l>.;ij,  S  ::  iT.  IWal- 
iii'.'  lo  liahilily  ol  r.iilroad  coiii- 
p.inii-  I'll  pel -null  iiiiniies,  -oe 
I',  r.  in   p.    In*:', 

Mi-".  I.,nv-  Is'Mi,  chap,  '>7.  Kehilinjio 
li,iliilily  ol  l.lilli.l  1  Cnl  I  ,,l,|l  ioiw 
to   elc'ilim-.  -.    -.r    '      1.  in    |i     -JO*  1. 

.Mi-.  .\et  M.ireli  11.  1-  m;,  ,1,  i|i.  >7. 
l.iahilily  fur  iiiioi  i'  -  '  iiioii'.di  l-l- 
low  -en  aiil-.  e\li  lid.  d  lo  ail  I'nr 
poi  ,il  ion-  I  foi  iiiily  iiiily  r.'il 
lo.id- 1 ,  l)i-lrihiit  ion  of  d.ini.i  e- 
111    lelalln  1, 

Mi-s,  .\cl  Mjrc'i,  -2^.  I-'Wl.  eliap.  ^i'.. 
l-anployel-'     llaliilin.        l-'m      ]  i  i  - 

-omil     illilirii'S    due    lo    II.  ■.;liu'el|.'i'. 

W  ho  mav  hriiiL'  ~iiii  • 

Mo.  ("len.  Slat.'l-lll.-i,  ehap.  Ii:i.  S  ■'■•^-  lie 
i|uiiinL'  'he  Idowini,'  of  wlii-lle  or 
rint'in;;  "I  hell  w  Inn  .ippio  i-  h 
iiej-    cri--iii',;,    -ee    Inn  in    p,    ls;| 

,v|o.  .\el-  H'-l.  n.  Ills.  I'i..\idin'4  I'T 
Ihe  health  ale!  -a  I'l  1  y  ol  p.-r-.n-t 
in   t-oal    iiiii'i  -.  .iinl    pi"v  idiii;;   lor 

Ihe    in-pec:  ion    of    I  le-    -,    III'. 

Mo.  ,\|.|  .lime  -J.  Is'.i'.i.  p.  ■.■;:,  Limit  iiiu' 
iiiiiiJh  r  of  pei-.n:-  \  'c  iii.n  \\"iU 
in  leiiiiiieiil  or  dwi  lliiiu'  at  m,iii 
llfaetnie  of  w. Ml  ill',;  apPill'l, 
Kiiin-  .ont  i.i.-:  in-  l.ir  -iicli  ar 
(icie-  lo  kie|i  rc'ii-!ir  of  naiin-i 
and     adilie..i-.i    oi'     iMoher-..       \o 

111  111     1,1    -.  II    .111  ie'-    I, Lille    in    vio 

lati'.n. 

Mo.  .\ri  ,liiiie  -J.  ls:l(|.  p.  -Ml".  Miner^  lo 
have  eiltil'cite  ol  enlilpi-t.-ncy 
fro,, I  -i:iie  in-|iiilor,  Xiii.ndiie.' 
i;.  ,<.   I'i'^'i,  chap,   1  l.'i,  ait.  ■„', 

Mo.  \ct-  issl.  |,,  iiN,  I'lnvi.jiie;  for 
liahility  for  lailun-  to  fence  th.- 
-haft    opening'. 

Mo,  Daimoje  ,\ct,  5  2.  Retalinu'  I" 
liahility  for  death  hv  neLdi.ient 
ad.  >ee  herein   p.    HSI). 

Mo,  ,\,l  March  2:1.  ISSI.  5?  II.  Ill,  Civ 
in;;  ri'jlit  of  action  for  iniiiry 
caii-id  oy  wilful  ncLdeit  ol'  o\'.  ner 
of  eoiil   mine,   -ee  herein    p.    N'^il. 

Mo,  Net  Hsl,  |;i-|.ecliiiL'  -unplsinir  of 
tiniher  piiiji-:  reijuiriiii;  r.L'es 
lor  loweriie,'  and  hoi-titii;  iiiiiici-', 
-re  herein   p,  22III', 

-Mo,  Kev ,  Sla! ,  l-^stl.  lo  latiiej-  lo  iiiini-< ; 
aiithoi  i/iuLT  -en  nit-  lo  -o,-  f.iv 
iniurie-    caii-ed    h\'    il-^    violation. 

-re    |.r,  rill     p.    2l-i:!, 

Mo,  \\r\  .  M.ll.  ebap,  '.''■',.  ?  I'>,  -.1'^  amended 
li\    act    .July    1.    H-i7.      i;ei|uiriie,j 

ll-.r    :r.-.:,rr      ric.    of    lei'lrJ    to    pro. 

vide    "-.ife    me.iiw"    for    carryin-j 
per-      -  in  .ind  out  of  minc«. 


1  li 


m 


SiAII   li;>    \NI)  fuNSTiriTIONS. 


Mn.  Art  .t\ily  I.  Is^T,  l!.'.|uir.'.  timl  tin- 1 
on  III  r,    lie.    Ill    mrv    mil    iiiiin' 

kIkiII    |>iii\iili-  a   -iilMiiiil   .11 ml 

of  vi'iil  iliil  ii>ii. 

Mo.  Ai-t  .\|iiil  JO.  1»<1U.  If.iiiiirliii.'  till' 
Ciiiiiclins  iif  ihiiidirnii-  »li.il'liii'.i 
mill    u'lMrinjr,   fii'    lirniii    )>.    ■.Mill 

Mo.  fii'i.».  .\r-tH  ISlll.  «  :!,  p.  IIIO.  l!f 
'luiiiii;,'  (.'iinnliitj;  of  lulliiii; 
sliiiflini:;,  t'i':iriii){.  iinil  ilrum-.  -fi' 
lirnill  |i.  -Is". 

Mo.  Art  ISHl.  iiiiii'niliiif;  Hrv.  Stnt.. 
1KS!».  $  7074.  liiiTi'ii'iii^'  till- 
miioiiiil  of  il.iiiiii^'iv  ii'i'iivi  liilili' 
ill  <M>i'  of  "liMlli  ol  :i  iiiiinr.  w'n 
licri'in  p.    1^X!>. 

Mo.  Act  April  20.  IS!tl,  p.  17!>.  I-"!!!-- 
toiiiM.  Siinitaiy  iiiiiililinii'*.  Vt'n- 
liliil  ion. 

Ml).  Art  .Vpril  20,  ISDl.  p.  l.-.!t.  Ilnilth 
mill  Hufi'ty  of  I'niplrytTs  in  (uc- 
forv. 

M.I.  Act.  .Mnroli  2ti,  IHOl.  p.  170.  M:in. 
ufiictiiiiiig  mill  iiii'i Clint ilo  lioiiJi'S 
rfi|Mirril  to  iirovlilc  ciats  fur  \vo- 
nii'ii  nnil  >;irls  iiii|)lov(il  liv  tlicni. 

Mo.  Act  April  IH,  imi.t.  p.  im.  Ap- 
poiTiliiiiiit  of  niiiir  in~prctor>i; 
oiH'  for  coiil  riiinr»*  iiiul  oih'  for 
Ic:ii!.  zinc    iron,  nml  olli'i    r.iinr-i. 

Mo.  Act  M.ir.  IS.  ls!l.-,.  p.  ■_'J7.  Honin 
nnil  pillnr  iiiiin-  iiiii>.l  Imvc  two 
piiriilli'l  ontrifs  fm   im.'rc^  of  nir. 

Crot»ciiti    not    to   r\i il    .tO    fcrt 

apart.  \o  rooiiii  to  i^tart  in»iilp 
last  cro"-!  cut  till  nc\t  one  is 
niiiilc. 

Mo.  Act  April  !».  1'*!i.-).  p.  J2.'i.  Illnnii- 
nation  ol  coal  niiin-i.  Pri"*crib- 
iiijr  kiiiil--  of  oil  uliirji  may  l>p 
ii-iiil.  Ti''t«.  I'lMialliiw.  In-^ppp- 
tinii. 

Mo.  Act  Apri!  •)  IS!).".,  p.  -IIH.  Ventila- 
tion of  »io;il  iiiini'<.  \itirnilin;; 
law   anil    incri.;i>iii;r    rc(piiii-iiirtits 

Jlllrl    pmMTS   of    ill^pi'l'tol^i. 

.\Io.  Act  April  11.  IS'i.-..  p.  •.'■Jli,  Powilcr. 
I'l:i«lin'_'.  .\iiiiii'liii<;  law  for  coal 
iiiini'i,      I'lMialtic-i  for  violation. 

Mo.  Act  IVli.  0.  1S!17.  p.  nil,  Hailivay's 
linliilily  for  injury  to  ciiiployre 
tliroiigli  ncfjliL'iiicr  of  any  otlicr 
api'iit  or  scrv.int  iinloss  conlrilm- 
tory  ni'L'liiri'ncT.  Vice  principal* 
nnd  filliiw  ~ir\aiit-i  ilrfiiUMl.  No 
contract   to  avoid. 

Mo.  Act  Miircli  ">.  1S!17.  Rnjuirins  elec- 
tric street  cars  to  Iw  providfil 
diirin-.;  Hie  wint<'r  with  screens 
for  protection  of  niotormen.  see 
liereiii   p.    l>i.iS. 

Mo.  Act  March  23,  1807.  p.  U.'?.  fliild 
labor.      Penalty    for    employment 


iindi  r  1 1  in  minnfactuii 
litliiiii'iili.  K\trriiii'  pi/ 
paiiliti  a   defin-i'. 

Mo.  Act   March  1),  ls!i7.  p.  Hi 
i>pi'iior>>  anil  stale  l.iloi 
hioiii  r  or  depiit  iis  iniiy  i. 
dii-t    fans  or  lilouir-<  1 1- 

Mo.  Alt  .March  l.-i.  I.S'i7.  p.  I 
(jiiii'ir  in  iiiiiie  mil  to  'm 
<f  lioistinfj  niai  liiiiii  \  i 
Clin  111'  nr.ir  i'iiMii;.'h  li. 
nine  aiid  ilriini  to  cuni  i. 

Mo  Alt  .Miircli  21.  ls:i7.  p,  Iii 
Strii-ti-r  ri';jiila(  inns  fo 
tin  lit    "liads. 

Mo.    Rev.   Slat.    IH!I!».    5    J>T.^ 
Iinliilitii'!<    of     railiu^id 
tioii-    to   eliipIiiM  I'-.    -11 
20Mi. 

.Mo.    Hev    .>^lat.    lH!t!).    §    2s7:! 

vice  principals  and  f'l! 
mils  of  railroa.l  eiir|i"r.i 
Inriin    j).    20Slt. 

Mo.  Act  M.nch  1.-,,  IS'.i'.i.  p. 
man  -hall  he  plai'..|  .i 
!>liaft  and  one  iil  Imi!Iim 
swer  Hi^/n.'il-  for  Inwi 
lioi-lintr   men. 

.Mo.  Act  .Mav  H,  l<!'n.  p.  :!IJ 
at     di"pth     of    2110     IV.'I 
other  than  coal  iiiiiii>  s 
lie  dav's  HoiU. 

Mo.  Act  .May  2!1.  IViii,  p.  271. 
hours  of  lalior  ami  s.ini 
ditions     in     h:il  eiies    iiii. 
tioneries.     Kipialin;;  IS'.i 
S    17- IS. 

Mont,  l.'ev.  Stilt.  IS70.  5  ni.  p 
lining'  'iahility  of  riiihn, 
rations  for  acts  of  supc' 
ants,  see  hi-ri  in   p.  2iis7 

Mont.  Act  March  li.  l>*!ll.  |..  .' 
mines.  Inspect  ion.  Ili 
K^-capr    sliafts.      ^tiiiru  I 

Mont.  A-;  I'Vh.  Hi.  ls!i:;.  p.  i; 
lionrs  lo  constitute  d  i 
fill    stationarv  cnL'iii'  '<• 

M.->nt.  I'ol.  Code.  §' :!r,.-)2.  M.ir. 
Mine  siiTlials.  State  iii- 
provide  nniforni  s\v|iii 
mines. 

Mont.  Act  .March  1,  H!i7.  jl  !'■'■ 
mines  operated  hy  -injiii 
tie  provided  with  separ.il 
rnent  shaft. 

Mont.  Act  Marcli  1.  1SI17.  p.  -M 
Manner  of  const  riiel  in 
cajje  for  loueiiiiir  and 
men.      Inspection. 

Mnnt.  T.a•,^v  lJ'i7.  f.  -M".  ! 
that  mining'  slmft-  of  v 
II     ]il'e-.crihed    deplll    sh;ll 


lip 


Til 


sr.Mi  IKS  ANi»  tuN>riu  rioNs, 


'it'ia* 


imifiirtuiip'  (wtih 
.liriiu'     [iiAriy   pf 

I".    |>.     Hi        1    I'V   :■ 
lull'     l.llri.l     ,;.i,       ,. 

I  ii'"i  iiiMv  i.T'lrr  ;,!• 

lourl  .,   1  ,•    p'll    i-i 

I.H'iT,    ,,.    !•. .     |. 

mil   I >.        :■ 

i<lii?H'i\    ii'i    -. 
niiiii.'li    111  i .  '  I  , 

III    IMtll  IcM    !  ,!'■ 

<'■>'.  |>.   1:i'i.     Mi': 
iiliciin     fur   .-I,,. 


:lli'l     f.l!..,v    vn 

■  I     Ciillinr.lll.ili*.  .,, 


t.  p.  •-•7t.     I'lr-r 
'  iimi   siiMi:.iry  t ■  • 
|..i>rii'<    :i|i'l    i'"nl'- 
ii'alin;;  IM'l.  p.  1. 

1.  5  ni.  p.  ITl.  I) 
•  of  riiilnni'!  "T!" 

I*    of    -llpilinr    -cf. 

in  p.  iiisT. 

isill.  |..  -.M    ('"V 

;li.>ii.       IIrL'ii!:i'i"i' 

^tjiru.i'.  -. 
ls!i:;.  p.  lir    r-  ■ 
itilu!c    ili>'-    '>''  r 

CML'i"'  'I-. 

!(!.-)_'.  Mir.  :.  h'' 
Stall'  i;i-i"Mnr  I" 
nil    <\-liii.    f' T  r 

IS!lT,  p.  mi.    i,'':i'' 

,1    liy    -lOJipil'U'  !i  '!■ 

itli  sppar.il.'  r-'i;- 

ISHT.  p.  -M-'.  "Min  ■ 
'oii-triii'liM'j  •^:''' 
•riii'_'    iinil   li"i-:i'.' 

inn. 

linft-  I'f  i""i''  t^'" 
li.pll.   «1li11  hp  pn' 


Tillwl   wiHl   safrl^V   r.lVi''.   wl'   IllTC- 

In  p.   iviil. 
Vfont.  AH  T'li.  I!".  I-*''".  I'  '■'".     I'lii'lty 


f. 


r  i-iiiplin  II 
il.lV     lliylllri'l-. 


:!    Iiliili'    llhlll    ■•<  IliilIK 


if  I 


(.Mill-.    Ill    Mil 
imp' 


iiii'liM;;    I'll- 

I  III!  I'    i'l   IIH'II    nil' 


\>li. 


viil    iifiiliryiiiiiinl. 
1,'jM...    IS'.n.  I'liap.    Ill,      Mais 


iliii;.'  laiiitilion.     lit  ilUiuf 


ipl 


i  I"  il    nil 


lawful    III   II 


ni'W  r.ir^ 


i'<|ilippili;r   of    iiilti'inal  ir    I'liiip- 


liiTriii  p. 


:i'><. 


N.  J.  .\ii   I  I'l.  J.-.,  l-.U.  ih.ip.  JJ.     Ap- 

I'lillllllirlil        of       I  <imllil--ililli  I'       lit 

iiiiiii'K    mill    iliiiii"*    i>»    III    iiMpt'U- 

I  il'll, 

X.  .1.  \il  M.ilili  is,  \S<\:,.  iliap.  .'III. 
I'Kil'i'liliii^'  in,iniil,H  •  nil'  nf  I'liitli- 
III'.'.   I'll',   In   li'iii  nil 'ii  -  nr   ihn  I!" 


I'Mipl       li\ 


fai'i. 


pi  I  niit 


,1..  Ad  Apiil  7,  lH!ll,  I'liap    .'il.     K.i-lit 


ry    atiil    wi'i  i.  .iiii|i    in- 


iiri    to    I'oii'.lilnli 


ll''':ll      il.l 


-pi'i  liii'  111'  ili'pnl  \ . 
S.     .1.     .\.  I       \|.lll      I  I.    'iVM'i. 


i'liiir  for  nil  rla-»i'-.  of  iiiii'liiinli"i. 
tii'i\'aiit!<,     iiml      laliiiii  r».     I'Mipl  I 


ip.  i; 


K.iii'.ii 


W  .iiiT  I'lii-i  r  *      iiiii-it 


ili.iilni 


tlioM'    I'ni^aKi'il    ill    Inii 


11,.   p, 


nii'-iii 


lalior. 


ijii-     \,    .1.    All     \l.iy     II,     IS'iT,    iliap.     I'"). 


I'l.ilf. 


iif  I'l.'.'li 


II'   -l I 


II- 


S'fb.    Art     Miircli     .11.     nf»7.    i'liap     .')». 


I'liilfiiiniK  o'  I'liTlrir,  ritiai 


I'l 


ciilili'  car* 


to    III 


I'llIM' 


ti'i'tlnii  in   winliT.      I'liia 


Ml     pi 
ItV, 


v\,n^  111  III'  inrlii-ril  for  proli'i'liii 
ill  w  iiiliT, 
.1,     .\i'i     .May     is.     Him     cli;ip.       lli 


Am 


N..b.    Act     Mnrrh    ;il.     IHDII.    rliap,     lOM. 


Ill  nitiiiL'  prii.ilil  n"4  ami  pi' 


III 


III 


CliiM    nil 


lir    10    not    to    I.I 


f 

(I'll, p.    I  I'l.   H'l 


'laliiill    iif    l,IW 


I' 

I    rripm  iiiL! ' 


'.iM 


plnyi'il  in  in.nniii'artniin^'  or  imr-  I 
eaiitilo  rsl»l'li«liinrM>.     (  liiMnn  ' 


III    111'     piii\iili'il     for     fiiiiali'    I'lii- 


liliT    14 


to    III 


lilM'.l 


I' 


i'rt:iin  I'-talilUIimi'tilt. 


pt  ilnriii;.'  vai-iliun.   I'.mi  pi 


In    carli    I'-italili-lniiint     i 


ki'pt    fi 


or    iii«pri'i  ion    a    ri 


mill 


l'..iilrlli 


of 


-I       1)0 

iinl    of 

I'll     I'll!- 


N,  .1.  Alt    \piil    IS.   Is'lt.  I'liap.   tl.     I'.iC' 
lory      iii-pii'tur.      |)i  iiiiiiiLT     ilnli''< 


ployro  iinilor  lli  (funin'rly  I'liil- 
(Inn  umlcr  12  not  lO  In'  I'liipli.yi'il 
niiiro  tlian  4  nioiilli-i  ii  yr.ir), 
Amcnillns  C,  S,  Isli7.  II  i;:i.".:!-.">.">. 
.Veb.  Act  March  .11.  I>:>!1,  o1ia|..  Iii7, 
I.iniiliiif;  lioiirs  of  i'iiiplii>  iin'iil  of 


iif,     iiilli'i'   tl 


I'liiili' 


ii-pi'>'iiiii> 


iii'l  I'lifiiii'i'MirMi  of  ri  L'lila- 


tiiiii- 
ipi 


i-i'.l  -ali'lN   to  til. 


.1   till 


N.  M.  .\il   I'i'li.   17.  IS'K!, 
l.ililv    of    railrnail 


rliap.  '_'.>. 
r.iiiiii  mil' 


imajji"*   III  I'lnpi 
.-.■-,      I'nlautiil 


111   II- 


for 

I? riain 

•  ilii'i'i'tivf 


I...  iimotlvr-.  I'lr",  ami  ma.'iiiiii'rv. 


fi'iniili'8    in    inaniifaoiiirini; 


tall 


lisliinrnti^.  Iioli'l.*.  ilo. 


Ni.l   III 


tlian  10  lionrn  n  day  or  (in  liour.^ 
a  »i'i    ,     .'^i'at'<  to  l)p  priniili'il. 

Vli,  Act  April  1.  ISIID,  chap.  77,  liall- 
roiil  oonipanir:'  not  to  piniiif 
worknii'n  to  work  inorr  tliaii  IS 
cnn'<i'cnt  ivp  liour..?  without  S 
liours  for  rest, 

N  H,  Pull.  Slat.  S  20,  cl.  l.'iH,  r.riil,i,'e- 
piiariU, 

V  It,  Act  March  10,  isnn,  cliap.  00, 
I'latfornis  of  street  oar'*  to  lie  in- 
cliiscil  (liirin;;  certain  nionth'i. 

V.  II,  Act   Fell.  2('i.  ISll.-),  chap,   !(!.  Seats 


fur  feriiale  enipli 


must  III'  pro- 


viileil  in  nianiifaetnrin'r  nml 
cant  ill'  e«talili*liini'nt«. 
.V,  n.  .-Net  March  11.  ISIllt,  cliap.  «4. 
Oililren  firadiiate-*  of  jiraniTiiar 
Fcliool  may  he  pranfi'il  eertilii'fit.'^ 
nllinvinc  tliem  to  work  in  inanii- 
factnrins  estalili'^liinenl'*,  Anieml- 
iiii;  I'.  S.  ISOl.  chap.  HI.  §  M 


N.  J.  Act    April    1(1,    !S 


ip. 


ISl. 


liakcries  .iml  confi  ctinnerie-.  Not 


over    CO    hours    Iiilior 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 72. 


per    \\< 


N,     \.    Ciinral     llailioail     a.-t     H 


■11.       Il'latiii'.'    to 
mail   I'imipaiiii  ■«  to 


III" 


if    I  hI- 
i-lil   I'f 


wav,  *i'i'  lii'ri'iM 


N.  Y.  1.1 


p,   Is7(l. 


I   I'd,  cli.ip.   \i 


I!.'l  1tiTla 


to     the     elllpluyilient    of     I'l.iMli'tl, 
cee  herein   p,  'J-Jn:!. 
N,   Y.  l,au-<   issii,  I'liap,    mil.     ir.'pi 


—  I  'Ml.'    of    II.. I  II' 


lain 


ri'iiMiri"!    fi 


if  li. 
I, 


X.  Y.  I.i 

ilii 


(liT  -i\tr.'M. 
ISS'l. 


I'     I'lllpl'iM 

leriiii  p. 


tl 


le  i'iii[ili.yiiii' 


I  p. 


.M.     V.     I.I 

lali 


itiij.'r  fiinriiiii 
stahli-I 


p.  -IK 


J'.'KV 
."iiKI,       l''iirliiil- 
iit   of  cliihlren 
ri  in  in.inul'.ic- 


i'st'\lili-li;.|iMt-,   .iCe 


1SII7 
111 


11.".,  5   7(1    l>- 
ini.l'.Miii'nl      of 


eliiliii.'ii    ill    f.ietiiri.-,    -.''■    liiTein 
p.    I:"i-' 
X,  Y,  }.:\\\-   ISSJ,  chap,  'l:'-'!,  5  -'.     Warn- 


:  :.iL.'iial>-  at  low  li 


ruli.'.'-.  1.11  rail 


N'.  Y,  Acu  Issil,  IS.s 


.\utoiuiitic  iJoorH 


in  i'li'\alor  ^hnft.'^, 
N.  Y.  I.,aws  18S7,  cliiip.  560.     ProviilinR 


'Mn 


IH 


M:         !l 


|.  -K 


V-t40  ""I  \  I  I    IKS    \M)  t 

(ill    iIh'  [ii.il.iM  imi  iif  liiM'iiiiii:"  of  j 

lifn  III  |i.  Jliil. 

\.  Y.  liiiH",  I>«h7.  .•Ini|i  Itl.'.  *  «.  U'  iiiir 
iiiK  (III'  iMilo.iii-^  iif  tliv.iior 
•.liiiii-.  -ii'  III  ii'iii  |i.  L'im.  I 

N.   \.   I„ni«   IxMll.  cliiii..   ''•''•  '  '*■  ii'ii"i'l- j 
.mI   l..ni,  ISIiJ,  i'liii|i.  (i;.l.  it  '<^     lti>- 
i|illtili;;      till'     Mll;l|i|itlU     nt      f"4*,] 
lii'iliiiL',    »lialiiiix.  'li'.   -•■•'   li'iciiii 

|.p.       I'll  I.      2\:<J^  ' 

N.  'S.  I»nv.  I^'.lll.  rli.'i|>  .I'l^.  i  I-.',  |i.  r.MI. 
I'lxt  iilini;    lliai     il     -^li.ill    Uf    tliii 

ijlily   III   tl »ihi    III    Hiiy    iii.iiiu- 

fiuMiiiiiia    i"«i.ilili--liiii  111     111   Mir- I 

ni^ll.  ill  till'  i|i-rn  tiiHl  nl  lllr  f:l(i- 
tlirj'  ill~|iirln|.  licit  ^lillliT-".  mill 
rt'i|iiiriiii.'    llii'    ^'ii.irillii;.'    hI     ihj^- 

«  III  '  N.    -ri'    IllTi'ill.    |i,     I'.ll.'i. 

X.  V.  Alt  Afiill  Jit.  l^!il.  iliiiii  JU. 
hiil'lx  railiii'_'i  (111  li:iii'_'iii(.'  -I'lif- 
(iiliU  iiiiiri'  iluin  .'i>  ii'ii  .iliiiM' 
(;riiiinil. 

N.  \.  I.11M-.  1X!I7,  <||iii|>.  H.'i.  Itii|iiiiiii(,' 
llii'  liiriii"liiii;,'  I.I  -iilf  .iiiii  piiiiii  r 
«c,illii|i|ili;;<.     hrrilll     p.    2.  'i. 

N.  \.  Ijirti  l>'.i_'.  ili.i|i.  117:1.  «  8.  I'ro- 
liiliiiiiiL'  I'liipliiu'i'*  to  iillow  -oTV- 
uMl>  to  ;.'iiM«i'  I'li'vutor  i'iili!<"« 
Ntliili'  III   mill  lull. 

N.  'i.  \.'l  \l  >  21.  ISltO,  chap.  :t!IH.  To 
liiiiil    liiiin'i   of   lalior    tiir    wmiion 

anil  rliilllli'll  III  IllJIIIlt'jrl  III  ill<> 
|■^l;lllli-lllll^llt■i. 

\,  ^.  Act  \l.i>  Jil,  1S!IJ,  pliap.  711.  foil- 
iliiciiiK.  i'ni;iii('rr>i.  liniiifn.  ami 
Iraiii  iiirii.  Ii.ivini,'  wuikril  J4 
liiiiiit.  mil  to  III'  |ii  I  iniiiiil  ill  ri"- 
•  liilri'il  111  ^'11  nil  iliily  :i;r:iiii  niiiil 
tln'V  liavi'  liail  ri'.'lit  hmi'-.  1  1, 
'I  111  liiiiii^  hiliiii  pi'i  I'm  nil  il  \M.  •  ■_ 
\\i  I'i'ii-iiiitiM'  iiiuir-i  to  riiii-ti-i 
lull'  il.ivV   l.ilioi.  ! 

N,  Y.  Ai't  M;iy  IH,  1S<»J.  ohap  (17:!.  Iti' 
i|iiiriiiir  imi  ii'i"*  i>(  liiin'  of  ln^jin 
iiiii;.'  .'iiiil  riuliiij;  of  ilay's  laliui   (nl 

liO   pli-ll'il    ill    f.H'toril"i    w  iliTr  \\i  111     ' 

III  ami  ciiiliiii'ii  ari'  iiiiiiIumI. 

N.  "i  Art  April  ■>■■•:  l>!(r,.  .Ii.iii.  :i>il. 
("liililiiii  anil  wiiiui'ii.  I'liiipioy 
niriit  ill  lui'i'i'iMt  ilr  r^talili'li' 
liii'iK-.  Nut  DVi'i  111  liiiiirs  a  ilay 
for  niiiioi-.  N'l)  cliilihi'ii  iimlii- 
14  cMi  pi  ill  '*i'liool  vai'aliiiii. 
Tiiilil  riiiiii.-i.  Seatrt  for  wonii'ii. 
KiiipliiMiii  III  in  tiaseiiicnt'*.  I'rn 
iillii>.' 

N.  Y.  Act  M;i\  11.  lS!»:i.  chap.  lllH.  Ten 
liiiiii~.  c\olu~i\('  o''  meal  tiniox.  to 
•I'l-'lttitc  liiiy-  \\<-r'~  in  !'ri-k 
yan!-  nuiifil  or  oporati'd  by  cor- 
pi»ra(  ioim. 


o.Nxni    IMINS 

N.  V.  Ai'(  M.n  .'.  iMii.-,,  chip 
fiii'i.  Hour.)  1,1  w,,ii, 
p«  r  week.  Iii»pic(iiiii 
Il  I  iihiliiiiiK  for  piiiiii 
pliiM'i  1  ami  piililic 

N.  Y,  Act'  \l.iy   17.   Isli'J,  I'll;. 

louill    ll-nl    fur    iillill'^ 

piirpiic-   >liall    111'    II- 
iif.ii'liirc   of  I'luliiih.' 
liy     iiii'iulici'i     ill      I  II 
(licrcin.      Iii';,'iil;ii  mil 
timi    of    «iiik»liii|i-. 

laic    iif    J.'iiiii|.«    111. nil'    it 

in  ^  iiil.iliun  uf  livt 
N.    V.     \ct    Maicli    .'.•.    Nm, 
l''irm<   .iml   cm  pm  .ii  in 
lo    klip    ri'.;i-ii  I     .if 

HliUlll       HUlk       i-       'jilil 

inml hi.-llimi-    . 

liiiii->i'  ill  viohiiiiHi  M 
lie  lahili'il  tl  llclni'il  n 
of  |iM' 1:  liiiaiil  111  ill  il 
I'ict  .iiliclc,  i.iiiikI  I, 
in.iilc  nnih  1    iiin!"  .n  i. 

Clill'llt  lull*. 

\.    V.     \i'l    \l:u    -M.    N'lll.   ,•,. 

plliliih-      fill       ill-|i.  illn 

ami   fill    hc.ilih  .111  I  -, 

pIllMi... 

N.  Y.  \..\\\-  l"iii.  cii.ip.  .I'M 
diap.  ii:..     i;ii.iti!;j 

N.  Y.  .\<'t  ilay  1;  W'l.'. 
I'lin  iili'i^'  for  iipi  ninu 
of   inline. 

\.  Y.  Aol  .May  17,  lS'i.-|.  ,-h.i 
l'ci|uii  iiii.'  l«o  iipriiiii: 
apply  lo  iiuii  mliii'-. 
talc  iniiio  .illus\i>i|  |i 
ciitiiplclc    *i'ciinil   upcii 

\.    Y.    Ia\v<    IS!)(».   chap.  :i:l| 
I,.  .'..   1S!I7.  chip.    n."i. 
i|iiirin|;    thai    iiiii;i'-< 
tiiiiU'i-cil.  nii'l   luul-  ,1 
I'liii'il.  >.ci'  hiiciii  p    1: 

S.  Y.  \cl  .\I.1V  !l.  l-'Hl.  ,Ii:i| 
l'.-!'  uf  ■'('u,')  .lilnit!i 
(aiii  i.iiliii.iil-  ri'-'ti  i'  I 

.\.  Y,  Act  May  il.  |s";. 
.\iiliinial  ic  ciiiiphix  I 
(HI  cn^iiii"<. 

.V.   V.  Act  .Mari'h  iM.   H'li.  ■ 
41.      KinpliiyiiicMi    lUi 
pcrsiins    mlilicli'l    In 
pruhiliili'il. 

N    Y.  Act  May  II    \''''<'   1  lia 

of      ISIla     for     li-llllli 
■(pi'Cliun    of    lialMlii-* 
tiiimiric-i    amcii'lcl. 
\.  Y.  Act   .May  ■-".•,  l^-'Hi.  1  iii 

lury    l!!-.pi".'!im!    J;!       1 

ilcpiity  inspcctoi-i.  Ill' 
altic^   for  violatiuii  01 


Hi:.       I  I 


iTATlTKX  ,\NI>  CONSTITI   riuNS. 


t4tl 


'*'■<■•■  rlu(..  ,H,  I,,, 
■<  >•!  Willi,  li")  (,\,f  ,;: 
lr|.|ir.'li.,ll  >it,i-i,. 
fur    |i|.i!,,  I,..,,  „(  ,, 

IMll.li.' 
|H!I.',    r|,  .p.    i;,,-,       ^, 

IT  ..itin-  i.r  .|...  ,,'..i 
nil   I ^  .1   f„,   ,„■ 

••liillllh.'  .I,-  .  ,  ,  ,,.. 
»  "I  I  Hilly  !iMi,; 
•yillril  mil    ,ii-,|   ,  ,.  , 

t>-lir.|...  I'l.ila  I,. 
U     Ml, III.-     IM    ti  ], 

•  if    lllvt 

li.     IVi;     ,.',,,;,     i:; 

nil  pill. ii,,. II,  r..|  ,ir  : 
,:i-l.  1     ..I     |..|-,„„  t. 
I-    ,MM-ii.       \rt. ',. 
,..  Ilii,7-    ..■    M„     . 

oIlHilHl         Mi         I    :.l        .,      ,,. 

Ili'liii'ill  n,  ill'      |i 

111    111    ii.  ili'i  1.1  ,1,. 

.     I.iuii.l  1,1    l|.i,,.  I,. 

Illli'!.'  ill  ,1      '.-r.     ' 

.    N'lll.   1  ',,i;.      .  i| 

iii-!"|'h. (   It 

Illi    .111  I    -if,  ly  ,.f 

I'li.ip.  .I'M     l.,ni,  1- 

lli  i.l'  II:  J    til    11, III.- 

17,  N!'.'.  rliip  1. 
ir  iipi-iiiii--i  iir  .If 

1S!I.'|,  i-ll.l[).  Tilj    I 

,\0    ilflrllillL'-'    ,ii..  • 
.111      lllilli--.        S.ll'      , 

iill.iu.'.j  i.iiir  y-,1-  ■ 
riiMil    ..pill, II.', 

fliiip,  :i:i|.5j  II,  III.,-, 
rtiip.  n,-i.  }  \:i  V 
t     Iiiiiii',!    Ill     ., 

II. I    I-  ,ui.|  -,  '  ■ 

.1.111   p.  JJh:i. 

i-"i;.  i-iiiipv  i>-.,  (■■ 
..-I  .litiiiiil'--"  I'll  '■•' 
lU  r..-!ii.  ii-!. 

i  1,  Ism;,  .l.,ii-  '-,1 
I'l.iipli-f,.   iiiii    t'-i  111 

:::t.  H'lii.  .•ii;i;..  IIJ  • 
yiiii'iii  1.1.  I  liiri'i!  '-i 
iic'd'.l    I..    ii!i..\i-'i^;':: 

H!m;  .liiip.  i'iT:.  '■! 
r    r.-L;iil  ii  inn    mA  i" 

liiiki  ri,-~  :ill,l  c"':;'" 
llllMl.li  ,|. 

,   js'iii,  ,-!i,i|i,  \<n.  Fi 

limi  -j:'  '  I'.nii.'fiv  :i 
.I'ctor-*.  Iiirri.,iv',l  ;■'"• 
ioliitiiiTi  of  liiw,  U.il- 


iircn  In  mfff.  f>«t4itiii»liiiiriit«,  i  .r 
tiiii'iitc  (ri.iii  liiiiircl  iif  111. ill h  11.- 


irv     w 


li.'ii      t'liil.l      iiMiln       It. 


Si-llinil      atti'llilillri'. 


Wi.iU     iliir 


iti|{   vaciitloii'    ini'l    111  lur    ii.,;ul.i- 
liiiii", 

1,11  y      i'tl-pi.ioiH     t"      ri'|i>>ll 


<li< 


wliiili- 


^.ii...|.   Ill  liii.iiil   iif   lii'iillli. 
V  V    \,.t  .\piil   I.   Is'ni.  iliiip    \'M.  Kiip- 
torv  iii-p.  rtiir   ifini'i.ilv  OMiiiiiii<- 
•  ^..if 

t.nil 
II      1  fill  llli'llv 

l« 


Illil' 


-I    111  llll<lll 


fi.lliiii;.     T<>  iii'pi'ft   I'citiiiM 

,i.    ill     fiirtnrii*. 

iiiii   ill  piii.v     in»p<'iturH 


•  Imrl) 


.  cii'.lillSf     tIKfV  ;      luilim 


to     U-     PiM|.«t  1  ill  II 


,iii.'    liii'ii     (ill 


•  '.nil 

two    will,- 

N,  Y,  All    \piil  I'    !■ 


il    mill   Tiill  li..li.!.u   .-vi'i  \ 


trip,    .1.1 


i|iiiilii^'    Miii^    iiir    w  iitri-'-'r-i    in 
liiiii'U  ,itii|   r.-i.iiir,iiii«.      Nim'ii.l 


nil,' 


1*17 


\,   Y.    I.iw-    K'"--',  ill 


i'l„ip    tl,-..  4    17 


liiiii 


I'liipl 


11 »'    l.iiiliili'y     \.''      -I'l'   111 
Ili'l* 


pliiy 
11.    p 


N    Y. 


M.ii, 
i.f  Iir 


lUlllli. 


N,  C,  A.I    Kill    M     !'■ 
lint-,  i,i.ii 


I  Hill 


111.   ...iii-ti  .|.  I  ml, 
•  .111  ,11   1.     M  H 

',  i|>   III.  i;.ii< 

\ll,.il  fill  111. 11  II- 


ilp|ni|l. 

11. 


icI    .Xiiii'nihnu   H'l 


'.I      llilcM ! 

\,{  r.-ii,  I.  I-." 


\.  V.  1.11" «  1S1I7,  I'liiip- 


ii.v  J  1».     I! 


II,  111,11'iti  IM  III*'  III  r.i  v\'  11,, 


ill! 


Illlill','     to     lllll-l  I  11.1  11,11 


if   iiiiiM- 


iHlIl.    p. 


JJl" 


\.  V.   \ii   Ajiiil  I.  1^!'!',  i'li:i|,.   l:'l      11  "■ 
il     111    li..    ii-i.l    liir    Mill.', 


I'lm  III     11 


mile- 


«   (lirll-r   < 


ilil.iiiii 


il    ol 


rli.ry 


V,    r      \.l     M.i 


N.  (',  riiv.iir  I, 


ll    I.-.  It! 


iii-piiiiii, 
II.- 


\iiii-iiiliiii.'   I>"T.  cliiip. 


\    ■! .    \il    \|iiil    I.    Is"''.  I'liaii     I;'-'.    N' 


I'ri-iiii 

I'HIllpiill 


,f  i.iilriiiHi 


1111,11.1     mil 
ilv 


ll'I       |H     .III 


I      111.      f.-ll 


liiM 


fl  '1 


il.i    N    I).  Civ,  C.hI. 


fi'iiiulp    iinilii     .Jl  I 


i..i-  111, ill-  iiiiilir  IS)   to  !"■  I'liiplii 
ll    ill    fill  liiiv    lii'liiri'   l!   a.    iii.    iir 


liiil-ilitv 

1,!,, 


.pliiwi- 


|..i     iMiin 


11    p 


p.    III.        Viiirii'liiisr     IS'lT.lN.     I)      \ii     M.iic'i    Ii      t^i" 


ip 


41.5.    S 


N.  V     \,i    \piil   1.  ISil'.i 
.inn     iiiiilrr     III 


I''-',  I  liil- 


li.iilriiinl 
•111 


limp, 

ll-l    Mil,  .1      i. 


ll. I. If  .i!l 


il.ii,-. 
\;iii-l! 


Hills     llllirlli 
ilill.j    IS!I7.  1 


■lilti^  1 


,.li    f.f    II.' 


ill     f.irlmy. 


'I' 


11.1 


Si. 


S    V.  All    April   lit,   H!t!'.  oliiip. 


No 


i-iiip]..\   .-         1        ii 

p. 111.-. I       |.\        .Hill    I         ■     : 

ply    11.   i-..ri-i  r-i. '  1.  ' 


ll  lip 


Kill'    and    no    iiial''    iimlrr     IhiOliin    \<'<.    IsTJ     ii' 


to  III-  ciiiplovcil   in   f-irtory 


(■i..ip 


'I 

■•rutins  ''iii'iv 

i  or  liiilliiiu'.  A 

11.1.  uri.   .•., 


..I- 


.■I  fl, 
I'liiliii','  lH!i7 


ipi 


illi,. 


J,i,il.' 


is? 


.III'!       1  IIIL-'IML; 
,   I,„.jl|.J  ..  , 


lit    Im'II    al 
(ill, ill     n 


.V  >.  Alt  .\l,iy   I-.'.  IHIlll.  iliiip. 


l-'iioli  :  I  liiio  ll, 


.'.!.. 1.      Uriiil'Mii 


i.iiliiirt    to   wliicli    ^ti^tl'   or    mil 


til   111 


riiipil   corporation   i.<   parly    a 


111 


ilr-li.-. 


lllilli    iiiav    involvf    i 


I'llipin 


iirri't'i    fl 


III  iiii-i'lianics  or  liiliorrri'.  to  -lip-    Oliin   llcv. 
iiliili'  lliat  S  lioiirs  is  to  111.  il  'lay's  \  ili.. 


I'r..|-|l-il Ill 

,i!      1  I'.-r  l.lini: 


Cli; 


iirk.     Peiinltv.     .Aiiuiiiliii..   |s!t7 


•tl.-.   65  :i.   4. 


N     Y.    Alt    April    I!.     MIOO.    clia 


JOH. 


pl-,-„.,l. 

I  iiliiii   \(i    \pi  if 


_■    i^'iii      I 
I..1     ir.iltiti 


in  lillll'.'    liL' 


Kifllit    hour    linv    ilix^s    not    appl.v 
i.lrctriciiUH.     anil 


i.n;;iiii..-ls. 


I'li'Viitoniicn     ill     (icparhiii'iil 
piililic    liiiililiii;:-.    <liiiiii$; 
iif    iriiislaliirp. 


,\niPiiilinL,'    HII7 


iliap,  41.".,  5  •!. 


N.  y.   Act   April    14,    l»l«l.   clmp.    Ij;}. 


Pliariiiacisl^    ami    dm 


clirks    Ir 


.:i!i.,^  i.f  i,itiK),iiiii)  ,,li.'ill  not  work 
inori'  tliaii  70  lioiirn  a  week ;  may 
work     »i\     hours     overtimi'     for 


I,.i.-1m      p 


inss 
oliio   .\i'i    Apiil    -'. 


r.il  mil 
Oliir   .\ci    Apri 


111,        III-,   1,11  ;_'     l.-l 

I   railn  ll  corpo 
iTPi'i  p    'Jiisli 


I  i.   IS'io.  I'll. 


\\ 


•  •lilt 


lo 

ll'I  ,1 1-.  Iiy 
.1--  -iirri'ii 
rtrr  I. -"I  i*-  •!.-■■-  I  -^  '•■'■  •!.- 
fi.i-tiii.  uiicliiiii  I V  liy  railriKid 
roiiipaiiii's   '11  '.  -   piimn    '  irii'  <••>' 


fi.rlii.l   all    la!, 
Iiieh   lailroail 


li, 


«g&^ 


.r^ 


sua 


STATfTKS  AND  CON'STITITIONS. 


n  i  1 


in: 


dpnoc  of  nru'liH't.  Tn  .li  I'nii'  -u- 
perior  ollicct  iiiid  fellow  .-iTvaiit 
of  r:iilni;iil  ii;i|pliiyi c-. 

Ohio  Act  MaicU  -'H.  lS!iii,  f]r.\\>.  104.  To 
f.irliid  woikiiiil  of  i.iiiidiil  cm- 
ployi'i'M  iiiori'  tliiiii  21  lii>iii-  coii- 
fpcutii'i'lv. 

Ohio  Act  Miircii  -Jli.  H'.m,  ih:i|i.  10 1.  Ii'ii 
hours  to  coK-dtiiti'  (l.i_\ 's  work 
for  rtiilro.id  ciiii.l'Hfo. 

Ohio  Act  Apiil  •.':!,  I^j|.  clinp.  2:!:l. 
UiiilroMils.  iNiiiiiliiT  of  liou.s  of 
coiisfcul ivf  x'l  y  ii-c   littiUoil   to  24. 

Ohio  Act  April  \r,.  IS!I2.  c'lap  2:.'.t.  Con- 
ductor',        riiu'i' rs.         lirciiK'ii, 

brnk  men,  truiMinin,  iind  tidi- 
graph  o])i'rator^  wlio  liavc  «ork- 
td  for  l.'i  ((iii-iculivc  liours  en- 
titled to  fij;lil    lHMn>i  TC't. 

Ohio  Act  April  2!l,  ISIil,  clmp.  :!0:i.  Rail- 
road forliiildcti  to  iMiploy  I'lifri- 
Ticcra  addictii!   to  ilrink. 

Ohio  Stat.  ISill,  p.  :!20.  It.iiluay  not  to 
employ  conductor  wlio  lias  not 
had  two  yi  ars'  cxpi  rii  iiii-  as 
trainiiiaii  nor  an  i-ML.'iiirir  wlio 
has   not    had   flmc   as    Ihrman. 

Ohio  Rev.  Slat,  g  lisTI.  .Makiiii/  it  a 
misdc'ii('an(»r  for  enipU)yi'4's  to 
nc  "jlii'tto  prop  sci'urcly  roofs  and 
entries  to  mines,  see  lieiein  p. 
'2201. 

Ohio  Rev.  Slat.  §S  2!>«.  :\()\.  (iivinjr 
a  miner  iiijuidl  l)y  an  espln-ioii 
of  pa.s  a  riylit  of  action  airainsl 
his  einplover. 

Ohio  Act  April"  lit.  IS04,  chap.  1.-|3. 
Quality  of  oils  for  ilUiminal  in;» 
mini's. 

f)hio  Act  April  IS.  !S!i2.  ehaji.  .'JU.  fn- 
spc'ction  of  mines.  'l\io  aildi- 
tional   (list rill    inspeeior.-.. 

Ohio  Act  April  27,  1  «!•(!.  p.  :!!i:l.  Raker- 
ii'S  iniil  confectionariis.  Not  over 
CO  hours  labor  per  "eek.  l?i;;u- 
latinj;  .sanitation.  Health  of  em- 
ployees. 

Ohio  Act  "March  (i,  1801.  ehap  7.').  Re- 
quiriti};  manufacturing'  ^md  riier- 
ca'itile  estjihlislinients  to  jirovide 
seperatc  toilet  rooni.s  for  feiuale 
employees, 

Ohio  Act  Marih  !».  IMltS,  p.  .15.  Viola- 
tion of  law  I  p.  U2.  1HH5  and  p. 
87.  ISMIi  relalinfj  to  scats  and 
toilet  rooms  for  female  employees 
a  misilenieanor :  iimendinfr  pro- 
vision relative  to  toilet   rooms. 

Ohio  Act  Ajnil  'ir,.  1S91,  chap.  27.').  Kor- 
biddin?  employment  of  minors 
unilei  I  ;  In  iiianufaelories  or 
mines. 

Ohio    Act     April    20      18!):?.    chap.    :127. 


Sele"ii-      reipiired      fof 

of    diiielors    of    molor 
eleel  1  ic  sireel    i  .:r-. 

Ohio  .\ci  .May  21.  Is'U.  ehap. 
mail  lirid;;e».  \  iadui  Is. 
roadways,  an.!  fooliirj. 
he  21    feet    from   top  of 

Ohio  Act  A[uil  27,  ISm..  p.  .il 
-hop».  Teiu-meni  hoi 
I'mhiliitin";  iiianufie 
clot  hini.'.  tobai  eo.  etc.. 
n>id  for  f.imily  pnrp 
ijuiii  iiienis  as  to  air-sp, 
dowels,  ele..  for  shops  v 
).'oo'l-.  are   liiaile. 

Ohio  Ael  .\oiil  27.  ISIMi,  p.  . 
virii.u-  for  proper  exit 
e\t  iliL'llishers.       D'.lty     I 

inspectors. 

Ohio  Aet  April  17,  ISlir,,  p.  1S( 
rei|nired  on  dust-erea 
ehiTiery.   emery    wheels, 

Ohio   .\et    Apiil   21.    IS'iS,  p. 
lories,      (icnerallv   ame 
(p.    ISO,   ISIIOi    i"ei|uirii 
w  heic  dust  cieatini;  ma 
u-.M. 

Ohio  Act  \l..reh  H.  Isos.  p, 
toi  ie-.  Inspieiors  to 
mean-,  for  e\l  iri^'iii~hi:i 
proxi.'led  on  e\er\  lloor 
tieeessaiy  alter. it  inii^  ot 
ordered  hv  in-oeetor. 
S   257.1.  e."  R.   S. :    p.  ^M] 

Ohio  Act  April  1.1,  ISilS,  p. 
tories.  I'roof  of  faiUir 
alterations  ordered  hy 
prima  facie  evi  lence  of 
in  aelion  for  diiTiau'es 
iiifr  §  2.-)7:i.  1).  1!.  S. 

Ohio  Act  March  !»,  1S!.S,  p.  4 
facturers  of  and  dealer 
and  merchandise  nipii 
port  BCeident.  .\mendi 
188S. 

Ohio  Act  April  10,  ISilS,  p.  li 
ally  amemiin^r  law  lela 
emjilovment   of  minors 

Ohio  Aet  Vp'ril  21,  ISiiS.  p.  1 
Fatiplovment  of  minors 
inj.'  hi'w  (5  :i02,  R.  i 
ISHS)    mine   inspector 

Dhio  Aet  .Xpril  21,  IS'tS.  p.  I 
latino'  coiistmelion  of 
steam  railroads  for  liet 
ti'.u  of  trainmen:  cot 
lailronds  and  Icleprr 
I'ircc. 

Ohio  Act  April  2,5.  1808,  p. 
tendinc  time  for  cqti 
eais  Willi  autorruitic  eo 
air  brakes  to  ,Ian,   1, 

Ohio  Act  April  25.  1808.  p.  3.( 


viwrriKs  wn  cosstiti  rioxs. 


2443 


reel     for    jiivt.  rtin» 

i'li.  ciiiip.  ni:;.  i:,. 

\  i^i'liii  Is.    (n,  r!,i  . 
!    f'lulliri.lL'i  -    iiiii- 

'II    tn|)   (ll     l;lli- 

S'.iii.  i>.  :!IT.    -^Afai 

iiicin     liiiii>i'    l.ilifi. 

iiiiiMiif  M'liirc       f 

ICO.     ClC..      Ill     liiri!! 

lily  jiuriio-..:.  l; 
to  air-s|i^H-.-.  ii;iii 
•r  sIioTis  wlh'if  -.11. 
ll'. 

l.SfKi,   p.   4it.s.     I'r 

■opiT   I'xils   iind  f.] 

Duty    of    faftfir 

■i'.ir.,  p.  IS(i.  Rlow> 
ilii>l-<Ti'iitinj.'    m. 

.V     ullPt'ls,     I't.'. 

IS'.IS,   p.    I'l"!.     Far 
ally   anioniiini'  |„ 
1    ii'i|uirin;:  Mour  . 
iMliiiji  niacjiiiuM V  I- 

1S!IS.    p.   :;ii.     F.i' 
i-l(i|s     to     -..c     li, 
iii^'iii-liiiifr  111.-  :r 
\{i  \   Itiiiir  :  iiiii  i'l  ' 
rjl  ioiiH  nr  aililiii',''- 
"livi'tor.      A'lH'riilii. 
S. ;    p.  3l)S.    |s',i:!. 
ISna,  p.    III!.     I'll 
of  fniliirc  ('1  n,  i\ 
rilrri'ii    liy    iii-|"i''' 
rlrncc  of  nc^'li^'i'm 
il;iMi:n,'<'S.      .\tiii'ii 
.  I!.  S. 

18!iS,  p.  4:^      "^hm 

mil  (Icalprs  in  !;"<   ■ 

lisi'   rc'i|iiir<'il  tii  v- 

.Niririicliii'.'  p.  If" 

ISflH,  p.  \•2^^.  i.iTi.r 
r  law  ii'l^itivi'  I'l  t'  ■ 

if     TTlillOl-. 

IH'.tS.  p.  Kit.  Mini- 
of  iiiiimrs.  .V'ni'' 
:iOi!.  R.  S.,  p.  .1.'" 
ii-^pcftiir  (o  I'lir"!"' 
is'i.s.  p.  ir.t.    Ui-i 

ir{  ion  tif  wif''  (nr 
ll-  for  lictliT  iirni" 
iiiK'ii;  comrMi--i'n'' 
lul  Iplcprapli^  In  '^ 

1898.   p.   2Sfi.     Fi 
for    cqiiipniiiit  "' 
oiTirtlic  coupl'  I-  iir 
i  Jan.   1,   1901). 
ISflS.  p.  342.  .'Vmen'! 


Ins   Inw    1 5   rriC.-)— IS   I!.   S.l    ri>- 
qiiiriii'.;   railrn.iii.'*   to  Mock   fid;;:*, 
Buiiclics.    ami    iro--iiiLr-    and    ex- 
tending' time  to  dim.',   l^^'.l!l. 
Ohio  All    Maicli   -JO,    VMUt.  p.    IJ.      .\I,i- 
oliincry    in    factories    and    wipin- 
sliops  to  1)0  guanled;  ins|i('ct(ir  to 
order      and      enforce      necessary 
cliall'.'es. 
OIlio  Acl   April    14,   1000,  p.    181.     I'lio- 
liildliii^,'  eniployiiiint    'v    mines   of 
cliildren    under     ■'     ..     's     'nrin^ 
Bcliiiol    term    ;    .  '    chil'ir'-i'    ■iii'm  : 
l.'>    diirin;.'    va    i;i'i,'     of    -.  l-.c/ li- .  | 
AHMii'liiij.'  I'.  ^      IN'  ,'.  s  :iiij. 

iiliio  Aci    April    ID,    1   im.   |>.  JOT.     Ton 
mis^iiiner  of  ri  :!''id-   ivas   elln  . 
hridfres  over  railii.iil  ii.i._i-  to  be 
less  tlian  reiiiiired  hriirlit.  .Aniend- 
ieir  1!.  S.   ls;'7,  S  :i:i:i:,  suhd.   IS. 

iMiio  Ae|  April  111.  IIIOII,  p.  ;i:i7.  Ki^'lit, 
lionrs  a  d«y"s  l.-ihor  for  state  and 
local  employees:  and  fin-  work- 
men  on  all    piildio  cnntraits. 

1';l  Act,  .\lareli  .'I,  ISTO.  l'ro\  idins  for 
lieallli  ami  salrly  of  persons  eni- 
plnM  d  in  mines,  see  herein  p, 
•JJiil. 

P,i.  Act  April  IS,  is:;  il'iil,.  Laws,  .50 
§  0.)  JieipiiiiiiL,'  travelin;;  way 
at  botloiii  of  sliufi  for  tlie  pas- 
fiajre  id'  miners,  see  lierein  p.  I'MWK 

I'a.  Act  ISS.").  lU'iptirin;;  persons  em- 
ploviil  at  eic'ines  in  niine.s  sliall 
lie  solier  and  competent,  see  here- 
in  p.  21S7. 

I'a.  Act  March  :!.  1^70.  I'lovidinir  for 
the  feneiii'.:  "t  maeliinery  uliere 
hoys  work,  see  herein   p.  'il'.lj. 


I'a.  .\cl  .tune  H,  \^n.  chap.  244.  Uc;,'n- 
laliii','  emphnmeiit  of  women  and 
c'liliiien  in  maniifa'*' 111  in;^  eHl;.l>- 
li-liinenls  and  pHAidinir  for  i'l- 
s|ue(inn    of    such    est  ahlis'iinen' s. 

Va.  Act  April  11,  \<'.>r,,  c;,ap.  20.  Not 
over  eiirlil  depvi'v  i'l-pectorf  may 
he  apnoiiiled  in  aiMiumi  to  [Me.s- 
enl    niiiiil  er    M  J  ) . 

I'a.  Alt  April  11.  isn.-i.  oliap.  20.  .'i'.veit 
shop-.  (leiH'ral  l.'W.  I'rolii'dt- 
iii'_'  I'l'rt.iin  maiinfaeliires  in  tene- 
iihiils.  Ke^'iilat  ii'L'  sii.'li  m.xnu- 
fj<t  nil's    in    h'lilc'iii'^'s    in    ree  r    of 

tellenir'lts.         I'lini'l-'.         lTe;.ji --1  r  t- 

tioii  of  p'  rsiiii-  t:i!,i'"_'  out  work. 
Air  -'■'!■■.  I  I'l.'c;  ieally  N.  Y. 
Law   ol    isii-J.l 

Pa.  Acl  Min  ."i.  ls:i7,  ei  ip.  .'?7.  Swe:<t 
sliiip-,   .Vn'if'ii'u'  d"llniliiin.    I'er- 

mil    lo  ~l,i!i'  •_• I  -anilery  eoni'i- 

tinn.      Mii-t    he   sImuv'i   on   rec'iv- 

in'_'    l; !-    fimn    eii  phiur.      l'"ii':! 

escapes,  I  iiw   or'!er(  d. 

Pa.  Acl  April  ..'s  ls'''i,  ,i.,ip.  111.  F.ic- 
tor.\  in^p'clur  iu:>y  si  i/e  an'l  ile- 
stro.\  e!ot  liin'r  I  '  i'l''  inidr'  m  nn- 
heaitlifnl  jil.ii'is  or  w'.ere  there 
are  cuni:  lii'iii-  or  iMl'ie!  imis  ilii- 
eases.  .Nnn  ;i  liiii;  ls;)7,  cirap.  .'17, 
?   4. 

Pa.  Act  .\prll  2:i.  Isii7.  chap.  20.  I'','ic- 
tory  in-p.  ct  ion.  Ihvi-in.L'  and  e>;- 
tendiii':  law.  ."sniy  linnrs  a  wck 
lii'it  fur  wi>i;ii"i  and  children, 
t'lildien  I'lii-I  I  e  a!  !.■  to  icid  and 
wri'e.  .\el  .ipi,!',i! "J  to  nil  man- 
uf.icl  ariti'_;  and  iiiiriantiH^  e^tab- 
li^iiinei'.u. 


Pa,  Act'Ki'h.   27.    ISlil.   cliap.   2.      Ap- j  Pa.  Act    M.iy  27.  1S07.  chap.  !'.->.  Hikcr- 
pidnlmeiit  of  lommi-sion  on  law;* 
relatinu'  to  anthracite  coal  mines, 
venlilation,    safety   of   einployees. 
etc. 

I'a.  Act  .liine  2.  ISHl.  chap.  177.  I'oal 
iiiinrs.  In-peciion.  IJejrulatioii. 
Kseap"   ~hafls,   slairw.iys. 

I'.i.  Act  .Inne  2.  IS'.'I,  clia)i.  177.  In- 
spection of  coal  mines;  ventila- 
tion :   safety  of  emplo.vees. 

I'a.  Act  .Inne  2.  Isiil,  chap,  177.  For- 
lii.iiiia^'  emiihivment  of  hoys  un- 
der 14  and  of  females  in  ooal 
mines. 

Pa.  Act  .May  20.  ISDl.  chap.  7."..  lloiira 
of  work   in   penal   iiisi  i' iitions. 

Pa.  Act  May  1.").  isii:).  chap.  4S.  l!i'i;ii- 
lalin^'  health,  safety,  and  welfare 
of  cmplovecs. 

Pa.  Act   M;iv  24,   ISO:?,  clian.   Sn.      Tor- 


iiiililin^  cmployir.ent  of  any  minor 
under  the  ajji!  of  14  in  or  about 
elevators. 


ii's   !   f'.eif,  e'e.e.v'.  s.      Siim'.ay 

Work  proliilili  I  and  ni;;!.!  work 
fur  pi'i-nii»  nmler  IS.  Ventila- 
tion. S.niit.itiiai.  I'nlawfiil  to 
employ  per-iois  '.■.  itii  lonsninption 
or  eomiiuinieahle  disia-cs.  Iii- 
i-pi  ct  ion. 

Pa.  Act  .Inly  1."),  chap.  22.1.  Qnililica- 
linii-  of  mini'i-.  l-Aaminalien  of 
iriie'is  of  .mlhi.ici'e  coal,  ('er- 
tiilcales   not    I ran^ferrahlc. 

Pa.  Act  April  20,  1S!I:),  chap.  .".S,  Self- 
act  iiiLT  doors  may,  if  a|ip!..\ed  by 
iiispietnr,  he  iiseil  in  an'hracile 
coal  mines.  .\nKi!din'4  IS'.ll,  chap. 
177,  an     10,  §    lo. 

Pa,  Act  .\pril  2S,  isil'.i.  chap.  74.  K\- 
pliisiM'  oil  may  he  u-id  in  bitu- 
minous coal  mines  in  aiiproveil 
(safety     lair.ps.     .\iiieiidinj;     18!.l3, 


ill 


"'I 
■   II 


( .1 


1 .' 

i   I. 


ll 


•^   I. 


eh.i 


48,  ail.   S.   5  4. 


n.  I.  Pub.  Stat.  chap.  2l.'4.  «   1.').     Rclat- 
ing  to   liahilitv   of   common  car- 


1  ^  ■'- 

1                  "' 

1                      t 

1  ; 

Ml            .* 

•  = 

^Bpi 

t    i 

i|il 

S444 

rirr  for  loss  of  life,  see  licreiii  p. 

R.  1.  Act  Miirrli  2S.  1800,  clmp.  S'.'O. 
VmcI dries  (lirir  or  more  stori.s 
lii^'li  to  lir  proviiloil  witli  fire  cs- 
c;i|R's  or  liici>r(nit'  flairs.  I)iuic< 
of  I'liililiiij;  iii'pirtor.-. 

n.  I.  -Art  April  lili.  IS'.M.  pliap.  1:27«. 
Woiiiiii  :in(I  fliililron.  (loiicral 
act  rcfrulMlin^  tlirir  cinployiriciit 
anil  proviiliiiLT  for  tlicir  nafcty  in 
nirrcmtilc  iiiilii-tri(  .  ami  niiuui- 
fac'.iirini,'  c'^tiilji-liitirnt ■». 

R.  I.  Act  MmvcIi  l(i.  I'*!"*,  cliap.  I'-'Si. 
l!i\ilroii(l  corjioral  ions  ntii^t  liloik 
froL'-i.  .-vvilclics,  I'lc.  on  its  trucks 
1o  prevent  emplovei's  from  hein™ 
on  ii^'lit. 

R.  I.  Act  Sept.  20.  ls;i!t.  Hi:ip,  7(IS.  F''ac- 
tory  itis|)cclor'^  to  enforce  net 
proviiHn;;  10  lioiir  day  in  nianu- 
fiulorie-*  for  women  and  cliiMren 
nniler  10. 

R.  C.  Provision  of  eonsi  iliition  proviil- 
in<;  for  lialiiliiy  of  railroad  cor- 
piirations  to  employees,  see  herein 
p.  20!ll. 

S.  C.  flen.  Stat.  §  1  tllO.  nequirinji  the 
Use  of  brakes  on  freight  cars,  see 
herein  p.  2I8S. 

S.  C.  Act  Dec.  21.  1S:I2,  chap,  39,  Kleven 
hours  to  constiliite  days  work  in 
cotton   and  woolen  mills. 

S,  C.  Act  18112  (21  .St.at.  nt  I..,  ill.  Rev. 
{stat.  §  l.')H2).  Relating  to  lia- 
biliiy  of  iminicipalilies  for  jur- 
,soiial  injnries,  scr  licrein  p.   ISTO, 

S,  C.  Act  .Miircli  2.  ls:i7,  cliap.  2:t4. 
lIo\irs  hiliii   on  strc  1  railway  not 

VUiVO    tll:lli      1-!. 

S.  C.  Act  .Mar.h  (I,  1809.  clia)!.  71.  .Seats 
to  be  provided  for  female  em- 
plovees, 

S.  D.  Civ,'  Ole.  §s  -1942.  494:!.  Fixing 
liability  of  employers  to  em- 
ployees for  injury,  s^ee  herein  p, 
1!IS0. 

■>,  D.  Civ.  ('.)(!•.  !iS  4090.  4097.  Declara- 
tory of  common  law  li.ibilily  of 
iMii-ter,  si'c  herein   p.   1918. 

S.  D.  Civ.  Code,  S§  4942,  494.1,  Declara- 
tory of  coTnmon  law  lialdlity  of 
master,  see  herein  p,   191S. 

S.  D.  Act  :Mareli  ;},  1897.  chap.  93. 
Smelting  or  dry  crushing  reduc- 
tion works  ri'ipiired  to  \ise  ev- 
liaii^t  jian.s  and  dust  chambers  for 
removal  of  gases  and  dust. 

S.  D.  Act  .Mare!)  2,  1897,  chap.  9-2. 
Jliiies.  ShaftH  over  200  fe.-t  shall 
have  bonneted  safety  cage  for 
lowerimj  and  lioist  ing  employei's. 

Tenn,  Ciode,  ISlUiO,  1107.  Requiring  the 


STATUTES  AND  CONiSTiTUTlONS. 


sotiriding  of  nhirin  v.h\- 
aninial  or  other  ob-trm 
pears  upon  track,  -ee  In 
187:!.    1S74. 

Tenn.  Act  1881.  clmp,  170,  §  7, 
ding  the  use  of  fiirinie.'s 
where  the  coal  bre.ikers  a 
buildings  .are  diri'clly  ( 
cover  the  top  of  the  > 
herein  p.  2201, 

Tenn.   Acts    1881.     -'An    Act   te 
for  the  ventilation  of  m 
and   collieries,   a   .1    foi 
ted  ion  of  human   life  ih 

Tenn.  Act  March  23.  1.8!il,  el 
Appointment  of  commi-^- 
inspi-ction  of  mines  ^ii 
ries. 

Tenn.  Act    Keb.  4,   189.!.  chap. 
liibiting   employment    of 
under     12    in    workshop' 
mills,  or  factories, 

Tenn,  Act  .Ian,  22,  1897,  cliap. 
fat  ion.       ."safety,      Knipli 
female  help  in   manufact 
niircantile  bu-ine>s  nuis 
separate  water  closets. 

Tenn,  Act  April  22.  1899.  cl 
C'reatinu'  shop  and  fm 
speetor.  Semi-annual  i 
in  counties  over  .'lO.dilil 
ries  to  jiay  $•)  fee  for  in 

Tc.v.  Const.  10.  "35.  Ix.gislnti 
pas<<  laws  to  protect  l.nl 
puhlic  works,  can-iN,  i 
etc. 

Tex,  Laws  1n9I.  chap.  24:  I,;\ 
chap.  91  :  T^aws  1S9I,  i! 
14,  Defining  liability  of 
corporations  foi  itijiiry 
ants,  determining  wiio  a 
serv.ints.  and  foibiiMi 
tracts  limiting  liability. 
in   pp.  2H92,  20;i8, 

Tex,  Act  1S91.  chap,  24,  Si  1  :  . 
chap.  91.  §  1.  Deliuing  ' 
cipal,   see   hi  leiTi    p.   200) 

Tex.  Act  .March  10.  1S91,  chap, 
roads.      Vice    principals 
low    servants    ileiincd. 
tract  limiting  employer's 
f(U'  i?iiury  to  em|)loyi'e  v 

Tex.  Spec.  Sess.  Laws,  chap.  Ii. 
1897.      Kniployers     I.ial); 
case    of    employees    on 
and     street      railroads, 
fellow    servants    and    pr 
contracts    against    liabil 

Tex.    AH    1S!I7.      Prohibiting 
limiting   liability,   see   1 
2104. 

Tex.  Code   I8!I8.  art.  337,     Fir 

Utah  Rev.  Stat.  chap.  .'),  S  S.'Sfi 


y.\.  r\,:,\,.  IVi.  i'r 
yniciit  of  cliii,!!, ' 
\voi'k:<li'ip«.    n:in.- 

ics. 

!•",  clifip,  !1S.  Snni 

J".     Kipiii!i'yi'r<    '<' 

miiimf.iol  iiriii^  f ' 
iur^'i  nin^l    proi  ■  I. 

!8'.l!l,    olii...    iiti 

and    fni'lHH    i 

■iimiii;il    in-p.'': 

IT    :!0,(lilil.     r^ir;... 

f<'0  for  in-ji"itin^ 

iroti'ct    Inlinrf'i>  ■■' 
caiiMls.    riiiii".!'':- 

p.   24:    I>nw~   \^'u 

ialiilily  of  i^iihci': 
11     in  jury   t"  serv- 
ing' wiio  :n--  fil! .' 
f..rl.i.Mi.i,L'    '■„■ 

lial>ility.  sii'  l!(r 
0;iH. 
•J4,  S   1  :  Ar't  b:'. 

DdluiiiL'  vici'  prii 
in   p.  :2iifll, 
S!tl.  (Imp.  ii.  R;iii 
iriiiiipnls   mid   f'! 
iloiint'd.      No    '•"t; 
L-mployor's  li:iliilitf 
■niployoc  valid. 
I,  cliap.  fi.  .Innc  IS, 
ers     I,i;iliilily,    In 
lyoos    on    railrn.i'l< 
ailniads.     Di-finin.- 
s    and    pro!iil)iun! 
nst    liatiiliiy. 
)liibitins   contract? 
ity,    see   tiorcin  p 

.137.  Fir  ■  '"'Cipp- 
.  5,  S  350     '.'finiiur 


M.vit  ri>  A.Mi  (•o.\>i rnTioss. 


•Mi 


viiT    prinripaN    and    lidliiu    sirv   ' 

iiiils.  MC  liiiciii    p.   -l"t. 
Lt«li  Ai-l  .Mareli  In.  IMiJ,  clia]..  4  1.  I  ini- 

liiv   to   I"'   ki'l'l    ""    h.tnA    Im    u^e  , 

US   jirujis   and    tap   pirii-^    in   loal 

iidnis. 
Uidi  Act  Mai    !i  10.  lsii-.>,  Hiap.  :iS.  (,o..l  , 
HciHiiriiiK      I'M.ipiiiniii 


I  mil 


Alt  Mai 
iiiiiMS. 
fliafts. 
Act   l"«b. 


2.0,  IS'.M,  cliap.  11.  Kij;iit 
lunirs  to  collet  itiilc  a  day'.-*  work 
upon  all  piililic  l>iiildiii};s. 
,iali  A.t  Maidi  30,  IMHi.  <lial..  V^- 
i;i;;lit  liour.-i  a  day's  work  in  all 
niinos   and    sm(lli'i>. 

lull  AH  l"(l>-  '^1-  1«"<"'.  f'"'!''  -'•  ""'■'"'■ 
tion  of  t'ldlow  servant.  Any  [ii'r 
son  liaviii};  siipcrintondtin'i'  or 
authority  to  din<t  i-<  vico  prin 
cipal.  iVrson  (iij.Myc(l  in  anotluT 
di'partiiunt  not   l.'ll.iu   .-crvani. 

I  tah  Act  March  2,  ISiMl,  cliap.  2S.  No 
person  under  14  and  no  woiiiaii 
to  liP  employed  in  niin(!  or  smell I'r. 

i  Wh  Act  April  .'"..'  ISllfi.  chap.  ll:t.  <oal 
mines.  Inspector  e-tal>li-lied. 
Towers.  Rcl'H latin;;  working'  of 
mine. 

itah  Act  I'd).  24,  ISOT,  chap.   11. 
plovers    must    piiAid.-    .«(ats 
fcniale  employees. 

!■.  T.  Act  Marcli  12.  ls!i(i.  chap.  ■■••. 

rciniire  train  di-palihei-  to  liir 
rish  time  of  dc|iarliii(  of  al 
train*. 

Vt.  Stat.  3440.  Hiilway  iiiii-l  nol  em 
plov  condiiitoi.  hraki-Mian,  o 
>,«  it  ehimin  vlio  ii-c-  iiitoxicalin, 
lii]iiors. 


Km- 
for 

To 


Vt  Stat'.    §    .3880. 
company  "' 
with   lix' 
car.  hut 
on  the  en'. 
.\ct   Nov.  2.i, 
ip.il      niliecrs 
pioyrrs    to 


Vt 


ProvidiiifT    that    im 
111  CMS  of  its  own 
I  lie    -ide   of   the 
uhhTs  shall  he 
car. 
,o,  chap.  72  .Miuiic 
may     permit      eni- 
riii.L'    hill-    and     use 
whistles  and  -.'oii-s  for  piuiH.se  of  ^ 
fiiviiift  notice  to  em]>loyees.  | 

Act.  Nov.  22.  18!i2.  <diap.  83.   Fire  p»- 1 
capes     on     faeloiies.     mills,     and 
workshops  more  than  two  storie- 
hi.L'h.   where   persons   are  employ-  ' 
ed  ahove  pceoiid  story.  ! 

Act   Nov.  22.    is;i2.  chap.  6,-).     Re-  , 
ipiirinj;    warnir       diviees    to    lie 
placed  at   app  es  to  railroiid 

hrid^es  for  safety  of  trainmen. 
Act   Nov.  20,    18041  chap.   20.  fliil-  ; 
dren  under  14  not  to  work  in  mill  ! 
without     haxiii^    atteieie.i    school 
2(1  weeks  of  previous  year. 
Va.  Code.  S   12.-.8.     Relating:  to  the  duty 


Vt 


Vt 


Vt 


of  railroad  coiupaiiie-  to  i.ii.e 
ri-iii  (■!  wa\.  -ee  helrill  p.    Is7"<. 

Va.  Act  I'.li.  14.  i'MHi.  clLip.  :;_'>.  Kill- 
road  coiiipaiiie-  reipiliid  111  pio 
vide  waiiiiii;,'  -luiiaK  al  aopioai'i 
or  overiiiail  iiriilije. 

\'a.  \i-l  \laieli  4.  I^'HI.  i  hap.  1''-.  lo 
limit  iioiirs  of  lahor  (or  wone-ii 
and  eliihiien  in  inaiiul.i"!  uiiiKr 
i-Ialili.-liiiu  Ills. 

\ii.   .Set   .inn.    12.  chap.   ■'■3.      I'.iiiph..\  .-i - 

nillst  pldvidese.lt-  ful  Irlliah-  ■  III- 
plo.M-e-. 

Va.  Act  Isiis.  fell.  1.  cliap.  ISl.  Si  re.  I 
railway-  rcipiired  to  \e-tihliii- 
fronl-'ot  ears  from  Deiemhei  to 
.M.llcll    ilielu-ive. 

Wa-h.  Act  \l,ii.-h  2ii.  ISOO.  p.  HI  I.  'se.its 
to  I'e  piinid  d  for  felliah-  em- 
ploye- in  slol.-,  olhre-.  and 
-eh'oi.l-. 

W.i-h.    Aei    .M.ii.ii   20.    ls!iO.  p.    121.     To 
reipini     11-1-    of    -al'ei\     (-,"_"■-    tiiV 
pr<iteelion  of  eiiiiilo\ei-   in  iiu'm-. 
Wa-h.  Act    Manh  20.   .'siMi.  p.   121.     Ke 
(HiiiiriL'     I'eiMiu';     of     iifiin-     and 
-ii.ill-. 
Wa-h,  Act   .March  5,  ISOl.  chap,  sh  (^..il 
mini-.       In-peclion.      !;■  ;.'iihii  i"n. 
F.-eapc   shafts,    stairway-. 
\\:i-h,   .\el    .March  .">.   ls!i|.  i-h.ip.   Si.   in- 
-peetion   of  eoal    inim -.      Xinlila- 
I  ion.      S.lfetv   of   elliploMi-. 
V\a-h.    Act     Manl'i    ."i.     l^^lH.    fh-M'     ^I- 
'  Owner-  of  coal    mine-  to   pi. .vide 

stretchers   for   inpired   I'lnploxee-. 
Wa-h.   Act    \laieli  .-■.   ISlU.  chap.   si.  So- 
hriely.  capahilily.  and   ai;e  of  oji 
craliM-  ill  coal  niiin-. 
Wa-h.    :  r.alliiiLrer's  .\iino.  C'odi'S  &  Stat. 
5  :;'(;.^i.     i;ei|nirin!;  mine  owiiii- 
io    |iv.\i.le   a    ^'ood   and   suilici.-iii 
.■mioirit    of   veiil  il.it  ion. 
W.i-h.      \.-l      M:ir.!i     1.     I'^l'a.    <'li:il'-    '•'-'• 
Operaloi-    of    sliiie_h'    mi'ls    imi-t 
pvotrii        -,iws       with        mi'lalli.' 
U-llal.l-. 
Wash.     \il     Miieli    20.    18«i.-,.    chap.    loO, 
i  Kuiph'.M-e-    on     -iie.-t     cars    -li.ill 

I  not     he    r.-'piivi-l    to    wurk    nioi'- 

than    111  111. Ill-  in  21.     I'eiialii'-, 
W.i-h,    .\el     Maieli    20.    IS!!,".,   chap.    1  It 

I  I'lal  I -   of   street    railwa>    ■  ,irs 

(o   he    inelosid    for    ]iiotr,iioii    in 
winter. 
Wash.  Act    Mavih  (!.  l'<07.  ehai.,   I."..  I  •"I 

mine-.     -V ndins  as  to  -  leri  ion 

and  t'lMi  of  inspectors.  l-M'N'i"- 
of  iniiid'er  of  emidoyees.  \'i  n  i 
lalion  lo  -|ilitair  sv-tein. 
\\ ;,,),.  \,t  M-,i,eh  13.  HO'.',  cleip,  iol 
Kiuht  hours  n  day's  work  on  .ill 
jiuhlic    work;    hours   may   he   c.-i- 


Hi 


^  1  n 


I  11, 

I I  i 


lill 


t«M 


BTATIITFS  AND  CONSTITUT  ONS. 


tended  In  omcrjjonpicH,  at  50  per 
cont  iiirri'iiM-  in  pay  for  exton<lud 
tiiiu'. 

\V.  Va.  Act  1887.  ptiap.  50,  §  10;  Code 
18!11,  p.  ll'.U.  ltoi|uiriiig  opotM- 
tois  o(  minis  to  use  prcrautioiia 
ti)   ki'cp   niiiKs   frco   f'oni  t;as. 

VV.  Va.  .\<(  Kcl..  I'.i.  isiil.  oliap.  i:..  Kin- 
liliivnirnt  of  miiii'is  iniilor   12. 

W.  Va.  .\'(  t  VvU.  17,  isn:,  cliap.  iy'X  Es- 
talili-liin^  cliief  inspi-clor  of 
mines. 

W.  Va.  .Net  IVl).  21,  !«!.!»,  cliap.  17. 
Kifllit  liour.s  u  day's  work  for 
Plate  eiiip  oyee^.  (  iilawftil  for 
ollielals  or  contrnetors  on  ]mlilic 
works  to  reonire  or  permit  longer 
hours.      Penalty. 

Wis.  Law.s  1887,  eliap.  u4'i.  §  2;  S.  &  B. 
.Xnno.  Slat.  §  I(i:'.(lf.  I'cncinc; 
maciiinery   in   manufaetories. 

Wis.  Kev.  Slat.  lli;:(lj.  Uiipiirin^  tlie 
(inardins  of  ilanfjcrons  iK'Hiiig, 
etc..  SIC  herein  p.  21!';!. 

Wis.  Aet  Ma  roll  :iO.  I  SIM,  eliap.  100.  Em- 
ployment  of  eliildriii   under   14 

Wii.  Stat.  IsUia.  Kiilway  eompany 
liable  for  dannige  or  injury  to 
employee  llirou^di  ni'^iligcnee  of 
otlier  employee,  wliere  no  contrib- 
utorv  intrligenee. 

Wis.  Laws'lSSl.  ehap.  10.1.  Relating  to 
liability  of  railroads  for  failit.a; 
to  eonstruct  fence,  see  herein  p. 
1870. 

Wis.  Laws  181)1.  ehap.  220.  Definiiifr 
liability  of  railroid  eompanies 
in  relation  to  damages  sustainrd 
by  employees,  see  luvein   p.  2120. 

Wig.  Lkws  ISSlt.  ehap.  12:J.  Frogs  on 
railways  to  lie  Idoeked. 

Wis.  Laws  1S80,  chap.  18."?.  Unguarded 
frogs. 

Wis.  Laws  isn.">.  ehap.  K'l  l  Rev.  Stat. 
1S!'8.  §  4.".l>).  lieipiiriiig  the  enn- 
fitruetion  of  fire  escapes,  see  here- 
in p.  2I!I4. 

Wis.  Act  May  ."?.  IS't.-),  chap.  .■!.">.'..  Fire 
esi'apis.  Ladders  and  balconies 
shall  be  placed  on  buildings  tlucc 
or  more  stories  high  in  wliicli  are 
en>|doyed  2.'i  piTi-ons.  Stand  pilH'. 

Wis.    Ael    .Npril     17.    IsilTi.    ehap.    270. 


for   protection   in 


iUII 

111!'' 


Platforms  of  street   railway   ears 

to  be   :..  b. 

winter. 
Wis.  Aet  April  21.  1807.  chap.  .37.5.  Reg- 

ulatin','      sanitation.      inspection. 

and      health      of      employees      .a 

b.Tkerics, 
Wis.    Aet    March    SO.    1-  'O,    ehap.    77. 

Seals  to  be  provided   for  female 

employees. 
Wis.  Act  March  30.  1800,  chap.  70,  Reg 


ula.ing  location,  dimens 
dow  surface,  vcnlilat 
cleaidine»s  of  cigar  n 
lies;  jiersons  innlir  I 
\vork  over  8  hours  a  i 
liours  a  week,  .^eparati 
rooms  and  water  elo-i 
tory   inspiiior  to  cnfon 

Wis.  Ael  April  14,  ISOO,  ehap. 
ulaling  u^e  of  euierv  « 
belts. 

Wis.  Act  April  27,  1800,  chap, 
eral  law  as  to  eiuplo 
minoi  s. 

Wi.s,  Ael  .\pril  11.  ISO',),  chap. 
inis-ioiuT  of  labor  may 
(formerly  one)  ussisiai 
insjiecturs. 

Wis.  Act  April  12.  ISOO,  ehap. 
tory  iiispeelors  may  ei 
cantile  estalilislunenls  ti 
provisions  for  snit.ible 
women.  .Amending  K.  .' 
102  If. 

Wis.    Act    April     20,    ISO!),    c 
Regulating  inanufaci  nre 
ing  and  tobacco  gooils 
ingi. 

Wyo.  Tcr  Act  of  ISOO.  Relati 
bility  of  railroad  com|i 
iniuries  to  employees,  s 
p.  21:"0. 

Wyo.  Act  .Ian.  0.  1801,  ehap. 
ployer"s  liability.  Labor 
exemi>ting  employer  In 
ity  for  injuries  to  eni[ 
claied  void. 

Wyo.  Act  Jan.  10,  ISOl.  chap, 
mines.      Inspection.      l!i 
Escape  shafts,  Slairwav 

Wyo.  Act  .Inn.  IC.  ISOl,  chap 
spection  of  coal  mine-. 
tion.     Safety  of  employi 

Wyo.  Aet  .Ian.  10,"  1801,  ehap', 
hours  to  conslilute  d.i 
for  coal   miners. 

Act  t'oie^ress  Feb.  2S,    1S71,   § 
viding  for  the  better  sc 
life  on  board  of  steam  vi 
herein  p,  2181. 

Act  Congress  March  3.  1801.  1 
ventilation  of  mines,  see 
2200. 

Act  Conirress  ^lareh  2,  1803 
Ht  L.  .532.  chap.  100.  V. 
Stat.  1001,  p.  317(i).  1 
that  cars  engaged  in 
commerce  he  provide 
Rafetvappliances.  see  1 
1004." 

Act  Dominion  of  Canada  I 
ehap.  20,  8  202,  subs.  4) 
ing  to  filling  spaces 
winged    rails    and    r' 


stati;ti;s  and  conmiti  tions. 


S447 


and    bctwot'ii    ^'u.n 
railH,  sii'  luTiin  [>. 


il    iiiid    triiok    Qiiilii 


I'Mcl.iri.'^^    Act,   art.    nOSS.      Dt- 


ilS8. 


i-l;llill^'  tli:it  its  I 


rovisioiis  do  not 


:,  i  0  Vict,  cliup. 


111.      Kurlddiliii';   >iii- 


..lily     ii>i 


iiisil.ilitii's     of     cm- 


ploviiitiil  (if  uuiiii'ii  in  iiiiiii-*,  SCI- 
licnin  p.  21^7. 
Vict,  cliiip.    l.'i,  S  ::i.     ]?(latiiiK  to  thf 
L'llill<liti;»     c)f     diin^rrnila     llKlihill- 


111-    till'    civil    liuv«   of 


till'   pi- 


If   luriiii   p. 


21K4. 


\irt.  cliiip.  :tit  (Out.  \Uv-  Mill.  ISy 


cry,  sw   hiii'iii   ] 


M'.m. 


rli.ip.   11 
Art.  >.!■ 


I.I 


Kn.pli 
I' 


r-'  l.,i;il)ility 


I'MO. 


Act  18  &.  l!t  Viol.   1(»H.  §   11.     IIi'.iniriiiL:    Diil.iri. 


K.H'ii.rii-  Act    I'^M. 


■M,  S- 


niiiio    owncii    to    prim 


,il.- 


1.      rio\i.niiu'    tor 


21114. 


u;.'(s  tor  lioiliT-i,  f»'t'  luri'iu  p. 


lit     Vilrluli 


ill 


ll.lri'^.    ^I'l 


liiii'iii  p.  J I '.14. 


IS  4  l~l'\'irt.  I'liiip.   IKS.  §   I.     i;i'I:ilin<?'Oiil;irii'>  I'M.-iniir,  An   (Ki'V.  Slul.  1S87) 
to  voMtilal ion  of  mines,  Keo  here-,  S     1"-.    ^'H.-.    4.       I'n.vi.lin.,'    for 

in  p.  :il :>•">.  -;it.t\     ili'.ii-i  -    on    i-li-v:itiirs,    Beo 

■•:!  i  24   Vii't.  i-li.ip.   l"'l-     I'loviilin;;   fur:  hii.'Hi   p.  21'. i. 

tlio    i.L'iil:aii.n    i.lid    iii-pi'-li-n    "f    Ontario    r.Hl.ii.-    Art     (  >«    V  ii-t.    e  rtp. 
n,inc.,  XV  l.rrrin  pp.  21S4.  211..-..:  .^I>.   «'M.    li'V.    St.it.    ISHT,   olu.p 

••ii24  Vict,  oli.ip.   151,  S   HI.     Itil:.tin-i  20).       l;i.|iiinnu'    li'min-    of    all 

to  viiilih.lion  of  co;d   iniiu-.  i  ilnMj;rir.us    pail-<    of     niucliincry, 

;,-,&  3ii  \ii;l.  ih:ip.  TO.  §  .M.  Mili-.  20;  ;!.".  1  -<"'  I"'"!"  I'-  -'''I.- 

&   -Mi    Mit!   clK,p.   77,   S   2:i,  ,ul,s.!Onl...i..  r.oni.M.s  A.t.  4.   V  ict,  cl.ip.  jU» 
11.     KUviUiir  to  bo  eovMicd.  I  (<"it.  ll.v.  Slut.  rl,„p.  -0^,   §   15, 

The   Coal    -Minrs    K..,;,'uU.tiou    .\vi     1S72  M.lw.     V."'"'-     '>';•     ■^■''-     '  ^;  ' ' 

(X-,   &   :!(i    Viet,   fliap.   7.i)    §    .11.  Huip.  2..;i.  «  .0.  m.Iis.  '■     ■•''.'^■"' 

«\ll,..    24.      i:.-.piirinj,'   all    rxposcd  rv.v    to    Ur    fiMuril.    M-r    hrrrin    p. 

and   dan>,'iTons   parts   of   niacliin-  21li".  ,       „,    i  .,    irsh 

cry    in    ov   about   tbi'   loinr   to   be    Ontario   INului  i-s  .Vninr'....  nl  Art  18S.» 


seciirrls-    frnriil. 
;!.-)  A  3()  Vict"  rli;!|i.  7ti,   5   .")!,  -nbs.  2:1; 

:),■)  &.  :!(!  \  in.  cliap.  77,  §  2:!,  subs. 

14.      .Vdnpiati'  brakr   on    lioi-tiliji 

apparatu-. 
M  Vict.  cb;ip.   2!i,  §   28!t.     Urlatin^'  to 

liability     fi'r     failure     to     block 


i.->2  \  i.'l.  rliap.  4:'..  !>  ■'!.  subs.  4). 
I'riivi.li-  Ibat  tin'  wovKnien  of  a 
coiitr:>rlor.i'le.  to  do  work  for  tlie 
owni'i  shall,  fi'r  all  i.urpiisrs  of 
tlie  pviiiriiK'l  Vri  aii'l  Ibe  Ariiend- 
meut.  Ill'  tek.  n  as  biiiij?  in  the 
servire  I'f  tl wnrr. 


froi's,"  ;:ee   brnin   p.   1S7,5.  |  Ontario  Muninpal  Act    (Ont    Lev.  Sf^at. 

Kmdiel     Mines    lU'^rul^ui'ti   Act    1872.   §  1S!17.  e  ap.  22:!.  §  ..12,  subs.   14) 

"23      subs.     10.       Iteiiuiriuj;     that!  Knipu^.r-  nunnr.pahties  to      akc 

buckets  in   wbirb  lue'i  are^hawn  :  by  iaus    fi'r    seeuriufr    en.p,  '.  ncB 

up  out  of  the  iniMo  !„■   piovidell  ap.nwl   injuries  by   lire. 

"'itb   ,ui,lrs,  sor   herein   p.   2U.o.    ;  Ontario     Uiukn.rns    K"-!:;;''-'^;;.;"     ^"^ 
Enf;lisli    Knrployers-     Liability    Act    of  '^,'''' '':.•'':•,"' .Vr    eh  '/it'; 

English   n.e.:;y  An  ol    ISS.    ,  4d  ^    47  ;  S  :•.  m,..>.  :W  .     .b;.,i..nn^  railway 

Vict     5:i)     i!   2.      Ui-ulatiii'T    I'ac-  ,.i.nii..Mni-  to  bb..  I-    li<V;<- 


ture  of  white  lead,  >re   heirin   p 

21!):!. 
Enpli-li  Kaetorv  Workshop  Act  IMtl.  8 

(),  fcubs.  2.     Keiiuirinir  the  jru;:ril- 

ins  of   dan;;er(nis   luaehiiiery.   see 

herein   p.   2IS',I. 
Eii!,'lish  factory  Act  ISD.^..  §  27.  subs.  1. 

Rrlatiuj;    to    the    use    of    umler- 

•jround    plaee<  as  bakehouses,  see 

herein  j).  21'.i4. 
En^'lish   Workiueu's    roiiipi'usation    Act 

1S!)7,  see  herein  p.  21:11.     Aiuend- 

nienl  of  llUlIt,  see  bere.n  p.  217i'i. 
Quebec  Factories  Act    (1!"'V.  Stat.   18SS) 

I     :i024.      Kelatiiii;    to    {luardiiiS 

daiiL'crous  machinery,  see  herein 

p.  2190. 


Ti...  ■•>!.<.|.-  Uri^ubiliou 
Arl."  |iiiniaiii:_'  b.r  1'.'^'  safety, 
liiallli.  ri.-,,  i.f  .  iiiiiloyres  in 
iil.i,-.-     1,1     l.u-iiii--     otber     then 

,1,,,. Mi.'.l    by    the    l-actorirs 

An.  all'.  I.  ■.;nl.  iiii.:;  'he  a.;'e  at 
wliiili  .-mb  .in|':..>es  may  be 
l,i,,.,|  nil. I  tbi-  iniml.er  of  hours 
t'nr\  III.IX  "i.rk. 
Ontario  Mines'  An  .ul.  Ib'v.  isUit. 
Is!.;,  rbaj..  :'.l"..  §5  til)  <!.">)-  I'or- 
bi.l-  altii'jriber  the  emiiloyinent 
(.1  .Miiiini  in  iiiiiiiiiL'  work,  and 
ir'ulitr^  aLi.'  at  which  boys  can 
t.i"euipli.\e,l  and  the  1,11  !,-*.. h  of 
time  tbey  shall  be  permitted  to 
work  at  various  kinds  of  work. 


k-M 


'  n 


m 


m 


"i^  *;1 


1" 

■I 

1 1  ^  m 

H 

m 

■     ( 

'^^^ 


iiii 

! 

, 

'III 

t  ■ 

i  ' 


INOKX. 


! 

i  f 


\BN01^MAL  CON'PTTIOXR  Olt  lilSKS, 
do  not  render  minter  Ii:il>li',   12. 

Mro  widiin  doctrine  (hat  -rvMmV^  knn-.v  !,-.I-p  of  dan-cr-  r.^irv.-  nin^ler.  S, 
iluly  of  master  to  instruct  siTvant  ii-i  to.  Jlti. 

of   ■instnimentalitios.   liabilKy   of    ina.t.r    fur    i.  jnrie*     i, -nit  in::     f...i,i.  .-.■ 
lNsnUMlNT.\l.lTlK.-. 

\n  r.rXANCE  OF  F.Mri.C»YMKNT. 

..  constituting  contril.utory  neu'li^'en.-.  s,.o  C<.vnii!t,  ioi:v  Nm.i  i.,i  sc-k. 

U'CinlCNT.  ,  am 

;,  ln,i.s-il»ili1y  of  pviden<-e  :.s  to  prior  a.-eidcnl  Ironi  same  iii.-ln. nuXiiv.  S-U. 

U)\llSSIONS. 

:.,liiiis*il,ililr  of.  a?  evidrn.-c.  ^■!0. 

""Vicnne    thai     as^.n„,.n.m  -f    evtranr.linn.-y   ri-k  i-.  infern-.l    lin,n    servant's 
knowledf;e  thereof.  -.'Tl.  note  1. 
doctrine  as  to  eoiitviliMl"ry  ii.  ,jlr,-eiicc.  :!l-l.  'i. 

vice  prim-ipalshi,,  (.-led  hy  non  .Ude-ahl.'  .lalnr,-  of  dutie.-.  e,dl.,t,o„  ot  cas,..., 
;")0.  note  :;.  ....    ..,,, 

casps  ,l,.,evtMinioi!  ■^'•""-  "'  -■"'■'■^''  "'■'"""-"••■  ""  «  "''''  I" ''"'■  ■'■'"• 

note  1. 
doeisi,,,,,  involving:  n-lation  he;  >>,.,.„  .apevior  and  st.hordinatc  servants  as  re- 
gard- mastir'.-  lialuliiy.  .M'.!.  nni..  1. 
nc?li^'enee  of  coeinployee.  i„sp,.,tion  and  repairs,  nonlial.il.ty    .1   ,nr.-ler.  il-^. 

note  1. 
text  of  employers'  lia.bility  act.  i.."i.">. 
con.plaint;   averment  a-s   to   servants    ire^lom   from   eontrihut,.,y    -,  .h.enee. 

8.".9,  note  2. 
a,  to  construction,  operali.e,    and  .iTeet  of  employers'  linl.dtly  act.  -v..  bT.VT- 

CTOUY  LlAnil.lTV. 

.ANIMALS, 

dutv  of  master  -.Mth  rejard  to  animals  used  hy  him.  200. 
assumption  of  risk-  ari-in-  from  vicious  naune  of.  <i:i.  iinte  I   It). 

uder.ed  i.om  .,  rvanfs  kn-w!ed;.e  thercd.  277.  n-'-  '    "')■ 
contributory  netrli^-"-  >"  f^'iHn;:  to  take  proper  precivutions  m  handling,  ^'^l 
note  1   (8).  .  2^^,j 


1  I   I 


■■  h'l  ins 


r 


8460  INDIA. 

(Ui  fermvii,  uic  li>   teotioiu.) 

ANSWI.I!, 

miUifioiicy  of,  8(\i. 

ANTICII'ATIOM  Ol'  AfflDKXT, 

ilutj.-  of  ni'-lir,  liiil.ility  f.T  fiiliirp  to  nnHripnte  npci<l<<nt,  141. 
luri  l(iit.,  ttliiili  <'(iiil.|  mil    |\:i\(.  In-cn  iinlii'iii  ilc.l,   \42. 
nifi.liiit  cau>cl  Ipy  ^irllI>ll•  iii»l'iini(iit;ility.  li:>. 
atcilcnls   rcMillin;;   Iimi,i   unusual   nct;lii;.iiri'  or  pliv.-i.-al    ' 

t'lnp'ovirs.   1)4. 
C.vci  |ili(i|]al   cliarailcr  nf  acfiili'tit .    11."). 
wIhtc   no   sitiiil.ir   acci.liiil    lia.l    l.vn    prcviijiisly    proln.-nl 

conilition,   IK!. 
iti  I'.i-c  ol"  i!iic\|i.'.'tcil!y  s.  VI  I-.'  strain   ]nit  upon  .npplinm-.-- 
n«  aU'ri'tciI  In-  unisp,  ,li-.|  pdsiliim  i.f  sciv.int  nt  tinip  of  :;c.i, 
wlali;  i-ervaut'.-,  iitl.ntioii  w.n  ilivciti-il  liy  fellow  st-rvuiit,  1 

APl'EAL, 

review  of  questions  not   priseiiliil  in  loner  eiun,  bj2. 

APPLI AXC'KS.      .Se    I.NSTUIMK.NTAI.ITIIS. 

API'RI-:CIATIO\  OK  1;1SK.     S,e  KNowi.KnijE  OK  Sekvant, 
AKIZO.VA, 

fellow  Keivaiit  (loolrine.  ideulily  of  ilepartiurnt,  SnO. 
deei!<i(ui.s  iniohiii;;  relation  li.tween  sujieiior  and  subordinate  iorinn 
panls  m.i.-Urs  lialiilitj-,  HV.K  note  1. 

ARKANSAS, 

dcci.sioiis  involvin},'  relation  In-tween  superior  and  subordin.Ttr  sprvan 

Rards  master's  lialiility,  .")4!»,  imte  I. 
vice  priiuip.iMii],,  le^;,,!  |iy  non  .lel(-able  nature  of  duties,  coll. vt  ion 

5J0,  note  ;!. 
doctrine   tli.it    as-unipl  ion   oi   exlraoidinary   risk   is   inferred   from 

knoulei|i.;e  llieivof,  274,  note  1. 
text  of  st.Uute   deilariii;:   wlio   are   fellow  servants   of   railway   Corp. 
74-],i. 
consiniilioM  of  the  statutes,  745. 
text  of  .sditiiie  delinir;:  \  ice  principals  of  railway  oor|)oralion«,  74:)a, 
construction  uf  tlii'  statute,  747. 

ASSAULT  AM)  I!.\TTi:UY, 

upon  siiliurdinate  by  superior  .scrv.int  for  purpose  of  eompi  Hin;^  bin 
.'ii;7. 

ASSU^MITID.V  OF  RISKS, 

risks  resulting;  from  ma.ster's  ne.L:lifret:ce  are  not  assumed,  2. 

risks  not  resulting:  from  masters  ne{;li','e!i;e  are  as.siiuieJ,  3. 

effect  of  want  of  knowleil^'e  on  part  of  servant,  y. 

tiiowledge  of  nej^'ijfence  of  master,  a. 

perscnal  iieu'H;.'ente  of  master,  10. 

extent  of  immunity  wliieb  master  seeure.s  by  doctrine  of,  01. 

ultimate  basis  of  doctrine  economic  ratlier  tlian  juristic,  ()2. 

Butrjrested  exceptions  in  cases  of  temporary  forgetfulm'ss  of  known  dai 


I         I 


ite  iervanl^  as  re 


lliii;»  liim  111  work 


INDIA.  Uil 

{Rfli  rfnren  arc   In   <n  f(i.(W.) 
jiSSirsfPTION  OK  RISKS— ((;o,.(i/iH../). 

dixtrim-  incoiisixtoiit,  with  tiuo  I'mi.rpl  imi  "t  pulilie  p<>lic\    f!t. 
utrv.inl  not  ri'iilly  ii  voluntary  u^rint,  ii>. 
tUerii.il'Vf  thi'iry  sii>.';,'<*tt^l  a«  ln-ing  tin-  iiirrtfl  mn  .  I'.ti 
clas.-ilifalioM  of  iir-.-iiiiiril  ri^l.■',  2M. 

(liictrino  con.-.i>li'rf(l  ttilli  rcf<'rirnf  to  sfrvani'^  knuwliil;,'.-.  J.'i". 
».>rv;iiit  :iHmiinps  ri^k.-t  creatcil  liv  liinisilf,  23S. 
as.-nii;|>li'>n  of  ordiimry  ri-k".  :i">9. 
laliiiiialo  of  ilootrino  of.  2(10. 

[iicsuniptioii  thji  m. Unary  ri^iks  nrp  cninprclipniliHl  h\     .rvant,  2ilO,  a 
pn  sumption  tlml  ««ivan(  narcrs  to  lake  onlinary  ri-k-t,  MO,  b. 
ri-k-  HJiirli  arc  (1((  uicmI  or.linaiv,  Jt'il. 
ri-kt  cauMil  l.y  aci-  of  ffllow  servant,  2r,2. 
ri.<ka  ari-iii;;  f      ■<  clrii.uiir  of  iiisirununtalilie«  u^cd,  -U3. 
on  niiltt:'        -'II.  null'  1   in). 
in  otlur  I  .ilioi!-.  Jilii.  iioto  I   (1)1. 

risks  cri-iiti'i!        iMTniaiu  ui.  vi-iMi-  com. In  ion-,  iIOl. 
on  railuayi*,  Mi,  note  2  (aj. 
in  olliir  (HCiipatioM-.  -(l-l.  note  2   (b). 
risks  arising  out  of  liniporaiy  ronliiion-t  In  u*«  of  in-trum.  iiMlitic*.  26.'>. 
incurred  by  trainmen.  2ti.").  note  1   (a). 
incurred  by  trneknicr,.  2(i.'i.  note  1    !  Iw . 
Incurnil  l.j  otlier  nilway  ein|iloye<>.  Ji'.'.  tioti-  1    (c). 
Inoidenl  to  manner  in  uliicli  r.iiluay  e.u-.  .in-  l.u.lnl.  -Ji).').  note  1   'd). 

incurred   by   person,-.    ia)l    employ. ■.!    l.y    r.iilvi.iy    ip.mi. -.    Liit  ex- 

powd  to  ri-ks  from  opcian..ii  of  r.iiK\a\-,  -Jil'i.  note   1    \c). 
incurred  in  lianillinu'  Ircavy  olijeets.  2.i."i.  note  I   ifi. 
incurred  in  operatius  mi.eliiiMiy.  Jil.i.  note   1    (g'. . 
inci.lent  to  u-e  of  ele  .ilors.  2ll.'>.  noli'  1    (li)- 
incident  to  m  inulacturing  oiarations.  Jt'.."..  note   1    li). 
ineideiit   to  liaii.lliiii:  ot  ice,  -'(i.'i.  note  1    ij). 
incident  to  use  of  lior.ses.  iti.'i.  note  1   (k). 
inci.lent  to  work   in  minis.  •Jti.'i.  note   1    (1). 
incurred  by  quarry  men,  20,"),  note  1   im). 
incurred  by  crews  of  vessels,  20."),  note  1    (n1. 
caused  by  wild  animals  kept  in  conlininuiit.  2fi,>.  note  1    (o). 
incurreil  by  workmen  handling  electrical  app'i.mee.s.  20.'),  note  1  (p). 
ri^ks  ineidei        o  specially  danj;erou.s  employnent,  200. 
riskw  inei.leni   to  con.strnetion  work.  207. 

construetion  of  railways.  21.7.  note   1    (a). 
various  kinds  of      ristrneiion  work.  Jtu.  note  I   (b). 
risks  incident  to  repairin'/  and   restoring  instruni.ntalitie.H.  203. 
repairing  roadbed  or  strucnnes  on  railway.  2oS.  note  3  (a). 
repair  of  other  structure-.  20,«i.  note  :i   il>). 
servants  engiiged  in  removing  iee  and  snou-  from  railway  tracks,  208, 

note  3  (c). 
repairing  machinery,  20S.  note  li  (d). 
trainmen  handling  disabled  cars.  20s.  note  3    (e). 
other  illustrative  ciuscs,  20S,  note  3  (f). 


Iff 


n 


i  >l 


'M 


known  Janjrcr.  i- 


I,    .;  !« 


1!» 


!. 


11 


a 


h 


Ub*  IM)K\. 

ASM  MI'l'ION  OK   IJISKS— (co,///»-<r,/). 

ri-k»  iiii'iilrijt  to  »iiik,  pi.  i'.;ici>i  of  wlijili  itimiU  "  iii\»  'l.iii'j>r<. 
Ui'ii,i,«itiiiii|)ti(Mi  of  i-xtraonliiiaiv  ri-k-.     in  ;ii  iicia!,  2Tii,  -'7i. 

^i^k■<  iiK'i'liiit  to  |i  rill. nil  lit  .11  r;iiit;i  imiil  ol  ilKitrUiiM  n*;ili' ii-n  ij 


ilrfvrtivc  tni'k  mi  iiilHiiv<,  i'7:i,  nod'  I    (11). 

ilcfniiM'  liii.lL'i"  nil  riiiluiijH,  27-*,  riotp  1   (d). 

olln  1  ilit'iiliM'  •tiiictiiicM  on  riiihv^ijM,  27^.  nut.-  1     .■), 

uiiMii'i'  niiluiiy  (iiiiiii!.  J7J,  note  1  (<1). 

<!;iiij.'iriuis  uliiril*  iii'iir  ruilwiiy  tiack,  27-.  noti-  1    le). 

il:iii^'riiiu»  olijii'lH  iiUivi'  r.ailH:iy  track,  .172,  nolo  1   (f). 

dil'.rti\(>  l'i'Mi'("<  III.  raihvi'y  ii;;lit  of  way,  27-.  not..  I   i;;). 

dtfrrtivc  rulliii;,'  -lock  on  ruilwayrt.  27-,  nott'  1     h). 

unusual  roiiiliiMiilioii  of  ecrtiiin  typis  of  r(illiii!r  Kiii'k.  27.'.  1 

defi'ilivf  lii;,'lirtay-',  272,  note   I    (j). 

dofictivr  lllli^lill;,'  a|i|iliano<'M.  272,  note  I    iki. 

want  of  |iiii|i.r  [iifiliciioii  au^iiii^t   (alliiii;  li  i.fi  •>     .'72.  ii.''f 

dofci'livc  rttriici  iin'<,  272.  note  1   (ni). 

daii;.'ir(,u.s  opiniiiui  in  linmx,  272,  iinti'   1    1 11 ) . 

duni;iii)iH  ciiiiilji  i.iMH  in  niiiii'^.  272,  iiolt'   1      o|, 

di'fniivc  iiiiii'liiir  i\,  272.   null'   1    (p). 

unlii  siivanl-i.  -72.  iioti'  I    in,). 

vitioii.-i  aniiiiMl-..  272,  i:oii'  I   (r), 

Ijii'nrli  of  -laiiiliiiy   n '|uiri-nii'iitj<.  272,  no!.'    1      si. 
rli^K^  iiwiili-nt  to  ili'lVclivi'  .sy-.lriii  of  Ijiwini'ss.  or  '1,  ■;  ..•    m.l  mm 
of  iii-truiiiriitalillis,  272. 

DKivi  iiirnis  of  raihv.iy  cars.  272,  iiiitc  2    la.. 

nianiicr  of  loailin;;  r.iihviiy  c.ir.s.  272,  iioti-  2    -.it'. 

d'nivroiis  ii'ndc  of  o|H.r;'linjr  iiiacliimry,  -  2,  n.^!.-  2   ''•). 

ctiaiiL'i'l  )ii.-sition  of  initniiiii'iitalitii's,  272,  not.-  2   nh, 

'III  •-•  r-  .. 111.-0(1  liy  full  of  liea\-y  olijccts,  272,  u.^tc  2    i.-   . 

iim.lil  i..:i-.  iliii-  to  ili'[)oslts  of  ice  and  snow.  272,  ii-it. 

ii~.'  of  i\|i)ij-ivc^,  272,  note  2   («.'). 

'.iiinui:'.;  Iiiiili'il   im  tal.i  into  contact  ivith  watiT,  272.  :].•;.- 

iiiilii.i|"T  inctliocl  of  hamllins  licavy  objpct.s,  272.  not-.'  2     il 

ilniMiip.r  niitlioil  of  r.\cavaliiitr.  272,  note  2    .j). 

failure  to  warn,  272.  note  2   fk). 
rationale  of  servant's  noiiasvuiiiption  of  exiraonliii.ii/   i,-l,-.  1 
ausiiiiiiitii.n  of  e\tra"riliii:iry  ri-^ks  iiifi  rred  from  kiiinvl. ■!■/-■  il,   r...i 
<«llati.i!i  of  cases  -linui'ijj  application  of  doctrine  in  vin.ius  Jai- 

27J.  note  1. 
juilici.il  st^itcinciits  of  tlii.s  doctrine.  274a. 
masti]-"    kiioulcdjrc  cITect  upon  doctrine,  275. 
inst  1  iiiiini?  ~!;im!d  conform  to  doctrine.  27.")a. 
rationale  of  doclriiK'  of  assumption  of  extraonlinary  risk's,  27rt. 
8p|i'i."itioM   of   doctrine   wlicre   iiijuiy    i-   caiis.'il   liy  .Icficlivc  i 
tali'y,  277. 

railw.iy  track  iin-afe  for  traiiimcii,  277,  note  1   (a). 

I  lihv  ly    track    not    properly    protected    against  ^,ri'.s;i;i..,-in_' 
-•77.  note  1    (b). 


i) 


m 


iMn;x. 


iAii 


h\ 


4    1  . 


t. 

f  2    i  )■ 

ll..f.-  ■_' 

ft 

;.■  1,-1,-.  :;: ;. 

.'-  11,   r.-f.  J74. 
II  lull-,  jiin-iiiiuoa- 


■i<U'',  -I'l'i. 

rfi'liM'   iii-lriiniii 


ri\-»i»:i.-^-iiiL'  iiiiinul* 


(Hrl, 


iiie  fo  Kii'tium.) 


ASSUMJTION    Ml'    UISKS — (ron<i(iii<«/l. 


II  \    Mil  -     II  111 


Mill'.' 


r.iilu.iy  iiii-'iifi'  lis  .1  fiHitwiiy  n 

I   I."). 
riiilu.iy  iiii-.ifi'  fur  ullhr  iiii|iIi>m  •-.  \1".  u»\'-  I     'li 
cliiii;;il(iin  iiliji'il-  clii-c  to  riiil\>.i\    liii'l. 


not* 


tl;iiiL:ii'ii;-  iiii|i 


ih. 


til  Ii  (  I  i\l'    IiM'nll,,'t  ]\ft. 


iw  r.iil"  .<\   1  iir- 


ili'i"ii 

ill  1 1  rl  i\i'   llilllil    r;iri,   - 

«|i'l(  .1  \\f  *t  rill  I  nil-.,  .; 
uii>;ii  iriliil  "ii'iiiiiy.  - 
drl'i  rtivi'  iiiiK  lin.iv.  ; 
llll^'ll;M'ili'<l  lll:li'llilli  1  ^  . 
Wlllll   i>f  llU'illl.i  i>f  ^;,'ll-^  ill  ..-.■  ' 

lii'fr.'tivi'  l.iiili'rn.  J7T.  ii..'..-  I    ■« 

drfcrlivil  ll|i|ili.lli.i'i«  fur  .l.-.llillL? 
(Jifiriivi-  riiiif  ill  iiriiii  -  277,  mil 
link  of  iMi-t.iin.uy  .i|i|.li.iii.  •■-  f' 


ilu.iy  iMik- 

I I      :;    . 

,  iii.i.'   I    .111. 
I.. I.     I      |., 
I.. I.-   1    .  1 1. 


1 1    (P). 

..I..   I    i(). 


II..I,.   1    .1. 
7.  ii.ili-  I 


I     n). 


Il     I'VpLP-IM 


1    \  .11 1.  11  -  '.111  I 


1  tp). 


note  1    U). 


iiicniiilictcnt  scrviiiil-.  J77.  ii"lr   I 
iiisiiiliciint  uuinl'ir  nf  ~i'i  \:iiil.-^.  -,'.  m>I'    I 
vicioiw  or  otlu'nvi^f  'l.iiip.'niii-  .iiinii.'l-     :7 
•irpiu'li  of  "tiiliitiiry  iliilii-.  -'77.  iim"  1    ^    . 
«1  I'linitiim  of  iliu'liiiii'  ill  .'.i<(-   vvlur. 
of  work.  'i7H. 


I      III. 


Ill '.   1-.  <  .111-. 


■  I  '.>  liiili^   .j'.-.tcin 


li.iliilii.il  viiil.itiiiM  iif  vi,,i,itoi\  .jii'y.  J7''.  i"ii'  I     III. 


ill  I'l'liv 


I'  or  iiii|.ro|'|.r  1  iiir- 


ix.  I1..I1'  I   'Id, 


II, il.il  nil  \  ioliil  i"ii  of  mil- 


■JT^.  II 


111.    1     I  OK 


Wiiiil  ol  rii 


1,  ,  I. 


iii'il  I'liiiT.::.  Ill  y  ill  i|iii 
cliiiii;riiiii>  iiirili.'l  of  iiioviii^'  rniliviiy  c: 


-I..  1   (.1). 


I  iiiL'  ri-';  of  poll 


i>ioii<,  .:, 


arriiii!.'i'iiiriil  *  <rr.i 

link  of  t'.iiitioiiiny  -iirn.il- 

tiislom  of  Iciiviii;,'  r.n  <  on   -i.liiit;^ 

Ih). 
diiii'Troiis  oii-li'iii  ill  ir.j.ii.l  to  I'oiiiili:.: 


I...|r    I     .1 

ll.'  1  If). 


nod'  1    iR) 
.\itli. 


Ill    -loll    I.I. 


:>*.   not.-    I 


-•7-<.  i"t.'  I 


o   ri'iii'in   on    i-iii!\  i.    ti.i.k 


CMI.-loIIV    of    IlllouillfT    lo(W(.    olijr.'H    t 

lloti'  1    Ijl. 
ilaiijicroiK  oliji'i't*  ili|."  i;i<l  n.-ir  niilu.iy  traik-i.  27 
iiii|iio|M.i-  1111II11..I  of  li):i.|iii.\'  riir-.  J7^.  note  I    {I.  111 
lir.uy  olijirH  lift    where  likeiy  to  he  kimikcl  'l-iwii, 
imiiroii 


le    I     Ik). 


nolo  1   (n). 


IT  iiu'tlio!.^  of  e\i';niit  iiijr.  27s.  note  1    (p). 


failure  to  slioro  treiu'lies,  27.^,  note   I    (q), 

caiele.is  methods  of  n>inir  e\])lo~ivis,  27H.  note   1    (r). 

Cii-toni  of  cert.iin  eniplnyeea  to  leiive  work  in  ehui'.'e  of  jiiL.'litiiteM, 

27,S,  note  1    (.s). 
gy.^teiii  cxpo..-ing  servant  to  i'i,jury  from  falling  or  living  ohjeit^,  278, 

note  1   (t). 
eiistoni  of  leavinff  Imtclies  open  on  sliip.i,  2"^.  note  1   lu). 
limits  of  this  iloetrine,  270. 

•  s^^uinption  of  risk  not   preili<'al)le  from  knowleilf^e  of  conditions  alone. 
279a. 


I  I 


»*^ 


id 


hi 


**mmr 


\i 


IV 

i 

r 


iM»i:.\. 

(Wr/.M.i.  .  .   .i.f    <ii    <..  (i..iM.> 
ASSCMPTIOV   OK    i;iM\S      (,.,». ./I. 

(llin|ili'l>ftl-i<MI    uf     ri-U     ll^>l.lll\      llifil.liilr     llMlii     klliiktli'il^o    of 

dortiiiii'  ill  It    I  -iiiM|iti<>M  iif  i'\hiiiii  hihuv    ri-lx   i.^  init    iiil'i  ihhI   fro 

lil-r  tl'.  1,1.1.   L'^ll. 
(■tVni  I     ll(    I     IMIilll.UV     iMIiiC  1  flllpil'.--    Ill    klll'VUI    illtlL.'!!.    ■.'^l. 

iilfri  I,  (II   i.uliiri'  •>!'  -tr\.iMt   ti>  iiiililv    nn-iir  ,i-  In  'ImH';'  mil-  imiliiii 
iliiiiiiliri.il    wli.llhT     li-k   i\i-lr.|     «!irii   iin.ii.l     li4':'iii    «iiik.   Ill     M 

llfti'I  rt.llil,  J>*.i. 
cuiil  iiiiiiti::   »  Ilk   .'fl.r  :iri|iiii  in;;  kiMi«li'il:;r  nl'  ihiiij^.  i.   .'il. 
Mcrviiiit'K  ii.'-.'iii.iiir.'  iif  kiiiuMi  ri-ki  ii«ti;illy  |.ii.-iiiiii''l  hi  In-  Miliihii 
friir  III    .li-ili,ii'.  I    ill..-   mil   I'li.iir.'r  Miliiiil.H  \    inliin.  nl   ii'l.   --■' 
cimiiiKtiiiici  c   mull  r   ulii.li   -.Mint    i«   nol    iliriiml  lo  li.ur  n.  tnl   i.. 

niiiiiir*.  ■2>'K  ii. 
((r:iliii'li.  '.'•^ll.  I>. 

<oii\  ill."  hIiii-1'  l.iliur  i-  liiri'il  liv  priviid'  niip!nvfr«.  -^f,  r 
utatiiliiry   pim  i»iiin«  n-li  ii  I  in;;  ■•i-rviim'^   ii;;lil    In  ;il>.iiilnti  nn 
■:>^'.>.  ill 
elTict  o(  «crx:inl'-.  f.iiliin'  in  |iini.  -i  H;;iiiii-t  i  ninlil  inii»,  :2!ii». 

ttttct    of   StTVl'Ml's    lia\lli;;    |.lnli'.-li    1   ;i;;;lin-l    inliilil  illM>,   ■_".lll. 
lU'.'o.iiiptinn  if  li-U-  l'\    iiiiii.r  •ii\;iiiti     nrliii.iiy   ri-k«.  'JMl, 

(■\triin|.liiiary   li-k-.  J'l.'. 
relatinn  ln'twiin  •liiiii-.  -  n|  ;i--iiiiiiil  inn  nf  ri-k-.  ami  rmil  rii.ii(nr\    r 
— ill  K''infii'.  ■'"•'■ 
Inirical    il|.lr|iillili|lrr   nf   till'  two  ill  I'lMI-is,   liOll. 
cniitribiiinry   iir^rli'j.  nrc   iiintriiiil   niily    v\liiri'  tliiii-  Inn  li.'.ii  m 
linn  nf  ri-k    Mo;. 
t'li^ic-.  iynnrir'u  nr  imi  ;;iuMu'  ilni'  i  Ifi  ot   In  tlii^*  |irii:i'i|ili',  :;<l 
dcfl'Ilsr.H    inlllll-l'l    nuill'.'   In    ill.ll'l'lll  .li'il"<   l)f   liTiiiinnlni^y ,    ""!'. 
in  till'   l''i'ili'i,il   mint-  am!    ill     vliliaiiia,  Califni'iii  i.    Illiii'> 
Inwa.     K:iii-i-.     Niiiiiiiky.     lanii-iaiia,     M.iiylaiul.     V.  < 
Xlirliii;ni,  Miiini-nt.i.  .Mi—niiii.  \iln;i-ka,  Nrw  ^'nlk,  Vn 
Una.  I'liiM-yh.iiiia.  Illin.lc  l-!aii.|.  >niilli  Cainliiia.   Ti am. 
\\  a-liiii;;lnii,  \\i>t  \  ii;;itiia.  .iiu!  \Vj»i'iiii«iii,  nli'.l.  iml.'  .'!. 
Hortriiial   cniilii-inii   IhIuii'II   i|i  fiu-. -,  Mill, 
'onilii  iiii;:,'  iciTiaik-.  lill. 
relation  iH'luirii  ilncliihc  ainl  riili    ri'i|nii itip  nia-tor  to  iii-tiiirl   -n\ 
rolation  lii'twri^ii  ilm'tiiMi-  ;iiid  tin'  inaxiin.   \i^!riili  iiok  ///   nii.iii't.    IT' 
iivailaliility  nf  ditiii-i'  nf,  in  aitinns  iiinl.  i    i  iiiplnytT.i'  Ii  i!  ilily  a  ' 
burdrn  of  |i|nnf  witli  rr-|ii<'l  tn  difi'lisi'  nf,  H41. 
(tiniplaiiil,  ii.ci  — ity  that  it  -!imv  tliiit   ri.-k  w.is  not  nssnriii'd    S."i.'. 
by  mTviinl     pcifniiiiiii;,'    diilii-.-  oiiUsidi'    scope  of    I'liiplnyiiii'iit,  -ml' 

K\I1'I.(J\  Ml  NT. 

Iiy  vnltinti'cr,  sfv  Vni.t  ntkf.u.s. 
iipplii-atiiin  of  ilnclriii     wlnrc  sprvant  \xn^  ongapiil  in  nbryiii;;  ordcri 

tcr,  SCO  f)|il)KII.S  OF    .Mastkr. 
aa  lo  c'trtct  of  pronu-o  of  iiia-lcr  to  friiard  against  or  ronicdy  dan^i' 

dition.s,  nee  Pkomi.he  of  Masti;r  TO  CiABp  Against  or  Re.«ki)y  V.' 

Co.NDITION.s. 


IM)1..\.  Ui* 

(i<«/fi*HU«<  ait   til   •'I'liuna  ) 

u»  to  Hli'vi   111  initKti'r'--    iiniiriiiiif  lliul  «iitk  in.iy  U-  iliiii*  *ili'ly,  •»#  Assrii 

AM  I    Ui    .SaILIY. 

ii«  lo   «liiii   kiunv  li'ltr*'  III    ri'.k   i'   iiii(iiiltMj   tn  M-r^.r',  »i>-   K.>u»lu<ol  oi 

M  1!\  AM. 

Si'c  Con  iiiiiii  loiiY  NUillui-NCKi  V'li.KNri  NuN   Kii   iviiiii*. 

ivvi  l;\Nt  i;()K  ."-MKrY, 
iiiiii..lii((i>ry.  44(1. 
i,i,i-,"ii\  1)1  ipiininn  tliiil  iM'iinitMT  »ii«  (fivfit.  44" 

aii'l  ;.'iMii  liV   till'  iiM-irr  m   an  i'iii|ilinii.  t\liii  ri|iii»iiiii  i|  him,   II" 

iiliil  ;ji\iii  iici;li;.'riill)  .  44!l. 
L'liural  cIcH'liiiif  ill  (i«  rtliil   111  ii--iiiiimi'  III   'iili'tj,    l.'iil, 
r;i!iomil<'  A  ilorlrini'.  I."il. 

,1.-11  111  [it  ion  of  ri-k  w  In  ii  a\iiil,ilili'  a-  .     IiIi-iim\  4.'>-' 
iir;:li;.'i      f  of  ■^riviiiit    in  iiinliilal.iii;;  m    .Miiitimiiii;;   wmk.  4.'>:l, 

III  rr~|'itt  to  iii.iiiiiii   of  iiirldiiiiiiiK  work.  4J4. 
r<>|.ri-i  Illative  i-apiicity  of  -iivaiit   ;,'iuiijf  it,  .'I'.ili. 

Al  -TKAI.I.W  Si  .\l'l  TK8. 

uxt  of  iii.iilo^crs'  liubility  ott.  tJ.Vt. 


ril'iili'i'v    III  •_-li','rn™ 


.■ill"  orilfTs  of  mi- 


B. 

r.Kl.TIXC!. 

Ii.ii  kiiiiwli"!;;!'  of  ri.-k  inipiili-il  to  minor".  .'!!•!'.  note  1   to). 
kiM.v\ii''l},'i'  of  ilaTi;.'vr  .iii-iii^;  imiii,  iiiiputcil  tn  iiic\|ii'i  iiiiii'il  ^iTvant,  ^ni.  Tiotc 

1   (p). 
of  (vitiiiii  ii»k-<  nut    iiiipiilcil  to  iin\pi  riiiircil  -.fivaiit,  llli,'),  note  J    i  I  i. 
1111]. iital  ion   of   kiiiirt  lid;;"'   iliprmlt'iit    upon   ojipuiluiiitie!)  of   sen  mil   for   ."■ 
qiiirin;.'.  40;!,  nolo   1    ( ii). 

BK>-T -WD  MX  (>NI)AI!V   K  VI  OK  .VCR. 
lu  -.lio'.v  I'liiplnu t'»  nilei*,  SJ». 

BU^^TINC 

iK^rlmuiir.    i.f  (■ rvaiit.  lialiilily  of  niastir.  ftlO,  note  1    (n). 

lial.ility  of  iiia.-trr  for  in-liinnt   in«piPtion,  lU'.i.  note  4    (i-). 
pciiiral   ••laliitc-i   ri(|iiiriii<{   warniiiB.  application  of,  in  ca-i'  of  iiiiuiy  to  cth 
pliiyi'c.-,  (i:!7.  note  1    (d). 

I'.ODILV  I'.MX, 

.11 1  dnni'  iiiiiliT  iiilhiciKf  of.  not  colitiibiitoij    iii;.'ligelU'i',  :1J9. 

Bi;.\Ki;Mi;.\.     See  1!aii.ko.m..s. 

P.lt.lKKS.      See  llAll.KOADS. 

i:1!1I)(;K.S. 

•  liity  of  railroad  eoiiij.aiiy  to  rai^e  overlie.ol  liriili.'e,  23.  note^  S,  11.  H. 
i!;rr;ii_7;-v.r.:  of  riilV'Vf!  .-I .uipr-tiv  pri'iMralili-  from  improper  e!!ii-..triu'tio!!.  iW.  !• 
ileteets  of  a  teinpornrv  or  transitory  nature.  !'",  note  1    (3). 
fre.|uency  willi  wliicli  railway  bridges  should  tie  inspwted,  l.'iS,  note  2. 
Vul,  U.  M.  4  8.-73. 


•I 


m 


ill! 


!^ 


246C  INDEX. 

ilUferrnvfii  are  to  lectiont.) 
BRIDGES—  ( continued ) . 

assumption  of  cxliaordiimry  risks  iirisinj;  out  ul  ilcfictx  in.  27-.  not 
risks  dofini'd  to  bo  coniprcliendvd  by  i'X|KTiinc<'d  Hcrviint.s,  ,i'M,  note 
risks  docmod  to  be  comprt'lionded  by  minors,  ;j!l!l,  note  I  (b). 
«unl  of  opportunity  to  ncciuiro  knowlcd^jo.  402.  note  1   (b). 
sullicii'ney  of  opportunity  actually  ol>tained,  4(»:i,  note   1    (c),  40.3,  nol 
defect  in,  negligence  of  vice  principal.  o(i7,  note  7   (d). 
failure  to  keep  in  safe  condition,  nejiligence  of  vice  principal,  coll 

cases,  j08,  note  0  (h). 
elTcct  upon  master's  liability  of  concurring  negligenc<>  of  coservant.  ^ 

S  (f). 
as  to  obstructions  overhanging  railroad  tracks  in  giiieral,  see   It.vi 

INSTIIL'  MENTALITIES. 


CAI.IKORXIA. 

doctrine  tliat  assumption  of  extraordinary  risk   is  infiTre<l   from  • 

knowledge  thereof,  274,  note  1. 
cases  determining  status  of  geni'Val  manager  as  a  vice  |irineipal,  ,'):iO 
decisions   involving   relation   between    superior   and   subordinate   scr' 

rifjards  master's  liability,  r)4!i,  note  1. 
vice  ]irincipalsliip,  tested  by  nondelegable  nature  of  duties,  collation 

.").")0,  note  .'). 
text  of  statute  decl  y  of  connnon-law  doctrine.  floSJ. 

ell'i  et  of  such  statuti,  li'illj. 

complaint,  need  not  allege  plaintiiVs  want  of  knowledg<'  of  dangeroi 
tions,  857,  note  7. 

averment   as   to   servant's   fr loni    from    eontril)Utory    negliijeii 

note  2. 

CARE. 

master  l)Ound  to  exercise  such  care  as  a  prudent  man  would  exercise, 
•iiaster  not  bound  to  exercise  more  care  than  d  ,    iident  man.  l.'j. 
imist  be  proportionate  to  tiie  ilangi'rs  to  wliich  servant  is  e\p'i>r.|.  Id. 
master's  violation  of  or  compliance  with  rule  made  by  himxif.  l(!:i. 
ri^ht  to  rely  upon  recommendations  and  advice  of  others,  lOb. 
eonipaiison  !)Ctween  degrees  of  e.ire  owed  to  servant  and  to  stran;;!!. 
as  to  degree  of  care  to  be  exercised  toward  minor  servants,  see  .\li.\ou 
Sec    I.N.STnt;ME.NTAI,lTIES;    SYSTEM    OF    BlMl.NKSS. 

CAi:  RKl'AirKliS.     See  RAir.itoAos. 

('.\RS.    Sec  Railhoads. 

C.VITI.K  GUAIiDS.     See  Raii.koads. 

CAUSATION. 

necessity  of  i)roviiig  that  negligence  was  the  cau.<>c  of  the  injury,  so! 
breai'li  of  statutes  and  i)rdinaiices  as  alleged  cau.sc,  SOS,  note  :<  i.i 
dv'fectivi-    condition    or    arrangement    of    inorganic    instruimiital 

allegi'ii  cause.  ,SOI!,  note.")  lb). 
incon;peteii<y  of  fellow  servint  as  alleged  cause,  80.1,  note  ."i   icI 
insuH'icient  number  of  servants  as  alleged  cause,  80.1,  note  .'•  uli. 


INDKX.  ii457 

iReferencea  are  to  aecttont. ) 

CAUSATION— ( oontinued ) . 

vicious  animals  as  alloRod  cnusi',  SOU,  note  5  {!•). 
defective  sjHtcni  as  nllcf^pt!  causi',  80:i,  nolo  5   (i). 
failure  to  instruct  or  warn  us  ullcguil  cause,  S03,  note  5    (j;). 
negligence  in  rogarci  to  drtuils  of  work  n«  alli'^id  cause,  SOii,  note  j  (li). 
lU'Ccssity  of  proving  tliat  it  was  tlio  proximate  cause  of  the  injury,  804  and 

nolo  1. 
province  of  court  and  jury,  SO.). 
intervening  causes — in  general,  SOO. 

operation  of  nonresponsible  ugeiicipM,  Su7. 
nonculpnble  acts  of  responsible  actors,  SOS  and  iicte  I. 
nigligence  of  cose.  s,  809. 

acts  of  employe       for   whose  nej;li^'<nee   master   is  responsible,  80!), 

notes  pp.  22,-i.3,  22:!'J. 
dangerous  conditions  cieated   in  the  place  of  work,  80lt,  notes  pp. 
2234.  2240. 
<1    from   servant.      ^|  di  I'ects  created  in  railway  rolling  slock,  machinery,  etc.,  SOU,  notes 

pp.  223tl,  2240. 
niititness  of  the  delin(i\ienl  coscrvant,  809,  notes  pp.  2238,  2241. 
inadeijuate  nund)er  of  servants,  ^()l»,  note  p.  2239. 
defective  regulations,  809,  note  p   2239. 
collation  o{n>,-       ■  contributory  negli;;enoe  of  injured  sirv;:iit,  SIO. 

cases    bearing    upon    que-l  iim     whelher    iie^'ligeiiet 
cause,  HIO,  note  2. 
master's   negligence   intervening  between   coservanl's   ii 
jury,  SIl. 
intervening  l)etween  plaiiitill's  ne;xligenee  and  injury,  812. 
cencurriug  causes — in  general,  81". 

master  liable  where  his  negligence  and  subsefjuent  negligence  of  co.serv.int 

are  both  ellieient  causes,  814. 
illustrative  cases,  814,  b. 

concurring  negligence  of  servant  having  rank  of  vice  prinpip,\l,  814, 

note  8(a). 
in  regard  to  nonperfornianeo  of  statutory  duty,  814.  note  8   (b). 
in  respeet  to  nonperformancp  of  nondelega'i'e  duty.  814  note  8  (bb). 
in  respect  to  defeclive  roadbed  or  railways.  S14,  note  H   lei, 
in  respect  to  defeclive  switches,  814.  note  8   (di. 
in   respeet   to  dangerous  objects  close  to  railway   ti.i 

8   (e). 
in  respect  to  defective  bridg' s,  814,  note  8  (f!. 
in  rcspi'ct  to  imjiroper  making  up  nf  trains,  SH.  nele  8   (g) 
in  respect  to  im]>roper  ligliting  of  place  of  work.  Hit,  iidte  S 
in  respect  to  \uiguardeil  machinery.  814,  note  8   (il. 
in  respect  to  defective  scairolds,  814.  note  S    (j). 
in  respect  to  other  abnormal  dan;;ers.  814.  note  8    (k). 
in   respect  to  defcetive   railway   ears.   814.   note   8    ill. 
in  respect  to  defective  locuiiMilivcs,  814.  note  8    (m). 
in  re  'lect  to  defeclive  hand  cars,  814,  note  8   ( ii ) . 
in  respect  to  defective  machinery  and  tools.  811.  note  8   (o). 
in  respect  to  employment  of  suitable  servants.  814.  note  8   '  ]>) 


was    proximate 
li'M-nee   and   in- 


814.   note 


ih). 


I. 


.' 


.'■       Ii 


II: 


H: 


-r.il 


%;  1 

If  -li 

t  iatatiM^B 

-  » 

i 

<^^H 

i:  ; 

.  J  ' 

f 

'M 

2458  INDEX. 

Illefer»nces  ore  fo   serttona.) 
OAVSATlOii— {continued) . 

in  rpspi'ct  to  failure  to  eniplov  >^itripi-n!   nuinli.r  of  acrvati 

note  8  iq) . 
in  rt'spict  to  dofcctivc  «ystcni.  814,  noli-  H   (r). 
in  respect  to  -ieeing  that  ict;iil:itiiiiis  mi'  can  ml  iMit.  S14,  iioti 
master  liable  where  ho  or  vice  principal  ilireeti  d  di  tail-  of  \s<ii!;.  ; 

CHAINS, 

freijuenev  uitli  whicli  inspection  slionld  he  made.   I.")S.  note  2. 

CIVIL  LAW  .\.\n  SVMKMS  KOINDF:!!  TIlKIiKON, 

duties  of  eniployer>i  to  theii  wriaiit-^-  in  ;;tiii  ral,  S7(j. 
us  to  applianceu  and  places  of  work,  S77. 
as  to  methods  of  work.  S7S. 
as  to  rules  and  reuiilations,  8S0. 
as  to  cniployineni  of  common  servants.  880. 
as  to  instruction  and  warninf;,  8S1. 
duty  to  save  life  of  imperiled  serv.nK.  hS2. 
in  i^ivin^  assurance  of  safety,  8!^ !. 

to  servants  working  outside  scope  of  employment,  884. 
to  volunteers,  88,'). 
causation.  8SC. 

defenses  available  to  employers — assumption  of  ri~ks.  887. 
volenti  von  fit  injuria.  888. 
conlributory  ncj;li<;enee.  88!). 
common  employment.  800. 

Scotland.  8M0.  a. 

France,  8'.I0.  b. 

Italy  and  Switzerland.  S!IO.  e. 

(Germany  and  .Austria.  Slli).  d. 

<>uel)ee.  S!)n.  e. 

CLASS  LEGISL-XTIOX, 

employers"  liability  .nets  are  not.  ri4!-ri4<l. 

CLEANIXt;  M.VCIIIXEi;v   IX  MOTIOX, 

knowled^'e  of  danger  imputed  to  servani  thonj;h  inexperienced.  ^'i4   nuti 
when  knowledge  of  risk  imputed  to  minors,  31i:i.  note  1   (x). 

COAL  YARD.S, 

servants  employed  in,  who  are  fellow  servants.  .'jdO.  note  1   u|). 

COGWHEELS  AXD  GR;\RIN(JS, 

knowledge  of  risk,  when  imputed  to  inexperienced  servant,  .1!14,  nu!.- 
when  not  imputed  to  inexperienced  servant,  ,1!I5,  note  2  i  ii. 
imputed  to  servant  having  special  experience,  Slit!,  noti'  'i     Ii. 
imputed  to  minors,  399,  note  1    (k). 

as  dependent  upon  opportunities  of  servant  for  acquiring,  40 
1    (o). 


COLLISIONS. 

assumption  of  rUks,  278,  nos-  1   if). 


of  servants,  s',i 


[uiring,  403,  note 


INDEX. 
( Be/ei-ei»ce«  art  to  amtionn.) 


24fi0 


COLORADO. 

doctrine  that  assumption  of  extraordinary  ri^-k   is  infrrrert   fiom  servant's 

knouUdjjp  tlirroof,  274,  note  1. 
ilccisions  involvinjr  rolntion  botwcon  siiiinior  and  sulMiMliniitc  servants  as  re 

fjards  master's  liatiility,  .540.  note  1. 
vice  pi  iii<i|iaUli)p.  te-led  bv  noiidele'.'iiMe  iiiitiire  of  dnlie^i.  poUatiiin  of  cases. 

,'50.  nolo  .'i. 
text  of  cniplovcrs'  liability  aet.  (i.iT.  7.'):ia. 
lis  to  con-^lrneiidn.  operation,  and  I'irect  of  employers'  lialiility  aet,  sec  St.m 

I  louy  Li.viiu.rry. 

idM-MON   KMI'l-OSMIsXT.     See  Kelmiw  Sniv.xNXS. 

ii\!M(iX-I,.\\V  l!l'.Mi:i)IKS, 

;l^  to  abi();;alion  of,  by  employers'  liability  acts,  r>64. 

MiMMON  l'.*^.AOE. 

doctriiii'  that  master  wlio  adopts  instrumentalities  in  cdrnmon  us"  is  free  from 

neplifreiiop,  44. 
doctrine  limited  lo  instrumentalilies  in  uood  rep:iii.   |il. 
doctrine  not  applicable  where  neiilii-'ence  charjred  i>  lireneh  nf  staliite,  47. 
relation  of  doctrine  to  thai   wliiili  allows  niastiT  to  carry  on  business  in  lii^ 

<,\vn  way.  48. 
ailoption  of  instrumentality  or   inellmd  not   in   coninioii   use,   no  infiTciice  of 

ne{;li^'ince.   40. 
cniifiiiniiiy  to  cdoimon  usa^'c  is  not   cunclii~i\e   in   in     ler's  favnr.  ."lO. 
nc^lifTiMiee  not  preilicaMo  of  failure  to  adopt  iiislriiiiientalities  or  nutl;ods  nut 

ill  jreneral  u-e.  ol. 
II. II. conformity  lo  cnniinon  usage  warrants  infeienee  of  ncjli^'eiuc.  '>-2. 
kind  of  usap;i.  uhicii  constitutes  evi'leiice  of  due  care.  .-):i, 
as  justifyini;  employer  in  failure  to  ^iiard  or  fence  inacliiiieiy,  7lld. 
ns  justifying  employer  in  causing  to  iie  n-e.l  mat.  li.ils  likely  l.i  L'.iii'r.itp  ex 

plosive  pases.  81. 
as  detirmininp  employer's  duty  in  fnrni-liiii!;  appliances  for  warning  servants. 

83. 
applicability  of  doctrine  where  riegligiiic-e  eliaige.l  relates  to  employment   of 

scr\aiits,  4.1. 
nj  to  methods  of  work,  4ja. 

,Ts  a  test  of  adequacy  of  a  master's  inspect  ion.  Hi:!, 
as  a  test  of  master's  performance  of  duty  to  prumnlaate  rules.  21.1. 
coniidiaiicp  with  as  negativing  inf.r.'ncc  of  com  lilmiiiry  negligence.  :!.').1. 

IDMl'KTINf'Y  OF  INMIUKO  SKKV.VNT. 

contributory  neglig.  ncc  of  servant  in  ai  ipliiig  position  for  wiiicli  he  is  not 
fitted.  294. 

(  OMPETEXCV  OF  SEllX'AXTS. 

assumption  of  risks  arising  from  incompetency.  272,  note  I     q' 

of  extraordinary  risks  arising  from  incompetency  inferred  from  knowl 
edge  thereof,  277,  note   1    (si. 
owes  illustrating  doctrine  that  servant  is  not  bound  to  examine  into  compe 
t«Bcy  of  fellow  gerrant,  411,  note  1   (cc). 


;! 


Hi 


1^  1^ 


nm 


iiiiiira 


iii!  I 
ii  1 


f 


2460  ETDEX. 

(B^fertncea  »rt  lo  $ec1ton».) 
COMPETFACY  OF  SERVANTS— (confinueii). 

inrompctency  of  as  proximate  cause  of  injury,  80.T,  note  5    (c), 

p.  2238. 
master's  duty  with  respect  to  employing  compclenl  scivunu,  sec  hAi 
OF  Sebvants. 

»;OMPL^INT.    See  Pleading. 

fOXCUURENT  RIGHTS  OK  ACTIOX, 

at  common  liuv  ami  under  employers'  liability  acts,  (1(14. 
common-law  and  statutory  remedy  for  violation  of  slulule,  SOO. 

CONCURRING  NIXJLUJENCE, 

injured  servant  and  fellow  servant  as  cau^o  of  injury,  32,"). 

efTect  of  contributory  negligence  of  t^crvant  followed  by  negligence  or 

of  the  master,  327. 
liability  whore  other  cause.^  concur  wil'i  master's  negligence — in  gi  r 
master's  negligence  and  subsequent  negligence  of  coscrvant,  814. 
illustrative  cases,  814,  b. 
concurring  negligence  of  servant  having  rank  of  vice  principal.  SI4.  r 

in  regard  to  nonperformance  of  statutory  duty,  814,  note  8  iln 

in  respect  to  nonperformance  of  non-delegable  d\ity.  814.  note 

in  respect  to  defective  roadboil  or  railuays,  814,  note  8  (c). 

in  respect  to  defective  switches,  814.  note  8  (d). 

in  respect  to  dangerous  objects  elipsi'  ir.  railway  tracks.  1-14.  m 

in  respect  to  defective  bridges,  814.  mile  8   (f). 

in  respi'ct  to  impropi^r  making  up  of  trains,  814,  note  8  (g). 

in  respect  to  improper  lighting  of  place  of  work,  814,  nole  8 

in  respect  to  unguarded  machinery,  81 1,  note  8    (i). 

ill  respect  to  dangerous  sealTolds.  ,814.  note  8  (n). 

in  respect  to  other  aljuormal  dangers,  S14,  note  8   (1;). 

in  respect  to  defective  railway  cars,  814,  nolo  8(1). 

in  respect  to  defeeti^e  locomotives,  814,  note  8    (ni). 

in  respect  to  defective  hand  cars.  814,  note  8  (n). 

in  respect  to  defective  machinery  and  tools.  811,  note  'J  (<.i. 

in  respect  to  employment  of  suitable  scnanls,  814.  note  s     pi 

in  respect  to  failure  to  employ  sullieient  niinilier  of  s,.n,ni;-. 
8  (q). 

in  respect  to  defective     system,  R14,  note  8    (r). 

in  respect  to  seeing  that  regulations  are  .'arried  out.  8)4.  ni.tn 
master  liable  where  he  or  vice  principal  directed  details  of  work,  81. 

I  ONDUCT  OF  BUSINE.SS.    See  System  of  Blsi.ness. 

CONDUCTORS, 

as  being  in  "charge  or  control"  of  train,  within  employers'  lialiil 
70j,  c. 

See  Defabtuental  Managers;  Feilow  Servants. 

'"ONFLICT  OF  L.\WS, 

as  to  common  law,  between  courts  of  two  states,  803. 
between  Federal  and  state  courts.  800. 


II 


INDEX.  2*el 

(Itt/iienctt  are  to  «i,i(wn«.) 

CONFLICT  OF  LAWS — {continued). 

'  where  eff.ct  of  statute  is  involved— bet \m-.mi  eourth  of  »wo  \it  ph.  S70. 
iiijiiiy  ri'C-i'ivcd  in  anollier  staii'.  NTO,  a. 
injury  reevivi'd  in  -tuti'  uliere  iietinn  i.s  bronglit,  sTn,  b. 
an  between  Fed<ral  iind  »tiit.'  cinirt:*,  STl 
:is  between  Federal  and  f<ireii,'n  courts.  ><7:i. 
Icjc  fori  eo'itrol^  wlieve  stutute  is  reneciial.  sT:!. 
presumptionn  as  to  law  of  forei^'U  stale,  S7  i. 

uiNNECTICUT, 

ilootrine  that  nssuniptiim   of  extraordinary   ri~k    i-   infirn.i   from    -.rvant  ^" 

knowleilp-  tliireof,  2'4,  note  1. 
decisions   invidviii-   relation    between    supeiinr   and    subordinate   >erv.uits   a.< 

regards  mailer's  liability.  :>V.K  noie  1. 
viee   prineipalship.   tested    by   nondeb-able   nature   of   duties,    rollati.ni    of 
eases.  .i.'iO,  note  .'5, 
iDNSTITITIONALlTY   OF   K.MPLOYKllS'   LIAl-.U.lTY    ACT.     See   SrvrrroiiY 

Liability. 
(OXSTlUrllOX  OF  KMl'L(>Vi;i!S  LIAUILITV   ACTS.     See  SrAifiouv   Lia- 
bility. 
MNsTRrCriOX  OF  TilLKS. 

adopted  by  master  for  re^'iilation  of  business,  iH. 

MiNSTiatnTOX  WORK, 

diitx   toward  servants  enpa-.Ml  in.  not  as  bigh  as  toward  servants  nporatinp 

coniplet  d  structure,  2!). 
assumption  of  risk  by  ser\unt  enfjajied  i:i.  JiiT. 
what  servants  en'.Mjiiii  in  "i-  fellow  servants,  4!t8,  note  1   (x). 
See  E-KCAVATIO.NS  :   JLvsoSRY. 

I  ( INSTRUCTIVE  KX( )WLi;i )C. K. 

relation  of.  to  master's  absolute  duties.  1-4. 

liability  inferred  from.  125. 

liability  of  master  necatived  by  iibsence  ot.  \-2G. 

nf  servant,  see  KNOWLKIXiK.  oi-   SicitVANT 

iif  master,  s,  e  KNOwi.KDiiK  oi   -MA.sTEit. 

toynxuiXG  work  after  K.xowLKiKii:  or  i)an':i:r, 

pursuant  to  orders  of  master.  s<.e  Or.nif.s  oi   M\sn  ii. 

as  const itutint:  contributory  ne.L'li^'enee.  see  Co\  iitiiirrouY  XEr;M(,hM  r,. 

effect  of  statement  by  master  that  work  may  be  -lone  safely,  see  As.sfiiA\rt; 

OK  Safety. 
effect  of  promi.se  of  master  to  <riaid  a-jain-t  or  remedy  dangerous  coti.liti.Mi. 
see  Promise  of  Master  lo  Olabu    again.m  or.  Ri  mfdy  Uan(u;hi)Ls  Con- 
dition. 

lOXTRACTORS. 

doctrine  of  vice  principalship  not  applicable  to  servants  of  contractors  work- 
ing under  direction  of  pvinripil,  5.57. 

CONTRniTTORY  NEGLIGEXCE, 

mas.pT  may  r*ly  on  presumption  »''"♦  servant  will  exercise  due  care.  30ii 


HI 

llP 

I 

! 


i 

ii  a' 


■-t  ■  ii  - 


II  ii 


iilfi 


?  i.!t  ^ 


i 


««•«  INDEX. 

(Re/trencei  arc  to  necUoiu.) 
CONTRiniTORY  NEGLIUK.\Ci;—(,o,Wi „,,.-/,. 

of  railway  employee  injured  hy  dtruelinr   Ih'm.Ic  of.  or  over)inn''J 
.'iOtt,  b. 

servant's  acceptance  of  employment   for  wliicli  lie  is  not   liltr.l.  _",ii. 
colli iniiaiice   of   work.   neplJKonee   not    ititiijlilc.   in    al.Miie.'  of   km, 

abnormal  risk,  lin.j. 
iiiire  kno«I.'il;;e  of  defects  not    sulli.i.ni   i„  misi.  inference  of  n 

■I'M,. 

kno«Iiili;e  of  defects — when  siilliiiiMt    lo   jii-lii\    inlVr.Mn-r  i.|   n 

2!17. 
nr.  to  what  knowledfre  is  iinpiiled  to  -irxaiit,  see  Knowii  nc.i    ,,| 
knowledpe  both  of  drfccts  and  conMipiiiil  ri-ks.  nej,'li-ciice  jii|-,.i 

■im. 

liliiiols  doctrine.  :i!ISa. 

rationale   of    -.ervaiit's    inability   to   recover   on    jjvoiMid    of   ncu'I 

colli iniiinp;  work.  2'M. 
when  iieKli-rence  not  inipiitrd  to  servanl   who  knows  of  ri~k.  .inn 
Missouri  doctrine  as  to  ellect  of  servant's  kiiowl(<l'rc.  .[Ol. 
voluntary  or  involuntary  <piality  of  nc-rvaiil's  action  in  com  in  i 

servant's  fear  of  losinf:  position  if  he  disobey-.  :\U2.  b. 

voluntary  action  not  preilicabl.'  in  ease  of  sea n.  ;io2.  p. 

duty  of  servant  to  ijuit  einployinent    when   h.'  asceitains  that 
posed  to  an  abnoniial  risk.  .'id^a. 
»(Tcct    of    failure    of    siMvaiit    to    report    defect,    303. 
to  whom  report  shciild  In-  made.  :)03,  b, 
suliieieney  of  rcpint.  .■i03.  c. 
duty  of  servant  to  remedy  defects,  :i04. 

relation  between  defenses  of  assuniption  of  risks  and  eotifribiitory  n 
— in  general,  30."i. 
logical  independence  of  the  two  defenses.  306. 
contributory   nej-li-ience   at   time   of   injury,   material   only   whc 
has  been  no  ussumption  of  risk.  307. 
cases  ij,'norinfr  or  not  ffivinp:  diir  etVnl  to  this  piiiicipU.  30! 
defenses  confused  owing  to  inaccuracies  of  termiiioIoc_'\ .  :!ii!i, 
in  the  Kederal  courts  and  in  Alabama.  California.  Illinni,. 
Iowa.    Kansas,    Kentucky.    Louisiana,    .Maryland.    M;,--a 
Micliiftan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  New  ^(llk.  Nur 
lina,  I'ennsylvania.  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  Texas,  ' 
Washington.  West  Virginia,  W  isconsin.  30H,  note  3. 
doctrinal  confusion  between  di'fenses,  31(1. 
concluding  remarks,  311, 
relation  between  defense  of,  and  duty  of  master  lo  iii>truet  servant, 
relation  between  the  defense  ui.  and  the  niasim.    \uk-iiti  non  jit  inju 
contributory  nei;!igenco  at  time  of  injury — in  general,  313, 
local  doctrines  as  to  contributory  negliyenei',  314. 
Alabama,  314,  a. 
Georgia,  314,  c 
Illinois,  314,  d. 


ovprlinnirinL',  fm 


rilmtorv  rni:lL"!v 


only   wlicvc  i!:')' 


INDKX.  84C;» 

(Retvrencen  are  i»  tri  H',nii.) 
COXTRimTOnY  NEGLIGKNCE— (co/ih/Hi.J). 
Kentucky,  314,  e. 
Tt'iuiesicc,  314,  f. 
rule  in  the  cnse  of  scamcu,  Tl.'i. 
action  by  perMinal  repiesuntntivi'  barred  liv.  ^^\(^. 
as  a  dofcnse  to  action  l)y  parents  for  loss  of  si  r\i  ••  -.  :tl7. 
negliKence  of  third  person — when  inijiuled  to  sirva'it.  :W^. 
niuligencc  not  predical  Ip  in  nbscncc  of  serviiul's  Knci.,  Ii  .lu' ■  nf  cnTnlii  iciim.  :!!!>. 
servant  must  have  had  knowh'dfre  of  al!  I '  (■  imiiii  i  ;!  r.in'ii  idii-.  :ill' 
servant  must  have  unchrstood  dan^-ers  rriatid  liv  liici-e  cuiiilit  ioii^.  :ii!(t. 
uiiexpeeled  situations.  nejrlij.'i!iee  not  predicalile  in  le^jird  ii>,  :)_•!. 
iueurrin;;  of  known  danger — nej^ligence  not   n(ec>>arily   pieilii;iMi'   with    re- 

pard  to,  322. 
servant's  iief,'li^rnec  must  have  been  an  elllcient  cause  <if  his  injur}-,  323. 
illustrative  cases  turning  upon  proximity  of  cause,  321.  and  not'  -i  1  ."i. 

concurring  negligence  of  injured  servant  and  fellow  servant  us  cause  of 

injury,  323, 
servant's  negligence  not  a  bar  when  merely  a  condition  of  the  itiint  v.  321. 
violation  by  servant  of  Sunday  law  as  bar  to  mtion,  :i2ti. 
contributory  negligence  followed  by  ni^Ii'jence  of  master  or  an  riaphnec, 

327, 
as  to  proximate  cause  in  general,  see  I'uoxni.Mi:  t'Ai  si;, 
what  constitutes  contributory  neglifrence— -in  ger.eial.  328. 
rare  proportionate  to  dan^'er  must  be  exerei  ed.  ;!2!i. 
province  of  court  and  jury  in  determining  nuestiun  of  conlriliu'ory  negligence, 

330. 
failure  to  use  projier  precautions  in  dangerous  situations.  331, 
operation  of  railway  trains  and  cars.  331,  note  1   (ai. 
operation  of  hand  cars,  331,  note  1   (b). 
inspecting  and  repairing  rolling  stock,  331,  note  1    (e). 
coupling  cars,  331,  note  1  (d), 
dismountins  from  moving  ears.  3->l,  nute  1   le). 
setting  top  signals  on  railuay,  331,  note  1   (f). 
nianiimlation  of  machinery,  331,  note  1   (h). 
dealing  with  electrical  a]ipliaiiees,  331,  note  1    li). 
dealing  with   inthmiinable  y,i-es,  331,  note   1    iji. 
dealing  with  explosives,  3.il,  note  1   (k). 
dealing  with  dangerous  lluids,  331,  note  1(1). 

working  where  there  is  danger  fioni  Hying  objicts,  :!:!1,  note  I   (m). 
haiKlling  heavy  oojeets,  331,  note  1    (n). 
work  in  mines,  331,  note  i    (o). 
footways,  331,  note  1  (p). 
inadei|Uate  light,  331,  note  1   iq). 
.severe  wcatlier,  331,  note  1    (r). 
unruly  horses,  331,  note  1  (s), 
work  on  ships,  331,  note  1   (t), 
failure  to  give  proper  attention  to  surroundings,  332. 
duly  omitted  in  respect  to  slalile  conditions.  3:i2a. 
omission  of  duty  in  respect  to  transitory  or  sporadic  conditions.  332h. 
failure  of  servant  to  inform  himself  as  to  certain  risks,  3S9. 


i.i 


/IT 


M 


2404  INDEX. 

(Ktferencf  art  to  ttetioiu.} 
CO>fTEIHi;TORY  NEGLiaENCE~(confi)iMerf). 

solpction  of  tlip  morp  dnnperouf  of  two  available  nisthodii,  333. 
tnkiiif;  or  rfnmininK  in  »n  unneccsmirily  Unngproua  ponitiun.  .134.  3."!.] 
position  involving  risk  of  being  itruck  by  cars,  ■VM  (1). 
poKition   involving  riwk   of  b^ln^'  slrnck   nv   ol.jects   fallin?  ii 

.334  (2). 
going  iindpr  or  between  stationary  eurs  wliicb   nmy  hv  wi  u 

.TU   (3). 
doing  work  on  rnilwiiy  cars  nt  un  improper  time  or  pliu'c.  33t 
position  on  car  dnngorous  with  rrliition  to  olijccN  alMm-  tin.  k. 
position  on  rur  dangcrouH  witli  rt'lutinn  to  objprts  lic-iiilc  {rmk. 
po>ition  on  car  or  engine  wliich  is  dangerous  witli  icl.il  i'.n  im 

mcnts  or  condition,  334  (7). 
position  on  car  dangerous  with  relation  to  niiturc  of  it*  bwil.  :!:) 
position  on   car  dangerous  by   reason   of  some  specitlc  .Icfcci 

334  (0). 
dangerous  positions  taken  in  coupling  or  uncoupling  cars,  3.34  i 
traveling  on  cars  operated  in  a  dangerous  manner,  3,34    (Ilia). 
dangerous  positions  on  hand  cars,  334  (11    . 
riding  on  pu>!i  car  down  steep  grade,  331  i  iL'i. 
remaining  on  derailed  engine  which  is  being  dragged  on  the  I: 

(13). 
mounting  or  remaining  on  car,  the  speed  of  which  cannot  be  c( 

.134    (14). 
position  dancerous  with  reference  to  a  coal  chute,  334  (  l.'n. 
taking  dangerous  position  on  vehicles  drawn  by  horses,  33.'>   i  1 
taking  position,  danger  from  movement  of  elevator  cage.  33.1  i2 
going  on  to  an  insecure  structure,  335  (3). 

taking  a  po.sition  rendered  dangerous  by  moving  machiner\-,  33 
taking  a  dangerous  way  of  passage,  .33,5    (,■>). 
*etting  on  to  a  macliine  likely  to  be  put  in  motion,  335   (6). 
taking  a  position,  danger  of  being  struck  by  (lying  bodies.  33."i  i: 
taking  position,  dangi  r  of  being  struck  by  falling  biidies.  338  (S 
taking  position,  danger  from  action  of  leverage.  335  (!)). 
taking  dangerous  position  on  lodder.  335   (10). 
taking  dangerous  position  in  mines.  335  (  II  i. 
taking  dangerous  position  on  ships.  .335.   (IJl, 
taking   position    dangerous    with    relation   to   electrical    appliar 

(13). 
taking  position  dangerous  with  respect  to  intlammable  gaso-i.  335 
going  into  dangerous  position  without  notifying  others.  33(j. 
going  into  or  remaining  in  an  unauthorized  position,  337, 
doing  work  in  an  unnecessarily  dangerous  manner,  338,  33ft. 
operating  cars  in  a  dangerous  manner,  338  ( 1 ) . 
making  flying  switch,  338  (2). 
coupling  or  uncoupling  ears,  338  (3). 

passing  over  cars  of  moving  train  in  an  improper  ttianner,  .3-38  ( 
attempting  to  mount  Moving  engines  or  ears,  338  (5). 


1)1'  srt  in  inoti' 


hinery,  3,15  (4  . 


n^   appliancw.  33S 


ner.  3.18  (4>, 


INDEX  2*fl- 

IReftirenou  art  to  »ecli"H».) 

ONTKIBUTORY  N'IXiI,ltiENCl'>-(con(i.n(»-</). 

attempt  inu  to  dismount  from  car  whili-  in  mot  ion.  3;i8  ifl). 

runninf;  alongside  moving;  cari4,  338   (7). 

blocl^ing  cars  wliicli  are  runniti;,'  down  •^vm\v.  :!.".h  .Hi. 

niclliod  of  doin<j  repair  work  on  car.*,  ins  cm. 

opfiiitinp  iiand  c.irn  in  dunj.'ir.)ii»  niniini'r,  :!:'.s   •  10). 

attemiiliiif.'  to  'M  on  mi)\  in;.'  ili-vator  cape,  :l'.:>  ill. 

working;  iilnmt   nuicliin<iy   wliilf  in  ninliim.  :' '.'.i    i  .1 1 . 

aJjn-linjr  iiuK'liim'vy  in  diini;i M'Ii«  iiiaiiiK  r.  :!.::>  -  ■'■  i . 

stopping.'  ni^.cliiniiy  in  diHivH""^  niaiiiur.  ;;'l!i  i  I). 

opc-iatiii^'  inailiiiicry  in  ii:iprn|,ir  niiMimT.  :i:i'.i   |.')^. 

ll^ill^'  tdcls  in  an  iniprnpcr  lu.iimi'r,  :i:i!i  Mil. 

liandlin;;  I'l'^otrical  appliance-*  inipinprrly.  :!;l'l  iTi. 

improper  inetlmd  of  peiforniin;;  worl:  almnl   vi --el-.  :V,  i   (R). 

improper  nuilod  of  lurfornilii;;  wmk  in  iniiie>.  :;  I'.i    I'.n. 

testia-;  appliuices  in  d.in,i;eri)ii^  inanm  r.  X>'^   ilOi. 
doiii;r  acts  with  undue  liaste.  e  10. 

iietlHu'enoe  internal  from  use  of  difeotive  or  unfit  appliances.  141. 
ase  of  npplianees  for  iiii)!ioper  i>in|M)sp.  :M-_'. 

„i.^rli;r,.Mee  in  ereatin^r  ni.'teiial  eoiidiliimH  wliieli  caused  injury.  "43. 
iio'jli.ren.c  in  rei-pdt  to  e\erei>e  oi  fniirtions  of  control.  1144. 
t^'.ilure  of  injured  servant  to  inlluence  conduct  of  employees  not  under  lii«  con 

trol.  34"). 
departure  fieni  ou-tomary  methods  of  work,  ;;40. 
(lualilyin?  eireiimslai!.  (  s  tendin;,'  to  ni),'ative  inference  of  ncglipence— in  Rcn 

cral,  ;!4r. 
minority  ol  injured  M'lvant.  :!4S. 

conditions  or  mellio.ls  of  work  not  under  control  of  injured  servant,  340. 
temporary  for'.'etfulness  of  dun;:crs,  3,jO,  351. 
compliance  witli  rides,  "'yl. 
conformity  to  eu-loniaiy  pvaetice.  :1.">3. 
presumption  by  servant  that  Tilant  was  not  defective.  :!.-)4. 

that  the  work  in  connection  with  tlie  plant  will  lie  prudently  done.  S.","!. 
daiii;ers  incurred  by  servants  en.u'.>f;i'd  in  operating  trains.  3.5,5,  note 

4   (a). 
dauL;  rs  incurred  by  servants  cng.iecd  in  workin-r  on  or  near  railway 

traek.s,  o,'),'),  note  4   (b). 
dangers  incurred  in  coupling  or  uncoupling  railway  cars.  3."i.').  note 

4  (c). 
dan;;ers  causeil  by  objects  above  railway  tracks.  -I.')."),  note  4   ul). 
danjrers  caused  by  objeets  ne.ir  railway  triu-ks.  :;."i.'i.  note  1    'e), 
dan'jers  inc\irre(l  in  handling  maeliinery.  3.'i5.  note  1  (f). 
dangers  incurred  in  handling  hea\-y  objects.  :'..'.'>,  note  1   ig). 
dangers  incurreil  in  dealing  with  expio  ives.  :i.').'>.  note,  1   i!i). 
dangers  incurred  in  excavating,  3,")5,  not"  4   li». 
dangers  incurred  by  workmen  on  .ships.  I.'i.").  note  4   (j). 
dangers  caused   by  open  trap  doors,  ,l.").'i.  note  4    i  k  > . 
limits  of  servant's  right  to  act  upon  tliese  inosuniptions.  3.')G. 
necessitv  of  act  which  caused  injury.  3.'»7. 


u 


i< 


t 

!  ; 

1 

ill 

•w^^ 


2400  ISHMX 

{Rtftrmef  arc  to  tectitni.) 
UONTRIBUTORY  NBOLIOKXrii—  ( continued , . 
acts  done  in  cmorfrcnciM,  358. 
nrts  done  undrr  iniliirnsr  of  bodih'  pain,  H.'SO. 
nrtii  done  in  attempting;  to  save  life  of  nnoll  ir.  "r.O. 
iii't«  dono  in  ntfrniptinf;  lo  prt'-cvvr  cnii'Ioyrr'x  pi.i|'.rty.  101 
eotnniiPKion  of  iict«  spn-iilcilly  foiiiiddin  -  iinUnliil  iic.-.  :'iii2. 
nets  done  in  i-(inlravcntirn  of  orilcrn,  .'M'l.'l. 
•  ctK  diMrcganlinj.'  urn  >iinf,'H.  'MH, 
violation  of  rulp«.  .'!(„" 

rules  rfjfiihitin;.'  (i|    riilion  of  tr;iiii-.  :l(i.">i.  n'lti-  1. 
rule*  ipci'l'linc  >witoliiii«.  Ki.'m,  note  J. 
rulcH  irj^'iiLilint'  tlir  coiifilin;,'  of  CiU»,  30,")ii,  nolo  3. 
ruIcH  rt'Ciil.  ,  injr  oprrntion  of  linnd  oiir«.  :tfi.'iii.  note  4. 
rule-,  lopilntin!;  .-itlin;;  of  lit'iMiI  ttsipn,  'M\rii\,  note  5. 
rules  regnlatiri;;  niiinner  of  (jrttinp  on  or  olT  iar«,  ;tii.");i.  m 
rules   pri'scrihing   places   where   »erviint»   sliould   or   4I1111! 

305»,  note  7. 
rules  requiring  the  insp.  clion  of  nppliiinces,  30."iu.  note  «. 
rules  reqiiirinf'  report    of  existmec  of  dangerous  oninlii 

note  9. 
rules  regulatinir  conduct  of  enipIo_ve(>s,  3tl.'ia.  note  10 
rules  re;.'ul«tins  work  in  mines.  ;!(i.").i,  note  11. 
rules  re^ulatins  personal  hahits  of  sirvants,  Sll.'ia,  note  1 
limits  of  doetriiie  that  violation  of  rule  liars  netinn,  3f;i!, 
doctrine  that  violation  of  rule  does  not  imply  negligenci — the  ij 
Now  York  and  Tcmis.  307. 
burden  of  proof  as  to,  K42. 

jurisdijtions  in  which  burden  is  on  plaintilT.  S42,  note  1    i.i>. 
jurisdictions  in  which  Imrilen  is  on    lefi'ndant.  812.  noti>  1    ihi 
in  action  under  st.'itules,  843. 
pleading,  neces-ity  that  comjilaint  »liow  frecilom  from  contrii.ntorv  r 

858. 
application    of   doctrine    where    servant    was  en^aired    in 

master,  see  Ordeiu>  of  .Ma.ster. 
in  performing  duties  outside  scope  of  employm 
cITect  of  promi-e  of  master  to  guard  nctainst  • 
see  Pro.misk  or  Masteb  to  Gtard  again 
niTlON. 
elTect  of  master's  assurance  of  safety,  so;'  .XvsriiA.vcE  ok  SAFi;rv. 
availability  of  defense  in  aetions  under  einpnyrr-^'  lintiijity  net--.  «■ 

TuuY  Liability. 
a\ailul)ility    of    riefense    under    French    law.    see    Civii.    Law    ami 

FoV'NnED   TllEllEON. 

inferred  from  fact  that  servant   v. as  not  in  phicr  wlierr  hji;  duti.  . 
him  to  bo  see  chapter  xxxin. 

See  AssLMiTiON  of   Risks;    Volenti   Xo.\   Fit   I.\jii:ia. 

C     'VIC'TS, 

liability  of  employers  of,  for  personal  injuries.  S4.'S. 


iibevin'; 


s("»  Scope  of  I'mi 

■medy  danirern;:- 

n   Rk.mkoy   1)\m,ki; 


IXUl.X. 

{tt«ittfinf>    nrf    lo    «^f'    'M,> 


£il]7 


.ORrORATION. 

lialilit.v  ("I  iHionnl  r..',Lli„'»«ni .   r,(  liiintnr.  10   'iot#  3. 

lialjilit.v  (or  II  .^'lij-rmci-  i,i'  ■•■•ivaiil   |.  n.i  r.iiiiy  iion-J.  I, ;,';»!. 1,-  .luiir*    .'i.'iO 

i.OL'rlJM;  Al'l'l-l  \M'K>      S.I'  ItAii.iioAUS. 

LP.VKS  IN  'ITAfK. 

liuliiliU   li)i   iiij'iii-  n-ii:(iii;4  II'mu  ilriniliin  iit  causvU  Ij   sljarj)  curvf,  08,  u 


f  iMtitrilmtory  ni';.'lip<'iire 


\KOTA, 

text  of  utntutf  Hiftiu.itiiry  nf  ci,  in   n  l.iw  (Ii"t.-inH    'i.VlJ. 
fffi'ct  of  sucli   >t:itiilr,  1).'/!; 

Sec  >..iiiii   Dakota;   Sorni   Dakoi  \. 

.LVni,  AITIUN   I'OK, 

ooiitiilmlory  m  uliyi'iu'c  as  a  dcfin«c',  3l(V 

KtatiUorv    ii'tiiiii.    avniliilijlity    of    dofensi     of    roimiioii    employment,    fiits 
noli-   ( n ) . 

F.ATII  Ol"  KMI'I.oYI'.R  OK  IN.Il'KKl)  liMl'LU'i  i.E. 

Mill  11  ri!,'lit  ol  uetioii  im.!<  r  ruii/loyi'rs'  liibilily  ucl  is  iillicU'd  by.  T 13-710. 

i(,I,\r,.VnONS, 
Milmi--ilii'.ity  of,  a*  cvidi'iicc  »l".i. 

ii;i'i;(T.s, 

[;.i;iiiv  oi  servant  to  report  ns  r<-nil.r)ii!i  Iiini  '^ 

.111',, 
duly  o(  s  rviilit  to  reiiii  'ly,  :!04. 

See  iNxriil'MlA'i  All  liKS:   S\-.rKM  iM    l!l  m.N    »;    Ui  LKS. 

HKIKN.SKS. 

l,l:ilion  iM'tvvcrn  tlie  def(n-o«  of  ;i--in!i]if ion  of  ri-U-  iiii.l  routriliutory  neL'li 
P>nc.\— ill  p.'iii'nil.  .lO.'i. 
losieiil  indepciiiliiici'  of  tln'  t«o  .Iifi-n^i  -.  limi. 
«mtril)Ulorv  iic;:Iijii-n(v  iit    'In-  tin.i'  u!   llio   iiiiury  iimtorial  only   in  iil' 

sencc  of  iissunijiticm  of  ri-1,.  '■•'<". 
rii'e.s  not  piviim  dm-  i-ITrrt  to  l!,i-  |ii  iiu'i|ili\  .".OS. 

eonfii'^ion  of  dcf'Ti-i«  nri^iii'j  Ir  m   iiMi-,  ,iv:.   ii'<  of  terminolofry,  3i)'.>. 
doctrinal  confusion  ln't  ■.vitn  tlie  <!•■!'.  n-.-.  :!HJ. 
ecncliulin;;  nniiirks.  :ill. 
conslitu!ion;iii(y   of  stiUiito  ri'^trietin'.'  defense*  open  to  employeri.  648. 
nccissity  tliiit  defen.se  sl.oiild   be  sp"ci,illy  pi.  .uled.  .SIU. 
iivail.ildo  in  action  under  statutes,  see  Staii  lor.Y  LiAiinuv. 

"•'■I    -.llso  ASSIMI'TIO.N    or   I'i'iK'S:    rnNTHII'l' rnilY   \l  iM-lOKNCE;    KtLLOW    SERVANTS; 

\'l)l  r.NTI    Nov    l''n     IN.HUIA. 

DKI-'IMTIOXS.     See  \V..i;ij.s  ami  I'iiUAsi.s. 

UEUWAHi:, 

Jortriiie  ilipt   assunipt.m    of   e.xlraordinary   ri>l<    is   inferred   from   servant's 
knowle'Jgc  thereof,  liT-l.  note  1. 


r 


J 


Ul 


hf 


INUli.N 

tKcftrtnve*  are  lo  ttcllont  t 
DtLWVARE — ieonlinunt). 

il      -iim-.  iiivohiii;,'  iiliitmn  lu'ivv,  n   -iipiTidr  aixt  *ii'iorfllii.it<<  «(ivi 

,.ii<h  niastor'n  lial'ilily.  r>4t>,  nmr   I 
vice  piiiic'ipuUliip,  t.>t.  J  by  iii>ii  auL^jaliU-  iiiiluif  el    liiii.,.  c.,ll,.'i,, 

i  ..  I.  iiotf  .1. 

DKL   ':\riON  OK  niTIKH. 

11      lo     I  dim   Hliioli    ir.'    lion  (IrliVMl.li..  lint.ility  of    mii-liT    fur    ii.j. 
bi'rv.iit   poifnrinin;;,  NCI-   l'».i,i.ii\v   Muvims. 

Uti.'i;!';  :    TAL  .MANAcnis. 

r  '  i  •''  jj  ]iiri;inN,  .">20,  nut.'  I 
1'  ;  'i "'  I  KiitioiiliiiHtr",  ■'  '  ■ 
I  I-      .l)iiit\   for  ni';:lii;iiiii' of,  j.'i:!,  ,'.n4. 

I'c  nlso   I'ri.i.ow  Sr.iivANTH. 

DFi'M.I  >  OF  V    )UK, 

•    ■"        ■  lio  arc     "       •    !    Ill    .iill'i-ri'iii    li.'p.irtiin'nts   within    i!ic  tn 
ii.'H  -...j.i  -       '■  ..-.,  li, 

See  lllso    Kr.l.LOW     "^KliVANTS. 
Di;-     !<  KR, 

t.ii|Uinc}    Ml''        Iiioli  il.iiirks  «!iiiiiM  tir  iii(.pictod,   l.'iS,  note  t 
'    'is   illii      ..,.,  ^    ■     (riiic  tliiit   "iivant   ia   not   bound   to   iii.p.ct, 

Nco  also  Hoisn.vr,  Ai'pi.iances. 

DM  Kt'iii'N  Otr  VKRDU  T.     vS,.,.  Qi  i  <u>,:is  ok  Law  and  Fait. 

Dl&tHAnOK,   Ki:.\I!   OV. 

ciilicisni  of  «loolrinp  that  servant  art-*  frrely  in  rontimiinj!  .•nipIuMi 

Ijnowloilgo  of  its  ilanjrrrs,  05. 
a«  justifying  sprvnnt  in  assiniiiii,-  duties  nutoidp  "copc  (if  oiiiplnynipr 
docs  not  prevent  servant's  acoijiliinpc  of  known  link   from  lieinjf  t 

2SS.  note  3. 
na  preventing  continuanif  at  «<iik  frnin  eonstituting  coiitribulorv  m 

.102.  h. 
ffTeet  of,  oil  .ioctrino  of  I  ,,lenfi  non  /it  ivjuiia,  nS2. 

|)|S(  ll.\Kf!i:.   I'OWKi;  OV, 

«tiilii>  iw  \ice  prinei|i:il  of  j-ervant  Irivi;!;;  siii:Ii  power,  "il,'!.  523. 

DtSTKKT  Ol    (  OIA'MIilA, 

doctrine  that  nssiniiptioii    of  pxtraordin.iry   risk   is   inferred   frmn 

knowlcdfjc  thereof.  274.  note   1. 
decisions   involviiii,'   nlnlioii    Itctwepn   superior   and   suliorilinate  »er 

regards  muster's  li.iliilily.  ".l!).  note   I. 
vice  principnlship,  tested  by  noii-ihlegablc  nature  of  duties.  cullatiuD 
.•iSO.  note  3. 
DRUNK  ENM>S. 

UN  rendering  servant  incompetent,  1  i.j. 

DUE  PROCESS  OF  LAW, 

employers'  liability  acts  uot  a  denial  of.  C41-648. 


t         I 


f*» 


INUKX 
(J|«/e< cncM  die  ta  tfotlaiM.) 


|)l-pl.tCITY, 

M  plvutlinc,  801. 


UW 


|i 


nn   r!i»  nif.iiii'iL' 


jr  .'niplnymcnt  wit! 


ributori.   ni'j;lii;iii. 


BI!TH  M.IDKS. 

nitini'il  liy  teinpornry  or  Iraii'itory  ilffccMvi-  rrmdiliuin,  OS. 

Koe    llI'M)    KXC.VVATIONH. 

Kl.iyrRICITY  AND  i:i-K(TUICAL.  AI'I'MANCKs. 

Iinliilily  '"f    MiustiT    for    li'ni|>oriir>    (••>ii,litii>ii»   .viiixiriR   wrvmit    to   Injury 

Jnmi,  102. 
a^suinptioii   of   risk*   l>y   workiiii-n    liuiidliiiK   cli'iti  iial   ii|i|ili.irii'i«.   M^t,   not- 

1   (p). 
oriitritiutoiy  nrjtlijjcnpp  of  ofrvaiil  in  iIimIiiij;  willi.      !l.  nolr-  I   (i).  :i;i.<  (7t. 

of  (MTViinv       tnkiiif{  ilaiiKiTims  po-'itinn  with  nl  iti.m  to.  M-'i  I  III. 
ni»f«  illuNtrutinff  dovtriiie  lliut  M-iviint  i«   noi    In   iml   to  iii-|iic>t.    Ill,  n"'-' 

I    (z). 
kiioHliili;i'  of  rertiiin   rixk*  not  inipulcil  to  iiicNpcrliiK-    '   «Tv;int,  li  I'l,  nutf 
'i  (oo). 
imputed  to  siTvniit   Iii\vili3  *|      ial  p\p.  i  iiiicc,    111(1.  role  3   (l). 
wlion  imputril  to  mitiori.  ;ill'J,  note  1    iiin). 
pmployr-f*  i'ngii){inl  in  prudm  iiig.  w»"»  are  fi'llow  itervanli<.  4"H.  imi.    I   (Jd). 

II.IAATOIIS. 

iiiiglil  I'iivatnrti,  need  not  li.i\p  snnn    -iufj^ty  op|!hincf<,  a»  pa--tcngi'r  •li'va- 

luri.  -C.  iKiti-  4. 
il.  fi'(liv(>  I'ondition,  7  ' 

iKfiTl-  of  ton\|ioriiiy  or  trnnsitory  naimo,  01. 
hi(|UPiicv  with  wliiiji  iuBpcotion  xhould  Ix-  niadf.  l.'ii^    nofp  2. 
oi-i'H  ilhi-^l r:\titiR  doctrine  Hint  servant    is   not    liouiul   to   in^piit,  411,   not* 

I   ip.. 
as«nii\ption  of  risk*  hy  serviint  opi"ratiii«,  Jti.'i,  note   1    igi 
touirihutmy  ncfrli^'iiicc  of  ccrvnni   in  npcmt  in;.',  •l:!!,  note  .   !;•). 
of  employee  lakinj.'  dangerous  position  near,  .i:!.'>  f^l. 
in  attinipting  to  pot  on  nioviii','  elevator.  ;Vif)  (I), 
knowlcdfic  '-f  (InnpT  arising'  from,  inipiitid  to  '-(n,i!\t   thoiijh    ine\peri<'need. 
;<!)4.  note  1(8). 
of  certain  ri^ks  not  imputed  to  incspericnoed  wrvant.    '.!i.5,  note  2  ir). 
of  cirlain  ri-ks  not  imputed  to  servant  though  havinz  some  experience, 

:)n7.  note  1(f). 
when  knowledu'e  of  risk  iniputid  lo  minors,  .101.  note  1    i    i). 

kjiki;<;knc-y, 

ai  -    done    in,    as    relieving    employee    from    charge    of    i mtribulory    negli 
^tnee,  358. 

KMKKV  WUKELS, 

liability  for  injori  s  cau"  d  by.  7S.  note  1    (C). 

EMi'LoVEUS'  LiAl5ll..U\    .\L18.     .See  .SiAiuioin    I'.iv.iurr. 

EMPLOYMENT  OF   SERVANTS, 

analysis  of  master'!  duty  u  to,  3. 


'  fi 


l'^ 


m 


i470  INDKX. 

thctertncet  arc  to  nertiu.ii.t 

IMIM-OYMKNT  OF  SERVANTS— (conr.//urd). 

coiiipliiiiuf  uitli  coniiiion  UMuge  us  ri'liivinj;  tiinstcr  from  lialiilily.  1, 
relalidii  of  duly  to  iii»trui't  servant  to  (lii!>  i>f  <'iii|il()yiii«  eomiictiiii  i 
miturr  uiiil  I'xU'iit  of  iiiuMter's  duty — in  fiencrul,    177. 

ihily   con^ill^r('(l   as   crputing  oxcoption    (o  (locliiiip   of   (■oininuii 
nicnt,  17S. 

st:iniliiril  of  ciiic  to  be  exerciscil  by  niUHtrr,   17!'. 

ctli'cl    of    niii^ti'r'a    npffligencp    where    tlie    unlit    servant    is    liii 
jiiied.  ISO. 
ciiriiMwtiincis    bearinj;    upon     rpirctinn     of     -irvaiit's    eouipi'tenrv 
.r.il.   ISl. 

bodily  i]unlilirs.  lS:i. 

nuntal  ipialilics.   \H.',. 

disposilion  will]  wliieli  work  i-  dime.   ISt. 

bad  lial)itM.  1H.'>. 

pr<'vii)us  cNpcriciiee  of  servant.   186. 

minority  of  servant.   187. 

ctniduil   prior  to  time  of  neeident.   1S8. 

lialiiliiy    of    reeurrenee    of    somi-    malady    rendi'rinj;    <ervanl 
ten'.  188. 

ti(  t  by  wliieli  injury  was  caused  as  evidence  of  ineonipeti  ney.  Ij 

derelic'lions  of  duty  nubse<pient    to  neeident.    1!'0. 

efTi'Ot   of  delinipient  servant's  disolaiiner  of  liim'ss.    1!>I. 

reputation  of  Rervant,    l!)2. 

eerlille.ites  and  liei'usi's.  I'videnfial  slL'nilieaiiee  m'.    111:'.. 

ninslir's  knowledfje,  either  aeliial  i.t    emi   i  metive.  c,i   tin-  In iipilec 

be  sliown,  l!i:ia. 

duty  to  incpiire  into  e pilinev    at  lime  of  liiiin^'.    liU. 

duty    to    ae(]uire    infer:    ilion    as    to    eimliniiinf;    lilne>s    afl.r 
ment,  l!),"i. 
circuinstanees  bearing  upon  (piestion  of  niaslors  know  Kd<;i'     in  ^.'cni 

bodily  and  mental  qualities  (,f  ,cTvant.    Ili7. 

ininoiily  of  servant,   H)7. 

(onduet  of  servant   prior  toaccidenl.  1118. 

act   whieli   eau>iil  neeident.    lOlt. 

lenj;;tli  of  eontinuanee  of  unliliiess  before  neeident.  211(1. 

<  IFect  of  promise  of  master  to  di-eliiirf;e  delini|ieiil    siiv;iiil     Jr 

reputation  of  servant,  2l>2. 

specific  statements   ns   to   unlit m->    miHle   by    eoemployn's   oi   d. 
servant,  20;!. 
duty  to  employ  un  adeipiale  luunber  of  si  r\anls-    in  ;ji]i(r:il.  Joi. 

mnster's  perlermanee  of  duty  a  ipn-liim   for   jury.  20". 
duty  to  employ  suitable  servants,  turn  di  li  ;;alde,  .■>7l'. 
duty  to  employ  sullieient   number,  non  di  le^'able,  r)7:!. 
a^siiniptiiin  of  risUs  arising  from  itienmpi  imey  of  eosi  i  vant-.  JT.V  ti.ii 


inferred   from   injured  sir\aiit'~   kiiiuvbil^'  i,f. 
iiK'.impeicney   of  as  pru.\imatc  cause  of   injury,   .so:>.  note 
I)    p.  2J.!S, 


J    (i-'N 


f    (■niiiiiiiiii    .'ihiii,/, 


inriMiipi  liTicv  iiiii-' 


111    '.'I'llrl.ll.    l;i 


INDEX. 


•n:\ 


i  Itrii, . 
KKKORCE.MEXT  OF  RL'LKS. 

duty  of  master,  214. 
KNOLISH  EMl'LOVERS'  LlAUlIvlTY  ACl.    Sit  Statltory  Liaiiilitt. 
KXUlJSll  WORKMEN'S  C0M»'ENS.\T10N  ACT  OK   18!t7. 

Purpose,  effect,  construction,  and   operation,  see  SrATiroiiY   Liauiliiy. 

WLAL  PKOI'ECTIOX  OK  THE  LAWS, 

not  ilinicil  by  employers'  liability  acts,  fitrt  lilH. 
KViUENCE, 

ii!t  to  wlietlier  instrumentality  of  the  nature  t.f  llie  ont iisinj;  tlic   iiijiii;, 

was  in  common  use,  4.'?. 
nilmiBsilillity  to  show  usage  on  the  question  of  due  care,  5:{. 
npair  or  alteration  as  evidence  of  master's  knowlcdjje  of  existence  of  dau'^er 

ous  condition,  l;!3. 
riiiairs  or  alterations  made  after  accident  not  competent   to  show   master's 

prior  knowlidije,  1U.3. 
of  previous  accident  sliowim;  master's  knowledfre  of  condition.   l:!7. 
of  unsatisfactory  operation  of  instrumciitalitii's  similar  to  one  caiisinn  ;ocl 

dint  as  charffimj  master  with  constructive  notice  of  its  ilel'i'cts.   l.'ts. 
of  prior  conduct  of  servant  to  show  incompetency,  188. 

selfdepreciatory  statements  of  deliniiuent  servant  as  to  his  competency,  I'.il 
relevancy  to  issue  presented  l)y  pleadings.  817. 
materiality,  SIS. 
competency  in  general.  ST.*. 

as  to  condition  of  instrumentality  prior  to  accident,  820. 
as  to  noiioccurreiK'c  of  accidents,  820,  h. 
as  to  o".iirrence  of  accidents,  820,  c. 
as  to  condition  of  instrumentality  after  accident,  821. 
as  to  condition  of  instrumei.     !ity  both  before  and  after  accident.  822. 
lis  to  condition  of  parts  of  pi.nit  other  than  that  which  caused  injury,  823. 
as  to  nonoccurrence  of  accidents,  823,  h. 
occurrence  of  accidents,  823.  c. 
as  to  alterations  in   plant  or  system  after  accident.  824. 
lis  to  habitual  course  of  conduct,  825. 
■■IS  to  employer  beini;  protected  by  insurance,  826. 
iimiUls  and  pholoffiaphs,  827. 
best  and  secondarv  as  to  substance  of  rule,  828. 
statements,  admissions  ami  declarations.  829. 
by  other  employees,  82il. 
by  the  injured  servant  himself.  82it,  b. 
by  the  employer,  829,  c. 
opinions  as  evidence,  830. 
juiliiial  notice,  831. 

ifinfurniity  of  instructions  to  evidence,  806,  note  2   (c). 
Iiurdeii  of  proof,  as  to  vice  principalship  of  nefjlipent  servant.  .512. 
ns  to  breach  of  non-delegable  iluties.  .")6.t. 
as  to  master's  duty  to  furnish  safe  scaffold,  61.5. 
a=  to  employer's  ne'jlisenre,  8,12. 

as  to  master's  knowledge  of  existence  of  dangerous  conditions.  832. 
as  to  nature  of  defect,  832. 
Vol.  11.  M.  &  S.— 74 


II-      't 


:,i 


h 


r^i 


t'i 


ill 

Til 


f . 
t 

ii 

1 

1 

i 

1W72  INDJiX. 

t  tttfen'ncea  afe  to  Mertinnn.) 
EVIUKNTK—  ( conlintird ] . 

nifllipi-iiPi'  not  iiifi'iiilili-  for  iricrc  occiiri.  ncc'  of  iiroidont.  S.l.l. 
nbovi'  rule  i|iKilili('(l  hy  iloolriiic  liy  n.i  ipsa  Imitiiliir.  S  U. 
tuci'ssilv  for  s|ii>('ilic  cviilcncc  of  iic^rli^'cnoi'.  8:t5. 
tliiil    iii:istcr's  ii(j,'lii,'ciuv  was  (■nipii..i    iiiisc  of  injury.   S.16. 
action  not  niaintiiiiiiililc  where  ea\ise  of  accident  is  conjectural 
sliiftin-;  of  l-nrden  of  proof,  S3S. 

burden  of  proof,  »•.  alFecteil  hy  express  statutory  provisions.  S.'ll 
statutes  not   e\chisivp|y  applieahle  to  employees,  S;!l(,  a. 
statutes  enacted   expressly   for   henefit   of   I'Uiployees,   S.!!), 
biirilen  of  proof  with  respect  to  defenses — in  ffenerui.  S40. 
uilh   rispeet  to  assumption  of  risk.  841. 
ordinary  risks.  ,S41,  a. 
extraordinary  ri.sks,  841,  1>. 
as  to  i-ontrihulory  uepli^ence,  S42. 

jurisdictions  in  which  burden  is  on  pV^iiitjfT.  fSJJ.  note  I   (n 
jurisdictions  in  which  buvdt'n  is  on  defend.int.  S-»i.  note  I 
nice-sily  that  complaint  show  plaintilF's  freedom  from,  H't 
as  to  contributory  nenlifrcnce  in  action  under  .statutes,  H4.'t. 
statutes  e\ten(linf»  common-law   liability  of  master,  S4;!,  a. 
statutes  which  make  riudit  of  action  cunditiunul  upon  servi 
doM)  from  nej;lii;ence,  S4't,  b. 
nn  to  presumptions,  see  I'rksi'MI'Tions. 

KXCAV.\TIOX.S, 

liability  for  injuries  caused  by  fallinjr  rocks  or  earth  slides,  OS. 
assumption  of  risks    irisiufi  out  of  improper  method  of.  272.  note  i 
assumption  of  evtraordinary  risk  arisiii;;  from  knowledge  thereol.  27 
contributory    ncpli-.'enee,    rclian<e   by   employee   on    presumption   ot 

freedom  from  m^rliirenec,  ;t.'i.">,  note  4   (1). 
knowledfie   of  danjjer   imputed   to   servant   fhouKh    inexperienced    : 
1    (na). 
of  certain  risks  not  imputed  to  inexperienced  servant,  3U5,  noti 
of  certain  risks  not  imputed  to  servant  thouyfli  havinf;  some  e\ 

3117.  note  1   (p). 
want  of  opportunity  of  obtaining  knowledjie  liefori'  ae.idiiit    ^ 
1   (j). 
cases  illustrating  doctrine  Uiat   servant  is  not   bouml   lo  in>p,<t,  , 

1    I  w.  x). 
del'eetive  appliances,  neplipence  of  vice  principal,  .".(!7.  note  7   tc. 
failure  to  keep  in  safi'  condition,  ne^iliyence  of  vice  prineipiil.  ."jlW,  nu 
neRlif.'ence  of  coservant  produein«  structural  unsafety  of  tempo'arv  q. 
liability  of  master,  012a,  note  1   (c). 

KXECUTOns  AND  ADMlXlsTKATOUS. 

enforcement  of  employee's  right  of  action.  710. 

KXISTENCE  OF  RKf.ATiOX  OF  MA.STKR  .\XI)  SERVANT, 
servants  ridinji  on  vehicles  beNmirin"  to  employer.  624. 
servants  traveling  in  the  performance  of  their  contract  nssinne  knov 
024.  a. 


I  .' 


it.  s.rr 

SU. 

y.  8.16. 

iiijiTtiiriil 

si: 

i'^iimi.  S.'l! 

_ 

suit.  a. 

v<'»'rt.    S.'!!l, 

b. 

"lit I"  I   (n». 
«-.  note  I    ill). 
I  from,  S,5s. 
s.  84.1. 
■r.  841.  a. 
upon  siTvam-  ik 


horool.  27'*.  imir  I 
iiption   or   iiwM.r- 

■ricnccd.    Iiu.  mn. 

,  395,  null'  2  (lib' 
ii;  soiiii'  i'\|ii'riiniv, 

iiciiilrnt.  4ii-.'.  i!Ot' 

in>|iict.   411,  ii.iti' 

"■  7    ici . 

111.  .")IW.  mile  (i    i  . 

uipo'an  cliaracl.i 


siinii'  knowT.  ri«l;i 


INUliX. 


247:« 


"i;  OF  RKI.  \TIOX  OK  M.\STKIl  AM)  -I.IIVNNT    ■'.•..„ h„ ».■,/) 


KXISTEXC 

a^bumptioii  of  iij.k   aii^ing  from  m'glijji'ucc  of  co»un>.iit  upL-rating  \( 


l.i.'l.' 


!,■-  ar.' 


024,  b. 
rationaU'  of  llic.--i-  lu.-ics.  C24.  c. 
ii.-sumiition  of   risk   arir.in;4    In.in    iif;,'liH>iii'    "f 

024,  a. 

w'lien  srrv.mtK  Iravilin^  im  •■iiiplnv .  r'^  vciii 

024.  f. 
ii>a~H'r'n  obli^ialion^  inure 

ployment,  024.  i. 
.(•r\ant-*  in 
-iivants  ncjilci'l 


L'ratin;;  train, 


In    111'    p.l^^i'njJlTS, 


lo  licni'lit  of  servant   Uavcliiii;  in  cum—-  ol  liin  cm 


various  oilier  situations.  •i2.">. 


of  liutie^  (lues  no'    siwpeml  rclaticin.  Ii2."ia. 


lines  not  prevent   opi 


ration  of  doelriiie  ■■!   eoiniiion  eti'i.Iiivnu'iit.  fl2-"ia. 


of  servant  in  |>laoe  wlieri'  aieiiUnt  <«  inr 


I'll.  020. 


cireunistanees  iiin 
eir.iinistances  uiicli 


l(  r  wliieli  ri'eoverv  lia-  In-i'ii  alli 


well.  020.  n. 


r  wliieli   recovery  lia-  lieen  ili  iiiiil.  020.  b. 

Iipa'iii- 


right  of  recovery   coiisiilereil    witii   rcli  n  iiei'   to  eiil|pa'iii'   ur   iiomuli 
quality  of  servant's  eornluct,  020.  c. 


iliiable 


MTvant  8  neeess; 


irv  use  of  instrument. ility.  027 


servant  s  Use  o 
-ervant's  un.iii 


f  instniiiientality  for  uiiih- 


-^ary  pnii" 


023. 


thorized  |)erl'oniiaiiei'  of  eertain  wmK.  0 


i;;lit  of  action  where  injured  |iirsoM  '.vas  not    in  -eivi,-  i,l  uifemlaiit   for  any 
ptirpose,  iilO. 
iihiiitwrs  subject    to   same   burdens   as   serv.nin. 


persons 


deemed  not  to  he  volunteers.  0:!2 


rvnnts  nctin;;  outside  scope  of  ih.jiIomih  iii.  lil-l.  0:!l. 


per 


questions  of  law  and  fact,  0:14. 
formancc  of  unautliori/.i'd   duties   as    inili<',itive  of   n.  ■j!i:;iiiee. 


minority  as  an  clement,  010. 


i..\ri;N>i-:. 


elliel  as  c.\ciisiii(i;  ma 

IXl'r.KTTl'^iTlMOXY, 
opinions  as  evidin'- 

llMLtiSlVKS. 

liability  of  master  sii|      .in; 


ster  for  failure  to  lenu 


dv  da 


I-  coiulition-i.  21. 


ilO. 


itl'stanci  V  likely  to  •.■■■ii.  r.ite  i'>;phi-i 


81. 


ln:l 


defective  tenipovarv       .ndHioM>  expM^i'  ■_■  ~eiva.il   I..    ;.iiil'it   I'nm, 
a-«iiniplio!i  of  ri^ks  ari^in;;  out  of  .Ici.;", ive  .sy^triii  «.!  ii-inir.  272.  note 


defect  iv 


'PI 


liances  for  dealing.'  witli.  277,  imte  1    'p 


careless  method  of  usinpr.  278.  noie  1    (r) 


pontriliulnrv  ne;,'lif.'i' 


nf  servant-  in  ib-.iliu;;  with.  :'11.  note   1    .let. 
.1 


rifrlit   of  employe'  liaii  .linu'  to   r.ly  on   pre-iinije  ions  that   plant    is  nut 
defective  and  moiI,  will  he  pni'hi'.il.\   done.  :i.'i."i,  note  1    i  li  i . 

iii.\peiienced  servant.  1'.I5.  note  2 


knowl(dj.'e  of  certain  risks  not  iinputi 
I  hit,  ii,  jj,  kk,  11.  mm  i 


of    risks    iniputsd    to    scrxant    havin;:    special    experience     1110.    note  1 

(dd,  ff). 
cf  certain  risks  not  imputed  lo  servant  th(Ui);h  liaviiiy;  some  evpi'rience, 

:!n7,  note  1   (h). 


I! 


Ii 


fm. 


lilt  liiipi 


Eil'i 


If 


•«•■»  INDEX. 

{Ittfi-ti  nrt;n    arc    tfi    wi'Tmim,) 
KX  FLOSl  VES—  (  ron  I  ,n  v,  .1  i . 

cullalioii  of  inw:;  lioMiii^  mar-tor  lialilo  lor  iiiaderiuaov  of  -nfc-u.i 

(I.m;;.',  1.,  I'loiu,  ."itj;,  iioti-  7    il)),  ali-f,  note  U  (<M. 
I  -ilimiiiv  of  coscTvaiit.  liability  of  nia.HtiT,  010,  noie  1    (m). 

t.\!  li.\ii|;|)|.\.\liv  KlsKs. 

uiii.v  iif  iiiasli  r  to  iii-tnict  scivant  as  to,  -J  10. 

u'.-iii!i;tlii.i)   i.f,   av.iilaliiliiy   of  (icl.nv'   in   Mciimi-   uii.Iit  eiiiphr.  n 

«s.suiii,.tioii  of,  liy  M'rvarit,  soo   \.><.-i  Mni.i.-,  oi    Kisus;  \'oLt.\Ti  .\( 

Jlltl.V. 

J-|:A!'.  ok  DI.'^Cll.MKiE.      S...  Uisiiiai!..i  ,   Ekau  of. 

KKI.I.iiW    Si:r.\ANT, 

|iarliiir  of  iiia>tri-  not  a  fellow  servant.    If),  notp   1. 

rj;,'lit  of  master  to  rely  on  fellow  Her\^ni(s  exereisinj,'  ilue  faic.  .'lii'i, 

!%ninvle(li,'e  of  men'  coMTvant  not  imputed  to  niaster,   |  j!i. 

knoHl'<l^;e  of  \  iei'  pri'ici]iai  imputed  to  master.   I.')0. 

autliorily  to  Idnd  master  >.y  promise  to  ijuard  a-fiin-t   or  rena'.!. 

eondilion,   IJM. 
doctrine  of  non  liaOili-y  of  ma-ter  for  uel.-i  of,  (lelintil,   I7u. 
evoliiHai  of  diKtiJMi'.  471. 
rat i(. 11,1,  ■  1)1  (luefrine.  472.  47;!, 
judiiial  eiiliei-pu  of  doelrine,  471. 
(Tiihial  di-eus-idh  of  doetrine,  475. 

doeliine  noi   in.]iliealde  where  servant  was  not  aetiiifr  as  such.   ITd. 
doeliiiie  not   .     iiialeii,i|  factor  unle-s  injury   «a>  neudi;.'.  iil  U   e.iii-e 
ela-M-  of  ail-   to  wliicli  doetrine  is  appileildi-.  47S. 

iiel.-,  proliil.ileil  l,y   la».    17S. 
defei,,..   not    availnlile   wiiere   master   l.as   knowli'dire  of   dauu'evms 
ean>ed  l>y.  47!'. 
nor  wliere  master  was  nef;li;;ent  in  seUctiie;  eo>ervant.  4sO. 
n.n-  win  I.    serNant   is  -uinjr  fir  injuries  to  uife  caused  liy  .i>..r 
rule  wliere  -1 1  ii'iirer     is  lieiii;,'  sued  by  servant   for  injury  paHi:il!\ 

eoemployi  e.  4HJ. 
defense  availalde  ajiain-t   sei\ant   continuing  worl;  after  coimiii-.i...| 

gent  act.  48;!. 
ratiliealion   not    infeireil   from   retention   of  le-li  .eiil   .sen  m^;,    js;), 
upplicatioii  of  doctrine  in  case  of  si  amen,  4,S1. 
of  i)i!<.|s.  48,"i. 

of  i)er-,ons  pel  fonnin;;  forced  labor,  •)■  il. 
of  public  Berviints.  4S7. 
of  minors,  4SS. 
Ii:ibilily  of  master  for  injurie.s  caused  bv  neuiitrcncp  of  servants  of 

4MI. 
injury  cn.-ise.!  by  nec-!i,c:e!ice  of  »ervnr,t   of  tl.ird   peisuii.  cuii::i.>;ii  i-.:. 

no  'iefi  use,  4!lll,   l!i|, 
rule  in  case  of  injury  to  independent  eonlraeior,  401a. 


F  •■■;ifc-;i.;iil-  ii._',.;.,. 
m). 


ru. 


i.   -1-0. 

!  I'v  .<>-.  I    ...It.  4«i 

JMrlial!;.    .■,:u-.ii  !,■ 

oimni~-i.i!i  (if  ii.-;i 

:'i|i.    1^:1.. 


r\:itit'^  r.f  "triiri'.'.T 


IXDKN 


i/i'f  [I  ff.tcVH    ur    til    *'■.  r.,*f.  1 


2476 


•'.'iicral  sliUi'iiicnl  ol   wiml   ronsiiiiitc^  cininiion  em) 


i;i^. 


pidviiioi-  1)1"  fd'.irt   iin.l  jiiiy,   I'l-'. 
tl!C.ir\'   Unit    >i'ivaiu's   r.i;;li^.'!ici    uii.'* 


1    risk   coiiliiiipl  111  .1   l.v   injiiroil   sorv- 


mit,  V' 


diviTPity  I'l  duties  or  dipwn  iiiciit.*  not  ^iillici 


■Si'luclc    .llllMlM'.     I'.Mi, 


il»-  ii  iiuitcrial.  tlmu^'li  in 


ccintiyM 

illiislnitii.'  oa^is  of  ci.i.inii 


it   (Irri^lMv   iMctor,    I'. 


Iliclil.    t'.'S,    i:i 


scrvuia^  w.irl.uiL'  in 
notf   1    (HI. 


Ollico    ll.lKUtlll    ;il*    ■M\k\ 


rviiiit-1  eii:;.iM(l  in   lii.n.llin^  tin 


»,iiiii'  tr;iui.    I'l^.   II 


iiMt  111'.'  triiin- 


,!.•     I 


41)S, 


hirviUits  wtirkin;;  on  dill'iMc  iil  Iniin-.  4'.is.  mm-  1 
f.<M\;rils  lunidlinp  orilini:ry  train,  jm.I  iIio,,-  iii;| 

vtni.lioii  of  porinaii'-nt  >\:i>  iiml  a|i|iui  l.'ii  in.-.  ■ 
wnaiits  lianillin;.'  wciK    train-,  an. I   tli.'-.    i;ii|i'.i 

i:i-<.  note  I   (e). 


.|..\.'.l 


m    ii|..ur  or  oon- 
•  n    iMTinarr'nl    '.vay. 


wrviints  i-n; 


aL'i'il  in  liainlliii'.;  train-  ,ii;. 


inv   -i.^'iial-.   I'.l*».  n..'..'   1    if). 


M-rvan 


Is    l,cl(i.i;;inL.'    to    ri;..nl  ir    train    ci.  \-.    ami    -wil.hin.'ii.    !!)>(.    n..i(' 


1    (:;i. 
■r\aiii-;  liaiidlin^  rar.-*,  an. I  llu-f      in-|.i'i'.  in 


rrpairin./    tlii'in.     t'"<. 


nti'   1    ill)- 

aiil-i  lianilliiii;   trains,  aii.l  lliii>c  im.iii.i  niiiiu-  ini-c 


llan.'.ius  dutii-   ill 


jar 


lis,  4!>8,  note  i    (i>. 


w.r\ants  on^'a^'ci 


I  smI.'K    in  (Minsli  nil  i.iii.   I'l"*.  n.il.'   I 


srrvan 


ts  loadiii"  car^.  and  tliiis.'  han.ilirj  lii.ni.  »•  ^    ii..'''   1    .'■.!. 


Its  loadiii;;  cari^ 


and  trackiiiin.   t'is.  note   1      I 


I-    t'lliploMd    ill     iiir.-ii 


inii'al    di'i 


lail  iii>iils    ol    lad 


••vs.    4!IS,    note 


I   (m). 


servants  of  niunicipa 


I  ciiiiioialion.  4MS.  not.     I    ■  n). 


servants  in  siore 


s.  4ftS,   II 


ite    I     lo). 


servants  working  on  sla;,-.' 


,.|i,'S.  4fis,  nol.    I 


ervants  in  ini 


llx.  factori.'s.  and  -iiiillu   .-talilisliinents.  4rtS.  imto  1    iq). 


niployte-  i 


n  luinlier  v  ii'N.  4IIS.  note   1    irt. 


rvants  workin':;  in  >\ 


U.llie-.    4!K.    !...!.■    I     (> 


s.'rvants  \v..rki'i..i  in  oi    ai.  .iit    iiiiii' -.  am 
servants  en.L'a'-"d  in  l.iir  'i'l':  ..r  e.|iiippiii- 
crews  of  ships  and  i...ai-.   I' 


1  -iiiiil.r  uork.  4!l>*.  mile   1    .t) 


ii|.-.   I')"*,  nil 


le  1 


1    M 


I  rvants  .'n.'.iL'ei 


1  ill    loa.lin.u'  an 


1   iinliiailinu  sl'ij 


4'.i-i.  II 


lie    1    l^ 


-i-i  vant-  eiii| 


lowd 


ark  of  eon-ti  in-tioii.  4'.i'<.  note   I    (\). 
lam.   I'l^i.  ne'e   1    i  v  i . 


lant-  eii..;ai.'eil   in   lepairiiej   p 

lalit-   operatinir   lioi-tiii','   appar.  tils,   an 

.-italili-liiiie'it.   I'aS.  note   1    izi. 


iiliei    -IT .  ant-    Ml   the    -aii;. 


I    in-i.le  and   out-ide  of   «ar.hon-e-.   faelore's,  eti 


-I  i\aiiis  .  ni;a;;.  ( 

note    1    laa  i . 
rir.pleyees  of  sliowinen.  4!t8.  note    I    il.i.i. 
enipliiyees  in   restaurants,  4!IS.  note    1      (O'. 
emiiLiMTs   of    cunipaiiy    eiifia^rid    in    prodin-ii. 

1    (dd). 


iif   eli-ctricitv.   iW.  note 


alien    of    duties,    when    so 


pii\ent    applieation   o 


f   .1.' 


.III.'.  4'i;i 


1  ^' 

■f      -a 

!       < 
1     .% 

Y 
)0 

m 


. 

|! 

'-  4 

.  i 

,'  ,1  'i 

i    i    ,f 

ij, 

■  i'-l 

■  I 


•  f 
■■  i 


2470  WDEX. 

(.lUlermcet  are  to  (ODilaiM.) 
FEJ.LOW  PF.nV.WT— («)»i<i;iurr/) . 

tlirory  tliat  I'or.iinon  Piiiployincnt  tlcpcnilf  on  irlonlilj   of  <li|iiirtiii( 

or  rons(jciulioii  of  duties. 
idrntity  of  dcpnrtnicnt  ns  ii  test,  generally,  .")00. 

in  <!cor;.'iii,  500. 

in  JlliimiH,  500,  noh'  :i. 

in  Missouri,  500.  note  1. 

in  \ebriisk-j,  500. 

in   Indinnii.  500,  note  7. 

In  I.ouisianii,  .500. 

in  Vii-;.'iniii,  500.  note  7. 

in  \Viisliin<rton,  .■)00. 

in  West   Vii^'iniii.  fiOO. 

in  Koiitueky.  500. 

in  Vtixli,  500.  note  7. 

in  Arizona,  .')00. 

in  IVdenil  eoiftts,  S'lo.  tm'e  .i. 
consiieiation  of  diilieH.  as  a  test  of  eoniinon  employment.  ,^01,  ,'501i» 
relation  between  tiieories  of  noiiassiiniable  duties  and  eoiisoeiai  i.n 

502. 
diirerence  between  idi'ntity  of  depiirlnienls,  not  noeessnrily  conelu.s 
eonsoeiation  primarily  a  question  for  jury,  504. 
jieneral  discu>.sion  of  doctrine.  505. 
illustrative  cases,  500,  note  1. 

servants  en^afied  in  ofl'iee  work  and  in  liandliii<;  trains.  .")iM; 

servants  working  on  the  same  train.  ,"iiiti,  note  1    ibl. 

servants  liandlin;;  different  trains,  50(5.  note  1   (e). 

servants  handling'  trains,  and  switclmien.  500.  note  I    (d) 

serviints  Iiandliii';  trains,  and  i>\press  and  bafrgape  men.  500. 

hervants  handling'  trains,  and  I'ar  inspectors  or  ear  repairers 
1    (f). 

wrvants  handling  trains,  and  watchmen.  500.  note  1   (};). 

switeliin-;  crews  in  yards,  500,  note  1    111)- 

eervants  luindlinp  trains,  and  servants  loadinpr  ears,  500.  note 

servants  handlinc  ordinary  trains,  and  those  employed  in  rep 
struetion,  500,  note  1   i  j). 

servant-,   hnndlin;;   work    trains,  and    those   employed  on    the 
way,  500,  note  1   (k) . 

servants   eii^'aijed   sohly    in    construction    or   nuiintenance   of 
way,  500,  note  1  (1 1. 

servants  in  meelianieal.  ami  those  in  other  departments.  500.  ii 

servants  iii{,Mj{ed  in  ro;indliouses  and  various  shops.  500.  ii.)t 

servant.^  <ii^a;;ed  in  wmk  on  liuildiii}.'s  in  process  of  erect  jdii 
I   (o). 

servants  working;  on  or  iilnnit  ships,  500,  note  1    (p). 

servants  employed  in  coal  yarils,  500,  note  1    (q). 

K,->ivants  employed  in  iron  works,  500,  note  1   (ri. 

servants  eniployerl  in  factories,  etc.,  500,  note  1    is). 

servants  iiiya;;ed  in  minin<;,  500,  note  1   (t:. 

servants  employed  in  hotels.  .500,  note  1   (<i). 


llrplirtlllf'Ilt   (i(  «o 


Iv  COIU'lll.-i\r,  jlC: 


ins.  .">im;    nolo  1 


INDEX.  2477 

(Reffrrnrrft  art  In  KcrdXiM.) 

FEI.I.*'\V  SERVANT— (roii(ini(rf/) . 

MlViints  I'lnplnyrd  in  mills    "(Oli,  note  1    i\t. 
■ii'iVHMtfi  oni|il<)Vcil  in  fninrric-',  .")Oii,  iwiti'  1    iwl. 
niniHcntativf  <'lmiiict<'r  of  servant  (1i'|m'tii1s  <iii  liini'liini-  ■li-rli:ir:.'i' 1    'lOS. 
(lie  riilo  as  rffiurds  tcniixiriiry  vice  piiiiolpals.  .">ti'.i. 
fiini'lions  of  court  iind  jury  in  cli'lrniilTiin^'  (pn^tinn.  .Ml. 
iiirqualily  of  rank,  siiinilicuncc  of  as  .^liou  iip^r  \i,.,.  prim  ipalsliip.  ."lU. 
iliiolrino  that  ])owi'r  of  control  dins  not   -lm«   \Ui-  princip.ilsliip.  .'il.'i. 
rationale  of  doctrini'.  .llli. 

elTi'rt  on  doctrini'  of  direct  iiij;  scrviiiit   to  work  uui-idc  scope  of  iinpl  .y- 
nient,  517. 

power  of  liiriiifT  and  diseliar^iin;;  suliordinalc~.  ~i;:nlfii'ani I.  .iH. 

application  of  doctrine  to  various  ■■radcs  of  -npcrvi^ln^  enii'l'vccs.  :,]'.*. 
illustrative  oases,  fiiO.  note  1. 

general  and  di'partnii'iital  nianaycrs,  ."rjo,  nnie  1    (ai. 

employees  in   control   of  railway  train   oi    p,irts   tlii'riiil,   ,'i2it,   not" 

1   (l>l. 
Hupervisini;  employees  in  railway  yanU.  ,'i:iO,  note  1    (e). 
foreman  of  unekiii;.'  ,i.Mii;:s  on  railway-,  ."i-D.  note  1    (d). 
employees  supervisin;;  track  wdrk  on  railways,  ."i2l).  note  1    'ei. 
emplovi'cs  supervising'  ciin-,t  ruction  work,  ,'ijll,  note  1    if  I. 
BUpervisinjf  employees   in   ineciianieal   departments  of  railway-.   ."JO, 

note   1    {(•). 
foreman  supervisinjr  work  in  ipiarrics.  ."):iil.  note  1    ilii. 
employees   Mipervisinp    the    loadiiit;   of    \eliicles    eisi'wliere    than    on 

railways,  .")-J0,  note  1    ii). 
foreman  of  jjan^s  loadin;:  oi   unloading'  -lil|)s,  .">'_'tt.  note  I    i  ji. 
snpir\  isin'.;  rniployees  in  smeltiiii;  viirk-.  '>1<K  note    1    (kl. 
employees  supervi-iiii;  farm.  .':iil.  note  1    ill. 
eiuidoxcis   in    faclorii's   ami   oilier   places   where  machiinrx    i~   u-ed, 

.■)Jtt.  iu)te   1    I  Ml  I . 
gupervisiiii;  employees  in  mines,  withinil    relereiire  to  statu'e-^.  xlO- 

note  1    in), 
supervisini;  employees  in  mines.  ap]Miintid  under  statutes,  .">2i).  note 
1     (01. 

subordinate  olHeers  of  ship-.  CiH).  note  I    (p). 
comniandin-;  oMicers  of  ships.  .'rJO.  note   1    (i\). 
doctrine  that  all  sujierior  servants  are  vice  priii.ipals  as  re<jards  their  sub- 
ordinates— in  ;,'eneral.  521. 
relation  of  superior  serxanl  doctrine  to  dnctrinc  that  head  of  department 

is  a  vice  principal,  521a. 
rationale  of  doctrine,  522. 

unequal  knowledge  of  superior  and  siihorcliiiate.  ,522.  n. 

lialiility  of  master  of  superior  airent  to  supervise  all  details  of  work, 

522,  b. 
obligation  of  servant  to  ohi'y  superior.  522.  c. 
duty  to  use  care  in  Kivin;;  orders,  reiiarded  as  one  of  master's  non- 

assijjnaiile  duties,  522,  d. 
wimmary.  522.  e. 
wh.Tt  constitutes  e?:ercise  of  control  in  the  meaninjf  of  doctrine.  5.'?  i 


ML     .J 


;::1 


m 


Mi 


■ !  1  if  h 


247i  INDEX. 

{Rf/rrtiicfii  are  to  '•eclliiiit.) 
FKLI.O\V  SKRVANT— (co;iA.iii(.7/». 

•'xistom-i-  or  aliKOiicf  of  power  to  hire  iiml  ili^clmrm"  mihorilin.'i 

cuiU't-  of,  ifi:\. 
illustrative  cnHOH,  ')\i4,  note  J. 

Ki'iKTal  niunuKiii;;  ii^rcrit.  '>2-l.  iicilc  2  tn), 

(■iii|)lo,M-fH  ooiilrolliii;,'  iiKivi'ini'iil'*  nt.  Imt   nut  cipruliti}.'.  i 

note  2   (b). 
ciiililoyiTs  ill  roiitrol  m  niiluiiy  triiins.  Mi,  imti'  J   ici. 
KUpt'rvi.siiii;  i'iii|iliiM'i'<.  ill  inilwa.v  yiinln  iind  ilcpoii.  ,"c'4.  i 
•■mploypoH  HiipiMV  isjii);  linnliii^  of  ('iii».   'I'H.  note  :;    li'i. 
piiiplojoeH  sup«'rvi>iii;!  truck  work  on  ruihviiv.  ,"iJ>,  tmii 
miplovcfs  HU|H'r\isiii|;  variiui^  kiiiiK  ut  poiisli  iiilicui  wnrk 

■i  IJt). 
fori'incn  in  nii-cliiini(';il  ili  piiiiiiK'nti  ut'  riiil»ii,>   i'iiiii|i.iiiii'- 

J  I  111. 
eiiiplo_vt'«'«  in  vlmr^p  oi  iiiiuliiiirry.  :>JH.  iiolp  -^   lii. 
RiilH'rvixiii;;  pliiplovee!)  in  niaiiiifai'tiM  iii;;  i'^talili-<liiiii'iit>.  .'i.'l. 
Kupi'rviiiin};  eniployi'es  in  snicltiiijf  wurk-i.  'fH.  iiotf  2     ki. 
j'liiploywg  jiupt-rvisiii);  moving;  i>l'  licavv  arti(lc>.  ."ijt,  nnti   j   , 
piiiplovi'i's  supcrvisiii);  loadiii);  of  vr^-^'K.  .'1^4.  imli-  1   miii. 
fon-incn  in  qiiarrii's.  rr^i,  untf  li  mi. 
I'oroinen  in  iiiiiifN.  .'rJ4.  imtt'  '1  lul. 
"lliccrs  of  sliips.  .■|J4.  iioti'  2  I  pi . 
r<*la1iiiii  of  a  <;('n('ial  inaiiavin;;  a^i'iit   to  lii>  -iilinriliiiati's.  in  ;.'<'ti<'i 
Uoclriiif  tliiit  );i-iicral  iiiaiia^'cr  is  a  vipf  principal — Kiij;li>li.  ." 
colonial  cuscH.  .iiitl. 
American  cases.  u:J7. 
rationale  of  (l<K-trinc.  .VJX. 
fIo<'triiie   that    >;*'>>■'<<■'    niaiiajrer    is   not   a    vici'    principal -I! 
colonial  cases.  :i\i'.>. 
.Xiiicrican  ca.ses.  ."i.lo. 
opposin;;  theories   rcvieweil.  ."illl. 
rckijon  of  tlepartnieiital  niaiiafier  to  liis  siilMiniiiijIe- — in  j;iiiiriil 
rationale    of    master's    lialiility    fur    iic^'li^iiice    of    ilcpartimi: 

frer,  .i.l.t, 
limits  of  iloclriiu   of  iicp.irtnieiital  control.  .'liU. 
mipervisin^  eniployies  lielil  to  be  lieails  of  depart menls,  .■):i.'i,  m 
employees  in   the  operatiiif;  deiiarlmiiit    of  railway   ciiiiip 

note   1    (a). 
employees  in  chai^'e  of  railway  trains,  .'i.'i.'i.  nuie    I    iln. 
eni|iliiyee-    siipervisiiif;    const riicl ion    and    maiiiteiiainc    ( 

tracks  and  structures.  .').'!,'>.  note   I    (e). 
Riipervjsinjf  employees  in  railway  yards,  depots,  etc..  ."i:l."i.  i 
siipirv  isinK  en.  il  lyees   in  niecliaiiiciil   departments  of  rail 

note   1    (e). 
employees    superv  isinji    railway    departiiieiils    nut    coiinei 

transportation.  'I'.Wt,  note  1   (f). 
Bupervisiii),'  employe<'s   in   manufacturin);  lili-hiiHut- 

I    lf.M. 
foremen  in  smelt  ins  works,  HH't.  note  1    (lij. 


Niiliordinntc*   <i|,-„j 


:)0liititi;.'.  ti.iin-     ji 


iipipal — Khu'li-ii 


INDEX.  .i47.' 

I /.'(.yrirnoM  are  to  ^e(Un»4.^ 

KKM-OW  Sf.RVANT— (co»<murrf). 

•■niployi'rn  •»iiiiri\i-'iiiK  miiiini!  uoik!".  .'i:!.'!,  tmic  1    UK 
«U|)orvif<iTi(:  cimiiIh.mi-*  iiihIi  r  iiiiini' i|>iilii> .  '>''i'-.  iioif   1    iji. 
oiiiployn's  conciTiiiMl  Willi  ttic  l<ia<lin;.'  Ill  vessel-,  .'i  i.>.  ii"l''  Ilk). 
.■i.iniiuiiicliiiK  or  oIlUii*  of  tlii).-..  i>.V>.  not.'  III). 
.iipmi-iiiS  .liiployccs  lifld  not  to  Im-  Ii.m.Ii  of  .l.-|..n  i  imiit-i.  .-i.'.i;.  iinl..   1. 
„,.,., -.il\   <if  ^ll■l^^in^.'  li<  j,'lii,'ini'f  of  Rupi'ii"!   -   Hiiiil,  .■.:;i;.i,  ami  not.'  1. 
„i„»i.r  not    rrHpoii^.ibl.'  tor  oct»  Uyoiul  >':■■]'•■  of  uulli.iiiiv    of  tiip.ii.T  wrv 

uiit.  i'il. 
li.it   linl'li'  for  ml  of  nuporior  in  .■l»i»tisin(f  ^iiv.iiit   in  n.nip.lliiig  Iiim  to 

work.  !>'M. 
tiiit  U  liubU'  f'lr  MipiTior's  viohilloii  of  ilii..l  ..i.l  i-.  ."i.;;. 
iiia-l.r  liiilik'  for  ii.'l^  in  viobitioii  of  iliim   ohUt-..  ^M. 
,li-ii..<-tioii  Letttctn  olliciiil  .iml  nonolli.ial  ,o  u  ot  Mipiivi-iti-  omplov  .•■•«,  .-.rp<. 
,li,tinHion  cuii-^i.l.'rr.l  with  rclali.m  lo  .l...iii!M'  iImi  ii.uiih'  of  iict  u  li»l 
of  liability,  .">:)!'. 
mast.  IS  liability  for  bn-ncli  of  non  .bd.  ••abl.-  tbiti.'s.  .Mo 
uia-l.r  liable  for  Mip.Tior's  n(",'ligeMOf  in  i-iiin  '  onl.Tv    Ml. 

or.l.T  lo  ui-f  (lan^'iTOUKly  tlofcctiv.-  applin •"'11.  ii.ii'   :t 

orJir  to  work  in  an  abnoinially  .lan.;.i.m-  i.lan'.  ."iH.  no-      I. 

.n.lcr  to  il.i  work  in  a  ilaiif;.i.ms  miiiiii.r.  .'H,  ii.il.'  •'». 

or.l.r.  p..|f.inim.i.'.'  of  whirl,  will  rrn.l.r  pl.n.'  of  w..rk  i,l.n..i  ihmIIv  .bm-r 

oui'.  541.  note  0. 
oilier  to  u-e  in-tniiiientalilieM  in  .lai;  •.  r.ui-  iiuinn.  rs,  .'ill.  not.'  T. 
oiil.'r  likelv  to  ciiiliiM-  s.TVaiit.  ."ill,  not''  H. 
fiiilure     of     -np.Tior     ^.•lvallt     to     proti.l      s.,l..ii.liiiateH     from     tran-ilnry 

.lan;;er8,  ri4'.'.  .      ,.     , 

tlLory  tliat  vi.v  min.ii.al  .'.—  n.it  r.  p.e^.nt  iln-  iiM-fr  .•^.■.  |.t  in  .h-.l.arjrina 

noil  ilcliri''!''  <lo1i.'s.  r>4:!. 
tlu.iij   that  vie.'  prin.ipal  i»  not  a  iepi.M'Mt.,1  ive  "I'.m  .'ii;.'..'.-in-  in  manual 

labor,  r.:!4. 
qunlilicalionx  of  tlii>  throry,  .'il'"!. 
theory  tliat   vice  prineip-.l    repn-eiils  ma^t.'r  ev.-n   wbeti   e,,..-,-,',]   in  manual 

labor,  .'1411. 
,li^nis-ion  ol  .l.ietrino  of  dual  eai.a.ity  of  viee  priii.'ipil.  .'IT. 
^.immaiy  of  d.eisi.ins  ren.l.i.d  in  vari.ms  juri-linioiis  iovul^inu'  tbo  vilation 
oit  superior  servants  to  tli.'ir  siibordiuates— in  f;.'ni'ial.    "i4S. 
decisions  eollat.'.!  and  friouped  aeeorditi!,'  to  jnris.lielion,  :.V>.  and  «..l.'  1. 
viee    primipaMiip,   delerniin.d    witb    vefereme    to  cbaiaei.'r   of   ael -in    '.'.n 

.'ral.  .'i.ji». 
collation  of  eases  from  various  jurisdi. 'ion-  sliouin;.'  t.'nii"iial  liinil^  -.f 

d.ielrine.  ,"i.il),  note  3. 
master  liable  for  n.'^ili-enee  wlii.'b  involv.-  Lnul.  of  ...'r-onnl  .luti.'S-in  -.'U- 

eral,  u.'il. 
various  forma  of  judicial  stat.ni.nts  n«.  to  master's  re«poii.^ibility,  5.'.2. 
niast.r  liable  if  lie  fail,  l.>  lind  r.'pre-.nlalives  to  disehar-.-  non-d-k-sixble 

duties,  ,').").'!. 
masl.r   liable  nlthou-i.   ifrnoranl  ol  aji.-iit  s  1,  ,biun!  c..n'!r^::rss.  S'll. 
mast.'i    not  relieve.l   by   is-uin;;  orders   wl.ich,   if  e\.'eiii.-d.   woulc    have 

averted  injury.  .">."i^. 


!•> 


m 


M'lli 


f 


WW  INDEX 

\K«ffrtneri  art  to  itcllont.) 
KELLOU*  SERVANT— <co»ifi»ii.rrf). 

mnstcr  not  rrlievcd  Uy  (net  tliiit  ilclitiiiiicnt  \  .it  «o1p  pprno 

Willi  diitv,  C5:l. 
noiipt'irnriiiiinro  of  pornniiil  ilulv  iKrt  r\eiHt'.l  liy  i-niiiirintion 

i|iiiiiti;;  iii'ipcction,  H.'iA. 
custom  to  (li'lc;;!!!!*  diitirs  ilnrn  not  rrlicvr  iiiH-ilir  f'lr  nr^'li;;i 

nnt,  5,'i:l. 
rnlionalc  of  liortrine  of  nondi-lc-'jalili'  diilic-,  Xti. 
I  oth  cliurai'tor  of  not  and  olIU>ial  po-'ition  of  mu'liicnt  «>'iv;>nt 

gruundn  of  miiHti'ix  lialiililv,  .'i.'i.'i. 
dorlrini*  of  iion  ilcli't;iil)lc  dutiis  ii|i]ilirnMp  to  iirlilicial  pi'inn: 
doolrinp  not  iipplic.ildf  to  HvrvaiitA  of  contiuclorH  woikiu;;  u 

tion  of  priiicipiil.  ."i.'iT. 
d<>li'f;uti<iM  of   pi'iMHiiil   diilii'n  to   iiidrpcndcnt  contrnetdr,  eir. 

SoO. 
Mnii«iicliUM-ttii  diH'triiH'.  .'i<|ii. 
«<TVHM|»  iictinff  ill  iln.il  iiE|...c  iiy.  .'ifll. 

•Ili'lU'iitions  in  pIi\Mliiij;  of  l.i<ii<'h  ui  non  dfli'Knlilp  diitirt.  ■,(•,.'. 
biiidi'n  of  proof  us  to  \i..lali>'ii  of  noii  .Idcy.ililc  diltii.n.  .■)(iJ. 
piopiii'tj  of  instruction^.  .■iii4. 
funrlion^  of  court  nii  I  iiirv.  .'i(i-Ja. 
dutifR  whifli  uro  .IrciiH'il  to  1m'  iioii  dilcH.tlilc. 
duties  iniposcil   \)\  xtututc,  ."iii.'i. 
duty   to   «w    liial    inor^raiiii;    instruiiipntalitirs    nre   rcitwonnl.I 

genor.il,  .")iiil. 
duty  to  HOC  that  inofRiinip  iiHtrunii-ntnlitii-s  of  work,  as  ori;ri 

plied,  were  safe.  507. 
collation  of  csisen  lioldini;  muster  lialilu  for  failure  to  pro>i, 
Htruinontalities.  ."jGT,  note  7 
defeetivf  railway  tra>k  anil  r\ppurtennne<>H.  itOT,  note  7 
inade<iunto    s.ifeKimrds   aj^.ui  ,t   daiiKers    fioiii   explosive   ^ 

507,  note   7    (I)), 
defeolive  appliances  for   protecting  servants  ciifra^'ed   in  < 

6(!7,  note  7    (c). 
defects  ill  liii(l;;es,  trestles,  otc,  .'iti",  note  7   (d). 
defects  in  scafTolds.  stafjin;;,  etc.,  .")(i7,  note  7   (e). 
defects  ill  other  structures.  507,  note  7   (f). 
iin;:uariled  openings  in  lloor,  507,  note  7    (g). 
ilefective  pipes,  etc..  507,  note  7   (h). 
defective   appliances   for   loading  .and   unloading   vMrIe«. 

7   (i). 
defective  locomotivcB.  507,  note  7    (j). 
defective  railway  curs,  507,  note  7  (k). 
defective  ladders.  507,  note  7    (1). 
defective  ropes,  rigjrin-r.  etc.,  507,  noli-  7  (m), 
defective  hoisting  apparatus,  507.  note  7   (n). 
other  defects  in  machinery.  5(;7,  note  7    lol. 
additional   cases  recognizing  general   priiK'ipal.  .'>07.  iinte  ' 
mnster  not  ii.nhlc  unless  negligent  employee   was  aiitlniri.-'  I  t 
appliance:.,  .")07,  note  S. 


nct«r,  elfii-t   iif, 


V"  Mrl("j,  sr.T.  no' 


IXD1..\.  **«» 

(nefrrrnrri  ar§  la  itcUont.) 

n-tinW  SERVANT— ('Oil niMi'-f/). 

duly  to  MOO  tliiit   inmrinir  iiiMrum.  iH  .lilii  •  nro  maintiilno.l  In  -iiilslilw 

fi)nilill..ii  -  Im'I.I  .1.!";:i1'1'',  .Via 
•..iiiic  iliity  t<''l«l  to  U-  ni>iM;"l<".Ml)Ii',  .'iiW. 

ti.ll.Hion  of  pii»i'^  lioI.Ui/  •Imy  U.  in.iiMl.iiii  in:<lrmiiiiit.ili(ii-  in  -iiitnLli- 
cotKlltioii  iKin  <l   !  L"    1'-.  •"'i'*.  ""  '    'i 
.Icfiil ivr  rnilw:i.v  lin'li.  ■'■■^    i>"'''  '■'   '•!>• 
,Uin«.iou»  coiidili'.ii   aloti'.>..:'  oi    iiIk.v   i.ul».iy   tr.i.l.«,   .,0S.   nole 

6   ■!.). 
ilcfrolK  in  otlirr  tciml'*  "f  Ira.'k-*.  VW.  ti'.i.'  f.   !<•». 
.lofcrtlii'  foot |.ii til-.  .'.IW.  IKitr  tl    111* 
iiia.l.MiUiiry  of  ^iif.':;il.il.U  ii-;.uIHt  ,|..ii-  r*  Ircin  r-.plo.hr  .iili^tanro.. 

5tW,  noti<  fi  II' I. 
lniicl"'.ni:i<.v  <if  |>nil.Tti.>n   for  ^i'ImuiI-  .ii;.i;;..|   in  r\civuti  .ii  wrk 

5IW,  nolt!  0(f). 
iiindvinmoy   of  protiilion    fur  Hcrvaiits   worl.in;-  in    iiiinii.   .M'o    nuto 

6   (K). 
ilrfoeU  in  liridjjiv.  .MiH.  note  ti  ilii. 
JrfiTt.  ill  sc.ilTol.U.  platfuim.-!.  ttr  .  .-Hi-*.  I'o'o  «  (ii. 
Ji'Icctn  in  otIi'T  ^ll■Ul■tUlM,  .")IW.  imtc  ti    (ji. 
O.f.Ttivi    mrlli-l   of  lo:..!in^r  ''i'.  ■•''>».  »'•'"'  ''    ''-»• 
pilfii!I«.  '''S.  noli-  Ii    (l). 
want    ..f   ii.lniutit.-    pi'itoction    r;.MinMt    injnrir,    frmn    r.llin-   l-!io«, 

tii'iA,  noti'  •!    Ini). 
want  of  ntlcinal.-  ni.unrt  to  kr,.p  miluMV  car-  >lallonui;      .•i'*,  noU 

fi  (n). 

ili'i'iclivi'  loronii)tivo»,  .'il^.  nulc  ti    loi. 

(I^'fcct^i  in  riiilway  nir«.  .'ili''.  note  H   li'l. 

(1,'f.i'tH  in  otlior  vrliiolcr.,  ."itl-i.  noti-  II  hj). 

.'udctivr  lioilir.  .'iliS.  not.'  Ii   (r). 

dcfwUvi'  lioi-liiii.;  ai>imratus.  .■.Il'^,  nole  0    (s). 

dff.'olivc  n.ljii^tnifiit  of  partn  of  niapliiiiiTv.  .'iCS.  nolo  0(1). 

olV.ir  ilifcctH  in  maeliinny,  M<».  nolo  Ii   (n). 

dcficlivc  lifjliti"';  of  plac"  of  woiK.  ■';■*.  nntr  0   iv). 

otiior  niitlioiili'-'  supporting'  p.-u.ial  piinoipnl.  nOS.  n.it.-  0   («>. 
dnty   to  linvo  worn   out  or  drfcrlivi-  parts  of  iii-UuniPiilalilirs  rq.l.MVil 

liy  i4UitaI>lo  KUll^tillltl•s.  T)"!). 
duty  to  furni-li  iiKili.-iI  troatmcnt,  .")71. 
duty  lu  ..iri'  -uit^ililc  s.rvants,  .-.72. 
duty  to  enip  .'v  siillicii>nt  nunilnr  of  servant".  57!^. 
duty  to  frame' rul.'H  and  r.-ulalioiw  for  oondM.t  of  t.u-in«s  ."4. 
duty  to  bring  rukn  and  rr-ulatious  \o  knowlod'-o  uf  i.iuploy.rs.  .■.::•. 
duty  to  carry  out  nrulalions.  liow  far  :.li-oluto-  in  ■,'..!icial,  .'.711. 
with  respect  to  niovenients  of  trains.  .>77. 

doctrine    that    train    despatoluvs    :.r.'    vice    principal-     in    K'""'''- 

."i77,  a. 
tr.".!!!  despatel.ers   repn-- ut  tlie  eoiiipany  at  to   spcrial   ord.is  su»- 

pinding  r(j;ubr  timetables,  077,  h. 
(loctriiio  that  train  dcspatchors  are  net  \Wr  pi  in(  iimI-.  .■i7:.  c. 


iil 


l-J 


!««i  IXDKX 

lUil*ifHvf  ur«  In   .»i'»in..  ) 
FELLOW  HKHVAN'T-  -(rf,„l  ,urd] . 

liiilillity  of   riiilHiiv    roiii).  uiii  ■.    Int  (i.;..|.m     i.-p   nf  fi.|l„vv 
trilll>nlillil;^'  or  tMrinna  «irii<-r»,  .  ,  r,  il. 
•liiiv  III  iiKliiiri  111  to  |Hi!iirimiit  i!.iri';ir«  nnnnnM.*   iii"-iilc»it  !• 
tliiiv   lo  iiii|iarl    iiil'iiirii:iliu'i  u-  lo  |,.  .iii.ukiiI   (l.i,ii,»<'i.4  ,ui)i  i 

•  iiiiiiiirnfi'iiii'iir  iiC  ncirU,  .'iTll. 
clul.v  (o  Willi  ii«  I"  liiii:;.  r*  of  ir.iii-'ilory  n^iltir*"   .■.■.<•, 
ililtj  toiii-iMt   iii-iiiiimiiUliti.^     ;;rnti.i!l,v,  ..y  I. 

to  ilHIiii'l   lliriii  at  till    tiiiii'  t!  i>   1,1,    lift   l.iii;i;;Ui    iiil,,  II 
to  ili^iircl    l!ii'in   while  llii\    ,iii.  ;.,.], I    |„  ||.,._  ,,1. 
iii-.lriiiiiiiiliili"ii'«  U'lnnuiM';  to  unollur  |.i  i     iti   i.'M.j'ir.ii  i 
liiaitcr,  .">M. 
lialiilit.v  of  cMiiiliiui    r<ii    ■.irvMiilh  n. 'j'!'.  ncc  in  n^  .1.:    {„  .|,.|..|l- 
■."'iicriil.  ."i^ri. 
'ir|m\  i-ii.ii  of  ililiiil-.  nut    im,<  t.j  ,    !iiiy,  ,".Mi. 
nil  rrly  triiii-i'oi  v   piiil-.  ini  in-  mi   l.oiiiiil  t.i  pint.ci      .   ;, 
di.iipTa  cuu.i-.l  liy  |iiii-ic..,  iif  H,„|,  II.  ,,t,,-  |i,,|   l„  1,111!   i„  , ,,.,!, 
.".s«. 

prc|iiiiiiliiiii    01     cm-    iif    iiiHliiiiMi  iitaliii.H,    iiia-<t.r    imI     r 

«liirc  llu'sc  fiinctiiiii-  iiii-  iciil  iil  v.uik  to  Iji'  i|.    1. .  .-li. 
Ii<r'i;riiit  Use  nf  ,iif,.  «|.|,li:iiio,  .s  by  filluu  mmv;i:i!,  in, .-1.1  11,1 

for.  ri'JO. 
niliniiiili.  of  iloctiiiii-  CM 1.. 1-1  IT..    II, .-I, r   fioiii   li.iiiili';,    f.,r   „. 

riiin  in;;  oill  ililiiil-  i<l  vi.ik    .".'!. 
pliiuliii;;  -drelarutiiifi.  .liij. 

pifi,  oi>i. 
iiiNtrui'lioiiit,  S!)3. 

fuiiptiiiii<  of  iMiuit  aiif!   jiiiy  in  (laiiiii'  iipnp  (.■  i.l.iir...  ."Tl 
ncgli>;i'ti.-c  ill  n*.-  ol   i:    1 1 1.;.,.  ui.ilii  j,-,  iii.i-,.r  nut    i,.,-|„ii   i!,l,.  |,  , 
^|M•(■liIl;,'  ii-c  Iif,  ,");iii. 
in  (.'iinral,  ,>'J(i.  u. 

oriN  i-  iiriiiiii|i  iiiii'l  liv  an  .i-^iiraiw,,  i,i  -,ifcH,  .•.'m;    ],. 
d^'-icc  1)1  luliinlar  iiiHliu,!,.  of  »oik,  .'I'l;. 
•li'tlilmtion  of  finer  of  fiiiplnyecH,  ."ills 

n-sivniiij,'  rtei\.inls  1..  winl;  fi.r  «Iii,l,  iliey  are  iiii;ilte.l,  :,'.■:> 
Iir;jli,venee  in   seinliiiu   tenant   into  alin"iin;illy  ilaiv,'vr.M  .   |,l  i- 

wariiiiif;.  tiOO. 
fiiiluie  to  warn  s,'r\.<t'[.  a,  ;,,  ,1,,.    ,,,^  ,iii.i,..    ii,,i,,  ,\iimi;i.  ,i 

of  work,  CO  I. 
alisenee  of  coeiii[i;iiy<>o  fmni  pf-i  of  iliily.  tiltj. 
^eleelinf.'  illip.-i  I'.,  ;    applianec-  fn.iil  stue';  av,iil,'li!e    ilil.l. 
failing;  to  use  iiistninienlalilieH  fiirnisiifil   l,\    ma-tei.  liOI. 
n(vli;-'eliw  ill  failing.'  to  .li^eanl  11  .lifeelive  f„r  a  .«nit.il>lo  iiiMr.u 
<10.). 

U.siiiK    iiintruinenlalily    in    in.inn'  1     n    1     Mintenril.il   ,1    ..r    .in!!.' 

mniter,  fiOlj. 
pi\  in;;  (i(  (.iirnals,  1,    .". 

li(;;li^'eiioc  in  caiiMii',,'  '"lit  expres,  onlir-  or  result!  I  inni   if  ni:! 
failire  to  piw  in-l  lu' I  ipus,  (idO. 
manipiilntii.ii  nf  in-itninienlalii  i,>u  ilurieir  pro^Tess  of  wo:!,.  1;! 


iM-icli'nt  li.  ,     ■ 
rl,4    ,uj)i  l,..|  :.  i 


;lii   int..  u-,-,  ■-_• 
1. 

I.'iiij.'ir.i,  i'      .|. 


(«.■ 


INUKX 

(<•»  or*  to  ».■•«.' 


[ll.iiU    >i:i!V  \XT--(.<)i  ^>.u«J) 

v.iil.ilii.ii    of  I'.i-.'.H    illintriilr  ■•    nonlinl.ilily  of  niji.t.r    .'.  i   .. 

hinuiiiii;.' t.it''vay  cufK  ;i'iil  liM'oiiiDi  jM  -   'iln.  noi.    i     u|. 
lip.  liiliii^  Imml  ciHi«,  lilO,  iioti.  1   ili 


lt4t>:l 


■  W.Tl.C     III 


iiiipi"|. 
Iii:iiii|iil 


■riv  |r.;i<lii.y  fwi*  iiih!  dIIht    .    hic|t«.  1)10,  ii'li'   I    '••I. 


I^lt 


1  itc!,i'",  <'.  M      li'.tp   I    ((It . 


luiliiiL;  to  pi'i.-iit   iiiiniiiK  "f  !ii'.u>    p^ 


I'i  IllitrMli.  I  V     1.  111.   ll>'<<'    I 


(CI. 


|..i;iiiiiii  iif  hoii-tiii!;  nuirliiii' I  ■ 
..|iiiali()|i  of  MiiiPliincry  i"  nvi 
i.pi  riitiii).'  liTP  ho«e,  fill).  ii'>tr  I    ih 


!l.  I 


lO. 


ftiiiUii;;  iiiin'lun''ry 


Wil  I'l.lll     v\..l  Ml   ■     .    '.Ill,    III.'.'     I     (  j  I  . 


nii.vi!".' 1>' 'vy  nrlifli-.  I'll"   ii..'>    1 
ciiii-iiiK  111    illiiwiiij.'  Ill     "ny  nl.j.r 
(:iiUiiK  '"  !>i<'*'nt  1  \|i|.    Mii^,  111!  . 
work  of  l,lii>tiii','.  Om,  n.iti-  1    lii) 
f.iiiiij.'  to  li''I'  !"'il»iiy  .-.fiiri'.  <!!' 


•'  fii'r\iiiu  In  oM'i— 'H. 


fh 


til  Ui .  |i  I 


ICC    111 


•il. 


I"'l" 


fjiliii;.'  to  keep  jil.!..'  of   .-.■111.  pnni, 


I    II,  mil,  I I    !  |i. 


Ill,  n.'ti.  I    I  [11. 

I,-  vcnlil;.!.'!,  lilll.  ii.itc  I    ''|). 
!  Iv  liL'li'."'    ';li>.  null'   1    'II. 


«'\]10»II1J.'     •I'lV      1 

(ipciinip-,  •'< ' 
hiinilliii;;  'liip« 


1.1  ]. 
Ill-  I 


■  1  il    iricH  Mil 


.1    luit 


Ulf 'tlW   i\  H    . 


I     . I, 111;;.'!. li- 


ck-  '.111. 


1  it  I 


nii\i.!.Mtiiii;  -Mp-.  I'l''.    i"''    1     "  i 
.Iriviii;.'  I'  .i>'  -.  '■!".  II    I'    I 

n,  ^.IJM.r.-i'  ill  11,11    ii.i.-i I'  111'     I' 

lii'uli-,"  n.  c  of  tclif;ru]ili  i>im  luUiri 
;;lij;.  '!(■.■  lii       .  .1 '.p:i:il  in;?  Ill   III."  ill,'  ill','  il 
1(1  111.!     .1  -  ill  t'.ii.  ri'l,  lll'2. 


:  .«    II)    lit:    .1     -.■!  I    111' 

ilr.i.'l-.  nil.  It.. I.    I. 


till. 


-  I  I    nil.  I   '.lil. 


HliiMi  II'.:   iiii|i 


lit..! 


Ui.'li   iiriiilii'.'-i  -till'-' iii.il    III-. ill.  ly   .if  l.iiip..i.ii>    .■ImriiPtcr. 


{ 

I- 


.1.  :i!i:i 

'l.'-l  I    '    !    ■.'     V  111 


IMS  .if  nii!  111.  li 
«  oi !, .  r. !  I. 


Cllli 


11    1. 1       111!  lull 


li.  •■.  IlIJll     lint.'    I. 


.l.-('.'t»   111    l:iil«.l\    tr„.'k:-l.   li'-Jil,   II.. I.'    1     ml. 
di-pl.ici  ii"'ii:   of  l-'iiiiil  |iriiM'lcil  fur  .I.iiiij'i.iti-  in.i 


•liiiicrv.  ni-j 


I    il.). 


iliiicj 


1-   -111 


in  cxr .    itmii  w.i 


rk.     ticticli.  -.  mill.'-.  .Miarric-. 


CIC,  lil-.l,    II.  lie   1    (c) . 

iii-ci-     iri-iii'j    fimii 


Ctl,tll',;llll»      C( 


iii.litifin  of    liiiil.Ii 


mil    otlicr 


.-InicHiic-  \\\ Ill  c 


■HI-.'  of   >  1.  •■ll'i 


ir  |.|.:iir.  IllJii.  Iiiitc   I    !  il  I . 


(kin'.'c|>  iiiciiii'iii 


til  (Icmoliliiiii  of  liiiililili;;i,  IIIJii.  note  1    icl. 


in  f.iilini.'  to  ii.liii-t  or  -c  .uic  in»i  ii.iiicntalillts  or  their  piirl-  wliil. 


111.!. 


ii,,j,li._..  .,,.    i„    ;ijipiiipi  iiiioii    of   ti'iiiporiiry    iti-.triiiiiciiinli 
Hull.    -J'liicrnl  rill.'.  I'.l  1. 


lilicji  ii!i   part   of   tl 


folliitior.  of  iiiillioriiic-.  I'.l  '.  i.otc  1 


■  m   -i.   iTfi'.!-..  :'.!:'.71T1 


.J  I  ..«*{•.  rvu 


etc..  (T!4.  n"tc  1  (n  > 


;ipi.'i..iii.iii  of  Mil.'  ill  c.i-c  .if  oilier  111-' ruiMciitii lilies.  11 M.  note  1  (li). 
rntioiiiili   1111. i  liiiiiti.  of  ni.i-t.i".-  cm  iiipi  i.nt   froni  linliility  for  Biljustment  or 
.i[.pr..|ii  iiii  ii.ii  i.f  iii-ii  inn.  iitiiliti.'-.  lil.'i 


H 


24M  INDKX 

(/.v/nriid     iiM'  to  ticttonH 

KEU-OW  StUV  \ST-{co>,li„utJ). 

burden  o{  proof,  (]UPittioii>t  for  j>irv.  inhiiiii'tinn^.  i;i,'). 
special  circunmtuiceit  imi  airrrtin^;  cMiiit  ul  iiiukUt'h  li;iliilit.v.  R1 
Biipcrior  rank  of  ililiMijuciit  nnployci',  (ilU,  a. 
similarity  or  (Ii>~iiMilarity    f  work  in  whirli  ili'linc|U<'iit  and  ui 

HIItK   wclr  <>n;:jf.'<(l,  (!l<i,  li. 
ciiniphtion  oi  jippliaiiPc  bcfnro  pljiiiliir  ''n'orpj  Ptiipln;.  iiM'Mt, 
wlini  (Iclinqurncy  is  (lociiieil  ni)t  to  Iw  in  rf!.)i<(l  to  details  of  woik 
'"'(;•  if;'''"''  "f  co>(rvuiits  wliosr  duly  it   i>  lo  kicp  iiislniiin'iitalilii" 
roiulilion, — insporlion  ami  ni'.ii'-.  "IH. 
collation  of  aiitliorjtii's  ar<m;'id  iurdKlin;:  to  juri-diclicjn.  ills 
l!icory   tliii'    lialiilily  of  nia-ltr  di'iiiniU  on   snl.ji  ct  iiiMlti-r  <if 
or  rip.  irs,  lil.i. 
collaiion  of  ;iiilliorilii>  ilhislralin';  dnctlinc,  fllll,  note  I. 
inspiTtion  am!  npair  of  i.iihvuy  traoU-i.  (>I0,  noto  4   i 
insjK ctiiin  n.nd  rcpiiir  of  lulling  stock,  til!l.  note   I    ili 
inKpicliiin    of   ndlin;;   stock    lic|oiif.'ing  to  other  coin|. 

note  4   (c). 
Inspe'lioii  ;ind  repair  of  otiici    kinds  of  niacliiiieiy,  (1 

(d). 
inspect  inn  incidintiil  in  i!i  i  :ii-  .  i  hlasliii};  Hoik,  tilil,  i 
in'.prctii.n  ni   IljuN  on  railway  ciir~.  (!l!t.  note  4      ti. 
mn-trr  liaMe  -.vlnii'  dilincunul   >cr\ant   u.i-  eni.'i;."d  in  (ii:!-  i 

«dlk.  tiJO. 
11   L-Jiu'ince  ill  lailiivj  in  npjiicv  \iii~tiiiiid  by  scnind  applianre.  \vl 

iiol   lialde  f(jr.  Ii2\. 
nil  eniplc).\ii'.  iii  .:m.:iiI    in    rcpaiiiiii;    ri'^Miilcd    as    coscrvanis 
other,  I'lJJ. 
exception   in  f.i»i-  of  liaimncii   iii|iirr.l   tlinm^'li   iii>};lii.'i|i>i' 
spector,  tiJ'J. 
wli:it   I'niployeis  are  siipeiiiUindiiil.-  iiimIi  r  Alaii.inia  act.  tiSI. 
uiidi  r  (anadi'in  ami  .\'i«tralian  acts,  (W:i. 

Milder  Kn^'ll-'l  .  \i'u    York.   \la»sacliu~el|».  nnd  ddnrado  a  i-,  i\ 
us  til  M<l~  ci'im  iniliii;,'  n.  •.rliii.Miee  in  the  e\iiiisi.  nf  •.iiprriiili'iel 

eiiiploy.rs"  li.iMJily  acts,  IIS7. 
nppiic.ition  of  dneiriiic  to  volunteer^,  flDI. 
Hppli'-.iliilitj    nf  defeiiM'  of.  under  ;;i  inral   -liiliili-  tKiii:^   li;iliilil\    f.i 

tills, 
unaut  I  nri/i'd  net   of  ^lallltnry  \  iei'  piiiMJiMl.  iiia.-.tii    iini    li  iMc  |..i 
sliitulnry  lia'iility  fur  iii  fjliyeiire  of  enrl.iiii  >iiri-iliiMl   i.iiJH.iv    rrn>i!i> 

707. 
siili:,  i   ncy  of  ciiiiiplaiiit    willi  relir'iii-e  to  filloiv  -rvatn   dnilijii.v  s 
neeessitv  tliat  d(■f^■ll^,'  of.  he  spirially  pleaded.  Sill 
ineniiiprteiiiy  of,  lis  prnxiiunti-  (•aiise  nf  injury,  .St)!,  iiiite  .'.   n- 1 . 
nep!i;.'iiiii    of  vice  principal  a-  iiroviiiiati    cause  of  itiiiiiy,  Siri    noii- 
Mincurriii^'  neirliRenci'  of  master  and   fellow    servant.  Iialiiltt,\    of  n  . 
judicial  notice  a-<  to  duties  of,  8S1, 
liuhillty  In  cell  otlicr  for  peiaonal  injuiics.  SJft. 
mailer's  duty  with  re^^pi  ct  to  employnicnt  of.  ^ee  I'mi'ioymi  \l  nr  ' 
I'ffect    upon  dnclriii.'  of  employers'  lial.ility  ads.  m'e  .'s|  vi  i' |o;:v  l.iv 


1\ 


cllilll'lV,    (il'.l.   Mil!. 


hi^iiliM    fill  iiiiMri" 


INIJKX.  USi 

ylteltrencf  art  to  «i'<  liuaa.) 

'tscns. 

railway  fences,  sec  Raii.iioads. 

I  IRK, 

defective  temporary  coiiiiilioiis  exposiii;;  servants  tn  i!  ni'^i^r  from.  101. 
want  of  means!  of  ej^rens,  a>^iiini|>tioii  of  risk  inlcrrid  iruui  lviio.\|iilyi'  lUereof, 
277,  note  1  (n). 

H.OOUS. 

u|H'iiiiip^  in.  linhilily  for  injnrie«  ri'siiltine  from.  SO. 
aH>iim|ilion  of  risk*.  'JTJ.  note  1    (ni. 
gervanlH  eliarnnl  with  iliity  of  fjiianliiij;.  •!       |.i  in  i|> 'Kliip  nf.  :>C,'    not* 

7  IR). 
defects  iif  a  temporiiy  or  triiii>itory  n:ilurc.  H7,  nnti'  I   (U). 
S-e  also  Uxci'AUoil)  (>iM.M.\(ix. 

iLORinA, 

ildctrine  tlint   .issiimption   of  ext  lanriliiiu  v    u-k    i^   iniirnil    from   servant'* 

l,no\vli'(l<,'c>  llicrriif.  274,  noli-  I. 
iliiilriiie  as  to  eoiurilintory  ni';;li^<  iH''.    "•''  i.  Ii- 
ilicUions  involvinj;  relntion  liriuccn  sup  rim  iiml  siilior  liiiate  siTvants  as  re- 

(.Mills  master's  liability.  "•r>.  note  1. 
vice  prineipalsliip,  toleil  1>.\   mm  ilili^jjlili'  ii.iliiri'  o(  iliitii-.  enllation  of  eui-i'H, 

••iSO,  note  3. 
;iftion  undi-r  statute,  eoiilrilmtory  iiei,'lii;enif  u>  a  ilcf.ii-.'.  li.')!.  note  1. 

n.VINC,  SWITt'llKS.     See  1!aii.I!oai)S. 

ii;i;ii;n  cars, 

liulilily  of  railway  eompnnii'^  lor  eomlillon  of  Piir«  r iv.il  frum  "tlnr  roads, 

ia  Reniral.  173. 
iilili'.-alion  of  reeeivin;;  eonipaiix   to  inspi'it   |i  iiitiii  c.irs.  171. 
clTicl  of  manner  of  eoiistriietion  of  foreitrn  e.us  as  ,i  .sdiiri'i'  of  liil'ility,  17.'>. 
ilfict  of  statutory  and  eonsliliil  ional  provi-ion.s  reiiuirin;;  riiil«.iv  companivH 

to  transport  fc>reij»ii  eiii*.  ITli. 
duly  to  inspect.  ni)ndeliy..lil.',  nM-tcr  li.iMe  for  u.-liL'cncc  of  vice  principal. 

.••)S4. 
iiit.'li;;cnee  in  inKpeetiou  of.  lialiility  nl  nwi-iir.  ill:',  noic  4   le). 
iixl  of  statute  apporlioninir  il.inia'.'is  in  ei-r  of  unit, ml  dcl.iult,  7."  la. 
ii'Nt  of  employers'  lialiility  st:ituti-.  7-"i4a. 

cimstruelion  and  elfi-et  of  tlii-  -t.iiule,  "•■•■">. 

I  r.KKDOM  OF  CONTR.VCT, 

tlicorv  that  sdvant  acts  vcduiil.ii  ily  in  intirins  m   >■  iii  imint;  ia  ;ui  employ 
mcnt  witli  knowledge  of  its  d.iMi;iTs,  stated  and  criticised,  OJ  U(J. 

ItKlCIIT  CARS.     Sec  Raii.iioaos. 

IKIMIS  AND  (U'AUl)  lUII-S.     Sec  Raii.uoaus. 


0. 

li.^KGWAYS 

defects  I.I  ;i  tiiiiporary  or  tvan^iloiy  nature.  'M .  note  I    (3). 


iiiiii 


J 


-2486 


INDEX. 


■1 


ilM 


II 


iUcfi  iriiirK  art  tu   lectinnt.) 

r.ANGWAYS— (co.irinucrf). 

cases  illubtrutin);  .luctrint-  tliut  ix'rviint  i»  not   Imuml  to  insport,  41 
(ID. 

(5KXKRAL  M.\N.\GE1!. 

knowlod^r  of  defecl  in  Jiiiiliniiccs  ini|iiilod  to  iiiiistcr.  1.50.  a. 

us  vici-  prinripiils.  ."I'iO,  note  1,  o:i4,  nolo  J  (ai. 

relation  of,  to  his  sulioiiliniitcs,  ,")2.">. 

doctrine  that  (jcniTul  n)uniij.;<r  is  a  vici'  |irih(i|)iil,  .'iJii  523. 

doctriiio  thtit  he  is  not  ii  vice  principal,  52i).  .'iMO. 

o|>posing  theories  reviewed,  n'M. 

tJEORClA, 

dortrine    ihat  Hssiimiition    of  f x(rnordiii:irv  ri«l<    is  inferreil    fiii;n 

klM!ulc  du'e  lliereof,  274.  liiile  1. 
doctrine  as  to  pdntrilmtorv  Meali;;t  lu'.',  :>11.  c. 
fillowservaiit  doetrine,  idcnlily  of  deparlnieiit.  .'.oo. 
defi-iiuis  iiivoIviii!{  relation  liotween  superior  and  8ul>ordinate  -i-rva 

gards  nmsti'r's  linliility,  54!).  note  1. 
vice  principal>liip,  tested  l>y  nondele'/alile  niitine  of  dutieo.  pollatioii 

550,  note  3. 
constitutionality  of  eniployers'  liahility  act.  tJ45,  a. 
action  under  statute,  cfmtribnioiv  ne-iUijeiice  as  n  chfeii^e,  ti.M.  not 
text  of  stalnles  al)r»^'alin}.'  fellow  -eivant  doetrine  as  to  ruilmad  e 

construction  of  this  statute,  7.)". 
text  of  statute  declaratory  of  coninioii  \:i\\   lellowservant  duel  rim 
lialiilily  of  riicivers  under  <tal\ili's  for  beaellt  of  railway  einplcn. 
complaint  .   averment   as   to  -ervant's  freedom   from  eontrilinlori    n 
S.^S,  note  •>. 

CJLAItDlNG  MACIIIXKUV. 

liability  arising  out  of  failure  to.  see  Um.i  auuku  ilAciiiM  .:t. 


HAUITS, 

evid''nce  as  to.  for  purpose  <><    liowing  employer's  conduct  at  time  nf 
825, 

HAM)  (Alls.      See  U.MI.ROAns. 

H.VTCIIVVAVS, 

nefili-icnee  of  coservuiil   in    expo-in;»  another   to  <I.iML">r.   11  iMIiH    .1 
010.  note  I   (s). 

See  also  lM;t  Ai!i)H>  ^)|'I;M^^.'7. 

IlKATKI)  METAI-S, 

n^suniplion  of  ii»k->  .iii>in>r  out  of  ■•\-H'm  nf  liaiMiIiiej.  '..J.  rioie  .'  i 

llltiHWAVS, 

a.-'Miriiiiliiin  of  ris!;-.  arising  from  (Icf.ct  in,  272.  i  me  I    i  j). 


INDKX. 


2187 


{ItrffHiicru  (ire   to   Mfcli'int.) 


Hil    fiii;ii    sprvjn- 


IiniSTTNO  APPLI-WCKS. 

(Ipfccts  of  temiiorary  or  Irnnsitdry  naliiro.  (10. 

ahsiiniption  ol  ii-ili><  from  iIcfrM-u  in.  '.'T-',  iiotr   1    ik). 

kiiowlrdpr  of  ctilnin   ri>k-<   iii)t    inipmid   In  iMi\|"ii.  iicc.l   ..rxMnt.   Sn.">,  notr 


>l.iMi 


•-'    (H». 
frlloH    -riinnt^.  mma.uiI-  <i|wi  al  in;;  am!  ntlirr  .ir\aiil-.  in  tlir  -..uiir  < 

nirnt.  4!'S,  niilo  1    (z). 
ncrvants   diar^icd    willi    iliit.v    nf   fiii  ni-liiiii;   saf.'   cuk  s,   vice    |.riiii'ip-il-lii|i  < 

o()7.  null?  7  (n) . 
HMvanls  cliar;.'!.!  wllli  duly  of  inaiiitainin;'  salVty,  vipi'  |iriMri;i:>l-iiip  of.  .'i 

nod' ft  (s). 
lialiility  of  iiuiHlrr  fm  iif;.'li!;<' if  rii-i'r\.iiils  in  opcraiin;.'.  tllii.  null'  1   'i 

St"''  aUo   OKKliK  KS. 


IIOTKLS. 


siTvanfs  fmploynl  in.  vlin  aii'  fc'llow  siTvantx.  .'iiMi.  ii..ic  I    itil. 
lUsa\ND.\NI)  WliK 


aft  ion 


liv  siTvaul  for  injinii^  lowifc — a\aila'iililj    of  .1   hn-i'  xi  f>'IIo«   rfry 


ant,  4H1. 


KKM.Iin:. 

(Icficts  of  a  trniporaiy  it  lia.i-itoiy  n.iini".  07,  noti'  I      \). 

ILLKIiAI.  ()llll'.\TI()N 

li'.'lit  of  einployi'cs  to  rccoM  r  wln'ir  injniiil  «l,ilr  uoikin;;  on  Snii  l..v     !  Ml 

ll.UNOIS, 

(l.,(tiiiii-  tlial    a-«ntnplion    ol    cM laonllnaiy    ri.-k    i-    ii.i.iicd    from    s.v.  ;i.i'- 

Knmddlyi'  tloLof,  :;7I.  not.'  I. 
iliKlrlnt-  «•■  to  .•null  iliiion   n.  ■.■Ii,'i  nee.  .il  t,  il. 

of  .■nipliiyi'c  colli  iiiiiin;.'  at   ui  lU   wi'!i  know  Ii'.Il'''  of  .il.noi  iii.ii    li-!.-. 
:;!iSa. 

rloitrini'  as  to  violation  of  riil^  -  rtii,-i  it  ill  ill'.'  roiili  ilmlorv    n>irliL"i "M'. 

fill(.u  M  rvant  dirtrinc.  iclctillty  of  d.  pai 'ni' iil.  .Mio. 

vi.-.-     priiipipal^liip.   tcsli-d    liv   iion  d.'oi^alili-    natmi'  of    diili.-.  ...Ihiiion     i.i 

la-i  s,  ."i.'i'i.  noti'  .'l. 
diKtrinf  tliat  complaint  nci'd  not  alli;;i'  iii.i-liiV  kiiMulduv  of  ilii-.iiin>  cor. 

ilitio!i».  Soli,  note  !». 
do  I  rim-  that  I'oiiiplaint   iiiiKt  aili-_.    plaiiii  i;!'-  want  of  knowlidi;"  of  da;iT"r 
oiiTi  conditions.  H.'>7.  noli'  .i. 
contrary  doctriiu'.  H.'>7,  note  7. 
complaint,  averment  as  to  Kcrvant>    fniili.iii    from    contributory    niL-liL- m- 
s.->S.  note  2. 

IMI'IKiVKMKXTS, 

ii-c  of.  on  only  portion  of  in«trunicntalilicj.  prc-iiniptinn  of  ni';;li._'.iiii',  :1H. 
ih:i>tir  not  houml  to  ndopt  any  particular  niocliaiiical  iniiniM  inont,  :!.'i. 
iiKi-icr  not  houml  to  adopt  now  appliiin(i-<.  :i',i. 

unless  present  oni's  are  not  feasonahly  safe,  40. 
Vol.  11.  M.  4  S.— 75. 


*J 


'Mflftl 


k 


i 


!!:i 


S4M  INDEX 

tllff^mrei  air  tn  firrtlnn:\ 

IMPROVEMKMS— (row/inurrfl. 

or  arc  Hpcrillrully  dcfpctivp.  41. 

or  tlio  riskH  iiii'iilfiit   lo    \i»in;;    prcsrnt    one*    iir^    not    fiilly  i 
by  Horvant,  4 J. 
iIiH'ti'iiio  Hint  miiHtpr  wlio  nilii|it*  iii«li  iiiiniitiilili"-  in  cdiiiiiuin  Ufi'  i 
ncjtlipi'iioi'.  44. 

I.MinTKl)  KXOWLKDT.E. 

o(  nwii-tiT,  spt'  Kvdwi.EDT.r.  ok  Mastkb. 
of  HiTvaiil.  HOI'  Knowlukje  ok  Servant. 

iMPi'TKi)  xi:(;rj(iKX(E, 

wlii-ii  ncKliK'-nw  of  aiiotlier  person  inipiiliil  to  servBnt.  31S. 

IXCO.MrKTK.NT  I'KnsONS. 

linliility  of  insane  pnipIoyiT  for  injnii<'»  to  sprviml.  HCi. 
MR  to  ineonipptcnt  sprvHntK,  hcp  CoMi-nKNi  v  of  Skkn-vnts. 

INDKrKNDI'.NT  CONR.XCTOK. 

duty  of  nini*lcr  to  insppct  »liuotMrp  rnctiMl  lij.   l.').'!. 

injury  of    liy  Hi'rvinl  of    cnnlriiotfo,  nppliiiilion    of  fellow  ■i<r\iint 

t'.»ln. 
linliility  of  muster  for  nej-ligence  of,  in  iwrlorniin!;  noii  iIi'IilmM"'  • 

INDIANA. 

doelriiip    that    .■it^iiinption  of    pxtrai  .ilimiry  risk  i»    inferif!    ihm 

knowli'd^p  tlierrof.  274.  note  1. 
ri(:lit  of  employee  to  reeover  where  injured  while  workiii;;  on  Mini 
doetriiie  itx  to  iissnniption  oi  risk,  perforiiiinj;  dulie-*  outiidi.  -ici|,.' 

ineiit.  4<i4. 
fi>llo\(  servant  dootrine.  identity  of  department,  600. 
caws  determiiiiiii.'  status  of  general  niana^jer  a«  a  viee  priiiiip:il.  . 
drrinioim  involving'  relation  In'twwn  superior  and  Hul«>rdin:\i.-  -n 

jjariU  nuistiTs  Ijaliility.  r>4!>,  note  1. 
vie-'  prinripalship,  tested  by  nondele;:a(de  nature  of  duties,  ."i.Ml   n 
ntpli;;encp  of  eoeniployep,  insfwction  and  repair^.  nonliatiilii>   "f  n 

note  1. 
action  under  statute,  eontrihutory  ne(»li).'eure  as  u  defiii-e,  (l.l    ii, 
trxt  of  employers'  liability  net,  658. 
as  to  const ruetion,  operation,  anil  efTect  of  employers'  lialiilii.\   :ul 

I'TOBY    LlABii.iry. 
liability  of  reieiMrs  uuiler  statutes  for  beiiefit  of  r:ilhv:n   . mii!' ■ 
doctrine  that  enuiplaint  need  not  allege  master's  kiioAJiilv'.   .t  .in 
dilioiis.  Sfiti,  note  !•. 
contrary  doctrine,  S.")7.  note  "2. 
Com|ilaint :    aveinient    us   to   servants   freedom    Irom   eonti  il.iii"i\ 

8."i8,  note  4. 

INF.XrKKlKXCKI)  MINORS.     See  Minors. 

I  N  i:X  PKUI KXCKD  sr.in  ANT. 

duty  of  master  to  instruct,  see  iNSTnrcTioN  of  Sfrvanf"?. 
knowliilj:''  imputed  to.  see  Knowi.kikif  of  Skrvant, 


't         t 


acpiil'-iit, 

til    i'\>  I  H'nliiiary    atrain. 
I.-.!",  t. 


IKDEX.  (480 

{Ucfcrvnrri  ore  to  ffi'Hon».i 

lysrrmny. 

wlirn  inKlrmiiontnlitipn  are  nr«t  hrouglit  into  Ui«— tl\o,p  nmniifiii'fiirod  by  cm- 

,.i..j,r.  an. 

tho<i'  piirtlinncd  nv  (iiiplii.VJT,  I'lll. 
,ill)n<i<'""'  iii«l'<'<'''""  tliiiiiii-'  "*'■  "'  inslriimoiitaliii.".     in  Rrncral.  l.'>4. 
lialiility  of  iiiimfer  (or  fiiihiri-  lo  iii^p'Tt.  155. 

dpfi'cts  wliioh  ri'iisonalilp  iti-|"'i'lioii  wnulil  not  linvp  discovered,  Ijrt. 
nr<'«iiiiipti«n  of  tii';.'lk'i'iiri'  lioiu  failuri'  to  in.tpi'ct.  l.'iT. 
(riHiiii'iirv   ivitli  wliioli  iiisptilion  slioiihl  !«•  made,  15S. 

mil". IV   iriii'kH,   liriilj'i-'.   KwitclnM.   loooiiiotivPH.   car*,   clcvatorn,   t^ 
liiclcK.  i<K>f»  of  tiiiiiU'K.  sli'ps.  polcn.  iron  rnd*.  rhaiiiK,  ropes.  iiii< 
crllnncou",  15s  iinli-  2. 
gpccillc  oirc'inn-l.iiiois  pulling  .inplovfr  upon  imitiirv   a<  to  ncriMKitx    f">r 
inHpoclioii   15!i. 
external  appearance  of  in»lniim'ntalilic«.  15!i.  a. 
unsntisfaitor.v    (ipeialicm    of    iu«trunii'ntalitii'<    prii> 

l.">lt,  b. 
I«n((tli  of  liiiie  iii'tlrunifntality  lia?<  l"'en  in  iw.   l.i'.i. 
optTnlion  ol  pli.\>ieal  laws.  159,  il. 
accidents      xuliji -liii;;     instrunieiiliilil  ii- 

15U,  c. 
incxperitnee  of  enipli>.\ee  who  erected  Mppli^m. 
iufTiciency  of  inspection— in  ^'em-ral,  ItiO. 

compliance  wiili  »luliU«ry  r.iniininenl.  UiU. 
nature  of  inspeclion  ie.|nire<l,  101. 
limit*  of  muster's  dnlv  in  regard  to  in«peili..n.   I'l.' 
common  ugajje  nit  te»l  of  adequacy  of  inspect  i..n,  l(i : 
duty  of  inBpe<'tiim.  eondilionx  urisins  from  proKu-.-  of  v.irk.   104. 
effect  of  ingpeelion  by  partieit  other  than  employer    UiO. 
public  otlicials,  105,  a. 
nianufacturer»,  165,  b. 
duly  of  railway  conipunieH  to  iiis|>ect  foreipn  Ci'i-    174. 
duty  of,  nondelepable,  master  liable  for  neKlijjen..   i.f  yh-r  piinotpa! 
eral.  581. 
inspection  at  lime  inslrumentalitiea  are  first  brought,  into  ii- 
in(ii>eetion  durinp  time  they  are  kept  m  use.  5s;i. 
inspection  of  instrnnientaiilies  iHddn^Mnj!  to  another  person,  5^*4. 
tlienry  that  master  i-  ii'  '  liable  for  MeL'li^eiiee  id  iii-peitor,  618. 
theory  that  the   lialiility   of    ma>ter  depends   upmi   tin-  sid>jeet  inattei 
spection.  (Hit. 
in-'peition  and  repair  of  railway  innks.  t>H>.  imte  4    lal. 
inspection  and  repair  of  rolllnp  >tork.  (il!>.  note  4   lb). 

ins]M-etion  of  rolling'  stock  lieli>iii.'iiit;  to  oil ■ompanii-'.  'il'i    note  4    (c). 

inspection  of  other  kinds  of  niai'l.iii.  ly.  r.l'.i.  nnte  4     dl 
inspertioiv  incidental  to  details  of  blasting  work.  6ll",  note  I   (e). 
inspection  of  loads  on  railway  cars,  flli».  note  4   ifi. 
niai-tir  liable  where  delinquent  servant  was  enirn-i'd  in  ililleretit  class  of  work, 

ii.'O, 
Mivaiit's  duty  as  re<.'ards  inspection  and  iiiqiiirv.  -le  Knowi.i.iii.k  ok  Servant 
a*  to  duty  of  inspection  under  statutes,  see  SrAriroitv  Li.^hii.iiy. 


in  tjen- 


."■sj. 


if   in 


!    r 


\i 


•  i! 


2400  INDEX. 

tttftfrnneii  are  to  nrvtloiu.t 

INSTRVCTIOX  OF  SKUVANT, 

iliily  of  iiinsirr  to  in-'irurt  ainl  uarii  »Mvnrit« — In  (frnorftl,  2.1S. 
nii'iH»itv  (ill-  >.li(i»in(t  iiw-lii's  kiiou  Inl;;!-  rtt  alinoriiial  condition' 
till    «   full   «li»iii'>-iim  of   iii:i»iir>   knimlic|'»p  ai«  an  eii'inpnt   of 

KmiWIK.IKiK  UK   MA-ifll! 

<l!iiiv'<rH  iu'ttiiill.v   known  ii>  >c'i'v:inl,  iii^tniction  uniii'ci'i*Miry,  'SM 
•Inn;  'Tn.  kno\sli'(l<^i-  ul   >vlii  li  i~  ini|iii(i'il  to  si-iAant,  inHtrmtion 

•^.IH. 
iiN  to  wlint  knowlt'ilp-  i*  ini|iuli'il  to  sciMint.  m'o  Knowllihie  nr  > 
ihity  an  to  nornnil  or  ordinary  risks.  J.'l!!. 
duty  UH  to  almorinal  or  f\traordin:iry  rij-ks.  ilO. 
»(rv;int  must   coin|iii  liiinl  dani;ir  :i-   will   the  oonditionH  wliirli 

2IOa. 
nia^'tcr-  knowli'du'i'  of  iirvant's  iyni  imihi'  of  dnnijcr.  211. 
di'ff'n-cx  (if  assumption   of  risks  ami  cont  rilmlory  nt'^IiL'i'ncc.  n 

duty  of  in-trui'tion,  J4i. 
iliit\   of  promiilLMtiii;;  ruli -.  nlation  (if  to  (|iii\   of  iiisinictinf;  s 
dnly   of   rni|ilu\inp   fonipt'li'nl    sfrvanls.    ri'h.liini    of    to   duty    o( 

Mivanis,  ■2i:i. 
duty  iif  instruction  eonsiiUroil  «itli  rcfcrmc'  to  ■  'im  i  iiiiir  or  iii< 
si'r\ant — in  jr>'nrral.  214. 
Mivnnt's  CNpi  1  ic  iK'i' — ilcduilions  from.  'H'<. 
Mivant's  im'Njh  1  ii  iK'c— drdurtioiis  frcpin.  'JHi. 
OH  to  what    knowlcd'ic  will    !«•    im|Miti'd    to  servant,  see  Kn 
Skiivant. 
duly  of  in-lrmlion  considi'rcd  with  reference  of  miiiorilN   -  in  '_'i' 
not   I'oiind   to  instruct  minors  as  to  risks   wliiili   they   |Mi-i 

pr<  herd.  24.S. 
mci'ssily  of  instrni  lion  considered  solely  uilli  refiiencr  to  a; 

240. 
necessity  of  in^trncliiui  lun^-iileri-d  with  rclVrence  to  tin  ir  e\| 
elTrct  of  {ri\ii;L;  proper  instrrcticins.  'J.M. 
»uHioieney  of  llie  instruct  ion  -  in  frcieral.  2."i2. 
what  particularity  in  tiie  itistnicl  ion  is  ol)li<;atory.  2,")". 
afleipiacy  of  means  by  wkicli  in-.trncliiin  is  cimvcyeil  to  servants, 
duly  as  to  permanent  normal  ilan;ii'r«.  nondele^jtaMe.  'uS. 
duty  as  to  permanent  dangers  superadili'd  afler  conuiu  iiccineni  n 

.1(1.  L'alile.  S7'.). 
as  t.>  details  of  wink,  master  not  liaMc  for  ne;;ii;;i'iice  of  niempli 
failtire  to  iiislrnit  as  parti, il  cause  of  ininiy.  !So:l,  note  .'.     fii. 
as  to  duty  of  waniini;  ai;,unsl  Iransii.nx   ihui^i.'rs  ini'idiiit  to  imi 

plianci's.  see  \VAU.\lN(i. 
:in  to  wlieu  ku.Avled^'c  of  risk  is  to  bp  imputed  to  servant,  tli.rc 
h.c.ssiiv  for  instruct i. 111.  see  l\.No\vi,KD(;ii  oi-'  Sukva.nt. 


li 

p 


IN--11U  (.TIONSTo.iriiY, 
a~  t.)  duty  of  mailer.  25. 

to  adopt  particulnr  appM.nnees  or  inslruinentaliti.'s,  :!."i 
a-  to  (xmstructive  knowl.Mlgi',  12."i. 


■II 


.tlHiE  OK  Si  i:\  (\. 


Hit  <ir    lllOVpi'li.lM- 


it.  SCO  K\o\vury.r 


litics,  :!S,  iHii.  li. 


INDEX.  t*V\ 

I  Hvfrrtncet  art  tn  sniioii*,) 

,SSTRVCTIONS  TO  JLUV— ((o«<i>iued). 

apnlyiiiK  doctriiui  that  servant  UKbUiiif^  i'\ti-oi.!iii.in   rW<«  nf  wliic'.i  lie  ho- 

knottlcdg*'.  -Ton. 
Us  to  ni'i.'lij;i'iici'  of  servant  aa  un  efilciciU  emiM-  of  iniur.v.  Mi. 
,1=  to  I'flict  of  cQtitrihulor.v  lU'KliKC'ici'  fulluAiil  by  iicyli';.  not-  of  uwistcr,  ;»J7. 
,14  to  oarc  requircii  of  iniployce,  :12H. 
ii>  to  iluly  of  HcrviiMl  tci  iii-|"'cl  iiml  di-i    v,  i  .l.i!.-'  i  -.  41'i. 
,1-  tu  vice  principaUhip.  imai'li  of  noii  .icli';.'iil.lc  dutii-a.  ,'>((». 
a^  lo  liuliility  of  niunlci   for  mvliRt'iio'  of  servant  in  oarryiiif;  out  detail-*  ol 

work,  alt.1. 
:\,  to  liiil)ility  of  iiJiiHler   (or   m  ;;li;.'ein'e  of   e(Miti|i!<iyei'   in   ccm  ■;  i  ud  in;;   Iini 

(Mirary  Hcalloldinj;.  til.'i.  note  :i. 
inllection  of  cni-es  passiii';  on  forreclnisH  <>l   in-liuct  i"n-»,  scii.  ncili-  2. 

inslriiotionrt  i\*  I"  uli.'.lmct  lenal  piinriple*,  ."sMi.  !..•:.    j   •n). 

conliiimity  of  iiistrnelions  to  i^sllc•^  mi;i'Ii-  I..\   pi.  uliuv^,  si,ii,  note  -1   y\>\ 

conformity  of  in-.irneti.)i\s  to  eviiiiiice.  -li'l.  ii.iii'  1   'c). 

conformity  »illi  r.'ference  to  theory  oi  i  i  r.  m.iI    le.w  i  (d). 

inntruction-  ihx.idinir  i)roviner  of  jury,  .silti.  not..  J    ,>•]. 

instrnclioiiN  unduly  emiilnoi/.ini;  |i.ulieiiiai   i\il.iir.-,  mh;    note  i   (f). 

iiiconsinti-nl    in--lnielioiis.  Mil!,  note  2    if.') 

ini"trueti(in.-  not   '•ullicii  titly  spi.ilii-.  si;il.  note  i,   i  li  ■ 

unnecesMary  ami  mpeillnoii^  in^ti  le  l  i.n^.  sili;.  no    ■  1    ■.\\. 

euiinj!  iii-lrticliims  liy  oilier  parts  of  cliar-.'.  MiO.  noir  ^    i  i). 

>ri!l  MKNIWLITIKN. 

;iu:ily-i-  of  master'^  diit.v   as  tx).  7. 

nilirli'iuice  of  inaMer  in  con-t  iil'-l  Ion  of.  ,1...-  >.ol   nn.l.-r  1,1m  li.il.l.'  .inlesi"  lie 

«a-  niu'li;;eiit.  Id,  uotf  C. 
ii-Uance  l>y  nia^tiT  on  leconnniiel.il  ion-  of  -l-il'^'d  pei-on-.   Klli. 
i,illnre  lo  furnisli,  --'. 

(iin.-.tiuet.d  pui!'lian!    lo  stntnte   lot    | .li.ei  of  piiMic  miiit  be  erected  so 

lis  not  to  uiinieessarily  injtiri'  ~i-iAani    -.'L'a. 
iiui-t  lie  reaKUiialdy  safe.  2Ja.  -■'. 
Inly  of  m.ister  to  remedy  d.iIiL'iioii-   loiidil  ioii..  2.T 

iiiaMd'-  obli^ratioiis  as  to.  limited  !•>    ii-    lo.    wlii.l,  tbey  were  d. -i-nrd     >«. 
.liversion  to  new  u.-^e  by  master  liiiii-'ll.  or  "illi  !ii-  ciiii~imI.  ^s. 
.luiy  of  master  toward  servatit  en^'a;.'ed  in  eonsti  ,i.  iii,l'.  alleiin:/.  or  ,    |..,iiinK. 

not  as  ureal  as  towanl  .-er\atit-   Usin...  eonipl.lrd    in-truni.ni.iUt  ie-.   -J'J. 
wliidi  cannot   bi'  saf.ly  r.sed  by  ser\:inl-.  exciviMie,'  ordiii.uy  caic,  :U 
aia-lii  not  lioiind  to  ,i,lopt  any  pit  i  i.Mil:.i- ones.  :;,",. 
lint  boiiiiii  to  adopt  new  iippliain'.  -.  ■'.'<. 
imle-s  pn-sint  ones  are  nol    ri:isoiiaId\    -.if'      I'l 
or  are  spieilically  defeelive.  41. 
or  \vl    re  tlie  risks  Incidiiit  to  n-iii'.'  p,e-,     •     .i 

innired  servnnt.  42. 
use  of  disfimilar  appliances  for  similar  purpoMs  ,!oi-s  not   rai-e  nre-uinpl  ion 

of  mtilifrence,  HS. 
inuirii-  cans.'d   by  conditions  of  a    p.  riiiaiiriii    eliua.ter     railway    track-   in 
;;illeral.  I'.T. 
coiulitions  of  permanent   way  wliicli  airicl    -.n.-  op.i.nion  of  trains,  u. 


■  ■  I'i'i    f  i!lv  iindcr-lood  bv 


II: 


i  -4' 


i- 


MM  INDEX. 

iKtttrtncti  art  to  Mcrie«*. ) 

I NSTRUMENTALITIES— ( oon  ( i  .1  urc/ ) . 

location  of  tr»cka,  U8,  m. 

bridge*,  68,  b. 

channel!  (or  diioharKc  of  water,  08,  c. 

twitchri  and  lidingk,  08,  d. 
track  eon«idered  ai  footway  for  nrrvants,  Ult. 

location,  UO,  a. 

roadbi'd  and  ties  coniiidcrcU  a*  footway.  Oil,  b. 

Uo((»  and  guard  raiU,  (ii),  e. 

aide  truck*  and  yard*,  GO,  d. 
olijwts  alnn^^idc  and  dan);i>rouNly  near  track,  70 

ronvpiiience  or  no<'<'s^ity  ua  juxtifyin);  cleniPiitH.  70,  c. 

cniployor'H  liability  as  Hflcotcil  liy  probaliility  of  urciilrn 
oltjects  dangerous  to  employees  on  tup*  of  ears,  71. 

fonvcnionce  or  necvHHity  as  juslifyinK  elementa,  71,  c. 
I.iiliirt-  to  fence  railway  track.  Ti. 

I'liupling  appliance*  of  railway  earn  and  lucoinotivM,  7:i. 
uilier  part*  or  appurtenance*  of  railway  car*  and  locomotive 
eluvator*,  75. 
ungucrded  machinery — ia  ^'cneral,  70. 

liability  te!itv<l  by  servant'*  knou'li'<lge  or  ignorance  u 
70,  b. 

right  of  master  to  carry  on  business  in  hi*  own  wuy,  u' 
7tJ,  c. 

conformity  or  noncont'ormity  to  uhu^i'. 

proliabilily  or  improbability  of  injury 
revolving  HliaftH,  77. 
ViirioUH  other  meclianicul  appliiincoH,  78. 

for  raising  heavy  weij;lits,  7H,  note  1(1). 

those  involving  use  of  steam.  7S,  notr  I 

for  breaking  up  pieces  of  metal,  7S.  note 

IranxmiHHion  of  (lower,  78,  note  I  (4). 

for  hanilling  ladles  of  molten  metal,  78,  note   I    (.5). 

emery  wheels,  78,  note  1   (0). 

applianns  for  handling  timber,  78,  note  1(7). 

devices  for  attaching  parts  of  appliances  to  enoh  olliei 
(8). 

devices  for  kwping  heavy  machinery  in  place,  7S.  iii>ii>  1 

foimern,  78,  note  1  (10). 

iipplianri's  for  cutting  rails.  ,8.  note   I    (Hi. 

appliances  on  ships,  78.  note  1    i  lii. 

airangements  iM-rmitting  autuniiitic  movi'ment  of  macliin 
1  (13). 
•tructures.  70. 

unguarded  <ipeiiin;»s  in  floors,  open  h.-"l;uays.  etc.,  80. 
substanc<-!«  generating  explosive  gases,  .si 
substances  giving  off  poisonous  fumes,  HJ. 
appliances  for  giving  warning  signals,  s;t. 
injurieK  caused  by  abnormal  or  transitory  con.licioiis     of  rnihvn 
feeling  (afe  operation  of  trains,  84. 


.  71!.  .1. 
a>  an  element,  7 


I    .:l). 


norancp  uf  oornliti  ;,■ 

m  way,  iis  ai;  n,  .uec: 

'Ipinviit,  7(i,  b. 


•iioli  olliiT.  7S.  not* 
7H.  null.  1    («!. 

of  niacliiiiiiv.  "S.  c.:- 


if  raihviiv  Inioks  li 


INDKX 

tHrfrirntrn  me   In   •fr»iuin. ( 


:t'ja 


lSsTK^M^•^'■'"Al.lTl^x  -i<o"ii»""') 


lru«'l.  cimsid'Ti'J  «»  (i>»t«i>>   ("i  Mrvjiiitx,  HA. 

liuik  uiul  hhhIImmI  ilwlf,  85,  u. 

ni>ual  ulmli 111' lull-  1)11  or  nciii  tnuk.  Hi,  b. 
objciU  tliiiijiiroii'  to  iMiipli'Vii''  ill  inii»iiig  train*  or  cars, 

■  III  till'  track,  Sii.  u. 

ali>nH"iil<'  till-  track.  Hii,  b. 

almvr  tin-  track,  Hii.  c. 
niihvay  fence*.  ST. 
riilliii;;  utmi;  mi  rail«ii.v«.  ^H. 

ll.fcctiVC   lllCdIllotlMi.   '^H.   note   I     (1). 

ilrfcctivc  frciiflil  cai'.  HH,  iiolc  I   iji. 
Ill  I'cctivc  braki'H  on  Irciylit  car-,  ss,  note  I    (2), 
il.fcctive  liiinil  cart.  HH.  note   1    .III. 
vcMelei  otlier  than  tlio-e  ii^e.l  on  r,iil".i;.«.  H'J. 


80. 


l.oi-liiiK  ii|ili 
elevators.  Ul. 


lianc 


'.M. 


U  ((Ul)ieeteil   to  pie. -me  of  stcHin.  'Xl 


tllii-CellaileoilH  llpl 


ili;ine 


nipcrfcot  iittadi ill-,  part,  of  iii.paialii».  !>4. 

■liiliurninl   iiioveiiient'  "1   inailiinery.  li->. 
elinn'Ts  in  partn  of  nineiiine*.  lii!. 
btnu'lurcM,  !I7. 


wa 


tToliN.  slapin;:-.  pLilfonn-.  etc,  !i7.  note  1    (1). 


pOStH,    po 


Ic*.  etc..  !t7.  note   1    i  J  i 


lirid^e-..  iran^AviiV!-.  elc  !i,.  no 


!.■  1    CD. 


ice  sluic,  !>..  no 


tc    III) 


inile 


in'.',  i'7.  note   1    I .' 


room  built  nut   from  «iill  ot  taelon    il7.  note  I    (I'.i. 

roof.  07,  note  1   (  7  ). 

i>l,iir\\iiy  or  htcps.  !I7,  note  1    iHt. 


llooi.  07,  note  1    (!M 


of  i\. 


ili''evoiis  o 


pi'iiliiK".  !I7.  note  1    |10). 


lit,  !»7,  note  1    (11). 


1  bv  rook  or  earth  sliiles.  !H. 


Injiiiie-  cause! 

Ii\   othir  heavy  Mil»taiiee<.  i»!l. 
Hli;,'Uiinle>l  opeiiiie.'-.    I'"'- 
Mufuee  of  jiath*.  Moor-,  etc..   imi.i. 
loiulilion-  e\po-iii}.'  servant  to  .lair.'  r-  from  lire.  1'>1. 
to  i!;!ii;;er-  fuan  currents  ot  eleeli  icily,  102. 
from  e\plosions.  ID'l. 
(iiiiii  ilMii^'eroiis  lliiiils.  104, 
ileleelive  liL-'htin^'.   11)5. 
nii-e  lucilhy  ship-.  10<>. 
iiiailii|iiate  ventiUilion,  107. 
ina(!ei|unte  protection  ajrai 


-t   colli.   109. 


masler  »  'il 


ihliL'atioiis  a-  to  comlilion 


il    in-ti  iini.nl,ilil!e'»  arp  rnntiniinii«— in 


•n'neral.  110. 
duty  to  abandon   u-e  of  an  Hl.nnmiallx    daiipTOU-  in-lrnni.  otaliiy.    HI 

or  to  remedv  defect-  in.  11-. 


>tl 


4 


I    1  ■)  lit 


jjtJSH 


1^' 


II 


WW  IM)KS 

{Itii    >rii.i ,  <„   .p  ».„rf,.| 

lNsiitiMi:.\,.vMTir^    (..,«,,,,„,,/ 

dut»    ll.   l-limiK..     |.«r-iliill|.   .11    ,lalll.. mil.    •Illnlnlirr-      111. 

dulx   l<,  riiiaiu  ln.«i.  -(iiilJ.i;..  -MivMiit  to  ,«i.i|i,v  .liiiinii.Min  pm 
diii.v  III  fiirnUli  ii|i|>li.iii<<  .  nlii,i,   Mill  l.-^.n  ijuiip-r  of  abnu 

'i"ti»,  115. 
i|'ii.\     iltit  rii>i,-,M    liiiN  U'lv  iippliiil.    lit! 
■Iiii.\  !■•  «arn  «rviiin  u*  lu  ,    ii.tici-  i.f  uliiioiiiiiil  iliinjffri.  II 
iliii\  III  ;iltrr  ini|irii|ii'i   inii  ImiN,  Us. 
»iri'.i   nf  lu.'M.Mi.   »ali»fiiiuiiv  op.iiitii.li  of.  on  .lUt'xtli.n  ul   ii,.i-i 

i<la<-,  rill, 
I'lfnt  nt  |.|,.^i„lH  iitmati^liii  •iiy  opiralion  of,  on  c|ui'»ti..n  of  iiit.l 

lilii  I     il.ilily  fif  cvi"!!!!!-.    ai  to  comlili    ii  prjur  to  iicri.l.i.i .  s.'il. 

»     ' iMliii.Mi    illir  iiii-iilciit,  HJl, 

HI  to  roiiiliiimi  ,,i  i„,r    lH.f..ri'  ami  aft.r  airiijrnl.  ■^22. 

Ml  to  .onilii.,,,  of  ,Mii        I   plant   ..ilur  timti  tliut   uliirli  cnii 

HLM. 
ii"  to  alli'iai  KinH  in  up    •       ri.l.nt    Hjti. 
con-liiirlj.m  ami  opiTnliim  .,■     i,,iiii.-  i„i|...,ii,^  «|H.,.i(l,.  ilntico  up 

II-    !•<  111.  «••  Sr.vri  Tiiisv  |Ji  i.ts. 
liiil.iliiy  of  niii-tiT  iinil.r  riiiiilnx,  i-    liil,ilji\  ai-l'*.  .ro  St.viitubt 

' '""'  """t"-  »*  '«  t'-t  if  llif  jMMh.iii'.aii..'  of  .iii|.li>\iT>  iliitiPR 

ill»h  llllirMlalitil'-.   -it  l  hM.M'IN    r.s.vi.K. 
nia-lii'-.  iliily  of  iii-|Miiii,ri.  -r,.  In-ncki  riov. 

owmisliip  I.f.   ..nii.|...Mi'^    lial.jlin    r...,-l.liriil    «iil,    ,,i.v,-,uT  to,  s 
.Hlllf  111     l\v||(|    MIMAl.l.lKS. 

ilifcilivr  (M.nilili'.ii  ».r  .irraiit'ciii.  nt  iih  c:ui*v  of  injiiiA.  -.. .    I \ni 

iI'Mtiiii.'  that  ».nanr»  kMowliiJ....  of  ij.ks  rrlii'Vi-s  nin.i.r    >  .    Kn. 

Si  u\  ant. 
lis  to  niistiT'ii  knowli..lL'.  of  Hof,.ri«,  «,.,.  Km.wi.u.i.k  or  Mxsrm. 
I'lrirt  1. 1   iiia^lrrV  li..l.ilil,v  of  coiniiri  in^j  ii.'L'li;jciirp  of  eo^.ivanf.  -. 

lllM.  \n;i  i<.»:m  I  . 

INM  l;\\(  !•:   IM»K.\INI|-VIN(:   KMITOVKit  .VCAIXST  l.os.s. 

.iilii.j-il.ilily   I.f   rxi.jiiicp  of,    for    pill  pi.-.'  of   «lio«  in;;  uli-mrr   of 
.■;iic,  sj(i. 

ixsriiKi:, 

iiiii-li  T  i:<  not  an  iii-ur.T  of  tli.>  «iil.l.\   i.f  Ms  HPrvnnt-.  i?l. 

lNTi:i!\  i:\lNii  f.\i  sK.s. 

l.iUu.ii   ii.!;li>.'iM<v  of  nm.-tiT  anil  iiiJMiy--iii  viiiciil,    -.ill!, 
opi'ialion  of  nonii'spoiiiilil.-  a^riii'lr,.  Mi;. 
niin.iilpal.il.  iivtH  of  n.^pmi-iiilr  ailiir-<.  SOH.  ni.t,-   1, 
ni"jli'.'i|in.  of  ciisiTVaiils,  ,SI»!». 

JK-ls  of  I'liiplnyiMs   for   «|io„.    nrfjlii/rnw   nia-t.T    i,   rpKpi.n 

null's  pp.  :.'J  1.1.  22.10. 
iliin^-iii.iis  roiiclitions  criMti-il  in  pl.icc  of  woik.  soil.  ni.ti'« 

J:.'4lt. 
•Iifr.-U  iri.itnl  in   fiillway  rollin;.'  -(..I'l;.   niuliin.'iy.  rlf. 
p|.    !J:W.  l"240. 


;ii«m»  poollirn    ||| 
r  of  ubnoiiiial  (uf,. 


I  III   iii.i-i<  I  ,  l^n.i. 
ri  of  iMiixtvrn  111,,,, 

i<i 

«liirh  cnii->,il  iiij,,, 

iliitipt  uptiii  I'lnp! 

r.viiTimr  Lutiiim 
>  iliitipii  rHiilin?  ■ 


I'liiiNni  \rr  Caoi 
•   -  I    K\,iwi  1.1)1,1  ,, 

I  vim. 

"1  vaiif .  -I  ,■  Ciivn  I; 

iS.S. 

'I'lH-r   of    iii.itivf  for 


INKKX. 

I Wrfi*' 1 1»* *■*  •III'  '«   ••' tf, tt4  t 
iS'imVtSIN*!  CAlSHH— iri.,i/..,u«./(. 

ii.ililiir^i  ■>(  <li'lmi|iii'iil  ►.'r\iiiil.  ^'|'».  Moti't  |.|,    .' 
iiiu(lri|uali'  iiiiniliir  of  MH.iiiU.  mhi   n.it.'-i  p   li.i 


W>.> 


Ml. 


.I.'fictivi'  ri'Wiilaliiiii-..  h'»'i    III,'!'  ]■    JJi'.l. 
r<.iilri»m»ory  ni'>!li)riiifc  of  iiMUnil  -'n.nil.  nl 


an*  iM-aiiiiR  ujurn  i|Ui-»tiiiii 


vliitlhT    111. 


\\.i»   piiiMimili'  iMU«i',    **!' 


not.'  •-'. 


um 


,Htrr  1  ihkIiki  111'-   iiiiir\'iMiin   ImIhu-ii 


.  1  N.iiirii   iii";li :  i: 


UU'I    111 


jury 


xll. 


ilili'ivi'iiinu  iM'lwiiii  iii;,'lij  nil    aiiil  Injur 


iiWA. 


ilM'triiir 


(I'lit    ii"Uiiii  lii'Ti    of   .••.liimnliii.  iv    ri-!.    i- 


"I   from   <i(>rv»nt' 


kiiimii-'itfi'  iiiiiiiir.  ■.•r4,  iioK'  1. 

.liMiriiir  a^  III  ri^li'  "'  niipliivrf  to  r> 


vImI'    iiijiir'',!   i\ltili'  wiiikiiig 


Miinl.iv.  "..'li. 


viiv  prilii'i 


ipaNliip.  I  •»li'l  liy  iionilfli;!'li!r  naiiii.-  ..t  Uiiti.-.  -^  <».  ni.i 


I'  a 


.liiuiii.iialily  111  rMiplii_*rr 


|j,il,iiil\   I'd.  tllii 


liAl  ol  Htiitiitr  iililiiiK  to  li.iliililv.  iiiimii 


r.iiliiMil 


iiijiiriii  viilliin   piinn 


lit  ltii>  ^laliiti 


liiiliiliiv  of  r iMi>  iiti'li  I 


,li  I  -lilt  nil-  liii  liiii -r,!  I 


if  mil 


\WI.V   i-ll.] 


ji^n 


"IH  n 


,l„Hriii"i  iliit  loiMpI"'"'  '"'"I  ""«  ""•-"■  '"'■"•'''"■  l-'i""!"':;''  "t  iii.-ii;'i"u^  c-i 
ililimi-.  ■<■■'>».  noli'  "■ 


il;iiN  ItODS. 
fmiui 


tilh  w    iili  lii-p.  .•liiiii  -li.iiilil  III"  inailf,  l.'iS.  ii.,ti-  i 


,ssri>  .\M)  I'lUHir. 

Ulll.UHf    IwlWi'i'll,    ''."lO. 


lolMU  l;  OF  At  TIONS, 

ii;.Miii«t    11. '^ii;:!'!!!   riM'iiil 

II  i)i(  lAi.  I  unuis.xJ. 


ilinir  iiml  iiia-li't  a*  p 


.l.f.'iiil.'iii 


i'>  A. 


iif  till'  f,lii,«  MrvaMil    .liirll  ilir.    t:i. 


HOICIAI.  No'lKK. 

l.lll-  :l-  til  wllii'll    jlli'i'i.l 

lll;l-«!il<  Tll'N. 


I  iii.liri'  v.ill  I"'  l^ilj'"    "'■'•• 


tl.ui-iiiiiy  flat  nil-  ol  aitioli 


S50. 


il 


:')l 


'  U 


i\ 


*     : 


.  1'.     r.l 


!•>  rcupiiM-il,!,'.  8^' 
<<l!l.  niiti-»  pp  I-IM 
I'rv.  I'tc.  «!»'•.  ni''ii 


KANS.VS. 

J„ciiui..   that    n<-uinpt!..n    of    ,.vi  ia..r.liH:,ry    m-1<    «-    i).f.rr,.,l    fi-m    ^v,n\  - 

kriowli'dyi-  tl.iuiit.  -Tt-  "o''    '■ 
d,....io!M    involMn;    ivla-.iun    l.iv.,,,    -u;..  ,iM-    anil    Mi',..r.li„ate    M.-rvaiiU    an 
nsiarils  mastn'i  linliility.  .it'-    n"ii'   1. 


t;   ;  li 


"ii 


MOtOCOPV   RBOIUTION   TEST  CHART 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


^    /APPLIED  IM/1GE 


1653  EosI  Main   SIreel 

Rochester.  New  York        U609      uSA 

("6)   *82  -  0300  -  Phooe 

{716)   288-  5989  -  To, 


I 


'I  • 


1 

i 

: 

li" 

M^ 

2480  INDEX. 

tltefcrencea  are  to  tectioni.) 

KANSAS — { continued). 

vice   principalsliip,   testod   by   nondi;li'j;able   nature  of   duties,   coUa 

cases.  ooO,  note  3. 
constitutionality  of  employers  liability  act,  C40. 

text  of  statute  relating  to  liabiliiy  of  railroad  companies  to  servants, 
injuries  within  scope  of  statute,  "CO. 
liability  of  receivers  under  statutes  for  benefit  of  railway  employees. 

KENTUCKY. 

doctrine  that  assumption  of  extraordinary  risk   i.s  inferred  from  .<( 

knowledge  thereof,  274,  note  1. 
doctrine  as  to  contributory  neglijicnce,  314,  e. 

vice  principalsliip,  tested  by  non-delepable  nature  of  duties,  550,  note  H 
collection  of  decisions  involving  relation  between  superior  and  sulm 
servants  as  regards  master's  liability,  549,  note  1. 
rule  as  to  servants  working  in  dilfen  nt  departments,  .'540,  note  1. 
rule  as  to  servants  of  coequal  grade  in  the  same  department.  5.1 

1,  (b). 
rule  as  to  superior  and  subordinate  servants  in  the  s."  e  depa 
.14!).  note  1   (c). 
doctrine  that  compkint  must  allege  plaint  ill's  want  of  knowledge  of 
ou»  conditions,  857,  note  2. 
contrary  doctrine,  857,  note  7. 

KNOVVLEDfiE  OF  M.VSTEU, 

as  an  element  of  his  liability — analysis  of  ijenoral  doctrine  as  to.  llfl- 
actual  knowledge,  liability  inferred  from,  122. 

absence  of  actual  knowledge  not  always  decisive  in  master's,  favor.   1 
eimstrnctlve  knowledge,  relation  to  master's  absolute  duties.  124. 

liability  inferred  from,  125. 

absence  of  as  negativing  liability.  126. 
relation  of  doctrine  to  that  which  declares  master  not  to  be  an  insurer, 
doctrine  considered  with  reference  to  burden  of  proof.  128. 
alinormal  conditions  for  which  master  was  not  originally  responsible 

cation  of  foregoing  principles  to,  129. 
lircumstances  bearing  upon  question  of  master's  imputed   knowleil;; 
mally  incidental  dangers,  129.T. 

notoriety  of  defect.  130. 

obvious  nature  of  defect,  131. 

length  of  time  during  which  it  has  existed,  1"2. 

repairs  and  alterations,  inference  of  knowledge  from.  UH. 
elTect  of  servant's  failure  to  observe  dangerous  conditions.   1:!4. 

manner  in  which  instrumentalities  discharge  functions  prinr  to  a 
135. 

previous  satisfactory  operation  of  instrumentality,  13(i. 

privious  unsatisfactory  operation  of  instrumentality.  137. 

previous   unsatisfactory   operation   of   other    instrumcnu>!  n 

kind,  13S. 

province  of  court  and  jury  as  to  constructive  knowledge.  139. 
degree  of  foresight  which  is  imputed  to  master — in  general.  140. 

lialiility  imputed  because  accident  should  have  been  antipipiited.  1 


1^ 


Aes,  eoUuticn  n: 


d   from  sorvant- 


s  to.  nn-lL'l. 


INDEX.  -*"' 

{Referencea  art  (v  ■dx-rioii''.) 

KNOWLEDGE  OF  UASTKU- {continued).  ..  .     ,  .    ,.,, 

liability  denied  because  accidtiil  could  not  have  been  anticipated.  H- 
uiaater  not  bound  to  anticipate  inlliclio     of  injuries  by  siuiple  ii.^tru- 

nientalilies,  143.  „f  „„ 

not  bound  to  anticipate  accidents  resultins  from  unu.ual  .lef.cts  of  em- 

ployceB,  144. 
exceptional  cliaractor  of  accident,  how  far  an  cl.'inont.  14... 
1-0  similar  accident  previously  prnauced  l.y  si.me  ondiiinns,  140. 
unexpectedly  severe  strain  put  upon  api'ianc^.  Utin.^ 
une.Npccted  position  of  serv;.nt  at  time  ol  ;.wi  ;.nt.  147. 
servants  attention  diverted  by  fellow  wrvaiu.  UTa. 
knowledge  of  others  imputed  to  mas-ter  in  f,'cneral,  148. 
knowledge  of  mere  coservant.  14!i. 
knowledge  of  vice  principal,  150. 

superintendents  and  managers.  150,  a. 

superior  servants  of  low.T  grade  than  superint.ndent..  150.  I.. 

servants    furnishing    or    maintaining    inorganic    instrumentalities, 

servants  having  power  to  hire  and  discharge  otr.er  servants,  150.  U. 
servants  whose  dutv  is  restricted  to  nporting  d.'tects,  loO,  e 
as  alTectina  duty  to  in.stnict  servant  as  to  abnormal  conditions,  -JSr,. 
duty  to  in!truef  servant  as  dependent  upon  masters  knowledge  of  servant  , 
ignorance  of  danger,  241.  .  i:.i  ;iifv 

as  to  conditions  from  whicii  negligence  is  inferred,  under  employers   Lability 

ads.  642. 
burden  of  proving  knowledge,  8.12.  ,        ,  , 

pleading,  necessity  that  complaint  show  niaster's  knowledge  of  dangerous  con- 

ditions,  850.  ,,         „ 

master's  liability— in  general,  o4.  __ 

negligence  not  predicable  where  servant  appnx-iates  risks,  ^o. 

railways,  55,  note  5. 

other  industrial  concerns.  .">5,  note  5. 
rationale  of  tlie  doctrine.  50.  .  ,  .     ., 

abnormal  as  well  as  normal  risks  deemed  to  be  within  its  scope,  ,.,. 
pruln'tions  as  to  knowledge  of  abnoiinal  and  normal  risks.  distmCon, 

negSnce'predicable  where  servant   is  exposed  to  risks  of  which  he  is 

excusably  ignorant,  58. 
master's  conduct  in  exposing  servant  to  unknown  danger  treated  as  a 

species  of  deception,  50.  •  ,         i-    .„„  „.. 

notice  to  servant  of  existence  of  previously  m.known  risks  relieves  mas- 
ter, CO.  ,        ,    .  ••„   «i 
theorv  discus.sed  and  criticised-extent  of  en.ployer  s  immunity,  61. 
ultimate  basis  of  theu.v  rather  eeouomic  tuan  .l"nstie  *,.. 
suggested    exceptions    in    cases   of    temporary    forgetfulness    of    known 
danger.  63. 


'  U| 


!ti 


I,- 


1 ;     II 


;1 


^^•"*  INDKX. 

{ ItofereniTi,  are  tn  ,Mifi.,iiv.» 
KNOWLEDGE  OF  SEKVAXT— (fo,i/.»Hc<i). 

tlicoiy  incon»istnit  will-.  truL-  coiicoi>liori  of  public  [.oli.y    fit. 
eoivanf  not  rijll_\  a  voluntary  ii<;(nt,  tij. 
alttrniitivo  tlicoiy  sug-cslcl  -ii  Ixing  I  lie  coiifct  on.'.  (Ii;. 
presuiiiption  tli.-it  ordinary  risks  are  eoinprchenUod  by  servant,  ^i.  i,  u. 
a=  to  ..Ni-unpi-  of  lulo,  mr.>.sary  to  maUe  same  obli^'atory  on.  J:;i, 
when  (leonud  to  liavc  l<nowlcd-o  of  rulr.s  pronnil^Mii'd  by  nia.-<l(M,  i;^;. 
assiinipiion  of  li,-^;^  con.-icU  ud  will.  rclVrcnco  to  wrvanl's  knovvl.Mi.;,  ,,,  i  .„ 

ancc  tlii'idii,  2.)7,  ^JS,  274. 
as  to  condition  whiclj  cui~o,l  injury  essential  to  ren.ler  liim  auiliy  of  ci.ir 

utory  ne'.'lijre?ico.  IJli). 
also  essential  lliat  ho  nnder.-lood  dan'iers  created  by  sueli  o.jii(lili,.ns.  ■.ilu. 
as  to  knoun  da.i^'cr  do,-   m.|    nree.-arily   render  him  j/uiltv  «i  .•untril,nt( 
negjifii  ne.',  ;',J2. 

as  to  ri>k  as,i,iii.,|  ,■  ...iilial  to  the  application  of  the  maxim,   I  o/t;,/i  „u„ 

injuria,  ,'(72. 
when  knowhil;;,  ot  risk  imputed  to  servant, 
introdnclory.  :i,>7. 

general  princijd.—  i,|,.nii(y  for  juridical  purpose?  of  cui;,ii  ui^tivc  aul  ,.cti 
knovvledfje,    .vs. 
failure  to  know  lli.it  ccriain  risks  constitute  contributory  negiigonce,  Hi 
province  oi  cant  ;:nd    iiuy  in   determining  whether  knowledge  shall 

be  imputed.  :i!M). 
when  servant  is  chaig.Mble  with  knowl.vlgi — gener.illy.  :I!)1. 
evidential  eleiiiints  tn  !„.  consideicd,  :iii2. 
what    ri.-k.s   are   deemed    lo   be   witliin    comprehension    of   adult    servant.. 
general,  :;|i;!. 
in  absence  of  s^pccinl  experience-  risks  deemed  to  be  cmpirlieaded.   '■ 

railway  tracks  and  appurleiMucis.  3!J4,  note  1    (a). 

obstructi(m  beside  railway  track.s,  ;in4,  note  1    (bi. 

railway  cars;  construction  and  operation  of.  :i!)4.  note  \   '<:}. 

locomotives;  conslrueiion  and  operation  of,  :I'.I4.  noii'   1     d). 

push  poles,  ;!II4,  note  1   ix). 

poisonous  substances.  3!M,  note   1    (y). 

extreme  cold,  XH.  note  1   izi. 

action  of  gravil;ition  on  l.iosidy  cleiing  siibstaiie.-.  .'{!t4,  nci-  l!a^i 

leverage.  :;:il.  note  1   (bli). 

handling  of  hciivy  substances,  .1!I4.  note  l(cc». 

lunching  machines,  :}U4.  note  l(q). 

cleaning  and  oiling  macliiner,\   in  moiion,    ;:n    note  l(r). 

elevators,  ;i!)4.  note  1   (s). 

other  hoisting  appliances.  :i!i4.  note   1    it). 

pile  drivers.  :!04,  note   1    (u). 

ladders,  :t!ll,  note   1    (v). 

prise  poles,  r>!i4,  note  1   (v.-). 

saws.  3!),"),  note   1    !k). 

planers  and  simihu   nnieliiMery,  .104.  note  1    (I). 

coguh. 'els,  gearings,  and  othir  re\olvlng  mac^iinery.  .304.  note  1  (ni 

machinery  with  revolving  rollers,  M-l,  note  I   imm'. 

shafts  and  set  screws,  304,  note  l(n). 


i  I 


T!T 


INDEX.  Z*** 

( ItilirenceK  arc  to  tertirinn. i 

lOCOWLEDfii:  "I-   S|-.i;V.\N"T— 1™»'"'"<-(|. 
pulli\-,  .i^M,  iidU'  1(0). 
boliiii;.'.  :i'.i4.  not.'  1  (p». 

haml  cars;  con-tnK'lion  and  0|KT:ition  of.  .^f't,  nntp  \    (e). 
wri"l;l-^nM;ii;iir,','  .-Inid  n:.  s,  :!;i4.  note    I    'I' 

eh■^■^U-<\  v,..i!.m.'  |.l.u.s  nnt  ,>,„l.rt,Ml  Uy  nulm;;,.  :i!'4.  nuto  1   (g). 
un^'iiai-di'il  oiiinin^-.  :!'■'+.  ""'■<'  '   ' '"  • 
deep  w.\1rr.  lilU.  ni'tc   I    Ml. 
slinpcrv  Mil  fail'-.  :i!i-l.  niplf  1   (j). 
in  al.s,.no    M,-  s,„.<.ial  .xpr.-i.'nc..- ri^^Us  n..t   .L.-nn.!  t..  !»■  .vMnprol.,.nd.d 

i.iilway  liat-k^  and  appiin.'uaiifc-.  :;;i.">.  m"''  li   uiL 

railway  cars;  cun-lruction  and  I.;nidlin.-  of.  '■'•''■>.  n'>t<'  -    i>)- 

l,M-.,molivi's;  (vn- unci  ion  ami  up.ialkn  ut,  Mo.  note  i  (c). 

t,.ic},'rapli  pnli.v.  :);i:>.  note  >  id). 

ni.noiiry,  M^k  note  2   lel. 

(.lipiHTv  surlacc-.  :i!ir>.  note  2  (f). 

>;n'.s  .".',1.'.,  not.-  2   IK). 

plamTs  and  similar  niachini'iy,  :!!>.">.  n..tc   >   ili). 

iii;icl>incry  «iili  icvolvin;,'  udlcrs,  :i't''.  iM>tr  2     i). 

co.,'«lu'cl»  and  •;v;ir;n;;>,  ■.)'X<.  not.'  'J   '  j )  ■ 

.-h;ilts  and  M't  screws.  ::;)5.  note  2  (k). 

Iw  Itin-r,  3!"5,  note  2   ll). 

machinery  for  tl'.'  trealmrnt  of  coilon.  ■,■<:,.  n.a.-  2  (inK 

jiiiiidin};  maphimry.  :!!t.'.  note  2  (iiK 

cii.-iliinj;  maciiiiK'iy.  ."i!'.">.  note  -  lo'. 

Kii'.i.ir-rclinin.i;  lu.icldnes.  3'.t:>.  not.'  2   ip!. 

si'iisafic  niiicJ'in.  -.  :'■''•'>.  note  2   (.]). 

el.-'.ators.  :!".i.-..  r..;t-^  2   (r). 

oilier  hoi.stin- appliances.  :!!i.->,  not.-  2   is). 

.,uv  siiclion  c.iM-pd  l.y  nanin;:  nnicliimry.  ;W,i.  n.ite  .   (t). 

hy.lranlic  maeliinc.s.  IV.).").  note  2   (u). 

TcirijreratiiiM  niacUin.'s.  :lii."..  n.it.'  2   i\). 

])n-li  pot.■^■,  ;!0.'i.  note  2   iwi. 

lineiimnV  spurs,  no.-),  note  2   (>.). 

ice  ton.L's.  ;);>o,  note  2  (y). 

fnmaccs.  :)!),">,  note  2  (z). 

limekilns.  305.  note  2  (an).  ^ 

„c',i.,„  ol  L'ravilatinn  on  various  .uL-tanc-..  :V....  n..t.'  ■-   'l,h). 

liaiidiinf:  iii-avy  ohi.'Cls,  MTi.  n.>te  2   icd. 

op.'raliou  of  {irin.lslon.s.  ;!(i.->.  not.'  2    (.Idi. 

sii.taiiiin-  str.'n-th  of  matcrii.K.  :i!i-).  n.L'  2    

li.',ili,y  Of  iron  and   steel  t.,  llirov,-  .,1V  s,.1k'1..s  wIicm   s,n.ck.   395, 

note  2  (IT), 
elastic  properties  of  copp.'r  ^^h<\  3!t.">.  note  2   i<i'^\. 
e\plosivp?,  use  of,  30.'),  n.)t.'  2   (lilO- 

.'xplosive  ;;a.s<'s.  .".!)->.  note  2   (ill.  ,         .  ,      ,oi 

explosions   P'snltinc   from   >t..;n;,   ,..,t.,  rated  by   hct.-d   metal..   395. 

note  2  I  }j  1 . 
e\plosions  of  n.a»»e.s  ol  DioUtn  metal.  r.)o.  not*  ■'     Uk 


:    ! 


■M 


J    I 


li 


'Am 


i.     it 


1P» 

m  i;  '/ 

^!l  i 

WB     • 

1 

^^n 

1'^   '^■ 

W:    ■ 

i ; 


i,|i 


»i 


f 

If 


2500  INDEX. 

{Rrlerenctt  are  to  ieeHnn».) 

KNOWLKDGE  OF  SERVAXr— (ooiifiiiued). 

explosions   caused   by  contact  of   water   with  potassium. 

2  (11). 
pxplobiuns  caused  by  coiit.ict  oi  watir  with  burning  grease, 

i  (mm), 
poisonniisi  fumcii,  305,  no(e  2  (nn). 
action  of  clectiicily.  .TJ.'),  note  2  (oo). 
liydiaiilic  pressure,  olio,  note  2  (pp). 
sliips.  ;i!>.),  note  2   (<n). 
where  si'vvants  have  speeial  experience,  liOfl. 

railway  tracks  and  appurtenances,  30(1.  note  3   (a). 
obstructions  above  railway  tracks,  3!)0,  note  3  (b). 

t)Struciions  alonpside  railway  tracks,  3110,  note  3   te). 

jilway  cars;  construction  and  operation  of,  3fl(),  note  3  i 
locomoUves;  con.struction  and  operation  of,  :il)(),  note  3   u 
hand  cars;  -^onstru'tion  and  operation  of,  3lifl,  note  3   if). 
weight  sustaining  structures,  ,",1)0,  note  3   (g). 
F'ippery  surfaces,  3UU,  note  3  (h), 
gaws,  3"U,  note  3  (i). 

planers  and  similar  machinery,  390,  note  3  (jl. 
ninchinery  with  revolving  rollera,  390,  note  3  (k). 
co},'whcels  ond  gearings,  3'JO,  note  3  (1). 
Bhafts,  set  screws,  etc.,  31)0,  note  3   (ni). 
Epinniiig  mules,  39(5,  note  3   (n). 
machinery  operating  vertically,  390,  note  3  (o). 
grinding  machines,  390,  note  3  (p). 
windlaRses,  390,  note  3  (q). 
ventilating  fans,  390,  note  3   (r). 
automatic  starting  of  machinery,  ;!!)0.  note  3  (a). 

steam  pressure,  390,  note  3  ( t ) . 

furnaces,  39(i,  note  3  (u). 

ladders,  3!t0,  note  3  (v). 

bars  for  lifting  etc.,  ^rC,  note  3   \\\). 

push  poles,  3!I0.  note  3   (x). 

kettles,  390,  note  3  (y). 

action  of  electricity.  3'.it>,  note  3  (z). 

condensation  of  steam,  390,  note  3  (aa). 

action  of  gravitation  upon  variolic.  subst:nices.  390.  note  3 

handling  of  heavy  objects,  .'!!)0.  note  3   (cc). 

inflammable  and  explosive  gases.  39(i,  note  3   idd). 

inflammable  dust.  390.  iiote  3   lee). 

explosives  ;   us>:  of,  390,  note  3   ( tf ) . 

insulliciency  of  number  of  servants.  3'.t(i.  note  3  (gg). 

operation  of  mines,  3.(0,  note  3  (hh). 

quarries,  390,  note  3  (ii). 

erection  of  buildings,  390,  note  3  ( jj). 

demolition  of  structures,  390,  note  3  (kk), 

work  on  ships,  390,  note  3   (11). 
where  servants  liiive  Fome  eNperience,  397. 

railway  cars;  construction  and  operation  of,  397,  note  1  li 


1T 


2601 


ih). 


•s). 


iHTatcil  by   iiijiiMl   iLu'Uil-*,   307. 
11)7.  ii'ile  1  (i). 


1    (c). 


INDEX. 

iUfferencf  tire  tn  Dtr.tinniA 
KNOWLEDGKOF  SERVAXT-(con(iN./rd). 

con^^trnelion  .uul  operation  of  locomot.N-.  .1!i..  note   I 

woiKlit  »ii'liiiiii'i«  Mniclur.H,  :!;)7,  note  1  icj. 

iiinwpiiry,  ;i!'7.  note  1   (J)- 

nmcliineiy.  :i'l7,  note  1   le.. 

clevMtorx,  ;i!'7.      ><<'  I   "' 

ttolinn  oi  univili.ti..ii  on  v^rioti*  sni.stnnce!.,  3',l7.  -  "fe  I 

exploions   ic-nlliny   limn   "team 

lliite   1    .  III. 
mctlicKU  of  liaiidlinj,'  liea\y  dl.ject* 
minority  as  an  elmient     in  general.  :i'.>s. 

cases  illiLslratln-  e..|Meity  tor  appreoiatins  ilanKer>.  .I.M 
defective  rail«av  tracks.  :!!l<l.  note  1    (a). 
obstruetion  al.ove  railway  tracks.  T.i'i.  note  i   (b). 
construction  and  operation  of  railway  <ars.  3!I0,  n. 
pusli  cars,  :'.'•»!>.  note  1(d). 
wcigbt-9Ustainin-.i  stnictnre-   :!!i!i.  note  1   Ml. 
dannerous  (ianf;wi<.vs,  :)'.»!),  note  1   if). 
Boors,  ;!99,  note  1  (g). 
slippery  surfaces.  :i!«),  note  lib), 
saws,  :W!>.  note  '.   (i). 

planer*  and  otlier  cuttins  inacbinery,  3!l0.  rote  1   (j). 
couwliecls  and  ^.Tarings,  30!),  note  1  ( k ) . 
mangles  on  ironing  macbines,  300,  note  I'M. 
other  machines  with  revolving  rollers.  :t'.iO.  note  I   im). 
shafts  and  set  screws.  300.  note  1   (n). 
belting,  300,  note  1   (o). 
pulleys.  .300.  noC^  1    I  pi. 
grinding  machines.  300,  note  1    (q). 
carding  machines.  :!00,  note  1   ( r   . 
cotton  pickers.  30!».  note  1    (s), 
machinerv  operating  vertically.  300.  note  1   lt^. 
machinery  in  cordage  factories.  300.  note  1   lu). 
thread-forming  machines,  300.  note  I   (v). 

sewing  machines,  300.  note  1  (w).  ,     ,    ,    « 

risks  incurred  in  cleaning  n.achinery  in  motion.  300,  note  1   (x) 
air  suction  produced  by  moving  Machinery.  300.  note  1   ly)- 
handling  of  glass  bottUs.  300,  note  I   (zL 
elevators,  300.  note  1  (aa). 

gates,  etc.,  working  on  hinges,  .390,  r.oie  1   tbb). 
chisels.  300.  note  1  ( ic ) . 
claw -bars.  liOO,  note  i    (dd). 
hooks,  399.  note  1   (ee). 
lanterns.  309.  note  1   (ff). 
saddles  and  appurtenances,  399,  note  1    'ggl. 
cleaning  of  waste  pipes.  300.  note  1   (hh). 
handling  of  heavy  objects,  300,  note  1   (ii). 
action  of  moisture  in  softening  timber,  309.  note  1   (jjK 
furnaces.  399.  note  1    (kk). 
inflammable  fluids,  -309,  note  1   ill). 


it 


of  til 


p!   il 


iTlft     II 


.V,02  INIJKX. 

\  !>tfrriin  rs  till'   ttt  licrtlnng,} 

kno\vm:d(;I':  ok  SKr.v.\M- i.o»M,-.<r./). 

|i(ii»iiiiim-i  Vii|Kiix,  ilM'.P.  ii'i'"  1    (iiiiii). 
mliuii  iif  lii'ilrioity.  '■i.'\>,  noti'   I    iiiii). 
•  •|"  ration  uf  ii:iiu>,  ^MMI,  lii>lr   I    "">). 

\\ir,k    (111    >ilip>.    "Ml.    llvll''    1     {  Il|l)  . 

(•(Ti'ci  (.1  iM-iM  (li.M  ii-i  i|,  IMH, 
l>fl\.inl  >  iMiMtisor  iip|iiiri  iiiiiliis  of  kimwli'd','!' — in  ^iiur.il.  401, 
Wiiiil  ol  o|i|Hirtiiiiiiy  prior  lo  miiilriit,  4i>-'. 
liiihvay  (i.icUs,  4112,  roti'  1    i  m  ) . 
■  '>--n  net  ions  aliovo  railway  tvacU-i.  loi'.  nolo  1   lb), 
ol.rilriulioiis  l)rsi<le  milxvay  track-f.  IDJ.  notr  1   (c). 
r.iilway  cars;  con.'-triR'l  i'lii  and  opiLilloM  oi',  loj,  iio;i}  ; 
irifiiiar'li'il  o]>.'niii'4-.  4i>2.  nuic   1    i,c,i. 
Iinicliinrry,  4<>'_'.  iioli'  1    if(. 
\rliicl.'s.  4(IJ.  Hole    I    I'll. 
Ia'ili>.    -IIIJ.    niitc    1     (1:1. 

iniiu  -,  4(>i,  noli'  1    111. 

liatiks  of  ■•arlli.  I'lc.   |o.'.  i;o(,'   1    l\). 

foriiiati.'n  of  in:   lo;.  i,c,t,-  1    ,k    . 
«Mllioii-ncy  of  o|.|p(.i  t  unity  ai  iii.lly  oKiaiih'il  Iipfnrc  ac^iilr  tit. 
lllu-lrati\<-  (ll■l•i^ioll^.  4ii;!. 

lailway  trucks  and  a|i|)Mrtiii;'nic-  m'ncrally.   lo.'i.  m.li'  1 

fro^'-i,  -.witi'lics.  niul  v'l'ard  rail-.  401!.  note   I    i  Ij  i . 

ol wtriK-lions  nbov«'  railuay  trnrk.<,  40!.  note  1    ir). 

(■1  -trucli<'iH  lii'sid.'  I.iil«a\    track-.   lOH.  note   I    idi. 

railw.iy  rolliiij;  stof'; :  iiai-i ;  r.cii'ni  and  op'rali"  i     f.  4"' 

l>rid!,'(-i  and  trc-tlcs,  40  i.  imli.   1    (fi. 

I)!atforin«  and  ^calloNU,  411^!.  noti'   I    i^'). 

parts  of  Iniildiru-^.  40.',  note  1    (li). 

Blippory  surfacis.  40:i,  note  1    li). 

liM;.'uardcd  oix'iiin;;-.  40:i.  iiolc  1   i j). 

ol  -Irnc'Cions  almM'  roailv\,iy>.  40^!.  noic  1    .k). 

v.liiclos.  40:!,  noli-  1(1)- 

sii'.vs,  40:5.  note  1   I  ni  I. 

I'lanrrs.  40.').  iioir   1    in). 

CM  ,'uliic'-  anil  ^;iai  iiij;s,  4li:i,  nolo  1   (o). 

nvolviiiir  cylindivs,  etc..  40.'t,  note  1   (p), 

n  volviiif;  tiiinldfr.-i,  4(>.'t.  note  1  (q). 

K'l.  screw.s.  401!.  note  1    (r). 

cinlinji;  niacliinr.-.   in:!,  note  1    's). 

]Mi!lrys.  40;!,  note   1    (t). 

bidtinir,  403.  note  1   (u). 

Bti'am  sliovcls.  40:!.  note  1   iv). 

nracliincry  for  cutting;  or  linakinp:  niotal.  403.  note  1  {\ 

St  cam  cnfii'ip-".  40:!.  note  1   (x). 

loiicliincry  for  breakinfr  nii'tal,  403,  note  1   ly). 

(livalors.  403.  note  1   (z). 

otiar  lioi-tiir;  apparatus,  4(i:i,  note  I    laa). 

1add,!s.  403.  i,..te  1   (lib). 

trendies  anil  banks  of  eartli.  403.  note  1    ie-». 


''t  ■  IN 

1  !ll 


It.t.    lli'tl'    1     I  A). 

Iji. 

i'.  1     I',  ni.!.  nolo  1 


notfi  1  (w). 


INDEX. 

t«f/i'i<n<r«  nrr  to   ■■  <  li'iiiK.) 


\so\\\-y 


I)(iK.  or  SK15VANT  -ii(, 


iHiiueil) 


tiiiiiK'l-.  4o:l.  mil.'  1   iil(l). 


.  411:1,  lUilf    1    U'l'l. 


iliiii^i 


■rcii.  clKMiiira 


1  pi'ip 


I  l\      of     V.l'  I'MI*     -ill 


850< 


ll..t;inif"..   J01    nnto   1    Ml 


inroiiii"''!"*   ' 


,f  covrv.iiit-,  411:1    III 


imnil'i'V  lit  (•m|il«).viT!'  H""!' 


,.,1  I. 


•  •\\.  tii:'.,  II 


Ml.'    I      lili). 


i\  Jtl'lll-    IIIM 


il  ii„.|li.»lx  ot  »or!,.  I>i .    1 


i.lr    I        ii  I 


(iiilliii.  iu>    111  opi"ii 
kiiowlflf."'  "I    liiirticular    li 


lllllitilr.  ul    liiii''  "I   ■ I 

isk ;     li<i»     I'll     ' 


iliMl.    Iii:lii 
ili'i.ilili'     trmii    1>» 


■iiiiilitiiiii''.  404. 


Inirk-  iiikI  niipiii  liii  h 


mil" 
ol.<tiiictioiis  ni'iir 


rail\ 


tr:l('l 


4(H    11. .ii'   I      11 ' 
III),  iiiii.'  1    I  111 


riiihviiy  nin:  ciiii-tniitii'ii  ^1 
uii«iliil''l''<l  niH'llinss.  404.  \v 


,il  lip 

r    I     <||> 


■l.ll  lull    111 


KM.  n..i.    !      I  t. 


liiiiliiifjriH 
kllii«liil'-'''  '>•■  iiwi'^ii'il 


cut  of  tcaiii'*.  404.  imli'  1    hi. 


not  imimlfil  In  ininn'l 


.oiii!.iiri«.iii    l.fl«nii    |).i^iliiii\    of   niii>lii 
kiMml.-<lH'':    ''M'"''  <'!i|i«'it'i'>iti'''*  " 


III     ^I'Hl 


-nv.iiii.   liHii. 

Ill    ill    ri;,Mr.l    In    iiiipn 


,10.1 


iiMiiit-  iiiiiin*  or  o|ipiiiliiml"-<  «'! 
iivant'rt  iiiMii"  or  .ippmiii'iiiii*  " 


I    Uiiouli'iliii'.    10." 
kliowlrilLT  siipiri 


III'    to    lll;'.~lrl    ^ 


40c 


il'  know  I 


li'V  » 


40'. 


sHMiiil^  <liity  i'-    '-.■giir.U    iii-li..liiiM    and    i..im 
Willi  siiili  iliity.  408. 
liiiiiali'  ol  till*  iJ"ntiii.f.  400. 


-iiallv   infi'iiiu    lo  mas 


i\  ;   not  oriliniirlly  cliir^'i"! 


la 


(lootiiiic  con>i 
doiliiiii'  ''oil' 


ilcrnl  witli   icfi'iiiu'i 


to  Millii'iiiiry  < 


<f  I'nniplaint.  410 


I,.,  id  with  rufiTnu-.'  to  propviny  of  iiiMi  uitioii- 


IliiA. 


iluav  tiack>  and  nppuiliii 


incci.  411.  nn'i'  I    I  : 


oiisti  iirtion 


iili^lniitioiii  aliovi 


.  l.i>iilp  railway  Iri 


,.k-.    111.  mile    1      111. 


liovi-  iail»a\   Hacks.  411.  nolo   I    mj. 


ihvav  cai".  411.  iioti-  1    id). 


VHl 

Ioconioti\«s.  411.  lioti-   1 
Imnd  cars.  411,  note  1    H 


scalfoliU.  pli.ttornis.  « 


tc.  411.  note  1    (r). 


vs.  411.  note   1    (li)- 
nniways.  411,  nolo  1    li). 
buililin-s.  411,  noli'  1   (j). 


ats,  411.  Motf  1    (k). 


nS'lKrdi'd  op<"nini.'> 


411.  no'.'  1    il). 


ttlosiapli  polo    ^lli  ""*''  '     " 
ladders.  411.  noli'  1   nil- 
inachiiiciy.  411.  note  1   (o). 
ficvalors.  411.  iiot<>  1   'Pl- 


dorri( 


iks,  411.  note  1    M'l- 


irlicr  lioiatins;  appliamo.  411.  nolo  I   (r). 
chains.  411.  nolo  1   (s). 
vehicles.  411,  noto  1    (t). 
tunnels.  411.  note  1   dO- 
mines,  411,  note  1    (v). 
trcnchPR.  411.  note  1    (wK 
Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.— 76. 


I  t 


tii 


k 


i.«"l  INDEX. 

iR'Ifirnrt'  am  to   •trrHntu.) 
KXC  UI.KIMiK  or  SKHVANI      itmiiltnucll . 

liiiiikH  )>■'  •'iirth.  I'lr..  411,  note  I    (\l. 
qimiiiiv..  411.  null'   I    i  \  ) . 
fli'ctric'ul  applinnot'H,  4)1.  note   I    Iti. 
ri«k!i  from  Ujc  full  of  linivy  ohjcctx.  4  11.  no«c  1    (ii»). 
Iiiaili'i|uiitp  pnivi^iotiH  i.piiiiHt  llrt'.  41 1,  imti-  I    ilili). 
inr(iiM|Mt«'nc'y  of  ft'llow  mTviint!*,  411,  nute  1    i      >. 
iiiiii|it'rf<iriiiiincv  of  i«pfi'illc  duty  by  frllow  ncrvuiit,  41!,  i 
vtrioiiN  anini.-.lH,  411,  note  1   tii'i. 
systi  Ml.  41i,  note  I   (Hi 
contn^ious  di««'HHfK.  411,  note  1    ij,'o'l- 
ilU'rulity  of  act  winch  MtTvnnt  ih  roquircil  to  ilo.  411,  not 
dapf^ir  from  uctti  of  linlcnci'  hy  Hlraii|;vr«,  41 1.  iiotr  I   lii 
doctrine  conxidcri'd  in  relation  to  nervaiit'*  opportiinit  l<  .<  oi 

412. 
liniiti  of  lervant's  exemption  from  duty  o(  innpertion  in  ).'ii 
when  duty  pn-dicnlile  from  circum-taneon  imliciilivc  of  darif; 
dul*  inferred  from  nature  of  funouunii  diMhargi'd  by  servant 
wlien  thia  inference  is  noi  drawn,  ll.i. 

duty   of   inspection   under   nilo.  special    notiocH  or  order*, 
eontrnctii,  410. 
picndin!;,    iieceHs'ly    thai    cumplainl    hIiow    servants    Hunt    of    k 
dan^'rous  cnnditiunK.  sf,'. 

nece.'.sity  that  un^uier  upeciaily  traveriic  plaint.ilT'a  allcgatio 
anco,  Sti4. 


.It: 


I 


i 


L.vnnni.-!. 

on  lailrnnd  ears,  collation  of  c.isr'.  (i.i^^j.iu'  on  liability  for  injuri 

from  defects  in,  .SS,  note, 
contributory  neg!ij;cncc  in  takiii;;  dangerous  position  on,  3,3,t   (  1 
Unowlcdjje  of  dai)(;er  urisinff  from,  imputed  to  sirvant  tlioiii.'ti  in 

.394,  note  1    (v). 
<ui.sc8  illustratinff  dm-trine  that  servant   is   not   bound   to   ii.    .. , 

1   (n). 
servants   cliar^'iil    with   diny   of   providing   safe  ones,    vice    princ 

507,  note  7      1 ) . 

LAW  OI  THK  CASK 

judgment  on  ap|>'..|  in  Federal  court— second  action  in  state.  850i 

MtillT, 

servanta  charged  with  duty  of  lighting  place  of  work,  vice  orinc 

508.  note  6  (v<. 

failure   of   coserv.mt    to    keep    place   of   work    pro.iorly    lijjhted, 
master,  010,  note  1    (r). 

I.lfiHT  IXADEQUATE, 

e<-)nfribulory  iieglij^nee  in  workint;  with  inar!r((!Mte  li^ht.  HSl.  nr 


\'\ 


UJt^ 


i 


uiit,  111,  nnic  I     !' 


for  in|iin>»  rrsnl'i 


»tiitp.  850b. 


It.  USt.  notp  I   (ql 


INOF.X  ««>* 

iKtfriinir'.    iiir   In   «n(lolH.I 

LOADING  <'Ans.     S,,.  R.MiiiOAM. 

|.fi(()MOTIVl':S.     Sep  Railboads. 

;,yGOING  R.MI.HOAU.  _ 

injurif«  r-sultiiiK  from  impr..i«T  oon-tiiKllm..  ..,    w>U-  l. 

UKiKlNii    \NH  MSTKSIMi. 

,|uty  of  r.ulwiiy  .■..,i.lo>....  l<u,i>.  Pi..>-iti-  ir^u'W-,  .«..-l-. 

IX)SSOK  I'uSllloN    l'i:\l{  OI-.     s..   l)isiii\i!.,t.  li  Ml  <>v. 

'■'^^'J!!',lh,^tlmt    .>M,M,,,.i"M   of   c-;.raor,lin„r>    ,i-L    i-   infMr.,!    fmrn   ..m.mC. 
l.iinwIcdRc  tli.T.'of,  274,  note  1. 
f,.li,.«  v.Tvaiit  .Inrtrin.'.  i<l.'ntity  of  driurliii.  ii(,  ..'"i 

.|,v,M..,H   invohin-   n.talion   l.otNvcvn   «u,..ri...    ,n.,l    -Ml.nr.ii.mtP   «rv,.nt.   .i 
rrcMiK  .....-'t..rMi..l,ility,  .■.4!t.  notp  1.  _ 

vin.   ,,i>„-ip.M,il..  test...!  l.V  m.n-.I..Ur,,l,U.  „.„u„.  ot  ,1...,-.  ......  "..,.■  .t 

,,...1,1.  nr..  ol  ,wn.plov.T,  in.p.'Oti-'n  aiwl  r.,..u>..  n..Ml.al„lity  of  master,  CIS. 
net.    1. 

MMUKl!  Y.vnUS,  ■  o        ,     1 

as  to  «l.at  s..rvant.  workinR  in.  art-  f.'llow  srrvanl^.  V.<^.  note  1   .  r , , 

M. 

MACHINKHV. 

lial.ililv  ..f  i.-.i-t-r  f..r  .lof.-.s  in.  m,.  Ins.k.  vunt.m  itIks. 

stntntot.v  li..l.il.t.v  of  n,a.l..   ...r  .l.-fo-t^  in.  ^.■,.  SiATrxnnv  I..,Mm.r.". 

^'"^'iii^Juin..   tl,.,t    a..mn,,tion   of  ,.Mrao,ainavv    ri.k    is   inf..n..,l    fro,,,   -..^anf. 
knowli.l-,'  tli.ivof.  274,  nolo   1.  -■„,„,..,  i 

ca«,  det.rn.inir  :  statu,  of  ;.'■•".  .a  1  n,ana...r  a-  a  ^u:  prnj-pal.  ...m.  n-  ,.    1. 

decisions    involving;    relation    l,.tw...n    sup...inv    an.l    -,>l.ord,„at..    ^.vvants    a. 

repardsniast.-r'slial.ility.  .•.!!•,  note  1.  -.,,„„,     •, 

Vic  l.rincipal-l.i,..  t-sted  l.>    n..n  d. .... .!.!,■  Matu-  of  d,>t,.s.  ,,.,().  not.-  .). 

neRliJ.nc..  of  .  ...Lplo.v.-.  i„^p,-.ion  and  r.pai...  no„.ial  ,hty  of  mnsfr.  -H. 

doctHne'tl,at  complaint   „,uM   all.-o  plaintiffs   -vant   of  knoulod.v  of  ,la„...r- 
oils  conditio        S57.  note  2. 

vrhon  knowled;,..  ..f  H-k   lo.pnl.d  to  .„i.,or«.  310.  note   1(1). 

M.VNTIiAH. 

linl.ility  ..f  ma>-t(r  for  i>,ainlaii,i„;;    .'.). 

""dl'r;ino'''that   a.snmptio.   of   c.traord.nary   .=sU    i^   infcrr.d   from   .rrvnnt> 

knowledge  thereof,  274,  note  1.  .     .     ,    -.„>   ,  i 

««o«  detPrminins  s:    tn.  ot  ,•,  n  v.,t  mana.^.r  as  a  v.co  pr.nc.pa  ,  -W.  '""''• 
negligence  of  coomp-yec,  Hspcctio,,  and  repairs,  nonhab.l.ty  of  ma.ter,  61.s, 
note  1. 


WPP 


n', 


liii 


# 


rm  IM»K\ 

' /■'rrrrnirri  art  lo   tfilioH') 

MASSACIM  SETTS. 

dortnrir-  th«t  n«»iiiii[ili..ii   nt  ••vi.icnliii.irv    ii-k   U  iini-rri'il   frnti 

know Icilgo  tliiT'iil,  i'l-i,  null'  I. 
ii«  to  ri(;lil  o(  I'lni.Uiyt'i'  in  i.rm.r  wlirii'  injiiriil   wliil"  Moikiiiu 

ilri'i»i(iii-  involviiift  rrlntict:  lutwiiii  ~ii|>iriiir  niiil  HiilionllMMti'  •<'  \ 

pinln  iiini'li'rV  liil>ilit\.    il",  ii'ti'  I 
vi(t'  priiiriimUliiji.  ti -tcil  \'\   iinii  ili  j.  jf.ilili.  natiin'  <if  iliiti^i.  ,■>.")('.  m 
(loctriiii' of  an  to  vici'  iiniiiiiial'liip  nl    .11  v.int  [htIi'i  iiiiii;;  mm  i|i|i'^ 

5fiO. 
■rtion  unili'r  nlntiiti".  ponlrilpulory  iu'L'liL'c  in'i'  ii    11  di'diiw,  tl.'il.  iml 
Ipxt  of  cniployi'io'  liiliilily  net.  li.ili. 
•  K  to  con^lnirlioM,  oi«riilioi>    itul  (Hie.      I  iiii|.Iiim  r«'  !i   liiljlN  lift, 

KlltV     I.I.Mtll.ri'V. 

Iiiil>ilil\  nf  icciiviTr  uiiilfi  ".liiiiiii-.  ten  liitii'lit  of  iiiilway  ciiipioyci 

MAM  IKS  I)f  TIKX. 

ill  ji'  !■  of  cini   til  111'  oxrri'iwcil  in  ■.'I'li'Tal,  m-r  Cmie. 

<if    ill«|Mrti<i|l.   »i''    IXM'II   llll\. 

lo  ooliiliiot  l)ii»iiir»-  ii|Miii  SI  -afr  'V-li'iii.  .iiil  |ii  iiiiiiilt,'Hlf  riili'n  iiml  1 
W'f   SVSll.M    OK    III  SINTSH. 

lo  fiitiii>li  Hiifi   ii|i|iliiiiii  •     iiiiil  placi-  lor  work,  *iv  IxsrufMi  MAi.r 
n»  11V1111I1  iiisininiint.ilii  ir»  o«nf'il  liy  oIIhT!..  sic  Ownkksiiii'  ok  I 

rvi.iiii  N. 
with    ii's|M'i"i    to   i>iii|ili>viiirnl    of    riiiii|M'triit    ■iirviitili.    -ipr    I'.Mi'i, 

Skiivants. 
Tnrioiis  HiM'cilic!  dutirH  inipnncd  lij  statute-,  -ii'  Si  \ri  roiiv  l)i  tiks 
(K'lr;;aliim    of.    a«    ri'nili  riiii,'    master    liable    for    iii'yli^i'iice    of   di'I 

hi.i,i.ii\\   Skhv.^nis. 

!ii.\ii:i:i.\iJiv. 

of  cviik'UCP.  SIS. 
MAXIMS. 

rrilriili   hill'   /it    i    /III 'II,  S".  PI. 

>Ii;i)l(   \l.  TKK.XTMKNT. 

dutv  to  fiirnisli.  as  iion  ilrlri;al>U'.   '>7\. 

MF.TIIODOI-  WOKK. 

niastrr    pro\  iiliiit,'   safp   iiii'tlioil    not    lialili'    for   injiiripi'   rrsnltins 

work  in  dillVrrnt  niaiiiit'r,  2(i.  note  4    (U). 
conlriliutiirv  nifjli'liiiPf  of  sfrvaut  in   si'lirliii;;  tlio  nmi"  danyrn 

diinirtur'   fri  111   fiistoniaiy  iiutliods   liy  scr\aiit   as  ontisi  iluiinj;  c 

n<(.'li};-"        .-.H. 
nog!  41  iicf  .  .  siiju'rior  servant,  nia-lri  not  llnhlr  fur.  ."i!l7. 
Spo  also  Sy.stk.m  of  IIi.sim^. 

MlCIItGAN, 

doctrine   IH.it    aRsnmptinn   of   e\lranrilinary    ri-k    is    inferred    frni 
knowledge  thereof,  274,  note  1. 


TTT 


IMIKX 

{ll'ffiriurt    <l.r    fii    -fi  fir.iu.V 


.'  ■!); 


iilcn  iin<l  r<''iil:iii. 


*Pf     r.Ml'L.lYMl  M 


prrod    frnm   servant- 


UlCII  If- AN— (<•'>" 'I  ""'■<'' 

vuv  ,.riiioii«.l.lii|..  U'«ti''l  l-y  m.i.  .Irl.  v^iM.  n.iturr  -f  a.ii.. ".  .V.n.  not..  T 
j....i-i.iii'.  iii*..i*ii>-'  r.Outi.m  iMtw.ii  ,.ii»iiui  hii.1  Mil...i.liii.itr  ..nuitl.  u«  '<- 
1J.I1.I.  iMti»liT  «  liiitiility,  54!>,  n>.i''   1. 

MINKS. 

u.^umplion  of  ri-k«  l.v  «.r\.int«  ui.iluiijf  In    -'■  •    ""i''  '     H. 
ari!«iiia  "lit  "I  P'TiMKihiil  iiiiiiiiiiiMi-.  .'7.'.  ii'tr  I     i  • 
ilefiM'tivr  riMif  J7T,  ntili-  1  i<|i. 
contril.ul..rN   ii.-Kli«' n,-  in  lailini-  t"  u-  pi-i"  '   I'h  .  ,r,i  i,.„^,  :i:tl    n..l-  I     -i 

in  taking 'li'"-"  f"""  I'""'''""  '"•   "'   '"' 

(rniii    itiil>ri>l»r  nu'tlii«l  i.f  |«i  f.Mi.nii:;    «-'i        tilt    i!)). 

violiilimi  of  ruliH.  "(i.'m,  imli'  II. 

kn..«l..du-  oi    ,i,k,   ...i-lny    froin.   iin|ml.a   1 iammI.   Imvh,«   -i iil   'Ap.- 

I  jciKf,  aiMI,  note  U    (lili ). 
«l,.ii  kiiowlnl;;.'  .if  li-k  impul.d  t..  iiil.nii^,  :i'.o,  n..t.-  I   loo). 
impult'<l  U<  ..n.iiil.  :w  .1.  iHMi.lrtil    opnn  .,p|.uitiii,ii  ii-  i>f  -.iviitit   for 
mM|ipriii^',  -KI'l.  ii"i<'  1    '"■' 
caM,  illii»truliii«  (U.cliiii.-   tlul    h,iv..mI    i-   iiol    l.oini.l   to  in-ii-n,    111,   ».>... 

a,  I.,  what  MivanU  work'   '     n  or  u\  Mr  i-lLm  ...MvanN.  t"^.  <uA,    I   a)- 

MTiaiilM  rnf;nK<Ml  in.  commd..  mipli.vni.'iil,  ..l"i.  ii"t"  1   (t). 

|.,r.  man  as  vii'i-  piimipal.  .'r-'4.  iK.ii'  '.'   ml. 

.iilMui^iiiK  •■iiiploy.-..,  as  vicv  prin.ipal.  .VJO.  n..!..   lini. 

app..nilr,l  umli  T  -tatiitos,  .".::il.  ii..lr  I    m.j. 

Hupl..y.rs  supnvisinK  mim-s  an  li.a.l-  »(  .l.paitnMi,.«.  :..'.r>.  ni.*<>  1   ID. 

..ivailts   cliai-r.l    with    iniiinlainin;;    -aft  v.   ^i.■.•    piin.  ii.  il- ,11.  of.    .Mis.    i.oU. 

m-liiirncc  of  ..os.vvant   pr.»ln.ii,-   -.tniHural   un>al.  ty   of  tcnp.iary    .l.a..t.. 

;.r,  linhililv  of  ninstiT,  tilJa,  noic  lu-l. 
constiluti.maiity    of    statutes    impoMi'.U'    various    ,luli.-    upcm    .v  lato.--    of, 

r.47,  I), 
statutes  rcKulnting  opi-alion  of  mines,  constnicl ol.  ML.  iiole   I    "li. 

MlNM-.MiTA,  .    .         , 

,lo,lrine  that   assumption   of  fxtraonliuary   ri^^k   is   luf-rre.l    I  -er\  mu  s 

liiiowleilj'e  I  hereof,  J74,  note  1. 

l,\l  ..f  statute  ih'olaiiitory  of  eoui 1  law  doc  lri:.,\  I''-'  h. 

ell.ii  of  sucli  nlalute,  ti.')!!. 

aetion  under  statute,  e.mirilmtory  ne;;!     .     'e  as  a  iln-       ■    ''<■  1    note  1. 

iiaistitulionalitv  of  statute,  OJO. 

vi.e  principal-hip.  tested  by  non  delepalde  mt.ne  of  dii-i.-,  .  .Hitmu  of  ■•a.es. 

.'!,')(),  note  ;i. 
deeiMons    invohin-   relation    between    superior    and    suhor.liaale    .eivants   as 

re),'ard-  nuister's  liability,  .J4!>,  note  I. 
teM    of  statutes  relating  to  liability  of  railroad>   for   injuii,-   to  employees, 

7r,0a. 
injuiiis  within  purview  of  statuto.  Till, 
liability  of  receivers  under  statutes  lor  benelit  of  railway  employees,  848  a 


MM 


!li 


i 


260S  INDEX. 

iUeftT'enveH  are  to   nrrthtrnt.) 
MIN<1RS. 

fniploynieiit  of  tn  do  dangerous  work,  ncgligonco  not   m'oes<;iril 

from,  18. 
greater  care  must    («■  exercised   fcir   proti'ii  ion  of  minor  servant 

ailiiltH,  10. 
limits  of  this  obIi;;ation.  20. 

efTccl  of  employment  of  minor  witliout  parent's  consent,  21. 
duty  to  warn  minor  as  to  risks  incident  to  nnlilockeil  i'ro;;s,  (ill,  c. 
lialiility  of  .na-ter  for  inj\iries  inllicted  by  minor  fellou   servant,   1 
not   deemed  to  have  acted  vcdinitarily  in  aeiipliii^  extraordinary 

as  to  a-snme  such  ri>ks,  2S!1.  a. 
ftssuTiiptioii  of  risks  hy,  2!II,  21)2. 
minority  as  a  circumstance  tendini^  to  ne;,'ative  eharfre  of  contriliii 

gence,  .MS. 
ui'i'iicability  of  fellou  servant  doctrine,  4hS. 

staliite.s  rchilinj;  to  employment  of,  construction  of,  S02,  note   lif 
lialiilily  of  minor  emi>loyer  under  employers'  liability  acts,  (i(i.'>. 
statutes  regiilatiiif;  employmi'nt,  construction  of,  802,  note  1   (fi. 
knoH  lcd>;e  of  risk  imputed  to  minor  servant,  si'C  Kxowi.wxjk  in  Si. 
iluty   to  instruct  minor  servants,  see  In.sthuctio.n  of  Seuva.nt.s. 

MISSISSIPPI, 

ea.ses  detirminiuK  status  of  fjeneral  nianairer  as  a  vice  principal,  ." 
decisions  involviiif;  relation  between  superior  anil  subordinate  serv 

^'ar<ls  master's  liability,  iiiU,  note  1. 
ne;rli?.'ence  of  coemployee.  inspection  and  repairs,  nonliability  of  n 

note  1. 
text  of  con.'^titnlions  and  statutes  relatiii;;  to  fellow  servants,  74,' 

construction  of  their  provisions,  74.">b. 
complaint;   averment   as  to  servant's   freeilom   from   contributory 

S.'iS,  note  2. 

MISSOIRI. 

doctrine  as  to  contributory  nefrlijicnce  in  conlinuinf;  at  work  with 

of  abnormal  risks,  ;!01. 
cases  determiniuix  status  of  general  iiianai;er  as  a  vice  principal,  o.'iO 
fellow-servant  doctrine,  identity  «d'  di'partiiient,  ,')00. 
deci>ions  involvinj;  relation  bclwicn  superior  and  subordinate  serv 

Kill. Is  master's  liability,  ,")4)»,  note  1. 
vici'  jiiincipalship,  tested  by  non-delc^'ahle  nature  of  duties,  550.  no 
nejfli^l.nce  of  coemployee,  inspection  and  repairs,  nonli:diilily  ot  n 

note  1, 
constitutionality  of  emiiloyers"  liabilily  act,  (ll.'i.  Ii. 
text   of  statute  relatin;;  to  liabilily  of  rai  way  corporal  ions,   74(5, 

<'onstruction  an<i  ell'cct  of  statute,  740a. 
text  of  statutes  defininjj  vice  principals  and  fc  How  .si  rvants,  74iia;i 
lext  of  statutes  declarin;;  invalid  contracts  limiting  liabilily,  7!i;.ii 
liabilily  of  receivers  under  statutes  for  benefit  of  railway  employei- 
<  i<lli[M,iilit   need   not    ,iile};c   iiiasler'a  kuuwledjje  of  dangerous  coudi 

note  U. 


'I 


3     '^ 

■If 


f  i'(>iitril)iiti 


IN'UKX.  -■^*''' 

(Rrlerencet  are  to   «(r-lioiM.) 

'""'^''''^Z'X^'v^^^^r.m-^  --   oC  U or  a,ng.o„,  eon^Mon. 

av!rm",.nras''to    .-.vaufs    freedom    from   contributory    ...kI ia-ucc,   838, 
iioti'  2, 

\ioi>i:i>. 

,,.  ,.\i,lriicc.  S-i7. 

""™w™.  l"v..hh«  ,-<-'-■■■■'  '-'■■"■  "'i-'io.  ...1  ..w.nn.„  ^, ■ 

cases,  i).')U.  note  3.  ,,    -i,-. 

„.xt  of  «tatut,.  roU.tiuf.  to  li.l.ililv  f»r  act.  of  s..,>.r.o.  servant..  .40a. 
construction  of  llio  statule.  747. 

injurv  to  employees,  O:!,,  note  1    (el. 
haliilit.v  of.  foi    I'li'.iies  to  employee.*.  S17. 

MINK  IIV\T-  <)1;I)1N.\NTI>- 

,i„;.„i„„  of,  \.v  master  :,>  e.mst.l.it  inf;  nejili^.^nee.  .00. 
I  ,i„,„,i„„  .,f,  «;  provin>a.e  ca„>e  of  injurv.  S^-''.  """■  - 

I  „ssnn,pt ion  of  risks  arising  .-on,  master  s  v.ola  ton.  .......  not-   ..<'). 

violation  of,   as  constiiuting  coMlril.nlorj    n.t:li|,'enee,   Jt... 

N. 

'"!,;Se'thnt   nssnntption   of  ox.raor.linarv   risU   is   inferred   fr nan,. 

ku..wle.lj,'o  thereof.  '^74.  n.,te  1. 
f..U,.« -servant  .loetrin...  i-leMlity  of  .l.partn.-nt.  MM 

decisions  involvin,^  relation  l.et^ n  sup..r.or  an.l  ,ul...r.lmato  .r,.,n,s  as 

.rar.ls  master-s  lial.ility,  r,4!t.  note  1. 
vin.  prineipalshi,..  ...sted  by  n.m-,lel..,al.le  nature  of  .lnt,es.  -'  ^  J^; 

UocUine  that  con.plaint   need  not  allege  master  s  kn.,ule,l,e  of  ,lan,,.ou- 

aoHwir;,;":.::;:;!.  .nus.  an,...  P.ain,l.rs  «ant  of  kno.„.,..e  of  aa,,.. 
oil-  coniliUons,  H>'>7,  note  ;i. 

''"mJli'Methere  in-tru, Hties   f.-nisbe..  can  not  ....  -af,..y   used  by   .erv 

;.iii3  eNereisiii'.'  ..r.linary  ere.  :il. 

ii,.iiii.-.i,  no. 

kno«ledjr<'  as  an  .■l.'m.'iit  of.  110.  _ 

master's  violali....  of  sta.t.te  as  e..n>, itutn...',   ,00. 

S. Uo  CAta::    lNsr.UMK.NT.v>..t..s:    Knov..,..,...k   ok  M.vsrKr..    S^su.M 

BlSUM-.S;    KMfLOV.ML.NT  Of  ^sUtV.A.NTS;   Sl.V.Llu.lV  Ll.VUIUll. 


•  It 


J 


J 


i  .1' 
■1  ;ii 


2310  INDEX. 

iPffrrrnrc»  tit-t   tn  Mrrttftn$.) 

m:\v  ii.ami'.smfhk. 

ilcirliiiii'   tlmt    il^sllnl|lti'>•^   nf  pstrnoi'dinnrv   risk   is   infiTied   froi 

Kiir.wli-.l;,'!'  (licriof.  J71.  Iloto  1. 
(l(fi«ions  irniilviii^'  iclaliim  IhUvocm  su|M'ii()r  iiiiil  sulioiilinate  sen 

^^U(ls  niasli'i's  li.iliiUtx.  .'i-li*.  nod'  1. 
\  ir  ■  {II  ini'i|>al.-.iiip,  tc-.li'il  l)j   iiuii-ili'li'<;alili'  nature  of  (liities.  Rulhiti 


■n 


I "  • 


:,i;\\  ,M'.i;si:v. 

ilootrinc   tliat   nssunipfion    of  ovtraorilinary    li^k    is    infirri'il    fmi 

knowloilfTL'  tlieri'of.  '274.  note  1. 
ra^cs  ik'tpniiiiiiii^'  stains  oi  jjcncral  nianaj^rr  as  a  vici'  principal,  5:! 
dcti-iims  involvinL'  relation  lid  ween  ^npcrinr  ami  sulioidinate  scr' 

•jards  nnistcr's  lialiilit\ .  '>A'.K  note  1. 
vici-  iiiincipaNliip.  (i'-UmI  ii\  non  ilclciiiMf  natiiii'  of  ihilii's,  .")r)0.  n 

Ni;\v  .\!i:xi(o, 

ili'ci-ions  iiivolvinj;  relation  lu'lvM^on  superior  ami  suhordinate  srr' 

;jards  master's  lialiility.  7tA'.).  note  1. 
viee  prineipalslilp.  te^li'd  liv  non  delej;al)lp  naturi'  of  d\ities,  .'iSO.  r 

M;\V  VdllK, 

doclrilie  as  to  ri^lit  of  I'niploveo  to  recover  where  injured  wliile 

^undav.  :V2ti. 
doelrine  as  to  iniplieation  of  ne-rlipeiieo  from  violation  of  iiiles.  3 
cases  delerniininfr  status  of  general  manager  as  a  viee  principal, 
decisions  inxolvinfj  nlalion  lieiween  superior  and  suliordinale  ser' 

jI.iriN  masters  lialiility.  541),  note  1. 
vici'  priniipalsliip.  tested  by  non  (Ii'le^aMc  naliire  of  duties.  ."..")(».  n 
neyliifence  of  coeniplovee.  inspection  and  repairs,  nonliability  ol  i 

note  1. 
text  of  employers'  liability  act.  (i."i!t. 
ns  to  construction,  operation,  and  eliect  of  enii)loyers'  liability  ac 

UTOliY   LlAUILIlV. 

NON-DELEGAUM-:  DUTIES, 

as  to  duties  wliicli  are.  liability  of  master  for  ne;.'Iigenoe  of  seiv.i 
ing,  see  Fki.i.ow  Si.uva.ms. 

\<)1!T1I  CAROLINA, 

decisions  involvini;  relation  between  superior  and  -iibui-dinate  -^er' 

irards  master'-  liiibility,  .■>4!t,  note   1. 
vice  principalsliip.  tested  by  non-dele;;able  nature  of  iluties.  ."i.iO,  r 
constitutionality  of  einployer:^'  liability  act.  Ii4.'>.  c. 
statute  relating  to  liability  of  railroad  I'ouipaiiii  ^  fur  injuries  to 

Ttilii. 
burden  of  proof  under  tliis  statute,  TOlaa, 
construction  of  tlie  statute,  7G2. 

NOirill  DAKOTA, 

dcci.-ioiis  invohiiiff  relation  between  superior  and  suboidiiiate  ser 
gards  master's  liability,  54!),  note  1. 


ii.' 


it's,  f)')*).  Mote  '■'. 


('(I  while  woiKiii','  ■ 


INDEX.  "i*" 

(llefriencea  are  (o  trrtiiiitK.) 

N'ORTH  DAKOTA— (fonUiiued).  _ 

vice  prineii.nlship,  testfl  by  mm  d.l.-iil.l.'  imimi..  of  di.1i---.  '.0.  note  .1. 
text  of  stalulo  dfchiratory  of  couuiioiilaw  aoclriiic,  Gi:5Va- 
ellfct  of  such  statute,  653%. 

NOTKE, 

ol  daiiiicr.  duty  of  itiastcr  to  notify  sorvaiit.  •>«.  ..'> 

iioticr  to  H.-r-nt  rcliovcs  iiwM.v  fioiii  iial.ilily,  CO.  ^   ^ 

diilv  of  servant  to  notify  ma^^ter  as  lo  ..xi-t-ncc  of  da,,..;...,,,,,  o.^ndition    -Sl 
01  defect,  see  KNowr.KUGK  oi   M.vstkh:  Kndvm.ki.ci:  o.   S,  i:\.\.Ni. 
service    of.    on    employer    under    employer.,'    liability    acts,    -ee    Statu roT.Y 

LlAlUI.ITV. 

\l Ml'.KU  OF  SKnV.\NTS, 

dntv  of  master  to  employ  an  ad.'^.ate  muim'..!-  ,,;  -eiMnii-.  Jn,.  .0...  ^^^ 

assumption  of  risk-  ari^n^  from  i.,ade,,uacy  knoun  to  injare.l  servant.  .,,, 

knowU'dpe  of  dangers  ari-inf:   fro,,,   ins,.lliei.„ey   of.   ii.ipute.l   to  experien.ed 

siMvant.  ;!!lt;.  note  3   (jrj;). 
inade,,uate  n,m,l,..r  u.s  proxi.„nte  oau-e  of  injury.  80;i.  note  ..id),  SIO,  uole 

6,  p.  •22:in. 
OliSTRUCnONS  Ulv-^lUK  OU  0\  KU   li;  \i  KS.     .See  Rau.ko.m.s. 


ahilitv  act.  see  Stat 


:)f  seiv.uil    perfofT!^ 


linate  servant-  a?  a 


""'doctrine   that   a.su,option   of   eM,,,o,,lin,ny    ri-k    is   infe,,-,.!    fro,n    se.^eutV 

knowled^'e  thereof.  274.  note  1.  ,,•;■„,„., 

doctrine  as  to  ri^-ht  of  en.ploye,    to  recover  «l,ere  ,„.u,.d   ul„le  wo.k.nf-  oi 

deSl^  iu^vinp  relation  between  M,perior  a„d  M,.,or,li„.te  servant,  a.  re- 

gards  master's  li.ibility.  .-)4;t.  note  1. 
negligence  of  coen,ployee,  inspeetio,,  and  repans,  no„l,   l.,l,ty  ot  n.a.ster,  CIS. 

note  1. 
constitutionalitv  of  employers'  liabiHiy  .-.'i.  f.t.-..  d. 

text  of  statute' relating  to  p,-olertMM,     d   rail, 1   .  ,„pl.,yees,    ,4, a. 

construction  of  the  statute.  TtTb. 

text  of  ftatute  defining  fellow  servants.  T»7c. 

construction  of  the  statutes,  7 4S. 

liabilitv  of  receiver,  under  statutes  for  Ueneli.  of  railway  en.ployees.  S  s  ., 

comjdaint  must  allege  plainti.Vs  want  .d  knowledge  o,  dang,  rons  co„d,..,ns. 

857.  note  2.  ,.  ,,-, 

avern.-.nt  as  to  servant's  freedon,  from  conlr,bulo,y  neghgenee.  s.,.  . 

note  2. 

"''dl^;hI^that  asstnuption  of  extraordinary   risk   is   inferred   fron,   servant', 
knowledge  thereof,  274.  note  1. 

itl'ENINGS.  DANGEROfS, 

defects  in  covers  of  a  temporary  nature,  H7.  note  I    (101. 
See  also  l'i,ooR.s;   I'M.i  vnuEi'  Oi-tM.NCS. 


].    i 
hi 


i; 


f 


1^  i 


itill 


I 


2512 

OIM.VION  EVIDENCE, 
admissibility  of,  HiO. 


INDEX. 
(/ir/erencea  are  to  »ecHiu.) 


<i|{|)i:i!S  OK  MASTEK, 

ria'lit  iif  action  for  injurins  received  in  nlifving  direct  orders;   intn 

4;!;i. 

n<ci>«ity  of  s-liowinf;  that  order  «a>  ^iven.  4.'{4. 

nicissily  of  sliowin;;  tliut  order  wua  given  hy  an  employee  rep 

tlie  master.  4:!."). 
necessity  tlint  order  was  tlie  inducinj;  motive  of  servant's  act,  4^1 
necessity  tliat  order  was  nejili^'ent  nnder  the  circunistanoes.  4:!; 
assumption  of  ri>l<s  as  a  defense,  4M. 
coKtriliiilory  neu'li^rince    iMially  nefiatived  Ity  evidence  that  servi 

under  order,  4:i!l. 
considerations  upon  wliicli  doctrine  is  hased,  440. 

master  and  ser\anl  not  upon  same  foolinfj.  440,  a. 
serv.int  entitled  to  rely  on  master's  performance  of  dutie. 
order  considered  to  be  an  implied  a-^nrance  that   tliere   i 

normal  danger,  440.  c. 
necessity  for  prompt  oliedieni'e.  440,  d. 
direct    order    consi<lereJ    as    t(iidinj»   to    ..  jrative    voUiiitari 

440.  e. 
direct    order   considered   as   tending   to   produce   confusion 
440,  f. 
olTect  of  luiatitliorized  order.  441. 
must  liave  been  one  wtiieh  prudent  men  woubl  not  have  refused  t( 

with,  41:;. 
order  of  no  avail   where  servant  fully  appreciated  danger,  44;!. 
order  mii^l  have  lain  carefnlly  ('xecuted.  44 1. 
violation  of,  as  cmistitiitin;;  contributory  nef:li;.'ence.  ,303. 
injuries   received    in    obeying'   orders    in    performing   duties   outside 

eniploynient.  see  Scoi'K  of  Emi'I.oy.mk.nt. 
iieiirligencc  in  f.'iviiig,  statutory  liobility  of  master,  see  STATlTiottY  Ll 

OKDINAUY  CAIiK. 
defined,  14,  note  7. 

OUniXAUY  IMSKS. 

prcsunu'd    to    liiive    been    voluntarily  assumed    within    meaning  of 

Vrt'eiiti  noil  I'll  ill /III  ill.  ;!7."i. 
assumption  of,  availibility  of  defense  in  actions   under  employers' 

acts,  C50. 
assumption  of  by  servant,  see  Assl  .mption  of  Hi.sk.s. 

OIIKOON, 

doctrine  that  assumpti(m  of  extraordinary   risk   is   inferred   from  ^ 

knowlediie  thereof.  274,  note   1. 
decisions   involving   relation   between   superior   and   subordinate  sen 

regards  master's  liability.  .540,  note  1. 
vice    principalship,    tested    by    non-Uelvgablr    nature    of    duties,    eoih 

oases,  550,  note  3. 


hy 


(T 


lors:   intriiiluctorv. 


ili),Vfe  reprpientitis 


tliat  sorvant  act..; 


INDEN.  ^*''" 

(Itrfetrncen  ax    I'j  «<ffiiiM».) 

OVF.mTANOlXG  STRrCTLKES, 

iiiiurifs  to  railroad  eniployoo^  l>y,  71. 

See  also  Rah.i'.ipahs. 

owvr.iisnip  of  instiumkntai.itiks. 

X-ntnlilio  o«n,.a  a.ul  onnUoU....   .,v  :.,„„i,w.  l,u,    u-.i  at   ..„>,,.,.■.■- 

diri'ctioii,  !<>!•• 
cases  holdini;  Piiiiilnyrr  not  li;ililf-  'TD. 

U:„s:"l^n'!rby  Ltl'..-  Lt  ectvolivd  a,wl  n.d  l.v  -ni.lov.r  a.  pav,  of  p.n,,.. 

172 
li.,l>ililv  of  railway  companion,  for  c.m.liticn  ol  fui.i^M  _rM...  17;t, 
obiiiiati,.,,  ol  rrcivif-  conipam-  to  inspect  cars    1,  1. 

"v.""  of  statutory  an.l  constitutional  prow-i...,>  r.,u.rtng  ra.hvuy  en, 
pani.'.-  to  tran-p-il    U>u-i-»  ''a'S,  1.''- 


P. 

""S,;;-";"*:...^ .. .  -*- -  '■■■  '■■■■  ■■;, :;"-;  ■'' ■""■ 

(  f.  ll.m   ..TV  ml  as  a  dcf.'Usc  tu  -luh  an  aHioij.  4^^. 
nct;li;ii'nce  of  tcllow   MT\ai.i  a.  a  " 

PARTI  KS. 

plaintilT's,  844. 

dcf<n<lanfs  in  general,  >1''- 

liability  of  the  state  to  its^en.v!"y<''^-    '"'■ 

municipal  corporations.  847. 

;::l::::urur:;^:u:.^:-. nt  of  rai,..  .„„.....  S4sa. 

Sr^f^S^'eoetupl,, 1  „..,....  P^>.ties  a...nda„t,  S4.a. 

'''':;;''^nts  travellin,  on  e„u.U,yer.  ve„i,.,.^  ar-  ,1,. •  to  be  pa.en.er. 

an,  e. 

'■''Sr:i:.t'ass„mptio„  of  e.lraordin.ry   ris.   is   inferred   fro„  servant. 
knowlid.,'1-  tlicreof,  274,  note  1.  ,    i  „ ; ,.    -,-,0    note  5 

note  1. 

1  llOTUUKArilS, 
as  evjdeii'j-,  S-7. 


'J!i 


t   M 


I    1 


)    i 


I 


25U  INlJKX. 

(/,'  /freiict»  arc  to  nectionii.) 
PILE  DRIVEl^?. 

kiiowli'd^i'  of  danger  arising  from,  imputed  to  servant  though  inc; 
3!) I.  note  1  (u). 
PILOTS, 

upplicatioii  of  doctrine  of  fellow  servant,  485. 

PUACK  OK  WUUi;.     See  lN8TBUU£.N"rAi,niE»i. 

PLANT. 

liuMlily  of  niastcr  for  dofi'Ols  in,  see  iNSTiirMKNTAi.iriFr 
8tatiit<>r_v  lialjility,  see  .Sr.\n  rouv  LiAiiiMry. 

PL.\TFORM, 

cnllalidii  of  oasi'-.  |ia-.<iiii;  on   liatiility   fi)r  >••,!. iries  caused  by  varif 

in,  !t",  note. 
knowleil),'c  of  danficr  impiilcd  to  -.  want,  as  depenili'nt  upon  oppor 

servant  for  ae>|iiiriii'j;.  40,'i,  noti'  I   i^). 
servants  cliar^'ed  uitli  duty  of  uiaiiilaiiiinj;  satety,  vice  prineipalsli 

note  0  (i). 

I'LKA, 

sulFicioncy  of,  S04. 

I'LSADINO. 

complaint;   snllirifncy  in  general,  S.">4. 

sulliciency   con-iil' nd   with    nlalion   to   the  doftrinc   of  as-ii 

risks,  855. 
Willi  relation  to  fellow   servant  doctrine.  ,S,"),")a. 
uviTinent  of  master's  knowlediie  of  dangerous  condilioll^.  S.'itt. 
doctrine  thai  knowleil;;e  niu^t  be  expressly  charged,  .s.'iii,  I., 
doclriiie  that  knowled;.'!'  need  not  be  expressly  chariied.  s 
the  rule  in  the   l-'ederal  eonits,  in  Illinois-  Indiana,   Iowa, 
Xciiraska,  South  C.noiina,  West  Virginia,  8.")(i,  note  9. 
averiiunl  ot  servant's  ignorance  of  dangerous  conditions,  410. 
doctrine  tliat  coinpiaini  ii;n>i  contain  siicli  an  averment,  s: 
doctrini'  that  coiiiplalni   need  not  contain  such  an  aveiiin' 
eirect  of  an  averment  that    llie  servant    was  not  ncgli;:(iit 
avern;ent  of  servant's  freeooni  from  eoiitrilmtory  negli;,'eiue,  S 
variance  between  allegations  and  proof,  ,s,')!(. 

cases  in  which  there  was  held  to  be  a  v.niaiicc,  S,")!(,  note  I    (a 
cases  in  which  there  was  lield  to  be  no  \.iriaiice,  8oU,  note  1  ib 
duplicity,  861. 
n  piignancy,  Mi.'. 
dtliniteness,  803. 

Runicieney  of  eot:ipl;n!it  after  verdic'    s.'.r.n. 
plea ;   in  general,  sG4. 

sufl'iciency  of  allegations  as  to  vice  prinoipalsliip  of  negligent  servai 
allegation  as  to  negligence  of  vice  principal,  5'JJ. 
allegation  as  to  breach  of  iioii  delegable  duties,  ,"i(lJ. 
conformity  of  instructions  to  pleading,  soG,  note  Z  ^u). 
admissibility  of  evidence  under,  817. 


lough  incxporioncoj 


:eiit  servant.   •!!. 


INDEX.  Wl'» 

{Uilririiiii,  11. t   lu  iritiuiii.i 

poisoxofs  ^■^^n:s.  , .  ,   .u         n 

liability   of    iMi.-tn    for    iM-iniilliiiK   <Ur    >i.-   of   ,„l„t,inrp-    wind.    thrn«    o(T 

danpt'iou-i  funic.-.  S'i. 
knowl.dtr.-  of  cprtain  risks  not  ii.iputo.l  I..  in..>;|..-ii.'ii,'..,l  -,r»aiit,  3l»o,  iiof 

•2   lim). 
wlion  knowlcdcr  of  ri-k  ii.i|.iilr.l  to  .i;in..rs.  :\W.  .i(,l-  1   i  miM  i . 

iitisoN^ lis  sri?<r.\N('Ks. 

kmml.Op'  ot  .l.ai.o.r  ari-iML>   iiMputiMl  to  s.rv.n.t  tl.nnu'l.  inrvp.  i 

:iii|.  iiiitc  1   i>  ). 


■■1. 


'"'■.Mi.ai.m  of  c-a-.>   pM-sin;;   ...i   li:.l.ilil,v    for    inj.ni.-   '■;n^"<^   h    '"••'"••l-   "'•  '■>'>■ 

f,,.,,ucn.'.v  Willi   Nvlii'l'  inslirdioii  >U,>yM  Kr  uuuU:   l.-,h.  no,,.  J. 
I'OSITIOX.  KlvSi;  Ol-  U)SlXti.     See  Disi  MAH..1  .  I'Iak  of. 

[•OSTS, 

,|,.f,.,t--  of  n  toiiiporaiy  or  transitory  nature,  !i.,  note  _. 

powKU  TO  iiiur.  .\Ni)  mst  ii.xnm:. 

,.|T.r.t  as  .on-tilutio'-'  «U"li  nrrvant  a  virr  pnn.ipi'l-  •''«•  — '• 

PRKMlSr.S.      Sr.'    I.Nsilll  MKM.M.ITIIS:    S  lA  rr  lOP.Y    I.IAIIILITY. 

I'Ki-sEUVixt;  K.\ii'i.()vi:i;s  I'lioi'ianv, 

as  roli.vin.L'  .•...ployc.'  from  fliarirc  of  iiailril.ulory  n.-li-.noo,  .11,1. 

of  noMiuvn,-,.  from  violation  by  nia-t.r  of  rule  pronml^ate,!  l.y  h.m.  Ifin. 

do,.,  not  ari-,.  from  „ i  dis-iniilar  applinnv,  fur  sun.lar  purpo-,>.  m 

„.e  of  i.i>truni...tality  or  m.tUo,!  not   in  conunon   u^e  does  not  raise  in- 

fercii>-e  of  ni'i-'lif-'i'iioe.  4!). 
from  f:.iliire  to  prop.rly  vntilale  railrnad  tunnel.  loT. 
use  of  in-trumentality  «liiel,  l.-s  I.,..,,  in  us.  for  .   'onj;  tune,  and  un.- 

fnrmh   iirovi'd  safe  and  eHiii'iil.   y'<''<-  . 

from  tli'e  o.eunenee  of  previous  aecid.nt  ui.l.out   Mih-e-iueut  curing  of 

defeet.    1:I7. 
not  rai-eii  from  mere  occurrenec  of  aecidcnt.  '^^^■^■ 
exeept  a.-  .lualili.Ml  hy  doctrine  y,s  irioi  loquitur,  snt. 
as  to  freedom  from  ncf;lij,'eiice.  AH. 
a~  to  law  of  forei'_Mi  state.  S74. 
of  servant's  knowledue  of  dan;.,'«'rs.  .'iT. 
tliat  ordinaiy  ri-ks  arc-  comprehend,  .1  !.y  a  >eivant.  -JfiO.  a. 
that  n  servant  a-reer,  to  u-idertake  ordinaiy  risks.  2t;t>.  I', 
that  servant  voluntarily  assumes  known  vi-k.  JSH. 

of  contributory  neRli:.ronce  from  continuance  of  work,  where  servant  was  will., 
out  knowled;re  of  abnoinial  ri-k  involvnl.  2!lo. 
from  use  of  defective  or  uniit  appliance.  :?41. 
from  violation  of  rule,  :!0."). 

comliti.m,  illustrative  oi  ihi-'  principle,  :iC.'.a. 
limits  of  this  doctrine,  IJiiti. 


if. 


1  Mi 


-si  <■ 


ili. " 


2.M6  INOKX. 

(ff«/«r«ncM  III  I'   t't   <.i'r  fioKn. ) 

PRESUMPTION'— (•onlinwc./) . 

doctrine  that  violation  of  a  rule  docs  not  imply  noplipf-ncp 
of  Inw,  307. 
Mrvnni's   knowledge   of   dcfcpts   not    ncci  sHiirily   »iillicifnt    to 

Riiiii|ition  of,  from  eontimiinif  at  work.  J!iO. 
wlirn  ser'iint's  knowledge  sullicicnt  to  jii«.tifv.  2!»7. 
from  continuinu'  at  work  with  know  ledfie  both  of  defivts  and  i 

riskB,  20S. 
when  nepli^jcnoe  is  not  imputed  as  u  mutter  of  Inw.  to  a  serviiir 

titiucK  in  work  villi  knowledge  of  risk,  .100. 
from   use  of  iii>|diiiii(<s  other  thiin  that  for  whicli   they   vmii' 
.'!4-.'. 
that  tiiasti  r  hiis  perfurnied  his  duty,  rigiit  of  servant  to  rely  on.  11.) 
limit  of  the  servants  right  to  act  upon  this  prcHUmption.  li.'tli. 

rROIl.Mm-ITY  OF  ACCIDENT, 

wnnt  of  prolmbility  of  neeidt  nt  ns  ridieving  employer  from  liahilit- 
wiint  of  .IS  nITecting  employer's  duty  to  guard  machinery.  7rte. 

PRO.MI.vK  OF  MASTER  TO  GUARD  AGAINST  OR  RKMKDY  IA; 
(ONniTION. 

introd\ietory,  418. 

neec^sity  of  jyroving  that  promise  was  given.  410. 

whose  promise  is  biiiiliiiL'  on  master,  4-0. 

nee(s>ity  of  proving  that  servant  was  imluecd  hy  promise  to  ooni 

421. 
reliance  upon  promise  given  prior  to  the  commencement  of  work,  l- 
iplian<'e  upon  promise  given  after  comnieiiecinent  of  work,  423. 
rationale  of  relation  betueen  |>arties  niter  giving  promise.  424. 
assumption  of  risks  as  a  defense,  42'>. 

during  period  covered  by  promise.    IJ.'),  a. 

iifter  expiration  of  period  eoveied  by  pruiiiise,  4'!"i.  b. 
volenti  non  fit  i)<jiiiia.  as  a  defense,  420. 
contributory  negligence  as  a  defcn-i'  in  eii'-es  where  promise  was  giV 

during  period  covered  by  promise,  427,  a. 

after  expiration  of  period  covered  by  promise,  427,  b. 
<ontribulory  ne;;ligcnec  as  inferred  from  gravity  of  risks  eiicounte 
contributory  ne;;liu'enep  as  inferred  from  length  of  time  servant  W( 

giving  promise,  420. 
illustrative  eases,  430. 
conditions  restricting  or  ignoring  doctrine  as  to  dfi'eet  of  promise. 

PROVIM  i:  OK  COURT  WD    lUKV, 

question  of  fact  presented  by  cimilicling  evidrnee  as  to  whether  m: 

in  common  use,  43. 
as  tc  master's  constructive  knowledge  of  del'eelive  condition  of  in- 

ity,  139. 
as  to  frequency  with  which  inspection  sliould  be  made,  l.'iS. 
whetlier  master  has  employed  suilieient  nunilier  of  Reivanls.  2li,*>. 
as  to  contributory  negligence  of  servant  in  continuing  in  work  « 

edge  of  abnormal  risks,  300. 


KDY   rA.\(.i;i;iil  • 


io  to  cnnfinno  work 


ae  was  ".von    177 


INDKX.  251' 

(Ketertncf  or*  to  irrtlnn:) 

PROVlNfK  OF  rOUUT  AND  .IIRY— (roH/i,.i(Cd). 

a,  to  MhotluT  H..rviinl  gave  ernplojiT  due  notice  a>  to  .Inn-.m...  r.m.liMon.. 

a,  to  wl.fth.T  plnintifT'*  n.rliR.noo  w..«  an  rmcicnt  oaui.o  of  lui.  injur),   i-i. 

in  .IcU'iiiiinin;.'  wivant's  ncKliyi'MCc.  XW. 

„H  to  wh.-tlKT  violation  of  iuI.-h  .•..n-tituto*  conlributorv  n.-li«->ncp,  30a. 

conUitionH  illii«trativi.  of  tlii-<  pi  iiicipli-.  :!•'■">«. 

liniitH  of  tliis  (loitiinc.  :i('.ti. 

doctrine  that  violati.m  of  a  rulo  .lor.  not   niiply  nrglijicn..'  an  mattei   ol 

iHW.  3(17.  ,  ,   ,   .. 

Now   York   doctrine  »■*   to   implication   of   ncjjl i(jence   from   violation    at 

rules.  307. 
Texas  doctrine  n»  to  implication  of  nogli(!ence  from  violilion  of  ml.  «. 

307. 
in  detorminins  whether  knowl.dRc  of  rink,  shall  he  imputed  t..  serNanl.  .f.'O. 
in  diterniining  whether  there  was  a  common  employment,  4;i4. 
as  to  wlicther  relation  of  fellow  servant  exist:*,  itiH. 
in  dctermii.ins  whether  ne-liKonl  employee  was  u  vice  principal.  .".11. 
„8  to  whether  acts  of  superior  servant  were  ne^-li-ent,  .Vitla.  note   1. 
as   to   vice   principalship  of   n.;;li^'ent   servant    in    performing-   non  delcj:.l,lc 

iluties,  .")ti4n.  ....  .1,1. 

as  to  whether  ne(,'li;;ent  servant  acted  as  vice  principal  in  earryin-  out  del.uH 

of  work,  594. 
as  to  ne{;lif;<'nce  of  servant  in  bein;;  where  accident  occnr.M,  (lit.. 
as  to  whether  injure,!  servant  was  aclins  within  scope  of  employment,  034. 
as  to  proximate  oause  of  injury,  805. 
as  to  whether  evidence  establishes  nefilisence,  835. 
where  cause  of  accident  is  merely  conjectural,  837. 
as  to  sumcienev  of  evidence  to  estahli-h  a  material  issue.  Sfi.-,,  t,. 

as  to  conclusions  to  be  drawn   from  cstahli-hed   <u-   un.ii-pul.d   fa.'s. 

805,  b. 
where  facts  and  conclusions  are  not  disputahh.  8fl..,  c. 
instructions  invadin-  province  of  jury,  800,  note  2   (e). 

PPOXIMATE  CALSK,  . 

servants  n.-lif;..nc..  not  a  bar  to  recovery  unless  it  w.s  an  cH,,  ,e„t  r.iuse  of  the 

injury,  323. 
illustrative  cases  turninj?  Ufon  proximity  of  cause.  324. 
master  not  liabl..  under  employers'  lialdlity  acts  tmle^s  d.fect  was  proximate 

cause  of  injurv.  007. 
ncessitv  of  pvovinjr  ihat  negligence  was  the  cause  of  the  injury.  sn:t. 
bie"ach  of  statutes  and  ordinances  as  all.ffed  -ause.  8(i:!.  note  .".    m). 
defective   condition    or    arrangement    of    inorganic    in-trum.ntal.ties    as 

alleged  cause.  803.  note  5  (b). 
incompetency  of  fellow  servant  as  alleged  cause,  80!.  note  7,  .e>. 
insumcient  number  of  servants  as  alleped  causo.  S(i3,  note  5  (d). 
vicious  animals  as  aileg.d  cause,  S03.  note  5  (e). 
Hefeetive  svstem  as  allcaed  cause,  803.  note  5   ifl. 
failure  to  instruct  or  warn  as  alleged  cause,  80:1,  note  5  (gl . 
neHi^ence  in  regard  to  details  of  work  as  alleged  cause.  803,  note  .-,  <',i. 


UU  INDKX. 

(Hi/rrenctt  urc  lit  trrtiono  I 

PROXIMATE  t.VtSE— (conhifued) , 

ni'cvkKity  of  proving  that  it  was  tln'  |ii(>\iiuati'  ctium'  >>(  iIm'  liijurv 

note  I. 
province  of  couit  and  jury,  SO.V 
intfrvniiii;.'  i'aii-c« — in  gi'iieral,  »0U. 

o|)iTiitioii  ii!  nimrt'HporKililp  nin'iu'irx,  ^"7. 
imnciilpabic  iiclx  of  rr->pi)ii>iilili   arl<ir?t,  Slis  iiinl  imii'  I. 

IHJ{lij/iniH'  llf  (imcrVHIltB,  Sd'.l. 

BCt»  of  I'liiplnM'i'H  lor  hIhim'  iii'«lij,'iiii'i'  iiui»li'r   i-*   ri'>|Miii 
noti-H  pp.  ..''J;i:i.  L'i:iii. 

iliiiifirroiln  i'oinlitiiiri't  crfiilnl    in    tlir   pliii'f   nl    «>irU.    Mt'.i. 

•J.'iU.  L".Mli. 
ilfficli.  criiilctl   ill   milwii.v   rullinn  Klmk,  iii.iiliiiiiTy.  I'lc 

pp.  ■-•i.Mli,  diW. 
Ulllillii-v  uf  till'  ilclili(|U<iil   iii'.iiviiiit.  Hd'l.  niil(»  pp.   JJ  i> 
iliiiilrcplalc   liuiiiliiT  of  KcrvaiiU,   Mill,  inil.-  p.   JJ:(!I. 
ilil'rclivc  re  ulllalioii",  SOU.  nolc  p.  'Jj:!!!. 
eontriliiitmy  iif>;liv'iiir<'  i>f  iiijnrid  servant.  SIO. 

i'a»c.»  Ijcariii^  upon  ipic»(ion  hIhiIkt  ncirlijicnci'  wan  provii 

81(».  not.'  J. 
Diaster'it   nij^liiii-iire    inliTM'iiuii;    iMlween   roxTvantV    nr;.'li^ini 

jurv.  Si  I. 
intervening  lietuion  |ilainlili'V  nefrli^'eiioe  and  injiiiy.  SIJ. 
concurin-.'  •■.ni~ij>-  in  jjenpral.  si.!. 

UIMsler  li.ilile  where  lii»  ne^'Hu'enoe  anil  aul>-ei|neiil  lief;li^enee  o 

are  liotli  eillciint  fuu-e-.  »14. 
UluHtrative  eases.  S14.  I>. 

oonenrrinit  nej-ii^'eiiee  of  servont  liuvin^  rank  of  vice  piit 

note  8  (o). 
in  re'/ard  to  nonp.  i  I'oi  mki'hv  of  stalntorv  iliity.  Hl4.  nnlc' 
in  ri'speet  to  iionp.  i  I'lriiMinr  of  iiori  ilelc;jal.li'  ihilv.  Sl4.  <m 
in  res[iect  to  defi'  uve  loadhed  or  railways.  Hl4.  note  S   u 
in  respict   li-  ilflect  ive  swilelies.  S14.  note  S   (di. 
in    respeet   to   daii'jerous   ol>jects   elose   to   railway   traeks, 

S    (e). 
in  respect  to  (leinllve  l)iiili;es,  Hl4.  iinle  s    ifi. 
in  respeet  to  iiiiprnpor  niakinj;  up  of  trains.  .^14.  note  8  If 
in  resiieel  m  iuiprnper  lifililiny  of  tlje  place  of  work.  K14.  i 
in  respect  to  iin^iiarded  iiiacliiiieiy.  SM.  mite  S   lii. 
in  respect  to  deleclive  seaiVolds.  .S14.  M"te  «    i  Ji. 
in   respect  to  otlaT  aUnontial  il;Mi;^ers.  MU.  nol     ^     k'. 
in  respect  to  defective  railway  cars.  H14.  note  8   ih. 
in  respect  to  defective  lo(onioti\es.  S14.  note  8   (ni    . 
in  respect  to  defective  liand  cars.  814,  note  8  (n). 
in  r';;:ird  to  detdtivc  machinery  and  tools.  S14.  note  !■   if 
in  respect  to  empioyment  of  suitable  servants.  814.  note  s 
in  respect  to  failure  to  employ  nunicicnt  number  o{  ser 

note  8   ( q  ) . 
in  reepect  to  defective  lygtero,  814,  note  8   (r). 


J\: 


V.'l        i  ' 


link.     Mt'.l.     lint     . 


ISDKX. 


U19 


</.•<)"•■ 


(ii  nrfUont.) 


PROXrMATK   r\l  >K      i"-^ 


ill   ii-p 

h    I  »i 


!•!     to    •.•nil;;     1,1. l(     I         I 


liiliiiii«   i»ri>   iMrriiil    mil.   SU,   WA» 


„,n»tii  liiilil'    "lull'  li'    «\  virc  |iii 
hurdi  'I  of  I'K 


,il  ilir  iliil  ilil.iil-  (it   >viiiU    ''I.; 


tli.il 


■  •1  -  inuii^'- 


ii~  till 


I'VIJ.K.YN, 


UlIK 


■iIKi-  oI   il    ii;..  I    iiii^i'iL'   fiiiiii.   ilii|iii 


III!    HI 


iiv.int   tliiiiiu''i  iii'\|"ii''nc 


wd. 


:ili»,  nolo  1    lot 

wlirn  iniputi'il  in  Miiii<ii».  :\'XK  note  1    (pi. 


ili'il  III  «.rMiiil,  «»  ilrpi-niinu  upon  uppui 
qiiirintf.  4li:i.  ii<'t<'  I    It). 


imp 


riuiiilii'x  »'f  nTviint  fur  iw- 


tr 


111^  plri\  iiiii-  1"  r.ni'. 
iii';.'li;;i'iici'   iinii  ir. 
Jlll-.V.   .SI-'. 
iliilrm*!'  of  <-n*i'I\,i;r 


d'AllRIKS. 

anKiiiiipli'"'  " 


f  ri»k»  nri>in(;  mil   "f  Ifiiipm:! 


rv  cdiiililiiiii  "f.  2n.'>,  note  1    (m). 


kiiii«li'il"i'  <)(  ri-kn  iiri'iii;: 


fimii.   iiiipiitftl  to  wTViiiiln  liiiwiij!  "pi 


icciiil   *'\p*'r 


It'll 


fc.  :io«.  not-  n  (II). 

illilHlr.iliii;;  iloclrim-   llmt    -nv.iii 


t   in  not  txiuiiil   to  ini-iioct.  411.   noi> 


1  (y). 


■rviiTit-  1  nipli'V'ii   in.  »li 
1   (vvi 


III)  ail'   f<llii«    wiv.in 


t.*.    Iii.s.  note   I    {•>).  riiii!,  null" 


fort. nan  in  i|iiari 


HA  vii'i-   pi  lliriir 


viiiit   piiulihiii'J    -mill  111  ill    nil 


iJO,    II' 

I  mill 


ill'  1    III.  ."«J4  null' 


i^lif^i'niti  of  lo-crviiiit   ) 
tir,  littl'ili'v  of  inaHtor,  01-;i.  m't"  1    "•'■ 


■fily  of  li'iiinur.iiy  clmrac- 


()U>>T1<»NS  (»!•■  LAW 


ANU  KACf.     S'C  ri:iivi\a.  oh  Cm  UT  a.m«  .U  uy. 


H14.  noil'  s     In 
ly.  S14.  niiN  ■* 

null-  S    I  I'  I. 


not 

p  8 

p 

.ik. 

H14 

1] 

III'  >  ill 

III. 

^  ' 
1 1 1 

x'. 

ni   . 

tiotp  ^'   ml. 
14.  note  S     p 
)or  of  servaiii-    ''I 


RAiLro.\ns, 

ailopti 


if  in'striiniontnlifif!'  in  roiiiniim 


ii-o  anions'  railmniU.  41.  nott>  4. 


railway  Irark-.  ilil<il<  in  wliifli  im 


lilt  -atV  opimlion  ol  tr.iiii^.  OS.  S4 


loral ion  < 


i  tratk.  tis*.  u. 


clninni'N  for  ilixiiar^ri'  of  water,  *>».  e. 


niilii'K!'.  >'''*■  'i. 


it  ion   oi    lra;n.<. 


safe   opir 

track-,  •li.l. 
difi'fts  ri'ndrrins  it  >"* 
loiMtidll,  ti'l,  o. 


iliitv   to   niaki'   nilei-    rcinilntins   repairing 


uf 


lie  lis  footway 


tor  servant,  til',  Sj. 


rondlii'd  and  tiiH,  On.  b. 
trncks  mill  yards,  (>!>.  d. 


call  It!  guari' 


Is  must  not  unnoi'i'S'snrily  imporil  t-niployrcs,  22n.  m 


>te  9. 


gt'iicral  statutes  re<|iiirinj; 


>tnii'.ion  of    applioation  in  case  of  in 


jury  to  employtt 


lioT,  note  1   (c). 


nffrl i,?i'nt  repair,  li 
ni'j;'igent  inspection,  li 
fri'ijuency  with  wliicji  iii»| 
as.-iimption  of  ri>ks  ari-in^-  out  o 

note  1    (a),  277,  note   1    (e). 

Vol.  II.  M.  &  S.-77. 


lialiilitv  of  master.  tilH,  note  4   U). 


il.ility  of  ninstei.  Gli).  note  4    (a1. 
irdion  sliould  lie  made,  l.')S,  note  2. 

f  defects,  iu  tracks,  272,  note  I  (a)  27 < 


*   il»| 


il 


liii 


INOKX. 

{Htfrrrurra  iti-r  t»   irrtUmt.) 

RAlLROAn«—  («»n/i..M'<*) . 

knouliil)!!'    of    romlltlon*.  rl"k»    H .1    lo    Im>    c<mm|ii.1iimi.I 

|H  rii'iiml   xTViiMta,  :i!*4,  riolr    I    (nl. 
rlKU»  iii.l  il>'<'<iiiil  lo  Iw  ooni|irrlii'iiili''l  1>\   im  \|htI  iii''.l  -■ 

iioli'  2   (a). 
fi«k-  (Imi'iiu'U  to  t«'  Cdinpri  ln'iulril  liv  f\|i'ii' il  -n.m 

r,    (a). 
fi«k«  >>iniiprt  lii'i'ilfil  li_\   iiiiii"ir«,  1'''.'.  iioli'  I    iiM. 
»iiiit   .11  ii|i|>(irtiinil.v  (o  no>|iiir.'  Isimwic.l;;!',   4ii-'.  note  1 
•mill  iilU'J    of  (lli|iM|IUIIlt.\    .ii'lll:lll\    iil.l.ulliil.    Iiil !'•    1 

knowli'd^p  "f  ii-l»  iiilciiilili-  fiiiiii  km>«li'ly'   ol  liipi 

I.  a. 
MTViiiilH'  iliil.v  to  in"|uir«'  mill  in-|)i'rt.  411.  ni'i^'  I   i.ii. 
elixlriii'tioii-  "M  1)1  mar  iniok,  iiijinii-  cini-il  l.>,  :iu  a.  I>,  Til,  s;., 
ciiiiMiii"  111''  oi   iii'iixity  .ix  juitifviriK  rUimnU.  'ti.  <•. 
Iiiil>ilil,\  lit  .illrit.d  li>  proh.ilrililj  fi(  airiiluil,  .11.  il. 
objirl"  of  II  titii|i.ir.ir.v  or  triiii>it»/r\   'jlmiactiT  iIuh^iumi-. 
ill  iiioMiix  ti'iiiiin  or  varx,  iiU. 
OTi  I  111    dark.  80,  a. 
ii|i.ii--iili'  till'  ir.K'k.  SO,  I). 
Ui>«iiiii|>ii»ii   of   risk-',   (liitimToiu   ol.jevls   <"lo-.r   to,   'iTJ.    ii'il. 
IKilr    1    If). 
I'li-liMii  ol  iillii«iii(r  l<H)HO  objoc'tH  to  rPHiain  on,  27S.  ii»l 
iliii);;' lou-i  iilijccts  ilcpositiil  near,  27S,  note  1    i !;  i 
eonliiliiiliMV  111 '.■li;<i'nd'  in  tnkin;;  (iLiixiTOiix  piisitioii  on  imi 
to  :i:U  (ti). 
rl'.'lil  III'  •iiipliivt'i'  to  ri'ly  on  pr"«iiiiipiioi:  tluii  |  I. mm  i- 
:l.-..'i,  mil.'  I   (i-)- 
icrviinl-    kiii>«l<'ili.'i'  of  oondilioii'.   ii»ks  ilciimil   In  In'  •mi 
iiiivpi  ri.'iic'iil  strvants.  .'IIH,  iinlc  I   (li). 
ri-k-  il.iiiM'il  to  lir  coiiipnlicniK'J  l>y  i'\pii  iiMn-t'd  ~i'H.ii 

.'!    !0». 

Want  or  opportunity  to  aequiro  know lfil','i'.  ^O'J.  ikmc  I 
(.uilicii  IK  ,  (,t  oppiiitiiiiily  actunlly  olitaimil  lo:t.  iinlc  I 
kiiowli  iUjc   111  ri^k  iiifi'iablo  from  kiiowli'<l;'('  of  ri.niliii. 

1   ill). 
•.(Txiiil-  (liiiv  to  iiicpiirp  and  inspect.  411,  mid'  1   ili). 
ttructtiif^  ali'iM'  ii.iik,  li;iiiility  of  ftiiplnwr  :lila,  !>.,  71. 
toiiMMiii  iii-i    I'l    moi— -ity  as  jii-.tityiri_'   ilrimiili,  71.  i'. 
anomupl  imi    ol    ri>k^    roulliii'.;    Iiinii    (ilijict*   aliovi'    i.iilu^i; 

noli'  1    (f),  ti'T.  noto  1    (f ). 
coniriI.n'"r,\   m  L;Iiu.  iici'  in  (akiii(»  dan^ri  rolls  position  on  i-ar 
ri;;:it  of  iiiiplincc  to  ridy  on  prcsutnplion  that  plant  i'> 
.'!,'i."),  note  4  ( d ) . 
sertant's    knowledfT''    of    dannr-rs,  risks  deemed    to  be  com 
evptrii'iirrd  -iTvants,  ;i!l(i.  noto  :i   (b). 
ri-k-  .!i-.!::ri!  lo  11"  coiiipsi  l.Kiidi'il  !>y  !!!i!:ors.  ;!!i!i.  note 
want  of  oppoita^ty  to  utjuirc  knoHlidgi',  4t)2,  note  1 


■^ 


1111(11  i-Iii'ii.Ic'.1    ht  inn 

•rill I  -1 1  III'.,  ij, 

•  ■il   -••n.ini  -     ;:ii),  of 


ri.  ii.it..  I   I  ill, 

1"  • lii  i.'h-    (HI,  no' 


272.  imi.-  I   •■■!  ::: 

I,  27S.  II., I..   I   iji. 
111  '111  .'iU   i\iili  r.!;i'i  ■ 

I  l.i|.|    i^    mil    .1    1     ';i 

.1    1,1-    .-..i^;,!,'!,..,!!,.!  ,. 

I'cil  ^..ii.iiil-.     "Ii'i  hi; 

1(2.  note  I  PI. 
»:i.  II. lie  I  hI  . 
if  ii.iiilil|..ii-.   )ii|.  ti/. 

!•  1    I  III. 
■1. 

n.  ■■. 

II'    r.iih'.uy    tLni.  :'. 

on  oil  I'lir,  :!:)li  i  ■ 

t  p'lint  i"  ir'i  'i'  f"  • 

to  be  com|irt'li<'ii.!'J  I 

■VMi,  note  1  (b) 
yl,  note  1   (b). 


IM>K.X. 

l/^friiiuta    ill»    I"    «rrllOIM.> 


tiM 


lAll.HO'^"*— "■""'"""''* 


■Ulli<l'  "<>   " 


if  iipii 


iitiiiiit\   iiiiuiilly 


Uv  olituin*'.!,  40:!.  noto  I,  e. 


«i'i>iii> 


W  .llllS   to  lll'lillli'  iiii'l  'ii-l' 


.1.   III.  not4.  I   Id. 


|i.iii..  ..  iii|i"''"«  '"  ""I 


■  nil  waiil  III 


1  to  ki'i  |> 


lilt  .'ill  1 1.'.  72. 


il.ln'U  ill  riiiluii)   (iiir<"<.  ^1 


I  .tiitui...  rt'iuiriiiK.  iipi'li.' '''">•  "'•  '"  '"■'■ 


lit    illjlll\     to  OUIIllo}!.**. 


tliiT,  not!'  lie), 
.-muptiou  111-  ri-k.,  .Iif-civ..  piiniliiioii. 
fiiiliiri'  to  fi  MCI 


otP    I    (III. 


i.l  ..,i.,r.l  rail''.  <liit;    "'  riiilnw.l  iOiii|iiim 
1.1."^    i..,iiliiii«   I. Uinu   "'.   <■''"'•'   ""    '" 


111.'  1  I  a). 


i„  i.i.H'K.  i;'».  e. 


I  iiii. 

Bllili.  i.MlV    o(   <.rMii>l'^   o|. 


llUllilU'll   to   liniuil. 


i.i,.|-,   li.il.iliiy,  <!:n,  noi. 
knoHl.-il;-!'  of  riskii  4li:l, 


111.'  I   tl>^ 


t*iU'l'.-.  |ii»IHr  I'oii.lni.'tioi 


■tioii  of.  tIS,  "I. 


iiiipr.  I'll 
not.'  4. 


K      I.M'lll.'.l     wIl.T.'    llatlr'  '     "i;.''! 


Ill  .•.ml.l  not  li«'  own  iii  time,  C,X. 


In-.|ii.iii>   '.»i 

Niiil' 


III    u 


lii.l,  .«it.li.-«  Klioulil  W  in-|..<'t.'.l.  l.'W.  not 


f\   111 


iiAiiii''"  opiiortmiilii'ii  to  ii.'.|iiir.' 


kiiowU'.l;,'''  u'  ri«k»,  403, 


.,>.'  I.  11. 


II..II1.  :i-^iiiM|'l  ion  < 


.f  ri«U    .''i».  not.'  3   C'. 


tuU 


.-l,..  I,,   ill  i!'  Ill 


il.  li.iliility  for  ill 


mi.  ^  lo  r 


ilill.nl    l'.|l[ilo_V. 


liV   Viltl'ilK  I 


il.'li'ot',  74. 


iiijui  i. 


■ini>.(l  liv  tiini'  irary  or 


.lliliol'lli.l 


tlv  ili'l'i.li*.'  r.i!i.liliiin  of.  8"' 


il.f.  ,Ih  in.  IX*  iiroxiiiiiili   I'l'"" 
ii.'jli;'<'nt  in-.ji.'.tion,  liuliiliiy 
ii.;.'lii:.nl  r.'i>.iir.  linliiUiy  of  ni^i 
a-Miniplion  of  e.xtruordinmy   ri 
I   (II). 


f  iiiiurv.  Sil'i,  iioli'  tl.  p. 


:io. 


of  ina-l.'r.  I'.l^'.  " 


,t..  I   (li). 


-t.r.  til'",  noli'  4   (11 


-k-    Mri-iii^'  oil 


it  of   .l.'f.'i'N   in, 


272.  note 


-ir"  out  o 


f   111I11-II..1  C.>lliliili:l'i"" 


,  ..f,  272.  noti'  I   (i). 


nppiii'ut  inn 


to  raili'ii  'N  "f  il'H'iiiv 


lIlMt    SI'lVUll 


It's  kiiinvlcl;;.'  of  Jiingers 


i..|ii'V<K  ira»*('r.  .'i.'i.  noli' 


locoir"!  ivi'^.  I 


il..fii't  of  piriiaiiiiit  naturr 


iiijiiii.-  I'lii".'' 
fr<-.|U.'niy  v.  il 


I  liv  vari'iii 


1.  .l.-l'.'.'t.;.  ss.  11 


,!.■   1. 


U*i^Ulliptl"M   O 


I,  «'liirti  in>p.-<'tioii  -l.oiil'l  !"■  i"'"!'''  '•''"*'  "' 
f  iisk«.  277,  not.'  I    i«). 


colli 


riliiit.irv  iL'^'li^ii'iif' 


ill  tiikiiiL'  .lantr.T.'.w  ;....il,.'n 


on.  iiU   (7). 


ill  f.  in.iiiiiii,;;  on 
jfiltiil;..    .11    lllii»i 

"    t5). 


,l,.rai!...l  .'i.^'in.'.  r.M   i  l:'.| 


.■ii.'in."-   in   nil". 


U-  'laiiL'.'Mi"-^  manner,  3^* 


Lh.i'aI.'.U'     "f    .M'rvanl.    ri-l. 


i.  iii'.'.l  s.-rviiii 


i\*.  :t'.H.  ni. 


ili-iiii.'.l    lo    !i. 
1    (.1). 


npr.'l"".Ii'.I    liy    inpip.^r- 


risk-,  11. •!  .Ill 

mil.'  2    11' 

ri-'<-  .1. 


m1  to  '.If  ciiiijir.  Inn.!.'!  liv  iiuvp'' 


,1  to  lie  coiTipr 


;.l,cii,l...l  l.y  i-\\« 


,1  <.'rv:in!s.  H^.l 


■,1  m'lvaiits,  :!!)rt,  note 


:{  I. 


sorViintV  i: 


.lutv  to  imniire  nn.l   -.u^y'^.  411.  ""<•■  1    <^'; 


m'^li^i'  IK'.'  1 
■vklial  I'oii-lil 


,f  nfrsiin  in    'cliargo  or  roiiii 


.1  of,' 


Ni.iiuiniy   i:;i 


iMHty,  7nt 


iil.'^  a   t.icoinotlvi'  w 


illiin 


till'  meaning  of  eniplojers"  liabil 


itv  aci-i.  7"!. 


\'\ 


i! 


m 


2.->22 


INUKX. 
{Kefcrcnces  are  to  »c((io»»,) 


ll!^ 


I 


K 
il 


BAlLlJOADS—  ( conliiiucd) . 

cars,  ili-(tcts  of  pci inaiipnt  nature,  74. 

collation  of  cases  passing  on  lial.ility  for  injuries  caused  by 

frcU,  8S,  note. 
frr(|Uoncy  witli   wliich  railway  ears  should  be  inspieleil.   l.'.S 
nefilisence  of  ear  inspeelor,  liability  of  master  for  injiiry  tu 

(122. 
assumption   of  extraonlinary   riska,   277,   note    1    (1<). 
dani,'irous  n'.cllioj  of  moving,  278,  note  1   (e). 
defective  system  of  loading,  272,  note  2    (b). 
arising   from   defective  system   of   moving,   272,   note   2 
contributory  negligence,  dismounting  from  moving  cars,  .'i:!l. 
getting  on  moving  car  in  unnecessarily  dangerous  manne 
getting  olT  car  in  unnecessarily  dangenms  manner,  l!:!8  (i 
pett''  jg  on  and  oil,  in  violation  of  rules,  .^(ioa,  note  0. 
in  taking  dangerous  position  on,  DIU  (7). 
in  taking  dangerous  position  with  relation  to  nature  o 

(8). 
taking  position  on,  dangerous  by  reason  of  defective  coi 

traveling  on  cars  operatnl   in  dauLierous  manner,  334   ( 
in   operating  cars  in  dan;;.ri>iis  nianiur,  338    (1). 
passing  over  moving  ears,  :i.'!S   (4). 
kno.vleiige   of   dangers,    risks   deemed    to   be    comprehended   ' 
ieneed  servants,  31)4,  note   1    (e). 

risks  not  deemed  to  be  comprehended  by  inexperienced  se 

note  2   (b). 
risks  ileemed  to  be  comprehended  by  experienced  servant 

3    (d). 
risks  eimiprehended  by  minors,  3!)i),  note   1    (c). 
want  of  opportunity  to  acquire  knowledge.   1  i-,  note  1 
sullieieney  of  opportunity  actually  olitained.  411.!,  note  1 
knowledge  of  risk  inferable  from  knowledge  of  eoiulition 

1    (e). 
Bervant's  duty  to  inquire  and  inspect.  411,  note  1    (d). 
See  also  Foiii  iiiN   C.viis. 
br.nltcs,  colliilion  of  eases  passing  on  liability  for  injuries  caused 

defects  in.  SH,  note. 
liaiid  cars,  def(e(i\e,  88,  note   1    (3). 

assiimiition  of  risks,  277,  note  1   (i). 

contribiitoiy  iiegli^'cnce,  metliod  of  operating.  331,  note  1  (b) 
taking  dangerous  position  on,  .134    (11). 
operating  in  unneeessarily  dangerous  manner.  338  (10). 
violation  of  rules,  3(i.'ia,  note  4. 
knowb  dge  of  servant — risks  deemed  to  be  compreliended  by  ii 
servants,  304,  note  1    (e). 
risks  dwnicd  to  be  comprehended  by  experienced  servant 

3    !f|. 
Borviint's  duty  to  iiifjuire  and  inspect,  411.  note   1    (fl 


;iu?i'(l  by  variooi  (^^ 


(Referencei  are  to  aeetlont.) 

::±„.,i„M  Jf  risUs  ..y  servants  in  lu.lin,  .avs.  20..  note  1   id,. 

inii.ro,...r  niotliod  Uu-rcof.  -278,  note  1   (  — ). 
couplinK  .'n-s.   .l.fecH   in   p.ppliixnces,   73. 
assun.|.li'»'  of  risks,  -278,  note   1    (i). 
Cont.iWMlnry   nef-liR.nco,  3:51,  note   1    '.1). 

UxUuii  danK-ious   po>.ition    m.   .Tit    d"). 

,loin.'  Nvork  in  unnecessarily  .lan;;e,..UH  n,anner.  3M     ..). 

live,  3,").j,  note  4    (c). 
viiila lion  of  rules,  ."lO.^i.  note  li.  „„.„.> 

..  ,  •  .  ..iln.torv  ne'li-ene...  violation  of  rules  relat.nj;  to.  .iO...  not.'  - 

(Witol.in^'.  ronlulmtoiv   n.^i^cm   .  „.„|  i,.i„atin.'  in.  :133   (2). 

(lyi...'  switch,  contributory  n.-'e-'enc  of  tbo,     P'"""!''"'  ;  .  . 

dnty  of  .;»,,...>■  to  make  rules  and  re.ulaUons  .n  ref..>ence  to  satcly  of 
einplovees- in   sjenernl,  217,  a. 

J::::.;';,.Lion   of  tra.os   ooM.rovide.   for   in    regular  ti.ne  taMe. 

.i!:;.nd  regulation,  tor  ,. c.ion  of  en.p.oye. .a. n  track  work 

2  IS. 
for   prol.-tion    of   ear    r,  pair.rs,    ilO 

for    no„,Mon  of  e,.,,.lo>.-  „orV,...  m  yards,  i. -.  ^ 

o   prevent    au.on,a.ie  and  nuau,  Lovml   n.oveoM.,..  ot   ..,r.  .        _  _^ 

to  !e.M>la.e  track  repanin,  with  regard  to  sate  o •  a ,on  ■  ,   na.ns.  ._- 

a.su;™;':  :::m  r::::'S,.  - ...ree..e  or  i..-,.. . ....  -r... ...  > ..». 

arisin.  fron.  violati,,n  ,d  rule.  27.    ,u.e         -  ^^^_^^  _^^^^^ 

doctrine  as  to  violation  of  rule,  laisi  v  V'    ""M 
gcnce,  305. 

decisions    illustrating   doetiiio 

SO.ia,  note  1.  ^ 

rules   refjulatinn   swit.-hiiiir.   M'-i-  ""'>'   -• 
rules  re^ula.in.  ope.aUo,,  „f  cou,liof:  e,,r..  :ir,„a,  note  ,1. 
vules  resulatinu'  oper,,.,on   .>(  Iku.I  e.u-~.  :»;--.  no  e  4. 
rules   refzulatin^  setli,,^   of   -i^nal    lla..   .!-:k   "o^   ■>■ 
rol..s  rcndatin-  manner  of  -ettuij:  on  a.id  ..If  e,.i..  ..(.  ..i.  note 
:;;l:.:  ;::,erild,;^  par,ie„lar  places  in  wUiel,  >e,v.,„  should  or  shou... 

not  lie.  3{'),">a,  note  7.  .  ..  .  u 
rules  r..Muiri„._-  i„.,.ee,  ion  l.v  en.ploye.s.  :U,..a,  no  e  S, 
X,,:.    relpnrin.   en„.lov..es    to    report    e.islenee   of    dan.erous 1, 

..„n,;u;::.d'n:Lr::- in.  fro.  t.  c.an..er  .  tV.  in.run.e,.t.line. 

.rt:;;:r;r;::r:i;:;:;;rco:d::L:::f't.e\usin.s  indent  to  u 


nl.- 


r.  i.'ui.'.Uii!: 


atmn    of    train-.. 


I    i 


w 


m 


i 


1);: 


2364  INDKX. 

tBcfeiinci'i  are  tu  nertioni.} 

RAILFOADS -  ( continued) . 

as  oi>('iily  coiulurtcd-  -ciiHcs  collnti'd,  204.  note, 
risks  arisiii}^  out  of  tcmporniy  coiiUitioiia  inciik'iit   to  u^o  of  in 

tiilitit's^ — oases  colliited,  205,  note. 
by  servant  engaged  in  conslriietion  of.  -lil,  note  1    (ai. 
by  servants  engaged  in  repairing  roadbed  or  structures,  ids.  m, 
by   servants  reinovipir  iee  and  snow   from   tracks,   JOS.  nut"  ;l    i 
by   Iriiiiinien   liandliug  disalileii  cars,  208,  note  3    (ei. 
ColNilion  of  railway  eases  applying  rule  as  to  a-»iMii|.i  imi  .il   , 

nary  risks.  272,  note  1. 
contributory  negligence,  operation  of  railway  tram-  iuel  ear-. 

1    (a). 
operation  of  hand  ears,  .331,  note  1   (b). 
inspecting  and  reporting  rolling  stock,  .".31,  note   1    (e). 
coupling  cars,  3oI,  note  1    (d). 
disnicuinting  from  moving  ears.  Xil,  note  1    (e). 
•etting  top  signals  on  railway.  331,  note  1   (f). 
crossing  tracks  without  observing  movements  of  trains.  3."2!i. 
in  taking  position  involving  risk  of  being  struck  by  ears.  :i.;t  i  I 
taking  po  'f.on  involving  risk  of  falling  from  ears,  .'i3t   I2i. 
in  going  under  or  between  cars  which  may  be  si't  in  mot  ion.  :t:!  1 
in  ili'ing  work  on  railway  cars  at  improper  time  or  place.  3:14 
taking  )n>>itlon  on  car  dangerous  with  relation   of  olijicts   rit^o 

.i:;4   1 5). 
taking  position  on  car  dangerous  v  itli   relation   to  olijeets  i.i-~i 

taking  position  on  ear  or  engine  which  is  ilangerous  with  relaii 

movement   or   condition,   3.H    (7). 
taking   position   on   ear   dangerous   with   relation    to  natitre   of 

334    (8). 
taking  position  on   ear  dangerous  by  r>'a>on  of  di'briive  vonAt 

(9). 
taking  da?ia:erous  position  in  coupling  or  uncoupling  cars.  3:!4 
traveling  on  cars  opeiated  in   dangerous  manner.   334    (lOai. 
taking  dangerous  positions  on  hand  ears,  334   Ml/, 
riding  on  push  car  down  steep  grade,  334   (IJi. 
rcni:iiiiiiig  on  derailed  engine  which   is  being  put   on   iriuk.  :'.:» 
mounting  or  remaining  on  car  sjieeil  of  wliicli  cannol    lie  <ciiitr. 

(14). 
taking  position  dangi  rous  with  refireiiee  to  coal  ihiile.  3;!4      \'- 
doing  work   in  unnecessarily  d,iM,i;i  loits  njaiimi.  3.18. 
operating  cars  in  dangerous  tnanner.   33S    (1). 
making   Hying  switch.  338    (2). 
coupling  or  uncoupling  cars.  338    (3). 
passing  over  cars  of  moving  train.  33s   (4). 
•ttenipting  to  mottnt  moving  engines  or  ear-.    ".!S    '.'ii. 
attemiiting  to  dismount  from  ear  while  in  molJMii.  ".:;s   (fl). 
Toiii:i:;-r  aloii"   side  le.evlfit'  cars.  33S    (71. 
Idiickiiig  ears  which  are  running  down  grade.  33s    .si. 
method  of  doing  repair  work  on  cars.  33s   (Oi. 


2J.J5 
(References  are  to  «e<«i'in«.» 

uso  of  in>^trm,;..n.     ■  ,;,,i„„  of  cases,  3r.O,  noti-  1. 

liii.it.ition  of  tliiH  doctrine,  .ir.l. 
aotinu'  it.  ooMf.,.n,it.v  ,o  euslon«ar.v  ,.».. fee.,  .•>.,.  ^^ 

^'^''^  l:t;^;:^::r:i>^I:7:r  ;r^..tt.an.  o...,u.. 

servant.  en,a.e.,  i„  cupUn,  or  "":-"  -^,  ^^  .^r  n^  e  4   ul . . 
,,„n.'-rs  caused  bv  ol.j.c.s  aU-ve  ra.!«.>  tracks,  .!,...,  n  ^ 

n^ers  caused  by  objects  near  railway  tracks    3,,.,,  n.U  Mc). 

^„,aIi,":of  rules,  reguiatin,  operation  of  trains,  :io..  note  1  (a), 
rules  reLM.latin?  switch,  :W:»i.  note  •_. 
rules  re-'ulating  couplinff  of  cars,  :!t...a,  note  .«.            _ 

:  :,s  riulati,^  .ettin,  of  .i^.a.   >.a.s,     0.-';;  «.-^.^  ,,,„..  „ 

.rit^is."";— u--s^...--->-- '•■— ^"^ 

1    ('•)•  .  inu    iwitr.  1    (c>     .'lOt!.  note   I    (C) 

.orvants  workiufr  on  dillerent  trajns,  40H    not     1    .,  ^   ^^^ 

note  1   lb).  r,0(;.  note  1    (f)-  „,    ,    ,    > 

,        r,w  irnins    and  watcl.men.  jno,  1    (r). 
tioivants  bandlin-  trains,  ana  «a  ..„,„loved  in  repair  or  en 

«.:::;:ts'bl^d,in.  worU  trams,  and  those  en„>.oyed  on  pe •   ^v„y. 

4-.8,  note  1   (e),  500,  note  1   (k).  ,,^,^   , 

...wants  en,L'a.,'ed  solely   ir,   construction,  4.>8,  note        l.i,. 

JIL.  in  .neobanical,  and  tboso  in  otber  ''^P;;;'--;  ,-^;'"-  '    ""  ' ' 
Borvants  in  roundbou.es  and  vanous  shops.    .(M  .    ,  ..      1    »n). 
:  vants  loadin.  ears  and  trackmen,  4..    no  o,       1- 
servants  handling  trains  and  those  R.vn.  -•-;"■';'.;.,;„,„,    „„;,..  ;„ 
servants  bandlinu-  trains,  and  those  perfornun,'  n,-<e.l,,M,  ,m 

vards,  4!>S,  note  1   (i).  ,      ,        i     ..^     los     n..t.'    I 

sen'nts  employed  in  mechanical   departn.ent  of   va,l...s,  4... 

J^L  bandlin.  trains,  and  expre-s  and  '--f^^-"-";"-.'';',  "°'"V!„ '" 
,,,,";;".,,!    as   determined   by   question   of   v.ce   prme.pa  sh.p     o.O 
IflioW    -erv 'TiiM.    .t-    -I  ■       .      .     „_  „,,_,„  (IiHreol    .i-iV  note    i       •• 

employees  in  control  of  railway  tram  or  parts  thereol. 


f 


M 


1 


I 


•1 


'■U 


lltri 


',  ^•:f 


I 


:il 


1 

f 

t  ! 

1  : 

i'i' 


■■.i 


if 


2r>M  INDKX. 

(Refrrcneo  are  to  urctioni.) 

RAILROADS— '(«)n«inHP<f) . 

Biipcrvisiiijr  oni])li'yi'ps  in  rnihvuv  yardH.  fi20,  noto  I    (c). 
I'orcninn  of  «  rc<'kinf;  giin};^  on  riiihviiy>.  ■)-(•.  note  1    (d). 
einployci'H  Hiiporvisiii;;  track  work  on  raihvavf,  5J0,  iioli-  ]    (e) 
eiiipldVii  s  supiTviwiiiK  const  nifl  ion  work,  .">2ii,  note  1   (f). 
Rupcrvisin;;  iMnployccs  in  mcclianicnl  di'partnicnts,  r>M,  note   1 
fi'llow    wrvantr*,   doctrine  that   nil   superiors   arc  vice   principals,  .". 
employees  controlling  movement  of,  but  not  operatini.'.  trains. 

■^  (i.). 

employees  in  control  of  railway  trains,  524.  note  2   (e). 
supirvi-in^  employees  in   railway  yards  and  depots,  524.   note 
employees  supervisiiii;  loading'  of  ears,  ■)24,  note  2   (e). 
employ, I's  supervisinj;  track   work  on    railways.   .")24.   note   2    < 
employees  siipe-.visjn;^  construction  work,  .')24,  note  2    ■«). 
foreman  iii  meelianical  departments,  524,  note  2   (li). 
fellow  servant,  heads  of  departments,  employees  in  opiratiii^;  depai 

railway,  535,  note  1    (a), 
employees  in  charge  of  railway  trains,  5^5,  note  1   (Ij). 
employce.s  supervising  construction  and  maintenance  of  railw, 

and  structures.  5:55,  note  1   (c). 
»U]iervisiii<;  employees  in  railway  yard',  depots,  etc..  5:!5.  nolo 
Miiurvislni!  employi'cs  in  mecli.inlcal  departments.  5:!.">.  note  1   i 
employees   supervi.siiifr  departments   not    connecle<l    with   t        ~| 

.■):!5,  note   I    (f). 
fellow  servant-,  who  arc  vice  principals,  5(>7,  5CS. 

servants  charged  with  duly  of  providing  safe  track,  \iei-  priiicip 

51)7.  note  7    ( a ) . 
servants   c-    rged  with   duty   of  providinjr  safe   loeorieuivis.   vii 

palsl''      >I,  5li7,  note  7    ( j). 
BC-       .-  cliaiU'ed  with  duty  <if  ])roviilinj^  safe  cars,  vice-  uriiiiiii 

5ii7.  note  7   (k). 
servants   cliar'_'i'd    with    duty   of   keepin;;   track    in    -at.'   cmdii 

)irineipalsliip  of.  ."i<>8.  note  0   (a), 
servants  elinryetl  with  duty  of  reniovini;  ohstructiuns  alonjjjiiU- 

railway    tracks,   vice    principalsliip   of,    5tiS,    note    <I    '\t). 
servants  charged  with  providinfr  safe  methods  of  loadiiui  ear-. 

cipalship  of,  508,  note  0   (ki. 
servants   eliarijed   with    duty   of  providin<.'  means    to   ki.p    rail 

statiiniary.  vic(>  principalship  of,  5(iH,  note  0    (ni. 
cliar^'ed    with    duty   of   maintainiafj   safety    of   loi  omnt  Ives,    vi< 

pal-)iip  of,  5(>S,  note  0    |o). 
servants  chari.'e(l  with   duty  of  maintainin;;  safety   of  c.irs.   vi 

palsliip  of.  5118.  note  fi    (p). 
fellow   ser\ Mills,  train  despatcliers  as  vice  principals — in  general.  .57 
in  sin^liiii.'  sppcial  orders  su-jiending  regular  time  tallies.  5771). 
fellow   ser\anls.   lialiilily  of  master   for   ni'izligencc  of  ooservants.  <1 
iniprnpfrly  loading  ears,  (JIO.  note  i    (e). 
operating  hand  cars,  CIO.  note  1  (h). 

handling  railway  oars  and   loconiolives.   filO,  note   1    (al. 
negligence  of  telegraph  operators,  Gil,  note  1. 


tin;;  <li>|ianni(iil  of 


of  raihv.n   ir:i 


INDKX.  2^^^ 

B/vlLROADS — {continued).  ,    .,,       ,     i    i,\ 

liability  for  injuries  caus.-.l  to   K'l.  i^.i  .ais.  ,.i 

■^"iy '^:S'^ii:.  inferred  from  retenUon  of  n,.,li,.nt  »uvaut,  4S3a. 

KEASONAlil^K  fAltn, 
(IcIiniJ,  14.  note  7. 

KECKIVKIIS, 

li„bilitv  of  for   injuries  to  en,plovr..v  R48. 

;,,1    ".I.,  u.  t;..o..i..  In.liuna.   Iowa,  Kan,,.,,  Ma,,..  Im-etU.  M.nnesoU. 
Missouri,  Uliio.  Texas,  S48  >l. 

IlKULNOANCV, 

coniplainl,  SliO. 
KKUVI.Al-lO.N  <"K  ULSINKSS.     S  .•  Svshm  ,.i    Tti   mnkss. 
RK1.ATI..N  OK  MASTKK  AND  MUiVANT.     See    ICxt.ttNCE    of    ITELvnoN  o, 

M.\M1.11    AMI    Sl.UVA.NX. 

UELi:\ANOV, 

HKT  UNCK  IIM.X  MASl  Kirs  PHOMISE  TO  .li:MtU)Y  Dia^Ct  TS.     See  PuoM 

,SB  ot-   MASTUH  TO  GrA,U,   AOA..SX  OH   U.M-.OV    nAN,.,.,,  .   .  ..snU.O... 

UEPAlltS,                                                              .                       ., 
li,|,iHlV  Of  master  toward  servai.c  mal<.nR  rep:.i>..  -X 
dulv  of  master  to  keep  instrumentalities   m   r.  |.:nr.    lin,    11- 
«:  evil"   Of  n.aster-.  knowledge  of  prior  existence  of  ,...,e, cond.t.ou. 

133. 
assun.i.tion   of   risKs  of  makin-.   iliS. 

wlKil   servant.   en.a^ed   in   are   fellow  servants,  4')-*,  note    1    l^). 
a  nnn  (Uler-lile   duty.  568. 

See  also  A«st^^.i■rlON   or   1!.-<ks:   C.vr.n.u  iorv   M..u..tNCE; 
lNsrKV..Mt.M.vi.riii:s. 

REITGNANCY, 

in  pleading,  802. 

UEl'l  TATION, 

of  servant,  as  sliowinf;  incompet™f.^.   1'- 

Ki;S  OKST.K,  ,    ,    ,       ,.     „    c.-.n 

adnussilulity   of  statements,  ndmisbions,  and   declarations,   8.3. 


it'll 


2628  lNHi:\ 

lllelen-MCa  uic  l<>  /<•■  I iuna.) 

RE8  irS.V  LOQUITUn, 
clo<trino  of,  834. 
Cimcn  in  which  iipplicntion  of  (loctiiui'   has  lucti   ilinir.l,   8M,  noti 

REVOIAIN(;  .Sll AITS.     Pw  Shahinu. 

RHODK    IM,\NI), 

ihictriii.'  tli;it  iiMsmnptiim  of  cMnioiiliiinry   ri^^k   is   inliircd   from 

know  |i  ili;i'   tluTiof,  ;;74,  noti'    I. 
(h'l-i^iiiiis   iiivdh  iiii;   rclution    liilwi'in    siiiii'rior   ai.il    HiilMinliiMlo   ■'•■ 

r>;,':irils   iiiii'^tcr's   lialtilitj-,   T)!'.!.  nolo    1. 
vine  piiiicipalsliip.  tt'slcil  liy  lu'ii dcli'-.Mble   ni'turc  of  (hitios,  u.5M,   i 
lioptriiio  that  coinplaiiit  need  not  uUcye  plaiiitiir'u  want  of  knowlcil; 

;;('riiiis  cotiilitionti,  857,  note  7. 

ROLIJMJ  M'OCK.     See  Raii.iioads. 

ROOK. 

(lefeets  of  a  temporary  or  trunsilory  nature,  07,  note  1    |7). 

ROI'KS, 

I'reiiUMicy  with   whieh  iiispcelion   shouUl  lie  iiiinle,   ijS,  note  -. 
s«irvants  charjre'  witli  duty  of  proviilin;;  -afe  ones,  viie  prineipalsh 
note  7    (n). 

RULKS.     See  SvsfEM  ok  IHsiness. 


s. 

SAVIN(3    lil'MAN   LI  IT., 

relieving  servant  from  eliar^'e  of  eontriliiit.iry  n-yli^eiiee.  ?>CtO 

SAW.S. 

l<nowle(!;j;e  of  diins<^r  arising;  from  nsi-  of.  impnd'd  to  servant   llioii;; 

ienced,   .int.   note    1    (k). 
knowled'.'e  of  risks   impiilod   to  servant   liavitis  spi^eial   e\|ieiienco. 

:«  (i). 

when    knowledjje   ,)f   risk    iiiipuled    to   iniiiors.    :!fl!l,   ii.ile    1     (i). 

SCAt'KOI.nS. 

(!■  .'lels  of  a  temporary  or  tran-ilory  nature,  !)".  note  1(1). 
knowledge   of   dinijer    iinpuled    to   servant,   as   dependent    upon    npi 

of  servant  for  actpiiriiiL'.  40.1.  note  1    (<;). 
cases  illustratinj^  doelriiie  that   servant    is  not   lioiiird  to  iiispeet,  i 

(g). 
servants   charued   witli   duly   of    fnnii-iiin;,'   safe,   viee   |irineip:ilslii 

note  7   (e). 
servants  charged  with  niaintaiiiiii;;  safety,  vice  prineipalship  of,  : 

(i). 

ne;;lii;<'nce  of  eoservant  in  usins.  liability  of  master.  014.  note  1  (aj 

ne!;lip''nee  of  cosmvant  in  preparation  of.  liability  of  master,  (>I4.  i 

nlionnle     .and  limits  of  mnstiT'.'?  exemption  from  liability,  6 

staiulus  InLposing  various  duties  relating  to,  construction  of,  802,  i 


834,  note  9. 


INPKA. 


isit 


SCAKK01.nS_(ro«<;...W)    ^^.        __^^.^^_^^^   ^,   ^^^^^^„„,    ,14. 

plTicI    upon   nia-tiT"'    iMtiiin> 
nolo  8    (jt. 
SCOl'KUF  AITIIOIMIV.  ^^     ,,. 

fieht  of  action   fur  injurK-  ......,v,..l  .n  ol„.Mnu 

inal  rontracl,  inlro.!:,,  tcry.  4o^.. 

4"':-  ,.  , 

and  ll..it   "■■'''•r  »'"■  "'Ji''^;""     ''.■    . 

risks  not  M-su.nv.l  unl.-.  known.  4(,1. 

risks  iissiiniiil  if  known.  4(!2. 

risks  falling  wiHun  tliis  doscripi  ion    ..... 

Indiana  doctrine  a.  to  assu.npl""'  "*  ''r\'''l[ ^^,  .,.,,„„„  „.o,kin3 

dclrinP  of  common  cn„.loyn,.n,    m'-'"""'   •-   ^-■-"■^•'- 

outside  scop.-  of  .mi.lo.Mi-nt.  4.,... 

contributory  nc.li.cnoc   in    undertaU.n.  "^  J    ;,',,„„   ,„    ,„,  .  , 

al,soncc  of  compulsion  an  cs^cnual  .■Lment  of  as-u,np.. 

rontril.ntorv  nczli:-"  lice.  4t'..  .^^ 

co:::^: >  .u.ii.-e  in ..,..,  ,o  "--•;;;>:::::::,,:,;:■,:.:.• 

^''''';,i;;:;:::^:";:"H;:::r  ■:::.-' as  in,,ic.tiv..  of  n,.,,.. .>:.. 

^^';;;;;ordina..v    ri.k-    .s..n.d   t,y    tt. ...■Ho.....n..   of   co„„..    ..-   n„t 

nJtr-if":;;.!^'.-..  ....u. i""i-- ■— ^ ""- 

.::.;i:;rv-nSJi.e  ..,.  do.  no,   p....    r of  dan,a..-,  ... 

,,,.,,!i,.:,tion  of  frllow-sprvutit   doolrino.  ^S4. 

SKRVlCi:  (.V  ;^"'"'!;;-  „rt,.._„n  ,.o,pora.io,.--'l.ron,l,   ,.o.i,.me.- -  in 

undci  cmplovors    l.al.ilitj   a<Vs.       on        i 

,,„o  of  ,Uath   of  injured  person -- sense  for   t.ulure 

SHAFTINGS.  .. 

S'' "'^"Sisijrr  ,;;:X. ;:  ^^.™t  ..»■. -- '■ 

..nr  o'r "«- «- ' '•""•"- " ^  ""■ ' 


SHIPS 


^^'  ■■  ■      t,i.;.,,r  t' 111',  roll-    |M)-ition   on.   ^^i    (12). 

contributory  negligenee   m   tak.nL'  ...lO-..""     1 


I      1 


% 


i.    ? 


•^ 


il 


{1: 

?! 

1 

1 

!> 


SS90  INDKX. 

{ttrfrrriKiii  nir   to   »itIIo»».) 

SHIPS— (conltnve't). 

roli.int'o  liy  t'liiploywii  on  pr(->iiiii|ilioi'  <it  iiiitit<'r''t  ••iii'cHhi'  of 
noti'  4   (j). 
(I'lliiw   HLTVulits,  SOti,  note    1    ip). 
><i>rvaiilH  i'ii<.':i^'t'il  in  Iiiiililiiii;  oi  i'i|iiiM|i|iii:,   m  Iu  wIiii  ,ir>*  I'WIow  wtrt 

llulf    1     (  11 ) . 

olliccru  of  an  \i<'i'  principuN.  ."i'_MI.  note  I   ip.tl),  524,  iiuU'  ' 

euiiiiii^iiKlin^  ul1i(rr»  u^  luailK  iil  ili'purtiiM  iiU.  '>  S-i,  no' 

srrxant."    cn^a;;''!!    in    loadiii;^    ui     iiiiluailin;:.    uliu    nt  ■»     si'i\ 

notr   I    (w). 
fortrniin  of  j,'an;;H  loadiiif;  or   unlu.iiljn!;,   vio'  prin.'ip.il,    t'l),   iiiitf 
eniplojeis   Hupirvisiiiij   loaditi^i   vice   princip.ili.   fr^-t,   notr   i    (ni). 
<;iiiplo}('is  conooinptl  with  loaiIin<;  of,    as    lioacin    dI    ili'purtiMcnU, 

1    (k). 

SIDINGS, 

injuries  cnusod  by   iinpnipor  Idi'atJDii   of   siilin({,   M,  * 
proper  ccnstriiction  of,  fur  \\\o  -,^iU-  opciuiioii  of  traiii.t,  i>ii,  d. 
for  tilt'  proti'ctioii  of  iiuiiUivii-.  \\iill:in'j  ovir  •*iuii",  ti!*,  d, 

SIGNALS, 

ncfiligcnec  of  eoeinploycc  in  failing  to  iii\r.  nimUr  iiol  liable  for,  fii 
general   statutes  reiiuiriii;;  <i;.'iials  at   railroad  cros.sini;,  :ipplical>ili 

of  injury  to  einployeev,  ti;!7.  note  I. 
nepliffence  of  persons  liavin!;  "eliar^e  or  control  of,'  Htat.utory  lial 
an  to  who  are  perHons  in  "t-harfje  of  u  signal."  700a 

SLIPl'KKY  SURFACKS. 

kiiDwled^jr   of   risk   arisiii};    from,    imputed    to   serviin'.    ^ll•lu<;ll    inp> 

:m,  note   1    (j). 
knowUdge  of  risks  which   ha\e  Ihim   imputed   to  ^orfant  liaTin;;  > 

perienee,  .'iOfl,  note  3    (h). 
wlien  kiiortledfre  of  lisk  imputed  to  minors,  3iiil,  notn  1    ^h). 
knowled.;;e  of  duntfer   imputed   to  servant,  aa  dependent   upon    op) 

of  servant  for  uciiuiring,  40.1,  note  1    (i). 

SAIEfyriNG  WORKS, 

supervising  employees  as  vice  principals,  5:20,  note   1    ik(,  *nd  O; 

(k). 
foremen   in,  as  heads  of  departments,  .5H5,  note    I    i|i), 

SOLTll   (AliOl  LVA, 

decisions    involvinfr    relation    between    superior    and    -lulMiflinali-   iii 

regards    master's   liability,   540,  note    1. 
vice  piiiu  IpaKliip,  tested  by  nondelegable  nature'  of  duties*,  collatio 

.■■>.')l).  note  ;!. 
provisions  of  Constitution  relating  to  liability  of  ruilrwid  eompin 

juries    to   eniployees,    74Ha. 

cons!  iiiel  ion  of  I'le  provision.  74hb. 
dortrin<'    \.\,.xi    conipl.iint    imd    not    ale-e    uianU-i  ■»   kii.»v»lMd;,'e    of 

coMdilioiis,  8jli,  note  ',). 


ii*Hni»  of  aire,  J5!. 


'WIkw  .KTvaiitu,  4li> 


iitory  liaiiility,  70:i 


[(,  *ii(1  fi-H,  noti  2 


(♦•(I^e  af  ^l,lll^•■lOu 


asiii 

iltef'""'"'  ""  '"  «•■'""'"•• 

"'™".rr*r;.';«i'.  -..  ••■  -"•-• -'« -"■'""■"■■ 

857,  not*  7. 

^''TliSl.IJSvIn,  r„«tio„ '  - ' "•  —-'^  "•  - 

garJ.  .na.t.r>  liability    04-...  n..|.-   L  .      _^  _^^  , 

vi«;  prinoipHlHliip.  te.trd  by  non  .1.1.  r^.l  l'^  "•  ».  .  »l  ... 
...U  o(  HUtut..  declaratory  ol  com.n.m  la«  .U....r„....  .....U. 

elTect  of  nuch  iiUtuU.  d.'S.'iJ. 

""'Ti^^a^r.^  wcrlcin^  on  are  ...Ho.  «•  ■ -  -    «   <P>- 

.„:;;:;-':; -.r^nU  m  „.«,.  naUHity  of .r.  01. .-  >  U). 

^'!Sr;.  .  t.™,.<.rar,  or  , .,..ry  nature.  07.  novo  I   (S> 

-TATE,  ,  u,r, 

liability  of.  for  .n.,..r,..«  t..  ..,n,.l...v.rH.  SI... 

^'^Sry  ,MaU.,n  o,  doe,  -o.  r.-l .na.ter  fro.  U^bimy  for  f.ib.r.  to 

note  1    (a).  050.  ..„nli-i>nn"  work  aft.-r.  300.  3:Z7. 

contributory   r,.L'l.s<n-  of  -rvant  .n  con......,,., 

rcstrictin;?  servant',  ri-.bt  to  ..b.o.lon  ..n,plo>,.,.  nt. 

FU,i,pti..n  of  rihkF.  2H9.  d. 
alTccUnK  bnr.len  of  proof,   HW.  „„,,l,.w.-    ^.10.  a. 

statutes  not    rxrluMVely  "I'V""'"^    '";'"^.,,;    ,, 

.t-,tutes  e„.ete<l  f.-r  benelll   of  emplovee,    N-     l  ._ 

vio,^:n'of  n«  pro..a.e  ^'^^^ ^^l^^^^:;: u....r.. 
See  alM,  Statptoky  Di'TU.^:  ^rAriioi"  ^ 

STATUTES,  REVEAL  OF. 

effect  on  existin.'  ri-bt*  of  action.  GM. 

STVTITORY  Pl'TlES. 

„«  oonstitutinfT  non-delepnblc  dut.es.  5fi. 

eon..t.tutionali.y  of  ...t,.t...  '-r.";'"";':;  ^;"  !  ,, 

servants  ri,b.  to  ^ue  for  breach  «f-'"f  ";•.-,,;,,, „  „f.  goO. 

..Tee*    "f  .■r..ation   of  special   re,n...ly   for 
violation  of  a.  «)nstitntinf:  nepl.L'.nc.-,  .'J". 


I  M 


;■« 


ill 


»3U» 


III 


Is. 


IM)K\ 
lflr/<  rrNcK  ml  l»  "ftUnuA 


KTATLTORY  Dt'TIKS    -{cimiinur,!). 

emplouT  not    rrmliTi-il  uii   iiKiinr  nl'  4i-i'vaiit'i  uttd-ty  by  Impoxit 

cilii-  iliily.   SOI. 
connlmrliiMi  of  Kliituli'«  iiii|><i-iii;!  i-iH-iitii'  dulioit,  h02. 

■liitiiliii  iiii|i<i»iii|{  varimis  iliiliiH  on  railu.iy  cimipaniiM,  802,  j 
■tiidiliH   rci|iiiriiiK  tin"   i.'i'i'r<li"tf   <»'   iliiti','iruii-    iii.n'liiMi'ry,   H 

(b). 
olliir  Hlatutory  provisions  rcliitin^'  (o  la.-loi  ii'<  am!  woiUtlnni. 

I     10). 

Hint  nil -1  ri'iriiliitiii!;  oprrHllon  oi   miiM'-,  sir2.  nolo  I    (il). 
«).iliil<»  ri'I.itin^'  lo  sciilliililiiij;.  .SO.i.  iiolr   I    (p). 
itutiiicM  rc'L.'uliitinp  fniplo.viiiriil  of  .•IjiMnn.  soi,  note  I   (f). 
Set'  aWo  SiATi  rouY    I.tmhiiiv. 

STATUTOin    MAIilMTV. 

gfljiTui  slatiitos,  ai*  to  wli-ii  iim|iI..wi»  an-  ttiMiiii  llii'  purview  of 

uUi!,  «:)7. 

btatut«M  proncriMnj;  pr.iMiiti.ms  in  r<'«ar(l  to  op-'ralioin  of  r.i 

note    1    (lU. 
slaliiliv-  ri'.|iiiri.^«  lilcikiii);  of  fro^'-,  ftc.  mi  railway  tr.ickx, 

(1.1. 
Btuliiti's   n-.'ariliiiK  railv.av    friic-   aii<l   imU1>'  ijiiar.l-t,  (i:!7.   n. 
»taliil.-i  rii|uiriii','  ni.lio..  of  lilii^liiiL;  to  lie  (;ivtn,  (WiT.  tuitf  1 
iwti>    iiiipo^iiiv;    li.ii.ility    upon    rtniMi<ipal     corporations     lor 

>lrc'i  i>.  (i:i7,  noti"  1    n'l . 
.•iTict  of  ^■.mr.il  >taliiti',  <'..ii-i(l.  i.'.l  wiili  ri'lalioii  to  iloctrine  of  r 
ployniriit.  tilf'. 

(laiii.i-c  ails.  I):W,  note   1    la  1. 

uct^  iMi|>o>in;,'  lial'ility  on  tori    fia-ors  si-iicrally.  li:!9.  note  1 

arts  iiii|)o-in.!.'  liaMlily   for  injury  laii-i'd  l>y  nci;liu'<-n<i'  of  c 

ricrs,  li:i«.  notr  1    (e). 
acts  r(i|iiiriMir  v.arnini;  ^i'.'iial-  on  r.iiluay  trains.  (!:1S    note  1 
lialiiliu    of    r.iilvvay  ooinpanli'-    iiiipn-^cd    in   firant    of   ri^'I't  o 

nolr    1    (C-). 
KcnlM.Ky  -.laliilc  inipo-iii;.'  lialolily  for  vvilfnl  niLiJ.fi.  i;;!S.  m 
C<m.-tiu.li..|i  and   .  trcct  of  .jnirral   -I  .tntcs,  C.'P.MIfJ. 
■jrncral    rnlc-s    of    eoiwtrucl  ir>ti.    (V.'.'K 

niM-irr  not   liablp  for  unautliori:-i(l  ad  ol  -talHt.,ry  vie  prin.- 
ilV.ri   of  pa-sa,L'c  of  statute  np.ai  I'sisiiif.'  riuliis  of  action.  IM 
I'll'ict  of  repeal  of  act  \ipoii  i\i-liiiL'  ri-ljl^  of  action,  (ill. 
nc.  ,--il>    of  master's  know  |i'.li;e  of  ( .clit  i'.n   to  sliow  lU'yliu'' 
const iiniionality   of    s(atulcs.  li  C!  lll«. 

stalutes    entirely   abro^ialiiii;    iloctiine    .)f   common    cinployme 

sp.'ri    lo  all  employeiJ,  (i|:;. 
gtainte-    mo'lifyinj:  iloclrine   of   onnimoii    en'i>loynient    in    ret- 

vale  corporations,  ('il4. 
(tatntis   abroL'atins  or   nioilityinu   the   doctrine  of  common 

vvilli    M-|Met    to  .lil    icrv.iiiU   ol    railroad   Coi:ipanit~.   <54.> 
Georgia.  fi4."i,  a. 
Missouri.  045.  b. 


y  hnpoxilldt)  of  ipt^ 

iiM.  802,  not-  1    a 
•liiru'iy,   HWI.  i.ui..  i 

woikxIiHji.,  XI. J,  uui, 

(.1). 

tp  1   ((). 

ilU'vi«'w  tif  *ni  !i  »'.(■ 

i<iii-i  of  i.\il>\iiy,  6r 

y  tr,!!'!;-",  iMT,  not.'  1 

■4,  (i:!7.  11. ii.'  1    c 

r,  nolo  1    ..|.. 

oiiH     for     il.'i.ii-    i:, 

trine  of  (■..iiiii;iiii  .'in 


i.  nolc  1   111) 

rniT    of    ('iMnlt  '.II    ^*^i 

IS     Tide    1    ..!.. 

.f  rijrl.t  of  u:.\.  '■■> 

el.   I>;!H.  llc)i,>   1      f 


vici'  |iriiiiii..il   '1!'' 
artioii.  (!41 

f)\v    llri;liu''"'.'.  '.'-' 

I'lllplovilli'lll     uith   ri' 

lit    ill    li"-Mr.l   '"  (.n 

coiiiiihiii  I'liiiilojiiieti'. 
\U~.  «4r> 


INIII.N 


•ma 


./,•-/• 


I iM.d*.) 


»T.V 


II  UJKY   I.IAI.II.IIV      " 


,),  'ii'it). 


Nmili  t  .111 
nliio.  111''.  •'■ 


null.  'ii.''.  f. 


111..,    c. 


Wi-.  on-iii,  M't,  g- 


miiliii' 


i-naiiU   '■111 


iilii,.mitlnn    iloctiiii'- 
.,1    III   <i|Mrii 


,1     .■..llUMOll     '■111 


|,|o>io.nt    witl^    r.'«p<' 


.1    r.iilrouiN.  •ittl. 


ft  ■nil.-'  imiH-iiiK  "('••'■I'l 
.1 11  •  I  i-iir  rompiinii^i 


I  ilni  I.  >  1 
tilT 


l|..i|\    v.ilioii- 


,.|,.,.-  .,)  .11.1.1. .>fif 


lii: 


1>|H 


it,,i>.  I.I   null.' 


liil.«  'I'll 


(lel.'ii- 


llVII'^' 


il.ililo  II'   •' 


tii;.  1.. 
.l<.\.r-<  "I   '■'  "■"" 


i'iii| 

. lions  iiii.li  r  -'  I' '" 


,!,■  .'1. 


lilS. 


.,    i'i...i   I1..J1 


•.111, I'll  l"!l    o 


f  ii.-Ks.  i'.."i'i. 

li.I,«     U^slllM' 


..--il.iiilv   < 


i(    (lit  nil-   II' 


,1.    li.MI.    .1 

..|i  r.  11."  "II   I' 


.f   -I, .101. 


!\    \ii'i-   iiiii.ri|i:i 


,1     ,   ii~k  ii--\im' 


,1.  I'.r.il.  I' 


.triiii.ilii'-'iy  ri 


,k,  i»i\i    !•' 


.llT     il'^III'I'l"  'i| 


,|,.v.l-     U 


.,!.   li.MI. 
li.iliilil.'     .11' 


.In 


iiii|..i-n'; 


rilil'   illllii'- 


I...   r.  •■'.   w 


li.MI.    1...I1'    .1 


uii.'.i  T  lino. 11  i| 


i,    il    ...illll.MO' 


li.^lV  r.'.i.    .'    '  '■ 


,liirii\     II 


■  1..   ..ir.'.-l    of   I'vini--    I" 


,ti-    S     (ill. 


il    II 


-iiiiU'i 

,.,,|,t|  iliMlMl  ■. 


,f,  li.'lll.  'I. 


Tl.Ull.i  10 


c.-.l. 


.I.ilily     o 
il.-.l.  li 


I     (!i.f..ii-''    !i«    >\'-\ 


1,.,,,  II. lint    iili'.n    1" 


I  |.„i,|ii,    ti,...i..'M. 


\',  1., .11-111, 


liiili:iii;i. 


Il.-.l,  ii'.ti^    1- 


.1     ,l.ilii' 


Wi,..:,     -I.l.l,  T' 


.ih...ilit\ 


,|   (li'l'm-.^  Hit'  1 1 


.1     fl'.lU 


,1.  1    10-1 


li.MI-' 


1,1.1      ,l,lHlll''     1 

:i    (0  1. 


li;;l.ilil>       " 
ni!.o-i'l-'     'I" 


,,,  i;M.  I.  ■; 

ii'.i-   .I'lii.--. 


Il     -.Mill 


,1.  II.. t. 


I.,  Il."ll. 


■1     (I)).    "Ol- 


Stiltll 

sintiili 


I,.,  ,l..,.hir.itoiy   ol   I"'"'"' 


,|,  ,  i:.l.  iioic  :i    '■ 


alViHiii;;    .-l 


..•llllioll 


(,f  .1.1.1  lil 


Hit.   Cal,    noti' 


H    (b). 


Vliowlf 


uf  visk,  how  f.ir  iif 


,li-,.iii'..  I-  1 


if,.i.il.'i    1' • 


r.i.  .i. 


limits  of  iloi'iiiiK-  lliat 

,(i    li.OI    /"    il'jl"'"- 


i.iril.iitoiv    "'-'1 


li..i'iiii'  1- 


l.ji    '- 


l.unl 


.1  11  of  iivoof  lis  Id 


,il)ililv  of  I".'  IV 


O.Vi^i , 


i.iiniiiu'"i> 

Utl 


r.-i  uiulir  >'•" 


>i.itiili-<   ' 


Iu'liiiMtory    of    coimiioii 


Ii..;..|it;.  Iii^. 

,  fur  !,.  Ml  I 

1;,\,      ilMiliiiii' 


ill  ;irti"ii--  no 


!..r  -l;iliil«'^ 


I   of  r.iil 


W.IV    I'llUl 


.t,-st    of    Miiin.-iiii 


SI- I 

sti'l.il. 


i-ll'i-.'t     o 


t.\ 


f    .MiiiK-otii    slutu 


(,■.  (i.-i:t. 


t  of  Ciilifoniiii 


„|   l)Ml...t.i  slinnl. 


c-ircci   o 
J'lr.'lisli  pm\ 


f  tlii'S"  statute!',  (i.'i 


loNirs"  lialiility  ae\ 


;.f    ISMl 


1.1   il 


.\iiii-ri -.III 


ritiiiiJiu".  ■''■' 


Au-stra 


Han  htalut.'s  iiioili'l'^il  tint' 


il.-.l   71J 


,ti-s:    i-n;il,i 


tL'Nl    of  tlu'  »»:i" 
AUiiiai'ia.  l!."'.''- 
Massulnis.'tts,  r.-'><'i. 


1; 


tU4  IS'liK.X 

(  /<**  ft  1 1  III  I  i  tirr   lu  affltoH^.) 

■TATUTORY  LIAIIII.UA      i,„i,h.iu.,l). 
Ci)l<>rii<li<,  ll.'\7. 

lli'liaiia,  •!.'>*•. 
Ni'u   Viirk.  tl."i!i 

(Mil ill  III  iiikI  iiIImi'  CiiiiiKliiin  |irii\  iiiii'«,  tIflO, 
Aii'lrnliaii  •);iliitr«,  tiiliiii. 
elTi'it  of  thf  ntiitiilc-  lit  11  wlmli- — in  K.iiiTiil.  lilll. 

MTvaiita  ii(  niiiMiri|ial  riir|iiriiliiiiii.  tiiiHlilinl  ii|M'riitinn  of 

in  rii««'  i>f,  liiiJ. 
•»  III  wlii'llitT  urlH  hIiiiII  I«'  -.tiicll^   or  litiiiilly  con«lriiiil. 
riiiiciiriint  ri^'itit  of  iiitiiin  iiihlir  itiititli-  iiml  iit  ■■■minioi 
lialiilitv  of  infantu  umlir  tlir  <taliiti-<.  tiii.'i. 
liiiliility  for  ilrfrcU  in  Hip  \vav».  rlr.-  in  (»iiii  lal,  liilll 

drfri'to  niii't  liiivc  Ixin  proxiiiiaii'  raii-i   of  iii|iir\.  tiilT. 
lll»truiiii'nlalilii'«  uliii-li  aii'  covrinl  In   tin'  li  riii  "rtait,"  vie., 
txtii  or  niorr  ilrxrijilivr  liriiiK  ti>i'<i  in  coiiiliiniition,  I 
"wiiv»,"  titiH.  I., 
"workn."  (His.  c. 
"niiK'liiiiiry."  liii^t,  d. 
";ilaiil."  IHiH.  V. 
■iynilii-iiiKV    of    tin-    i|iialifWM;;  plira-'C,  "iniiiiiM'tril    HJtli   i 
I  III'  liiixiin>-.  of"  llif  oni|iloypr,  tiri!'. 
instrniiK'nhilil  ii"<   lriii|>orai  ily   iisfd   liy   ili'frmlant -i   ■• 
till'  tran-arlinn  ot   his   hiiMnrsH — iii-<lrunirn<alitli'H 
anotliiT.  Oli'.l.  u. 
•triit'liirc"*,  ctr,.  in  riiiir»r  ol  rm'lion  or  ili'Tiiolitimi 

owned  by  otlicrx,  (itl!l.  1). 
ln-triini"iifiilitit'i'  not  yt't  liriiii;;lii   iiiin  iisr.  or  ili»ii-r 
wJiat  con-til iiti'K  u  drfii't.  IS'i'. 
•|i< '  ilic  rNaniiili'H  of  di'fi'i'li.  {>7I. 

ilrfci'ls  in  till'  coiiilil  ion  of  llif  way*.  l!7l,  ii. 
ili'frl't'*  in  till'  roiiililii.n  "f     !..■      .    '.-.  ilT  1    !> 
<l(  I'li'ts  in  I  111'  ruiiiliii.iii  of  I  111'  iiMi'liiiii  ry,  (i"l,  e. 
il.l.cl-  in  tlic  rniiililioii  of  till-  |il.iiit,  (171.  d. 
cnii'lii  ioii"  not  iiiiioiiiitii);,'  to  licfi'ri-.  ti72. 
ilil'Ctivi'  M.\^tini.  lialiility  of  cniiiloMr  I'nr.  1171. 
''iH'i    iii-'CoMicil  or  rrmc'lii'd,  o«in;j  'o  tlii'  nr^rli^'i'noo."  it 
"not   ili>(Oviri'(|"  -iniployrrs'  want   of  knowlcdiri'  of  • 
fi'nci'  of  iiason  to  apprclicnd  notion— dut.v  of  ni.i> 
ooM'r  ili'frpi,  (i74,  b. 
"not   ri'iiirdiid" — wlint  con-litiili'S  fiiihirc  to   ri'ni"ly 
"pcrMin  iiitnisfcil  with  tlic  duty,"  etc.,  ri74.  d. 
al'iioniml  I'oiiililiuns  in  ii-r  of  iiiarliiin"*.  how  far  rr'^ar>|i'd 

t;7."i. 

d'  lilts  in  li'inporary  nppliaiiprH  roust riiclcd  liV  Morvaiit-. 
duty  of  servant  to  report  defeits,  (>77. 

stiitiitory  mill  ooiiiii   'iilaw  doetrines  oonipared,  ri77.  ; 

position  ol  servimt  who  fails  to  report  rtefeets.  077. 

position  of  servant  who  has  reported  defects.  Ii77.  c. 


! 


Tilt  inn    of    tl,.  .,     .irl, 

viii«lr\iiil.  liiii 

it  roniiiii'n  l,i».  i.ii) 


IV.  tiilT. 

n  •<,"  I'fi",.  (liW, 

limit  ion,  tills,  ». 


Iril   « itii  nr  11-.  I  in 

'niliiiit'.<   "('r\.up'-  m 
rntiilitii'H  i'\Mi..l  l.v 

rnnlitioii     ^tiii.'^iT.- 

or  (liMiM'.l,  llii'i,  c. 


liil.  c. 
i. 


ixi'riro,"  ffiV.  ''74. 
•loH^'c  of  .1.  f  ■  1     ih 
ly  of  niM-tiT  ii'  'li<- 

io   rrnii'Mv.   ''71.  '• 
.  cl. 
r<'2artl''il  a~  .ii  r'.its, 

Horviinl?<.  ti7'i. 

ri'd,  (!77  !i. 
ci'ts,  077.  b. 
s.  (!77.  c. 


iNi)i':\ 


i^M 


tllfirii 


,r   fr»   mctinn*  t 


.TATUi^'nv  i.iAnii.nv    c..." 


lii.liilli.v  ("'  >"ul'u"' 
rr.il,  «7"*. 
«<iii.liii<>ii  I'" 


(    l'l|T|il" 


,.ri  ixiiitr  tu|M>tinl»nil>"..-     i"  I?"' 


,1,  III     li.     |.  ..rWI>.    •>! 


«7'.>. 


•H    t(l    " 


l.ili.r    |"i- 


liiillina   ni.irtiinTy   urr   "iif 


i.iliii'ii'l<m- 


ii^:i. 


uliui  I'l"!' 


lllr     -lip. 


iii.'iiilitii<  »" 


I,  r  til.    r,„.!li  li.   N'  •»   V-.rk 


M.i^^iirl.ii-'ll".  III! 


I  I'liliiriiilo  url-'.  '''••'' 


111  •■.II 


l.l.ll.    »>«'».    !>■ 


„„,,|..\|l«    III  111    '' 


|„.  \in.  |.iiii<'ipiil".  •''""'■  '• 


,1,  ^,.,  ,  (iir  \\li"-«' 


i.^tlj  •ilirf  tlir  II' 


i-l.T    i-   11"!    ll 


li.ii.t.-.  twn. 


w1..il    .mi 
Vllilt    llil\ 


l.A...  .  nil'  -111" 


riiitiii.liiitt  "" 


In    I'. 


W  il..iiii,i   111' 


I. Hi 


,„.  ,n|ii'niitii 


i.l.iil,  iir.l  I    tl. 


(  .111. I. li. Ill  iiii'l  ■^"" 


truliii"  1"  '• 


Il.;l-tir 


li  ,1,1,.    ll:.lllL'll     illj" 


,1  ,1  mini    w.!-* 


not  rml.  i   '""Ir"'  "' 


li.j.in   .1"! 


l.ivn 


il,  piitv    nii|»  rliil'''" 


(iS.». 

lHit«,  liiil.ility  for  tl. 


..■li-.i" 


i.f.  tl><.i 


{  |.ro\iiit!  tlmt  iii|ii 


iiii«  iii't  "'I 


mill 


,,,!,, r   iiiit   I  \i'iii| 
1    la). 


frmii  liiiliiliiy 


nl,  •I'^tl. 

.,(   law     '■-".   ""'• 


r.,-,.«  in  w 


liirli  iii.;;Ii:'  I"'''  <'»'it'" 


,1  lie  iiif.rn 


.1.  il>*ii.  Ill 


ilr    1    (IM. 


till'.'  tif'.'li'P  'I''"' 


a.  (^  loii-i  im 

tl,,.  ,i.li.|ilioii  ol  iiiipi'T 


til,,    fv.l.l- 


,f   -nil. -I  intiMiiii'tii'i'.  t'^i 


IT    llli't 


l„.,l   „(   iloiii'-'   til'-   «""■ 


k   in   Imn.l, 


-,7,  iioti'  \   111). 
till,  «i^itl^'  "'  ii'il'i" 
(■,m7.  mill'  I    C'l- 


fiiliir..  t"   fiirni 
,.i,il.|.i\  itiK  it"""'!' 


,.r  ilirtiliiiii   i"  f'-l" 


,!i;inri'<. 


in.iIM'i    ii|i| 
,.U.i,l  wiA.inli.  •i'*7.   11' 


,1    to  .IctuilK  "f   «nik 


„t..    1    ('•)• 


,(|.    1    (.11. 


allowing.'  II 


limiiiiui 


llv   .lilluM'i"-' 


liliiiii 


t.,    ixi't    lit    pi "' 


Wl 


iiU.  tis7,  111 


,lo   1    (<•). 


fiiilui.'  I"  J-'i^''  iii-"'i'" 
faiUiro  to  warn   *' 
(iH7,  note  I   (bil- 


lion-. IWi.  "' 
it    a-   to  .'^i- 


.1..   1    ifi 


ihili.'ii  < 


I" 


,f  iiil.s  pr 
if.,iiiii'.l  liy  Mil"''i 


,,|._.at..l   liy   111.1- 


:it.  ;i.l.iil-   >> 


,l.,i..ri.iil    ill 


:.  „..i..    1    il.l. 
.till  '  i'l  «oi'- 


nl.ilily  of  iii.iM.r  f..r,  ll>S. 
liaMlity  (or  iiiimi'-  '•■"'■"■' 


juri.l  -'^ 


1  l.y  II.' 

liollllll    t. 


..Ii._.,.ll.. 


-on   lo   "III 

l.lil  iolH    p' 


■    |.'I:1. 


por- 


>  ho    III. IN 


t;iv.'  nr 


il,T>  u 


ill, III  till"  nii'Miiii'^ 


l)f    sUlll 


l.s.  IHl 


il..r> 
•il.r-*  to  w 


,.„    l,y    tiluj.or.llN 


-rl.-lil  11 


I,,   for    rn.'ii 


1.11    for. ■man,  li'l- 


hi.'li  11  M.r\:int  I-.  n.'im 


wli.'ii  x'rv.ui 


t  is  il.  rill.  I. 


t,.  liav, 


n.'i'i 


-~ilv 


I)..'.— iiy 
f.'.i.".. 


.f    ,.,|.il.li-liiiiL! 
I'lf.. 
tl.al   ininiy  nn 


1  to  .•..nl..i  111. 
ri.  I  111!  '.'  r  ol 
il     .-..nn.  ilioii 


il.r-..  li'tl. 
li.'lui'i  n 


•.I.I    .111. 


1-1  lia\f  ri--ii' 


i.nforniiii!;  to  or  1 


nets  or  oiiiisa 
Vol    II.  M.  i  !?.  -7S. 


ion  siibi-Liiui' 


111  tu  ill.'  -1^ 


,{  oi.l.  iH,  liabililj   •.! 


i    n 


'If* 


!^! 


L'M6  INOKX. 

(Keferencc»  arc  tu  giftwn$.) 

STATU  JOHN    \A.\nUA1Y— (continued) . 

iH'COHsity  of  showing  ncfjliKPiice  on  part  of  -iTvaiit  fjivin;;  oi 
negligence  in  regard  to  tlie  order  it~ii  .  ti'.iti,  note  1  liii 
nef;ligence  in  regard  to  Bubseiiiieiit  mis  or  uiiii»:<inn.  U'l 

(1)). 
a  ((.  or  omission  done  or  made  in  olicdiiinc  to  rule,  lialiililj   id 
caused  hy;  necessity  of  proving  iiei^li^jrnpi',  (lllli. 
clTrel  of  the  words  "in  obedience  to  the  nih',"  Toil, 
elfeel   of  the  words  "delegated  with  tlie  iiiillidiilN    of  the-  ii 
701. 
Ii  ihility    for   negligence  of  certain   spcciliiil    riiiiwiiy   eiii])li)yi-fs 
liiiviiig  "the  charge  or  control  of  si;;iLil  iHiiiils,"  7(i:i. 
I.c'H'jn  in  "charge  or  control  of  a  locuiKiiive  inline,"  701. 
what  constitutes  an  engine  iindiT  t\\r  statute,  7<)4,  i>. 
wh;»t  employees  are  deemed  to  he  in  <liaiu;e  or  control  ( 
7(>4,  h. 
jH-rsDii  having  •'charge  or  control  of  train."  70."i. 
what  constitutes  a  train,  generally,  7l>5,  a. 
niinilxT  of  cars  con.sliliiting  a  train,  7l'.">,  h. 
eniployees  who  are  di'i'iiicd  Id  liaxe  iliarge  or  emiliiil  u 

-  eiiieliietors,  705,  e. 
einpliiMcs  other  than  eoiiduelois,  7(i.'>,  i|. 
person  haviiiL'  'iliaige  or  control  of  a  ear,"  70G. 
person  ha\iii;,'  ■'(■liai';e  of  a  sijinal,"  TUlia. 
what   eoiisliiuto  a  "railsviiy"  or  •■railroads"  within  the  iin 
slatiiles,  707. 
e.  1  .  ice  of  notice  on  iim|i1o\.-i  -  as  a   eomlitioii   pi  iciJiMit  to  ma 
of  action  iimlir  statute,  70S. 
notice  not   essential    if  faels  KHistitiitc  a   eau-r  of  uclioii  at 

law,  70!i. 
iiol ice  must  lie  in  writing;.  710. 
sriviee  of  noliii',  711. 

si'rviee  on  cuporat  ioii.  711.  a. 
hrrvioe  tliroiij^li   postotllcr,  711.  h. 
ferviee  in  easi'  of  dealii  ol  injilii'l  |iii-oiis,  7)1.  C. 
e.\enses  for  failure  to  serve.  711.  d. 
cmiteiits  ol  notice,  7  I-. 
ill  general.  7  1-.  a. 

iuaccurai'ie-  wliic-li  do  iiol   invalidate  notice,  71'2,  b. 
(!i .     'I   of  employer  or   iiijiireil  I'liiployec    ■  (ileet    of  dealli   of  en 
riulil  of  action,  711. 
death  of  plain! ilV  pendiii!,'  action,  aliateiiciit.  71.">. 
suits  by  execiilors  or   ailniinistralors,   71l'. 
ji.  '  sons  enlilled  to  sue  under  the  acts — general   remaiks,   717. 
servants  of  another  temporarily  uivler  •     ilrol  of  di'feiid.ii 
\<duntecrs,  71!). 

persons  who  have  ceased  to  be  in  employ  of  defcinhinl,  7'20 
independent  contractors,  721. 


n 


:  Rivin,!.'  it'It,  0:11 
nulc  1    I  a  i . 
lission,  iJ'.h;.  •!..:, 

aliililj    I'll    iii:':ri  - 
I. 
I. 
iif  llir  fii.yl'  \c 

'iii]>li)yi'i's     J.,],., I 

"  7i):i. 

IK'."'  70J. 

IS  704,  n. 

r  control  of  1  ri -iii 


ciiMliiil  (if  a  Ira: 
in  till'   ini'ii.i';:  11' 

lit     to     Illililll.    I'.ilr 

uclioii  at  c'liiiiii^v 


1.  c. 


1-2,  b. 

til   of  .1,  ,,l 


iks,   717. 
f  (U'fi'iiil.iiit, 

idiint,  7-20. 


INDIA. 

{IlcfCIIIII  li>    l/'l'    '"     ■li'l"!"'   > 


ST. 


vn  loiiv  i.iAnii.riY— (<■"" 


thnir'l  I 


tfi  of  iiKli'prnili  lit  mill 


,li.i>,  72 la. 


Iilll«il_V 


Bcrvaiit.   i'--- 


vorkiiirli.  7'2:i. 

.li.iii.  >lii'  or  liii'iiiii 


1  s.r\.iii1,  72:1.  a. 


laliorn 
wrva 


M,  l>. 


lit   in  liiinlKiiiilr\ 


joiiincyir.ai 
iirlilK'i'r  ': 
Imndi'  '"■  ■ 
miiK'r    '■'-■' 


::!,  <l. 


■.  1.1  r\\i-i-  r.yj,.' 


,ual  lalM.r. 


,,iit.    It   uitli  an  >■»'['■ 


72:1,  I1. 
72:1.  i. 


BcaiiK'n,  i-t 


rrvants  wuiUiiif;  ni  ("ox 


ll      lIlMlMltllMllI  - 


dunia-rcs  ncovn 

wliirc  |icrsonal  rep 
trial  prail  ill— in  K<'i><'Vi' 


alili' — wlifri-  iniiin 
isnitalivi' 


.,!  servant   i-  Hn-  lilaimiii. 


.,1  M.H.Ul.'    i~  till-   I 


,  ll,.-  iil.iiiiiii 


2S. 


1  within  wliioli  action  im 
serxici'  of  suninion-*. 


,1   111'  liiiiiii;lil. 


joimlrr  of  em[ 

r.'A. 
iii.stil  iiti'in  < 


,l„vri    aii.l   iii-li'-'i'nl   '■iiiini 


ilovcr   .1-    II 


.|.  Irnil.llll. 


f  -Ml 


iiinilir  of  cau-r> 


11. Ill    -111'-  ■■' 


<  at   ciiiiiiiMiii  l;i«   i'" 


I   iiMil.-r  I : 


joii 


iil.r  of  catl-r' 


of  acliiiii  ii'i' 
111  ad  i("i  "11 


llT  ilitVi'TIMlt    pio\i-io 


,1  till 


tutc  iinti  at 


jiiiii.lir  111  raii~i- 
Plrci  iiiii  lii'tui'i'ii 
forim-r  ricovrry. 


,,1  ailimi  111! 
(liHi-iiiiil    I'liiiiil-.  "• 


ilcr  ^la 

liT  IIk'^o  ;"'ts  11" 


,1  o|Im  1 


.1.  ;:i'! 


\U. 


toiii| 


ilaiiit.  fiiiiiar  I'liiii 


1,1  alli'LM'i""^. 


ilea  or  aii^uir. 


iiistnii  lioii^  li'  ,1"'.^' 


|iriiviiH'i'  " 


1  ciiint  and  jmy. 


UV 


ri'iimva 


I  of  artions  to  ntlur 


741. 


lint  nil 


•nt  of  asM'-'wiri, 


:il;i 


ipi.'siton  Nv 


liicli  may  In"  nv  ii« 


.1  1,11  ■ii.p''. 


il.  7IJ 


lulrs  of   ArUans.i-J 


Missi-*iiiin.   Mi>'"iiii 


•IVva.-, 


Utah  — 111   ■A<-i" 


•\i    ol    Arl.aii<a,-    si 
lions,  7l;ia. 
con.sliiiiliiin 
,.xl    ot    Aikaii.-a- 


il.  711. 
,im,.    di-liniii-;    vi. 


M.iri.iiKi.  illii". 


i„iii,'i||. 


,,|l  II    <    MMlllIl,). 


if  It.; 


,l,„l,ii  in;;    "liii  •11'' 


|i  How    -in. 


oirporal  imi- 
Miii.striiilion  ' 


Ua. 


,f  till-  -111  ill". 


lP\t  ot  coil 


.(iliitimi  ail. I 


-1,1 1  111, 


if  \!is-i— ippi 


M."ia. 


trui'lio"  "f  ll"'i''  !''■' 


OOIlHl 

.rivaiits   ill 


liHiii 


..I'p: 


aipiTior  srrsa 
7  1.-..  li. 


lit,  7  1 -I 


text   lit    Mi"Oi 

C'tili-1  I  lll'ljiill 


iri   -t.ili 
111,1 


1,..   Ii,il,ility  ii!   rai 


|».i\    iiniporatiiiii- 


!!■ 


-'.VIS  INDKX. 

ilii inriK  iK  (hi-   III   srrtlnHH.) 

>i'\i  I  iiii;v  f.r.\i!iT.irY—(.f.;,/;, ;/,,/). 

ti\t    ipf   Mi<«iiiiii   slituti's  ili'liiiiiii,'   \  ii  I'   |)iinci[)iils  nml   fellow 
THliiii. 
ti  \t    of    .Mi-~(niii    ^liiliili-   (Iccl.iriii';   i-mil  imiIh    liniiUti;,'    lii! 
\Hli'l.  Tiling. 
t<'\1    of    Moiil. 111.1    -I  iliiti.    irl.iliii:,'   In   li.ihilily   for  ac!s  of  ;^ii|i.  i 
;iiiN.   7  Kill, 
con-i  nicl  ioii  of  llii~  -Ijliiti..  717. 
text  of  I'liio  >lnliiti'  relating'  lo  protrilion  of  lailioail  iMiiplov.  (•< 

<.oii>iriiclioii  of  ilii-  >l:itiilc.  747li. 
text   of  nliio  slatiilc  ilcliiiinu'  fi'llow    «iT\aiit-..  7l7e. 

coiKd-iii'tioii  of  thi<  statute.  74S. 
ti  \t  of  Soiitli  Carolina  Coii-I  il  ill  iiii  nlaliiii;  to  lialiility  of  raili 
|i.iiiii.s  for  iiijiirii-i  to  cniiilipyir*.  74Sa. 
'■oii~iriii't  ion  of  tlic  saiiii'.  7J.''1>. 
text  of  I'l-xa^  -tatiili-^  lii  rniiii;;  lialiility  of  railway  companios  foi 
to  i.|ii)iloMc-.  71!i. 
collet  met  ion  of  saiiu..  74!*a. 
text  of  Ti.x.i"  >tatiiti'~  n-laiiiiL,'  lo  vicp  piiiicipals.  "I'll). 

Hl.ai   faiplovcc-.  arc  vii'c  inim  ip.iK  umlrr  llirsi.  statutes,  7; 
t(\t  of    ri.\a>  7.latiili.s  ilcliiiiii;;  I'lllow   >i.r\'.i!it>.  7.'i"a. 

\.  lio  are  fellow  >er\aiii~  iiiiiler  llii-.<'  slatiltes,  7.")1, 
oilier  prci\i-ions  of    lexa-  ^laliite-. — i-oiilra('t>  liniitin;;  liability 

of  eci|illll)lllor\    lle;j:lii;i'!l('e,  7."'la. 
lest   oi    I  tall  St. it  lite  ile<.|arin^'  who  are  viee  pi  iiieipalH  anil   fel 
ants.  7''>lli. 
fMiiMriielioii  of  tliis  .<tatiit<..  7.">-. 
Ktatiito    of    f'olorailo.  (o.or;;ia.     ioua.    Kaii.ias,   .Miiiiie~ota,   Xortli 
\\  i-e(iii.-in.   WMMiiiii;;     ti'xt    of  Colorado  statute — lial.ilil 
jiiri'  ~  to  employee-..  7.">')a. 
eonsi  1  i  .  I  ion  of  tliis  staliile.  7."i4. 
text    of   Kloriila    statute  apportioiiiii:;  ilaiiiai,'es   in   (•as<'  of  niiiti: 

7.".  1.1. 
test    of    Kloriila    stattilo   tixiii;.'  lialiility— injury  tiy   coservant — . 
resti  i(.i  ill'.;   lialiility  iiivaliil.  7."ila. 
eotiKlriielioii  ami   etl'eet    ot  tliis  statute,  7.'i.">. 
test   of  (ieor^ia    statute  aliro;.'at  iii'_'   iloelriiie  of  eoiiimoii   emploi 
re^'aril-   riilnia<l   eniplo\ees,   7."ili. 
I  DMsti  iii'lion  of  statute.  7.')7. 
text   of  (li.orL'i.i    -tatiite  declaratory  of   fellow  servant    ilocfrine, 
text  of  Iowa  si^niite  relaliu':  lo  lialiility  for  injuries  lo  railuav 
ees,  7."i.Sa. 
wliat   injuries  are  witliin  tie    purview  of  the  statute.  7.'iO. 
text   of   Ixaii-a-.  slalute  relalini,'  to   liability  of  railroad  eorpur 
Kirvants.  7."i',ia. 
injuries  waieh  ale  «  iliiin  tile  seope  of  this  slatille.  7(iO. 
lest   of  Minnesota   statiiie  relatin-r  lo  lialiility  of  railroaiis   for 
lo   rjti(u.t\  res,    7'ela. 
injuries  which  aie  witi.iii  the  puiview   of  this  s(aliile,  701. 


rl 


li 


Il 


nl  fellow  -^i  rViiMN, 
iiiUti^'  li.il.ilitv  in 
I  of  r^iip.  1  i'.r  -,  n. 


(y  of  ruilr.Mil  cnrii 
[panics  for  injiirn. 


f  llahilil y  -  dcfon- 
Is  and   frilow  ht. 


'..   .Vordi    Ciiroli^; 
>- iiiil.ilitv   f»r  i 


r  of   nuitiial   faiill 
liMTvant — contra.! 

(iTi   i'iii|i!(iyiiii'iit 


iNicfrino,  7-"'S. 
lo  i'ailw;iy  cmpln 


1'.  7(10. 

Iroad.i   for   iTiinrn-. 


IXDKX. 


2.v.n 


(  KiY<  II  in 


III   sfi'liiini.) 


STATUTORY  MAlilMTV— (<oH/i»i«i/ 


t<?\t  of  Nortli  Carolinii  stal.it"  nlati 


I  lialiililv  of  railioad  I'oinpanie-. 


for  injuries  to  diif 


plo\r"<.  Ttila. 


tindcn  of  proof  iinclcr  tliis  slaUilr.  Ttilaa 


const nu't ion  o 
text  of  Wisconsin 


if  s.latulc,  7<i; 

statutes  rclaliiiL'  lo  li.il.ilii> 


Il   r:iilioa(l  CDinpaiii 


•s  (i.r 


iiijurirs  to  employ 
construction  of  tlioi 


I'S.  7li:'.,  Til  la. 
statutes.  7lil.  Tli'i. 


text  of  Wyoinint;  stat\iles   ri 


•latiii''  to 


lialiilil\    lor   iniuries   io  rai 


ilrooH 


eniployeis.  7 


r..")a. 


istitution   ileilarini:   in 


text  of  Wyoming'  con 

waivintr  ri^ilit  to  recover  daniai. 


valid   coiilrael-   ol    einploj 


.lo\ 


English  workmen's  conipi 


act  of  1S1I7.  purpo.'C 


[d  ellecl   of  llie  aH  in 


(TCI 


cral,  7(i(i. 


circumstances  ii 


uler  wliieli  e 1 


utc  niid  const ru 


■tion  placed  tl 


en^;il  ion-    are    lirnMTill 
ereoll   liV  courts.   7dS;T-7 


-text    of  Mat- 


is  to  wliicli  act  is  a 


eniploNJaen 

placed  tliereon.   7 
conipcnsnlion    ncovcra 


pplicable  -text  of  statute  and  eon-l  i  lietiou 


78a-78S. 


l.le  under    act  -test    of    stalute  ,ii,. 


struolion 


placed  lluri'oi 


II,   ,SSa    i'.".). 


arliilralion — ti 


i\l  of  statutorv    provi-ious,  7li.>a. 


construi 


tion  and  ellect  of  these  pn 


i-ioiis.  7!'(1. 


act  of  1!»U0,  7i)7 


STEPS, 

frc(picncy  wit 

STOCKlIOLDKll 


h  which  inspection  should  he  ma 


lie.   l.'iS.  no(« 


the  la( 


t  that  servant   i^.  will  not   preven 


1   aelion  aj 


iin-l   eor]>' 


STRANG  i:it, 

liahility  of  master  for  acts  .d  -tranj;er> 

edtfc  of  sa'-  ' 


llepelldent     Upi 


■ition.  s4l. 


as'cr's  knowl 


STRKKT  UAll.W 
const  itulionali 
winter  season 


iitui"'    reijuirius    i"' 


li.sUle   ol     froii 


I     iil.iiforin   duriiis 


(it  7 


ititntin^'  railway  wit 


as  cons 
street  cars,  cases  i 
noti'. 


hin  nieanin«  id  eiiiplo\ei 


llahilitv  acts,  707. 


assins;  on 


liahililv  for  injurii 


s  to  iMiipIoyees  ciiu-seJ  by,  8S, 


STRICT  OH  l,li:i:i!\I.  IdNSTUl  tTlON, 
of  employers'  liability  acts 


STKLCTLUKS, 

erected  dangcrouslv  -uar  track,  or 


Sr.vn  hm:\   l.i  m-.u.hy. 


t)verhanL'inu  tracks,  se. 


R\II.UO.\B3. 


SCNOAY, 


red  while  wdrkin^' 


employee  injur 
fellow-Borvant   doctrine   appl 


on,  rlLdil   of  action,  MU. 


rrson    work  ill 


in    viol.iiion    of    Sunday 


laws.  47«. 

M  i'i:i;iNTKxnKNr> 


s;,.,.   I'l  I  nnv    <.  i;\  a\  i- 


Si.Mi  roiiY  l.iAnii.lTY 


II 


I' 


:i 


■li 


m 


m 


A 


'^      -^ll 


'I  i: 


i 


'.'.->40  INDKX. 

(Itt(itenrin  are  to  sectlOHi.) 
SI  ri:i;loi;  SKHVANT  nocrntlNE.    See  Fkllow  StKVANT. 

SUTK   IIKS.       Sir    U.MI.KOAIIS. 

SWIM  IIINC.      Scr>  llAiMioAns. 

SYSTKM  (IK  UUSINKSS. 

ina-li  1  iKit  boiinil  to  pstiilili-li  any  particular  nictliod,  "5. 
i-.iin|iliiinf'i'  with  common  usHge  as  relicvin};  master  from  linhility 
diit\  of  master  to  alttr  iin])r<)|MT  methods,  llf*. 
master  hdumi  ♦  >  see  tl)>it  instrumentalities  are  pr.)perly  ii-<(-<l.  20' 

application  of  doctrine  in  specilic  cases.  'JdS. 
(Iut\    to  warn  servant  in  regard  to  transitory  dniifiers,  2(M'. 

limits  of  this  duty.  2(>!ia. 
duly  to  promuI>»ate  rules  re^iulating  method  of  woik — in  jji-nera". 

limits  of  duty  to  promulgate  rules,  211. 

relation  of  duty  to  that  of  instruction,  21.. 

common  usaj;c  as  test  of  performance  of  duty.  213. 

lialiiliial  practice,  how  far  a  legal  substitute  for  rule.  21  '.    :i 

duty  to  bring  rules  to  notice  of  servant.  2IH,  b. 

duty  to  enforce  rules,  214. 

construction  of  rules.  215. 

rules  must  be  definite  and  inlelli^'ihle.  21(5. 
performance  of  dul.v — operation  of  trains,  safety  of  train  crew-, 
rules  as  to  mediiig  of  trains,  217,  l«. 
rules  as   to   notifyinf;   cri'vvs   of    train-    ii;;ar<lin{{ 

trains,  217,  c. 
rules  as  to  trains  not  prorided  for  in  nuular  tini^ 

protection  of  employees  engaged  in  track  work,  2ls. 

protection  of  car  repairers,  219. 

protection  of  employees  working  in  yard.  22(p. 

automatic  ami  unauthorized  movements  of  cars.  221. 

track  repairing  as  atfects  safe  operation  of  trains.  222. 

loading  of  cars,  223. 

work  in  concerns  other  than  railways,  22-1. 
when  rules  are  binding  upon  servants — in  general.  22."i. 

necessity  of  bringing  rule  to  knowledge  of  servant,  22fl. 

v>hen  servant  deemed  to  have  knowledge  of  rule.  227. 

reasonableness  of  rules.  228. 

rules  making  servants  insurers  of  their  own  safety.  220. 

rules  re(|uii  ing  servant  to  e.vamine  appliances  used  by  liim,  J: 

loiilljct   liel  Weill  obligation  of  rule  and  other  duties.  2.'!1. 

waiver  of  rules,  master's  ac(|iiicsceni'e  in  violation.  232. 

rationiiiii.v   of  (loelrine  of  waiver,  233. 

waiver  considered  with  referi  nee  to  express  agreement  to  obey 
violation  of  rules  as  con-iiluling  contributory  negligence,  3(i.">. 

conditions  illustrMliM      i  ilil    principle.  3(i.'ia. 

limits  of  this  ilo     ;  im-.  ::(i(t. 

doctrine  thai   \iiilMticin  of  a   rule  does  not  imply  negligence  a; 
law.  3(i7. 


posit  lo 

laldcs, 


i   I 


INDKX.  -'^' 

(Reference)'  hit  In   iii  (/mn.) 

SYSTKM  01M;LSINI::.S— (cort/i»tWi. 

pre.un.pti..u  of  ....KliRonce  from  .nastws  vi.,l.n..n  ,.f  Ins  o«n  rulo.  1  .... 

n.los  not  .,.vi.l..MUT.  as  afe-ainsl  «r.v..,t.  ot  ,.io,...,   .1...1  of  Mom.!:  «ork.  l«n 

,o„.pli,...-.-  «itl.   ..."iter's  rul...  a.  ......aUvmi:  .l-..-  of  ,.o,.tr,lmtory   ....U 

,.|lwroi  rillo  Nvl.irh  casts  b.ir.l.'n  of  in-i"''> '   '"i"""l  -"^""     '"*    "•• 

il.ity  to  fornnilato  rules,  non-dplcKiil'l*'.  ■>'*■ 

ihily  to  biiii};  rules  to  UhowUkIko  of  om\>U.y:  .100  .1.  i.-umLI. • 

duty  to  .■iili*ef  nil<».  iioiidelc^jal.l.-.  r.Tii. 

violatio,,  of  r..l...-  by  M..v,,-.l.  p.oxi,„at..  .ao.-  of  l,i.  ...jurys  :t-4.  ..o.-  X 

.l,.f..ctiv  system,  proxi.i.atv  cause  of  injury.  HO:t,  note  ;.    (f). 

assuiiiplioi.  of  risks  arisii.};  from  defecU  in,  27J. 

„ss„n.,.tion  of  extiaordinary  ri.ks  inferr.d  from  knowledge  thereof,  ■...S. 

knowl'd.,..  of  .bn^rr  in-puted  to  servant,  as  dependent  upon  opportm  itie«  ol 

-ervaiil  for  aciii.ir.i.!;.  Ulli.  note  1    (ii>. 
d,.f..(li\e  svsteio.  Iiii>ililv  under  employers'  liability  acts,  ti,;i. 
..ir.et  ....oii  .Mas...r's  liability  of  concrrin-  n.^litjence  of  coservant,  «U.  n..le 

H   (1).  .    ^,,, 

..It.raliuns  in  all.r  acrid,  nt.  evidential   import  ol,  K-4. 
duty  of  ...aster  to  i..-truct   and  warn  servant,  see  InstRKTIon  of  S,,n  ^^,  : 

in|!l.^!'s '(^"ised  by  delin,,nent  servant's  obedie,,.--  to  rules,  .tatu,o.■^    UaUHity 
(if  iii.i~ter,  sec  isTATiiiouv  Liability. 


■|^ 


ig   position   of 


2jn. 

ly  liiir.,  I'iO, 

2;!1. 

^:!2. 

nt  to  obev  rule 

.  -':!4 

.',  .1(i.">. 

'ligencp  as  matter  "I 


T. 

TFI.EOIJMIM'l'KR.VrOR  ON  UAH.KOADS, 

'    ,„..dif:e.,.e  in  tran.sn.ission  of  train  orders,  liability  of  nia-t.-r.  ..II.  no,.  1. 

ii:i,K(ii;.\ I'll  POLKS,  ,    ,,1  ,„      I 

Ciises  illustrating  doctrine  tl.at  servant  is  not  bom.d  m  .,..,..■.■..   tH.  m 

(m). 

IKMI'ORARY  FOIUJKTI'l'LNKSS, 

of  known  danger  at  time  of  accident.   efTeet    on    doeti. >f   a-ump. ... 

risks.  291. 
as  m-alivinp  cbaiL-e  of  cmtributory  n.;J..-e.u, .  .'..lU. 
liinitatioM  of  this  .hiclriiie.  :'..">1. 

"''d!^i^m''";hat   as.„„„ of    ,.„a.inli..ary    ri-k    is   infern.d    from    ,...va,n's 

knowledRC  thereof,  2;  t.  iMite  1. 
doctrir..  as  to  contributory  n.-l.-cMce.  :U4.t.  ,        ,       ,.      ,  ,„,       , 

decisions   involvinK    relation    between   super.or  and    suboid.nate    >e,^,^,„    1- 

rcL-ards  master's  liability,  r.l't.  note  1.  

doctrine  that  complaint  must   allet;o  plaintill's  wan.  of  K..owledge  o,  d,„„ 

ous  conditionr,  S57.  not.    -. 

TKNAS.  ,    -  ,• 

doctrine  that   assumption    of   esfaonlinary    r.«k    i.    ....... .d    t......    ^cr,..,.    - 

knowledge  thereof.  274.  note  1. 


i  ''I 


L'.')4J 


INDKX. 


TKN  V--^ — icnniintiril). 

il   •nine  MM  to  iiiiplii' ■.tinii  of  ii('^lii;>iui'  I'loin  violiition  of  nilc-i,  :!li7. 
ini..  'I  inicliT  slatiilf,  conliiliutoTy  m  ;.'li;,'ciirr  iis  a  dcfin-',  (>">1,  im'Ip  1 
ilrciM.    IS    iiiviplviiijr    iil;iliiin    l>r  Iwi'cii    Mi|i(iiiir    and    »iil»)riliiia(i'    Mr\ 

ir;.Miil-  matin's  lialiilily.  .■)!!•.  iiotr  1. 
\ii.'  |iiim'i;i,iKlii|).  Ii-iid  l.y  nondcli  ualilc  iialiiic  of  ilillirs,  :<:>».  ii'ti 
roiisi  II  111  iiiii.iliiy  ol  ciiiiiloyi'rH'  lialiilily  act,  til'i,  o. 
Ii\l    1)1   .■.laiiiii--  ilcliiiiii;;   liability  of  railroail   I'oiiiiiaiiii'S   for   iiijiiiii., 
l.lo.Mcs.   7I'I. 
ninslnu'l  i'Hi  of  tlic  -"  iliilt',  Tl'-'a. 
t<\l  of  slatiili-  ri'l.^liiiL'  I"  iii'i-  priiu'llials.  7  lllh. 

\\iial   niiployii's  air  vice  prini'lpals  uiidir  tlioc  statiitfs,  7")'V 
ti\l   of  sliliitiM  dc'liiiiiiL;  tillow  si'Haiilrt.  7;»(la. 

«lio  an    II  How  >iivanl>  iilidrr  llicsr  sl.itiltis.  7.'>1. 
olliir  pici\i«iiins  of  'J)\as  si.ilutis,  7.>la. 

lialiilily  of  r«T(  i\rix  under  sialnlis  for  lii'iiclit  of  railway  oinplovn  -. 
coinplaint ;    iivi'miciit  us  to  sor\aMt'»  freedom   from  eonlribiiloiy   'i. 
s.'iS.  note  2. 

Ti:::;i>  i-kkson, 

liability  of  inaslir  for  injuries  to  employees  caused  by  acts  of  tliinl 
as  dependent  upon  master's  knowledgi    of  siimc,  l:iy. 

THACK  (iA\(!.     See  K.mi  koads. 

TRAIN  CUKVVS.     S.c  H.Mi.iaiADS. 

TUAINS.     See  Uaimiomin. 

TKAl'  iJOOllS. 

i-ontribulory  iie<^lii,'eiKi-,   nliame  by  employees  on  master's  exiTiis.' 
:i.">j,  note  4  (k). 

TliK.vrMvS, 

knowledge  of  daii^'er  impiiied  to  servant,  a-  dependent  upon  oppmiii 

servant  for  aeipiirin^'.  4o:!    niiii>  I    (f). 
defect  in,  iie;,'lif;enee  of  viee  piiiuipal,  .'ii;7,  note  7    (d). 

TlllAL, 

ar;;unient  of  eouiisel  as  lo  'iiatleis  not  sliown  by  evidence,  851. 
See    I'r.oVlNfK   OK  CoiiItT   AM)  Ji:ilY. 

TUNXIXS, 

freipieney  with  wliicli  inspeition  sbould  be  uiade,  ISS,  note  2. 
assiiiiiplion  of  extraordinary  risks  arisiuR  out  of  defects  in,  272.  n.l 
cases  illustruting  doctrine  tliat  servant  is  not  bound  to  inspect,  411 
(u). 


I  NAVOlDAm.K  XATIRK  OF  ACT, 

as  riliiviiifi  serciint  of  charge  of  contributory  mglifrencp.  357. 


I  ! 


\f'.  :ir.7. 

iiKili'    ^ir\,ir,(- 


iiijili'Vi'.  -.  <t'.  a. 


Q  OJll")!  IlltiiM.  -  o! 


ilirfrii  II' 


INDIA 

rlif    (      iirtiun*.) 


v!:.»i 


i;NGl'Ai;l>Kl)  MAClllNI'.ltV. 
lial.iliiv  of  iiiaHlor  (it  inji 


70. 


.liliciilii'ti,  I 


7ti.  <1. 


,(!•  1   (ni). 


if    i^xliiioiiliniiiy  riski  it 


ili'iriil     li""' 


II 


,irulit;<'ll''l'  <• 

rlViiM   "11  in:i» 
li). 


f  ('(Ticrvant 


lial.ilitv  (if  Tii;i-.t(r.  f.ljii,  im.ic  1    ll. 


Hiring;  nii;iiiliii'4  " 


if,  coiiilninidn  ot,  '<"-■  "■'''' 


1      t.i. 


iUr's  linUilily  of  tou.urriii 


m  ni'i;)i'_" 


1.1 


■ll.  SI  (.  n. 


fSClAlinKI)  OI'KNlNfiS, 


lialiility 


,)f  ina^tiT  lor  iiiinrn*  .aiiii'i 


ll  t.v,  Sii.  1(10. 


;l-slllll|'li'     •   O 


,f  ..\tiii  irdiii^'O    ii>!>^  iiili'iix 


(1  fii.in  Kiioulilji-  ill 


1   (k). 


I.iiin\l 


.,!..,■  of  TiKkr.  iiri.^iii-   from,   imi'ii 


,ii  ll   to  SI  r\.u 


ll    lliim^'li    III.  -I"  III- 


;,'.i»,  note  1   (li). 
kiiowU'il^;!'  lit  iliiii;'iT  imi 


niuil  to  siTvaiit,  as  <li'| 


l||.|,illlliM!t     lll> 


,11    ..pli 


)l  '  lltlil  !• 


wrv.iiit  for  ariiiiin 


n^K.  41):!.  iiotp  1    (j). 


kiiowliil^'i-   of    iiiuiu'iilar    ri 
tioiis.  404,  Iiotr  1    (ll). 


,>ks   iiif.-nilil.'    from    km.  v'- |.j..    .■!    :.'.ii.'r.i 


1  (.(.ii;! 


illiistratili''  dm  1 1  ill! 


tliiil  stTViint  is  not  lioiinil  to  iii^p 


i.(.  111.  not'     1 


(1). 


iNSKAWoirniv  siiii'S 

li;iliilily  of  eiiililo\«r 
ISK  OK  IXSTUUi\lKNTAMTli:s 


for  injuries  rosiiUin},'  from.   lUI'.. 


astir  not  iia'.ili"  for  injuri. 


^  resultiii;,'  from  improl 


•r  use,  '20. 


UTAH, 


doctrine   tli.it   assiiii 


kiiowliilu'f  Uiereof,  274,  mite  1 


iption    <if   <.\lraor(liii;iry    ri 


-k   is    iiifirre.l    from    nerval 


fell. 


ervaiit    iloetrilie,   i 


(leiilitv  of  departmeMt,  ."lOO 


vioi  jiiiiieipalsliiii,  tested  h\  in 


ili.lr._'alilc  iialine 


of  duties,  ei.ll.iti.Mi  of  eas.-^ 


5."0.  note  ;!. 


constitution 
tfxt  of 


aljlv  of  cniiil".\ei- 


lialiilitv  ai: 


t.  (i4.">,  f. 


statute  dcterniiiiinu:  "lio  are  vice  priiieii 


;lU  ami  fellow  -rv, lilts 


consliuction  of  the  statute,  l-yi. 


I  i 


i  I 


■i 
1 


:,  27-'.  n..t..  1  M  . 
ispect,  41 1,  IK'U'  1 


VAllIANCR, 

between  pleading  nnd  proof.  R.')9. 

VKURl.ES,  ,       ,,  ,  1      i-s    .n(e  ■•> 

freiiueney  witli  wliieU  iii.peetion  should  be  ma.le    l-S.  note  _ 

vKunicT, 

eiiniDrmity  to  pleailin;.'.  S07. 
spi.ial  iTiterrot.Mtorie>.  Si>7. 

,.!„„li.a  between  general  M.-li-t  ami  speeia-  hml„iir^    s.„  . 


''if  I 
-I 


>     M 


''   ill* 


ii! 


>:ui  iNDi;  .. 

VKIt.MG.ST, 

(lodiinc   tliiit   as-miii  liiiii   of  extriuirdiiiitry   ri-k    i«   inferrpd   from 

know  l(i!(.'o  tlipnof,  .174,  note  I. 
lUiKCH  (Ictrriiiinin;;  Btiitus  of  (r<'n<'riil  manu^rr  us  a  vice  princi|ial,  ."i.'l 
vice  |)i'iiiri|i,il>i|iip,  tested  liy  non  ili'les^ble  niitiire  of  duties,  colliition 

.■.."(),  noli     I. 
iluvtriiie   tliiii  eoniplainl   must   nllej{e   piiiintill's   wiint  of  kiiuwletlj' 

^jeroiii-  roiiilitiotlH.  Si'u.  note  2. 

VICE  I'KINCII'AL.     See  Km  i.ow  SKmANTS. 

VIKOIMA, 

iloctriiie   Hint  aasinnption   of  pstruordiniiry   risk   la  Inferred   from 

knowledfie  thereof,  274,  note  1. 
iiivoKinj;  lelatinii  lietwceii  siipiTioi  ;in(l  Mnl>or>!iMiile  scrviintH  ah  re;; 

ter'n  liability,  r)4!>,  note  1. 
fellow  sirviinl  ilodiine,  identity  of  department,  300. 
vice    principiiKliip.   tested    liy   non-dele);iilile    nature    of  duticK.   lol 

CUTS,  ;"!,")(>,  note  .'t. 
doctrine  that  conipl.iini   must  allef»p  pjaintiil's  want  of  knowloil;^  c 

ous  conditions,  S.')7.  note  2. 
contrary  doctrine,  8."i7,  note  7. 
I  iiii'lilaint ;   .T\ovinent   as  lo  servant's  freedom   from  contributory  n 

n;)S,  note  2. 

Adj.!  NTI   XON   I'lT  IN. II  IMA, 
introductory,  .Idrt. 

ineaninfi;  and  ed'ect  of  mavini — in  {jeneriil,  M]'.>. 
relation  of  maxim  to  doclrine  of  assumption  of  risks,  ^70. 
rel.ition  of  maxim  to  defeime  of  contributory   ne^'lisence,  1171. 
injured  servant  mn>t  havi'  eonipreliended  risk,  :!7-. 
injured  servant  must  ha\e  voluntarily  undertaki'U  risk.  ^'^. 
logical  si^'nilicance  of  servants  risks,  ;I74. 

ordinary  risks  are  presumed  to  have  been  voluntarily  undertaken 
extraordinary  ri.<iks.  do<irine  that  voluntary  aclion  is  inferable  »li 

cialiiin  of  is  conipreliemlrrl.  ;!7(i. 
contrary  doctrine  staled,  ;t77. 

particular  circumstances  bearing   upon  question    whether  servant  « 
— increasi'd  compensation.  ."78. 

injury  inevitable  if  siivant  remains  at  work,  378a. 

master's  assumption  of  responsibility  for  all  injuries,  .17!). 

injury  c;iused  by  siTvant's  own  acts  or  omission,  .180. 

work  undertaken  pursuant  to  orders,  381. 

work  outside  scope  of  ordinary  iluties,  381a. 

fear  of  losing;  position.  .182. 

complaint,  objection,  or  protest  omitted  or  made.  383. 

existence  of  risk  at  or  subseijuent  entry  upon  employment,  3t> 


r*»d    frtmi   *i'rvan* 


kiiuwl«(i('>  u/  Jjii 


ibutory  ni'gligcuiT, 


(A'.Yof""  <"•   '"   ■•••'""•••) 

.i„...  ol.,.^i..«  i«'twe.M  <1i«.overy  ...  ri,k  ..n,l  .«•.  ,.r.vM.v  of  n.vM.M..    .-... 

«.t  r.ti.l.  t..l  iu-ce»^«i  V  i.v  ,urnii(.'. i.l  ..f  pinm.  .Ihi.. 

......Unuin,  «o.k  «i...  k„..«l...l«.-  of  .I-'-.-,  '-i.i-. i  .lo..,ruu.  Cut  ...n  „.t 

.ii:;::":;  JLuto  h,  „.,..... ..  .iiM„m> ,... * ...•'-■•.  -^■'• 

..vailnUlitv  of  d-frn-  in  n,!,,..,.  ...M,.-  .u^n^■■^.i.■>■^^'. 

CoNUITlO.N. 

VOUUNTAIIV   NAT.-K  ..K  .KllVANTS  A.  TloX    IN  COSrSVSSC.  \V..KK. 

:n:::';':n" ":.  :"i>i.i.  -—  *-  -t  ......0..,.  .0 vo,u .,. 

28!>. 
iiiiii'ii".  JH'i.  i>. 
MMIl,.'!!.   VJH!(,  b. 

eonvi.-..  «l,.,-  iMbor  i,  l.ir.-.l  l-v   pn.a.-  .:n,plo>.T..     v.    c. 
r....on    pro.M.,,,-  r..-.viHi„.  -.■..„„..•  .i...-  -  "'-"'l-  " -'-k-'-y 

...   .fT.^in^'.pi^.-.io..  o.  his  o..nuilH.to.y  i..j:lig...c«  i"  -  rtoinir.  :!«.-. 
will   p.m.r  ol  ^'-.vai.l  ..v.ifo.nf,  3(>2.  «. 

f..ur  of  ..TNanl  tUal  i.e  m»y  1"^"  '-'^  P«''"^'"  '^  ''-  ''.'J''''^'    '"-  "• 
,ol«ntnr.v  »<ti....  n..i   ,..-.li«.l.l..  i.i  ea.e  of  seamen,  M.,  c. 

V..U)NT1:KI!S, 

,ul.j.-ot  t..  «u.i'    iM.r.icMs  ..,  ,ervanl«.  «U. 

liability  o«  "':"•"■'  '"'"■  '".l"-''-^  '"•  ''■■'"• 

.MTOons  deeni.-.!  not  to  be,  flifi. 

minority  a.  an  eb.,n,...t  in  .U...v,m„in,  ..ght  to  r.oover,  <m. 


I 


w. 


servant  Wiiis  tuir  < 


"'■::;:  ^.^MoSn.  .nastorV  a.,ni..een..e  in  tbeir  viob.tion.  ... 


,ation;ile  of     ..^  doctrine  of  waiver.  2Xi. 
waiver  eonHi.l.re.1  witl.  referenec  to  evpr.- 


„;.ii...|iwiit   to  tiiipy  tbe  rub-.  2.34. 


"'Zl^lo  warn  .rvant  a.  .o  e^i.-nce  .,f  n n..  ...n.;..   UT 

.,nt"y  to  warn  servant  in  r..,ar.i  to  .ran,i,ory  and  Hpora.hc  danger..  -H  ..  -U    .. 
;,>.umpli..n  of  risk  frun,  failure  to  warn,  r.-'.  note  ■-    ^1<.. 
disre-nird  of.  m-  .onMiiulinj;  eonlribut..rv   u.-li-.iu'.-.  ..M. 


.U„v  to  warn  M.rvan,  as  to  Mansi.ory  .landers.  ""»  '  ^  ^^j  !  ;;^;:,.,^^  „ 
as  oabn.>rnml  dan,,-,,.  mj;b-.(  of  sup.r.or  MM.an.  I.ab.  ,t>  '"  ^  '^'^-  ' 
as  to  ,lan«..rs  aris.n.    fr.au   evv>...o,.   of  .l.-.a.ls  of   wo.k.   u.-.l...n, .    of 

pirior  ^.Tvai.t.  lialiilily  ol  niasl.i.  t,iil, 
-,.I„i„.'  n.a.-inn..,.    wi.Uout.  n..,Ii..n..e  of  c.,..-rvan..  ..h.._note    1    «j,. 
fa, MM    ^..  «ar,.  a:  prosi.n.n..  -an f  injury.  SO;?,  ao.e  ..    ,«,. 


«00. 
su- 


2&4U 


ill 


*.iH 


r' 


\lli  fill  nil  K  uif   (i.   «.c/l<iiu.) 


WAUMXd—  [riifilini-,!,. 

fDIiiiiioii     iimip'    u«  tl'liihiMiiii;.'    duty   of  iiia-.lci     in     n;.Miil     (<i    «, 

I'sM.t. 
(Uil>  to  wniii  iiiiiiiii>  in  l'iimijiI,  -i  c  Mino:;.-, 
duly  to  iiiHtriKI   fiii\;iMl«  in  };.  u.i.i!.  >(.•  In^iiiii  ikin  (ii    Skiivant. 

WASIIINtJTON. 

dipctrinc    tliiil    ii!.^ni!i|ilii.Ti  „i    fxtiiwirdiiiarv  ri»k    i-   iiitVircJ    fron 

knowliMltT''  llirTiiif.  J74,  null'   1. 
fiMiiWHPiviint   doctijni',  ii.ni  ,|  v  of  di'liiiit  niPiit,  TjllO. 
ill ci-iniiM    iiiviilvin;;    ii'hilldii    l.ilwirii    -n|>i  lior   and    Hiihiiiilln.it.'   ,1 

ir^'imls  iniislii'-,  linldlilN,  .■>4H.  imli'  1. 
\lii'  |irlnii|.aUlii|,.  tr-lil  li.v  tmn  diii-H.'Mi-  nature  of  iliiliii    r,M,  i, 

WASIKH   1. 

duly  of  railrdud  coMipiiiiy  to  coiiNtinit  ilruiii-<  lor  |iri'M'ntiiiM  of,  C- 

WATKIt, 

kiioHird;;!'  of  risk  arising'  finiii  wiiikifi);  mur,  iMipiiIrd  to  servant   ■ 
r\|nrieuied.  ;)II4.  nolo  1   (il. 

WAYS. 

riinlriliutory   nogliaenie  ni   eiii|ilnyi'e   in   tiikinn  diiii<,'erous   riiul«  i 

Irnni  one  point  to  iiiidlliir.  :t'!.')   (.')). 
nialulory  lialiilily  of  iiia-lir  fur  defcetH  in,  see  Staiitoiiy  I.iaitim 

W!;ST  \  IlKilXIA. 

diielri'ie   Hint    iissinupt  ii.ii   of   e\i  1  .mrdiiiary    ri<k    i-    infcired    froii 

kno«l((l;,'e  thereof.   JTI.   note   I. 

■How  ■.•rvaiit  doelrine,  identity  of  ilepartiiient,  ."illO. 
I'ldleelinn   of  deeisioiis    involving'   relation   lietween    superior   and    s., 

MTvaTils  lis  refjardi  i)ia>ler'rt  liability,  .jt!),  noli'  1. 
vice  piincipalsliip,  lesled  l>y  nondele'jable  nnture  of  dutiex.  eidia'iiei 

.■|."iil.  iiipIc  .■?. 
doi'lnne  lliat  eomplaiiil    need  not  allege  master 'h  know  leilue  of  daUL: 

dilioiiH,  s'tti,  note  !l. 
doelrine  lluH   foniplainl   need  not  allef.'p  plaintiirs  want  of  kiiiiuled;. 

;;eroii.s  oonditions,  H'>7,  note  7. 

WINDOW  CASIXCi. 

defeits  of  a  temporary  or  liaii-itory  nature,  97,  note   1    (a). 

V'ISCONSIN, 

doctrine  that   nsouinption   of  oxtniordinary  risk   is   infeind    from 

knowledj^o  tlionof,  J74.  note  ]. 
decision  involving;  relation  lietween  superior  and  -uhoidinale  seiva 

pards  master's  lialiility,  ."i4'.>,  note  1. 
\iee  prineipalsliip,  tested  liy  11011  ileleeal.le  nature  of  iliitie-.  ,"i:>(l,  li" 
eoiisliliilionality  of  euiplovers'  lialdlity  ael.  ()4.'i.  '^. 
uc'ti'iii  uinlt-r  ^Ialllle.  <'oiili  ilmloiy    ne^Ii^ieiiee  as  a  defi  iit.  IdI.  note 
text    of    stiilule    rehitilifr    to    liability    of    railro.id    eonipanies    for    i 

enijdoyee.s,    (IWi.  7lita. 


I  f 


M-:llVANT. 


1(11  of,  (! 

ncrvunt        ,  i^i,  j, 

1    rcilllfl    :       (I  I   -i 
I.I  A  nil  I 


ir   an. I    s.,   ..r  Imai. 
.  ni|!:i>i,,i    .1  ,..,.,- 
•  iif  il;in:i   ■  "14  .'() 
kiiinvli'.lij  ■  iif  il,i 


111    frmii  -i.rv.iMi - 

:ltc   scrv.i  ■,■<  ill  !•■ 

.  r>r,i).  II'  ■  ■', 

i>.)l,  mil.'  I 

fs    for    i  Ki  3  t<. 


M»i:\. 

lUrfniif  .  <  ii>r   III   ....  (I'.'H.) 

I  |S(  '<  I  \' S I  V —  ( r-f III  ( 1 1;  iinl ) . 

r.iii«tni.liihi  ol  tln-i.    -I.i'ni...  Mt.  Tii'.. 
ilmlriiic  Ui:il   ,..im.l.iiiii   'm..I   M..t  .ill.-.'  I'i 


Wl' 


(Fi  rmiM  mn.lii  i"i".  '■■■"    '"'''    •■ 

(i.iiililuiiit  ;   .n "I'     I-   ""   ~'  '  *•' 

H.-.S t-  J. 

iiDS  .\Ni>  n:i;  v>i:.'^. 

il.U   -il.-.'  44. 


Ill  0    ti. 


111!  Ill    •.    \\  ,111 


fli'lll 


iii: 


t    of   kll.iMl.il  ■.     .if    •I'll' 


iiiibiil.ii;.    ii.'^lii;' in.--'. 


"ri'iiMinii 


■'ni';!li;.'"iii''-  '   '  '■'■ 
Uriii*  iixi'.l  ill  1  "4 


,I,,v.r-    liil.ilil*  iii'U     •■w.iy*. 


iKiSli. 


ii  -.•■  i;^ 


mil  1  \ .     iiii.iil 


.I.iiii .  ■  I.Oi' 


iih  or  ii-'.l   ill  111'    li'i-i"' 


.(■•  It !■' 


'|lo(    ill-.iurl 


,1    or    IrlPlllil'il,    IHvi'U'    to    I  III'    ll.J,''i-. 


"in   uliriliilU'l'  lo  till-   111.1 
"ill'IfKillril  Willi  '111 
].i  rM.iw  liiiN  iiijJ  "ll 


jur-iiiis  III     < 


TMill-.  li.iviiii 


|i.  r^on  lKiviii._'  •■'■i  .11', 
|..i-on  liaviii:; 


1 1,1, lily  of  tl ii.ii'ii>rr, 

or  I'liiii  '■  "'  I'i  -i'"'  I 

li^ir;.'!'  or  :  '"1  "'  •'   li"'"'  "'  '^''  ' 

iiiilrnl  fl  ;i  lr,iiii.' 
.lllliil  ot  ;i  1  .1.'    ■,'- 


I'll'.,  (iTl. 


Jt 


ili.il:;.'  1.1 


ll,"  Tl'. 


riiilw:iv"  :iii 


i  "railrojiiN."  T"*. 


riiiiMii V  ^11  v.i'i' 


i.rlNiiKiii. 


nor 

-.  I  \.il|l  s   ( 


if  "^:llll■■  .;.M. 


:i,".. 


III!    I. II-  riK'M'J 


■,1  "ill  ll;i'  -iiiii'  '-'I' 


.1,    of  •■.ni.I..Mi'.  III."  T.'il. 


■■1  rMiiil>-    'I'll: 
"niilway^.  ■ 

|..■l-.lll^i  "in;; 
"-uin'riiiti'iiili-iil . 


_,,,.!  ■',i!...iii  11  ililli  niu   [ll 
:-.'il   ill   I  III'  oi'ir. 


•i;.i.. 


Ill, 11    lit    vlUil    I'lili 


,,!,•■  TlU.l. 


'll   in   .11.. 


i(iii_'  tr.iiii' 


Tilt. 


t»nn-  11- 


,,j,i|   in  till'  ili-.'li.il.l 
.1  in  i:ii-li-l 


if  till  ir  iliiti.  -, 


1    worMIMII  - 


.1111.,  ll-;ll  1. 


fl  nf  i-jo: 


i  1..I1',"  7i'i7, 


,11  I  -iii^r     on 


t   of  an. I   ii.   liii'  I'.Mii- 


i.-.il.lnl    fvi'iu     ■I'.iriliii- 


I. ill 


III,    .i[     ulili'ii    li.'    »» 


.IOM',1, 


injur 


111  1  il.iit..i.|i    i. 
i..l,  771. 


I  ill-    '-.I  I'Jli^  al 


.1   V.  i'nil    uii-i'.ill.lill't 


roi'i'i'ilini;-,'    iiii'li  r 


lir    til'  a"t. 


tiin.'  for  iiiakiii',' '■Hiiini  for  i'i.iiiii"n-at  nn. 


h. 


"worli   nH'ri  l.v 
prrMiM^  in.i'ii 
7S1, 


"con-lri  I'l  lull,     i 


ill: 


it\    or  iiii'i 


liiilal   III."  77ii.  i: 


.1  v.'iili'  rini 


.li.M'd  "on  or  ill 


alii.iii 


<|ii.fi(uil  iilacen. 


81. 


(■pair 


h'.'.i! 


111'.'  <'n>> 


.1  rnil.'il   l.v    :l   .-i   I 


.r.i!'' 


<\,  b. 


"p-cafToldinv'."  7S1.  c. 
"railuiiv."  7'-"i. 


)ll'ttiriff   111*       ■    ••<  'n-H*.) 
UtiKliS  AND  PIIRASKS  -  {,-onli»uiil). 
"fiiptnry,"  7H;1«. 

•  ciminiK'rinff  wurk.     7M. 
"inim',"  7H.'i. 
"iindi'rliikiTn."  "Hll. 

'  x.iirktiiiin,"  'I*'. 

'■i|i'|>cmli'iit»"  of  injiir4Ml  or  <l 1  workiinii    Tt<7a. 

"I"ri»try,"  7!»7. 

••uliipliuililiMK."  HOJ.  n<'i''  1     f>. 
t,.,i,„  .i...,l  in  Knv'li-li  f.i.lu.v   ;,.i<— ••pr.'iiii-.-  %.!... -in  ««.nm    «  n  i 
111!  .Iiinicnl  power  i«  ii-  'I      7H:1u,  b. 

•  IIKlcllilM  IJ     Ol     plillll."    T""  "1.    >". 

"prinii"!"'   wlii'ri'ln  anv    iiMiiiiiil    liilmr    1-  .xiiii-fd   for   tli«'   ;•. 

nain."  78.'lii,  il. 
'•iiuirliiiKTy   ii»"'«l  in  ilie  pro.^.-H  „t  lo.i.liii;,'  or  uiil'>.iiliii:.'.  "   7-* 
"liliiirliiiijr  or  «l.vcin;»  work*,"  7S;!u,  f. 
••"liip'iiiililiiit;  )iiril."  78:111.  t.'. 

«i>nKs, 

»tiitiil.ir.\   liul.iliiy  of  iii.i-l.r  lor  ililiH-  in,  sv.   Sr\n  rouY  Liaiiiiii 

W  M...llNii, 

liNl  of  Ktmuli's  r.latiiiK  to  tiiiMlily  for  injiiri.-  to  railroad  cinpli.y 
provision    of    Coii-tilutioii    a.daiinn    inviilid    conlra.N    wuivin/    ri 

con'r  daniaK'"-  "Uaa. 
d<'Oi«ioiis    involving    rclaUon    liclwrni      up.  rioi    aiu.    ^jbordina'.t    ■. 
r-vard-  uiu^lor  «  liubility,  54U,  note  i. 


nr 


w 


I 

If 

r 


■  n 


TABLK  OK  CASKS. 


»•    F.IAIlll  II  V 


)r(liiMle   VI   ,': 


:t:.s,  .VMl.  '.i'>7.  Il»*i> 
\.  \i.'\i->.  7111.  '<"'■>    mill.  1!'7>.  Ji'Ti 

:si;,  V,    Ill/in,  THI) 

.,.,.■■  I,  '       »■  "-'I'.  •'••'■  '^' ' 

M.-.,  lti:i.    !■■  "  ,       ,  I  V    11,11    7S1 

„:i";n:.;i:;!r:Mi:. ■...:..  ......  .s,    .  ,;„.„i.., .,.. ..:. ..;;..  ^.^  .^^. 


A. 

Hl.-,.n.l  Tl.r,  <•>•... 

,,,:,iH  V.  I..ik.'  111.-  A   \\    I'    ' 


\.     liliMIll',    i<l-.    "•'•.    "•"■     ^'--     ■— " 

>.  I! ii    r.i.i,  .'ill.  .M.-..  ■•i'^.  ''It' 

7!U,  SIIS,  HJIi.  ll.".'> 
,Mi1p:.iiui    Mi.llii'iiil    It.   Ci'.   V.    M.DoiiiiM. 
riOl     llHMl.  2010.  2021,   Jii:!! 

'         ,)i.n.  .,    S17. 


I'ii  4.,..  4;o.   17:1.   ivi.  1!».-,.   1:m,,  .,il, 
.'..<llv.\Vj.t..."M..v. IU.<....1S„,|      ^^^^__   __,,,^_ 

-"'■^  r^  ;y!' miM^  iooV- 

,:,::,i';^:::u;.Tr:;v..un.(o.v.K ,,.|Ma...N..-.o  v ..:. ..:., 

^rn.ct"Al  Ml".  («' .^■   M'^il.-  \\i„.l.,,i     UJl.    1110.   1  i:i:i.  1  IMI.    1...M, 

.^Iv.ciy •■■ -^'%!"r.rV^    '^"" 


V    Ir.in  riill.  <  ■'..  '•"..    1->1.    ''•'■■ 

ixv.t  i:!72.  I:i77.  l^:.. 
v.Kan;,.>&T.«  .  n.  7:n.   ICo',.. 

21K3.  2-iOO.  '.MiiV  •-:li.!i 
V.  Snow.  17;ti.  l"-''.» 

\,..klVI/.  V.  llilt.ipliivx.^  ,  ...  f'.J-' 
V,,u.w  V.  S.i,.ple.  8iJ.  in..  U..S 
\l,o:,rn    v.  font  ml     1!       »  "••    ■'">•     '"•"' 

V    ll,Ml.>n.  The.    ;U4.    14.-..-..    l.VH.   ir.l"., 

1.-.7S 
\ikoii  V.  Sinitl..  >*Tt!.  2214 
Aitk.n  V.  Niw|....t   Co.  <J.  n.  1>-.  •'"' 
V.  Noupoit  Slipway  Dry  Docks  (  o.. 
20011  ,,,, 

\k(-.'n  V.  ChiciiRo.  15.  &  Q.  R.  Co.,  21U., 

•MIS 
Abh;oiiii  .t  V.  R.  Co.  V.  Wallor,  2lit;.  Stli! 

:l!).-.   4  111,  422.  423,  13G3 
M.l.in,:.  Conl  &  Coke  Co.  v.  Pitt.s,  i>:!0 

li.:i4,  2-2sn 
A^.l.iinia  f:.  S.  I?.  Co.  V.  Biiiley,  2070 
V.  Carroll    '.Mj.)    1801 


\l!.,'i'l    \.   Vvv  Vc.rk  C.  i    11.   U    I!    < 'o  , 

;.•,.;,  si'i.  s.m.  loj:t 

\ll.iil'  V.   ll.iChe.  2211! 
\lt...rl/   V.   H.irl..'.  4.1<i.  .'."r..    looi 
Ml.i.vlit    V.    CliiiMHO   &.    N.    \V.    H     '  "  . 
121'1 
»     MilA  lulcM-  A  S.  It.  Co.,  21-'S 
Ml.., I-  V.  Now  Yoik  C.  &  II.  It.  i:.  Co, 

■_';!.s.''. 
\llii,.  \.   .\';.\w:im  Cannl  Co..  MiU     11-2. 
1  1112,  1.-.07.   l.->liS.   I'.iU 
V.  .Liipiilh,  2:1  IS 
M.M.i'i  V.  Clii.-^.'^o  .>i  A.  U.  <•<'..  ■■'"'.  ''•'"-■ 

7:....  i47,  i;>i..  .'1.  '•'■'•  ■'■'-•  --" 
\i.Iiifh  V.  Cnnc.Kl  i  M.  H.  C.>.,  22-' 1 
M.iri.i".'  V.   \li.ll:in.l   lU'-t    Knn;  '■•.■  <  .. 

c.iii.'tii'i.  11.22,  ini:i,  1271 

\l('\i,i..liT    V.    I  1  iilinl    l,iiiiil..r    .>     Mill- 
(  o..  2:'.2l 

V.  (....li-viii,'  ->  V.  i;  ' "  •  ■''"'•■  ■''■' 

710.  117-. 
V.  Monliiii.l  Stcl  <■".  2.".Sn 
V.  Mt.  'Si.iliii'.'.  :;J2  .  .    .    „ 

V.  T.n.u- *   I-  '■•  '^"1''  *  >"    ^'"' 

Co.,  (.•■..  l!^-' 
\l,.v;n..l.T   l)v(.  \V,..k^   V     i;.."f.--.v_2:lo 
Alfonl  V.  M.KMlf  111.-    >>.  <"•  ^''.  '"- 
,\ii,ir.i   V.   liihif'''     '■  •'' 
\ll,..;l.i'nv    ll..^liii.i:    '  "     V.    l!..li:ii.     l-.-V 

'--     ■  -,4-. 


f     I 


ij" 


TAIil.K  Ol"  CASKS. 


■jilt. 

■MB 


p.. 


Allin  V     Aii"iisf;i   Kiirtory,  R'in,  2Mi'i           AiuIerMm  v.  Crciit  Nortln'in  \ 
V.    i'.-i-i.Tn  i,  M.  11.  lo..  1i)2,  .-)S»,H2S,  •■    '■■■ """ 

■Ji  I  I 
V.  niulii','lon,  C.  K.  &  X.  U.  (■»••  1'^ 

liii.   I2.'>,   H:!.  187 
V.  (;,HM-lmi,  11.  i  S.  A.  11.  to.,  (ili, 

a:u.  JKi:! 

V.  (i<H»l.\in,  llllt.   ir>4l,   iri.'i!),   IIIOO 
V.  (J.  W.  &  K.  Smith   Iron  Co.,  :U0, 

f.KI,    IKi'.t,  Uf)!.  11170.  I'.lHl 
\.   llis-iiii.   l«i.  \Wh, 
V.  .I:.k.  I.  .■)7.'-),   low  I 
>.    l.ii-:iii  City,  (il!l.  1422 
\.    .\(w    <Ms    Co.,    4(1.    118!1,    l.W.-), 

\i\:,::.  isoo,  22:!.i,  2:uio,  2:i(i'.) 
V.    I'lioii   1'.    II.  Co.,  54,   ;!,".;t,  ;i7s, 
22H7 
Alliiul    \.   S|.iil;itif    Frills   &    N.    U.    Co., 

2;!7,  l(l:->7,  •/■iH,  2:i71,  2:;!i,-) 
Allirton  I'Mckiii-,'  Co.  v.  r.:an,  21.  74:i  ^ 
Allison   Ml;.  Co.  v.   M<'<  (iiiiiiik.  ?<■<.   ll'f, 

117.  l:{i;  217.  :!'■;.  .•ijij 
Atliiiiirch  V.  Wiilkir,  in.-ili,  19'J.i,  2080 

AI'M'  V.  ><>:itli  (  ^ii-oliiia  11.  Co.,  41'.t.  102,")    ., 

\ltoM    l-iiiu-   &    C.'inont    Co.    v.    Calvcy,        li:;7.  It  Hi.   \.','.\r, 

••II    "IH    Til    2Sil    ri.-)2.  (i.'iO,  021,  llHi;. '  Ainli(-ii.    v.   O^il,  ii    1  nion    1! 

2-ihV  '  i     4.>:!.  l-t.-n,  1 1>2.  ir.is,  ICO; 

AlToii   I'liviii-'    l!l(l".  &.  I'iip  ISiicl.:  Co.  V.  I  Aiidicw,  v.  lliiiiiiii!,'li;iiii  Mill 

liiulsori.    «i21.    .;:il>,    Hl)7.     10.-.2,     1115,  .'.IS.  !)10,  !ll  1 

1(;'I7    •'.T.10  ^-  (  lii<'iL'o,  M.  &.  St.  I'. 

Aiiil/iosi'v.  Allans.  2:i,  t;22,  1.545  liUlO,  2:ii;!t 

Aiiiciio.nn  CiirlMin  Co.  v.  ■Jiickson,  1007  v.  TuiiMinck   Min.  Co.,  ( 

Aiiifiiciiii    DriMl'.'ilij,'   Co.    v.    Walls,   2,15, 1  Ano'cs,  Tlii>.   122 

7(10,   10.11,  1112  iAiifiliii   V.  TcMis  &   P.    R.  Ci 

AukHc"   I'.vp.  Co.  V.  KUl.y,  nOl,  14(»8, ,      i.^a.  10:!1,  1101 

2-''*f»    2''2.S  '      '  '    ""    '*■■-■    *' 

.ViM.iic'Ui  C  income  Co.  v.  Lavln.  1759 
Am.  lie:' II  Mrinvliuinl  Co.  v.  Kodsl,  ."i-IO, 

572 
Anuiieiiii  T.l.'iili.  &  Td.'-.  Co.  v.  II.iait, 

144S,  15:i:t.  l.">."iH.  1..87  ,      

.\licric:\n  'I'.'li.-O'-.i  Co.  v.  Slrickliii^',  205  '   ^.i,,,,,,,      ';,„ii.i.iri.i.  Tl'o.  (IS-J 
Aiicrican    Wiic    Niil    Co.    v.    <-'omi(lly,  I   ^     ,, j  ^.    |,,.,  |„.,,,.,,    |,   ^^  \v 

......    i.,...i    i.tiwk    .>*iii  1 


V.  (iiiiiiiiiii.  loKI 

v.  Iliiyi-.  2ii:i,  227 

V.    li.   ('.    Akclcy    Lniiilic 

12ilii 
V.    Iliimiis   C.    I!.   Co.,  !)2 

•'I2.  7(i(.,   lo.Vl 
V.   .Mifiiipin  C.   11.  Co.,  -1 

ICi-.'l.      10(11),     1(1(17,     1 

1H0!».  2244 
V.  Milu:Mil<,f  *  SI.   I',  i; 

2107 
V.    Mlnlil■^oti^    .t    N.    \V. 

2(0.    1020 
V.  .Mm  risoii,  rl5.  702,   12' 
V.  Niw  .liisiy  S.  Ii.  Co.. 
V.   .Noillmni    Mill  Co.,  4.". 
V.  (ilivi  r,  ;ili5 
V.  Sii|.i|,y,  7:!o 

V.    S(r\vll'    I'.lcV.ltuV    Co..    i; 

V.  Ml  inirii-h.   I-'  ;'• 

V.  llir  .\^1  c'l.ioi  kr,  78;t. 

V.  Will-ton.    no:!,   111(1, 

Aitili.'  V.    \Viii.-.lo.v    IJios.    Kl 


.Viiiii-ton  I'ijic  Works  v.  I 
S.W,  inns,   llHt.'i.  2001 

.\ii-oM  V.   i:v:iiis.  SJI 

Aiillmiiv  V.  IxciTl.  02.  101 
1  (-.21.  '(i41.  Il-Vl,  (iS7.  i:!12. 
I       22.-.<: 


2(1(1     12(12.  12(10,  2101 
Adus'v.  I.»li>'  Sliorc  &  M.  S.  R.  Co.,  181, 
752,  112.1 
V.   Qiii;;l<y,  051 
Ai'Ks  &   !■'.  (  o.  V.  St.r.Tpli(ir>ki.  204 
Aiiio-  V.   HkIIv.  !M)I,  1015 
AnMi-«.  'lllv.  2:!(!!t 

And.  i-t  11  v.  r.iiiin  Mills  Co.,  544 

N-w   Soik  A  C.   Mail  S.  S.  Co., 

7:is 

A I 


Ji:i 
A|ip.4  V.  l!.iiV;il...  N.  Y.  Si  IV 

(170,   1  loii 
Ajipl'liv    V.     M.irM'l.v    Co., 

2171' 
.XnilH'llo  \.  >:iii   .\iiloiiio  &  J 

is:'. 
ArcM.li'  I'ilc  W.'iks  V.  .Iiito.ii 

12S0.  ■221111,  2:!5S.  21110 


"■'*^  „,    ,.    ,,„,    ,-,,.   '  Ai.'l!  (ii.I.iinlt     V.    Dominion 

,n.'.is<.ii  V.  Il.nri.ll,  22.  2.,  140,5,  l:)4(i..''  ^  .^^     .,,,j,    .,^.,^^  .,^.,. 

';':!'•'•,'"'■'.    ,.-n    in,-7  ;Ai.I.liJ.rv.'   V.ll.*, 'l087,  21 

\.    I      \|U.    (Kid.   (liO,    10(.7  .,   ,.       ,,/.;;.„,,     .> 

C     N.    N,l>.m    I..iinl.er   Co..    2<)4,  ^\nl' -'-'*''*'•  ^■.■.''^";.- 


(llil.     71ti.     7!-f.     8(;:t,     025,    10114, 
1!.01.    IfO'l 
V     l):ilv    .Mill.    to..   5511,    li:!5,    1414, 

17J2.  r.'.-: 


r,-2.  Iltlll,  llSd,  1517,  Kill-!. 
Ari;<iii:i      l.iiml.iT     &     'I'im 
Mooi..\.    17.    51.    lo;t,    il 
,45.  (1S7.  2217 


V    Jj.mku,.vil'    ,'■:■■;.   ili.il.  12711.  22S1  I  .-..t-'.l'ii  i:>   l.-.ii""wi-  Co.  v. 
v'.  Kl.i.i.  I  .:  i,  !■  •;  '<'■"•  ''"'^ 


TAliM-:  OK  CASI'.S. 


2.-.-)i 


.\rkprBon   v.   I)onni:.mi,   2:tO,   2C.(i.    17:M, 

,784,  1702,  2:iO(i  .     V     1.     ,■ 

ArniiUge   v.    Luii<ii>liirr   i;    \  .    l>.    <■  <>  • 

\™our  V.  «n./.<'Jiii.  .'i^!'.  10:t'.  2:Wil 
V.  ('/.i«oliki,  2:i.'' 
V.  Oolkowska.  2:UH 

V  Huhn,  14,  172;{,  1720,  1774 
V.  r.yan.  220f. 

Arni^tronp  v.  Fori,  KiSS 

V  Oie"on    Slinrtl.inp    &    I'.    >.    1^- 
'  Co..  1110,   1470.   l".nl.   ll.'Xi 

Arnold  V.  Di'lawarp  &  11.  ("anal  (V.  Ii\fi. 
C.54.  C(il,  1104,  17.-)4 
V.  V,a.-tiiian  Fr«  iirlit  Car  Iliilir  Co., 

11(18 
V.  l.oiiisvillo  4  N.  n.  •'•'•' 

\rti'  V.  BulTaln  R.  &  1'.  U.  v     .  27.-. 
A9l.p:^(os    &     Aslifslic    Co.    V.    Diiraml, 

2I1II,  2427 
Ash  V    Verlmil.'n  llros.,  .'-.27.  r,i\r,.  JlilS 
i,hln!iil    Coal    &     I.  H.  <o.  v.    Wallacp, 

•>;    4S    "i;c.    7r,,  Hl.l.   12  tl.  22110 
\,i,Iov  V.  ll.irt.  1017.  lO.-.l.  10H2.  2(l72 
\«lili'v  Wif  Co.  V.  Md'amlcn.  Oil 

V.  Mcrcior,  220,  202,  314 
\.lMiian   V.    Klinl  &  P.  M.   K.  Co.,  280, 

:il«,  P.!!).   Iii40 
A-lmorili  V.  Staiiwix,  13,  021,  084.  1084, 

\sDotosar.,  Tlic.  S32 

.Uop  V.  YaUR.  (i38.  f.r.8,  701,  740.  2228 
Uoliii^oii.  T.  .t  S.  K.  1?.  Co.  V.  Alsdurf, 
110.    114,    17li,    808.    1021,    1104, 
2317 
V.  Hr-nssfifM.  2120 
V.  Kiitlcr,  2122 
V.  Carcv.  321 
V.  Carriitliors,  400,  497 
V.  Cartor.  2121 
V.  Cioll.  218.  8.30 
V.  Varrow.  1882 
V.  llptirv,  037 

V.  Holt.'  21.  2.1,  224.  241,  280,  290, 
.3;!n.  340,  340.  3M.  22.')8  ! 

V.  Koclilcr,  1804.  2120  i 

V.  l.uiniKan.  238,  1180,  1217.  2251.: 
22.J8.  2410  ! 

V.  LcdlipUor,    27.5,    333.    S.iS.    350, 
SSI,  2205.  ; 

V.  l.imllev.  1853. 
V.  Love,  iOO 
V.  MoCanaiiss.  872 
V.  MpKcc  .57,  220.  1202,  1200,  1013, 

1073.   1700.   17.35.  2278,  2300 
V,  MaHin.  1300,  1000 
V.  Mfyirs,   24,  240.   373.   374,   377, 

37S,  .5(4,  1712,  17.55,  1810 
V.  Mi<l^'.•U,  315.  1211.  1212 
V.  Monro.  ,577,  505.  15SS.  1013,  1018, 

1000.  2410 
V.  Miillijran    1027.  11.37.  11.50.  1012, 

1700,  ISIO 
Vol.  JI.  M.  &  S.  79. 


AtcliiM.ii.  T.  A    S.   r.   K.  Co.   V.    Napole, 
■IZ.  211.  31.-..  33il 
V.   r^uU.r.  2270 
V.    r.nfi.lcl,  :!.-..-..  3Tr,,  377.  liS.l 
V.  I'lmikiit.  T:i.  117.  l.-.:t.  .■.(12.007 
V.   Itaiiilall.   l.-.'S 
V.   i;r(-.ih;iM.  iM;2.   1C.4'.1.   H70 
V.   Itowan.  1!)().  Illl7 
V.  Siiill.r.  244.  llsil.  ll>-- 
V.  Sr-lir.viKr.    04(t.    Cil'..    il.M'i.    (wl, 
CiSS.  t;!i2.  004,  701 

V.  ^.l■l,.\.    Kii,-,.    i(;27.    Ii.rii.    1707, 
ir.Mj  ■ 

V.  -^1  itliiv.  270.  51  I.  iM»l.  2121 

X.  Mx.  .-.r4 

V.  Sa.mIs.  2i;0.  280,  2:i4.   11  10,  1U8 
V.  T'vlor,  275 
V,  'riMil.  2121 
V.  Tiiidill.  8.52 
V.  Tmincll.  S.S7 
V.  Van  licili'.  o:i3 
V.  Viiicril,  .''22,  2121 
V.  Wa-jiirr.  141.  2(i!l,  202.  .507 
V.   WVlls.  820 

V.   Wilson.  1.52S,  1540,  1.57S 
V.  Winston,  24,  52 
.\tkins  V.  .MprricU  Thread  Co..  .547 
Atkinson  v.  Claik.  402 

V.  Coodrioh  Transp.  Co.,  2223 
V.  Ncwcisde  &  O.  WaterworkK  Co., 
21S2.  21S.5,  2187 
Atkyn  v.  Wabash  U.  Co.,  700,  2180,  2210 
Atlanta   &   C.   Air   1-ino   11.  Co.  v.   Ilay, 
71K,  74.3,  1110 
V.  WiMidnilT.  2304 
Atlanta  &  U.  .\ir  Line  U.  Co.  v.  Aycrs, 
781,    1827.    Utot! 
V.  CaMipl..-ll,  23:i2 
Atlanta  &  W .  P.  K.  Co.  v.  Smith,  500, 
107.8 
V.  Weill).  lS(i 
Atlanta  CoKnn  I'aotorv  Co.  v.  Speer,  33, 

30,  415.   1.5H:i.  l.-.S4."lS48 

Atlan    Knj;inc    Works    v.    Randall,    520, 

5(iO,  87(i.  loSO,  1120,  12.55,  1012,  1097, 

1008,  2304 

Atloe  V.  South  Carolina  U.  Co.,  100,  101 

Attv.  Oen.  V.  Chieaf,'o  A   N.  W.  R.  Co., 

1803 
Atz  V.  Newark  Lime  i  Cement  Mfg.  Co., 

334,  340 
All  V.  New  York,  I-.  K.  &,  W.  R.  Co.,  944, 

1127 
Anfd.nherg  v.  St.  Ix)uis,  I.  M.  &  S.  R. 

Co..  077 
AnKerstein  v.  Jones.  47,  52,  85,  88,  89, 

07,  120,  207,  213 
An>rtista  V.  Owens.  57.  452,  1530,  1550, 

15.54.   1.583.  22.5:!.  2374 
Aiifiiista  &  S.  R.  Co.  V.  Dorsey,  2289 
Amitista    Factory    v.    Hill.    1.339.    1584, 
2100 


i 
.     I 

j  \ 


ii 


u 


■  i    6 


la-:.- 
m  " 


i'- 


■ 

ll!"   ■ 


AilKliAtii     SniilliiTii    n.    f"o 

2::' ■',  'j:i:it 

.\iil(l    >.    Miinliiittaii    L.     Iw.    Co..    liYl. 

•.'2:.       '.'7 1 
.\iii;i.iil,        I'liiaigo.  M.  &  St.  1'.  tl.  Co.. 

4.").'>.  47; 
.\m()i:i  Coll-  M  Mills  V.  O-.it.   IS18 
Aiislin    V.    A|.|.lin3,    int.    lll.t.    ll.jt, 
llt;0.  l!i)7 
V.   i;,.>ton  S.  \I.  R.  Co.,  in.-, 

V.  ( iiicri^o,  K.  I.  &  P.  u.  Co.,  no. 

1  ■.::•..  12."..  ISO 

iiioiii.iir<T  u.  Co..  n.-.n 


rvr.i.K  ov  cA--i;s 

Mrlll.l.V 


ILiUir  V.  MiUnii.  7l!>.  7(;» 

V.  Wot  11 11    A    .\.   K.  Co.. 
12."ti,  liiOil,  2;i:!2 
Hii,  N   V.    Ilmi-',   14.!:!,   1  l:!7,   17 
iliiMuiii  V    Adniitic  Citv  1!    (' 
V.  (  !.icM-o.  C.  \V.  i;.  ( 
V.  (  liiivivo.  R.   I.  &    I'    i; 

.:>i.  :is).  :is.i.  22sii 

V.  St.   I.oiiis,  K.  &    \.   i: 

2S1.   32:i.    n.-)H.    M-'O.    1 

lr.2'.t.   1.-.17.  l.itS,  ].",<-. 

HnlliolT  V.  Mi<''a',Mii  C.  R.  <  .  . 

.'KIO.  8.J4.    Iti-'O,   ItHKl,    ISO' 


AuMin  &    .v.  \VT  R.  (  o.   v.   licatly,  841,    I'.a Hani   v.    CliiiM','o,   R.    I.   \ 
l:lil7.   ITr.t.  210:!  "  I  1241 


.\ii.-lin    Ripiil    I'liin-it   R.  Co,  \.  Orotlie. 

20!i:!    20II.-) 
Amtv  v.  NVw  York  C.  &  11    R.  R.  Co., 

,"iO!t 
Avilla  V.  N'asli.  47ti 
Avris  V.  Ricliiiioml  A  D.  R.  Co.,  20.  40, 

1. ■>.">!,  1(107 
i\vir«  V.  liiiokoiiJi.'f>.  21('!> 
■     V.   (iiill,  777,  S23,  1907 


H. 


Baliiw'c    \.  OIil  Colony   R.  Co..  22,   US. 

170,  241,  277,  l(i40.   1(107 
Itarli  V.   Iowa  C.  R.  Co..  210 
liarkiT  V.   Wc-st  C:iiica^o  I'aik.  2:!3S 
Riicon   \.   Dawis,  !)»»,    1011.    101.-..    10(J3, 

in7S 
Bad.li'icv    V.    GiaTivill.',    510,    070.    W\, 

l!il.'!,"lOiri 
llat'l' V    V.  Consoliilali-a    Oas    Co..   17(11. 

22.-.'il 
Ua-ol   V,  Knston.  2070 
liailcy  V.  Pi>la\v;\ro  &  11.  Canal  Co..  l.';71, 
17r.(l,  IS  14 
V.   Riant.  21V."> 

V.  Rom.-.   W.   &   O.    R.   Co..  22,   S2, 
22>.   24(.,    .•W7,    1(110.    1022,    1700, 
170H.  2:!l:> 
Bain  V.  Atlifiis  I'oiiiKliy  &  M.i.li.  Works, 

l;!."o 
Rainl  V.  Cliica'io,  R.  I.  &  V.  R.  Co.,  850 
V.    |iin:n.  .•'.:':!.    150."..  ISOl 
V.  N,  u  V(,ik  C.  i  H.  R.  R.  Co.,  311, 
317.  :!Oil.  4(10,  418,  424.  433.  2214 
V.   Riltit,    i:!.-.7.   l.'iHl.    ISIiH 
V.  Riillv.  110.  231,  KUi),  1(120.  1(145, 
1(1.-.S,'171S,  1722 
Hajiis  V.   SviaciiM',   I!.  &    N'.  Y.   R.  Co.. 

107.  l.-.3."2213 
HakiT  V.    All.-iiinv   Vatlcv   R.   Co..  220. 
203,  20S,  345.  74,3,  744,  1120.  22S2 
V.    r.ai  :..i     .\-i>liull     I'av.  Co.,     1031, 

lie: 
V.  CliiiMHo.  R.  I.  &  I'-  II-  <'o.,  8.37, 

1837 
V.  Great  Northern  R.  Co..  2222 
V.  MnrylaiiJ  Coal  Co..  787 


V.  Ilil.-l.cHck  Mfff.  Co..  2:i 
32.'..  32(1.  .350.   1073 

v.  New    ^<,l•k.    L.    K.    ,<     \ 
2201 
l?all(>   V.    Di'tioil    Ixathci    ■  ... 

iis.-> 

Ballon;;   v.    \p\v   York   &    ('. 

Co..  (lot)  1770 
Ballon  V.  Cliioa|io.  M.  &    "-t, 

2S.-,,  374,   3>;o,  722.  74!i 
BalliiMoie  v.  War.  414.  41.1,   I 
Billinioip  &   (T   &   C.   R.  Co. 

1-0,  020.  2:;.-,7 
Baltiiioic  i   <).  R,  Co.  V.  .\!  ! 
V.    ''in_'li,   ( 82.   70((.    ::,;i. 
;4.  1410.  14:i2,  I  III, 
,      0.  14i  2.  I.">14.  l.MV 

ii.    1:522.    nj^     : 
■.-ir,33,  1.575.  i-::. 
II,  if)^::!,  1503.  id'  2 
'2.  1(11  I.  1(115,  KiMt 
mil.  31.  411,  422.  i.) 
„.V2.    (1.-.7,    O.-.O.    13., 2.    • 
lliOl.    1(104.  17ilS.  2'l'.'il, 
V.  Colviii,  417 
V.  lieu;  1m, 1110,    317,    417. 

423.   Iil7i; 
\.  M.  K.ii.i.'.   21,   21,    111 
3!i;.  i:il2,  1420.  llllO. 
22'! 
V.   Slali'.    i!10.    (..",11,    (1.".7. 

1837.   183S 
V.   Stii.kor,  77,  l,)n,   102, 

1107 
V.  Milli.-rlaml,   14S.3,   100 
V.   Willi.  I  pro.  2328 
V.  Wliitun;,'ton,  400 
llaltiin.ac  .V  O.  S.  W.    R.   (  < 
4  10.  813,  875.  918 
V.  .\ii!o^,  55S,  11(11.   107: 
V.  Mltl.'.  2020.  2032 
V.   I'.l.rsoii.  1121,  83:!.  2t 
V.  .^iiaiiUliiiL'.  1125.  1843 
V.  WoN'.i.  012.   1005,  1121 
Raltiinorp   &    I*.    11.    Co.    v.    1- 
10!-'.    !7(>'l 
V.  Jotus.  2511,  852.  12.58 
V.  Mnpk.v.  377.  381,  171 


.  :r.i 

i.  K.  Co..  :n.  iiii 

;:!2 

,  n:!:.  17::i 

(  itv  1!.  Co,    ■■■,, 

V.  i;.  I 

.  &    IV   i;    i    .     I'.; 

•.'■isi> 

<.   ll-J'i.   ll;'-,.  ii:; 
its,  1.'.^".  iT.i: 
c.  n.  ( ...  ):•  : 

Kit!,    ISii'i 
U.    I.    A    I'.    !;    n. 


M.  &  --I.  !'.  !;.  c 

!.   7-l!l 

14.  -Ji'i.  tii; 

.'.    U.    Co.    V.    Rr.M 

"o.  V.  .\!,!^r,^<.  l:i.:: 
70(1,  ::.v.  Tii,  Ti:, 
i:i2.  111!.  1  il-.  l.;.M 

ii4.  ]:,]  '  1..;:.  i.-.:- 
^r,2-,     :•■::.    ;.■;- 

57;^.  I-.::,  i :.:•*. i.;::' 

i!i3.  Ill'  .*    It:  iT.  1 

ills,  iii.-i;  -Jii ."..  :;;"• 
I,  4:-2.  (.;  i  ;-.:.  4- 

I.  IMi.J.  !::"'.  l::; 
7iiS.  ■Jii'.iii,  ■_'_,, I 


1,    21.    M.    J 11,  31 

21;,  iiiiii.  iiiiin.  Kii: 

(..">(1,  (l.")7.  r.:ij,  b:l. 
lijO,    r.'J.  (Ni>.  1041 


Baltimore 


TAliLK  OF  CA:<t:s. 
i  I'.  It.  Co.  V.  State.  tUO.  U."):i    ILulliV  v.  Ilowdl.  1 


2553 


BiiUiiiiorc  iS 


*    1'.   U.  Co.  V.  Stiiti'  use  o 


AliWolt. 
B:iUiii'"''c 


::i'j 


II 


Trill  licM.  227.  2Mi>.  :!ir..  Ii;:l2 


:irlii!i.Mn-o 


V.    Mi'kiii-M.    It.   2:!1.   791, 


Hoot  &  Shoe  -Mf-.  Co.  V.  .la-i      Hid,  lo7.-.,  IIM,  llilu.  2ii(m.  22r,S 


227,  ;).'.2.  801 
Biiltiiiioii'  KU'Viitor  Cii 
4 Hi.  I :■)•">(»,  MTV 
2:i(i(i.  2;iil 


V.  X.il.  .11«.  414.; 
U.-)(;.  l.V.11,2214,  22'.i7,; 


l'iailnii~!ii 


ill    (  (i.il    C 


M^i 


2:?: 


r.iil.   |:i.'>o.   l:isii.   losl.  1082, 


BalliiiK 


ii«  Trust  &  G  Oil  rail  l.v  ( 


At 


laiit.i  Tr.Tctioii  Co.,  l.'iii.') 


2:!  12.  2;;i:i 


Baltzi-r 


V.  Cliionjio,  M.  &  N'.  1!.  C 


1-21.  242ii 
.  \\u\.    :'.s. 
i:)lii.  Kill.  i:i:il.  i: 


1: 


MM.    1307, 

1 :!(!!», 


1: 


1: 


l:ii(i,  i:i7!».  1 1(1. 


1488. 


y:i4,  nr.t 


r. 


l.-)7H.   Ki-J 

,-.  t  ii 


If.'^l,    lliSJ 


,  &  \.  w.  u.  c 


■oft  V.  Ito.-^toii  &.  M.  11.  Co..  21il.  <!ll,|  1; 


BlllK'l 

60S,  r,S7,  i.i!i2 
Baml  of  llopi'  & 

1401,  l.">4(i 
Itai.ka  V.  Kniiij;1i:ini 


lit  V.  I'i-h,  ii'iJ 
lidor  V.  liiiiiii 


il  A;    I'r.insit 


A.  Con.M)ts  V.  M.H'Iwi.v, 
.'541,  (Id.-..  12s :{ 


721 

II  V.  Miili.ili.  '.I'.ii.   Iiii2 


V.  (Jpor^'i.a  R.  &.  Dkg.  ti 
180.  1121. 


122,   120, 


'i!llli-Ui.;r 


1; 


I4:ij 


l,"i47.  liiiiN.  1. 


lli^'lilaiul  Street  R.  Co..  Oil 
Wal.a^h     Ui'Stelll    R.    (  o..     11; 


r.alli;;alo  v.  Call 
'  Katu 


I!.  Co.. 


V.  Cli 


cjo.V  (i.  T.  1;.  C 


l.-,36. 


142. 


17li,  UMMi.  Hot 


1480.   I.i4,), 


li;2!).   1072. 


221 


liaiier  v 


St.   1.1 


I.   .M, 


Baiiiion 


V.  Lilt/.,  ojl.  0.')7,  I 


:!o,  81.").  so 


10.-)5.  2.!:!0 


nildeii 


270,  .'i^l.  3.V2.  1272.  1:175, 


22,-|5 


Banzlmf  v.  l.ii.hvi-    17S2.  2202 
liaili'T  V.  Hurl.  20IO 
lUrlio  V.  RasMit,  20,1,  1027.  1114 
Barel.iv  v.  M'Kliiiion.  2147 
Bars  V.  IJoiisneM,  SO 4.   lOSO 


8ui;.  l;i:;o 

l!aii;;li  Case,  .S. 
V.   Uaii-li 


Kill 


1!.   (  o., 


\   It.  I!    Co. 


i!  iiilie  V.  .Siu 


\ink  \   Ii.  1; 


317 


.-!:■' 


400,  410,  11: 


UaMir   V.   Al)cnicthc,\  .    1 ,  J'.i.    i:..:i 


V.  I  iii.:r.;o  i 


.\.  U.  1:.  Co..  11  !.  221. 


V.   Kdliells,  5:W. 


VI.  11; 


BarkiloU   v.    leiiiisv 


haiiia    1!.    Co.,    (141, 


W 


Baikir 


V.   I/lWi 


Mi'l'.  C 


MO. 


I.oiuloii  &  X.  Vi .  R.  Ci 


BaiUlej   V.  New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  K.  (  <'• 

411  ■ 
Ilark-ilale  v.  I. 


80(1.  1870.  2." 


Barl.il  (d.il  &  Min.  Co.  v.  Ru 
Barlow   v.   Standard   Steel   Cas 


loll 
;ii!''  Co., 


17.50 


Barn 
Barn 


ird  V.  Selirafit.  10(18.  1103 


R. 


Bariiu'Ie  V.  Coiiii 


,r.  l.-i.-.O.   l.-.SS 


Baron  v.  Oetioit  &   C, 


17 


17;i2,  1704 


Nav.  Co. 


!:!0i; 


Baron  Iniifnlali'.  Tlie   220.- 

Barn  It    V.  lionliam    Oil    il).    (  otioii  Co. 


B,i 


2280 
V.  C.rent  Nortlierii   i;.  ( 
V.  North   liiilisli   R.  Co. 

iriiii'i 


M02 


T  V.  Drliware  \    II.  Canal   Co. 


14:iO,  1444,  1001 


libal  &  St.  J.  R.  Co.,  515; 


143 


Barry  v.  llann 
028,  053 
V.  Mctihee,  2 

V.  New  Vork  liisciiit  Co.,  Ill; 
Barstow  v.  Old  Colony  R.  Co.,  82.">,  837 

948.  1857,  1800 
Bartell  V.  Orav,  2ir)5.  2150 
liailiull  V.  Tutton,  2107 
Bartlett  Coal  &  Min.  Co.  v.  Roach,  210(1, 
2107 


\ir 
1),  ,,i»a 


lOU."..   lOl.'i,    1008 


re,  h.  A:  \V.  1! 


Co..  /  I, 
ill,  081, 


ill,  !l:!,  l.v.i.  1!)2.  lo:i.  . 

os2 
i;.M.|iiii  V.  I'.iridtl.  20':o 
lli.il   V.  .MehisoM,  T.  A:  .^.  1'.  R.  Co.,  847 


i;.,! 


II 


ri:i>i.iii''li.  C.  .V  M.   I..  R.  Co., 


8;o.  0.' 


1180 


111  an  V.   Ihiriier,  1053 
V.  (lii-anic  Sh-.ini 


We.-tern 


N'av.  (  o 
N.  C.  R.  Co. 


121 
219,  2i7, 


li.-.ii, 


\\t.   1104.  22.1 
.    .Xnarie.iii 


tar   C. 


!i  .")!.   12:10 


\.     I    lll■^.l|l 


ake  .t   O.  R.  t  < 
0.  2213 


448,    822, 


102 


>kelilini.  1887,  2107 


(Uiia   V.  Minneai) 


ilis  Street  R.  Co., 


2;il.  :i(lO.  318,  340,  000 


i;,  ;,-li'y  V.  Linehaii 
lie. I  Hie 
170.i 
iii.illenll 
Iteaililln 


Transfer  I'o.,  300 


V.    Kiiye    Moor    llriil;,'e    Work.^, 
p  Coal  Co.  V.  Cooper.  010,  210J 


V.  Centiiil  Veiniont  H.  Co.,  85, 


82'.l,  1110 


Bean  lie  11 


V.    Port  land    Co., 


1500,  1.593,  1801,  2:um 


Hiaiunonl  v.  Norlln  rn 


R.  R.  C. 


1448, 


2241 


l!eaiiri''Uird  v.  Wehlj  Granite  i  Constr. 


M49,  2071 
JSravei   V.  Ateiii-011, 
840 


X,  i.   .>.  !•.  K.  Co., 


■J    f  -\ 

\   ! 

1    '    \ 

c. 

"1 

ii; 


I 


11 


,      1:1 

J    ': 


n 


1.".54 


•r.\l!l,K  (»l'  CASI.S. 


Ilpok  V.    Kirinciiicli   Ml^.  Co.,  Sti3 
li(ckor  V.  ISiilliinorc  &.  0.  U.  Co..  ISr..". 
\.   HamnnartiuT.  Un,  14(!,  (i.'iS,  lUJO, 

2:!iW 
V.  I.oiii-villc  A  N.  i;.  Co.,  i»;t(i 
Htfl<ott  V.  .M^iiiclu.^hr.  -in.'.O 
Ji.ckli.'im   V.    llillicT.  ."ii.S.  7n2.  7(M1.  757,  i 
y..l  ! 

n.rklrv  V.  Scott.  2i:is 

liccKiiiill  V.  (  i.iiM'liilnlion  Ci';it  Co..  SS4 
Jir.lliiid    11(11    I!.   Co.    V      I'.ioun.   (iti.   tiS, 

lit,  214.  (112,  s:ii).   17-<ll.   I7s:i 
IW  V.  OvoiiH    2144 
Bwm'J  V.  Chip.iLio.  K.  I.  .V   I".  I!.  Co..  DIO, 

2115 
Boo-Irv  V.   F.   \V.    Wli.rlor  *    Co..   1.374, 

l:i7S.  172t.  17><2.  17!)1,  17!17 
Bwson  V.  lliisciiliniU,  2110 

V.  Crccii   Motint.iin  Gold   Min.   Co., 
II.IS.  1420,  14!I5,  1400,  1012.  ICOl, 
]!I20 
Bvimi  V.  Armour.  203.  23(15.  2.100 

V.   Jl(l)oll^:lll.  2il05 
:?»lfh('il  \.   1!(<'<1.  (''07 
Upilfns  V.  New  >  oik.  L.  K.  &  \V.  R.  Co., 

l!:.y,  1442,  KKU 
K.'i'|Uo  V.  llosiiirr.  545.  012.  1072,  1902 
Boillr.iiiiilli-i-   >■•    I'.'rfiiKT  &  K.  Brpwin}? 

Co.,  (ill    7(i.-),  10.j7.  1230 
llplnir  V.  Cliicii-ro  &  X.  \V.  B.  Co.,  107, 

1213,  1214.  1217,  2;!08 
lieliin-jpr  v.  Kiop<'l,  2427 
Bclcli  V.  Ilaa-s,  l-i;!0 
Bolford  V.  Cannd-i  Sliippinsf  Co.,  809 
Bfll  V.  CorjoliduU-d  Gas.  Electric  I.i','ht, 
11.  &   IV  Co..   1S13 
V.  liniiC.  174S 
V.  nW   Voik.  N.   H.  &  H.  R.  Co., 

1S5,  U7,  ilOl.  (ilO 
V.  Hefiijo  (til-Mill  Co.,  01 
V.  Wfstriiii  A.  R.  Co.,  I'.^i" 
V.  Wliittou,  2117 
V.  Wilson,  20iiO 
Bell  &  (•.  Co.  V.  Apiilisi.tc.   121S 
B»lle  of  Xelson  Distilii-;.'  Co.  v.  Ki^'-s, 

2200 
B-ll.s  V.  Jackson.  2210 
Bcdlovillo  rump  &  i^koiii  Works  v.  Bon- 
der. 50 
Bclliville  Stone  Co   v   Coiiiben,  110,  137, 
Oil 
V.  MooiKV.    0;i2.    0:!l!.     13S2,     1500. 
2377,  23S0 
Bol!o\m  V.  IVnn.-vlvania  i:   X.  Y.  Canal 

&  R.  Co.,  1K5.  850,  lOllO 
Benii«oli   v.   Roberts.   73,  041.   721,   /22, 
739,  743,  749,  1023,  1113,  1745,  1757, 
1805 
BcnaKfi  v.  Lake  Shore  &  M.  S.  R.  Co., 

SOI.  S.V.: 

Bi.mlcr  V.  St.  Lotiis  &  8.  V.  R.  to..  47, 
105.  110.  2-'5.  375,  378,  3SS,  772.  1119, 
1141 


2275 

Oil    Co.,  5 


Benedict   v.  ."«clieider, 
Brntield    V.  Vaoiinm 

llliO,  2220 
l!en;,'tsoii  v.  Cliien>;o,  St.  P.  M. 
Co..  1,50,  221,  040,  057,  058,  Of 
1118 
B.nliam  v.  Taylor,  733,  735,  IBK 
liiiii.uMiia  V.  IVniisylvania  R.  Co. 
r.etijaniin    Atlia    ct    I.    Co.  v. 

1021 
Benn  V.  Null,  14.30.  1445,  1.5S7. 
Bennett  v.  Brown  lloi:^tin{;  &  Ci 
Maeli.  Co.,  032 
V.  (ireenwicli    ":  ■).  R.  Co., 

249,  377 
V.  Lons  Island  R.  Co.,  00, 

174,  2207,  22,55 
V.  Kortliern    1'.    R.    Co.,    1 
lOO,  .378,  815,  85.3,913,  11 
V.  Standard    Plate    Glass 

245 
V.  Syndicate  Ins.  Co..  22.  4 
V.  Tintic  lion  Co..  3".2.  1031 
V.  Wnrren,  779,  702,  812,  0 

ISOO 
V.  Wordie,  2141 
Betison   V.   Cliicapo.   St.    P.    ^f. 
Co..  2125,  2120 
V.  (loodwin.   1430.  1454,  14 

1504 
V.  New  York.   N.   II.   *   H 
114.   130,  201     1122,  227 
Benthin  v.  New  York  C.  &  II.  1 

79,  183,  077,  001.  1805 
Benwell  v.  llarvej-,  878 
Ben/in;.'   v.    Steinwav  &•    Sons, 
3.30.  3t!>.  3.-.0,    11,50,  11.58,  Hi 
10.30.  1002.  1073 
Beipiette  V.  St.  Louis,  I.  M.  &  I 

1888 
Beiva    Stone   Co.    v.    Kraft,    14 

1003 
Beis;  V.  Cliicipo,  M.  &  St.  P.  R 
Btrfzen    Conntv    Traction    Co. 

22li0,  22S0,  2379 
BerKiT  v.  St.  Paul,  M.  &  M.  R. 
BerKeron  v.  Tooke,  044,  210O 
Bergqiiist  v.  Chandler  Iron  Cr 
1.37,  021,  2209.  2285.  2. 
V.  Minni'.apolis,  1772 
Berfrslroni  v.  Staples,  1373,  17(1 
Berlick    v.    Ashland    Sulphife 

Co.,  885,  1353 
Berliichau.x  v.  Berlnch.Ttix,  241 
Bernard!  v.  New  N  oik  C.  4  II. 

1047,  1058.   1003 
Beniing  v.  Me.l.art,  87.  207.  07 
Berns  v.  Gaston  Gas  Coal  Co.,  ' 
89.  1.52.  000.  042.  003.  740, 


Beniaan   v, 


New   Vn;k.    h.   K. 


Co.,  405,  407,  471,  408,  90 
Berry  v.  Atlantic  Storage  Co., 


TAIILE  OF  CASKS. 


2355 


R.  Co.,  4:!.  Vj\ 
Co.,  00,  r,!),  Hi. 


Berry  v    \tl;ni!i  •  White  I^a.l  &  Linseed 
Oil  10.,  lull.  111" 
V.  (Vutriil  n.  Co.,  !)18 
V.  Sii-:ir  .\'ol«l'.  ■i-i'll>  .    ,, 

l(,.rtlM  /iiic  (\).  V.  .\l,.rtin,  Ht,  :!0,  4^  51, 

.•,1.-Ji.(i,  Hl'2,  I'lV.,  ls.-,o,  -i:;!!! 
,i,.,l  V.  X.w   V...U  C.  &   11.   !!•  11-  Co., 

1!»7,   1370,    1374,    171!t.   1737 
i;,..,.nur  I/nul  &  lini'iov.  Co.  v.  (  ^<iiM' 
lu'll    17,810,  SI  1,  I'.i'.n;.  211113.21101. 
■J07i.  2U74,  2IITS,  2IIM) 
V,  Uulioso.  4111,  :,■'<» 
li,  .^(.y  V.  Newicli:iw.iiii' -  Co.,  Sl>3,  10,. 1, 

■*'M3 
|;."ox  V.  CliicaRO  &  N.  W.  H.  Co.,  223 

2^.3,  31(1,  1043,  lOlUi       _ 
l„.,l,l..lioin  Iron  Co.  v.  W<J>^;.  0>.  '"'.  1'- 

151.  5!)3,  04!).  !)17,23u,  23,8 
l'„t/,  V.  WintiT,  890 

|!,vau  V.  Crawsliay.  2100 

I'.i'ver  V.  Victor,  1372 

,;,.v".s,lorf  V.  CYoan.  City  Sa.l.  &   Door 

(o     "314,2318,2100 
r,    l-.'Avory  4,  Son  v.  Mock,  r,»;8,  101)0 
|:i:,l>  Mf'.'.  Co.  V.  Taylor,  .■).3 
llil,l,V  V.  Watisau  LunilnT  (  0..  8,  i         ^_ 
•,j,l,|'i<couib  V.  Canii-ron,   11.),  2o-.,  •--,. 

;!;;o.  340,  3.52 
l;i,.ii  V.  tn'.'i-.r,  202,  2.303,  2301) 
llicr   V.   .li'llVrsi>nville.   M.    &:    1-    R-    Co., 
13.-.0,  13.-,!).  1371 
V.  St.n..ar.l  MfR.  Co..  ^lu.  221)0 
IJiu'  Creek  Stone  Co.  v.   Wolf.  23()J 
l!i"elow   V.   DanieUon.  81)4 
l>,ir-,as  V.  Montreal  Wator  &  I'o.vr  Co.. 

2374 
|iinir"fl  V.  Ilallov.ay.  214S 
lliiiion  V.  Oior-ia  Soiilliern  &  F.  R.  Co.. 

lli'mi-,'v.  llioluooM.I  &  1).  U.  to.,  172,  33'.) 
lUrd  V.  U..ll)n>..k.  IS.-.S 

V    l.oi,"  l-l:ni.l  H.  Co..  18.  I..- 221). 
Sr.O.  1113.   1148 

V.  Spaik-s,  !).-)! 
liirn,ii.f;lmm  V.  IVUit,  or,,-,.  2208 

iSirmin-'liani     iMiniaee     i     Mi'A-    to.     ^ 

Gross,  8S0.  1!)08.  1!)73.  2010 
l!irmin<.luun  M.  &   Kleot.i.'  (  ...  v.  .\1  e-i 
174,   63!).   080,    1002,    lol',,    H'-. 
1010,  l!)ii.">.  1007 
V.  Baylor,  loi;.".,  2031,  2041.  21)74 
lU.el.oir  V.  St.    I'ai.l    Ilethel   Asso..    lOo' 
Itishoi)  V.  Lettz,  20.j0 
Bivini  V.  Oeor^'ia  V.  U.  <""..  2212.  2208  ^ 
liibjiivn  V.  W.M.n.oeUet  Kiil.lier  (  <>..  -^-i- 
788,  1040,  1231,  1247.  100..  H.ON,  Ij  ,  0 
Bionnan  v.  Fl.  Hn.s-  ItcUvood  Co.,  .11, 

730,  191S,  2321 
Black  V.  Ontario  U  heel  Co.,  2l..i.   D'C 
1»7   .  219.).  230N 


Blaeknian  v.  Tlioni^oii  lloii.Um    Klieliio 

(■„.,  ir>s4.  ii;77,  ISO.-) 

l;l),U-l.,.ie   ..  Celitl'l   '•.  Co.,  8.-)l.   1 H'^. 

2.!ilO    237.-> 
lil.ur  V.  Cr:u',l  lliyuU  -v   I.  il.  '  ".  l->."' 
lil.ike  V.  l'..)  ris   1033 

....      .  ,i,„.   r.    1;.   «  .-..    '20,    121,    12... 
i:c,.s.  M2i:.  1)20.  2:i.-.l 
i;i  r,.!;,-!!,.  V.  I  nr.l.'i  lily  -Ml;;.  '  ■'  23'.;. 


111,111. 1   v.   1;.)--.   1")''' 

V.  M,r.\,-,i..il    r..  ■<■    1!.  '  "■  -"•  '■-■'. 
1)1  ).  lo:;2.  1  l.".2. 
Ill;, 1,1.  11  \.  DoM,  22:1,  .V.17,  >i21.  0:!3.  012. 

1270.  2.1111 
li.  Laiiliy  Suii.s  \.  l.ovMi.-,  4i|(l.  ti.-|i;,  11.);), 

.':;m; 
i;l.i/,.iii.;  V.  lo;n\a  &  \V.  Co.il  C'.).,   HOO. 
I       1700 

I  i;l^,/iii,-ki  V.  I'.ikin-,  CIT.") 
I  I'.lriiUiii.Mip  V.  ():.j. It'll.  1012 

111.  :  l.imii  V.  (inat  C,.i,tr,il  "-i-  Coii-mo 
I      ,1,  Co.,  123  .  , 

r.lc— ii."  V.  St.  I.oiii-i.  K.  &  C.  N.  It.  I  <• . 

13il2,"l-ii3.  112.-),  1003 
I'.loek   V.  >uilL  &  Co..  870 
nioni.ini-l     V.    lii.at    Noitliern     K.   to.. 

|C,(,2,    KM'.  2124 
lll.iiuiiii  V.  (I.ililie  giiarry  Co.,  232,  llul. 

Ill, I).  2211 
|',|(,v.l  V.  SI.  t.oiiis  vV  S.  V.  \l.  Co,  14.>!'. 

14)17.  i4,sl,  l.-).->l,  l."'8l.  l.''S2,  18SS 
|!lM,.(l.,rn    V.   >!i>soiiri    1'.    I!.  <<)..    '^OO. 

1H7.-).  2200  _  , 

liliinieiill.al    \.    Crai-.    .'i.S,    ()),i,.    10,... 

2201  ,         . 

Ulvtli    V.    r.ini'iii-lK'iii    WalersvorUs   1.0., 

■ioO,  307 
IJoardiii.m  v.   lirowii,  81,  202 

V.  Se„U,  213.-. 
lloilwriiilit  V.  N.irllu.astprn  R.  Co..  10!i. 

:!!I3    l.'.i2.  13i;.i,   1.-.20.  1001 
|!,,.leli    V.    r.rii/il    r.lock   Coal    Co..    l'.H)3. 

11)11,  217s.  2100 
lliMlcn  V.   D.nuvolf,   UmO 
,,,„li,.  V.  Chail.st„M&  W.  C.  U.  Co.,  .48. 

Ml'i    814,010.  12112.  1207.  lOO.-..  232!) 
ll.Mluell  V.  Nashua   Mf-.  Co.,  1  P.'D.   1703 
li.u-lini  .>v   Ma....,  2101  ,    ,  .„ 

lioolter  .\    I!..--  I-nial.ev  I'o.,   looO.   1«j2>. 

1072.   1700.  2200 
Ili.cir'T  V.   Ci-nnal   Lead  Co..  'H  ' 
i-,,„.>s  V.  Cl,ui<eii  Jt   V.  Brewing;  Co..  II  • 
203.  2. .2.  ;'.:!3.  .-)11 

l.„„.,t..,.r  V.  S,.|,,r|.e  &  K.   An'lo loia. 

Iron  Co.,  22S4,  l.lOl 
i;.,.Mrd  V.  I.oiii<villo.  K.  &  St.  I..  I!.  Co.. 

:!04    421).    13.-)8,    1374.  23.-,8 
l!.,:,M.tv.  IVlauare,  t>.  &  W.  15.  Co..  2|0 

203  . . , 

li iiwliiitz     V.     Siiiiiti.    23.',.   illO.    1..1-, 

700,  0>S.    1010,   1113,  2303 


f     I 
t    1; 

il 


H 


It: 

il: 


f 


ifi 


i'} 


Sf 


'■■  ■     J- 


ii;<  '■ 


2j,,u  TAlir-K  Ol'  CAM'.S. 

KdIiii  v    (  lucy.i.  I!.  I.  i   I'.  R.  fo..  22, 1  r.oiir;,'.aiill   v.  driiiil  Trunk  I? 
Sd.  Ill,  114,  211.  10:i(),  11)40  I       2J2.J 

\.    I    i\(imyir,  U.12.  ."i;i;l,  lilH.  ll)»:l       I  M<mi;.'o  v.  \\liiti>.  2IS7.  2l!i.'. 
Iluliii     Ml-..    In'.    V.   Ilri.ksoii.     "'.'il.    .")■>!<,     Ilniii  II  V.  Iliirl.  2:i:iT 

.-.:..    7(12.  lOlil    IIISl,  KlUl  1  Itinvin    v.   (  lii<ii;;ii.    15.   &    K.    < 

IJoli.ml    V.    I.Mii-\ill.-  &   N.    R.   Co.,  5t».        .;.-..  2l!>.2!iM,:t.-,ll.!.:U,  Kllll,  1 

lii:!2,  KMii  ;      1T2I.  2::.2 

liolch  V    Sniilli.  I.'):t.  l!lt'«ll  '  H<i«.is  v,  t 'i.mioot nut  Kivcr  i. 

l!,.l,l.n  V.  S..iiIImiii  1!.  Co.,  72!l  i  I!'.'.:!.  1H"'H 

n<.|<ll   V    \,\v  \<>yk  f.  I!.  C...  l:i(i(l.  i:\m,  v.    I.MicUiii,  2li(i;i,  2()»!l 

,s:.„'  V.    iMioii    V.    1!.    Co.,  221. 

ItoliNi.i  Til.'.  1  :!?.'■.  >!:';*•  ''V'       .   .,    ..„. 

liolloii  \.  flcor-riii    I'.  U.  Co..  IK''"'-  122.">.     IJowis  v.   Ilopkiii-^.  lnl.l,  l.)S(». 

l~^H                '  V.   Sliiiiid,  477 

llomiir  V    l...iiUi;iii:i  N.  \  S.  U.  Co..  :t7H, .  llowlinj;    (incii    Su.ni'    Co.  v. 

7H7    V07  1       !«•">-•  --''" 

Hond  'v.  Mnilli.  20(i  I  llowmim  v.  T.M.s  llrrwing  Co. 

V.  Toionln  1!.  C...,  Hi'llt  "•'•< 

Hon.lr.M.  V.  Ciai.a  Tni.iU  K.  Co.,  1370                v.   \\lulc.   1,1 

Honn.r  v.   B.i.m,  804  Bo.x  v.  (  l.i.:ij;o.  K.  1    &.  P    R    i 

V    01(1111    270.  2:)0(i  Bojce    v.   I- ii/iKiti  ick,    394,   1 

v!  iiick-v,  805  ••''i^.  i'"^'-  --i^'ia 


P 


V.  1,11  N'oi'i.N  22,  48,   182,   184,   187, 

(i2J,  027 
V.  Maylii'Ul,  2248 
V.  Moore,  .502,  0(17,  700,  052,  1047, 

nil 

V.  Pittstmn;  BiiilH*"  <"<>•■   !•'-•  "^H 
V.  WliiU-oiiib.  410.  221.'> 
V.  Wiii^Mtc,  172,  2248 
Bonnet  V.  (iaUcston,  II.  &  S.  A.  R.  Co., 

02.  140.  018,  (i.">r,.  io;!2.  io,-.:i,  2215 
BookVr  V.  ll.'ss.   ISOO 

V.   MIl's;-*.  2()2.'i,   lOiil.   1070 
Booknini  v.  finlvrslon,  11.  &  S.  A.  1!.  Co., 

(12C.  SSO     1147.    1181.    1022 
Ho<itli  V.   I'.nMon  &   A.   It.  Co..  430,  1013, 
1070.  220O 
V.   Kansiix  City  &  I.  Air  Line,  733, 
704.   10.14 
Bo'ck    \.    Miehi'Viin   Bolt  4    Nut    Works, 
,i20.  801,  2101,  2203,  221!l.  2222,  2213 
Itordi'ii    V.   Diiir-y    Roll.r   Mill   Co..   305. 

1008 
Bornison  v.  United  States  Projectile  Co., 

Ul.->1.   1115 
Borf,'iii:in  V.  Omnha  &  St.  L.  B.  Co.,  1420, 

1442,   1483,   l.-)20,    1,5I5,    iri7n 
liorlick  V.  Head,  2000,  2007 
liomiann  v.  Milwaukee,  441,  610 
Bo>s  V.  Nortliein  P.  U.  Co.,  32,  182,  184, 
iS7.  021,  787,  028,  1842 
l!o>.s,mt  V.  Home,  \V.  &  O.  R.  Co..  3!)3 
B.^ton  &  M.  R.  Co.  V.  McDufley.  2413, 

2427 
BoKwell  V.  Baniliart,  1.330 
|-M>>wort.1i  V.  Bofrera,  1602,  1670,  1080 
Itotsfoid  V.  Michigan  C,  R.  Co.,  101,  105 
Bouck    V.  Jackson  Saw  Mill   Co.,   1403, 

1.547 
BouikI  v.  Lawrence,  2001,  2002 
iloiudeau  v.  Grand  Trunk  U.  Co.,  2427 


V.  SelircMiler,  220,  341,  11' 
Boyd    V.   Brazil    Blwk    Coal 
1015 
V.   Harris,  90,   538,  588, 
llOS 
Boyle  V.  Chicago,  R.  I.  &,  P.  1 
V.       I)e;;iion-McIyean     Coi 

210,  2.)8,   1143.   1152 
V.  New   York  &  N.  E.   R. 
703,  1000 
Bralibits  v.   Cliiea;.'0  &   N.   R. 
1520,   1000,   1014,   1022,  107 
Bradbury    v.    Cioodwin,    13,    ( 
12(18,  1272,  2202 
V.  Kiiiss(on  Coal  Co.,  228 
1330,  1370 
Bradlev  v.  Cliicago.  M.  4  St. 
010.    02.3,    031,    733,    ! 
1510.  1508,  23S3 
V.  N^i^liviile  C.  &.  St,  L.  R 

\r,:\'.K  1,S04 
V.   N(  w   York  C.  R.  Co., 
1270,  1734 
Bradsbaw  v.  (  liicapo,  R.  I.  & 
221    283.  1140 
V.   Louisville  &  N.  R.  Co., 
1255 
Briidv   V.    Ludlow    Mfg.   Co., 
1127 
V.  New  York.  N.  H.  & 

83(i 
V.  Norcross,  1731,  1781, 
1083,  2114,  2251,  2281 
Bruinard  v.  Van  Dyke,  520,  23 
Branch  v.  Port  Royal  k  W. 

2301 
Braiihain    v.    Caindon    Cotton 

1805 
Brann  v.  Chicago,  R.  I.  &  P. 
225,  .320,  3 10,  345,  340,  350, 
1029.  1707,  1710 


t  Kivtr  l;.  I 


as,  588,  r>!i7.  ln:ii|. 


.  U.  Co.,  8.):i.  ijr.j, 

r),  U.  I.  &  I'.  R.  <  " . 


n   Cotton   Mill,  ii:. 


TATILK  OF  CASES.  -  '  ' 

minwell  V.  !•■ ••V,  ^O.S  I  I..|^-r  ^.  V„ll,y  .-,.11,  .o..  ,...    1:::  :. 

„    '':'i   V    U.-ii  111     Xcirlli     Caroliiiii     U.         -'•"'- 
r      J^W  liruml.v    V.    C\nri:.lMi     S,rnii,ii,-     li.. 

,.      :;  !  r  Cvil  C.  V  C^iM.  l:-"'.  H''0.  '  i'"'" 

"'fr-i    .-«-    -rw  !        V.  ol.llKiiii.  'joii; 

■1    ..V"i''   7'.!.1     to     V     Calliicy.    :!7,  :  v.  Smilli.   11.  &    1!.  M:i.li.  Cn..  -"i^lT 


(I,-,.-..  IKli.  Ii7'2.  2:iT 
ii,.,,„v.  i.-i..!,1.2:!l..i«i:).  111.,  -J.)  10 


117.-. 
l!i(i-viii:iii  V.  l..hi^li  \;illiy  !!.(  ...  I'.XH. 

,.    ,,   .,,,   „„.   .,., 1.!;!.  I.-,:!.  i'.i:i.  till,  tiKi,  tir>2.  r..-.:i.  •.'-11. 

"  ","t  m:  v.        Vi  ;;<"..,   2-0,        .)!.:;,  7i,u,  722.  75S.  Uo7 

„    ■.  r'  ■hiri..<.'&   W     M.  15.  f')-.   13.-.,'       I.-.I.-..  l-.ii..   l.".!»7.  l.-.!l',l.  172;. 

7-    ,M0    ir!^    1007  I  "ro,>j.l.  V.  ll.„i,f,..v.  21!!.-. 

linMumn    v.    Oiil'li"    l"il'''    'ri:.iinv..vx  ,  Uio..-l,rl     v.     ,s..un...in     N.  w     Knul....! 
/•„     ojjj  '       Ifhiili.  (  «'..  ■_■_-. 

V    riont    Street   Tiible   U.   Co.,   730,    Hiown.  Ia  pMrt.-.  2:1 10 

V.1  .:;,i..n  's^.'i.mo.  imm,  12H2    i       ^if..  ( ....  "'^- '^•"'•,i;;--  --^^ 

v!  Mi.  l.iu;ui  C.  U.  I'"..  --.'IS,  tiOC,  71'J  1  v.  Ann  Ai-l.-.r  U.  l  ....  l<i..!> 


.;,,wi'rv.  innt&P.M.n.  <•«'•.  lOli,  I'.m, 
•>•'.),  82S,  1227 
V.  New   York,   I..    K.   &   \V.   U.  Co., 

V  'T.Tm...«soe  Coi.l,  I.  A  1!.  »"■■  l->0 
•ImvM.r   V.   Cliica^o  \    N.    W  •    I-   »  "•. 

2410 
ill  ice  V.  l,oiii.-.ville  vl-  N.  U.  <■)•.  >-•'♦ 
lliiik  V.  nnswi.tth,  2017 

V.  KoolusttT,  N.  V.  &  I'.  K.  <o.,  40, 

,17   ,i;i,  lilii,  lo'JO,  1.-.44.  15-.0,  ItiOO 

!!,i.km,.i'i  V.  South  Carolin.i  U.  Co.,  1.2 

liri.knw  V.   N.w   ^..lk   C.    U.   l-O-   •'■'*• 

1(1-'    14S.-,,   1408,  l<i4..   lO.-.O,  1000 
l'„i.l-s  V.  St.    Ix)uis,  1.  M.  it  S.  U.  Co., 
"  224.    2-<:i.    041.    104S,    1073,    VMJ, 

1(123.  1001,  1071,   Ui73 
V   Ti'iini'.>.-.H'   ( ...il.    Iron   &    R.   Co., 
■  1,58,  0:i'J.  08!),  1010,   120!).  2070  _ 
l!rii"i>l  V.  SoiUlifrn  V.  Co.,   1412,  lo2u, 
lo^,  1580,  2406  i 

Bri""s  V.  N.'Wi.Dit    News    &    >1.  Vallcj 
""  Co.,  933.  2220 
V.  St.  Louis  &  S.  V.  R.  Co..  18 
Brinkley     Car    Works    &     Mfg-    *-'■    v. 
Lewis,  058  ^  ^.    ,^ 

llritisli    Columbia    Mills    Co.    v.    Scott, 

803,  929  ,      „ 

Rriltain    V.    West    Kn.l    Street    K.    Co., 

2(111  -, 

iiiitloii  V.  Great  Western  Cotton  (  o.,  -I, 

4r.3    !I74,   070.   IWO,    901.    1002.    1008, 

!01.->,  1239,  1013,2011,2100 

V,i..a.l.vav  V.  fSnn  Antonio  Cas  Co..  22!i:' 


V.   Il..anl  of  W.iiks.  l.'.O.-..  1801 

V.  Ilr.iwn,  88.-..  1043 

V.  IlKlIalo  &  S.  L.  R.  ('....  2ls:; 

V.  liiilt.il.N    f.ial    Co..    l.-.Kt.    2(.l(l. 

2(1."..'..  2348. 
V.   llM-.'ia.i-.  1S7(I 
V.  liiilial     r.    U.    Co..   1420.    17::(i. 

1!.18.  1!120 
V.  Clialtan.  i.j.'a  i;ir(tiie  K.  Co..  I'  12 
V.  (  lilca','...  i:.  I.  .V  I*.  );.('(..  (I.'wai 

4.".(1.  .-)07.  004,  8."i0 
V.  t.liii-a.'o.  li.  I.  ..V  I*.  It.  Co.  (K.(n  ) 

07.  t.8,  1.13,  1122 
V.  (..nier.  2341.  2342 
V.  ( .iii.oi.l  &  M.  1!.  Co..  h78 
V.  Kiunival,  2015 

V.  (Jil.'liri-t.  1577.  1023.  lO.-.O.   1070. 
V.  llii>liiy  Lanil  i   LuiiiI.er  Co.,  21. 

312,   312 
V.  1/vv  111..-..  •1!H1 
V.  Loiu-vill.'  &  N-  R-  <'"■•  •'"'-•  ■'"• 

710.  7S(1.  !t(10,  1020 
V.  MaNW.'ll.  13,->3.  l.-.oa 
V.  Miller.    1013,  2370 
V.  Minn.-a|».li^v\  St.  L.  R.  Co.,  1301. 

1.-:13.  I.".7I.  17.->.) 
V.  Mi-M,uii,  K.  &  T.  R.  Co..  2203 

V  New  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R-  C...  .!>, 
ISS.  077,  000.  001,  004 

V.  (Olio  ii  .\1.  R.  Co.,  78(1 

V  (1,....l.>n      l.miilier    Co.,    534.    .i!t2. 
'041."|(I43 

V.  Se..ll.    2130 


il 


1 


hi 


'm 


IM' 


•^smmmmam:. 


25.-.8 


TAIiI.i:  or  CASES. 


I ,"  • 


'.i 


niuHii     V.    Rrnnott.    M2t.    Hn:.,    l.-:!0, 

I.V.2.  llil2,  ll'i" 
V.  Sdiillicrn  U.  Co.,  4S  t 
V.  TiLor  Mill  Co..  i;iij 
V.  Tin-  liniili^b  Ji'lii-.oii,  IS/T,  2200 
V.  'Jli-  U.  S.  tag!-,  20,  :i!)0,  2  is  I 
V.  T.  ,M,  221.2 
V.  W  iiiuiia    &    St.    P.  r.    Co.,   14.ir». 

iJ.i:.,    iii:i.     I'imi,    i(ii;i,    lol'J, 

ICl ..•.  Ui7(i.  172!i 
V.   \\o...|.  S7S 
Urowiio  V.  Kill-   S:'2.  l;;7(,  1720.  1S13 
V.  \.  w  VdiU  \  N.  K.  K.  (  "..  871 
V.  >i<.^,]    (  .    i    Co.,  44,  (iOH,   1110, 
l!i  i:l,  l!il2 
Urciwiirulil  V.  (niirnjo,  II.  I.  i  P.  R.  Co., 
7I."«.  7r,-2,  2:iili> 
V.   Itii^liw,  1211 
Biowiiiiif    V.  \Vnl>;i»h    Western   R.    Co., 
14S0,    l.,4:>,    1,-.118,    1(;2'J,    11573,   2241, 
22.>7 
Btuct  V.  liiirclny,  O.i.  2n.'>4 

V.  l!.'.ill,  220,  227,  2SS,  209,  2287. 

22i>0 
V.  H-my,  21.';0 
V.  I'.iin  liiicl^'e  Co.,  408 
llnipn  V.  UliIiiKinn,  440,  4!)0.  O.'i.^ 
Itniiif  11  V.  Canadian  P.  R.  Co.,  2034 

V.  SoiiUieiii  P.  Co.,  4.".7,  001,  1371, 
1473,  1003 
BrurkcT  V.  Cummins,  22S.") 
UiuiLswirU  &  \V.  R.  Co.  v.  Stiiitli.  8S0 
Brusli  El(  cti  ie  Li^'lit  &.  P.  Co.  v.  WolU,  ' 
i:!7  7.  2112  I 

Bryan   v.   Soiilliein   R.    Co..   27.->,    1071,  | 

147  3.  I(i03 
Biyanl  v.  Biiiliiv.'ton.  C.  R.  &  X.  R.  Co.,  : 
130,  447,  010 
V.  CI:irn:;o,   St.    P.    M.    &   0.   R.    Co.,  ' 

lS4i.  22118 
V.  New  Voik  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.,  1750. 
2234.  22  l(! 
Brycp  V.  Clilci^'o  .M.  &  St.  P.  R.  Co.,  182, 

040,  7H0.   102!),   1102.  1109 
Bryilon  v.  Stuwarl,  227,  1837 
Brycr  v.  Focistir,  17S8 
Biyincr  v.  Soutlicin  P.  Co.,   19,  23,  40. 

22118 
Buciicr  V.  Piyiuil,  227,  341 
BuckaliMV  V.  Tcnnrs-^cc  Coal,  Iron  &  R. 

Co.,  2200 
BucUlc-.v   V.   Central    Iowa   R.   Co.,  910, 

181)4 
Buckley  V.  Gould  &  C.  Silver  Min.  Co., 
415,  1370 
V.  (Jutta  r.rcha  &  Rubber  Mfj;.  Co., 
35,    151,    505,    608,     1070,    1082, 
2207,  2217,  2310 
BueknuisUr  v.  Ciiiei4jo  &,  N.  \V.  U.  Co., 
836 


Biirknor  v.  Richmond  4  D.  F 

231111 
Bnlilo  V.  lliulaiid.  1127 
Bull  V.  Mol.ili-  A   .\r.  R.  Co.,  ! 
Unlliv.int  v.  S|"'kiim',  013,  ti 
Hullinaslcr  v.  M.  .InMcpli,  2ii 
Ituliiian  V.  niincit-on,  2010 
B(Uikcr  V.  Aii'll.nid  K.  Co.,  1 
Bunndl   v.   Si.    l'..ul,   M.  & 

3112,  405 
Hunt    V.    ."siorra    Buttrs   Gob 

7.")H.  700.  8i;il 
Bur^'in  V.  I.ouisviPe  &  X.  R. 
V.  Ridiniond  &  V.  R.  Ct 
Burke    V.     .Amld-KM,   ti.3,'), 
lOfiS.  1701 
V.   N'ali.iMiil   Irdialiublx 

170.1.  221.". 
V.   Norv.ii'li    1.1    \V.     1!. 

l.;21,   i:'.22 
V.   Parker,   140 
V.   S\  r;uii-,e.  P..  it  X.  V. 
4til.  430.  41.5,  1.3.".2,  2l: 
V.  'riiiiiiisoii  Meter  Co.,  i 
V.   Witlierbee.  70,  107,  2 
nurland  v.   I.ee.  877 
r.urliii';  V.  llliiu.is  C.  I!.  Co. 
Ilurlin-lon  &.  C.  R.  to.  v.  I. 
14S,   0311,  054,  745.   1111, 
1231,  1230 
UurlinKton  &  -M.  R.  Co.  v.  V 

352 
Buriinffton  &.  M.  River  R.  C 
1583,  2219 
V.  Crockett,  452,   I47S. 
1,51111 
llurnell  v.  West  Si<Ie  R.  Co., 
,  Burru'S  v.  Kaii-is  City,  Pt. 
1      Co.,  21,  275,  280,  21)4,  33(: 
Buiiiliaui   V.  Coneord   &  M. 

IHl,  1121.  12112,  1207 
Burn.-i  V.  Hoston  &  L.  R.  Co 
V.  Cliie;ii.'o,  M.  &  St.   P 
103.  114,  11)1),  201,  05 
22S(i,  2327 
V.  Matt  lieu  s,  J.V.) 
V.  Merehmits'  &   Plant 

451.  715 
V.  Xew   Voik.   P.  i   It. 

.350 
V.  Norlli  Britisli  R.  ("o 
V.  Petlieal,  304,  527,  2: 
V.  Seeond  .\ve.  I!.  Co..  1 
V.  Seiuiell,    l.!12,    1331, 

11120.   11S21 
V.  Wa>liliuiii.   11W2,  20( 
V.  Windfi.ll  .Ml;;.  Co.,  1 
Burn.side  v.  N..\,ln    Wig.  ( 

704,  90(1,  1202,  12(18 
B.irtxi  \.  iJ.'i.iii.in.  2(1(10 
Burrell  V.  tioucu,  2l!>.  .l.'iD, 


TAr.i.i;  ni'  r\>i 


il    L 


ml  k  T).  R.  Co    loi; 

1127 

.  It.  Co.,  22:17 

Iir,  013,  r.4J,  Ill's 

insi'pli,  2iitl,  7;!:) 

on,  •JO^(i 

K.  Co.,  lOnr,  :<,]< 
ul,   M.   &    .M.   1:    1 

iittrs   Colli    .\i:n    I, 

o  k  X.  n.  Co..  -<;;i 

:  n.  n.  Co ,  7i;i 

.11,    (i:i,-.,    10.V>,     ):■.:. 

(liiiliulilKT  Co  ,  1  :: 

\V.    11.     Co ,     1  ;  - 


;.  Jt  X.  Y.  n.  C..-;,!- 
■),  1.1.-.2,  22 JH 
dor  Co.,  ."i7  1.  Ii  -•  I 
711,  l'J7,  2,Sti,  -lir.i 

C.  1!.  Co..  S7.-I 

.  Co,  V.  liiclii'.  J.V  ■■: 

■1.5,  nil,  lur,  !.'■: 

1.  Co.  V.  Walluci..  JJ, 

liviT  U.  Co.  V.  I!i:!i 

,-)2,    147S,    l.^l'i.   l"l- 

<!(•  R.  Co.,  .lliO.  111!" 
Cily,  Kt.  S.  &  M   1 
I,  2!)4,  .S:!!!,  l(l:'.-2,  J2  ■ 
Dill   &   M.   11.  Cij..  '.'. 
12(i7 

L.  U.  Co..  »:!.-) 
.  &  St.   1'.  U.  Co ,  - 
'!),  201,  052,  701),  211 

ir,<) 


isli  R.  Co.,  2!U 
1 1,  ■>27,  2n4S,  :i:;i;i 
■.  I!.  Co.,  8  Hi 
!12,    l:!:!4,    1721.    1" 

i!i.s2.  2nni 

Ifc  Co.,  11 '.Ki 

H    Mfg.  Co.,  2!t'l.   !i 

I2(;s 

.  2ni;i; 
2lh.  -.'.-.VJ.  1M7,  20;; 


Iliirlon  V 


.  Missouri  r.  R.  Co.,  H.-.O 
V,  Riiir.ilo  Crick  11.  I  o  .  ':'!» 
llnwe*,  211:1 


|CnlIiiw.iv  V.  .Mlrn.  inc. I.  1720,  17 
U'lll li  r  V,  C.ulton  In>!t  Co.,  Xlfl 

ic.ili 


IClo.tl  ic  Stieft  U.  Co.  V.  P.  •■  I' 


■<Uv  V 


X.nv 


Voik,  T..  v..  &  \V    11.  Co 


121.  -l:U 


.1.10, 


.-,0,    500, 


510     li;51,    lliill,  I  C:iluiiiPt  Iron 


i  Stivl  Co.  V.  M    liiii.  7s.' 


,;>1.  170",  1711 


Ciho  V. 


(  l|;ulollC   C.   &..    .\.    1!     '■ 


l(il'il) 


!iii-  ■'■y 


V.  Cliiiil(>.ston 
705.  20I12 


&.    W.   C.    H.   Co.,    ('.Ml 


!i  ia  Iron  Co.  v.  '~li  iITi 


.-111 


I  Cuiiivron  v. 


iri'nf    .NortliiTM    I!.  Co..    47 


lUilliT 


CliiiMsio,  U.  Si  Q.  1;.  < 


2115,  22s  I 


Ni'W 


Voik  4  Q.  C.  n   < 


2111. 


.  S.V.t 


210. 


<:,.  iii:i,  I'l"..  iTos 

si, 


V.  Towiiwtiil,  "20. 


301,    l:i:!l.   1:1:1. 


V.  Nnv  Voik  C.  &  II.  1!.  II.  c 

102.  -421,   ly*.  517,  OlS 
V.  Walkrr.  K70,  IS'^J.   1072 


1717,  1; 


17H2 


Ciuiip    V. 


Hall.    541.    III7S,    127S,    12S2 


lillll.T 


ll.illast  Co.  V.  IIohIkiw,  12 


1207,  1.151,  104:i.  KIOS 


,Mi:iT\voi 
r..iltir   V. 

]11S() 
i'.iiHoll    V 

l>5i 
iiir.ton  V 


'I'hMsant  Valley  (oM  Co.,  710      C.iin| 
til  V.  Claik>uii,  1717 
C'orae  0.  ri<f,'P  IJfx  Co.,  511, 


Cliicn«o,  M.  &.  St.   r.   U    Co., 
North  E.istrrn  R.  Co..  187 


ilxll 


\tl;Mit, 


A    R.   Air  l-iiu    11 


Co..  1000,  2110,  2:!:!:i 
.  (al.r-ilinik     Steel     &    Coil    C 
Oil,  2IS2 


I    ,'  ,|oiii-iii  It.  Co,.  21171 


M   V.   I-acoiiia    Mfc-  Co..   5 


2:),   34, 


4...  10,  48,  14U,  2:iO,  0 


21,  0:12,  010,  004, 


2;ij> 
r.v.iiii 


2.103 
V.  Hullavd,  070.  074 


'.  Hidoklyn  (  ily  I!.  Co..  200 


V.  Kastiimii!*    Co., 


:->n.   ;i:)7,   1731, 


1S18 
V.  Ffiino 


•n.  I7:!0.  1731.  1701.  2207 


fiOO, 


viNyp  &  \V.  Caijict  Co.,  210 
Ilvnits  V.  Ui-ooklyn  II.  i,i.'liN  U.  Co. 


V.    (  Il 


11.  I.  \  I',  i; 


V.  Cook,    147.3,    1478,    lOoil 

2:il8 
V.   ncnliorn,   1003,  1953,  lOSO 
V.  Kvvlp'li,  1048 
V.  Ci'iifral,  etc.  Asso.,   1504 
V.  llairis.  1.1:12 
V.  .hiuhanlt,  2'.l 


2117 

200. t. 


1742 
New 


York,    1-.    K.    &   W,    R.   C.i 


473.  1301,  1753.  181 


llyron 


Si'W 


York    Sla'o    rriiOins 


V.    I.ooi- 
V.  McCoy 
V,  Mt.llcn.  5 


will-  i  N.  R.  Co.,  314 


871 


!2.  533.  81.2,  1072 


V.  \. 

Co, 


W    .ll'l-i'V 
400,  1745 


Dry  Uiifk  i  Traiisp 


r,  iin-vl.aiii 


a  R    Co..  440,  1370 


V.  Uailu.iy  Conn 


r. 


-  i    r.  I!.  Co.,  2103 


Telig.  Co.,  2371 


rm 


dilc".   V.    America 


n    StopI    Bir^je    Co. 


15,1014,  1010,  1027,  1000,  1782 


I  .i.l/.ow  Coal  Co,  V 


(iaiVi 


2100 


llannil.al  &  St.    1.  R.  I'o., 


•.  Wi.iL',  2215 

ilvil  .V  '/.  Co.  V.  niii.li'jcr. 


Can!  I 

2302 
Cninp'l'oiiit  Mfi:.  < 


314.  402 


llillon.  23.  40. 


SO.  102.  111.  '-'5.  'ilO.  <155,  . 


:io. 


701 
ll'aiiaihi   r.iint.  C 


Traiu'ii- 


231.- 


Can.Tili 


iiiiilii'rn 


115"  117,  213,  810 


( '.ilnll  V.  liilton,  t 


■->    870    'M2,  2200 


I'ahow 


V.    CliicaL'o. 


R.    1.    i 


I'.    It.   Co. 


2280,  2280,  2:W3 
Cairns  v.  Calcilo-iian   \\.  C". 
Caldwell  V.  Urown,  :i 
1800 
V.  Mills    1800.   10.53.  100 


018.  402 


1  1.  .-)05.  l: 


1402, 


C;\liiloiiian 


107 
it.  (  o.  V.  lliolip,  21  17 


2033,  20".0 


Caiuuliaii  Colonrc 
bot.  1000,  1078 


t.'aiiaihan 


11,  {.'(.).  V.  .I.ick^oii,  84  4, 

;I  Cotton  -Mills  V.  Ta) 
2310 


IV  R.  Co.  V,  Goru'eUe,  2  122 


V.  .Foliiistoa. 
V,   Koliinsoii, 
CatiilT  V.  l?laiieli: 
15:11.  1.-05.22(10 


1.52S,  I.'mO,  2414 
1401,  2427 
lid  N'av.  Co.,  831,  145.; 


.Mulliollaiul,  370 
alifornia  Nav.  i  Inipiov. 
:UI,  1707,2208 
all  V.  Heckslein,  2253 


Cannon  v 
Canon   v 


llouland.  2108 


Clu 


M.  &  St.  P.  R.  C 


1; 


024,  905.  2115 


i  Cantaneari 


(„  V.  SieLjelCoopor  Co..  0'>2 


1  ..lla;, 
C.illaiian  v. 


Iian  V.  Maxwell.  2130.  21.30 


I  Cantwe 
I  Capas-o 


•11  V.  r.i.ni 


530 


Wool  folk, 


-,t.    1245,    1I4<; 


St.  Tvoiiis  Mcrcliants'  Bridal! 


ir.ul,  17-10 


iell 


luinal  R.  Co..  l-:02 


Cillan  V.  Bull,   1370,    1424,    144o,   1._>83.I 

,««..       xnt'i       if.tl       l-'il       17-'tt       1  J  i  a.  I 


C.ipi'' 
127 


V.   l.oiii-.vi 
I 


llo.  1:.  &  St.  L.  R.  Co . 


41.1.  I0I2.  lOls.  1S2 


10.30,    1043.    1045 
1780,  1791,   1919 


1724,    1720,    17 


ICarliiiio  v.  Bennin 


'ton  &  R.  R-  Co.,  101. 


142.  052.  t;53.  750 


f 

; 

1          \ 
I 

( 


m 


i 


.'.'.(Ill 


•I  Vlil.K  (Jl'  CASKS. 


Carlmiy  v.  Dnwriin?.   I''*l 
C'iii.1    V.    IvMs.   >'i:.    I  i>r,    I.;-':.    I:!'.iT, 
Mil.  l(..-ii.  Ki.'i 
V.  Wllkiris,  1M:1 
('»■</  V.   lio-liiii  &    M.    11.  (  <>.,   111.  JOI, 

(is'i.  1111,  11  j; 

».   Cliirago  K    S.   W.   I!.   (  (...   i.lTJ, 
2:1:4 

V.    Sl'lllTM,    tljK.     llt'i-'> 

Cailr    V.  l!iii;;or   &    I'.    <  .in;il    &    II.    Co., 

13.-. I.  IHHIl 
Carlnoii   V.  Cinciiiiiali.  S.  li    M.   R.  Co., 

4:!t.  H;t4 

V.  Mansion.  niH 

V.  .Monitor   Iron   Works,    1114 

V.  N»rt!i«i»i.'i  '    'lilc'|ili.    I'WctiaiiRP 

Co.,  .M.'.   UiKi,   i.-.iir..  If.n,  ItllS. 

Itijo.  1:110 
V.  O.c-oti   M  oil    Line  &    V.   N.   R, 

Co,  liT,   Jl'.t,  Jt.l.  -.'.'il,  r.,-.,"?,  .503, 

«l.-i,  (ii(i,  t;j;i,  iiioii 

V.   riiociiix   Uriclfjc  Co.,  2,3,  .'124.  .134 
v.  8ioiix  I'lilU  Wnt.T  Co.,  UK),  I021t, 

10:!ii,   1042.    IT-T) 
V,  I'niti'd    N'l'W    York    Sandy    Hook 

PilnlH    Asso.,    13T5,    14S4,    1585. 

V,  Wnlsh,  1227 

V.  Willi  son  I'OiU  4  Coke  Co.,   12(1, 
40S,   l-'(»7 
OBnia;,'ie  v.  I'lim  nriil;,'c  Co.,  12.->S 
Carney   v.   Cur:'  |iut   K.   Co.,   :!00,    1444, 

1570,  1753,  lH2ti.  22'>5 
Carolnn  v.  Soulherii   I'.  Co.,  61tf,   172D, 

1702 
Cnrolinii.  The.  220,  :.".in,  315,  \n3 
Caron  v.  Boston  &  A.  I!.  Co.,  2(M>1,  2035, 

2037 
Carpenter  v.  Mexiciin   Nnt.   R.   Co.,   40, 

02.>,  1102,   114.1,  1707 
Carr  v.  North  Ui\ir  Coiistr.  Co.,  00,  447, 
641.  057.  2311 
V.    Munelii^ter  Kloctric  Co.,  70,  010. 
810.  2217 
Ciirrior  v.  Union  1".  11.  Co.,  S.'.O,  8.".S,  911 
Carrierre  v.  McW  illiiinis,  877,  8!Ki 
Carri^juii   v,   Waslilmrn  A   At.   Mfg.   Co., 
i.ss.  700,  !1".I0.   lOl'.t.    Il':'.t.   1113,  1122, 
lil02 
C  anin^rtoii  v.  liannister,  2158 

V,  .MiiilUr,  2!),3,  700 
I  i.noll  V.  Cliicajio,  H.  &  N.  K.  <  o..  2304 
\.    I'.ii-t   'riiMU'Sscc,  V.  &  (!.   K.  Co., 

.■.03.  .504,  888 
V.    .Mi;ini-.oi,i  \  alley  R.  Co..  8,35 
V.   I'c-niisylvania  Coal  Co.,  757,  801 
V.  W    4(rn     U.    Tcli-g.    Co.,     1732, 

1745,  1747 
V.   Willciitt,   l!t«0.  2000 
>.   Wiiiiston.  2oi> 
I  .(iiMilieis  V.  CliictiKo.  R.  I.  A  P.  R.  Co., 

281,  2!M.  340,  377.  .■'S2.  22!Mi.  2358 
(  arter  r.  Ch^ike,  l»a(i.  llliiit 


AKplialt 
1113,    1. 


(  nrfer  V.  nrvsdato.  204!> 

V.  Oliv.l    (til    (o..    410,    (1 
10  (7,  10:2.  1073.  2321, 
V.    ItiKl.y.  20:1 
Cnrt.rville    Coal    Co.    v.    AMn 

1011,  2l!i: 
CurMer  \.  «  oltcr,  Ml.  211 
Carver  v.  (  luistian    220 
t  asej   V.  Clileayo,  SI.  1'.  M.  A 
84.  llt:!> 
V.  (iraiiil  'I'liiiik  R.  Co.,  P 
V.   l..oiiisville     iJl     .N.     I!.    I 

1,V.M),  I.V13 
V.  I'eioisvlvani.i 
Co..   533.    1031 
1533,  1848 
C:i^linnin  v.  Clin.«e.  1003,  2008 
Cnnti  V.  riiltler,  2100 
Ca»>«a<l\    V.    Iloston   &    A.   R.   1 

10112 
Cnssidy  v.  Aiip-ll.  2328 

V.   Maine  C.  U.  (  o.,  1441,  1 
Canwell  V.  Worth,  074,   1010 
CntiittiBria    R.    Co.    v.    .Xminti 

818 
Cates  V.  Itner,  14.17,  1445,  15N 
Catlelt  V.  Yonii)j,  1011 
Catlin  V,  MichiRan  C.  R.  Co.. 
Calon  V.  Siinnnerl"-e  &   Mossei 

Coal  Co.,  2137.  2148 
CatterniolH    v.    Atlantic   Tram 

2151 
Cava;;raro  v.  Clark.  2004,  201 
Cavan:!<;h    v.   O'Neill,   232,    1< 

2278 
Cawliy  V.  Winifreile  R.  Co..  84 
lav/er   V.   Taylor,    120,   393,   ; 

2254 
Central  R.  &.  Bkp.  (.0.  v.  Brai 
2179 
V.  Cliapmnn,  1870 
V.  firant.  1873.  2108 
••.   Henderson.  782.  190« 
Kellv,  2..:!2.  2333,  2334 
Kenni\,    2S4,    1101,    11 
f  ;32.  2333 
,-.  Kent.  282,  900 
V,  Kit.lirns,  784,  955 
V.   Lanier.  22.  811.  870,  11 
V.   Mall-I.y,  515,  054 
V.    i'as^nKn■e,  lti31 
V.  Koaeli,  033 
V.   Ryle.s,  .iOl.  2284 
V.  Sears.  190(i.  233a,  2333 
V.  Sims.  003,  012 
V.  Small.  2334 
(  entral  R.  Co.  v.  Crosl.y,  935, 
V.  Delirav,   1231,   12.38,   l: 
V.  Kdwar'd.s.  2309 
V.  Kreeniiin,  Si5 
V.  (;ra<lv.  332 
V.  Harrison.  910 
V.  Haslelt.  lUl,  1149,  12. 


m 


1040 

r>.    4in,    (1_«<,    III- 

Til.  2!.>i.  •j'.i;;, 


Axpliall       I'mv 

,  ni;i,  I4:i:>,  \vm 

1)03,  -2008 

t   A.   R.  Co..  in,;;. 


o.,  1441.  ir,ii:i,  bi.. 

'4,   IDJtl 

■.    AriiiHtioii^'.   T^j 

1445,  l,'iH4 
U 
'.  R.  Co..  4X,,  22U 

&   MoNSieiiil  Iron  i. 
48 
ilic  Trannport  (", 

2004.  2011 

I,   2:12,    1047,   liiIO 

R.  Co..  844 

20,   393,   .394,  2251 

o.  V.  Drantlfy,  92'. 


osl)y,  93.5.  2110 
.  12.38,  1J39,  K.M 
9 


I  I.: 


Kifui 


T\ui.i  i>i'  <\*r.s. 

rilll.     1  121.  I  I    llil  ll'V     V.    On    111 


•J-.H1 

t.-.l.  ipti, 


III'.'    \u'>.  \'-'>.  li 


-'.':(' 


!.•  111.  l.-.>t.  li.l. 


.    s,  {-, 

ii;;!'.  J-J.M,  --"" 


,  Siih 


H4»,  I'.KiH.  M.l.  2ip7:1.    ('nriii 


,\lil(l>rll,  SiM.  fl.'iti.  li'OO 
Ml 


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l!..!i<-ir.  2:'.::-' 


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V.  Sc'ir' 
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,  i;.iMt  Ttiiiii ■•-(■■■.  V 

I  Ml.    .'ll.l.    IHI''.    '■<■>'• 


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Iliil 
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HIT.  I'M"*. 


V.   nil 


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Mkr  &   .V.  I!.  •  i>.  V.  \' 


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llilll 


l!i.'.  lilj.  li.l. I. 


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V.    I..i»li.   21,    IT.    I.".i>. 


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\\(.»liin  Noilli  CiiriilliKi  li. 

»•«..  7:itl,  HTH 
.  Wliifvliiivni       HailMHii       Ci.iniH. 

2US    2I.''.7.  2101 
.  Will'.  V.  r.M 


().  Jv    S.   W     1;     t 

I., 'HI 


\.    M.lln 


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lii-.,>n  \.  .ll.l, 11  I..  1;.' 
21.  22.  111.  17.  2i'.ii.  :I2' 
Iu2!i,  ll.Vi.  liil:i.  Hl'i' 


( iiiiiiti.   n*j 


l.llMllirl-    (  I... 

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7it7 
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V.   I'.Ui.n.  2:12    2;mi.  2:l-'t 


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t  liii'i 


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I  |.,mll.T  V.    All.iiilic 


(  i>a>i     Kli'ol I ic   1! 


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.  N(>w 

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104.  li'.lO.  Iii:l'> 


!lllMI  III 


1;.  1 


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V.  Smit'i,  213N 

V.  Soiitliiru  I!.  Co..  2100 


.  Iiiiiiilns,  Tlir. 
I  liaiinon  v. 
1  li.ii.iiian  V. 


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419.    12.".   42.S.    131): 
1804.  22S2 
\.  Mil..  rlii»-iiliiiti'  ('. 


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2100 


lHii:l, 


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ili.»    \. 


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I  h;nl.'»  I'lip 
1  h  iil.-»U.li 

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I  ■i.mnaii  v. 

2:;  19 


•  Gluci»i-  (  o.  V 


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&    \V.    C 


11.    Co.    V 


1 1  .-.: 

Mill.T 


Lake  Erie  i  W.  K.  Co.. 

Q1U.I.0C  S.  S.  Co..  2423 

I  hall.ilioflol.ec    Uiii'k    Co.    v.    Bia.sw 


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(,!»«.  233(i 


Klectric  R. 
1480,  1.5.J1,  l.'ies, 
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2 
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1  lu1ll.11; 
1238. 


lit  12 


Co,  V.  Jjawson, 


100,1 
,     1833, 

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o.'.ii.  yfli 
Clu-.iiii.ira 


T.  Kt-d  River  Line,  445,  2348 


A    1!    < 

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11131. 


37(1 


V,     111, .1.1. Ill 
V.    I    lllll'M.    ■ 

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:  1:1. 


V.       Ill    !•■.. 

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V.   1 1. Hill.  22iis 

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V.    II. 


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I  !ill.    1  |ii>< 


V,  .I..I1  ■ 
V.  K.ii. 


IIU,  11112 
;o:!.  1112 


V.   K.ll,  .  i:i!i2.  i;io. 


lion,  nil 


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V.    \1. 


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10.  ;  1 


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1 401. 


V.   .M.I  nil'  .11 
7M.  Ii;:t 

V.  Miii 
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V.  Miiipli; 


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li:ll.    ll:;s.   l:i.-.l.   1370 


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Mi:i 
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V.  I'lalt.  209.  20,-.. 

V.    l^iir 


i:is7.    1.307    1300.    1412. 


:12,  111.-) 


1  lOii 


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».    Slr\.-1H.    IS:i,   7110,  Itl'J.    llOB 

V.  Mii.«,  -.'SI 

V.  Miiii\iiii   :i!i:i,  ■iin,  lai.  4.1» 

V.    ^^Vlll.     ll'MI.     l:l!ii,     11(10,      1 101, 

1  <0H,  v':i.'i.'> 
(  '   mi;,'!)  *  A.  SiiM'ltinjj  Si  llvt.  ('".  V.  Ciil 

1.I1-.   1st,-,,   1817 
«  '       -o  .V  i;.  1.  ».  In.  V,  At  •..,  is:.:t 
».  |ii!iiiy,  HIT,  v,:,:<,  \\:>:> 
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i-'l.  i:  I,  111"*,  1171.  1101,  iiou, 
I'.tii.  11171.  j.;7ii 

I  II. II  III,  Kli,  -l^i,:'.  J.lHi 
.  (>,ii iiir,  .^l>,  1171 

(Jiiii),  3IH,  lis;,  i:;-!,!,  noil,  lilO, 
•J'.'li;  ; 

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mi      '     '  .'.!)  ( 

:j::i.i),   jaiiJ.    ^'Kiii, ! 
I  ( 

V.  7H('.,  7!"> 

111.1',    -.ii'.t.    ;!I0,     1141,    I  ui>,    t 
1       1171.     I.'IIIJ,      140O.     Uoll, 
.  17iMi.  I'.'.srt 

V.    1  .i.-i.'    not,  ;i;s.  -iiss  I 

V.    M.v.    ^,  40a.  40:i,  410.  2itt.->  ;  ( 

V.  OVi'iiiiir,    Kill  i 

V.  nicii.ir.l-.  iiaa.  joaii,  io.i,  ■.'.173 ,( 

V.    IJollMr,   24ll7,   -J  101)  , 

V,    Itini^',  31.-.  < 

V.  SlKMi'ii.n.  H4,  1100,  MIO 
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111.-.,  114S,  -jass  1 

V.  ISranv.iM.    il',.    2sa.   aio.    iias. ' 

II  4:1, "l  170. 

V.  I.O.',  •>2.  47,  .ii,  ."..:,  ii.vj.  2z:a. 

■>M7 

V.  Uii^'iiiT,  2:vir,,  23i;o 

ihiciiijo   .\iiili'iMm    ruy-i'l    r.iiiK   to.    v. 
i;.  imi(i;:cr.  .M.S.  .•,70.   Iiisn 
V.  l:.iiii.iiiv,  lO-'iO.  Ill  I. 
V.  Nilik.miak.  -21,  SI,  KS.  2:1J,  1108, 
1-237,     1210,     1241,      12.",  J,     1205, 
1271.   1104.   l.'>4(>,  I'lH"' 
<  liicvir"  &  ('■  V-  R.  to.  V.   ll.inicy,  .3<)3, 
.3!l.-.,    41!»,    422,    51(4,    liOll,    7.sj,    12lt8, 
131.-,,   1317 
CliicMK.i  &  (}.  T.  R.  t'o.  V.  KiMritiio,  724, 

930 
Cliiiiij-o  &  O.  \V.   1!.  Co    V.    \rinslion<;, 
47,  74,  85.  117,  111.'.  1.'!.",.  201.  .174 
V.   Trif.',  7tiO,  2221),  22H4,  22HS 
V.  Truvi><,  IMI,  ti")4 
lliiiM^'o  \   1.  II.  (  .,.  V,  Ru-.-.ll.   IH3.  275, 

210,  2S3 
I  liiciiiio  iN-    N'.  K.  to.  V.  I'liilt.  2i;!i 

V.  Trillin  in;;.  KiO.i,  i4l.i 
(.liic;i<,'o    A-    S.    \V.    U.    Co.    V.     IViylicld, 
1238,      I2S1        12S3.      I2S1.      12St>, 
1203,   I2H(1.    13IMI,   l.-,:;8.    lr.il.-, 


'Iii.iyt.  i    V,  W     I;    C.I    \ 
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V.    I».  I.iii.  \ ,    l.ll.   Jlllt, 

a:l'» 
V.    ll.iniiliHi'.   !■  :.  lit'.', 

7..7,  7S2,  004 
r.  (lillU.m.  ;ITM.  (12.1, 
V,    II..  . I., Ml.  S33 

V.  .1.1.  i,-i>ii,    315.    all] 
I  (12.  Iiioi.  li;:;^,  It 

V.    Is:lli...  I.,.!l.   ^  ■  1,  s:;. 
V.    Mill, It.!  1.   I  ,li,.   I3» 

I  lltii.    I  MO 
V,    Mi>   1.  I  .       S.-'.'i.      II  111 

I  111'-..    I  li.ti.    I  (.-,S,  -J. 

V.  ^      ti.  170.  :i;ia.  II 

Si  .  ■ 
^      I  I.   211 1.  2Ji.   ■ 

:2ii 
V.  w.ii'l.  i;   >.  i:|ii 
lii.iiiio  &  n.  IujI  li  (  .ir  ( 
2.1ii:l,  2307 

liipii-d  it    T.   U.  Co.   V.   I 
0114,  724,  701,  1417,  l.'.Si 
liira)_M>  iv    \V.   I.   15.  (  i>. 
515.  051,    1401.    110 
V.    Ma-^iy,  JZi),  U5  '    t. 
I  .-.sr. 
liifiiyi)     .Xroliili-ctunil     I 
N.i^.'l.  Nil,   l.-.,-,!l.   1,-,S0 
iiir  lyo  Hi  i.l;.'r  &   I.  Co.  V 

liicii;iO.  M.  *    ^^    I!.    Co. 

(iOI.  .SIS 
\.    .\\ri\.    27 'i,    2Sil. 

3;s.  .!-  ..  7s2,  1002 
V.  IllimU.  1  171,  I  17s. 
V.  Ciini-.    1  12.    107. 

1001 
V.   Kl'^iilui.  5t;o.  SI7 
V.    iil,L.ir,il'l.   1401,   1 
V.  (ill  -iiiv .  SI.   is:;.  '. 
V.  lli.u.inl.   l:!.-,2,   l:;i 
V.  ,l,iliii-i.ii,    Hi 
V.    Kill..-,'.    .  '.-|.     114 

17i'S.  J201.  2200,  -2 
V.   l.iLi'.v.  2:i!»7 

V.    .Mr(  ;il.lii~.     I    II,     (> 

70ii.   li):;ii 
V.    Mil  a..,.,    tS2.  810, 
V.   .\lil.alli.|i.    IS7.    li; 

1012.  loss,  lt;<);> 
V.  Miimy,  SOS,  837.  0 
V.  Men  k.  s.  50,  052.  1 
V.  >lniili:<'i>i'f>',  olio. 

2:il7.  2,320 
V.  (lv.ll  IT,  47.  50,  50i 
V,  lliillka,  782 
V.  Smith,  ,152,  8S,  130, 
V.  ^o<il■Il,' !•,',  004 
V.  Sullivan,    14.50,    141 

1.542,  1553.  1.5!tn 
V.  Warner,  782,  828 


T\(il,l.  oK  <  \»i; 


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HIT,  l-.s,-, 

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1 101.  not; 

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,'ii:it.  HIT 

>l,   ItOl,   141.) 

SI.  is:i,  7^:,  !:;• 
i.".'.i,  i:;iii,  II"- 


isj,  81!),  91;!,  :  ■ 
I.   )S7,  U77,  i:.i 

lOS,  8:t7,  no:!,  o.">7 
■)(-.,  (i,-)2.  1044,  i:;-; 

iiry,  u'.l'.t,  :  ;i,  7tli,  -- 

Ii 

17,  30,  502 

l.  KS,  130,  17'.),  IS  '    , 

-,  (;o4 

145!),    1474.    M.'l,   :v 

:!,  i.iiin 

782,  828 


rtiii'.i?". 


II.  A  '.I    H    ''"   « 


\.     ViMlllt.' 


tsT.  i: 


Y.ot.  «!•> 


SI.  f.  A  r  I!  «'o.  V 


U".  «■:!•<.   ir.'ii 


("In.'iifiti 


Cit>     It     *  o. 


y.     I^uh.     1101, 


jM!,    :i7:i,  :);•«     i-- 


I  iiiii,  2:i.'i."» 

il,.o:ii.'i'  <onPol.    UnllllllU  « 


li;",  -•: 


II7I 


|)r... 


,«.    t  )...■!,  C 


Milton. 
.  MrMii 


V     C|. 


|I>1.  l.-,-.1    !.'.<<,■. 


hoM, 
liicijio 


1471,  \^XK  l'>''l.  ''"■'* 


(  l.l<:l  ■...   '■I.    I'.  .V    l\,  C     It.   I  o 

Ih-i-.  .- -..  7Mi.  I'.  i:i,  l^tio 
i  Clii..!-...  Sf.   I'.   M,  .V   «>,   It    c 


r..r? 


\    l'-..iiii 


1 1  V    1 


•A.    HHl 


Viii) 


Diiiii. 


llhO    IJ' .!.  1271 


l.ll'.l^'O 


Kili-oll  (  o.  \.  Ii.\i-.  i.l"* 

V.  ihi.iMMi,  i2ii.').  \y>' 

V.  Moun,  21,0    274,  HUI 


(   Mr 


Cl;|i- 


SI.   I'.   \\    \  <>    It 

1  i;s   I  .-.o,  I  !■•( 

W  .  >\    \  .    »  I.  ,M  .. 


CI,. 


\        I.M 


l.,,r.| 


f.  t. 


tiiiMm) 


(O'I'CI'II 


1    It.    (  o.    V. 


M.'Nii 


72:;.  7  «o 
(  l.iilni.l.v  \.  i: 


i  ■)•  I 


.|„,  oil. 


.1.-..  iHc; 


.'201 


(  hn.i-'d 


(i.  W.  It    f".  V.  Il.alv.  210,  2t;s.|i  l.jl 


l.ii-l 


;i,'5l,  ;!."i."..  li;2o.  Ui<i; 


tins 

I'lic.  21H, 


114, 

|C<vi-li..l 


S    «•     l.l"l.n.|    T.t.jl 


I  lilcllCO 


\.&  I..  I!< 


,iKii-.in. 


!lol 


r.io.  I', ,10 


tilnvr.  1141) 


4.  !.>.'.  C 
l)M  Color  V    It    I 


n,i«.((o,  K.  a'  N.  U.  Co.  v.   I!.o«n.  li.OS    •!,.  .!.■  ^.  '>.,t.n, 
K.^   W.  K.  (n.  V.  Ul..vin-.,  ••■ 


.III. 


Mill  I 


I  III 


211. 


;;t.(i.  II.','* 
V.  I'oiitius.  2120,2*21 


H,i.'  .«o, 


I. 


\   K.  U.  Co.  V.  Il    rliiiaiin. 


\.  I! 


)>;,  3:;!i.  4:ii 


ri,r 


M.  \  sc  p.  i;   c 

2117 
Dort.l,  77n 

ItoSH, 


4ltiT\  . 


ll,.„-l;; 

I      li:, 

Cliopil 
,  I'llli'tlcl.T    ■ 

i      »'o..  Sun. 
!  ClilUii.'ii-'oii 
U.  Co 


li.    u 


*   nn, 


,.r  C 


\i,'l,..|>. 


IIVIO 


,-,!i3.  .VI 1.  i:;iO,  KllH. 


:121, 


i;i,',4,    1.104.     istl.v    ntis.     i:!H2 
I10;i,     14r'i 

U7«.    Mm 


14J 


1  I.'m,      1  !">!). 


,1,1.  r.io!' 

V.  I  liicn^',1 
.  sis.  212.-I 


1   ,V    I.     U  Coil 

:2iu 
St   r  M  .\  <» 


V.     NoltllHI  -!•  Ill 


,1     < 


(ill  I 


111: 


;iso 


V.   I'imii.'i    riiiiiiliiri'  (  n. 


1  .■! 1 4.      I ■'' I ■'>.     I ■'«  1 J*.    Cliri*! i-  t'li- 


,s,...   1  1     Waviir  V.   I  l,m 


!;.24-l.'.2f) 
I.-.7.-    l.-.s 


l.tU 


I  .•i:t2.     1  .'••■>0. 


tic 


t.  I.IKS,  l.V.i;i.  Iii02   liio.'i,    ('hurch  v.  A|,pl>l'.v.  '.'''4 


n;o7 


('III 


liioH.    I7ii: 
I;i20.  22i'2   241)11.  ; 
Slan.lart.'llll 
I'^i'liiiiU  &  I'v 


|S2li, 


11I18, 


till 


V.     *    I'llMK" 

V.  Cliii'i^o 


\.   It.  Co.   1410 


M.  i:  S 


I.  I".  11.  *  1 


IS., 


Cielflelil  N.  liiurtiiin^ 


2ilt> 


Co.  V.  Uo-    Cinciiiii 


Hi,  II.  &  1).  n  (  o.  V 


M..\lnllill. 


bail.  K2:l,  l!to:i.   liMI'l.  2l!U 
Cliici^'o.  i;.  I.  t.    I'.  It.  "o-  V    liickcr.  7-1 
I7C2 
,     I  laiU.    \r,X    IS-!.     1st.    .a:i7,    57B, 


UliH.  1<H2.  U07,  17i;i 


ti7;.  uiii 

IS!  J 
V.    M  .r-i  .1     -0!)1 

V.    \;,M    1        I  I..'.    217S 

II     A     I.    U.    «  'I     V.    \!:,  I.lcn. 


724.  7.'--l.  7.^:1.  701.  !tlo.  I'll,  I2.-.0    (  lis    "M.n    II     *      •    •«■ 
Cl.-v.lan.l.     is:!.    r.4i).    Wl.    1148,1       11:.    l-"-   ■-^"'     -',;\,    ,,    ,„    ,    i.,,,;; 

mil  !'  II  <■"•>';'"■     .,.,■' 


\.    C(,aIi  -.   S.'i  t 

V.    l>i;;iii.iii,  !>:!1  ] 

,.    Ilovl.s    121.  4:! I  1 

X     ll(Ni),    1107,    1410  I 

,.   Kiui.at...    221,    874       !):iO,     1104.' 
I27!t,  12«7.  I2HH  ' 

V.  I.lii,.v.   107 

V  U,riia';;i,n.   74.   Sf,.    101,    CiO.    It!-,! 
IT!).  180 

».    MfCarlv.  7.'ir,    1241)  I 

V  M."M,\.  212U.  2412 

'..    i-jiihy.    l-!07.    147y,    l;').")!,    l.'iS.l.l 

22:!  1  '  i 

Chi.a^-o.  y-t  1>.  &  N.  O.  R.  <"o.  V.  !)..>  '■■,  1 

l;u,5.  i.^.:in.  ns.-?,  22:u.  2ios.  24o!i       ' 


I'.ii,  ii;i"     --',1 
>.  I..,l  ■   -i'   '»'-■  •'-' 

V     lto,.-.ii.  2     • 
(i,„.,,,.u.  \    t).       T.  1- 


1 02.  2178 
(  ,..  \     liar- 


,  ','!;.-"  i::.i2.    !'-S8,    1(;:M,    K'^s. 

r.-.-.2.  -I.I 

V  I  ..ni.  ^.  ISti!) 
V.    I    nil,  II.   1S72 

,    ,    ,  ,v.     -.10,     i:!70.     M42,     la.!2, 

1    ,l).  1  .so 
V.    ,.v«al;<-ii,  22S!» 
i      ■.i..al..|.  r.-;i,   iiii^S.  22'!!^ 

V  I'alini.    1477.  l.-.!)l.   \rm 

V  U  •,.  rt>.   1407.    las').   ir.'X).  22:19 


i 


'i 
M 


i.''!' 


!■'■ 


^^1 


•2Mi 


TAIJLK  «»(•■  CASES. 


Cinriiiniti,  \.  O.  A  T.  P.  TJ.  to.  v.  Samp- 

Ciii.-ifk   V.   Mcielmnts'  Woolen  f'o.,  32(i, 
■.-'s.  .-.ii,  r.4.>.  51(1,  551,  5.15,  504,  .505, 
.:7I.  ll)S2.  108.3,  KHlI),  12;i4 
C"is!i(  V  V.  Ponnsylvania  SfWir  Pipe  Co., 

liTI 
('iti/i'i;-i'    (iaslipjht    &     ITciitinc     Co.     v. 

<»  Uiicip.  7^!>,  It-iri,  1-JjO 
Cili/r'iis'  Liuht  &  P.  Co.  v.  Lcpitip,  2410 
City    of    Alpxnndria,    Tlie.    I;i35,     1374, 
1  Ml,  l."i77 
..f  N'oivvnik,  Tlio,  933,  1749 
of  St.  I.oiii.-i.  Tlu>,  7t(!),  783 
Cl.iiinin  v.  UV-lciii  V.  Tfloj,'.  Co.,  2!) 
CIniuy    V.    CiiniiUity    Coiislv.    Co.,    012, 
s:;s 
V.   ll:lrli^Oll.  234!) 
CIa])p  V.    Minnmipolis   &    St.    I..    U.    Co.. 

r::.  02'..  027,  1107,  2274 
Clare  V.  New  York  &  N.  E.  R.  Co.,  2071 
Chiik  V.  Ad.im.  2043 
V.    Miiistrotif;,  440 
V.    Umpcm.   1038 
V.   |:.-i,,„  A  A.  R.  Co.,  837 
V.  (  liin;,  .  1!.  &  Q.  R.  Co.,  370.  133!) 
V.  Di  iiiionil  Statp  Stpol  Co.,  2175 
V.    Ilu(;lies.   4,    147H,   l.Vil,    l.")!)'.! 
V.    l.i-ton,  US,  527.  54(i.  OH.   1770 
V.   M'Tiliiiiits     &    M.      Tr.in-p.     Co., 

l!ll!i 
V    Mi-MHiri  V.  R.  Co.,  001 
V.   Miiiton.  H27 

V.  Nru-  \<iik.  P.  &  B.  R.  Co.,  20.-,l 
V.  Rii'liiiic.iKl   *   1).  R.   Co.,  77,   192, 

(i42,  O.Vl.  7.-)S,  .S34,  10:'0.  1I07 
V.   I'itiT-l  iinlov  Co.,  174  , 
V.  St.  Paul  &  S.  C.  R.  Co.,  100,  103, 

<!I0.  052,   053,   070.   087,  750 
V.   \V;ili;ish   R.  (  o..  1407 
Clark  Coiintv  Cfiiiont  Co.  v.  WriRlit,  21, 
47,  1120,  1277,  1200,  1377,  2,32.),  2300, 
2303,  2308 
Clarke  v.  Holmes,  19,  53,  240,  212,  313, 
tilO.  0.!2,  043,  052,  OOO.  080.  tiSO, 
on.-).    711,    712,    728,    11.35,    118.3, 
llhO,     1107,     1200,     1205,     1207, 
l-'ON,     1210,     1211,     1217.     1220. 
1J23,  1480,  1400,  1545,  1008,  1014 
▼.  MNniifrht,  2058 
V.  r.iin.-vlviinia  Co.,  1371.  1.383 
Clarkson  v.  Musgrave,  204",  2048,  2080 
CInUop  Cliii'f,  The,  1577 
Claxlon  V.  Mowlcm,  1072,  1997,  2020 
Cl;iv    V.  (  liici-o,   B.   &  y.   R.  Co.,   1059, 

1.-..-0.   l.-,S(! 
Cl.>yai<ls  V.  Dothick,  730 
Cln\i.;nii;li  V.  Kiinsns  City,  Ft.  S.  &  At. 
1!.  (  o..  4t.-.,  030,  C58,  825,  1471,  1480, 
1.547.  1.-..T1 
t!.-:uv   V.  !).ikot.a  P:!rkin<;  Co..  869 
V.  Loiii:  Ihland  R.  Co.,  879,  764 
(  I.  til,  111  V.  lU'II,  2102 


V. 
V. 
V. 
V. 
V. 
V 
V. 


Clements  v.  Alabama  G.  S.  [ 
2000,  2070 
V.   Ijonisinna  Electric  L 
Cleveland  v.  Spier,  1802 
Cleveland,  C.  &  C.  R.  Co. 
2328 
V.   Kr.irv,    1403,    1478. 
1.570,  100.3 
Cleveland,  C.  C.  A  St.  L.  R.  ( 
515,    510.    ,'■.17,    7.10, 
1011.  2:!!il 
V.   lliiry.  .3J8.  372.  .irt; 
V,   Itrovvn,    711,    1210, 
Ii:!S.     1448.      1.-,:!.!. 
1722.  1720.  1727.  173i 
(air.  OfiS,  ISOl 
KeiiMielian,  017,  1:!10 
l.,i,\lir.   I  Ills 
>.'.■(  linfdck,  57 
>rel.:i>if;lilin,  i:i07,  1-1 
Martin.   1830.  ISIl 
Parker,  2303 
V.  Selsor,  22.  25 
V.  Sloan,  II  17 
V.   Walter,   125.  100,   101 
V.  Wanl,  1012.  1700,  17 
V.   Wyiiart.  2:;oil 
C1e\eliniir  l!o!Iiii_'   \:ill   (  o. 

.37,  5.58.  701.   I(iS7 
ClilTorcl    V.    Oeiivd.   S. 
2-30    ••■>j-j 
V.  Old    (  .  ioiiv    R. 
1.504 
Cloilfelter  v.  Stale.  2337,  23 
Closson  V.  Oal;e<,  3!0.  Sf^ 
Clouili  V.  Ill  llMi.in.  270.  :;-<i 
Clnwcrs  V.  Wilia^li.  SI.    I..  , 
220.  211.   315.   l.-i15.   1  171. 
Chine  V.  lii-'ine.  210.  3.!il.  3; 
Cliiny  V.  (  i.Miell  Mills,  01 
Clyde   V.    Itieliniond   &   T>.    1 

10S7,  1002,  22.'.4,  2342 
Cmiele«>ki  v.    .Mollenliancr 

Co.,  544 
Coal  i   Min.  Co.  v.  CI  iv,  01 

911,  941,  1721,  1772  " 
(^oal  Creek  Min.  Co.  v.   Dav 
214.     1U72.     1374.     I:'.'<5. 
1428,  1457.   1512,   1005,  2j 
Coal  Run  (  oal  Co.  v.  .Joi'..'- 

2211 
Coal  Valley  Min.  Co.  v.  \el 
Coan  V.  Miirlliorouf;li,  lo75 
Coates  V.  lliKton  &   .M.  R.  C 
910.   1218.  1040.  2245 
V.  Rnrlinfrton.   C.    R.   & 
170,  2200.  2324,  232(1, 
V.  Cliapnian.  047,  2370 
Cobb  V.  Welelier,  2102 
Cocliran  v.  Se^Js^  230,  3(iS 
CoiVee  V.  New  \iirk.  N'.  II.  i 
348.  310,    1040.   1047, 
l<i70,  20115 


I'.   4 

Co., 


ma  G.  S.  R 

1 ,  1',- 

Kloctric  Lif;: 

''n     • 

,  18G2 

.  R.  Co.  V. 

'r.i    ■ 

3.    UTS.    1! 

(  .. 

St.  r-.  R.  c 

■■  n.ik. 

■<17,    TSO,    ' 

•.    i''l 

ru-2.  :!-i;, 

!*;■•■• 

1.    !'■; 

!7--'7.  17:{ij 

■.    ]:,: 

S(14 

!M7,  l:!10 

>s 

.  r.7 

1.  i;!!i7.  M. 

'.111 

i(i.  isu 

3 

2.-, 

..  VM).  mi 

,  170(i,  170  ' 

i;ii 

\:ili  c...  V 

■•rii,'i 

.'  .'^.  1'.  4 

!'„  1 

R.    Co., 

:.  1)! 

.  2:!:i7,  2:!: 

i!0,  SIS 

.  i:7(l.  -■<". 

'.  !■'■, 

1.  St.   1,.  \ 

I;   r 

■)1.'>.  Ii71.   . 

1) 

i!i,  .•j.ii;.  :::;!! 

'17.  y, 

ills.  <U 

d   &   O.   R 

■  ■'!..  .. 

.  2.'!4-2 

leiiliauer    f- 

,Mr  n 

'o.  V.  Davi^.   ;l;i.  II'. 
I.    i:!s-,,    i:;  I.    141;. 
:,  Iiii).-),  •i-svrz.  r-<'i 
.  V.  .Jon.-.  7il.  iv.r. 

\^.  V.  Nrl-o    .  IJ-.. 
jli,  l"75 

.\I.  R.  ("p.    ■i7:i.  <«:: 
(HO.  2-H5 

V.    R.    &    '      r>    Co. 
;!i4,  2:'.-2<!,  .    'U 
47,  •2;170 
1!)2 

HI,  :i(;s 

40.    1!»47,    1     ■  .    l:*, 


r.MtUK  OK  (  Asr..s. 


iMWt 


CoffoeT.  rhillip.- 


.■inO.  10S4 


Coflmnn  v.  Cliica;;o 

v. 

Coirnn 


R,  I.  &  V.  R    <  ,... 


04_ 

.  I^iiisvillo  &   N.  H^ /;"••  V.' 
I  V.  Buniliniii, 


44    17:!ll.  21M7 


WilniiiiL'lMii    iS 


CoL'i'oll    V- 
2'M^ 
•oll.irt  V.  Rinkin,  71: 


&    \V.    1!.    Co. 


( 

CoM  Uiiii 


Civil  Co.  V.  .1(111 


1-27 


Cole  V 


Cliic\;:o 


.It,    N.   \V.    I!.   C 


(  (,lti 


V.    Rii'liMr.N,    KVIl.    17SH     17!tO, 


I  Till.  22.M 


c.iiMiU: 


Til' 


!i: 


(•(.IupiMm   .■(■    1".   S.  U.  Co.   V.    II.nvt!i..nio, 
21. 


Ci  1imil.li-  &   1.  C.  1!.  Co. 


.\i'i< 


|:;.il.    Il2i;.    liw. 


l.-ll. 


Colllll.l.' 


t'7'.i.  12SI1.  12>i2,  12;i'.i.  1: 
.   INiiiif.    W.    A     O.     1!.    ( 
KiiiC 
WnniMi     .\lf'-'.     C 


!7:!2,  174S.  2211! 


nni. 


1173,  liiii2,  \m>*.  1"''7: 


Col."    Bi 

int;2. 

rdli'inaii 


\Vi 


.,!.    4  1.- 


171 17    22.")."> 
ll'.i:!.    l.-.U, 


1()21.  H170,  1742 
V.    MiTliiitiios' 


.V  W    n.  C 
I'lli..    ['.•-■ 


Ill  i.lh.r 


.  l:ii)4. 
Hill, 

1.  743. 


■.•i\-,l.  2: 
.1.  !iJ 


Ci  uitril.u-  ,\ 

:;!.  :.l.  li: 


.\    i; 


w.i.l..  21'..  29, 


1   I-.  i;   I 


M.  270, 


■!.-.,    IIII.  2-'!lll 


Ci.h;.,,!  M- 


11.    \-.   A    T.    1!     I 


Iron 


Co.,  2301 
V.  riltsliurj; 

4  .'.7 
V    \Viliniii'_'loii 


l-'oiiii.lr.v    r 
,  C 


W 


i:.  i'.   -w  . 


r„.ii.'\iii.'  sii.ii..  <ii. 


l.;icl 


21.  211, 


C.  C.  &   St,    I..  R.  C 


C.  A-    \.  R.  Co 


II 

174, '(1.111. 


l: 
.  ((inviiL' 


021.    0. 
2.   lt.20. 


1027.    111;!, 


limi.  -J-- 


l.VJti 

(oIl'V     V. 

Id'H 


loot 


I'll;   llill  C..i!  A    I.  C. 


201 


Ndilli   till 


iliiri    R-    <<'■ 


H8(l. 


i;.  v>'..l 


2111 


WiL'toii.  2J>  ! 


nil'  V.  Cliici'-'O. 
1S2.    HI.  007 


■;t    V.  M.  &  O.  R.  (■' 
!I.->1.  1103,   1H1'< 


.•1.    U 


Co!!. Ill 


V.  li'ill.  l'i.-)S 


iilli.T    V.    SIriTiliirt. 
Ii-.IS.  1020,  1(121 


11,     ISO.-). 


l.-)Oil 


O.lliii- 


liurliii''toii 


C   R,  i  N,  R,  Co., 


h'3l 
V.  tin 

IS';; 
V,  Ciiii'"iii 


'inr:ili 
.  ISS.l 


N.  O.  &  T.  P.  R   <   ' 


_.    143S.    1417 


lOOl 


CUI-M 


li.lil,  020.  7 
Car   to.. 


Oil.  2000. 


iiiiiii 


T.   .MiMirn.  OSS 


CnOi 


.  St..    I'.iii 

1731.  1717 
!t,  V.  .Ninii'ii'an 


1  A  s.  r.  R.  c. 


Mf2.  f'- 


2  is; 

i.llv.-r    V.    Rciuisvlviiii 


ia    R,    < 


i3i;s. 


217S, 


1041, 


V,  iin  I'll- 

\Viil,.;ii- 
2JI11 
Com|.t(iii   \. 
OOS.  •.'."■* 

'.,"1-1..'  U  1 . 
■i.'hlii"  X     K 


ii; 


\ .  1 . 


(  ,..1  r 


ill.    1S!1S 
'201 


iM.l         I 


(    \  i:,  I!,  c 


I',  V. 


i-i. 


10  s. 


l..i::.  i::i: 


'.li.iii  V.  C'lO 


Ciiiii'  \ .   li.  l.i'\  111 


\1.  .\    >i 


I',  i; 


I..  \-  \v.  i; 


•jji. 


Ill     ir.71. 


I  Mi 


111.  U 


ism,  22. 
I-  V.  I.iafi' 


r,.  .->in.  22S1 


,  foil  &  I.  Co.  V.  (  ar| 


it.-..  Hliii 


.   Laiiili.  till,   \4.->3 
,.!i.   C.    R.   Co.    V 


tV.i. 


ll.r.ii 


till' 


la.lo    l':i('clilc   Co.    V 


!,iO.!.ii>.    4.V2. 


lUli.  i; 


2270 


Cnldiii.lo   I'ucl  i    111'"   I  "^-  Ciiiii'iili'j; 


(ira 
Sil,-,,  12011 


tol.r 


.,lo  Mi.llaii.l  R.  <  «> 


\;ivl. 


,  01 : 


li;;.-..  1.-.27 
V.  O'lSriiii. 


l-,lii.  l-.-^i 
21.   00 


,'.i.  01-. 


1040 


12:;ii, 


1241.      1120,     1.-.27 


Coir.'!. 


1'.   i:    < 


i!iis.  r«2ii 


Cult 


I..V    V, 


i;  III.  1, 1 1, 


r 


T.MI.   1221.  2.;. 
•1.11.1.   1117.   I 


Conliii   \ .   I  luiiu'.-Mii, 


l:;.„i. 


1372. 


li 


Coiil.m  V.  I 


l-'l;'.li' 


m    \    S. 


.).    1! 


,l,l~...'n\v,    IS" 


Miort   l.iiio   i   C.   N.    R. 


2ii2."> 
ConiK'llv   V 


-inicv    IJIHK 


Faitli.  !<2t 


Co.,   1800,  21100, 


llamiltmi  \V..ol.ii  I  o..  000,  1030. 


(■o'<. 


1.".  Hi,  15S3 
i.lo  Mill,  k  F.li'vator  Co.  v.  Mitcli- 
oil,  11!)3,  l.i45.  1583.  ISOO,  1030.  lOl't 
20.-.3 


ColKon  V.  Graver,  .582.  1239 


1072 
V.  Mii'.iif 


•poli 


Coiiners  v.  Uni  linf-'ioii 


istirn  R.  Co.,  13ti7 
f.  R.  4  N.  R.  t  », 


.  1.20.  so:: 


Coiiliu 


illy 


Daviil-iMi,  i:iHl 


\  i 


I'  I  ,' 


i  «! 


1t- 


25U6 


TABLE  Ob'  CAMIS. 


If 


«  oni.ollv  V.  Kliirod^'c  .■>:t2.  llllia 
V.  jinnror,  1  >.'!!> 
V.  roillon,  1214 

V.  WiililKiin,  'JOm:!,  2:i:t;i 

V.  ^imiijrs  I'iiiiiliii  \Af:hi  &.  >tinoriil 
Oil  lo..  1122.  2(1  ni 
C.iiiK.r    V.    ('lie  .;;..,   It.    1.   &    IV    It.   Co., 

;iii:(,  issd 
V.  ^i.lll■.ll■ls,  :!ii.  :!ir>,  ntr..  i..:i« 

Coniioisi  V.  l)iirite  Mf^.  Co..  H:!ll 

V.  Kliiiiiii.  C.  &  .\.  U.  I  II..  2i;2.  2:ii, 
2i:i!t 

V.  Ciillvv,  .'ir.ii.  .".i;i.  .">::? 
V.  lloMiii,  i:'..-.2 

V.   Moil. III.  ^i:!.  414.  5:52.  1120,  1127 
(omiul    V.    C.t.ty.   420,    42!l,   2074,   2:!,i7, 

2;Hi2,  2Mi;'.t 
Cm  roy  v.  (  liiitori,  RS.'l.  lOSO 

V.  Xiilciin    iron    Works.    75!*.    772. 
12tlS,  1211.  1212.  1217.  141S 
Coii.oy  C:iM'.     Sio  New  Knijliind  It.  Co. 

V.  Conioy 
('ori^oli(liil<"<l  Coal  &  Min.  Co.  v.  I'lnyd, 

7nn,  743,  (111,941,  172->.  1772 
Consolid  del   Co.al    Co.   v.    Hokninp.   797, 
799,  878.  119;i,   lllii;.  2181 
V.  lioiinpr,  2.120 

V.  r.riioo,  1099.  11.").1,  llC.l.  1855 
V.  Ciirson,  2190 
V.  finilxT.    .'■)27,     .'540,     1424,     1484, 

l.'ir.l,  15S5 
V.  lliuiirii.  2Cit').  278,  .^.'iO,  5,-)5,  .')9(t, 
621,  in.'->4.  127(1.  1279.  128(i,  2294 
V.  M;ul.l,  2s:i.  21:i7,  2198 
V.  Sclu-ilior,    2:tl.     2-.0,     .•(lO,     1008, 

220(i.  2:l(i,">.  21174 
V.  SclicUcr.   21.   23,   282,   :«)3,   535, 

2187,  2198 
T.  Seiiicrer,  411,  418 
V.  Woinbiiplicr.  315,  53S.  1450.  1400, 

1484,  1550.  15S5,  ItiyO,  1097 
V.  Young,  28(1 
V.  YuriR,  2198 
Consolidated    Ice    Much.   Co.    v.    Kiefer, 

220,  249,  323^  319,  2221 
Consolidated    l\:\nsi,«   City   Smeltinj;   & 
Rof.  Co.  V.  IVtcrson,  1110.  1519,  1530, 
1544,  1505,  1.589 
Consolidnlid  Slone  Co.  v.  Kwlmon,  805. 
1281,  2401 
V.  Williams.  2304 
Consolidfttpd  Street  R.  Co.  v.  Muier,  272 
Continont'il  Trust  Co.  v.  Toledo,  St.  L. 

*  K.  C.  K.  Co.,  499,  1104 
CoM«ay  V.  Urlf.ist  &  N.  Counties  R,  .Jo., 
503,  HH.i,  l.';04.  1534,  1508,  1570 
V.  Cliirano  Cw.  \V.  K.  Co.,  740 
V.  Cliiiieiice,  1902 
V.  Fiirst.  012.  041,  10.32 
T.  Hannihal  &  St.  J.  R.  Co.,  87,  89 
V.  New    \o!k   C.   4    II.   K.    R,   Co., 
1779,  1817 
i^ook  V.  11.11,  77,  113,  1.52,  OlS.  9S.-) 


Cook  V.  UuUion  I'.rck  &  C.  Min. 
929 
V.  Duncan.  1054,  2304 
V.  Cordon.  2nS0 
V.  North     Mefropolilin    'I 
Co.,  2050.  21100,  20(11.  2o 
V.  rarliani,  431 
V.  St.  Louis    I.  M.  &  S.  1! 
V.  St.    Paul,  M.  &   M.   l;. 
749.  1231,  1234.  1241,  I. 
1.528.   1.54fi.   1590 
V.  Stark,  1999 
V.  Wcj-tern  &  A.  R.  Co.. 
2332 
Cooke    V.    I.alauce    Grosjean    ' 

2203 
Coolhrot.h 

000 
Cooinlip   V. 


V.  Maine  C.  R.  Co., 


Fitdilmr^  II.   Co.. 

1S.5.  070 

V.  Xt'W    Ileilford    Cord^me 

157,  205,  200,  54.3.  5:.l. 

052.  CSO,  794.  1083.  109 

Coon    V.    Syracuse    &    W    T*.    ( 

1312.  1310.  llKliI.  1431.  17.lt. 

Cooney  v.  Cvcal  N<ii-tli(  rn  K.  ( 

Cocntz  V.   .\li-soiui   1*.  R.  Co.. 

7.35.  1C13,   1708.  2377 
Coojicr  V.  Knller.  778,  1107 
V.  Central    1!.   Co.,   23.   2 

241.  483 
V.  Crane' 2100 
V.  Davenport.  2100 
V.  Haniillon    Mfj;.    Co., 

1731.  1H02,  2392 
V.  Mcdoxeru,  2144 
V.  Milwaukee  &  P.  d>i.  C 

1309.  1732,  1741 
V.  Mullins,   1330,   1.304,   1 
V.  Xeu  York,  0.  &  W.  R. 

22.38 
V.  Pittshurfrh,  C.  &  St.  1 
591,  592,  1014,  1050,  17( 
V.  Portlier   ISrc'winj;   Co., 

028,  005 
V.  Wabash  R.  Co.,  2034 
V.  Wri;;ht,  2133 
Coots  V.   Dilioit.  942,   1337,  1 
Copilliorrie    v.   Hardy,   229.    i: 

19H1.  2300 
Coppiii>;  V.  New  York  C.  &  U. 
21.  79.  400,  401,  402,  411, 
2251,  22..9 
Corliett  V.  St.  Ixuiis.  I.  M.  & 
13S5.  1409 
V.  Siiiit.li.  700 
Corliin  v.  W  inomi  &  St,  P.  R 

2.52,  819 
Corcoran  v.  Bo.-lon  &  A.  R.  C< 
V.  Delaware,   L.  &  W.  R. 

.-.O.-i.  1370.  1732.  \l.iH 
V.  Kiist  Surrey  lrou«iiiks 
2015 


i   ' 


,  I.  M.  A  S.  K  1 0., 


St.  P.  R.  Co..  -M. 


TAlil.K  OK  ("ASES. 


2567 


Corcornn    v.    Holbrook,    4fi,    :?14,    HSr,,  Ciwaii  v.  rnilHiRog  Pulp  Co.,  209,  310, 


140.1,     14!)8,     l.">)4.     l.ili!!.     ICOO, 

i(;i3.  Kiin,  ifi2n,  \i;:z 

V.  >ri1«anUo(>    C;aslin;lit    Co.,    1205, 

1222 
V.  Now  York,  X.  H.  &   H.  R.  Co., 

-107,  497,  i:i07.  22!i 


14.-.0,   l.'.nn,   1003,  2246,  22Gi 
V.  Inion  I*.  U.  Co.,  194 
Courii  V.  Kiiv.  930,  2040 
Cowliill  V.  Uobcrts,  103.S,  1125 
Cowlcr  V.  Morctliy  Coal  Co.,  913,  1978. 
20,-)4 
V    WananKikcr.   122,   129,217,270.    C(i.vl(-<  v.  Cliic:i^'o,  U.  T.  4  P.  R.  Co.,  .1S4. 
.11)4  I  (I.-.3.  (;'.I2,  700.  84.">,  92,'> 

Coi.lcliTi  V.  Ttwvcr,  2318  v.  ni.limoii.l  &   1).  R.  Co.,  20,  1420. 

(or,.   V,    Oliio  "liivcr   R.    Co.,    317.    410,1  1402,  1479.  10(i2 

|-ii.i   ■'■>)4    •>•{];{  Cowlov     V.     XewiiiiirUi't     Local     Btiaril, 

(Vi'l<.v\"'Coirniaii,  1144.  1147  |      2tS2.  2IS;; 

(nriu'ilson  V.  Kaslivn  K.  Co.,  In.").'..  MI7.    (  o\   v.   (  Uic  ii.;o  &   N.   W.   R.   Co.,  21I;>, 

l.VJO  I            -■-'" 

roincr  V.  BvnJ.  2419.  2423  v.  Cicat  Wistcni  15.  Co..  203."..  2(lU 

Omiin"' V.  limilfn,  19.->l  i          v.  Iliiinilloii  Srw.r  l'i|>.-  Co.,  2019, 

Coniwan   V.  Charlotte,  C.  i    .\.   V.  Co.,                2023,  2047 

S7'(    1''57  ^'-  I^vctiitp  (iraiiitc  Co..  1244,  14tiS, 

Ono'na  v.  Galveston,  11.  &  S.  A.  R.  Co.,  I              1484.  l.l.-.O.  l,-..-i2,  \:m 

I'jCj)  Covlf    V.   A.   .\.  (Jrilling   Iron   Co.,  2i2, 

Corson  v.  Coal   Tlill  Coal  Co..  21,  232,        '        1033,  lU.i 


V.  Pittsburgh,  C.  C.  &  St.  h.  R.  Co., 
s.-.i 

CoviK'  V.  Union  P.  R.  Co..  44.5.  014,  1230. 


1790.  219'l 
V.  Maiiio  (\  R.  Co..  399.  402 
i',i-.'rove  V.  ritinan.  417.  2157.  221  i 
CWlmon    V.    Dunf.o.    132,   211.    ■-•273,!      1234.    1352,    1371,    1.-.23,    1.V27,    l.-)3., 

..;,77  I      l.-).'i2.  1.-.78.  1701.  2233 

(nUett  V.  lA^dnc  2122.  2124,  242'i  ;  Cr.ilicll   v.   Wapello  I  oal   Co..  749.  700, 

(„4a  V.  Pacific  Coast    Co.,   1049,    1008.!      hC,7,  220U 


Crad.loik  v.  lx>iiisvmr  &  N.  U.  Co..  lS8.-> 
Craig  V.  Chie.i;.'o  A   A.  1!.  Co..  410.  4;'.0, 
801.  1727,  2240.  22.'>9,  220il 
V.   I,!illin  A.   It.  Powder  to..  231(! 
V.   Lake  Krie  &  \V.  R.  Co.,  !i.-.l.  2178 
Craiiilall  v.  C.reat  Xortliern  R.  Co..  2221 
V.  "Mcllriith.  42.-).  2320 
V.   New   York.   N.    II.   A   11.    K.   (  o.. 
1S3,  027,  042.  8.H 
V    Watson  Coal   Co.    413,  41.").  410.  Crane   v.   Cl.ieafio.   M.   &    tU.    P.   R.   Co. 
'  0.7(10  (Minn.)   2124 

Cmi.'lilin    V.     r.liunetitlMt.     2372.     2373.,  v.  (  hieago.    M.    &     St.    P.    R.    Co. 

I  Wis.)   474.  2128 
V.   Mi-voiiri    P.    R.    Co.,    199,    778. 
2301.  2;!0.>.  2.309 
Crivon  V.  Mavers.  131.  1871 

V.  Sir.itli,'     -,.-)(!.     777,     1021,     102s. 
1330.  13.37,  220S 


2202 
(  o^tello  V.  .Tnilson.  .'i32.  577 
lotp  V.  Lawrence  .Ml'i;.  Co.,  787,  2000 
Cotliill  V.  Chiaiso.  -M-  &  St.  P.  R.  Co., 

!i:!l.  937 
luucli  V.  Charlotte.  C.  &   A.  R.  Co..  74. 
177,  .597.    1295.    1443.    10(14.    UHK'. 
V.  Steel.  239.  203.  273,  2182.  21<4. 
2185,  23.57,  2300 


2.375 
V.   Ronton  Ton-  lioat   Co..  2072 
V.  Rruokhn     ileiglit^    R.    Co..    218. 

283,  817 
V.  Caiiil-ii.l'.'e,   029.   (i04.   851.    liiOT. 
2032.  2<i41.  2047 
(  .mllanl  V.  Teciim  eh  V    is.  5(i3.  lOOI 
1  oal  son  V.  l>poiiar.l.  1  I..8.  14S(1.   1517 
(..Miisell  V.  Hnll.  119.!,  1194.  12ilt.   12(15. 

1200.  1213 
I  iiniitrvnian  v.   Kast  Tcriness,.,.  \'.  &  C.. 

U.  Co.,  1901) 
■nurse  v.  \(\v  York.  L.  K.  &  W.  R.  Co.. 

1755.  2230 
("iMliiev  V.  Cornell.  1072.  1777 
I'ovev  V,   ll.'.nnibal  &   St.  ,).  R.  Co..  2:1. 
2(i!  209.  29  L  312.  310,  .502,  071.   1031 
1124.  11.50.  1100 
Ccivin-lon  &  C.  Bridge  Co.  v.  Goodiii-:l-.( 

3,19' 
lowan  V.  Chicago,  il.  &  St.   P.    R.   (  o 
355,  2258 
Vol.  U.  M.  &  S.— 80 


(raver  v.  Cliristian.   120.   141.  205.  200, 

JOS,  539,  749.  1113 
(  lawlord  V.  Detroit,  G.  R.  A  W.  R.  Co.. 

i;7,3 

V.   llonston  &  T.  C.  R.  Co..  8,57,  8.-.8 
V.  S(e«art.   1732,   1791,  2251 
V.  Tlie  Wells  (  ity.  921 
CriMiiieiv    Package   Mfg.   Co.    v.    llolsen- 

|.i!l.r,'2:!.-.9 
t  reliarry  \.  National  Transit   Co..  01 
Criivv  V.  llannav  s  Patents  Co..  2194 
(le-a'n     v.     .Marslon.    2"7,    1744,     1808, 

ls(i!i.   1817 
,,....:    V.  I  i,iiM-o  i  W.  M.  R.  Co.,  222, 

iii7 


S     ' 


m 


d 


istut 


TABLK  or  CASli;?4. 


■    i.1 


ii 


'11 


I 


Cio««oll  V.  \Vilmii)'.'tnn  A  \.  T!,  (  ....  ii."il,  I  Cmnlioilnml    \';ill<.>     I!     Cn.    v. 

b.lt'i,  <1!1!>,  il72,  IIlill.  Jii  s,  -.-.iid  ISiiil,  18ti0 

C'p  w    V.  St.  Ijouis.  K.  li   N.  \\     !!■  to..    C'litnmiii'js  v.  Hiionso  1^  N.  \V 

l:!il.  lt;.S7.   HISS.  :i-Jl.-|.  2-.'..'i  |  i-'J.'^l 

CiirliiMti  V.  Kcir.  140.  5SI.  ti:iS.  ti-iri,  (■.■.(i,  v.  Collins,  C2.j.  li-JR,  Tni.  i; 

(is:.  1007.  I'-'JO  2;ifl5 

Ciipps  V.  .liiiL'i'.  liiri;!.  lOlil.  ini'iO  |  Cumiiston  V.  'I'pxns  A   P.  I!.  Co. 

Cii^pin    V.     Itnl.l.itt.    i:ilii.     i:il7.     niO.  ;  Ciinaril  S.  S.  Co.  V.  Cany.  2-'i; 

i:!iii.    1  l!i:i.    U1I7.    I.*i4;i.    I'l'.ii.    l."i.'>7.  '  (  \iiiniii';liiuii    v.    riilli    Imn    \\ 


l.-.r,r>,    i.-.iix.    i.-i70.   I."i7l,   l.">7.i,    15s:i. 

lllOO.  1U02.  Ilil3.   17tlti.   I7:I4 
CiN«iv  V.  ll.Mtciiiviltr.  M.  &  v.  I'a^H.  R. 

Co..' 801 
Ciiswill    V.    Moiitanii    C.    K.    Ci..    1441. 
l.")!i!l    20SH 
V.  ritt'-liinjrli.   C.   &    St.    I,.    11.    Co.. 
401.  .".11.   1407,    14S1     1.-.4H.    lliOS. 
lt;S(i 
rrook.t    V.    naiiUs.    :t7.    701.   80:!,    102.-.. 

moi 

Ci.i,,r   \.    I>ii-(y   &   .T.  Co..  27.   4i;     l.'iO. 

,iS2.  2201 
Cio'l  V.  .Molii-'oil,  T.  &  S.  1''.  n.  Co..  Ii20. 

•  102.  S4(i,  2120 
Ciosslidd  V.  'ruiian.  2172 


11.-.    207.    r.:i2.    .-.ii. 
22 1 C.  2:;27 

V.  ciii.'.M.'o.  M.  &  St.  l>.  i; 

V.   Kl     IMIt    lliii!;;c  Work-. 

1070.  1770 
V.    I.^  I'll    S-     1!.    SI1V.-1    U.    ( 

10ii2.  1!MI7,  220S 
V.    M'ilii<,'i.i.  2102 
V.    MiTiiriiap   Papor  Co..  I'. 
V.  Siiiliati      .\s;.lmll       l'a\ 

ll.-.i.  1700.  2:J04 
V.  1  nioii  P.  n.  Co.,  2.!2.  ; 

K'lOO 
V.   Wa'.liin'j-ton  'Mills  Co.. 
Ciintcr  V.  Gri>i;iti\illi'  Mf;r.  <  •■ 
Cinl.y   V.    Iloir,    10(10,    13,-iO.   1: 

loo'o.  loio 


Cross   Lake   l.oyviii;;  Co.   \.  .Iomi-.   1210 
CrMii><>  V.  Cliicauo  i  N.   \>'.   U.  Co.,   172.    (in  ran    v.    .\.  II.   Stan;;r   (  o.. 
78(1    O.'iO  i  ^-   Mcii'l"!"''"'    ^"--    *  "■• 

Crone  v.   N.nv  York  C.  &   II.   It.   11.  Co.,  |  41."..   1270.  i:i:;s 

471     108    (io;!,  7.-).-|.  1837  !  V.   Wan  I'll    Chemical    i!t 

Crov    ■■:    V.' Thoiiia..^.   228.  277.   270.   rUC.  j  2200 

;:io.    (.■.2.  17(;.l.  22.-)C..  2:t;M  l  Current    v.    Miss.iiiii    P.    K.    I 

Cro>\lev  V.  .\ii|ileti.ii.  :!07  2:i(il 

V.   !!iirliiii:ioii.    C.    I!.    &    V.    P.    Co..  |  Cnrric  v.  Coittino.  2121.  242.") 
8S:i.  22:'.o  I  (  iirr\  v.  Cliira^'o  i>^  N.  \V.  K.  C 

V    Ciii'oi".    1214.    1002.   2oo:!.  2004,Uurt'is  v.  Cliicino  &  X.   U .   1! 
ool-.  I  (-.27.    ti:!7.    8.-.t>.    000.    11 


V.    IV.ili.'  Mills,  .'.4.-..   lo7C..    lo>*(i 
Cronii    \.   (lir.   .->40.   .-.(13.   (i41.  (H.-..   7o2. 

l(t7o.   MSI.  1008 
(roup  (  o.l  to.  V.  lliles.  21:!.  :i22.  lil.t 
(.■rmiilev  \.  Cincinnati,  H.  &   I).   I!.  Co., 

2.i2:i' 
Criw.Ue  V.  Piiu'"i.  410 
(  riilililleld    V.    UieliinoiKl    &    D.    R.   Co., 

207.  722.  72.-..  720.  743.  7i;4.  22.->8 
(  iv-lal    Ire  Co.  v.  Sherlock.   1404.   l.->f.2, 

'l.".00 
Cmlaliv    Packiiic    to.    \.    .\lai\aii.    702. 

1070 
t  (illeii   \.   .Vatioiial  Sheet  Metal  Roofinft 
I  o..  22.  241.  O.-.l.  0.-i7 
>.   Norton.    7C.4.     124:!.    1448.    1404, 
l.-.r.O.  KIOI,  1728.  17,'!8,  1740 
Cdl'iepl"'""   *•    Internal  ioiml   &   C.    N.   K. 

Co     O.-.l,  9t!7.  20!».->.  2007,  2242 
Cuivir  V.  .Mal.ama  .Mi. Hand  R.  Co.,  100,"., 

200.! 
Ciimherlaiid   i    P.   R.   Co.   v.   State.   20:i, 

502.  -.07.  Ii21.  l;!12.  l:i.-.0.   1402,   l.'.Oli. 

li-.Ol.  18111 
CuirlieiUind  Telenli    to.  v.  1..   niiir..  Hi. 2,'  Dal.'  v.  St.  Loiii,,  K.  C   &  X.  1 

1107  till.  744,  1125,  llo3,  1142, 


1148.  Illi7.  ■2200 
V.  Kiliy.   l(i:»l 
Ciwhnian  v.  Cii>limaii.  li'l.  21: 
C\|.lier  '. .   lliintingtuii  &    iv    1 

■foal  Co..  810 
Cyprii.-',  The,  78.3 


n. 

na.-pv  V.  Xea   Voik,   N'.  TI.  * 
1101.  10(»2.  1072.  227.-..  ■. 
V.  Old  Colony  R.  Co.,  2o:! 
PaeHter  v.  Meelianics'  Planing 

r.(is 

Danenai-i  v.  Iloiile.  2410 
Dahlke  v.  Illinois  Steel  Co..  1' 
PaiL'le  V.    I.awreliie  -Mfg.  Co.. 

10(12 
Mailev  V.   Burlington  &  M.  Hi 
'  0.!7 

V.    Preferred     Masonic     > 
.\S90.,  2202 
Diillv  V.  Wut-oM,  -JKin 


i;     Cn.    V.    Myns 

3  i   N.   \V    I!    fo 

'iS.  701.  1217,  •:r,(;2 

P.  n.  Co.,  !17,  W, 
i'illrv.   2211 

I    liun    Wcik-.  r.r 
I.     .".11.    Ill  I,     liiyj 


nrr  Co.,  (17^.  7|:! 

1)4 

Co.,  2:!2,  3Ui.  Msi 

tills  re.  1P,:il 
.'  Mf?.  (  ....  Ii;l4 

I,  I3r>n.  i:i7(i.  i.-.n!. 

in;;..   C.i..    I(i:i.  121  > 
Hi.'.   (■>..    ■'•'y-i  '■•'■>- 

S 

nical    &    .\liL'    r.. 


121.  242.-> 

C.  \V.  K.  Co..  l!)(i;i 

X.  \v.  i;.  ( ....  1.1.! 

i.    !IOi).     lllHi.    lUi 
n.  liil.  212.  .".11, ->": 

jii  i  1-..  '1.  .'.I.  i;  J 


.\".  11.  X  n  V  1. 

■■>.  'i27.">.  227'.' 
[.  Co.,  2(i:)il.  20.'.1 
s'  I'laiiin^'  Mill  (.. 

J419 

....I  Co.,  1711 

Mfg.  Co..  (14(1.  Mil 

1  &  M.  Klver  K.  I  " 

l:i  sonic    Miit.    Acii 

C   &  X.  15.  Co.  2h 
33,  1142,  \\i».  lliii 


T.\HI-K  OF  CASKS. 


236!» 


Pntey  T.   Amovioiin   IMiitinK  Co..    1H117.J  l).i\i.l-oii  v.  Soii!l..iii  IV  Co,  179,  G2 


18U,1.  I«7n,  2274 


Bofton 


&  A.  R.  Ci 


1440,   |-.!)|   ,  1). 


Wriuht.  1110' 
ill 


1(174.  1721).  lfiS2.  1S(M1.  ISK),  1S17 
V.   l!ro«n,  4«.i.  4(111.  47.'>.  137(1.  MIT 

1(101 
V.  S.liiii'f.   12(iS 


IviT.  20. 


2ii7(l 


V.   Ij.  .Iiii.d.  2:i.-.7 

V.  (Iiulitli,  121.11,  22l.i 


V.  ( ). .  line 


S.  S.  ( 


•1 


DriUieini 

Dallus' 


^.  1.1 


(1!IS 


I'.ll,: 


lloil    i;i..\;iti;  ','    Co, 


,-.S(l 


Gulf,  C.   &.   S.    F.   R.   Co..   3li:l.  I  l),ni« 


Vii.'^Kla    !•■. 


ISJIl.  2  !<t!l 
Diillii-.  (  ily  R.  «"o.  V.   Ilicmiiii.  4()it 


;llli  I'lllll 


1     V. 


linlfrlilt.   202.   (12S.    701, 


lIlHl,  ISdrt.  2.(2(1 
n:ill.'/  'ct  Voi<>i'.  2424_ 

Pnltnn 


.0 


V.  r.iilliinori'  \  O.  1! 


so.    111. 


114.  201. 


."iO"i.  .V.)(l. 
I0:12,  10i;i 


.0,,  (io:i 


Uioii- 


207 


l)..lv 


V.  Atliintio.  M.  &  O.  11.  Co.. 
Alcxnmlpr  Smitli  &  Sons  C:ii|ict 


Co. 


.104 


V.  Ci'iiliiil     \"i  rni..!!     H. 
14)S.     l.-.l(i.     i.-.ii.     i; 
1(11  1.  KmS.   Iili.s.   ISd.-). 


1031. 


31(1, 

liUKl, 


V.  lloston  &   A.  R.  (o..  1(139 
V.  Mailer  Mfj;.  Co..  ISd!) 


Kill. 


10.V2 


V.  I.nc,  148,  228,  2!lli.  .321 


.  X..\v 
20.'i2 


.Icispy  Stii'l  &.  1.  Co..  2045 
7.  1117 


V.  (  liii-.igo   St.    I'.    M.   i   ().    11.   I  o., 

IS41 
V.   (  ..limiliia  A  (',.  1!.  Co..   IS8.  2311 
V.   l).lioit    &    M.    R.   C...    2114.   21111. 

431.    431.     (118,    (1,-,(1,    r.>2.     1233, 

22'.l.'i.  231 1 
V.   V.iti.i.-.  r.Ml.  liS8.  717.  O'.IO.   1020, 


l)ll!;l 


Sto.i.luril,  2110 

V.    Ciovii    I'oiiit    IriKi    Co..    1(18(1. 
17211,   1731,   17(13 


li|ii2.  ll'Sii 


V.  Cr 


ili: 


III. 


1217 


Nrw 


Voik  C.i:  11.  R.  R.  C 


IS, 


I...  l!..i  :\lit 

Mli'...  Si; 


.  lliii;;  Co..  lool 


III 


13111.   17(18 
..lio  V.  Sonttiprn  P.  K.  Co.,  ."lO.I 


Mil-., 

\un:ili-:.iii 


Ml"    (  o.,   172'.i.   IVllO 

,il    J(     (  ..U.-    Co.. 


^W.  875, 


027 


'10.  Ii- 


,1   V.  Cli..-^. 


like  ,!t  O.   R.  (  . 


ik     I..    K.  .V    Vv.   R.   ( 


ill,-)    1420,   14:: 


1428.   l.'i.'il.   lili  8 


2'S  t 


V.  Koi^vlli.  8(11.  10(12 


V.  Mi'trop 


.litiin  U.  Co.,  2208 


V.  Owiin  (  oal  Co..  2172 
i):mii.|s  V.   llii-iiiil,   1800 

V.  UiliiiT  Mfu'.  to.,  2204 

V.  Union  P.  R.  Co.,  .338.  1301.  U'lS 
Dant?lf.r  v.  De  U.anU'lrlicn  Coal  &.  I.  (-O., 

190.).  2000 
Ihniisrr  \.  M.  s,.1!or  &  Co..  830 


Dail.v  V.  Diiiipun. 


r,C>i.   1400.   1(172 


ili.   \.    II.  K'i    II     I!.   Co. 

I'.IO!.    lli'M.    2'"iil.   21137 


V.   I'liil    Union 


I-: 


( 


."i.-^O.  1110 


^1.  l....iU.  I.  M.  \ 


ill..  ^     III 
I!.  C.I 


-l...r 


1st. 


.  |||7(1.  1 117 

It.  II    l-!;ll 


.1     Il.ll.i.l    TiMIIMl     R. 


4011 


4113.  IT 


Dinciv  V.  I'aiiiioi's'  Lninlipr  I'o.. 


.  UJ.   .  I 


l)Ai.,v  V.  1j 
Diirliii'.'  V.   Ni.\v 

1.-.0,  ini.  11' 


M;in.l  R.  Co..  87.  200 
Voik,    P.   &    H.    1!.    Co.. 


1  ,  IVr.  i<n 
I  l);iv  V. 


\\.-t.'-n  1!.  Co.  of  .\l  .l..ini;i.  7H0, 
12.-..-..  12.-.7 
n   X.   II,...  i.  I-...1.  2:;nil 

(1  M  I  ....I.  I-.  (•    ,V   Si.  I,.  R    «'<)., 


ll!2!l.    lii'l 


Ihrracott    v.    Cln-niiciikp   &    ( >.    R.   Co.. 


I); 


KUl.  .-|ll.-).  0.-.4 


Vi.ik  &  X.  K.  i:.  c 


;inmiin  v 
1.J21.  1.-.S3.   lr,l2.  KISS.  1(100 
Dartniontli  S]. inning  Co.  v.   Ailior;!.  (17 

100.  (llli 
Daul.  V.  Noillioin  P.  R.  Co..  M.').').  1.577 
ll:iii..'l.iiu    V.    Mi.llnnil   Stool    Co..    1214, 


12  IS 


r);i 


SontlHin    P.   Co..    1443,    1582, 


lr.12.  1(118.   17.-)S.    1010 
n:iv..v  \.  IImM  &   M.  Co..  802 


U.M.I. 


I.'iii.lon  i  S.  \V.  R.  Co..  2.320 


111!  V.  CoriK' 


II. 


107.  045,  711. 


71.-).  10,32,  1073,  22.-)3 
V.  Davidson,  2200.  2310 


V.  i)..ii..;  II. .  2". 

V.    lliiiM.....!  Sli. 
V.  O'A.ii.  .-.'lO 


.1   IV  1 


I).    K.   1 


illiil.  IT.-. 
ir-1;    V.    Mil'.  I 


I.:.!   \   <l.  .1 


in:: 


14TJ. 


1  1-2 


1  ."'  I  I 


l.'.OS.  l.-.!i'.i 
,  il.v    V.     PI., 

l.3i;l.  i:ii;2.  IV 

iclfi   V.  Olil;ii ... 
101.-.  2!'ii 


.1.1, 


\    I:    i; 


I.-,  :i 


11112. 


iiitli.  I'.iini 


V.    I'll. 


I ;:  I  ..il,  i:!.-ctri..  l-iirlit  & 


P   1 


1443.  l.iTO 


.1.     14 


143 


1430 


f  !  ■! 


^W^ 


2579 


TAHLH  Ol'  CASKS. 


V 

Tin- 


'A, 


I>(f  Tlorry  v.  Cnroliim  C.  R.  Co.,  T'lS 
IVontnr  Cur  Wlii-I   &   Mf;T.  Co.   v.   .Mi- 

iiMdcv,  loon.  -jo;-. 

Docntuf  Cereal  Mill   Co    v.    r.claml,  28. 

53S 
lie  Co=ta  V.  Ilarpravci  Mill-.  lO.'iO.  1074 
Dedrirk  v.  Mi<>^.>iiri  P.  11.  Co.,  ,Tt9 
Dwds  V.  Chicnpo,  R.  I,  i  P.  R.  Co.,  TOO, 

050,  n.").) 
l)ppp  Jlin.  &  DiaiiiiiL'f  Co.  v.  Kit/;;,  i aid, 

77S,  i,'i:to,  i.v.o.  ir>.-.s.  i.-..v.i.  f.s:; 

Ilorrin!;  v.  CanfioM  &   W.  Co..   7(14,  S7rt 
DoForost  V.  .Trwilt,   142.    177,  '2!t.'>,  C.Ol, 

CS7,  77.%  1104 
Dc  Forfro  V,  Now  York.  N.   H.  &  II.  R. 


iLnvpr  (^onsol.  Elcotrie  Co.  v. 

.'!>.  .11 
.»  mvr.   S.   r.   \    1>.   n.   Co.   V. 
14X-,,   1.V27,  l.^ijl,   ir)Sn 
v.  WiNoM,  efliiS 
!)...nrr,  T,   &    Kt.    \V.   R.   Co.  - 
.'■2t.  JII.  u>H',.  J,-,!,  i:,!.  37S, 
;i1j!  II.-O,  II  I'.i 
Diiiv.r,  T.  A-  li.  R.  Co.  V.  Sim 

\T.U.  l-J.i'f.  lil><.  l.'>s:! 

Df'ivrr    TiaiMWMV    c,i.     v.     Ci 

•JMl.  T'lK.  li.lu'.  Iti7.1 

V,   .Vi-I.il,  111.'-.  -0(1.  !n-J!i,  1 

V.  (>"l;n.ii.  'iii'.i.  IIJ-.'.  l:!7 

llriiiH'  V.  (  lii'M:-..,  i;.  I.  &  I",  i; 

!1J1.   1S!).-|.   ■.Mli;.   21  H 


Co.,  204.->  I       •; ,;■    -    ■       -■;     „     , 

Ve""  V.  MIHland  R.  Co.,  l.W,  1S40,  l'^."i2,    Diil-y   v,   KiMlnky  (  ,   F,.   ( 

f85(i,  18.i8  I       l!'<M"2,  imi 

Dofrnan  v.  .Toidan,  743.  ISC),") 
Dp  r.rafT  v,  \pw  York  C,  &  II.  R.  R,  Co,, 

20.  220,  271.  204.   aS4.  .'iC..'!,  ."i04.  702, 

7nn,  ut'ut,  inns,  22!i.i,  22!i,").  2209 

Di'liiii'i"     V.     Detroit     Hri.l^rc     &     Iron 

Works,  on.  fit! 
Deikinnn  v.  Morgan's  L,  A  T,  R.  &  S.  S, 

Co.,  2:127 
Dpiscnrioter    v,    Kraii.'S  Morkel    Malting 

Co.,  301.  .'■.3S 
Delancv  v.  lliartt,  17.50 

v,"lIillMii,  ,114.  .lis.  22S0 
Dp  Tji    ViriiUP    R.'fri'.'i.ralii!'/   Mapli.   Co. 

V.  Strilil,  i.'!:',  t>10,  22i;7.  2:'.S!t 
Delawnvp    .V     II.    Canal    Co.    v.    Carroll. 

14,3,-),  11.tM1,'>3 


Deriiiiv  V.  New  Ndik  C.  &    11. 

uo;:.  i(i;!2 

n.ii-  V.  I.rlii;'!i  \'all.-y  1!.  C".. 
Derviii  v.  lli  riniin.  2!7.  .'lU'.  1 
l)i-clicnes  \.  C'liunnl  \  M.  11. 
I)i-(ia)if   V.  Crrrillo-;  (  iiU    I!. 

ll.")l.  KUIO 
Dp=i:irilinH   v.   Citi/eiw'    l.i/'t 

2118 
Dc    Soiiza    V.    St  ill'Drd    Mill-, 

(•.70.  703.  inss 

Dc-l'ill-    V.   Cllic:!!.'".  M.   '^    !^'- 

2127 
nesroclu-   V.  finutliirr,  2121,  '. 
IVtrnit    i    M.    R     C,>.   V.   V.ui 

.>.»c-. 


Delaware   River    lion  Sl.i|.   Rid','.    &    Kn-  1  H.  irr.it    Cni.I Hi!    Co.     v.    (Ii 
trine  Woiks  V.  Xnttall.   120.  20H.   lOti:!  I       1    :!i.    11.11 


Dp^Ia^le  V.  Waril.  740.  1040,  104 » 
Dell  V.  Pliillip^  Class  Co..  2ii.  837 
DpIIs  Lninlier  Co.  v.  Kriek-on.  lis; 
Dp  IX)?ii'r  v.  Krtilnekv  Lninlier  ("..  70.1 
Del   Seinore  v.    Halliiian.   3(>:',.   30  1 
Dplnde'v.  St.  Panl  City  R.  (  .>  .  037.  22-.7 
Demars  v.  Glen  Mis.  <'o.._tl2.-.,  01,7.  inio 
Deniprs    v.    Deerins.    .■>S7,     103(1.     111:1. 
12,3.-).   1700 
V,  Marsliiill,  11.-,  200,  .%:12.  .Ml.  S(i2, 
lOSO,  1114.  1002.  1072.  2070 
Denipsev    v.    Sawver,    8.    23:1,    701.    748. 

1002, 'llOS,  1202,  1207,   121.'> 
Denip"ter  v.  Hunter,  2144 
Denenfeld  v,  Bauinann,  1440,  KiOl.  1720, 

1731,  1750 
Denlinn  v.  Trinity  County   l.uinlier  Co., 

1840 
Donniek  v.  Central  R.  Co.,  23,",  1.  2113 
Denning  v.  Could,  1207 

V,   MicKale  Steel  Co..  704 
Denver    &    B.    P.    R  ipidTrniisit    Co.    v. 

Dwver,  80S,  020,  0.32,  18  11 
Petiv.'r  i  1;    C.    n.  Cf>    V    \!rC,-n:i-.  2:!00 
V,  Sipe.-,  2t>i,  474,  l:iti,j,  1071,  17.");!, 

1758,  22,-)8 
V.  RiilUvan.  370 


|) .    ■•  ',     \ .    \iilr  \n     Iron     \\  (i 

r,'.;.  1:. I."),  l.v.is 

I).-,,  1  ill  V  ,  Cr.iiiil  Tiniik  1'.  C 
l)i.\ii!v    \.     r.ii-l<iii    iV     .\.    11. 
20.11.  2(i:i0.  20  10 
V.  t  elecloliian   U.  t  "■.  2i: 
V.  ^  uannali,    l",  &    W.    R 

SIT 
v.    Tirrvliiwn    X:    I.    Cnio 

( .,,  :i'.»t.  Ill  Hi 

Devitt    V.    l':ieilie    1!.    Co..    l!t(l 

{\y.'.    -.-jS,  0  1(1,  072.  OSS,    1(1 

Dc,  lie  V.  I'lioenix  Imn  ( H..  Si 

\.  Smith,  274,  :i2(i,  1'''.2 

V,  Wabash,  St.  1..  &   P.   I 

::r.\    731.   733,    772.    ■ 

1101 

Dt-viiiisliire  v.  Rinvlin-on.  2iii 

DeVOlP   V.   ,st.    I.ellis  OC    S.    1''. 

733.  701,  221s 
D.w^'lt    V.    lloli-tr.n.    !■;.   \    W 
StiO.  1811,  2101.  22i;i'i.  22s.". 
D.w.ise  V.  .Miraiiiic   li.;!  Mi 
214,  2<0.  :?00,  311,   12»,'i.  2 
ll.wev   \.  (  liie.i^'..  i    X,   W. 
'88,5 


II 


U.    To.   V,    flu-.:' 

51,  ir.ss 

,    K.    Co.    V.    <;..[, 

25-2,  STS.  r,-.:!,  <,u 


■V  I!.  C.i..  1.1. V  llj- 
'.'.'.  .'ill'.  I  J  I 

i  \  \i.  t;.  <  ".  -i;:' 

;   Civil    n.   Co..   lIM 
lis-    l.i-lt    i     1".   I  . 

1(1    Mill-.  .-.  il.  . 
M.  .^    St.   1'.  i;    r 

IT.    L'l-M.    'JIJ  . 

.  V.  \'iUi  ~-i.  ii;'i '.  . 
'o.  V.  di'.iM.'.  -« 
Iron  Work-,  V,-; 
Milk  r.  Co..  li'i: 

i;    .\.    it.  Co.,  l.v. 

!Mll 

!.  ( ()..  2ir..v  -Mi: 

.  A   \V.   R.  C"..  > 


.    Co..    l!li»,    illl.  '  ". 
!.  !ISS.    mill,   l'i> 
!iiii  (  o..  Sim;.  S"^  >  -  : 

:i2(>,  m;'..' 

1..  &  1'.  i;  '  ■  .  :i- 

in.    77-.    ■,;!!.    Ill" 

iii-iill,   -IllKI 
^  S.   !•■.  U.  I  ".  il-' 

K.  \  u .  1'.  r.  ' 

,■  li..:i  Mill.  (     .  -' 

1,  r.'t.-..  2J.V 

i  N.  W.  U.  C.i .  i-i. 


Oewtjr 


TABLE  OF  CASBB.  2671 

IMioit,  li.   U.  &  M.   K.  Co,,  '  DoliIiiiH  V.  Urown.  IH,  2:!l.->,  2.T27 


Uli;',i,  17.'i(i,  1814 


Dob.-oii   V,   Xcw  Orlcnnn  &.  W,   R.  Co., 


V,  V.mW  n.  &  Co..  1U5,   lolli,  1533;       1112.  l.V2il,   l.-.!),! 


DcwiiP  V.  ji.iili'V 


:io 


iiviiii;.    ti41.    lUia,    2217 


1    jilock  Coal   Co.    V.   KilnioiiKoii, 
1   I'liilr  (111--  Ci'.  V.   1>'   llMiii;- 


Cilis.  21  itn. 


Dp  Vouiis   V, 

S.TIS 
Di^iniom 

''■'72 
i)i;utimu: 

112ii 
Diinioml  Sititf  Iron  C<i,  v 

Ml.  85.  ttH,  h'.K  1  i:»,  C.ltll.  riiili.  tllS 


;  Dodil  V,  iUll,  204,  1(»87,  22.-.0,  22.'>0 
V,  Dunloii,  1077 
Doil'.'p  V,  Bo-ton  &  A.  K.  to,  17.'.:t,  1810. 

22 15 
Uo""itt  V.  llliiioi.<  C.  It.  Co..  '^ii;> 


Ddiii"  V.  .Ni 


York.  ().  cV  \V.  1! 


Co., 


.0.  tii: 


4i..-),   4(17,  471,   4!t4.  jUU, 


l>irk  V 


M" 


llllli. 

4!i(i,  1H7 
v,    liiiliiii:!!" 


,  C,  &  I..  11.  C 


114. 


,lis,  i\  &   St,  L.   |{.  (  o.. 


1.I2S,  1457.  2:!ii;" 


|ii,krr>oii  v 


(  .lltlMl    K.  Ci 


l)ilki(!   V.    lilisloll 


C( 


l)ickin«oii    V, 


W.'sl    Knil    Sliii-l    1!.    Co, 


ls:)2 


l)ick-on  V 

sol 
l)i,  I.O 


.  Oiiinlii   lit  St.   I,.   R.  Co, 


101, 


,  0;!1,  !).i7.  0,-.:i.  11  til.  114S.  1S77 
iilt    V.    Unitcil    Stiitc-    liikiii;.'   Co,, 


Hi.  ill  V,  l,rlii|.'li   1m!!I  Co..  fill 


Diivi  V.  a.  n.  II 1 

IlilllTl'l  I'-!V1 


111    C 


in,",!i  12:1:1 


W'liii;.' ntiuT,    21" 


liKH! 


lii:;!i,  iiiii: 


llilliii^liiini  V 


ll;l!.|. 


SSI).   121H 


nilliiMii  V,   llaiiiiloii,  21".' 


niii.".,  ItiSl,  17. '.2 
l)ol:ui  V,  All.y.  iliils,  Jitll.  2047 
V.  Aiiili  r-oii.  201 1 
V.  .\u\,iiii-,  1  lilt 
V     Hiirili  11  Iron  Cn.,  2212 


M.I.1 


-lilii 
riiiiiilr 
Doiiiiiiion   i  nitliil: 


ICSii 


Dolpliii! 


to. 


V,  (^lirn- 


2.1  n 


Ditnii.iun  Oil  (  lotii  Co.  v.  Co.illi.T,  2421, 


1)1 


:i2'i 

)i:;i!i'ii'  \ 


Kiili-ii-  Cilv.  illlS, 


2:uii 


Voik  iV    X.    K.   K.  Co., 


(I.I     Colli 
2017.  22-' 


i:.    Co., 


111!'. 


2o:;i; 


V.  Waliii-I.,  St.  I,.  &  1'.  I!,  Co.,  o:ni 


Donaln 


lio-l. 
S7I,  lo2ii.   Iilil' 


.\  \i.  n,  ci 


\ ,    Drown.  22:'. 


200,  ti2."i 


I  Kill. 


il  I 


Dillon  V.  Si.^ctti  Am 


I!.  C 


V.  I'nioii 
i)i   Miiriilio    V. 


I 
■18.  l:fn:i,  2l(i"i 


l>,  1;.  ( 
I'.iiiMiTs    Iron    Koiui.liv. 


V.  I'.iitiTini-r     1!.     I 


';t,  1U1-. 


1,1,     _,._i 


liKit,  10i:i.  1711: 


;:!.-.r, 


2:iii. 


ini;, 


■11   &.    M.    Wis-   Co..   11  111 


10. 


Din'.-iT 

2::sii 
l)iiM.'li> 

112.  120. 
l)i-ino    V. 


\.   lniiii>.  401,  !•:!:'.,   22111.   2:!74,  :  l),,in.M  \.  r.v.inil.  174 


V.    Chir 


...    I!.  \    ')■    I!.   «o.  2:tl.- 


Knittiii''    to.. 


l)on;ili!-on    v,    .\Ii--i— i|.|ii   &    -M.    It-   •' 


:i.  2:1111 


N.. 


I'.ii 


L'lanil    St|.;iiii 


ii.-.  Con 


1   A    Cokr   Co.    V.    I'ltl 


Co.,  1.50.  ti7s,  |o:!ii.  lo:;s 


Di-liPT  V.  Nfw 

220(5 
Oisntill   V,   II.' 
Ili^iii-t     of     C..l:iii 


York  (  ,  \   11.  R.   1;    < 


l.ntlii 


M.K!li,-..i' 


1210.   1-J 


Ili'l., 


('!■ 


M.  ,\   -I,   I".  1: 


i:iso 
lii.ik   M 

210s,  2:i.s:; 
Doiili'V  \,  |)ott'_'lu'ilv,  IIO.I 
l)..iiii.".j:in  V,  KrlKii-i'lt,  lot,  lS7t) 
li.irimllv  V,  liooth  Unii    \  II.  I.  (iraniii- 
111.    :)!iii.    :!0:!,   404.    1104,    l."'0:5. 
11,22.     11145.     Uilfi,      ItillO,     172,1. 
17:;l.   17t^4    l7S(i.  1701.  1707 


ii--.  !^;i:' 


l)i  \i 


I- 


01:!.   1774 


Divvir  V.  Hall.  1724,   li 


1770 


DiMUi 


r>all>lli:lli,   Sli 


Uiowii.  1720,  1782.  2251 
York  &  II.  R.  t 
K>,ini.|sco    liriil'-i'  (  1 


iicajio  i 


CI 

l,iull-i:ll 


A.   H.  ( 


|:!0:! 


I  til)  I 


l,->:i.     nil  J 


1(120. 


,  i:!7o 
1421. 
1(14:1.    I7:;:t. 


I'.lirtric    l.i-l.i     vV     1' 


174:i.  1701,  1010 


Co.,  820,  878 
V.   I'iil-liiiijr  vV  C.  IviiniliiT  Co..  22,18 
V.  1!    I. km,    l:!20.    IKU.    1  til5.    l5o2. 

157(i,  2t2r. 
V.  Wi'sliTii   V.  Till'?.  Co.,  3114.  .1(1(1, 

:!(■.■ 
V.  Willi 


-|U    l.l'l    1    . 


2010 


Di.iioliii 


|),.ii,, 


lirooklvn  (  iiv   R.  Co. 


108, 


1410.     l,-iS:i,    17.11. 


"1.  11: 


1007,  202s 


ipoj; 


rii-iiiic  StiiH>t    I!.  C 


2.1(1.  144S.  157(1.  2042.  204.1 


M.  Sfrhl.i-  y. 


rri.i^i  >  "■  ^' 


UN.il. 


DnWiin  V.  Uielininnd  .V  U.  U.  Co.,  14.17 


U71.  147 


l(i02 


17:'.2,   1711.  1010.   1021 
^.  Cn'-.  021 

1.   IlaVl.ii!  .\    U.  (  o.  58.;.  1128.2204, 
I  2:!1 1 

!  - .  <-iv.-n-t:ni  ,^-   S    CnH.iiri-  Co..  220. 

I  inao 

Dooliltl..  X.  ''fair,  10(15.  2242 


I 


4| 


8572 


TABLE  01-  CASES. 


1     ii. 


111 


DoonpT  V.  Drinvnrp*  n.  Cniial  Co.,  121,  I)iil)i>    v.     I.o\vi  ton.     I3:iii. 
Ml.  12!»,  \'i'.  JOl,  .•175,  .178,  IJS.'i,  387,  l">li:i.  1"2 

(ijs,  'J2!t.   17i;i  Diitilin.  W   \  W .  11.  t  n.  \.  s| 

DoiiKV  V.  O'.Viill.  2:i8.  U(!.">,  231.1  U'l.iHt    v.  St.    I.i.iiis  stiuui.ii 
Dor^pv  V.   Pliilliim  4  ('.  Cniistr.  fo..  -in,         I2ii2,    12ll.->,     l2ilS,     1 1'.i.t, 
123,     nil.    1S3      1S7,    t'.72.    S>.l!l,    1102,        2.;ii7 


lion,  1124 

Do^^tii  >.  (iiiii lotto  striTt.  n.  r'li.,  ;fl8 

noii;.'li.ilv  V,  Millikin.  1712 

V.  i;.'.in.'.  w.  A  0.  R.  Co..  mill 

<■   \\  I -I    Sn|inii)r    Iron  &  Sti'pl  (  o., 
.')32.  lint,  llMl.-..  1301 
DoiiKlity  V.  Kirluiik,  into 


PufTv  V.  (Mivir  Hio^..  1121.  1 
V.   Iploii,  lll.'i.  I.".'.il.  2:: 

Dii^iil  V.  r<'o|ili'x  lliiiik.  _'3:l, 

Dii^Iiin  V.  Cliicii^'o,  St.  1'.  M.  , 
I      2331 
I  Dmiiiix  \.  S(<itu-.  (121.  Ii2.''>.  (1 

Dnnoiiii    V.    A.    \    I'.    KmIhtI- 


V.   r.'iu.liKCot  l.of;  Drivini:  Co..  1130,  |      I'UH 

li:!3,  |.|l(l,   ll'.ll,  l.'il!).  l.'ii)3  !  I)'i!hl<'c  i  Arl)ro;illi  .luiiit  11. 

noiiplns  V.  TiMis  Mrxirmi   H.  Co,,   1482.  |      lin.  2111 

ICflii  I  Diiii'i.iiM  V.  dnii'.  2ltl.'> 

V.   Initcl   MificrnI  Miii.  Cc.  2131!      I  !)mil.i|i  v.   Ilanii.v  Mfu'.  <■'"■■ 

„  1-....  •.     I.     /-.-       nni       •.!..     liil  V       Pil'loiiorill    \    1).    I;.   Co 


Dow  V.  Kiiii«i.«  I'   U.  Co..  304,  420.  nil. 

l.-.SS.  11127 
n.».|  V.  l!(.-ton  .<•  A.  I?.  Co..  1008 
Dnwilv  V.  Ccoirii   It.  Co.,  2284 
Dowcil  V.  l!iirliii;;lon.  ('.  H.  iS;  N.  R.  Co., 
.'>!i7.  1.0 1 
^.    Vnk-I.nr;:  S    .M.  11.  Co.,  872.  Oil 
powlinj;  V.  .\llcii.  ."i:s.  .'pIU.  .lilO,  7S(1.  7S7, 
10711.     108(1,     IJIH.     1207.     ll.-.O.     UC.l. 
1  ISJ.   U03.   I."il0.   1.-.07.  l.">00 
Povvmv  V.  Cli«-ii|i.;ikc  A-  ().  I!.  Co..  8.V2 
\.'l'(iir,-.  821.  '.U7 
V.   S:\\\\(T,     .'■.31.     (1(10.     107(1.     los2, 
227o' 
Ddvlo  V.  l!i;iltic.  2lll.'i.  21((8 

V.  CliirjfTO.  St.    P.   A    K.   C.  R.   Co., 
2?-'  I 


Diiiil.ni'V       V.        I!, nine      M 

Wroii^lit    lion  Co..  2104, 

Dimkivv   V.  Cliiciif.'!).  R.  1.  i 

2IM" 
l)iiiil<i|i  V.  Riiiikiii.  21 10 
|)iiiioii-;ol  V.  .\nici  ic.iii  Min. 

(  o.,  2-l(12.  23118 
Donii  V.  Unllfi.  20110 

V.  Coniicll,  2:;s.  2(1(1.  20 

1217 
V.   Drtioit   A    .\I.  R.  Co., 
V.   .Manlonald.  2337 
V.   MrNiiiiMi'.  702,  701,  1 
V.   \.«  V.uk,  X.  II.  &  I 
224 
Dun-tun    v.    Stewart.    210(1 


V.   Vilclilniifi   n.   Co..    18;i0.    1H32  l>i'i:iii.l  r.  A^iistc,  A   A-lu- 

V.   MUonii.  K.  &  T.  Tni.-t  Co..  230.             v.   New    York   &    I,.    II. 

2110,  2S2.   1112.    1141  1            1030 

V.  SI.'  I'iinl,   M.   \    .\l.    1!.   I'll..  120.  ,  1)11  cin)  v.  l.<\iii;;lon  Coal  ^ 

220.  2110.   308.  ."lOli,  liOli.  1107.  (1  17.  '       lOIo.  2200 

2271  Durviii    v.  .\lnn-on.  .'.o.    221 

V.  Tolclo,  S.  &  M.  R.  Co..  370  Kl-^.  1751.  22::s 
V.   Wliilc,  220,  271.  203,  .32."i.    1312.     i1iii!im!1  v.  Unmn.  2i:.8 

2278  Unik.,.  v.  .lan.-villc.  I8!i:i 
novlr  ('n<i:     Spp  Dovlo  v.  Fitdiliiii ;;  I!.     Dm  kin  v.  Kini;-I(iii  (oil  Ci 

in.                              '  »■  Sliaip.  1700 
Drake  v.  Now  York  C.  &  H.   R.   R.  Co..     Diirrio  v.  Uanon.  21.-..-. 

)7-,il  '  Diir-I    V.  Car'lcLic  Stcol  (  n. 

V.   Inion   P.   n.  Co..  (lis  j       Yl^'^-     "f^*''-     '""■'■    """ 

Dnrl-c  \.  (  onwav.  2140  L,  '  V"'  '"■'•',    ■      ■        „    ,• 

D.vnn.  n  v.  Smitl',.   100(1.   1000  Dntloo  v._(  alr.lonian  R.  '  o 

Drow  V.   i:.isl    Wliitbv  Tivi...   Ut."..  l.-,04.  '                .'''i''i      •     i,    <■        ., 

, .-  .                     •           '  V .   (  alcdoMli   I!.  (  o..  2li 

V.""i       I  ,.      I  .          .m,.  Dntzi   \.  (loisol.  31(1.  lll.-.ll. 

V.  (.aylor.I  (  oat   .  .,     301,  „,^^^,,  ^.    „,,,,j     ,^.-     „.,., 

Drisooll  \.   Kail  Rivrr.    131,  2047 

Droinniio  v.  Mopin.  22.').'> 

Dc'-itr;;    »,    Mrtrni    CuM    Min.    i  Mill. 

(o..  180.'!.  210.". 
Pryniala   v.  Tlionipson.  IHlKi 
Diilip  V.  (i.iy,  112li 


1.5.5S.  1(100.  1720.  17i 
V.  r-Talo  (ionoriil  Klci 
V.  .  lor,  1772 
V.  •  ■•  ),  1180.  17('.0 
V.  S  I  .nii.s  i  S.  V.  R. 
Dvp  V.  \'ir,,inia  Miillam!  I! 
'  Pjir  V.  brown,  237,  .347,  I 


.  t  11.  \.  SI  111,  11.  j;.' 

H  Miuii|iili;;  t  I,,  .,;, 
S.      ll!i;t.     -.Ml^,  'j;,,-, 

«..   IIJI.   li:n.! 

i,  l.'i'.U.  -JU'.iii.  •j:;i:i 
[111 Ilk.  .':i:l.  .'III.  jTii 
St.  1'.  M.  \  ().  l;  1 

S't.  I1J.'>.  (il_'.  Tjl 
'.    Kiilicrl-    (  ...  lr,i. 

I  .loiiil  U.  (■".  V.  (   r 

;if..-, 

Mft.'.  to..  S,21 

.  1).  i;.  Co..  n.i4,  :;.• 

,i.-iii<-      M.iIIimH.^     ; 

'...  21:14,  iiill 

:■>.  «.  1.  &  1'.  R  I. 

2110 
loan  Mill    i  Sin.lr. 

m;o 

S.  IW,.  2'M.  .'IIS.  |u 

M.  R.  Co.,  r.|.^ 
■.•.•!:i7 

riij.  701  mill 
\.  II.  &  II.  11. 1  .>.. 

lit.  -Jinii 

-  \  .\«i.i-iii'  I ..  :, 

A-  I,.  It.  I!.  (..  ■ 
(ill  Co.'il  Mill.  If..  ?' 
I.  .•.'>.  -J-Jt.  ■:;::.  Ki 
.  J !■■■.•* 

lie.   |H!i:i 

.11  (  oil  Ci...  •:.ii'. 
11 

.  21.-..-. 
Stc'l  (  o..   HIT.  IV.. 

I).",,  Hint.  iT.'j.  1:: 


I!.  (■<!..  ;'.ii70 

111.  iii.'iii.  n;7;! 

^•)7.    Itili.   liMlli 

11  v.\\i.  ('....  ui:'.  u; 

I7J!i.  Kir. 
•iioral  Kleclrio  Co..  T- 

i:-2 

ill.  17r.'i 

k  s.  V.  n.  Co..  :u 
iiiciiiiii.!  I!.  ( .1   2.;:iJ 

137,  .347,  107j 


T.\ni-K  OK  CASES. 


f>v»r  V.  Kitchliuig 


II.  <  o.,  S44 


.  PittubiiiB  Hii'lRe  <-'o  .  -'-**.  •'•' 


2IIIH 


V.  k  r.    R   C 


Pyncn 


■.  Until.  4.  .-.:i.  8.^.  RM.   1<»*    !"«• 


133.    ISO,    «38,    ti»:i.    «8H,    7  47 
1125,  IITO 


!:1.I4 


Dvrhmii  v.  nrown,  2i:l 


ji'v-irt  V.  Kan»ii« 


Citv.   li     >.  A  M    R- 


1671 


IS7I. 


■(„..  mS.  430.  14011 
irr>r  \.  Cinriiiiiii 


DvKiii 


ti.  S.  4  M.   R.  Co., 


"iti;.  5H2.   •"''•!••    10:lli 


jl/.inliirn 


liii   V.  J.   L.   MotI    hull   Woiks. 


780,  10H9 


Kiciiii  V 

1:  IL'l'' 

2:t73 

I'llllP."   V. 


..  TiHkor,  UOS,   UifiO 

A    I*.    MIK    Co.    V.    Welch,   23.-|3, 


V.  M.K.iKy,  308.  407 

\.  M.'lov.  lltoil,  2:n2. 

\.   I'.-rkiii-.  HHi) 

> .    Ri'ViioliN.  (i:l.  S7!i 

(     Kir«h.     HJO.      14J><.      1 1.1 

•-•:iii! 
•,  ,  Sniili.  IIHH.  0,'.»,  111:17.  ll.".i>.  l:iii:l 
\.   Sl.-Hlllt.  -.M-'" 
».  Siiil.liili.  liiil.  J-'iix 
\.    Tlii.inii-i.i.,  !:'•'.:'. 
V.  Tiininill.'.  r.ti:!.  :M.  W><< 
V.  Wiil.^on.  •-•■JSK 
V.  WiiL-lii.  :iis 
-I.V.K..1   V.   r.rlRof  Mill.  Cm.    lii:l.   170. 


.-.01 


i;;il. 


Vcilk   C.   A.    II.    1:     1;     I 


:!7.-.     Kii.'i.   17IIS.   |S|!l 


'IV  .VI I  * 

i:.in  V.  Cliii'ii}.'" 


&  N.  O.  R.  < 


US.  210    Kiiv./v.  .Mliiiiiic  Ni.mIiv  Mil'.  Co,  2ii2.'i 


M. \v  M.  1".  I!   c.,..  212H,    K.ImH  v.  Ih.iH.v.  x"2.  020,  \l_:p 


2120 


r..  li.  Wiuil.-lr 


V.  Sniiino  A    K.    I     I!.  (  <> 


|Hii2 


IHIil,     Krk.  N     V 

I     200.  :io!» 


-I  &  \\>st   R.  Co.  V    Sim 
A    Chicago    Koiiiiiliv    t 


•its 


'  lvl..-lt    V.    I.OII! 


I'lii..  1I.->1.  I.".:tl.  l.")77 
I  liiii'.M)    Sliip     liiiildiiiK    Cn 

Maml  R.  «'•>.  o:r. 


v.   .\iiU.iiy.    i;.Ul'-i    V 


N..ii(.lk    A;    \V.   11.  C 


i:;..*!;.  2:!i;'' 


Kii't  Cliicii; 


In 


&    Si.rl   Co.   V.   Wil- !  Kikliiiiil   V.  llii..i^< 


St    V.  M 


<).   R. 


liams, 
r,:i-tcrii 


II :!.■!,  lion.  12 IS 


(  o.     lO^lt 


Kinliickv  I!.  ' 


V.  r..vv.ll.  l.VH    !M:\11  V.   Niw 


Kii.'lnii.l   1:.  C 


-ili.ml  V.  CI  Ilk.'.  211'..  S20.  012,  1000      \  Ivl.l.v  v 


.V(l:l 


|.'..t    Line  i    H.    Riv'i    I!-   '"■    v.   Scott. 


isr.H 

1,  .-tliinii    V 


Ciiiti« 
V.    I.iikc  Slii.H' 


VV2 


-.11.  8.- 


Ki.stmi  V.  Houston  i 


.   ll:!7 

\    M.   S     R.   Co..  40, 
-..  21S!> 
&  T.  c.  R.  ci...  .111:1 


lri> 


Mil 


31:!.    r.Jl.    010. 
11.-.  I 
V.   Iii.i'.l.iii.  OIIS 

V.    I'lilllit'l 

V.   1; 


111,; 


In: 


2>0 


,  r.  IS.  r.."iii 


Kii-t    SI.     I.ciiii«    CimiK'iiiiK 


iiiL'    1;.    (  o.    V.    r..l.Iv-l..ii.-.   Till'.  "*"•' 


rnivcii, 


V.  Y.i 


.'inn 


I  SKI 
ill.  22)2 


i  KiltiMiii>r.ii  V. 


I!.  (  o.   1300. 


ir.iMi.  l.,..l.  l.-.o:t 


Kiiriylil.  104S 


V.  Sliiiiini'ii. 


II.-.O.  2214 


;1  St.  Ixiiiis  Icr  &  <  ol.l  Stoias--  Co.  v. 


SiiiMiy 

i;;l-t    St.' 


so.  12S.S 

St."'lxiiii-    I'kL'.   .V.    rmvi-ioii  <  o.  V. 


I  i:.l«;ll 
I       SI. 

I    1(52: 

;  IMuMi-.l- 
V.    1. 


,1  nil,.-  i,.ii,ii..  I  ( 

Ml.    Il.'i'i.   II. 111.    1: 


l.i'J 


!1. 


|.1I2.  ir.io. 


1 011(1 


c.Ifri'V    21  11. 


.i..'.>.i 


i   It.  I!,  t 


Ilil^lllllWlT. 


X.     lili..!!  Mi 


Mill-.  lMi"i.   Im: 


Mi-Kli.i.v, 


721.  ion:i 


F..I1  V. 


|),v  l)...k.   K    11.  .v    r..   1:    c 


r.,-t  Tc 


&  \\.  N.  (  .  1;.  C 


(  ol- 


142<l.   117S.   l.'i-->l.   100.'..  2:1s.'. 


ISIl 


Ki- 


V.  i  <i.  R   • 


.\ik 


-.1.   1707.    I7ii'i. 
.v.   l.iinil.i-    Co.,  201. 


21.  24.  .'.2 
V.   Briil!;rs.  121 


losii.  12s:l 


I^V'lll^l'l'l    \ 


1; 


V.  De  Annon 
1.547,  100.-) 

noiiL'iii 


rl,  783.  817.  Itllii.  147 


Co. 
Kl-.v|. 


Illl 


S.t.t 


Kl.'ii.'ki'  \ 


Ml. nil 
I'liil. 


.■ji    Til...  1  I.-.  I.    I'.-'il 


ll^s 


il.  7:it.    li.liil.r  V.  11.1 


Diinipl.l.  042.  047.  tl.->l.   .01 

7:t";   1I80  1201.  i2:to.  i2tl.  12.-1O.    |.;iii-;irii..  1 

ml.  2111 


IlliiK'i 


Ii!2:!.  1770 
s    Si.-.l     (  .).,   1072. 


12.54 


V.  r)ii!r(?an,  2100.  2110 


l.k.n.lalil  \-  Ha.M.-    SO.-, 


174.  420,   121.   42.).  082.    Kl.li  i.l.u'«'  > 


V     fJlirlrv. 

1369.  2230 
V.  Head,   18.3.  8.50,  008,  1109 
V.  Kano.  953 


.MI.is  S.  S.  Co.. 


2i" 


Kl.jin.  'l    A    v..  U.  Co.   V    II  ..li.'rty,  HI 
'      ''       0.50.  SSI 


1-1 

1  *" 


4 


■■Mi 


li 


SS74 


TABLE  OK  CASKS. 


Mlfln,  I  *  K.  R.  Co.  V.  Ko'lin.  Hit.  I0i7  I  Kri<k  -si    I'ml  *  P.  If.  ( 

V    Malaniv.   J".   rUK.   HOT.    I  IO!t       '  Kninii  Voik  *:  I  .  Mill 
KIkiii-  1.  IViiii-vh.iniii  U.  Co..  JTt).  .'IKJ  j      li.Vi 

KM   V.    VoiIIh'Iii'  I'.   I!.  Co..   WM.   U;):l.  I  Ki-kiiic  «.  Cliino  V:ill.y  It..'  * 


it. 
F 


U4.->.  loo:).  Kii.i.  itJiH,  104:1.  wtm 

KIMl'.'  t.  NntionnI  tily  k  <>  R  Co., 
J.tJ.  24».  271».  316.  a;m,  1I»M).  i.->hj. 
I.".H:!.  1012,  HIUH.  ItSnn.  '.'2S2.  2;)!>.'i 

Kllin..'Hon  v.  Chic<i({o  &  A.  H.  Co..  223.'5 

Klliii).''!.!!  V  llriiviT  JJiim  LiuiiImt  Co.. 
}-M<:     CW...   IS2.-).  2111 

iniiot    V.  (  liinifo.   M.  i^  .St.    P    R.  <'o.. 

s.ri.  i:i«ti.  iii(i:i.  hhk.  iitiit.  jjhi 

Klliolt  V.  Ciirtrr  \Vliiti-I>'n.l  <o..  tldH 
V.  <  liicapo.   \l.  &  St.   P.   I!    t  ....  HI.-. 
V.  I.if.'(:rn».  21117 
V.  St.    Ixini.!   4    I     M     R.   Co.,   2«7, 

2»io.  mno 

V.  Tciii|K>st.  2024 
Kills  V.  Corv.  2I.-.I 

V.  New   Voik,    I,.   K.  A    \V     li    Co. 
19.  47.  10.-,.  i<m.  2i;i,  ir.it.  i.Mo. 
22.-i7.  22112 
V.  Norllicrn  P.  R.  Co..  ,'>27.  Iti.Vt 
V.  Plorop.  ir>;2,  I'.MiH.  2:«m 
Kllison  V.  I.«Mf,'.l.ii,  2148.  21. '17 
Kll^.l.iirv  V.   N.  «    V.irk,  .V.  11.  4   H.   R. 

Co..  105.  .-.:ir..  I!t71 
KllHwortli   V.   M.lh.ii.'V.  2.V..   1844.   1847 
Klincr  V.  !>.  pk.'.  .U.  181.  Iti2ti.  Ui.lU.  ITtMi. 

1712.  22.-..-> 
Klw.-ll  V.   \h\>'\iCT,   1.112.   i:t.-.2 
Klv  V.  NfW  York  (  .  A  II    I!    I!   >  "..  4(1.^. 
407.471 
V.  San  .Antonio  4    \.  P.  R.  Co    o.O 
Kmma  <'>.iU>ii  .Sccil  Oil  Cn.  v.  Imlf.  .■):il. 

.5»iO,  r,i:s,  u;!n.  ti.i2.  704.  los.'..  isiim 
Knipirp    Uuiiulry    Macli.    Co.   v.  Jirii.l' . 

ISOti 
Kiiipson    P.-ickin^'    Co.    >.  \^>ii;.'!in.    l.io. 

212.  222.'-. 
Kncrl  V.  X.  w  York.  P.  &  1!.  R.  Co  .  11».-|.-., 

l!l.-.tl,  10.->7.  1900 
Kn-irlharill  \    Dt-liiwarp,  I,.  A,  W.  R.  Co.. 

2J14 
I'.nsliih  V.  Cliicn-o.  M.  &  St.  P.  K.  Co.. 
823,  840.  870.  1038.   12i)«.  I:i0l 
V.  Galve>toii.  II.  &  S.  A.  R.  (  o..  2". 
KiiBstrom  v.  Asliland  Iron  4  S.  Co.,  2:to, 

270 
Kiirifiht  V.  Toltxlo,  A.  A.  4  N.  M    It.  I  .... 

48.N  Oti4.  l:!.'.8,  CltM,  I7.-):t 
KpiJerson    v.    Postal    'IVlcf;.     Cal.li     Co.. 

(141,  048,  23ti.-. 
Krb  V.  Popritz,  418.  431 
Kidman   v.   Illinois  Steel  Co.,  700.  718. 

102(1.   10(14,   U'.l'l 
Krirk  Caso,  fccc  Coliiinhiit*  H.  V.  4  T.  15. 

Co.  V.  Krick 
KricksoM   \.   .MiiwMukri'.   t..   .s.   A    \V.    K. 
Co..  1281,  1203.  120.5,   UX').  l.V.'J. 
1520,  1565,  1595 


20.   111.  J2.  217.  2;  I,  270.  .'Mii. 

Mils 
Kr-I.  v   V     Nt'W  OiUaii!*  A    N.   I 

2T."i.  72:1.  7il2.  7811,  OHO 
Kr'  III  \.  r.\aiw,  822.  12.0.  1."' 
1:.  S.  IIi..;^jii.  Carp.'l  (  ...  \.  (I  I- 

7m-.',    h;i2.   804,    0,-.l.   0.7     |i 

1 0118 
K-kii'l'.'  V.  Cincinnati.  N.  O   .' 

Co..  J2S4 
IN'ix  (  .'inii y  Kl.itiii'  '"    1 

."i2.  2.!(>,  2iiO,  -'lil.  2''.0.    J71, 

.•1(1.  :i,-.i.  l,".o".  18it:i.  Jjii-*,  J 
2:1  i:t,  2:iHi 
Klli.'li..!.  'Hie,  22>1.  :!1.-.,  :ll.V  •'!. 
Kmi'k.i    HIikU  (Oil I  Co.  >     ilii 
2:1110 
V.  \v.ll.«,  2100.  2221,  2J':»" 
Knnk.i  Co.  v.  Bins.  211.  -11  I. 
720   722.  7.10.  71.0,  771.  777. 
1203,   1200,  1217 
Kiiii'ka  Kvt,  Co.  V.  All.n.  I0M7. 
Kviiiix  V.  .Xiiicii.  Mil  Iron  A  'I'iIm 
.".(17.  80.-1.  2 1  so,  •.'Jill.  J2! 
V.    MlMiili.'  4    P,   I!,  (  .«..  ! 

ISKI.  1874 
\     Carl... II   Hill   Coal  Co.. 
\.  Cliaiiilirrlain.  2_'.-),   11: 1 
V.  Clu'»«iiioii.l.     721.   7  ( I. 

llf,.-. 
V.   Di-lk.  201 

X     l.ak.'  ^Iwii''  4  M.  S.  n    • 
V.   I.f.iii^vill.'.    \.    O.    4    '1 

•J(W.-( 

V.    M.r.Mlitli    Shook    .<     I-ii 

V,   P.iiwvlt   Diinai  Silicii 

21';l 
i.  s,,!.ii..-  .>:    K.  T.  R.  Co., 
V     \i.'..l  A   11"-.  Ml')-'-  Co., 
K»aii-\ill.-  A  (  .  I!.  Co.  v.  n,-\i 
Kvaiisvill.'  .V    It.    K.   (.'"■  v.    ll.i 
llJil.  1127 
V.   II.'tal.rMtii.    2-20.   OI-'. 

1101.  112.1.   l.!:;o.   l.iilO. 
V.   Mail.lux.  00.  (ll:l,  701, 
>.  MalotI   2:ii;o 
i;.,.ii,  ill.-  *  T.  11.  R.  Co.  V, 

7  14.   1132,   11. -.0.  23.-,8,  : 

V.  Cm  ton.  :lOl.  410.  410.  -1 

V.   Ilo'lronil..  241.    IS2,   IH^ 

V.  Toliill,  4-20,  403.  407,  4) 

Kxarm  V.  St.  Paul  M.  &  M.  K 

18,-i2.    18,-.ll 
Kvi>rliiir.l  V.  Di.iinoiid  Match 

11-21. 
Kvirliarl    ».  Tnre    Tlaiito    & 

1  sr.n 
Ku'ison  V.   IMIii!-..i.,  .340 


TABLK  OK  CASKS. 


t«TS 


A  n.  n.  in  4-,> 

k  r.  M.iii  V  >  c, 

IrV    Iti.t   "ic-.r  Co 

,  :;;!i.  li.iii.  .:,>  "1., 
UK  A  N.  i:  i;  1 

.    !M'.I 

I'.'.ii.  IJ'M 

Ci,  \.  (Il\  ,  f,..;- 
I.    iP.iT     Iik;     111 


ii'  t'l)  \ ,  K,  'I  |-, 
•J';!i.  -JTI.  -"' :  .'', 
:i.  'JJlis.  2::'ir,  ',, 

1.-,,  ■li:..  .'!..!     I.Mi. 
;'i).   \ .    I'll  i'!--.  \\.i<,  1 

•Jll.  .'tl  I    :ilt.   Th 


llill.    IIMIT.    Il'lll 

i.M  >V  T'll"   I  .....v.'. 

,  -Jjiii.  •_••_' III.  ■.'.'ri 
It.  ( I...  s-ii;.  i:!'" 

oil  I  I'o..    i:iS2 
■JlT).   11:! I,   t::ii:l 
r::i.    711.    IM.  ^• 


\I.  S.  n.  I'll.  Tii-i 
.    O.    A    '1'.    I!     I 

ink    \    IjitiilH-r  I 

:is  Silica  Tiii -k  I  ' 

r.  r>.  r.).,  i:u 
.\liV.  <'o.,  7i»:;.  n; 
f).  V.  n.'\i<T,  J.'ii;- 

('<!.   V,    r>.irris.  01.' 

:-jo.  Crij.  TO.'!,  in:: 
!:',!>.   I.'iil'i.  '22:l-'i 
i;i:i,  701.  \>i:\'\ 

Ft.  To.  V.  Oh  1.  -li- 
lO.  e-T-.S,  2:!i;ii.  2'x''' 
11(1.  4l!l.  4J:! 

,  isi.  ir.^.'),  ITiu 
r.3.  4(i7.  -iss.  1 :.-,:', 
I.  &  M.  K.  (  'I.  >l" 

(1  Match  Co.,  liii'! 

t.uito    5:   I.  P.    '  ■. 

.  .140 


Evi 


M.xifan  f.  U.  (•».,  2»I2.  JUT 


!' 


n,; 


il.ock  V.  I'l.it.ii|.l|il.i^i.  II.  Jt  I'    It.  •o..     1  .ly    .     <  liiiLin 


r.rii-  I!.  Co.  Jl'i,  :■■'.>.  1:^0 
M.   1*.    M    A   O.   U.   Co., 


.'.'.',  I'lll,  ill!.' 


Ewiilil  V.  (  t.ic-.in' 


Ewi'T    N 


I 


i  N,  w.  i:.  (  o. 


iitt.  i;)."i 


i:!i;i. 


Mill 

.■i;h. 


i|.i 


i.  &  SI.  I.,  i:    Cii.  28X 


.jlll,  .-,IM,  171J 


I      1       \M-iin   .Mf-.   < 


i;--..  IT'.tl 


I'l-ilv 


C,i|.l.i 

\',i  I.  1.1.:!.  ii! 


.l.iliii-.oii,  .'>7. 
Co.  S7,  llrt. 


tii'iM,  r.'HH 


K.ll"!    V- 
i:!l.     ' 

r.ifil'ir 

■jii| 
Kiijiin  V, 


Ci.rlil-   Mfu- 
M.-.it.    l'."l.    17: 


..'    til-'.     I'lMi  V     .\ll.ti.  tlO.  i;|.    I  ',.•.! 


I'.li 


.\,  w 


VoiU  ( .  ,v  II   i;   1!.  I 


r.  It. 

Mui.1.m!..  L'li;. 


i-.ii.  t>_"i.  Itl7.  |i'!iii 


r.  !l  *   I! 

1  ■  !i 


Hill  Mill.  111..  J.Mi) 


r.i 


.11   .V 


M    H.  « 


Kai'iiniU'    V.  •  ititinl     I*.    I! 

i:i71,  l!'l'." 
Fiiiiliniik  V.   lli.iii.-lii 

741.  iij.v  i;;i'> 

Kairliiiiik  Cimniii!  C 


l:ii; 


1 .11' 


V.     l.llL'llll'l. 


r.s:i.  1 1211.  1  i><ii.  11''!'.  1 '.  Ii'ii-.  I'""! 


;ii.  i;:il.  •I'^ii.    I'.  Ii. 


Hull.. 


';i2:i 


Kiiiriuiiti 


\.   iiit-tiiii 


I).  V.   Iilllr-,  211-',  I'.JI. 

&    .\.  v..  I  ..  ,  2IIII2. 


V,  (mi 
V,    II,. 


211,17.  2u:m 


.•ml     Cciiii  Icry    A**». 


IKtO 
K..ir\vi'iilln'r 

IMllllTV   I  o. 
I'licnllrl     V. 
Co.,  2 1 'Id 


(•'.■imIi-i-. 
1,1  l.i'i 

l(i:!i; 


ilv.  ,-.ll,  .-.I!*,    l-'-J     I2SC. 
<-'iiii,   li'.H7.  22'.  I 
I  V.  .Mlaiiiir  (  iiv  It    I  n  .  2'>  t 
Uillillli.  S.  .S.  a".\    I;,  (  ..  ,  .'iH 


V,        ()U>-11        Silllllil 

til,    |,Vll.  2!7II 
l/.llJuu    .V    v..    Slii|il,i 


MiM.r.  2117 


II' 


.i«  C.  R.  C. 


.M.  i  M,  I'.  I!.  I",, 


K:ilknnau  v.  .Miriiliii'n-'ii.  :il'' 


i  liii^    I'Vi^ii-iiii  \ ,  (  I  !'■  i;j 
H7I,  2'  I,. 
:  \,  <;,ili  I'ltl  lie  Scli.H>l  l;  .11.1,  I7S2 


K:l!l"ll    V 
KlIll.llIT  V 


Wi-t    I'lvl  Miiil    I!.  < 


Niw 


2i):i» ! 
Votk,  L.  K.  .V  W.  U.  (  o.. 


V.  (I11.111. 

V        1>1m.,!I 


21.M 


(12,-,,  (127,  llt^ll.  H'.'ii 


(  I.  ii.ri 
11121     l(>2',i,   im:! 


,Mill- 
::t.' 


:2,   .-1:11. 


KiitiMrs^ry 


».y  N.  \V(<lirii 


r.  T.ic.;.'  Co..  im: 


I'l  1 1 


dill   t  i.loiiv    I!,   lo.,  ;i..l,  HW. 


FantiT  V.  (link.  ]\->-<.  1472,  Us).  I.mO,         12:i 
l.-.s.-. 

K.irlirr  v.   .\li>-.onri    I'.   R.  Co.  2-'!i:! 


12^<li 


I'lTriri    V.  ( ii.in 


l.iv,  21; 


Ki'iris  V.  Cow.li'iil..  I'll.    I'isl 


l':iri.|l    V 


S.11. 


IS,   (iCii, 


1031.   li:!2,   1130. 


iii;t,  ll.Vi 


11H1,  l."it7.  l,".!i:i,  22ii(l 


ir'.nii' 


K.irli-v 


V.  (iiliiMiur.  IHJ 


V.  llcrii.>li- iiu  l!i..-..  2:11,  SJ2.  l(ii:i, 
ir,i.!t.  227!) 
K    V.    liiilin    Mu-li.    \Vi.ik-.    1212, 


V.    (  !ki 


li.-.ti.ii 


i;.i?ki  1    i    Sri ' 


l'Vrri> 
1213 

I'ifkilt 


Li>lioii    Kails    lil.iv  C.  ,.  lliiH, 


IX.   I,   A    1".    I!    Co..  S13, 


,  t  1. 

2111 
.  Viw    York,   2,i.V    Ii21.    C; 

2:1:1s 
.   I'ie.ucl.  440.  lUS,  ll.-.ii 


,!is.  so:i 

l'"icl(l  V.  I^in;;.li'M, 


III) 


7r.4.  i  li  I"  V, 


\oiL  C.  &   H,   It,   It.   Co,, 


I'ili.M    V,    X..ii'i.  Ill    It,    C. 


I'.lllilPr  V.  (  rll 


lial   Iowa  R.  Co..  S2I 


Graiiil  Trunk  R.  Cn 


20,  2:122 


(•..".I.  i;.-ii,  i:-o-< 
104:1.  1000.  2:1:1 


|:,ll.  i:il.-|.  1: 


;i,  170, 

7,  1378, 


Farn.cr- 


I.iuii  \  T,  C 


I'lll,  lo,  .\.  ,\,     FilliiTt     V.    1).  h 


k  X.  .\i,  U,  Co.. 
I'iirnliaiii   v.    "-.  '.^ 

lli'i7 
Fiiriiuli.ir  V.  .\h.l.i 


2240 

Hank    (  oal    '.1.1  ■■.!. 


II.  (anal    Co., 


ino; 


Kill,   1771 


Cv  \,  K.  I 


I  ■.lit'*. 


FaniM  v.  Midilli'lown,  2'<i'i,  30,'> 

V.    I  ai  luiiii,  1  l'i."> 

V.  Union  Trust  Co,,  2310 
Far.vell  v.  Boston  &    \V.   li.  Corp.. 


VXX  0.-,0.  i;,j1.  7,-.!),    1307 
l:!l(i.     131H,    miO,    13.-kS. 


l:!IO,  1311. 

;.•,:)  I3i;'i. 

;•-<',  1411! 

1402,    1483,    1509,    1025,     1077,  10Si>, 
2348 


■'.t,    l.".Sti, 


1351. 


I'ilioii  V.  yiiLi'ii    212 
Kinah-iii  v.  1  in 


:;iil.  :!,-i 
Kimllav 


OIH 
llii  — 


I  ,Min,  i    Mill  Co.,  0'^, 
Wliri  1    i     I'ouii.lry 


542   lo::o.  loio.  loii,  li'.iO,  1270, 


i,-.io 

l-'inilliv   P.r<  win;.'  Co, 


243, 


r.a  11 
il,  i'.<\.  2271 
1-iiirs  •■,  Sillfiy.    122 
link   V.    I).s    .Moines   Iit   Cn 

!i.l2,  11.1.2 
l-'inlay  v,   MisiMinplicU.   r."i^ 
Fiiiliv  V.  Miscanipbell.  S70 


.-.2,   141, 


I.-.O. 


2  IS.-. 


!< 


.'Arc. 


TAHI.K  Ol'  (    \SK>i 


Kinli-y   y.  nirhmond  4   D.   K    (  ■■ ,  MX     norHU  C    A  I'    It    <  ->    <     t 

804.  14JJ.  1S2S,  2229  t    M>H>iif\,  r«H    hTI.  'km 

I  inti  V.  Ciu.i.lv,  231,  11)53.  22S»  VU-wr    \      IV.in.x  1>  ■ni..     It 


I  1 


;t 


Kiiinrfhnn  ».  IVtprn,  13,  113,  231.  UKO 
I'iiiirrll  V.  I)i  li.uiiie,  L.  k  W.  R.  Co.,  I.'i3, 

i:.l,   177.  •*.-><.  22(t» 
Klnni^'lmti  \.  IM«T»,  '-Ml    I  l»0 
y\t't  Ji'i'liil  (  Imrrli  V.  Ilrooklyn  K.  Iim. 

Co..  •.'.'-..' 
I'l-h  \     llliii..i«  C    11.  Co.,  221.  .V-'O    II  |H 
I'i.lui    \,   1  ,iiti  il    Uitil  I'o..    iim;.    ii7:i. 
IMHi.  -JWS 


l«o!l.  I^i7l,  1H72_ 
riortirgiitc.  Til'.  271 
l"l«wiT«   v    I  li^iii.lirl'.  21 IH. 
riovU  V.  Sii^d.-t;,   IIIH.  l.-,OH 

\:7i\  it:.' 

I'liko  V.  Il.^.|(in  A  \  K.  i 
l.lliV  l."<0(i.  }■.  lo,  1  Mis, 
I.-.T4,  mil.  I(.i;i,  liilT, 
ir,;:>    iT4.t.  ir.-.j.  ITnti 


V.  (  liic.i;;..  A  (I.  T.  R.  Co.,  iH.I.  mil     I  lipi>in  V.   Kii.il.ill.   111.'.    I 
V.   IM.iuiiii-   A    II.   CiumI    Co..   4(;«>,  I  Kliihri'f  \.   I...k.    Mm.m'  ,V    \ 


."iti7.  .")(in 
V.    SUM. Ill  Iioii  Knarnol  Cn.  22**.'! 
\.  <»n-,.ii    .Slimi    l.inf    A    I  .    N.    U. 

Co..  2in.  tlKi.  l>2l,   1.07 
Ki«k  V.  (■(■Mlnil  1*.  T!.  *'■>..  -'t.'l.  701.  Itmti, 

1.U7.  I.'):i0.   I '.'111,  22112 
,.  I  la......  M.  i,  >:.  I'.  I!.  C.I..  k:!.-, 

V.    I  it.hi.iir;;     ».   <<.,.   !I2.    Ml,    HI. 

I  12.  1S.1.  tiOl.  IIKI,  11 -'2.  I!"t2 
hii  "fii  iM   V.   lto»tii!i  A   .\.   It.  I  i>.   IT.'ili. 

■.•ft  HI 

V.   CiiiiiipM  icut  Ilivci   ri|i|  til..  Ill, 
2:t.">.  tl.'i2.  !»70,  !>72.  V'.'-l.  !>vj.  ii\!l, 
101:1.  lnl7 
V.  K.U.M  r.i|iir  <  o.,  Iii.'«2     ll'Ht 
V.  Iloiiki  ii.|.    12:l."i,  IIh:i.  1,-...:.  l.-.S,! 
V.  New  Votk  r.  at  II.  K.  I;.  (  o.,  7'.», 
•177,  lOiiS,  1107.  l!Mi2,  2:1111 
Kil/lu'iiiy  \.  I.ui'inii.  liVSl.  tsi'iK 
Flt^pnlriik  v.  r.».i"«.  iod,'! 

V.    New  Alliiiii.v  i  S.  1!.  Co..   Is2ll 
l'it,-iii.iiiMns  V.    Taiiiilon.   11,  17:11.   I71i.>* 
KInlin  n     V.    XnrwcKxl    Ki  :.'lii.'i  i  in;;    Co.. 

iij.    •::.  si.-..  1000,  l',io2.  lMo7.  I'.'n.'i 
riiiiilii    V.  (  'lii-i'.'o.  S(    I'.  .\i.  &  o.  u. 
Co.,  ih:;.  i.'is.  non,  !>ns 

FKiliiK.ui  V.  Gll^sr'n'"''!"     Siiii-ItiTii;    Co.. 
:i.\,     .,:■,,.    s-u.    >,:r..    lii-7.    M:lci.    n:i2.  ' 
17:il.   1770.   170'i,  22(12  I 

KlnMiinji:iii  V.  Cliirajjo  4   N.   W.   R.   Co., 
117.  1114.  (117,  I  I  12.  1'1"1>  I 

riimiie^Mn    V.   Cli.-i.iiKikf   A    (V    I!     Co,. 

1 110 1 
I'lemins  T,  Bunwell,  SOI.  S/7 
V.    l.i-.iiii.  2011 
V.   I.i.ik'.'illy  Iron  .\   (oil  Co..  21il7. 

2170 
V.   St.    Paul   4   n.    1!.   (  o.,  (HO.  CnX 
7111.   7(17,    l'!7S.    I!itl2 
Fletchor  v.   London   I'lilti-d    Tramwny*, 
21.")7 
V.   Louisville  t  N,  R,  Co..  G4S,  700 
«. .   riiilidclphin    Trictioii    Co..  lOflO 
Klo<-tU  V.  Jonaon  Engineering  &  Fuiiinlry 
Co.,  935 
^.   liuuJ     .Avp     P..     Cr.       793.     1102. 
1270,  17,34 
noo<l    V    Wo-^tr-rn    V.  TpIpst.  Co..     2S4, 
3.52,  355.   11(10.   UC9.  1708 


I  (.  .".17.  MMi.  !i.-i(.    1  |ii|. 
KliiCi-  <     \.v<    Sork.  '     A  > 

NT.-,,  II  1.1,  2101 
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y.   |t..-i..ii    i:i,iiii,'    I    .:l 
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V.   Iliiilov.   l:l.  2:1.  /■'• 
v     K:iii    I-    Citv.   .>«l       i. 
Co..   .11,    n7!>,    1I.>-I, 
1217 

<.  Mil ;,!«■,  201 1 

<     Mime  S.  S.  (11,   171 

V  S:iliiii.    I  CIO.    1117.    I 
'     Sliaw.  7S7 

V  1  iiio'i    llri'lf;i    (  o..    I 
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214.   I  OUT 
lo-ii-.  V.  (  liiciiL:n  A     \.   I!.  C 
I  ..l.y    V.     ;ir....klj'ii    (1.1   li;.;! 
172.1 

V  C;ililii|  iii.i      ll"i  »i  -Itii 
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v.   I'.inv  V...  !,.  WinU- 

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ri.ii.-    \.    riiillip-.    •■:il.    .Ml 
losl.   I:!:lH.  1420.   I.".H1.  i 
Forl'rH  V.    IJooMc   Vi'llry  Co 

7(10,  1071 
Koiil  V.  Aiidi'ixoii.  207 

V.  Ccntrnl   louii   i;.   Ci 

V.  ChiciRO,   K.    LAP 

178.  »o7,  9.->.>.  fl.'.S,  1 

V.  Fitohlmri;  R    <'"  .  ."■ 

n72.    710.    7.M1.   So:i. 

I(i2!».  1037,  l«4;i.  i<;.-i 

V.   Knipc.  2377,  2370 


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I  ■:!l,    !  "H     l.'IH,    l-.t 

I     t  ,.1.1.    711    liiT-i.  1710   -•:!J:l 

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\\. ,; .  .•,;i.  liO- 
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257B 


TAHI.E  OK  CASKS 


I'rpyniniiitli  v.  South  Uoiiiid  U.  Co.,  2Jo;    tlulw-toii.  fl.  &  R.  A.   R.  Co.  v 


i! 


ti 


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I'lii'l     V.   I  ili/(n>.'    K.  Co.,  S.-|.   10.").  200. 

■22M 
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it.'i.l.  !ii;7 
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11!.  1  I"..  H7,  'Jd^.    iTi'.  'ilo.  I.I.' 
st;i.  r.w:, 
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(  <■  .   li.I'l 
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(  11.,  !i  •:!.  !m;1.  Oii7.  •-•■J'-ii 
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rn'.'    ..    I!:it!i    Cms   i^-    I'.l,  <•' i  ic   I'....    IW. 

.>j.  liji.  (ir,7.  7i:!t.  ii."rj.  ncii.  nn; 

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I'll. ■Ill-  V.   Itiit:,..  7:;.-i.  77-.'.   lonj,  ■2:!7  I 
Kiill,  r  \.  CiMiiil  Tiiiiik  IJ.  Co..  i:ii;r..  lin 
V.   .i.vMit.    Itil7.    1(i21.    li;7ii,    I7i;ii 

ISIS 
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r.o:!,  sjii.   HlM.  '-'iss 
V.   N.v,    Y.nU.    .V     II.   &    11.    I!.    Civ, 

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Kulti.ii    l!,'.i.'  *   Cottdii    MilN    \     WINiin. 

.-.10 
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C. 


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.;:i1..i.0-..ii  V,  WiimMI.   I.Ml     ii;o' 
c.i.iiioi-  V.  ciiuM'.'".  .M.  A  SI.  I'   i;   r.i.. 

2207 

r::iriiii.T  V.  S.'iiniiit.  lo:;'i 

Hniriii'V-  \.  .1.  •».   I  iiiiiiii   MfL'.  <'"■■  S7ii 
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r.Hirr  V.   Drliiwaic.  I..  «.  W.  I!.  >i'  ,  :lll> 
«;.ii'iioTi    V.  SciUMiin.'t     Mill-.   7-^ii.    107r>. 

200:! 
C.tIm—k  v.  Niitiim.il  S.  S.  (11  .  Ili2!.  Ill73 
Cnit  V.    I!.(k-liiii.   l-'.'S.   l.".sri 
(;;illi"l  .i-  \.   McMulliii.    1711 

\.    I'iii.'i.  :ill.    iHd.  7I.-1.   1:1;  I,   112:1. 
Hsu,     II",),     l."ioS,     l.-,l,-.,     l,-.Tn, 
2:!iiii,  2"iii 
fliil'invn    \,    Wi-liTTi  &    A,   1!,   '■"..  ■"••il, 

.'.10,   '2!IS 
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(;Mlv.-l.m.  <".  \  S,  I',  1!.  t  ...  \.  Will-.  .-.I 
(;:il\i-tiiii.  II.  A   II.  I{.  Co.  V.  r.iiliiii,  72V, 

2:'.sr> 

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!II2.  il.")l.  '.liMi.  211:'".     :-!  !•< 

V,    \ii-|i.'.  1112. 1:21.  t;2s.  loss.  Uilll, 

1H2().  22."):i.  2  '.'.'2 
V.    Bmiiicl.  SI 2,  20fl.'i 


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V.  (  11,-kill.  ■117.  220!) 
V.    DiiiliN.  :!07,  IOCS 
V.   D.uis,  2:t.  .".!.  21:0     iOiV 

117.  4l'i.  .127.  !2S.   Ill     I- 
V.    I'cliiiidi,  20!ii;.  J'  ^s 
V.   |)i'!.iliiiiilv,  2;;s  I 
V.   Dr.'w.  701.  lls.-i.   ll!".i 
V.   K.kl.'s  1 1. v..  I07<i 

V.  i>k<iN.  ;iir.,  101.  700.  : 

IISH,    ll!l() 
V,   Kru'IMi.      17S,     .••:il.     sji 

22i;c.,  22-il) 
V.    I  .il.cr,  420,  l.'!i;i.  2;!!i2 
V.   Kniiiirr.  KIHI,  117  1.   ''   .■ 
V.   Vi.ril.  171.  2u!";    ■•  ''I 
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V.   (  1  Ulri^^l  T.   7s". 

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V.  Ciinl.^v.   21.   :io,   .-.I.    1", 

V.  ll;iMi|iti.ii.  2:1   7 

V.  llciiiiinK.  4:11.  2271.  ■.' "s 

V.  Ilii'_'iii>.  "i.vi,  iii;:! 

V,  II.M  .-.  ois 

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V,    .lollllSDtl.    221s 

V.  |j  ni[io,  OiiO.    lotj.    I  IJ.'. 

\.  I;< mil.  2102 

v.  '.Midi,  22i!t 

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V,     M..  -Il  T-IIM.    2101 

V.    N.1-1.  f'liil     I70S.   17  12 

V.  \iil...l-.iii,  n«i 

V.    \..i,;.    2102 

V.    r.ini-li,  7  111,  :i7,  s,V,i.  11 

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V.  M.  Uiuis  .\llK-  Co..  Si.:; 


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r.ilU'K   V.  (iiiild.    I4!».  5li:),  U'.i 
C,i\i-i  V.  Diunioiid  Stute  Iron  Co.,  UM 
V.  Tliaiiii'S      Iiori«oik'<      A       Ship 
biiililiii;;  Co.,   l!'r,7,  iiiO.'. 
Cill  V.  lloiiiii^li;iii-.ii,    liMS  I 

i;i'liir<i  V,  Laiica>liiif  A   V.  I!,  d..,  2li(is       ] 
(.ill.'!i  V.  KohI<>.  .•.ij,   1-.';,S,  1>*TI 
i.illcnwiitir  V.  Miili-on  i  I.  It.  (  o.,  i:i:!l. 

i;!S7.  is;;(i 

(;il'.s|ii(>  V.  DiT  Dt'ck.  ]■:.  II.  .1:   II.  It.  Co,,  I 

•j;ws,  'jiisii  '  ; 

fiilll'II    V,    |-\lilli:llils      .'u.-.ii  1 

Cilliii  V.   I'littiii  A   s.   It.  (  o.,  :!70.  ti,"):?. 

Siii,  012.  lliiil.   IIMPJ 
C3i!I*liiimi(iii    V.   Suiii;      IJnxik     ft.   Ccii|i.. 

litcii,  \sn;.  )sjs,  'i.sj:i.  ts.ut 
(iiliiinn  V.  K:!>l('iii  I!.  (  u..  Jiil,  2(1(1,  :1IT, 
:!!U,   402.   4;il,   4113,   .jii5.    I(i2;i.    1(1.17. 
l72.->,  lS2li 
(liliiiiTc  V.   MitliiU'aj,'iif>   IVikt  Co..    K»I. 
.'■'7 
V.   Nortlicni  1',  K.  Co.,  12;U.   1(1.".^ 
V,  D.MokI    Iron    &    S-.'W    Co..    1  IJ... 
U:i:i.   H,1<J.  14.-) I.   liiM) 
Cii  ii-'   V.  (iiiswoM,  ::  ;!i    ,",  111 

>     Vf.   Ix.iii,  (••,,   '\  !,..,.i  Co.,  ."il2 
Gir.ml  Coal  Co.  v.  \Viji;,iii.-:.  11)11,   I1II2. 

211'ii 
(111  iiii.i     V.     lONt'trie     liiti'iovfiiienl     Co., 

I(i.-,s 
(;i»-oii     \,    Siln\;iliMflii-r.    Ji.v   (;!.■>.   7|i(, 

7S!( 
(ll.l-L'OA      vV     -<      W.    I'.    Co.     V.    I,ji.llnv, 
21:!!l 

<:!:i"  \.  (  hii  ■;...  i;.  I.  A  i>.  i:.  ( ,..,  721 

(;l;i"i-y  V.  Il.-sicnvil!  ■,   \l.  ,\    I'    P.i--.   I!.  ( ;,,„.|i  i  I-.-     v.     \Va>liiii;;toii     Mi 

Co  .  7>-.-«  ,-,:i:i.  7(111.  loiic 

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l'rimi!iL' Co..  S.l.!.  21112  i; |..,,|!    \.    ,\!,,ntaiia    C.    It.    C 

01<a-oM    \     DiUi.il.  C.   11.  A    \l.    I!,   (o,  |-     .    1-.,., 

.-,18.  KO.i.  !i..o.  l'.-.4.  li.-.ii  (;,„     vi't.   V.   N,«   ,„„l.    2J21 

V.  \c\v   N..ik    A    v.   K.    It.  (  o.,    HI.  ,;,„,!,, „    |,;^  p,^,.,,,    .j„,;4 

1!2.  177.  l.).-!!.   110),  looj  ,           ^     .Uamh.-hi   i    I.   I!.  Co. 

V.  Sniitli.  207.   ICO,  .-.:;2.  17, 0  |         ,    ,.    ..^   ,,;... 

flliwrn  y.    l\e,.|-i,„    Ml-    (  o.,   ,.-,-(,   1  HIS  ;  ,.     ,j-,.;,„„,,|,.    ,.^,,,|     ^,f       , ., 

(Jli'i^      lalU     |oi',i:iii,l     (  I  until     (  o,     v.:  .i.)i'.. 

,..','■•'■.'.:'■':'  '';■;  il ",-  '-''■■'„  •,      ,,.,,  (o..'.;i,.7x."K:.M-ii-  ( uv  .v  .s.  r. 

Cio'h'  \wioI(1i  .Mi11.>  (  >'.  \.  roi'i.i  .  2121,         ,-,    ^^. 

,.,'■'"■'  ,,    ,  ,,„     ,,,.,  i(;..nii.i!i    V.    I)r~\|.,iii.-,    l!ii-U     ^ 

Close!)  \.  (.il.iMitTi.  22.«.  2iiO  ,.  ,       .,        ,    ,      ,,,.      ., 

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\.   Woi.llimv.  17.'!(1 

iiul'V  V.  (ll,io\^;   M.  !t.  Co.,  1: 

(.oiiiily    \     N'mI'v      lititi     Wiiiii 

1  lici.   14011.  l.'..-.(i,   l.'illlt 

Coriiiii'lv  \  •!.    Mi;r.  Co.  v.  OKei 


Coir    V.    Norfolk   &    \V,    K.    Co., 

.517,  :,ii:!,  702.  siK 

V.  T-lrdo,    vt      L.    A    K.    C. 
2'l(i 
iOL'i^ii'  V    P.  .\|.  fl.l.onc'  A  Co..  •; 
71  I,  7(1!,,   12(12    I2i:il,   17:!.> 

;oiii>  V.  (  i,„..,oi,.  i;.  1.  A  1'.  n.  I 

i.'i7    22.SS 
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lol.lle  \.   Welllel.  .11(1,    Uf)!,    IC; 
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Co..  S(i.  174.  illii.  OSS.  t;!»>.  7( 

Itcid.  101 1 
loM/   V.   Mil.i    iikee.  h.  S.  &  W 

270.  718,   102;i 
I'ljuit."'!    ^.    I'.'ilMiylviiiiia    \'..   ( 
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I  IJ:-.   Wis.  l.-iO(i 
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.."II.  .-,<t4,  (101.   lo:!(l 

; If.  II.. u-  \.  i:,,.i..ii,  II.  4  K. 

sun 

.11.  t    V.  l'aliil"iii:iii   H.  Co.,  i 

: 11. tt  V.  I>niisvill..  A   \.  R.  C. 

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\.   D.lawai'e  A    II.  C.iii.il   C 

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1140,  lli;2.  2.1.!  I 
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1  !0.  200,  210.  211.  .".20.  lIMld 
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V.  s.  .11. 11,  s.".2.  01 1 

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Cuihviii  \.  NcwcoihIm-.  lOO.'i,  I'.nlH 

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C.    K.   Co.,    U4:i 

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iMliaiit  V.   r.ii-l"M  A     \,   1! 


,Vl7.    l.-.l,- 


'  I'l.  Ill  I,  1;  iS. 


Mi 


V.  Ilr.' 


il.  l.iMiiScr  I 


1;         <     M    , 

i.Hi,  lin:i,  11'  i.li:i:>,  iJ'i;    iji  1.  12I1; 


,1  ■!■_ 


n   ^ ,   (  .\  I,,  una  . 


(  ..,il   c 


nil,- 


V,  ctiai'ii 


Clii 


M: 


j:;lo 


i  iiliill   V.  C;ili.i..ii  III    1;.   < 


2111 


»i.    I',    M,   A    (1    1!     c 


i|...t  V.  1) 


c.  1;    < 


HI      >1|0,    ,Hl  I, 


VowImT'.'  < ' 
71.'!.   70.1,    i 


ll    A    (  nk,. 


1272,    r.io'.i 


IMii 


.\vii- 


hi    v. 


MiiiilLMii   1  ,    I!,  > 


r.i.l    !i.-i 


11102.  1!>0S 


.1    llaji 


l.|^;    A:     I.    li.    !■ 


V,    IhiMili-v. 


!1.  .:277.  2 

I,   I'.-tiil.  -y.  2 

III. I    liipik   1;.  I 

V,    Ci;iiiiHiti;j-. 


2217 


:i:i 


:ni 


r. 


Iill::l:l. 


;i 


V.  \Va^llill;:•l.ll.  21<!» 


V.   We 

i.i.niiiij   V 


2ill7,  2iil!l 


<  lii 


-1,    I'    A    1; 


Co..  lOS.  11)47.   I2!t: 
;i,iiit   V.   nn-dali'.  2. '.7.    I  H.  7:i|,    lo.-> 
12i;it.    1075 
V,  llali-iu'li  &  (i.   1;    '  o  .  -•-■-'    ■'■'•"■' 
V.  Sl.ilir  .Mill  >•     I'ouii-  (  .,,,  21s.-. 


V.   Inioii 


I-,  n.  c 


l:!i).    1S2.    !.• 


873,  IMIO 
V.  Vaitii.}-,    11)12.    I  Oil' 
Crilti-  V.  Kiin-as  (  ii\ ,   I 
sii,    12!).    174.    ls2.    11:: 
1.->1I.  l.-.ll.S,   174'i 


',    C,   1:.  <  o. 
Mil,    I47r., 


i.lilil 


Cliicau".  IM     I 


(;i.,\..l'i'  V.  Miiiiii'a|i 


.li-  .V  St,   1.,  1! 


14.   1 1,-)S,    1  170.    I.-.71I 
V.  It^l•^^t•^.  I'.M.'i 


111; 


IN.  ltJ27.  liii 


I'locislii'i 


111,  2.17 


V.  <!i  riii.inia  •!:!>  <  '<  a 


I   C 


4  11) 


V,    1.: 


H7().  217s 


IMii);.,l.di>!iia  &    1;.  U,  C< 


1| 
V.    I'ull,-n.  21s  1 


\,  Till 
("iroaxT  V 


oiii-oii.  20i). 
Clii.' 


U.    I.  4    I'    K.   t 


S74 


11;  'H|llr  i\ 

7ii(i.  7ol.  7  1: 

..i-   (  .    i;.   <  .   .   2:     JiM,   : 
,.;i2,  sir,,   ii.-'i.   i_pi.   r. 


0. 


12.M.  j:2l 


1;,  C 


'lUl, 


I  III-  nil   .\    I  ,,ii,,ii 


:il.   Sli). 


Ilail.,  V. 


S'.'U,    lll,',il.    '^ 

(.r.iiiv  il'i  \,   \: 
1.-.,-.,  l.'!2:i,  1:. 

1  l:'.i 


n,  1:,  (  ' 


\■^^.^    i.ii 


WIS.    1421, 


,1,  l.Vil 
1211,     12 


117 


1. ■..•.!,  22 


l.<2- 


ISl," 


l::il,    i. 


\\\\.y  I",  t  .'.. 
'.ll,   1  iS|      1.  IS 


iilip 


l.,,iii-ull..  1:1.  .-Ill'  Ui,^ht  Co.. 

1  ,:l,.,l,.iiia  1:,  (  11-,  21(10.  2170 
i,;-MV.   |:t.'.'.  2120 

,\    1:,  Co  .  :il8.  lOtii, 


i;..-ii 


:'o."..  2:ui,  2:11:1 
lll.ii  .Ml;:.  Co,.  110:1.  \:, 


221.2, 


l.V.IO 


III 


I  K'll    .''tic: 
.\     \i      I 


t  1:.  c. 


.  010.  1(141,  112."i 


i"lil- 


lln.il, V,   Isso.   lOlil.  1047 


ns. 


,0,   0.-)4. 


Mi; 


lie 


::i.-iS 


.v,  ^1.  K.  ri'ck<  Co,. 


107 11.   2:i.'i. 


.l.>i;,>      O 


2:10: 


.1,1-, 


\  \.  1;.  ( 


V.   U.lh 
(.lUlI'li-'   ( 


IT'il 

'  ;|s 


(.1  illllli*   V.    I.oiiiloii 


M     K.  I)...k- 

,.-     V,     l|..ll-t..M 
:..!-!l    V      l.ll..'. 


(.11 

(Jriiiiiii'liiiuii   V,   rnioM 


4. ',2,   10; 
P    1!    <  . 


iiii:t 


:       It] 


\M 


Jjs:' 


r.\i!i.i:  (»!•  CASKS 


•  Minioiit  V.  Iliiitmiin.  22'.K) 
(iriiii-lc'V  V,  1!  ii'Uiis.  K'.TI 
Cii/.'I.'V.  lioM.  i:.l  ll'St 
<:i(i:l   V.   Diiliitii  Imperial  Mill  >  "..  2IU 

Cit-s  V.  MilliT,  807 

V.   I'ct::i  y!viinl:».  I'.  Ik  H.  K.  Co..  !li;i 
CiK- /I'W-ki   V.   (  liiiMu'o  Sii^;ir    Rof.   <" 
1  is;:,  I,, is.  i.,s.-, 

Iliotli  V.  Tlii.iiinni.  L'liJ.  5.i!t.  IdSl.  -JJJO 


Cinx,  •  \,  I'lill.  I    IftTrt 

V.  wiiiiKoiii...    i.iij,    ii;:n.     iiii!" 

KMis.     ;>i:7.     :il7!i.     ilSl.     -.JlNJ 
■ils.i.  ;;i«"i,  •jl'Hi.  _'j  ;-i 
Criilx'  V.  Missf.iiii  I'.  K.  (  .1..  til.  i:;i 
(!ii;in>nlv  (i)ii^t..  (  11.  V.   lii^MUcr'.  ti'>" 
Cni'ili  I'li'ilri    \.   Kin-iiii'.'.    111.    1  i:'..   Jmi 

ln(,.,.   IIOl 
(Jiuiilti.-r  ».   I.oikliiiii.  (il.  71.  7ill.  HSl 

I'liii) 
iIiij/mMlii'liii   SiT'ili 

iTj.i,  17 jx.  i:i> 

(lililli'iMK'.  'i'iir.  -\i' 


•  iiilf.  C.  i   S.    I'.    I!.   I  ..     V      1', 
■ll!l,   lliTH.  J  ;i.", 
V.   I'ov.cll,  2i;)ii 

V  Itf.l.U.  r.  ^1.    177 
V.   riovall.  2:iJ.-. 

V  S'cl'iwiililpi'.      1(1.     .'illii.     I 
!nc,2.  \:>M).  i-2\  I 

\.  "^liiiinT,  71.").  li'>:!."i 

V.    Si||i,,ll:llit,  -.'1.  -^Mi.  .V.i7. 
\.    Waiiiri.     l:;-.'.     1IHI7,     1  I 

V.   W.I,-.    Jl.    .-17.    73.     It 

I  LSI.   I'llMi 
V.   Willi.nii-.  imt.  ■-•'"1.  ,-,!i_', 

liMij.  111.'.').  :it«l.  ■-•■-'iMi 
V.  Ui'iioii.   'iKt 
V.  Witli^.  •27ii.  lo.-,!i.  ■Jii)7 

V  W.).h1.  (■.-.'■.i.  «'lii.  JIKU 
ilf.  W.  T.  i   I*.  I!,  to.  V.  .\l. 

•.!:ilis 
V.    I!.vaii.  il4!>.  ".l.")!).  '.):,H.  !lil 
J    I'd     V     I'l  iiii',Mii.    Ciitii,-  V.  (  l.iiat'i).  Si,  I*.  !.  M.  II 
(!uilill:'c!l    \.   .^choll.    IJliS, 


,,, _.,_..  '(iiiiiM-.    \.A    S)i!;.   \.    II.*.    1 

(;iii):n.i  \.  Kiiii|>|i  siiiiii  i>;  Ci).  C'n,.  i!i,,  i!i.".:{.  I'n;'.',  jj>.") 

H\.  IK!,  1  II.  .■)l(i.  .i:-.'.  Jit' I.  JJ'lS. '.iiNS  V.   Willii'^iliain,  HKJ.  (i:!!l.  1 


ii.'.i;.  2J-'J 
(;iiM-,ili  V.  I  :i,iiii,  j:i(U 
I ; 


Oiintcr    V,    (JiiDiiti'villf    .\llu'. 
|i;ill,  lillt),   lii!i:!,  1«)'1">.   Ml' 


iiilil-.  Ill  V.  t  ailiii.  j:iU»  IiiiM,   Hill),    Miii.i,   i')>..>.    mil 

'.•\U.    r..  .'v    K.   (.    I!,   ('o.   V.    II'TTianilcz, '  Ciwi:  1^1 11   v.   Wa^lil'iini  &    M 

l(ii;'i  j     iiiui.  KiL':'..  IHII7.  I'.iiu,  2iil."> 

liiilf,  1  .  A  S,  l\  n.  Co,  V    Hiall,  at)  iCiiillirif  \.   lioa-c  ^pillllill^'  Cn,, 

V.    I!'.. an.  l:!-J!>.  l.".i;t  '  V.  CiT-il    V.utli.i  1    I!.  Co.. 

V.    l'.iiM:i:..i.l.      It.     lil-'.     li.'.tt.     7Ci.'>.l  V.    I.,aii-\lll.- A  N.  I!.  Co..  1 

ll^s,  illi'.i.  IJii:!,  IJiiti.  ItHi'.p,  •Jitiil  V,  V.  liii.'  <  ,  i:.  ('•)..  :ts-.'.  2 

V.   (  alv.'il,     !UH.     •.111.     IS7."),    ISS'.IJ,  V,   ^,,ll■lll■!ll   r.   I!,  Co..  Ill 


ilO-.i 

V.  CoiMiiton.  4:iH,  'J.'.l'l 

V.  llrlaiicv,    H;:i.").   lSi!» 

V.  nonnil'lv  710,  U!t3 

V.  l)ni^,v.":t7S 

V.  Dinal'l,   IJI.-) 

V.  I'iiilry.    4t;ii.    4!»8 

V.  (iia>.  7.)J.   11  H) 

V.  llarViolt.  ti.")ii,  0117 

V.  Han  is.  Sil'.l 

V,  lldlil.  1147,   11<8 

V,  lluU'il.  S17 

V.  .Ia.k-(iii.  (il  I.  (US,   iini,   li::i 

\,  .li.);tl.  ;!!!>,  Ni>:i,  11.. 


Ciitriil;:.'  v.  Mi- 


ll r  i:.  (  .). 


377.  3S0,  1141.  -lliry.  -IMl 
II. 


11, a-  V    TV.lcli.  liii-.'.  IJC.n.  ij; 

\,    HiilValo,  X.  ^  .  i    IV  I!    • 

V,  (  l.i.a'.'c.  .M.  ov  St,  I'.  1!. 

I(,Tlil«l'.a«-    V.  Siaiiil.ml    (."'lick- 

1172 
Ilarkitt  V.  Mi.l.U.^.A  Ml-,  to. 
i      Sii.-).  nil! 

i  liad.lock  V.  ((iiii..  ■-'211 1 
V,  .lohn.son.    .'i4.     lO-JV,     liljlt.     liiild.l  v,   lliiinpluvN ,  -M."!  I 

._i)i;^  I  ITndon  v.  Si<i:i\   (  iiy  *.    1'.   I! 

V.  .1.)!..-.,  7t)2,  7".'.  S.'ia.  -2117 

V.   Killv.    1147.    Hall.    2:t:iil  Ila.lj.'.  T!u'.  8S1.  1122 

V     Ki/.-'iali.     .'>(i;!.     .'I'.'S.     '.HilJ,     l:;7i'.    IlalVii'T  V.  Cli< -aiM'ako  &  f).  I!, 
I :;;.'.  -i.-)7  llaL'!.'cit.V  v.  <  liiiai;.).  St.   1'.  A 

V.   Kn^'li,  !i:!2.  '.<:i:! 
\     KiM,'..  i!il.  57-2 
V.    MiNiill.  ."il 
\.    \lavc).  .-):ili,  (117 
»,    N.  uuan.    511.    I'M.    1--".     l-^''-i       I''"'' 

I'Sl).    (.till  HllilPP    V.    l.a^l     li'Illic'S-i'i'    i.    I 

V.   IVu'in.  iSl.  22.-)4.   21:->  '       HIS 


(  ....  SIO 
Ilauili^  V.  C.ipc  I'l-ar  A   ^■.  \'ai 

1  :i(i:t 
Hai.'lit  V,  \\oilii,;iii  A  \V.  Mr- 


TAIJLK  UK  CASKS. 


23)i:i 


■.'oo.  .">!i-.'.  i;i7, 1'.,, 
>1.  •21«'.l 

i;,  r.vn 

(  (..  V.  AI.Im'II.  >■<' 

1.  '.)r.s.  !ir,;.  i-j. 
P.  A  M.  i;.  I  .     : 

\.  M.  A  II.  i:  I 


lit-      MiL'.     (!>        -'• 

<i(;.-i,  iiic.T 

nil  \    M.   \li-    ' 

liT.  iiitri.  -j'l."'-' 

uiiii;;  Cii..  •Jl"'" 
11  I!.  it>..  >■;>; 
:.  i;.  Co..  II  M  II 

..      :!»■'    ■'  


ijr.o,  \i:::.  I..:- 

.  .n  IV  i;  (■•■..  ui 

St.  1'.  1!,  r...  i: 

kI    (>'iirk-ili    i    ' 


,!■  i  O.  I!.  <  .  .    '  '■ 
.   St.    I'.   A     K     • 

A  \'.  V:iii.  >  i:.  1 

A   \V.  Ml-,  f.i.,  '■'' 


llainsboroiiKh  v.  Riilll.  2\'>H 
Uulc  V.  (  licm-y,  115.  117.  '.iOlt.  (W'.i 


llainiii.'iii    V.   (Viitnil   Coal   &    Cuki!   Co., 


::n,  T.x'..  Viu,  •.i.'iT 


V.  Nr.v   Voik  &•   N.   K.   U.  Co..   IJL'.    HiiiiiiMailicin  v 


St.   Paul  &  T,   I.iiiiiber 


Co.,  i:i'.iO,  i:!!»l,  lll.> 
Hiinirmr  v.  Cliicafo,  R.  I.  Jt   V.  K.  Co.. 

._  ,       »*•'>•■•.  SJ!> 

in.  7:i7,  U'-'o.  ll:i.'>.  12'.">.  '  Miiiiiiiill  v.  I^-.tiisvillp  i  V.  It.  Co.,  ISll 


l_'!l,  201,   J.;!!!! 
V.   \\  avsidf  Knitting  Co.,   17(12 
IIuIp  El.A.ilor  Co.  V.  Timlc.  1 
II  il(V  V.  Ca-.i\ 


I J  Hi.  12  IS 


llaiiiiiionil    V.    Cliicafio  &    (J.   T.    K.    lo.. 


V.  .luiiip    I'.iv.i-    l.iiiiilin-    Co.,    lO.'l.!       Ud.  l:i.-).l,  UJ;i.  l.Vl.-, 
lOJ'.l,  2277.   2.".!ll  i  llmniy  v.    I'arliiiiy,  22 

V.    KciiM.    I  I'll 


V.  Wi-l.iii    Transit  Co.,  .".!•:? 


II  .11  V.   nriii'id  <,tM:uric:<  Co 
.121.  (121.  tl2S 


:!'.»:i.  .1il4, 


V.  C:iiKi(li:ui  Ci>|i|iir  A  Siilpliiii   C 


I  HM.  21-. 
II 


nt'ii'jo 


I! 


\,  I!.  C 


.-.  1 . 


!1.  Hll,  (inn.  l!Kil.  2121 


C.M,|„.|- 


\      1!.    C 


JOS. 


V.    l\ini'i>on  .Sfi  \(  ii>      Mfff.      C 


:1IU.  I(ir.2 


V.  <  lalvi'sliMi. 
I.'l>i2.  1  ll»i 


II.  &  s.  A.  i: 


loua  C.  H.  •' 


2:iitii 


V.  .lolinsoii.    llii.    I'.i:;,    i:!74,    1U7, 
I  121.     ll.M.      I.'i'l".     l'>7»'.     I'l'l. 


I74i;.   l>'li(l. 


2.-)l.  2:1 


Voilli  Ka-Niii   I!.  Co.,   I'.i'.i: 


V.  -Mi^'omi 
2:nil 


IV    K 


Co.. 


221.     HJliii 


St.  .lo^cpli  \\;il''f  Co..  147 
I.-.  Hi.  I.' 


I  tS2. 


V.  Snowilcii. 


2 1 .-.  1 


ciiioii  i:  I!.  I 

Ciiiti'il      St  .!•■ 

io.-(i,  17:1:1,  i7i; I 


|s:l 

It.Mli.itor      Co 


V,  W.ik.lifM  *   s.  sti- 


I- 


rtiii, 


72.  liin. 


.t    I!.  Co..  !i| 
oil  I.      l!>.-,7, 


201:1.  2070 


Halli'M   V 


Kinu 


llalliliiirton 

1211.   12111 
II:illovvor  V.   Ilnil.'y. 
lliil-tiail   V.  Til' 


V.  \Val..i-1i  U.  <o..  .VI.-).  12III. 


H.iltom  V.  SoiitliiTti  It.  <  I 


21l".l.  21.-|0 
I  17 S.  ■. 


llaiK'oik  V.   Ki'iMic.  211.  21HI.   ll.-):i,  22."i.'> 
V.    N'oitolk  &.  \V.  It.  (  o..  1S!I2.  imiH. 
212.-) 
Ilaiiil.'iiiii   \.    lliiiliii;.Muii.  C.   It.  &   N.   U. 

Co..  2114,  211(1 
llanilliv  V.  nalv  Miii.  Co..  22.VI 
llatiiloV.  Lomlun  C.  .t   I).  It.  (  o,.  1X2.1 


Man. 

Cii 


■V    V 


I'ill-lairi;!..  C.  C.  &    SI.    I.     It 


!t:il.   l.-).-)l.   liiOX.   IHI14 


llaiikili 


Voik,    I..    K.   A    \V.    11 


Co.,     i:!H2.     l.'>l!l.      I.i'iil.    Iill:l.    KlIS. 
1(1H.-).   l(i!l((,   lli'.ll,    17111 
llaii!c-v  V.   Califoriii.i    l!iiil;;c   Si    Coiislr. 
"Co.,  2.12.  :!14,   Kl.Vi.   17!>7 
v.  flraiid  Trunk   It.  (.0..   104:1,  1443, 
IHOO 
Hanlin  v.   Mclros..,  21(12 
Haiina     v.    Cianiri'r.     1:113,     i:i:l(l.     1133, 

iKiii,   n.'io.   1(104.   Uii:i.   1(142.    1(14:1. 


2:!1H 


llarinali    v.    Conm-ctiiii 
21,   HO.    177,   S'.l!(.   H27 

12:w 

llannan    FX  parti',  20  1(1 


I     1; 


liih! 


I!l'.l7 


llaniii 


l.il  *   St.  .1.   It.  1 
I. -).'):!.  laSH.   KISO 


r     It.    (  o 

'J  11).    Kl- 


I  170. 


alfV,    2.1.    21.     47.    4(1.1,    4(li 


4H-1,  Kl.sS 
llaiiiiiiiiii  y.   I^liij:li   a    II     It.   (•■      1!>7 
.■.'1(1.  110:!.  2:117 
V.   si.iilli.  122t 

V.   Cnioii  Wari'lioiiM'  ('"..  22li 
ll.iiiratiaii  \.  .Vnlaiiianlt   S.  S.  Co..  ;1I2 


r.iooklvn  i:iiv.   It 


H.iIm  rsoii  \    Nisi'ii. 


14,-).-).  l.")SO. 


l.inarick  S.  S.  C 


llmnl.v  V.   CnioM    I'apor    .Mills  < 


S20.     Iliinratliy   v 


Nortli. 


C.    It 


11(11,  7411, 


12'.tn 


i:;ii,  14.W.  l.-.si 


Ilaniillon  v 


Ch 


It    I    \    I*.  It.  ( 


Ihi 


in  V.  Si'liiK'iilrr,  2.S2 


87,  200.    IKOC.  2I1S 
V.  IVs   Mo'iiii's    Valliy    15     Cm.    I..0 

112!'    22Sii 
V.  Caiviston.  H.  &  S.   A.   It.  Co..  ;1'. 

41,  42.   1:1:!'^ 

V.  (;iorsi„.cU.  lii.vi,  I'.'i;::.  H'c.").  2I'.h' 


■  |l  iiiMiii  V.  Australasian  Strain  N'.iv.  Co., 

'  20().l 

I  V.    Il.ininipll.  1287 

!  V.    I.n.llow     .Ml-.     (  o..      10:1;).     104;», 


Vhv  .J.    II.    F. 


HSt 


lion   Mountain 


1471 


'la  III 


V, 


,,ut    A     (       I!      Co,.     144H, 


Kidi    Hill    Coal     Min. 


Co.,     171    I       I."il0.    I(i0(),    lt'14.     Id'''*.     l(l>iS.    172(1, 


17S. 


■31-7:!:{.   1770.  22!M 


V.   Itii'hinoii 


1  A    I).   R.  to..   11. 


Ilion 


lie.  21!l!t 
IlriilL'i'   Co.   V.   (')'ConiKir. 


sn.  12^:!.  2010 
Vol.  II.  M.  & 


ISO.-,.  22'.»!t 
Mar  taker  V.  hlli?  Dist..  1(131 
llariliT  A:    11.  <'oal   Min.  C 


2(10.  ( 
lliirdii'  V 


.  Sc'liniiilt, 
12.-).  (i2'<.  12(12.  1 211(1.  I2i;s 
A.lilio,  14  j7,  14S4,  1014,  1570 


SI 


iil 


2384 


lAl'I.K  Of  CASKS. 


'    I' 


Uiirilri"   V     Ruilniiv  Tr:irsf(i    (  .. ,   :I70.    Ihi-I  ■  II     v.   ("npo   Ann    Anchor 

,v.K,  cm  ■  T^-"   1  :!•!••  11"*-- 

Haidv  V    llii-l(Hi  >>;  M.  U.  Co..  r,(i.">,  'JIS.S    ,  Ilii-Lin  v.  Xi>«    ^  ink  C.  &   H.  I 
0    Minni-.^nli-     vV     St.     I..    I!.    (....I       Is' .  JSl,    lOli.   i;i-'.   I!*:,  UoO, 

l.vjM,  i.-.ii.  i.v")7.  i.")'il,  ir.Ts         1  ll.l^-._v  V.  ^l>^^vv.  r.  Ill 

V.   Ni.itli    I  alolina    C.    tt.    Co.,    JuO.     ll^i-liiM..,  v.  .Moliiau;!  Inion  R,  i 


!  S    I       , 


:!i7.  Ills 
V.  i;\i.'.  j>m;:i 

V    si, ..Mill  Co..  :ili(i 

Hill.-  \.  .Mi-intiiv.  ix:'>.  •jnis 

llarl.'V  V.   Hiill.ilo  (  iir  M:ir    <  «..  10.  1\i. 

"."il    i")J.  '"H.  !)l).  Kiit    JIl'.  I7:!:1.  17  Hi 

V,   l.oMissill,.    &     N.'    It.    (I...     \U1. 

l.-.l!i.   I.".;i2.  i:.7)l 

ll.iriii-i  V.  ."^nllivaii.   174."i 

IliUipv  V.  .\li-onii  1".  U.  Co.,  7S!),  \H\ . 

•-';17'1 
Ilariini-  \    Culling',  17Tli,  '2i'M> 
11,11(1  r  V.   Iiicliaiiiipolis  4   St.   I..   K.  Co.. 
■;,;.  :•■  :;.  .ni^.  m:!.  li'i.">l,  liidj,  lti07. 

II  ,11  V.  Ni  u  ViTk  C.  i  II.  I!.  U.  Co..  7S7 
llM!l-i:iM  V.  K  in-.t-i  t  ity  Siar  Cii..  7:':> 
ll.MMi'".,:i   V.  New   VoiU  C.  J>    11.   It.   II. 

Cii..    JJi,"> 
llain>    V.   Clir>ai.cakc  .t   O.   U.  Co.,  H.'.;!. 

!i.':   i.-i:;7 

.   I!,     i;i.  I2!I.  l-'Ct.  1-M7 
V.  .\1i\:'iii.iia.  li'ii.  l:!:!?* 
V.   N..1I..IU  &  W.   11.  «...  !t44 
V.  Tih.i.  Joiil,  20Jt.  •-'ii'.i'. 
Hanl->i   V.   t  .-nlral    It.   <  c,..   ,.    IS.  -Jll. 

.•,ss,  i;:;j.  KJUi.  i.-ii}!i.  !•.'>;! 
V.   n.i.v.r  &  R.  <;.  SV.  It.  to..  l-.':!'.t. 
1-2,  :•, 

V.  iMiuii,  r.  &  X.  n.  i-o.,  i:!.  iii'.ii" 

1.M7,      li;U.      1474.      1  l'.i-»,      11!"^. 
IVil.     \:>Sl     1.V.2S.     l.-).V.',     1.VJ4. 
|(ll:i.    lillS.   Hil'.l.   \iMl 
V.  '1.  X.I-  i.\    1'.   It.  Co.,  835 
V.   Wlni'aU.i.   2l:ili 
Ilaiioiin  \.  liiu.Ji  l-.licliii'  I.i^jlit  Co.,  2., 

117.  '.<i>> 
llail.v    llu-'-'iiiiali  Till'.  JJI;! 
Ilais'ii    V.    Iiil,ii\.  .■>:! 
Han  V.   11.  I  .  lii.U  <..l...  Co.,  .W7.  IlJf 
V.   Laiira-liin-  A   V.  I!.  Co..  Ji.'.t 

V.  Naiiiiiiiiir'.'.  ^-^7.  ;i;tn,  ;!.">!>,  UJn 
V.  Ni  w    ^"lk    I'loalinj;    Dry    IJi'ik 
Co..  17:1(1.  17:il.  \:.i2.  ITti4 
llarl  it  C.  -Ml;.'-  (  o.  \.  Tinia.  S".i,  131,  i:i:t. 

■J27,S 
Haiti  T  V.   .\t.lii->ii.  T.  &   S.   F.  n.  Co.. 

■ilti.  ■.»*4.  li'Ml.  -.".U.  •.'27,S.  -^27!) 
llaiUoid    V.    Noithi'in    1'.    R.   Co.,    1SS>^. 

2 1 27 
llailvi'.;  V.   N.  1'.  I.uiiiU'r  Co..  .iil(» 
llartvvilr   V.    May   Slate   Slioe  &    I>'atliir 

Co..  87(i.  H77,"2:i:lli 
llailv  V.  (  iiuiat  R.  to.,   I8S4 
!lir\iv  V.    Mliuai  C.ol.l   Min.  Co..  1210 
»•   \,u   ^olkC.  *  II.  R.  R.  Co.,  :!!IS. 


I!.!.l,  1443.  1  :.!•!! 
lla-ton     \.     IMinliiirHh     Traiiu 

IM.Vi.  10(1!),   I!t7>< 
lli''iiwav  \.  Aruiis  I'liiitiii);  i 
\.   l^'t    Moini's,     1 42.1,    I.')! 

2:!.-.7 
V.  Illinoi-i  C.  It.  Co..  41.->.  .' 

IIJS.  I.-iS7.  IslS 
V.   Mirl.i;.Mii    C.    R.    Co..    I 
.-i:i2.    .^.73.   .'.111.    1032.    10 
1 110.    III!) 
Il.ill    V.    Nay.    413.    414,    4.!1. 

liSj    7(iu 
llall.M.  :iy    V.    Allanla    Stiil   4 

Co..  7IMI,  10i;3 
llatlir  \.  lUiiini-^  C  .  R.  (  .1..  l!ll 
Il.tlon    V.    Ililtiiii    llii'l;;!-    Coi 

2:ii.  "oO,  HiiiO.  172S 
llaiivli    V.   Cliiea^M.    R.    I.   ii    I 

1172 
Hank  V.  Stanilanl  Oil  Co..  107 
II  111-^  V.   I.:.kr  lair  A  W.  R.  ( 
11  ivliii  V.   Knilisli.  'M't.  2178. 
MawK-  V.   I'liiiKvhania   R.  Co. 

1!I7.  432,  44?;  73!) 
Hawkins  v.  .loliii-un.  81.  211, 
Sl.l.   1230    123!>.  124.-I,  1247 
Hawli-y  V.   Daii.y.  2I1M1 

v."  Noitlu'iii  C.  It.  Co  .  Tlii 
11H4.    12111,   1237.    1213 
llawnrtli   v.  Sirvi-rs  Mia.  to., 
llavlall  V.  Detroit,  (i.  H.  &  : 

11 OO 
Ilavili'n  V.  IMatt,  22."..  350 
'  V.  SniitUvillo   Mfjr.  Co.,  3 
i)2,   lr>7.   ItiO,  20r>,  M3. 
tl3!).  tiU,  1083,  112r. 
Ilave-s  V.  Biisli  &  D.  Mfg.  Co., 
2203 
V.  Cokl.c-trr    MilU.    36, 
704.   1000.   1203,   12!»7. 
V.  roitv-^coond  Slicot  & 

IVri V  R.  Co.,  2205 
V.  Ilvd'e  I'ark,  012 
V.  .\ri.-liif,'aii  C.  R.  Co..  22 
V.  Noillii-in  P.  R.  Co.,  ,st 
V.   \Vr.<tiM-n    U.    t  "11'..      l; 
1,-.01.  22.30 
llavnoH  V.   Kast  Ti'niir--i''  4 
Kid.",,  m.-^s 

V.   r.ik.  8'.i3.  1023 
llazi'ti    V,    West    Supirior    I-n 

771.  i«;»i 
llnAli  !i\M>l    V.    Brun-uil.    l-i 
1070 


'.'r    l:a;'i     '211    2210,  2232,  2202   H.  C.  .\U«liy  laiiiiU  r  to.  \.  I 


TMtl.K  OF(.\«-KS. 


•.'.">HS 


Ti    Anchor    \Vork«, 

C.  &  11.  R   i;  (0 

•l!»7,  UuU,  c..".: 

I 

I'liioii  U.  I'o  ,  ]?,!'' 

;li     'fraiinv.iy    t'n 

'liiitint;  I'o  .  JITl 

HJ:i.    i:.:iM.   i.>. 


114,    4.!1,    lilll.  < 
Slr.'l   4    Til;  ri 


,  SI.  211,  .'.111  :-' 

;45,  1247 

;.  Co..  "iti.  7.':t  ; .. 

:t7.  iJt;! 

Mfjj.  to.,  j:;ii.  ;  ■' 

(i.  H.  &  il.  K.  cu 
fjr.   Co.,   34.  M.  ^' 

20ii,  .103,  :>••'.>.  .v'j 

,  1  li.j 

Mfg.  Co.,  .-.iJ.  .-.i; 

ilU.    36,    ."iilii.    "I'i' 
13,   1297.   UN 

sii<>ot  iw  i;.  sii'' 

22<).> 

)12 

II.  Co..  22ii'.l,  .'-'-I 

n.    Cn..   .St4 


pciior  Liimlui  1' 
i-«i.l,  I.iiiiiIm  1  I  I 
I    Co.  \.  Uuui'ii.  ii 


It.    flmmion    Co.    v     M  iliii.    830,    2170, 1  Henry 


MOS, 
llendf.inl     V.     Meduo'   Mffe'    <'o.,    804, 

lOOH.  inu7,  21S.> 
He;i<lifon  v.  Coopi-r.  IHl.'l 
Hmlcy  V.  Xtu  ^orl;,  X.  II.  i  II.  R.  Co, 


0.-.4,  i3:io,  i;!(;, 


1 


I74!l.  17.-i2 


il  c 


lliiily  V.  Uuikf.  2202 

V.  Miu';;r<'gi)r.  21.'>,"i 
Ilrniicv  V.  (iln»^'iu\  liii.. 
lli-:iM!"v.  riiillipH.  2in'i 
JlcTtb   V.   U'liitrliioiist    CmiI  a    Mill.  C,i 

1072 
lliallii-ock  V.  P<>miiiij.'i«iii.  ,"i!»;i 
ll.avcn  V.  I'pnilcr.  l.VI,  2.'iS 
llavey   v.   Huil-^on   Rivrr   Wiitci    I'ow, 

\   I'llH-r  Co.,  714,  7(14,  lii7il,  liMi.'! 
ll.rUniiiii  V.  .Miickcy.   11-^2.  I.>4.".,   1.".7m 
lli-lify    V.    I'iiikiu'y    &    .'^iiiis    S.    S.    I  n 

1  iji'.    H.jti,    Io03,    1531,    l."(7ti,     li;t7 

17(11 

llrll, 


ri'ii    V. 


.Sort  lie 


1'.    1!.    I  o..    SM. 


lo!i2.  l;tis,  i:i;;it 

Ili'iiK'  V.  (  hicayo  A  .V.  W  .  K.  C< 

li,li!l,  1S2.) 
Iliim-i  V.  Ili'iivclinuii,  I(i7!i 


1441. 


Il.'llii 


,'-;|iui"litpr.  72  4. 


744 


ll.lf.li-lriii    V.     .Mi'ilut.    (12  i 


l(l7),   1144.  12(i.-|.  1: 


i; 


Miltriili  V.  (>;.'ilrii  (i\\  It.  (.o.,  183.  7.iii 


77(i.  !>4(i 
V.  \\  illiiimH,  2:).')(i 


llc'hl 


l(<.-i 


imi^viljc  &  N    I!.  ( 


V.  O'Riiuikc,  12.><(i 
lliliiik.'  V.  .Mel  In-.    ll.Vi 

V.  Tliilin.iiiv.   lll.-<2.   I.s;i7,  r'1'2,   l!"i!i 
lli'ltiin     V.     .U.IliaiM.i     .Mullarxl    I!,    i  ..  . 

•Jii.!:(.  227(1,  22.SS 
ll.ll..it\illi'    .Mf;.'.    Co.    V.     I'i.-lils,      !l(i'.. 


Mii4. 


2:173 


lliMikc  \ .  lialii'oi  k. 


Klli-. 


:30,   1273. 


::l.-)7. 


1X,H 


llrii.|rr«)ii   v.  (  iinuii  (  <!..  .")0.  2.'lii 


\.  ' 


ill-*.    145,    17 


i;iii.  i;. 


111.   Kl.tl 


V.    (.1,1 

V.   W^.lk.r. 


\V:.t- 


iiw.  21  10,  21.1(1 
-.Jtl 


2i'70 


\.  W  illiiiiiH.  -I."!."!.  2217 
ll.i.ilrirl.s  V.  Wolnii  \    \.   I!    (  •<..  :\'i' 


II.' 


York.  N,  II    i  II.  U    i 


c.i:.  !'il.  740 

llll.ki-   V.    K.ll.iri.k.  21)0 


II 


IMIIU-SCV      V. 

1('2(1, 


lliiiLliaiii.     110.     110. 


llclllli''-\ 

lll'll'li'.'   V 
II'  IIIIIIIL' 


I  lilr.i'.'o  &.    s.   w.    i; 
7(10.  OOlt.   1123 
..M-y  X.  M.'Ciil..'.  2|-.'; 
—V    X.    lin   I. 


ITS. 


in:;,  11.-,  I 


Cliil.,'  roiiii.lr.  I  1 
V.  W.M.rii  I  .  T.lr 


i:'.'.J, 


Ilva^ki 
220;i,  2.! I,".. 


I,'iiiil)ci     Co,. 


::t.-i  I 

V.   Hiaily.  ;t7.   1.".I7 
V    Hoiiii  ,-,!i!i    1113 
V.   Kinc  I'liilip  Mill,.,  ,')7  4 
V.   Lake  Sim.,  ii  .\1.  S.   lI.  Co..  2I'<. 

2M.   131!.   1.!ii4,   17."i;i 
V.   Sioux  t  ilv  i   I',  1!.  I  ..  ,  !il!l.  t.,,j, 

O.-iO 
^.   ■^lal.ii    I-l  111,1    I!     I  ,,.,    HI.    •.■ill. 

22'(.'i 
-.   \\al«i.-ti     W.M.ii,     I!,     Co..      21V. 


(.21,  1C.7II 


II  \    Wla 


V.     llli.l^ll.M.III, 


•h-.y  V.  Uliii.  ,  2l:i.'. 

■ii-liivv  V.   I'oii.r-   Iaii.uI   I  I)..  17110 

'I'I  1.1 1 

i; 


11.1. : 


,v    II     Canal    C 


V.   N.inli.'iii    r     I!    ( 
lOlS 


2:1:1 


ZVi. 


km;,   l(ir.2 
A    Uaiif,'!'    Co. 


l()i:t.  I(;:i2 

■I'.llllMII    lIlHI 

.■)(I3.  .'lOI.  70; 
•nMMiiii  \ .  I'.'.  1   r. 
1717.   1712,   IT  ii 
Tlli--.  ll.'l   I.  Tr\:i» 


MillilH-  ( 


l.aiii 


■•pclir. 


Mill  C...  1  17(1. 


Diiii; 


|i;l.  2 P.M. 


iTiil'l  V,   I'll-i.'.     !ii;l.  in;!!.  12:li 


\.   .Miiiiii 
:!.-.!.  21'i7 


1-  A    ,»l     1,    K     C 
.-    I'lll 
■■Ml.      IHl.".,      J.'. 


■rMiii;in  V 

1  |M1.     I.-,,-.. 


Clli 


.'.:..  .V    ,\.   1! 


V.    l.aK' 
17.V2 


A    M. 


'-!;r  v.  Sunn.  Uiiii.   I:"!  :.    l:i;i;.   IIHi'.' 
■I.,  ll.  V.  N.M-  \oik  (  .  A   II.  1;    1;.  ( 


:ii.  2C.C.. 


.\.ia 


lit     Mi'l'.    ( 


lI'OM,      \W- 
I'.IlK     1!I17 


i.i'!,      l.V.ili,      |■•^■, 


i:.i-. 

104.. 


.11.  21.- 


(•oh 


;ir.    11.14.  102; 


II.  K.  C 


I'^tcr  V. 


Mi'lll'll 
uitt    V, 


.1  ic.ii.   I). .I.i   I'a.'kiii,;;  l.'o.,  27 


(  ll 


Kli 


Ij'Ulil'l,     ll'Sd 

.■v    I'    \1,   K,  (• 


22,   4(1. 


SO,  02.  102.  174.  2(1.  4:W.  (i. 


I1.2I.  102:;.  i:il 
■  ll.ll  \. 


il.liar.l    V.   (  1: 

c...  212s 


lfi'|.lilll 


2171 

■-I     1-    M    A   ((    1: 


'^,^.     I   i.T 


hisl.  2.'ii:i,  2210 
nkmaii  X .  .ili  -..111 

:■■■:  1 

i.'k-  w  S.iitli. 
Ci.Vl.   li.ii.-. 


I'.  1:.  ( 


1;    > 


ji ; 


12; 


ill^<  V.   I  ..iiiiiiiL'.   ll.'l.  2U->.   ll;i-l.  22'i;' 


JjHO 


TAllLK  Ol    TANKS. 


Ili.'tiii-   V     Ifiiniiibiil   4   St.   .1.    U.    Co .  |  lli..lr»  (t  v.  |!ol..ii.\  .'.    I'    (■.>,•. 

)s-ji|    ls:l(».  l!<:t-2  III..  1  III. I'll!    V.    M'l-      I.I  :.'i.iviii;' 

V.   >h.Mimi    r.   I!.   Co.    K'i'.    ••'■"••!. 

I-MO.    14f.'.    IISO,    l.-.l.-i.   I.VIS 
V.  W  illi.uivi.  .Ml.  :!;;i.  ilJ«.  tl^^.  TIO. 

11  111.   11.JS,   l.-.s.'!,   U.1,1 


»!'."•.  !':;'i.   IT-" 
lIlH-H  V.  IMiol.  (;,  1.1  il    CI.i    lie 

V.  (I. I  s,   s.  1  „ ,  ::*,   , 

flit,  ii.v.v  i:i>:. 
IIi.'..i'wV.,i.,!'  S.V  lli^'o'inu  V.  llunnilial    llo.  .v  v.  DiiMin  i.   I!.  .I:iii>  i  i..i.  l: 

.v"si.  .1.  I!.  Co.  ,      '•  '•  "-'I 

l(i"li;im  V.  W  li>_'lit.  )>.'>H  .llolliiriii   \.    \iiiilii  in   I  imiihIiv 

HHiliiiil   A  v.'    A    ilill    K    Co.  V.  Dii-*<n- 
liniv.     limil.    -Jdol.    -KiKK    2072, 
2iiT."I 
V.  Mill.r.    IT."..-).    liMls.    Jtrll.    20ii'.i, 
!li'.  li 


21111,  s,il 
V.  (  |i,ii"li.  2lti.  r,.'.-i.  iv_>s.  ■. 
\'.   DirUiiiiin.    I'l.   -'I.    :  I. 

i;i(i,  710.  iJi..  \J.  1.  1. 

::;ti."i 


V  '\\  ili.i'    ">^7    ''\    ^1"   **•''-•  loos,  I  lli>fi'.ii.'li'   V.    N.iv    Vi'ik   ('.   .V    t 
I'.illi    1!I7H.   I':M'.  -.'J!':!  i      <■"■   l'''''.   !<"•   ''■'"•  •"!  ' 

HiTlilniil    Ki;;l.t.  Tli-.    l'^-"  ""-"'  »'    C.nlial   1'.   I!,  (o.    ;:i  i 

Hi„'!i«'i.*<i-    V.    Itiiiiil"  iv    I  111'. Ml     .\lilU. 

.VI7.  lo.iO 
Mill  V.  l!o-tiin.  !!IIH.  J:;'.!! 

V.  (  .il.loiiiiiii   I!.  Cii,.   l:i:'.!» 

V  (Ju-i    !*!':!.  Iii2:i  , 

V  M.vn-   Itiothi'iV   1)1  111:  Co..  1117,    Il.r-ith  v.   l'..rii>  .  i    Ml-.  < 
I,,.,',     I,,;,;  llM'j.le  V    UiUuii.  .1  I.'.    I'liit 

V.   S.Tin'liriii   p.  Co.,  ti2l,   .!>2.  2221.    llo.'.  n  v.  .N||ill'<_i "   I'    1-    <  '"  •   I 

2:lT7 
V.  V\  ill-Inn    11.-.1.  l(;ilH 
Ilill-l"M..(»i!  tci.  V.  Will-  :,|ii.  7't2.  811, 

l"7".t.  liSl.  I2>.I.  12s7,  22l)'.>.  2.!  il 
Hilt-  V.  I  lii>M;;.«  &  V..  T    U.  Co..   :!'.il. 

i21.   12S 
lliiiiU'il  C<i:il   Co.   V.   Sciiroiitli.  21!». 
Iliiiikliv     \.      l|..rr-iliiv»-K.V.     ."«-l2.     .ViC, 

.->7<».  f(i2.  losn.  127.S.  i:J:is 

Ili:i,n.'  V.   Iliiiui-ilr.  21S9 
Uiiiiii  V.  llnrl.oii.  2:il'< 
X.  Ov.rirl;,!-,  2:! IS 
Hiii,^  V.  Now   Voik  C.  &   II.  R.  R.  Co., 

22:1 
lliiiz  V.  Clii.Mfjo.  I!.  &  N.  I!.  C.I..  fill.)  _ 

Ui-i.lrv  V.   KMii.a:^  City,  St.  .1.   vt    C.    D.  !      2t.'.'.  :il(i.  'ii..  ii2.,  ..Sli,  H..... 

h.  Co..  22:'»  I     "  -'"' 

lli^^on.'  V.  lti.!niioii.l  &  D.  It.  Co.,  H07,  '  1I.,IIim...>.  .,1  ili    v.    I.i  1 

i.,o8  !    '■•-••■•  'i''.  --''"■••  ■'-;■'•- 

UitcliO'ik   V    n-iilwiv  TiJii-ifi-  Co..  H.'.O  |  Iliill"ni'i  n.   '  mo''  li"'>  *    '"" 
no.ir  V.  Mriiiu.  n7.-..   171U.   I7'i2  i      r,i:!.  ll:i|.  J22'i 

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V.  I||l.4||'|,     K.'l.-I 

V.  Iliiiii'k.   O.'il 

V.  Ihiiii.r,  1400.  •Jiis.-..  -JOSH,  '.m:!.-, 

\.  .I.«.!l.    70.    :il7.    110.    1,11.    7  1.1. 


1I7l' 
.loin 


J2l.->,  •-•.'iiii.  .'  ;..s 

-on.  ll.l.    I. ".."ill.  .'■J.'ili 


ii. Ill'i.  li^ii.  r.s:t. 


:i. 


Hull.  IIJ7.  17411,  2i:a 

\.  .l.iiiy,  Him.  1,'iiir,,  i.-ioi 

V.  Ki'ii'i.   UiHi 

\.  Miili.iti,  4..II,    IHDl! 

V.  M.y.r.  U7J 

V.  M.^lyliii.  ssii 

V.  Moni-.y.  i\i'.  4,10.  li.-i.l.  r.ll2 

V.  Miirpliv.'oio 


n 
V  ■.■!,  4H.".,  -.i:i.  II' 

l'.ir|Miiiit  .\U-   < 
I'll  It  I' 


:ii!t 


:!i:i 
■I.'.:!.  Iitiiil 


I'lrllc.   II'J.-,,  L'JJl 


I'll.' 
1017 


.'17 


:is4,  :iss. 


\.  <,'iiirk.  lit'.,  'V.ii'i 

V.  l;.  union,  JOO.  li.-.8.  I  no.  I7(i7 

v.  S:llli|.l».     17il.     OlMl.     I  III.,     1117, 

ll.-.O.   Illi.'l,   1 1711.  'ills.-. 

V.  N;i>liri'.   I  Itl-J,    l."..'il.    Illii.'i,  'J.'."!:! 

V.  S|roilr.lir.  lo-Jl,  I-.;  10 

V,  M,if.Mii.  m;17.  81ti 

v.  Sli'«iiil,   J7'.'.    IlKl.    I.">;m».    1."i!i2 

V.  Swisiii".    ti.'i'.i.   r..".L'.     7-.'l.     1 1 -JO. 


i;t«7.  1 107,  i."..".o,  \:>M 


Walt. 


I50'J 


V.  Wi'lhiii.l.   1'.'07 

V.  w.i.'ii.  iH.t,  ;ir..  ilii:i.  iioo 


V.    \\  IlitLllioll'. 


.".110 


V.  \Viii>li 


i\\.  XtMl.  ll.i 


V.  W.M.Ili'V.  '.'lM.-. 
V.  Z.iwi.k.  <.K,;.  o.-.s 
IllinoU    Fiipl   Co.   V.    T'li-oiL'-.   so."..   !Uii 

Hill 
Illinois   Hivcr    I'appi-   (  o.   v.   All..'il.   .".". 

7. '7.   10117 
llliiioi-.    Stfi'l    Co.    V.    ll.niinaM. 


I. ".Ill,    l.'.sil,    I. •,17,    liilj 


li.'i.    I. 
|n;o 


|r,r,: 


I'll-.    i..-:.i. 

Il.li.l.     Isiij. 


■ti'li 


ll:i.  117.  I: 


I     i;.   Co.    \.    Iiiin.lv     l|o, 


V.  Si  \ 


.'111.  :ill    .Mil,  .IlK, 


li^iil 


li'.li. 


Ii 


\     I  r.i\,    :i  I.   17110 


lli.llina    Ml.;.  I  ..    \.   .\lilli.  .iii.    IIH.    I.'.' 
Iii.|i,.iii     N.ilin.ij    iV     j!!,iiiiiiMi 


t  ..    \.    \lii-li,ill. 
1.'n!i,  Is  .1 


111.! 


i.iiia    IMM' 


l-l'*. 


.V     I!'  I     t 


inn     <iiH 
||:;     lo".l. 


\.  .H 


llillllll,    I    .11.    Jl."..    Mill.     1. 1-1,     |S|.I 


lll'll 


lii'li 


•J  IS 


..  '.   Is  I. 
:  I.  .".:l'i 


I'.il.  I-'.!".,  ■.':l.".s 
MlH.ti.  .\  M,  I,    l;    I 
1. •.".!>.    i.",>7.    I."  ;... 


i7.-.i;. 


V.     M'l;'    ll-l.-l  II.    I  I.'ll 


V.    Wal- 
I  J  I   1 


.'I.   J  1 1.   ii::'i.   r.O.' 


Iii.li 


■  II-    H   .\   W     K    I 


;i|.    I 


.■i".  I . 


i!.:o 


:i.  ■ii:n 


1 1..\ .  :;-'  I 


\-. ,  i; 


CI  IV, 


lii.li 


i.lii  (i 


.1    I!.   I 


■i:ii.s 


lii.li. 


i~  I  111. ill  i;.  I  ...  \    ii."ii'i. 


Ils7.  1211.  is'iii,  j.i:iii.  J...;!,  _■  i;ti 
li.'iana   Sl.i'.'l..    v  .  Si ,  n  .ii  i .  -.M:!.  ■_!; 


I 

liiilii-lii  il   1.111 


I II'.- IV 
111-. '11 

iiij; 

lii'.'r.iiM 


V.   liill-.  '.''"■. 
Ill   \.    Ml  I'll  ' 

iiiii.  nil 


.loli; 


JII.    .".I" 


i; 

Mill. I 


.\   II    1. 


._'.  .'.|i7.    Iiilnii'l  sii.l  I 


tiOS,  (ijl,   I  liMi.   1  II  1 
V.  .MiiiiM.  1204.  IJl.l.   1211 
V.   I'aM'liki".    14:!.  2.i:i.  i:.").".. 


Ii 


V.  .Mil'.'aiiUi 


.l..||  1 


II.'.  II ; 


744 


j  Int. ni.niii.na 
l.'.il.  Iiil4 


lit;.  N.  K.  I. 


Alia- 


MClOCOPr   RISOIUTION   TBT  CHART 

(ANSI  end  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


J^ 


x^PPLIED  IfVMGE    I 

1653  Eon   Moin   Slrol 
(716)   2M-59e9-Fo, 


I  :i  : 


2590 


TAHLE  OF  CASES, 


I 


nil 


■4 


.A 


International  &,  (J.  X.  R.  Co.  v.  Honat/, 
■     III.    »-«,    12G,   17S.   411.  427.   1  Us. 

22o7 
V.  Cook,  :J!t5,  1134.  llr.5 
V.  Cul popper.  47!».  !I23.   ISSS 
V.   Dojic,  2(10 
V.  ElkinH,  3:i7,  914.  11:;) 
\.  Emery,  1140 
V.  Gourley,  702.  2384 
V.  Hall,  494,  500.  ILlfl.  17."iO 
V.  Hawcs,  357,  2301.  23im 
\.  Hester,  54(i.  «05.  S25,  033 
V.  Hinzip.  .")02.  514,  (i(i4,  1474.  14R2. 

1548,  HiOO,  l(i07 
V.  .lack.son,  434,  2300 
V.  Johnson,   20,    .30.    171,    3:;).   330. 

447,  2101,  2305,  2312 
V.  Ki-enan,  1708 
V.  Kernan,  378 
V.  Kuehn.  2284 
V.  McCarthy,  588,  818 
V.  Martinez,  404 
V.  Moore,  9U7.  20011 
V.  Ncwbum.  055.  2331.  2.301 
V.  Rvan,  1300,  1307,  1S3(1 
V.  Sipole,  920,  2090,  2221.  2250 
V.  Smith,  315 

V.  Stephenson.  184,  787,  811.  913 
V.  Stoi-\-,  1061 
V.  Tan'er,  591,   1.320,   1.371 
V.  Turner,    857,    1101,    1102.    1103. 

1199,  2.308 
V.  Williams,    54,    602,    1187.    1200. 

1213,  1217,  2258 
V.  Zapp,  2250,  2257 
Inter-State    Consol.    Rapid    Transit     R. 

Co.  V.  Fox,  29,  446 
lonnonc  v.  Xew  York,  N.  H.  &  H.  R.  Co., 

1S27,  1820 
Inner  v.  St.  Louis  Brewing  Co.,  33,  215. 

732,  7,35,  921,  22.-)5 
Irons  V.  Davis,  2100 
Iro<]iiois   Furnace   Co.    v.    McCrca.    540. 

823,  2385 
Irxinc  V.  Flint  &  P.  M.  R.  Co..  006.  741, 

1009,  1814 
Irwin    V.   Dennystown,    300.    422.    lOCO. 

1977 
Island  Coal  Co.  v.  Greenwoo<l,  1003 
V.  Rishor.   1100,  2256 
V.  Sherwood.   1003 
Islands.  The.  1375,  1779 

J. 

Jackson  v.  Galveston.  H.  \-  S.  A.  R.  (  <>.. 

1888.  2231 
V.  Geort'ia  R.  Co..  1271 
V.  Hill,  2001 
V.  Kansas  City,  L.  &  S.  K.   R.  Co.. 

718,  7.30 
V,  Missouri,  K.  &  T.  R.  Co..  1140 
V,  Mi-.<ouri   P.  R.  Co.,  5,  535,  000. 

611 


Macksnn   v.   Norfolk   .S.    W .  R.   ( 
13.)0,     1432,      1141.     l.'i.V. 
i  1008,  li;l4,  lOlS.   1043,  17 

I  V.  Rodper.  21.")S.  21.V.t 

V.   Rod-ers,  21.Vi 
i.hiek^on  A  S.  Street    l\.  (  o.  v.  Si 
I      S21,  807,  9.3.-) 

i  .l.ieksonville.  T.  i   K.  \V.   1!.  C  . 
i       vin.  .'07.  .">!1H.  0(10 
'  .Jaeol.s   V.    I.nke   Shore   &    M.    S. 
I       Od.-) 
'  .liMcil)-(in  \.  (.  (11  lielin-.  h7.  212 

V.   St.  Paul  c'^    I).  1!.  Co..  2I-. 

laiier  V.  California   r.ridf;e  (  o,.  J 

.lames  v.  Kniniot  Min.  Co..  1102. 

I  V.  Xorthern    I'.     U.    Co..    2 

474,  852 

V.  R.-ijddes    LuiriNer    Co..    .'i 

lOlsd.  12V  2 
V.   Riohnion     \  I).  I!.  Co..  2i 
.Tames    H.    Clow     iV    Sons    v.     l!ol 

014 
Janiieson    v.   Uussell.   OO.   231.   (i 

1072.  2.370 
.Taipies   V.   Great    Falls   Mffr.   '  i 

1(>72,  1809 
.larnian  v.  Chicago  &  G.  T.  H.  C 

1595.  171S.  17.33.  1H14 
.liiinek  V.  Manitowoc  Coal  &   11 

1707 
hii(-/,-ki  V.  Osgood  &  15.  Mf,L.'.  ' 

21.11 

.hirvis  V.  (  Ofs  Wrench  Co..  572. 

V.   Fll!it  &  P.  M.  R.  Co..  05 

V.    \l;iy.  275.  2315 

V.   Xoithevn  Xew   ^■<Mk  Ma 

2:i(l.  351.  1153.   lliid.  117; 

.[ii\ne  V.  Sotievvainfr  Coal  Co..  01 

.l.ilei  on  &  N.  W.  R.  Co.  V.  Wor 

.lidiev  V.  Keokuk  &  D.  M.  R.  ' 

21  I!.  2270.  2285 
-lei'.kin^  V.   .Mahiipac   Iron   Ore  ( 
1445.  1001 
V.  Mii'.'innis  Cotton  MilN. 
V.  Uielimimil    &     D.    R.    Co 
13(;3.     13(1(1.     1005.     101 : 
1718.   174S 
.lenkinson  v.  C:ivlin.  1440.  1777 
.Tennev  ICIectric   Liu'lit   &    P.  Co. 
phv.    .->2.    8S.    SO.    110.    ,->01.    ;■ 
•148.  701,  1040.  1040.  1127.  12 
1257 
Jennincis  v.  Iron  liay  Co..  1(S2 
v.Xew  York,   X.    11.   &   H. 

1708,  1150 
v.  Tatonia  R.  &  Motor  Co., 
042,  828.  H  10.  025.  1035 
.Jensen  v.  ll-.idsnn  S;iAn.ill  Co., 

205.  208.  1211.  \-l\'^ 
Jenson  v.  Great    Nmliiiiii  R.  C 
.IrrMV  City.  The    S31 
.litter   \.    New    Vork   &    II.    U. 
217S    2183 


W.  R.  Co..  SI 

141.    i."i.v..    I.-.: 
1.  iin;i,  IMS 
1  ."lit 

.  Co.  V.  Siiumc" 

^V.   1!.  C.  .  V.  <: 

&    M.   S.    11    1  . 


K.  Co..  liil'.S 
lis    V.    I'lilt/.    7 

ill.   I'-W.  (p-.'S. 

*  Mfjr.  Co..  u 

1.  T.  R.  Co..  1  : 

14 

Coal  A    Dork   ' 


Co..  ,'572.  10*1 
R.  Co..  951 

Voik  MavliU'  t  ■ 
11  lid.  117-:^ 
wl  Co..  •>].  2ii:i 
'o.  V.  WooiN.  1- i 
11.  M.  n.  Co..  ;: 

ion   Oro  Co..  ^' ' 

Ml  MilN.  i:!('l 
0.    R.    Co..     I  ;   ' 
CO.).     1(11.'?.     li'l^ 

440.  1777 
&   P.  Co.  V.  .Ml 

lii.  :>'.)].  .");i7.  I.:;' 

.  11-27.  l-Mlt.   IJi 

Co..   17S2 

II.   &   11.    K.   '  ■ 

ilotor  Co..  73.  1  I ' 
■1--,.  10;!.j 
ii.ill  Co.,  i;!2.  1 

ii,-in  K.  Co..   1". 

&    11.    11.   Co..   '.'IJ 


T.VBLE  <)1'  C.A.^lJ.s;. 
Tlio.    1  I.">1.    1  I."..-,.    !.->.:;),'  .lo!iii~t(,ii 


.loi)  T.  \.;i- 
1.580,  i.-)s; 
.Too'i  V.  Duikuai-.it.  40.1 
•Tohnnpi  r  \.  Kastniiir.  .-^  Co..  |i>l!> 
.Tohtl  V.  .Vlliion  Co;il  Co..  -JCi!! 


Pill- 


2.-)ni 
.^    W.    R.    Co.. 


V.  1! 


A    11.  R.  Co. 


;:i;!:i 


.Toll  11 


Clevdaiid.   C.    C 


r..  1! 


Co.,  -.'lA') 
.lolin-dii.  IC.x  ]):'ile.  21. 


X.   R.   I  u. 


-Ml. 


\riiioiir.  -^ 
.\slil:iii'l    W.itcr  < 
lOi'l.      KC),      li:;.' 


o.,   S.    lliii 


1117.    ir,i 


IS.- 


2210 


.Tnillt     V.    W, 
l..llit.     .\.    . 

I21:i.   121 'I 

.r.ilict     Slf|.|     (n.     V 

l"!ii;,  1  Hi.  l,-,|i; 
.lo'i'  >,  n,ii,,ii.  I. 


.    Vrii 


1112 


ill-.    j:::i.    l:l!i2 


x.  i;.  c 


.-.11,  IKI.-.. 


S."J>.  SS  1 


\ImI.: 


V.  l'.(lllii:.'liani     Rav     l!n)pi 

2:!0.  2!ll 
V.   Rip-Kiii  li  M.  Ciin-ol.  Co' 


il   i;.  ( 


IP), 


.  r  i-  S. 


Mi 


Co..  2S, 


V.    l!..-lon  Tow  lie;. I    Co..  214.   1  121. 


1  l.-i4.   )4.- 


l.-,!>;.  ]ii:',:>.  im; 


V.  Rriiiipr,  2 Hi.  (i; 


C! 


iL'^aprd 


ki'  &  II.  i;.  ( 


!|(l. 


•TM  1       -Tl-)' 


I.  2:!29  i 


!i.-|t.   11120.  227.-). 
.  ClovelaiKl.  L.  A  W.  P.  (  o..  Hiill 
.  n.'vop  Smifl   Co.,   r.'.io.   iiss.   700. 

10(1,5 
.  Ficld-TliurlxT    Co.     1(147.    1(101, 

lOl'O 
.  Fir.-^t   Xat.   Bank 


;i. 


02."i.   10.i4 


.  G;^I^ 

2200 

.  Hoi 


II.   & 


cston, 
iiios.  2ri0.  2217 


i:.  I 


i;.  I 


111.    1.1.4. 


\     llovcy,  70.  840.  I  111.'. 
V.  International    &    <•. 

2ns7 

V.  .Tolian~cn.  213,  .ISO 
V.   I.imlsav.   1310.   1340. 

1310    1317,   131S.    l.-.(l3.    1S.V2 
V.  Mi-F;oiiri   P.   R.   Co..    (Mo.l    317, 

2301 
V.  Missouri  P.  R.  Co..   (X.l).  I   23ii:) 
V.  Mit.hrll.  lOOi.  I'll,!! 
V.  Rirlinionil  &  A.  K.  Co..  l.",.")!.  1007 


Ricliniond  &   0.   it.  V 


3iO 


\.   Si.  P.iiil  .1    n.  I!.  Co..  lS!Ki,  212, 
V    Si.  Paul.   M.  &   M.   R.   Co..    1.1 

1S3.  188 
V.   Soiitliprn     R.     Co..     14Si.     l.".:! 

l.-).-.l.  1002 
V.  Slpani     Caii;;i-    i     Laniiin     Ci 

7Sr,,  931,  21!!.-) 
V.  T.i.oma   Mill  Co..   ll:iS.   n.-.2 


Wol. 


A  .\.  R.  C 


ri'.'. 


X.  V.  &  p.  p.  Co..  14  !i: 


llllU 


.lolin  Sprv   [.uiiilii'V  Co.   v.   Diipjaii.  030 

1414 
Johnston    v.    Caiiailiaii    P.    R.    l  o.,    4.50 
2374 
V.  Oicv'on    Sliort    Line   \    V.    X.    R 

Co..'l02fl.   lli:il.   IP'S 
V.  Orojron  Slioit    l.iiir    P.   <  o..   007 
780,   1137.   113il,  1118,  11.5S.   1102 
2280.  2321 


770.  S2'    2"'io.  ■J2'is 


2o|.-, 


V.    liii.Mii!.    l!'.5il 

V.   Cl,i(;:'jii.    St.    1'.    M.  i    ().    R.   C< 

22.-,.  271,  27.-..  2414 
V.  Crt  niiii.ii  <!iir.  Siato  Co..  20iiii 
V.    Pliiil    A    P.   M.    i;.  Co..  Sl.-i,   S-J 


2IMI,  231: 
.    I'h'r>  nci 


.M 


11.  C 


;i,  .-.0 


lOiil.  l:i3s,  ir.ini 


Jill 


P.     Co.. 


.   Ca'M'.slo 
1231.  12.1 
,   l..i;i;;ia 

,  1.1,1-^.  I3:ir, 

.  ilraiiitc   Mills.   !,-,.    hi.   :',iil.  172, 


II.    A    S,    .^ 

iHitla'rii   P.  ' 


17 


Kill!.  ISI12 


hak.-  Sill 


A    M. 


p.    Co.,   SI  1, 


127 


12('0.  i:;iM) 


\.   Roiii-villc  A    X.   R.   (o..   7S,   S.-,!l, 

lo:i7 
V,   .\!,il\ian   Ijiih)  I  1-  ('•'..  22S.  ll.l.-i 
\     Maiiiifaot  wi'iii'j     &     Iiivr.st.     Co.. 


.■I'.ili.  0U7.  OO'.i.  HU  i.  1  I  111 


,   \i  w    .\nii!i 
ll'.Hi.    122.-. 


an     i' 


Co..    USS. 


V.  ik  C.  A   It.  P.  R.  Co.,  20, 


37 


,-.4.  22 

,■  ^ol 

1712 


5.  343.  ;i74.  37 /> 

k.    N.    II.   &    IT.   R.   ( 


K.  Ill-,  an  Coal  Co..  2170.  2171 

V.  Mill  Dominion  Cotlon  .Mills.  140. 

430.  1281.  12111.  1.-..-II) 
V.   Pa.ilic  .Mills.  1021.  2378 


I! 


ell. 


74.3.  S23 


.  R.aii-iis.  r,r,3.  702.  7.50.  1084 

.  Si.  |,oiiis,  X.  A  P.  I'ackct  Co., 
7.13,  1202.  12011.  I.-.IO.  lOlS,  101.-., 
1002.  1721.  173,-..  1781 


Sli 


22.  37S,   1143,   114.).  Ills. 


1140,   1230 
.  SliUisteail.  S.  &  C.  R.  C 


2181 


Siillicrlaiid.  7.5.5 
To\as  &  P.  J:.  C 
liiion  P.  Co..  23 
Ycau.  r.  200.  221i 


,2317 
2303.  2304 


V.  Wells.  23.5S 
-i,r  V.  .Johnson  Cliair  Co.,  300.  S70 


J I 


ii!i   V.  (ieorsre  C.  Wliil 


nev  Co. 


2007 


20 1-; 


.fo^eph   p..  Tliiiinas,  Tlie,  2301.  2217 


in 


{ 


2502 


TAIil.K.  OI'  CAf-I'S. 


Joseph  GiiriKMii  Tnirki-r  Cr.  v.   I':iliiiir.    Kiiii:-iis  t'itv,  M.  4  R.  K.  Co.  v 

23  7S0,  2010 

Joumoniiv    V.    !•:     H.   St  ,lT..nl    (  o.,    131.  v.   r.ntUcy.  2228 

207,  203,  lOf'O  V.  riiiili|.-i.  103 

.lovco  V.  Worcp-tcr.  87,  211.  (ill,   1030.  v.  U.l.l.,  2I1;.  2«7,  1077, 

231)1  Kini-;i-  (  ilv.  I'.  \  11.  K.  Co.  v. 

Jiioli.nt/.  V.  Mirlii'Mii  .\ll;ili  Co..  lll.->        <       lnn:t.  jMTs 
■Tiidsi!  V.  Niirinsaii-cM  I'.Icitiic  rjtflitiii;,'    Kiiii-ji    I'.    U.    id.    v.    I.inic.   : 

Co.,  2;!2S  M-^l.  1-Vi7.   1'<17.  I.'psh 

.ludkins  v.  .Maine  V.  R.  Co.,  01(1.  iHO  v.   "i„m.v.  C.Ki.   I'mM 

•TucKon  V.  Olcnn.  17;V.'.  !7S:>.  ISKl  i .   Sm'iik.ii.     Jl'C    •:."..">.     II 

.Inli.-i  I'owl.r,  Tlh'.  7;!S.  7ti3,   1 1. •).•<.   l."i.ll.  lOifi.  Is:!').   IsM.  2:!(Mi. 

l.-)1.-|.  1,->7S.  nil  J 
.luliiin    .'.  Stdiiy  t  lok  I'ctl  Criiiiitc  Co.. 

(ids 
Jiin<;ni»<oli   v.   Micliiiran  Mii1I(m1)1('  Iron 

Co.,  10,  T)!.  417,  OW 
Junior  v.  .Mi-oiiii  I.lictcrip  Li'^lit  X    IV 

Co..  7(i.   1;:!.  2:;(1.  520,   -,H.  tilo.  sjo. 

1008 
.Iiipitor  Coal   Miii.  Co.  v.  Mitcit.  2170, 

210(1.  231  » 
.Tiihtifc  V.  I'ciii'.-vlvaiiia  Co.,  14-13,   l.'iST. 

1012,  Klltl,  l(i'7(>,  17dU 


K.;in/    \.    l',i-v.    140.    331.   3.-,:;. 

IHIO 
Ka'  1  111   V.   N'i'W    \  (irk    ni-cnil 


K. 

KnBre  v.  Trov  Strol  &  I.  Co..  213.  3.!.-), 

f)41,  700,  1I2;>,  1127,  17jr.  1717 
Kaillei-    v.    N'ortlnvcsliTn    H    liliii^'    Co.. 

10S(i 
Kain   v.   Smith.   7,  227.   3Ui.   714.   710, 

1243,  10(11,  1071.  1S17.  2310 
Kaiser  v.  I'lacciis,  70r>.  •.'2"iO 
Kallrek    v.    Dwviii^'.    U:ll.    14r>t.    l.-.Ol, 

1783,  2011.  234S,  2.370 
Kane   V.   Xortlieni   C.   U.   Co..   734.   741, 

7.10,  804.  808.  020,  1207.  1210.  1210 
Kann  v.  Meyer,  (i20.  028.  701,  si,". 
Kansas  &  A.  Valley  R.  Co.  v.  Dye,  30.-i, 
ori.i 

V.  I'"it/1ni2li.  SOT 
V.  Waters.  1443.  iri7n 
Kansas  &  T.  Coal  Co.  v.   linnvnlie.  112. 
118.  408 
V.  l>i<l,  845.   1258 
Kans.is  City  &  V.  U.  Co.  v.  U\  \n.  337 
Kansas  Citv  Car  &  Foundry  (  o.  v.  Siu- 
ytr,  "l050 
V.  Seeri-t,  1482.  l.-)4(;.   1.580,  2240 
Kansas  City,  Fl.  S.  &  G.  1!.  Co.  \.  Kicr. 

.514,  1000,  1000 
Kansas    City,    Ft.  S.   &    M.     K.    Co.    v. 
Heeker.    20S4,    2254,    2351,    2308. 
2410 
V.  Haniniond,   407,   402,   508,   1484, 

1520,  1520.  1581 
V.  Kirkscv,  1874 
V.  Murray.  851.  028.  2120 
Kansas  Citv.  M.  &  1!.  1!.  Co.  v.  Tlurton. 
40     113.   110.   801.   810.  007.   020, 
1125.     1120.     1143.     1148.     103O, 
1'i.-.l,      lOSI!       1000.      1007.     2000. 
2005.  2008,  2075 


Karl  V.  Maillard.  17:13.  1701.  ■. 

!\:il  L    •^ll|vlll\     (   ".    \  .    Km  'hi;.'.    I 

K:[inr   V.    Petriiit.    (1.    11.   &    .' 

225.  057,  1175 
Ka>|iari  v.  JI.ii>!i.   13 
Kisll  V.  WalMsh  1!.  (  o..  1311 
K;iull'niaii   V.   Majer.  211.   Is.il 
KaiiflioM  V.  .\rnoM.  .V,'^.  70(1 
Kay  V.  Ilri^'^'s.  IO80,  220S 
Kave  V.    lluW   l!in     Ih  «ierv  Co 

llii,  120.  2i'2.  2SS.  ::2:i.'227: 

Keau  V.  Di'lHiit  (  hiiih  r  iV    I'.ia 

MilU.  403.  410.  5:;:!,  io:i2.  1 

12:'.5.  12.'i4 
Kearaey  \.  XickolN.  1007 
Keaniev   iCleetric  Co.   \.   l.auj 

270,  ':)■.;<•.  (121.  (125.  027.  Oil 
K.  .iriis  V.  C  liiea!.;o.   .\I.  iV   St. 

iS.  187,  710.  1148 
Ken^t    V.    r.iuroi:     iltiri.ilile 

2108,  2170 
Kealiii;;    v.    Paeilic   Sleiiii   \V1 

Otis,  73s.  l.-i:!2.  1550.  1008 
Keatley  v.  Illiiioi'^  C.  U.  Co.,  : 
Keats    V.    N.:ti()iial    lleelinj;    ] 

115.  200.  211.  II'OO.  1114 
Keil'e  V.   (  liieuo   i    N.    W.   R 

S34 
l\ivi;.iii   V.    Ka\ai:aii^li.   7:!0,    1 
1271 

V.  Xew  voik  c.  &  n.  : 

1813 
V.  Westeiii    R.   Corp.,    13, 
l:!10 
Keen  V.  Milhva'l    Dock  Co..  : 

20  !0 
Kee'ian   v.   F.di.'-dii   KKctrie  11 
Co..  ,S01.  1001.  2178 
V.  X(>w   York.   L.  K.  &   ' 
1I4S.   15;!0,   1001.   1003 
V.   Watrrs.   03,    105.   131. 
Keevan  v.  ^\■alker.  1220 
Keliler   V.    >eli\veiik.    100.    Ill 
704.  705.  12:13.  12;15.  12  12. 
1200.    12:'8 
Kehoe  v.  Allen.  17.32.  1714.  l!^ 
Keist  V.  Clii.n^o  (I.  \V.  K.  (  .1 
850,  K.OS 


1.  R.  Co.  V.  froflci-r 


»7.  1077,  V.^:<i 
K.  Co.  V.  ^  [•■•lipiiiii, 

.  i.iiti...  31,-,.  ii:i 

il7.  l.'iss 

,   (i.",.-,.    ir;v    I.--- 
St.  )i:]m\.  j.i:!: 
:i:il.  3.-):!.   I.-.",  lii" 

V:   ni-ciiit   Co..  J   ■ 

:!:!.  ITci.  -.'Ji..' 
Kiii 'i.i^'.  Ml.  :;: 
:.  11.  A,   .\l.  '!    I . 


( ....  nil 

L'll.  is.u 
."i(iS.  7(1(1 
•JJ'.IS 
li«iiTv  Co..  -17.  ll.'i 

[H  r  A    r.i:i->  r.nlliii.: 

i:i,  hi:!;;.  1o:!ii.  ij:;ii, 

10(17 
I.   \.    l.jii};liliii.  '2'M. 

i:-::.  liu.  (171.  71.-. 
.\i.  .V  Si.  V.  i;.  (■-. 

Uiii.illlo    .stool    (  ",. 

■^tciiii   Wlinlin;;  ('<:. 
",|i    ICiDS 
■.  il.  Co.,  211,-> 
Heeling    Miipli.    Id. 
-..  1114 
.\.   W.  R.   Co..  -I' 

-li,  7:in,  io:io.  iji: 

■.  i  11.  R.  11.  I  n. 
Corp.,  13,  -224.  21.'. 
oiU  Co..  2()l:l.  2ini, 

Oli'ctrie  lllii    .iirttiii^' 

1.  217S 

L.  K.  &  W.  R.  tn, 
(101.   Kill.'! 

lO.-).   l:!l.   207.    liiii'i 
122(1 

lliO.  111.  i:ii.   i:!: 
;!.•).  12  12.  12.-.1.  12^1 

2.  1714.  ISIO 

w.  i:.  ( ....  I-;.!.  '^M 


T.xr.Li:  OF  cAsrs. 


Keith  V.  Oranito  MilU,  1.".  KU.'i 

V.  X.w  llnvc!!  &   X.  ((I.,  .'174.    100, 

42S.  171:! 
V.  Wnlkor  Iron  &  Co;il  Co..  .1:!.  3  i.t. 


KcnniMlv 


259» 
.Ii"k<on     &     -^K^i-     Iron 

17:: 

-ii|i'  ri' 


1.37 


Mi; 


KoUnnl  v.  RooUc.  11102,  I'JOI.  lOOH.  2orS. 

201.'),  2010 
KiIIcIrt  v.  Milwimkri'  4  N.  1!.  i  •>..  1S3.  v.  Spi 

1S7  17. .2.   rs2 

Kcllor  V.  (i;i!-kill.  211.  SOI     I'iS'i     l:i.".2.  !  Ki  iiinllv  v.   Ilili 


!■  T.iniiiiiil  &  Trnn» 
tV|-  K.  Co..  221.  270,  825.  83"?,  So."). 

11  IS 
V.   M  iiihnltiii  R.  Co..  (10.),  (U2,  1030 
V.    1',  :n;Mlv:iiii:i    K.   Co..   (141,  057 


IfiHO 

.llcv  V.  Bostoi  t/'ii.l  C 
V.  Cubic  Co.,  272.  4.-. 
020.  1013.  1170 


r:i.l.  17.-.1. 


400.     1140,     1504,    172C. 
•  i  O.  I!.  Co.,  485, 


Kill 

an. "21. 1 


v.  C^'icii 


t'o,  y,.  &  St.  IV  R.  {• 


K(  niii-"  V.  (  I'litial   Iv.  Co..  SSO 

V.'  llinL;!';iiii  Cor.lii^T  Co..  102S,  1115 

\.   Sec  .11.1   .\\(..   R.   Co.,  740 

•  .   SI  .nv.    1  lir,.    14  10.    l.-,OI.  2003 


4.-.7.  057,  0,30 
.  (  lii(v.f,'o.  St.   I'.   M.   i   O.   R.   <  .... 
017 
iM.rtySt  onil  Stioi't  M.  &  St.  N. 


.\V( 


R.  Co.,  33.  271.  27 


V.  Fourth   of  ,Ji[!y   Min.   ^'t.. 

20S7 
V.  \..mo-s.  17h0.  1700.  22.51 


1210, 


i!\    \.   Ciiii;;l(l   S.  S.  Co..    137 
lilill 
V.    ll;ll  I  i-iill.  21.")  I 


1440. 


Kfn-ili;;l.ill.    riir,   Ml'.l.   1.".70.  17(10 


•It     V. 


A   .\1.  Viill.v  R.  C^ 


80. 


Kii.tiukv  \-   I.   Rii.lLTi'  (  o. 


I''..istnmn. 


V.  Rvii^ 

v.    Si'lviT 


lill,3,   1(102 

iriiij;    Ulcncliiii;.'   A    I'm 


C.   I!.  ( 


.\.k!.v.    1407 


211(1.  Ml:..  17(17 


V.    <;:l-titlr,Ul.     3!l.     IS.'i 

V.  .liuiu'ison.  0  y'l 


1^-.:;.  1872 


in^    Co..    1U(1.  2:;0,   0-12,   ('.■.2 

0"2 
Ivpllog;;    V.    SloplnMis    Linntn-r    Co., 

414 
Kellv  V.  .\l)I)Ot.  2S.j,  .374.  3St.  810,  It3;t.    K.-ilin   v.   Clii.M;,'<..    1'.   ,S,    Si.    I..    R.  Co., 


4U(., 


\.   Rviv 


1000 


Kcown  V.  Si.  hiHii..  i;.  ( 


;i.  1.1 


1103,  1811 


20(1,  .304.  410,   l;;(l.">.  21(111 


V.  liilliiiioic  &  O.  R.  Co..  IH.'i.  (ill,;  Kern  v.  I)f  (  .istin  A   1).  Siiu-ar  Ri'f.  Co.. 


o.->3.  o: 


,-.S.   1031 


50,  00,  203,  303,  22.V1.  2274 


V.   li.iilici-    .\-*ph;\lt    Co..    IdSd.    lO'.U  :  Kcnicr  v 


R.iUi 


A   ( I.  S.  W.  R.  Co., 


V.  DaxiiK 
V.  ndro 


277,   ISOO.  2I1II1 
1   Bii.lu'o  Work-,   i:: 


1012.  HilS.   17:!il 


V.  Ki 


R.  C- 


V.  Kiir  Tile 
V.  Olol.c  Si;<;mi 


|KiMiis  V.  Cliica-o.   M.  *   St.   P.   R.  Co., 
I       ISO,  027.  0:!5 
&  Tcloph.  Co.,  I(i(i2       '  Kerr  v.  Ciown  Colion   Mill-.   172'.i.  17tiO 


2:!1.^ 


Rof.  Co.,  2100 


V.  Jutto  &   F.  (  o..  144.-..  Io20,   15:52,  I 
1570,  1777,  2237  ! 

V.  Rviis.   IC.  17  j 

V.  Siel'  V   R.  Co.,  270  I 

V.  Soiit:uM-ii  Miiinosotn  R.  Co..  22S0  ; 


Kcrri;,Mii  v.  Cliir 

'4.=: 


.\1    A  St.  I".  R.  Co., 


Unit,  2220 


V.   rcniisvlv.ini;!  R.  Co..  175 


Ken 


■Miiri.iv    Ml''.    ( 


111—,    IH59. 


17S2. 


V.  I'nioii  R.  &.  Tiiiiisit  Co. 
V.  Wi.llac...  50:t 


1875 


K<T- 


K;.ii-iis  (  ilv.  St.  .1.  \  C.  B.  R. 


(V...  304,  l:i(14. 


:;i)S. 


;m 


KolhTillc    Coiil    Co,    V,     lliimlil.',    11,58, 

1 4*7  3 
K,  Ncv  V.  Cliioa^'O  &  \.  W.   R.  Co  ,  840. 

2115 
K.'riiiii'riT  V.  Maiili-iltaii  R.  Co..  S7.  105. 

\X,-2 
K.n.liick  V.  Cciitial  K.  &  Bk^'.  I  o.,  22S4 
Koiiiia  V.  Central  1'.  U.  Co.,  S44 


Kri'.in     y.    Can  iili.iii     (  .  loiii.'.!    ''niton 

^l||^  Co..  2211 
Kiit'iiiiiii   V.   Drv    Fork    R.   c 


Kctll.will  V.  I'atr 


Ke\cn 


r...  nli'ii.< 


11.  2025 
CoM  \  SiK 


227.5. 


Min. 


Co.,  Ill  IS.  22:!n 


Kmvaiiii 


Rdil.'r    (" 


Krii'k-oii.    4.- 


Kcnnan  v.  ?' 

1420 
l\eiino(lv  V.  . 


York, 


E.  &  W.  i;.  Co..    (-,, 


1102,   140 


15.-.4.    l.-.S.-..   1(11.2 


en  Co.il  Co.,  8S.  SO 


Ki\-iotii 
14:1 


I'liiMvylvanii  ( 

liri.ltTf  Co.   \ 

ll.lS.  1770.   1; 


..  1353 
\,-.vl.,Try,   420. 


V.  Allpntouii     Fouiulry     &      M.icli,  ;|<|,iill,.  \.  j.ovitt.  l(i:iii 


Works.  1740 


V.   Clli 


IS  15,  1S47 


KJ.hMll  \.  lloii-iluM  &  C.  .\.  I!.  (.0.. 
MM 


V.  Chicago,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  Co.,  220,  j  Ivii'lliv  v.  Iipiclu>r  Silver  iliii.  Co..  700. 
337  1311,  1374.  l;>>3 


•2594 


XAHLK  Of  CASK.- 


:l' 


KilTin  V.  Wrndt.,  Ul.'i.  IC.Ol.  171!),  17  IT    Kiiickiil'  ■ !    r  Icf  fo.  v.  n-vnliM 
Kilkrarv  V.  TliMck'-rv,   10!m  v.  I).'  Hm-^.  <.i2.  !M  1 

Kitlon  V.  K,<\nn.  li;."i!),  17lin   17!I2  v.  rinn.  i'.U).  AUK  Jl4,  22,4 

Killifti  V.  Hv'c.  !):;.!.  -JJ.V.i  Kni-lit  -.  to..],.!-.  (ilO.  sr.i,.  (MJ 

Killiiii'M    \.   itdlHlt    r.iliil.-r  &   Son   Sl-i|,-  V.  fill. ill.  21  il.  2110,  21Vt 

hi.ldiii;;   &   M     R.  Co..  22li,   :112,  2212  v.  Ovci  im/.ti    WIhcI    (  o.,    (,: 

Kilpntiick   v.  ClioctiUV,  O.  &   C.   U.  Co.,  I  SI  ;.  'I2i.    I270,    1!>I)7.    1:'- 

l;i.-).  ISO  !  :?(iii:i.  21.  M'l.  2270.  22!'H 

V.  ClriPi-l    I'nuik   1!    <  (■..  S7:).  UHiO      '  v.  SmcUIit  I.ca'l  c.<  ZiiirCv. 

Kilrov  V.  F(.-~.  m;:i  K-.i-lry    \.    I'i.".l.    CU,    7:;2,    '.' 

KiniimT    v.    W  ■■!'.  r.    1  IJC.     ir,.;;!      1T21,        li'Hi    lul.-. 

172S.     ri'2'>.     177!.     I7^1.     17>'    17^7.    K  ii\.l'ii   \.    N(iiI1hiii    Minivny.' 

170(1.   17!i2.  22.'il  In.li'i.iiily  d..  2)11 

Kiiir:u!e  V.  CUi.M'.'n.  M.  ji   St.   I".   11    '    •  .    I\.;i()tt  V.  I)iiliir.,r,r  A  S.  C  It.  C 

ISHS  Kiidwlfs  V.  |1ii.,i;i-(Mi.  2V,'.". 

Kin". ill   V.   (tr(i;iiM  slioii    I.iin'  >\    I'.    N'.  ,Kno\  v.  ll:>n  '^Iimmi   I'owrr  Cn,. 

I?,  '  o.,  22'.'''  V.  New  ^ink.  1..  K.  >';  W  .  !'. 

Kinilol  V.  Mull.  .304.  114.  42ii  j  no7 

Kit'3   V.    r.osloii   &    W.    I!.    Cc,.|i..    i:;.!7.  v.   l'i<.ii<  <  r  (  o.'i  (  o,.  272,  '.' 

i;ms.  i,".o7,  i.")Oi.  ii,i;2.  1-02  1  ii"s.  1170.  ii;ii.">.  \<ur, 

V.  CliidLo  &  N.  \V.  I!.  Co..  1021        1  \.   -oulli.-iii  U.  Co..  272.  11 

V.  Vciil  i;ivir  Lmiiliir  Co.,  HI.  11,5.  ;  1  171'.  l(ili.-| 

'201.  21)!*,  Tiuo.  r)7(>,  (i21.  r..").">,  7l!». '  v.  siii.lifii.-,  IS';:! 

TCit  Knowllli-   Iron  Co.   v.   Dnl  .^.m. 

V.  ■Mor".Tn.  .')20.  .■ii.").  (i.")."i,  (;47.  lo'i  ^  .'[."i.'!.  :<,">ii,  :io:i.  i-u;o.  isn.'i 

v!  ()lilo&  M.  '      Cc.  22.->.  270.   1I.-,S.|  X.    ]•:,,•<•.  47.  71il 

17()S.  2:110  i  ■  .  Siiiitli.   '•.>2,   714 

Kiii"ni!i  V.  ('tiicM;.'o  i  N.  \V.  11.  Co..  ><tt.    Kiiii|.llc  v,  I\Mickci:«  I'kcr  lee  ('■ 
'  ■'  ;  Knn'.h  v.  Cloo.  A.  \Vci<s  M.iliir 

lor  Co..  2(ii.  704 
;  KiiiiUcr   V.    Xc'W   Viirk   iV    X.   .T 
(  o..   14411.   11.00 


OlS.   1SC2 
Kiniiarc  v.  Clii'-ifro.  r.j!.  2:!i.:.  : 

Kinnev    v.    Corl.in.    271.    280.    .111.   S17 


1130.   1444.   1C.04.  2:!01 
V.  Folkcrls.   12liti.    1270  ;  k,„.i„„^„   v.  (1ms,..  .->7I 

„.     ■•••  ^■':!".";  V'V."""   ^\  \?-  V:-"-u.>     1<'"I'^''>-  ^■-  >«'"V  Vork  Kl.v.  R.  I 
K.rns  V   >.<•  mU  tl,om,c„l  Co..  2.1, .  ,112.  ^     svr.,o„so  S,„.H.l.v  M,\r. 

:ir).s.  (..<o.  io..(.  ,  ^^ 

Kirk   V.   Atliiiita   &  C.   Air  T,i,„.  1!.   Co.,  "' 

lit'    l.-)32.  1x51,  1(102,  ls,-,7  ^"'"'    '•    M'N"1<.'-    II-'-    Us.    1 

V    SVmv    -i.^    ":!1    27.-,  :!^t.  500.  (i;!S.  lOlil.  lo:!2.   IC. 

V.  S..:,/ij',  12l.->.  l.-).-.l  1'^""'  ^■-  Carnnm.jii.  01'>,  l.-,ii:i 

Kirkpntrirk  v.  N<..v  ^•ork  C.  &  11.  R.  U.  v.  Sniulwicli     i;iii..r|)ri>,.    ( 

Co.,  -11;.  224,  2.-.0  ''■'>' 

Kiltiriti^hiun  v.  Sioux  City  &   1'.  R.  Co.,  KoiciM   v     R:o  Gr.iiia..   Wot.ri 

.>(;*>    10-20  ^^<  .-)15.  .'tUi.  .")18.  Til!'.  2271 

Klatt  V.  \.  C.  Foster  l.,iiiii'.ir  Co..   Io20.  Kooiit,:    v.    Chic.:;;o.    H.    I.   &   1'. 

1021.  21 S2.  2'0:!  18S.  .107 

KIws  V.  CliiPii^'o  .'t  K.   I.   R,  Co..   CiOl.  Knuitz  \.  iinish  Kli-cnio  l.i;,'lit 

IMOI,   1407  Krncft  v.  .M.-vcr.  7:17,  771.  1122 

KlMii'.st  V.  Kuiihiirdt.  S7.  207.  002.  lO.iS,  Ki:iii'...r  v.  Willy.  :r,(i.  r,S7 

1002  Kriiiipi'  V.  St.  l.iiiiis   Rrcuin;;  . 

Klotschka  \ .  Miimi.aiiolis  &  St.  L.  R.  Co.,  j^j    -.^   .toj    .>i;()    x^i^    •<^] 

'■'I'^  Kixiiz  V.  \j>i'<-j  Island  R.  10.,  2 

Klicgol  V.  Aitla'ii.  i)2i.  ,)3.,   ll.)0  ^--o    17. k; 

,...   ^^  \Vris,l  &  V.  -Mfg.  Ca.  1701,  1770  ^.    .^^.i;/,^    1^    .,    33^ 

K  ine  V.  Abrahams,  40    lOls  ,  ,  ,^,,g    ,^, 

Klochinr  vi   V.  Shores   Liniiber  I  o..  •)4S.    ':" .  .-  .       „. 

1404,  1517.  u;.9,  ions  i-'-",'^^'-  V-  ^^-""'l^'"  .JJ;^"'.,, 

Klupp  V.  Unit.^U  Ice  Unes.  270,  274  "'^   ,^°.;.  I'.-J'^^o-.f'"'    '" 

Knahtla  v.  Ore^ron  Short  Line  &  l".  N.  I      ^lO.l,  22(.o,  22MI.  2201 

R    Co..  277.  l:!51,  13.50,  1307,  1.S25        !  Kr.-^anowski  v.  Nortliern  I.  U. 
Kn.npp  V.  Chi(M-o  &  \V.  M.   R.  Co.,  855  i  Kc-ii/er  v.  (ireat  N.)nln-i-ii  R.  ( 
V.  Sioux  Citv   '•  P.  R.  Co.,  170,  240,  \  Kioener  v.  Chicapo.  M.  i\   St.  I 
.■i;<a,  621,  931,  22-20,  '2270  7S,S 


nwrr    (V,  .    '11  I 

:.  ft  w.  !•,  ( .•.  J 
o,.  ii^.  ;Mt.  1  ;■. 

5,   !<■..-. 


UiO.    ISD.-i 


r,li-v.  R.  In.,  7. , 
illy  Mfu'.  Co,.  : 

IT).    14S.    l!i:,.    1  ■■ 

li>;V2.  iui;o 

el  |}^i^^•     Co..     -i'' 

I'  Wi-^U'i-n  i;.  I   ' 
1'.  ;;:i71 
!.    I.   &    1'.    K.   ' 

lie  Ui;:lit  Co..  C  '. 
771,  1122,  17(.l 

,  r.s7 

l!i'cuiii;r  .A^-ii    -' 
<.  :ui 
U.  Co..  2:il.  !i.v 

334 

09.  1911,  217: 

n    Rivor     I'.-pir 

209,  lo.sii,   ;:;; 
:ni 

icrn  P.  R.  Co..  ^: 
ilicrii  R.  Co..  :;i. 

,1.  cv  St.  I',  i;.  1 


T.\i;i.K  ui''  v'.vsKs. 


Kro2 


.\tl;int;i  &   W    !•    I; 


211.  311.  ll'.iJ,  l".S  ;.  J::>_'    J 

2109 
Kri-,-t  1(1  \.  Vci.tl.iii   I',   i;    1  ,>.,  J.;0 
Krov  V.  Chic    L'o.  I!.  1.  i   P.  K    i 


-MH      I,. 
:a-l, 


Miori'  A 
490,  91 ; 


.\l     s.    II    (\ 


2093 


.Murpby. 


1,10, 


V.  ((■(  ..iiti,  r,  H13 
V.    I'^'iNii,  71N,  ^ii 
V.    I'ii.cliit!.  07.1.   7 


•,i|ii,  9,".0 


'ifS.  092,  7 DO.  S.i 


911.    II  II 


Uiiil, 


ICr'ic;!'!"  V.  I^iii-\i!lo.  X.  A.  .,   (  .  I!    i 
lo:'.   I0'20,  !029,  101 1,  lool.  lOOJ.  |, 


Kiiil  li  r   V.  Wool 


Kni-i' 


Cliif.1- 


Miton,  S'li; 

M.  \  >-i.  iv  i;    ( 


lit  111, 

Si..u; 


-CIl/.W'l^', 


..0.  117 


-r.   I17n 
.    1  lii.   :■.: 


l-ii.   i-r:.   l-,'l.   i:;l,  0. 


21  7S.  2221.  -J 


ill     I.iiiiil 


i-i-    {■■ 


.  ■:.w.  »I9. 
os:i,  |ii'_':t. 
J.'iS,     23113. 


U  IliLlll    \  :llh'V    I!,    I  ' 


!'iO,  172S,    1720.   i; 


V,   W  il- 


I 

'I'iiD.   too 


llllll    V.    Del  I 
22:10 

llllll:-    V.    \\i- 

001.  "2IJ.  2 


iiv.  1,.  &  W.  I!.  C, 


Mil.  I.  A  \.  i;.  C 


W 


llSS 


1- 


ijiiiinr     (run    Co.     V.    Krirk-ii 


Kiiiiilcr  V.  .Iiimt  ifiii  R    <  'i 
Kniiz  V.  Sinn  t .  203 
'Okiii  v.  RuiDon  I.  7  I.  21  ■ 


I--2 


I.iilly  V.  CroipU-toii   LiiihImt  Co.,  12!.'< 
l.ilor  V.  Cliii,!;.'o,  I!,  4  y.  U.  Co.,  lijso 


l,;iiiili   V.    Lin II,  401 


\r,>i 


I.Miulicit    V.    Mi-.^i~ 


iildii 


I    1    Hrll.' 
I,M    (    lOV 


V.   rr.'i.i.  22 


127 


llol 


1751,  17S3,  1792 


I'lilp  C 


120; 


,  (iooiluillii-   -ji; 


.•2HI. 


jil  '  I.:iniliiiT,!i(,  V.  I'li/er,  432.  434 


At'illtiw;!!!.,    1(170.    I7ill 


.V.u-  VniU,  T..  i: 


•"iii2,  .'i04.  '.1,77,  9i;7,   ll7,"i 
l-jrlil  V.  X, '.v  Rc.l!'>i<l  R.  C 

200,  :'.33.  .")90,  (NO 
l.afinotli'    liii.l.'o  C 

332.  330,  170.-,.   1793 
l.nfiiyctio  Ciiipft    Co.   \ 


i>v  \v.  i;.  Co. 


St. 


>.   V.  (il-.Mi.  4  1.  2::o 


-lalioril.  22IIS. 
it.  230: 
II  V.  l!iilT;ilo  &  S.  W.  v..  Co..  2273 


1/ 

1.11     I'cllillll'   V.    .Inllv.    10.-,2.    Ill 


l.Mfoiiichc  l';iol;ct  C 
l.Ji:o  v.  \\\il>li.  922.  22 


111 


1,-1 10 
n'!('i-on.  (i!>7 


!., 


liroi!' 


Moliilo  &   o.   R.  Co.,   i:;.-.l. 


1443.  l.-.OO.  17nii 


ini;r  V 


l.nk" 
l,;ikc   !■: 


^'oiii 
Dnirv 


21.- 


.V    U.    R.   Co 


CniiL'.   no  I. 


l,:'nol|(.    \.    Ho 


103 


1110. 


I,:ii'i-oii    V.    .\ iir:iii    Axe   4    Tool    Ct 


091,  701 


r.iiii 


IVlti 


;3i9 


Li  ml;;-!  Ill  v.  Knli.  .■|07    02«.  037 
l/iiif  V.  CriitiMl   linva   i;.  Co..  SS.l 


V.  Mi 


Mt:i   State  .\''ii.  So 


1 1 .-..-, 


I.^'Pir   V.    II.    W.   Williaiii.s  Tiaiisp.    Line, 

!3s,  -i:«i.  i;o!> 

l.aiiL.loi'^    \.    l!iiir;ilo    &    R.    U.    Co.,    194. 
Is70 
V.   Main-  C.   R.  Co.,  8S2,  17.33.  1702 
i.,in;i-(oM    V.    S'l'iih,  111    Klcctrie    R.    Co., 

22S  J 
l.:iiiii'Vr  V.  New  ^"lk  r.  R.  Co..  200.  317. 


iOl. 


!'0.  403.  410.  714. 


704,  USO 


I2ii7.  12o<.   1223.  l.-iin,  ISOt 


La   I'' 


il'vriiian.   149t.   l.'iSS 
(  hicau'o  &  (!.  T.  R.  C. 


.'lis.  79S.  S04,  S.jO.  K.7S,  !'.->0.  9.",l.il.. 

loin 


V.   Md.'iiiiv.     221.     214.     2S0. 

2:i-.7.  23.39 
V.   Mi.|ill(4on,  1400.   1  10',.  1(2  1 


0.31.     1..    I': 


Mo 


<cv.  li 


170 


V.    Miifff.'.    119,  809,  0.31 


Wil.-o 


200. 
1.  7110.  7.-i7,   1O03.   1128,   130.3,   1441. 

iiilc   V.   Warri'ii   Cotton   Mills,  iifiri. 
> 

Slio'.ldi-n  Cait,i-i'  Co.,  817 
lite  V. Cook.  44.   110.  231.  70.->.  1110. 


10.-,S.    17 


1772,    2271,    23.',4. 


.'20.  7o.3, 


;2oo. 


liS 


,ikf  Slior 


lit; 


&    M.   S.    R.  Co.  V.  Coir 
200.  r.s2.  1147.  I17I 


182.    211.    oil.    O.Vi, 


LarlifV  V.  <!ri'(  iiwond.  2070 
[Larich  v.  Moits.   1030,  1012,   il27,   1437 
I       1117,  10O4 

LaikiM  V.  Xp' 

(■.7H.  s.-,3.  92 


York  C.  &•   II.  R.  R.  Ci 


0,S7.  102 


V.   \\asliiiii.'tiiii    .\lill,-   C 


V.  Kiiittn!.  nil,  0.52.  o. 


1  t7S. 


227,  240, 


310,  1227 


22.".  9 


l.-i:;ii 

f.n, 


•>1 


l-la 


1S0.5 


!  f.'iriTiore  v.  Crown   ['..int    Iron  Co,.  7.  33 


V.  I.avall"y.   1479,    l.-i44.   l.-i,-3.   1003 


l.aiow  V.  Xew  ^  oil. 
400.  4(;7.  408.  407 


1..  K.  &  \V.  It.  Co.. 


V.  :\icc 


'ok.    90.     114.     ISO.    20.-,    Uiisoii  V.  r>iTiiiii>t.  3 


liOO.  042,  *yt>,  9.">2,  9  ).),  I0:i 


llOU 


1" 
V.  Cciiloi-  Creek  .\liii.  Co..       10,  1244 


;  t 


■liUl. 


lAHI.K  Ol    (  ASKS. 


l.:ir»on  V.  llli:iuis  C.  H.  f'.>  .  -Ml  I,       i7 
V.  Kiiapp,  S.  ti  Co.  Coiiipiinj,  o;'ii 
v.  St.    l';uil,  M.  iL   M.   K.  Co.,  G05, 
10.10,   1118 
l.iis«(ii   V.  Deluwiire,  L.  4  \V.  R.  Co., 

14.50 
l.ir^son    V.    McClurc,    C5!),    10:11,    10(i!), 

1772 
l.ii  Siillo  V.  Kostka,  2:M.  (•.21.  !il:i.  I  l'^-', 

l.-)Hi.  i.isri,  2m:,.  2:\m.  ■.'.■W4.  Jiwi 

I.:r.rli   V.  Stliiltoii,   liliS 

l.n-kv  V.  CiiMiKiiiin  I'.  It.  (  o.,  1  IJii,  1  IdJ. 

l-ifct.  KISS,  1(111.1.  •.■:•',() 
1/ist    (  liMiin-  .Mill.  iV    Mill.  Co.   V.   .\iiir-. 

1231,  1210.  12.-.r. 
l..ii--<ii('    V.    (IriMiiicvilli-    Mf)?.    Co.,    71(1. 

1112,  1001,   l(.iis 
I.iitoiTo    V.    Ctiitiiil    St:iiii[iiii^'    <  II..    .[III. 

1(19,  10!i:i 
I.iitr<iiii)i(illi'  V.  r,i'iiiiin;,'ti'ii  \-  .\.  U.  Co., 

■100.  111-.'.  (1.">(1.  t(>2!».  1(K!2,  1117 
Lnu  V.  rictolKT,  2.'iO 
I..Tii},'liran  v.  linvvcr.  2(12!".  •J(i7ii 
Liiiiicr  V.  Uiickui.rtli,  (i.'>.  Sdl.  ■i2.")0 
L:i>iillo  V.   .^t.    I'aul.   M.   &.   -M.    U.   Co., 

ISflC.  212.5 
l.i.vrll  V.  Howell,  1311 
Li.vliorn  V.  Millrti  &  S.  K.  Co..  (ill.  (104 
liU-.vU'r  V.  .\iiih(iMi.;t,'in  1!.  Co..  :i!il,  420. 
lino.  14»:i.  I.V.Cl.  2:i.">ii 
V.  I.iiiclrn.  2('.") 


\a-  Cliin    I.   Kit-'    Pi'     of  St    I' I 

I!,  lo.,  IDS,  711.  '.r.i 
I.t.l(lv  V.  Gihsoii,  I.T12.  14.-.n.  1.-., 
Lchu'luo  V.    Hiitli.iwi'y,   i'ii,   4 

2047 
Ur  V.  C.  ntrnl  R.  &.  Bk;,'.  Co.,  22 
V.  Clio.-apiiike  A  O.  R.  Co., 
V.  Detroit    liriilK"   &    '">» 

41."'.  420.  Ml.-!,  1-V.>7 
V.    Miilii-;an  C.  li.  to..   H7. 
V.   nrliiiiir    .Mill-    ('".,    2:ltl 

2:i7:i.  2:17.'> 
V.  Smart,  TMt.  T(14 
V.  S..iitli<rii  I'.  I!,  to..  (1(17 
V.  \\o,,!-c\.   12.MI 
\AHch  V.  Cart.-i'lf.  2(..'.!l 

V.   Life  i'l   llialtli  .Xssiir.  A 
I.fu'iir.'-  V.  K.-pliii.  2(1.-).  24l'«.  212 
I,i'i.'f,"'t  V.  llurke.  21(12 
l,i>-iiar(l  V.   I.ayi'.  724 
Ulii','l(  !c  \V    li.  Coal  (  (..  V.  Hi 

lis.  i:ui.  217 
U'hiirli    V.l'.iv  Coal   (  .>     >.  .Ion 
li:i(i.   14.-.1,  M.VJ.   14S(1.  1 
V.  W.unk.    ll.-)S.    1207.    12! 
Kill.-.,  H174,  221.5 
I.ilii.'li  Vitllc  V  li.  Co.  V.  Crcitier. 
V.   Kis,.l.  22S,  2U,   .344.  S 
V.  Siiy.l.  v.  040.  Olid 
l.illlll.in   V.    i'.a.L'le.V,  iii:i 

V.  Villi  .V<i>triin(l.  IIO') 


Liiwlos.s  V.  Comuctipnt  Rivir  W.  •  ....  1^'T.    l,,-;.  r  >.  .Mi'iiKsot.i  U.U-Liiu.  R 
lOH.  71(1.  70.-).  91.').  ".I2S.  •.'■■,0.   li.J.l  !       i,r  (  ■'..  2i24 


V.  T-arlo<!i>  Casli-rlit  t  o..  (179 
1.11  V lor  V.   l'nii..|i.  2:!4R 
l.,;i,\vcnc(»  V.  llajicimii'r  A  Co..  7  IS.  74.'>. 
7(12.  12(19.   1272,  MS.l.   l.'iOl,  U173 
V.  Tex    1  C.  R.  Co..    1134.  2004 
V.  Todd.  2004 
I.au'ioii  V.  .Mlantio  Tiaii>|.urt  Co.,  215(1 
V.  M.rrall.  2200 
V.  TiiKxlalp.  (104 
l.caliy  V.  Smitlioni  1'.  P..  <  o..  n.")4 
l/.iik'v.  Caioliiia  C.  R.  Co.,  71,  37S.  787. 

1110 

Uary   v.  Roston  &.  A.   R.  Co..   105.   3;!1. 

,52(1    .541.  55.5.  040.  (1.52.  dSl.  (iS7. 

72.5!   12S3.  12S(i.   12-s.    I2!I5.   Clue 

V.  Lohi^h  VallPV  R.  C"..  200,  17:;2. 

17(13 

Uazottc  V.  Bo!.ton  &  M.  R.  Co.,  (141,  0(12. 

2325,  2403 
1^  Balin  V.  Xi'w  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.. 

887 
Lebanon    v.    MeCoy.    112S.    1241,    1245. 

15.30.  15.50.  15S(1 
Lebanon  Coal  &  Maeli.  .\sso.  v.  Zersvicl. 

1 399 
Lebarge  v.  Berlin  Mills  Co..  1 730 
Lebering   v.    Slruthers,    553.    555,    1013. 

KJOO 
Wikeuel'.PT  v.  Bolan-^.n,  5S.-i 
Leciiinan  v.  Hooper,  230,  1124 


l.ii.,'b  V.  Cihiilia  Street  I{.  Vo.,  • 
l.ei-trit,'   V.  .Xiiii'ileiii  Zylonite 

513,  .5HI.    |-,j;^.   22-^3 
Ixiti  r     V.     l\iniii.le.     14  13.     14S 

1585 
I.eland  v.  H.iin.  227.  291,  1247 
l.dli^  V.  Mi.liiuan  C  U.  Co.,  \\ 
IjP  .\1  ly  V.  (  an.idian  1'.  R.  Co., 

lino'.  1051.    is:5.  2370 
Ixiuery  v.  lli.-toii  &  M.  11.  Co.. 
Leiiioiiie   \.    AbUieli.    91,    143, 

54(1.    1010 
lx"nisi  r    V.    St.    .lo-.'i.li     riirniti 

Co..   132.  20s.  HUH 
Leii.ll.eig   V.    Itrotlierton    Iron 

94 1 
Lenk  v.  Kansas  &  T.     oal  Co., 

1S50 
l.rnnan  v.  Addie,  1514 
l,e.x'iidia.  The.  NS4 
i.eonar<l  v.  Baiid,  2108 

V.  Collins,  SO,  297,  4.50.  17 

V.  llerrnian,  1195 

V.  Kiniiare,  1100,   1047,  li 

V.  Minneapolis.  St.  1'.  &  !■ 

U.   Co.,   020,   029.    790,   I 

Lepan  v.  Hall,  1590 

I.ei.|..'la  V.  Clev'.'lanU  lioii-Min, 


U.-)(l.  l.i.i, 
y,  J»;t,  4'  1,   11'. 

■.■4.  Co.,  2:;i,  1.0?, 

J.  R.  fo.,  i;ii: 

I    &    Iron    W.ak- 

l.V.i: 

Co..  n;,  i>u.  :•:• 

Ci..,  J.itij,  i3:: 


II,    \ ,   .Idiii-.    1  I'  - 
J.   NSCi,  IIH, 
IJllT.    1J17,   lil.-.l 

■.  Crcincr.  '.i|J.  !M 

n,  34  1.  s'jt.  :;3:- 

I'lll 

:l 

1105 
ll-T.iiif  n.  &  Tniii- 

I   U.  Co.,  410,  U.V 
ZyloniU'  Co  .  .'14,; 

ill:!.    1181,    l.J.".l 

•2!U,  1247 

U.  Co.,  17.V1.  Hll 

'.  H.  Co.,  7!il.  X14. 

:t7i) 

1.  i;.  Co..  2-nj 

i)I,    UIJ,   -'Id.  o4l. 

1     rurnitiirc    .Mi;. 

oil    Iron   .Mill.  Co, 

Oiil  Co.,  \>1,  \ii'. 


,   1047,   lii02 

it.  r.  li  S.  -^i''.  M 

29.    7im,   !U',i.    lli'.i 

lioii-Miii.  Co.,  701, 


I  \I!I.K  OK  CA.vKs. 


U-lip  V.   i:Mi   Hill  I  .  il   Mill.  (  ,,     |i;,-,.'  I  |.i!tl,ii.lil   r.   tvhv.irH    l» 

ISfsO,  2Ji"i  -  .    .  . 

l.i'UMi-  V.  Miiiici.iitl  Oil  (  0  .  |:;;;i) 


l.( 


tie  V.  ,)aiK'>ii.    Ur.i 


l.nry   V.   l!i;.'elu\v,  .'iti::.  s',K>.    lOSO 
Uvy  V.  (  liiik.  500.  IiiMt 
Lewis  V.  Kiiiny.  5S.  .Joii.  4l'0 


I  ml 
I  iiC.i'M 


111.")  I,   ICilJ.   |!ii.5 


2597 


i;i-'. 


ii  1:.  f 


O..    ,S't 


i-.i'ii  K.  I  c.  V.  lit/iMlii.U.  IT13, 


isiit 


\.   fJiiMl    Wr-t 


(■III    I!     ( 


liiSIl 


1"J1.     I  ITS,    l.Wl, 


2i:;'i 


Xiw   Voik  A;   \.   1:.   1!.  t  I,      1 1,' 
ll'.il 


I. III!,.    1!. 


I.V     I- 1. 


u  c 


(M-IO 


V.   M.    I.ou 

:ilo.  100' 

V.    Scilc'lt. 

i.;o-j,  I 


-  i    I.   .M.   II.   I  I 

4S:i.     ISO.     I. ■!.-,>. 


.   Dill.y,  : 

I' I,',  i.'i.' 

.   K'll.ri.l.^ 


.'4.  .-,1.  211. 


SO.  1.- 


lOSll.    lO!!.'.    17(15 

^il!l||-<■ll,  II. 


liio4,  loos,  hii  I. 


I.iti>i    K 


'-I.  1;.  1 


>,   2I1!I.    .0. 


\.   M;ilr.  -S.t 
viii;.'toii  i   (  ,  (J.  -Mill.  I  o.   \.   Iliilliiini:, 


.ililiv,  .\Ir\.  &  I, 


V.  >c'Im'1iu.iii.  0; 


I-  J-',   I' 


I.  .vj.  J.';.'.  2:V.''i 
'■I.    iTii.  -Jill,  021. 

'.  \  .   I!  II  !  V    ( .\ik.  I 


I'l.l.i     I'll.    IS5,  50S.  057, 
.    170.    looo.    1117,    1100, 


Iii5:i,   I  15S.  MS.I.   |.-,io.   i,,s.-, 
!,i.  iiMMiiii    v.  .MihwiuUii-    l»i\|),i(k     Ci 

17  7!) 
I,i-lit    V.    (liiu;ij;o,    .\I.    J,    .St.    I'.    It.    (  i 

112.!,  I-JIO 
l.illcN    V.  i:iwiii,  205N 
l.ilh,' 


l.iill..  I'n.-I  .  .M.  n.  A  T.   1; 
It!     -.M--.  ."ill I,  515.  ..Is. 
<'■•'<.  >'■'■'..  O'll.    II  I-'.    I! 


2250 


.\'..\v    VorU   t  .   i    II.    K.    1;.   ( 


rr^'  V.  (IlcnwiHiil    Liiiiilii'i'  I'l 


l.iti. 


ImIMIiMI.    Il   .^. 


■2.   102 


I.ivi 


ii-~tiin  \.  Kiiili   1,    i-.,,l. 


25.  o:;;i. 

■I,   2;!2'i 
I(i27. 

I  15  4. 


li.Mk,  'Ih, 


III-..   11: 


M.i. 


[Ill,  7;J4,  740, 


l.ilicll    V.    .Simi 


iukjH-   .Ml'',   i'l 


1.1. IV. I 


'     1.  07  1. 


:;:.  1: 


l.iiick    V.   I.oiiisvilio    iV    N.   K.   (. 

1511(1.   1S,S5 
l.inci.lii  I'oiil  .Mill.     'o.  V,  ,M('.\:ill\.   1I2S, 


221.     I.ol,! 


M.I 


iihaiuii  V.  ( >ii 


1471,    1542.   I,5S5 


I '4.1     1.570 


I  1:1 


1.1 


"(lilt  It.  Co.  V.  Ct 


2204,  2200 
l.inilall'  \.   I'.iHle,  2.'i00 


l...ckr 


1,1  Ilk 


~ioll\    1   |.  I     \     1'.     1;,    ( 


:r.i. 


I.iiil..    K..-I. 


M.  1:.  c 


l.irii!..r!., 


V.  I'H'Mi 


nt  .M 


S.",2    807.  OiiS 


l.ii'iUtniiul    V.    ]),\V.i    Luiiilii 

1851 
l.imlvall  V.  W'l 


111.  Co..  1- 


I....K 


051,  2."!  11. 


.')05,  415.   |02!i,   l:i71. 


<  h 


(      i|r.l-.l 


I!.    I. 


.\.  w.  1: 


iv  1:.  ( 


1447,    iy,b.    1500.     10l;i.     Kill.     lois.    j.Mil 


ItilO,   1042 
i.iiuo^ki   V. 

7i:i.  745, 
•.iiig  V,  ijl 

17  44 
l.iiiii  V.  -Mm. 
I.iniicliiiii  V. 


.0,  rs.!.   17011 

.    (   oiil    I  , 

;i:;.  22S5 
.M.   li.  (., 


I.  I   V.  .\li-i.  Mi  P.  1; 


Lull- 


.\,.^    \, 


.\    Ml.    \.    U.iii 


II.   I' 


12  1...    1. 


I7:i2. 


..i;jaii   V. 
1  ISl,   I.l 


Niii.'i    (  .niiliiia    K.   C 


1171, 


10(12 


i.i.'iic  V.  I'liHii lull.  21: 


1.. 


Il'l     V.    (    Ilic 


.11,  Olji- 


1:.  I.  A  IV  i;.  (• 


ins.  2:i2 


1.. 


l.iiilon  1  oal  A    .Mill.  <  o.  \.  l'ci> 

200.  ;ill.  .'UO.  ,501.  1040 
l.intolt  V.  Nusliaii  lion  &  Sii.|.l  In.,  I(i74     1.. 


.'IK 


I.   D.i-k,  (■ 


Mi-ihuil  A  C 


kill 
Lipsc 


V.  Hall.  1450 
lloiisl. 


A.    T.    C.    1; 


;;   v.  Cliii-:i;;c(, 
\'.   (.  oronaiio 


n.  I.  i  1.  1;.  (■ 


i.'lO 


n.  Co..  .; 

1711,    lol- 


.1.   052 


l.itcliliclil    Car   A    .Mai'li.   Co. 

kitchlield  Coal  Co.  v.  Tavloi.  loll.  I11I2,    l.i 


V.   I'ao 


1:.  ( 


lOlIk   17il7 


li.iiiiinc,    l.oni'or  v.   I.c-liitiii   Valli'V   K.  < 


o..  Oi;l 


V.  i; 


,ka 


.  0 


U'J8 
kittle  V.  Hcail  ,it  ».  (  o.,  220,s, 


I'lnplr.   2100 

IcnliMl  .Arizona   Mill.  Co.,  1110 


V,  MaoLflkiii,  2l;i8 
>.   .Vi'ilsiiii.  1854 


i  l.opi 

j  Loiaiij.'iT  V.  kakc  Slioii'  A    'S\.  S.  U.  Cc 


I      -i- 


2S1,  05 


kio; 


'  I.oni  \.  I'lu-lilo  .siiicltip.'  A'  Ui  f.  (.  i 


2698 


TAIJI.K  OK  CASES. 


Ii0n«    V,  Aim-iii'iin    >'f)?.  Co.,  Ts;.   1111.    Ia)ui-\  il'r  A  \.  R.  Co.  v.  Miiwki 


H|i 


lino.  217S,  Jllll.  'i  '11) 
Lorciit'  V.  F!i)t>iii*oii,  li.  .1J7 
r.onii.ir   V.    Si.    I'.iul   (  iiy    !!    Co.,    1.0, 

201,  2.t;u 

I.orii  •.'    v.    I'.iii-.:!-   Cilv.    'I     ^.   i    .\I.    K. 

Co..  ■i'M.  T.V).  8l»H,  k:jj 
Liii!irii|'   V,    iMii'liliuij'   li.   *',,..   .■,:i:i,  iliMi. 

HUl,  H"il.   1(m;J 
UjIIiiimii  V    Ujrii,-lt,  ■illH.  j:  iM 
I,.Ml..t,lill     v.     M:lll',     lli.lii.     I.!;ii.     \\:.» 

ll.-.l.   115.">.   liitil.   nil.l.    Ii.l'i 

i.oiiUiMitu.  Till',  nil.  'j;;."..  i»ij    i.>:''. 
i;i;t.  21III1 

l,inii-iiii:i    l',\l<M-iiiM   I!.  l'i>.  V.  Cir-liii-. 

!-jr.7,   1.!7l'.  22.".  1.  2:iHj.  2:!Si; 
I,(mi. villi'   &   C.    I'liikil    (...    \.   S;ri.ii.l-. 

2"!  I 
l,.mi.vi!U.  &   .V.  U.  {•>'.  V    A.liiin-.   l-MU 
V.  .\l!iM.  20.   102.   II-'.  :!.">.'•.  ;t.">lt 
V.    .\t  rl|..l-.   -.Ml.!  I 

V.  iv.^.'i.  ill-.; 

T.    n:iiil:^,   7",    100,    8211.    M.Sii.    Ullll, 

i"|ii,  nil,; 

V.    Il.i--,   1  l^0.   I.'>.>1.   l.V'l.   1.VI2 

V.  r.iiii.iti,   1(p7.    l.-.l.  2in>.  :11M,  .-..v'. 

.-..-.2.  1(M><.  I'.t.VJ.  2:!22 
V.   Ilcilaml.    III.').   .•1S4.   :;k.-|,  .•.7.';.   .V.I.'., 

".',17,  ,011!'.  1117(1 
V    liiiiiMin.    sm.    1177.    in.'.4.    l:i>^!). 

l!i!Hl,  21100.  20:i3.  2072.  2077 
V.   n.nvpix'k,  17il.  .'.111.  "lUt 
V.   li.iwl.T,  1  HiO.  1480,  1«05 
V.   IJimitliv.  l.'.til 
V.   I! lice.  1SS!» 
V.  KrooUs.  l.'.OO 
V.    liioun.  7S0.  S07     SOS 
V.   liiyiu'l.  :t2.  l!''7,  ri">><.  1102,  700 

V.  (■ii'iin.l.HI,  :i:!:i.  :i.'.4.  I07ii 

V.  ('..111.19,  Ull,    14(12,    l,-.00.    1.501. 

1011 
V.  Coiiiir,  7S2.  2208 
V.  CuoU-y.  7S,  100 
V.  Coiillcm.  2074 
V.  Crnwford,  s:!7 
V.  lAivi«.    211.    27.    .'578.    :i09.     105.'), 

1070.   107S.   J0:t4,  2.(22 
V.   K;irl.  SliO.  !io7 
V.    IMiiic.iiil>,    l.V.IO 

V.  liliKTii.    J!o.    ;io;i.    liioit.    itio, 

loil.2:iiio  I 

V.   I'oard.  l.">02.   1885  i 

V.   I'l'lcy,  22.'..  O.-.s,  001.  IMS.    1147,1 

U.'.S"'  i 

V.  Vo\.  707.  S.'.S.  2277  ] 

V.   Knllifin.    l.'.Sil  ; 

V.  Cower,  .".07.  IKW,  17r)7 
V.  Cniliaiii,  2li:!:i,  2407 
V.  Hall.  40,  .".0,   77.   ll.'i.   120,   i:V'>, 

1.".0.  101.   10:i.  217.  278.  .-)72.  .".78. 

081.    I'M,    825.    820,    1021,    1874. 


V.  Hawkins    (.\la.)    .■.I'2.  2078 


1  l.s,    |--,|.    l.-.il.    l.-,02 

\.  iiiii'.. ;    .'.III.  010.  n.".2,  a 
V.  Hill. I.I.  .'i.vi,  ;;8o.  i;7 

V,  IUm!..!-.  847.  l.".o,r.  \-^f! 

V.  lliiiM.   U7!>,    15.-.2,    l.-.O 

V.  1 1  III  I,  HllO.  Olio,  002 

V  I  ..h-..Ii,   IIOII 

V  .li.liii,.<iii,  21,   177.  2HI1 
s,   .loii.s.    i:!.-.,  211,  702.    1! 

1070.   jOOii.  2IIII5.  2117,!,  2 

V  Kili..'.   i:tii4 

V.    I'lclh     22,    I,"..    -"I"..    IhT. 

71  1,7111,740.  7ilii.  11.11,  I 
v.    I\iiii|ici'.  I  72.  2J'i.  1. 1". 

Il2'l.   1127.  2221 
V.    K.III..V,      .-ll.-..     isii,     II 

1212.   121.!.  22,-|>l 
V,   r.alir,  |:1I0.  1  I.-.7,  l.'.ll 
V.   I.iw.  7.".7.  1174 
V,   Miiiy.  2",  si)7.  SiiO 
V.    .\l:irUlr,  7         Sii7.  0."..'., 
V.  Mai'.iii.   1  lOii.   I  t2l.    1  I, 
V.   .\!ill(r,  547,  .'.10.  Ill  17.  1 
V.    Millikrn,  40,  lS-<.  007.  ■. 
V.   Mill-lull,    1477.    I.V,il 
V,   Mof.r...  1477.   15  17.   I.Vi 
v.   Miirf-aii.  4811.  ^s7 
\.    .Mi.lli.T-linl.     512.   521. 

05S.  1001,  loi'r.    2iiii7,  : 
V.  (In-    (.Mil.)    ■'<'.'<    ."»2. 

O.tll.  I14:i.  llVi     ,  1 1. 7,   1 

20118,  207:!.  2ir.  1 

V.  On     I  hill.  I    22.    51.    S> 

750,  2:l7il 
V.  Pi.r-oii.    812.    117:!.    1 

207  :l 
V.  I'lirv.  .".112 
V.  I'itt,"  1258 
V.  l'..ll,   1012 
V.  Uaiiis,   O.ii.    l.'.on 
V.  l!ca;.'ari.  1177,  ;!7f<,   :l^0 

054,  057 
V.   Riiiiaiilsdii.   515.    1017. 
V.   1!(.1hi  (.villi.  1875 
V.  l!(.l>iii-on.    700.    800,    I 

lli'iO,  1107.  1477,  1548, 
v.  l?o-<.  1145 
V.  Sa mills.    1500 
V.  Seaiili.ii.  510,  517.  SS5, 
V.  Scott.   1-..U 

V.  Scii...it,  010.  o;i8.  1.-.02 

V.  SliM't*.  14IIS.  l.v.iti 

V.  .siiivrll.  5:!8.  i;:il.  (i:l7. 

V.  Sickii".;-.  1011 

V.  SiiMiisoii,  l."0O 

V.  Sl-.,-|<,   l.-,ol 

V.  Smith.  h:;><.  2ii2i1.  2'''.i' 

\.  Stai-ki-r,  S74 

V.  Stul'i..-,    l:!58.    i:;5:i.    1 

1K25.  2100 

V.  Stints.  MI2,  080,  05:!. 


V.  Iliiwkiiu*  IK- 
M.   I.VI2 

i!>.  n.vj,  o.",:i.  r.< 
Hii.  i;t 

l.-).Vi,    i:.Ol,    l!MI 
»,   !MIL' 

77,  ■-'I'lii 

I.  l'.\2.   U'lW.   ]■'] 

i.'i.  '.'ti::!.  ^c;  I.  J : 
•"'''.  iiiT.  ijii. 

liii.  Il.'lt.  ll;!i>.  ]  ::  ' 

-•j'l.  iiiT.  ;;i.'  h'  • 

l-ill,      llhS.      IJ' 

is 

i:>7.  l.-.ll 

I 

7.  8it!l 

>l(i7,  M.'i.'p,   1H7  I 
1  Ul.    1  l.!t.   lilii:. 
Ml.  Ill  17.  ICiin.  •_•:;, 
IKS.  ',1(17.  -iji;!!.  JJ- 

:.  i.v.ii 

l.-|17.    I.VMI 

.vs7 

.■.IJ.    .'iJI.    !'2."..    'I 

II.  JIH^.   Jilli!!,    -'<■ 
«!ii     .'^J.    Sill.    ~:. 

II,  ,ii.;.  II7,"..  r.'  ' 
:j,  .">i.  ss    nil.   ■• 

,    ll7.i.    117!,.    11. 


1.-)!10 
;!7s,  :Nn.  .-,11.  .'.r 

•.l.'>.    l'.M7,   MM 
i7.-> 

HI.   S(»!>,  s'.is.    i:iii 

,77,  1.">4S,  l.V.ltl.  l!i: 


I.I 

.■)17.  Ss.-.,  !!.->:!.  -JJi.' 

!i;is.  i.'i'.ij 

l.'lllll 

r.:!l.  (j:)7.  ii:!l.  -Ji"' 

1 

III 

nvii;.  i'i'.o.  2:!s:i 

1.   i.'i.v.i.   i:ii;7,   i:.." 

;iS!i,  '.i,"i:i.  r.ilo 


TUii.i;  iiK  (  .\s|;s. 

l.oiiHvillr- 4  \.  R.  r.>.  V.  Snu.inl,   IV.il     ;  l.i"in  III.,  t).  To,  v.  Slijv,  II.   IliJl 


L'jDB 


\ .  'I'liiMiip-ipii.  77,s 

V.  'rii.iriiti.M,  !r!."i 

\,  \.Ml-il.   Hll.l     Iui7 

V.  \..i,il.  JJI 

y  W.ilk.r.  Slid  ;  I 

\.  Willi;..,    7s:l.  s,,.   s:> 

\  w.iiiinyi.n.i.  It;:    i.-,.-,i 

\  w.ir.i  rri'iiM.'  is._i 

.  \\  .u'lj    (  Kill,  1   Ml. I.   |i,i:il 

\ .  \\  ill-. III.  7711 

\.  \\  illiiiiiii.  .•!7.'i,  :i;s    :;s|. 

V.  Willi-    II.  IJ 

V.  W  lU.iii.   !l.".ii  '       I  ■,,ii 

\.  w u.  7iiii.  (Mj.  jj;  I 

V.  Viiiiil.  II.  I'll  I 

V.  W.il,    7711.  7.sn.  Hs7.   1S,-||.    Mill 


1 1-1  ill.'    SiiiiitiiTM    R.    to,   v.   I'lirk.r 

,il.! 
r.''\.-i.m>  V,  Liiiiilon,  II,  A   s   (■    I!    (•„ 

i;i7i 

■  >.  j.y    \,    ll,,-ti.ii   A    I,     i:     (■„in      IIJ 
is.-,,   ll.'l  ' 

l.|'»'  II    > .   '  •  ill  I  ii'i.'i..ii,   Jii.M 

V.   I)i.  Il.ii.|,l.il,..fi  )  Mill  A  |.(  ,,..  nmo 
y.    Ilin\.ll,    l.i.Mi.    |:i.-,.|,    |.)77     1^,, 

ISMI 
l.",>    V.     Ml.  lli.lliv.  Jl.-,.-..  -Jl.-,!! 

*' I-    *■    li.iiikliii    rii|.ii    (',,,.    liis.-,, 


■     I  lii.i:;.!.  St.    IV   .\|,  H   <)    I!     ( 
"US.  .-.Ir,,  .-,17.  .-.Is.  iii!i 
!''■  .i-.iii.  Jl:i7.  J|:!!i 


,    ■    ',?'"• -?'^  :!''''■  -•'•'•'■  -■'""  1 1 "^'i'"'"-''  »•  I'll""!  Mi;r. ,  „,,  .,1,  ,j,i, 

I  ..Ill-Mill-,  I  .  A  I..  I!,  r.i.  V.  tini.T...  :,u:,  ,     "s,  ■;>>•>  •    -  • 

i,;ii!i.  i:ij(i.  i.i!.;,  n.iii.  inc.  i.-.m.  .  i...«n,'  ,-.  ii,i,.,i-,,„    .117 

l.-.:iii.  l.-.iil.   ii;i::.   |.;ss,  l.'.j  |l.,,M!„,r  ,.  l;.„| j.,,-,s    -uii, 

V.    .M.iliiiiiy,    l:.tl  l.,|l,^    V.    ili,!..,,,    i;iv..|-  (  „     ■>».■' 

i.<.iii-Mii.'.  1;.  A  .Si   I,,  (ill,-.,!.  1;  c.i.  V,  111'.  .,  V.  .\,,i  ^,,.k  (•  A  ii   V,' n  c„ 

-Ml. '11.  Jli'i.    liiiiS  I       |...s  

V.    Iliii.iiin;.'.    IJ-;!,   lj;i|.    Ii;sil  I  I,.:.-,,  V,   (i.i, 

V.    llinilliiiriii'.     1  IIMI.    1  II  I  I       Jl  Is 

V.    .M.ll.f.     21s,     Kii:!.     li..il.     li;.,J  1! \    v.   II..mi.iI.:iI  ( HI  („..   |  ijs 

"■'"'^'  -■'■>!'  i.ii.l!..,v    V.    (,i,,i,,„    lin.jy,.   .V    Mifi.    ( 


M.    I'.   ,M.  A  ().  1;    (• 


V.   It/.  J  1 1,  31(1,  -iiij,  !iii.,,  !i,-.7.  ',..;ii, 
II7.-I.  lj;il.  12.!!i.  J.'.ilii 
l-oiii-vill.'.  N.   .\,  &  (.   I!.   1  .,,   V.   II.ii.  -. 
lil.  JJl.  J.",l.  Xirt.  .".-..■i.  :;,-,7,  :;.■» 
:is|.  ...vj.  17IJ.  IHIJ.  isi.i 

V.   I!,  iki  V.  .'ill J,  •JJ.",7.  j:iii:l 


1  I".-..  Iiiiil.  174..,  17111.  I7iil 
l.ii.l  U.'  V.  Ili'iljii  .Mil,!,.  Woik-.  .-.r,:i    iil> 
sill.   lull.  I(i7!i 
V.   (  liiiii-i..   .\I.   A   St.    P.   n.  (•,,..  .IJ. 
17  1.    4!i|.    lij'i.    ti:t;i.     11117      liisii. 
I7IJ.  Isl'i,  :,'_'ii.| 


V.  I!.|.,..|l..v.>.   3!l,S.   •'■M;\  l...,.,l,.\    V.   Ca-u.ll.   (i.lli.   (US     i|  |.|     :un 

V.  lliick,   2J.',,  21111.   sii7     lldJ.   111:1        Injil 

V.  I  iiincliiis.   1141.    II.',,;  ,  l-in.iiUin  v.  s„i,s||,.rii  [j.  c,,^  Siis 

V,  ('..rii-*,  (i;)!l.  7.">J.  J:!.i:;.  J.;i;7  I. Hill- 1,11  \.   I!i|.„.||.   ls)!i 

V.  liMwIiv.  .-,17.  .■..■||.  .",-J.  -' I.,  liilii.    1.1111,1  V.   Ilii-iy  I.iiimIiit  »  o.,   IIIM.   I  (!)7, 


11117,   nil's.    iHiiS.   lis,.  L'■_'>.^ 
V.  (.liiliiiin.    ;{14.    l.",.(l,    I'.js,    1.110 
l.lsil,  KMH,  I (11 


1.-, '.'i.   l.'.sd.    Illllj 
V.   K.    s.    \\,„„iu..iili    A    (■,,..    111.',.) 
llV'i 
V.   Ili'.k,  4:1(1,  H.-.:!.  lliil,    l.'iJI.    I,-,17,    f,iin,|l.,.r;;  V.  si„,,|i, I  (•.,,,. „.„,,r  (,,     i;-,; 

l.-Sll.   1(188.   Klllj,  Jil.'.l  I       MILS,   11117 

V.    liolilis,  7!l.j.  lllis  I  l.iin.|.|iii-l  V.  Diiliiih  sii,.,.|   I!    C,     ITlil 

V.    Howell,    U4!l,    ll.-,7.    ll.'.s.    lITii.         Mills,  174J.  17.-,;i.  JlJ.i 

'J.'ili4  1,111/  V.  Atl.iiiljp  A    I'.   It,  c,,.^  issl,  -.'J.-iJ 

V.   Isoni.  JOD!)  i  LvIiiil;    v.    .\i,r,  Ii,i  h    |>,    l;.'io      I -ii; 

V.   I..viu'li,  24 1  I      lJii:i.  UN.  IJlil.   IJMi 

\.  (.iiiiiiii,    UU'.i.   1140  'M.vliii    .M.   Diviiii;;.  Tl,,..  ■_',jll 

X.  Si.ii,ll'..i.l,  1411,  Jin.  i;:;!i.  i;,-,l.  ii.-;j.    l-.viuOi    v.    .Mlyn.    4.1J.    .',  is,    ii:!|.    Mi.'il. 

7.-rJ,  7(1J,  JJii.-.,  j:ij.-,.  j:;i,:{  '•"'-■  ^'''''-  -'"■-,  Jmin.  Ji»ii7,  JnH 

V.  Soutliwi'ck,      nil.      |,-.s7,      17111.  v.   Il..-i.,ii  A  .\.  |;.  »  ,,..  sj,',,  s;i4.  tij,; 

■'Ol)<»   "M.H  ^-   '  •'i<i-"i.  Si.    I,.  A    I'.    It.  Co.,  (ilJ 

V.   Wii^imr,  20J:!.  JdJli  i  '     H  i;:::iiit.   Mill,  l.Vl.-, 

V.   Wri.'l.t.  18!t.  JS!l.  Ji'S    (127     Mi'is   i  ^-    ',  !-  '  '^    ^^ '     '•   *-'"•• 

1107,   114;i.    114S.   114il  ,.    'v^^,,;,,. 

Lniiisviii,, X. & G. s.  11. <■„. V. n..ii,i,„.  ,,„„.;.  ,„;;:',„',,;;,„,„.,. ,„..  .71  ,..s 
v."ivt/v;'i:j7i  ''-^r  M.7o"^'""  '""■'"•  ^  '•'"'"• '■'^•■ 

Vol.  11.  M.  A   S      S2 


I     i 


1 


fe 


w 


,.,j,Mi  TAIII.K  <)!•■  I  ASKS. 

t  ,,„,,  J     (^ ,1,,,    ■>:!    •."•to  '>l'<nrMiv    v.  Tlioiini-  Diiwil-oii  Mt 

V     \.»   N..ik '('.  A  II    U    H   i».  Hit;  I.H.  .-..lO.  -.'V-'it.  il.M.  -MJJ 

|,v.«'M.  \,  Kn..«lr.,  '-'.-LN  '.         V.  \\,i-lii.mn,  I'.';:         _ 

I.V'lli' V.  niirii>;"i  U    M.  It   C...  IT.  !m>.  v.  \\IuI...iiiI..  Itol.  l»n,.  J.l 

'  jMT,    Mill.    Till.    Ti:i.    h7!'.    I|H'».    Illtl.  i  ».   \\liil?ii>    Ikiii  Wiirkntii., 

I'd?     I'l'     1.1.'.'     l.i.'s,    l;il."..    l."i»T.  M<<  ,iii\    \     liiiili.   i:li 

1  VII    Hi-;  »     I! •    '•""'   '  "      '  *'■'' 

I.M,<  .iiil.v  V.  N..ni..-<,  liiMi...  -Jilln 

•!i:il 
V  V.   Siiiitli     .'111  I 

V.   >..iil!irni     II,   Co..  •»•■    -'.:i 
M,.\,l.iM    V.   (Viilnil    II.   A    r.l.Mii.    (■.,..,  '.NJ.  XiH.  1,1,11.    ir.lT.   Im.' 

,,,   j;;,|  1  V.   S|,riiiulHl,|    xii,.,.!     i;.    I  ,. 


MrAl.cii  N,  Willi.  I.  ^:i:i 
M,'\l..  pi:in  V.  Mm  ilk.  lillJ 
Mr\lr.i    V.  W.ill.r.  Jiil 
M,v\lli«lir  V.   KiTKii»<>ii.   lti"''> 
MpMpiiii-  V.   IjiMJon.  H.  2jU 


ti.">J.    pill-.'.    ImT-.' 

M'(  Imil.-  \.  IIhiii  Sih.r  Miii    .K 

ill'.'  In..  11 IJ.  11..^,  711.  V4H.  J."! 

M((  lll-ll.  V  ».  i'.iiiiii    1   U.  <  II..   \l'^■> 

M,(  l,ilV.ii>   V.  Ki-lii..  S-.M.  mil. 


MP  M  illlr    V.    ijiMiKii.    ".    -■■•  •■       •  -.  , 

M.'\ii,li.ix«  V.  iiiiiii-.  i:i.-i:.  i:iTn,  i:.i>:i.  M>i  i.iin  v.  ii.ihI.i-.'ii.  J,  1. -',  • 
IT'T    17411    IHo:l.  li*iii>  :  Mcfliiinis    \.  iliiri'.','    M.  ..t   m 

>     \l7.ii'laii,i  I  iii-n  I!.  <■<>..  11"*'''!-'"'        t  ..  .   I  !■*.  -'I''    liii.H.  -'-M:! 
\lc\ill,iii   N.  M.i^Min.  VJi:!!"  \I,.(  l..l,.iiy  »  CmI.'  \IU;  •  ".,  I'^l 

\l.'\illiiir  lln,-.  •  ".  ».   NonUtioiii.      CI,        pml.   Iim.-..  -'ii-M.  -l**' 
vr.    l'-.7  I  M't  "It  V.  i;,i,ii,-.  .."1711 

»    Ti'oiitl'.  l:!-.4  M'<  '""I-  N.  I'in.l.iiiL'l,  A  W.  R. 

M,\iil.v  V.  Itnmiilii-.  12:0.  Unl  -'IS 


M,r \.  C  ,ll.,'jl,.  1.    lil.",li.   ITJi 

1:.;!      I7H1.    ITSI.    17s.-,.    ITsr, 
17t;i..  IIIll.  i;'.i-'.  I7'iil.  JJ.-.I 


Mc\iii-i,li    V.    .Mi-<i«"i|'lM   4    M     t*    ' 
lH!i.-> 

MiA\:iii  V.  IImum-  S|iiiiiiiiij;  <  ,1..  21.J  ....    „.  ^ 

Mi'\MiV     V.     ri'lili«\lviiliia     WiMili'il    til.,  Mill. lint  11    V.    \i  u    \"\U   <  .   .V    11 

•70  '-'71  '"•  '-'"•'' 

Mi'llniHi  X    Rinvli'.  :1J2.  :l7o.  Hi:l2.  in.vi ,  Mi  •.,.,!    v.  Liioas   <  oM    <".    .^1 
McHiiili'  \    Uii,;:.liM.  1447.  I.'i7r.  lilo» 

V  Intliiiimii'iis   l-'ii'«  A    S«itili  C.)..    \l(  (  i,i'l   v.  Cmmiiiii'II.  •.'O.:...  :Jo:1s. 
^^1     )-.i^  Mii  i,iiiiaik    V.   Ciiiwl,,!.!.    l,Hi 

V  liiinn'r      U.    111..     14:iS.     IM-*.    Met  iiiiiiiik      ll.ii  v.-l  iny     M  hIi. 
•,..(.,    ,,.„„  Iliiiamir,  l-.>-,.  J 1..   .....: 

MHiiKi-  X.    Hraiminl.  i-r.J.  22.VI  v.   Sri„l/iUu>Ui.  1-'   .. 

X     •^hi.l.l-    I'llM     t"!"2    llliis.  iiili         Mi'ii.-kii    \,    llill.m   A    D.    I.ninl 
MrCa.Miii  V.  .\lil...t,H:t.1     '  ..  1  :i7:i.  Jl  Ij-' 

Mc(  .lin   V.  C  l.ioa^.i..  H._  A  «.>.   U.  «o v.   I.oi.^'    ':•"";■     .'  ■  "' 

«7!t.  iii:!l.  lo:iJ.  lo:t7  l'*':  •■.'•','•  '"'.'•„'• '.''     , 

M'liill  ^     K-,<lio.  •i07tl  iMK'ov  v.  NmlolU  \  «  .  1..  >  o.  - 

^'     V    vJitic  Mail  S.  S.  Co..   Iii:til  V.  \V..,.i„,i,.u^l..     o,A.  ^.11  1 

Mrt  •illinii  V.  .MiCiilliim.  :mO  '  M.Ciav    \.  (,ah.-l.,n    II.  A  S.  .\ 

M.C. l.-v  V.  Stalin  Nlaml  Mi.llaii.l  It.        -.'70.    'Ijo:! 

,.„     .,i;\^  MTii'iiilv  V.  Dniilci'.  -211,1 

Mot   iiiipl'ill    V.   Ciiiiaid   S.    S.   Co..    llli.    .MiCr.'i'i.v  v.lHiio  lli^'i    '!'"•■ 
'    11-      1'I70      Ijltl      l'>4.'i.     U'OO.     1111,0.    .\|i»  111'  \.   r'ai.l.iy.  -'li.li.  .il.u 

l.'jlj    ,--,;  V.   Nalii.nal     SI  urii     Ml-.   ( 

M.'Caiiii  v."Allaiitie  Mills.  <I8.  21."..  Sill.  liTS.  IHl,:!.  isil" 

ISl.-i.  1H47 
V.  Matliisi.ii.   lOSl 
MoCarra'ili<r  v.   Ito^-iTs,   10711.  -iiS. 
.MCartliv    v.     Hri«li>l    Sliipowju  i".  <  o.. 
171,4.  17:to.  17:n.  22ol 
V.  (Iiiia-o,  K.   1.  A  1'    n.  V.       ..•,:!7. 

l.-i.-)l,  1-<S7 
V.    Iii-,lir.  '.IH'.I 
V.  .la"!)!!.  20,-i0 

V.   l.elii'.'li  Valli'.v  Tninsp.  Co.,  047 
V.  :\lulviiw.   lli.V.i.  lOS.-) 
X.   SiK.ii.'iiiaii.  81.  S7,  214.  700.  231M 


McCiilliiiii  V.  Dill, -I'M.  227.-1 
.Mil  iiim  V.  Kcniii'ilv.   t.','i 
Ml  Dadi'  V.  (ii'i)i-ia    I!,  d,..   llMii 
V.   \Vasliiii;;li,M     A     <i.    1!.    ' 
li:H>.  S77,   1027.    lll.i.   l.-i: 
l.-.Sl 
;  MiOaiiiol  v.  Kiiiaiiinl.  •"•!":i 
I  V.  Iliji.'iliiiiil  Avi'.  A  I'.ili  i;. 

I  1R4(1,  201.'-. 

V.  l.viiclibiirj:  Cotton  Mill- 
Mt  IVimAlt   V.    ..\ti!ii;"ii,   T.   A 
Co..  2111.  -ilil.  710,  SS7 


TAiii.i:  Ml-  r.\>Rs, 


2(101 


I.' I.  na 

UfiT.  j.i:. 
111:. 

llMP.i.    Jllltl       " 


,.    lilt.      J  J  I       >1 
IT,     ll.K  '       l.'l- 

.t     I!.    <  .       ." 

•r  Mill,  \   ~^iM.l' 
.  V4ii,  •J."i,",  J    ., 

!.  (  II,.    Ili!l|,   I'/' 

iji.  imi.  1  •:" 

27  I,  •-•T."..  J!i'i 
M.  \   ^t.    I'    i; 
.■i:t 

,  (  o,.  ISIl,  I'll. 


A  w,  n  I  ■■   c 

IC.MI.    IT-Ji..  K"' 

7s,-..     I7>^il  17^.' 
1.  JJ.M 

u  (  .  0.  II  i:   i; 

Co..  Tsi.   iiii 

»:;.■>.  jo:is   ■:»> 

-.1.    l7Hi 

„     M,,..h.     (I. 

■-'  I :! 

I).    I, mill..  I    I  ' 

[.    (II.,  nil.     Ill 
.    17IS 

i;.  >o..  jj'.ii 
(i;.-..  •.•i>i;i 
I.  &  s.  .\.  i;  I 

nil 

1-  1!.  c...  ;r.i,  •>-. 

M.    JITO 

■li     .Ml-,  til.,  .-.IJ 

■JJT.'i 
l.Vt 

I'm.,     llmii 

(i.   1!.   c.i.  .'.:'.: 
111.),  l."iJi>,  I't' 

.■.!i:i 
S.   I'.i.ll   11.  '  •. .  -"•' 

h.u  Mill-  '  ■'.  '^" 

111,  T.  A  s.  1-.  i; 

10.  SS7 


Ml r>iiiniitt  V,  n.i  (i.ii  1  cm.  i:jti 


il  A    •^1, 


117,  1.1(1, 

1117,  lu'.-||.  lIHil,   I.V.l. 


i:  I 


Miifirliinp  V.  Thoiiiii-oh.  j.i|,-,.  jnj 


:ilV     M.-',,.  V.  Vi.U.I 


iiiL'.  s.  A  I'  It  (  o .  >m 


:m,  7i1',    M.-riiir  v,  \iiti..!,.i|  a   \\  \\,.r.t.,i  Mil). 


V.    Ir 


r.iii. 


(:■-•.■>.  (i.ld.  (Iii7 

V.    I'lcilic  f!    I- 


.V    .•*,    (  .    I!.   I 
'.  fl'td 


.is 


ni    :.!l; 


.'1.'.'.  ;U!i.  inji,  jiisT 


.'.   ;i!i;i.  .'iiM,  Mil 


M.c.itri.k  \    \\ 


I  IJt.  I  111,   l.'.iw.   I.-.II7.   I 


\l,(; 


n.ll,  (llii 


iixin,  llill    Slid 


iii:i 


II. 


IdIA, 


,,     ,    ,,  '.III  Ciirtl.ii;.    ....  Isiw.  Isn't 

M  l).iri...j!i  V,  .Ml,  (..11,,,,  .'iir.  ,    |.:.,.ii,it..f,  i,„„  1,.    ,„:s  m-  mi 

\!.'I')<iiKil,|    I.    ,\l,,l„iii,,i    Mi.:|,,,i,|    i;     (,,_;  7,||,    i.'.jii  .       -.       . , 

"■''  ,  ,        ,  !m.<  I,,..  V,'  \t',\\.  ■:„,;     i|,i,  „,-,|,  ;m 

\.    I.ih'kl.  >,   I  II,-.,    l.-.si)  ,     (    i,„|,t.ill.  II.1-, 

'   <'ii'i-'  '^1    i"   M  A  II   II  (.,.         >.  Ni, 111,  Hull, h  i:  1,,  s,i  ||>  IS-, 

-Ml.     /sii       117.     ,-,|)      ;,„  |„-,|,     MCI,,..  ,.   .\,„t|,„,.|,,„    l;    i  .,     s  ,n' 

II'!-;.  II"-  ll'.l  \Ur.,^,„^.  l',il„„,  ,v|,i       „i,|,„^,^  |r„„ 

\.   Dick     II  t  ,,     |.m;:i.   I;,7() 

s.   Kii-1..  A    I-.   \|iu',  I  o,.  ll.'.l.  11,1(1,    M(iill  \.  Itimii.iii,  .111    SI.    l(i>    I.U    ir. 

Illi;    II'IC,   l,-.s:i.  l,-,s,  ,           ,     M;,in..  A    \.  II,  Cm, (,.'(.,.   is.VI, 

1.    I  ilfliliiii.;   U,  (•(.,  M7;.  ,-,((,-,  IMIJ.  i!JJI    •'•."1, 

V.    Ilrl.iltll:.-.    lll'l,     I,-,-.',    I-IJO  I             V      S.Mll'lu.ni    i','('T.  ,    1  .J.;.    I.-,S1.    IS  Mi 

V,   lli.l.l,.,  .'l.-il  M,i;ii,|,.y  V.  I,o>.riii....    li.Ki.  ||:;s,   lu'i. 

V,   Mirliijiiii  (',    I!,   Ci,,    ITds.    I7(i;i,        |i;.i( 

'.■^l"      .        .  \l,(,i,.,,.      ,.     (,,„,, I,,      ^,.,,||„.r|,     |l,i,|,,r„ 

\     N.  H     ^oll<    C,    A     II.    l;.    I!  (  o., ;      (,..   S!i     fi-,,    in-     III)     11  ■     i-i»     iMi 

K.t:i,   l7.-i:l.  ISll  .-...i,.  .-„-,7                                  '•    '     •    ""' 

\,  N'l.ifiilk    A     U,    il.  (■.,,,  ■_'.-,.  i;i-,.    ■    'Jiiitv   I.   .\iii.  I    i;..,n,,ii-  c 

(112.  (■..-, I.  i::i;;i  •J.->,'l777 

y.  P..«tnl   T.l.-    Co,,   .-.s,   .•in.  :i;ii,    \i.i;hm,  v.  H,...|„..  i;i,-.   (;|7    i;m   Tiio 

ll.'i-.   1'"'^  •  .Mi(iol,!ri,li  s.  M.I,  ,11,  c.l.  s.'i,  NHO 

V.  Kockliill    Iriiii  &   Cii.l   (.1.  s:is,  I  \|i(;,,i,|.  I,.  ^    Kun.  mi_>   hit 

I'MtU  MHIi.Mv  V.  .■^.  .III,.  II,   \."  K.  Tclinili,  Cc  . 

X,  Sxiiis.iii.  iii,-i,   I  ir,(i  I      11(1.  117(1 

V.  Tliiliiiuilcaii,   L'liiJ,   -M-'ii  '  Afc<i(,iii.'li  v.   I!,it,  .,  Jj:t,-, 

V.   IM-lcm  Co.il  Ci)  .    III.    |i;.-.l  \.    Ii.,|,„,.r.  .IJ'i 

V.  Wvllic.   Ki.ll.   |(!|.-,  :  .M Ciix.iii  V.  Taii<r<(l.  Jiiir. 

'li'Dnnn.-ll  V.  Illiii..i^  C.  I!.  (  i...  lis.  218,    .M.dimi  i,    v.   (  intml    \-,.|„,.),it    U.   To, 

'*-'•  '-';i:i.  2117.  .-117.  -Id.!    ..111.  Hi)',  sii'il 

\Ii'nii..oii;;li    V.    Cuit    N'ortli.-rti    I!.  Co.,                 1211.   l.-rj!t    1iii.il 

I4.-)n,     1.122,      152:1,     1.H8,     1(1(18,  V.  <  oluiiil.iK    >l|...    (  ,,      |  |,-,,i     i -,m 

KKIH  211.                    '                       '            ' 

V.  I..,iniihrr,  35  v.  ('o.iht.  211s 

V.  Wiilsti.    17(iO  V.  Slii,.|,ii.|  nil  I  .,,.  t;77,  S!l!l 
MiDon^'iill    V.    .\sl,liiiiil    Siilpliitp    Kilirn    Mmmv.-ui    v.  (  liii.n;,!    a     V.  W    R    ('. 

Co..  |in.  .-||0,  ."iTl,  I(li:t  I               222(».  222.1 

M.l)n;.'iiii  V.  Now  York  (  .  A  II.  1!.  K.  Co.,!           v.   I.ii  I'lal  i  Mliiii,..  i  ^n,.  ;iiii.'  (  ,. 

-)li»^.  H4!"  I               .■inl,  :-,  l.!,  .-,-,0,  KM.-,.   Ill,  f, 

\lil-:ili;;nU    V.    naiul,it|ili.   -IIS.   SOd.  S4:I,  !           v.   *i|.     I..,iiis    A     I       !.    |;    i          :i;-' 

l(;i2,  KiKi.  1C.--)I.  liii;2,  ics:!,  |s:{7  I2(ii.     I2IU.    1  :.-,2.     I  .  :.     1 12.-. 

McKlriiy   v.    .\ii-tialiaM     l-'oij,'..    .t    Kii-i  I  111.     l.'.'C.    l.'.'is.    17.        _ '..'i ' 

iici-riii;,'  Co..  20(14  Mid.nvaii    (    ,-.  .•,■     \Ii.(...\\    :■.     >.   St, 

M'l'.niiy  V.  \\  :ili.||'oi.l  A  K.  I!.  Co  .  l.i.-.s,         l.,,iii,  a    I,   M     i'    •  ,, 

l'!li'  .\li(ir,it!i  V    (iii'.u    N  .i-il,i.|-|i  If.  {■::..  212-1, 

Mi:voy    V.    Watirfonl    S.    s.    (■„,,    7.,);,  •_>>_;.-, 

10(17.  2(»70  i  V.  .\,i,l.  21  IS 


Mi.'Kailili'ti  V.  f  aiiiplicll.  (l,->3,  tidll 

V.  8ollitt,  I2:!ll 
M'I'Vdvii    V.     n.iliiiollin^jtoii     Iron    Co., 

■JO  1(1 
\Ir|.'alI  V.   lo'.v.a  ('.  R.  C'l  .   IHiO 


\.   X.w    ^..ik   A    -V.    K.    1;.   Co.,   (Ill, 

(i.-)7,  T.'iS.  7s.-,,  !i.",.-, 
V.  Ti.\as    A     I'.    1;.   Co.   lO.il.    1112. 

1112.  I.'i70 
^'|■(lra^v  v.  Ti-xiw  &   I'.   I!.  Co.,   |.-,(i,  !i;U, 


Mrl-'iilan    <  aniau'c   (  o.    \.    I'oil.r.    741.         1 ->2').  l.-i!i;t.  22.'!1 

7i;7.    11:14.    ll!i.->.    IIIk;   ll:is  M'Cr.-.ir  V.  |).iii-k.-ii.  2l.-,'.i.  2Ili(> 

Maff.ir!:!!-..-  V    C;>!<-il<,!-,iar.   |;    C.  I  !42       i  v.    I!,-i,l.   .M.   a    (  ,,  .   j:     ;,•.-,     .^-2    :.-r 

V.  Giliiioii.,  1374  '  .358,  tJ28,  2248 


•ij.  o.:.  :i2 


2002 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


f. . 


Mpdrimn    r.     Palmers    Sliipbiiilding    &  !  MoKuiii-    y    California    S.   R. 

Iron  Co     l'i"i4  I       1'''"-.   lt't^°i   1!'-' 

MoC.n.k.ii  v.  Vvrstrrn  X.  Y.  &  P.  H.  Co.,    Mrl.Mohlan  v.  S.  S.  Povorel  Co. 

9"i(i    <m;7     S(I'  Mil.nclilin  v.  Scrvior.  •!» 

McCn'niv  v.  Ihilc.  ■iOO.  1503,  1594.  170.1.  M<'I-ano  v.  IVrkins,  -i^ij 

.1.,..^    •  '•  MT.avon  v.   Kdinljiuuh  A   (..   1! 

M,"(";;liL',n  V.   li.altv.  iJC,  342  1  v.    Willisl,,,..   IDS.   (UO    .1.-, 

MoC.uin.    V.    lirll    T.lq.l..    Co..    371.    O.i.V  MoI.ui?rljh"     v.     (  :H|M.m.       .o, 

Mrfln'irk   V,   Slultmk.  .SdO,    1S21  v.  Ki.llit/.  Slli.  M.2     I04!), 

MolUirnn.v  v.  W  il„.i.i-to„.  2;i:i7.  2:i;!S         M.l.cai.  v.   '";'.;  '';",'^/'"V;' 
Mol.Mii.   \.    Mil. -a    Min.    I  o..    l.-,04  142,,    14:!:!.   141)4.   lo.>l. 

M-lnmiltv    V,    I'l.n.ro-...   lOMO.   l!lti'2  |  v.   C:M-r.  2  42 

M-lMliro\.  Wliitc,   1(>:;0,    l():iS  !  v.  Cli.inical  Papor  Co..  hd 

M..ln(ir..  Stu.t    I!.  (  o.  v.    HoUon.   IH.'.O.  v.  .  „l...  :iO!l.   1!.,  4 

ji^lll     j.^,,..  V.   Maiiilaiil  Oil  (  o.,  Ihil. 

Mri„to4.'v.'Mi>-oini  P.  R.  Co..  ..SS.  00(i,     .\|,.l,,an  County  Coal  (o.  v.   M 

701    7.-|0.  8!il,   1117.3  \lrl.,o,!  \.  <  liioa^io  &  .\.  U  .  1> 

Molntvri-  V.   l!o>t.m  A    .\1.    K.   Co..    10(11.;  211.-.  ,..,,,,., 

■|yi  I  V.   Cirillicr,  434.    ll)13,   \U> 

V.    Knipiir    I'liiitii-  Co..    1202.    12tlS  v     Piiic.  2072 

V.  l!cilv.  271  McMalion   v.    UaMiNoii.  413,    1 


Mrl-anc  v.  .Vor!li.iiii|iioii  Kli'ciiic  l.iu'lit- 

In^'  Co..  1170.  Ko-^ 
McKai'i     V.    Nuillinii     V.    I!.    Co,.    i:!02, 

17.V2.   1703 
McKav  V.  HtilValo   ISill-  Wild  W.-l  Co.. 
'l :!.-)!.  1.'.77 
V.  Hand.  02.  1743.   10S2 
V    \\-it-on.  l!>.->2.  2'!7.-i 
MfK.  m    V.    l!iiiliii-t<iii.   t  .    l;.    &    N'.    R. 
(  .1..  2270.  22S4 


2:2 1 
V.    ll.>iiiiiii;i.    1442.    l.-)70. 
\.    Ida     .Mill.    Co..    4.'.7.    II 

1700.  17o2 
V.    Mrllalr.     223.     .■(."■O,     t 

1110,  17!i7,  10.-.:i.  I'.IO.-). 
V.  ODoiiiicll.   1S71 
V.   Poll    llciiiy     lioii    Ore 
7:il.  7ti4 
McMaiiii-   V.  (iiiMirv ociil.    1974 
W.Wrv  V.  Clii7i.,m    K.  I.  &    P.  U.  ("■.  2:!.  v.    Hay.  1!1.-,K  2021 

1S3.  :iOti.  303.  473.  4S0.  3.-.O.   1103  v.   SCiplcs.  1 ,  .Mi 

V  'roiMt.'llotl.',     003.     1244.      120.-..     M,\hM>l.all  v.  Cliiia.u'o.  U.  1.  Ji 
,..;„     ).'71  333 

M,.K,.,.v,'i    V    Hoiii.-staK..  Min.  Co..  409         .M,Ma.-hr    v.    Illinois   C.   R.    ( 

V  W.^iii'.du.iis..     Kliotrie     &     Mfsr.         1333.1427,2104 

',„     ;s:  MrM'llcii  V.  Cnion   N.«s  (  o. 

M,d<..lv,y"  V.    Cli.-.i|.cak..    &    O.    R.    Co.,    .\rMill:ui  v.   liaiclay.  2102 

ri'i    lis.-..    1190.   1200,   1207.   1210 
MrK.'nna     v.    .Mi^.^onri    P.    R     C.  .    1410, 

1S7.-1 
Maokiv  V.  l!.lliinor(>  &   1".  R    C....  21.  40, 
'.-,00.  1012.  1019.   1017.  1002.  1071, 
1C.73 
Ni'wl.iMiv    I'liniaoo  Co.,  1003 


McKiilop  V.   Noilh    Riitisli   R.   Co.,  444, 

10.-.  1 
Mackin    v.    .Ma^ka    Itcfii^'i'ialoi    Co..  99. 
11. -|.  207.    1079 
V    !!,,>( on    A     A.    K.   Co..   343.    .374. 
1713.  1311.  I!i7(. 
MMviiiii'^v  V.   Iri^li  N.  \V.  R.  Co..  23,3 
McKi'.i'i,' V.  Kil-iallon,  22, 
M,'l\iimoii  V.  N.aiaoss.  172.-).  1.2li.   1,,7, 

M,<Kni"tit    V.    Ri,,oklyn    lki;;lits   l>.   (  o.. 

ins.  1707 

V.  Cliirai;,..  .M.  ><i   St.   P.   It.  to.  221. 

3.-,ti.  ;;.■..■..  -'121 
V     Inua  &    .M.   R.  (  oristr    (  o..  2112. 
211.> 


MMillan,   .'.02.   12.-.2. 
V.  Sar.il(va  &  W-  1>.  'o., 

229:. 
V.    rnioii    Press  liriok   \Vi 
McMillan  .Nkulilc  Co.  v.  |{kK4 

1244.  2230 
MMona.Klf  v.   liaird.  727 


MpMiiHi'II   v.  CarnPL'ic   Uio»., 
V.   Missf.iiii.     K.   &     r.   I 

733.  703.  772.  2370 
V     N'i'wIkiu-i'  »  oal  (  o.,  \' 
Mi'^  illy  V.  Savannali.  F.  & 

:!0i) 

M.Naniara    v.    Itriwiklyn    Ci 

1021.  1071 

V.   l.opan.  7s7.  l'.>.>7.  2o7 

V.  Maedonoii^rli.    !'•  .9.    1' 

M'Nanirkton  \.  C'alcloiii an  1! 

1399.   1400.  2120 
MiN'ci'  V.  Ciiliiirn  Tndicv  'I'la 

-)U.   -.20 
Mf'Kcil  V.  Kinnril  Coal  Co.. 


TMll.K  OK  (  A<i:s. 


2«o:! 


lil 


s.  n.  Co..  <«!i: 


fvprol  Co..  l!t."i> 

,  M 

::!27 

li  A  n.  U.  Co..  :ii.l 

;.  (uo.  (i.-.i,  1111 

iili'ii     hnn     \\(iik- 
n.  IT-Jtl 

;(;.:.  l(ii<.i,  iJHM 
it  <irincl   Mill,  i  ■' 
!)4.   1  ■)">».   l!»-2il 

IT  Co..  H(i!t 
■4 

Co.,  ii.-ii,  mil 

Co.  V.  McVcy.  2:.' 
X.  \V.  It.  Co.,  !1J.'. 

1(>13,   1(1S>^,    ]C'M> 

.11.  41S.   lllTli.  iJ   ' 

■2.    ITiTti.   22.J7 

I..  4.-.T.  11)14,  n.i: 

*.     .'i.-iO.     (i2(i,     U"'. 
.-i.!.  1!m;.-).  1077,  22'' 
171 
Iron    Ore    Co..  ' ' 

i..,il,    1!)74 
1)21 

U'o.  I!.  I.  &  1'.  U.  ' 

s  C.   R.   Co.,      1-1" 

N,«  s  (  o.,  !14  I 
•.  2U;2 
12.    12.V2,    U'.M 

iv.  u.  Co.,  2ii:i.  11 ;.' 

Ifrifk  Work-.  22!' 
n.  V.  Uhnk.  2:!:!,  :l  !■' 

I.  727 

'if  UioK.,  3ti5,  .177 

;.  &    T.  R.  Co..   (:/, 

:.  2:t7i) 

<iiil  (  o.,  im)7.  2:l.'.7 

uili.  V.  &   W  .   R.  Co 


loklyn    City    R. 


I  0 


l'.i,>7.  2()77 
I.   1<.  ,u.   ItidO.   \<>ii> 
(•(loiiini   1!.  Co..   1  '>" 

lolicv   'I'l^icU  Co..  .")ll.l, 

(  Oiil  Co..  2078 


McNVil  V.  New  \oil;.  L.  T    A   U     I!    (  o.. 

12!>,  ISO 
McXcill  V.  \V;iIlace,  SS,") 
McXfrriry  v.  Roailincj  City,  22M1 
McXichoIas  v.  Uawson.  ii'.M.  21.W,  2l:i!i. 

21.=;ti 
McXicolI  V.  Spcirs,  2l:i,'i,  2UW 
.McXi'^^l)  V.  Pockskill,  2U(i 
.McXiiIla   V.   T.ocliiiijpo,  2:<4r, 

\.  I'l-iiDsyhniii.i  1!.  to..    Is:!:; 
Muron  &  A.  R.  Co.  v.  .\liivi'>.    iiilil 


Mallei-  V.  Tlirojip,  fi2.  lIlKt.   I(;ii2.   174,5 
V.   rMi(,ii    I'.    11    >^    n     i;.   Co..    |.-,2.-, 

1.117.   l.^S  1 
Miilioiirv    V.    Dole.  i'."il.    7.50.    79.'i,    98!) 

101. •!    ■ 

V.  \,H  \..<k  ,\  N.  1;.  n.  Co..  moi 

v.    \,u     \i,iL    (.    A     II.    P..    n.    Co. 

2!ll!) 
V.   \;iciuiiii  Oil  (  .1  .  Ji;:!,   lt.-,o    Ii;i2 

17:;2,  r4i 

-Millmoil     V.     I'liM-Mlil      \,il|,.v     ri\i\     Co.. 


\Irl'i<k  V.  Cential  X'lriiiont  It.  Co..  ii:!l».  '      22i;.  2i:m,  s7; 

li.').'),  fi74.  7.">0.  77s.  2400  .Miiii   (  olliiiy  Co.  v.    I):i\i,,    2liil.  2102 

McPIu«    V.  Soiilly,  42S.    000.  02S.    7!)4.  1  MailkuHi   v.  Clov.liiiid.   I,.  A    \\ .    i;    Co 

1701.   1002.   1!M)1.  2004.  200.'>  270 

\[cI'l»'i-oii  V.  I'licilic  Rii(lj.'c  Co..  02  v.  Cilliit  I'.ipciCo.,  :i!iS.  402.   1210 

\IpC)iim(1c  v.  Di\on.  1954,   1080  2210.  2220 

MoQiKcii  V.  Ci'iitriil  I'.iiincli   Inioii  IV  It.  JMnliiv  v     \li.   .Munis  Klcclii,    l.i..|il   Co 

Co..   172,  000.  040,  082,  O02.  718.  74.1.         402.  411 

749.   1111.    I'iso  .Miilcoliii  V    l'iill,.r,  4:;o.  700,  1201.  201)::, 

McCioii-an  v.  Dplawaic,  L.  &  W.  I!.  Co.,!  2012 

S54  V.    .MMilJMii,  2I.-1O 

.Moyiiilkoii    V.   Crnlial     I'.    I,'.    (  o.,   2;i0.">.  '  M.'Itu   v.    1  lid  in,' Oil.    Iii:!2     ll'i:      > '117 

2;ios  :     2:;2.". 

\!<Quill.in  V.  Willliiuiiilic  Klcitric  l,i','li(  M  ilonc    v.    l!iiiliiit.'toii.    C.    R.   &     X.    R. 


Co..  572 
M'Sliai'p  V.   I!.i\tcr,  82:i.   1007 
McTn?f'i"'t  V.   Kastiiinii's  (  o..   I:i79 
Mo'rciiiiii  V.  W  liitp.  «;;!H.  042    o.,i; 
\liicy  V.  SI.  I'aiil  &  n.  R.  (o'..   I7()7 
Madam    v.    l'olts\illi"    Iron   i    .'^ic.l   Co., 

121.') 


<o,  211.i.  211.").  2110.  21  IS 
V.    lliitlKuv;iy.    2:10.    200     :U7.    14:t!l. 

114.").       1102,     l.")!!).     1.544,      l.'iOO, 

1000.    1001,    ISOl.  220.") 
\.    liiulcy.  2S9,  020 
V.   Wi-loi'ii  Traiisp.  Co      1  I.M.    1  I.V.. 

l.-i7- 


Maddcii  V.  ChcsapiMkc  A  O.  R   <  o..  i;;i':i,    M:iloii.\    v.    Ciiitcd    Stalin     lliililicr  (o 
1100.      1407,     1.').">1,      1(108.      loss.         .iS; 
l'i!'4  \l.ilolt  V.  Crow.    1400 

V.   laiitiiiaii,   222,   2.i20 
\!;ilpica  v.   .Mi\o,\?i.  2114 
.\I:ilsU\   V,   Sclimnacln'r.   iioo.   loss,    l,5;;o 
M.iltliic  V.  l!"Mi.ii.  s:;2.  ii:!',i,  I7i:t 

Maiicii-o    V.    (  alaiM'-l    <  oiistr,    Co.,    .104. 

1440.   1001.   Hi:; 
.M.iKL'inM    V.    r.nllion,    H.   A    C.    Miii.    Co.. 

2;!,  ■!,-,_  ::j7.  -joo.  714.  22, IS,  ■;:;;.s 
Maiili.in-i.|.  'III.-.  2:1s.  22!1 

\r,.  .-,!.-,,  .-,10 

M.iiin   V.  DclMH.uf  A    II.  I'lTial   Co..    |o.'>. 

iiii:;.  10.10.  1070.  J2..0 

V.  I.aki'  Sli(,i,  .\  M.  -s.  K.  Co.,  121:!. 
121s 

V.  Oii.  ht.l  I'liiil  \\..iL..  .-.41.  7.".,'), 
lll'.l.  !2s:!.  1280.  l.'ol.  liio.-, 
12'.is,       ,10.    l.-,,-,7.    l,-,i;ii.    hint 

V.  osiinn.iii.     i;;:7,     r,;;i),     I7i;i. 

lOlll 
Maiiiiiii!_;    V.    r.iii  iir:.'toii.   C.    I;.   ,\     \".    |;. 
(  o..   l:!72.  2118 
V.  <lii<aL'o    iS    U.     \l.    1;.    Co.,    22:). 

012.  lotio.  2:il.'i 
V.   !i..j:,iii,   2;lu.    I7:;i.    ITli; 
V.   M.iiiclir-.li>r  .Mill*,   tl,   1770 
Maiiiiioii   V.  Ilaj;aii,  ."):10,  .")l.'),    lo.",.', 


V.   ll.uiiilloii    linti    I'oruiiiL:  Co.,  1)70, 

994,   1000,  2'I0;!,  2000 
V.   Miin.ciipolift  i;   St.  ]>.   R,  Co..  OS. 
70,  1027 
Madi.soii  A   I.  1;.  Co.  V.  n.ic'on.  CUO.  1  :!S.-), 

1S20.  2:!.").. 
Mad  Uivir  \   L.  K.  R.  Co.  v.  P.arO.'r.  2:1. 
24,  .■)2,   22.-),   244.  24.),   .'io:!,   :il,-,,    |:10. 
i'M.  ii.i2.  o.'iO.  07  1.  osj.  70H.  814.  070, 

974,  988,  1010.  1108.  1:104,  2:i2.-).  2:128,  I  M.„,I,,v    v.    MiiMira, -    Palnl    ( 

2:10:1.  2:i(i8  '  ' 

Ma;jilalini',  'I'lir.  22.")0 
Mau'ic  V.  (  l.ica-o  A  \.  W.  R.  (  o.,  819 
V.  North   Pacillc  Coast  R.  (  o..  22' 
<■:■:.  000.   714,   1027,   li:i:i,  2::ii.">. 
2:108 
\l  i;,'iiiri'   \.    I'itolil.iii-    I!.   Co..    12li7 
V.   l.iulc.   210.  r.2i.  02").  02s.  o:;7 
V.   IIiissoll,  1:14S 
M:ilKni  \.  Cii'c,  824 
-Mahani.y  v.  St.  Louis  &  II.  R.  Co..  732, 

li'2,' 
.Maharajah,  The,  101,  102,  141,  l."):!    0.5.5, 

..01.  009.  lo;!i,  10:10 
ilahir  s.   l!o-loii  &  A.  R.  Co.,  Ol.l,  1050, 
20.52 
».  MfCialh.   1:175,  1719,  1729,   1781, 
1780,  1791 


m 


i  . 


•2804 


TABLE  OF  CASKS, 


.\l:iii=or  V.  Kiisliiii  roiinties  r>.  Co..  :i.'>l. 

MnnsllcM    v,    r.n.ld.'l,  y,    1.102 

M.instl(M  Coil  &  C.  (  (>.  V.  Mcl'iKiy.  22, 

277.  082,  7i>(>.  7:<r..  1111,  lU.-.l.  22J4 
.\IaiiMiii  V.  I'.ililv.  :;:!S 
\lMiit.l  V.  CliitM-...  M.  i  St.  y.  n.  Co., 

S17 
Mainillo  v.  Cl.\.liiiu  .V  T.  R.  <  o..  l.ttiii. 

140.-),   1S27,   l^J'^ 
Mail>iiiv   I-miihir  >o.  v.   Wc^tlnniik.   :!7. 

41,  42 
.Miiiooiii  V.  Ri'lciiili  &  A.  Air  l.iiii'  I!.  Co.. 

27t;.  22!Ui.  2 :!2.J 
Mi>r<-,\n   V.   New    VmU.   S.   &   \V.   I"..   Co., 

(i.lS    (i73,  71>*.  72.-..  7.->-< 
Mnriii..  V.   WiiMMi.i.   l!Mi2.  217S.  2202 
Marks  v.  Rnrlir-tcr  U.  d..  KU:'..   ISr.O 
'\l  nliy  V.  (W.ciii.  OOti.  looi;.  101.-.,  2004, 

201S 
M.irniii  V.  Kitsim  .\lai-li.  (  o.,  042.  2074 
.Mirriiiiin   v.   New   \.n\   C.   &    II.    R-    R- 


M..rtin  \.  \Vron;lit   Iron  R.iiige  ( 

780 
Martilii'f'ti   v,   N'atio-i:il    lUiUik   Hi 

.■):t4,  oiti  70;,  70.-..  si.j.  S20.  2 

M'rviii  V.  Miillir.  1777 
M;'ivl:iiiil    ii.si;    of    Mai  kit  V   v.   I 

I7':n 
Marvlaiii'  S'lcl  Co.  v.  .Manicy.  f 
MaiV  I.d-  Coal  &  R.  Co.  v.  l.li 
22.  r,^..  11.1.  541,  12S;5,  1201 
2:522 
Masc  V.  Xonlicrii  P.  R.  Co.,  UiS  I 
M..-(Mi   V.   Dean,  2100 

V.   IMiMin  .\laeli.  Works    147 

1.-,I7,  1.177 
V.   Riclimond  &  D.  K.  Co.,   1 
214.    ;i7S.    .-ilO.    711),    114! 
121^.     12.">J.     12.-)3.     147^ 
ItKri,  l(;u:l,  220(! 
Ma-oii  ,V  ().  R.  <  o.  V.   Votkcy.  7 

001,  1102.  1111,  2:t7S 
MM>-io  V.  I'r:l  Splint  Coal  I'o..  i 
(i.-,.-..  740.  S2:i 


Marrow  v.'  1-liiiil.v  A    R.  -M.  Coal  &  Kire  '  Ma-<.(li    v.   Delaware    i     M.  i'- 

Brick  Co.,  20ti.-..  2070  U.-',^^i-  i.Mll-lr 

Mar.s,l,.n  v.  Ilai^li.  O.V.  >'■'-'   ^^  l^'';"-  1'"'3. 1'S" 

Marsd.'M  Co.  V.  .lolnison.  lOS.-,  j  Masters  v.  , Ion.-    20...) 

Mar-li   V.  (  hitkiiii.','.   10.    140,   14S    71S, ,  Ma>tirs(.n   v,  CJalvcston,   H.   A 
1040.    1221.   1222.   122.1.   1224  !      Co.,  2101 

V.   Merman.  1721.  17:12.  17S0,  17S2        Ma-tin  v.  Leva-ooil.     '.-i.  22!  .  2^ 
V    South  Carolina   R.  Co.,  S,-i7.  1000    Malcl.ctt  v.  (  mnnnati.  W  .  ,S.   M 
Marsliall  V.  Cliarl.ston  &  S.  R.  Co..  22(10        .".o:),     ll.lo.     U.."..    11. H,    220 
V.   Kansas  City  Hay   I'nss  Co..  7:!.-..        2401  ■  „   r^    n       •<- 

,  Mat. ■IT  V.  Ml— onri  P.  R.  Cd.,  ,1, 

i  Alailirr    V.    i;ilM.)n.    2S.     'i2.   .' 

102..     10."), 


Mal-..n    V.    (  liiii;:o.    R.    I.    &    P 

2118 
MaH.'>on  V.   Vcu    York  C.  R.  C 


io:w 

V.  Riiilcfortli.  21.-)l 

V.  S.l.ri'kir,   142.-).   1440.   l-,:i7  ;  ,,     ,     -  ,.  ,,...    ,..,,     , 

V.  Wi.l.li.on.l)  Kurnitur.'t.)..  22.  24.    MatlLW.  v.  (  as.^.   14.>(..  1:,,11.   1 

I'l.  .-.1 
Martol  V.  Ross,  2420_^ 

Mar!™«.nv^  Cliio;;;;o.'i!:i!  &  P.  R.  Co,,    Manias  v.  !<;;' H^^n,  llOS 

„.^  Matllicws  v.  liiill.  20.  .>;);).  .iOt). 

Mart'in   v.   Atcln<..n.  T.   i    S     K.    I!.   Vo..  .  v.  lli.>mlton   INnuler  (^x     1 

i:;r,o     1421.    I4i:i.    l.-.2<.    1.-.70.  ■        v.  M  l)..nal,l.  2?o.  n......  2J 

171S    17:il     1711.   17.-)0  Matti..'  V.  C.in-iina'r-    If,-  .Ml.;. 

v.n'lthnm'&o.  i;.  .„..  s;,i  i     14.0,  uo:i,  14!.!>    i;i.:i.  ino;!, 

V,  R.,ston  i  M.  1!.  C,,..  2100  i  Malt-on  v.  t^.al.  y  (  on-lr.  Co., 

V  California    C.    R.    (  .>..    12.-..  7.14, :  Man.!,.  ".   Rrook,  21.)(l 
j,li,)    i),i;j  Manor  V.  I'eru'iiMin.  I.,"!.! 

V  ClO.a-o  &   .\.  R-  C.\,   l.-)1il.   1727.    .\lanj;liiii(T  v.   Ril.rin-.    1471 
■j-,1    "■  .Maul   V.  (^upen  Anta  -   I!,  to.. 

V  (  hi.a"..    R     I.  &    P-   !!■  Co..  004.    Mati|.in  v.  Texas  &  P.  R.  (  o..  2 


700.   1001 


.M,;\  Morris,  Tlic  722,  781 


V.  Connali-s  ynay    Alkali   C.,..   797.;  v.  Cuny    722 

1007    10.-.'   -'OM    202.-.  Ma.w.ill    v.    Hannibal   A:    St,   J 

X,  C...ik.  204,'  l404",   l.-.:;s.  22!i0  ;  .11;.   W,,  420 

V.   Ili^.libnd    r.ark    Ml,::.    Co.,    271.  ''    iV'T'o,     ..i.'    l-.o 

,.,-?,    nj(.,5  V.  Z.lar-ki.  Oli.  212.  1)12 

V.   Kankis  City,  M.  &  li.  R.  Co.,  0.-)0,    May  v.  Onljii.)  i  <^   U.  Co.,   1| 
,v;-y  '  i  V.  Snmli.  422.  .)4.i.  ..48.  oi 

V.   Louisville  .i  N.  R.  (  ....  270,  281,;  V  ^Vhiuier  ^1  "■!'■'■•;:;  ^»^ 

8S3,  907.  nil,  1341,  211S  j  .May.i.)le  v.  Denver  i,  K.  <r.  U. 

V.  North  star  lion  Works,  730  110,   715 


II  li.iiige  Co  ,  410, 

i.j.  siio.  2:j;>7 

ikliy  V.   U.ilJ  vin. 

.Manicv.  HAl.  •.':'.. 
L'o.    \.'Cli;niil.li-- 

■jss,  i2!ii.  \y.>:. 

.  To.,  UiSJ 

^Miks   1)71.  It-: 

i:.  Co.,  nil.  ii: 
rni!,  11J'.».  1-'.: 
;,)3.    117H.    1....I 

i 
Vookl'V.   Til.   Tim 

'oal  I'o..  Ill  I.  -IJ 

i,     II.  taiKil   <.'o.. 

rsii 

ill.  VI.  .>c  s.  A.  r, 

-.2,  22!l.  2(4.  i-iS 
i.  \V.  i  M.  U.  (  ■ 
1178,    22!I2.    21nii 

R.  To..  :i78 

2S.      "2.   TiM.   T'.'M 

i.  i.->:il.  liiiMi 

!.    I.   &    p.    U.   (" 

k  C.  R.  Co..  4'.l'i 
llllS 

:!itr..  3n(i.  12: i.  id:.. 

(lor  Co..   14.    l".iit 
.   1  (;."..-,.  22.->ii.  ■.':;b 
lee  MI'l'.  r.i..  :'.lii 

i.->.  i:)!i;i,  11.21 

h-ti'.  Co.,  2:JUi 
I 

'..  147;{ 

-   1!.  Co..   lOOS 
H.  Co..  224!l,  22'.S 

.  7s:i 
i    SI.    J.    I!.   Co.. 


12.  l.")!2 

l;.  Co.,  182'.,  1-^31 
l,-|.  .")48.  oOli.  704 
,.  (.■,,.,  1'.1,->1),  ll'SU 

K.  G.  U.  Co.,  219, 


T.Mil.K  OK  CASKS. 


20O5 


Mflvpr  V,  Lii'liniaiiii.  .'i.'Ui,  34!l.  ll.'.l.  Ilti7, 

KIO 
Miiye.s  V.  CIjica.!.'o,  1!.  I.  &  P.  11.  (  ,,.,  178, 

120,  ."i!i2,  1(12!'.  lo;;.).  2:!2I.  2:!7.) 
MnylicM  \.  Snvaiin.Tli.  87:{.  22s  1 
Mavlii'W  V.  Stillivaii  Miri.  Co..   12ii.  .')2.'). 

ti2H.   14!*;,   l.-)Ol!,    l.->lt!.   l.-)n3 
.Mayton  v.  Soiint'licld.  74!l 

'  V.  Te.vas  &  1'.  1!.  to..  ls.i7.  IsiiO 
Mcailor  v.    I.akc   Slioic  &    .M.   S.    R.  (,)., 

1222,  ;22.-i 
Mpiilly  V.  McCowan.  217fi 
Means  V.  (  aroliiia  C.  R.  Co..  43S.  147!» 
\[paiiy  V.  M.uiilanl  llil  Co.,  ."jl.  (172.  lU.'il 
Mcai>  V.  Ito-lnii  i  M.  It.  Co.,  2(l.">2 
.Mnlli.irv  V.  ('Iiicaf;i>.  .\l.  4  St.  V.  H,  Co.. 

212lt 
.Meld  V.   Mclvcr.  2I.">.'. 
Mcilway    v.    ( !roi  invicli    Inlaiil    r/inoli'iiiii 

(  1...  i)7!i.  illHI,  Idl.'..  2111!' 
\liM>liaii  V.  .Iiiil-on.  (i2U 


MiTicr  V.  .larksoii.  l.i.W 

.MiTodith    V.    Ci-uiil)ciiv    Caal    &    1.  lo,. 

22.!,   TOD 
.Mill ill  V.  Wilxoii.  2I.")8 
.Meriitt    V.  Orcat   N'oilluiii    R.   Co..  !>5;i. 

1114 
-Mfsscnirer  v.  Pate,  21i8,  2182 
MitioiK.litan  1?.  Co.  v.  .laiksoii.  2:177 
.Mi'tidpolitaii   \\t>«t   Side   Kiev.    I!.  Co.  v. 

Skola,  14SII,   l.-)(iO.  l-,,S.i 
Mt'W   V.  Cliarli'>tuii  i  S.  R.  Co..  71-'>.  7(i."i. 

2IS,S 
Mcxifaii  (  .  U.  Co.  V.  Krkin.iii,  SS!I.  nn, 
2. -178 
V.  (ilovei.    484.    22(11.    22(lii     2.;S1, 

2417 
V.  .loiii's,  22.'i.  2412 
V.   Marshall.  2112.  2114 
V.   Miin;iv.     (127.     (i(i4,     U4(i.     ll.l.l, 
22,")S.  2:1nS 


lii'aii.  (;2!l.  (142.  (172.  7.").!.   ISll 
V.  S|Hirs  .Mf-.  (  i>.,  l4Sii.  l.-)(»8.  l.-)<t4.    .M..\ii.iii     Nat.    K.   (  o.    \.    .\liis,iie,    2lil, 
l(i4;i.    1722.    174.'.  411.  41!l,  4.i!.  4;;:!.  224(1.  22.'.2 

Mcikor  V.  C.   R.   RiMiiin'.'ion   &  Son  Co.,  i -Mi-vi  r.  Hf.  4:t(l 

12,  1.1.58,  l.VU.  Kiill.  I8I>I  !       ■  V.    I!(j,-|,|.l,.  Uuttoii  (  o.,  22!i:!.  22!I4 


M.'iaii   V.    Sviaci..-.(..   1!.  i:   X.    Y.   R.  Co. 

2IM,   7 14,  722.   1!;!;!,    1147 
Meier  v.  .Mi.i'.'an.  1(1.'!.") 
Mei^ter  v.  Alliei-.  SllO 
MeleJieit    V.    Kolieit    Smith     India     Pat 


V.  (Iiimllaih  .VeNon    .Mlj;.    (  o..    1218 
V.   Illinois    c.    l;.    (■„.,    I4(i|,    |4iiii, 

1477.   I-"':>7.  l.-iSd 
V.   .Mcyei-,  7(1.  2(l7 
Mevci's  Sons  v.   Kalk.  227,  283.  42!» 
Me    ISrewinir  Co.,    11(1.   28!l,  2!)4.  .'.27.    Meyei-s  v.  Illinois  C.  U.  (  o..  217.  .">78 
Id!'!.  2:!1.".  Miami.  The.  Uol.  I.V.!!.  l.-|S(i,  l.-,sl.  I7(li» 

Mele  v.  Didauare  A:  If.  Canal  Co..  I;!(i7         .Miehael    v.   Roanoke    M.ieli.    Works.   4.-)|. 
Mellen    V.    TlMiina^,    Wilson    Sons   &    Co.,  |  .')41.  !i()l,  12S2.  12S(i 

17(14  j  V.  Stanhv.    ."HI.    7(l7.    717.    7  IS.    7!)7, 

.>Ie)lor  V.  Merrliants  Mf^'.  Co.,  .">8(!.  KKMl.  .  li.Sll.  I'.ltll 


inO!l,   18(11.  2(1.)4 
V.  T(MnkinsnM.  21.')2 
Mellors  V.  Sli.nv.  ."..  i;!,  ol.  12:!.  2()0.  2!i:!. 
(!jl.  ns:!,  (184.    (iSil.  (18<),     1!I84,    2273, 
2:!-i8.  2.!71 
.\IelIott    V.    Uniisville  i    X.    R.   Co.,   .-.8.-i, 

l(i:i2.  10;15 
Molov  V.  Chioaeo  Jt  X.  W .  R.  Co..  :!n.  (K!, 

i;!i.  (i2;t 

Alelvillc  V.  Missouri  River.  I:il2 

Mebrr  v.  Peninsular  Car  Co..  1(1.1!.  in."i4 

M..mlieriy  v.  Oreal  We~leiii  I!.  (  o..  1(14. 

11"  1.  ns::..  <i87.  lotm,  \m\.  loon.  lotm. 
mil.  1012.  loir. 

Memphis  &  t  .  1!.  Co.  v.  .\~ke\v.  .")02.  .ID.') 
V.  Graham.  477,  510,  !l(10   Itill,  1177, 

1178.  IISO,  lilT!) 
V.   .Fones,   (12.! 

V.  Thomas.   2tl!l.  !)li:!.    I:!(i0 
Mendota  Liprht   &   Heat  Co.  v.   Lall>rt\-, 

!UI 
Mennminpi'    River    .Sash    &    Door   Co.    v. 

.Mil'vankee  &   N.  R.  Co..  40(1 
Meiiseh  v.  I'eiin-vhanin  R.  Co..  .'>.  1808 

2:;(i2 
Mit:!/rr  \.  .\riiamr.  lliii),  22!iii.  2207 
Men/ies  v.  Meyuibhan,  2l:!8 


.Miehaelson  v.  Serseaiit     ISIiilFs    &    S.    C. 

IJriek  Co..  1042 
Mieliiu'aii  C.  1!.  (  o.  \.  .\iistin,   17:1,  220, 
(101.  l.!(18,  lS(»!t 
V.    Dolan,    ;iI2.   :!!ll,  41!l,   423,    13(13, 

13(1."..  1720.  22(>7 
V.  (iilhert.   402.   41(1,  411,   410,  423, 

424.  427 
V.    I.eahey.  1308.  1317,  1348 
V.   Siniihson.  1(11.  lOT.  3S4.  :!88,  53,3, 
.".llil.   10311.   Until 
.Mi(k(.<>  \.  W^  Iter  .\.  Wood  .Mowiiij,'  &  R. 

Maeh.  (  o.,  282,  (130 
Mickelson    V.    New    Kast    Tintio    R.    Co., 

18.-.3.   IS.-.4 
.\liddaii;.'h  \.  .Miteli.dl.  20!l.  8(12 
.Mi.j.lle  (.eoifjia  &   ,\.   I!,  lo.  V.   Rarnett, 

(121 
Middleinis.s  v.  llei  wiek-hire,  2157 
Mielke  v.  Chiea};o  &    \.  W  .  R.  Co..  tJG9, 

1(131.  1774 
Mikkelson  v.  Triiesdalc..  2123.  2:!4.".,  240!l 
Miles  V.  Chiea^io.  I!.  I.  \   P.  I{.  Co..  2283 
.Millar  v.   .Madison   Car  lo..    11(12.    1287, 

120S,  2203 
.Milieu  V.  Xiw  Yolk  I.  A  II.   U.  R.  Co.. 
178 


MM 


TAHKK  01'  CASK'S. 


if- 
I 


Miller  v.   Bullion  llock  &   (".    Min.   Co., 
1184,  1210,  1J18,  2214 
V.  Cliieiigo   &    ti.    T.    U.    to..    lsli», 

'J24.5 
V.  Collin.  1884 
V.  Dnl^Ttv,  2040 
V.   Kric  R.  Co..  Xil.  Il!!i 
V.  fiiiiinp,  8liO,   111:).   12.">I 
V.    Itiisca   Cotton   Seinl  Oil   Co..  205, 

27.!.  2.r)7.  2.'i(;2 
V.    \Iicliii;nii  C.  I?.  Co.,  \:\M 
V.   .\li.<s(inri  1'.    I!.    Co..    1407.    14(>.j, 

1478.  l.-).-.l.  '.:,'M.  17S7 
\.   Naxassii  (Iinino  (  o..  !I47 
V.    \f\v  Voik  C.  i  II.  It.  It.  Co..  .175, 

IK  (7 
V.   Now   York,   N.    U.   &    H.    It.   Co., 

1810 
V.  Ohio  &  .M.  R.  Co..  1412 
V.  Soutlu'in     r.     (  (..,     l.'tf,!).     111!), 

K.Vt,   1758 
V.  Tlionias,  17(i2 

V.  I  nion    1'.    R.    Co..    (l.'i.    202.    S.'fl. 
881,   1248.   1471.   1481.    15.->1.   I.-.77 
Milligiin  V.  .Miiir.  I!l7;i,  2002.  20,")5.  2100; 
Mills  V.  Maine  Iff  Co..  .tlil  ; 

Millsatm  V.  l<nli^vi!l(•,  N.  O.  i  T.  R.  Co.,  j 
i;iU2'.   l.")0,s,    H;!I3  I 

Millwanl  v.  Midland  R.  (  o..  2014.  2018, 
2025  I 

Milnor  v.  Oreat  N'oitlifin  R.  Co..  2147      ! 
Minpr  v.  Connfttiout  River  R.  Co..  7.").3,  j 
OKi,  nti!),  07(1  I 

Minneapolis  V.  Liindin.  r.)55.  1447,  1400,, 
1517,    15:i:),    1570.     11112.     I(il4,    1015. 
1042.  172:!,  1720.  17:!!» 
Minneapolis  &  St.  L.  R.  Co.  v.  Heiriok. 

1S04 
Minty    v.    Inion    1'.    R.   Co.,   000.   2:111, 

2:?25 
Mire  v.  ICast   Louisiana  R.  Co.,  2207 
Mirifk  v.  Morton,  150.  221).  140:).  1580 
Misflike  V.  (  liicago,  15.  4  g.  R.  Co.,  0.10, 

055 

Jlississippi  Cotton  Oil  Co.  v.  Kllis,  214. 

454  I 

Mississippi  River  I.o^t;in<;  Co.  v.  Sclinei-  i 

der.    81,   80.    KIO,   208.   5,(2.   530.   .57ti.  1 

lOfil  I 

Missouri  &  I.  Coal  Co.  v.  Sclnvall).  2211  \ 

Missouri     Knrnaeo    Co.    v.    Abend,    7:10.  \ 

744,  027.  1104.  1201,  1207,  1212 
Missouri.  K.  &  T.   R.  (  u.  v.   Baker.  22, 
55,    1140,  200:i,  2004.  2218.  2:i70, 
2:100,  2.304,  2395 
V.  Clmml.pvs,    225,    :!4.S.     381.     001, 

1149 
V.  Collins.   1202.  2102,  2240 
V.  Cos.,  350.  1140.  2310 
V.  Crane,  020 
V.  Crowder.    'M^.    001,    Util.    2200. 

2209,  2390 
V.  Duriin,  1110 


Missouri,    K.    *    T.    R     Co.    v.    El 

(I'fd.)   1000 
v.   Klliott    (Ind.)    1090 
V.    Kvans,  ,502.    1002,  2:i91 
\.    Kelts,  020 
'.  Kercli.   1707.  2259 
\.    Kowler.  888 
V.  (ionlon,   1110 
V.   llainiKon.  020,  2000 
V.    Ilanni?.    1140.   lt.-,0,  22.'i.'J 
V.    llauer.  24.  100.  5S7,  1030,  11 
V.   Hill,    .    MOI.  2218 
V.  .l(p;in~on,  414 
V.    Kirkland,  2:!.  220 
V.    McClaniory.  022 
V.   Medaris.   2122 
V.  Miller.  225.  :M0 
V.  Mnrphv,  22:..  :ilO 
V.   Nonld'l,   1220 
V.   I'ueUcli.   1201,   1225 
V.   (j)liarles.   OS 
V.   Rains,  2250 
V.   I!(}lifrts.  940 
V.   r.ose.  2:187 
V.  St.  Clair,  507 
V.   Sliofkinan.  2:!70 
V.  Spellnian,  010.   1012 
V.  Thompson,  lloo.  1121,  2319 
V.   W.llker.  200,   1052 
V.  Whitakcr.  2103 
V.  Whitloek,  2101 
V.  Wowls,   510.    588,   053,   654, 

0.55,  1179,  22.">0.  2254 
V.   Vouny.    23.    24,    47.    51,   .52, 

202.    3»9.    700.    H15,    1125,    1 

2270,  2282,  2378 
Missouii  I'.  R.  Co.  V.  liarher,  377 
V.   ll.iMer.   178.  041,  05;$,  092,  i 

2:i03 
V.    lidiid.  1007 
V.  Calllirfalh,   .5.30,    10.59 
V.  (  lianiherlain.  2295 
V.   tliiisinian,  420,  2297 
V.  (  nnsiiaw,    27,    333.     021.      ] 

1107.   1172 
V.    Duver.  330.  IMS.  :i57,  1013, 
V.    Kox.  201,  811,  2289,  2330,  : 

2:194 
V.  (iil)son,  25,  813 
V    Jlaley,   ISO 4,  2120 
V.    llrni'v,  -JOO.   2117 
V.  .Ianif>.    1420,    1481.    1545,    1 

1001.   iOOO.    1071 
V.   .Nines.   178 
V.   Kiny.  201,  317,  545 
\.   I.anidlhe,  201 
V.   U'f.  000 

V.   Ki-hniherf:.    200.   714.    11:18 
V.   Lewis,  170 
V.    Kvilf,  22.  25 
V.   Lv>n-.  1;  12.  140:i 
\.   .\i.t  allv.  8.".2,  008 
V.   .MfKiyt'.i,   1085 


V.    Elliot  I 


;t!)i 


,  22.-i3 

,  1U3U,  116C 


21,  23in 


i;.')3,  654,   7:,(l 

i4 

.    •">1,   .52,    2S1. 

I,    1125,    11. -)2. 

)cr,  'i77 

:5;$.  1102,  2:i.V. 


).-)n 

!t7 

1.     (121.     U.v: 

.-.7,  1013,  1707 
!i,  2:i30,  2301, 


1545,    IGOO. 


4,    1138 


lAULE  (iF  CASK.S. 


2007 


Missouri    P.    P..   to.      .    Mnckcy    (Kan.) 
•2120 
V.  Miickov      (I'.     S. )      1393.     1S;>2, 

1S!'4-1H|JU 
V.   I'.attori,  314.  405,  1474 
\.   Prir;:ov.     314.    5t;!l.     14fiO.     US.'. 

15  IH.   l'-)SH.   Ii;!l7 
V.   S;i.v>r.  .'iKi,  515.  20115 
V.  SoiiKTs,   184,  042.  004.  7.^0.   1121. 

U23 
V.  'JV\:is  &    I'.    K    r„.,   i:!.-,:i.    ].,.>,-,, 

1551,  2;;  10 
N.   \\  ilts.  5.(7.  540,  540.  22411 
V.   Williiiins.  023,    IIOO,    i4.iO,   117:;, 

14S2.   155:!,   1505.  lOOO,  2095 
V.  White.  :i!SO,  1017 
:iil(li,-ll  V.  KiilliiitrtoM,  220 

V.  Xortliirii  P.  R.  (  o..  2123 
V.  P.U11II0,  1971 

V.   lSol.in-.oii.  1404.  1401),  1545.  15'-'0. 
1072 
MixtPT  V.   Iiii]ii.ii:il   (  Oiil  Co..  270.  2200, 

2.307 
Mol  ilo  &  I!.  K.  I  II.  V.  lioll.oni.  720.  SIO, 
OSO.      lOlil,      II'. iO.     1040.     10S5.    r.KSO, 
2:122.  23:! » 
Md.ilc  &  M.  1!.  (  o.  V.  Sniitli.  1315,  1.500, 

I.-.Sl,   l.SOl 
Miiliilp  &   X.  I!.  Co.  V.  Siiiiili.  1143 
.Mol.ilo  i  O.  n.  Co.  V.  (Icoi-r.  S.-.O.  loni 


Monforton  v.  Ditmit    l'i.--(il  Brick  Co.. 

is.-.o 

.Moniriouth    Min.   4    MI'k.   Co.    v.    Kiliiifj. 
220.  280.  2S3.   1020,   1(!72,   lil73.   l,SO-l. 
2255.  225S.  2315,  2.322 
Montcitli    V.   Kcpkiimo   Wooil    Knamclin<! 

Co.,  1001,  1015 
.Montfjoiiiriy  v.  Hlcioniiii;;.Jiilc.  :I41 
.M<inl!,'oiiu.ry  A-    K.    K.    Co.    v.   Cliainlicri, 

232!  I 
Montreal  RoUinj;  MilU  Co.  v.  Coiidiuii, 

21s j.  2423 
Montrpiil  Stoiiin  l,ii'iii'ii,v  ' 'n.  v.  Dciiicir*. 

:!O0 
Moii/i   \.   I'riorHiiic.   10i'3 
Mooih    ».  Ihiiiiihoii  Mii:.  (  o..  1120.  14:iO, 
1  l::2.   1440,  1.504 
'. .   >iiiilh.  870 
v,    >(jti'  Prison.  2:!:!7,  23;i'< 
Moon    V.    .Nortturn    P.   It.   Co.,   352.   :!73, 
:!70.  377,  2201) 
V.    l;i('iini(iMil     &     .\.    I!.    Co.,    l:!-<5, 

1.301,    i:;oo.    iii,    1407,    1000, 

1007.      101  t.      1027.      1020,      1000, 
1702.    1754.  J2".5 
.MooMi-y  \.    i'.'lliulii'  Siiiiii.  Co.,   170J 
\'.  CoiiiiM'i i.Mit     lli\rr     LuiiiO-'i-    Co, 

220.  i:^:;.  2'.»o.  ;!ii.  2:11:! 

V.    I'Miiiliiiijii    &    1).   Tniimv.ivs   Co., 
21  l7 


lOOS,     111  10.      1047,     201s.     202:;.    \!.i..r,.  v.  I'dilial  1!.  <  o..  032 


2073,  2074.  2oT(l,  2077.  22><0 
V.  (io'lfrcv,   1400.  1477.   1512.  l.iSO 
V.  H.Trnios,  375.  1174,  1180.  1170 
V.   M.n-'.scy,    I5S5.    1  100 
V.  Stiiison,  2202 

V.   Tlioinas,    ,303,    401,      1.500,    'OOl. 
1805.  2203,  2:!00 
Mocria  v,  Xcw  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co.. 

834 
Mocller  v.  Breu^tor,  878.  04S 

V.   DpknviMr.    L.   &   \V.    K.   Co..   055. 
000.  1753 
Moffatt  V.  liatciium,  201,  341,  440.  2200, 

220,'< 
Molir  V.  J,ihi-li  Valley  R.  Co.,  152.  175, 

050.  902,  007 
Molasko  V.  Oliio  Coal  Co..  118.  40-^ 
Moline  Plow  Co.  v.  Anderson.  12;!7.  1251 
Mollio  (iibi-on  Con»ol.  .Min.  i   .Mill.  Co. 

V.  Sh.-irp.  028 
Monaohau  v.  Xew  York  C.  &   II.  R.   !!. 


V.  CiiiiMiii.    lo:!ii.    I'.iiil.    I!i77.   2000. 

2o75 
V.   (.'('at  .Vorllieiii   R.  Co..  :!O0,  4  10, 

22 1 5 
V.   .(i.iu-<.  2011.-.,  J103 
V.   Ka'i-iis  (  itv.  It.  .S.  ii  M.  li.  Co., 

1:1s.  s;i 
V,    .McNeil.  1  UO.  lool,  1720.  1700 
\.   Xuiiolk  jk   \V.  1!.  Co..  S70 
v.    l'eiiii>vl\aiii.i   R.  Co..  22.  270 
V.   Ko», '110,  215.  1072.  2001.  :;o72 
v.  ."^t.     l-oiiis    Wire    .Mill    to.,    051, 

7:;5.  1027,  lo:!2.  looo.  1151 
\'.   Slirev,'|iort.  2:i27 
■  .   Ualia.-h.  ;<l.  I.,  i   1'.  R.  Co.,  240, 

005.   1172,   14;!».   155:!,   1500,  l.">08, 

l.''i'0.  loi:!,  lois.  inso 

\     W .     R.     I'iekeiin;^     Liiiiiber     Co., 

ls.-,(i.   1M17 
Monie  l.iiiie  Co.  V.  Richardson,  400,  022, 

U37.  1440.  1007 
.\li.(.rluiu-e  V.   Ij-e,  20.59 


Co.,    Olj,    0.51,    1302,    1520,    1533.     Mo,.,,,,  \..  liiown,  1748 


1001,  170S 
V,  Pacific    KollinjT   Mill     Co.,     213. 

2274 
V.  United  Collieries,  2148 
Monaliaii   v.   Kan.sas   City   Clav   &   Coal 

Co.,  1202.   1200,  1271,   r7.35 


V.  Corliss     leaiii  lai'jiiie  Co.,  23,  29, 

230,  302,  1034,  IIU5 
V.    Ka^leiii  R.  (  o.,  2123 
V.   Harris,   13,  021.  001,   1022,   1029 
V.  Xcw  ■iork  C.  A  II.  1!.  R.  Co.,  1303 
V.    Racine  \\a'.;(m  Co.,  209 


V.  WoreeMer,   431-433  Moil.'.h   v.    li.niie    Mill.  Co.,    1071,    1;>10, 

Money  v.  Lower  Vein  Coal  Co.,  040,  040,  i      1213.   1215.  2;i:;5 

092,  700  Morch  v.  Toh^lo,  .S,  &  M.  U.  Co..  1422 


2UU8 


1'A1U.K  OF  CASKS. 


Morr"ooa  Co.  V.  Smitli,  8!t4.  1:101  ;  .Mnyniliiiii    v.    Kin;;~    U  iruNoi     Ccnir 

MoitMn   V.   Ciiilinii   Hill   (oul   Co..  -l.i: .               Dry  .Moitiir  (  <>..  :ir.4,  :lil7 

HIKi,  I4.VI.  l.'illi.  IDIW  .M\i<|(ly   Viilliv    .Min.  \    -Mf^'.  Co.  v.   V. 

V.  Iliid-oii   Itivir  Ori'  \   I.  Co..  -Jii-"..                ri-*n.  i;IS 

■ItlT.  JC'.l     171.  .-.01.  S»;  V.   I'liillii-.  JlOii.  21!>T 

V.  )liito!iiii>.   I'.Mll,  1!M,«.    1071.  r.i7r,     Mii.jllcT   v.    I,./kc-  Slioic  A    M.  S.   R.   1 

V.   I.omlon     (Icmriil     Oiiiiiil)ii~  to..         I'ti.  SOO.  S.'i,") 

20o8-20t)l  M11I1I111AII  V.  l."nii>ii   1'.  1!.  Co..    l.^rjo 

V  Smith  l:i41  l:)t4  j  MiiirlunU  v.  Il;iiiiiil'iil  &.  M.  .1.  I>.  < 
v!  Tl..iiii|H<.n.  IHN.-,  I  •-'".  :2'1.  «•>.  HO,  !»o,  lO."..  IJO.  10(1.  ..! 
V.  Vnle  of   Ni.itli    1!.   Co..   30:1.  .">Otl,         loj;.  ll;Jo 

."iO?.  O:)"..    l.ill.    l.'r>l.   13.>4.    i:i.-|.i.     .MiiliiiiitiH  V.  .Tiiiicsvillf.  1048.  -.2304 

l.l.'iT,  ri.")l'.  13H1  .\!iil<liiv     V.     Mctlioili>t     Kcli^'iini-'    > 

MoiL'tiilo     V.     I'rovicli'iK'c    Ti'leph.  Co.,  '■      17Hii 

1417     l'!04    17;0>  ,  Miilildwncv    v.    Illinois    C.    U.    Co.,    1' 

Moni^v.  Iloasp.  •iJ4.3  I      SS7.  04ti,  10^2,  lO!!.",.  Ii:i4.  1141.  11 

V,    Urovvn.  (10  Ufl.  •Ji.SO.  2:100 

V  Diiliitli    S   S.  4  A.  R.  Co.,  84.  SO,  'Miilliciii  \.  U'lii^'li  Valli-.v  ('■  .<i  Co..   I 
170.  S16,  S.-18  »-'o.   1:170,  2187 

V  (Jloii-ion    :I0;!.  640.  Or>.'>,  "on.  724,    .^Iiillicnin  v.  Uclawaic,  L.  &  \\  .  I!,  i 
■7.-.2  '      «I4 


V.   llli!Hiis  C.  R.  Co..  l.'jul 

v.  Ndiilii-in     KinplojiTs'    Miit.    In- 

(li-iniiit V  Co..  21 14 
V.  TlVlV.f.  1211(1.  1424 
V.   Si.'ir.iirM.   40.   2178,  22.-.I 
V.  Wiiidii'sti'i-  Rcpeatinir  Ann.'*  Co., 
2270.  2:!00 
Moni-  liids.  V.  Mowcis.  4;i 
Moiiis.v  V.   Iliijiliis.  22.-)0.  2234 
MoriiMi'n  v.  Hiiir.!,  104(1.  2070 

V.  liiirsi'--   Siil|iliiti'   Kibio  Co.,  59, 

00.  04.  18  1.-. 
V.  Soottish   Kiiiplovoin'  Co.,   lO.lO 
Morris"    IJro?.    v.    V.ovu-rs,    2:to8,    2.!.')0, 


.Miillan  V.  Pliiladulpliia  &   S.  Mail   S 
Co.,     1:1.57.     1421.     14:!S.     1410.    H' 
1517,    1519,    15:10.    154.-),    1(10.1.    Ml 
1707 
MiiUaiip    V.    Houston.    \V.    Strcit    i 
Konv  R.  Co.,  1(151,  17:i4 

v.'l'bilaili'lphii  &  S.  .Mail  S.  s.  ( 
i;jS2 
Mnlli^'nn  v.  Criminiii>,  :i40.  2200 

V.  M'Alpiiic,  2:17.   S21.    17(1:1.    I'.i. 

1075 
V.  Montana   riiioii  R.  Co..  47.    1' 
708,  13(14 
Miillin     V.     California      Ilorsi>li<ii'     i 
1070,  1522.  1(1112.  1020.  221(1 
V.  Xortlicni   .Mill  Co..  220.   b 


2:ui.l 

Morrow  V.  St.  Paul  City  R.  Co.    430  ,.  .,„.t.,.>...  ■  v... .   .    .. 

Morse  V.  Minneapolis   i    St.   L.    R.   Co.,  -  Mnlvaney  v.  IJidiiUlyn  Ci(v  1!.  (  .i..  J 
C\')   ""74    "27(1.2270  Mulvcv     v.     UImkI"     jsliuid     I.hoiii.m 

V.  N(>w"Vork  C.  &  11.  U.  R.  Co.,  30J)  :      Woi'ks,  227.  20(i.  11.V2.   lill:l.  ir,7  1 
Morton  V   Dotroit,  B.  (  .  &  .\.  R.  Co..  27,  '  M\incli   v.  On-at    .Vorllicrn    U.   (  o..   J 
22.5.  :$27,  340.   1172.   1708.  1814       I      320,  .3:1(1,  000 
V  "\Vooil ward.  2173  Mnneir    Tulp    (.'o.    v.    .loms.    52.5.    II 

V.  Zwier/yUowski.    1000.    1(172.    1813;       110.5 
Mo-cU'V     V.     Cliaml)prlaiii,     1305.     13(13,    Mniidav   v.   Thaim^    Ironworks   A    si 

i:!(;4"  l)uild"inir  Co  .  .'Ii70.  2070 

Mosiirovo  V.    Zinildoiraii   Co.il   Co..   2:17,    .M„ndlf  v.   Hill   .Ml'--.  (  <i..  010.  (1.52.  ( 
sl(.  2170.  2200  (i03.  088,  747.  75:!.  072.  101 0 


Mosnat  V.  Clii.a-o  &  X.  W.  R.  Co..  2281 
Moss  V.  .lolinson.  012.  (1,52.  1103.  18.i2 

V.  I'aeillc  R.  Co..  420.  422 
Motov   V.   I'ickle  >tarl>l     &   Cranitc  to., 

822.  1044,  2270 
Monies  v.  Delaware  4  H.  Canal  Co.,  i4, 

272,  543,  1493.  2200 
:^Ioulton  V.  Gage,  213.  10.37 
Mountain  v.  I'arr.  2175 
Mt    Olive  k  S.  Coal  Co.  v.  Ilerlieek.  2198 

V.  Radeniacher.  2100.  22i:5.  23S4 
Moy  V.  Ocean  S.  S.  Co.,  17(10 


M(..!e  V 


.Tenkin-.  20(3 


Mi.vnil.an    v.    Hills    Co..   220.    200,    :i24, 
■       312.   :i45.   1454.   1513.    1040.   1002. 
Iti74.  1800,   I  SOS 


Miinn    V.    L.   Wollf   .Ml-.   {><..   S21.   !' 

1003 
.Miireli   V.  Tliomas  Wil-or.'s   Son.  A    ( 

101.  217,  500.  000.  "12 
Miirdoili    \.    ..lackiii       ,.    44S.    -|.-,|.    .-. 

092 
Murdm'k  v.  Oakland.  S.  I,.  \   II.  I'.I.cl 

R.  Co..  22(1.  72S,  8.5:! 
Mnrdoek  I'arlor  (Irate  (  u.  x.  (  oni..  2. 
.\Iiirnin  v.  Caldei  uood.  21.52 
Jlurpliy  V.  Ahniaii.  Kill 

v.'.Xinerir.in  RnblKr    (  o..    110.    '- 

235.  000.   lo:)H.   1120 
V.  Bennett,  2203 
V.  Boston  &  A.  R.  Co..  1201.  181 


TAULE  OF  CASES. 


MW 


Muiphy  V.  City  Conl  Co,  7U2.   I'.tOl  Null   v.   I^mi-^vill.-.   X.   A.   <t  C.   R.   <<>., 

V.  (  Ki.Miii.  -HH  L'll.  03(1,  TilJ,  IJllt.  12SS,  I2m»,  l.-.i',i. 

V.  f;i..il   Ndillii'iti  R.  Co.,  2110.  Jii'.t,  l.-iiT,    1,051.    1,j5l',    UhiI.    1018,    lUtiJ, 

L'TT.  JHO,  is-.'.  JtU,  2:101  l(il!j 

(Iiiclcy,  5.  74,  238,  ;ili4.  .JS8.  Iii:i,  X;uice    V.    Ncwpoit    .\.'\\>-    &    M.    Vallcv 


Tin.  2.110 


Co.,  78,  18S 


IliiuLii.  120, -102.  4t;.(,  ir,|2.  lllTC.  :  N';iii;iiii<)rf  v.  Clrvilnml.  (.  C.  &  St.  I„ 


V.   LnU.-  Slioie  &    .\l.  .S.   U.   (  1,..  S.". 

10,-..  120.  l!).i 
\     \.H    V(,ik  C.  A   II.  I!.  1:.  ( 

s:;.-,.  !i2;;.  insi.  174:) 

v.    IMiilli]  •;.  2211.   :1:1s.  :il.-,.  :ll!l 

\.  ri.iii.ik.  42.-),  2:120 

V.   St.   I.oois,  1.  M.  \  S.  1!.  (  o.,  i2.-., 

220 1 
V.  Siiiiili.  1120,   I  ts.->.   1100.  1402 
V.  \Valn,>)i    It.    Co..    \:,i.    18:i,    187, 

ti2:',  1127 
V.  W.lislcr.  SOI 
V.  WiU.m,  20:12 
MiMTHy  V.  (  riinniins.   143S 
V.  Coiiiiiii^'liinii.  2o70 
V.   l)..in(i   A   It.  »i.  It.  Co..  220.'5 
V.  l"itc-lil)ni;;  U.  Co..  7o:i 
V.  Ciilf.  (  .  \  S.  V.  H.  Co.,  042 
V.   .Mi-rrv.   ll.">.  214,   1072 
V.  New    York   C.   j.    II.    H.    I!.   (  ,,.. 

114.   122.   1S7 
V.  S(.   l.oMH.  C.  \   \\.  I!.  (  o..   Moo 
V.  Simtli    C;iinli:i;i      It.     Co..     1:10.1, 
i:l(Mi.  |:;uo.   I.'.M.  I:iil4 
.Woitaiif;!!   \.    .Via    \iiik   C.   A    II.   It.   li 

Co.    0.-..").  2217 
\|o-li.ic!i    V,   Wi^o.iiisin   (  luiir   Co.,  2200, 

2:11:1.  2:110.  2::S4 
Mo-^iik    V.   .I;iciili    Dul.l    riKkiri^;   C.i..   :i:!. 

21.-I,  241.  7:l:i.  01:1.   1  U4,  224X 
MostcV  V.   (  liic:ij;o.    M.  &   St.    I"     1!.  Co.. 

:10s 
.Muliii.l  Wlicl  Co.  V.  Moslicr.  s:!l 
.Mvi'is  V.  Aiiiciicaii  Slid   limbic  Co..  270 
v.   Clii<M..;(,,   St.    1'.   .M.  i   O.    n.  Co.. 

40,   1  12,   !.-..■:.  104.   10.'>.  102 
V.   I'.iic  It.  (  o..  22.-I.  :!:10.  1170 
V.   liiiil.-oii   lion  (0.,  110.  227. 

11.-:!.  22.-.0.  227:! 
\.    W.  I  .    I)i  I':M1\V   I  o..  (lOS,  1110,  ll.->.- 
(102 
.\|\li:Mi  V.   I.ciiii-iaiia   lllcc'trii'  l.i^;lit  &   I 

'(  o,.  2;jii.  :102.  0117.  Il.'il.  2:124.  2:127 
.Myliic  V.  Tiiini:inli,iii-i'i-.  021 
.Myilii'if;  \.   ll.il' iiiiorc  A  S.  .\Iiii.  i   lU 
ductioii  Co.    L  ■    10.-)5 


X. 


I!.  Co..   112.   HI,  .-,S4.  7117.   1100.   I'.)04. 
'       2I.S2 
11(1.     \.ir\    V.  Nru    Nork.  ().  A   U  .   It.  I  o..  4S7. 
1  HI.  22:11.  22SI 
Nil  y.  i  iiii:i:;o.  .\I.  A    SI.   |'.   It.  (.0.,  tiOO 
V .   (1111:1  111  S.  (11.,  202  4 

V.     lI'lllillslKMll.    21.'Hl 

'.  NM^iiim    liuri    A    Stci'I    Co..    :114. 
.10:1.   17(12.  2214 
N:i-livill(.  i    (  .    It.   (  (..    V.   C:irii)1l.    13SS. 
1:101.   i:i!M).   1410 

V.  i:iiioit.  ;j.-),  :ii.->.  :!2.->.  :io:i,  U40, 

1000 
V.  M.nMiiiil.  \<:,:i 
V.   .\ii,\liii,   1012 
V.  Siiinli.   1012 
X:i>1ivilli'  A    1).  11.  Co.  V.  .lonos.  .'».->.  •12.5. 

:i.-).-..  1:100.  1412 
.Nii.-livil!.-.  (  .  &   St.   I..    It.  Co.  V.    loiter 
l:!70.   ISO.-).  2to:t 
V.   Iljiiiliiiaii.  1.-|,->0.  1000 
V.   Wliili-s,   I42S.   1400,   1402.   lOO.i 
N'li-oii  V.  Wi-t,  2(10,  0.->4 
.Vatlonil    Kiiiiiniliii^  &.   Stainiiing  Co.  v. 

Uniily.  27:l.   loso.   12>0 
Xatioiial    Krilili/(|-   Co.    v.   Traviri.   404, 
142.-),     14S:l.     1.-)!.-,.     l.l.-.O.     lOO."),     lOOil. 
2:1s  1 
National  Syiii)i  Co.  v.  Cail-cni.  2I() 
Nalicnil     iiil,..    Works    (  o.     v.     Hedoll, 

1  110.  1004 
NalMis--    V.    I'liila.lclpliia    &    U.    R.      '  ., 

.-)17.  07:i 
.N^i'.li.i   X.  (  hiraL'o  &   \.  W    V..  Co..  0.-)S. 
10  12 
\     Nirt   ^'oik  (  .  A  II.  U.  R.  (  (..,  242. 
I      1 12(1.  l:i.".ii.  i:i.-)!i.  1:100 

114;t    I  Ncal   \.   N. .Ill, ('111    I'.    I!.  Co..    1:).-)1,    i:i.-)2. 
1      l.l.-is.  l:i71,  140:!,  1124 
Vialaiiil  V.  hynii  i.  li.  It.  Co..  (102.   110.-) 
.Need!;  111!  V.   Loiii„\il|i.  \   N.  1:.  Co..  220. 

■110.  (l.-).';.  101  i 
Ni'ir  V.  lirdoni.  .-,27 

Neiloii  V.  Kansas  City,  St.  .1.  4  C.  H.  K 
Co..  200.  40:1 
V.   Maiincttc  i  .\1.  Pappr  Co..   1O0O 
Xi'i'soii  V.  (lillicit.  1777 

V.   ilillsiilr  (  oal  &   L.  Co.,  r,i>r> 
Xtltin-  V.  Cliiiafio,  St.  P.  &  K.  C.  11.  Co., 
SI'S.  'J.'il,  047.  2117.  2118 
V,   '.luliistiial    -Ml'.'.    Co.,    722,    1108, 
12.-i7 
Nailaii  V.   Uliitr   llivii-   Liiiiilicr  Co..    fG,  i  X.-Nnn    v.    .\ll"ii    Taper   CarWlioel    Co 

'fl,  204.  710.  :;\.  1070,  10^:!.  21124         i  27:1.  ;!0o.  :iiil,  :;71 

Najrle  v.   AlUglieiiy  Valley  R.  Co..  .-.O."),  i  v.  Central  U.  &   Hku'.  Co..  718 

892  '  V.  t  liicago,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  Co.,  2118 


St 
:i 


JlllO 


T.VliLK  (.!•  t  A.VKS. 


I'' 


Nr.\  -liiii  V.  Kiiiilmll.  27(1 

V.  \oil.)lk  a  \V.  R.  Co.,  is;8 
Xi'WhOii  V.  New  ^oik  ('.  II.  Co..  ;i 
.NrvMoM  V.  Vulcan  lion  Udik-.  2ii7, 


N'elion  V.  Dul/oii*,  i'lt4 
V.  .!i)li  iii-cii.  37 
V.   Ki'iT.  -.'liilt.  :;172 

V.   I.iiiiiliii  iiiiiii's  Mill,  to,  J  !77  I  .>i\»ii)ri  V.  \  uiiaii  nun  >\(iiK-.  ;:ii 

V.    .\.w  Oilfiiiix  i  .\.  K.  1{.  Co..  8:):l,    Nrw   \„yk  \  C.  Mining  .-Svn.lir  n, 

f»l7.  niiis  ,     l!o;;.i^,  27 

V.   SI.  I'.iiil  \'\,m   Wi.ik-.  l.'i;2,  IJlHi,     Nru    ^nlk  A    \.  K.  II    i\,    v    Ilv.li 

12i;'i,  i7;i.->.  ^■J!i7  i:;7i 

V.  Sii iM   Mill-.  7  111,  1N7II  i  .\,.w  ^lp|k  iv    .V.  .1.   r,l,i,li.  (  (..  X.  .S|, 

(.  .'^r.iu.  •Mi.  \'jru  I       cr,  til 

V.  Slijw.  sen,   ]J\{\,  l:V2(i  I  \,.w   S,,ik  A   W.  .s.  S.  (  M.  V.    \l,.|,;, 

V.  .■»Hifi  i  to..  2:!lli  I      liii.  2ii:i 

Nel.-oii  Mf;,'.  Co.  V.  Sldll/ciiliiMi.'.   liiHI         \,  w    Xiiik    I'.l-cnii     Co.    v.     I!cim--i. 
Vriiili  I-  V,   Kilcr.  1774  Jim 

Ni'plicw  \,  \\  liii.liriiil,  1070  '  Nrw    Ni.ik.   (  .   A    M.    I.,    I;.   Co.    V.    I 

.Vi'uhiiuir  V.   .Viw    ^nik,    I..    K.  A    W.    I!.  liiiL'lii.  il.sj 

'  "■,   I't'  y.  tMM.iii.  71,   IS.-f.    1S4.  llOH. 

V.   N. mil.  Ml   1',   It.  (  II..   l(i.-||  V,   l'riii;:ii.y,   I7."i:l.  22:i2.  2-':i7 

N'ciit/  V.  .l,iik.iriM   Hill  (nil  A    (  I'kr  (  II..     Ni  ,i-    ^•olk     K.lri'l  lir    KiiiiipniPtit    Ci 

171.1.  172.1.  IHdii,   ISIJ  I'.hiir,  2.'i!l.-i 

Ni-vrii    V.    .-^lais.    2IS.    :;,-,S,    lii2l,    liill,     V,  (v  ^I,|U.  I..  K.  &  W.  1".  Co..  !!.•.  1 

•--I"'  V.    ilill.     l.Til.      |:172,      11.17,' 

Nivillo  V.  CliiriiKi)  A   N'.  \V.  I!.  Co..  2:itl4  1  isil,  1,-,17.  ir.d'.i.  l.'i(,"i,  ICiill, 

New    .\lliaiiy    I'm^i-    &    ItullinL'    .Mill    v.;  \.    I.mui-,  (J,-)l,  csj,  ':,i;.  sT;i 

C(K)|i.i.  .lid,  ,-ii;(i.  :,{u.  .-|7ii,  2:;.Vt  \i  v  \,nk.  S.  11.  A   II.  I!    (II.  V.  O'l,, 

Ni'WinU    KlicMic    l.iylil  A    I'.   I  o.   v.   .\Ic  I'.Hi.  Hl'ii,   li;ri7,    l!i."iH.  21im;.  241.' 

(iilvciv.  I.'i4.  7S!l  New   Voik.   I".  A   .\.  \l.  Co,  v.  ComIIk 

Ninvliiiuor  v,  Ntw   Vmk,   L.   10.  i   \\  .   K.        S7.">.  1S1;> 

<■').,  ItiOl  X,  «•    V.iik.   T.   &    .\1.    R.   Co.    V.   a 

Nowtiiirg    V.    Crtilii'l    A     M.     I.iiiiili<r    A,       22tS.  2Jiil 

Mft',    Cn„    .-1,14.    .-i41.    .ViS,    SS2,     1240.     Xrv    v.    Diiliii.iiu.  &    .S.    (  ,    |:     (  n.     | 

12).i,    I2S1,    I2s:i.    I4li),    1404,    l.j:i().       211:t 

|.5li>.  l.'iS7.  l.iSS  Xi.iiitir    (  ii.il    A    Mill.    Co     v.    I^.m 

Newell  V.  li.ilui.   toil,  2315  141  I.  2107 

.\'c\v    Kn-rliiiiil    1!.    Co.    v.    Coiirov.    1421     Xicliola?.   v.    niirliii'liin.   C     R.   &   > 

l.-|l."),  i.V2.-|.  1.->S0,  1(10.-1.  1(108.  2202  (  o  .   1(14.1,  lllliO 

Xortl'iiit    V.  St.  I'niil  City  R.  Co..  (ili7       ;  XiilinliN  v.  (  lyMtal  I'liir  Cli-.  (  o.. 
Xcw    liisrv  A   N.   Y.   R."  (  11.   V.   Yoiin^,  I      701.    lO.'i.'l,  *11,!7.    Il:;s.     ||.-,:i,     '] 

711.  71.-I.  HSH,  1207,  lliiU,  22.-.(l  ]      1172.   117:! 

XcMnnii  V.  (  liiciijjo,  .\I.  A  Si.   I',  R.  Co..    Niiliols  v.  liiii-li  A  1).  \li\;    i  ,,..  ;;i)l 

801  V.   (  liica^'ii    A     W  .     \l.     I!.    Co.. 

Xcunoiii     V.      Soiitliwe^tcin      Tplfr;.      &  .'il7,  -i21.  !i.-)  1.  Oil2 

Trli'I'li.  Co,.  Clio  I  V.   Clii'cayo,  V,.  A   Si.  1'.   R.  Co., 

Xow    (tiiialia    Tliciinsiiii  llrii|..toii  Klertiir^  v.   CI  icM;;o.    1!,    I.  A    I".    I!.   Cn 

I.i^'lil  (  o.  V.  B.ilihviii.  l.-i(i:!,  I."i00.  2i2'.i  '  02.-| 

Xiw  Oilr.iiw  &  X.  K.  R.  Co.  V.  ClciiiiMits.  X.   Walicr.  ISO;, 

l.-|l.  :i:7.  0.-|0.   1144.   ll.-.O.   1712  Xiiolnis  v.  Cl.icago,   R,    I.  A    I',    |!. 

Xow   Oil.  I. IIS    loo   Co.    V.   OMallcy.   2.i,'),        (iC:;,  !>2.'!.  2:;7(i 

ri:t.-i.  811  "  ,Xi(iill   V.  (iiiMves.  2ti.-)7 

Xew    OiIiMii-.    .1.    &    V,.    S.     R.    Co,     v.     XiioUon   v.  .MaivVmln  w .  MKir,.  207' 

Hiifilii-.  2110.  :!o:i.  410.  74:!.  I:t20,  |:!.-,S.    Xicon.l  v.  Wau'iier    2224,  2:177 

1,W7.   l:'.--*.  l.-.OS.  1S02.  1S8:{  N1|,||I  v,  X.-w   Voik,  X,   li.  A    II.  K. 

Xcw  I'ili    Inn';!!  t  oal  A  Coke  Co.   v.   I'l'-         SOS 


tor^oii,    l:il7.    i:)H).    14:i2,    U;!:!,    1(112,     Nil.'s  V,  \liMii..|i]ii.lls.  SI.  I'.  A  St. 
ltlh>    ltl7o.    1710.    17.-iO.    17(10,    1770.1  Co.,  017 


.\ 


220 1 


Xcw  "link  C.  A:  11.  R.  R.  Co.. 
1(17,  4S0.  17.-i2.  2.'!l.-i 
Nix   V.  Texas   I'.   R.  (  o..  212.  (142, 
10:!2.  142.1,  147.'),  11S2,  l,-,tl,-> 
v,  Howe.     S20.     1421.     1170.     l.-,7S.    Xixoii    \.    Sdliv    SiiieltiiiL'    A    l^ixil 


Xewpoit    Xews  &  M.  Valley  Co.  v.  Car- 
roll.  1477,  l.-).-il 
V.  Dcm/el.   1477.   l.-i'il.    1011 


Xowpoil    Xrws    A    M.    X'alliA     1!,    Co.    v. 
Camijliell,  511,  ijU,  .-|17,  Oill 


mo.     l.-il(l.  '  l.-iS2.     1(112,    1042. 

irio 

Xolilc  V,  LSessi  iiier  S.  S,  (  o..  2252 


TAril.K  OF  CASES. 


SOU 


H4.  IKIS.   I  IT. 

ipnipiit    Co.    \ 

Co..  !!('.  I'.il  I 
11.17.      ll.^ 
i4."i.  IIKI.I.  JJi.J 
ill.  S7;i 
c.  \-.  ()"l,,.an 
liKi.  241.' 

V.    (  'o'llllOUIll 

Co.    V.    Ciii'i'ii. 
i;    I  II..    |s:i.. 

'.      V.      I/<'ClIMIil, 

■.  R.  &  N.  i; 

NIk-  C,)..  ti21. 

il.-.:i.    II. -.7. 


'.  i.  .■<[...  M.  i; 

u.  i;.  Co..  w,. 
► 

!12.  (;42,   loi'.i. 
l.-.ii.-. 
&    T.rf>ii(l    (  (I . 

:.  1042.   iur,i 


N'olilo  V.  .lon> ■«.  .^ffi 


Nol)lr,ul!,.  I  ^ 
in:m.  .'17.  Ji 
Noel  V    iir.lnitli   l\iiiiiili  v  < ' 


ly  &  M.icli.  (  o.  V.  Viii- 


Noitli  (  liirajio  Strrot  R.  Co.  v.  Conway. 


U.    1J!1|,   ll 


i:oH.  i:i,s 

l>.l,b 


i"87.   lo.'O.   1407,   10:i.-(. 


Nol 


slii'M  r  \ .  (Idldiuaii.  ;io<*.  i;i;:i 


Vnil.iii    \.    M.iiiii.  Ill'   ii    .M     !■ 

1(11>8 
\ohiii  V    Mi.i.liiri.i  C.  I{.  Co..  M 


Noitlmti   (■.   K.  Co.   V.   llif'on,  S.'i.   l.M, 


qi.T     1 


."lO. 


.'»>•>.  .i'i2.  t;o(i. 

NoMl'i'lu    1'.   Cc.il    C 


!l."i 


17.-.: 


^olk.  N.  II.  \  11.  i:.  I 


:i.i 


l.-so 


V.    llii'lllllollil.    Il.'lli. 

7f,S.    127tl,   ijsil.   1-.'!I7.   UIH. 


l>-.i.    lr.S4.    ICiiil 


MmcI, 


:io;i, 


1  -M 


NoithiTii  I'.  I!    Co.  V.    \iiiito.   12H2.  127(1 


DiiMin      l)i-li!lriv    i 


l!i71 


mil  V.  N.u   York  C.  A   11.  II.  It.  ( 


I.Ii.mI  S.  S    ( 


h 


l!;il<'..ck,   12117.  IJ 


l!,:it. 
l.-plli 


2111 


II.     (12 


1421.     l.-.l.->.     I. -.2(1. 


i;n.    1 1 1:!.    1 1 1.1 


1. -<»!•.  170...  Isiii;.  HKi 
\di('vki"  Jk  M.  (  o.  V.  \  .111  .^Miit.  U!l 


\..-folk  &    C.    1!.    (■ 


Siillolk   l.uiiil)- 


i:ii;:!.  l;;r.i.  1 1:;2.  1411,  ir.: 


Voir,. Ik  &  \\.  1!.  ( 


.\iiil.ry.  221.  2.' 


!1.-..  :i!'i'..    12:11.    I2:;'.i.    17IIH. 


ui.  81.  111.-..  I'.ts.  i».j4.  iiiii: 


V.   ( '.  iiri  11. 


Doi 


.Iv,   l:!r. 


i;;s.v  \i:> 


V.   KimiMTl,   ll)(i.  S71.  117 


V.  Ciliiiaii.  :il.    17 


Ml 


V.    <il;lI.Mlll.    4(i.->.     17(».    Sl.H 
V.    liocn.T.  2.;s.  4l!i.    |:!1.    1:' 


1421,      1127 
'.-|U,  IC'l.l 


i:?i;; 
1.-.117,    i.-i2i.    1.-.;:; 


\.  Hililiii-r.  2110 

■    iii.kc.  ii;i.   114.   107.  .•;s4.  .18 j, 
:;s;.  .',(10.  loiil 

\.   (  ■!>  .iiniii"li.    l.-.2.'>.    1.-..MI 


» .   (  i.;ii  ir«-.  22.-).     1:1(17. 
lr,'.i2.  17.V2,   17.->(1.  22.'. 
..  (lift.  i;ui 
*.  Iv,"l  iii.l.   12:n.  12.-..-. 

\.     l.MT.It.    HW,    llOl 


1I4;I,    1570, 


V.    Il.lllllijv.     (i: 

l:;i;ii.    'i:t(i7 

liilis.  1702 


.  2  410,  i:!.-.i;.  M.-.n, 
i:i78.    i:is:i,    1387, 


Il.rl.iit,  244,  2ilci,  .TKi,  :itO,  1012, 


li;l:i 


li.io.     li.:i!i.     i(;:t2 


1071.  isso.  I'.HS.   IIIIO 
lloi:aji.   14.-iii,   1020.  2411 


V.   KioImii'.  4.')4 

V.    .Mails.  ;ilil.  4112, 


'20. 


lU3o, 


70 


V.    M 


V.  ili.iK liilis.  i:!n:).  i:iiii.   ii 

V.  .lack-nii     22!'...   2:!  10,   2.;-. 


MMI.   102.   l:i(;i,   1.-.27.  2088. 


2:01: 


::ir.! 


lIMlatl'lMX 


I.   1007 


Ma 


.Ic 


SIM.     871. 


lli:r..  10.-)0.  ■. 

V.  NiiikoN.    111. 

l:!2(i,     l:i.-a.. 


l:!i;; 


l:!7s. 


1,  2201 

!i.-..   122.    I2:i.  l::i2, 

:;.-.>.     l:!.-,;i.  I.iiiii, 

;:!si,    ]:!s:i,  cwii. 


2001 .  2  too.  2110 
V.   Ni.ki-1.'*,  .-.14.  :>\:,.   -.10,  519,  .'.20 
\.  (I  lliii'ii.  1  412.   1427 


l'.-l,i 
].-<:'.>.      laO. 


1  121.   14:!..   14i:t.   l,-.20. 
I.-.7H.     l.-,70.     1J81, 


li-.l: 


Kill.     II. is,      10.-,o,     1058, 


KiSO.   1M2 


MOO 


V.   1'. 


4SII.    oiu.    i:iii, 


142 


1124,      11: 


22.-.1. 


I'llrll.^ 


2.-.  I . 


U.'.li.     Hii 


11." 


17.-,1, 


1.-..-.1.      loss,      17.-,.t, 


.1 


'riiiiiria-.     Ill' 


V,  Smilli,  l.".2i'..   l.'i.-.l 
V    Tclir.  17s.  .'20.  :):!i;.  1147.  1100 

70. 


Ncilli  sli,  laiinloali  I'o.  v.   lallovi 


V.    Wai.l. 

12  1  1.  2'i2.". 
V.   \\  llliatM'^.  S20.  11.^ 


:\\.     12:io.     12:i0.     1211, 


277.  1.->1 

11  ihwi-lcni 


Fii.-l     C 


DaniiNon, 


)l.  140;;.  i.-,sii.  looo.  is:!s. 


2ill 


n\., 


r,  .-.OS 


l.iai 


i!li.   .V    N.    K.   Ci 


S'orfolk   liiat-Siioii-  (  . 
V.    lli;;lit.  .-..•! 


Uiii 


040.  0.-)l.  ll.SS.  1101 


r.ii.  (iss.  127 


12S1, 


X..W  lii.li 


::!io 


Cliil 
I'll  iini' 


V.    \c.|;'ki',    1012.    I(ill2.    1117.1.    100, 


-Nor'.'P 


NaMii.k.     Uh.i,    l,-.0;!. 


Xoriiiaii 


V.  Wal.a-li   1;.  (  I 


111.  ll.-,l 


l.-.s.-. 


Xonis  V.  Atlas  S.  S. 

V.   Illinois    C.    K     (.' 
l.'-.S.-.,  22,)4 
Xoitli     I5iiiiiiP!rIiain     Sir 


227s. 


.uiak.   820.   2208 


1471). 


'lia^.  V.  .IciiM  h.  :J1 4.   10112 


Xi.iirir  V.  Tlii'ol.ald.  .".S7 


ot     R.     C( 


Ni 


Wri-lil.  llo'.i.  looil.  21107 


12:12.  i2r.o 


-Miiliiyan    C.    U.    Co..    12:iO, 


Xovtl-,  C 
son,  24.  ->i 


i;..nii.' 
0.  4.-.I.  i.'.s. 


.1.  ■.!■.! 


So'.'.lai!   V. 


Al.lrU.    20.-. 


.:is.  i.-jiii,  i:i!i2,   Xt 


.^iiiiili. 


2ii.    1^ 


131(0.  1308,  l:!!Ml.   UIO 


6UJ.  500.  0,(7 


.-.S.   274,   502 


^M 


UIS 


TABLE  or  CASES. 


!  :t 


■J 


NojTM  V.  Wood.  unn.  1440.  1.1H2.  1782, 

ITS.^.  ITilO,  lOlii 
N'ligpnl  V.  Ito-ton,  (  .  H  M.  H.  Co..  aWO 
V.  UiiMiklvn    L'ni'iii    K.lov.    R.     Co., 

Hi,  21:1.  1112.  2311 
V.  KaiiiriM.in  Mill  (  o..  l.-i».  »Ul,  n'M, 
702,  -X,.  los.-(,  '.'n**.". 
\ii-H  V.  Itaf-.nviliT.  ".'iS,  7ti.') 
Niitl  V   Soiitlii'rii  I*.  Co.,  22,  21.  ."i2.  ■"'» 
\iit/iiiiinii    V,    CiTiii:iMia    l.ifo    Inc.    ('"., 


O'Donnill   r.  J\n\im,  ft2,  272,   27; 

2H4,  22HO 
V.   Piiliith.  S.  S.  t  A.  n.  Cr 

•.'u'lMi 
V.    K.ixt    Uiver  fin«  Co..   H1.".S, 

V.  Intiiiiiiiiiiiiiil  \nv.  <  (I.,  m: 
V.  Miiinc  C.  U.  Co..  IHCI 

V.     I'ldVlliclU'C   &    W.    It.    to.    1 

V.   S:iij;i'"'.  ll'^,  ■>«' 
(CniiiiiiMiM  V.  Cjiiicron.  2H'i."> 
4'.jj.  .11  I.  i«rj.  ;:.ii  i  i  ••'I'liioll  v.  Kii\on.  2:12.  'Jh; 

Nvlinik  V.  <triiii|iii!.'Mi'  I.iimlpor  Co..  I2«.  !  n,.|tciiili   \.  I!m>(<,  SSJ,   |T^2 
I'iH.   -Jl.').  'J^IS.   .">:ri.    l(t!l!l.   ICiilt'.,    ISlit,    n'K;ill()n  (on!  (  .1.  v.  I^i(|iiil.  k>>.1. 

Nvp  V.  I'cii''  ylv.iiiiit  R.  Co.,  7,5,  1."p."i 
O. 

V  Mciiiklrinil  lion  Co,  2f>li(l  ii-vn,  >.  .iiiit->,  ,>.•".  .><>-,  lu...  1.. 
O'Rnnnon  v.  I.oni-villo  A  \.  R.  Co.  «n«  ulliinloii  \.  Dmi.l.ilk  4  N.  Siniii 
niiprfi-ldci   V.  lloinn.  -JSd.  il-'H  1      '••  Co.,  21lil 

OUoyle  V.   l-clii'jl.  Vall.y  Coal  Co..   120,    (flliiir  v.  Uwl.-r,  :!!>,  17,  sS.  1IIS4 

2nio   2:>i'7,  2"'7  Oliio  S-  M.  1!.  Co.  v.  Ilasj,  s.",s 

O'Brien  V.  Ai'iHrimn  nicilu'in^' Co..  142ii,  ;  v.  (  ..llarii.  ;;i,t,   HitJ.  :l!i,-|,  .(! 

\\?.:K     I4X'>,     ll.ill.     ll"f>.     1  !><•'•.  I 

iriOii.  17(10 

T.  l!o<(on  «   A.  R.  Co.,  1SJ7 
V.  1.00k,  l!»!>.1,  2012 
V.  N.itr  IIiilU'U     Co..     1JI1J.     12<n. 
l'?tlS 

V.  Riii.imt.  inn:i 

V.  Siiiifoi-.).  smi,  1001.  i!Mi7.  ■-'■-•MS 

V,   StuplM  Coal  Co..  041 
V.  Sollivan.  2.11.  0^7 

V  W.-slmi   Stpcl   Co..  20;i,    IHIS 

V  \Vc-.t  Knd  Stroft  R.  Co..  2001 
nr.v  inn  V.  Rnrn.  M.  ,-)C,2,  MSS 
Mfcan  S.  S.  Co.  v.  Clwi'nov.  137,".  1742 

V  Mittliow-*,    -VIC.    2().-..    2li«,     2i'.S. 
.>74    .'vo        !l.   llHi.  2207  ■  >  "■ 

O'CoiitMlI   V.   lliltimoro  &  O.  R.  Co..  X'.     Ohio  .>;    N.  1!.  Co.  v.  Tin.lall.  1821 

Mil    l."i04.  2203  .li'iio.  I.  &  W  .  It.  Co.  v.  .(ohiison. 

V.  Cliii'x    107o"'ll43,  1722,  172:!        |  (lliio    Vall.y    1!.   Co.    v.    AMoKinli 

i  1 '     .-oi\     i/»--n  .l~o 


* '  *    •""I 

(llVntt   \.  UoiM'p*  ColiiriiliiaM   I'A| 

Co..  i2»;i 

Ol'iIi'Ii     v.    RiininicM«.   ti.ix,    IO(h!, 

1127.  11,14 
i^flU'  <•    , Folic-.,   KIH.  10(!;i 
n..'li-l.v  \.  .Mi-xiiiii  1".  I!.  Co..  Ili- 
invl<\\.  .Mill'*,  ;>:!0.  r.70.  7u,l.  lo^ 


.-.10,  2.C1;; 
V.   Diiiiii.  27.1,  407,  400,   43,1 

2311 
\.   Ilaiiiiiirr^lcv,     1270.     1314 

13,-,0.  13.-.  I 
V,   llciloii.  •i:i.-,7,  2.1118 
V     Miililiiij,'.  IMI4 

V.    I'cai.v.    701.     1140,     1141 
1110.     141.-..     1012.     1707, 

;'';i;o,  -2:11;  1 
V.   Il.il.i..   1  in: 
V.   '<liiii.     .SHI.      Iiai."..      1071, 

2-.'.'.S 
\.    Wan-.liii.     374.    3Sli.    ,S,-.. 

1110 


O'Connor  y.  Ailnni^.  ■'.30.  UK'.O 
V.   naikor,   lliS7.  1008 
V.   Hall.  1440.  1001.  1770 
T.  Hamilton  llridpe  Co..  l"il.-..  20117. 

2101 
V.  Illinois  C.  R.  Co.,  335.  378.  231.".. 

2300 
V.  NVal.  1782.  1070.  10S2 
V.  rcniisvlvania  1!.  Co..  174.'..  ISOO 
V.  Rich.  "178.-..   1702 
V.  Rolicrf'*,   1447.   loO} 
V.  Whitlall,  700.  703.  1087,  10O2 
0<lcU  V,  Now   Voik  C.  &.   11.  R.  R.  Co., 

"50 
Odin  Cr        "o,  V.  Domnan.   191!,  2100, 

2107. 
ODoiiiM  Allpuhcny    Valley   R.   Co., 

218,  020.  Iti2»,   1831 
'•    American  .Sugar  Ref.  Co,.  2241 


270 

OK.ifc  V.  Rrowi.cll,  2001 
\.   I.ovatt.  210,-..  2170 
V.  Naiioiiiil    I'oMiiiL;    liov    .S 
Co..  .'1,  301.  1070,  1003.  1 
V.  Thorn.  3,-.,   1088 
Dkl  ilioiiia  .Xiiri.  &  .Mcchinical  Ci 

Willi-.  2337 
0"l.aii),'liliii  V.  New  Wnk  C.  &  1 
(  o..  4f)0,  480,   1070,  lli.><S.   liio: 
()l..aiy    V.    Caiidtc,    1401.    1101 

237.->" 
OlcsoM  V.  Maple  Grove  Coal  &  .\ 

710.  1773,  21",  0 
Old    Tiiiifs    Distillery    Vo.    v.    y 

ISiiii 
Olivi-i-  V.  Oliir  Rivii-  R.  I  o..  22. 
.-.83.  003,  010.  703.   ltlS2 


.  272,  273,  87.V 
A.  n.  Co..  ITi. 


I!,  in,.  1('i4» 
»,  70.1.  IIWO 
N.  Stc:ini   I'.i.  I. 

,  VS.  1(IS4,  -Jliil 
<H.  S."iS 
1.  .111.-..  4 lit.    I.'.: 

40!».   43.-.,  •>2:i: 

!7t;.    1:114,    l:(.i:' 

;ii8 


140,     1141,     lilt 
iL'.     1707,     17ti' 


tl.-i.     I(i71,    'i-'iii 

:is(i.   .s,'..">.    s'.is 

i.liill.  lS2f).  2i»N 

.(nlinsoii,  22:i 
.   McKinliv.  2:i" 


liiiiical  ('iilli';;!'  v 

ik  C.  &   II.  l;.   1! 

less.  lii!»:t,  2-.'.'i'.i 
401,     IIO'.I.    22^11, 

Coal  &  Min.  ('.'■ 

I'o.     V.     Zcllildl. 

!.  Co..  22.  21).  .".-' 
tlS2 


TAIII.K  UK  <A,«<ES. 


'><t|:l 


OM.. 


US' 


V.  Xpw  \iiik  1  ,  A   II    i;    i; 


In.,  lo.'i 
UliiHiliriil  V.  Vi'Non  Trniii'V  l.miilM'r  I'o  ,  i  t  inii^m  < 
•WW,  loso  ■  i  MiiiimhI.  I 


■  iiuil    llir  V.   Bnrrhiv.  10.  .'^ti.   1112 
•  iilnl  Ir^iKt.  (o.  I    ^Ijii...  ;  II,-,,  IH42 


n|.i.|i  \.  .\i,ilrc  u«,  112.  101.   Il,-i.  12S.  «0.-i, 
!'."2.  107(1.  IMlo 
\.  Vix.iii.    l:i:ii.    lil.-i.    \r,it<t.    looo. 


itini\.  I.'sl.   |j;it.  lJi)7 


V.   Iliill.iiiil    .'il.    l»>o    l> 


to'itoii;.'  V.  in 


I'M     I'     U.    t 


0,'iS.  iifio. 


i: 


i; 


(It; 


Mikf  \.   I  iijori   I'.   I!.  ( 


\.   N.iilli  J'.i.ilir    I.iiimIiu    Ih,    (10.    UiiIi|.  v.   l'lijh,i|,I|.liiii  ,1   W.  (  .  Tiaol 


l.-.s,   Il 
•il.iiiii.     NI4.     I; 


I, 'Hi. 


■M  ».  (  l\,lf,  l;,:l.-..  I  |.-,».  |,-,;i|.  Iiiiij 
'•.  l)iiliiit\'  l.iiiiilii  I'  I'll.,  Its  2212 
'.    IIiiiiIokI   I'iinIiici'    Cu..    2i'2.    112.1 

no;.  1110 
V,  Mc.Miilliii,  loll 
y.    Mi'.Miiilii.v     <  nliii      I.iiiiiImi'    Co. 


.100.  |i;;i| 

•  '  I  !■!  ri   \ .   \  iiUi  rs 
O-I.'.im'  V   ll.inri 

.i.i.;,«.,ii.  2 


lo.ii. 


!I4 


:I72 

2i;.-> 


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107.   < 
.    i.'lil: 
S4I.   lo.ll 

.     I. In 


lU.  117.  1.17, 

s.M.  !I27.   iN.i; 

.ill..\   I  "Ml  (  o.,  HI,  007. 


A    N.    \V.    i: 


.   >lliiiii.j|ic.li,     i.     M,     I,      I',    („..  1  » 

lH4:i.   1H47  u.ii., 

St.  I'iiiil.  \!  A  .\|  I!.  «  ,,.  47,-,.  <i.  |„ 
4!)l,  oil,  00-).  114:1,  I..00.  I0S2.  Oiijlj. 
UlIMI.   loos.    I7.".0.  2.170  •      .•■111 


.MiMj.ui    2:11s. 


::iio 


.:IM-I!|._'.   1.20 


il  \   i:.i..ic  I', 


ii  r 


Hr   V.     n\illil.lli     \\  lir.  I     ( 


10S2 


11.    220.^, 


- .   Oii't'oii    ('o:il    A    Nuv.    I  .1.      I  Ij 
I  l.">0,   I'l."..-..   l.-)Sl,    1,-,S0,   1704 
iliiiiilin   A    K.    Viilliv    li.  Co.    V.    \|, 
804.  n:)7.  1410 


.jUii-l,.y    \.    (  I'Mlrul    It.   A    l!ki.'.    (  ()..   224, 

:     2:10.  7s^ 
:in,  '  Ov.'il.v  V.  I  licHiipiiikc.  A   <l    It.  (  i...  -,IS, 


••miiliu   Ili.ltlinK  Co.  v.    Iln-ilii.  I2'.i.  20S.    i)\\ 
.'lOO,  702.   1001 

d'.Miili.y    \.    Soiltll     Ho^l.lll    <lj-li;.'l|l    C 


:<:,n   002 


lx)iii-\llli.  A  .\'.  It.  Co..  loll 


•VM. 


r.21.  tiso, 


•.s.   1107 


^olk   C.   It.   «  ,).,    i!Mi,   o,-,:j 


1178.   1002.  lOHO 


•2,    0S2.    00(1.     I11I2.    "hv.ps  V.   |:,,i.|,  ,-,71 


iCM.nin    V.    1; 


K.  O 


iHi-:i..  Ci(v.  St    .1.  A  I  .   n. 


tiwhf^-  V.  .Moiicj  iiiik  nil  .\|i||.  .-,44 


224.  2S0,  021.  7:12.  OOS 


OiiiiiiKcr  V.  New    >oik  C.  A  II.  It.  It.  C 

s:i;; 
<|-.\(.iil  V.  Chif 


A    I.  I  lul   1;    I 


218.   :)oo 
2;i;m 


1; 


I'm..!,. 


■)I7,    1020.    Io;iii,    ||ii;i 


111. Null   Ml''.    C. 


-.1 


22s,   2(i0, 


V.  O'C' 


I'll. 


!:i!io 


O'Niil    V.   Cri.iil    .Vortli, 


i;    ( 


I. '..12.  1.-.71.  l.-.OO.  17  4  1     1> 
V.   Kc.vi-,   1  121 

V.  O'j' iv.  2011.  404.    I-. 

V.   St.   Liii'iis.  I.  \1.  A  S.  I!.  (■ 


I  U.I. 


.-.JO,  .-,,-i2 
V.   Young  A  .'S(i 
2.i4S 
U'Vcil!  V.  Cliic:|.jo. 
I7S.  021.  f,:! 

\.    (ill'Mt     Null' 

V.  Ki'okiik  A 

n.'jo 


I'iuk  V.  Il,i\\\:ii.l,  1072 

I'jrI.ir      \.      riioiii-nii  Houston      Klnlijc 

<  II  .  OJs.  001.  2274 
I'l'..'!'  V.  .\aii;;litoii,  2:1:1,  277,  l,"i.-.0,   1702 
'  I'iiyi'U    V.    Mcvcr,    ."ilMI.    421.    12:ili     12  H 
100:!  l;:;i0 

:i.SO.  ,  I'Mhlmi  V.  Ditn.it,  C.  11.  A  M.  It.  Co  ,  47, 


>i.,l  ,v    l'l;iMt  Co..     I'aini- 


114,  ISO,  S2,S,  1122 


Kastn-n    It.   ( 


i20.  202,  2r,o, 


It.  I.  A    I'.   It.  ( 


1 11  It    I 
M.  I!    C 


2S0.  .-142.  .Ilil.  !I2S.  22i;.-i 
riiiiiti-r  V.  I'illsliiir;.'li.  lo:it 
I'.iintiiii  V.  Noitli'.iii  C.  It.  Co.,  22,  l.i 

220,  20.1.  ^iM,  .i.ll,  22!i:i 


l.-|.-,!l 

.">10.  .-.18.  i  I'alaiul  V.  Cliira'^i),  SI.  L.  A  X.  O.  It.  Ci 


V.  WiL.'on.  S^     214.  i;00.  S7.",.    I!l74       |'a!, 


llitonslmw    V.    Itali    A    \.    I!.    (  n..    147S      I'alii 

1546,  liiOU 
Oregon    Short-Line   &    V.    S.    It.    Co.   v.  | 
Fro.st.    1302,     I.-.24.     10S7.     1720.  1 


lOl.  700 
y  V.  Carnett,  UIG8 


iJiiiMT   &   K.   0.    IX    (1 


1:12.   I.-.0,  201 
V.   Ilaiii>on,  'JO.  207 


17t;ii 


V.  T 


V;:vy. 


.«0,     IIS. 


829,  ll.W.  2:17,". 
O'Heillv  y.  lioHkir  li 
2000 


■■'.    :,s:i. 


crtili.i'i    I  (1.,    1070. 


Old.  702    loSI, 
2217 
.   .Mil  lii'jaii    C.    It.    Co .    :,\  1.    |o.-,;(, 
12s:;.      I2-,7.      11.11.      1,22.      I.^2s! 
1.-.47.  l.-|.-|0.   i:.OI.  Is  I.-, 


V.    l'orl>'iii,iii  11.    Is7!i 
V.    lliili  A   .\.  1!.  t 


-.   I1.I2    \:-r.' 


Mt4 


T/MILE  <**■  (ASKS. 


F.H. :  H 


I 


Piint/iir  \.  Tilly   Ko.i.i    Inm   Mji,    <o.    I'liviir  v.  15.  .w,  ;;|,  »»«,  nj.  "I.'* 
.'.)•.',    Jl.-i.    J!i..    tU,    .1111,    Wil.    UU4,    IViMork  V.  Ni.l.lrio  &  II.  »  ,mI  ('. 

1.117,    I'.IMI,    \II,A 

Pniilo  V.  Iliifiicr.  A27 

I'lini.  rill',  J.'H.  j;;i 

I'nri'iit   V.  N.i-liim   >fftf.  in.,   \HM 

\.  .•»■  liliiiMiii.   iTfi.    Hwn,  24'JI.  -.MJ-' 
rurrnto  V.    r:n  lur,  J'MI 


Pi'iiri't'  V.   I.ui'-.limin'.  'Jil."i; 

V.  l.i,ti(liiM  A  S.  W  .  It.  (  o..  :i 
rt-iirxin  V.  (':ithi<liun  I'  K.  t  i 
2l).'>)t 

V.  (tiiiiiuo.  .M,  4  St.  I'.  |{  ( 
l'4'it«^  V,  »  liii.t).!,  A  N.  !:.  (II.,  i;i 


rmi-,  .M.  d   S.  I',  l;.  I'o.  V.  .Slok.-,  ill'.t    |'..ii«l.c'   ».    Kii.litiiirK   U.   lo  .   4 
I'iiik   V.   N.'W   ^luk  ('.  4   II.   R.   II.  (.■.>.,  L'.'ltl.  'Jl' !!( 

I.I.',  4:!:l.  r\:>.  s.i;i  IV(lii«.iri  \.  .I<,l,ii  |).  Si.riTki-l* 

I'.iiKi'  t'oiiiil.v  t  nj|  Cu.   V.   Ilarlli.   I|j3,  Ci .  Jim. 

llil't  I  V.   |!ip.|ii,„,|.   Hid 

r^iikir  V.  IlixoM,  •JliKi  !  |',,,r|,.--  ••i.iii.-  t  o.  v,  Wniv.   U.i 

V.  (!.i.i).'i:i    I'.    I{.  Co.,  fl02.  Mill,  S2»     IMVii-  v.  t  utl.T,  tltj.   IIJM'  \;Hi 
V.  Ihiiiiulinl  A.  St.  .1.  It.  lii..   l;ii)7,    ri'L'ii-in.  llii ,  l.':i:i 

i:il7.      I.i.'.'.      I.TII.      Ifi:i|.     litlis,     l'.-i,,iii  V.   Ilui.n.   H».-.l.   |!MiJ 
I  ml.    11(1.-,,    Hill.    Itll  1".  it...   V.    11.11,,  !i!t,   .-,!(!• 

V.   V,  u    \,.,i^  \    \     |.;.   u    Co,.   4.17,1  V.  (  lium.  ji.  c,;.'.  7."i,'l.  IH2.1 

'•■I'i''  I         V.  Kilf,  2:iiu 

V.  s,     .!i  Ciriilihi  4  (;.  H.  Co..  711,'  v.  (tliviT.    I  IJh.   Itlls.   l7iU 

"I'l  '  V.   \iiii     DiiTM,     Ih:i2,    Jiiii 

I'iiiI;Imii<i    v.  .lolnxui,   In.'.J  ;  2412 

Piitki!'-ii'i   Mi'_:;ir  (  (1.  V.   Kili'v,   ls:)il  I'iiiiMili  «  mi^iil.  .sjImt  .Mjn.  \   .\ 

PiiiliMv.  liiiiK.ucl..  :;ii.-i.  :;!i7  ,      ».   I'lim-vlva.iui.  Ifiiil 

I'iij.'ly    V.   rliicii-i).   .\I.   i   .-^t.    I',    It.  in.,     I'crii.-  ^.  (  l'.iiM..;t>.  U.  I.  A    !'.  It.  ( 
^l'"'.    1-l.i  I'l  II.!. n;. Ml    V.    Iiiioii    It.  I  ,.  ,    llllll 

I'linisli  \.   I'l  ii«;i(iil;i  i  A.  It.  (.'o..  l:i.'.7,    1'.  iiiii-uLir. 'llif,  l:i7,j 

l:i".!i,  l.lill,  l:ji;i),  17.)7.  l'H.s  I'niiiin.^lmi   V.    l).-li..it.  (i.    II.   & 

P;.riiilt  \.   New  Orlpaim  i   .N'.   K.   It.  i  o.,        (  o..  S."((l 


!IJ7 


I'lniisNlviiiii.i  V.   .Mi'Ciiirr. 


.\ .  -.i.-.vj 


l'ai-..iw  V.  MUsi.iiri  1'.  It.  (■.)..  :il!i  I'i-iiiim  Iviiniii  vt   .\.  \.  I  ,iii..l  A    11 

P;il.r>i.ti   V.   Willi, .(•!•,  2,1,    l,'>2,   Jii,".,  IM.  'l.i.-li:.    l;lsl 

717.  HlJ,  !isi.   |jr,2.   1271.   Us;.   1  i,ss.  v.   .\1i.m,.i.   |ii:i 

l.-.l:!,  l.-.i.-.,  l.-il!i.  17.:'..  I!'>*4  l'.iiii-.vlv.iiii;.    r,,;ii    t  ...    v.    1\,|| 

I'atiiii.lp  V.   Ihiilii.  Ml.  1.12  ■l(t2!t,   ll.")l.  Il.'.:i.  ll,",r 

V.   Uiiii.n  t'lith.ii    .\lilli.  H!l.'),   1J.".2.  V     Ni'c.  !II;| 

l:i'"^.   lH.">t  '  I'liiP-ylvaiiia  (  o.  v.  IJ.uU.  >.   1.114 

!  V.    Iliii^li.  (12.-.,   11.17,   1117.  I 


Pi'tti'lsoii  \.   Ilrihi'iiwav.   IH4S 

V.    II. ,11-1. .11  A   T,  (',   I!.  Co,,  2IIII 
V.    I"ii-lri.  S7.'i 

>,    l'ili-l.)ir«  A   ('.    It.  Cm  .   :!l  I,   7(il 
7;i.V  7t::.   IKS,  IJI  i,   12:)7,  1->12 
l-'.-.ii,   l-'.M,  12.-.1,   1  l!i2.   I.-.4.". 
V.    .'-ilrM.li-.    !.-)l),    !ISS.     l!Ml7 
Pnt(    .1  \     Ciiiiial  |..>\.i   It.  Co..   l.'iii.  liij, 

171.  1114.  ."):i:i  I 

\.  ."^.iiiili.Tii  1!.  (  1)..  171 
V.   TiA..-  A  I'.  11.  I  ....  .-,1,  :ilii.  SIS.  I 

22!i.-i.  2,'li..'^.  -:!1.'>.  :J:i>l 
V.   Wi-Uiii      N.     C.     l;.     (  II,.     12:li'.  ■ 

121S,     142,,.     lli;2.     I  li;r..     1ITI,| 

u;;;,  iisi.  i.vu.  !."..•..',  ii;ii2 

Pailik  V,  St.  ixjuis  Dii—i.!  Iln  f  A  I'ro-  j 
\  i-ii.H  <  (>,.  7.'14,  7tl4.  12(IS  I 

Piiiiii-  V,  I  iiiiriiii-  ,\liii,  (  u.,  lilllt,  1071.' 
12S7  I 

PaillniiiT  V.  Km-  U,  Co..  4S.  172.  410.1 
53,s.  .-.71;.  I:1U.  -IM)  I 

Pavcy  V.  Si.  !.niu>  A  S.  \\  U.  C,,..  247 


V.    lliii;jilt.  !I2.'),   11  IS 

V.   Ciii|M,|„n,    l(i!i2.    I  lii7,  2:i.")l 

V.   Kl.i.ii^'li,  HO,    19."..    I!l7.  :tsi 

102!t 
V.    Kiiiiii  y.   18.1.  184,  S2l).  2:1; 
v,  (;alla)}liir.   IS").') 
V.   Ilaiik.y.  110.  114.  17ii,  17 
V,    l,aii;;iliili.if,  IClti.  !»,)S 
V.    Urn;.',   10 
V.    I,viiili,  (I4S,  72.1.  72ti,  74:1, 

lo'ii:!.    I2,10,   174.7 
V,   .Met  allrcy,  4:17.  'J24.  O.tO 
V.   Mil  (iiiiiiifk.  17.'),  IMIii,  114 

IIM) 
V.  O'Sliaii-iliiii's^v.  HI4 
V.    Itoiiev,   .fii:!.  4"l!>.  .■)1.1,  Ua; 

2:i27 

V.  Siiii>..  I'.iii.  2:(riS 

V.  Stm-lkc.  :i:i.  477 

\.  WliitiiMiili.  22.  Ii2.'«,  040.ii: 

\.  WittP.    21.     47.    240.    74S 

1140.  2:!2,7.  2:!r.:i.  2:104 


;i  1 

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Pawliri),;  v.  llo-kiiis,  l:i7:i 

PaiMlrr    Ci..ll    to,    V      Kliyii',     lU;i.    II.M,      l"rliM-\hi    11a    .;     I,,     \,    lil.iiki.   2 

1011.  2i0(i,  2221  V.   U.  >lui..  liil;..  loiil 


112,  »i.^.  «ai 

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■jii.-i; 

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IV    II.    t  o..    Jil.l.', 

•t.  I'.  I{.  Co..  -.M.'-. 
!:.  i  «..  i:iil:l,  171  , 
H.    Co.    400.    J  I.I. 


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IJ",  KSJ 

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S1I2.    .'h!M. 

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.  I  ..,,  itiiii.  Is:;., 

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.  it:tH 

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,  !Mli;,   114.'),  II  IS. 
Kit 

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■2r>.  (I4!t.  !l,)2.  lliiL' 
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liiiuUi,   lMJII 

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P«>nn<yh  iiii.'i  ll.  (  ,,.  »     Mrver     .' ;.M 

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V.  «i..;  r.  iji;ti 


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j  «'lr.-!|..  \.  Cli,.  ,.,.  A    v\.   \ 


V.  Wmi'I.i.  1-,  till-,   iito,  i:ii,.i 
\    Ziiil..  !Mi;,  1 1  (7 
»'rii. ..•,,!.,  ^  (;.  I!    I  ,,    ,     ^; 

l'i'in('  II   \.    II  <iirs.  Ml 
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■  r  \ .  \'ln:-U  r,  s'l 
'   \.  Cli,.  ,.,.  A 

Is  I,    I..'"!      h'l, 
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2015 


I   i:  'o..  i.-,i 


Is  I,  I,.'-,     Ii.'i,     I  1 

\l,.,  l..,„.     J.'v.l 

.  •    \     I'lnnr.  s|,l 

V.  Iliilur,  >■::..  7.!'i,  711,  ln.'i,  II  I'' 
\.  Ilii_li-.  .iHi,  ::.-,, I.  :;-.(,  i;;..>\  ;,„, 


"".'"'■  ■■'>"<.  'II  I  ».  ihi.lr-    .nil   :!.-,i   :;-,|   ,;- 

oiln,   ll    i    i;.   I!.  (.,.   ^.   ll.nl.M.k.   -..i,  i  Hi„|.   ||...,.   |,;;:„.   is,,",  '■•:!| 

L'l...   2l.!l  Lis.    II.'i,.    1171.    J."  s        '  ,     I.,,,.,    7.SI 

».  -li'liii..    ,-.!.    MM.    II  III, I  I  V.   .s,i„7i|,.     I--,      -'I      'I'     ■ 


II  I  I.    I  I  I  11,1 

V.   I'lirk,!!,   i;.s    •!  :•'    i.i'i    (i,,; 
7  11.  7.">7.  s;,> 

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\ .    I!,-.    S..I.   I  III,; 
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V.  .s. '.,  iil,i    17.-.    ;ji.  Mij.  J  117 

Jl.      I'l.ll,  |,.||,l,i,i    (   ,u     IV,    .      l;      ,  ,,     ^      II  ,, 
-.H.|,  s;|| 

I'llil     l,l.l|.I,ii,        ||„„       .V         S|,,.|       »     „  ,  |(;|,|, 

i.i7:i.  J.'::.'.  -J.', is 


r.,.r.ii  ;.   Mi.iuf.,.,,  .,   i:.  c.,.,  ii;i.   I'liiicNi^M^i'iri'!.  . .,  .    iv,i,^.  is,, 

,.--:',-•";',  l'l,il.,.|,l|,l,,a,  W,  ,v   I!,  i:    .  „    ,■  !,.,„,„ 

ri'i'lii,.  \.  l^Mii-\ii|,.  ,n    N.  I!    (•„    ..,,11  ,,   ^1  |,|    ,.,;  

I'.tIm...    v.     l'o,t|,,„|    (;,.,„., i,l     |.|, ,   ,|f  n.illij.  V.   |),,,.ii'   -'7 

Co..  I.-,:;   os.i,  In.-.s  I  rhillip,  v.  «  l„  ,„.;' \|    .^s,     ,.    |.    ,.„ 

-"'-.r'^;':  ";;!• '•'"  '"'••■'  "-^'.i      v.  Miw  ,,i.,s.,-,.  ij,;s 

''"'•-•'-'•  l!;i''l  I  V,   l;iHn..i:i   lioliii,.   M,„„.  ,„     j_>o;i 

\.    lji<liiiii;i|,oh«    Ilii.uMi'.'   C.i  .    17s.',  .;jlJ    -ji,,,,  .    --   .  , 

,.     ,.    ''"'.,  I'lii"iii\.    Il'ic.  L'.'il,  :ll,-.     ".IS 

1.1  kin.,  V.  l-iii,,..*,  U,  ,:,   ,  ,,.  ii-,j  fi.l-,.,,,,^.  ^.  .1,,,.,,    ..,vi 

'  .ili.k  V,  I),  M,„t  \\...,l,„  u,,,,.  m    •1,.:;    ri,.|„.ti  »,   \ii,,,  s   >   ^„    \\:  t 

[ViUM  V.   \.  l!,M,il,  A  .  .,..  ,UIH,  |.-,ir  I'i.i.    ,k  ..  I  Mion  1'.  I!.  (  o.'ij    is  '   ,,.-, 

I'lirx   V,  HriijiH,  llt.^ii  ,       ll'l  •     -.  I    -,    '.,1, 

*•  •  '-"»Mt«,_L'lll  I'i.l^...,,,  V.   I.„„...  |.|.,,„1   i:    ,• .„ 

'      ■"■■"•^.  '^■'-   '  ■'!  I'l  ..1'  V.  (  !,i,-.„.„.  l;.  I.  .V    |.   |.',';'  ■„,., 

V.  M,    i::,,,,  c.  i;    .„.,  ■•■2::,.  2-.11.  l«i,  i„„,  ,    |.,i.., ,,;,.   in.„.,,:,„i,.   i'\. 

-'-'  I'm. .-,11    s7'i 

V.  Old  Colony  K.  C....  l.-.ti.  .c-i.  -.Mil  I'i,.,    ,     ,  ',,,.,.„,.  \|    ^^   SI     |.    i;    ,  •„     .,,  ,- 

V.     ;.rkrllH.  -0.  Jll.  7U.   11.-.7  I'i.......  s,    \l  I    n,  .  (  ..i  ,„  ,  Mill ,    "si' 

V.   l!.«iTs,    ,1111,     II  111.     |,;,)i,     i7i;  .  ,        .,  . 

17:i!i,  !7in 


•.    '  :liil.!.  II.  C.  ,v     W      1;.  1  ,,  .    1  loll 
V,    I  <  M  i.il    I11V..1     1:.   (  ,)  ,    l^'ltl 
•J  I  I,-. 

V.   Kile.   I7:;ii 


,,    „      ,, •'   '    ,  ...  V.    I.Mi.il    |,,v,.i     1:.    (  ,).,     |->'1.1       -11:1 

I'lr-^clikc  V.  Ilciukin.   IJ7J  .jn,-,  '  -"■'• 

I'lT.iiiii    MiJtiiiicii.     flu.,    (ill,    -jj,;      j  1.-  v.'lsil'c    I7:;i; 

,.  'V'l'   '"I".  ■  w  I  I'i'i   on  N.  N,.wVoik.  \    II    \   II.  1;.  I  .. 

I'.M-licl   V.   (  lii(:,j.'o.    \I.   A    M.    I'.    1;.   (  U.I       ■'•-,    •■■;,    •;-,-,    yj-    -,, 

It,.         l:^.    111^    l.i....     17:i:i.   1777        |  IM.  •.,:  «     i!:,..„;.i,  li,.  „  in::  C.,..  ,;-   ,  ■;; 

■'.',?.     ,-;\"';'i;,'':'l'i    ^'"'-   *"■    H-'l       ^M'    -.  >  i.u.,;;oA  .\.  1:.  I,,..   l.S.-,    I41M1 

''""■'"uw'l-;.-"r..>,^-.''    *"     '■"■    '■''>'■   '"'■•   "■   ^    '■'    "•■    '•■   •'■•   V    SIM,.. 
I4IS,    |,,!i,,    I.  1,1.    1,.,.!  ,,  ,^    ,,  ,-    -^-    ^.| 

\.   ,loliiiM,M.Ui-i;tv(oitli      (  ,...       l!io-j      |>i|i,,,    ^.   11:1 1, "H.r.  ■.>:;,' 

-'.'"     ..  .'  I'il'.i' :..n   ( .  Lull  (■    X    !■■    v;    I'    I,,      '11, 


».   N','«    I'itt^liiii-   I  1..1I  A    I  ..'  , 


^.   11:11  r.,\ur, 

V.  Lull  C.  A    I 

IMIn    t 


.  1:    C.i  .  :;!M. 
,v  i'»  i  1  'oil  A    I,  I  ....  _'lll',| 


.    t     ..,     ,,,       ..  <  'II"    "■   'l.^o^i  Co:, I  A    I,  .  ,,.,  ..,,,',1 

».  N.i.ltl..   Iraclio,,  („..   ik;!,!.   Is  ;.-,  ri'i;,,,   ,,    s.,,  ,„,:,,„,,  1    \|;„.|,    ,„     7.,.. 

V.  Mi,.iry    L;ii r    (  ,),.    71!l,    771,  l'il.,1    Tin-    I'-' 

,    i;?;'-  n""^  ^"'^':.."^^-     ,    -  '■''"''  ^-  "■"'■■it  S„.,.|  A   s,„in,  U,„k,, 
\.    I  lie  (.11:1 11. !().<.   .S.i,   I  1.1.,,    |."77  ..,  I  '       " 

'•u-'o''.'r;r'i-!-"'    "^     ^'"''-    '    '■  ••'"-"•■  V.   I.,vl:.,.,|,  ,17,1.  i,.s.  7:50 

14. .0.  I5IS.  l.,S,  l'ir':..|..lli  V     l',..|,,„    i-.)-     |..,-i 


IVtrJp  V.  U  oil-,  l!I",") 

I'cttiiifjrll  V.  Cli(l-<i.    I  IMS.  .',;:;!> 

!'-y'.-,H  ^.  Tt-.;i5  i    i'.   it.  C,,.^  :,•;;■; 

rfcir.T  V,  Sicin,  \sr,-2 
Pl'ellt.T  V.  Di,-iIo;;iio,  17S2 

Vol.  11.  M,  &  s.—sa 


lowir/ 


. I'iC.l 

l'i..!|.'i  I.  'r  ',■.    I."m.    ;.-,{.  4,;, I     |,;7n 
I'i'  ■"'•1      I    ■...;rl.,i;,.    <■  ,,.     V.     1; .,„,, 

-")0   Jil'i.  I  l:!7.  1 1.-._>.  ■22':.l 
j  rii.iM-i  1    j  i,.  |.ii..,|  I  ,„  ,11.  (',,,  ,    lliniii, 
[     ■-'!.   tr.,  j:!;i,  !!■.!:!,  (;i7,  7i;i.  1(.J7,  ^'lili 
ril'i-r  \.  iiiiiliiin  lion  c  II.,  l:;,y,i 


i5 

■Si 


■JdlB 


TABLK  OK  CASKS. 


riper  V.  \f\v  York  C.  &  ir.  R.  R.  Co..  182    I'oll    v.    l!(vviU.    r,:,:,.    Ton,    loni 
I'ippin  V.  Slii'iiiiiiii,  S.  &  !•    R.  to.,  270, 

2.!!I0 
Piipic^'iio  V.  CliiiMBO  i  n.  T.  R.  Co..  221, 

ti04.  12;n.  12.-)S 
PiUlif-r  V.  Now  York  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  Co., 

2178 
Pitrowskv  V.  J.  \V.  Reodv  Elevator  Mf«. 

Co.,   1!II0 
'■itts  V.  I'lori.lii  C.  &  P.  R.  Co.,  (107,  712, 

717.  1027 
Pittsliiuf;    Itriiljjp   Co.    v.    Walker.    022, 

»i2(;.  !I21.  1401,  U24,  1481,  1345,  I5U0, 

l.^>s,-. 
Piltslinrfr,  Ft.  \V.  &  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Dcvin- 
ncy,  3!)3,  1428,  1003 
V.  LcwiH.  14(i!) 

V.  Powor.s.     402,    ."iOS.     13!I4.     13!).), 

13!I7,  140(1.  1410.  1413,2307,2321 

Pittsbiirpli  &  C.  1!.  Co.  v.  Spiiliiiryer,  7.'', 

70,   77,   112,    1.-.2,   102,   193,   583,  653, 

740.  7,^)0,  7,'iO,  848,  llOi 

Pitl.'-l)iirf;li  &.  L.  K.  R.  Co.  v.  Henly,  100, 

10.-..  .385 
PiUsliurfrli  &   W.  Coal  Co.  v.  Estievcn- 

iird.  .-.87,  710.  72G,  730.  707,  2201 
PittslmrRb,  C.  &  St.  L.  R.  Co.  v.  Adiiiiis, 
2tl!l.  2H0.  300.  52(i.  537,  547,  350, 
5(12.  500.  70G,  1277.  12S0,  1280, 
1201,  1200,  1338,  1587,  180.3, 
2:158.  2300 
V.  llrmkrHOn,  .50ft,  1493,  1091,  1752, 

2253 
V.   Lvoii,  4C(),  509 
\.  M"((;iath.  471,  812 
V.  Uaiincy,  1303.  1470,  2095,  2090 
Pitt>liinjr1i,  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  R.  Co.  v.  El- 
wooil,  "'80 
V.  Miilion%,    '.07 

V.  MontRoniorv.   1899,  20.33.  2073 
V.  Moore,   1875.  2178 
Pitt^llllrt;ll,  Ft.  \V.  A  (  .  R.  Co.  v.  Riil.v. 
313.    317,    411,    413.    433,    1304,    1.305, 
23.".s 
l'i(l-.i..ii  Coal  Co.  V.  MtXiilty.  2210 
I'l.iiik  V.  New  York  C.  Ai  U."  U.  U.  Co., 

177,  75S,  773,  8.57,  900 
I'laiil    V.  (iraiiil  Trunk  R.  Co.,  1801 
I'laiilcrs'  oil  Co.  V.  .Mun.spll.  040.  050 
I'lcasai'ts   \.    HalciKh   &   A.   Air  Line   U. 
(  o.,  .52.  73,  415,  420,  722,  1199,  1212. 
I;',ii5.  i;.-.,H 
Plilka   V.  Kii.i|i|i  Simil    LiinilH'r  Co.,  22, 

17.  150.  220,  020 
Plmikett  V.  Cpiitral  R.  Co.,  02,  457,  605 

V.  Donovan,  87,  207 
Poiivlc  ,ipr  V.   Hcnodict    Paper  Co.,  468, 

823 
Point  on  V.  M.  Louis.  A.  &  T.  H.  U.  Co., 

(i5(i 
I'oiricr    v.    Carroll.    391.    303.    419,   608. 
1204 


1010 
I'ollicli  V.  .Sellcri*.  •■82,  722,  72(),  741 

lilSil 
I'onipliroy    v.    Soiitliwark    Prcs-^. 

217" 
Ponton    V.    \ViIniington    &    \V.    U 

i;t:!0.  1300 
Pool  V.  Cliieago.  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  (  o 
027,  12(i2.   1734.   isil 
V.  S.nitlnTii   P.  Co..  40(1,  01«. 
1413.   1080,  2200 
Pool.v  V.   ilicks.  1971 
Poor  v.  Scars,   1333.   13JI 
Portanoo  v.  I^rliiuli  Valley  Coal  Co 
Port   P.lnkelv   Mill   Co.   v.  Carrclt, 
Porter  v.  Hannibal  &•  St.  .1.  R.  C 
22,    2(1.    52,    SO.    220.    310. 
lO.Sl,  1005,  1132,  1142,  1147 
V.  Ooeaii  S.  S.  Co.,  047 
V.  Silver  Cnx'k  &  M.  Coal  (  o 

1740,   1760,   1819 
V.  Waters-Allen   Found r\    & 

Co.,  2336 
V.  Wt.stem   North   Carolina   I 
021,  635.  652.  718,  7(10 
Port  Roval  &  W.  C.  R.  Co.  v.  Oavi 

.502,  503.  951,  2390 
Posey  v.  Texas  4.  P.  R.  Co.,  851 
Postal   (^al)le  Tele};.  Co.  v.   Hulse_\ 
1437.    1447,    1506.    1581.    2023, 
2074.  2218 
Postal    Telej;.    Cable   Co.    v.    Cootf 

422,  (120    02S.  14S1,   1000 
Potter  V.  Cliieaf;o,  R.  I.  &  P.  R.  f 
1424,  2118 
V.   Detroit.  0.  II.  &    M.  R.  Co 

11  OS.  2371 

V.   Faulkner,   185,3,   1857,   1851 

V.   Louisville  &  N.  R.  Co.,   15' 

V.  New    York   C.   A:    II.    R.    1 

1084,  1743,  1752,  2205 

Potter    Case.      See    Mel'arlan    C; 

Co.  V.  Potter 
Potts  V.  Pliink.tt.  3.  258.  588,  638 
2357,  2375 
V.   Port    Carlisle     I'.uk     Co., 
2273,  2300.  231(1 
PowalsUi:  V.  Cream  City  I'riek  Co 
Powell  V.  Asblaiid  lron\t  Steel  t  ci 
V.    liroun,  2147 
V.   .\1.un  Collbiy  Co.,  2141 
V.  Sherwood.  1S02,  2(tS(l,  231 
Powers  V.  Bo.stoii  Ai  M.  U.  Co.,  s5:i 
2209,  22V(i 
V.  Caleasieu    Sugar    Co.,    21; 

1830 
V.  Fall  River,  1027,  1240 
\.  New  Yoik  C.  &  11.  i;.  U.  C. 

.325,  335,  340,  2309 
V.  New    York.    L.    10.    &    W.    1 
641,  673,  OS),  OSS.  879,  lO: 


Pr  M 


HI.     1001.     100.-, 


2ti,  74:?,  7ti; 


k    Prrs-^.    21liii. 

&     \V.     U.    Cn. 

.  r.  R.  (  o..  Jl'-' 

Ktl 

4!H'i.  i>H.   1  10!i 


I 

y  Coal  to..  17 tj 

.  Gaiiclt.    li;ii! 

.  .f.  I!.  Co..  Jii 

>20,    31('..    loj:i 

1142,  1147,  lli;i 

fi47 

;.  Coal  Co..   I"p'< 

imdiy    &    .M;irli 

\ir(iliiiii   U.  Co, 

,  70(1 

o.  V.  Onvis,  81.'. 

'o.,  851 

V.   Hiilsov.  t!U 
•<I,    2023,"  202:1. 


V.    Cootr,    401, 


&   r.  T,.  Co..  4t. 

M.  K.  Co.,  181,. 

1857,   IH.-.II 
t.  Co.,   l.")!Ml 

II.  n.  u.  (». 

220.") 

•'arlan    Caiii:;^'' 


.-,88,  tl;iS,  1  |v 


<k     C 


ir,.-,.-,. 


r.iiok  Co.,  21l>:! 
t  Steel  (  o.,  Ul|i;i 


.,  2141 

iOSC,  2:!  115 


Co..  h.. 


isn; 


Co.,    215,    50;' 


1240 
I.  K.  It.  (  o..  21\. 

im 

:.  &  w.  n.  I  o., 

!.  87».  10.(7 


TABLE  OF  C.\SKS. 


2017 


Powi>    \.    Sf.Tiid.iiil    Oil    Co..    .'iCl,    715, 
1201,  1202,  1207 
'I'liajcr   Luinhor  Co..  22.1.  .885 


ro7nui-ki  V.  S/ 


i'ralli, 
182/ 


lliolii 


I'll.  l(ii; 
1(1  A.   I).    1>.   C( 


2.1.1:! 


I'ratt  \.  I'roiilv.  5:!1.  51."    571.  070    7o:i 

U1S2,  1177 
I'lcti.liMr  \ .  I  ,„,|„  ,.(,,. 1,1   riser    MlV.  (  •!  . 

I'i5:!.    I'll', I.    i|iiij     .'(Kij.   -JOTS.    22:i'i. 

2::ii(; 
I'lpiiliiT  \.  \\i-M-\illc.  2:lii.  27(1.  :i2ii   .vis 

l'riiilj-< 


l'i.vliiM;i   V.   \oit1r.vo~fcrii   Conl   R.   Ci 
112.  121).  l:!l.  l:;i;.  214.  2S8 


2112 


V.    I'liiiik 


,v:iii-   .\'av.   Collipiv  C< 


I'l.M.r  V.  I.oiii-villc  ii  X.  R.  Co..  055 

D'liiiiiiioii    .Atlantic    U.    Ct 


I'u.]- 


r.-ii. 


1100 


I'll '.-r  \.  I  hicii;,)  (J.  \V.   1;    Co.,  (10;t 


riiiiiii 


I'M.! 


t  ar  Co.  \ .  I  oniicll.  028 


\.    l..iacl,.    10.   .-,  1(1.   7SS.    1510.    1012. 


ii;::i.  ic. 


lOOO.  Ii,;i0.  2217 


27(1.  107:1.    12*^7 
r. I -(■"•!   V.   I'.iii   lliiv 
1715.    1778 
V.  .1.     mini. Ill 


III  nil  lire    .Mil.'.   < 


I'lilliiMi;'-    Taj, Car    (',,.    s.     ll.iiUin^. 

5J.-,    ll.Hl.   1  I-..,   l.-,,-,n,  1.-,::.  J_>.-,,-, 
I'm."  !l    \.   ^.. mill. Ill    1;.    Co.,   451,    1  157, 


liil-'v   li'ii'.2.  '       I  i7s.   i.-,.-,|.  i.-,(;t.  |,;(i:i 


1021    10;  :i 


.11  nii.'iai'liin;:     (  o.. 


i  I'm-.ll   .\!ill  ^    1:1. .valor  Co.  v.  Kiiklaml. 


I  I.    Il>i5.   1212.  1201.  12(;0 


I'rrsiciii 


I  Vim. 1 1    IC   i\     |!|,..,   c 


17li, 


I'lii'l.N    \,    \\(.-i  iii^lion-,.  Kl,. 


\     (  lii 


I'm 


i   W.    \1.    I!.  (  o..  .'iOO 


V.   Oc,  all  S.  S.  I  1...  s^  I 
I'lfv  i-i  V.  C  illi.  2047.  2iii:i 
l'n-Mi~l    V.  Citi/fiw'    Irr  ,\    l:..ti  i;.-.  lal  i'.L' 
<  II  .  1  i:!:i.  I  I.5II.  1517.  !..:;_'.  1.-.:,:',.  I.-,|  1 
!".:i.  llio.i.    1(;(I4.  ICI  1 
I'licc  V.  Uiinit.  C.  II.  ,V    \i    K.  (  ,,..  l:i',l 
V.   li.iiiiiilial    i    SI.    .1.    I!,    c,,..    jiN. 
lilt.  >J(i.  ,815 

i.^loii    Dirfci     \  i\ .    I  I...    1  |.-,r,. 


10: 


IV..,ik. 


I  15.  121.  217.  27 
■.      ^.     lM...r     Mni.r 
.     1705.  2202 
V.  .Slciii,..  -21. -,0 


'lit-  &   Mf.;;. 


Ill  i. 1-1'    Works 


Cii'.it  Noil  III 


n.  ( 


2llli8 


I!    A    (.1.    1;.   I 


III  ii  ,111  CInr.i-i'  (  o.. 


2111. 


V.    Iloi 
II.IMi 
V.    Mar- Ii'ii.  2107 
V.   i;i(luiioii(I  A   I).  K.  ( 


<,>i!a.l;,.iiliii~li   \.   W  i- 


in  &    M.   R.  Co., 


V.    I!. 


I2SJ.   JU 


7-'7.   1,870.   1S0!I.   lOiiii.   lol-. 
I.iiiaiil  V.  Ciiiiiwall.  40.  (i  i:i.  OOS 
.^5,  22^:l    (,iiic.l...i-  \.  (,Pii,,.ii.  2(1011.  2:1:17 
•'■-'  I  (.liii-hi.r  S.  .s.  (  o.  V.  .M,  irhaiit.  i:illl.  l:!52 

.   I.V  21.  51.  71.'       l:!75.   r.ill 


5!l|. 


t;:>l. 


071.  10:1:!.  1 1J5.  1 120.  ii.s:i. 


::8.  050. '(,ini.,.ii  \.   Kiimn.  2104 


i:to.-.,    i.ioii.    Clio.    1: 


l.;>'ii,    I::n7.    1105.    I  liW.    lis 
17SII.   1702 


1:117.    ClIS, 

1  ISi). 


\ .    Dulon  (  .lal  i-   I.  (  o..  1000    2178 
:Ms-'.  220  1 


\.    Kill. 


rri|.-lh   (  ; 
I* 


'.■M2.  2427 
.Sw  I'rici  l\ 


Ko-.sl, 


l.on.ioii  (  .iiui   .III,!;-,..  207!) 


V.   Wmil, 


'II  X.  .Mcrokanls'  (1,11, .11  Co..  0|:1        (.liicni,  Tl,,..  l:);i.  |  |,-,i.  i.- 


Prin-lp  V.  (  liici-o.  1!.  1.  a   I'.  U.  (  o..  010         ITi'o.    IT-j 


Ciosvini.r.   I'HW 


II   V.   ( 


I'lioi-  \.   Sh,itl 
rritcliaiil  V.   I.; 
I'liU-lii'lt  V.   I'oolc.  070 
Piivalcor.  Till'.  Of 

i'lOliI'll      V.      l'lll|l|l-, 

22s  1 

I'lol.-I    V.    I),  I, 


0.    1710.   17(11 
I'.  I!.  (  .1 


■|5.  1578.  1720. 


iwaiii'  ^]iiniiiii:j Co..  2202    '.I'li  k    \.    Iiiiliai 
ii.i;.  8;il.   looo.  •_'ii78  170 


lapolis   \    S|.    I,.    R.    c 


■Miiiiii-olii     I 
lo:;2 


roll     i.'o..     (ill),     055 


701.    718.    (.1 


1 111,11  i.r.  22.  .> 


1.51. 


:h\  \.  11, Hill, lick,  li 
\ .  1/1  Mi  in;;,  l.d.  :; 
V.    'I  linilia,^    C.    I'ian 


.'8.    17(10,   1702 


.Missouri.    K.    A    T.    1!     Co.. 


14.1 


1  ISO.   1550.  150S.    18S0 


.'lull  » .  Iliiii-iiiii  &  '1'.  <  .  1;    ( 
1 1  111 


21:!.    112(1 

'.,  221,  05:!, 


Pionior  \.  .Milwaiikce,  1,.  •>.  .i^  W.  |;.  ( 


10).  2127 


(.iiiiiiil.v  V.   Uosluii  &  M.  It.  (  ,,.,   11.- 
<).,    (.iiiincy  Coal   Co.  v.   Iloo.j.  2:11.  215 


Plop 
Pros; 


V.  licatham,  2278 
scr  V.  Montana  C.   11.  Co..  225 


l.'llilav     M 


1: 


in.    Co.    V.    Ki 


783. 


1:174,    11:11.    Ii: 


87:t 
Prot.w.  Tlir.  11,52 
Pnikp  V.  South    Park    Komi. Irr  ,t   Marl). 

Co..  210.  790,  1103.   1114      '  I 


1(120.   1(17(1,  2200.  2:; 


:ill 
l:.:!I.  1:15.1. 
1581.    |5;m. 


('iiiiili\aii    V.    Miillalo.    1!,    P.    |{.    (', 
(.iiiiiin  V.  Iliiinl.  :!05 


V.  Chiiai-n.    V.     1 
UO(i 


K.  Co..  (ii:> 


2011 


TABLE  OF  CASES. 


Qiiinn  v.  rish.  311.  1770  I  RavciiMliil.'.  TIip.  1374.  1455,  1570, 

V.  .Ir.liiison   Koi'i'  (-0.,  21.  541,  ,59(!,    IJ^iwl.y  v.  l'oIli:iii.  8.  17:<2.  174.) 


r.jiwlsloii  V.  lOiist  Tcmios-pp,  V.  & 

Co.,  n.is 

Uav  V.  Diamond  Statp  Stpel  Co., 
lUM).  121!t.  l.SC.t 
V.  Jciriics,  2S.-),  5.i4.  7,jfi,  702, 
V.  W'allis,    1!MI2.    I!i;i7.    2008. 
2012 
Raybiirn  v.  Central  Iowa  H.  Co.. 


]2S;i 
V,  New  .Joi-^i'y  l,i!!litrraffp  Co.,  14d4, 

I.VjO,   !.-|70.   l.-.TS.  luSl 
V.  \,.w   York.   N.   II.   &   U.   R.  Co. 

Knnn.)   2201 
V.   \,w   Yoik.   N.    II.   &    II.   R.   Co. 
I  Mas..*.)    1177.  21'^H 
Qliintani    v.   ('(Hisolidatcil    Kansas   City 

SiticHin;.'  &    llif.  (<>..   Ml.  22.  271.  SS.i        2117 
Quiiniift    v.   Al.iliania   (i.  S.  K.  Co.,  87J.    liaynnr  v.  Trolan,  4.")2 

HSl.  !);;i  Rrad  v.  I'.oston  &  A.  T!.  ((,,.  Sdi. 

V.  Criat  Kastcni  I!.  Co.,  18,S(1 
R.  V.  New    VorU,   X.    II.  &   H.   11 

R.ibp  V.  Consolidated   Ice  <  'l.  211  Rr;'dli(<ad  v.  .Midl.iiid  l{.  Vn..  ■>:,•.) 

Rapo  V.  Haiiisdii.  KKiil,  l!t7  I.  2u(i."..  20()(i    l!i:i(lin<;  Irini  \\iir;.s  v.  l)p' inc,   II 
Hacini'  v.  New  ^  ink  C.  &   II.   I!.   I!.  (  o.,  ,  Ura^'an  v.  Casey,  l.'!4l 

:i:!;!  \  v.  .'st.  Loni's.  K.  i  N.  W  .  li.  Co 

Radl.y  v.   London  &   N'.  \V.   It.  (  o..  7IM1,  ;  4t;2,  40:!,   is;!,  .i!)7,   1  ,ii8 

807  j  lleardon  v.  Xew  \oik  Consolidated 

Radniann  v.  (  hiia-o.  M.  &  St.  P.  H.  to.,        Co..  KISS 

2SI)  I  Retil)  V.  i:,ist  Tennessee.  \.  i:  (i.   I 

Rae  V.   Milne.   17;iil  i      S.V.,  Oil 

Rafleiy  v.  i  eiitial   I'ark.  N.  &   K.   Ri\ei-    Velier  v.  Towel.  11  Hi.  1  t50 

i;.  l"o.,  .")2.'i  :  Reeka  V.  IJeeaii  •<.  S.  Co.  S(i7,  SS4 

Ra^rland  v.  St.  l>ouis,  I.  M.  &  S.  1!.  Co.,    Ri'ddiiij;   v.   I'.asl   Teniie--ep.   \.  & 

t.iO.  S21  Ci'..  Sl,j 

Rau'on  V.  Toledo.  A.  A.  &   N,   M.  R.  Co.    Reldinu:loii   v.   Chicago,   .M.  \    St. 

•).!.    l.-)7.    17(i.   178.  112.).  040.   0.->:t.  ti71.        (  o..  2118 

(iSti,  1020.  lo:!2,  lOii.'),  lOtt,  liot.llo:)    RuMon   \.   Cnion    I'.   1!.  Co.,   IIM, 
Rajrotte  v.  Canadian  I'.  R.  (  o..  22SO  U'.i.i.   ItiOO 

Ra^;silale    x.    Noriliern    1'.    R.    to..    1427.    Riddy  v.    ni.iderick,  2M!'.  21."il 

l.')2r).  l.)27,  1. ").")!.  2nSS  ,  R.'dliVld    \.    (Jakland    (  on-ol.    Sin 

Rahman  v.  Mimieaiiolis  &   N.  W  .  R.  Co.,        to..  12."),  12S.  2270 

022  j  Red-rave  v.   Llovd.  2100 

Riiilev  V.  Garhiilt.  1.S7:!.  2111.  220.-,  ;  Rerlin-ton  \.  Xe'u  ^oik.  0.  &  W.  I 

Railroad  Co.  \.  MeClanahan.  :17S  j       liaJl.  ItiUO.    IliSO 

Railsli:i(k  \.  Wayne  County   I'linip.  Co.,  ]  Redmond    \.    Dilta    Lnndicr    Co.. 

."):i2,  1041        "  2:!oi,  2;il5 

Raine  v.  .lol.son,  2148.  21.)t.  21.".."..  21."iS.  v.   Rome.  W  .  i  t).   R.  Co..  s:! 

2101  j  itednnuiil  v.  Hnthr,   10.">il 

Rains   v.   .St.   Ixniis,   1.   .M.         ^.   R.   Co..  !  Ited  River   Line  \.  t  heathain,  (110 
l!l(i.  'ill.  (i.".:!.  SIO.   14S0.   I  .!i7  V.   Sniilh.    lOO.    1  :i0.    Ril.    214 

Rajotte  v."<  anadian  1'.  R.  to..  114.  122.  ■  t'do 

io.-n.  IKai.  1120.  17t."..  22!i7 
Rah  iffli  V.  tiiiselnn.  2oi;0  i 

Rahi-h  &  ti.  R.  Co.  v.  Allen,  2.'?07  I 

Ranisdell   v.   N".  u    York  A    N".   K.   R.   I  o.,  , 

20.-,2 
Ramsey  v.  (^iiinn,  14.")(!.  l."):il,  l.')."i2.  I.")70 

\'.   Rohin.  70,  174ti 
Randall   \.   Baltimore  &   O.   R.  Co.,    114,  | 
12.-).    182.    001.    120.-).    l.Til.    l:i.-.0, 
i:i.".!i,  i:i(i.-,,  1881  I 

V.  Hills  Diy   Doeks  &  Enj^inecring  ! 

Co..  2142 
v.  Xoithwp.stern  Teleg.  Co.,  2278 
Ransier  v.  .\liniieai.o!is  i   St.   L.  R.  Co., 

:;00.   Ilii,  114!'.   IHiS,  22.->0 
Ra-ni'.i.-en  v.  Cliicagu.  U.  1.  k  P.  R.  Co., 
lOtiO 


Redstoi'.e  (  eke  Co.  V.  Roliv.   l4.-)2 
Re.Hl  V.   l!o-lon  &  A.  R.  (  o.,  277.  ; 
V.   l'.nrlin,L;loii,   C.    R.   <i    N.   I, 

;]].'>.  su:\ 

V.  Sioeknieyer,  24,  20,  48.  4C 
(;2.'i.    O.'io!   O.")0.    1072.    12S2. 
12SN,  12!i0,  1404,  15.")8.  ly.S 
Reeks  v.  Kynoek,  2i;!0 
Reeiic  V.  liiited  States  Leather  t 
Rees  V.  Thomas.  2R'>7 
Ue.so  V.  Riddle,  :!0S,  14j2,  1740 
V.  Clark.   (j47,   7 IS.   72.),   70.5. 

1230,   1272 
V.  llershey.  112,  10.)0 
\.   Moiiian  '^llver  Min.  Co.,  01 
878,  1101.  22i;s,  227.-),  23;J0 


455,  1570,  1700 

2.  174.i 

-po,  V.  i  G.  I! 

•;tpel  Co.,   USs 

756,  792,  n:!l 
17.    2008.   201(1 


Co.,  18S0 

.  &  n.  n.  Co. 
;■'...  irtu 

Di-in,-,   IKil 

W.  11.  Co..  11.:. 
,   1  <i>3 
iisi.lidated  Caid 


.  SII7,  HS4.  lOi'i 

-oo.  V.  &  (J.  i; 

.M.   &    St.    IV   V 

lo.,  iiM,  i.'i: 

'.    L'l."il 

M-ol.    .Si  reel     I; 

O.  &  W,  K.  t  ,, 

lIlIT      Co..      --■■'  ' 

i.  Co..  s:!l.  '■"■  ■ 

liaiii,  (iin.  I:;;.. 
i:!l.  JU.  ■!■:.- 


Ki,  4H.  414.  .■it.'. 
|72.    12S-J.    1^-,, 

15.JH.  i.y.s.  1.-^  ■ 

Loatlior  Co.,   IM 

•i,  1710 

72.5,   7U.5.   11.' I 


in.  Co..  (112.  *1' 
27.5,  23;i0 


TABLK  OF  CASES. 


2mu 


Hecse  V.  \\  liwlinp  4  E.  G.   H    '  j.    J82 

610.  (!I2,  722.  1)47 
Reaian   v.   Donovan,   214,   2tiO,   271,   yC4 
3Ci7,   10(12 
V.  Piilo,  0,5!),  1009 
Rot:.  V.  I'ilion,  2;i.17 
V.   Ihiiiijlcv,  21S7 


'  Hie 


.III- 


of  l.oiith.  20.19,  2iHil 


liiliiii  V.  I'l'iiiL-ivlviitiia  It.  t 


licicllil 


N< 


o..  ;iii, 


Vcik  C.  &   11.  H.  |{.  (• 


HO,  174.  i7;!o.  I7:i:i,  174:). 


lU'ieli 
7.1.!, 
Itcid  V.  liai 


!i:! 


(jiriii-iisfelder,    120,    111.   21.'!. 


7:!a 


lies.  2059 


V.  Cciitral   I!.  &    lil; 


Rcill 


ri( 


21(10 


Co..  2S(i.   I  l:!l 


y    V.   Caniplu'll,   2 


:?I8 


)l. 


11.-.. 


V.  New  York  C.  et  M.  R.  R.  Cm.,  653. 
1121 
Rico  &   li.  Malting  Co.  v.  PauUen,  277, 

113'J.  11,50 
Richanl-  v.  Ilavi'S,  0."..  12i;2.  12(19,  1047, 
IdC".  1721.  17S1.  i;s4,  1791,  1797 
l.<iiii-\il!c  &  \.   1:.  Co..  ;nw.  l.j'.ll 


V.   I!(Mi-li.  02 


05.  1(15.  •Ill  ■    i>l() 


Ri.linnN    hoii    Co.    \.    i:iU,      ,    i;u4,   233, 

117.    1112 
Uicliaid-i.ii  V.  .\i,;;lu  .\iiicri<-aii  I'lin  i^ioii 


177(1 

V.  Cailioii   Hill  (■,,.,]  (■,.._  :(i 
V.   ('ooi'cr.  :!().  2,SS.  312,  5il.'i 


It    i;a^triii   1{.  C 


Mrllish,     1: 


s,-,() 
744 
379 


\ .   s 


"lit  i   Co., 


V.   llaiiniOal  &  St.  .1.  R.  (  , 
V.   I'ark  r.  2207 


1,S5I 


UciiKlcr  V.  lilack  &  P.  (  o.il  Co,    Is.-ill 


Id 

l!,i^ 

I'.cis, 


INItr 
!!.lv( 


V.   liio.uKvav   1;.  ( 
\.  Stnuk.  12:^2 
■1-  V.  Xpw  \ork  \   11.  1!.  ( 

I'.    rriiii>\  Iv.uiia  C 


o..  ,S.")(| 


.  Willi 
Uiiio- 


'.IK.  42(1.   1302 


507.   1003 
i  St.  1>.  K.  ( 


11..  mil 

■a    V.   Kansas  (it v.   I't.  S.  &  (1.    i; 
Co..    4;i!i,    48.S.  ■l;;70.    1:!!13,    1401 


Kiili.  li,  11  ,'v  0.  \ 


5:!5.  10,50.  1279 


2!2I.  2122    2423.  2424 


,1V.  Co.  V.  St.  .lean.  070. 


llilL: 


,11.1 


Co.,   jTii 


Now   Voik  C.  (t    li.    U.    P. 


iiiciiiiioii.i  i  n.  1!.  Co.  V.  r 

lIiiivMi.  IS.  '131.  Ii>(i7 


n  iiw.  s7  1 


\.    liiUllctl. 


;:i.  3;: 


.ill) 


•)<•   lilllts,  853.  025,  1007 
Diikcv,  00 


1407.   1721.  2210.  2234 
V.  'I'liiiiiiliawk     I'lilp    A;     I'ap, 
700.  10(l:i,   ll-.>.5 
Itciifio  V.  I  hic.i^'o.  1!.  I.  &  1'.  K.  C 
llOS.     141.3,     1479,     1537,     155.!. 


Diidli'V,  !i.-.l 
i;lli,.li.  32.-.. 
l"aiiiiir.  922. 


Kiiile 


700. 


1270.   129r>.  1300 


11 
119.   954.    955.   902. 


175:: 


l.v.is. 


1-Mii,'  V.  I'liileJ  Stati's  l.i'atliiT  ( 
OS.  123.   100.   10.3,   1022.  1078 


Ui'tiiii 


IT  V.  N.'w   Voik  ('.  iV    II.   |{.    It 


<o..  829.  1103 
Itt'ttii;  V.   Fifth   Ave.  Tratisp.   C^ 

1529.   1.545 
Ki'ii>pii  V.  Cinct/iiiyor.  1329 
1!px  V.  Owtii,  2175 


12s:; 


niid.   lO'.Kl.  2007.  2040 


llaiiii 

lii-M! 

•loiii^,   no.    11.1.   114.   i:ii.   i.-jj. 


470 


■.10. 


u 


.   .Mitcliill.    1 


310 

!i.    l.si.  (,:;'•.  (1.5(1 


liiori'.  225.  2S; 
oiiiiciit.     (112. 


I'lilli 

1712 


Palace    Car    Co..    401. 


l!(,\niilds  \.   |',ariiai,l,  10S2.   1992.   10!i 
\     r„i>u>ii    &    M.    I!.    (  o.,    37H.    : 


571.  575.  1047 
V.    lliiidnii'.ii,    1909 


V.    II, .11(1 


,ay. 


2IIIS,  -2(12 


207s 


V.   KiuMlaiiil,  181(1.  23,s:i 
\.   Mficliaiils   Woculin   (  o.,    324 
Rlioa,li>s  V.  Varne.v,   13.  (121.  020 
Kliodcs  V.  Cfoi^ia  K.  A.    Uk^r.  <  o..   1S52. 
1S72 
V.  Laiior.  2230 

V.  Liverpool      Coiiiiiieiii.il       Invest. 
Co..   2080 

l.aki"    Superior   SiihUiim   C,,.. 


13S5.   1 40s 
Pamiill,  051.  055 


700. 


V.    l!i>,i, 


88,    114.    154,    170.    ISO. 


(U2.  942.  110.1 
Ril.l.l.  .513.    1231,   1238 


V.   Rii- 


v.  Tl 
\.    Ill 


:i.  50S.  .5 IS.  mi).  i),54.  (i,-„- 


loul;i>i.li.  9.5  I 


30.   s;:s.  22.'j 


\Vall> 


781 


\.   W, 


1 35 


28.     1907.     1973. 


1050 


201,1) 

Wiiliinis 
Woil.'v. 

i,!id    (iian 


1007 


718 


e    to.    V.    IJailev.    4.53, 
ll'.il      1517.    1.554.     1(107,    1014.    1029, 

1082 
r.ieliiii 


:;(;5,  2.300 


id  1 


>iei. motive    A    .Macli.    Works 


V.     l-ord.     130. 
I  150.   I(i(i7.  1718.   1701 
llielist.iin  V.  W'asliiiiL'l, 


30.     1435.     1438, 


Kiee  V.    KiiiL'  Philip  Mills.   22.    1(1,   241     illi.l,  v    (  laniM,  112'1 


.Mill.-  Co.,  IOCS 


2.50,    280.   552,    IG.iO.    l(li;2.    1073.     Iliekert 


1S07,  1813 


Hiekett 


Stephens.  408.  s:i!) 
Atlas  S.  S.  Co.,  1780 


2U2U 


TAULE  OF  CASES. 


V 


=1 


h! 


Kioks  V.  Flynn,  144(1,  155n,   laCO,  1571 
l?i(ISf9  V.  Ciiicaj;o,  1207 
Kidman  v.  Hanfiiit,  2101 

V.  Stollp,  C.!!).  lOai,  lUrt 
Ridpv  V.  Miniioiipolis  &  St.  L.  R.  Co..  2!1, 

2'?"2.  8.57,  90'J 
Rit'doii  V.  .MU'K^Miy  Iviiinlx'V  Co.,  ll'>l 
Rik.)  V.  Forsiiwm.  IdSl 
Rikcr   V.   Ni-w   Voik.  O.   &   W.   R.   Co.. 

2:iO.  270,  CtJ.I.  2;!!l!t 
Ril.y  V.  liiix.-iiilalc.  t.  S.  211.  2:1.-. J 

v.  Coiiiuolipiil    l!iv4T  U.  Co..  2:12. 

V.  Cilvrslon  (  iiy  1!.  Co.  1  47:1.  2ii'.i  1 

V.  (Iniml  Iriliuid  liiiJcivcr.H.  2121 

V.  O'liricii.  1447.   ItiOl 

V.  ■I'lickor.   10112 

V.   Wiir.loii.  200:?.  2004 

V.  Wrst    Virpiiiia   C.   &    1'.    R.    Co., 

:ii(i.  :,<M\.  042.  loni.  1010 

RiiiM  \.  Itos-ic  Iron  Works,  :ilO 
Riiiiikc    V.    Victor   Mff.'.    <'o..    :!7i'.    ISl^'. 

2:iO(l 
Riii.ud  V.  Onmliii,  K.  C.  i  K.  U.  <  ■■  .4.M). 

SS7.  807,  2080,  2372 
Rill"  V.  Missouri  P.  R.  Co  ,  4.57 
RionlMli  V.  Ocean  S.  S.  Co..  (10,  118.  201. 

221.-> 
Ri.Mi  V.  R..rk|.ort  Uranitc  Co.,  1002.  2o(iO 
i;iU  V.  Ix.iii.svillc  &  N.  R.  Co.,  1478.  1'.   \ 
Rittoi'liou<o    V.    Wiliiiiii^'ton    Stncl     11 

Co.,  7';8.  0.5:i.  I.'IOS.  2120.  2:i0.-) 
Riv.i-idf   CoUoM    .Mills   v.   C.n-vn.    l(i:lo. 

111.-),  227:1 
Ri\som  V.  I'ritcliaiil.  2140 
RuUirc  V.  S.'attlc  Tracnoii  1  o..  S.IO 
Rcl.i.  V.  bullock.  21011 

Rdliliiiis   V.    lirowiivillr    I'apor   (  o..   «  |; 

1 1 1  :< 


Robinson  v.  Houston  i  T.  C.  R.  Co. 
0,10.  i:ii,3,  1441.  ItJOti,  1771, 
22(12 
\.  iliiiilckopcr,  2:112 
V.  Loui.sville  &  N.  R.  Co..  1,V)2 
V.  Watson    10.-.7,  10J8 
V.  Wcsli  111  1".  R.  Co..  2:io,-).  2: 
V.   West  \  ii-iiiia  &  V.  I!.  Co., 
Iloliiiison    Land   ^    l.iiiiiln'r  (  o.   \. 

:i(i7 
IN.l.i-uii  V.  C:arv.  2:128 
lIoMi.Mll.-   V.  Wliii.'.  2420.  2421.  2 
IJolJiii  V.  Ka;i-a>  Ci'v.  St.  .1.  &  C. 

Co..   lt)7.  42.5.  .SSO.  221».->.  22117 

li.M'k   V.    liidiiMi   l)H-li.ird   Mills.  S7 

•jor,  .->.-,0.  .'iiiS,  WU,  22(11! 

V.   l!,'t.-olV   Mill.  Co.,   100.   SIS. 

nii.l  ;>   \.  .Mi--iiiiri   1'.  I!.  Co..  llli:l 

l!od';ir~    V.    il  iiiiilloii    Coltdii    Co., 

!'-JS.  0:111    lOLi.    I'lnO.   lOil.'i.  21S,-| 

lIodlMHI     V.     .Mil  ili'JMll     C.     R.     Co.. 

120:1.   \-,:V-i.   l.V.1.5 
RiHJMiv   \.  M.    Louis  S.  \V.  R.  Co. 

2.'>2."  11171 
Rod. lick    V.   N..iki;,'ian   Titanic  Co 
i;.,._'crs  \.  IVck.r.  101.-> 

'   V.  GaKc-(oii  (  ily  R.  ('"■■  >12( 
V.   l.c\d(n,  22.  47,  2:iil.  (120.  (1:1 

d'-o'   (101.  7,-i.->.  22i.-> 

V.   l.olii-vilj,.  \-    N.   1;.  Co..   Ill 

ll.^li.  .-.OO.   2:117 
V.   Liidji.w  Ml>.  Co..  .30.-),  :!Oii. 

llJiI,   102(1.  1038 
V.  Llanelli  slcr     I'ackinj;    Co.. 

2I!i:! 
V.  (i.irl.iii.    12:10.    1211.   2:1  IS 
-r-    L.M'oiiKitivi.   &    Madi.    Wo 
il.ual.   l.-)01(.   1803.  ISlO 


Rohcl'v,  Cliicii'-o,  M.&  St.  R.  R.  C ...  182.     Koluii    v.    xiclroiiolitaii    Street     I 
1  -.0     c.o.>     C.TU 


1 100 
Roberts   V.   Cliiea','0.   St.   1'.   M.   &   O.   R. 
Co.    I.3.-18.  1370 
V.  Dorion.  2421.  242.5 

V.  I'f.rler  Mfj.'.  (  o..  803  I  i>„ii   \,   .N-,,rt',.  rii  (.   11 

V.  Smith.  13.  00.  2:50.  200.  20.5.  33. 


1.50,  002,  07!) 
Itoliliaek   V.    I'acilic   R.   Co..    1307 

1.507,  1S74 
lloluabaelier  V.  Wood.iard.    1200 


084,  1084.  23.5  4 
RoborlsDii  V.  .\.l:Mii-ciii.  214 

V.   Ronton  \  .S.  It.  Co..  800 
V.  (  hieajio  \   K.  R.  Co..   1430,  1434, 
14.50.  1.587.  1'112.  1017.  1737,2210 
V.  Cornelson,  :17.  044,  1281 
V.  Liiilitligow  Oil  Co..  1304,  22:1.. 
V.  Russell,   i:i41 

V.  Terre   llaiile   &    I.    H.    Co.,    1351, 
1302.  108S.  1003 
Robins  V.  Ciibitt,  1071.   '073 
r.obinska  V.  Mills,  517..  1010 
Uol.inson  v.  Charles  Wriglit  &  Co.,  820, 
2275 
V.  t  hiea-o.  R.  I.  &  V.  R.  Co..  530 
V.  iJiuiiiiiv,  7i.5 

\.  (.ieoiije   F.   HIake  .Mf}j.  Co..   1723, 
1708.  2203.  230S 


Rol-etli  \.  ^mitb,  810 
I!..iii;...ii;;h     V.     r.alch.     171.     373. 

llMll.   r.iilO.  2008,  2210 
jloiiic  &    1).    K.  >-o.   V.   t  lia-t.rii,  0 
Uoiiie  R.  Co.  \.  Thoiiiii-<iii.  ^.IKl 
llomick   V.   Chica;;  >.    R-    '■   '^    •'• 

808 
Roniona    Oolitic   Stone   Co.   v.    P 
22V.  240.  277.  828 
V.    late.  800,  Ul4:! 
Rood  V.  Lawrence  Mfj:.  Co.,  1001 
Roonev  V.  Al,-!i.  788.  014 
V.'  (arson,  1277 
V.   .S.wcll    &     I).    Coida.je    Ci 
210.  520.  531.  532.  .555,  511 
\U:-::  ;■  \.  C  1  o-ir-M""!,  2135 
i;.i-a    V.    Volkciiiii;,'.    87,    110,    li 
17.50 


c.  n.  Co.,  2::, 

OU,  1771,  2-,il4, 


>.  21-21.  2IJ.-> 
t.  .1.  &  <  .  I!.  1: 
.  22;i7 
Mill-.  ST.  litu. 

IIIIP.    SIS.     Illli" 

Co..  llii:i 

riliiiM    Ci)..    Sll 
[•MWk  21s,-, 

,  u.  Co..  12s I. 

\V.  It.  Co..  211 
.'il:iiiip   Co..   II"' 


;.  Co..  111.  i.;: 
,  .^;p.■■),  :vmk  i:;ii'. 

cins    Co..    21.''i'i. 

241.   2:!4S.   i'.;.^ 
Jaeli.    Work-    ■. 
!l 
.^tvcet     P..    III.. 


Co.   V.    Pllillip^ 


iiiLiirc    Co..    II."' 
!2.  .").-)5.  o'.HI,  liM.ii 


T.vm.K  «)I'  (ASKS. 


2C21 


Rom  v.  II0..1 


on  &  A.  R.  Co.,  (]■>:,,  us,}, 
l-")Oit,  1(144.  17.'i(».  220,-,,  2:i2l) 


V.  (iiilf.  C.  &  S.  K.  H.  C, 
rospbufk  V,  .i:tna  Mills,  10!! 
fnbi 


::i7 


oscnbiiiiiii  V.  M.  Paul  &  D.  R.  Co.    0!), 
170,  174,  21s.  012,  1844 


Ko^koy.k  V.  .St.  Paul  &  D.  R.  Ci 

l!o-a  V.  (  lii(a;;o.  M.  i  St.  P.  U.  Co..  4m, 


8:1.5 


421.  74(1.  744. 


V.    (   lo-^s. 

V.    I.aii''l(i 


2(i:» 


::ill4.   2418 
York    C.    i  II.    R.    I!.    Co 


1  102,  1S2 
\.    Pcai.-.m    Conla"!'    ('. 


»!ii>li  v.  Spokane  Fnll.s  &  \.  R.  Co..  I(i7:i. 


22(11,  2274, 


!;i7l. 


::is;,  2:N!) 


V.    \iiiiiican  Cereal   ( 


V.   \\alia»li    Weslci 
MHO.   refill 


<>..  1;.')  I 


I! 


1  'Sll. 


Rii---,!!    V.   IliidsDii   River   R.   Co.,    |:ill. 

1.'120.  i;t.-,J,  I.ITH,  l.'iT!!.  is:n 
\.   .McClii-kt.v.  2 1  CO 
V.  Mimiea|iolis  A  St.  \,.  I!.  Co..  l!Hi. 

1140,  (i(i,s,  10211,  io7;i,  11:1.-1.  II  1:1 


V.   Paeilio  Can.  ( 


o..  22H.  :!lj 


.   Ricliiiioiid  &    I).   K.  Ci 
!M12 


■  11, 


120.  12!i.  212 
Sliaiiiev.     l:;2 
2.178 


l(l.-> 


2:11.     II.- 


11.-,. 


IKil. 


V.  TilloiM,ii,  ,->i7.  M(i2.  lo:!!i.  loiii; 


Ru-isell    (i((k    Coal    C 


WCIU 


7(i: 
2:m!t 


14.->0.  11107.  1(114.  H)l.-|,  IdtiS. 


V.   Cnioii  Cement  &   l.inie  C.p.     14411.  '  lliitlieifoid   v.   (  lii 


l."is:.   |7(i: 
Walk. 


I.-,71,     Kil,!.      Hilt 


i::oH,   I  |!m;.    i.-,iio, 


Co..  s:!ii.  ,si(i 

V.    .'"^OMlllelll    1!.    (( 


XI.  \  St.  p.  u. 


KlIJ 


20!  1 2 


17S(1,      ISOli. 


.'.■>1,    2:Ms 


1727,  j  I!.|tle<|irt.  ,.  Mi>„„iii  1'.  K.  ( 
47.-.,  407,   1407,   17.->:{.  2-:oil. 


i:>js.s  Case.     See  Clucaf;o,  M.  i  SI.  P.  K.  ;  Itvalls    v.    .Mecha 


472.  47:1 

;:!lo 


Co.  V.   t!os 
l!iitti  V.  N'ortliern  Pacilie  Lunilicii 


nic.s    .Mills.    S4.-1.    Is.sT 


22.    84,    140,    1.- 


(144.  il, 


207.    .):iO,   (141, 


1020.  1040,  204:! 
na  Co.,    Rvaii  v.  Aviiioui-.  1002,  2:!o,S 


,.■),  (Ill 


loll) 


V.    Ha''alev,    1404.    140.-,.    l.-,l(l,    l.-,lll. 


l.-.!M 


l!(/llii'ii1ie 


V.   S.  K.  llanvtt  .Ml-.  (  o..  1027,  1085  j  v.  Clielsea   Pa|XT  .\!l^'.  Co.,  .".10 


iiliei-iiiT 


N 


M'-lern    Consol. 


.Min.  (o..   1101.   1211.   121.-!.   121s 
iliitliwell  V.  lliili-liin-oii.  7:iS 
i:iiM!.'liaii   V.   Hoston  A    I-.    lilnck  ( 


V.  Clii 


.\.    U.    1! 


i:!Oi.  141::.  is:!s. 


V.  CiiMilieila 


Vallev   K.  C' 


l!(int  V.   I'ist  Tenuis- 


12,->4.   125 


\.  &  (i.  I!.  Ci 


!:!().-> 


l:uo.    l.'iii.    i:u; 


1.1:12. 


CI'll. 
1:1  IS. 


Hounds 


V.  Carter,  1744 


llou.se  V.  Downs.  l.'iSS,   1(145,   l(l.-,3 
V.   Many.  2:!4.', 
V.   llcrnsliy,  2:!4.-> 
V.   I.eilhetlVr.  1  lOr, 


1720,   17.-,4.   lS2(i.    I8:il 
Kowler.    4,   22.   411,   4S,    lo.",.   2I.1 
;:io,  200,  ;ii7,  (i2s.  d:!.",.  ii.-,i 


I.( 


Island   U.  ( 


1107 


V.    lios    .Vnyeles    Ice  &   (old    Slorii 


(. 


;08.    10.->l,    14-20.    140.-,,    i.vi: 


V.   liedii 


M.l 


Roux  V.  lllo'iijcit  i   I).   l.MTnlier  Co..  204, 

118.1.  1'207.   121."..   11120.   lili;2.   1(17.! 
Rowland  v.  Cannun,  SS4.  lOOil 

12112.    1204. 


V.  Missouri    P.    R.   li 


1471,  14S0.  l.-.ir,  l.-,(10,  l.-iOO 
Rowning  \.  Gnoililiild.  218(1 
Rozelle  v.  Rose.  M:!l,   isi:i 
Ruane  v.  Lake  Shore  i  .M.  S.  II.  Ci,..  s:l7 

1874 
Riicliinsk 


1:-S---.  1020 

i.oiiisvill'-,    X.    O.    &.    T.    R.    C.,.. 

-MeCiillv.  i:i7(i.  i:i08.  1412,  I7:il, 

17.-|4 

Miller,  10(12,  2222 
New    York.   X.    11.    &    II.    K.   Co.. 
;;2."i.  ;!.-iO,  (i:i7.  llo:!.  I  los 
I'.irter  .Mf';.  Co.,   10(;2 


1044,    12:M 


•renin.    ., 


1(1,   S21.    lo:io.    1; 


\.  Siiilh,    IJ 
V.  larl.i 


10 


Rudd    V.    licll.    I.",:!.    201).    (iOS.    !tS2.    OS.", 


Woiiiinvell.  2:177 

(leor^'e     Pankrat/     l.uri:Iu 


lOli. 


11211,    l."i01.   lo7ll, 


Riiinlioll  V.  Nuni 


iiTV  Cciliier\   (  o.. 


ii:;o 


Riunmel  v.  Dihvorlli.  20S. 


5(1(1,  507,  (324.  0: 
700,  1027,  lo2S,  |( 


(14(1.  liOll.  (lO:!.  (104, 


i:io.  I(IS2.  Is.". 


Dela 
210.  (14  1.  (lie. 


Uinisev    V. 


I..    A;    U.    I! 


Rush  \.  Coal   illiill"  .Mir:,  t 


Mi-s,. 


O.,    8ll,T 


1'.  1; 


:>2.  it7.   Mil,  141.   I." 


ISf,: 


.  4S. 
ISl. 


l\  -Ull\  |l 

'1  .1..  111.  sii:i.  222:1 


ildne    Ik    K.  T.  I!.  (  o.  v.    K 
ll."!<i.    170"..    I, "0:1 


218. 


ilaris  V.  Kinika  i   P.  R. 


ell. 


•111.  r\ 


l:l7l 


Saek  V.  Dol.-e.  274. 


:!40, 


viekevilz  V.  .\iiiei  ie  in   llisoiiit   .Ml;.'.  (  1 


(i5:>,  (iOl.  71S,  727 


740.  711: 


Sad.: 


7C0,   1027.   lli.ll.   llOil.   1212.   1207 


:;j.  Ill; 
-ki 


lIliO. 

.\lirl, 


10(10    lo73 


lil-'aii     Car    Co..    1(1: 


I 


2622 


lAMI  K.  <H'  (.\'^1> 


St.  AriiiitMl    V.  i:;i.-'.ii.     W.i.    :;,(l.    I;;.'.. 


it 

'if 


Ml  I 


•il 


;ilin,  -2\-S<> 
:-l.  ('l:iii-  N..il  *  ().  \.  Mi.iHi.  IJdT 
St.  .T.;i'i  V.  IJu-lim  A    M.  I!.  <  ".  S.;r> 
St.    l„iwri-iiii'   ^i.irn     iNi.    In.    v.   (  :irii]) 

hi'll.  •J:)I,-),  JIJl.  i;-':! 
St.    Louis.   A.  A     r.    II.    It.   i«.  V.   I!.-.*. 
1177.   lii'.U 

V.  <uiLi,iii,   IIS.  VliK   l:;.'i.  ll"."'.  -JJ'.Mi    Si.  I.i.'ii.-,.  V.  &  N.  U.  Co.  ».  Ci-iiniii 
V.   lli.liiiJii.    I  l.V.i.    1471,    ll7'.i.   l.-i.i:;.  I      .!■■•*•' 

St.   I..i'ii-,  .'\.  A   ■;'.  11.  <■.!.   \.   Hi  iiin  .  SSIl,     SI.    I.,HM-     I'l.-f.     ItiicU     I'o.   v.    Krr 

JUS  i     •■!"■  '■'■"'•■'•  711.  soil 


St.  I,.>.ii-.  I.  M.  &  S.  U.  t'c.  V.  Rite. 


:i.-)7,  ):!.■> I.  1.170.  1810 

V.  !:i(i<ii]iUi.  i:;ii,  im,  \:>:>\,  i 

.'os-2 
V.   lluUliiiis,  17(1.  (!87.  112.3 
\.    Kn  ■■.  HC!.  iijil 
V.  S!i;i(kclfiinl.   i;ii;0.   1441.   l.'.S 

\.  ■r.Hi;i. V.  !•:)!.  ii::j.  l'.";l,  -.'nsj 


\  K.lt.Hi,  IJlii.  JL'j:; 

V.  Lemon.  1171.    Ht:iJ.    Il'71.   1  li2 

\ .  Miiij.  7.p7 

V.  I'litiiiiMi.  :!7S.    17117.    171-2 

V.  ■I'nircv,  M.si     ):,:,'.>.  i.->iii.   i.">ai, 


Si.    I,(piii:.  S.  U.   1!.  (  o.  V.   llcii.-so;:, 

|.'.;7.  l:!S7 

\.   .\1  iyli.-l(l.   ]]]> 
V.   Smilli.  .s.St.  JJl'-J.  2:i!t4 
v.  'riiii.!it.  .)]:'.  M7!t 
S.ikdl  \.   Itiikcl.  -iOil.  Sti-i 


v    'I'riplttt     27.   2.">:!.   4l.'i.    )(>'..    17il.  .  Siil-iii  lii^ilfdid  StoiU' (  n.  v.  Hilt.  11 
)!».-).  l.r)7.  l.l.V.i.   l;'.il!l.  l:i7;i.   1  i:'.J.  '  v.    lloM);-,    1070,   llJii 

l.").')!!.    l."i.'.l  !  ^'^  O'liiicii.   Sli.".    14!>t.    l.-)4li 

V    \\(l('li.    l.'V'o.     l"j;t.     l:t.'i!l,     l:;iil.    Sal.'Mi    Stonr    A     Lime    t 'o.    V.    OIium 
'  i:!',i7    is:m  I  11.1.   l.-i.is.   I.->,H7 


St.    I.(ini-   A    S.    i;.    1!.   (  .>.    V.    lliitz.  .'.SI. 
i.4!i.  700.  7-M,  7  ■  i.  740.  IS-J.". 
V.    \Mliriii-.  Oil.  :(..>.  ,')I7.  :>M 
St.  Ixmi-,  A  S.   K.  It.  Co.  v.  ULivd,  SIO 
V.   liiicUd-.  2  lull 
V.  l)n\  li'.  7i;.">.  irM 
V.   Krrhi'li.  h;  1 
V.   K.11.1.   177.  100.  s.-,.-, 
V.   Mel  lain,    lil!7,     710.     71."..     Il.'O. 

2'.'."iO.  2J.">i; 
V.  .Marker.  917.  10!it: 
V.  Nelson.  SO.l.  2J:2S.  22H7 
V.  Seliuiiiai'lier.  ^'■i'i .  047 
V.   WCuei-.  2:1.  171.  2S4,  UIO,  1.->8S, 
liU:!.  llc'7.   li'iOil.  227.S.  2270 
St.  1/Oiii*  A  '1'.  11.  K.  to,  V.  IxLi-iiiaiiii.  10. 

1,11,  017.  2:.-:.  2::'iO 
^t.    l.o\iiN    I'.oll    A    Iron   to.   v,    ISieimaii, 
ss.i 

V.    liuike.  sin.  .Sl7 
St.  l.oiii-i  15ii(l-e  to.  v.  Felli>ws.  171.  200  j 
M.    l.oiiis.   l-'i.  S.  A   W.    i;.  I  o.  V.   liwiM, 
21.  4.1.  !'-*0,   100.  r.4().  74S.  li):!l.    lOlKi,  i 
1III7,  lUS  j 

St.    l.oiiis,   1,   .M,  A    S,    U,  Lo.  V.    llriuMi 
l:i70.  1810,  2.!,11,  241,-. 

V.   DaviM,  10.),  000.  OliO.  7.11.  2:!0',1 


V.  (Iriiiin.    IS.-l.  2S0.   .i:!7.   .171, 
7S7.  701,  ini.  114.1.  11.17.  12 

V.    r,  |,i,-.  200.  1140,   11.12,   11.11: 
.s, liter-  V.   Delau.up  A   U.  (anal  to 

201 
.SaniiiKiM  V,  New  \ Oi  k  A  11,  U.  td,. 

22,1.1 
Sanip.-iHi     .Mill.    A     Mill     t'o.   v.   Scl 

2  12,   1117.  227. 
SainiK.l  S.  T!ior|)e,   1  l,e.  7S:i.  807 
S,iii    .\iiloiiio  A   .\.    I'.    It.   lo.   V.  Ai 
1  liOS 

v.    lieaiu.  000.  '.I2S.    ISJiJ 

V.    I!..ules.  2100 

\     r.i'iokin;,',  170.   1 140 

\.    I)e  Ilaiii.  220.1,  2200 

\.    r.in;e;iloin.  02,1.  020.  UOii 

\.    Ua'iiliii-,  2100.  2101.  221S 

\.    AcUer.  200:i.  2102 

■. .    MeUoiialil.    I.Hh,    lOdil.    2IMI( 

V.    I'.UT,    lo07.  2::ii!» 

\.    Ke.viiold,-.   H7:i.    I  170,   lUOO, 

'  .    1  n,vl()r,  ,12,  ,1,1 

\.   WalkuT,  ',1,10.  007 

\.    W.illei-.  2:i0.1 

\.    \V.i\  .  '.Oil. 

X,    Wri;.el>,   S-VSA.  2:!9t} 

V.    Williaiu-,  027 


V,    l'"er;:uson,   1:' 

V.  i:aiiie».      201,     ;i;Jl,     l:;.ll,  1713,jSaii  .\Mo?iio  I'ldi-mi  to.  V.   Dixon.  : 

ISIO,  2200  I  Sail  .\iitoiiio  tias  Co.  v.  lioheit.-oii 

V.  ii:H-;,e,i.  i;;i,  4:it  ■     2::s4 

\.    llaijiei-.      200.     It.lH.     1022.  1071.    S.iiiOoiii   v.   .Vtc-lii.-on,  '1'.  A,  S.  I'.   U 

ISU.  J2o;!.  2:102,  2:l.':0  1  l.l.  14:!.  2oO.  207,  oO:).  lo.so 

V.    lli"^iM.s,  22.1,  2i:-^.  2->:l.  .S71,  ^OS,  v.    Xiadna     Fliiipe    A    'I'r.nliiii; 

<H\-r.^<.t :•■{>,  !U7  ii:JO,  GOT,  tlOO.  70;),  1012.  hiO: 

V.    MeCaiii.  022,  2iiSl  ISaiul.ii  V.  liaiHioii.  27l 

\.   Moivart.  22<i,  soo.    1127  Smdiis   v.   liaikii-.  !I70.    lOilO.    101 

\ .   Nee, 111. nil.  l:iii,l,  ii2.i,  li":!!!,  17,17,                v,  Eiiuan   t'iiospliuii-  i  o,,  2: 

171.0.  2217,  2214  V.  Mctjliee,  Ooo 


TABLK  OF  CASES. 


j(;.':f 


V.  Ilkf.  34ti 


1411.  i.-.m 

i";l,  '.'iisi; 
V.  CiMiiiii,  111 


.  Milt.  lUI 


.".:!7.  .57 1,  r,->r, 
i.  11.57.  12iil 
II. -.2,  ll.-.li 

t'aiiiil  (a..  :;■ 

I.  R.  lo..  I. Hi'' 
Co.    V.   Scliai:"' 


lli(n),    JIlIKi 
1711,    lUOU,  2J4h 


,.  Dixon,  :i:i 
Holx'rt.-oii.  .'liiii 

i  s.  r.  R.  ( (... 
my.i.  losit 

:    'I'lMiliiii,'    Co.. 
lf.I2.  hiiij 


San(1pr«o!i  v.  Sniith.  145.).  UDl,  l.')7i 
Sandv  River  CiMirl  foil  Co.  v.  t.'.n; 

inn 


;  S.  h  ill  V.  C(i!..   007.  !t"0 
lill. '.'^i-lKinMil)ii,i(!i   V,   ."^t.   Cloud   Fihro-Wan 
Cii..  i."!i,  070,  10;!i'.  lO^iS 


Saner  v.  Utko  slum'  i  M.  S.  R    Co..  S72  ;.Sdinii<  v.  lluuiii'.ml  &  St.  ,1.  R.  f\ 


Saiiu'iiiiioii  (ii/l   Mill,  (.o,  V,  Wi  ■ 'irli.ui.~ 

.■Jl.^,  2iiK 
■<:tnn  V,  11.  \V.  .I.iliii.s  .Ml),'.  Co..  !»:!i;.  !•:)!». 

2ii42 
Sntiiicr   V.   .\ic'li 

4(i'.l.  Il7:i.   17. 


2S1. 

0,1,    l:;!7,     l.'}:il,    l.l.-jj.     ion.    Itil4. 
11117.  1U71,  ICiiii.  1771.  -J.'liMi 
S.hiriT  V.  Ilollv  .Ml';:.  (  u..  'JilS.  2l.'i.  :IV) 


T.  6,  s.  I',  i; 


pf.  11.1  ill  \.   l!:a,';.T  r 


.■lilack, 


ii|ii  1   Ci 


I8,>l 


Jim 


(  MlMli.l;..!, 
ir.   2  Hi.    _•: 


Siiii--(i|     \ 

iitlaiitl 
Sitnta   (  Inrii    Coimiv 

Co..  IMM 
SappiMiliiJil  V.  Miiii  Stc.'I  iv  .\;rii.  I'.nU    Srhl 


iih;i,  ii(»t.  IJ1.5 


A-lil;iiid  hull  .Mill.  C. 


7(;s 


•  IcM.iali'     Tiati..*-    Sdihill    v.    I.uai-,  illc  i    N.    U.   Co.,  800. 


'■'IS.   l!»7ii.  217^ 


i.Ulll,  III     f.     I!.      Srlilil,  fl, 


.Ml 


I  Mn 


ri    1'.    i; 


(  o..    SOS. 


R.  C(i..  .'O.  .-.4.  SO.   |i'2,    lo.i.  Ill,  121. 
125.  2SH.  221  S 
<!irato;,M^   Tlif.   84.    1.1 
1073 


11  ll'iiuill       V. 


I  <i..  in.so 


I.I    Tv 


|M  until 


.Sl-l; 


I'lilisl    l!n  wii.i;  Cii.,  1  |s:l,  HMO, 


•M-jH->-  \ 


(link  Can  Ci 


2:;01.  2 US, 


I       I  !!'-<.    I2ii7,   1211.    1: 

i Scj.iiiiiii  V.  iJldiU.  2i;r) 


ilin.  2120.  2424.  242.-) 


l/i  i^ti  Unu-.  C'H,  SSI,   1,'17 


•iitUrly  V.   .Moi-rnti,  :!:i;i,  040.  G.j.'i.   l.tii:»    S,l,ir.i' 


y.  si(iii\<  ,i\- 


li.   I*.   !;.  I  . 


i:i:!:i 


Saupr  V.  Liiioii  (lit  (  o,.  sill 

S,nindoi>  V.   Ka^torn   llvui. 

lirick  Co..  (lO,  802.  hM,2 


IJ 


liill.r.    ]\:.    2!l.    1(121.    1202, 


alio   I'l 


\M'.  K.  C 


\ii-.iiii   Kliciiii-  R.   ( 


I  Srlril.!,,.  ,.  C.iiiral    U.  J^   ISkjf.  C 


»..   004, 


SI7 
.ivaiiriali   ,\:    S.    R.    1!.   Co    V.    Pii;,'lisloy. 

150.  2110 
avaniiali  \   \V.   R.  Co.  \.    riiilli|i,.  :;0I, 

•.'!21 

savaiiiiiili.   I'", 


7  00 

i-'ioriiiiii;  V.  K 
2!i| 


o.,  ()5(i. 


Id'  Ci 


W.    11,  (.1.  V.   L!,i>l,i 


7o:i.  2;!:::i.  2:i:!l 
V.  I  liaiiiv,  1S42 


|S(!aUl    V.   OiKUi, 1,1-1    (  oniilv  Sav.    l!.ii,k. 
!       III..   lO'U.   l,-:i.-, 
Srl.lnulrr   V.   Cl.i.-,.;;!!  &    A.    R.  Co..    12.'(n. 
1210.  1407.  lliis,  I  1-^1 1.  l,-,.-,l.  |.-,;is 


V.   D.I 


on,  2:!2i 


V,    l-'latiii:i'jiii, 
V.    Ci.lk-,  0,",;! 


it/  V.   I.. 


7n1,    1S.13 
N.  r..  I!.  Ci 


V.  Clii 

V.  Kill 

ll".- 

Ii  i, 


,i:.  I.  A  I'.  I!.  ( 
It  A  I".  .M.  i;.  c 


Mil 
14;!.!,  14:14. 


I4.'!!l,  1441,  H!IS,  l,".Oj.  ioi:i. 


lli-lu;;all   (  iir   C 


I  l."i.    14.!,  2110 


.1.  M.  Aniolil   sill 


:io 


12.1 


22SO 


V.  Rmiifipril    Kails    I'apor    (  o.    2  N. 
513 
.Saxton    V.  Hawk-umili.  r.2.'>.    O.'is.    o,"i(i. 
6.-)li.  OSii.  7.-)l.  HIS 


V.  XoitlivM    ifiii  T.'li'iili.  K 


!4.  OlS 


Say 


wa 


nl    V.    Carlson.    Sill.    l:{7:t,    \r,- 


•li'iil/  \.  n.T.r  (ink  Kif.  Co.,  H.'i.  15.">. 
21;i,  2220 
V.  C.  C.   I  iiiiiiiii..,(ni  IjiiiiliiT  Co.,  803, 
127  1 

V,    Chil-.l-o  A    N.    W.    f;.   Co.,  ■>-()     ;;|„j_ 

.'>!K,  oo7,  042.  (i.'iS    017.  OlS    i:t72 

Is;.-. 

II.  .M.  A.  St.   1'.  R.  (  I).,  310. 


V.    (   ll 


004.  I  ISO.  1.-.2S,  tOOO,  170S 


liOS 

iOOS  V.    I'a.ilip  R.  (  „..   l.;:4.   issO 

Sra^'il    V,   CliiiM,iXO,    .M.   A-    St,    1'.    I!,    Co..  Si'lnil/   v.   .loliiisun.    110! 

■">"•-■  Silt  X.   Koi!,.,  202.  314.  1220.  1047,  1003. 

Scan  ll  II    V.  Coluiiiliia     Ciiii.«lr.  Co..  22S.  |v!:i 

341.  1047.  2247  Srlinivk-i-  v.  St.  I'niil  A   D.  R.  Co..  S21, 

Scania!!      v.      Ditioit      Rriil""     &      lr..n  0.:2.  22:10 

\\m\~.      S02,     2418,     2ii:l.    2121,  S..iuv  .milii.T  v,  Rir-o,  .-07,  07,-|.  714 
2421,242.5                                               :  S,!i-mi,.,1i    v.    Willi.im    W,i^;;ii    Vo.,   XW. 

V.  Kaliii,  308  ,K,>:; 

Scanlon  v.  Kosl.in  A  A.  U.  Co..  ISO.  025.  ,^c'n\ait/  v.  (  onirll    051     l(i:;S 

lOliil,  lOI.S,   1122  V.  Siiii'l.  --'S,  0:17 

SoaiiUiii  V.  Woilucr.  071  Si-!i\v.i', ;  r    v.    Cilir.ni.s  (inicMal    lacotric 

Sraiir  X.  Miloalf.  11.51.   14.55.  15.12.  lOOl.  (  ,,.,  2201 

iri-2.  1013.  1075  Siiliiioi,.   V,    MilwaiikiT,    L.  S.   A   \V,    R. 


V.  l.ako  .Siioie  i  M.  S.  K.  (.  i 


( 


143.  440.  835 


114.  ISO,  001.  1121 


•  Sc'iiiliiia   V.  Kiie  Pit'-si.-r\  ir';  C 


lti02 


2U24 


TAIILK  Oi"  (JAhKS. 


4 

iii     • 


SpoU  V.  (.  liiouo  n.  W.  R.  Co.,  1J53 
V.  Ci-ni;.',  l:i,  l'.tJi» 
V.  Ciny,   l:i 

V.    I):ili'V   (  oal   t'o..   Ci.")."! 

V.  I.nii.lon  \  St.  K.  Docks  f'o.,  2;l0:i 
X.  ()ri;,'on  1!.  4  N;n .  to..  tl07.  Util, 

V.  S|iriii;.'li.l.l.  l.n.  TIM 
V.  Sm.iuv.  14J!I.  Itil'l 
V.   I'tali    riiii^iil.    .Mill,   i    Mill.   Co.. 
;ilt!).    il\ 
Scrilicr  v.  I.n«i'.  '.iivi 
Spil.lil.T  V.    Wnoilliil.k'iv    l:!:li''.    l.lf** 
Sr.lllui.'    V.    Kclint;;:,     l.T..'.     IJTil.     imcj. 

I'.IOT.  2n(iO 
Sell  KM  111     .Mfj:.    Co.    V.    \\,H..l-(in.    -JtT. 

1!I7H    2(l74 
Sciirl.'V.   IJMiUiiv.  .'111.  .I'l:.   ll.-.l.   l.-.i>0. 

l.-.ll.  l.-i7(i.  ISOI).  IM'J 
Sr;irs    V.  CcTilral    I!.  i\     liku'-    <'o.,    ISTiV 
lilOii 
V.  i::\-lirii  1!.  Cn..   iTcii 
Siinir    V.    |ii)>t(iM    \     M.    1!.    Co..    \X<-2 

l(i(i-J.   ISIPJ     Is-Jil.  JJ-^s 
Smu'l  V.  Clii.M-o  i:    ^l.  I..  S.  I!.  (  n.,  IMS 

niit 

Si'ilL-wisk  \.   llliiici-  (  .  i',.  ( 
."ill.  7r,.>.  <.wi.  u:u, 


Sliniiii'iiin    V.    Tttrnncuiliii     I'ropriet 

(idlil  Min.  Cu.,  <H0 
<li.iiiki'    V.    riiili'il    StiitiK    '.  Ic'rt'.M' 

177!i.  •Jiil.'.l 
.•^ImiiiiiMi    \.  Cori-oliilat.l  't;;;ir  4    P 

liiiiii  Mill.  Co..  j-lO.  1' 
'>liiii'i;:iii  V.  Saiiil"i«.  iiMi) 

.sliiiip  V.  .Mi- i   1*.  H.  Co..  SOS.  s: 

\.   rntlilirid  S|)iiiniH;;  Co..  SiiJ.  . 
.'»liiii|)»li'Oii  V.    I.ivntiia  S.ill   4.    Mill. 

til.t 
Nliinick    V.    N'orllicni    C.     I!.    (  i>.,     I 

l.-.Oii.  l.Vit.  ISOl 
SliiiU'.'lii  '  "r\     V.    Scwall    4     0.    Cm, 

c<i..  -jiijii. -jas.-, 

Sliaw  V.   S|i..|,liiii.  .-iH7.  t;{)2.    Iii:m.    I 
iniiii 

Slira   V.    l.o~toii  A    .Vt.    U.  Co..  H;i4.    I 

-:i:il 
\.  Kai.-ii-  Cil.\,  rt.  S.  i  .\I.  K. 

till!!.  io;;s 
V.   Now   >,.ik.   N.    II.   4    II.   n. 

■>tr.w-.  Ji):i7.  u'lii.-) 

V.    l*iiiii-\  Ivania  I!.  Co..  M.'! 
V.   \Vcliii':;loii.    :ii;t.   :j-J4.   -JliKi 
Sli.-i-i  r   V      Vm'.-i       11  l-J 
.-.04.  .■.07.  'slii.M  V.  Moiaii,  liiUl 

Mi('ii:iii  \.  .Niw  'koik  c.  &  H.  n.  n. 


-till.    407,    4S(,.    4H7.     IJ17.    1 
ItiSl).   Id!) I 

Pro— II.  i:'..~.o.  i:!7Ci.  i:!ti:i.  j;! 

Sli.rilv   V.  Clii.iL'o.    .\1.   &    SI.    I',    i:. 


Siv«p  V.    .Voilhtrii    I'.    I!.   Co..   iVi.   •i>:i. 

.■.Ol'i.  2-2Sii 
S.'liloiiiriilyo  V.  Clii'-a|i.  :iki'  4   O.  R.  Co., 

is-.',  ti".:!.  S17 
SolivV.  Soiitlicni   I'.  Co..  .■>!>.■>.  744.  IS0il|      ;lsj 
Sell"  V.  Cliailcs    lUitz    4     liro-.    I.nnilirr  |  sli.rl.T   v.   Cl,i-a!  lakr  '^    "•    '"■   ' 

Co..  1.1HJ.  2.170  I       111.   l.'iC.   l.-.l.   IM'..  ''''< 

S.'lliM-k  V.  l-anploii.   17.  -'77.  •J'.i'^  iSliiTt*  v.  t  liira^.'o  A    1.  CimI   11.  C 

Scn.l/iko\v>!:i    v.    Mi-; 'oi  inii-k    llarv.'^tiii,.' ;      c,:)!!.  i;.-.;i.  7l.J, -J-J:>'.>. 'J-J  I'J.  '.^■-■•4 

M  irli.  Co.,  11^*4.    I-.2I.">  Shi  It    V.   llMiiliii-4li.li.  ■J:i-JI" 

Senior  v.   War.l.   :'.-J.  ■12<\.    I02.    I  111.  47.-.,    slulllol'l  v.   Hani-.   1047.  -JdO 

710.  721,  78:i,  074.  OS.-.,    loi:,.    ll.-.o. 

2:).-,s 

Sel  *.<>nis  v.  Ladcw,   1014 

Scraris.    Tlic    01,    lol.    lO.'.,    721.    72:i. 

7.S4.  7('.U,  i:!7.-. 
Spi-via.  Tlic.  137.K  Kr.ii 
Son-ice    v.  Slioiicnian.  :):!.  S7.   11.5.  212. 

:i.-.s 

Sottlo  V.  St.  I.oiii.s  &  S.   V.  K.  Co.,  22.-.. 

270,  :i."0.  TM.-t.  7:!.-> 
Sovrraiii-i'  v.  Xcw  Kni,'laiii!   rale.  Co..  2:t-J. 

(-,21.    110:i.    1117 
Sevpry  v.  Nickerson,   IS  17 
•Sexton  V.  Tiinici-.  sol,   1104 
Sovniour  v.  Ma.lilo\.  4,  W.  U.S.  IS."..  2'.-) 
Sli'acki'Uoii  V.   .Maiii-tco  4    N'.   K.   It.  *  o-. 

C.-.t.  700,   US.-..   IISS  I  ---;_.•  J,  ,.  „    .,. 

Slia.M  V.  liioini,..  C.  4   N.  H.  Co.,  12:!1.  \  S  aTOian.  .-.4  .S  K       a  ^^  1..  U,  -• 

12.-.1.  147S.  n,-.l,  l.io:!  Miciiin    v.  St.  .JoM-pli  4    M.    L.    K. 

Sliailfoiil    V.    .\iui    .\ilioi-    Sti I    R.   Co..;       "1- 

SS    HI    lie,    121.  1211S.  2:!li7  Sliiclls    v.  Kansas    (  ily    SubmlKiii 

Slialf.r  V.'  Haisli.'s!,  777'.  212  !  «•  ^"-  •'"■*  ^,^ 

Sliair.Ts    V.    (icnciai    Slcam    Nav.    1 0., ,  v.  Mur.lock    219u 

1470,  1097,  2010  v.  New  \ork  C.  4  H.  R.  K.  t  o 


lii"iii!ii!oali    Vall.y     R.   Co.    V.   Km 
.",lt7    0  rj.  o.-.c. 
Sli.j.ard  V.  I'.oslon  4  M.  R.  I'o..  401, 

S18,  1001 
Sliiiiilan  V.  I.ons  Island  R.  Co..  040. 

01.0 
Slwitiian  V.  Clii.a'.'o.  M.  &  St.  T.  R. 
178.  t;i;0.  502.-1,  1127 
V.   D.laivaio  ^    H.  Can.il  C....  H 
V.   llannil.al  4   St.  .1.   1!.  Co..   H 
V.  .1.  W.    r.i-liop  Co.,   222r, 
V.  Moiioiiini.  I-     River    l.uiiilier 

22.-.0 
V.  Ruclieslcr  &  S.  R.  (  o..  .->02. 
.-.o.->.  Hi  12,  1  :'.'•.  1.  ir-.n:!.  14:10. 
1441,  1001,  l7:;o.  17.-.4.  2:i.-.ii 


I'ropriptiiiy 

'.  li'li'.M'     I  11 
;;;;ir   &    Pdiii 

u.,  808.  m:!.; 
t'li..  Sli-i.  JJliJ 
t  1^   Mill.  (  (I 

I!.    (  !>.,     Ills 

i    0.   c.i.hi;. 

:.    In:t0.   |n:;.' 

'()..  s;U.  Ill", 

.  Si  M.  K.  1,.. 

i  II.  n.  <  .. 

I..  >t:! 
Jt,   JIM  12 

11.  r>.  R  ( .. 

.    1J17.    l:;.:.' 
,  Kiicl.  -iXti 

SI.  I',  i:.  (. 

i>.  I!.  (  o..  :: 

.1  n.  io..  isi 
i.  lUi 

2007 

'().   V.   LiiCii'I'i. 

.  Co..  4!tl.  tin  . 

.  Co..  040.  O.-.'p 

St.  r.  n.  ( .1 

i,.il  r,...  siw 
I!.  Co..  isn 

•22J.'> 
Uniiilicr    (ii.. 

i<,..  ,V.I-2.  .V.I  I. 
ii:!,  Ii:i0.  li:il. 
7.J4.  -Jii.')!! 

V.  lirll.  2;;'.m; 
si.  L.  u.  ( .. 

■illblll  1)1111      I"'' 

R.  u.  to.  n:i 


sliJeMd  V.  nnliind.  tl52,  lorio,  10(0,  1339, 

11103.  22i  2 
-liiiii'  V.  1  (iilioio  .Mlj.'.  Co.,   los.-i 
^lii;.p.y   V.  t;r,iii.|   Kuimln   UmUi.t  Co., 

K21.   1113 
•*li(.!l  V,  IN,, pi,.,  2107 
"^liniicr  V.  I'.iiii^yh.iiiiii  Co.,  :i|7,  021 


T.VULK  0FCA8ES.  2023 

SUpo  v.  Wilcli  4   II.   ItiMi    1!.  to..  OS 


114.  isil,  l.ss 
Si/or  V.  SyiiK  1I-.I 
Sjo,'iin  y.  H;ill,  2o 
.Skc'li'ti; 


n  i  v.  V.  u. » .)..  Ill 

303 


2t!3 


V.   (  l.ip.iyd   A    N,    \\.    U.   t' 


'  '•k.iritt  V   >.,[|lan.  142.  421.  42,"),  '37(1 


>li(.itil  V.  M.  .loM-ph.   12.10.   1211.   1213.    >Ui.liiic)r.'  »     W .-,(  \'ii|.'ini;i  i   I'.  It.  •', 


1. 


3  Hi.  :l.(.-. 


'^Iiort.r  X.  Siiiiiliiiii  I;.  (  1)..  Mij.  ;).•,.')  ]  Skl|i[)    v.  K;i.ii'iii    rmtntic-    R.  I  o  .  oi 

^ll<)WlllllP      V.      K.lili)i(nk-'.      ll!io.      110!  '       'i^S.    li.'ili      liH,').    tiMI.    072.    OH.i,     lolo 

1-.'21.    I  'ii.  lol,-..   Ills.-, 

Sliiilci   v.  Oiiiiili.i.  !<.(,.■;  i;.  i;,  (  11 .  Jjiiii  ">i|iiilkv   x.   .Maiinitii.     l.iiinlMr    Co.,  ■■)l.-i 

Shu Iiii   \.  s|.   I^Hii-  i   S    !••.   I!    I  ,,.  '      S22.  loii!' 

ROM  slat.-i-  V.  <  li:i|iiii..ii,  no.-,.  i.->i.->.  l,-);t4 
Slminuiiy   v.   Waluoitli   i    N.    .\lt\:.   (  n.. 


020.  U,U.  MH.i.  Il!i:i.  l.-,ii:|,  1,)!M.  Ilil3 
Mini.'  V.  KmI.i-  .Mif.'.  Co..  2277 
Siild.ill  V.  riicili,.  .\lilN.  2210 
.'■iii'(li'iit(>|)  V.  llii.sp.  12(10 
'■ilia  \.  lliiinihal  i  St.  J.  I!.  Co..  1  L^O 
'■'ic'MT*  V.  rclciH   \'„iK  &   l.iiiiilii.r  (■().,  (i.-), 

2113,   |02'i,   jsi.s 
'-il'iiia    V.     l\ii,.ii,     1134,    lino     2273 

2200,  2.1.14,  210 1 
Silver    Cciid     Cdiiiliinution     .\liri.    Co.   v. 

-McDoiialil,  47(1.  031 
>ilvia    V.   Sauaiiuirr   .Mf;;.  Co..  S'll.   10S2 

V.   \\'ani|)a!i(ia!,'   .\lill.s.   74.3.    1221 
^iiii  V.  Dniiiiiiinii  I'isli  Co.,  227.  327.  00(i, 
\iiK,.  l'.)7.-).  10S8 
V.   Kvaiis,  20(10 
siiiiat   V.  Silva.  OSS.   12(l.'> 
^iimnonx  v.  Clii(\-;;o  it   l".  It.  Co..  02.  ")30, 
(i:iO.  (l.'iS.  Slid.  2307 
V.   \::\-t  Ti  llm>^^w,  V.  A  r,.   U.  Co., 

030.  2231 
V.   Faiilds.  21(10 
V.   I.oui-villi    iv.  N'.  I!.  (  u.,  4.-)(i 
\.    I'.tcr.*,  (12ii.  1027,  l(lll!i.  2211 
V.   \\  liitc    r.n.-'..  21(11.  21(12 
Siiniii'*   \.    *^(iiitli    Caniliiia    U.    (  n..    3S.-). 

532,  .■).!il..  ."lOli.   1  Citl,   11 10 
sjinoiip  V.  Kiik.  17(12 
Simpson  v.  loiilral  ViTiiiunt  R.  Cu..  4(17. 
1727.  17.".3,   ISIS 
V.  (.ii  iktn,  .".2S.  SS3 
V.  Xcn-  \i)ilc  Kiilihii   Co.,  1(14.   1014 
V.   I'.ilcn.  I'l.")^ 

V.   l'ilt>liiiig!i     Locuiiiutivu     \\uiU«. 
204 
Sims  V.  Aiiieiicaii  Steel  liaigc  Co..  lilGO, 
1721,  1700 
V.   i:a~l   &   West   It.   Co..   703,    1043, 

)07S,  1002,  2370 
V.   Uiulsay,  71 1,  717,  7(1") 
•^ini'rrc  V.  L'nii.r.  (  uiiipri'--  i  Waii'lioii-.' 

(  1...   !2il,  131,  22(10 
siini.-.  t  itv  it  1'.  It.  Co.  V.  I'iulavsoii,  312. 
33S.  734.  llSd,  1211 
V.  Siiiith.   14S1,   l.".:iO 
Sir  Garnet  VVolseloy,  The,  831 


V.  .leueK.   7    4(i2.   13."iO.    1  Ml.    IdSO 
KlOii.  1720,  1731,  17(1.") 
SlaHiiv     ,.    Iiileilo    i    W.   i:.  Co.,   I3(i7 
13711.   i3S0,  23.")S 
V.   W.ilk.r  it    1'.   Mfi;.  Co..  203.  203 
(l.'),'i.  7ss.  1(13(1,  lil74 
Slavrii.s  V.  Xi.itlielii  1".  U.  Co..  (l."i(l,  1.3(1(1 

l.">27,  ISlIt 
Sli.,l;.p  V.  (;ayo>o  Hotel  t  „.,  72S 
Sill. man  v.  I'l.imlt,  20(13.  20(11 
Sliifp  V.  (liiiit     Nurtlurii    11.    Co..    K7.t 

2121 
>liniy  V.   Diiliilli  i   W.   I!.  Co.,  .isn.  Sis 
Sloaii  V.  Ceiilial  !■•>», i  R.  '  o..  817,  isril 
2.344 

V.  ('.Portia  IV  R.  Co..  ."ilS.  0.")1 
Small  V.  .\lliii<!toii  i  C.  Mf;;.  Co.,  I.H.l 
!(1I3,   173.-) 
V.  .\1((  ormi'k.  'il(i8 
Smart   v.    Louisiana    Kliclric   I-iffl't    Co. 

(117.    1174 
^inillii.  V.  St.   liri-iiard  Dnllar  Stole.    I0< 
^!Milll   v.    llakiT.   7,  21.   4."i.   40,   4S.    l.lli. 

14.'),  I,").-).  l,".7,  ic"),  2H,  4  13.  :•:>: 
(110.  (i.')0.  (174.  (is:;.  (1S5.  ooi,  on.i 

00(1,   OOS.    1000-1004,    1007.   lolo. 

1011,  1012.  1013,  ion.  lol.l 

14(18,  10-11.  100."),  101(1,  lO.-il, 
lUiiO,  1074,  107S,  10S3,  I'.lSil. 
10S7.    loss.  2.".0l 

V.   Iii.,.iidiv.    10(17.   2207.   22(10 

V.    liil.li   Nil-.   Co..   22S3 

V.  itiiiraiii.  a.  &.  r.  i;.  <  ■•..  i.vi.  2112 

V.    l!iiiliiij,'tim.   C.    It.    0.    \.    1;.    (11 

21  IS 
V.   t  liieago  G.   \V,   U,   In..   2117 
V.  (  hie:i^'ii,  M.  &.  St.  P.  R.  Co.,  3.-).-,, 

:;.-)0,  17UM.  212S 

V.    Douell.  tl3S.  I20S 

V.  Drake,  7.V.I,  1107 

V.   l'!ii|di'e  Traii>i).  Co.,  1720.  1774 

V     K.    \V.    liaeku-    lyimlier   Co..   402. 

420.  740,   1103,   1207,   1210,   1211, 

1213 
V,  Ko.sier,  73,  74.  042 
V.   Haiii.<on,  lOiiS 
V.  Harvurci,  1220 


111 


TAHLi:  n|.  CAM^ 


it 


1! 


Smith  V.  n.'ntonvllle.  M.  i    K.   Pas..  U   ISttivly   v    <!I:»«;!ow   *    T*  Sfiiiin    Pac 
Co.,  "84  !      <  "..  -JTo.  ■-'■i.'.o  .'■'.rs.  •>:M,i 

V.   IlilLsi.lp  Conl  4   I.  l  o.,  UiJO,  lOMil    SmMli  v.  (VI.  tuiiiiu  U.  Co.    .'M.'! 
V.  llownrd,  IISO,  liWM  :.V|m-Ii  v    UI..1.1.  3:i,  007,  7li,  749.  T 

V.  Il'ini.-tc)ii  &  S.  1!.  Co.,  2111.2111)        1027 
V.  Inlticoloni.il  Mill    ''n,   I'lil  SiiPiMi-ii  v.  A'h'.'r.  r,\ 

V.   Irwin.    ruK).   570,   702.    7''7.   7!i!'.  i  Sm.Moii  v.  .Mo«<  Kinl.  ••(<•.,  I"ii"ll 

Sii(i.|'.'i;i-s     v.   < ','riii-uii-    .'^li'il    t'l)..    I 

4:1.").  2-' I  I.  2-!i(l.  2J!>T 
Siiinv  V.  ||i.ii.:it>>iil<'  H.  Co.,  2.  2."iS.  ;| 
.vio.  (;;!.>.  720.  7;i."i.  l.iu.  Hi2:i.  li. 
li.ilii.  172.'i 
Siiiiwiliii  \.   I1ii\ri('s,  2020 
SnvilcT   V.   niv"ilMii.l.  ('.  «'.  &    St     1. 
Cn..    11:1.    l.'.O.  Sim.  •'22 
V.   I'ill-I.iii'jli.   C.   A    SI.    I,.    R    I 

2.'!2S 
V.  \'iiilo  .Mill,  i   SiiH'liitii;  C'l.,  s 

in.-. I.  i.'.-.^.  1:171.  I7r.i 

.Sot,ii-ki    V.  rit.  I'liiil    &    1).  I!.  Co..   1 
■J.'sl 

Siiil'iiii.iii    V.   !\i'iii|i.     Ili.'i.'i.    2.Vt.>.    2:1 

2:1  IS 
SiLlir^-tr   111     \.    llulliDi.l  Immciv     t.inn 

(o.iUii 
SiK.In    V.   <i     !..Mii.,   I.   M.  A   S.    I!.  ( 

7:t;i 

SoDi'lil    V.    Ciia'r''iili<'iiii     Simlt  iiij;    ( 

ir.ic.  ris.  !;i;i 

Solll>-  V.  ,M;l.llllilll;lM  1!.  Co..  S'i7.  2:l.i 


In.si) 
V.   Kvl<-.  2202 
V.   i;ai.a-.liii«    &    V.    1!.    Co..    21:U1. 

2170 
V.   l,i.i-iiu..O(l     Mfj.   (u.    2:!;i.   .•.00. 

111..-. 
V.   l.itlli-   Pitt«l.iiii;   Ci.al     Co..    7:1:1. 

2:177 
V.   l-diiiloii  &  S.  W.  1:    In.,  .'tic 
V.   Loiii-imia  &    N.  U  .   I!.  1  ■•  .  2:!|:i 
V.   I<ovvcll      Ml^'.     1  »..     17:!2.     177H. 

ISi;! 
V.   M.iitin,  lOHO 
V.   .MrmiiliiH  A    I..   I!.   Co..   n70.  718, 

22."i  I 
V.   N.w   Vi.ik  A   II.  I!.  <  u  .  10:1.  I.UO 
V.   Ni-H-    VmU.    t  .   A     II.    1!.    I!.   Co., 

47.  n:i.'>,  i(W.  '.*:>■',.  w,:,  2:110 

V.   Oi.(i.l..iilal   \    O.    S.   S.   (  o.,   2:l.), 

11. -.7 
V.  O'Ciiiiiior.  78."i 
V.  OMonl  lioii  Co..  :m2.  i.-.iio.  n;o!). 

l>iiir, 
V.   l'fiiiii*iilar    Car    Workr".  4(i.  2:l.-i.  1  ^oManil..  v.  Mi^^ii.ii  1'.  1!.  Co..  41.  1 

2:!7.  27M.  :ll)l,  .■>7.-..  lot.".,  lo.-ili  I  Siilomon  R.  Co    V.  .Iciic -.  22.T.  :U7 

V.    I'olti'f.  ':;So.  ;1H7.  :!.SS.  ISOlt.  ISll.  !  SminT  v.    llani-on.    1  :i" 

1.S12.  IHI  t.  isi;. 
V.  St.  1-oiii-  &  S.  K.  n.  Co..  :Us.  :V.I2, 


1 1:2 

V.  St.  I.oiii^.  K.  C.  A   \.  1;.  Co..  .11. 

HO.  10."    114.  121.  ISO,  |S| 
V.  St.   I'.     1  iV   n.  K.  Co..  12:tl,  IJ.-iT. 

912:: 
V.  Sella  IS.   r.lS.   (11(1 

V.  sii.iov  .\if^'.  Co.,  7in.  mx". 

V.  sioui  City  A  T.  K.  »'■■..  2:!o» 

V.  Soiithcrn  R.  («..  JliMi 

V.  St.cli'.   !:!:!.■>.   I'.  10 

V.  'rioin:inliaiiM>r,  (14S,  1070 

V.   \V.il.a>li,  St.  I..  &   1'.  R.  Co..  1.-.17, 

li;S7.   KISH.  KiOl.  loo.i 
V.   Wilniiiifitoii  &    \V.   R.  Co..   117 
V.  Winona  &  St.  1'.  I!,  Co..  22:1,  .".T:!.  I  '  "j'.;;','. 
(HO.   1122 
Smith  oil  Co.  v.  Slnv.i-.  loot 


ScmiiT-i't  A   C.  R    Co.   \.  (iailiraitli.  .1 

O.T.I 
SoiiMrviltc    V.    i:ia>.     1220.     ll.'.l.     II 

l.')."iO,  1.7(1 
Soiiiiiiir   X.   C.iilion    Hill    Coal    Co..   '.1 

li'.lH 
.Sdiiinirra  v.   Cailioii    Hill   Con!   Co..   .i 

CO!'.  S22 
Sonjjsiail   V.    l!iirlin;;toii.   C.   R.   &    .N. 

(  o.  ,->S7.  i2.'iS 
Sonii.liclil  V.  Mivton.  (110.  (mS.  112.-. 
Soplii-r-trin  v.  ll'.-iicl-i.  1202.  12i;!>.  1 
SoTiii-on  V.  Mi'iihasa  Paper  &  I'lilp  1 
!  2:'.  I.-. 
Sour-  V.  (Jri'.it  Nortlimi  R.  (  o..  >■ 
■      018.  220.-) 

.Miinu'ai)oli>      Inlcrnatiu 
!      i;ifctric    Co..    lilo.    lui;2.    I.-..-.0.    I." 
I.")!n:,   1720.   I 'OS 
Sontti(>vlaiu!  v.  Nortl..  rn  P.  It.  Co.,  1 


Siiiitli-cai    V.   Cliiia.L'o  C.   W.    R.   Co..   'i--    SoiMliirn  .\"i  iciiltiiral   Work:,  v.  Kra 

•-^2.14  lin.   1,-,S4 

Smitlnvhito  v.  .Moorp,  i:!77.  20112  Soiitlnrn    Uill    T.'i  |.!i.   A    T.l.jf-  '■''^ 

Siiiitliwirk   x.    Hall  &   U.   Co.     70S.  S02.         CIi'iim  nt.-*,   c21.   Iir.il 

012  Soiittifrn  Cotlmidil  c,i.  \.  IV  NdiiJ.  ; 

Sini/el    V.  Odanali    Iron    Co..    1:12.  1:1(1.         Is^'*,  2207 

214,  2:i0.  :100.  22.!0  SoiillKvn  Kan.^as  R.  Co.  v.  Crokcr.  11 

Sniool   V.    M.il.ik.  i    M.   R.   (  o..  20,  :;12.                 1211 

.1,-.a,   l;i20,  1801.  22U3  1          V.  Drake,  (l.'.ii.  (171,   iO:iO.   Ui71 

Smurthwaile  v.  Kanmiy.  2071  v.  Michuels,  182.  U08 


I 


T.xnLK  OF  CASKS. 


Soiit!ioi:i    l\  ,ii-<    n     (..     >,    MiMiif.    41 

44"'.  (i.V..  (I'll 
Soiitli.iM   I'    Cn.  \.  Iluiki.  lOf),  in:).  tlJl, 
!'"."..  1110,  2;i7S 

iisoii,    s.-i.i,    IPHM.    10(12.    ilMi'i. 


V.   .loh 

V.   I.illritv.    l:i,".   I  IT 


1^    \.-.<<U.   \''.i 
V.   Vv,:i}\.  I.-.: 

V.    I'l.iil.  SdS 


I  I"'.'..     IIIMI 


*<.  I*,  foitmli  ■  \ 
<  ".  Hi 


2C21 


^]H.\y,  V.  (Iiii:it:<>.    It.  A    1^    R.  Co     JJO.i 
^yv.-,\  V.  Atliiitir  X   P.  I!    ifi.  1,'i.T 
S|i(c^  V.  Hi.--..  |.:.-.1.  I.irr.  iilMi.  j:)!!.! 
■^t" 'iinili    V.    Ki-'iKT    hull     (  i>..    l.'iil.    |."i|, 


111.  :mi, 


V.  i; 


lis.   !i,-,ii. 


.Mill 


1  liv.   Sli.    t.ill,    I  jH,    17  1     IKII.   |Sl. 

iiiHi.  "n!'!i.  7  IS.  ;  i!i.  SL'ii.'iMS,  inr. 


V.   Will 


lllV'liill.    Hill, 


Mil  III  III   I .  i; 
r  17 

V.    M.iil.iv 


M.  7l:i    7  HI.  7ilii 


lliipik..    I 


l.-r.'ii.      l.-..-||, 


V.    l.iM'ti     .'i: 

V.     N.  A 


W'l. 


1,  (     A    II     I!    I!    ( 
i*"i.  Ill  .1 


111 


Hiuu  >i;   .M.  i;.  I  ,..  M(».  Tiij.  sils, 


\\\v 


ll.  L'J 


l-M.i.     l;ii;i,     137:1. 
L*:iii.i. 

Wi.ill  in-tiill.    17,   SS,    ILi.'.t 


|.-)s; 


J-'l.   1 1 !:;.   II  IS,   ll 


V.  .Xrilnlll.   S|!l.   s.,-.  I.." 

\.  11    11     il.'I,    'i.'ill,    I.V.I 

V.  IIkIuii,  .sii:i 

V.  (  llilunl.  l.VMt 

V,  C.nlHT.    (i.i.    Si  I 

V.  ( 'iiiijrinyli.iii'    •.'■i77 

\.  DiiViilj.   7s,    |!ij,   :;>! 

L'.lii."),  •J.iim 

\ .  I  iiiviiiii.  7'J!t.    Isi;:i 


IS", 


■~|iii"i    \.  siiMili    lii.-tiiii   iiiiii   (ll.,  i'ii, 

:;:■:.  :,V.<.  si:.-, 

>|iliI.MM'   V.    l';,|.,llll:l'H    (ll..    i:!7(< 

^I'illr   V,    \\  l-i-Dii'in    ISiil:.    \    limi   (o, 

:'.w> 

S|ii\^i   V.  <Ki;.'c    ((ml    &     Mill    (  n..  lill. 

Ili(i:i,    liMiS,   I'.tll,  2IHII.  JJI.l 
S.  I'.  .\!iiiii  \.  Ill  l.iiv.iic  i    II.  faiii.l  (o.. 


SIS,  n.-,(i. 

I 

■■ii7,     lii.'il.l 


,\l|r 


■I'i."..   IJil 


.\.  i:   1! 


:!(>, 


li  irlijii,  siij.  Mmis 
ll.iit,    ll.-.ii.    lj:i:!     I  il." 


\.    C.HI 


.\l;iil/v,   47 


".1.     1 


!'.     l(i:;o. 


1.-..-.S.  idDs.  -i-^sr, 


V.    M(i.,r,..    i;il7.    I! 

V.    I'li-li,  !i:i_' 

V,  Sl.iild-,  liiiMi.  _'i 


Sjiriiiylii-M  li  ..ii  ( 'u. 
.*»|iri  i;;  dun   (   i-r.      .-^ii-   lioit    \ 
S|i!i:i-_'..ii|i-  (  i.^il   Mill,  (  I..  \.  (Ill 
•-M!iii.  -■:.)S 

Sjililiir    V;lllr\     I   nil    I  . 


I'I.  I  ml 


Wlllxl 


I'.llli 


lll)l 


n-). 


>ii'l(ll     I'lnliilil       K.      lo.      V.       I'i  IW.       l.lli:i       S|;,i|> 


,  S|ir.ini.'  V.   I!ii-in!i  ,v   .\.   I!.  (  n..  .'iflj,  ll.'iti 
Sliiklic  \.  .St.  I'liil  i   I).  I!.  Cm.,  8:1J 


i.im.  17;J7 
iiiii 


nil  II    V.    I  :  M- 


(HI,  is:i, 


r.(i!> 


V.  Wii'.-,!-.   IHJ.  (i:i!i.  d.-,.',    (i.-i.i. 
i;i,->().  Kid.!,  unit.  ii;7i.  17.-.: 

iiitliwi'sti  in    CiMi    A     liiiprov.    C 


ll  \.  (  In, 
74;),  1  Iii7 


i;..ii 


^iiiitliui-lcrn   Tiliiili.   ('(1,    V.    \\iiiii;lil( 


10. 


i!iS.    IJI.-,.    1J.->I 


SiHitlnvi'sl    liii|ii..\(.|i  ■  ll    Ci).   V.   .\rii|iiu. 

1^1.  ■_•.■.   I!',  .-i:!.  J71.  _Nii,  ;!J1.  li.-,.-).  .'i.-iii. 

:!!il,  4:i.s.  nil),  !i:ii 
Su'.vili'ii   V.    lil.iliii  Qniii/    Mill,   Ci,,,  (i;!!i, 

(iNS 
S|i.in  V.    i:i,v.    liilS 
.sipiiiu-.ikc   V.    I'liilndelpliiii    A    I!.    K.    Cn.. 

144.'!,  1.-..J2,   1 11(14 
Siiiirk.i  V.  Kiist  Ti'Miii's^rc  v.  iV  C.  I!    (  d 

1  sr>:! 
SiiniiMiTi;;  V.  C'liiciiiro.  ,St.  p.  &   K.  ('.  I;. 
Co..  .)14.  .■.III.  .■.HI.  s.">.-..  :m:) 

V.   Toilirs  I.illmm-iiili  Mf-.  (  r...  I.'.:! 
2:51.  201.  .-.2.-,.  U.-.l 


In\ 


'ill. 


-.   .V    \.    U.    I!.    Co., 

I  ;is 

11.   ,V    i).    It.  Cii..  11').^, 
■•.1.  •-'2!)7 
■■■  i;y    Co..    1(1.    20."i, 

i.-M.'  n.'S.  (111.  7il7 


^1  il'l  V.  Uuliitli.  l.-i::ii.  !.■..".() 


SI  mil' 


iliiil      .Mill! 


;i; 


M!iil.  2:1 1. -» 


stiihldT  V.   li!M,tiil;.'liili.   1()71 

siiilk,.)-    i.    U.ill.nv.    Jllill 

Sill  i-r  V.  .(inil,  1)1(1. i  r.ickinj;  Co..  1212, 

12(14,  222(1 
StMiuliiiil     Ci-niiut     (11.   V.   .\liiini.     112:!, 

2:t.->(l.  21(i:! 
S!;iiiil:ir.l    Ci:    (  i>.    V.    lii.wkcr,  .^21.  lil'.i. 
7:'!'.  .Sill 

V.    i:ili  r,  .'.:!. i,  S:i|l.   Kl.''^ 

V.  Ililnil.'k.  ll'.i,-..  1212 
>'.i!Ml(ki'  V.  Suits  C.niij,.  Co..  820,  IDlir. 
■-:  I'll,  y  V.  tliioiii^'O  ,';  U".  M.  R.  Co..  r.  IS 
•^iMiitnii  V.  .Smitton.  1074 
siiiiwiok  V.  liiiili  r-Ky.iii  Co.,  13.  22il2 
..■iMpt'  V.  Loov.cr'.^  O.tniliriiiiis  Ureaing 
Co..  2:!S.  28.'! 


V.  Tiiokor  A   C.  (^)rll;nrl•  Co.,    'I!I2       !St!r  !•".!■. -.ilor  Co.  v.  Ciil-inn    S7ft 

V.  \\\   X.    Klynt    ttruiiidi    (  o..   :i72   j  ,<t,iriif  v.  .'Splilotlianp,  1414 

81".  8(30  Siair  V.  Kiiit/lnTgi-r,  1272 


Hd. 


i! 

■;»: 


TAni.K  OK  CASKS 


i6iH 

^iiilc    ».     AlWPoml^'     Cnpiw.     Mi"-     «  "•• 

i«nr..  21S0 

V.  Moiiii-  C.  n.  Co.,  18«4 
I'.  Ov.ilim.  n<H 

V.  si.iiiii.  iwt; 

V.  WhiliiUiT,   IKIIS 
stiff    \t*r    of     Krklmrilt  bi/iinH.i 

iliniiiii  Co..  1 1  IT 
lliiin.lin  V.  MiilM-i.  T<i:i,  10(1:1.  11 1 1, 

it!t;i,    U!'K,    mod.    i.">07,    i.'.tti 

1N(»^,  J.'!t.-| 
Strom*  V,  OtiMiio  Splniiinir  <o..  'JJf>"< 
23tt-2.  'i.ii>:i 
V.  Itii.lv.  in.. 
-I...-10  V.  t  ciiti;!!   II.  <",  !!.':» 
S|,rn  V.  SI.   r.nil  A  I).   15.  Co.,  1.'..-.,  22ti. 

21)1,  ."HH 
Sl(«nliiii"li  V.  Tlmrnton.  -M". 
SI,     P  V.   111,1   t  oloi.v    H.   <  o.  !I2:».  20.,. 
SU'lT.n  V.  (  liiiMHo  4;  1.  W.  K.  Co.,  2:1111 

V.  MiiMT,  till!".  'i:i"i.  II-" 
Sti'ffcMsoii'v.  Cliicii^jo,  M.  A  St.  IV  II.  Co., 

21-'.-) 
St,il,r  V.   Ilnrf.  .V>!»,  .V." 
St.iMl.i.MMT  V.  Spniil.  :tl.  .-.!>J.  .Vili.  till, 

Tf,    loj.l    1210.   121.'..  2:i4H 
Sl..|.liniii  V.  Soiitlinii  P.  Co..  |:H1S.  CIHti. 

mil 
Strl.h,n  V.  Stl•^,■ns.  i:i'>:!.  2210 

V.  Tliiir-io  I'lilico  C i».,  2:M8 

si,.i,h.-ns  V.  Do.-.  :i!>:!.  ii.->i.  1.W2,  uhh 

V.   Iluhiiit.nl    &    St.  .1.   U.  Co..   T:i:!. 

12:10.      I21(:.    1211.     I2H.      121H. 

U.'.T,  14811,  1.'..'.2 
V.  llinlsoii     Vall.'y      Knit  tin.;     (  o., 

If.TO 


^l.wiirt  V.  rhiUJ'-li'Mii    \^'   A  "  ". 
.101.  4411 
V.  Soiitlirrn  M.  Co..  H20 
siiliH.  V.  Iti.'lii,  .  2«l.  mo.  0(1.  lOiVt 
-tillrr  V    IL.tiri  Mf;;.  <  ....   Ci:l.  208.  «l 
-ii.,|..r  V    fiirlw  .V    I..   Win    C.i.,  .17. 

•_'S.  Iiiil2.  liiTo 
sioI.Imi    v.    rit/«imiii.>ri*    i    •  ■    'o. 

|o(;< 

stock  (.  I.<  lloiiUllli-r.  :!22.  .' .?il 
St..  ki.MV.r  V.  I!,.. I.  l.'-.o.  |..m 
st...k«.il  V.  <  jii.M.'.i  .1   V    \\     1:    I  .. 

:io7.  (104 
Sl...|.l;il<l  ^.  St.  I.,ii.i-.  K    »'.  A   N'    H- 

i:is.  7:10,  ;:i2.  1  l"*o.  I'.IT 

Stnh.T    V.    St.    I..,ni<.    I.    M.    A    S,    R. 

172.  2!li>.  1«U 
Stokr*  V.  Salloiittall.  :!."> 
Stoll  V.  I).lv  Min.  Co..  4:11.  i:i7(l.  22 

V.   Il.".i'r«,  20^,  H7tl.   |olo 
Sti.lt. ■iili.ii:  y.  I'llNl.liiK  A    I'    I"    1. 

2!tH.  1118 
Stomiic    V      llj.i..".l     l'r...lm.-    Co, 

i.m.  !iio.  12112.  i.'tis 
Stoii».  \.  li.lfor.l  t^i.irri.'*  Co.,  (107 
V.    IIv.Ip    2048,  2010 
I.  oi.};oM    .\If-.    (o.    84.    (Ml. 
740.  S2.-..  H27.  1027,  10(17 
Stoliiti.rU  V.  Tliiiini-   Iron  C.i  ,  828 
S|i.ri«    V.     Miflii'.Mti    Sliircli    Co., 

10:1s 
Sloiv  V.  (  ..iiconl  A  M.  R.  Co.,  3(0, 

Stoiirl.riil..     \.     llrookl.Vii    City    R. 

.12.-..  XW.  IT17.  1722,  1724.  1774, 

2:101 
Sto'itciiLiiifli  V.  I).. A.  •!.  II    Co..  11 
Milliii...    110, 


V.  Thiirpo  I'olir.-  Coiiirs.,  l(i:ll  - 

St..|.l..ii-on  V    nimoiin,  lO.'lO,  lo:i'.i.  1044.  |  stov,.,-    Ml^,    (■ 

StolW  V.  <  l.in.(.'0  A  N.   W.   II.  Co..   (ll.ls|r,.t.l.n,lm-t  v.  K tl.;.l.  2:12.  .VW 


371.  17.-. I.  22.-. » 
Stciilio  V.  (  iiii-ioplior  A  S.  Arclutccturiil 

Iron  A   Koiimlry  I'o.,  1420 
StcvMio     V.     (  lintiil«.rl;iin.     1121.     14..0. 
l.V2.>    l,".:i.'l,  i.'.TO,  18(iO 
V.   Ilowo.  n.  141.1 
V.  .loacnckc".  218(1 

V.  San    Kiai-clM...    .V    N.    V.    R.    Co., 
420.  4:il.  474.  i:t74.  1020 
Sti'vcnsoii  V.    It'wctt,  1070 
St..\Miit    V.   Coltn.':--    Ii.'ii   Co..  41.    l-.ol. 
l.-,10.   l(l.-.4.  17-.:l.  2.118 
\.   I);irii'Mrvil,  21.'>0 
V.    r.-Pjii-o-i.  1128.  1I.-.8.  l(l.-.0.  2202. 
2' 10.  2:101 

V  lliirv.H.I   Coll.'P'.    1141 

V,   T^,in-.vill..  \    N.   R.  C".  1001 
V.  N..\vi<.ri    Niw-.  ;\    M.  Valley  Co., 
'SS.  l.=)4.  ISil 

V  NVw   York.  O.  A   W.  R.  (  .  .,  :«>0. 
404,  IfifiS 

>     Ohio  RiMT  U.  (o..  tl42.  8.59 

V  PRtrick,  542.  89.5,  1080.  1278 


22S4.  2:;71 
strain  v.  Sloan.  21  17.  21.>l 
stran^ro  v.  MeConnick,  1  to:i 
strnttncr    v.  Wiliniii'jton    City   Fl 

Co..  8.1.  .■>82.  .'.H.) 
Striin^>    V,    llalii-rniaii      Mfu'.    Co.. 
1(1,51.  It.ii."..   li;7:i.   WM'.   Ii"«-  -- 
Strawl.ii.l^'o  v.  liia.lfonl,  2o:l.  .-.(l... 
stri.lo  V.  ni.inii.ii.l  (llas»  C.>.     10.57 
Striiif;l.ain    v.    Hilt. .11.    8(1,   8S.    11.5 
20:1.  7'.>(1.  227  :i 
V.   Si, .wart.  7,'..  St..  SS.  11.5.  lit 
208     7!tli.   '.111.    i:!7(l.    1:177. 
■'2.51.  22.50.  2271 
Ml. ,1,1..  V.  CM.ayo.  -M.  A   St.   IV  I 

10(17.2118 

StK.ns  V.  Unva  C.  R.  Co..  4.50.  ..12 

.520,  fi78,  070.  0.5.5.  12.11,  12:11.  1 

Stnart,    v.    Kvan^,    712.    722.    014. 

I<m7    1010.  2r  'I 

V.  N.-.*'  .\ll.aiiy  Mf-.  <".,..  i,!2. 

121(1 
V.   Ni\..n.  215S.  2108 


TUII.K  OKCAMK<«. 


MflV 


m.  \m» 
:).t.  2n«.  rtt'iT 
'i.  Co.,  .17.  I" 


li.lS 

.\  \-   1!  < .. 

A   S    R    t  . 

.  KITII.  •2i'<l 
mil 
1,  1-   n  t  n 

uir  <o.  »;•■,; 

Co.,  (107 

s».  tin.  '11. 
,  loii7 

1  Co,  H2S 

oil   to.,   iii;:' 

,  Co.,  370.  :1TI 

Ciiv    R.    (  ■■ 
2  4.  l"774,  2211 


I    City   FlpptM 

ML'.    Co..    2i;" 

If.! IS.  22."i!l 
'  2l):l.  .■)(•..■..  S'.M 

Co..  in,">7 

i,  8S.    ll.l.    111- 

•!.  ll.->.  111'..  2":: 
7(i.    l:i77.    2JI" 


..  4.")n.  .-.12.  .'>K 
II,  12:1 1.  12(>< 
722.   '.)14,    12:i0. 


Stiwrt  r.  \V.-i   Kn.l  M1..1   I!    c 


•.its. 


ill 


•  III. 


>■*,  t;i.:i.  iitMi 


*>llll.li,  V.  .\ll:ll|l.i  Cot  lull  Sci'll  »»il    Mill*. 

2tCi.  h;;**,  II1.2 
'iiil.ir  V.  .MiKiiiic   ll.'i.  270.  Hiltl.  2ttsr. 


>^lii.  !ii-  V.  (III,. Ill,   I!    ( 


(.Ml 


■>1. 


.•i^.'i,     l.'.lii,    l.'lfin     I  itio.    1  l7l».    1.'i2!'. 
l."i.-.'i,  iMt.i.  liii:i.  |i;2i    iii'j.  ■.'.•.•..•■ 
"«iiii/  V.    \iiiiiHir    I  T.'l.:.  K-* '.  |7!'l 


,»'vi'iHi>»i  V.  .\i!m  ■ '.   Mnil  ■;   «s   <  o,  J.m, 
l;i;» 

.Swnill.v  V.  M|.-n,irl  P.  R    (  o,  2H,  7.11. 

"fi,  I  I'll.   Kill 
S\<,iiii  V.  nr<..i!,!\n  .Mralrii/   \-|ili.ilt  Co.. 

I. Si,    I71MI 
Svi.tliHcin   V.    .VnilluM.liiii   R.  (  i.  ,    Iflll. 


Ii,ii2 


V.    Uii'liiiioii'l   .^    I)     1;    c 
(  i.ik  Mill   t  0   V     r.  .1 


l.itl 
iii-i'ii   liii| 


I'llllllt^    A     Tl.ll'IMMV    Co  , 

I  iliiiii  s,iiiii.ii\  .\iiilioi nv. 


II 


12  H., 


2I!I!I 


■'iilliMMi  \.   Ki'' liliiii;;  It.  Co,  4;:i.  i;ii. 


lillt.  2-'IHl 


II, < 


Hull    A     -t.    .1,    I!     C.  ,    .tl,-| 


I21H.  I  IS.'.   I.V'S 


MIK   « 
r.:in,   :..• 


»li,  SI.  SI.    111. 


Ill  I,   li. 


his. I. 


I  .'1:1.  ir.iKi,  2217 

I   ill.v,  5,'>»,  |ll!»l 

I  oiii^vlllf    Iliiil(.'c    Co.,   ttld.    (Til. 

71. n.  in:m 


I'l-.'ii  >.  Cn.il    Niprlliiiii   I!.  Co..  «i|<t, 
lull 
V.    I,jf,,.v 
.1 '    III  \,  I  III 

'V.  .11    V.   liiiMon  &    .\.   R.  c 
mil,  |i:i;s 

ivi.iiiv    V.    ilftlin    A    .1.    1: 


..  i!l!i    lotl.  ll.'ii.   1127 
nil'.  It 


Sill. 


.1. 


Idl,    111.-..    21:1.    tlH7,    'i'lt.     11 
IH'V  I211S.  |.-i:i 


,M.t 


IO|loIil,ll1 


sirr.t    I!.   ( 


li^Vii.  IC'is.  [(;ii!i 


Mi~.i"i|.|ii    A    M.    I!,    c, 
]::\'.i.  |:l.-.l,  |::ii7,  |s 


o..     |ll."l 


1.112. 


V.  <  I  'iIimI   I'.  I!,  lo.,  221,  ti:l 

II II  I.    1MI2 
V.   llip  r;in,  2ii;2 
».  Ciilf,   ('.    *    ,«f.    V.    n     (11 


r,y.i 


l|S|, 


I 


V.   Mi--oiiii    r.    I!.   Co.    l:!(i:     l;:!i^, 

I  no,  ISS2 

Voik.    N.    II.   A    \.    I!.   (  o.. 


V, 


4I.-..  14111,  i,-,s;l,  \; 


is.u 


V.    \i.l,.,|.- 


hilr  Co..  s_'2.   |:l7:i 


I'. 


,  2S!i,  .-l;!.-! 

ii-.\  i;iiiiiii'Mi  (( 


liH.! 


1 1.-.,-. 


1!  ,■    Nrplii 

■11. ml   Ave.  If.  Co..  II. 


I.-|.>.    I.'lll'i.    IlllMl,   2IIIIII.   Jl'"! 
V.    MiiaiM.iy.    I'll" 
V     Miiini.iijK.li-  \  .S|.   I,.  I!    (11     '<I7. 

VO.'i 

\.  \<s\  Vi.ik.  V.  n.  i  II.  R.  Co., 

■.'■17S 

V.  I'.i'.T.  17:11.  i7.-.r. 
1 1    V.    Micliij.iii  C.    1!    Co ,   1S7.  7(14. 


Ilitis 


<  0,1  (  „,.  SI.  2l;i,  1112.  (iI7 


1102    ;iio,  ll.!ii 


Swill    V.    l-'o-tr 


III! 


iiliki' 
It.  » 


HTl,    lli'il 


.11  I 


.Ml'llKlllV.    sj.j.     IS  (7 


Ti.IkIo.    \V.    a    \V.    1!.    Co.,    i:ir,; 


(ill  &  C 
V.  Ci. 


liiri 
.-,    III. 


I. -.11: 


lS2r..   ls2 
liiion  R.  C 


2:i.'iS 


v.   \\:.|i,Hiilln    Mill-.  221 
Siil|i!ii!r    I.iiiii'mt    Co.    v.     i\ 
I  l!i:l.   lliiMi 


V     liir.    Ili.-.l,   l!'ii:l.    I'llO 

V.   H.ildiihil,,     41).     I  HI,     210.     22:iH, 

22:i.-|.  2:1s-,  :;:;sil 


Kmii- 


V.  1:    I 


US  I 


l.lilM. 


M.iiMiii,    list;,   12fl7.  1212 


;2I. 


7tll. 


il* 


ll:)t. 


Il'is.   l-.'d.-!.   IJIS.  J2."..-. 


HI.  2:; 


i;iitk< 


( -i.i.  ii.'iii, 


7110,  22i;i1 


1-i-li.    144.5.    r.:il.    2.;, 2. 


2:is:i 


V.   >i  ort,  11172 

\    Wviiti.  in.iii 


unit    Coiil    C' 


Sliaw.    II  I.-..    II.- 


II1II 


:;tr.- 


■  .  ZiTvifk,  2:11 1 
->A..lo,|.i    V.    \\:uil.    2011,    C,r,r>,    72li,    788 


Siiii.ly    V.    S:ivjnii;ili   Strict    R.    1 
si;i 

Sllllll  'V    X 


I'^.il. 


I  I  IJ 


'A 


ill  \.  1  .iMiiiDii.  2::,'.  Piio.  lisi,  2I2H 


Mull.  2I1I.  7n!i,  7li7,  lili.o 
.Siipi'li-  V.  .\-iii'vv,    1:111,    l.-JS.    12S7.    1401, 

22i;0.  2.17:1,  2:i7!) 
.SiiiliciJ.iMil  V.   .Moiiklniid  U.  Co.  IsiU 

\    U.   I!.  Co.,    Ills.    ml.  4S7, 


,'  .-    \.    I'mI  1 

1. 10.  lii;il,  1112 


111. 


71,   111,   Olll. 


ll 

.■)l)li,  ,M12 


,:i,  !M17.  i:ii;2,  1U'.I2 


I'.iMiT  V.  lliinnili.il  i   St.  .T.  R.  Ci 


Sutton  V.  Joliii-toni',  2O1IO 


r. 


V.   N(tw    Voilv,    L.    K.   &   \V.   U.   Co..    iM-'iiit  V.  I":ill  1; 


!0H,  11S2,   l.il.'..  l."i|iS 
V.  .Mcllnir-i'.  ;'i:il.  .■■|!,2.  .■)il.'>.  I2jl 


MT    2:1:10 


411 


fl,  MS!).  i;i71 


I  uiiinerliiiif,  'I  lie,  H1I4 

laii^'iicv  V.  ,1.   R.  Wil.oii  Co.,  22ii,  .11:; 


TAni.K  or  CASK'S. 


% 


■>fM 

T.nnr^rv.  [.  .ui^viM.  ><    V.  U.  (V.  781 
Tanr.nt    v.   U  ■bl>.    II.   l^l'-    ''l-    ■"'■■   ■•-"' 

Tairy  v.  Aslitoii,  Id'''' 
Tat.'  V.  T^nlhain.   I'.'li'..   l!»i*<.   l''"*'* 
Tiivliir  V.  Ilaldwiii,  s>il  _    , 

■   V.  C.irevv    Mft;.    L>...    JH'.    -H      '-"• 
750.    7:^!*.    7«i:?,    77!'.    x^i      I"'-*' 
l-2:!4.  12.">.'> 
V.   Kv;n.>vill..  &  T.  11.  U.  <•■>.    l''-'.», 
i:-).-.s.  i.-,si;.  ir-s7.  15(11 

V.    IVNinu.  H41.   1207.  e.MS 

V  Ofiii-iM  Miui.lfi  '•..  i"iir>.  \r,x:i 

V.    Koiii«villo  «:  N.  i:    <  »  .  S44 

V  MisM.nii    P.    i;.    <  ".    8i:i-    IH" 

it:)7.  i47it.  i."i;  ■.  iv's,  iti2'.i,  iiiiii 

-      IticliiiMiml  &    I).  !;.  '■"•.  !':H 

V  Star  ('o:,l  Co.,  77,  H(!7,  lis:?, 
11!)7.  1211.  121:!.  1218.  17:il. 
177:!.  l!'tm.  22n'.>.  2:'.!ih 

V.  Wc-idii  I',  i:.  '  "..  -ii'i.  -••-'> 

V  \v.i(.(nM.  .'.(17.  r,w.  .-,7(t,  .'..2.  r.;i:> 

T,ui..r.  1!.  .V  II.  I!.  <■"    V.  Taylcr.  4S.   I!», 
i7'i    218,  -'U.  27'l.  IIJ,').  (127,  !t07.  llHl, 
|l.-,!<.  nr,x,  2277 
Tavu.i-tiiii;;  *  orj.,  v,  llai;i',   ln-l 
TtMlfonl    V,    I...S    An-r'rs     Kl.cliic     I.)., 

1CI.-.8,  1(1!M)  I 

TiTt-i'l  V,  Siiniiii'ii-.  111.  (iti  I 

Trlaiiilor  V.  ,'>iip!iil.  lli,')li,   Mitil 
•1V11<'  V.   I,(a\(iiwoitli    Uiipiil  Transit    K.^ 

Co..  2121  .    , 

Tcnantv   v.    Mo-luii    Mffl.    Co.,    li(iS.    ,22, 

-«:!,  "10114.  1W2  _  ' 

Toiwlinp  V.   Jolii'    Stiplipnsoii   (  o..    I'". 

218 
Toiiiu-rc  (  "il.  Ik'II  &  1^-  f'"-  ^    t  "'111  1. 
l,-,ii.  2(1(1.  :!21.  71.-.,  HI.-..  !ii:!.  2:i77, 
■':;Th    2:!7'.l 
V.    ll:ui'vlor.l.  22(;il.  22(18 
V.   Ilavc.a.  2:i(14 
V.  ll.niil..n,  S42 
V,    Kvlo.  2((1 
Ten.'  Haute  i  I.   R-  «,^o.  v.   V.,vk,r.    !'.,. 

V  K.nvler.  172.  31(1.  ISCl 
V.   l.r.ni-1-.  4S-1.   1407.    17.-.:!.   l....> 

V  \la.i-!,rr-.T,  80  t.  (I.m,  1712,  221't, 


V,   I'luitt.  (I4!t.  7.-.:',  117(1.  1170 
V.  Williaiii*,   IK'-'.,    l'^'  ' 
Tern!!  v,  Uus-.ll,  2.',V.i 
Tenill  {'(iinpr.'s's  (.'o.  v,  Aiiin-mii.   .-i, 

1147.  1(1(12,  2:!01 
Tciiy  V,  lyouisville,  N.  A,  &  t.   K.   (  '... 
S2!>,  UfiO 
V.  Now  York  C.  H,  to,,  2200 
T.^'^iiifi- V.  Hophm,  1102         „,    ,,       ,.,- 
TcLluTton  V.  United  Stale.^  Talr  (  o„  2.12, 

2201,  22.-)(i 
Trx^i.kiuia   &   Ft,  S,  R.  Co,  v.  Vvru-hvv. 

-|i     ,-,-,0,  l(i'(i,  1078,  1282 
-|,  V  ,,  ^  N,  ().  i;,  Co.  V.  Berry,  407    llo 


•,.\i-  i  N,  O.  R.  fn.  V,  nin'.'1o,  ."il,  8 
ns.'i,  1108,  12o:l,  120(1,  12 
1210,  1211,    121  I,  122.-.,   Kia 

V,  (  onrnv.  (112,  748,  7r)2 

V.  (  ...wcifV.  40.  2312 

V.   liiilar.l,  1120 

V,  K.  hoW,  2:1:1.  20(1,  1(12,  1(13,  4 
ITO.  47(1,  (100,   1(1(17.  2l(i2 

V.    MpKi'c.  112(1 

\     ^  kiiiiMi ,   l<'i:i 

•.      latniau,  420.  O.V.l.  20'.ol.  2103 

V,  Wooil.  78.-. 

\.    W  Vllllc,    M'l,    ^11  1,    ■    1"^ 
IVxa.s  *   I'.  I".  «'('■  *■   .M.i'iiiali'.^  ■  ■-'"• 
X      \irliil.il.l.    2'..-..    :;s2.    :<'<:.    • 

(i:!(i.  (i(i(t.  II  111,  it-'.o    i.'i-   -•''■ 
V.  Hanctl,  2,  20,  2S,  221.  :1  .',  : 

1(144,  1(170,  170(1,  220:!,  2J  ■   .  J 
V    i:.n-tl,  h',:: 
V,    l!:,',.'fnr.l,  (112.  7;'.i,  720    721, 

7..1.  lOliO 
V.    !  iiMilow.  2:i08 
v.   Uriok.  42.  7().-> 
V.   liivant.  748.  7.-)0.  7.-.3 
V,  C.i.ipl'cll,  473.   1718.   1712.  2 
V.  CaiKon.  37.    10.  7o:i.    .00 
V.  (nllin<.  2311.  23»7.  2111 

V  Cox,  2318,  2108,  2411.  2112 

V  (lou.   220.   270.    (103.    788,    I 
1108 

V.  (  iimp-toii.   4(1(1.  S'^i 
,-.    r.a-(.n,  74.  1231,  22  H 
V,   Kl-.TluMi-t.    4(14,     182,    (121. 
,  (■,(.;     114.-.,  22(11 

V  KiMi.li,  231,  403,  (112,  7.-.2, 
lo:!2.    1042,    I(i.j2.    1127 

V.  (lalf.  808 

V.  O.-.u'ci,  -,234! 

V,  ('...i.ti-v,     202,     81.-.,     2:120. 

2:581 
V,  Ilaniimtoii,  2(10.  :100.  l:i.>S, 
V.   Holm.  110.    l^"*-  -4'-'.  2" 

V  HulViiian.  51.  54 
V,  Kciina,   1 134 

V  KirU.    1(>14,    1(115,    1(1(1(1 
v'    I.HiilOv.  47.-,  514.  051,  007 

V  l>.«is."l231,  1240 
^.  AlfAti'O.   81.  2(1(1 
.     McClaiic.  (122.  2371 

V  McCov.  21,  50,  700,  014.  1 
V.  M-.:;iin.  044.  1145,  115(1,  2 
V,  Malloii,  2(1(1 

V.  M:n!i,ii.,  778,2200,22(12,  2: 

V.  Miiinifk,   87,   100,   502,  .jOi. 

(15(1 
V.  Mooio,    100,  101 

V  OFicl  :!50,  1173,  1(114,  1. 
V.  Patton.  271.  874.  027,  1352 
V,   lUfA.  8(10,  147:;,  1170,  1(10(1 

■'(lOS,  2387 
,-,    llhodc*,  20,  .52,  10(1,  ,507 
V.    llf'-ci-.    8,    43(1,  (174,    1031, 

1444,   1570 


taum;  ok  (  A>i:s. 


JtK!  1 


.-).  ma 


Jill.: 


il'.Ml.  -ilO,! 


1^ 

:ll'n\  .  --'111.' 


i;i.V  j:'.-'i 
J  I.  ■■)'<".  ■'■'• 


:(i  T.;i. 


*.   171-'.  Jill' 
:;    TiMi 

•Jtll 

11.  'illJ 

i;t,    7S8,    IKi:: 


TeTRS  &  P.  n.  Co.  V.  Scott.  IH:;; 


II 


t;2i. 


ii-2.  7.V.J,  lo:;i 
1-27 


HI.  l:!,-)S,  1H7I 
I.  277 


ir.tid 

!I.'>1,  i)li' 


lit.   !)14.    Hi:! 
:,,    11. -Ml,  ■224!» 

»,  -IMfl.  2:1  lit 
,   r>!)-2,   o'.Hl,   olt'.l. 


.    1(114,   1     .'• 

0-27,  i:r>2.  l*i>'' 

.17!),  li'Oii.  it'l'ii. 

111.  .-)07 

1174,    1031 ,    1071. 


•^('im.':;-*. 


210-2 


V.   Siiiilli,  t;."ili.  Ills,  1S24 

V.  'riHiiii|iMPii.  ,'11(1.   |iil-2,  170(1 

\.   Wiihl.ini!.  ■_';17.S 

V.    Viiiiti;;,  SS:t 
Te.\u«  &  St.  L.  U.  Co.  V.  Vallir 
Texas  C.  K.  to.  V.  Kox,  ■i.lOH 

\-.    l-'iii/icr.   1470.    117.!.  :;0!l."i 

V.   llick.s,  124.'-i.  1-2  III 


:.T24 


20!t() 


V.    I..\ 


oils.  2."!.  (lOS 
vic.in   It.  (  o. 


Kinjr.  54.  ii'Mi, 
I  nil.  1101 
V.  \\  iiitniori",  14,  .'ill,  111."),  :117,  lll7(l 
Irxus  Midlanil  i{.  Co.  \.  J'avlor.  27.   1.''2. 


114!) 


1'.  i:.  f 


2:141 


V.  .loliiisoii.   so,   4  111.    l:tl.  4::  4.   I1IJ2, 


It.'iM.   1141.   114:1.   11: 
2:1 » I 
V.  tlMiIicisi^r.  2;i41 


70.  2:121. 


V.  Wliilc,  22.-).  270.  2213 
V.  \\  i-iiior,  22.">,  2ili> 
Ti'Xns,  S.  V.  iSt  N.  W.  It.  Co.  v.  Ciiv.  220. 

802,  S.ll,  872.  ll:!4.  1117 
Tliain  v.  HKI  Colmiv   It.  (  n.   :i2.  ;i2.  !i:t. 

142,  18;-.,  (110.  1121 
'I'liall  V.  C.iriiic.  TillO 
Tliawr  V.  St.  l.oiii>.  A.  .\    T.   II.   It.  Co, 

:!o:i,  1411,  l.-|S7 
Tliclfiiiaii  V.  .Moillcr.  1710 
Tlieresina,  'I'lio,  17(14 
Thiel  V.  Ki'iiTii'ilv,  21111.  2>0 
Tliom  V.  I'ittani,  l.V.l.  llill.  I'ldO 
Tlioman  v.  <  lii(ii;;o  ic  .\.  W  .  It.  (  .p..  Si'.i 
'J'lioinas  V.  Anil  Arlior  K.  (  o..  (127,  102il, 
Kl.Tl,  10(12,   17.11,   174.-. 
V.    llcllaiiiv.  1U70,  llisi,.  nii^S 
^.   Central  U.  Co.,  2220 
y.   Cincinnati,  N.  O.  &  T.  1'.  P..  Co., 

409,  41S  1442,  1.'>;12,  lliOO 
\.   Circal  Western  Collierv  Co.,  I'JUO, 

1070,  1077,  20().-i,  2;iO.-.' 
\ .  llerr.ill.  42.") 

V.  I,oui.>^ville  &  S.  U.  Co.,  2370 
V.   MisMinri  P.  i;.  Co..  2.  6.  lOO.  .•?S4. 
387.  3S8,  505,  .".OO,  (110.  1044,  1  liD 
V.   Mobile  &.  0.   R.  Co.,   i:i7o 
V.  Qiuirtermaine.    12.   1:10.  143,  503. 
(ill,  (172,  tiSO,  728,  747,  770,  7!Hi, 
707,  03(1,  0(10,  070.  073  075,  078, 
<)8I    084,   088.    Ol-'O.   0!i2-0!l.-..   0011, 
1008,  1000,  1011.  1014.  1031,  1220, 
100:i.     1007,     1013.      10117,     1087, 
10,88,  2200 
V.   Ross,  5:10.  1100,  111(1 
riioiiipson  V.  Ashinfitoii  Coal  Co..  2135 
> .   T?oston  &  M.  R.  Co.,  22:1,  820,  Oil 
X     Carv  Mt^'.  Co.,  (100.  ISil.-, 
1.  CentrnI     \{.    &    liU^'.     Co.,     lOOCn 

2100.  23:12 
V.   Chicau'o    M.  &  St.  P.  H.  Co..  315 


I'lloM 


rii 


iiL-o  1!.  I.  k  p.  R.  o 


|h211,  lilt,    12:10,  2;l.-.8, 


V.  (  ilizens'     .sunt      R.     Co., 

217s,  2220 
V.   (  ilv  (lias.;   P.ollK.  C 
V.   Dirk,  1072 


I0(i:i 


Kil> 


r.l    P.    Allix    C 


llllfl.   12.-.8,   lOliS,  210:1 
(ill , It    .Norllierii   It.  (  I 

:i.---.'.  1(140,  1708 
■  I, 


tioii. 


570 


3l: 


linn,  ti08.  l.-.:il.  h'l.iO.   |i. 


l.iU!.. 


.Miilll; 


M.  S.  I!.  C 


lool. 


107 


li  r  u.  c 


,  (127,  (172.  (151 


700,  11  111,  21^8 
C.  It.  Co..  8MI 


V.   Xoriiian    l'a|M'r  t 


V.   RoOertM 


2010 


V.    llo~s.  3'.iO,  728 
V.  Soiitlieni   It.  (  o..  2012 
V.   \\ri;,'iil.  8!i(i.   10(1.-|,   I'.MlO 
rlloMlsoIl   V.  Srnlt.  022 

Tliorn    V.    New    ^  oik   (  ily    lee   Co.,    SS. 

10.37 
Tliorpe  V.  Mi-Miiivi  P,  R.  Co..  8,  4:18,  725. 

7:11-7:; I,  7i:!.  771,  2:121.  2:120 

Tlio!>en  V.   jlalpeoek.   I8.-.1,  2:172 
TIpvneUiiiorlcii  v.    Mi->oiiri.    K.    &    T.    U. 

Co.,  01,  204.  27:!.  2::'.il 
Tlinissell  V.   lland.VM.Ie,  !)05.  I(iii8 
Tliiiiiiian  V.  Clierokee  R.  Co.,  2:111 
Tlivns  V.    ImIcMmi;;   '.:.  Co..    1713.    1745, 

1047,  1070,  2037,  2038 
Tilil.3  V.  AlaOaiiia  O.  S.  P..  Co..  010 
Tieniov    V.    Cliieago    .luiiition    It.    i  o., 
"l400,  1  110  " 
V.  Aliniiea|Poli-i  &  St.   L.   R.  Co..  21 
320,    :(,-.3,   (121,    101,3,    1020.    Ulil."., 
1708,  1710 
Tillotson  V.  Texii-i  &  P.  R.  Co  .  104.  1140, 

(l.-,3 
Tiniiii  V.  Mieliigaii  (  .  R.  Co.,  422.   1143, 

l.-.0."> 
riiiiiniiiK  V.  Lcc<!s  For^'e  I'o.,  2135 
TiniiiioM.i   V.   Central    Ohio   It.    Co..    202, 

881 
Tiiikliam  v.  Sawyei,  20r.  yOS,  574.  lilS7 
Tiniiev  V.  llostoii  &   .\.   R.  Co.,   l;..'.:! 
Ti.-eii"v.  Ilirseli.  08,  MS 
Tis-iie  V.   HaltiiiKPle  A  (>.  It.  (  o,  IS.  ;;02. 

310.  1528,  1.-p40,  mo:! 
Titan,  The,  l.)31,  1551,  1578 
Titus  V    Ria.Uord,  R.  &  K.  It.  Co..  47,  88, 

07,  112,  120.  130,  201,  1111. 
Tohev  V.  Uiirliiitrtoii,  C.  R.  c!t  N.  R.  Co., 

Ooi),  2178,  2170 
Tohin  V.  Kriediiian  Mff;   Co.,  1702 

V.   New    (llas^jow    iron.    Coal    i    R. 


^  „,^„^, ^  ,  ,  Co..  208.  007 

r^3'8r(p3l'.   I'o.-^.    1240.    I4(i0.    1480,    Todd  v.  Caleiloniaii   R.  lo.,  2130,  2130 
l.'-.2S.  1.-.40,  1570,  Kills  V.   Kerricii,  2057 

\,1    11    M.  &  S.  —84 


if 


2('>n2 


TAlil.K  <ir  (  .\M>. 


■J(.lc<1o  4  O.  r.  I!.  Co.  V.  Board.  2(iS'.i 
Toliilo  Itrcwiii^'  &  Maltiiif;  Co.  v.   lUcch 

i(i;n,  2:isi 

Toledo,  r.  &    U.  U.  ('"•  V.  ('(inrov.   JIO, 

274   2'.'5,  :!ip:),  :i:j:i,  :i:m,  :i:t!i,  .'iM.  :!4S. 
Xi\',  ici;s.  iTti'.i 

Toledo,  St.  h.  &  K.  C.  U.  Co.  v.  .laok-on. 

2'S."> 
V.  TiiniMp.  41,  42,  1070,  2325,  2:!!I9 
i„ledo,  \V.  &  \V.  R.  Co.  v.  Asbiiiy,  8!), 

102,  lilO,  10!)    fills,  81!) 
V.  Ulick,    197.    384,    5!li),    600,    COO, 

11(1.'! 
V.  Uiirkin,  .W3,  182-) 
V.  Kddv,  743,  1170 
V.  FroiU-ricks,  27.  81,  197,  2i8,  31«, 

r>s:->,  1(101 

V    InKrnlKiin,  1.3!«i.  1412.  2.393,  2388 
V.  -Mooro,  139ii.  1400,  1412,  22il8 
V.  O'Connor,  1410 
Toniasdli  v.  John  Grillitlis  Cycle  Corp., 

17!).-. 
Toinko  V.  Central  R.  Co.,  843 
Toniliiison    V.   Cliiea^'O,   1!.   &    Q-   R.  ( 0-> 

l:i(;7,   1828 
T..MIS  V.  Hilllalo  Creek  R.  Co..   13.>3 
Toner   v.  Cliica-o,   M.   Jt  St.   P.   R.  Co., 

l:;fll 
Toniiesen  v.  Ro-s.  30(1.  428.  .28 
Tooliey  V.  Kquitalile  (ia.s  Co.,  2.0 

Tooke  V.  Rerseron,  803,  0.->7,  2210 

Tooniev    v.    Donovan     ' " 

■20.-,.-, 
V.  Kiireka     Iron 
12(1(1,  2'29!> 
Torian   V.   ISielininiiil  &  A.  R-  Co- 
l:!S.-,     i:iO(l.    1411,    1481.    l.-..-)3, 
Kill.   1(1(1(1.  1702.  22.iJ 
Town  V.  Miehinan  (  .  U.  Co..  o40 

l.V.lt,  2248.  2201 
Towner  v.  Misso\iri  P.  R.  Co..  8.> 


Mach.  Wotk^.   174 


880. 

2424 
20(1,    1030,    1007, 

A    Steel     Works, 

,  13.53, 
1(107, 

.  1V24, 

,  029 

'r;mns"v"\-ieksbiirK,'s.  &  P.  U- \;«-^r^' 
Town.end  V.  1.anjiles.87,  11.;,'20:,2(.8 
Toy  V.  l.'nited  States  Cartridge  Co.,  349, 

1(174,  170.)  ,,_ 

Traey  v.  Wesleni  U.  Teleg.  Co.,  170. 
Trail  v.  Kelman,  2049  „    „    „       ,„ 

Trainor  V.  Pluladelptna  \  1^-  T^- ^f^0--.^9. 

230,    404,    43(i,    448,    .".SI.    K'-iO.    1(.34, 

23.->2,  2307 
T.ansfer  No.  4.  The.  1.-.31.  l'\««.  '^'S  . 
Tra<k  V.  Old  Colony    I!.  Co.,  I6.18,  10,5d. 

10.*j7 
Trcka  \.  r.nrlinfrton.  C.  1!.  &  N'-  «•  <"<>•' 

13.")0.  1:173,  172(1,  1770 
Trenddiy   v.   llarnden.  2276 
Trewatha  v.  Riiehanan  Cold  Min.  &  .Mill. 

Co.,  22.38 
Tri Oitv  U.  Co.  v.  Killeen.  047 
Tuliiv'v.   lirooklvii    l-ad   Mm.  (  o..  2.. 

232,   500.   (.21,  "M3,    1484,    l(10(i,    1014, 

2380 


Trinililo  v.   Wliiliii 

1778,  2007 
Trinity  &.  S.  R.  <  o.  v.  Rrown,  2251 
V.  Lane,    17.1 

V.  Mitehell,  S3.5,  1359,  l.'KKi 
Trinity  I  ounly  Lumber  Co.  v.  Uenh.i 

22,  303 
TroU  V.  Chicajro  R.  I.  &  P.  R.  Co.,  1' 

1100,  1148,  '2210,  2277 
Trotter  v.  Kurnilnre  Co.,   1204 
Troii"1iear  v.  Lower  Vein  Co.il  Co  .  l:i 

2207 
Troxicr   v.    Sonthern    R.   Co.,    131,    1 

224,  810,  KiOl 
Tnie  V.  Lehigh  Valley  R.  Co..  210.  3 

603 
Trull  V.  Smith,  502 
Truman    v.    Rudolph,    74(1.    1108.    10 

1987 
Tiuntle  V.  North  Star  WoolenMill  » 

5;!0,  5(13    07(1,  70(1,  9(13,   1088 
Truro,  The,  783,  1125,  1103 
Tudor  Iron  Works  v.  Weber,  1(173 
Tullis  V.   Lake  Krie  &   W.   U.  Co..   ■" 
.Vil.  80(1,  !l.-)7.  002,  1801,  22S3.  201! 
Tullv  V.  New  York  &  T.  S.  S.  »  o.,  li 
I       4(18,  787.  824,  1449,  lOOl,   1('80.   U 
j       1727,  1720,  1750 
i  Tinnalty  v.   New   Voik,   N.   H.  &   IL 
Co.,  844,  920 
Tunnev  v.  Midbind  R.  Co..  Is2.-..  1n2S 
'Turnbiill     v.     Lanibton     Colliejie.s     < 
2148.  21.)7 
Turner  V.  Cross,  1888,  2.317,  2111 

V.  Goldsboro    Lund.er   Co.,   2(i.    : 
537,    708,   703,    1010,    12.-,2,    1: 
i  1402,  1473,  1003 

'•    Indianapolis,    1337.  23.-..'..  23.1 
Loui-ville  &  N.  R.  Co.,  23.-.1 
Norfolk   &   W.   R.   Co.,  4.->(^ 
.i02,  (10.->.  803,  1231,  1244.  1.0: 
V.  St.  Clair  Tunnel  Co..  ln.'iil.  2 
Tultle  V.  Detroit,  U.  11.  ii  .\L  R.  Co., 
0»,   KV).   148,   172,   174,  ,W0,  (ion, 
854,  1031,  1001 
Tutwilor  Coal.  Coke  &  L  Co.  v.  Kn^ 

802,  805,  1010,  1007 
Twilohcll  V.  Crand  Trunk  R.  Co.,  94, 
Twomev  v.  Swift,  2:!0,  '200,  107:i 
Tyler  S.  K.  R.  Co.  v.  Uasberry,  ll.>< 
Tyson  v.  South  &  North  A!a.  K.  Co.. 
1012,  10-23.  1070,  1078 


V. 


II.   11.   1;. 


Ulrich  V.  New  York  C.  & 

1444.  lOlil.  1735,  1778 
Umbark  \.  Lake  Shore  & 

!.0,  1!H1.  703 
I'nfrii'il  V.   I'.altiniore  &  C 

i:!.-.-'.  l:i70.  14(38.  23.50 
I'nio'i    Uridge  Co.   v.  Teehan.   '228, 

2312 


M.  S.   11. 
R.  Co.. 


L"o.  V.  KnsUi 


TAlil.l-;  ttF  CASKS. 


26:i» 


L'nidn  Mf;.',  f'o.  v.  Mi»rii-- 
lltlt,  1201,  1207.  12i;i 


,.v,  118:t.  1191, 


l>.  H.  Co.  V.  r.illttei,  IIUI 
\-.   Ilrddi-rirk,  4(i 
V.  (  allMjihiin,     lo2.-),      l''.o. 


•2:!.".:i. 


i.ill 


V.   Cl.nk.  H.!;-) 

V.   DiiiirN,    23,    45.    22."..    2ii>.     r.W. 
HON.   1012,   l(i20.   170".   17(i!t 

V.  l)..vif.  147,  851.  1 124.  n:!.-.,  ir)2S. 

l,-):(7,  l.MMI 
V.  Klliott,  4.'")>».  isrt 
V.  Ki irk^oii,  201.  l.tito,   i:!!i:1.   1110. 


1411.   1121,   11.24 
V.   I'Mis,  .5:i5,  Hl.i.  H7;i,  1127 


V.  V 


cut,    .") 


1,    541.    .-.1.2. 


1270,  12S1,  1310.  i; 


700. 
.  lO'lS 


1270 


V.  I'Vny 
1072 
V.  CfMiv.  908 
V.   Iliin-is,  2120 


23,  1483.   l".l.-..   l-".fH,  1020. 


Viin    .Ifti    llciivol    V.    Natioiml    Fiirti;i.-e 

(  o..  1732.  174.1 
Van  Dm-c'Ii  v.  Lake  Sliorr  \  M.  S.  R.  Co.. 
i:t;5 

V.   I-otrllior.   1013.  1018.  lOfiO,  1660, 
1812,  1814 
Van   Dii/cn  C:\^  &  CJii-^cdiiK-  KiiKine  C". 

V.  SelielicH.   1210 
V:inrs-t'  v.  (  al^-lmr;,'  Cnal  Co.,  232.  321, 

11 -.4 
Van  Onlcn  v.  Ackon,  116,  234 
Van  Sickel  v.  Ilslcy,  2304 
Van   S«cpntMi»-j.'li   \.  'I'lioniton.  231.   310. 

l.-)Oit,     1000.    1020.     1024,   lO.'.S.     io<;-<, 

1704.  2377 
Van  T.issril  v.  New  York.  L.  K.  A  W.  1!. 

Co.,  1149 
Van  Wirklc  v.  Manhattan  R.  <'o.,  130, 

1'.  \X. 


178,  281,  2:!0'.i.  23.-.3.  2385 
231,  24,5,  600,  '.)12.  U3.5 


V.   .Xh.ti.iMv.  2122 

V.  Millikc'n,  420 

V,  Mi.ii.li'M,  091,  1021 


V.  O'iiiiiii 


20,   23.   29.    30,   46,   49 


Van  Winkle  v 
Co., 


Cliicafio.   M.  &   St. 


Vanv  V.  IViicp.  1027 

Vi.tlirlian  V.  Cork  &  V.  R.  Co..  .->39.  r,.-.2 


V.  Tair  \. 


U.  Co., 


Vaughn  v.  California  C.  1!.  Co..  fil.*) 


Vantrain  v.  St.  I.oiiis. 

1001) 
Vc.i/cv  V.  (liattU-.  •2\->\ 


1.  .\1.  &  S.  U.  Co., 


14S.  172.  2^.0,  300.  749,  1040.  1100    Vp<;inan  ^'^  M"i»e.  025.  1020.  Ill  !.  2012 


V.  Olfrrn.  1024 
V.  Sny.liT,  225,  200.  :V.M,  1707,  1709 
V.  Sjjiinjjsti'en,  312 
T.  Vour^.  419 
t'ninn  V,.  &.  Transit  to.,  v.  l.*ahy,  Sn,") 
Cnion  SIk.w  Case  Co.  v.  Blimlaiier,  227, 

.344,  007.  721,  1843.  2250 
Union  St  oik  Vanls  Co.  v.  Conoyo.r,  2310 
V.  Oooilwin.  378,  036,  648,  001 
V.  Ijiirson,  315 
Cnion    Triis-t    Co.    v.    Tlioniaaou,    2120, 

2341 
United  lAundrv  Co.  v.  Scliilling,  5?" 
Unitwl  States  Exp.  Co.  v.  McClusk. 
United     States    Rolling    Stock     C^ 
Chadwiek,  1004 
V.  \Veir,  1907 

V.  WilHrr,   21.    303.   420,    551,   625, 
02H.     724.     730,     744,    701,    1155. 
1100,  2.387 
Upton  V.  liartlctt    ,'.4,  1807 
Uron   V.  Collier.    I'unnel   Min.   Co.,   59(, 
630.    13'Jl,    1414,    1548,    1008,      1070, 
2264 

V. 

ValU'y  R.  Co.  v.  Kccfran,  49,  630,  1024. 

110"2    1105 
Valtez  V.  Oiiio  i  M.  R.  Co.,  1357,  1370. 

1.385,  1408 
Van  Ambur!;  v.  Viokslmr?,  S.  &   1".  R. 

Co..  09,  1.526,  1,551,  1.593 
Van        erv    v.   Union    1\   R.   Co.,   1351, 

130.J 


Vera*  V.  t'atton  Coal  Co..  14 


Vonlolli    V. 


(Irav'a  Harbor    CoimmT.'ial 


Co..  530.  lOSl.  1090 
Vermont  &   M.  R.  Co.   v.   Fitclil.ur^'   R. 

Co.,  1713 
Verrv  v.  Burlington.  C.  I!.  *  M.  It    '".. 

2283 
Vioara   v.   Cnmherlainl  T<l<l.li.   &    T.-l.-^'. 

Co.,  1481,  1593 
Vicar\'  V.  Keith,  200.  1on3 
ViekV.  Now  York  C.  &    II     I!     f!.  Co., 

1827,  1828,  18,34 
"'ickery  v.  Great  Eastern   R.  Co.,  517, 
M2 

csbiii;?  &  >r.  R.  Co.  V.  VVilkins,  810 
.HOT  Coal  Co.  V.  Muir,  719.  791,  805, 
1909,  1911.  1912 
Victoria.  The.  1374 

Vict3  V.  Toledo,  A.  A.  &  C  T.  H.  Co..  703 
Vilas  V.  Vanderbilt,  533 
Vilca  V.  Stantcs.ky,  2300 
Vincennes  v.  Citizens'  Casli-.dit  Co.,  500, 

704 
Vincennes  Water  Supply  Co.  v.  Whit< , 

10 !  1 
Vincent  v.  Alden.  22H,  372,  788.  232S 
V.  Manterstock,  1791 
log  V.  New  York  &  N.  E.  R.  Co.,  175, 
601 
Vinton  v.  Schwab.  133 
Viohlte  V.  Rice,  90O 
Vir-inia  &,  N.  C.  WIih-I  Co.  ^.  Chalklty, 

77S.  1184,  1215,  2280.  2.382 
Vitio  V.  larlev,  .397,  1710 


i 

i 

1 

i 


2r,M 


TABLK  Ol-  CASKS. 


ViHi)  V.  Kooirnn.  14:m,  1  14t;.  ir.Ol,  lti42, 

171(1 
\  i/<li.l)  V.  SonUiorn   I'.  Co.,  191H.  'iS-Vt 
X'li'ji   V.  Honsliiin,  lllKl 
\i.i'_'t   V.   MicliiKaii    I'l  niiisiilar  Car  Co., 

JMH 
\()lk  V.  U.  V.  Sturtiv.iMt  Co.,  tl7.').  111.') 
\,.l/    V.   Clicsapciike  &   ('.   K.  l'o„    l:t'.il», 

14Ii.   1.V.10.  l.^ilt:) 
\(irliii'.s  V.  Lake  Sliorc  i    M.  S.   It.  Co., 

l.-.:i.  173,  102.'-. 
\(i-liiiri.'li  V.  Lake  Slioro  &  M.  S.  H.  Co., 

2 lit,  :i22,  320 
\Dm-  v.  LHiiP.isliiw  &  Y.  n.  Co..  441!.  4!l.'5, 

l.JHI.   1, ■!().■. 
Vo-lii  Nkcy  V.  HilNi.l.-  Coal  &  I.  Co..  CI. 

Oil.  !l4i.    14.'>2.  IS  11.  2407 
Voss  V.  DilawHri'.  I>.  &,  W  .  R.  Co..  :!!U, 

4(;!i 
Voycr  V.  Dispatcli  I'linliii^'  (.'o.,  l>-;l(l 

W. 


Wal.a-li   &    \y.   R.   Co.   v.   Moi-an,   22 1, 
2S0.  :;:)H.  .'Ud.  siii,  111:12.  li:ii).  2;i74. 

2:i!i:'. 
Waliasli    Paper   Co.    v.    WCM..    11.").    200, 

Waliii.sh  n.  Co.  V.  Hrown.  1!U.  1S7S.  2213 

V.  Faiicll,    27.    .Vl,    :!7»,    .■i7H,    ;!S0, 
2.'!(10 

V.  .MoDaiiicN.    20,    22.    .10,    :il.    liO, 
12;!,   124,  12(1,  40S.  41!t,  42:i 

V.  Propst.  701.  87.") 

V.  r.av,  ISl.  1100 

V.  Skil.i.  832 

V.  Zcrwiik,  80n.  il  12 
Waliasli    St.  L.  &.  1'.  U.  I'o.  v.  Conklinjr. 
1407 

V.  Peardorl.'    "Of     1002 

V.  Fi'iiloii.  2:t.     4 

V.   Hawk.  14-).'*.  14S2.  15.">4,  15S.5 

V.  Kastner,  Or)4.   S73 

V.   I/Hkc.  113.  300 

V,  Shacklct,  2;!0!l 

V.  Tlioiniison,  724.   744,   inoO 
Waliasli  WcstiTii  R.  Co.  v.  Hmw.  41! 
Wacli-mutli  V.  Sliaw  KUcUio  Crane  Co.. 

■:m 

Wadilell  V.  Simoson,  270,  l:!!'."..  1  t.")!. 
14. -.2 

\Va(lliii','ton  v.  Newport  Xews  A.  M.  Val- 
ley \i  Co..  2212 

\Va;ren   v.  Miniieapoli-  &    Si.   L.  R.  C.i 

l.HOIt 

Wa'iier  V.   II.   W.  .Taviio   Clieniical   Co.. 
278,  301,  .'■)27.  .■i31,  r)!>2,  507,  1017 
V.    I'lano  .MfL'.  «'o..  Um3 
Walil  V.  Cliatilldii.  10S8 
Will,.'  V.    I'liee.  1200 
Wakihrlil  V.   l''art;o.  2204 
WaluliM  V.  !A)ii.io'i  &  S.  W.  n.  Co.,  2:;20 
\\  lilun   V.    Iicxier.   1S43 


7,S. 


Waldeii  V.  Kinch,  271 
WnMlii.r  V.   lliiimilir.l  i  St.    1.   R.   C 
711.  720,  73,3.   1032,   11.38,  IMS,  221 
2370 
Walker  v.  .\tlaiita  &   W .  P.  R.  Co.,  1  1 
712    SKI.  1107.  1000.  2032 
V.    liniliiiL'.    3!I3.    102.    41  1.   41S.    1 

|.-|00,   l.'-.32.  Itil2,  1070.  i077 
V.    It.islon  it  M.  U.  Co.,  1:;    .' 
V.   liianlncr.  010 
V.  (iillett.  024.  1177,  1.5,5!     ir.>'-i 
V.   hake  Sliorc  &   M.  S.  1'     in.,  ."i 
lo.Vi.     12^3,     12H7,     1      ^.     \:' 
I20.3.  120.-) 
V.    I.illeslmll   Co.,  21.3.5 
V.   MeNeill,  2.300.  2378,  2       1 
V.  Olseii,  2304,  2320 
V.   Riiliiiu'lon  I.iinilier  Co     Is.i,  ^i 
V.  SeoU,  lOi'.O.    I2ii3 
V.  Slieltmi.  0:;7.  2121 
V.  Spulloek.  2I0S 
Walkow-ki     v.     l',iiiik(>e    &    <■      >'•«'■ 

.Mines,  40H,  422    42S.  4.32,   t    ' 
Wall   V.   l).laware.    1-.   S.  W.    I..   Co. 
420.  427,  220.-. 
V.  Piatt.  231.-. 
Wallace  v.  Cannon.  0  10 

V.  Central    Vernionl    11.   ( 

l.->S.    100.  223,  ti77,  704     1031 
V.  Cutler  Paper  .Mil's  Co     iOO,  'I 

noo.  1012.  101.5.  1205,    '    iiS 
V.  Stanilaul     Oil     Co.,     ■_    o,      li 

Kios.  i>:'.o 

Walla  Walla.  Tlie.  14.55.  in'^o 
Waller   v.   South    I'.astern    i;     Co..    1: 

1351,  1355.  1301,  130(;.  1370 
Wallin    V.    I'asterii    II.    Co.,     :  n>.     1" 

2120,  2223 
Wa'lin..'    V.     Con'/aree    Consti      Co., 

612  ' 
Wallis  V.  Moijian's   L.  4  T.   i:    is 

Co.,  i:!r.3 
Walsh  V.  Chieasro.  540 

V.  Coniiiifrical   Steam   l-ain  Iiv 

S<.  lost 
V.   New  ^  ork  ti  X.  K.  R-  1  'o-.  24 
V.  Oregon   R.  &   Nav.  Co.    S4!t 
V.   Peet   Valvo  Co..  1020,  lOOO 
V    SI.  Paul  ii  1).  1!.  Co.,  1000 
V.  Whilelev.    123.    2h5,    lOOS,    1 
lOtO.      1003,      1004,     1000,      1 
1073.  1070 
Walter.;.  V.  Denver  Coiisol.  Eleerio  I. 

Co..  030 
Walton  V.  P.rvaii  Mawr  Ilote^     'o.,  : 
Walty     V.     Lake    Sup»"rior   T.  ;  miiia 

Transfer  R.  Co..  021 
Wanderer.  The.  783 
Wannaniai     1    v.  Burke,  22,  6S,  234. 
o."  1,  iiS2,  757 
V.   Ki.rhestor,  231,  35,5,  0.-;:! 
Wanner  v.   Kindel.  12:'4,  1250.  12.-.0 
Wara\  v.  (  ineimiati,  234S,  23t'» 


T.MSLK  OF  <  ASKS. 


2lil."i 


Ward  V.  naiiniT.  nn.  1!M,  iio:i,  IsTlt 

V.  Cliosaiicnki'  A  O.  )!.  (  o..  ">it;t.  !t.')l, 

I3.-I.J 
V.  CliionKO,  Si.   1'.   .M.  i  O.   R.  Co.. 


WcImi    Wayoii  To.  V.   ix.'lil    Mi.  21"'.  71. 

llss,  lllMl,  1J17.  iJT'.' 
\v(hliM  V.  Hiilliir.l,  TJS.  !i:.-i.  I:t0:!,  HiS:i 


\VHi>tir  V,  rol.v.  !:l.  (.■ 


IMS  If 


22!H 


V.  O.lc'll  Mf(,'.  Co.,  2.t:t,  23!).-| 


Wniilt'ii 


V.   \a 


sville  &  N.  U.  Co.,  8.-I 


!l|0,  22S(i 
V.  «)M  Coloiiv  It.  Co..  2114,  22.1,  244, 


\\cl)-t(T  ^lf;.'.  C( 


.\i~lM'lt, 


::i!i.i 


V.  Sclinii.lt,  :•.!!.■>.  -.'.'MK  721 


\V.  ■.!•-■■. 


1.1     V, 


Clii 


A  N.  \v.  n.  <•- 


2111.  21,7.  27'.i    linis.   1102,   ll:i4.   17iis. 
2  :'..■>!• 

WicLMIi   V.  *il:\u<\    Tniiik    I!.  C...   2(11'.' 


.il.)  ,,lt— .III        ,.      IIIIIIKI         •»        ...       .....       ---.. 

Wiiiiiiiiiyloii  V.  .Mdiisoii,  T.  &  S.  V.  I!.  jWrik    v.    I'lvinoni    Mill    to..   ii42.    10:10, 

Co.,  70(1,  (71.  HOS.  140S  lo::.'.  1  HIS 

Will  II  V.  New  York  C.  A  11.  K.  K.  ('■>..  4«,    \Vi-.l;liiiiil   v.  .Soullicni   Oii-uti  ('■!  .  (i4S, 

40.!,  4(iri.  4Ci(!,  470.  47!l,  22(10  |       1  12S.    17(11 

WariuT  V.  (  lli<M^•o,  I!.  1.  &  1".  H.  Co.  Ill,  !  \V(  .nis  v.  .Mjlliiison,  4ii.  .51.  22s.  2(1S 
2:!,  7:!2,  7.i:!.  122:!,  12(1.5,  12(il),  j  271.  4i:!.  liH:l.  1(m4,  KiSl.  l!ist.  2:ir. 
l^-fi        '  ;  \Vc;;i'r  V.  /'ciills.vlviiliii  I!.  Co..  -i''-''.  I14t 

V.  Krio  U.  Co.,   1.1.  20.  22.  ."it.  211».  '      1(104,  ISdo 

2!i4,  2!i,'i,  :t:{»,  :i:in,  ;!.')4-;!.')().  14J4,    WCidcn  v.  I5ni»li  l.lcolric  Li;;til  (  o..  227, 
|.->l('l,  1(100,  1S0.1.   1S(14  244,  .117 

\Vaiiin"toii   v.   Atelii>oii,  T.  &   S.    !•'.   U,     W  liinolle  v.  Dinv,  S7S.    12(1(1 

Co     i:!4  Wiisi'I  V.  Kii-torn   I!.  Co..   17(12.  212.". 

\Viirs/aw.~ki  v.  McWillianii.  lo;<7.  177!l     iW.-iss  v.  Il.tlilrticin  Iron  Co.,  is.  d.',.  4.-il, 
Washlxiiii    V.    N.Tstivillp    &    C.    U.    Co.,  |      4."i.'>.  ti'M.  s:!:i,  2:isii 

1401      14!C!      14117,     1(1U.'>,    KISS,    Killl,  ,  Uelcli  v.  .Viahiiina  A  V.  1!.  <  o,  lOlo 
]S;!j]  1S44  :  V.    I'.iiinanl.   147.   l.VJ.    lot::.   l.':ii! 

\Vasliri'i;;loii  &  C.   II.  Co.  v.    \l,l)a.l.'.  22,!  V.  niicc.  -)71.   17.-|4.   I!l71 

47     112     I'l    r>4r).  (141.  (1S2.  77S.  7S7,  v.  .Maiiio  C.  1!.  (  o..  ISdO 

797        '         '  V.   N.w  ^o^k  C.  i  II.  H.  I!.  <"..  2S2, 

Washin-ton  Asphalt    i:l-,.ki  Tile  Co.  v.i  ^J.'--.!'         .      ii      i    M     r     (  „ 

.\la<k.y.  Ill  I  V.  N.w   \ork.    N     U     A    II.    H.   (  o., 

Washington  Mf^'.  &  Min.  Co.  v.  HaTnc-tt.  I  s;i(l.  HlK,  2o;ll 

gOj,    -j^ll  I  Weill  V.  Mi^^onii   I'.  1!.  t  o.,  *i!l2.  lis.. 

Wa~il'  V.    Montana    In  ion    R.   Co..   20S7,  .  Wcllaiv  v.  I.omlon  &  ».  R.  Co..  2.V> 

.T,\\  W.IU-  V.  Collnloiil  Co.,  2:il(i 

wiriiii"    V      Oaitlcr.    2:!(l.->.    2:1(1(1.    2:!ilS.    Willihan    v.   National    Wheel    *  o.    1.->(11. 

.^;i7:r  i       17(11,22.11 

Wat-on  V.   llod.slon  \  T.  C.  R.  Co..  .nS.  1  W.  Ilmaii  v.  div-on   Short  lane  \    (      -V. 
,117  I!.  (  o..  :;l'i.  31(1.   l.id'.l,  1(1(111.  lsl!i 

V.   Kansas  &  T.  Coal  Co.,  (170.  1071    Wtils  v.   I.ooida'.'es.  22:i!) 


V.   Miiim-apolis  Street   R.  Co..  22!ll 
Watson  Cut  Stone  Co.  v.  Small.  1208 
Watt  V.  Neilson,  2S'J 
Walters  V.  Clover,  2170 
Watl,s  V.  iSeard.  14,->0,  IdOl,  178.1 

V.   Iliwtoii  Tow-Uoat  Co..  88.1,  1)04 
V.   Hart,    171.  .114,  130,    1010,    1041, 
11(14.   1804 
Way  V.   (  hicat;o_iS:_N.   W.    R.   Co..   222, 
0.")1.  0.50,  757 
V.  Illinois  C.  R.  Co.,  11)5,  515,  1102. 
11)08,  2280,  2:;o() 
W.  C.   DePauw  Co.  V.  Slubhleficld,  211, 

004 
Weaver  v.  Flovd,  2004 

V.  Iselin,  37,  40 
Webb  V.  Denver  i   R.  G.   R.   Co.,   1401, 
1408 
V.   Reiinie,  2.10,  2(10,  341,  084,  1490, 

1800,  11)84 
V.   Richmond  &  P.  R.  Co.,  1471 
Webber  v.  I'iper,  008,    1189,   1080,   1711. 
18>7 


V.   r.iirliimton.    (  .    R.    &    .N.    I!     <  o. 
1!)H,    04O.    0!)!).    101)5,    1107.    2:!24. 
212(1,  2370 
V.  Cop,  20,  241.  270.  711'.  1021.  I(i2:t, 
11.51).     11(11.      1012,     1002.      107:t, 
17(10 
Wells  &  K.  Co.  v.  (loit.ir-ki.  1250 
Wellston  Coal   Co.    v.   Sniiih.   2:12.    1157, 

I  IS.I,   i(ii):i,    IddS 
WeNli  V.  Cornell.  22S.  :ill,  22110 

V.    Liiiiuh   .V   W.   Coal  Co.  2201 
V.    Miiir,  05,  415 
V.    I'enn^Nlv.ini.a  R.  Co..  2211 
Wetty  V.       Lake    Siipeii'ir    'rerininil     i 

Tr."in-fer  I!.  Co..  lOO" 
Wenoiin  Coal  Co.  v,  lliilni((iii-i .  IH'.I.  I'Ol'. 

1414,  1458 
Werk  V.  'llinois  Steel  Co..  845 
Werner  v.   Tiautwein     1871 
Wert  v.  Keim,  1)51 

Wespott  V.   New   York   &  N.   K.    I!.   Co., 
094,  700,  737,  952,  904,  1255,  101) I 


i 


I  y 


2i;:i(i 


1  vr.i.K  Hi  c  \M>. 


lij! 


\\...|<v    (  ilv    (oal    to.    V.    ll..il.r.    !>:!0, 

■Z\W    JJIl 
Wcvt   V.    N.w   ^olk   (  .  .1    II.    >t-    U    to-. 

V.  S-.iiitluTii  I".  Co..  142.  l.-.S,  177, 
tlOl,  ti53.  (-.78,  701,  U54,  USS,  lOlO. 
10  Hi 


Whitll.A    V.  MollDViiy.    III4C.,  itl'^JT.   in 

•io:jn 

V.  Mi.con  4  X.  R.  Co.,  12ns 
V    Z.iiiHii  Coiil  Co.,  8114,  1117.  IH 
IfiTJ.  im-l,  207.1 
\Vll.'ntlr\     V     niila.l.'l(.liiii.    W.    \     I! 
(i...   l.'lti.->,  ITJS,   1T4S 


woH...r;:.u'v.  crowd...,  347. 1153       j \vi....:i,.r  v. 'i|;' "y- ; -;• /^'j;;  '^::;;- ', 

West   (l.i.M^'o  Stroct    K.   Co.  v.   Dwy.r,  v.  };.'-".  ^l';,,/ '■•'''■,,/,•.' ''  , 

Wo.,.n,   .    A.    W.   CO.   V.    A,.ams.   >2-- ^  ^^^^„,^;'^';:.    W..t    ErA   S.nv.     .:.    ^ 

;.;  IIX";  liis.  510.  718,  72«,  740    ;      Co'l  is:,     1.4.    042.    S.l.    nn.    „ 

i.,._,l,„r,l       l(l''{  1108,     11.1- 

;:  il;,tr478,  480,  S04,O.A  2110.:  VVhit^^^^^^^^        l-„>-.,.n   A   M.    U.  (V. 


2217.  2333 
V.    K-liiiL'i-i-.  2213 
V.  .l;KkMm,_ljl07^  2332 
V.   Monro.  477,  4ii) 
V.  Stn.nj:.  r>10.  2407 
V.  VMii.livir,  2110.2111 
\V(~t.'in  .Sntlii.icite  Coal  &  V<'ke  Co.  v. 

l!,.„Mr,  1011,  2108  . 

Wr^l.-ni  CoM  &  .Min.  Ci>.   v.   !!oriiori<-h, 
■'7   -'MMi 
V. 'inV'r^.lKiiM.    •i2'l,    (It;^.    C12.    lllli. 
170li,  1705 
WosUrii  U.  Co.  V.  Williainson,  020 
WV^toni  Screw  Co.  v.  .lolinson,  53,  .)» 

W.M.r..  Stone  C".  v.  M>f '«''•?"'•', ,,, 
>.  Wlialon,     422.     430,     431.     1134, 
11(10,  1413 
\Vi.su.-iti    Tuiie    Co.    v.    I'olol.inski,    iii, 
200,  301,  1415,  2354,  2380,  2388,  2.3;.. 2 
WesU-rn  U.  Tel<^.  Co.  v.   Itiir-oss,  104S, 
10!),! 

>;  MoMunen,   537.   Oil,   1020.   1040, 

W.-stlanil'v.  fioia  Coin   Minos  Co.,  230, 

■J2'.Hi.  2304 
W.-slvillo  Coiil  Co.  V.  Milka,  1008 


1025,  2221 
Whitcoinh    V.    Detroit    Kl.clno    I'.. 
2315 
V.  McNiilty,  8C3 
V.  Standard  Oil  Co.,  810,   10O7 
Whitp  V.   Kidlitz,  209,  204,    1130,    1 
;.;ni     17.-.0.  2245,  2312 
y.  Houston  &T.  C.  U.  Co..  S(iT. 
V.    KoiMion.   1131.   1107,   1307,  21 
V.  Ix.iiisvillo,  N.  ().  &  T.  K.  Co., 

-118.  803,  954,  233.-1 
V    Nowport    News    Sliipbiiildinf 

Dry  Dock  Co.,  822,   1250 
V.  Nonantum  Worsted  Co.,  205 
V.  San    Antonio    Waterworks 

704,  1000 
V.  Sharp,  877,  1040 
V.  Smith,  1330 
V.  Sydney  &  L.  Coal  4.  R.  <  o., 

437 
V.  \Vitt<>mann      Lithographic 
503.    505,    650,    707,    1082,    1 
1915,  2210 
Whitehead  v.  Reader,  21.30 
Whitelnw  v.  Memphis  &  C.  R.  to. 
'  .'iOO,  1092,  2,355 

V.  MofTat,  220,  227,  337,  1845.  •. 


..  S.'l,w,'.rt7.,  illV,   1400.  1540,2383! 
Woih.ilMO  V.   l'.>.rtridf.'e,  233 
\V..»i>"  V.  Southern  White  Uad  Co.,8i7 
Wl.MMh.n  V.  Mad  River  &  U  K.  R.  Co.. 

1.300,  1307  ,..,,.„- 

Whalon  V.  C.-ntonary  thuich,  t>21,  14.io, 
134.-.,    1590,    1059 
V.  Illinois  &  St.   L.  R.  &  Coal  Co., 

23'' 4 
V.  Michipm    C.    K.    Co..    288,    304, 

400,  409,  1753 
V.  Whitconib,  1030,  1112 
Wlialov  V.  Bartlett,  1014,  1021 
VVhallon    v.    SpmsTue   Electric    Klovator 
to     :^,3,  30.5,  1440,  1601,  1736,  1790 
What  Cheer  Coal  Co.  v.  Johnson,  14.)8, 

1450.   1494.  1523,   1580,   1731 
Whatloy   V.    lilook.    122.    129.    131.   203. 
039.  t;5.-).   1700 


2304 

Whitcley  v.  Armitage,  2004,  2065 
Whitnior(    v.   lioston  it  M.   R.  Co., 

1,352,  1353.  1370,  1441,  1594 

Whitnov  V.  Xew  York  N.  H.  &  H.  R 

1835 

V.  Queen    City    Ice    Co.,    786, 

1020  ,       ^„ 

Whitney  &  S.  Co.  v.  ORourke,  53, 

266,  336,  025,  636    ^     ,    ^    „    „ 

Whitsett  V.  Cliicago,  R.  I.  &  1 .  K 

909,  2270 
Whittaker  V.  Bent,  331,  1722,  1979, 
V.  Coombs,  203,  .397 
V.  Delaware   &   U.   Canal   Co. 
429,  475,   1408,  2252 
Wbitton  V.  South  Carolina  &  G.  B 

Whitwani  v.  Wisconsin  4  M.  R.  Co 
195.  2230 


»,  i:i(Hi.  i,,',i. 
I,  i:.(i.  1.1 
,  nil:!.  it;>, 


II.  A    II    i; 
,    'ii:!.    Iii-i, 

I!.   C...    177. 

trip    i;.    ( '• 


k  R.  Co..  4 on. 

graphic      Co.. 
,    1082,    l!"ii:!, 


C.  R.  Co..  4'?. 
37,  184.-..  2^74, 


Co.,    786,    !>(>!), 

BUrke,  58,  ^M, 

[.  &  P.  R.  Co.. 

722,  1979,2011 

ranal   Co.,  427, 

,J2 

la  &  G.  R.  Co., 

;  M.  R.  Co.,  101, 


TAIJLE  ■  rC.VSKS. 


\\il>l,-  V.  nmliriL'Inn,  <  .  U.  A.   N    K.  Co. 


jon.  22i» 


^\i.•.l. 


Ilia. I    V. 
2:11': 


Kvi 


r.l. 


Ml. 


W  i.T/liiik)  V.  lllin"M!«  S1..<1  Co.,  12:i:l 

Wiwitt  V.  i''..\,  :i!'."i.  nio.  \^:,i< 

\Vi-j;iiis  K.TI.V  Co.  v.   llrili-.    I2.'.S 

W  i^'lil    Kiri'  Vrooliii^'    (  o.    \.    I'oc/i'Uai, 

2'^m;i 

U  ijriiiorc  V.  .Iiiy,  148!).  1400,  17:t2.  KSi) 
Liii»ili  (  riitral   Co.,  H^i'i 
4  C.  N.  R. 


Willicr  V 


\Vi 


\\;ii 


l.Htl^illl    V 


'^licMon   Si..  Ml-  Co  ,  .•.i.'.i 


l(i7r.,  1071» 


Uockdule  Oil  Jv    Inlili/. 


\Vininj.'1iniii  V 

Co.,  S77 
Willis  V.  .\tlamic  i  V.  K.  ( 


-.11 


lir 

V.    (Jlllioll 


■(  l.uicliill  C 
1!.  \  Niiv.  Ct 


17!l| 


Willniott  V.  I'liton.  21.'i.'> 


Wills 


C 


iiw 


(iiiMid.Mil   S     W     1!    C 


Wild  V.  Oii-i-'on   Slioit  l.iuc 
Co.,  40.-.,  40:t 
V.  Wnvfjood.  2014,  21)1.-..  2021,  2023, 
2020,  20.j:i 
W  ilkii-  V.  KaleiKli  4  C.  F.  H.  Co.,  40,  170, 

fi2,'5,  2200,  2:i23 

Wilkinson    v.    Detroit    Mwl    &    Spu"!^ 

Works.  1030  t 

V.  (irnvca,  1120  j 

V.  II.  W.  .Johns  Mffj.  Co.,  002.  700    j 

\.  Kinmil    CaMiiol    &    Coking    to.ili 

Co..  0:17  I 

Willctts  V.  Wntt,  in.->.1.  r.'SO,  1081 

Williy    V. 


020,  114.'!,  1.V.4 
W  ilson  V.  Hc.vlc  440,  0.10,  0S7 

V.  Charll-lon    &    S.    U.    Co..    1424 

H2.-.,  ItUi.-..  1014.  102O.  liU.-.  2:t7« 

V.  Dunrealh  Kisl-Stoiu-  l^uairy  Co. 

lir.l,  l.'-.H7 
V.  (ilasgow  Tramways  Co.,  201)1 
V.   liudson    Ifivcr    Water    Power    4 
I'ainT  Co.,  l:i7.l.  1427,  I7.il.  17(li 


Louisiana 


&    N.   W.    U.   C 


:to. 


14.-.    02li.   I."r20.  l.-i.-.l.   l.'.Oil 


V.    I.oiiisv 


ls7,  217 


lioston    KliPlric    l.ij-'ht    Co., 


107  7.  I!l7.s.  207:i,  22S0 
Willi:nn  K.  Ital.co.k,  The.  1!4!'    l.->70 
William  (liaver  Tank  Works  v.  .MrC.c. 

i;io 

V.  U'Dotincll,  028,  701.    12:!S,    l.-.H:! 
William  Joliii^oii  &  Co.  v.  Jolian-i-n,  7s;!, 


ille  &   N.  R.  C 
720,  SIO.  1008.  1070 

MailLson,  etc.,  U.  Co..  i:i.-.0.  l:!l, 
i:!7l 

Ma-sarliiisi'lts  (  otioii 
.-.4).    1000 


MilU 


.   M.rry 
l:io7. 


51,    3U,    :io.1,     llv.i. 
1308.    i:!2:!,    i:i:;t,     1:110 


l:!70,      1418,     14J 


M:!J 


lit; 


14.-.1,     14.50,     MS  J,     MHS,      llUl. 


8S4 

William.s  v.  At''hi>on 
2:i07 
V.   liirininjiliaiii 


l.-.ol, 
I  n.-.O. 


l.-.o;t-l.-.i:),     ir>:i.<      l.-.:u. 
l.-i74-l.->70,     l.-.so,     i.-.oo 


T.  &  S.  1'.  R.  ( o., 

liatt^rv     &     Mrtal 


Co.,  7,  18.  21,  45,  40,  48,  213,  211. 


20:i,  44:i.  .^8.") 


814,  !I74,  083,  OOO, 


007,  1000,  l01.->,  1010 
V.  Central   It.  Co..  2211 
V.  Chaichill.  1072,  1004.  I2r;i.  12:ii 
V.  (Plough,     1.50,    1125,    23.-.S.    2.i02. 

2301 
V    Delaware,  L.  &.   W.   U.  Co..   I'.Mi. 

ti.53,    (i77,    087.    7-.8,    102!i.    1107. 

2328 
V.  lUn.sl<T,  ."iOO.  HOI 
V.  .1.    G.    Was'ier    (.0..    1030.    1000. 

1002.  2103 
V.   Louisville  &  N.  U.  (  o.,  001.  OSS. 

1010,  2032 
V.    Mi>.soiiri   V.  K.  Co..  403.  1134 
V.   New   York,   L.   K.   A:   W.   R.  Co., 

22. ')0 
V.  I'oulson,  2109 
V.  St.  Louis  &  S.  r.  R.  (  u.,  21.  03. 

221,  338.  058 
V.  South  &  North  Ala.  R.  Co..   1078 


1000,     10.30,      1047.     1040.       10, 
10.->1.     1078,     1734,     1800.     1^01 
ISiiii,     1020,      1040,     rj.")l.      1000 
21s2.  21S4 
V.  .Miehifjan  C.  R.  Co.,  51.-..  S73 
V.  Sioux  Coiisol.  Min.  Co.,  44'i.  j77 
Siitdilins.    14.-.1.    ir.70.    1043 


Steel     1-Mu'e    St, nil 


pin;;    &     Ketiii 


riii;.'  Co..  57 


,  002.  S7H.  |o:',n.  1070 


Tivnionl  &  S.  Mills.  .-.s7.  123.5 
V.    \'.  Illiiiii-.  227,  811.  SIO,  2378 
V.   WilliiH.iiilic  Liiuii  Co.,  314,  310, 

1.-.S3,   1012.   H!21,  I0.5ti,  1009 
V.    Winona    i    St.    1'     K.    Co..    7.".2 

1180.  11H8 
V.  Zulueta.  2057,  20.50 
Wilton  V.   Miiliilesex   1!.  Co..   IStl 
Wiinlier  v.  Iowa  C.  It.  Co..  22S1 
Winozewr-ki  v.  Winona  &  W.  K.  <  o..  03'> 
Wiiiilover  v.  Troy  (  ily  H.  Co..  054.  tii)3 
Wiiigute  \.  MnnUlanil   Iron  Co.,  13 IS 
W  ink  V.  Weiler.  753.  1837 
Wiiiki'lnianii  \    li.  Drng  Co.  v.  Colladiv. 
704.  2:i02,  2304 

V.    ,->ouui  0.    .s.„,„ Winkle,    V     .M.    l-nlli-    ISa-ket  &    l!oX    i'n. 

V.  Southern  K.  Co..  2351,  2U0.  2415  !       S».  S,.  200.  .,01.  .,01,    .500 

V.  Thacker  Coal  &  C.  Co.,  14.53  |  Winkle    IViia    Cotia    U..    v.    lIo,nei>kv. 

V.  Walton  &  W.  Co.,  537.  000,  639,1      .587  . 

JQ.J1  Winship  .\laeli.  (  o.  v.  Riiii;er.  21  iS 

V.  Whittall.  12lt7,  1220  |  W  isehaiii  v.   Kiekards.   1S.52,   1S57.    ISOO, 

Williamson  V.  Newport  New-  &  M.  Val-        }^>'-^   ■     . .    ,,    r^  i> 

lev  Co.,  l!ll,  042.  i!.53  W  ixoiisiii  (  .  U.  Co.  v.  Koss,    ,.0 


•.•(i.;s 


TAllLK  OV  CA>K.s 

1  :i7  i 


w i-.-  \   AiU.iiiinii,  jH.  ■^^y^,  ihim 

W  i-l  i'     t.    Miiiitrllii    Ciiillilc    Co 

I  US.   ITi,:! 
U  itl,.i|-k.v    V.   Ui.I.   ■•HI 
Wilki.w-ki  V.  Ciiup'  U .  «iirt«T  *   Soiw 

<<■..  'i;!!,  lltM.  IHliT 
Uill.iil..rs  V.   liiiHlnicti,  32(1,  3tit.  Ili;i;t 
\Vii)(i<clm\v»ki    \.    SiiU'ckcls   Supir    llrf. 

(  I...  (i?.!.  TllK.  JJ!!!! 
Wolfofl,  V.  Stiil.tsik.r.  ISTd.  IjItX  lr.7!t 
Wolf  V.    lli«  t'lirk  Stone  Co.,    112!) 

\.    i;.i-l    'I'l  iii»»-«f,   V.  A   <i.   H.  Co., 

IHii.  !l(i:l 
V.  (Ill' It    Nortlicrti   1!.  Co..   in">iJ 
WoN.y   V.    I,;ikc  Slioie  i    M.   S.    H.  Co., 

r,m' 
Woi-ki  V.  Kitiipp  sioiit  &  Co.  Co.,  r,m, 

.-iti-.>   .-.71,  70«.  U)!i:i 
Wollcr  V.  lliiTison  Wire  Co.,  r>^2 
Woiid.r  v.  li.illiMi.irc  &  (».  U.  Co..  24.  4il. 

no   r,:\.  ltd,  iii;i.  104,  1011,  !»!•.  lri2, 
l.TI.    I!l!l.   :)!"•«.   •121.  tl24,   i:t.v).   i:i.-.H, 
14!I2,   l.itltl.  llllCt,  IH'll 
Wood  V.  Ciiiiiicli  111  I'.  K.  Co..  242.  1771 
V.  Cliio.i;;o,  St.   1'.  M.  &.  O.   K.  Co. 

2124 
\.   Dorrall.   liM17 
».    II(i;;fs.  27,  4(i.  S.l.   II.").  11!".   144, 

•!i2.'";t(i«,  r)2ii.  .">:i7.  tuti,  ('>4.'),  ti."i2, 
i;.-.!i.  io;io.  uir) 

V.    Kockc.  ilHS 

»,   [/.iiisvill."  &  N.  U.  <o..  180.  «.-il 

V.    New    Ucilford  Co:il  Co..   1377 

V.   N.  w  York  C.  &  11.  H.  H.  Co.,  411, 

«3S 
V.   I'illi.-lil,  13,  220 
V.  Walsh,  214!1,  21.-.1 
Wooilbiiry  V.  To^-t.  2077 
\\(H)ilcll   V.   Wwt  Vii;;inia   Imiirov.  Co., 

1S3.  042.  Iir)3,  71!t,  7,')3 
Wooil.Ti   V.   Western  N.   V.  &  V.  11.  Co., 

r.(Hi.   131)3.  1441.   1001.  17.3.^1 
Wooilliaiii    V.    Atlantic    Transport   Co., 

21.'>() 
Woodhcad  v.   Cartni'ss   Min.   Co.,   1322, 

1340,  1342.  1347 
Woodlcv    V.    Metropolitan   Dist.   R.   Co., 
l.-)3,  'l.-.S,  052,  694,  0!)5,  7.-)8,  982,  083, 
itOl.   i<)07,  1008,  1014,  1344.  1345 
\\  oodnitV  V.  Alabama  Great  Southern  R. 

Co.,  2379 
W  oods  V.  Cali'donian  K.  Co.,  9.37 

V.  CliiCTj.'o  &  0.  T.  U.  Co.,  228,  3.51 
V.  l.indvall.   14.!5,   1540,  1012,  lO.il, 

10.59,  1789 
V.  T-on;;   Island  R.  Co..   1072,   1711, 

1810.  227,') 
V.  St.  I'aul  &  D.  R.  Co.,  440,  1031, 

1001 
V,  Southern  P.  Co.,  802 
Wooili-on  V.  Wm.  Johnston  &  Co.,  1531, 

l-,47,   1584,  2354,  2374 
Woodward    Iron    Co.    v.    Andrews,    887, 
1561,  1901,   1990.  2040 


WcKulwaril   Iron  Co.  v.  Cr)ok,  ISltl 

V.   llermloM.    4.')1,    793,    81H,     2o: 

2(»73,  2077.  22 18 
».  .lonoB.  700.  H2.t.  1104,  1198,  I2i 
12tl7,   12(«1.   1212 
Wooilwortli  V.  St,  I'aul,  M.  k  .M.  U.  < 

195.  3S1,  .599 
Wi..^.ter  V.  Illiss.  1131,  2.323 
Worheide    v.    .Missouri    Car  A    roiim 

to..  1720 
Worhls    V.    fJeoryia     I?.    Co.,    .597,    <i 

1013,  1045 
Woilil's   (  ohinihian    K.\position    v.    H 

1312,  1394,  1413 
Wonn.ll  V.  Maine  C.  R.  Co..  23.  74. 

89.  7.57.  777,  1037,   1288,   1301 
Worthin^jton  v.  (ioforth.  504,  1078,  21 
Woslii;;i;ui   v.  Waslihiirn  &  M.  .Mfg.  * 

.343.  1771,  1770 
Wrav  V.  So\illiHcstern  Kh-ctrie  Lij,'lil 

Water  Tower  Co.,  7.35,  1008 
Wri'ilit  V.   Ua-jnall,  2141,  2142 

V.   Delaware  &  II.  Cunal  Co.,  599 
V.  Dunlop,    271,    1072,    1501,    in 

1029 

V,    London  &  N.  \V.  R.  Co..   lHii2 

V    MihvaiikeP  &  St.  1'.  K.  Co.,   i; 

V.  New    York    C.    It.    Co..    21.    J 

395.  .398.  405,  417,  481.  i;45,  I 

Ills.      1120.      1.370.      1003,      It 

1070.    1752.   1754.  2208.  2295 

V.   Nortlianiploii  &  H.  K.  Co.,  1-1 

1S20.  1821» 
\.   I'acilic  Coast  Oil  Co.,  1108 
V.   IJawson,  1847 
X.   UoxlnMKh.      1451,      1550,      i; 

IMIO,  234H 
V.  Soutlieni    I'.    Co.,    512,    514-i 
518,  715.  8.5ti,  !I49,  901.  22.50,  2 
\.  Soutliern    R.    Co.     (Fed.)     1( 
1231,   12.55,   1443,   1579,   1732 
V.  Southern    R.    Co.    (N.    C.) 

218,  3.37,  ItitiO,  2247,  2290 
V.  Wallis,  1901.  2000 
Wri^'ley  v.  naj,'lpy,  2143,  2157 
Writt  V.  C.irard  Lumber  Co..  038 
Wrou^'ht-Iron  Range  Co.  v.  Martin,  1 
WtilfV  V.  Walter  A.  Wood  Harvester 

877 
Wiiotilla    V.    Duluth    Lumber   Co., 

tifl7,  711,  712,  748,  790 
VVust    V.    Erie   City    Iron   Works, 

1188,  1207 
Wynian  v.  Orr,  1094.  2274 

V.  The  Duart  Castle,  110,  212,  1 
1450,  2280,  2299 


Y. 


YaRpr  V.  Atlantic,  M.  i  O.  R.  Co.. 
1353.   1444,   1577,  2200 


,  1801 
HIH,     2o:i.!, 

,  110«,  120J, 

i  .M.  U.  <  • 

t 

&      I'lMllllllV 

.,  r><,)T.  m\ 

lion   V.   Ilil! 

.,  23,  74.  8s 
1301 

I,  l(i7«,  21 1'^  . 
M.  .Mfj;.  (•». 

trie  Li^'lil  A 
His 
142 

1  Co.,  599 
1501,     1.111.. 

(■■...   1HI12 
];.  f...,   KM 

:»..  21,  2(iH, 

8).  t;45,  !>:>:. 

i(io:i.    Kill 

08.   ^29.". 
K.  Co.,  UiiN 

).,  n«8 

1.550,      1.571, 

ii2,  .lu-nn: 

il,  22.J0,  22iiii 
(Fed.)     lOO-', 
i79,   1732 
N.    C.)     199. 
,  22»a 

157 

).,  038 

Martin,  12(i: 
larvester  Co.. 

ber   Co.,   22^1. 

Works,   74.>, 

10,  212,  U.ll. 


».  R.  Co..  til 3. 


IMil.l.  i>|.-  (    \>l.<. 


2ii:l!1 


Niirtii'iiilli     V.     I'l.i'i  I'.     Hi'..    tlM.  "TJ. 

97 1.    97X.    9s:l.    9'  :.    993.    9'ili.  loiiil. 

lIHl'l      Il)il7.     liio>.     loio.     loll.  1031, 

19.1.-I.     1903.     19119,     19HS,     1991.  JOO.'., 

•Mt;2  I 

Villi"*  V.  .Mr(  iill..iiL'li   Iron  Co..  040.  071.  • 

lii;(2.  Il:i9.  ll.'l.   l.">07.  1S02 
Yiiw  V.  Uliiliiioic,  22ii,  337.  1719,  179S, 

IM09 
^  .1/1111  (  iiy   Tiiiii,-!).  Co.  V.  Smilli.  loll 
^rllL;.■r    ■.  Iliii  llii'.'iiiM.  r.  li.  i.  N.  I!.  (  ".. 

.■.J9.      3;.   .'.l.')     I07H 
Vo:ii-liV   V.  Sllli-ct  'rclcpli.  i    Ti'i'j:.  Co.,  j 

:;r,2 
ViMldii    V.    Il.)«ti>n    &    1.1.    II.    (I'rp..    010. 

17  12 
V.iikiiin  \.  Siliili.  2317 
\ork  V.  <  lii'.iK'v  M-  &  f^l    ''•  '!■  '""•■  ■'''"• 
9-Jli.  9  i3 
V.   ls.iii-.ii^  <'ilv.  C.  &  S.   U.  Co.,  59, 
00,  202.  Slid"  SHl,  1078,  221(1 
Voiill  V.  .Sioux  (  ily  &   I'.  U.  <  "..  3."«,  3(1, 

4H0.  .547,  0.(9,  0.-|2.  0.-)7.  2114 
Vouiig  V.    r.ostdii  iSi.    M.   11.  Co.    (.\lii«».) 
1720.    1732.    174.5 
V.   Uitetnn  &.  M.  K.  Co.   (X.  1!.)   tiO, 

(l.'i.  8.-)2.    lo:!0.    1002 
V.   Itiirlin^itou  Ntatln— •    Co., 

75.  98.  !i9.  ,  l.iO.  207.2212 

T.  MiMcniiiili-    >ii.>iii    i.«i,uriilrj    Co., 
1202,  1271 


\i.iiii-  V.  Mill.r.  4  .8 

\.   Nin    \i.ik  C.   n.  Co..  1313 

V.  SI  i.I.I...  II.  &   II.   Iron  (  o,  2J.V2. 

2321 
V.  SM..,"«r,   1!    f,    N.   V.  T!.  <o.  93. 
172.  077.  r,7s.  079.  713.  7.-.I.  2.'.'1. 
2210.  22r,.5 
\.   \  ii;;itiiii  A   K.  C.  Coftr.  f.i  .  8i, 

10.-,.  212 
V.   Ur-t    Vir^'iniu,   C.  A    I".    l\    Co., 
s.-,:!.  13.H 
^..nM-'.l.»Hl  V.  (  ....i.r.  2311.  23,12 

\.   Sipiith  Ciriilitiii  A   *'•■   !!■  '  ".  37."i. 
799.  19(l.').  1910.  22<1.5 
Voiui;;lilii!li   v.  .stcplii-ns,  947.  2212 
\  LIMITS  V.   N.'w  York,  U.  &   W.  11.  Co., 


i:;-. 


ril,  The,  231 


Z. 


Ai.    i.r   V.    D;iiilMirv    .^-    N'.   R.    Co..   f.2t. 
1.321.  1311.  i::it 
V.  Day.  1447.  1.59(.  1772 
Ziiniiipnniin    v.    Uitruit    Siilpliilc    l-'iliK" 

(  o..  213 
ZinUk  V.  Stirti-on  Mill  Co..  1151,  1472, 

1474.  1.530.    1.544.   1.510,  1008 
Ziinuviilt    V.   (  liii'iifro   6i   A.  K.   Co.,   398, 

433.  9;54 
Zurn  V.  Ifllow,  508 


A. 


